(D CD +J (D T5 (D CO Q +-> . u 1:;+-. X o o c o •i-i +j a -<-H O CO CD Q (0 >;^ 1-^ 3 o X en O ■ — I 1 — I O ra o o >. CO ol +j CO +-• ^ 13 ^ +-> X! O fd CO o ra T3 O O q o O CO -.-I 1 — I > Ph fO . £ 7D 5 (^ O g O & CO O CO S< CO O o o ^-^ S-< r— I v ^ 1^ i-, • S3 . — I • '^ +-> c A DESCRIPTION O F T H E FIRST DISCOVERIES Of the Antient City of HERCULANEUM. Found near Portici^ A Seat of his Majefty the King of the TfFO SICILIES. ■^— — — ■ ■— Written in Italian by the Marquis Don MARC E LLO Dl F E N U T I. Tranflated into English. To which are added, Tranflations of fome LETTERS on this Subjeft, which paffed between Cardinal ^irini, and the -learned Profeflbrs Gefnert Reimar, and Fe-verlinits. LONDON: Printed by and for Geo. Wood fall, at the Kin£i-A7-tns^ Charing' Crofs . [ Price Two Shillings. ] ( i" ) T O T H E P U B L I ^^A^^^ S one Tranflation of this Wci-k hath already appear- 0t^'/\*f^ ed, fome Reafon may be expefted for the Publica- ^//VP\W ^^°" °^ ^^^^' Fa.£is are always the llrongelt ^^^^3f ^'■g^f"^"'^s : In y//)r:7 lall the Publifher received aj-s^Q's** ^ Copy of the Venptian Edition of this Book, which he immediately put into the Hands of the Tranflstor, and gave publick Notice thereof by Advertifement in the General Advcr- tifer of the 4th and 6th of April. Hence it is plain, that this Tranflation was begun firfl, and proper Notice given, that no one elfe might put themfelves to any unneceffary Expence or Trouble ; nay, ^Ir. Skurray fays in his Preface to his Tranflation, that on feeing the Original hereof advertifed, he bought it to perufe and tranjlate at his Leifurs Hours. This is a ConfefTion that he did not begin till nciir a Month after this Tranflation was advertifed to be undertaken. But enough of the (1) Juftice ; let us proceed to the Merit of Islx.Skurrays Tranflation : He has told us he tranflated it at his Leifure ; very extraordinary, that any Gentleman, between the ill of M«r, the Day the //«/;"^« Edition was publiihed ia London^ and the 20th of _7«;7if, ths Day on which Mr. ^Avrmy publiflied his Propofals, could find Leifure Time to tranjlnte, and after this his Friends to give n proper Rensifal and Corretlion to upwards of i 50 Pages ; efpecially as it was tranflated A.'om a Language it is plain he was not Mafler of. That it was performed in a Hurry, might be fome Excuie for Faults in this Edition, pufhed en fatlcr than the Editors chofe, A 2 merely (1) Cuftom immemorial has always been held equal to written Lnw. In the prefent, or a like Cafe, the Rule has always been this : The Perfon who firft procures a Copy of any Book, of which he thinks a Tranflation will be agreeable, immediately gives a publick Notice, generally by Advertifement in a News. Pdper, that fuch or fuch a Thing, naming the Title, is in the Prefs, and will be publifhed as foon as may be. The latter Part of which Promife the Publick is always fure the Bookfeller will for his own Sike per* form, as foon as may be ccrUUient with she CircumftanceJ of th? Cafe. (Iv ; merely to defend invaded Property ; bat what Excufe can be found for a Work faid to have been iranjlatedzt Leifure, and not offered to the Publick, tiil it had received a proper Re-vifal and CorreHion ? What can be faid in Behalf of fuch a Writer, when the following Cat A LOGU E of Errors is prefented to the Publick View, not as an entire CoUeftion, but only as a Speei- iTien of what may be met with in almoll cvtxy Page. ^ Here it may be obferved, that the firft Part of this Work turns principally on two Points, Hercules the Founder, and Vefimiui the Delboyer ; the fecond, on the Excellencies or Peculiarities of the Works of the Antients : -- So, in the following Catalogue it may be noticed, that I have only marked fuch as related to the principal Heads of the Story ; paifing by the numerous Miftakes of a lower Clafs, and the verbal Inaccuracies which occur in al- mofl; every Line : Befides, his corrupt Writing of Latin and other proper Names, render it very difficult for the Reader to know the Perfons and Places fpoken of. I fliall quote the Pages in the Jtalian from Mr. Meyer s Edition, becaufe in more Hands than any other. And firit Co I Of O M I S S I O N S. A Note omitted, which mentions a Medal with the Figure of Hercules, and the Reraams of his Tem- ple at Cadiz. Hercules's Prophecy of i\iQ future Grandeur of Rome, omitted. Seneca's Sjttiatiofi of Herculaneum omitted alfo. Part of a Note omitted, in which are the Names of feven Authors quoted concerning the Eruptions of Vefwvhis. Speaking of the Duumviri, that they luere frequently continued and corf r me d in that Office, is omitted. Speaking of the Form of the antient Theatre, he has omitted or n.vhether it ivas after the Manner of the Tufcans, rjjho inhabited the Neighbourhood of Phle- gra. By this he has made the Ojci build "Nola in- llead of the Jufcans. The Repeopling of Herculaneum OTsnitcA. And Speakirg of Titui's Care to reftore the Loffes of the Inhabitants of the Campania, ivhich had been ruin- ed by continual Earthquakes. This Journey of Titus into Campania is attcfied by too man\' Authors to ad- mit a Doubt ; and the Rebuilding the Gymnafium of Naples by that Emperor , is fufficientlyi all omitted^ as alfo The Triumviri for fettling the Colony of Herculaneum. Speaking of the Art of Perfpeftive, front and back Parts veil proportioned, omitted. tjl Sj « 2 -1 P7 p. 10 12 9 18 1 + 42 32 63 5^ 69 54 79 62 80 ib. 83 6'^ 94 73 80 90 97 103 113 1 17 (V ) In defcrlbing the Minotaur, the Arm is Smittec!, where it could only be named to fhew that it was not a Leg. In defcribing the Neapolitan Country Dances, which he elegantly calls Dancing Bouts, he has omitted their imitating the Windings of the Labyrinth. A Bas-Relief om\\XtA concerning the antient Vintage. In the Diary of the Difcovery, the Things found on the 4th and 5th of July are omitted, and thofe difcov'cred on the 6th dated the 4th. Here it may not be amifs to give an Inftance of his Method of abridging a tedious Paragraph, compofed of Words he did not underftand. 92 A Vafe with its Cover ; a facrificing Cup, with a Handle ; and feveral o- ther Rarities and Curiofi- ties. Fragments of Brafs Pans or Bafons, &c. Siurray. Our Tranjlatlon. 1 20 A Vafe with its Cover ; A Vafe with its Cover, which I believe to have flood on a Tripod, hav- ing Handles entire ; a Simpulum, with its Han- dle, all of Braf?, very cu^ rious and perfeft ; befides Fragments of other large Patera ; Handles of Vef- fels, one of which was Fellow to a former ; and two other crooked Pieces, being Fragments of Brafs Pans. p. 95. By this Time, poflibly, the Reader may be as weary of this •miiHve Subjeift, as the Writer; proceed we therefore to ADDITIONS. As none could reafonably be expefled, fo they are very few, and thofe chiefly in the Notes ; the principal of which is in p, 29, where a Note is added in French, which induces me to think this Work has been tranflated into French, and that this Note was added in that Edition, and fo copied with the reft of the Notes, moft of which are left in their original Language, as are alfo the Latin Pieces at the End of the Volume. Seems it not probable, from the Circumllance of the French Note, that this Tranflation from the Italian, has been ftraincd through a French Tranflation ? efpecially as the other additional Notes are ia Engli/h ; and truly valuable they are ! That in p. 54, is ineftimable. — How long has Votnitoria been Latin for Doori F In C vl ) In p 6?, he is excefllve kind, in telling us the Office of an iEdile, which any School-boy might have tranfcribed from I//- ileton\ Diftionary. Thofe in p. 93, loi, and 102, are of the fame Value, dugout of the fame Mine, with equal Skill and Labour. In 1 01, he fufliciently informs the World of his Skill in Paint- ing, by his Ignorance of the Difference between Vermillion and Okre. I mufl beg the Reader's Patience a little longer; while I lead him through a J\laze of 1 1 26 53 37 ih. 49 BLUNDERS. The Ports of Leghorn and Port Hercole called Gates. The Inhabitants 0? Herculanetun erefl a Statue to Lu- cius Munatius Conceifianus, in Gratitude for that, in the Time of Scarcity he lii<(d at his O'v.m Ex^ence, inrtead ot he fupforted them all at his oivji Expence. A College of Bijhops in Rome before Chriji ! Kinr "John for Shieen Joan. A Country covered with Riijl^ ^c. See the whole PafTage : Siurrry. To conclude ; if this Country (notwithftanding its having been deftroved by frequent Thunders and Lightnings, and laid wafte by the terrible Eruptions of Vefuvius, and covered with Rhji and Dro/s,) ap- pears fuch a pleafant Place in our Time, What muft it have been in former Ages ; in the Time of Augulfus, when the Ro- m.an Triumphers, with- out any Fear of the Flame*, ufed with Pleafure to fre- quent it ? Our Tranjlation. I fhall now conclude, with obferving, that if this Traft oi country be fo pleafant and charming in thefe Day?, after fo many repeated Eruptions oiVefuHjius^ which belch- ed out in Thunder Show- ers of Stones and Rocks ; what muft it have been in former Ages ; in the Days of Augujitis, when the Ro- mans, amidft their Tri- umps over the World, fre- quented it, with a Plea- fure no ways darrped by the Apprehenfions of de- I ftruclive Fire. p. 39 To froi'e that, that ought not to he taken as a Denial of the Thing ; inllead of thoujh tlit Proof , as merely negaUije, is not conclufive. Ifiall alfo quote, for nor pall I fay to quote. The Villa belonging to that Family, and the great Cap- tain da Loffredo, is thought not to hanje been ftuated fo near ; iaflead of the Villa of that great Captain y [meaning Pompey] and his Family, in the Judgment c/"Loffredu?, njcas not ftuated fo near, Ca» 42 59 74 551 76 95 7S lOI 87 96 1 12 125 104 •3? ( vli ) Caveyns and Dens In a Theatre, where fituated ? Domitia and her Father make three. Two Pidtures round the Bottorn of the Temple; for at the farther End of the Tetnple, Thighs, for Arms, iffc. See the Paflaffe : Our Tra>ijlat'i07t. I was llruck with Aflo- nifhment, in viewing the Flefli of Thefeus, more lively than before ; and his Members, and his nervous Arms. I had here Occafion to reply to Don Ciccio Solymena, who thought them a little too long, that this was the Cukom of painting Heroes ; telling him ac the fame Time, that he might confult hereupoa John Baptiil Porta, bjc. P-83 Bottles, for Amphora. A Decree co7icernlng the Ludi Athletlci and Plebifciti ; inflead of a Decree concerning the Ludi Atkletici ; and two Plebifcita. They found fame curious Statues that had been fecreth conveyed out of the Kindom. — Where did they find the Statues that had been carried out of the King- dom ? The Original fays, — Statues ii-hich they Je- er etly carried out of the Kijigdom . I {hall now clofe with a few Names, which will ferve to fliew how competent a Stock of Learning he has to qualify him for a Tranflator, njiz. Skurra'i. I was ftruck with A- mazement, at the Body of Thefeus, which was more lively than ever : At his Members, and his heroick and nervous Arms ; and could not help obferving to Don Ciccio Solymena, that his Thighs {t^m^A ra- ther of the longell ; but I find it was the ufual Manner of painting the Heroes formerly ; for Sig. John Baptiil Porta is of Opinion, i^c. Aleffia Caii Crateis Eliano Ercole Eichile Efichius Huezio Ifor ^Alexia Cornelii Crater ji^lian Hercules -(Efchilus Hefychius Huetius Licofron Oetra Perifeta Potizi Precinzione Teutans Tingi Tanger ifor /- Lycophron itthra I Periphetes \ Potitii iPrecinftio Theutras Tingis, now L Tangier iV. J5. Skurray every where calls Herculaneum, Heraclea ; thongU fche very Author he attempts to tranflate, labours to prove that U was called Herculaneum, See Par: I. Chap. 3. T H E ( ■»'" ) THE A U T H O R's PREFACE F the Difcovery of any remarkable Monuments of venerable Antiquity, which for many Ages have been baried in the Earth, or otherwife fafFered by all-de- vouring Time, has been always efteemed one of the nobleft Pleafures of the Learned, and of all thofe who take Delight in being Patrons or Friends to the Sciences; how infinitely greater muft be the Glory of his Majefty the King of the 7'tc-a Siciliei, who has had the good Fortune, I do not fay to difcover little Remnants and Fragments, but, if the Expref- iion may be ufed, has unburied an entire City, adorned with. magnificent and precious Furniture; with Theatres, Temples, Piftures, Houfes, Coloflal and Equeftrian Statues, as well of iVIarble as Brafs, and of the moll excellent Workmanfhip- The Fame of this fortunate Difcovery, worthy only of a King, to whom Fortune has given every Thing defirable, has excited fuch Amazement in the whole World as not only raifes an Envy in the FoiTeffbrs of the more beautiful Colleftions, and in the more polite Nations, but alfo a commendable Curiofity in all thofe who delight in Hiilory and Antiquity, J may fay in all thofe who have fine Senfe. As I happened to be the firft who had the Honour to commu- nicate and explain to his Majefty the firft Difcoveries of thefe fingular Monuments ; and feeing divers Accounts and Relations come out daily, and fev-eral illultrious Members of the Republic ©f Letters ftriving who ftiould be the firft to difcourfe thereon, I refolved, with the fole End of fatisfying the many Requefts, which have been made to me from feveral Parts of EuropCy to publifh a minute Defcription of the firft Difcoveries, which were made under my Diredtion, together with fome fhort Dif- fertations which, fome Time fmce, I read, on this Subjeft, to our Etrufcan Academy of Cortcna ; and to the End, that thofe who have taken upon them to make the Peftgns, may be able ts to profecute the Defcription. And, concerning this, Si'gnor PrO' fojla Murafori expve{]^e^ hirnfelf thus (i) : I//fer tot pretiofa a?;ti- quitatis Romance ino>iu7ninta, Jiatuas, cclumnas, ahaque tluho^ata. marmora, qua in V'ula Rejiyia extra Neapolim an7io I 739, eJ'o/J'a funtf i^ adhiic effodtuntut\ iS quorum defcriptionem fpcrai e noifu' cit doSliJJimus Equei VenuH, primum hoc marmor effodier.tihus fefe obtulit, ex quo innotuit ibidem extitijfe 'Theatrum iurn 01 chjira^ i^c. — " Among fo many valuable Monuments of Raman Anti- *' quity, Statues, Pillar?, and other well wrought Marbles, " which were dug up, in Filla Rijiun without the City of Ka- " pies in the Year 1739, and are ftiil digging up, the Defcription *' whereof we expefl .*rom the moft leartied Knight Fenuti, this *' Marble firfl prefented itfelf to the Diggers ; whence ic was e- *' vident, that a Theatre with an Orchcltra had been fuuated on *' that very Spot, ^r." This and other Accounts have been tranfmitted to him by me, and the Abbot Riddfrno Vcnuti, my Brother, Antiquary to the Pope. Signor Goii is about to print a Work entitled, CoileSianea Atitiquitatum Herculayievfium, cori- lifling of a Collefcion of all the Relations, w^hich have been hi- therto publifliecj, by him learnedly animadverted on • among ms- ny other Thing?, there are fsvcral Letters concerning thefe Dif- coveries, which he received from me, and my afurciaid Brother. But my domeflick. Affairs requiring me, with his Mnjefty's PermilTion, though to my gre-^t Regret, to return home, I could not be prefent at tlie r'rofecution of this noble Enterprize. And as his Majeliy was gracioufly pleafed to command me to write af Diilertation on tliCfe Antiquities, which he kindly rt-ceived, and tranfmitted to the Court of Spain ; this being done in the limited Time of a few Hours, lays me under the Neceihty of writing it over again, in a new, difti' cl, and better Method, to fatisfy the impatient Curiofuy of many Perfons ; to the End that if this my fuccinfl Relation fhould happen to fall into other Hands, they may be better informed concerning theie Difcoveries, and the Hiilory of them; they are daily en- creafmg, and have to my no fmall Satisfidion, perfi.£tly con- firmed all which I had from the Beginning, as by a kind of Foreknowledge, ventured to afiirm, that in that Place where they firli: began to dig, was buried not only a large and fumpta- ous antient Theatre, but alfo a moft antient City, vvhich bv the Crfeh, and in particular by Straho, was called 'HPakaeictn, and by the Latins, as Pliny and many others, Ho cuutntnm and Hcrculancuin, fituated in the Campania Fcvlix, whoic Situariun cannot be better defcribed than in the Words vi Flcrus (2) who fays: Omnium non rcodo Italia, fed toto orbe tei-rarum pulcterrima CampanicS pl»ga (fi > — Hie illi r.obiles porius — He amicii •viti' bus monies Gaunis^ Falernus, MaJJJcus, i^ pucherrimus omnium Vefwuius ^tn.-si ig';is imitator. JJrbes ad mare Formic, Cum<^, Ptiteoli, Neapolis, HercuLaneum, Pompei, feV. — " Ca9.vpania. *' is ti»e moll beautiful Soil not only in all Italy, biu. in the a *' v.hols (1) Teforo dclle Ifcnsicni pag, 202T, I, (4) Lib. J. dc Bell, liarfliut. "' whole World ; — Here are thofe noble Harbours — • Her« " are the Vine-cloathed Mountains Gaurus^ Falernusy MaJJicus, " and the moft beautiful of all, Vefwuivs, which imicates the " Burnings of JEtna. The Cities on the Sea fide are Formic, " Ciimet, Puteoli, Naples, Herculaneum, Pompeii, is'c.^'' Permit me to add here, that this Difcovery clears the learned 'Nicholas Fereito Archbifhop of Sipus, frorai an unjaH Cenfure of Flias Vineto, who, in his Notes on the above cir;cd Paflage of Fiorus, finds Fault with his having placed Hircuiancum in Cam' fa7iia Fccltx : Fuerunt autem hiS (urbes) mult or, quariim una Cam- pania hie ceubratee : qutt urhs eadem fuit cum Herculaneo., Ji quid PerOtlOy (i) himint tnuUa fine ratione, au£loreque tradenti, credi- mu5. — *' But thefe (Citie.^) were many, of which this lone be- ^' longed to Campania here celebrated: Which Ci'; ''.^ the *' fame with Herculaneum, if we give any Credir to P.'jtto, a " Perfon who deli\'ers many Things without Rea/on . atho* " rity." Having divided the Work into two Part?, I fhall ir, the firft, fet down the Hiflory of the Foundation of the City of r: cula- fieum, beginning with an Enquiry who Herc-ules the Pir. -ician was, and what the Mythologies fay concernirg his J.-arney from Spain into Ital\' ; then proceed to the Hidory of th: City of Herculaneum, and its firll Inhabitants, from the Ofci. and Etrufci to the Times of the iKotnans ; hut witnout mcn'iior.ing the Wars which happened inCavipania Fcvlix, even in the N- gh- bourhood oi Herculaneum. Uut as feme, and peihaps not w h- out Reafon, might blame nie, {hould I wholly omit the ar. ous Battle that happened there between the Romans and King F r- rhus. I fhall fet down the Words of /^^/v;/ (2): Apud Her^tcUcmt iy Campanile Jlwvium Lirint, Lavino Confule, prima pugna : qiiS tarn atrox fuit, ut Ferentaua turrna prafeilm Ohfedius inueBu5 in Rfgem iurbaverit, cce~eritque projcJiis infignihus pra:lio excidcre ; ** At Hcraclea and Liris a River of Campania, in the Conlu.lhip *' of L ( xH ) L. ANNIVS. L. F. MAMMANIVS. RVFVS. IIVIR Qy!:\'Q_. . EATRO NVMISIVS. P. F. ARO HERCVLANEN The Infcriptions, as vvJU be feen in my Defcription (i), were two, and alike ; the firir in jeveral Pieces of a grand Architrave, J put together, and read thus : A....MAMiMI... RVFVS. IrvIR. QV}/# TEaE» ORG . . . DE. SUO The fecond Cornice or Architrave, Fellow to the firft, had another, conceived in thefe Terms: L. ANNIVS L. F. MAN^MIANVS. RVFVS. iTviR. QVINQ. 54Ea1p^ O . . .p. NVMISIVS. P. F. AR . . . TEC .... And as the Diggers broke and deftroyed every Thing, (o this Architrave, though whole in the Ground, was fhattered to Pieces ; fo that perhaps dift'erent Things were put together, and by that Means every Thing confufed (2). It was indeed pro- polVd, that every Thing (hould be prei'erved ; but that could mot be obtained j only the more precious Things are preferved, and placed as Ornaments in tlie Royal Villa of Porfici ; in which the following Infcription is put np, which I propofed, and which for its Plainncfs I take great Pleafure in. K A R O L V S REX PHILirPI. V. HISPANIAR. REGIS. F. LVDOVICI. GALLORVM. DELPHINI. N. LVDOVICI. MAGNI. PRONEPOS TKEATRVM. SPLENDIDISSIMVM OLIM. TITO. IMPERANTE. A. VESEVO OBRVTVM. ET. TEMPORVM INIQViTATE DIRVTVM IN. APRICVM. RESTITVIT SIGNA. ET. STATVAS. AD. VILLAE ELEGANTIAVr. ACCEDERE IVSSIT ANNO. MDCCXXXIX. " King {t) See p. 51, 52, (z) ylnd ".vbat ttft cculd he expcEied? fince tbh mtji magnanimoui King per - ptt's this infiimable Mine to be dug by Galley-JJjves chained two and two j — ^nd if ti a general C'mplaint amon^ Tra-velLn ir, their Letters hither toncertl- I'ng this Place, that all tbife called Suftrinttndants are totally igrorant of Hibat tbn- are about : Njy, our Author makes elmoj} the fame Complaint ia ft^jcral Places. ( Xiii ) *• King Charles, Son of Philip V. of Spaiv^ Gnndfon of *' Lenvis Dauphin oi France, Great Grandlbn of Leivij the Great, " rellored to I ight a moft magnificent Theatre, once over- *' whelmed by Vefu-vius in tl;e Reign oi Ti/us, and dcfiroyed by • the I lignity of the Times ; and commanded the Images and " Statues to be made the Ornaments of his Palace, in the Year " ^739-" From the fort'inate Succefs of thefe wonderful Difcoverie?, niuil certainly be derived one Part of the immortal Renown, due to his Majefly Charles \ III. King o{ Naples, who has laboured for the Happinefs of his Country, by the Proteftion ofhoneil; Men, his Buildings, and his Valour.; by increafing Commerce, to the infinite Benefit of his Subjects ; and by his publick Works, among which may be reckoned the enhrging and better fecuring the Mole, which is adorned with new Fountains, and in particular bringing thither the grand Fountain enriched with moft beauti- ful Bartb Relievos, wrought by Benedetto da Majano, which lay abandoned and negiefted among the Ruins of the famous Villa oi Poggio Reale, the pleafant Retreat of King Alphonfus. Permit me to mention, that I propofed to remove hither from the Arfenal of the Caltle of Naples, a large brazen Statue made by the famous DonatcHo, which I imagine to be the Effigies of Francis Sfor'za treading on a Serpent; and which bears a jufl Al- lufion to the Temper of our Monarch, who is a great Enemy to, and Oppreflbr of Vice. All which was performed under the Diredlion of Don Michele Reggio, Captain General of the jMa- line, heretofore Lieutenant and Captain General of Naples, and Counfellor of State, who ordered the following Infcripticns to be put on the four Fronts of the above mentioned Fountain, which being different, the courteous Reader will permit me to copv here. GENIO CAROLI. REGIS PHIL. y. HISP. REGIS. F. Q\'OD KEAPOL. REGNO. RESTITVTO VIRTVTEM. ALVERIT VITIA DEPRESSERIT " To the good Genius of King Charles, Son of Philip V. King " of Spain, in Acknowledgment, that, upon the Reltoration of '' the Kngdom of Naples, he proteded Virtue, and difcourasred " \ ice. IF. ( xir ) II. QVOt) LACVM. EREXERIT ORAM. MARITIMAM. MOLES PORTVMQ^ VI. MARIS DIRVTVM RESTITVERIT " That he improved the Lake ; reftored the Sea-coaft, the JMoIes, and the Haven, which was demolilhed by the Violence ** JMoIes, an ** of the Sea." iir. QVOD TRIREMES. NAVESQ. AVXERIT ET. NOBILIB. EPHEBIS CLASSICAM ACADEMIAM FVNDAVERIT. " That he augmented the Number of the Gallies and Ships j *' and founded a Naval Academy for young Noblemen." IV. QVOD CVRIAM. COMMERCII INSTITVERIT VOTA. PVBLICA D. D. M.D.D.C.XXXIX. " Dedicated by publick Contribution, in the Year 1739. Oh *' account of the Ereftion of the Court of Trade." The moll grateful Acknowledgements of the learned World are therefore due to the Magnificence of the invincible Charles King of the Tivo Sicilies, who not regarding any Expence, has not only caufed thofe precioub Monuments to be dug out of the Bowels of the Earth, but al^b preferves them with the greatell Care? ha- ving reftored to the World a City long fince buried, the Me- mory of whofe Exiftence v/as almoft forgot ; and of which may be faid, z'i Seneca (i) formerly did of the Villa ci defar near our (1) De Ira, lib. iii. cap ijc (xv ) OUf Herculaneum: C. CafarVillam in Herculanenjt pukherrimafitf qua mater fua aliquando in ilia cujlodita erat, diruit, fecitque ejus per hoc notahilem Jortunam ; /lantern enim frcsna'vigabamust nunc caufa diruta quaritur ; — " C. Cafar pulled down a moft *' beautiful Villa in the Territory of Herculaneum, becaufe in " it his Mother had been fometime confined ; and by this " means rendered its Fortune memorable : For, while it " Itoo^, we ufed to fail by it ; but now we inquire into ** the Caufe of its Demolition." Hence will ever remain a more grand Idea of the Roman Magnificence, and a more glori- ous Remembrance of our invincible King. f'^^ CON. CONTEN TS. PARTI. Of the Foundation of Herciihneum, CHAP. I. Who }^'irc\i\z% -vas, aKci u.vhy fo called. Page i 7 CHAP. H. Of the earning of Hercules the Phoenician tnt* Italv, 22 CHAP. HI. Of the City e/^ Herculaneum, and Places adja* cent, 2S CHAP. IV. Of the fir fl Eruption p/ Vefuvius ; and particu- larly of that •ivLich difroyed the Cities of Herculaneuni and Pompeia, 39 PART II. Of the Antiquities of Herculancum. CHAP. I. An Account of the firfi Difconjeries in i68g, and '7". 