33 f 12. a *> PARENT ALIA o r, //// y? (<( Srs s M O I R S OF THE of the WRENS; Viz. OF MATHEW Biftiop of Ely, CHRISTOPHER Dean of Windsor, H j c. BUT CHIEFLY OF SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN, Late Surveyor-General of the Pvoyal Buildings, > Prelident of the Royal Society, &c. In which is contained, befides his W ORKS, A great Number of Original Papers and Records} ON , ‘ v ' v Religi on, Politicks, Anatomy, Mathematicks, Architec- . . ture, Antiquities; and moll Branches of Polite Literature 7 N Compiled, by his Son CHRISTOPHER^ •» * ' Now published by his Grandfon, STEPHEN WREN, Efq; ^ With the Care of Joseph Ames, F. R.S. and Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, London, A '/ ? ' //ft ( frutp M E Family LOUD 0 N : Printed for T, Osborn, in Gray’i-Inn; and R. Dons ley, in Pall-Mall. M DCC r„ • V ;i : m. ■■ IT . 2 M 3 H W 3rh lo yj i h / I . ‘-1 . ^anw aangoTaiHUD aia . ■ . , ■ • n ; > -■ .'i { • 003-3 bn ..atia'i .j/ 'ioii Old iju.. 3 j r ' . t ! - • r;- . I H iC i 1.1 i J ■ •. 'ik 0 G '»* j .» 1 ;n v. i a - R I'll L R *NSL()\\ , 'M. t y//w, / v ///< • v/.f< • ummvM; c \77//j 73 , 7/7/7//^ 7/lmwmf t >////(' '7y/////7// '^r XPmtjX —* z Q_jX f //’///77////y/7//// 7 ,) ( ) v~ cbtcateb -f / YYnYf /// 7 //vf/iYY/’' 7/-/>a///'> K .Thorowgood Sculp. - S/7.7//r/7. i i ( i ) A OF THE SUBSCRIBERS T O PARENTAL1A. A J Osefh Ames, F. R. S. and Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries , London. Dr. Ayfcough, Preceptor to His Royal Highnefs the Prince of Wales 's Children. B Thomas Barret, of Lee near Canterbury, Efq\ John Bonnel, EJq\ Sir Roger Burgoyne, Bart. C Richard Chandler, Efq ; Com- mijfioner of the Cufoms. George Cook, Efq ; E 7 he Right Hon. John Earl of Egmont. Sir John Evelyn, Bart. F. R. S. G Fhe Right Hon. Lord Vifcount Gage, F. R. S. H Mrs. Hucks, of Great Ruffel- Street. Mifs Ann Hucks, of the fame. Mr. Hull, Apothecary. (a) L 3 SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. ii L Mr. Charles Labelye. Abraham Langford, Gent. Jofeph Letherland, M. D. Daniel Lock, FJq; Lhe Rev. Francis Lydiatt, M.A. and Fellow of New-College, Oxon. M 'The Rev. Robert Mafters, B.D. 1 Book, for the Library of C.C.C. Cambridge. Mathematical Society at Wappin. Richard Mead, M. D. F. R. S. and Pbyfcian to his Majefy. 2 Books. "TheHon. Charles Monfon, Efq; Sir Charles Mordaunt, Knt. Mr. James Mount. N James Nelthorpe, of Seacroft in the County of York, Efq; "The Rev. Dr. Newton, Princi¬ pal of Hartford College, Ox¬ ford. O !The Right Lion. Arthur On- flowe, Speaker of the Hon. Houfe of Commons. P Mrs. Payne, Woman of the Bed¬ chamber to Her Royal High- nefs the Princefs of Wales. George Payne, Efq; Thomas Provvfe, EJ'q; S Lhe Hon. Lord Robert Sutton. -Schrader, Efq; Lhe Right Wvjhipful Dr. Simp- fon, Chancellor of London. Mr. James Smyth, of New- Bond-Street. William Sotheby, Efq; F.R.S. Thomas Stack, M.D. F.R.S. T Sir Peter Thompfon, Knt. F. R. S. Stephen Thompfon, Efq-, Mr. Edward Thorowgood, En¬ graver. Mr. Michael Tobin. V Mr. Garrard Vander Gucht, Engraver. W The Hon. Horace Walpole, Efq ; F. R. S. James Weil, Efq; Treaf. R. S. Robert Whefton, Efq; Farrer Wren, of Binchefter in the County of York, Efq; Chriilopher Wren, of Wroxhall in Warwickfhire, Efq; PREFACE. — THE PREFACE. Respect for the Memory of worthy An- ceftors, arid a Defire of communicating ufe- ful Knowledge to the Public, were the Motives which prompted my Father to compile this Work, partly biographical, and partly fcientifical, a Work honourable to the Deceafed, as placing their Virtues in a fair Light, and perpetuating their Compofures; tending likewife to the Advancement of Literature, not only by their Treatifes and Let¬ ters, but by their Example; a ftrong Incentive, as it (hews what unbounded Acquifitions are to be ob¬ tained by Study and Speculation. The Variety of Subjects contained in this Perfor¬ mance evidence in the Compiler an extenfive Compals of Knowledge both in the Languages and Sciences, and an Accuracy of Judgment necelfary to avoid Errors and Confufion ; and regularly to conduit fuch a Multitude of Fa&s, and detached Particulars, to a juft Period, without inferting any thing trifling or fuperfluous. a Befides P R E F A C E. Befides the above-mentioned Motives, (to which I am not mlenfible) fome additional ones, and they b y no means to be flighted, determined me to fulfil my Father’s Intention, and publilh his Manufcript; I mean the Sollicitations of Perfons of Literature, and the Prevention of a fpunous Counterfeit, \vhich would have been an Impofition on the Public, and an Injury to the honoured Subje&s of thefe Papers j fuch a one having been in Agitation. As the Glory of God, and the Good of Mankind, were the Ends to which thefe excellent Perfons directed their Studies, Refearches and A&ions, their Memory leems intitled to a kind Reception from the Public, and to their Candour I leave this Monument erected to it, without expatiating into any further Commen¬ dations on the Matter or Manner j as any Enco¬ miums, however juft, may be exceptionable in a Defcendant, though authorized by many eminent Examples j yet furely I can incur no Cenfure in aft firming that I have lpared no proper Expence, not only in Copper-plates, for Ufe and Illuftration of the mathematical and archite£tonical Parts, out alfo in the Beauty and Elegancy of the Book in geneial, out ot Gratitude to the,generous Sublcribers, (though few) and that Virtue and Science might make their publick Appearance in a decent Habit. I can with great Truth proteft, that Intereft had fo little Share in this Undertaking, that if the Book clears 4 V PREFACE. clears its Charges, my pecuniary Views are gratified to their utmoft Extent. It is a particular Pleafure to acknowledge my higheft Obligations to the Right Honourable Arthur Onflow, Efq; the Speaker of the Honourable Houfe of Commons. I could fay a great deal of the Plea¬ fure of being diftinguilhed by him ; but it is ab- furd to particularize any one generous Adfion in a Perfon, whofe Life is a continued Series of them. I hope my doling this Preface with an elegant Quotation from that prefixed to Sir Robert Cotton's pofthumous Works, as appofite to our prefent Sub¬ ject, will not be liable to any Cenfure. “ Among the Greeks and Romans , who were the “ two Luminaries that firft diffufed the Rays of “ Knowledge and Civility through thefe North-weft “ Climes, he was put in the Rank of the beft fort “ of Patriots, who preferved from Putrefa&ion and “ the Ruft of Time the Memory and Works of vir- “ tuous Men, by expofing them to open Light, for t£ the general Good. “ The Memory of fome Men is like the Rofe and ct other odoriferous Flowers, which call a fweeter “ and ftronger Smell after they are plucked : the “ Memory of others may be faid to be like the “ Poppy, and fuch Vegetables, that make a gay and “ fpecious Shew, while they ftand upon the Stalk, “ but VI PREFACE. but being cut and gathered, they have but an ill- favoured Scent. The worthy Perfons exemplified in tnefe Records, may be compared to the firft Sort, as well for the fweet Odor of a good Name they had while they flood, as alfo after they were cut down by the common Stroke of Mortality. To augment the Fragrancy of their Virtues and Memory, thefe Memoirs, which may be termed, not altogether improperly, a Pofy of fundry differ¬ ing Flowers, are colleiSled. “ Lon gum iter eft per pr13 [ini > D fane - • ' Of the new cathedral Church of