47 CHAP. II. A Relation of tie Difco'very of the antient Theatre o/HercuIaneuTi, 50 CHAl'. ]II. Ohfcr'vations on the before Jnentioned Theotre, 53 CHAP. IV'. An Account of other Antiquities found in the The- atiP, 64 CHAP. V. A Relation of fme other Antiquities, 68 CHAP. VI. Ohferfations on the Infcriptionsy 69 CHAP. VII. Of the Te/nples and Paihtings found near Hercu- laneujn, 76 CHAP. VIII. Other Obfr-x-ations, and Dfciptions of RiSlurcs, 8z CHAP. IX. A Defcription cf other Buildings in the City of Her- cuLineum, and the Antiquiti.s found in then:, 88 CHAP. X. jj Diary ef the D/fco-veries mode iv the Summer of 1739. , , ^, 92 CH.AP. XI. Concerning later Df cvcnes niiih ether Oojer-oati- ons, 97 7he Congratulations of the Cdtmnontcealth of Learning in the North, Sec. from an Acadi7n!cal Oration of John Matthi.'is Gefner, Pullic Profffor in the Royal Uninjcifity of Gottingen, loi Vart of a Letter from Cardinal Quirini, to James William Fc- verliniiS, Public Profefcr of the fane Uni'verfty, 103 Fart of a Letter cf Htrman Samuel Reimar, Publick Prcfe/J'or of the Uni'uerffy cf Vizimh'dTg, ^0 Cardinal Quirini, 103 A Letter from Cardinal Quirini, to John Maciluas Gi-fner, 104 enclefng A Relation 0^ the Searches tnade in th Village cf PvCfina, by the Ordir of the Ki g of the Two Sicilies. 105 A DESCRIPTION O F T H E Difcoveries of the Antient City O F HERCULANEU M: > W ' ^ ■■ ■ I ■ ' ' ' ' !■■■ ■ !■ ■ ■ 11^. _■ ■ 11 1 ■■ I I I —I I II »^i^^— ^1 PARTI. Of the Foundation of Herculaneum, C H A P. I. Who Hercules was^ and why fo called. T will not be foreign to my Purpofe to give heris feme Account of the Name of Hercules, founder of Hertulaneum ; and without taking upon me to examine all that has been remarked by Bochart^ Huetius, and otherSj who derive every thing from the oriental Language?, and as I am to treat in particular of Hercules the Phxnician, that is, of him who is faid to have carried away from Spain the Oxen oi Geryon: It is cer- tain according to ^anchoniatho and Fhilo Bibluus, that he was the Son of Atamas, or rather Jupiter Demeroon, King of Phee- vicia. If we f^arch among the Grecians concerning his Name, they will tell us, that ^Elian (i) being informe^'by I'radition of the Story oiDelphos, has trani'mitted to us in Jfis 'A^'riting?, that Hercules was firil: called Heraclides, but tli»{ the Oracle being ^terwarda confulted, Jpollo ftiled him HeracU's, Heracirm t( alio Phahus cognD7nine iiicif, Gratijicando etenim decus iminortalt tintbii. Jfcnce he was called Heracles, which Cgnifies the Glcry of tie Coddefs Jujio, from 'H;« j uno^ and x\s»j Qltry^ But at it is not B i^f {\\ Vav. Hlft. lib. ii. ( i8 ) ijjy Bufinefs to make Mention of the many Names of Tiercuhf or, to fpeak ni»re properly, cf the mary Ferfcns of that Name (ha^'i'.g only in Vitw the moft ^nrient cf them all, that is to fay, tJbe P'.os'iiaan) I /hall only tike Notice of the Senti;r»ents of the inolj: modern Writers on this Head. M. Vourmor.t^ Member of the Koya! Academy, at Varis, is ot Gpini-^n, that the G/ffi Word •H/»axX?f being derived trcm "H^* -n x\«t is a faKe and fpurioua I.:ymo]oey. The moil ancient Kanie of i?e;-iui ; whence \vc may infer that ttiey ^luf ounced It Hff'^ti'es, and that this was the moll ancient Dcnomiuat.on. Jt may not, perhaps be difsgrecable to lay belore the R aacr the following R-eafons, that tvciy one may jucge as he plcal'es. efpe- ciallv as th'-y are founded on various niuorical Chir^.tters, fup- ported by the ConcLrrcnce of civcrsF;fts, which are i^pplicablc to every ether Hertu.'es, as v.ell as to cur Phcenici.']:. It is '-faid, in tne lirft PLce, that Hercules aflilled the Gcds gg-iinfl the Giant^, the Titans (i). He was in Friendfhip with l,Jcrct!'y (2), according to /^r ftides ; went agninll Ar.tfsus in Corjunftion with x\i& ^ox\% oi . h am (3); f. ccoured .^//^/, and coramindcd the Troop? of Ofuis 4) . carried War into Indin and At-thinpia (c) f e was at the f?inv; Time filled Ecyptian and f'xer.ician ; and HerodoUts add?, that he was looked upon as ons of the twelve Gods of £;,'./>/, that is, as antient as Jupiter and Satiirn (6). Hence we miy gather, that the Hercoles, r Hef- coles, of the Ancient?, is abfoluieiy ihe He fcoi of th^ Scripture (-j), \vhom Abram joined witii againft Amraphe'^ Ariok, Codo> lao:: cr, and Taadal. Add to this, that as Hercol, or He. ./, fought a- gaiafi. X-hz Titans, thefe were the People of Mccpotamia, the Sons of N.'.chor and Tharex ; and that Amraphel wa- one of the Princes of the T//a»j. Tni is confirmed hy A^ndeims {^), who fays, that the War becwix Satwn ^nd the T/ViZK/, th it is to fay, between ^ hra^n and the Defcendan's of Nachor, wa= not under- taken nil afttr the Diiperfion of B<^b^-', which is alfo mertioi^ed by Aria, anus (9). Thus Abra.n becomei Kpisf, or Saturn i Ijaac^ (i; DicxJor. Skul. \\o.\0 (2) Orat. in Keicul & Leon Anthologia. (3) Euieb. pr«b. lib ix. cap. 10. Jofeph. Antiq. lib. i. cap. 16, (4 Diodor. lib 1 & lib. v. Huet. Praep. Evang pag. 80, (5) Jdem, piop 4 pag. 190. A. col. Z* (6) Lib. ii. cap. 43, & 44, fpi Cnd- xlv. 13 44. (8; Eufeb. lil. ix. cap. 14, (^) ibid. cap. 8. ( 19 ) tjaac, livi, or Jupiter, and confequently HercoUs Is the tJe/col all this while undiicovered. The Poet Chodemus, called Malchas, who wrote the Hiftory of the H^^^r^wji reckoned Apher^ Afur, vivA Jp'-^ram among thtf Sons Abram had by Cetura ; and farther aflerted, that Her* iules carried them with hini into Africa, in order to combaS Antteus (i). Wherefore, from what Makhas has fabuloufly re- lated, it is evident, that he did not copy l\1ofe5, bat took this Fadt from the FhxniAan Hillory. As to the Fable oi Atlas, mention* ed by Homer y Hejiod, Virgil^ and Ovid, who calls him Japeth mides (2) Hie hofninunt cunBis ingenti corpore prajlant lapetionides Atlas fuit, ultima tellus Rege fub hoc, (ff pontus erat— ~— Whom Hercules aflifted in fuftaining the Heavens, t^onnui ftilles Jhim T/T^wej ; which is conformable to Hefad, who makes hiin the k Son of Climene?i.\\di Ja^etuSy the Fifth in Rank among the 'Titans, .I«Jow, without entering into a Defence of what ^anchoniatho ha9 advanced, and paffing over all the other Fables, we will on'./ fay, that xitlas was the Father of Maia f^ ), and that Mercuiy fprung from Jupiter- and Maia f.l). If Mercury be EUczer (5)^ he cannot then be the Son of A**?, or Ifaac, but muit have lived in his Time, or a little before On the other Side, in //r- culesh affiiling Atlas, it is eafy to diicern Lotj or Lota in th? P/rae* hician Tongue, and by Coiruption Othlah. SuchTranipolitli na frequently occur, and from the rime of the Dominion cf die Jm?i: ostites, that is, of ihe D fc:>ndants of Lot (6), the Name of Ihola, whijh in Sub.iance is Atlas, was very much ufed But Atlas was attacked by the Titans, b'Xnufe he fid- d with •iCro'ios and JupHer. H-re' we hare the Mi.iory of Lot or Lota» Jbramis ih^ K}o/)os ; his Enemies are the Titans, as has been faid. It IS well known X.l^'xt At!as applied himftlf to the Study of Allro- nomy ; and therefore we fhould obferve, that Lot, or, in the ySt) le of the Amvionitcs, Tola, of Otla, was a Chaldtt^i, But z% 'the Ancients have taken Notice, xhzt Ahram, who was a ^rjat Travelltr, brought Aftrcnomy out oi Chcdiea \x\Xa E-^pt (7) j ic was Z-o/ then, or Lota, or Otla, who cultivated this ^cience. It may be objeded, that Atlcs was a. King ot Mau-itaniaji Jiear the Mountain that bore his Namp, anri thzt A^ideKUs, in ' Jlcxander Pc/jbijior, is of Opinion that Atl^i is the E.ioch of Scripture, tnat is, the Father of MethufaUm (SJ, Bat the >^«- S 2 tfiOfiitet (i) Eufeb. praep. lib. ix. cap. 2C. (2) Metamor. lib. iv. (3) Hefi.-d. Thefig. (4) Ibid. pig. J 29. 13. _ _ ■ (~0 Vide Fourmont Reflssiom crItlqUes, lib. i;» f^c. 3. C»o. 25, (6) Jud. X, . (7) Vidr Polyhiftor. ex Artapano, ap^'d Eufeb. lib. ix. cap. iS. & idem Po- ly hilt, cx i; up. iemo. apud eund. Euftu. lib, ix, cap, lu, NicvJaus D^makinul apud eund, Eufeb. cap. i6> (8) Genef. iv. i8. (20) monlies might poflibl/ have given this Name to the Mountairtj during their Conquells in the Days of the Judges (\ ). The Manner in which t^aas King of the Ammonites expreffes him- felf [z), the War which Dwold carried on againit them (3 J, their Alliances (4), and their Forces (;), fufficiently ftiew that ihe Ammonites were a very formidable People. But not to mention any farther Reafons to prove the Cohe- rence of the Carthaginian Names with Atlas (b), it is faid that the Tyrant Buf.ris lent his People to carry off the Neices of 'Jtlas, that is to fay the Hefperides ; and that they fucceeded therein without the Help of any Hercules whatfoever : But two Stories are confounded together in this Faft, that oi Bufuis, and that of Ojiris, and we fingly difcover here the Expedition of liefcd againft Amraphel, in Conjunftion with Ahram, in order to free from Servitude the Daughters of Lot, or Othlah. The Greek Word /MH^l5y, which denotes the Apples of the Hef- ferides, fignifies alfo cattle. Melo in the Hebreiu Tongue fig- nifies Fuhiefsy Melon in the Pl.cenician fignifies Riches ; and from this equivocal Meaning Diodorus (-) aflerts that Atlas gave Hercules certain Sheep ot that Country with golden Fleeces. According to Bochart, we are to underi^and by Melon Riches in general, after the Manner of the Phoenicians. Others explain it to be Oranges and Lemons. M. Le Clerc affirms this to have happened in Mauritania Tingitana, near Tingis (now Tangicrs) where Pliny aflually places the Gardens of the Hefperides (Z). All this is taken from the Hillory of Lot, or OHah, that i?, from the Scripture Hillory, enlarged and fet off with Orna- ments. Lot feparnted from Ahram, and nx:e7if out of the Eaji fg), crnfcquently by going to the Wefl: he became the Hejjeius of the Hf/perides. The ILfpcrides are guarded by Serpents. Now Mr. Le Clcrc on Hejiod, p. 630, obferves, that '''fpeSt ; hence the Ploancian Word Na- chafh, or Nabhas, a Serpent, may have the Signification of a 'Serpent and of a Guardian or Infpcdtor. With regard to Hercules hzm^ General of the Troops of Ofn's^ we are to underftand that Hefol commanded the Troops of i/au. Hefcol, an experienced Warrior under Abram ( i oj, having }oined Efau, accompanied him into Arabia, ^Ethiopia, and Lndia, after the Death of Ifmael. Let us fappofe, that HefcoL or Hercules, was born, accord- ing to the Chronology of P. 5«rrV/, in the Year of the World 30S0, (l) Jucl. Xi. 32. ^ (a) I Kings xi. iri ' • j (3) 2 Kings xiii. (4) Pi'al. Ixxxii, 6, 7, S. (5) Jercm. xlix. 4. (6) Vide Fourmont, loc. eiK (7) Diodor. Bibl. lib. iv. (8) Plin. Hiftor. Nat. lib. T. ca?. ^j (9) Genef. xiii. 14. \\9) C6n:f, XJY. »2, (it) SoSo, and tliat lie was thirty or forty Years of Age at theThn< of the Expedition oi Codorlaomor ; he muft then be about i6o Years old when Jacob returned from Mifopotamia^ which was tio very infirm Age for thofe Times. Ijaac lived 1 80 Years. The War of Efau mult therefor© have happened during Jacob^% Sojourning with Laban, from 2247, *^^^ ^^^^ wherein Rtuben was born, till 2258. the Year of the Birth of Jofeph. The lall Chaiafter of our Hero, that is, his carrying the War into India an^ JEthiopia, may be explained by faying cnat Ofjris undertook that Expedition, and that Hercules was his General. But according to a'l Traditions, Hercules overcame Antaus^ whatever Strabo may fay to the contrary ; whence the Greeks might take one Hercules for another, and not be miftaken in the Fad delivered down to them by their Anceftors, but only in the Perfon. It is evident then that Hercules might at the fame Time be cal- led the Phoenician and Egyptian. The Conquefts oiOJiris, or rathCT £/au, might make him honoured throughout Egyf't, for the fame Reafon as Eliezer was adored in Egypt under the Name of lei'Sif, or Mercury ; and Hercules might be ranked among the Gods, as well as j/Ejculapius and Jjis^ he being as it were the right Hand oi Ofirisy and one of the greateft Captains of his Agp. Kow, as all the antient oriental Hillories came to the Know- ledge of the Greeks by thefe two Canals, that of Cadmus the Idurrtean or ?l(enicia;i, and that of Z>fl«fl«j the Egyptian., it is eafily feen in what Manner the Belief of two Hercules' s was eftab- liihed. The Greeks were like Iflanders, lived feparate from each other, and afFedled to have different Gods. Taking this for granted, we may reduce the four principal Hercules'" s (befides the Oufous, who flouri{hed before the Deluge) to two, that is, to the Phce- Tiician or Egptian, and the Iheban or Indian. The Egyptian, who is the fame with the Phoenician, the Hefccl before-men- tioned, accompanied Of^ris in the Expedition into JEthiopia. As to DaSiilus Ideus, probably he was a fecond Hercules, 'V^Vn Hattfehai, becaufe he was of the Family of Heueen, ^'^'^ Xfebon (i), for Da£lilus is only a Tianllation of the Name. I omit the other Surnames which the Egyptians gave to Her- cules, as Gi^jon, Gl^non, and Sandes. The tirll is mentioned by Hejychius, the fecond came from the Pd-Jlans, according to jJga- tia, Itytt feems to be the fame 35 Gigas, a Giant, and Sandes was probably a God adored in **|^p Sand, or rather the Pro- vince of Sind. This is what the moft learned Critics of our Times aflert, concerning the Name and HiRory of the true Hercules, after having cleared it from the Clouds of dark Fable?, which the Mytholpgifts have ever rendered flill more confafed. I am however perfuaded, that, even before the Pelafgian Cha- raders were introduced into Italj^ that i;, when the Laneuage " and (0 Cenef* xxzvi. j. ( 22 ) inj tlie Sacrifices of the antient Hitrurieins were in a flouri&ing State, this Hero was always named Hercules. We may fee, oa two very ancient Ettufcan Patsr^y mentioned by Derr.jler (i), his Name engraven after this Manner, ^"^"K? ^^ HercUt which have been the furcfl; Guides for the Etrufcan Academy at Cortona, and MefT. Pajferi and Gori, in fixing the Etrufcan Alphabet ; fo that there is no Doubt but that in Italy he vas called Hercle (whence came the old Exclamation Mehercle) and by the Genius of the Z,(3^'« Tongue it was afterwards changed into Hercules ; it having been very common with the Tufcans to make ufe of the Letter R, contrary to the Opinion of many Authors, xvho have taken it entirely away from them. Again, if we chufe to derive it from the Goddcfs Juno, there is another Etrufcan Sacrificing Cup, on v!\i\z\iJuno is called si a a Eris, reading it from the right Hand to the left, after the oriental lUanner. I muft add farther, that it is a difficult, nay rather an im- poffible Undertaking, to eilabliih with any Degree of Evidence, the Identity of thofe Perfons whofe Charafter is obfcurer than jthe Age they lived in, being enveloped in the dark Clouds of various Mythologies, For, at that Time, if the wild Bealla grew numerous in any Part, or fome famous Robber diilurbed tlie Peopl'-'s Safety, fo that they wanted the Affiliance of fomc experienced and v^arlike Leader, who might exterminate the Pell: that annoy'd them ; in fuch Cafe, the Hero, who by the Ancients was liiled Horus, being armed with a Mace, or large Club, aflerabling the moll: dillinguifh'd Warriors on an appoint- ed Day, was publickly applauded by the Name of Heracles, or Hercules, that is to fay, the Man illuftrious in War; fmce in the Sacred Tongue Hi?r;/^ (2) fignifies illuftrious Sans, and Kelt a Club, or Armour (3). But I fhall conclude this Chapter wi'h reminding the Learned for their Eafe and Conlblacion, of ihis Sentence of Ciceto, Magnam molejlidm fufepit, ^ff tninnne m- tejfaria7n primus Zefio, pofi Ckanthes, deinde Chryjippus tom-i Ventitiurutn fabularum rediere rationem (4). CHAP ir. Of the Coming of Hzr cults, the Phoenician, i'siloUn'y. WHOEVER is any ways acq-iaintcd with the Hillory of the fabulous Ages, call'd 'Atfkoy, together v.ith that which fucceeded thofe i imer, and was of greater Certainty, I ,niean the Immitica, cannot be ignorant of the Riches, Pov. er, and Voyages of the PhasKicians, who, according to Hero^ctus (5) propagp.ted every where the Woilhip of their "Tyrian Hercules i infomock (i)De Etraria RegalJ, Tab. 2. !i 6. (2) Ecd. X. 17. Nehem. vi. 17. (3) Vide M. Pluche, Hiftuire du Ciel §. XX. pag. 13. (4) Cicero de Nat, Deor. 3, (5) Lib, xii cap. 24. ( 23 ) infomuch, that throughout all the Coafts of Africa no God was of greater Fame than this (i) ; to whom Temples and Al- tars were erefted in every Place they touch'd upon. Among thefe the Temple of Hercules in Cadiz, was famous, extra Herculis colutnnas in Gndibus (2), and another built by Hiram, mentioned in the Scripture as the Cotemporary of Solomon (3). This may be feen m Silius Italicus by the Sacrifices of human Viftims, and the Vows which the Carthaginians and Romans made to him in all their great Enterprizes, .nccording to the Authority of Diodorus the Sicilian (4). Nay, hn\itr , Stephen of Bizanti- um informs us, that there were twenty-three Cities named after Hercules. We are therefore to trace here the Origin of our Herculaneum, perhaps the moll ancient of all, as having been founded by Hercules himfelf. It is well known that Cicero made mention of fix Hercules** (5), which Number others have augmented to Thirty (6). But our Point is tofpeakof him who pafTed thro' Italy (and of whom the Etmfcan Academy at Cortona has treated very diffufively,) that is to fay, of Hercules the Tyrian, who, whether we chufe to confider him as a Conqueror or a Merchant (7), after he had aiTiited Atlas^ travelled beyond the Streiglits oi Gibraltar, where hedeflroyed the Pillars oi Briareus, and erefted his own, near to Gades or Cadiz, as Dionyflus informs us (8). And after he had carry'd ofFthe Golden Apples from the dtlightful Gardens of the Hefperides, he made his own drinking Bowl (9) ferve him for a Uoat, and paffing over into Spain, fubdued the Power of the triple Geryon. This Geryon was a King, the Son of Chryfacri and Callirhoe, who was poffefs'd of a beautiful Herd of Oxen, guarded by a Dog with two Heads, caU'd Orthros, and a Ser- pent with feven, befides the cruel Shepherd Eurytion ; that is, in the Opinion of Natalis Conti {16), he was one of the ancient Kings of ^/flZ/f, whom the Mythologiils reprefented as having many Heads, and many Hands, to denote according, to Plutarch (11), the Concord in which his Sahjedls lived with him. Stcftcorus is faid to have compoied the following Verfes on Hercules' i carrying away Geryon & Oxen (12}, (1^ FourmonJ, torn. i. 2. XII. (2) Diod. lib. iv. Pomponius Mela lib. iiJ. cap. 6« (3) Jofeph Antiq. lib. viii. cap. 4. On an imperial Medal is the Figurt ni Hercules, wnh this Inicription, HERCVLI. GADITAKO. — The Re* jnains of th^ Temple »re iHll to Ije feen at Cadiz, (4) Diod. lib. iv. (5) De Nat. Deor. iii, (6) Natalis Comes Mytho!. (7) Vide Le Clerc on Hefiod. (8) Lib. de Situ Oibis. yElianus ex Ariftotele, lib. V^ (9) Macrob. Saturn. Acad. Etrufc. torn. i. pjg. 60, (10) Nat. Com. de Hertuie, (11) In Politicis. (li) Vide Strabon, ( u ) Txfl'fixro^, zrolxuou mxfx nnyxi a,7retfO]ixs ^ode e regione illuftri Erlthea progeniium fuerit Juxta argenti radices immenfos TarteJ/ifontes, ■ Jn re)) ; and P/ixy (S), Formia: Flormiar diSliz, ut exljVi' mavert antiqui, Lejirigonmr. Jedes ; (o alfo Suidas in the Word ic«v7«t;/«/x(»f ( 9) ; though Bochart is of Opinion, that the Leflrigones and Leo»f:nes {10) are the fame People, agreeing herein with other Authors, who would place them in .VW/v (ii), though I conceive, that the Ltjlrigones, of whom they fpeak, mult bs confounded with the Cyclops (12). It will not be difagreeable to the Reader, if I here I.'y before him, with refpetl to Forma, two ancient Infcriptions, on a large Slip of Marble, which were removed from that City 10 the Roy".l f^J/i'a of Portic:, and copyed by me, in order to publiHi them, with other new Difcoveries ; but which to my great Concent, 1 have fmce feen miferably handled, by an ignorant I^ngraver, QVINTO. CLODIO .C... HEx^cMOGE.... V. C. COiVS. CAMP. ORDO . ET . POPVLV3 FORM I AN VS PATRONO . PRESTAN TISSIMO /-j^ And the other ; c (i) Vide Narratior.cm Conon-s apuj Photiom, (?.) Hift. Siciil. Lujjd. Bitav. Edit. pag. 6t. (5) Ladt. Fiimiin. lib. i. (4.) Lib. iiad Atticum. (^) Lib. iii. Od. 17. (6) Vid2 Philip, a Turre de Infcrpt, M. Aquili, cap. 7i (7) Polyhiftor. cap. 8. pag. 6j. edk. ad uf. Dclph. (S) Lib. iii. cap. 5. (9) Lejiryg^re:, qui kalitar.t in agra Lecr.tir.c. (10) Canaan, lib. i. cap. 30. rag. 6;i. (11) Didiinjs, Euftathiuf, Tieize, Lycophrcn, Strabo, Thucldldss,. Scc^ (12) Vids Viilguarner. p. 62. Madsir.e Dacier on IJonisr. C 26; PVLVIAE AVGVRINIA ' •=::. , - NAE C. F DIONYSr. CONS. VIRI CORR. CAMP. VXORI. FORMIANI. PVBLICE. But to return to Hercules'^ Rout, he went from Form'ta to th« Plains of Cuma, vviicre he raet with fome Difficulty in conquer- ing the Giants oi Phlegm, fo called from the Ebullitions of burn- ing Sulpliur in the Neighbourhood of that Place, the Word ^xiyui fignifying to burn, different however from the Phlegm Fd- Una in ThcJJaly, where it is feign'd, the Giants fought with ths Gods. ■ domito/que He> culea vtanu Telluris jwvenei, unde periculum Fulgens contrimuit dotttus Satumi Vetcris (i). Now the Giants being overcome, Hercules peaceably drives Lis Oxen to Failure, and enjoys fome Rell: in the Campania Fxlix : Here he celebrates his Triumphs, and here dedicates his Club to Mercurius Poligius, (which Club became a fair flourilhing Ciive) and here he builds the famous Cities of Herculaneum, and Pom- fei, as we fhall mention prefently. !^t et caudlcihas feBis, mirahile 'vifu ! Iradilur e ficco radix okagiNa ligno (2). Hercules then purfued his Journey by that famous Way, which took its Name from him, and which, after the fatal Deitrudlion of it by Fire, was reftored by Fabim Maxiintis (3), as may be feen by the following Infcription difcover'd near Naiiles. FABIVS. MAXIM VS. V. C. RECT. PROV. F....S. PR. VJAS. HERCVLIS. OB - TERRAE. MOTVS. EVEPvSAS. ■^rrij^ESriTVIT. A. FVNDAMENTI3. He then took the Road to Tarcntion, which City went alfo by the Name of Herculea, as we find by F^fgH {■]), Ilinc Jitus Herculei, fi 'vcra ejl faina Tarcr.li : Diodorus the Sicilian tells us, that Hercukt (5), being in Italy, in the Territory of Lacinium, with his Oxen, and pa-fllng along the Sea Shore, he killed a Robber, who had Itolcn them from him, (1) Herat, lib. ii. Carmjnum Od. x. (2) Virgil, ii. Georg. (3) Gruterus ex lib. Jo. Pontani cl. 9. Vide Celhrium, pag. 67a, (4) itncid. iii. verf. 551. {^) Diod, 3i<;tili ii Aaw^uervm geftis fiibul?£s« (27 ) feim, and that having alfo killed Crolo undefignedly, he erefl^d a Monument to him, in the Place where afterwards was built the City of C'oton, This Promontory of Lacin:u?n (i) is 12 Miles diiUnt from Crototr, and has on the Weft the Road for Ships, and en iht F.aft the Harbour. Here Citrons grow fpontaneoufly. It vas fo called from the Pvobber Lacinius, who infefted thof* Parts, where H'rcules built a Temple, and dedicated it to Juno Lacinia {:.]. Being arrived in the Confines of Rhegium, now Reo^in, his Reft was difturbed by Gra ft hoppers, but Jupiter on hii Entreaties granted, that thofe Infeifls ihould never more mo- left that Country with their finging {3). After this having flain Euritus and Creattn, Sons of Neptune, he ereded Altars to the twelve principal Deities, Jupiter, Neptune, Pallas, Mercury t /Apollo, the Graces, Bacchus, Diana, Alfheus, Saturn, and Rhea ; and then, \ imagine, it was, that he wentover into Sicily: Here he killed Scyjla, Daughter of Phorcus King of Corjica, who had likewife ftolen away his Oxen ; who, being buryed by her Fa- ther, after the manner of their Anceflors, rofe again, after having been cleanfed of all earthly Particles by Fire, and be- came the sTa'rscTsv Kaxoy, or Deadly E-vil, even to thefe Times (4J. It wo'jld be tedious to fpeak here of the Adventures of Her' €ules in Sicily for the Recovery of one of the aforementioned Oxen, whick efcaped from him by Swimming, at the Time that h« paffed through Tufcany. But not to be prolix, I (hall only fay, that after he had gone about 13 Furlong?, as Ti^neus reports (5), he fwam over the Fara, holding by the Horn of a Bull, flew the Robber SJuntes, and had a Combat with Eryx, a Son of Venus. It is farther afterted by Stephen oi Byzajitium, and Diodorus the Sicilian, that Hercules returning from Spain, and pafiing over into Sicii; to carry thither the Oxen of Geryon, took up his Abode near Himera, where Miner^ua directed the Nymphs to form fome delightful Baths for his Refrelliment : The Nymphs obeyed her ; wherefore Pindar calh thefe Baths \tiu^^i Nt/,MfaF. This m'ly be feen by two Medals, on one of which Hercuki is rcprefcnted, and on the Reverfc the three Nymphs, who made the Batha, with this Infcription ©EPMITan. On the other is reprefented a Chariot drawn by two Horfes, in which a Man, fuppofed to be Hercules, holds the Reins in his right Hand, and a Club in his left, whilft ViP.ory holds over him a Crown ; on the Reverfe, a Nymph, holding with her right hand a ficrificing Cap over a flaming Altar, and behind her appears Hcrcuks in a Bath, with this In- fcription iMEPAli^N. But as fome think this Journey into Sicily belongs rather to the Thehan (6), t^an to the Phcsnician Hercules^ ' 'hall pafs on, to fearch after the Founder of Herculaneunu (i) Stiled at prefent by our Seamen Capo Nau, {2) Barrius de An'iquit. & Situ CUabriae, (3) Nat. Cnmes Mythol. lib. vii. (4) Vide Ovid, de Peii.i, & HsrcuJe, & Poema Vi:|ii;i ClrtS, (5) Diodor. lib. 4. (6) VakuivD'^fa Igc, c;t, pag. 316 edit. Lug. Bat, C 2 CHAP. ( 2S ) CHAP. III. -^f the Ciiy (?/Herculaneum, and Places adjacmh AMONG twenty tlirce Cities mentiorrd by Stephen of Bl- u-anfiunif of tiie Name of Haacha, lie takes Notice of one ill Italy J but whether he meant that of v.'hich v/e arc treating in Cn};ipi:r.ia Ffl'ix, Or that of Tufcajy or Cnlftbria, is a Matter of Doubi ; however, he had certainly in View that Ilcraclea fituated near Mctapontus, where the firft Battle was fought againft King Fyrrhus, As to our Hercrlaneumy founded by JisrcuUi jiimfelf, and mentioned by Cluvcil::s (i), under the Name Her- (idciiietii,:, or lierculani'um^ it is thus defcribed by Dionyjtus of lialicarnajjus {z)y in the following /,«//« Tranilation : Hercules {cmpoJ:lis ex Gvivii fcuter.iia rebm Jtalich, ac dec'tmh fpcllcrum in Deontm Jacrificia itnpeftfis, oppldulo eliam de fuo nomine condito^ lilt clcJjJs ejus Jlationem hahehat^ qucd 7iu7ic etiam a Romanis ha- hilatur inter Pompeias ^ Ncapoli!!t,_ tutos cmni tempore partus ha- bens,trajccitSicilia7r.. Pli7iy{-^) lliiesit, Herculanium Campania ; ju'd Stralo (4), Heracleion ab Hercule faBoy XJrhs 'vidua VeftS- *vo, 7iO/i longe a Leucopetra Prcwjnforlo, Vefwvii cijteribus fepulta iqcet. Konltis iHarcelhiSy at the Word Flwvias, cites Sifeiiim in the 8th Book of his Hifliory thus : ^.od oppidum tumulo excelfo in loco, prope mare paritis r/icenihus inter duas Jlwuias intra Vefwvium icrdocaius ; And again, Tranfgrejjiis fai'Vium, qute fecundum Her- cvlaneiim ad ;nars pertinchat. And Li vy, at the latter End of his loth Book, calls it Herculaneuiii ; fo that it is the fame thin*, whether it be called Hercukus, HercuLvieus , or Herculanius ; 'H/)«K\«7if, being derived from Hsfay-Xiif ; and the Greeks write K*. 711, (5) See 3ignor Gori, who quotes many Arguments in Defence of the Etruf* tjn Alpbdba, i>ag. 1C8, and his Diflertation on Heiculaneuna. ( "^9 ) Fut not to be toa tedious. Infer you to CoLj-idla (i), Marcia- r.us de isiiptiis, Pcntanus de Bclh Necpolitarw, and many other Authors and Hiftorians, whole Teilirnonies concerning this ian- tient City are very clear and extenfive. CamiUus Pfllegrinus fancies that in this Place Hood Retina^ which Pli^y (2) mentions in the Letter to Cornelius Tacitus, in which he relates the Circumftarces of his Uncle's Death. This Opinion is not without Probability, as the fubterraneous City is ;n the fame Situation, Pliny the younger has given to Retina, 2nd extends iticlf under the Village called RcjiKa, a Name which diiF-rs from Retiva in one Letter only ; and it would be no way fcrarge that fo triflinp; an Alteration fhould happen in the Space of a'mcll Eighteen Centuries. But Pelkgrimi;, and the Writers whoiiave iollowed him, have not obferved, that PH>iy does not call Retina, Qvitas, Uihs, or Ol>f,.ium, but only Villa; namVfllz ea fuhjaubat, tc. (3) %vhich cannot in the Latin Language fig- nil'y City ; and is the Place difcovcred is plainly a City, we mall conclude, that it is not Retina, which was never named among thofe v.'hich flood on the Shore df the Galf of I^afles ; of whith P/;';;v e.xpreflcs hi'mfelf thus i " On this Shore ftand Naples, and " iierdclea, a fmall Diftance froni Potnpeia, at the Foot of Vefwoi- *' us, and on the Banks of the Samus^ Seeing, thercfore,tliatncna of the antient Authors have pl?.ced R'sfiim among thofe Cities v/hich frood within the Gulfof t-Japles ; and thst it is agreed on all Sides to place HerculamuTn bctv/een Naples, and Pompeca ; whocSn fay that the late difcover'd C^ty, fituated between thofe two Places, is not nercuihncum F It being at the fame Diiiauce from I'Japles, as from the Mouth of the Sc7r?:i-s, where lie the Ruins of Pok- pcia. It is remarkable, notwithfcanding the Silence of the Hif- t'orinns, and Geographers rilib, concernirg Rctir.a, that a Squadron of Ships v^as aclualiy there, according to the Tcfii- mony of Pliny {4), who adc's, that Retina v.as at the Foot of V'ejuKjiu;, and that no Plsce was more expofed at the Time oF the Eruption. Ihrculaneum was in the fame Situation, if we may judge of it by the Accounts given by tiie Ancients, which perfectly agree with the Place ef this fubterraneOus City. It njay be objecled, tb::t the. fame CircumUances being applied to different Objefls imply a Contradidion ; but this Diihculty (5) will be removed by confidcrir.g what Diovjf.urji^i J-ieilicqp:c.Jjus fays, concerning the Foundation of jS'miJ'/r^^riy'v^;;', *' fii-ra^ " having brought all his Affairs in Italy to a Ccnclufion, foucd- ♦' ed (i) De cultu Hcrt. lib. X. vcrf. i;;. ■ -{i) Pellegr. App. in the AnrtoQftks cf Capun, difc. ii, ltd:, xxiii. PJin. I'iD. vi. epift. Xvi. (3; Loc. cit. e b verf. ItaJ. lib. ii. cp. xvi. (4) Loc. cit. (51 Thii Di^cuit>i ivould harre lefti much eajier rtnfjve.i, kad cur J^wbor fesn the Attin:pts, or rathir Cohjectures made to fett'e the 'I'ejct of Piuiy, vv.o Manujcript and Printed Copies I'arjiKg pretty much in tbii Place : According is, this. Retina is viatie a Ferjon tfijl.cti ef a Plafe j in.Juch Cafe Herculane- Mvn crjoys its Situigines, the Aufouii, and the (4) Airunci,) were the OJciy inafmuch as Strabo (5), defcribing the Situation of this City, fays, that " formerly Herculaneum, Fotnpeia, and the *' neighbouring Places on the River Sarnus, were poffeffed by the •' O/'/' (6)." Thefe O/ir; have alfo been called Opici; becaufe Capua, which was always the Capital of that Country, has been called Ofca, Vulfumia, and Opicia (7). Stephamis, Olii, oV/ 'O^/wi tjri T^y 5fi4)f. A/ii "jero Opicos quaji Ophicos a SerpeKtibus appe Hates put ant ; and Ser'vius explains the Words, O/co' ruTtiquc maniis, thus : Capuevfes, dicit , qui ante Ofci (fortajfe iegendum Opici, aut certe Opfci) appellati, quod illic plurimi a- hu?!daii, a Member of the fame Academy ; which has been found very for- tunately for our Purpo(e. This Coin, which is perfefr in Spite of fo many Ages, has been preferved in a green Cruil, fo that the Letters and Figures may very plainly be dillinguiHied, and xehte to the City of Hercu'a-:eHm, as' Signer Gori and PaJJlri, another Member of the fame Academy, have obferved ; the Letters which are thereon mud be read from the Right to the Left, after the Etrufcan Manner, /^^ '^ /^ H» HRCVL, /. e. Herculaiicum, in the fame Manner a^: the Coins of Uiino, Nocera, and Capua (\). It is to be obrerved, that the Name of the City is not written at length, but the latter End abbreviated, as the great Spanheim has remarked, to be ufual in the more ancient Coins, and v/hich may be feen in ma- ny other Eirufcan Infcriptions. But that Hercnlaneum is- herie meant is not to be doubted, although, the lirft Letter h accord- ing to the Etrufcaji manner of Writing, ought to have been ciofed at Top and Bottom, as may be feen, on my ancient Marble Sarcophagus, where are to be read feveral Etrufcan Words, which I thus explain : LAPvTS ANEMIVS FELSINEI FILIVS And as it appears on the Caps mentioned by Deaipjler (2) ; whence one may conjeflure, the Latin Afpirate h had its Ori^ gin (3) from the Tufcan ; and it is poiiible, that the Greek rt might have ics Pafe from hence, for which confult jfufuus Lip* The Letter 3 is here wanting, pernaps, becaufe in pro- nouncing a like r with an x'iipirate, they feemed in feme Mca- fure to give the Sound of e. Then follows ^, which mani- fcllly flands for ^i or k, which has never tiJl nov/ been obferved by any one. The fourih Letter v is beyynd all Doubt a TufcaH. Character. The iifth Letter a has been proved by the Academy of CortO'Ui, to be equivalent to the Greek a. All this, toge- ther with an infinite Number of Etrufcan Monuments daily dif- cover'd about Isda and Capua, fully prove the Dominion cf the Etntfcnm in thofe Parts ; and more particularly, fome extreme- ly curious large VeiTels, findy painted with Figures, which were prefented to his MajeRy on his firft Arrival in this King- dom : Of theie 1 intended to have uublilhed an Account, if my domeilic Aitairs had permitted ir.e to ftay longer in that King- dom. My good Friend Mr. IFilUam Havitnond has made a larce and curious ColletTtion in the Neighbourhood of llAa, which has been lent to England. It (i) Mufco Etrufco, Tab. 19S. num. 22, 23, 24, 25. Mazzoch. DliTcit, dlCort. t. 3. p. 43. (:) Quoted in this Work, p. 2 2. (5) This Signer Gcri proves in the Phce abov: cited. (4) De leiia pronuac. Lat. Linj. cip. 7. ( zz ) At foHows from hence, that the Sainmtes for fortie Time pnf- fefied the Country about Naples : C. Semptonio Jraiiuo ^ i^^ Fabio Vibulant) CcJT' Perigritia res, Jed mernoria digna traditiir to anv /a:la : Vitlttirvum Hctriifcorutn urban, quis nunc Capita tji, ah Saninitihtis caj tam, Cafr'am^ue ab Duce eortim Capys, (jfc, (1). The Sea Coall ^^as therefore the only Place then inhabited by the Greeks ; from whom they derived their Cullonns and Me- thod of Government, as m\\ be flr.ewn hereafter : foralmuch as Straho [z] writes, that *' Naples v/as a Colony of the Cumanu ** Ckalcideufes, f-^ihactfans^ and Athenians ;" Neapolis Chalci' denjinm, ij ipfa Poj-tkciope a tmnuloSirenis appeliata. Though I look on thofe People as .allone Nation ; fince Linjy tells u-=, that the Cumani had their Orjginfioin ChaUis Etiboua, or Ncg:opo»t, an ancient Colony of the jhheniars (3), Athetuejifcs tlege Erittiwa in Enho;a?n hifuUvn Loloraam dxdi4XA>'Ar.t : AH'eniejj/es in Enbcica Chalcida Erctbiam Colonis ocet/pavAre. The G.rejia>:s pofiefied this Country till tlie R.war.s conquered it, v.hofe Wars 1 do net pretend to defcribe, and Ihall only hy, that in very early times, they reduced it to Prrcfectorfliips : /// quihtu h' jus dicelniur, ij 7iundini£ agebantur, {ff erat quiedam eariivt Rejl'ibliea, mque ta- men Magijiratus fuos halt bant ; in quas legib.'is Pr/efe£li mittipan* ttir quotannis, qui Jus diccrent : quorum genera fuere duo : Alle- r:im, in quas folebant ire F^J'feiii quatuor, popidi fujfrcgio crea'i^ in hesc oppida, Cafuan:, Curnas, Cafilinu?n, Vidinrnufn, Liter- niim, Puteclos, Acerras, SufJTulam, Atcllnffii Calatiam ; aitc- rum, in quas Prtetor Urbanus quotannis in qua'que loca 7niferat legibus : ut Fundos, Formias, Caere, Feui-Jruni, A/icas, Ptivcr- fiirm, Anagniam, FruJJno7;em, Reate, S(>iT.inia>n, Kurjiam, Aip~ r.iim, aliaque complura ; and this was in the early (a) Timfs as Puulus Manutlus (5) obfervcs. Hence we may inter, that Her-^ culaneujn had the like Prerogative j and for the farris P.c;:fon, as Capua became a Reman Colony under the Confulfnip ci Ctsfar {6}; as did afterwards Fond:, Formia, A)pinu?n, &c. So liertu- lar.eum became a Roman Co'ony, without being fubjeft to the Romar LaWs (nctwithllanding the Julian Lawj : in the fame Manner as Cicero calls the A'd-rt/o/Z/aw Citizens of Rotne, and ir,- Velled by the Julian Law with the Freedom cf Ro7}e, liaving 2t the farac T'imc the Privilege of being poverned hv their an^ • cient Laws. Hence the Herculanenjh CciKed their chief M;i- giiirates Ditnarchi, v.-hofe Cilice was pofhb:}' tie fame v.'ilh the Dunm-Jiri ^irquennaLs. Thii Su;-pofition lome Lai red" Men have endeavoured to prove from the follcAving ii^fcripticn, which I faithfully copied in the Court Yard of S:. Antony, with- .cut the Cc'puan Gate, ever the Arch which joins the tv.o Court; ) which Gruter lay^ v/as ones in the Village of Pictra Lia-v^^, be- (i) Lit'. 1. iv, c. 191 (2) Lib. iii. c. 5, (3) Pdufan.as in Attich. (4) U. C. 460. (5) De Civltate Romana. (6} Liv, iib, sxviii. ( 34) longing to Bertiariius l^artiranus (i), whence it was removed td' h^atles {2)i but fomething different from the true Original, which is in Fabricius. L, MVNATIO .CONCESSIANO . V. P. PATRONO COLONIAE . PRO . MERITIS . EIVS . ERGA . CIVES MVNIFICA . LARGITATE . OLIM . HONOREM DEVITVM . PRESTANTISSIMO . VIRO . PRAE SENS . TEMPVS . EXEGIT . QVO . ETIAM . MVNA TI . CONCESSIANI . FILII . SVI . DEM ARCHIA CVMVLATIORE . SVMTV . LIBERALlTATIS ABVNJDANTIAM . VNIVERSIS . EXlBVlT . CIVIBVS OB. QVAE. TESTIMONIA. AMORIS . SINCERISSI MI . REG . PRIMARIA . SPLENDIDISSIMA HERCVLANENSIVM . PATRONO . MIRABILI STATVAM. PONNEAM . DECREVIT. (3) This is a Monument of the Gratitude of the People of the Co- lony of Herculaneum, who tredtid a Statue to Lucius Munat:us Concejftaiius, a Pitrician, who in a Time of great Scarcity, fup- porttd them all at his own Expencc ; and who had the Dignity of a Demarchus in the Herculean Colony, which wa^ as yet the common Form of Government of Naples ; and as Strabo fays, Argiimsntuin rt't Junt Nomina Magijlraium Principii Gneca. foperiorihus tempo} thus Campatia Gr^cis pennixta ; and Spartian, fpeaking of Adrian, fays, they were quinquennalei : Apad Nea- polim Demarchus in Patria fua ^inquenvalis. On Examina- tion of the Style and Manner of the above Infcription, I think it no ways prior to the Times of Titm, but rather of a later Date, and fome Time after the Eruption of VelwuiiHy and the PeIlru<^iion of Herculaneum ; wherefore it could not belong to that City : Otherwife it would be necefiary to fay, that the Eruption cf Vefwvius had not entirely dellroyed that City, but that Part of it yet remained, which is contrary to the Ttllimony of all the Writers on the Subjecfl. Whence it is moll: natural to ima- gine, that it belonged to the City of Naples, whither Part oi the People favtd from the Deftruftion of the Colony might eafily have been tranfplanted, with the Name of Regio Herculanenjii- um, which Name might have continued a long Time. To prove farther that Herculancuru was a Roman Municipium, or free City, I will add the following Infcription of Reine- fut:: (4) ■^ PRIDIE. (i) Gruter. CCCC. XXIX, 6. (z) Capaccio L. e c. 9. (3) V. P. Vtr Patricias vid. Ssrtor. Urratum poft Marm. OxonieiT, Prideaux pag. 66. Gcntili, de Patricioium Origins lib, ii. cap. x< n. vii, • (4) ReiJicf. Clafs, 7. n. xv. (35) PRIDIE.K.MARTIAS.IN.CVR.SCRnENDO . ADFVERE CVNCTI OyOi' . VERBA. FACTA. SVNT. M. M.MEMMIOS RVFOS. PaT. ET FIL. ET. VIRI ITER. PEQVNIA. PONDK RALl . ET . c'HALCIDICVM FT.<;CHOLaM . S^CVNPV^f MVMCiP. SPLJiNDOREM. FECISSE. Q.yAE. TVERI. PVBLiCE DEGRFTO . D. E. R. I. C PLACFRE • HVIC . OBDINI . CVM M. M.RVFI.PAT. ET.FIL II.VIR. iter . IN. EDEND!S MV NERIBVS . ADCO • LIBERALES. FVERINT. VT. EOR VM . MO NVMENTA . DLCORI . MVNICH'IO . SINT . ADEO . DILIGEN TES . VT. VITIEIS. PGNDERVM . OCCVRRERINT . IDCL. '^ PERPETVViM . PROVEDERINT . PLACERE . DECVRiONlB. M.M. MEMMIOS. RVFOS. PAT. ET.FIL. DVM.II.VIVERENT EORVM . POS M. ET . SCHOLA . ET . CHALCIDI . QVAE IPSI. FECISSENT. PROCVRATIONEM . DARI. VTIQVE. SER VOS . EIVS ..• MPIVS . EST NEC.OTIO . PRAEPONE RENT. NEQVE. INDE . ABDVCI . SINE . DECVRIONVM . DE CRETO. ET. M. M. MEMMIIS. RVFIS. PAT. ET. FIL. P VBLICE GR ATIAS . AGEI . QVOD . ITERATIONI . HONORI. EORVM NON . AMBITIONEI . NEQVE . lACTATIONI . SVAE . DEDE RINT. SED. IN. CVLTVM. MVNIClPl . ET . DECOREM CONTVLERJNT. A grand B'jildlng difcovered among the Ruins of HerculaneuK, thought by the Antiquarians to be a Bafilica, concerning which 1 (hall be more particular in the Courfe of this Work, I fhoald rather take for a Cha/cidicum, were we not left in the graatefi: Obfcurity as to the Nature of the Building the Ancients called by that Name. It appears, from the Etymology of the Word, to have been a Mint, or the Place where they coined their Mo- ney. Others afTcrt, it was a Hall belonging to the Forum for the Ufe of the Advocates and Orators. Nothing certain can be proved from the above Infcription, which was found in the Be- ginning of the laft Century, in the Neighbourhood of Poriici^ but that there was a Chalcidicum in Herculaneum, which is re- prefented as a Building with a large Hall, but without alTigning any particular Ufe or Defcription of its Conilrudion. It feems, fays Vitru'uiuSy that the Chalcidicum was commonly placed at the Extremity of the BaftUca; from this we can form no Idea, having never been able to difcover any Model or Plan of thpfe kind of Buildings. But to return to our City : It has been already proved that it was a Colony, as appears from the above Infcription of Con- ce£ia7ius, and the Inl'criptions wliich I have copied amorig thp late Difcoveries, Ihew that it was afcribed to the KknemafiTnhc By what may be gathered from the Difcovcrics made near the Theatre, it appears there were fine Fountains in Hercnlamum. On a Piece of iMarble dug up, m?.v b? read •';), D 2 ■ , . . Et. (i) Reinef. CbfT. 2. xsir. ( 3^) ET. PATER. ET. FILL... M. SALILN PAMQ^/E . . . TERTVLLA. RESriTVir. Which Jnfcription Reinejias thinks relates to the two Marci hlemfnii abovementioned ; bat 2S we have feen two Equeftriati Statues of the Balbi, which I foall obferve in due Place, it is imagined there is greater Rcafon to think that it might be con- fecrated to their Memory; fmce it is rot to be doubted, but both Father and Son had dillingyilh'd thcmfelves by remarkable "Works, and erecting grand public Eui;d;ngs. It is manifeft they had Baths and Conduits of W^atcr. Pifcina atitcm inter appendices Balnearum, in qua calcniss a Thermis nature folehantf fyigidaria rji, i^ uti njocat Sidonius Jpollinaris ( I ) Baptijleri- ;un. Moreover, the above (2) Relnefius goes on, faying as 1 have jilready obferved. That Herculaneum and Pompei v.-ere deflroyed by sin Earthquake, and that no one had ever made any Mention of their being rebuilt again. It is jcmarkable, as the fame Author relates, that there have been fou!xl fixed to a V/all in Herculaneum, two famous Decrees of the S'-.*nate, v/hich were carried to the Houfe of Matteo di Capua, Prince of Conca. Thelc were engraved on Plates of Brafs 28 Inches long, and 20 b.*-oad. The firft of which con- tained an Order that no ancient Buildings fhould be pulled down for the fake of felling the Materials ; this was paiT.d in the Con- fulfhip o^ Hojldius Geta and L. Vagellius, who had been (3) Sttffeti in the fourth Confulfhip oi Claudius, about the Year of Rome 9'Go, The fecond is to the fame Parpofe, and was decreed nin^ years after the firil, when Folujms and Cornelius were Confuls. Concerning its Qovernment, both as a Municipium, and asci Colony, we fhall fpeak more at large, when we come to treat pi the Duujni'iii Shiinquevnales, and Demur chi. I fhall only add here, that they uere not without a Number of proper Minifters fuitable to the rylagniilcence of their facred Buildings, as will be feen by the Infcriptions, which mention the Epulones and Auguf- tole.', in Plonour of C^far, and Augujius, The aforementioned Reinefius (4) has another InfQription belonging to the City QJf l^lerculaneutn. .... O. D LOCVM. AB. INCKOATO VM. TECTORIS AVGV3TALIB. DATVM. (1) I.ib. H. ep. a. (i) Reinef. Ice. cit. (3) Suffc* arr.ir.g tht Carthagenian?, vjai an Oj^ce equal te that cf C^nfut f'r.:.rg the RoiTiins ; fnm ,'^^^1^* Judex, An Off.a here, psrlspi fjuat Tc «.T ComniJJisr.ir: cf Sev.-irs, {4} Reinef, qiaff, 2. xxslii. Car?c. Hifl, Kesp';. lib, i; c, 5, ( 37) Next to the College of Pontlfices (i), fprung up at Rome^ that of the Augufialcs, with new Ceremonies, about tlie Year 767V of which Body I'iberius Ca-Jhr vvas a Member ; this Example was followed by the Colonies^ out of Flattery or Ambition; they were fix in Number, and RiiedfaK SEVIRI. AVGVS- TALES. They were alfo in Cirtona, aj appears from the following Infcription found not long fince ; C. TITIO, CL CELERt DOMO, CORTONA VIVIR. AVGV. LfBERTI. EIVS. But to return to my firH Dfef.gn : This ancient City vvas fitu- tted near the Sea about four Miles from Napks, and remained buried in the Bowels of the Eaith by the Eruptions of Ff/wvius^ in the Space between the royal Villa oi PoTtki, and the Village of Reftna; it had a Harbour a little Diitance from the Moun- tain Vefu-j'ius. It is to be obferved, that St. Gregory wrking to Fortunattis Bifliop of Naples, makes Mention of Legic?iis Hercu- lenfis l^capoUs. And we iliall cbferve, that Franc: feus Balzanut wrote a filly Book concerning this City, in which he credits the Impoltures of Annius of Vittrbo. Vulgar Tradition fays, that St. Peter landed there. According to PciitarraSy at Refinat in that Situation of \Vhich \vc have been treating, llcod the Seat of Anfonius Panormitn, \vh.o wtQtt ci Alphsvfr.s the Firfl, King oi Naples. Falio hys, thv^t Portici, now a Royal Seat belong- ing to his Majefty, in the Neighbourhood of Hcrculancum, was the Seat of ^intus Pontius Aqu'ila, a Ro^ncn Citizen, called by Cicdro, 'Neapoittanum S^^ubui, Adjoining to it is the Promontory of Lehcopetra, which retains its ancient Name in Putra-biancat or thfe White Rock, a delightful Villa belonging to the Dakecf Matctkiia, ^vhere I copied the following antique Infcriptions, which I think will be acceptable to the Reader, The firll: may be found \v\ Giuter {■\), whom Mctnutlus quote?, but with aij iininenfe Diftcrencej and v.ith many Evrori and Millakes; D. M. M. KtARIO, PROCVLO VIX. ATTN. III. MENS. IIII, D. VIITT. M. MARJVS.FRONTO . ET . COSCONIA YGIA . PARLNT , INFELICISS. filio . piissimo . fecervnt . sibi mb. ltbertabvsq^ posteriscl eorvm. si . non . fatorvm . preceps . hic. mortis obisset . mater . q^.^ae . hoc . titvlo . debvit ante . vehi . ei . tv . preteriens . dica3 sit . tibj terra . levis. Ca fij Tacit, lib i. Annil. c. 54, ^) N'Cifis Caenot.ipib. Pir.n.ci-., (3} Gruter. ^-g, DCXCV. 3. (38) On another Piece of Marble : MYNICIO. P. F . POST . MORTEM MVNICIPES . SVI . AERE . CONLATO . PIETATIS CAVSSA . POSVERVNT. t The laft, which follows, may ferve to illuftrate the Hiftory o£ the Ages nearer our own. HOSPES . ET . SI . PROPERAS . NE . SIS . IMPIVS PRETER JENS . HOC . AED1FICI\ M . VENERATOR HIC . ENIM . CA ROLVS . V . RO . IMP. DEBrLLATA . APHRICA . VEMENS. TKIDVVM . IN . LIBERAL! LEVCOPETRAE . GREMIO . CONSVMSIT. FLOREM . SPARGITO . ET . VALE. M. D. XXXV. Four Mi'ps towards the Eaft, at the Foot of the Mounlam V'efu'vius is a -Mace ca led Torre dil Qrccoy where. I believe, the Cicy ot Pompeia (O 'ies buried in like manner f named from the triumphril P->mps of Wrcu'^iyZnd cailfd by Seneca Pompeias eelehrtm C-7npaniebate to the Royal Academy of ;Infcriptions in .F^m (i), .it \vill not be amifs to givea brief Account thereof. The Abbot i^rt-7;.';V/- fearchinw antient Authors on this. Head, ■•found \.