St. ; Paul’s, and of its Model, by Com¬ mand of the King to Chrijlopher Wren, ■ T,L. D. i-a-C 280 The Royal Warrant for beginning the Works of the new Cathedral 281 S E c TV V. Of the taking down the vaft Ruins of the old Cathedral, and of the Foun¬ dations of the old and new Struc¬ ture 283 Sect. VI. Anfwer to Objedtions; and fome Account of the new Fabrick 287 Names of the Architects who built St. Peter's at Rome, alfo the Popes from 1503'tor 648 - _ 293 The Difference between the Dimenfions of St. Peter’s at Rome, and St. Paul’s at London 294 Sect. VII. The architedlonical Account of St. Peter’s at Wejlminjler antient and modern 295 Sect. VIII. The architedlonical Account of Salijbu- ry Cathedral 303 Sect. IX. A Catalogue, fhort Defcription, Dimen¬ fions, &c. of above fifty parochial Churches eredted according to the De- figns, and under the Care and Con- dudt of Sir Chrijlopher Wren, demo- lifhed by the Fire; together with other Churches built and repaired 309 A Letter of his relating to Building, ad- dreffed to a Friend of his, 1708 318 An accurate Account of the Quantity, by Meafurements, of the great Column of London (the Monument) and Infcrip- tion according to firft Conception 323 Sect. 8Si»Jg3 r s Sect. C X. O N T E N T S. Conclufion 343 A Catalogue and Short Description of the Surveyor’s Defigns of Buildings, in the Service of the Crown 325 Preface to Sect. XI. of the Defign for the Tomb of King Charles the Firft - 330 Sect. XI. A Catalogue, and Short Account of De¬ figns, in Purfuance of the Royal Com¬ mands for Buildings, which have not been put in Execution 331 Sect. XII. A Catalogue, and Account of Defigns of Buildings in the Univerfities of Oxford and Cambridge - 335 Carmen Pindaricum in Theatrum Sheldo- nianum , & ejus ArchiteElum ' 339 His Infcription on a fmall Table of Marble in the Vaults of St. Paul's, &c. 347 APPENDIX. Of Architedture. Observations on antique Temples, &c. from fome rough Draughts imperfedt. Tract I. Tradt II. Tradt III. Tyrian Order 351 353 35 8 Tradt IV. Tyrian Order, that of the Phi- lifines - - - 339 Of the Temple of Diana at EfheJ'us 360 Of the Temple of Peace, built byVefpa- fian - - 362 Of the Temple of Mars Ultor , built by Augufus — - 364 INTRODUCTION. f |T~^HE Family of the Name of WREN, of Note and Antiquity, from which the eminent Perfons fpecified JL and diftinguifhed in thefe Memorials were defcended, hath been feated, occafionally, at Sherborne-houfe , Billy-hall, and Binchejler ., in the Bifhoprick of Durham ; but came originally from Denmark. “ Binchejler , called by Antoninus , Vinovium , by Ptolomy, Bi- Burton* An- “ novum, was a City of old, and a Roman-Jlation , iituated on the p.'ib, “ Brow of a Hill which overlooks the River Were , and near “ Bijhops-Aukland, much taken notice of by the Neighbours “ thereabouts, for the Rubbifh and Ruins ot old Walls, and « alfo for the Roman Coins often dug up in it, which Country Camden 1 / « People call Binchejler-pennies ; and for Roman Infcriptions ; /v.’n.' &Av. “ one of which cut out in an Altar, dedicated to the Mother- c “ goddefs , is thus defcribed by Mr. Camden. t- 9«- Scil. Deabus Matribus ***** Claudius ^uintiatius, - * benejiciarius confulis, votum folvit lubens merito. UHa?°de Nocis Rom. Another Stone fhews this Infcription. TRIB. COHOR. I. CARTOV. MARTI VICTORI. GENIO LOCI. ET BONO EVENTVI. Scil. Dribunus cohortis primee Cartoviorum marti viElori. genio loci , et bo?io eventui. b The I > * 1 C T I O N. Ex Schedis avitis C. IV. The Antiquities of this Place have been carefully fearched for by the prefent Owner, Mr. Charles Wren , who, among other Curiofities, difcovered a Cornelian, and in another Part a fair Urn, fhut up in a round Wall, and within that a Vefl’el of Wood. Geofry Wren , Brother of William Wren of Sherborne-houfe , was an Inftance of a very remarkable Charadler, who became ConfelTor, and Privy-counfellor to two Kings fuccefiively, King Henry the feventh, and King Henry the eighth : Canon of the royal Chapel of St. George at WindJ'or , Anno Domini 1515, and Founder of the feventh Stall there. He died A. D. 1527, and lies interred in the North-aile of the Choir, under his Effigies in Brafs, with Tabernacle-work about it, upon a large Marble Stone, near the Earl of Huntington s Tomb. C ° IL blis Anniverfary, or Obit, was heretofore held and celebrated Aihmoi zoftb, on the filth Day of April. Garter,^. 151. J •* In A£tis Ca pells de tVindfor . Sedente pro tribunali Domino Richardo Sydnor, locum tenenle decani, comparuerunt gerwrofi viri Francifcus et Antonius fratres verierabilis viri Galfridi Wren, hujus capellte canonici : feptimcz fedis fundatoris : [/?. R. Hen. VII. et Hen. VIII. a confejftonibus et conjiliis ;] et petierunt concedi fibi facultatem adminijlrandi bona di&i Domini Galfridi nuper defunEii. P 1 to. ayitK < c' d »'. Francis Wren above-mentioned, one of the two younger Brothers of Geoffry, was Steward to Mary, Queen of Scotland and Dowager ot France , while file lived in England. - In ^ le Chancel of the Church of Withibrook in the County of Warwickairr, W - arwick, lieth a fair Marble, with Plates of Brafs on it, repre- fenting a Gentleman of this Family and his Wife, with this In- Icription- “ Oi your Charity pray for the Saullis of Chrijlofer Wren , “ Gentleman, and Chrijlian his Wile; the which Chrijlofer de- “ ceafiide the xxv Day of November , in the Year of the Lord “ MCCCCCXLIII. on whofe Saullis, and all Chriftian Saullis, “ JeJu have Mercy. Amen." Chriftopher INTRODUCTION. Chrijiopher Wren, Efq; (Compiler of the following Work) deleft Son of Sir Chrijiopher Wren, was born the 18 th of Fe¬ bruary, 1675. He received his firft Education at Eaton School; and in the Year 1691, was admitted at Pembroke-hall in Cam¬ bridge-, in 1694, made Deputy Clerk Engrofier; and in 1698, went on his Travels through Holland, France, and Italy. He was twice chofen Member of Parliament for Windfor, in the Years 1712, and 1714. He married firft Mary Mufard, Daughter of Mr. Philip Mufard, Jeweller to Queen Anne, by whom he had I flue one Son, Chrijiopher, now living. _ He after¬ wards married Dame Confiance Burgoyne, Relifi: of Sir Roger Burgoyne, Bart. Daughter of Sir Thomas Middleton, Knt. of Stanjlead-Montfitchet in EJJex, by whom he had I.flTue one Son, Stephen, the Publifher of this Book. He was a learned and pious Man, a good Antiquarian, and beloved by all his Acquaint¬ ance for his communicative Difpofition. He publifhed a Piece on the ancient Coins, intitled Numifmatum Antiquorum Sylloge. After a Life thus well fpent, he died the 24th of Augufi, 1747, aged 72 Years, and lies inter’d at his Country Seat at Wroxhall in Warwickjhire. The Title defigned by him for this Book was, “ PA RE IV- “ TALI A. Memorials of the Lives of the Right Reverend “ Father in God Matthew Wren, D. D. Lord Bifliop of Ely, “ Chrijiopher Wren, D. D. Dean of Windfor, and Sir Chri- tc Jlopher Wren, Knt. Surveyor-General of the Royal Build- “ mgs. With Colleftions of Records and original Papers. “ Let us now praife famous Men, and our Fathers that begat us : eccMUikms, “ who were honoured in their Generations, and were the Glory of ch ° 1 ' xliv << tJ :e i r Times. Of thefa let his Memorial be blejfed, who builded “ the Houfe, and fet up a holy Temple to the Lord:—Who raifed chap.* i«. “ u p for us the Walls that were fallen , and fet u£ the Gates, and “ the Bars , atid raifed up our Ruins again.