\i2X'Vefu-jvus v/as fup poled to have made an Eruption be- •fore the Times oi Titus ; but that there was. no , particular Ac- count of it ; on the contrary, that there vfas a profound SilQt\ce gmong the Italian Writers, and particularly in' /?ff;//);Vra (2), in }jis Treat ife on the Fires of this Mountain. The fjrll Point, a Paflage in Strabo (3) proves ; he fays, that the Places about Fe- Jwvius are very fertile, except the Top, which is quite barren, and of the Colour of Afhes ; where ar^i Stones of the fame Co- Jour, which feem to have been broken, and burned at different Times ; from whence we may conjefture, they had be^n pro- duced by a Volcano, which defided when the combullible, Mat- ter was fpent. Thus Straho, a very exati Writer, Jong before the Times of T//«/, proves, that there had been a A'uicano on the Top of Vefu-uius, though he knew nothing of the Time, Diodorus Siculus (4.I likewil'e mentions the mod antient Traces of its Fire, but without entering into any particular Detail. P//«i', to whom this Fire proved fo very fatal, mentions Ve- fti-jiiis in two Places, as to its Situation (5) ; and in his 14th JBook, treating of Wines, he fays, Ex Us j^-.incr jiuflro In-ditur^ ((stetis mentis alitur, ut in Vcfu-vio tnonte, Suircjitmifqiie c(l!ibus \ whence me may infer, tliat he knew nothing ot the Volcano in this Mountain, nor of the lulphureous Qualicy of the Soil, otherwife he would neceffarily on this Occafion, as well as Stra- Lo, have attributed the Fruitfulnrfs of the Wines to that Caufe ; for in the fame Book, he mentions Nfount JEtna, i\oclui?iis mirus inceiidiis. Nor can we be better informed by Tacitus (6), who fpeaking of the Time of Tiberius, {tckz, that this was a moft delicious Place, antsquam Vcfu^-vius Mons ardfjcevs facltm loci 'vertcrct. Whence me may conclude, that the Devaflations of Vcfuvius, were after the Retirement of Tiberius into the Iflsnd Capreea, and that the Hiltorian alluded merely to that remar!:- able Eruption, in which Piniy periihed ; for the De ail and Cir- cumflances of which, 1 refer you to /V/wy the younger. Everi the Letter which contains this very accurate Karrative (7JI, makes (i) Memoires de Litterature tom- 15. Des Enbr;icraeR5 t^i Mont Vefure. (2) Di Incendiis Monti? Vefavii. (3) Strab. lib. v. png. 247. (4) Diod. Sic. lib. jv. (<;) riin. lib. iii. pag. 154 ediz. in fog. (6) Annal lib. iv. cap. 67- (7) Plin, jun. lib. vii ep- 16, ( 4» 5 fhakes no Mention of any former Eruption } nor Dio, tior Z':*- philinus, of any Trace of Damage, but what is mentioned in the Defcription of the Eruption, in the Time of Septimim Sc-ceruu Eufebius{i) likewife fpeaks only of that in the Time oi Titus \ and Scaligcr in his Notes, cites no other Eruption of I'efwvius^ than that which happened in 472, when its Afhes were driven as far as ConJiai:tlnopk, and there caufed fo great Aflonifhment, that its Anniverfary was ordered to be kept on the Sch Idc, that is the 6th of Kovember, which Fa£l is related by Count Marcclli- nuSf 23 under the (Jonfulfliip of Marciatiws (2), and Frj}ui i though there is no Account of this Feftival to be found in the deck Calendar. M. Bannhr to thefe Authorities from the HiltorianS, joiiiS thofe of the Poets, and quotes that Verfe of Lucretius, which has undergone ten \'ariations to make Place for the VVo:d Veju* tuius (3). ■ ^lalis apud Cumas locus ejl- "hlotitemque Vefumuvi Oppleti CaliJis, ubi fumant fo7itibus auSius. Ilence it appears, that the Poet was at leaft acquainted with the Quality of the Soil of Fefuvius, and the hot Springs in the Neighbourhood of that Place. The Authority of Valerius Flaccus, h more prccife, who having dedicated his Poem on the Argonauts to Vifpajlaii^ Fathejt' of Titus, wrote before the grand Eruption. Sic i^bi prtvrupli tonuit cum forte Vefe-vt Hefperice let a lis Jpex (/^). Silius Italicus, who is flill more antlent, as living In the Tims of Nero, gives a more decifive Account of this Particular. Sic ubi 'vi ca:ca tandem demiilui ad aJlrA E'vomuit pnjics per J'aclu Ve/wvius igftes^ El pelago, ij terris fufa ejl Vulcania pefis. tVhence it appears, that the Poet knew, that Vefu-xius, ?.C Other Times, had caft its Fires over Sea and Lind. Vir^iVi Silence on the Subject, has been looked u'-'on as art Argument to piove tliat he knew nothing of it; and To much the more, as him felt had made a long liay in Naples : And M. Bar.nier (though the Proof, as mecrJy negative, is not conclu-' five) draws the like Inference 5 and quotes a Line out of Vi'gili to llie;vv that the Poet was aftually ignorant of the Earning of tl.is Mountain ; inafmuch as inhisfcconi Gcorgic^ fpeaking of a moft fruitful and v.xll cultivated Country, he jr«akc3 this Com-' '■■■'■ E Tiikm (0 Eufeb, J^i{l. Eccl. & Seal, ad Not. 2095. (z) Indjrt. IQ. (3) Verio 747. it!>. 6. Vedi 1' edir, di Ka.vercamp* (4} Atgonajt. lib. 4. ( 4^ y Talf.';i di'ves arat Capua, ^ njicina Vefe^v^ Or a jugo. If he had had any Idea of the antient Volcano, lie would af leall have fpoke of thefe Parts as a dangerous Neighbourhood, and anticipated Straho in the Obfervation of tiie prir.cipal Cayfe of the Fertility of the Soil in that Neighbourhood. In this Place it is wOrth while to obferve the Equivocation oi Ser-uius ; who pretends, that in that PafTagc Virgil did not fpeak oi F- fu- fvius, but Vefula, a Mountain in Liguria, at the Foot of the Jllps : But what Probability is there, that ^/r^zV Ihould join ^/- fiila with C pua, a City fo near to Vefwvius ? Nor fhall we flop here to quote the Sybilline Verfes (i), where ^'^cnt!on is mzde oF the Burning of Vefuvius^ and where the Au- thor, whoever he he, eviJenily alludes to the Eruptioo in the Time G^ Titus ; which Ziphilinus fecm:> to have copied after him ; a new Proof of that Work being fupporititiou>, which peihnps he was not apprized of. From all thefe Authorities M. Banmer infers, that Vef''irj;tfled, had poUefTed the Air, Earth, and:ea, to the Deitruifiion of Men, Herds, and Fields, and all the Birds and Fifhes of the neighbouring and dilbint Lountries, infomuch, that the Sun wa.- darkened, and Showers of Afbies were rot on- Jy poured down on P^mc, to the inexpreffible Terror of the In- fcabi:ant3, but likewife en Africa, Syria, and Egypt ; and the two aforeir.ent'oned Qii'itzoi Herctilancujn and Pc?r.peia periflied, with all their People, who were fitting in the Theatrp. And as the faid Theatre was one cf the liril Things difco- vered among the old Ruins, I hope 1 fhall not dirpleafe the Reader in Lying before him the entire Paffaga of Dion CaJJius Kice::s, tranflated by George Mtrula, *' ^;ub Tito in Campania horrenda, & miranda qua:dam obti- *' gerunt. Magnus enim ignis per A.utumnum fubito cxarfir, *' iSlons enim Vtfuvius, qui juxta Neapolim ad mare vcrgif, *' abundantis ignis fontes habet olim undique altui : ab cuius *' medio igiiis exeritur, qua; pars fclum igne compiehenfa Ant ; •* extra ha:c omnia fine igne ttiam nunc manent. Ex hoc cum *' cxtera client combufla, & in cinerern redafta, juga circum- *' fiantia r.b antiquo ufque nunc manent. Quodcumque am- *' budum eit atque confumptum, tempore concavum f (ftum eft : " u". mons omni% fi licet magnis pirva conferre, fimilis fit am- *' phiteatro. Vertex arbores, ^c vites habet. Circulus ab i&nQ *' laticr per dies fumum, noflu flaramam emittit, ut videatur " in eo odor^a evaporari, h facriHcia fieri : & quidem femptr, *' interim vero magis, interim vero minus. S.cpe vero cinercs *' ctfjndi:, quando fcilicet aliquiJ co^cTtum fubfederit : lapidea •' furfum mittit. Quoties vero a fpiritu, & vento viohitur, *' fonat, & ilridet ; ceu non cofidfi, ^^' conftrifta, fed rara. Z alii vero ex mari in terram, & *' rurfus ev terra in mare: quidam vero trepidi, &amentes, ut- *' pote qui exiilimabant quid fecurius, clTe priefens. Hjsc au- *' tern limul ac fa(5tafunt, erudlabat immenfus cinis : occupabat ?' enim terram; mare, £: aera: & multa quidem alia figna acci- «' debant : l^debantur homines fcilicet, regiones, Sc pecora, Sc •'. pifces, prxterea aves abfumebat. Infuper dua; Civitates con- '' flagrarunc Herculaneum, & Pompeiam. Herculaneum ve- " ro, & Pompeios fsdentes in theatre populos oblimavit. Tan- " tus fuit pulvis, utac eo loco in Africam., & Syriam, & ^gyp- *' turn penetraverit. Pervenit etiam Roman uique. Quin etiam «' aer totus imminens pulvere oppletus fuit. Sol etiam obtene- •' bratus, obfcuretui'que eft. Nee parvus metus fuit per multcs " dies. Nefciebant homines, quod fadlum ell, nee conjedari, " unde faftum eft. Exiftimabant enim quas fupra, & infra " erant, cverti : Sokm in terram defcendere, Cinis auten\ 0' nonnihil m^gni incommodi attulit (i). This fatal Cataftrophe was preceded, as I have cbferved be- fore, hy a terrible Earthquake, in the Vear of Chrift 65, in the Time of the Confuls IRcguIus and Virginius, which deftroyed the preater Part of Uerciilancipn ; hence many are of Opinion, that at th?.t Time perifhed the People in the Theatre; and that it was again deftroyed by Fefitvius ; whi:;h I hope I fliall be able (o prove from thcfe fame Difcoveries of Antiquity (2). It being ^nncceffary (j) Vi'Jc Zip'nllmus in his Tranflation of Philander- (2) See Seneca in lib. vi. ot" natural Queftions. Pliny in Epift. vj, Dion (Caflius inlib. Ixvi. or rather hi? Abbreviatior Zirbi!. Dionyfius cf Haliear- j?afl"usin lib. i. Suetonius in lib. viii. Cluveriusin lib. iv. of hisantient Italy, brofius in lib. vii. cap, 9. of his Hiftory, Naudcus on the Fires of Vefu- yius. Guiccianninus, Dtmi, and Gori, on Infciiptions. Recupitus on the Fires cf Vefuvius. Pellegrini on Campania fclix pag. jjj. Paiagallo in hi§, Jiifioiy of Vefuvius pag. 87, and mauy others. ( 45 ) unncceffary at prcfer.t to examine how many Eruptions have happened fince that Time, I (hall think it fuflicient to refer my Readers to the abovementioned Bianchini, and defirc hitn to read attentively fuch Authors as have treated on the Subjed, whofe Tellimonies, to avoid Prolixity, I forbear to quote at large I ihall only fay, that fince that f>uption, in which Her- ttdaveum was burud, twenty-fix others may be reckoned. It happens that by realon ot the Streams of the Lnva, which have from Time to 1 imc run over this City, it lies now about eighty Palms above the Level of the Plair.s of Portici. Among thofe Authors which I h:'ve mentioned, you may find a fitisfaiStory Account of the laft terrible Eruption, which I myfelf faw in the Month of Ma\\ 1737. fet forth by my learned and valued Friend Sig. 'Nicholas de Martino, publifiVd in the Name of the Academy'of Naples, with univerfal Arplaufe; alfo another fine Deicription, wrote by Sig. Ciccio Senao, a famous Phyncian, and PrbfefTor of the Univerfjty. I fhall julioccarionally obfcrve, that it was at my Requeft, that the Profpect of Vcfu^jius on the Side towards Torre dd G;-tco, was drawn hy Mark 7i>fcker of Koritfiberg, a Mem.ber of the Etrufcnn Academy, at prefent. Painter and Architeft to his Di'nifa Majelty; whom I fhould have been glad to have employed in drawing the Antiquities treated of in this Bock, The Matter under which this City lies buried is net uniform: In fome Places you find the Lava of Vefn-jius ; in others a kind of Mortar, or hard Cement, thrown out from the fame Volca- no. By thefe Lava the Kcnrc/jfars mean, the Streams of Sul- phur, Minerals, Stones, and Bitumen, melted altogether, which Ve/wvlus vomits forth at the Time of the Eruptions. Thefe fiery Streams do not run down with the Impetuofity of a Torrent, but, being a thick and vifcous Subflance, pafTes flowly in the Nature of a Palte, or melted Glafs ; yet pieferves its Keat a long Time, even till it comes to the Sea, in which it has form- ed divers fmall Prorr.cntorie.'?. I'his Lava, cooling by Degrees, at laft becomes a Rock as hard as Marble, and takes as good a I'olifh. Whilft this liquid Matter preferved its Motion, it is eafy to apprehend, that it would infinuate itfclf into all the Cavities it met in its Pafiage j fo that it is not therefore to be v>cndered at, if thofe Places through which it directed its Ccurfe in Hercula- veum, are as exaiSlIy filled with it. as if melted Lend had been poured into them. Thefe fulphurequs Rivers, itfeems, ran on- ly through one Part of Herculavcum ; the Remainder being buried under a kind of iMortar, or very folid Ccm-nt, compoicd of Earth, and the Alhes of Vefuinus ; which uniting together with Water, not only filled the Street?, and other open Pl-jcts, but even penetrated into the interior Parti cf all the Baildir.p^, without doing them any conficerable Damage. One cannot eafiiy comprehend this Singulaiity, without furpcfing timt Veju'viia had nrft thrown cut fo great a Quantity of Afiits us buiied the Buildings, and tiie Sc?rVV;iters having the:i pme- trate^ (46) trattd into the fubterraneous Parts of die Volcano, mull have been caft out ot its Mouth. One may flill doubt whether thefe Torrents carry*J with them the Afties into the interior Parts of the Buildings, {ince they couid not but meet with con- tinual Oblhicles every where. The Academy of Naples, attri- butes this EfFeft to the abundant Rains which generally fail after every Eruption. Many Authors (i) affirm, that Vefu-uius in its Eruptions has thrown oist more Water rhan Fire ; and particu- larly in that of i6ji. the Harbour of Naples was quite dry for a Nloment, on the joth of December i and that ali Soris of Siiell Fifh were mixed v.i:h the Lava that ran down the Mountain. If this lail Ciicumibrce be true, it is an indubitable Proof, that the Sea Water hid efFjdually penetrated into the Bowe's of the Volcano, and was ;'fterwards difcharged from its ^'louth. The two Infcriptions fet up in thefe Days, one in the Road to Porticiy and the other in the A' ay that lead^ to Torre del Greco, grearly Urengthen this Conj^fture. Dometiico Antonio Parriiio {z), in his D^.cription cf tn-' v.iulph of Nailei, fpeaking oftheE'-up- tion in 1698, afi*uri.s us, tnat the Sea letired in a \4oment twelve Paces; and, that at the iame Time thofe Waters iffued from the Mouth of the Volcano ; and that there were afterwards found on the Land a great Quantity of Sta Fifh caUinated and fmelling of Sulphur. P/i/;y the younger, an Eye Witnels of that Erup- tion, in which his Uncle penfhed, and by which Hercidaneum was buried, pofitively fays, " The Sea feemed to roll back up« •* on itfclf, beng driven from its Banks by the convulfive Mo- *' tlon of the Eas th." Among the various Stones, iffc. caft up by the Eruption in 1737, there wa? round one, which at firfl Sight ^ppearM to be a Emerald ; this came into the Hands of Count Bartholome-M Ed- nvard Vighetti, r;ecretary to his IVIajefty (a Gentleman pofTefTed of all the rare Qu.iHties imaginable, and whom I mention with Honour) ; he refolved to have engraved thereon, on one Side Mount Vefu.=vlus, and on the other, in a fmall Charafter, the following Words, which I v/rote on the Occafion : E Fefwuio tiaitts, parentt7n ■ignivom'.nn exh'heo But as the Stone was very imperfect, and but little harder than the common Cryfolites called Granatelli, which this Country abound^ with, he could not carry his intended Project into Execution. On which it was repolifhed and wrought to the Size of a fm.all Bean, of a faded greenifh Colour Thus much I was willing to relate, that fuch as have read of thefe Things in ieveral Authors, might be in- formed of the true State of the Faft. (i) Celeno dell' eruzione del Vefuvio tom, 4< pag. 4i (a) Parrine pa§. ij. e 13. A (Ai) DESCRIPTION O F T H E Difcoveries of the Antient City O F HERCULANEU M. P A R T II. Of the Antiquities of Hercula7teuin, CHAP. I. An Account cf the fir ft Difcoveries in 1689, and 1 71 1. ^^^^A^ )R the Satisfadion of the curious Enquiier, into ^ L^^^ -^ ^'^'"^' ^^^ uncxpefted a M.ittcr, now brout,ht to 1^ I^^P? L.ight from fo remote a Time, it may be neceiTary §j^^^ to begin this Divcourfe from rhc firft Attempts made in the latter End of the lali Age. Therefore I (hall recount all thp.t is faid on that Subjeft, in the Memoirs of the royal Jcadetry of Pan. (i) ; and alfo by the ceh brated M. Bian- clnni, in his Book of Univerfal Kiflory (z). " At the Foot of this Mountai:., about two Miles from the " Sea, in the Year 1689, lome Earth having been removed, *' the Workmen obferved Layers of Earth, that leemed dif- *' pofed in Orotr, as if they were Fioors or Pavements, placed " horizontally over each othf r. '' The Owner of the Ground, being inclinable on this Occa- *' fton to fearch farttier, continued the Digtiine, and under the *' fourth Layer, found lor.,e Scones with Inic.ipc;on? on them ; " on whicn he ordered, that they fliould continue their Search *' till the Winter prevented them, 'i hey dug upwards ot an *' hundred Faims (3) in D-.pch, obferving ah the \'\ a;, various " Layers, alternareiy one under another ; crse of tultivablt Earth, *' and one of blic; vitnried Sione; ot which for the greater '• Cer- (i) Metnoires de Lltera'ure torn. 15- De« embralemen» du Mont Vefi:v^. (2) Illoria Uniyerfale di MonJ.gnor Bianthini. Roma 1699. pag. 246. c Jvi 1748. (3} Ibi Palm it a Neapolitan Mepjure, neo'Iy tqual to ten Ensl'j'H Inciet. U8 1 " Certainty, I fiiall give an Account in the very Words of " Francis Piccbetti, (a famous Architeft in Naples, but more " celebrated for his famous Collection of Antiquities) commu- •' nicated to feveral Perfons, and among others to Sig. Adriana •' A'viano, ProfefTor of Mathematicks in iJow^' j much elleemed " for his Proficiency in the Study of Natural Philofophy, iv.^. *' In the Year i6Sq, in a Hole dug in the Side of Mount Tf- " fwvius, about a Mile from the Sea, in that -Spot where for- •* merly flood the (i) FiUa ofPompey, it was obferved, that the " Earth and vitrified Stone were laid in a kind of regular Or- *' der ; and that the Earth, which is continually falling from *' the Mountain into the Plain, and into the Sea ; together with *' the Streams of melted and vitrified Stones, call out in the fe- *' veral Eruptions of Vefwviuiy had difpoftd thefe Layers in the " following Manner, 'viz. *' Firft of all were found about 12 Palms of cultivated Earth. . *' I z Palms of cultivated Earth ; next were found ** 4 Palms of black vitrified Stone, fuch ai the City is paved *♦ with ; then " 3 Palms of fo.lid Earth ; then *' 6 Palms and a half of vitrified Stone, under which v/ere ** found fome {2) Coals, Iron Keys of Doors, and two Infcripti- " ens, {hewing, that in that Place flood the Villa of Pompej j V then *' 10 Palms, or thereabouts of folid Earth ; then *' 2 Palms and a half of vitrified Stone, like that aboVe j " then *' 8 Palms cf Earth, very folid ; then " 4 Palms, or thereabout?, of vitrified Stone, but fomc- " what more porous, and lighter (3) than the former ; then " 25 Palms of very folid Earth, of a Hardnefslike Gravel j « then •' i6 Palms of the common vitrified Stone (4), very heavy j " then " 12 Palms of Gravel, in v/hich they found a Spring of Wa- ** ter in fuch great Quantity as to llop their farther Prcgref=. " The Infcription (proceeds M. Bianchini) found with the " Coals and Iron-work under the firil twenty-five Palms from " the externnl Superficies, csrry with them fuch Marks of the *' Age in which the Plain became inhabited and of the Ro- " 7i}a;2S having ercfted them, as would perfuade any one to be- *' lieve, that the fix Palms and a half of melted cr vitrifiei! " Stone were depofited there by the Mountain, in that memorable *' Eruption in which P////j) purifned, in tiie firll Year of tlic; *' Reign of 'litus, and by which the Pompeiaa Infcriptlons were *' totally buried; which I hear, have been fince conveyed to the '* Mufeum of Francis Picckctti abovementioued. The DL;!th of " tlvjt (i) It fhould have been called the antient City of Potiijiei as we fliall fee afterwards. (2) Four Strata from the SuperKcies of the level Ground to the Inftrip" tions, two of which were of fuf^:d Stone. (5) Four Strata below the InrcriptionF, two of which of fufed Stone, (4} Two other Strata below, one of which was of fufsd Stcr.e. C 49 ) ** that Gentleman has rendered it very difficult to obtain a Co- " py of there Inl'criptions ; but I hope they wUl be tranfmitcei! " me in Time to fubjoin them at the End of this Work ; and *' I Jhall be the more defuous of this, as rhcy may fcrve to re- ** folve a Doubt about them ; that is, whether they belong to ** the Ciry of Pvnpci, or to the Villa of Pompey the Great, or " his Children. For the Villa of that great Capraiu ar/i his " Family, in the Judgment of Z.o^/v.i'//;, was not fuuated i'o near *' Fefifviiii, but nearer to Pozzuoh, and not far dill.int from the *' Lake Aven.us. And the City of Pompei, according to ali " Authors ancient and modern, and the Scones dug up in the " Year 1684. as Baudrand aiTerts in his Geographical Diftio- *• nary, was fuuated near Scafatiy in the Plain at the Fuot of ** Mount Ft/uvius, and was fubjed to be molefted by the Mat- *' ter which fal's down the Declivity of the Mountain in its •• truptioi.s. Thus far M. B'-anchini.^* In the Year 171 1, the Prince of ^/^fa/'defigning to build him- felf a Pleafure Houfe on the Sea«Shoar near Portici, and contigu- ous to a Convent of the Order of St. Peter of Alcantara, h:.d a Mind to cover fome of the Ground- Rooms with a new kind of Plaiiter, which I have frequently obferved. He knew that ibme of the Inhabitants of Kejina in digging for a Well had fcund Slips of iVIarble, Fragments of the yellow and other co- Joured antique Grecian Marble ; and therefore ordered the Workmen to continue digging as deep as the Water would pcr- ■mir, in order to get a fufHcient Quantity of this Marble to be bruifed into a Powder, and make of it the Plaifter for his Villa, at prefent in the Poflelfion of my good Friends the Dukes of La- 'vianc, and the Princes of Canalwiga. Scarce had they begun digging into the Side of the Earth, when they found fome beautiful Statues, among which v/as one of Hercules in Marble, and another thought to be Chcpatra ; proceeding farther, under the Vineyard of Den Antonio Brav- taccio, the Workmes met with divers Columns of coloured Ala- baller, which appeared to them to belong to a Temple of a round Figure, adorned on the Outfide with twenty-four Co- lumns, the greatell Part of which were of the yellow antique, and were many of them carried to the Houfe of Counfellor Sw ierno. The Infide of this Temple (bEfides behig adorned uith fo ma- ny Columns, between wijich were the lame Numbtr of Statues ot Grecian Marble, though bi.0i.cn) was aiia paved v.i:h thtf yellow aniiqae. The Statues were fent to Vienna by the Prince of Elbeuf, as a Prefent to Prince Eu^ejie of Sa'voj. I am informed, that at this Time was dug up a Piece cf Marble, vv'ith the foIlo\/ing Letters in Metal. APPIVS PVLCHER. C. FILUS 1 B D • . . • VIR. EPVLON V?^I. F There ( 5o) There was likevvife dug up a great Quantity of African Marb?^# out of which fome fmall Tables were made by the ingenious Architeft, Jofeph Steudardo {\) After this ail farther Search was difcontinued, for fear of falling into Difpute with the Mi- nillers of state, whofe Behaviour is frequently of great Preju- dice to the Republic of Letters. CHAP. ir. A Relation of the Dijcovery of the antient City of Herculancum. AT the Time that I had the Irifpcftion of the grand Library at the King's Palace at Naples, as wtU as that famous JMufeum, known through Europe by the Name of xht Farnefian, and of which I had the chief Care, by Virtue of a Royal Order, dated the i2ih of No'-vember, i"758, thefe very remarkable Dif- coveries firft came to Light. Whilll his Sicilian Majelly was at Portici, four Milts from Naples ; about tiie Beginning of Decev:- ber, fome Fragments of Marble being found in the abovemen- tioned Well, the King gave Orders that the Bottom of it ihould be diligently fearched ; whereupon, the WorkmcH, entering into the fame Hole from whence the Prince of Elbcuf had dug the abovementioned Statues, in the Year 1711; and examining in another Fart with their f'ickaxes, they found Fragments of two Equeftrian Statues of Brafs, bigger than the Life, a little above the Level of the Water, at the Depth of 86 Palms from thepre- fent Surface. Purfuing a farther Search fideway?, they fo; nd two Statues of Marble, larger alfo than the Life, both of them cloathed with the Toga, one of which refembkd the Countenance of Ay.gufius ; after this they now and rhen found fome Pilafters of Brick well Jormed, plailtered over, and painted with various Colours ; and (,) D. yo/f/'^ Ztindardoy a Neapolitan Arcliitefl, died at Florence in tlit Year I735> and was buried in ihe Cliurch of Santa Fclicita. His Execu- tors have ere£led to his Memory a Marble Monument, with the tVHowing Iflfcription, written by the Author of this Diflertation, his intimate Frjand. JOSEPHO . STENd.ARDO MATHAEI . F. NEAPOLIT.ANO GENERE . ATQ^ INGENIO . CLARISS. SVB . IMPERATORE . CAROLO . VI. P.EGII. DICASTERII. SACRAR. RATIONV.M- ET . SEMATVS . SANCTAE . CLARAE ARCHITECTO EXECVTORE3 . EX . TESTAMENTO AMICO . OPTVMO . PP. V. A. PL. M. LX. OB. FLOR. MDCCXXXV. ( 51 ) ajnong tKofe another Statue cloathed in like Manner, entirr, and ftanHing u[.)riglit. This invited his Maji'Ry to view thefe Siatucs one Day, when J, who attended him according to Cuftom, was afked by him the Alcjuung of" fomc large Capital Letters, on a Fragment of an Ar^ chitrave, which, though in many Pieces, feemed to be as fol- lows. ■. . A . . . MAMMI ... VS. ilV:k.» QVV.T%i# Now calling to Mind a PafTage of Dion (i), which gives an Account of Herculaiieum being dcflroycd by the firll Eruption of Vefwvius, together with its Theatre, whence thf^ People weri fitting as Speftators ; and feeing the ^N^ame of a Duumvir, and the Fragment cf a T joined to the Refidue of an H, which I thought very probably might mzinTheatmm; I ventured to fay, that poiTibly, this might be in Memory of the Theatre of Herat- lanetitn, heretofore dettroyed. Nor was my Conjedlurc groundlefs ; for, having faftened 3 Rope about my Middle, I caufed myfelf to be let down, and en- tered the Cavern, I ordered the Workmen to proceed, feeing fomething like Steps of a grand Stair-Cafe; but as thefe appear- ed too high to ferve for aicending and defcending, and as they did not run in a right Lire, but were rather circular, I ordered them to try farther on, whether they could difcover another Stair-Cafe* Having fcarchcd feveral Places, and raifing up the Earth horizontally, I evidently diftingailhed them to be the Seats of the Theatre, where the People fat as Speftators, as [ had before in a Manner foretold. This had fcarce happened, when, as I went up again to give an Account to the King, two other fragments of the abovemen- tioned Architrave were found, which were an authentic Argu- ment to the whole Court, of the Truth of my Afiertion j which, having joined together, I brought to this Meaning, A.,.. MAMMI... RVFVS. II. VIR. QUIN. TPaH*© ORCH. DE SUO So thit I could now with greater Pleafureand Certainty aiTcrt that this was the Theatre of Herculaneum, with its OrchellrS, which had been built at the Exptnce of Mammia;:us Rufus. And for a further Convi(J^ion to fuch, as not being Eye-Wit- refles, might flill doubt the Exlllence of fuch a Theatre, foon after was difcovcred another grand Architrave, with a double Capital Infcription, which fervcd as a Supplement to explain the |rll more clearly j I fuppofe they Jiad been placed over the two F 2 prm- (i) Xiphil. ad Dioa. in Tit. pag. 2?t. Lugd. ij5q...Di'arq. urbes fLivJi' num ac Pamptjos populo fcdcntc in Ttatrc per.i'.iis .:bruit (Vefyi,vus), ( 52 ) yirlncipal Doors of this beautiful Theatre. The fecond bearing, rioreover, the Name of Publius 'Numifms the Architeifl, of whom I fnall fpeak hereafter. L. AKNIVS MAMMIANVS. RVFVS. iT. VI R. QVIMQ. 54EA^ ^- ^* NVMISIVS. P. f. ARCH. EC (i) Kear to this Infcription, which was dug up the nth of De- cember, J 743, were found the broken Parts of two large Horfes gih, one of which, in falling, was beaten fo flat that it feemed but half a Horfej afterwards were foand iome Pieces of a Carr, or Chariot, belonging to the above Horfes, with a Wheel en* tire all of Brafs gi!t. It is }.robable, therefore, that the twQ principal D. ors of this Thei-tre were adorned, abov*^ the Archtrave, with thsfe Chariots and Hon'es. i-.f er the Man- ner one may f e in Medals triumphal Arches were accufu med to be. I cioubt nrt but thf-fe Equrlbian Statue:, m.gi.. be lound to rcpref-nt fome of the FxTip>. rois, bi:;t that their H ads are wanting. The Trunk of the firft Strtue ":ei g judg.d of no Value, was taken to make two Medallicas of the King andi Queen, about two Yards high. Going frequently to this Well, I caufed the Ecrth to be clears ed away iVom about the Outfide of the iheatte, wl.ic : I ob"» ferved to bs built with Brick, with Pilailers at equal Diua. ce% having Marble Cornices, and were plaiilered with Mortar of various Colours ; in fome Parts red, like the Colour of Diafper^ in others black, fhining like the Chincje Varnifli. At laft the inner Stairs were difcovered, Avhich led to their correfponding Fomiiorw, and to the Seats where the Spedators fat. Here I conceived great Hopes that we Ciould find fome beautiful Statues, either above or below, or in the Places where they had fallen. Ard my Hopes were not vain; for daily tliereabout, th^t Year, they dug out Pieces of Marble ; fuch as beautiful Capitals cf the Corinthian Order, and other fmaller Pieces of the red antique, neatly wrought, and various Incruilings of Jfrican^ Serpentine, yellow Artiqn.e, and Egyptian Cipelline, Fragments cf rviou'dings. Cornices, arid Architraves, in the higl^eft Talie, and moil perfe*fl Workmanibip. Having uncovered the Seats in the Thratre for a confiderable Way, they were found to be eighteen in Number j among which we perceived fome in a lower Pofition in a .'ight Line, which ferved as Stairs to the correfponding Vomitoria, and the infide Stair- Cafe of the Building. Having afcended the eighteen Seats, we found a level Space running round the Building, which ap- peared (ly I have feen it thus conupted in a Relation of this DlioOTajy. JL.. ANNIVS. L. F. M AMI AN VS. RVFVS. II. VIR, QyiN(i^ THEATRO. ... NVMISIVS. \\ F, AKO ..... IIERCVLANEN ( 53 ) peared to be the Pr^cifuSIc {\\ above which there are other Steps lending to the Second. This PracinSiio being partly cleared from the loofe Earth, aftbrded Room to judge that the Theatre, %vith its Orcheflra, and Cn'vea, might be about 60 Palms Dia- meter; and all covered and inlaid with various Sorts of Marble. jifrican, Grecian, and Egyptian, red and yellow Antique, veined >igatc, and other curious Marbles Jn a Manufcript Vvhich I have feen, the Dimenfions of this Theatre arc thus fet down, but how truly I will not determine: The outer Circumference 290 Feet, and the inner 230, as {?.c as the Stage ; the Breadth from Side to Side, without i6.\ and its inner Diameter i 50 ; the Place for the Scenes, or Pulpitum, was 71; Feet broad, and only :;o deep. This Theatre, therefore, from the great Quantity of Marble in broken Capitals, Cornices, Mouldings, i^c. and from tiie Fragments of Columns which belonged either to the -Stage, or the adjacent Temple, which was firll difcovcred, muft have been of cxquifite Beauty ; whether we confider the outward Struflure, or the Galleries within, built of Brick, and adorned with. Marble Cornices, or the various PafTages for the Convenience cf the Spedlators in going from one Part of the Building to ano- ther. I (hould have been extremely glad to have defcribed all its P.irts with the moll minute ExaAnefs, if my Defire of having it! quite laid open could have been efFcfled : f^ut this could not be done on Account of the great Quantity of Earth that had beea thrown over it in the many Eruptions cf Vefuvius, and d"*e Jioufes and other Edifices built thereon. CHAP III. Ohfervations on the ahoz-anenl toned 'Theatre, IT is very probable that the antf^nt City of Hercji'.a-'r.vi. had a Theatre in its carlieft Times ; fjr.ce, as has been alrcauy obferved, that Country was inhabited by theOy?/, who it is wdi known (2) were the firll Authors of the Ofcenian Comedies, and the Ftf:£n}i:>'eVex{ei ; and was afterwards under the Tufcans, ths Authors of the Eifirionic Reprefentation?. And though Plutarch derives the Word Uijirio from a certain Philofopher o'l Cyreve, ex Macedmia, called IJitr ; yet all agree with Hefychius, and ^Thomas Dempjier, that Jf:er is one of the few remaining Word.s of the antient lufcan Language. Li'vy (3) (peaking of the firft Introduftion of the Fefii IJirionici in Rctt.c, makes the Tufcan: Authors of them, and iays, that the Word is derived from :hem. The (i) See a Piffag* of C«lphirr. L'i*- h ( 5A. ) The following old Infcription, which that eminent C?nonSig, J^/la%occhi, who fliines fo greatly fo' " s Learnirg in Naples, has tavoured us with, w^'ch he calib Fagifcito, (or the Pagaa L?.w) ieems to make Mention of this Theatre (t). PAGVS . HERCVLANEVS . SCIVlF. A. O- X. TERMINA. . . . , CONLEGIVM . SEIZE . MAGISTREI . iOVEI . COMPAGEI . S. . ^ VTE I. IN . PORTUVM . PAOANAM . REFICIENDAM PECL'/;>ilAM . CONSVMERENT . EX . L -GE . PAviANA AR&iTRATV , CN LAETO'^I. CN. F. MrtOi^^TREI PAGFIEI. VTETQJ-'E El CONLZGIO . SEIVE . V AGISTRT^ SVNT . IOVEI . COMPAGEI. LOCVS. IN . T£ATRO ESLET . TAMQV.ASEISaLVOOS . FECiSdENT . &c. As this was in-aHonfe rr' rhe '^cTLr'- . -"ltd "RecaU, fiCaf Cafu.2, iomt.- ftipioit that this Place wa^ iOim i.v .jHed Hercu- la>ifuvi, a .d fince by Cornir.tion Rccale ; that near t it was a Town calk d jjtus, vvhoi:; In^iabitants were allowed by the B.£'Cii'.aneans the Privilege of fitting in their Theatre ; becaufe they had built n Portico to it at thv'ir own Expence. But it is not impolTil that this Infcription may have been brought from our Ecrculan-'um : We very well know, that it was written in ' the Year ot Rome 6159. and Jong be/ore the Settling of the Caitt' panian Colony, when Herculaneuin fcarce deTfrved the Name of a City. D'lomf^us Hal-carnaJ/eus cal's it OppiJulum, a Term equivalent to that of Pagus, a. Village or little Town ; into which, v/hen the Colony et.tered, they augmented the Buildings, and eiTibellifhed the Theatre wi;h new Columns, which was pro- teffed by the F.o;:-j2yi Knights who frequented thefe Parts. falcOy and Sutnmoute affirm, tiiat Poriki, now one of his Majeily's Palaces, ws3 the Villa of ^h-i!! : APPiVS. CL-V- DIVS. CENSO.':. &rc. Vid.: Sta'ius, Sy!v, carm 2.. Sanfelic. in Cam.pania. Eutrop. 1. ii. Frontin. de Aqu«ci;(ft. Lipfium ad j'acit Proc-p. de Bell© Got. lib.i. Kicolas Bergier's Milloty of K^gh R jad^ l ii I dit. of Bmirds, J736. pag, 221. Liv, 1. ix. e. 29. Canon PratiiH '.n :hs Via .'Ippia, iafoJ. Naplw, 1745. (^) Horai, Jib. i. Sat. 5, (55) thaVe obrerved fome Remains of it on the Mountain Pafillpt, t)car an Eftate of mine, which led from Pozzuolo by 7/ Vemera to Naples. It extended no farther than the City of Capua, till the Year 341. Galen (1) gives the Honour of having length- ened it to Trajan, others to Gracchus^ others to Cee/art and Others to Augujius (2). And fuppofing the fccond Appius Clanditu, whom we menti- cned before, to have been Patron of this Colony, at the Time of the Building of this magnificent Theatre, this will bring it very- near to the Time of Augujius. But another Conjedure arifes from the Name of the Archi* tea. p. NVMISSIVS, P. F. ARCHtTECTVS. In the firft Place I Ihall obferve, that it is very rare to find any Infcription in which the Name of the Artificer is preferved, and particularly Architects, even if they built at their own Ex- pence ; for it was not allowed either among the Greeks or Romans to put their Names. Pli?iy tells us, that Batracus and Saurus, two Architefts, not being allowed to infcribe their Names on a Building, put inliead thereof the Figures of their Names: Ba^ ihraxhum, IS Sauroi: Lacones, ArchiteBos in columnarum fpirii infculpia nominum eorum argumenta Rana, iff Laceria (3) ; the Jatt^r of whom is thought to be the Author of the Marble Vafe, with the Orgies of Bacchus, in the Juflinian Garden at Rome, be- caufe on this Vafe is the Reprefentation of a Lizard, which has po Relation to the other Figures. M, Bianchini obferves, that there are only two Inltances among the Latins of the Names of Architetfls being preferved on their Works ; and thefe are at Foz-:zuc!o and Verona. 1 he Marquis Alexander Grcgjry Capponi has in his FoiTeirion an aiuient I'lChire of aa Architeft : Yet on the Columim Antonini, may be lecn the Name of ISilus E^yptius the Architeft. Thefe Inllanccs are a Confirmation, that there w^as a Prohibition againi't infcribing the Names of the Workmen, cfpecially with refped to publick and confpicuous Places ; and that it w.is allowed only on Works of a lower and more obfcure J-:incl. fuch as Aqueduds, Bricks, Lamps, and Sepulchral Mo- rtimitnti. Whence, feting this Nr^jui; in To confpicuous a Place ri the grand Archiirav?, and in Company with the Name of a Oiiinqut'niilal Duumvir, it may be iufcrred, that this Thea- tre wa-. erefted before tiie Prohibition wliich was made among 'xV.e Ren ■:!■,! s, in the TiUiC of ^rf';/..?/;; and that it was cotempc* j^ary v.ith that oi I'erona (-}), where \\ities, many preferring the Liberty of their own Laws to the Prerogative of being called Roman Citizens ; ^ttm magna Pars in lis ci'uitatibus fexderis fui (quo ncmpe Icgss iis reli^^J libertatem eiuitati antefcrrent ; and this v/as the Reafon that thofe who became Citizens of Rome, were no longer reckoned in the Number of the Confederates. And hence the Duumvirs of Naples and Poz'zuoli called themfelves Archons (2) : and Rcincfius afTures us, that, Sliios vacant Duum^viros (IlVIRI) Archontcs cpsfliytt, repmfcnfahant Colotiire Confutes. For the fame Reafon they ftiled themfelves Df/r-Trr^/, as Z?^/;i«r(r/6;rt was the Name of the ordinary Government of Naples. Straho fays, Argumento rei flint nomir.a Magi/lratuum Principis graca^ poflerioribus tempo- ribus Qa?!ipana Gracii per mixta, and Spartian in Adrian lays pofitively ihey were ^inquennali. Apud NeapoUm Demarchus in patria fun quinquennalis. This kind of Govermcnt was ob- ferved in Herculaneum, as may be feen by the Infcription of Coniefjianus, already mentioned, p. 34. It is certain that other Greek Colonies had their Duumviri ^uinnusnnales. On a Medal of Nero ia our King's Mufum, we fee one Tiberius Claudius in this Office at Corinth ; who might pofiibly have been of the Lnperial Family, as the Head appears circled with Rays. NERO (0 Pro Balbo. (j) See the Differtation of the Abbot Guafco of Piedmont, a Member of the Etrulcan Academy, on the Autonotr.ia of the Greek?, printed in Tom» 5, of the Diflertations of th? Academy of Cortona. ( 53 ) .4 NERO CAESAR. GERM AVG. And on the Rcverfe COR. TI. CLAVDIO. IlVIR. Q^ ADV. AVG. Carinthus. ttberio Claudia, Duuumviro ^inquennalif Jdventut Augujli. In Order to know whether there have been Quinquennial Duumvirs elfewhere, we may confult Vaillant (i) and G;«/^>-, from whom Damadenus has extradled Fnfrances in his Tabula Ca- nuftna, which is at prefent in the Pofltflion of the Marquis /?/V- cardi at Florence ; as well as Bulenger, who calls this Space of Time Luftrum Mun'icipale. In Manutiui I read .(z) II VIR. QVIN. COL. IVL. HISPELL. And, that they were frequently continued and confirmed in that Office, thefc Infcriptions Ihew. BIS._DVOMVIRO. QVINQ^ II. VIR. ITER. Qf:^ Cardinal "bloris (3) judges the Time of the Duumvirate doubt- ful ; wherefore I Ihall leave this Queftion to the Decifion of Signor PropoJ}o Gori, and Dr. Lami, who have very learnedly handled this Matter {4). It remains at prefent that fomething Ihould be faid of the Re- fidue of (he Infcription on the Front of the Theatre. DE SVO. We know, that Lucius Amius Mammianus Unfits, erccTled the Theatre, and its Orchellra, at his own Expence ; but we can- not fay what Letters followed Dg fuo, the Marble being broken. Qruter (5) has DE. SVO : D. D. /. e. dedicaverunt. But whether it was a D, or an F, dedica'vit, or fecit, it is a Proof of a noble and generous Mind. The Marquis Maffei, and the Canon Mazocchi (6) are of Opinion, that dedicauit is the fame as pofuit, fecit, perfccit, as Sig. Muratori (7) obferves, G 2 and (i) VailUnt, Coloniar. t. i. See the Critical Letters of a Member of the Xtrulcan Academy to an Academician of Florence. And Jo. Laraii in Antioi Tabul. /tneum obfervat. Flor. 1747. "" (2) Manut. Ortograph. (3) Ccenotaph. Pifan. Corfini Fafti Attici. t. 2. I4) Lettere ad un Accademico di Cortoni. p. 69. (5) Pag. 307. n. 8. (6) Dcir Anfiteatr. e Mazoch. de Amphitea'r. Citrnpin.*, (7] Accod. di Conona torn. z. png, 1/59, ( Co ) anci at the fame Time declares, he will not take on him to decide the Point. In Reinejius (i) we read THEATRVM. ET. PROSCENTVM REFECERE. LVDIS. SCENECTS BIDVO. DEDICAR. D. S.P. Here arifes a Curiofity to know in what the Crchefira con- fifted. Jujius Lipfius fay?, that the Orcheftra was the firft five Rows ot Seats, where fat the Senators and Decurions ; aboVe thefe were fourteen other Rows, afiigned to the Knights, thence called Equefn-ia ; and all abo've was for the common People, thence called Popularia. Grar-vi-us and Mazzocchi z\(o think, that the firft five Rows compofed the Orchejlra, and were the Lima di-ves of Martial ; fo likewife Spa7:heim, Bulevger, Harduin, and other great Men. The Mr.rquis Mnffei oppofes this Opinion, and afhrins, that the Orchelira of a Theatre was nothing elfe bat a Part of what we call the -Pit, where the Greeks ufed to perform their Dances ; whence it had the fame Name among the Romans, who conti- nued thePraiflife of Dancing in their Theatres. He fays farther, that no Part of an Amphitheatre has been called Orchellra by any anticnt Author, and fays, that the Word has another Signi- fication. This Opinion was firft publifhed by a Modern, who had but an imaginary View of the Magnificence of the Antients, in his Treatife on the Theatre of Athens, which he ftiles the Theatre of Bacchus, and which is mentioned by Pollux. But as I have no Inclination to Difputes, I ihould be glad to fettle this Difference, by adding my own Opinion, if I may be allowed to do fo among Men of lb great Reputation for Learning. It is a difHcult Matter to diltinguifh, with Certainty, when Authors have fpoken of the Theatre, or of the Amphitheatre ; thefe two Words havir.g been remarkably confounded. The Grecianj kcm to have uied the Word Amphitheatre with an ill Will, it being only to be found in Hera^i^?:. The Theatres of Cnins Scribcnius and Curio, were alio called Ampliitheatres (2). Thus u'hen 5'/)/?;//<7«, in Adrian, fays, that the Theatre was de- flro)Td, which 7rajanY,zt^ caufed to be crcded in the Campus I^lartius, Fnuiania alTerts it to have been an Amphitheatre ; nnd Dion dercribes the Amphitheatre of Jnlius Carfar in like T'Janner, though he does not exprefsly call it by that Name : Vv'hence it is difficult to determine, whether the Writers fpeakof the Theatre or Amphitheatre, when they mention the Orcheftra. I fliall only add, that the Theatre is certainly moreantient than tiie Amphitheatre, which is only a round or double Theatre, nnd retained the fame Names and Divifions which properly be- longed to the Theatre. And, as among the Greeks, the Or- cheitra, or Platea, fervcd fometintes for Shews, and at other times fO InCcripf. Chff. 4. (c) Cic J. 8. Ip. 3. Thcatrum Curien's, P!in. 1. xxxvl. cap. 15* ( Oi ) tiflics for Dancing ; thofc were faid to fit in the Orcheflra, who occupied the Seats next the Platea : So, aTOong the Romans, the Platca of their Amphitlieatrc?, though it ierv'ed for their cruel Exercifes, might retain the antient Name of Orchcllra ; whence thcfe who are faid to fit in the Orcheftra of the Amphitheatres^ and Theatres, mull be underftood to ufe the Seats nearelt to the Platea ; and in this manner may be undcrllood the Linea di-ves of Martial. Whence I am of Opinion, that the Marquis Maffei, has plainly proved, that the Orcheftra was that Part which is called the Platea ; nor were thofe gu'ty of any Error, who fay, that what is called fitting in the Orchcilra, means no ncre than fitting on thofe Seats wliich were neareft to the Platea, whick is the fame as on the Podium. lam inclined to thidj, that although at Capua, and elfe- where, they had both a Theatre, and an Amphitheatre, the one for Shews, and the other for Wild Beads and Gladiators ; yet in Places where they had no Amphitheatres, the Gladiators fought in the Orcheftra ; and that this has happened among the Tu/cans, and more particularly among the People of Campa^tia^ who were great Admirers of fuch Diverfions : Wherefore, if the ^ufcavs, and particularly thofe who dwelt in Campania, were the firft Inventors of Gladiators, and introduced them at their Weddings and Eeuft?, there can bene doubt that they had them much more at the Theatre (i). And, confidcring that the firft Time of this Fighting in Rome {z\, was in the ylidileiliip of Jlppins Claudius Pulcher, it is highly probable, that he had ex- hibited fuch Spectacles in Jicrculaneu;:?, where they were al- ready in Ufe, having been introduced by the antient T^ufcans. As the Cities near to each other had probably the fame Cuftoms, I am induced to think, that the Ludi Gymnici were celebrated in the Theatre dedicated to Hercidesy as they had been in Naples, and Sa7-c}jt!m,\v\ictc they were exhibited hy Pcjllio (3), and called Gentile Sacrmn. In the City of Naples (4) they were common, and of two Sorts ; one of which was called Sacrum ^inqucnnale. Kence mny be found another Conjcfture, that Lucius jfwiius Rufus, who built -at his own Coft the Theatre of ilerculaneujTi, was Quinquennial Duumvir over thefe Ludi Gymnici, and other folcnm bhews ; if we are not willing to be- lieve him Conful of the Colony, as has been faid above ; and it has been proved, that they ftiled thcmftlveo Archontl ■s.w^ De- marchi. It is certain that ?ir. Athens they ufed to elccl: a Prefi- dent of the Theatre, who had the CulioJy and Management of the 'Prcafvrry of the Theatre, and v/as ftiu^! -?=&,:r, to receive the Petitions prefented to them by the Populace. A fine Baflb Relievo was found, whereon wereexprelTed nrny Figures of Barbarians fly^"g- This I judged to be the Dtfeit of the Hibnivs by the Emperorj of v.hom we have juft feen the jbove large Infcription. H 2, Among (i) Tfie fame happened 'n rcparc? tn S.irfo;>bagj:s ; but this alfo I ih^iU referve to fpeak of in another j'lace, CHAP. Y. A Relation of fome other Antiquities'. - N fonrte Accounts which I have feen, other Statues and Bufts are mentioned, which have been either dug up fince my De- parture from thence, or pollibly may be other Names given to fome of tho'e difcovercd before, and doubtlefs fome of them are fuch : However I will not defraud the Reader of the Cata- logue. Here we find the Statues of Kero, of Germanicus, and of Claudius, and of two Ladies unknown. A Marble Statue of Vefpaftan, and an Alalanta, in which the Grecian Manner and Alarble arc difcovcrable. Two other very beautiful Statues, fit- ting in Curule Chairs, well preferved. Among the fmall Statues ofBiaf>, whicl). arc daily found, there are many which appear to have been the Dii Pe/!ates, or Lares of the HercuJanef/es, among which Antiquarians think they have difcovered fome Panthean Statues ; one at Icali, jidgcd to be a Mercury, holding z. full Piirfe in his right Hand, and in his icft a Tortoife on a Difh ; which is perhaps only an Allegory, ligiiifying that this God was the Inventor of Mufick, as is leuincaly laid down by P. Pa- ciandi, a Theatin, in a Difurtation dedicated to the Marquis dc Vliof^iial, the AmbalTador of Franc: at Naples, to whom the •K-ing had prefentcd that Statue. Several Marble Buils were alio found, the btil of which were a Jufiler Avimon, a Jnno, a Pallas, a Ceres, a Keplutie, a Mercury, a double-faced 'Jami', a little Girl, and a Youth with a Bulla of Gold about his Neck, hanging down upon his Brcalt ; this is not the Form of a Heart, but of an oval Figure. A few Baflb Relievos have been found^ but fo indifE;! ent, as fcarce to be worth mentioning, there being <)n!y one, which repreferts a Sacrifice, of any Value. Tiiis is what 1 have fecn mentioned as an Account of the Things found (69) found in HerculaMeum fince my Departure from thence ; the Truth of which I fhall leave to the Judg;ment of the Reader, and proceed to make Rcficdions on what 1 was an Eye-Witnefs of. CHAP. VI. Ohfervations on the heforementicned Infcrlptions, HAVING obferved the Time when the Foundation of thi$ Theatre was laid, it fecms impoffible, that fo many pre- cious Ornaments fliould have been placed thereat once; efpeci- ally, as fome of them are of later Date, fuch as the Fragment of the grand Infcription of the Emperor Titus, that of Domitia be- fori-mentioned, and other Imperial Statues, as Nero, Claudius^ ^c it feenis a necefTary Confequence, that from the Time of its Building to that of its Ruin, it was continually embclliihed with new Ornaments : So that if the City of Heradaneum, with its Theatre, was ruined and deftroyed by Vefircius, in the Reign of thib fame Titus ; and yet we fee this grand Infcription, one would imagine, that it had been repaired or at leall: beautified in that Year, or a little Time before its total Dellrudlion. I have no doubt, but that this grand Infcription belonged to the triumphal Chariot, fuppofed to have llood over one of the two great Doors. It is plain from Smcca (i) that the total Ruin coccafioned hy Vefwoius was preceededby a very great Earthquake, in the Time of the ConfulHiipof Eegulus and Firginius, by which the greater Part of Hercidar.eujn fell ; and fome think, the Theatre with its People periflied :it this Time, about