—Titulus hunts libelli Aufonii « e Jl^ PARENTALIA • antiquee appellaticmis hie dies, et jam tM uiia “ hide ab Numa cognatorum inferiis mfitutus. Nec quicquam “ fan&ius habet reverentia fuperjlitum, quam ut amijjos venera “ biliter recordetur. “ Gaudent compofiti cineres fua nomina did, “ Omnes compofiti feeliees, nunc ego reJloT £C. W. fitly 1741-] OJ 4 X I INTRODUCTION. I'™ mc Of the mojl ancient Crejl and Mottos of the Coat-armorial of the Wrens. *cl“ l s\ Lon Th e Lord Verulam , in his * Natural Hiflory, obferves, •don, 1635. “ that home of the Ancients, and likewife divers of the modem “ Writers, who have laboured in natural Magick, have noted “ a Sympathy between Sun, Moon, and fome principal Stars, “ and certain Herbs and Plants ; and fo they have denomi- “ nated fome Herbs folar, and fome lunar, &c. and they t Trifolium. “ make it a Piece ol Wonder, that -f Garden Claver will hide “ the Stalk, when the Sun fheweth bright, which is nothing “ but a full Expanlion of the Leaves.” Upon this PaiTage Dr. Chriftopher Wren Dean of Windfor , mCoUeao-" (' n his + Experimental Obfervations, and Additions, to the faid rcm - noble Author) has the following Note. Viz. “ Ol the Claver “ it is no Wonder, that in the hot Sun it will hide the Stalk, “ by Expanlion of the Leaves ; the greater Wonder is, that “ ever before ftormy Weather, the Flower and Leaves will “ fhrink up clofe to the Stalk, as it it were to hide itfelf: the “ Caufes of this Opening and Cloling are, as the Effects them- “ felves, contrary; for as the Opening proceeds from the Sun’s' “ benign Heat, fo the Shutting from a natural Llorror of the “ approaching Storm ; which Shrinking is the more admirable, “ becaufe it comes near to the natural Power of Prefage in the “ fuperior Order of the fenfible Creatures, the Ravens, Crows, “ Cocks, and perhaps more eminently in thofe little Birds the “ Wrens ; for which Reafon, the Anceftors of our Family [of “ the IVrens~j fome of them, over the paternal Coat of Arms, “ had for the Creft a Wren proper, holding in his Foot a Tre- “ foil, with this Motto- 7 ’urbinibus fuperef , ccclo duce prafcitis. “ This Emblem, together with the Motto and Coat, flood in “ the South-window of that Lodging which hands at the “ North-weft Corner of the inner Cloyfter at Windfor College, “ in the Year 1643 ; having flood there full 116 Years, viz. “ {ram April 1527, in which Year and Month Geoffry Wren “ died, after he had been Canon of the faid Chapel twelve Years; “ Founder 5 INTRODUCTION. xi “ Founder of the feventh Stall, Privy-counfellor to the two “ Kings, Henry Vllth and VUIth, &r'c.” Again, in his Note on the Nature of the ‘Trefoil, iC Galfri- “ dus Wren inter fundatores capellce de Windfor ; et R. R. Hen- “ ricus VII. et VIII. aconfdiis-, pro crifta fcuti gentilitii, Regu- “ lum habuit , gerentem pede elevato Trifolium: utroque fgni- “ ficans rationem efic optima auguria *em°c«!' i*. p. 21 I. One of the Anceftors of this Family having gained much cfk K Honour and Eftate by his Valour againft the Scots, wrote under his Coat of Arms- Ducente Deo for tuna fecuta ejl. The Creft and Mottos have been fince varied : the Motto chofen by Sir Gbriftopher Wren, well adapted to a Mathema¬ tician, was- Numero, ponders, et menfura . The Print of Bifhop Wren is from an original Picture of him, before his Advancement to the Prelacy, being about thirty Years of Age. Sapiens malis premi , fed non opprimi potejl, was not the Bifhop’s Motto ; but is only an Infcription, alluding to the Serenity and Fortitude with which he bore all the injurious At¬ tacks of his Enemies, and an Imprifonment of eighteen Years. The Refemblance is as perfectly retained in the Print of Dr. Chriftopher Wren , as in the former, being alfo from an Original. Virtuti fortuna comes , intimates the Plonours to which his diftin— guifhed Qualities raifed him ; the Doctor's own Motto (and a very excellent one) being, Si reEle inlus, ne labor a. De Familia Wrenrorum, et Inngnibus gentilitiis. Ex fchedis reverendi Chrifophori Wren, decani Windforietifis, &c. Prccflantiffimi in Anglia navales duces fuerunt Hawkins, Wil- lowby, Burrows, Jenkinfon, Drake, Forbifher, Cavendifh, et mog.agmm Greenvile : a forore Jenkinfoni prcediEli, avo noflro nupta, ma- p.267. iu>. I. ternum genus ducimus ; paternum ab illuftri familia Wrennorum ; p^’: n)e e qua Matthasus, d decanatu Windforienfi, ad epifeopatutn Here- — c fordenfem primutn, dein Norwicenfem, et poflremo Elienfem pro - -j- c motus. f xii I N T R O D U C T* I O N. inotus, cum titulo , et privikgiis Prijicipis Palatini: et Chrifto- phorus, fratri in eodem decanatu fuccejjor , d Carolo Rege datus ;• et ad munus honorarhtm, quod fereniffimo ordiite perifcelidis-aurecs infignitur d fecretis fimitl et memorialibus, fubveBus ; patrem Francifcum agnojcunt Londinenfem : avum Cuthbertum Dunel- menfetn ; Dominum de Newbald-Revel, Manachorum de Kerby, dddo -f-: pro-avum Dominum Guilelmum, de Shirborne-houfe in epifcopatu Dunelmenb, et de Billy-hall oriundum : abavutn Francifcum, vel Antonium, (nam de fontali nomine ambigitur) in eadem familid, d inajoribus longd Jerie dejcendentem ; quibus omni¬ bus injignia gentilitia fuerunt, * //chevron. J n futo argenteo, utrinque * tignum nigrum cingunt tria le- onum capita erafa, (duo fuperiits, infra nnum) purpurea \ J'uper t y chief. _ } :cec j n -j- marginecoccineo,fcutum tranfveBo, tres J cruces- cruciatts, Llf ex aitro : galea, verb, fub || torque argenteo, et coccineo, contorto ; | Mande” 1 ’ § paludamentum, fcuto circumjicitur, coccineum, argento ** dupli- *« Doubled, catum fuper torquem, caput leotiis argenteum, erafutn, lancets throughout, ententes cufpide transfxum, et collari aureo, quafi ducis in hello capti, fed vulneribus extinBi cinBum .— £$ute omnia nobilitatem generis., magnificis cedifeiis, tigno notatis, inclytam: affnitatem cum nobilibus , leonum capitibus purpureis, notatam ; prescipue cum amplijfimis prafulibus, (uti cruces aurece, coccinets vejli in- text ce fegnant) contraBam innuunt. Neque enim uti nunc, fic et olim, feciales, injignia prece et pretio emeridicata, fed, virtute (quts fola efi et vera nobilitas) part a pingebant. Super omnia verb, fortitudinis, et inviBi m militia animi iconem, pree fe fert, principis cuff dam, e Scotia, in hello capti, ctefque, riPOTOMH' leonis erafo capite, fignata. In fcuto moderno variantur, aliqua in parte, colores ; fcilicet, ■ chevron. ++ tignum efi cceruleum, ficut, et tria leonum capita ccerulea, et caput leonis cceruleum fuper galeam ; et fine collari aureo. THE LIFE O F MATTHEW WREN, D. D. Lord Bishop of E L T. O C T O R Matthew Wren, Lord Bifliop of Ely, and Count-Palatine, (eldeft Son of * Francis Wren, Citizen and Mercer of London, only Son of Cuth- bert Wren, of Monk's-Kirby, in the County of War¬ wick, fecond Son of William Wren, of Sherborne- Houfe, and of Billy-Hall, in the Bifhoprick of Durham) was born in the Parifh of St. Peter’s- Cheap, London, in the Year 1585. Being an eminent Scholar in his Youth, of pregnant /»- Hopes, and more than ordinary Expedlation, he ’’p e J r p, became, firft a Student in Pembreke-Hall, in the s.T J p.’,tal. Univerfity of Cambridge-, then Greek-Scholar, and on November 9, 1605, was M ‘S- eledted Fellow of that Houfe ; and (which was an happy Prognoftick of his future Fortunes) had been invited and drawn thither by Dr. Lancelot Andrews, the mod learned, pious, and worthy Mafter of that Hall, afterwards Bilhop * Francifcut Wren natus tji Januarii 18, 1552. anno 6 Edw. VI. apud