A. D. 65. The Eruption of Vefuvius happened in the firft Year of the Reign of Titus, according to Eufehius, 7.onaras, and Agricola ; but Cedfcmis^ Baroiius, and many others, place it in the third Year of that Emperor. We fee in Suetonius, that Titus fhevved on this Occaficn the Tcndernefs of a good Father in the Relief he gave them, and the Circumfpeaion of a wifeErnperor, in the prudent Meafures he took to re-eilablifli the defolated City, and furniih it with new Inhabitants, having ordained the Goods of thofe who died without Heirs to go towards the Rebuilding of the City. To this Dion and 'Z.c7:aras add, that in the Year which fol- lowed this terrible Dcvallation, Titus not only fent Colonies an4 large Preients into Cavipaiiia, but went thither himfelftofce what Damage the People of that Provirice had fuffcied. Ee gave to the Neapslita?is magniiicerit Sports, and caufed their Gymuafmn to be rebuilt a: his own Cof^jVvhich had been ruined by continual Earthquakes. This Journey of Titus into Camiania is a:teiltd by too many Authors to admit a Doubt ; and the PvC-buildingof the Gymnajiwn oi Kciphs by that Emperor, is fufiicier/tly proved by an antient Creek Infcipticn mcncicncd by Grutnus and Ma- ratori. (0 Senses Xar- (Tueft. I. tI, c. 1, ( 70 ) ratori. How could it have been poflible for Tittu to havf made fuch large Repairs, if the Eruprion, which made them neceffary, had happened in the lafi: Year of his Reign • Could he in that Cafe have had Time to think of them J there bein^ no more than eighteen Days between the Beginning '^' the Eruption, NoN. Kal Sep IE MB r is { I), and the Dca.h of that Emperor, the i;th oi Septembe} . This Diffitu'*^y however is cleared up by Geo.Agricola (2), who t\ps theTime of the fTuption to the eighth ConfuKliip of Titu:, which war in the firft Year of his Reign. This is alfo the Hme f.xed by Eufcbius and Zonaras, according to which, he m ght, in the following Year, have had Time to take the neceffary Alcafures for repairing the Damages of the Campania, as is alfo faid by Suetonius and Dion, We fee by the Neapolitan Inlcription, that Titus made the Repair of the Gytn- tiaftum in the fecond Year of his Reign. Whence it is beyond all Doubt that this Eruption of Vefumus happened the 24th of Juguft, in the fiill Year of his Reign, A. M. 79. Admitting the ; iege of Troy to have been fixty Years after the Foundation of Herculancum, according to the Alexandrian Chronicle, this City mufl: have fubfiiled 1420 Years. If the Number of the Confullhip of Titus had remained entire on this Marble, we ihould have been at a Certainty about it. But I pcrfuadc mylelf, that my (3) Opinion is right, that is, that after the Earthquake, the Emperor Titus re-built and adorned this Theatre, as he had done feveral Public Buildings, which had been thrown down by Earthquakes in other Parts of the World ; and as this Place was fo near to Rome, it is the more likely that he fliould give Orders for its being reflored ; and the principal Senators, who had Seats in that Country, might eafily contribute to affill the Colonies, either as Friends or Pro- teflors ; one of which Number might be the Nonius BalbuSy of whom I Ihall fpeak hereafter. In fine, the Spcdators perifhed with the Theatre, as Ziphilinus reports ; but here were found neither dead Bodies nor Bones ; fo thatit muft have been firfl thrown down by the Earthquake, and the Bodies removed, and the Theatre afterwards rebuilt in the Time of Titus ; to whofe Memory was erefted the before men- tioned Jnfcription with a gilt Coloffus, according to the Taftc of that Time. The gilt Equeflrian Coloffus of Domitian (4) flood in the Middle of the Rojnan Forum, which was aboliihed by the fl) PI in. lib. vl. F.pift, 16. (2) Geor. Agiicol, de natur. eorum, quae cffluunt in natura lib, r. (3) Hut, luitb cur Au' bar' i Leave, ivb-it need ii there to Jirain fo hard to frcve ti'ls Statue c/^ Titus trtSied for the Repair of the Theatre after the total D flruSlion of the City the z^tb 5/ Auguft, A. D. 79 ? Is it not more probable^ that it 'zoai erefiedfor the Repair of the Damage occafontd by the Earthquake went lone J by Seneca, A. D. 63. In this Cafe lue may give him at much I'irr.e as fUiblVorks ujualiy take ; be mny ha-vt b't^iin it as foon as he pleafed after the Eartt^uihe in 63, and f.r.ijhtd it in the Be^inrin^ cf hti Reign, befors tbi terrible Eruption in ~(^. great to Nriuus Balhus, to whom they not only erefted two Statues, but alfo thofe of his Parents He mull hav' been illuftrious. by the Dignities he fuflained of Prstor, and ProcoTifuI. P. Paciaudi,^. Theacin, has aUb called him^a/War, thus, The Statue o/Quintus Nonius (2), Proconfulof the ■TvhoU Pronjincey ;/?;;«j, Paunus, Morelliy and Glandorpius. The Sirnsme Balhus, is derived from an Impedimrnt in Spsech (5), a brJando pctius quatn loqucndo ; and was common to the Acci, or Atii, the Lucilii, and the OSia-jii (6) This makes nie believe there is a Miftiike in the Infcriptioa in Gruter (7) of oae Balbus of the fame Tribe. C. CATIO. C. F. MEN. BALBO kc. Which fliould be correftcd Ca 10 A r 10. The Name of Bal- bus being therelore common to the noble Family of the Cornelii, as we.l as many others ; and this Family being divided into ma- ny (i) Thcf. Rei Antiq. p. 191. (2) Nov. letter, di Fir. col. 206. am. 1748. (3) Vide Paul. Manut. de Ci^itate Romans. (4) Dio de Origin, lib. 1. pag. 119. (-,) Ifidora lib. X. (6) Sigon. de nominibus Rominorum. Pa'ino Fam. Rom. In AtUi Thtf'' iaur. Antiq. Rom. Gravii t. Xi. p. 567. Uifatuj denetis Roman* (7) Gruur. pag. 955. lo. ( 75 ) ry Branches, who took the Sirnamrs of Co_^, Scipiones, Apii, Calvi, Najtci, Kufji'i, Dolabclli, Cethegi, i-nd many others ; who can fay, this Nonizts Balbus was not of this noble P'amily, or fome Branch of it ? I have read the antient Infcriptioii of Capua in Sig Mazzocchi, the Honour of Naples, and our Etrufcati Academy cf C.rtonu (i). L. CORNELIO L BALBO. COS. PATR D. D. The Capur^ns dedicated a Statue to L. "Bcllus their Patron, tliat is, to Cornelius Balbus the Great, who was one or the Twenty who intror'uced the Cavipaniayi Colonies, according to the Tenor of the Julian Law, the Friend of Cafar, who was Witnefs of the ftrange Portent mentioned by Suetonius (2) ; Tabula anca in mcm:m:nto, in quo dicebatur Capys, condilor Ccipua:, fepultus, inventa eji, cotifcripta litteris, njerbifque Gracis hac fintentia : quandoquc oJTa Capys deteda eJJ'ent, fore ut J ulo prognatus, manu confanguineorum necaretiv l^c. In the fame Author (3) we rertd, Atia ( 7nater Augvjii) M. Alio Balbo, y "J ul.a fo>o> e Ccji C^Jaris genita (Jl. Balbus paterna Jlirpe Aricivus, multis in fanjilia Senatoriis imaginibus, a matre Magnum Po7npejum ariiijjimo conti'igebat gradu : funBufque honore Traturte inter XX. Viros agrum Campanum plebi hge "Julia divijit : Wherefore, two Si^/^/, one of the Family of the Co/-;7t7/r, and the other of that of the Atii, mull have been among the Leaders of the Capiian Colony, or elfe Cornelius Balbus was Witnefs of the finding of the Bones of King Capys, and not one of the Twenty Magi Urates, as fnould be better explained in the Hiilory of the Campanian Amphitheatre. ^ow whether or not our Balbus was, by Affinity or Con- fanguinity, or otherNvife related to the Comtiii aad ^^tii, it is certain, he muil have been noble, as he was Praetor {4). From thefe Statues, it may be inferred, that the Konian Family was rot, as has been believed, always Plebeian ; and that Balbus reftored the Theatre, and had been a very great Benefaftor to the People. It remain^ th-3t we enqi:ire by v.'hat Means the Biit and Tn- fcription of Dotnitia came to be fet up there. I am perfuaded, that as the Statues of Auguflus and Li'via were already fet up, and by other Accounts thofe of other Emperors, fo the Hercu- luneans when they pat up this Infcription of ^itus, fet up alfo the S:atue of his Brother Domitian, and tliac of Domitia. This Infcription furnifhes us with the Names of the Facher of Domitia Lonoina, the Wife of the Emperor Domitian, vis. Qneus Domiiius Corbulo. Tiiis Lady, as ulA know, was firil: I 2 efpoufed (1) De Atrphltheatro Campano cap. I. pjg. iS. (a) Sueton.in Ofare, c. 8 1. (3) Sneton. ill A'jgiifto, c. 4. (4J Nemo Piater fuit, nifi ex nubiiliste. ( 76 ) efpcufcd ( I ) to ^^Izui Latniui ^^tnilianus, who was afterwards killed ; and, notwithftanding her -dultcry with Paris the Co- median, for which fae was divorced, was received again by the Emperor. From this we may infer, that if Herculaneum was finally de- ftroyed in the Time of Titus, rfe before-mentioned Inicription of Domitia, muft have been fet up about that Time, though Ihe was not yet Emprefs, Domitian was feven Times Conful before he came to the Empire; the laft of vvhicii was with his Brother Titus, in the Year of i?flw:f 833, or of Chi-ifl 80; and a little aft'-r he had a Sen by Domitia [2): Idi'-us Septembris, biennio, iff menfibus duobus, l5 diebui 'vigimi pojlqnam in Imperio patri fuc- cejferat, in which Year the Eruption happened, which was the Hrft of the Reign of litus. "Nor is it probable, that the Hercu" laneans fliould let up a Statue and Infcription to Domitia. at any other Time, than when Domitian was joined in the CuiiiuUte with the Emperor ^itus, and when (he wa^ with Child of the prefumptive Heir of ihe Flwvian Family (,). Thus much may fufnce at prefeiu, concerning the Theatre of Herculaneum ; referviny, to fpeak in aiiother DifTertation on the Theatres of the Antiencs what further may come to Light of this. I fhall only fay, that the beaudfu!, lich, and grand Co umns, which were dag here, (Part of which may be feen in rhe Royal Palace at Portici, and Part of them were carried to Naples) be- longed to the Portico behind the Stage (4) : Poji Jcenam (dice Vitruvio) pcrticus funt conjiituenda, uti cum itnbres repentiri ludos interpellai'erint , habeat popuJus, quo fe recipzat ex theatro, C.ho' ragiaque laxatnentum habeant ad chorum parandum (5); 1 fhall pow return to defcribe the Remainder of thole wonderful Curl- pfuies found m my Time. CHAP. VII. Of the Te7nples, and Paintings found near Hercula- neum. IT is a Point not to be difputed among the Learned, that the the Antientr had Temples in the Neighbourhood of their Theatres, particularly thofc ereded to liccuUs or Bacchus; it is alio certain that ti ey had in the Theatre themfclves little Temples and Altars. The Sacrifices preceded the Gain';s, and the Games had a Connexion with the Reprefentations of the Scene; partic '^rly in the antient Country of the O,/?/, where the Of^ian Games, and the AttcUan Fables were invented, and whofe (i) Tacit- Annal. 1. 3. Siietoti. on Domitian, c. i. & 5. Xiphilin. 66. p. 746. (2) Ridolfino Vcnuti, my Brother, on the Medallions of the Vatican, fg"; Vide Evitropius in the Liie of Titus. (4) Vitruviur, lb. v. cap. 9. (5; Gallutius de Tragccdia cap. 7. ( n ) whofe Language always remained on the Roman Stage (i). CU cero mentions an Attellan to have been {■etformed by I'ompef, for the Sports given at the Deflication of his Theatre. The Fad of the Exiilence of fuch little Temples iti the Theatre is confirmed by the faiall Statues of Venus, of Auguf.us, and of Li'via, above defcribed. Nor is it any Wonder that we fee no Fragments of fuch little Temples, fmce they were formed of a Compound, with the Image of the God or finipercr, (2) in Honour of whom the Games were celebrated. As to the beformentioned Statue of Venus, fhe feeras to have prefided over the Ofcion Comedies ; and not deferving trie Name of Anadlomene given her by P. Paciaudi (3), the Theatin, if it is this he is fpeaking of: ior Anadiomene W'.s a Name given to the Pifture of Apelles, which reprefented Venus (4) fpnnging from the Froth ov the Se:, ; as Hor,ie>- fays of Tkeiis (5) iy «WJira7o x?^* ■&ttX««r«c. That they ukd to cfier divine Sacrifices to their Em- perors, may be gathered from the beforementioned Infciptions, in which mention is made of the Prielis of Cafar and Angujlus, But whether all the large Columns which have been found be- longed to the Theatre or to the neighbouring Temples, cannot be difcovered, bcc ufe of the irregular Manner of opening the Ground, for what Earth is taicen out of a nev/ Place, they throw into that which was open before. I know well that thofe Co- >lumns of Red Marbie (two of which have been fet up in the Ca- thedral of Naples^ and others cut into Orr.aments for the Royal Palace) might have belonged to the Profcenlum, befides it was the Cultom to fet up Columns in their Theatres to fet off their Solemnities. We read in Puny (6) that three hundred and fixty Columns of precious ^.^.arblc were fent by Scaurus as a temporal Ornament to the Stage, during the Time of his ^dileftiip. And Spartianiis informs us, that they ufcd to fet up Vi^ories at trtc Time of the drcer.fcs, and that one of them had the Shield which {he held in her Hand firuck dov;n by Lightning. jBefides the Difcoveries mentioned above, a Temple was difco- vered by the Prince of Elheuf, fuppofed to have been deriicated to Bacchus, whofe Statue is now believed to be found. It is cer- tain that I have tal«n Notice of a Temple of Hercuki, in the Neighbourhood of our Theatre. And of Confequence fome of thefc Columns may have fuilained the Portico of this Temple, and others, the mOil beamiful, adorned the Inftde, and iup- ported an Arch over the .Altar, intermixed with Paintings. I'hcre is not the leaft Room to doubt of the Exiitence of fuch a Temple, the Statue of //./f^Zfi, Founder of /it-rai.' the large Work preparing for the Prefs. But what gave me great Pleafure was a fquare Table of white Marble, fupported by three Feet o the fame Material, refem- bling thofe of fome Animal, formed in an admirable Tafte. It was quite plain, without any Ornament, and in the Middle I perceived a Word in an unknown Charafter, which I judged to be either that of the Ofci or Etrufci, between which I believe there is very little Difference, and the rather, as my very learned Friend Sig. Mazzocchi, has in his Pofllffion an antient Infcription formed with like Charadlers, which he is dubious whether to call Ofcian or Tufcan ; and that the Word Merkedo- tiium fignifying the ." enjis inter calaris among the Romans, was purely Tufcan. And on looking more clofeiy, I foon found, t« piv great Surpriz'', Writing on the Edge alfo j as follow. 'in the Middle of the Table : On the Edge of the fame : il3$WGn -HRMDlVaTflHaTNTV^a Thefe Charafters certninly denote fome folemn Myftery \% the more sntient Sacrifice?, inftituted by Hercules himfelf, contrived by the Ofci or Tufcans, and religioudy preferved by the Romans in thut Place; both in the Theatre and in the Temples dedicated to Bacchus and to Hercules ; forafmuch as Bacchus {i)w:i!, the Inventor of the Scene and of the Theatre, and at whofe Altiir they ufed to hang up Masks, feveral of which, made of Marble, have been found. So the Comedies were accounted facred among the Tufcans j for the Aftors were called from Tufcan^ to Rome in the' Year 389. to appeafe the Gods on Account of a Pillilence ; and Potibius an antient Writer, who lived in the Time of the fecond Punic War, fpeaking of the Campania Fc/ix, where were the Tufcan Colonies, often mentions the Theatre. Nor are there wanting Monuments of the 1 hcatres of Capua, Minturnum, Atelia, Pozzuolo, and Na- fles, and many others in thefe Parts : fo that it is no Wonder that a folemn Eirufcan Infcription fhould be found in this Place. (i) Vide Vitrnv. lib. 5. cap. 7. (2) Accad. Etrufca tono. 2. Differt- 4« (79 ) In this Infciption I obferve that the Charafters are like thorts •f the Medals of C»pua ; there F take Notice of the J3> which is received as a Confonant V in the Table of Gubbhis, beginning PVRTVVITV ; the Letter }^ is found in the Celtic Alphabet of Rudhekius i though by Burguet it is taken for a T ; the Marquis Mafei takes the Letter N for an A ; and the p figniiies a La- tin P in all the abovementioned Medals ; all the reft are agreeable to the Alphabet publilhed by the Etrufcan Academy at Coriofia, Let us now proceed to the famous Paintings. This Temple eonfilted of one great Room, the Roof totally ruined, full of Earth, and whofe Walls were painted in various Compartments in Chiaro ofcuro, red and yellow ; here I obferved the Minium^ of which Fitruvius fpeaks. — In the Midfl of which were painted feveral Pictures in good Tafte, reprefenting the Combats of wild Bealls ; in one Tygers furrounded with Vine Buds ; in others Heads oi MeJii/a and o^ Faunas i and in the middle a winged Mercury, with a Boy on his Neck, and a Woman fitting, who holds Mercury by the Hand j which is thought to reprefenc Bac- chus delivered to his Nurfe. In others we fee Landfcapes, fic- ticious and real Animals, particularly very fine Peacocks, Ar- chitedure. Sacrifices, Houfes and other Buildings in Perfpeftii'e, with Front and back Grounds well proportioned ; an Art which the Antients have till now been thought by the Modern? wholly ignorant of. But I am certain, that Perfpeftive, though not per- fectly undsrflood by the Antients, [^% Buonarroti (f) thinks, who in his Rules gives the Glory ef the Eltablifhrnent to Ptter della Francefca, a Tufcan, of the Town of San Sepolcro) was rieverthe- lefs known and praitifed by them. That Sci^^ee wa? called Optics, but that wa*^ not it? Latin Name, for Vitrumus calls it mefifure (2) ; and Pliny (3), fpeakiig of /Jpetles, lay;-, Non cedebat Amphioni de difpojiticne, Afclrpiodhro de menfuris, hoc eji, quantum quid a quo d'Jlare dcbcret. Plutarch, Fitru-vins, and Suidas af- liire us, that Agatharcia of Samos, who flourifned JlI Athens about the 75th Olympiad, had to favour JEfchylus defigned the Decorations of a Theatre, all according to the Rules of Ptrfpec- tive ; on which Subjedl i.e had compofcd a rreatife. In Lydia there was a City famous for its Temple of Viftory, and for the pretended Prodigies fiiid to have happened before the Batf'e of Pharfalia, whofe Theatre had been decorated, according to the fame Rules, by the Painter Apaiurius. And Lconardj da P inci, who has treated en the Subjc.4, haa not herter "xpiaineJ its luf- fed, than has been done by Plato in his Dialoc'jje ot theSophtJl; and by Socrates in the tenth Book of his Kepubli:. But that which, indeed, exceeded my Expedation, ."'.nd gave jne an infinite Surprize and Pleai'urc, was the Difcovery of t'vo large (i) Puonarrot. Menaglion. pag, 251;, 256. fa) Vitruv iib. i. cap. i. & lib vi cap 2. \l) Plin. hb. XXXV. cap lOi & lib, xxxiv. c^p. t. ( So ) large Hiftory Pieces, which I believe had be?n at the farther End of this Temple ; for having got:e over all the Paintings on theWall^ and found fome broken Pieci^s of Column;, the Weill wa-; obfer- ved to flopc, fceming to form two grand Niches, where they found moll beautiful Figures 1 »rge as the Li'e, with their Colours frefh and lively, and wonderfully contrived and difpofed. In the firft is to be feen, The/em nake-^, v/ith a fmall Club in his Hands^ a Ring on his Fing' r, and from one of his Shoulders hangs a Chlamys, or Cloak, cf a red Colour. B-tA-een his Legs lay the Minotaur naked, in a human Form, with the Head and Horns of a Bull, fo that one might fee the Head entirely; the rell of his Body lies behind, moit bfautifuliy forefhortned. Round this Hero ftand three Grecian Children, one of whom embraces his left Knee, another kiffes his right Hand, and the third gently embraces his left Arm. One of the Virgins, which feeras to be AriaJne, modeftly touches his Club. There is another Figure in the Air, which m:iy denote a Viftory ; and below appeat the Windings in the Walls of the Labyrinth. The f cond, like the firlt, is compofed of many Figures, as large as the Life, and looks as if frefh painted. Hare is a Wo- mrm fitting, holding in her Hand a Stick of a Colour like Ironj and crowned with Herbs and Flowers. On her left Side is a largd Bafket of Grapes, Pomegranates, and other Fruits. A young Fawn ftands by, playing on a Pipe of feven Reeds. Direftly op- pofite, looking towards the Woman fitting, is a naked Man^ with a fliort bl-ick B"ard, having a Bow, a Quiver full of Ar- rows, and a Club. Behind him is another Woman, crowned with Ears of Corn, feeming to talk with her that is fitting ; a( vhofe Feet is a Hind giving Suck to a little Boy. In the Middle of this Piflare, in the vacant Space, is expreffl-d an Eagle, and in the f.ime Line a Lion, very lively, in a pacific Poilure (i). The Figure of the Man, and of the Woman, together with the Boy fuckled by the Hind, makes me believe it intended to Tc'prefent the Hiltory of the Finding of Telephtts, the Son of Ju^e, the Daughter of King j^ba^, who was debauched by Her-' cuLs in Te::^ea. When fiie was delivered of a Boy, flie hid him jn the Temple of Minert-a ; but .^leas having difcovered him, caufed him to be expofed on the Mountain Parthcnius, where he was wonderfully fuckled by a Hind. Being found by Ccritvs and his Herdfmen, they called him Telepbus, and brought him up among them. Having an Inclination to fearch for his Father, he went into I^I-;fu7, where he was adopted for the Son of King TheutraSy and afterwards became King of M^fia (z). Such was my Conjcfture, thinking the Story of the Repofe cf Hercules a foolifh Inttrpretation, rs the Min there painted with hiS Club, and his Arrows, bcfidts having a black Beard, is not {o (0 The firft Notice of the Difcovery of thefe PIftures was given by me to the Abbot Ridolfin.i, my Brother, and hs communicated it to Sig. Cori in Florence, who caufed it to be inferted in the Nouvclle Letttrarie ot Cologn^ 42 & i;8, in 1740. (2) Apoilodor. Biblioth. iib. ii. cap. 7. §. 4^ ■Si lib, iii, cap. 9. ( 8i ) fo robuft as Hercules is generally reprefented ; whoTe Statues are conftantiy alike in all the Monuments of the Greek and Roman Fables. And by the Quiver of Arrows, I think it is intended for the above-named Corltus ; that the Women are no other than the Nymphs of the Mouncain Parthenius; and that the wild JSeafts, its Ir.habitants, are making their Court to the nevv«bora Babe. If I am miftaken herein let the Learned ii:dge. To return to the Pidture oi T^hefcus, the Foielhortening of the Minotaur makes me call to mind the Invention of Paufias Sicio' nius, of whom Pliny fays : Is earn picluram primus innjemt, qua?:! fojiea imitnti funt tnutti, cequwvit nemo. Jlnte omnia cuffi lono^i- tudinsm bovis ojlendsre 'velUt, ai-verfum eum pinxit, non tranf- 'ver/um, utide y abunde intelligitur amp'itudo. This IVTonller has the Head of a Ball, the rclt of the Figure is human ; which agrees with the Mythologiils ; as we fee in ApoUadorus (i): Hac autem (pafiphae) peperit Ajlerium, qui Minotaurus dii'ciis ell : hie habehat faciem taurinam, rellqua humarta. This agrees exadlly with a Sardonix in the Mufcum of her Majclly the Queen of Hungary^ publiHied by Biron Stofch in his curious Book of an- tique Gems, with ths Names of the Artificers engraved (2). Here is a Rock with Part of a Building of fquare Stones urou it, v,/ith a Gate, through which may be feen lying dead, the Monller with the Head of a Bui!, and Jiis left Arm hanging. The Building reprefents the Labyrinth, in which King Minos hadrnut up the Minotaur. There is alfo a Yciuh full of Won- der, with his Face in Profile, holding a Club in his Hand, which reprefents Thefeus, the Son of ^E ;;-'•/,■; zn^ JEthra. Tnis Expla- nation B:iron Stofch aflerts he had from D. Eman'ucl T\Iar!ir:, a Spaniard, Dean of ilie Church of Alicatu, a ctlebraced Anti- quary. From all this I infer, either thit the Figures with Bulls Bo- dies, and human Face?, which we fee on the Medals of Naphs, and C2.'«<3, are not Minotaurs, as the Antiquarians have hitherto imagined, but reprefent the God Ebone, o"r that the antique Fi- gures do not always agree with the Defcriptions in the Fables, related by the Mythologiils, as foine unreafonable Criticks are inclined to thin.k. Our 'fhejius is painted after an athlctick ro- buft Manner, with his Face towards the Beholders, and with- out a Beard, contrary to the Opinion of Lucia}: (3;, who fays, that ^befsiis the Son of Neftune, although Kinr cf Athens, went with a long Beard, and bare Feet. His Clubrel'.son his left Shoulder, and is of an Iron Colour to dillinguiru it ircm that of llirc-Jes''?., which was of Olive, being the Club which he h.jd taken from Ptriphctes the Son of Vulcan and Anticlea, whom he K flew (i) Apollod. Bililiotliec. lib. :ii. cap. i. §. 4. (^) Taj). 