Nuiald-Rtvtl, in Ker¬ im Mmocborum) in agrn Warwictnfi, Cycle 070, Ultra demimceU F. B of THE LIFE OF of Winchejler ; by him fird planted in that fruitful Soil of Bifops; always obferved by his Vigilancy and Circumfpeftion, encourag’d with his Coun¬ tenance and Favour, and direfted by his Advice ; fo that devoting himfelf to the Study of the bed Learning, he, in a fliort Time, grew famous for his Skill in the Arts and Languages; perform’d the Univerfity Exercifes with ge¬ neral Credit and Applaufe ; was a drift Obferver of its Rights and Cuftoms; a punftual Exafter of its Difcipline; a zealous Alferter of its Privileges; and became fo great a Lover of that Place, that neither the Length of his Days, nor the Injuries of the Times could obliterate, or diminilli hfe D Affeftion. Alter he had enrich’d and adorn’d himfelf with the mod ufeful Knowledge, and all the Accomplilhments of Human Learning, he came with thefe fair Advantages, befides a fingular Defire, and mod paffionate Affeftion, into the Service, and Minidry of the Church. Indeed, Divinity hath the bed Title to the fmarted Wits, and happied Difpofitions, and may challenge a Right in whatever Virtue and Excellence either the Felicity of Nature^ or Succefs of Indudry can bedow upon Men. For the Strength and Vigour of our Minds, the fined Parts, and mod ready Faculties, all our choiced Acquifitions, and whole Stock of Improvements can never be employ’d, or laid out better,'than in promoting the Intered of Piety, adorning the Beauty of Holinefs, and bring¬ ing Credit to Religion. ’ ° While he was engaged in thefe noble Dedgns, (as being by a rare Conjunftion, one of the mod knowing, and withal devouted Perfons of his Age) and equally endeavouring the Advancement both of Univerfity, and Clergy 5 tho’ he feem’d to conceal himfelf within the Walls of his College, for which he had’fo great a Refpeft ; or elfe did adhere with all Fidelity and' Obfervance to'Bilhop An¬ drews, his very good Lord and Patron, (to whom he became Chaplain in the Year 1 615, and then, Reftor of PeverJhammCambridgeJhire) yet even then, Men’s Expectations concerning him, were very high ; and it was the general Opinion, that there was nothing fo great or confiderable which might not be atchievcd’ and compafs’d by one fo eminently qualified. ° , ’ Nor was it polfible for him any longer to efcape the quick and piercing Eye of King 'James, the Reputation of whofe Wiidom could not now confid with his private Condition, fince our publick Schools had formerly given him Op¬ portunities to know and underdand his Worth : Wherefore, in that Point of Time, when the Family of his Royal Highnels Charles , Prince of Wales, needed a true Son of the Church of England, and one of the mod approv’d Fidelity, this was the Man, whom above all others, his Maj'ejly out of his own Inclination, and guided by his own exquifite Judgment, was pleas’d (in the Year 1621) to appoint Chaplain to his Son-, to which gracious Vouchfafe- ment it was no fmall Addition of Honour, that the Adair was carried on fo. privately, as to render it doubtful, whether he was affign’d by the King him¬ felf, or petitioned for by the Prince ; which Ambiguity was dill happily im¬ prov’d, in that he was equally acceptable to them both : But this was the Pre¬ lude only to a greater, and deeper Myftery. For it is mod lemarkable, that this prudent Monarch had entertained and fettled in his Mind a peremptory Intention to praftice fuel) a Riddle of Policy, which did not only amufe and puzzle the World, while it was tranf- afting ; but will never ceafe being a Wonder, now ’tis become a Hidory : Smce^ thofe Men of the mod curious, inquilitive Heads, whofe Bufinefs and Ambition is to dive into the Depths of Princes-, to fearch and difcufs the Intrigues of publick Negotiations, and examine all Reafons of State, after they have run through a Maze of Uncertainty, and tired their Thoughts in this fubtile Speculation, find themfelves dill as much in the dark, as when they let out in their very fird Conjeftures, It 3 MATTHEW W R E N, D. D. It was refolved then by this moft judicious and politick Prince to fend his Sen, the Heir of three Kingdoms, the deareft Offspring of a moft af- ! Ffionate, .and indulgent Father, the Delight and Hope of the Royal Family, i to the Territories of Spain, to truft him with a cunning and wily Nation, of aveferv’d Humour, of clofe and fecret Machinations, and of which we had till tin i. ro other Knowledge and Experience, than what we deriv’d from its C; :ad?, and Pride, and that perpetual Hatred which it bore us ; and this too, not in the Head of an Army, not in the Midft of his naval Forces, nor any fuiit military Pofture, in which the Englijh ufed to,make their Vilits into Spain: And, in a Word, to venture Him upon their Faith and Honour, (of which we had good Reafqn to be jealous)’ without other Guard, or Security, than his own princely Wifdom and Difcretion. When therefore this feledt Perfoni in fo dangerous an Expedition, was be- ■:ne Chaplain, fhall I fay, or Counfellor to this excellent Princ_e (for where the Power of Godlinefs hath once eftablifh’d itfelf, and fincere Difcretion wholly feiz’d upon the Heart, there is little of no Diftindtion betwixt thefe two, which amongft others: keep fo wide a Diftance) then did he, where- foeo r he came, unfold the Grounds and Articles of our Rel/gion, with that Perspicuity and Clearnefs, maintain and defend them with that Strength and Spirit, and privately unravel all thofe fly and knotty Contrivances, which fomc of their moft eminent Church-men had t>vifted to entangle, the.Prince's Affairs, with fo great Acutenefs and Dexterity, that no other Means whatfo- ever, no Artifice or Expedient could pretend to a greater Share in opening the Avenues and Paffages to his Royal Highnefs\% fafe Return. To what is here intimated by Dr. Pearfon, relating to the Prince's Journey Same Accounts to Spain, in Purfuit of the Match with the Infanta, it would be proppr to fub join fome hiftorical Collections from others, and Remarks on that Sjubjeft-j j amn ,y, and which may feem to clear up the Myjlery,, as he calls it. Match. “ The Prince’s, Journey to Spain was fuch aPiece of Knight-Errantry, as Preface to “ no Age can parallel, tho’ it fuited, it. feems, with the Prince's Genius, ^ ul J lw ° rt j)’ r “ that was fomewhat inclinable to Adventures, as a late celebrated Author, fli-ii. ‘p. e. “ who had as much Reafon to know him as any Man, tells us in his Hi- “ Jlory of the Rebellion. This great Author, who hath in his Writings an equal “ Temperature of the Gentleman and the Hiftorian, teils us a pretty Story “ about that Adventure to Spain, and lays the firft Ground-work thereof on “ fome romantick Conceits that were gotten into the Pleads of the Prince “ and the then Marquis of Buckingham, that upon fo brave and het oick an “ Expedition into an unknown Country, the Knight (according to the ufual “ Events of Chivalry) would be fure to be too hard for the Giant of Spain, “ and would win and bring away the Damfel. But when by thofe two, this “ was firft broke to King fames, the Terrors and Convulfions it put the good “ old King into, were inexpreffible : He perceiv’d the Precipice he was run up- “ on, and (befides the Hazard of lofing an only bon, and of an unavoidable “ Lofs and Diflionour that would fall upon himfelf and the whole Nation, if “ the King of Spain fliould fhew more Wit in detaining the Prince, than he “ did in fending him) prefently forefaw, that this Expedient, which thofe two “ young Men had found out to facilitate the Match (on which that King had “ built all his Plopes and Expeditions) would certainly, when Spain had one? “ gotten the Prince in their Hands, break it to Pieces, or caule the King, to “ condeicend to fuch new but intolerable Conditions, as he himfelf would “ otherwife very hardly, but his Subjedts never at all, fubmit to. And yet “ King fames, divided between thofe two impetuous Paftions of Love and “ Fear, and wrought upon by the obfequious Demeanor of his. Son, on the one “ Hand, and the hulling and bluftering Temper of Buckingham on the other “ (to I Dr. Wel- wood’j Me¬ moirs, p. 22 P. 69. m r. 24, 27. (to which he had been too long accuftom’d) diverted him of his owr, Rea- fon, Judgment and Underftanding, and gave Way to that unaccountably « Voyage, which became a fertile Subjeft of Fear and Jealoufy to our!elves a. “ Home,’and of Amazement, as well as Laughter to the reft of Europe, “ Never'were there a Pair fent Abroad to be expos’d to the Cenfure ct 3 fo- “ reign and capricious Nation fo ill fuited. « xhe Prince was of a grave, and flay’d Deportment, adapted to the Genius « 0 f the Spanijh Nation, which had gain'd him there an univerfal Love ; the “ Marquis (then made a Duke) of a light and Frenchified Garb and Beha- « viour, and given to his Pleafures, and generally thought to be wanting thoie “ clear and quick-fighted Intelleftuals which were requifite for the Manage- “ ment of that high Concern. « Innumerable were the Mifchiefs King "James was involv’d in by thi “ rafli and hot-headed Voyage to Spain ; and the King liv’d to fee himfelt “ true Prophet, the Match by that very means being dafh’d to Pieces; .or “ while the Earl of Brfiol, the greateft Statefman we had then left, and who « negotiated the Match, proceeded therein with flow and wary, but yet s “ fure Steps as the fubtile and intriguing Genius of the Spaniard, and the dif- “ ferent Interefts and Sentiments of the Pope, Emperor, and Duke of Bavaria “ (who had all their Parts to play in this Affair as well as the King of Spain) “ would permit; there was fome folid tho’ flippery Ground for the King and «< Prince to fet their Feet on. The Articles of Religion were agreed on, and « temporal Articles near a Conclufton ; but by the Prince' s and Duke s Arrival «< in Spain all was unravell’d, and the fubtile Spaniard would not eatiiy grant « that any Match had been before ferioufly treated of, or intended : So all was lt to begin again, and the whole Affair refted on the Duke s Shoulders, which « (God knoweth) were too feeble to bear the Weight of it. He betook him- <■ felf therefore to a Work more fuitable to his Temper and Strength, and « purfuing his Revenge for the Affronts he receiv’d in Spain, diffever’d his old “ Matter to the higheft Degree, (at leaf! in that King’s Opinion) bv ravifhing 11 from him his Darling, the Match, and delivering her up to his Parliament, “ who made fhort Work with her, and immediately tore her to Pieces. ’ King James, in order to obtain of the Emperor the Reftoration of Ids Son- in-law, the King of Bohemia, was wheedled into that inglorious Counfel of fending Prince Charles into Spain, for a Match with the Infanta that w'as either never defign’d him, or too late : And it was more owing to King Philip the Third’s Generofity, than to King James' s Politicks, that he ever law England again. Prince Charles in his Temper was brave, magnificent, liberal, and conitant. _It was his noble and generous Behaviour, that took fo much with the King of Spain, when he went thither to court the Infanta, that he rejedlcd the re¬ peated Solicitations of his Council to feize him ; and paid him more Rclpedt than could have been well expefted, if he had been King of England at that Time. When the Parliament of England was zealous to reftore the Palatine-Fa¬ mily by force of Arms, as the molt effeflual Means to do it, and had offer’d great Supplies for that Purpofe ; yet King James was fo lull’d afleep with the Infinuations of Condomar, the Spanijh Ambaflador, that he could be brought to no other Methods but thole of Treaty : And when feveral Princes were upon entering into a League for Recovery of the Palatinate, and the Houfe of Jlujlria was beginning to doubt the Succefs, Gondomar play’d this Engine, among others, to break their Meafures, by propofing a Match with the In¬ fanta of Spain for the Prince of Wales, as the eafieft and furtft Way to re¬ ftore the Palatine-Family ; which, like all the reft, was only to amufe King James, 5 M A T T H E W W REN, D. D. James , and was equally unfuccefsful. The Ills that attended this Affair were thefe, that thereby “ the Proteftant Religion was entirely rooted out of Bo- “ hernia, the Electoral Dignity transferr’d from the Palatine Family, the Pa- SpanhemiusV “ iatinatc itfelf loft, the Liberty of Germany overthrown, and the famous Li- “ brary of Heidelburgh was carried to Rome, to the irreparable Prejudice of a ' “ Learning.” So that Gondomar had good Reafon to fay, in one of his Letters to the Duke of Lerma, printed in the Hiftory of that Duke’s Life, p. 28. “ That he “ had lull’d King James fo faff afleep, that he hoped, neither the Cries of his “ Daughter, nor her Children, nor the repeated Sollicitations of his Parlia - “ rnent and Subjects in their Behalf, fhould be able to awaken him.” The learned Spanhemius in his Hiftory of Louyfe Juliane, Eledrice Pala- °f 1 j "'j v Snanheraius. tine, (Daughter of William Prince of Orange, and Mother to the King of * Bohemia, who out-liv’d her Son, and was one of the greateft Patterns of Virtue, that any Age has produced) fums up what relates to this Affair, with this Remark, “ That never Prince was more oblig’d to a Sifter, then King “ Charles the Firft was to the Queen of Bohemia-, fince it was only the Con- “ fideration of her and her Children, who were then the next Heirs after “ him to the Crown of England, that prevail’d with the Court of Spain to “ permit him to fee England again.” In Oppofition to thefe Accounts, generally receiv'd of the SpaniJJj Match and Palatinate, this Paffage in our noble Hiftorian, [Lord Clarendon ] is to be taken Notice of. “ Sir Francis Cottington, who was Secretary to the Prince, and not grown ciarendon'r “ Courtier enough to diffemble his Opinion, had given the Duke [of Buck- mflf the “ ingham\ Offence, before his Journey into Spain *,—and improv’d that Pre- 5^/1 “’ z7 “ judice after his coming thither, by dilpofing the Prince all he could, to the “ Marriage of the Infanta ; and by his Behaviour after his Return, in juftify- “ ing to King James, who had a very good Opinion of him, the Sincerity of “ the Spaniard in the Treaty of the Marriage, That they did in Truth defire “ it, and were fully refolv’d to gratify his Majefy in the Bufnefi of the Pala- “ tinate; and only defr’d in the Manner of it, to gratify the Emperor, and the “ Duke of Bavaria all they could, which would take up very little Time.” All which being fo contrary to the Duke’s, Purpofes and Refolutions, his Difplea- fure to Cottington [afterwards Lord Cottington, and Chancellor of the Ex¬ chequer] was fufficiently manifeft. But to conclude; the Relation of the Spanife Affairs, and Journey to Spain, given with Solemnity, by the Prince himfelf and the Duke, at a Conference between the two Houfes of Parliament, (which Conference his Royal Highnefs and the Duke were defir’d to manage) required in all Reafon, and good Manners, to be judg'd by that Age and Pollerity mod credible and'authen- tick, viz. When, at this Conference, the Prince had made a ihort Introdudlion to Clarendon*.