51. Cardinal Alexander Albani has in his PofTefilon a Piece of Matblecf the Height of five Pa!m5 ; on which is feen young Tbefiui with his Club lifted p fighting with the Minotnur, which he' holds by ong Hoi'ff } having th^ Head of a Bull^ th; fsft of bis Bodj- in huiar.ji Shspe. (3) la Cynic, ( Si ) flew ; career ning uhom Plutarch (i) fays : At primum in finihut Epidauri Periphetein, qui pro annis clava utebatur, apprehenden- tiin ipfuvi, i^f 'uetantem pngrcdi, congrejfui cum eo interfecit : ob- Icc'tatui chi'va, ccepit earn fro armis, qua deind: eji ufus. And Jpollodorus (2) before cited : Primum quide?n Periphettm Fulca7ii, CJ /nttdce JjUkm, qui, quod cla-vajn y^ejlaret, Qjrynefa diiebntur, ad E.ptdauru>!i ociidit, qui cutn imbicillis pea'ihus fjpi, f err en cla'va inimitus, viatorcs interfciebat : quam ex iilo prtertptam ^hej'eui ipj'e fey re cor.juc vit. CHAP VIII. Other Obfervations, and Defcriptiotis of Piolures, AS fonn as thi- mofl valuableTreaiure cf magnificent Pnintings w; s found, his Majefty ordered thut they Oiould be peeled ircni the Walls with the utmoft Care, and removed to \\\s Royal Palace. For he takes great Delioht in Dcfigning, and Works of th?it kind, which he has Ihewn by forming himfelf fume wtU ir.tcndid Figures in Wax ; and he not only fliews a particular Protcdion to the Art;-, and the Stady of venerable Antiquity, but J may, without Flattsry, truly fay, that in all his Court, no ?»'Jan lias a better Talle. Then was put in Execution what Viirro repoits to have been done with the Works of Daniophilus and Gor:alus, iamaiis Painters, and Workers in Plailler, who had adorned the Temple of Ceres, near the Circus Mc-imas in Rot.'ie CO : Ex lac cvm rcjicercntur ctujlas pariiium excilas ta- liilis tnarginatis inchifas ejfe. The Execution of the Defigii proved eafy, as the Plainer on which they were painted vva; of a preat Thicknefs ; bci;dcs the fmall Piflures already mentioned, and others which I ihall defcribe hereafter, the two grand ones were got out entire ; they were feven Palms eight Inches high, and iix Palms fix Inches wide. They were ftrengthcned bcliind v/ith Slates, over which the painted I'laiiicr was laid ; and the whole included with great Skill in a Wocden Cale ; thus witii much Difficulty and no lefs Diligence they were got out. Mow great the Amazement was of the Beholders, and parti- cularly of the Learned, the Reader may imagine, iince they were admired even by Painters as of the bertTalte, and much in the Mr.nncr of the Work? oi R^ip'nae!, and for having fo many At;es lain above thirty two Palms belcv/ the Surfiicc of the Earth, without lofing the Frelhnds of their Colours. I obfervcd to the great Sol\:?:£ita, the belt Painter of our Age, that the Antients iiad the Art of working Colours in Frefco, and he agreed with me in the matchlefs Fl-.gance of them, and that he never faw any Pieces fo large fo will performed. Neither that Paragon of an- tient Painting, the Sepulchre oi Nafo, whofe Colours are faded and ' (i) In Thefco tom. i. (z) ApoHocior.lib. iii. csp. ii; (3) Vide Dcmontiofum de Pi^ura Veteri Junius ds Plftura Vetertim, ( 83 ) fend waQied away by Time, nor the little Pid^ure of an antlent Architeft, concerning which the Marquis /!h:xandcr Gregory Cap- poni, has made fo much Oftentation, will bear any Comparifon with thefe of his Majelly the King of the T-ivo Sicilies, whicli are the only Paintings which have had the Advantage of being perfectly preferved. The Reader will pardon me, if 1 glory a little, in being the Means of the perpetual Prefervation of thefe . Pieces, in the Manner following. I perceived that when the Pieces of Wall or Plaider were car- ried into the open Air, and the Moillure occafioned by lying fo long under Ground, was wiped oif, the Colours began to fade ; infomuch, that when they endeavoured to clean the Surface, it mouldered away, and underwent the common Fate. I happened fortunately to know ^'ig. Alficre Moriconi, a ^iciiwin, an Offictr in the Royal Artillery, who profeffed to have the Art of gla7,ing like China which he had pradlifed many Years, and by much Study and Experience had invented fome new Varnifhes, for which he was nn ch admired at the Court of the King of Sardi- nia. I aflced him if he could make a tranfparent Varnil"h fit to lay over Paintings done on a Wall ; he anfwered, he was the only Man who pofTefTed the Secret, and that he had had much Experience this Way. I acquainted the King herewith, as was my Duty, befeeching his Majeiiy to permit him to make a Trial on fome Fragments of the antient Paintings of HercuLtneum. His Majefty, with his ufual Goodnefs, confented, and com- manded that I fhould go with this OfHcer to make the Trial, which had an admirable EfFeft. His Majeity being informed of the Succefs, was pleafed to ro in Perfon to fee this Profeflbr at Work, and direc'ted what Co- lours he fhould make Experiments on, which, when covered with the Varnifh, not only recovered their antient Splendor^ but feemed as it were revived, and, if I may ufe the Term, are imprifoned within the Varnifn, fo as to endure many Aaes, for the Ornament of the Royal Palace, and the Glory of this gra- cious Monarch. I was ftruck with Aftonifhment, in viewing the Flefli of The- feuSy more lively than before ; and his Members, and his nervous Arms. I had here Occafion to reply to Don Ciccio Solymoia, who thought them a little too long, that this v.'as the Cullonx of painting Heroes ; telling him at the fame Time, that he might confult hereupon John Baptiji Porta {i), who is of Opinion, that when the Arms are Itretched cur, if the Hands can touch the Knees, it is a Sign of Boldnefs and Liberality ; quotino- herein Arijlotle and Alexander, Polemon and Adamantius. We read that Arijiotle had very long Arms ; and the like of Alexander the Great. Artaxerxes was firnamed Lovgitnaniu, from his right Hand being longer than his left ; and Straho fays the fame of Darius Lovgimanus , who was the handfomelt of all Men, ac- cording to Pollux. I obferved, that thefe Pldlures were done in "\''arlety of Co- lours, among which were the green and the blue, which fome K 2 Per- (i) De Phifionomia. ( S4 ) Perfons fancied tlie Antients were not pofTefied of, founding this Suppofition on a Pa{r:ige of Pliny (i), where Jie fecms to fay ti.ey knew no ether than the White, the Yellow, the Aftic Red of Sif!opc/is, and the plain Black ; but it is apparent, that this FoJloge has been interpreted in too llrifl a Senfe. F/iny indeed fays, that the Painters of his Time ufed thofe four '."olours, buc he does not iay, that they had no others. And fpeaking of Po- lignotus and Avjrc?/, who ufed the Attic Sile in i'ainting (z), dif- tinguilhcs three Sorts of Colours, two of Esypt and Syria, and the third of Sfain. In another Place he extols the i'urpie Co- lour (3) of a City of Greece, and prefers it before thole vi Gctu- lia and Laconia. In fhort. we cannot allow the Antients the Knowltrdge of the Yellow and the Blue, without acknowledging at the fame Time that they had the Green, which i compoicd of thoie two Co- lours i a Discovery fo eafy made, that we cannot believe it un- Jcnown to the Antients There is an admirable Pafiage on this Subjeft in Petrc-im. Arbiter (4), who, defcnbing a Gallery fnys. In Pivacoiheca-^i pci-^Ln:i, fario aenere tabularum mira^'i^em : nam, tf Zeuxidos niLttius "jidi nondum iietujlatis injuria vi^as, tJ" Pro- tC'genis rud!7n£/iia, cum ipfius naturae •veritate certantia, von fine quzdam hoi yore. traLla'vi, J cm veto Apellis, quam Gr-eci Mono- chromon appelant, etiam ndoia'vi. Taut a enimfuhtiiitate exlre- ffiitates imagiaum er.nt ad nmilitii^inem pr^tcifrU, ut credcres etiam aftimarum cJJ'e pi£li'ram. Hific AquiAferebat coelo fiiblitnii Deutn ; iliir.c candihus Hy/as rtprllthat imbtobci?/! Knjada. Damn<>h:it Apollo noxioi mnnu;, lyrcitnque refolulam >; odo nafo /lore honcrabat. Inter qucs etiam piJ?orum amantiu}n -viiltus, tamquam in foUtuctine exclaTnanji : ergo ar-^r etiam i^eos t~"J'.git ? But to return to cur Si. ".ijtft. Miofe Paintings confirm to n-, tliat it was cufiomaiy to paint the Stories of their Heroes (:;■) in the Temples of their Gods ; among whom. Thefeus was thought the properell for this Place, as being the Imitator of Hercules, both of them having pafled their whole Lives in glorious Toils, and purging the World fom Mockers. Another Reaion may be, that both Hercules and Thefcus wt re the Inventors of the Games ;ind Ftftivals which were f:.mou« among the Etrufcans and Ofcirns, and which with much Solemnity were performed in the magnificent Theatre already delvribed. Befides, 'Ihefcus is believed to have been the Inventor of the Strophe and Antiftrcphe, in Memory of the intricate Wi ^.dings of the Labyrinth. (6) Strophas iJlas, tJ.tque Antijlrophas inn:entas a Thcfeo fuiJJ'e ad ccmmemorandas, Jlexuofi Labyritithi 'uias, ex quibus e'vaftrnt fijpei : igitur opportuit eas ncn folum r 'Ucas ejjfe. fiixtiofas praetereu, intricatas, . 725. Se 512, ■ ( S6 ) b^ Italy, and became Mafler c^ Tufcany, fixing his Palace at Car" iimaj which is thus called by Sicilius Italicus ( i ) : •Cortnna fupfrli lankor.iis domui* He proceeds, faying that Tarclon ga\'e Afliflance to JEieas, leading the Tufans in his Favour ; and af]"crts that the Trojans were derived Irom Etrwia, inafmuch as Dardanus the Builder of 7;o>', was the Son of Co/ytus Xing of Coriona. let us now quit this !ong Digrcfiion, and return to the F.nu- rneration of the antient Paintings which have been dug fronv out of the Earth, befides thofe cli-eady mentioned, t'/s A Merc-a'-v, 33 before dcicribtd, v.irh a little Bacckus, two Palrns eight Inches high, and two Palms one Inch broad. Two Pieces, each reprefenting a Vitiory, one Palm and eight Inches high, and one Palm four Inches broad. Another, of one Palm fix Inches high, and four Palms one Inch broad, being a Chace of Stags and wild Boars. Another Piece of the fame Dimenhoni, containing a Vafe of Flowers, with a Kid on each Side. Another, two Palms three Inches high, and one Palm and an Inch broad, having a Temple in it. Another, one Palm and five Inches high, and two Palms and one Inch broad, where there is another Temple adorned with various Columns. A Freeze, or grotefque Work, well dtfigned, eight Inches in Height, and four Palms long, which ran round the whole Wall. Two others of four Palms high, and two Palms broad, with various View5, Buildings, and Architedure. A compleat Pifture of one Palm and ten Inche?, in which are two Mofes, one playing on a Lyre, and the other has a Malk on the Ornaments of her Hair. Another Piece of one Palm and five Inches by two Palms, re- prefenting a Lion, wild Bealls. and Views. Another of the fame Dimenlions has fevcral Centaurs, Build- ing?, Houfes, and Landicapes ; and two other? ten Inches high, and one Palm nine Inches long, with the like Painting. Three Pieces, Fellows, with the Head of Midufa, one Palm high, and eleven Inches broad. Another eleven Inches high and feven broad, reprefenting two Heads of fantallic Animals. A Stag, with a Bird flying round and pecking at him, nine Inches high, and one Palm broad. A Peacock, four Inches and a half high, and nine broad. Another unknown Bird of the fame Size. Another, (5) Vije Diflertaz. Cipra 1' Antichita di Cortona del Signer Abbatc Ri- dot&no Venuti nel Tonit tv, d:ir Accademia £trufca. ( S7 ) Another, two Palms two Inchrs high, and one Palm broad, on which is a Bacchanalian playing upon a Tymbrel. A naked Bacchanal fitting on a Tiger, one Palm four Inches high, and one Palm five Inches broad. Another B.Kchanaiian, the fame Height, ten Inches broad. Two Dolphins, in two Piece?, each fix Inches high and eight broad. A Figure of Jupiter^ embracing Ganyviedc, five Palms high, and four and a half broad. i{ the whole of this magnificent Temple could poflibly be feen, and reviewed with careful Eyes, who knows but in fome Corner might he found a Memorial of the Artiif, whoi'e excellent Works, after fo many Ages, Chance has brought to Light, while the Ruins under which chey lay, have been the Means of preferving them? Pliny (0 alTures us, that the Artiits were wont to put their Names to their Pidures ; and for a Proof quotes thefe Verfes, which were in the Temple of 'Juno Ardeatvm. D'l'^rri'i iU^na loca piBuris coridccoraint, Regin.^ J unotiis fupretn^ coftjugis Templum, M. Liidius Elotas JEtotia oriund-Us, ^uem nunc, lo poj} femper sb art em hajic Ardea laudato But is it pofllble to guefs at the Name of the famous Painter of Herculaneum ? perhaps it is ,- I have demonfi rated that the Theatre and the neighbouring Parts were bnilt about the Time of Ju^nJIus. I kiiow a!fo, that the antient Painters were wont tc» paint on Wood ; and that Lridius a celebrated Painter in the Jitguftan Age, was the firli, according to PH^iy, who painted on the V/al!s, after the Manner of thofe which have been dng up here, and already defcribcd (2). Hie primus tnjiitidt amceniffimam parietum p'Mttram, J'illaf, is poi ticus, ac topiarln opera, lucos, nemora, colics, pijcinas, eu- ripos, amncs, littora qualia quis optarat. ^varias ihi chambulav.' tium /pedes, ant navigantiian, terraque Villas adfuntium a/elliSf nut 'vehiculis Jam plfcantes, aucupantefque, aut K'enantis, aui etiam ^jindcmiantes, Sunt in ejus cxempLaribns nobiles pahijirii acce[fii, VlU^ fttccolantium fpecie, mulieres labintes, tripiacequs feruntur. Plurlma preSterea tales argutiiS, facet'ijjlmi falei. Idevs' que fubdlalibiis maritimas urbes pingere ivjlituit, llandlfjltno afbsctUy 7nlni7i}aq:i.e impendio : Could thofe have been the Works of Lu- diust If I am millaken, or not, let the Reader judge. This is certain, that his Wajelly the King of the Tavo Slcu'ies may hot'iz, that he is the only Perfon in the World, who has fr.ch aniiefit Paintings (o well prcfcrved, and perpetuated ; all the othei an- cient Paintings on Walls being vanifned by the Injuries of I'inv^ The moit beautiful were thofe difcovered in tJie EjquHir:s Psl.ice of TUus, which perifhed almoll as foon as they were fouiK^. (il Plin. lib. X2XV. cap 10. {i) Vid. Demontiofuni de rit^ura vetfrum. ( 83 ) But they were immediately copied and engraved by Pictro Sar.ti Bartoli ; and had it bfecn pofiibie to harj preierved them, would have raifed univerfal Wonder. Who knows but thefe ot "i/frczf- laneum were done by the fame Hand ? and wliat imports what Pliiy adds : Scd nul'a gloila A^tijicum efl, tiijl eoiu?n, qui tabulas phixerc, coqite =vc)ierahiliuy apfaret ariiinuUai, when there remains not in the World the leait Veilige of an antique Painting, ex- ceptiag a painted Slate found in a C' vity in the Territory of Corlona fcnie Yeu<5 fince, which mod valua'vle 'I'reafure is now in the PoUtlfion of the learned Sig. Kiccolo Fm^nucci, a Ivnight of Cortona, who i:, one of the principal Supports of our htrufcan Academy. Ic rtprefenis a Muie crowned with L:iurel, with a Mufical fnftrument hanging on her Shoulder, and will be de- fcribed in the Antiquities of Cortona, which will be foon pub- li(hed by Order of the Academy ; where they have examined into the Matter of which thofe living Colours are compofed, which feem to be covered with a kind of very hard Bitumen, or at leaf! with fome unknown Varnifli ; in which Art Apelles was xnoli: excellent ; in whofe Praife Pliny fays : Unum imitan nemo fotuit, quod abfolu'ta c'pera illinib^^it alramento ita tenui, ut idipfum repercuJTu claricatis cohnim 'vim excitaret, cuftcdiretque a pul-vere^ i^j for dibits, ad mavum iniuenti de/num apparet : Some of the Learned think it Ihould be read ad numen, I would rather fay ad lumen. So much ;r.;;y kifhcc for the Varnifli, which I v.as the CJccafion of having ufed to the beforementioned Pidures. C H A P. IX. A Defer Iption of clher Buildings in the City of Her- culaneum, and the Antiquities found in thtm, THAT the Temple I have defcribed was near and even joined to the City of Herculaneum, is demonltrated by the Otlier Luildings and Houfes difcovered immediately afterward; among which one of the bell had a very large Door, ftrength-- tr.ed with Bars of Iron, which fell in Pieces immediately. En- tering at the Top, and clearing away the Earth, I found a little Corridore or Ga'iery, which led to a Ground Room, plaillcred, and painted of red Colour; here were found feveral Vefl'cls, and Bottles of thick Cryllal. full of Water ; a fmall Brafs Cafe, en- clofing three or four PugiUi or Stiles, the Inilruments they uftd to write with en waxed Tables ; and what was inellimable. another little Cafe of the fame Metal, which being opened was found to contain a fmall thin Roll of Silver, written full of G;rf/(- Charaders. And as in the unrolling, it happened to break, his Msjelly thought it befl to put it i:p for the prefent in his Ca- binet, left it f]-iou!d be left by theindiicrcet Curiofuy of any one. In another Part was a commodious Stair Cale, which afceaded to the next Story, and entered into a Chamber, ruinous over head, which had probably been a Kitchen, from the grea< Quantity of VelleU ( 29 ) VtfTcls of Brafs and Earth found there, as DilTies, Trivet?, and other Things, too many to defcribe. and which I did not mi- jiwAy examine. Here I Taw Eggs wonderfully prcferved, and Almonds, ard Nuts which maintained their natural Colour, but being opened the Kernels were found to be turned to Coals or Ailiss. In a contiguous Ruin a Brafs Ink Pot was found, which fiill retained the black Colour cf the Ink, fo as to be able to ilain any thing. I (liall not fpeak of the Fragments of Earthen VciTels, burnt Wood, Iron Locks, Keys, Latches, Bolts, Door Rings, Hinges, Spears, Engraved Stone? and Med?.I% the }>reat3r Part of which uerc of Nero, with the Temple ot yaaus on the Reverfe. There were found feme Mofaic Pavement?, but ordinary enough, being of tliat kind which F:fru-z-ius ca'ls Panjiutentum fertile^ in Imitation of Scrolls, and fuch like. It is furprizing that in thefe Piecer. they lliould give all the Degra- dations of Colour?, efpech-iJIy with trueSioncs; we ftiou'd ceriaia- ly think it incredible, bat that we fee in Rome a raoil furprizing Example of a Square found in the Middle cf a Pavement in the Adri.:n Villa, a Copy of v,hich M. Furinti has publifl^ed en- graved in a Copper Plate. In another Place were the Ruins of a Dith, pived with little Squares, in which were found feveral Sorts of Veiiels and Lavers t>f Biafs. In another Place was found a Cellar, which for its Sin- gularity deferves particular Defcription : A Door of white Marble, not very la'gc, led into a fquare P.oom, about four- teen Yards long, or perhaps more, as jhcy had not cleared away the Earth, and eight YarUi broad. In the Middle of one of the fSides was found another Door, which led into another Room jibcut the fame Ltngthj but almcft Square. Round the Sides cf both thefe Rooms, which were paved with Marble, ran a kind of Ltep, about half a Yard higli, covered with thin Slips t>f Marble, v/hich ftemed it firfl Sight intended for a Seat» having a handfutne Cornice round the Edge-; but examining ic rearer, I faw on the Top feveral round Pieces of Marble very fine, which being removed, were found to have ferved as Covers, or Stopples to fome very large Earthen V'ciTeb, which v/ere en- clofed with Mortar, anu buried in the E-rth, having 'cheir Hcuths juft enclofed within the Seat. On one Side there was an oblong Square in the vVall, i-ke a grand Windcv , full of Earth, which at firlt Sight appeared to have been the Mouth of an Oven, the in.ner Wall being black, as if done with Smo.ik. But at laft it appeared to be only a kind of Cupboard or Buftct, which reached the Lengi.h of a Cane (i) into the Wailj within which vvss found in good Urder, a Number of Steps made of Marble of various Colours ; refembling thofe fet on Altars for Candleiacks and Flowerpots to (land on. The Steps were form- ed of Marble of dilferent Colours, and adorned with a hand- fome Cormce. I imagine they were intended to hold in proper L Order (0 A Cane h a Neapolitan Msajitrtf ejual t9 <'g^f Ta'm, n' ehu! /* '"tft'Cigbt Indif Engiiihi ( 90 ) Order fmall Veflels or Bottles of Cryftal, or other Kinds, wi'fh Sample? of the bell Wine?, or other Liquors. The large Veflels which were buried were of a round Figure, excepting the Mouth which rofe above the Level of the Pavement, and was inclofe^ in the Marble Step. I believe they niiglit contain about ten Barrels each, Tufcan Meafure. All this, to my great Concern, was ruined, and the Marble taken away, and put to other Ufe5, before I could prevent it ; and the great VVine Veflels were broke in taking out, but two of them, being hooped with Iron, are to be i'een in the King's Garden. I thiink, if I am not miilaken, I have fccn a great VeflTel, like one ofthefe, in the Garden of the Villa Bor- ghefe in Rome ; and otliers in the Villa Mattel on Mount Coclius, and in other Villas in Rome. In the Year 1732, in the Space between the Cnapel of Corfini in the Lateran Bunlica, and the Wall of Rome, were found lo great a Number of vait Earthen Veflels, for keeping Wine, that after they had du^ oat an hun- dred, they left a greater Number buried in the Earth. Thefe Veflels had narrow Necks and large Bodies, about two Feet Di- ameter. Thefe were all marked near the Neck, and fome u'ere alfo wrote upon with Ink. One of thefe was purchafed by my Brother from the Muieum of Sig. Francefco Vcttori, mentioned by P. Lup! of the Society of J ejus, in his Treatife on the Tn- fcription of St Severn the Martyr (t ). On one of thefe Veflc:ls was, OPV^S. DOLIAR. VJNARI\ M. The Names which were impreflTed on the Handles, :\nd on the Necks of thefe VefTels were the N^mes of the Potters. Thofe wrote with Ink were the Names of the Owners of the Wine contained therein ; and from the Multiplicity of Names, it is conjedtured, that the Place where they were found had been a Cellar for the Ufe of the Soldier , who were ftationcd there to guard the Walls j and that the Wine contained in each belonged to him whofc Name was writren thereon, whether he had purchafed the fame, or that it was dillributed to him as his Allowance. But to return : In order to keep the famous and brifk Wine of the Antients, it w-^s neceflary that they ftiould have thefe Vefltrls placed underground, which in fome Places have been found one over another. This agrees with the Law Injlrumenta 8, and the Law, Cum fundus 2\.ff. de fundo Ir.jir. where it fays, Voiia defojfa, i}:Jixa. Pancirolu: thinks that the Antients had no Wine Vaults or Cellars, for this Reafon .^/^ DoHa, qu/e erant hnbecilLi, Jub terram dimittcbant. See Pliny (2), where he fpeaks of Wine \ .uilt?. The Wine Veflels ought to be a Cart- Load and contain an Hundred and twenty Amplora, which ac- cording to fome is One thoufand fix hundred Pound weight and others make it One thoufand nine hundred and twenty ; not- withllanding the Aiiertion of Columella, who fays, Sefquiculeare iriginta Amphiyarum Dolium appeliat. I cannot be certain, as I ivas not in Time to meafure how much Liquor they were capable of (0 Tag. 44. ^ (z) Flin. iib, 14. cap, 21, Aquin, Lexic, Asrlculti male explicit omm^* ( (90 «f containing. It is certain they were of tliat Form which this Author calls nientrofe ; and there is no doubt but tbel'c were the Butts or Dolia cf the Latcfis i of which Nonius fay% DoliafufU "jafa gravdia, quihus %'iiium recGnditur, Nor could they be of a very Ini .11 Capacity, fince one of them ferved the great Diogenes for a Habitation ; of whom Laertiits {ays (i), D^/ium, quod in Metroo <^rat, pro domo hahidt, Jtcut ipfe tejiatur itt epijiolis, and Juvenal (2) : Dolia midl Not! ardent Cyiii^i : Ji fregrris, altera fat Cras domujf out eadem plumbo commi£a J7ianehit. B "Ht Alixarder, tejia cum -vidit in ilia Magnum habitatorem i^c. Thefe Verfes decide againll: thofe who will have Diogenes'^ Butt to hp.ve been of Wood, and not of baked Earth, becaufe, fay rhi-y, that Philofopher often roiled it about (3). As if thefe VefTsls could rot bft rolled v/ithout breaking, either upon the Ground, upon Dung, upon Skins, or even on the hard Pave- ment, fince we fee they were made of a very great Thicknefs. Nor did the Antients ufe any other Method in making their Wines, than we do. They firil trod the Grapes briskly, of which I {hall fpeak elfe- where on the Subjedl of a Baffo Relievo of mine, and put thera afterwards into a very large \'eflel called La? o ; then they prefied the trodden Grapes with the Stalks in a Prefs, and mixed the Juice with the remaining M'Jit in the Lago, which is ict forth hyUipianus in the Law, Si Seri'us 27. §. ?