- the Bufinefs, and faid fome very kind Things of the Duke, of his wonder- fill Care of him whillt he was in Spain, and the great Dexterity he ufed in BmkL f. 1-. getting him away, he referr’d the whole Relation to him ; who faid, “ That The Prince “ the true Ground of the Prince's Journey into Spain, which he well “ ,/D “ ke ' / “ knew hid begot fuch a terrible Panting in the Hearts of all good Englif-Sfldth^"" “ men, had been only to make a clear Difcovery of the Sincerity of the Spa- hUtcbtothe ic niard ; and, if his Intentions vvere real, to put a fpeedy End to it, by 1 ~ rlu ‘ m, ‘ t ■ * The Offence was, by giving his Opinion to King James againft tine Journey ; in that he be¬ liev’d, it would render all that had been done towards the Match fruitlefs; for that Spain, when they had the Prince in their Hands, would make new Overtures more advantageous to them, efpe- cially concerning Religion, and the Exercife of it in England. C'arenJ. Book I. p. 15. “ mar- HE LIFE O F “ marrying of the Lady upon the Place; if he found it otherwile, to put his “ Father and himfelf at Liberty, to difpofe of himfelf in fome other Place. “ That the Ambaflador, in whole Hands that great Affair was folely ma- “ nag’d, when, in one Difpatch, he writ, that all was concluded ; in the “ next, ufed to give an Account of new Difficulties, and new Demands; “ and when all Things were adjufted at Madrid, fome unexpected Scruples “ difcovered themfelves at Rome , with which the Councils in Spain teem’d “ to be furpriz'd, and appear'd to be confounded, and not to know what to “ fay. Thefe Ebbs and Floods made the Prince apprehend, that the Pu'r- “ pofe was to amtife us, whilft they had other Deligns in fecret Agitation. “ And thereupon, that his Highnefs had prevail’d with his Father, (how un- “ willing foever) to permit him to make the Journey, that he might make “ that uleful Dilcovery, which could not otherwile be made in any leafonable “ Time. “ That they no fooner came to Madrid, then they difcover’d (though the “ Prince was treated with all the RefpeCt due to his Greatnefs, and the Obli- “ gation he had laid on that Nation) that there had never been any real “ Purpofe that the Infanta Ihould be given to him: That, during fo long “ an Abode as his Royal Highnefs made there, they had never procur’d the “ Difpenfation from Rome, which they might eafily have done : And that at “ Iaft, upon the Death of the Pope, Gregory XV. the whole Procefs was to “ begin again, and would be tranfaCted with the Formalities, which they “ fhould find neceflary to their other Affairs.” What next follows in the Duke's Relation, confirms and illuftrates the wife conduCl of Dr. Wren , under the Divine Afiflance, in the Guardianfhip of the Prince’s Confcience, by his Royal Highnejs's Defence, and fteady Main¬ tenance of his Religion, againft all the mod ftrenuous Attacks of the Church of Rome. “ Inftead of Proceeding (continues the Duke) upon the Articles, “ which had been pretended to be concluded, they urged nothing but new “ Demands; and in Matters of Religion fo peremptorily, that the principal “ Clergymen, and the moft^ eminent of that King’s Preachers, had frequent “ Conferences with the Prince , to perlwade him to change his Religion, and “ become a Papifl. And in order to move him the more luccefsfully there- “ unto, they procur’d the Pope to write a Letter himfelf to his Highnefs, put- “ ting him in mind of the Religion of his Anceftors and Progenitors, and “ conjuring him to return to the fame Faith ; but that it had pleas’d God not “ only to give the Prince a conftant and unfhaken Heart in his Religion, “ but fuch wonderful Abilities to defend the fame in his Difcourfes and Argu- “ ments, that they food amaz’d to hear him, and upon the Matter, confejs’d, “ that they were not able to anjwer him,” &c. In further Illuftration of that Part of the Duke of Buckingham's Speech to the two Houfes of Parliament, relating the Prince's great Abilities in De¬ fence of his Religion-, to the immortal Honour of himfelf, and Commen¬ dation of his fpiritual Guide, a Paffage in a Speech deliver’d in the Star- Chamber, by the Arch-bifhop of Canterbury, fune 16, 1637, at the Cenfure of Bafwick, Prynne, and Burton, (for infamous libelling) is proper to be obferv’d. “ For his Majefty—this I know, and upon this Occafion take it my Duty to fpeak : There is no Prince in Chrifendoni more fincere in his Religion, nor more conftant to it than the King. And he gave fuch a Teftimonv of this, at his being in Spain, as I much doubt, whether the beit of that [Puritan] Faction durft have done half fo much as his Majefty did, in the Face of that Kingdom. And this, you my Lord the Earl of Holland, and other “ Perfons 1 M A T T H E W W R E N, D. D. “ Perfons of Honour, were Eye and Ear-Witneffes of, having the Happi- “ nefs to attend him there.” The common Voice in Spain went, that the Prince was come (as they call’d it) to be a Chriftian ; and the Prime Minifter Olivarez, at his firft Vifit told him, that the Match fliould be made prefently, and that the Kings of Spain and England fhould divide the World between them ; for he queftion’d not but he came thither to be of their Religion: Whereunto the Prince an- fwer’d, “ He came not thither for Religion, but for a Wife." After all En¬ deavours were us’d to allure the Prince to Popery, by Popifh Books, Popifh Pidtures, and carrying him to religious Houles, and to Perfons famous for pretended Miracles, &c. his HighneJ's remain’d JledfaJl, and exprefs'd no Shew of Change. The Conference ended in a wonderful Applaule in both Houfcs, of the Prince p ag . , 9 . and Duke' s Behaviour and Carriage throughout the Affair; and in a hafty Refolution to dilfuade the King from entertaining any farther Motions to¬ wards the Match, and frankly and refolutely to enter into a War with Spain. The famous Library of Heidelburgh , having been mention’d before, from a Quotation of Spanhemius, it might be an Omiffron, not to infert this curious Record, as falling in our Way. Bibliotheca Heidelburgenfis totd fere Europd celeberrima, cpifolam D. Pauli Ann, 162Z. manu exaratam pree fe ferens, partim Romam, partim alio tranfportata eft 1 "w^'W et preeter banc D. Pauli epiflolam, aiunt Pentateuchum manuferiptum tantce evict Cbron . vetuftatis, ut Judad genufleBentes ilium cxofcularentur, inde Romam etiamt ' 58- tranflatum, et alia pr ceclar a monument a. The Alexandrian MS. in the King’s Library is believ’d to be as old as that Jenkins'* in the Vatican, which is allow’d to be twelve hundred Years old. *}‘‘tfcchr?J>L There is a Copy of St. Paul’s Epiftles, in the French King’s Library, and R,u g i,„ t ft. another in the Library of the BenediBines of St. Germains, which are con- U- t, 99 • eluded to be a thoufand Years old at lead:. By the Particulars in the foregoing Conference between the two Houfes of Parliament, it is evident, King fames was not miftaken in the prudent Choice he had made of Dr. Wren, for the Office of Preceptor and fpiritual Guide to his Son in Spain ; by whofe Learning and Skill, in all ecclefiaftical Affairs, and the mod important Controverfies between us, and thofe of the Church of Rome, and by a rational Inftrudtion of his Royal Highnefs in the fundamental Verities of the Proteftant Faith, the Prince flood like a Rock, firm, and immoveable in the true Religion ; and in the end, triumph d over all the Efforts, Policy, and Machinations of the Romifi Churchmen, and the Courts of Rome and Spain. It was a notorious Inftance of the great Injuftice, and Uncharitablenefs of the Times which enfued, and of the Calvinian Fadtion ; that this orthodox Di¬ vine, who, from his earlieft Appearance in the World, did, on all Occafions, as well as on this of the Prince’s Journey to Spain, defend and maintain the found Dodtrine of the Church of England, with great Learning, Vigilance, Chrijlian Courage, and Refolution again (1 Popery, SuperJlition, _ and Innova¬ tion-, fliould himfelf (as will appear) be accus’d, and publickly impeach’d in Parliament under the odious Imputation of a Papi/t, Idolater , and Innovator. “ - Innovation in Religion (fays a great Hijlorian) was an unlucky Word, CIa[endon ., “ and couzen’d very many honeft Men into Apprehenfions very prejudicial Hifi. ,f ,h, “ to the King, and to the Church." Moreover, it was the ul'ual Maxim and Pradtice of the Puritans, and the factious Party, in their Malice againft the Government of the Church by Bijhops, to call every Man they did not love Papijls. “ Arch-bifhop Laud, had all his Life, eminently oppos’d Cal-Png- -c, r “ via ’s f 8 THE LIFE OF “ yin's Doflrinc, and thereupon (fays the fame Hiftorian ) for want of another “ Name, they call'd him a Papijl, which no body believ'd him to be, and “ he had more manifefted the contrary, in his Deputations and Writings, “ than moft Men had done.” Particularly by his Conference with Fijbcr the Jefuit, of which he himfelf had that Senle, as to infert this Article in his laft Will and Teftament, -viz. Item, “ I do heartily pray my Executor to take “ care, that my Book, written againft Mr. Fijher the’Jefuit, may be mandated “ into Latin, and fent Abroad ; that the Chriftian World may know, fee, and “ judge of my Religion. And I give unto him that tranflated it tool." He appointed the Bifhops Juxton, Curie, Wren, and Duppa, Overfeers of his Will. This Religion, the good Arch-bijkop, like his royal Majier, maintain'd as well with his Blood as his Ink ; and both, when they were murder'd and martyr’d upon the Scaffold (no Time for Diffimulation) died with the Profejpon of it. But to enlarge a little on this Subjedt, with regard to the Obfervations of an eminent political Writer. L Eftrangctr “ The Arch-bifhop of Canterbury hands afpers’d in common Fame, as a Hijt.p. isi ■■ great Friend (at leaf!) and Patron of the Roman Catholicks.-True, it is, £°H W n/ h il “ be had too much and long favour'd the Rotnifh Fadtion ; but as upon what ;/i£. 1326. “ Account he favour'd them, is uncertain ; fo was it but the Romifh Fadlion “ (not the Romijh Faith) he favour’d. He tamper’d indeed to introduce “ fome Ceremonies bordering upon Superflition, difufed by us, and abufed “ by them ; from whence the Romanifts colledled fuch a Difpofition in him “ to their Tenets, as they began not only to hope, but in good earned: to “ cry him up for their Profelyte. Upon this Hypothefis, this Suppofition, “ they grew exceffive proud and infolent; as well they might, knowing how “ grand a Confident and Truftee he was of the King’s, had not their Per- “ fwafion mified them. But the Arch-bifhop finding, that his tacit Re- “ fervednefs in Point of Opinion, and former Compliance with the Papifts, “ was no longer expedient for his Defigns, and did begin to create ill boad- “ ing Jealoufies in another Party, refolv’d to fpeak out, and unbeguile them “ both. And firft, in the Year 1637, openly at the Council-Table, he “ paffionately complain’d to the King of their audacious Relort to Denmark- “ Houfe, ufing fome Expreffions of Vehemency; more particularly againft “ the haughty Deportment of Mr. Walter Montague, and Sir Tobias Matthew. “ But that which moft defpighted them, was, his publifhing the next Year, “ the Relation of his Conference with the Jefuit Fijher ; wherein he declared “ himfelf fo little theirs, as he hath for ever dilabled them from being fo “ much their own as they were before ; it being the exadleft Mafter-piece of “ polemick Divinity of all extant. Pity his thoughts, which were in other “ Affairs a Thought too high, had fo fatal a Diverfion from his Studies. But “ what one is excellent in every Thing ? Now the Arch-bifhop thus pro- “ feffedly owning the Proteftant Caule, and having fo potent an Influence on « the King, it was no wonder if he became formidable to the Romanijis, as “ Hannibal was to the Romans, (and where Hannibal was, there his Ene- “ mies judg’d the Life and Soul of the Carthaginian Strength to refide) and “ confequently his Deftrudfion, the main Concernment of their Intereft.” The Arch-bifhop in Defence of himfelf, before the Houfe of Lords, on 111 ' his Impeachment, has thefe memorable Expreffions, in the Article of Reli¬ gion. _“ Let nothing be fpoken but Truth, 1 do here challenge whatfoever “ is between Heaven and Hell, that can be faid againft me in Point of my « Religion.-If I had any Purpole to blaft the true Religion eftablifh’d in “ the Church of England, and to introduce Popery, lure I took a w rong Way “ to it; fer, my Lords, I have ftaid more going to Rome, and reduc’d more “ that were already gone, than, I believe, any Bifhop or Divine in this “ Kingdom MATTHEW W R E N, D. D. 9 “ Kingdom hath done; and fome of them, Men of great Abilities, and feme “ Perfons of great Place, and is this the Way to introduce Popery ?” —Then, briefly naming fome of his refpe&ive Converts, concludes. — “ And now, let “ any Cler°-yman of England come forth, and give a better Account or his “ Zeal to The Church .” But this Zeal, equally offenfive to the Romanifts on the one Hand, and Sectaries on the other, was not to be forgiven by inch powerful and malignant Enemies, who labour’d and mutually rejoyc'd in the Perfecution of the Church. From this Deviation we now return to the Purpofe, in order of i ime. In the Year 1624. Dr. Wren was prefented to the Redory of Bingham m h 16^. Dj-. Nottingham fare, and a Prebend of Winckefter. In 1625, he was rather RcB J r ^ call’d than preferr’d to the Mafterffiip of St. Peter’s College in Cambridge ; Bingham * where he exercis’d fucb Prudence and Moderation in his Government that he reduced all the Fellows to one facred Bond of Unity and Concord, and p rt b £n dof excited the Scholars to Conftancy and Diligence in their Studies: Moreover, Wincheftcr he built great Part of the College from the Ground, related their Writings and ancient Records from Dull and Worms, and by indefatigable Induitry pe^ Col- digefted them into a good Method and Order. But feeing the publick Offices Cam- of Religion lefs decently perform’d, and the Service of God depending upon S • the Courtefy of others, for want of a convenient Oratory within the Walls of the college ; what then he could not do at his own Charge, he compafs d by his Intereft in well difpos’d Perfons abroad, and procur d fuch confidera- ble Sums of Money, that he built and beautified a complete Chapel, which he dedicated March 17, 1632. „ e. <> Being made Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge , he afferted the Privileges, re-Nov. 4,. 6 . 