///. ff-'. ad L.Aquiliam^ and by Varro (4). Others cutting the Bunches, and taking the very Kernels of the Grapes, fqueeze the Juice of them, and mix the lall: PreiTing with Water, which they give inRead of Wine to the>ir Labourers in the Wint.T Seafon (5). Whence Father Carlo Aquino (6) defcribing the Vintage of the Antients, with the Tellimonies of Cato, Varro, and Pliny ; Vindcmia dicitur a demendo, quoniam uva a -uite demifur. ColleSiio ejl vnjariim, ad 'vinuni expriniendiin:, iff ajjerv^ndum. Argtnnentum uberis futureC Gregor MarUnri jn Jambicis. (2) Juvenslis Sat, xiv. f 308. (3) Vide Lucianum in libello, qnomodo confcribencU fit Hiftcth* (4) De re ruftica. cap. 54. Erafinu! in Chiliadjbus, (5) Vida le Note d-?] Pancirolo. (6} Nomendat, Agric-jl'.. pa^. t:;. ( 92 ) fu»i. Tuiiontn rotam exhtkent 'vinacci, cum, deterfr i-'n'rditatt^ nigiejcere inci^iunt. Ci/pis, colbiins, ccrhibus, ofimique com^aratu fupelledile 'vindemiah, priorem catcris curationtm 'vinu?};ilaiores biihmt in ttiiis elicrcndi.< . Pr^coces, ^ qure ex locis mag:s npiicis piri'eniunt, prius dcbent decei pi. Racemos acerhos ficcufque delrahi juhent, quihus I'ini fapcr fua'uior cordi ejl. lidem in lacu •vinario cnlcati prcslo fuhjiciai:tur, ut quod reJiquum mv-Jii ejl, eypritnatur. Pojl exprijpz ntina^ dtfniti ad iifus doniefiico!, loy.rque ad fan:iU<'e ty operarum polionem curandee, fufsreft labor. Lota pot:o ej} ex 'vinnccis aqua maceratis, qu^ corificitur^ pojlquani tot urn ?'i'.(jhim tX acinis e/i expref/'uKi, Earn potiojictn fcite Plinins vinum operar'-wn cptcllat, Vindtmite tempo'' e Romani antiquitw celebrahant Fma- lia ; quo ffjto r.cvum 'vinum dcgujlatu/n Jo'vi libabant. Et omnium quhum nationum concftifu tfKpus 'vindemiale exaHum ItQitur Jinrru-r lari ojlentat'wne hilaritatis, {^ ritfiicorum, e lacu torculari exiiien' tium, excito qucdam impw.ir^ue fcwo'e liCtitlec. Thus inuch mny fuffice on this Subjrft. I fhrll only addj, that thcfe Difcoverjes were made in tl.e Winter ci" 1740;" bat as I \:z\i by me, an Account of what were difcovercd the Sum- jner before, which I have not hitherto made any particular Mtn- £;on of, I thought it would not be aniifi topefenc it to tlic Pub- iick, in order to procure the Charadlcr, it not of a learned, at leall of a faitiiful Hiilorian, c n A p. X. ADlary cf the Difcovey'tes made in the Summer of ij^O^ ES IDES the two beforementicned marble Tables, on which were written, the Names of the Libeiti adlecti, or :pew mp.de Citizens j and one large one ; and tw9 others like Lachi ymatories. A Mct.l Pipe, with its Cover, eight Inches broad ; and two others like it, eoch four Inches broad. Seals with Imprelnoni of Letters ; Fragments of Iron j Me- tal Locks i Glafs Bottles, with Wster in them ; little Pieces of Bone; finall fquare Stones poiifhed, and worked on both Sides ; Metal Rings ; snd three invJA Bnckets of Metal. One large Metal Pan, broke in Pieces ; a Handle entire, on which is a Baflb Relievo. On the -jth, a Piece of Silver Coin of Nero, weighing an Ounce. On the lotli, a fine Head of Marble broken from its Trunk. On the 1 2th, another Vafe of Brafs, for Sacrifices. On the 13th, tv.o Kettles, one of which were found {landing. on an Iron Trivet, fcill retaining its black Colour on tlie Out- fide; two brnzen Lamps, whole and very carious ; divers crook- ed Pitces of Metal, like thole found the i zih oi' Sep:c,y.ii^r ; an Iron Spade, almoll confiimed. On the 14th, an earthen Lamp; another Piece of a Bone Flute ; and many Pieces of Lead. On the 15th, a large and very curious L'^mp for two Lights^ of Brafs, entire, v/hich feems to have been fufpcndcd in the Air by four very fmall Chains of very fine Metal, and nicely twilled,' Fragments of v/hich arc to be fcen on the Wings of the two Eagles, which are fixed on the Sides of the Lamp, with a fquare Piece of Metal ; it has a Handle in the Form of the Neck and Head of an Horfe. On the 29th, more Silver Medals; another large BafTo Re- lievo of M^ir'nlc, thirteen Inches in Diameter, having on one Side two Malko, and on the other a Hare. On the 3 til, a Statue of n naked Man, eight Palras high, all in Piece?. In the following Winter, 1740, they difcovered feveral Builcnngs and Houfes, fome of which had Marks of great Mag- irificence ; they obfcrved one conftant Method of Building, having fmall CJulleries or Piazzas in Front, paved with Mofaic, and painted red ; in which are grotefque and other Figures ; from {91) from hence there is a flrait Stair Cafe, not visry wide, leading to tliC Floor above. All the Wood Work is as black as a Coal, and for the moft Part giofi'y, and entire ; but falls in Pieces on the Touch. The Grain of the Wood is ilill vifib'e, fo that one may know what Quality the Timber was of It is alfo obferved, that when they flrike againft the Walls, the Strokes eccho from the Neighbouring Buildings. The Walls hitherto found are well preferred, and the Corners of the Stones iharp and unbroken. The Water which has Itrained through from above, has ruRed all the Iron. It is obf-rved, that the Windows were not very large, in Tome of which remained Fragments of what had been ufed for Glazing, which looked like Chalk, or fine Alabaiter. The firfl. Opening, which gave Birth to thefe Difccverles happened to be made in the Middle of the Theatre ; from the Doors v/hereof they went into the Streets, one of which led into the City of Irhrculaneum, Thefe are the Obftrvations J have been able to make, till Jioie 174.0, v/her, with his Majelly's Permiilion, my domeftic Affairs obliged me to return to Corlona, but not without the greateft Regret, having a particular Paffion for the Study of ve- nerable Antiquity. CHAP. XI. Concerning later Bifccveries, with othef Ohfervations'„ O many and fo various are the Relations of the Continuatioti of the Difcoveries in the City of Herculanetcm, and mixed with fuch Abfurdities and Fables, that they rather confufe than give Light to the Searches of the Curious : Wherefore I had refolved to wait for Draughts before I publifhed my Senti- ments ; but I found that they had no good Draughtfmen, and if they had been done, I could not be prefent to compare theni tvith the Originals. I fhsll content myfelf with fetting forth the principal Things found therein ; fmce the reft are very numerous, and like what I have already defcribed, will be publilhed by the Perfon whai has the prefent Care thereof. The Bufinefs of the War obliged his Majefty to put himfelf at the Head of his Army, for the Defence of his own Kingdom^ defpifmg his own Danger for the Tranquility of hi.sSubjefls 1 for this Caufe the Searches were difcontinued, which had been car- ried on diligently for fome Years ; but when Peace returned, fee with what Intereit Providence rewarded him, in thefe new, grand, and unparallelled Difcoveries. Two large Equeftrian CololTan Statues of Marble, made the magnificent Ornament to one of the two Gates of the Theatreg which fronted a Street, which, as has been faid led into the City. They were erefted in Honocr of the two Balhi^ Father and Son 5 ( 98 ) the Statues of whom with the Toga are already defcrlbed. One of thefe Statues was broke in Pieces, the other which was better pre- iervcd, has been rellored, and is now placed in the Court ot the royal Palace at Pcrtici ; having on its Bafe the following Infcrip- tion, which has been mentioned before. M. NONIO. M. F. BALBO. PR. PRO. COS. HERCVLANENSES, This Infcription agrees with that which T before obferved to be under a robed Statue of the fame Perfon. If we will fup- pofe a Point between the firll P. and the R. as fome have done, without ftraining the Interpretation, we may explain it P. R. PROC. Pullicfe Rei Procioatori. But there can be no Difficulty in finding out how it is adually written. This is a moft noble Statue, and of perfeft Workmanfhip, be- ing equal in Merit to the Brazen Equeilrian Statue of M. Aure- Irui in the Capitol ; having, btfides, a peculiar Value, as being one of the few Equeilrian Statues in Marble. The Spirit of the Horfe, his Ornaments, and Furniture, would take too much Time to defcribe. Another very fine Statue of the Emperor VitelUus has been fet on a new Pedcllal, before the Steps of the fame Palace. A naked Statue of /t^^rff, in Brafs, with Thunder in his Hand, fitting, re- prefcntcd by a flattering Artift in the Figure oi Jupiter, like to that which was found in the Via La'vicnna, now in the Mufcum ci Chales Frederick, 'E^(\; in Lonaon : '1 hough reprefenting that Tyrant under the Figure of Jpollo Cytkar^dus. Eight other CoIofl':il Statues fitting, and many other?, which have been rellored by Sig. Canard, a Statuary of great Abi- lity and Diligence, adorn his Majefty's domeilic Theatre, his Stair-Cafts, Halls, and Gardens, which are become a fine Mufcum. There are many other VelTtls, Tripods, Statues, and Idols continually dug up, which abound in that Cavern ; two very rare Columns, fix Palms high, have been placed in the Royal Cha- pel of Portici ; and the larger I have mentioned above. A Diimiirion of Soldiers on Tablets of Brafs. in the Form of a Bock, fallened together with fmall Brafs Chips, wrote on all Sides, like thofe of Galba, and Domitian, in the Imperial Gal- lery at Florence ; in which is preferved the Memory of the Dif- charge, and Freedom of the City, given to well-deferving and viflorious Soldiers : a Curiofity which merits much Ccfideration and Study. There is another like this of Galba in the Mufeo Barheriiii. The Medals, Cameos, Intag'ias and Fragments of all kinds, I leave to the Imagination of the Reader ; as there are fo many, that all tht lower Apart»iients and other Repofitaries at Portici are full cf them. It (99) It 15 faid there Is a Decree of the Gymnafiarcha, concerning the Athletic Games ; and two fhhifcita, which 1 fuppofe are the Tables of the L:ber'.i adleRi, which I faw, and have nisntioed before. A Helmet of Metal larger than natural, adorned all over with Baffo Rtlievos. As to the fubterraneous City, I fhall conclude my Dircourfe, with afl'erting, that, as I faid before it was firft ruined by an Earthquake ; then rebuilt ; after\var(,'s covered v. ith Afhes, and partly confumed by the Reverberation of the inoft furious Flames of Vefu-vius', and laltly, that it has been covered with Earth by the fcveral Eruptions which has happened fince. It is obfervable that in the Velftls of Metal fevera! Things were found {hut up, burnt to a Coa!, yet retaining their ancient Form, as Fruit?, Corn, Bread, Olive?, fffr. Particularly a pye in a Metal Dilh, a Palm and half Diameter, Ihut up in an Oven, which being touched, immediately fell to Alhes. In this Place were found many Kitchen Utenfils of Metal. In another Houfe, contiguous, which had a Mofaic Pave- ment, was obferved a fine Marble Door- cafe ; the Imports of the Dt.or were burnt to a Coal, with a handfome Chain hanging to it. which the Count a''J/cos, a P ortiigiiefe , took ofr for himfelf in 17^17. From the iubcerraneous Work done hitherto, may be inferred the following Conclufions : I That the Seats of the Theatre, where the Spectators fat, were turned towards the Sea. Jl. That the Pff^/z^w, Profcenium, zndi Orchejira, are ftill full of Earth. III. That the Profcenhim had behind it the Ornament of ma- ny Eafes of Marble, upon which were Columns of red Marble, two of which, as I faid, are now in the Cathedral of St. janu- arius. IV. That between thefe Columns flood the Colollal Statues of Brafs, which ferved to terminate the Profpcfl of a Street, that led towards the Sea. V. That from other Parts of the Theatre, ^yent ether Street.? of the City, in one of which were the Marble Equeltrian Statues oi ihs Balbi, Father and Son. VI. That the City of Herculaneum, as near as can be con- jedlured, extended a Mile and a half along the Sea Shoar, and to- wards the Royal Villa of Portici. VII. That there were in it other fumptuous Buildings, one of which, from its Foundations, I take to have been a Bafilka ; in which was the Statue of VitelUus, and on the Sides were fix Pe- deflals, with Statues of Brafs, which had been partly melted by Vefu-vius, VIII. That befides the Temple of Hercuks, there were other Temples, as of Apollo, iSc of which Deity were found two large Statues, without Hexds, and other CcloiTd Statues ; as alfo a Imall Tewple in Mofaic formed of different Sorts of M a Marblcj ( 100 ) Marble, within which there was a fmall Statue of Gold, which )iis Majelly keeps in his own Cuftody. This wonderful Colleflion cf Antiquities will become larger and more compleat, as the Woik proceeds ; and the Learned will find more new Monuments to clear their Doubts, concern- ing an infinite Number of Hillorical Fadls, a; well as the Cuf- toms, Arts, and religious Ceremonies of the Antients. Such and fo great is the Fxpeflation of all Europe, concerning thefe DifcovericF, as I think cannot be better dcmonllrated thiin by publifhing the Sentiments of fome learned Foreigners con- cerning the fame ; and their Applaufe of the Fortune and Great- yiefs of Mind of Ch a r les Bou rbon King of the Two Sicilies ; prefented to his Excellency the Cardinal ^(!ii/:i, and by hiii; communicated to the learned Woild. The ( ioi ; ^ t ^ .' /^^^f*^ ;^ ' The Concrratulations of the CoxMmonv/ealth of Learning in the North, On Accounr of the Antienf ^4ol)umePt_", wb'ch have been dug out of the lardy diicovered City of Herculaneum^ in the Kingdom of iV<7j5/fj-. Trom an Academical Oraticn of John Mstrhia; Gefner, Puhlie Prrifi'ffor in thf Royal Univer fit)) o/"Gottingen, for f erf or ruing the 'Ten Tears Solemnities of that Univerfity^ and commencing new ones, ■puhlijhsd at Gottingen in September 1747. TH E Report of an antient City about to be dug; up out of the Alhes and Rubbilh of Mount Vefuvius^ which the French, Britifh, and Gcnnan Papers caIied//\u<:h Herculaneam *' out ol its Grave? whence will arife more Glory both to you, " and to them ,• Glory which will endure for ever, than if by *♦ by their Means you bring Devaihtion upon Italy. Prefer, I *' befeech you, to be ftyled on your Statues, The Reftorer of " Antiquity, and the Recovercr of all antient Arts, nay, thus *' to be franimitted to Poftcrity in immortal Writings, rather *' than to hazard the uncertain and flufluating Fortune ot War. *' Attend therefore, Charles, illultrious N^onarch, and above all " things take care, that accurate Men, and fuch as are well " skilled in and warmly affeded to Bufinels of this Nature, be " (et over this Work : And if, ^.girius being already deceafed, *' Mazzochius, or others like him in yoi.r Liominions, it that " Afiembly cf learned Italy, whofe Prelate feems to have been " afiigned by Fate for this illullrious Office, by Multiplicity " of other Engagements, cannot attend fufficientlyt this j in- *' treat your Father-in-law to fend you his Bergius's, Mafco-' *' wwi's, Chrijlius's, and Saxius's, by whofe Diligence care may " taten, thar, while the Treafures are about being found, " they be not loli j that they be not with too little Accuracy " committed fo the Painter or the Prefs j that, as was the Cal^ '' in Pliny's Villa when it is found, it vc\*\ r,ot ftill be hid." But w ( 103 ) But we forbear expatiating on an Image, which perhaps will prove little difFerent from a Dream. May Herculaneum^ then, retrieved from the Ruins of Vefuvius, be advantageous to An- tiquity, Hiftory, Architedure, zx\A the whole Circle of Learn- ing! May Glory attend the magnaminous King, who by hi? power and Prudence {hall accomplifh thefe Things ! tho' indeed thole King', and Favourites of Kings, who by other means at- tempt tite Rettoration of the Times, deferve no \ti'i^ but much morefolid Glory, and eternal Renown. From a Letter of the Lord Cardinal Qijirini to James WiSliam Feverlinus, Public Profrjfor of the farm Univerjity, Printed «^ Brefcia, Fcbr. 1748. OULD to Heaven, th^f, by the fame means as you de- , , iire, that fome entire Diod':rks, fome whole Polyhius, Sallufi^ Livy, Tacitus, or the latter Parr of the Fafti oWvid^ or the twenty Books of Pliry the Elder's War o{ Gert?iany, Dio Caffius mighr by my Care obtain new Liie ! That I have labour- ed with no i'mall Pains for more than a Year to dig that Author out of the Vatican Library, you may be fufficiently informed by my two Letters written roReimar the moll illuilrious Profeffor of Hamburg, which are inferted in my fourth Decad of Latin Epif- ties. Whether better Fortune will fmile on Carminius Falco the prefent Archbilhop of Calabria, will be fhortly evident from matter ofFad: For three Months ago he appri fed me, that the firft Volume of his Dio would be publifhed before the Expirari- on of theYear lalt paft- Thar that Work is molt earnelily expeft- ed from Reimar, your Friend Crufius will acquaint you with the greateft Certainty, fince he hath lately fettled at Hamburg: And by him I would have the fame Reimar exhorted, in my Name, quickly to publilh the Edition of that Hiftcrian, which he was preparing for the Prefs many Years ago. From a Letter of Herman Samuel Reimar, Public ProfeJJor of the Univerjity of Hamburg, to Cardinal Quirini, Febr. 5, 1748. AT length the Time approches, when I may undertake the Work, of which you were the Patron, Promoter, and Ad- vifer j and at the fame Time may teftify, by your Permiflion, my AfFedtion and Gratitude to you. For, as you will be inform- ed by the annexed Specimen, here at Hamburg is now printing an Edition. New Types, and nearer than ufual, are ufedin the Greek and Latin Text ^ and zirat the If'hitfun Holidays {out Sheets a Week will be wrought oiF; i'o that next Year I hope to lay the frit Volume at your Eniinency's Feet. But I fhould tiefire to receive better Information concerning Herculaneur?:^ than I have hitherto received j alcho' I look not for any Ad- vantage to my Dio from the Remains of tha: Volcano. Yet, if ( to4 ) t may life this Compirifon, I fhink that T)to miy be more er.'iiy reftoreJ from the Fire of Vefavlu'^ than hum the Smoke of Falco , Ifo tie mnji Illufirtous John Matrhias Gefner. VubVic Frofjjor of Ciorrhtoon, A. .M. Cardinal Quxx'it)]^ Library keeper to the Holy See, tiKd Eijhnp of Brefcia. SINCE, a few Days paft, I thought fit topublifli, in thefe B'-eJ}:ai Types, the Congratulations made by the Common- weaUh of Letters, on occadon of the antient Monuments, which are digging op out of the newly-difcovered City of Hcrcula- ncum in the Kingdom of Nappies, \x is but Julfice, moft excellent Sir, that the Defcription of that Difcovery, which is juil now come to my Hands, fiiou'd wait up<'n you and to you be in- fcribed, who are the moft eloqient Author of that Oration, wherein, principally, tbofe C^ ng'atulations are contained. Re- ceive therefore, I belisech you, this Trifie with Candour j al- though it be utterly unworthy of teflifying thofe Obligations, which by a public VV'ricing I have acknowledged I owe you in that Letter, I mein, to your molt learneJ Coliegue, which was very lately printed. For 1 Qiould have efteemed it as a lingular Favour, to have been the only Man in Italy who was made choice of by yoor Polirenefs to have the Privilege of firlt read- ing, and being charmed with, that Oration j and moreover of communicating it to l€;uned Men, with whom at prelent our Country Indilputably abounds. But why fliould I fiy this, when it pleafej you, nior'^over,, taking Occafion to mention my Name, to adorn me with fo much Honour, th .t, as I was read- ing, I immediately perceived the icarlet Colour of the Robe I v.ear, to be rransierred to my (Cheeks P But I hope I (hall not derogate from the Value of the De- fcription, which I (1-iall prcfently produce, if 1 fairly lay before you fome little Offence, which the Beginning of it gives me* In it M. Noriius Bdlbus is' mentioned j and he is ityled, without the ler.fi: Mark ot Diflldence, Prcconful. But the Infcription, irom whence that Mame is drawn, runs thus: M. NONIO M. F. BALHO P. R. PROC. HERCVLANENSE3 P And, having made the Recital, the Author of the Defcrip- tion adds, that thofe Abbreviations P. R. have never yet been infelligible to any Perfon. But although I am far from thinking n-yr!.-il fufiicicntly qualified to affLime the Charader of an An- tiq'jiry, I will not deny, that it Ceems to me, that the Letters PKOC. alio have efcaped the Underllanding of the fame Au- thor, and of other;, who have interpreted them by the Word Pro- ( I05 ) frocoafulis. Fori ihould interpret them Trocwator, rather than Troconful ; and the Abbreviations P. R. which i.T.mediafely pre- cede, I fhould render either Vublic^ Rei^ of the public Re- venue j or Privates Rci^ of the Privy Purfe j or Princifis Ra- tionh, hrll Commillioner of the Cuftonis ; or iafU)', Patrimonii Rationis ; that is Procurator of the Revenue of the Cuftoms. For the Emperors ufed to institute Procurators as well of the public as of their private Revenues in the Provinces and Cities .And it is notorious, that thefi Officers were inverted with high Marks of Honour, and with {jreat Authority. The Infcription, which the moft celebrated Muratorius produces, p mmxxiv. Thef Infcrift was either too inaccurately copied at Naples^ or ir lathtr obfcures than elucidates the Matter treated of- For thus it Hands in that Place. M. NONIO M. F. BALBO. PR. PRO. COS. D. E. I am equally fjrprized, that no Mention is made of this In- fcription in the Defcription to be prefently fubjoined ; and thac Muratorius hath not troubled himfeif, by the fmaileft Annot*- tion, to difpel the Darknefs I have fpoken of. I come now to the Defcription. j4 Relation of the Searches made in the Village of Refina, ly the Order of the Ki'rg of the Two Sicilies. ** I A U R I N G the Building of a Palace, about fifty Years " XJ ago, near the prefent Opening, fome very curious Sra- " tues were found, which they fecretly carried out of the " Kingdom. On Information of this the King ordered that *' a large and deep Pit fnould be made near that Place, at his " own Expence j from whence have been dug fo great a Num- " of Antiquities of all kinds, as have formed luch a Mufeum in " five or fix Years only, as no other Monarch could have coi- '' levied in as many Ages ,• and as the Mine (if it may be \''j " called^ is vail:, and inexhauftible, fcsrce a Day pafles with- /* out producing fjrriC antique Statue, VefTel, or Furniture. *' Among thefe already dilcovered, many of which are much *• broken, and others mifmanaged, and fome locked up by " the King as very rare, there is a Block of Marble, reprefen- *' ting an Horfe and his Rider, as large as the Life, being a " Proconful, of the Kame of M. Nonius Balbus. with the Pr.- ludamentum hanging on his left Shoulder, fo finely wroughc as mull furprize the Beholder. Both the Horfe and the Pro- conful are of white flatuary Marble, finifhed in the hioheft Perfeflion, doubtlefs, by a Gnv^ Artift. Here may be ob- " ferved the Veins, the Mufcles, the Pcfture, and Spirit of the Horle, V. hich, among orher Graces, has one Ear fland^ng iorwaid, the other leaning back touard". che Rider, ^vbo hs"; C io6 ) ** Spurs on his Heels, a Ring on his Finj^er &'c. very curioufly '• done^ as are the Bre:nl>-plate, the Reins, and the Bridle. *' llii Lilcnption on its Bale is as foJlous. M. NONIO. M. F. BAiBO P. R. PROC. HERCVLANENSES P. " T' if nor yet fcmd out what thi:^ Antiquity is i none have hl- *' therio undei.'ood the P. R. There have been various Ex- " plications made at f/crcacf,- zU \Kh\ch 1 have, noted ; but I *■' here ad as a Relator, an.i not ai an Antiquary. The King " has: placed this Equelhian Statue, (which is the moii beaiiti- " ful in the World, far better than that oi yititoninus in 'he Ca- " pitol, not only as it is mote antique, but 'hat it h^'. been done *' by a more expert V.'oikman) in a Court of hii grand Palace ar " Fortieth and enclofed with Rails of Iron, and Pilalteis rS "■ Marble, with a Guard of Soldiers about it. " Eefore the .Steps of this Palace may be feen, on a modern " Bafe, a connplete vStatuc of the Emperor /■'/Vf///w.t, as large as '' the Life : It is very perfedi. and the Lines of the Face very ** like thofe on the (^oin. The Breall-plate is adorned with '' whimfical E.ifTo Relievos, and the Spurs are wonderful, as is *' alfoihcRobe ,• the Spear only is wanting;,which perhaps he held " in his right Hand, ?,s it is alfo in the abovcmentioned Equef- " trian Statue. This was found not long before the famous *'' Equeltrian Statue of Balbua. 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