2 . ftor’d the Difcipline, kept all clofe to their refpetftive Duties, and taught the Univerfity at length to confider and underhand itfelf. , , T . , In 1628. he was promoted to the Dignity of Dean of Windfor and Wo l- J u y 2 4 > 1 ■uerhampton , and Regifter of the moft honourable and noble Order oi the Garter ; in which Office he difcharg’d his Duty with remarkable Gravity, Prudence, and Authority ; bellow'd many accurate Writings of bis own on ^ the Society and to his Plonour “ it is to be remember’d, that from the in- heGart f “ ftitution of the moft noble Order, until he was cholen into the Office of;:. 201. “ Regijler, the Annals of the Order were at no Time recorded by a Pen near “ fo fudicious and elegant, whofe excellent Pattern his worthy Brother and Suc- <* ceifor in that Office, Doftor Chrijlopher Wren exaflly copied.” To obferve by the Way. - At the Solemnity of ratifying the Peace between Afomofo, King Charles and Louis XIII. King of France, Sept. 6, 1629, in tire Chapel?- ‘ 75 - of St. George at Windjor, he gave the Oath (as Dean) to the Marquis of Cha/ieauifeuf, the French King’s Ambaflador, and not the Arch-biffiop oi Can¬ terbury, tho’ he was then prefent. It is no ftnall Privilege, that if the Arch- biffiop of Canterbury be prefent at the Chapel of Windjor, yet he fits below She Dean, nor can he conlecrate there without his Licence. In 1633. the King (who after fo many Trials in every Promotion, had found him a moft loyal Subjeft, and an approv'd Son of the Church, born as Hereford, it were, and ordain’d from bis Minority for the Government thereof) con- ferr’d on him the Bijhoprick of Hereford-, the Place of Clerk of the Ciofet ; /vrfcWo/ and a Prebend of Wejhmnffer : and altho’ he did not long enjoy the See Weftminfler. of Hereford, yet in that little Space of Time, he fettled that Church by ac¬ curate and certain Statutes, which betore was govern’d by ufelefs, obiblete, and papiftical Cuftoms. May 14, 1634, he was chofen a Governor of Sutton's-HoJpital, call a the Charter-houfe. T D H f 10 THE LIFE OF /• 1635, fr»»- In 1635, the Bifhoprick of Norwich became void, which at that Time Hat.-a u the required a Prelate no lei's refolute than wife and ikilful ; as it is a large and Norwich. 57 wide Diocefe, and was then fhaken with Schifm, and Fadtion ; therefore from Hereford he was tranflated to Norwich, as the fitted: Man for lb difficult a Province ; where for the Space of two Years and upwards, he detedled the Impoftures, reftrain’d the reftlefs, feditious Endeavours, and broke the Spirits of all refraflory Schifmaticks. Lor,; ciaren- A noble Hiflorian, and others from him relate, “ That in the Diocefe of if ° J “ Norwich, f° paffionately and warmly proceeded againft the diffenting /■•„/. If ,"'74. “ Congregations, that many left the Kingdom, to the leffening the wealthy “ Manufacture there of Kerfeys and narrow Cloaths; and which was worfe, “ tranfporting that Myftery to foreign Parts." But this Defertion of the Norwich Weavers was chiefly procured through the Policy and Management of the Dutch, who wanting that Manufacture (which was improv’d there to a great Perledtion) left no Means unattempted to gain over thefe Weavers to fettle in their Towns, with an Affurance of full Liberty of Confcience, greater Advantages and Privileges than they had obtained in England .—His Lord- fsip’s Zeal for the Service of God in the Church of England ; his Courage and Refolution in putting into Practice impartially the legal Ecclefiaflical Difcipline, in a mold dilTolute, hypocritical Age; his warm Oppofition of the Socinian Doctrine, and Calvinian Party; and his treating the Puritans and Prefbytcrians with a high Hand ; raifed an implacable Hatred againft him, and firft promoted Calumnies and Libels, which were foon follow’d with long and grievous Oppreffions. With the View of him as a Difciplinarian, ’tis believed, the noble Author before quoted, ftiled him of a fevere, fewer Clarendon, Nature ; but, at the fame time, acknowledged him, “ a very learned Mao, l ot. I. p. S3, ! “ °bferved by Bifhop Andrews, and the Bifhop of Ely, [Wren] is the Right; “ and if I could help it, if the King were at Whitehall to-morrow, he fhould “ never prefer any Man in the Church who fought it: And I think, I have “ Reafon to believe the King is of that Mind.” /,, 1636, I n 1636, upon Bifhop fuxton s Advancement to the Preafurer’s Staff, he y.rjt Dea» of fucceeded him as Dean of his Majejly’s Chapel, one of the higheft Dignities 1 °f the Court, becaufe neareft the King: When fuddenly the Diocefe, and | ' Palatinate of Ely, requiring a Man experienced in all Ecclefiaflical Affairs; not ignorant of the Civil Law, and fecular Tranfations ; expert alfo in our Univerfity Statutes and Cuftoms, (all which Accomplilhments in him were concentred) from Norwich he was tranflated to this See, lor which he was fo exactly MATTHEW WREN, D.D. 11 exadly framed and qualified, on the 5th of May 1638, 'where he fat to the Trmjlaicd « Time of his Death. ' Thus by his great Virtues and Abilities, he arrived to this high and ho¬ nourable Preferment, to plentiful and fair Revenues, to the Bofom of a 1110ft gracious Prince, in the mod flourifliing Seafon both of Church and State. If the Nation had underftood itfelf, the Happinefs of that Age had been too great ; God, at that Time, had vouchfafed Bleffings, which could no longer conlift with the Wickednels of an ungrateful People, nor the Allow¬ ance of his injured Goodnefs ; that very Happinefs which corrupted the Na¬ tion, dellroyed it, the Mercies which were abufed, became its Ruin. For fuddenly an unexpended Storm from the North disjointed the whole Body of the Kingdom, and a violent Diftemper feiz'd all the Members of it: wretched Men under the Difguife of Piety and Religion, fhake the very Foun¬ dations and Pillats of the Church ; commit Outrages on all the Bijhaps, but efpecially thofe moft endear’d to the King, deilgning both their and his Ex¬ tirpation ; they ftir up the Multitude ; promote Murmurs and Difcontent ; diffeminate Malice in the People’s Minds, and forge bitter Articles againft them , that the Odium of all might fall on the King. On the 19th of December 1640, the Day after the Impeachment of Arch- Accufatton of bifliop Laud, Mr. Hampden was fent with a Meflage to th e Houfe of Peers acquaint their Lordjhips, that the Commons had received Informations of a very 19 tb Decenb ■high Nature, againft Matthew Wren, Lord Biihop of Ely, for fetting u p^ r ' 6 + 0 - Idolatry and Superftition in divers Places, and ading fome Things of that J, ‘'' vor ' Nature in his own Perfon ; and alfo to fignify, that becaufe they hear of his endeavouring to efcape out of the Kingdom, he was commanded to defire that fome Courfe might be taken for his putting in Security to be forth-coming, and abide the Judgment of Parliament. Thereupon the faid Biihop being com- Cra«io,oool. manded to withdraw, the Lords ordered him to give 10,000 /. Bail; and being his call’d in, he confented thereto, hoping to get Friends to be bound with ‘ He at prefent gave 10,000/. Bond for his daily Appearance ; and on the fol- 23 l6+I ’ four Steps, that the Communion-Table placed Altar-wife, might be feen by the People. II. In the fame Year he order’d, that the Communion-Table, appointed by the Rubrick, to be placed in the Body of the Church, fhould be fet at the Eaft End of the Chancel. III. He in the fame Year enjoin’d, that a Rail fhould be fet about the Table, within which the Minifter only fhould enter, as being too holy for the People; fome of whom, as Daniel Wayman, and others were punifhed for going within it. IV. The more to advance blind Superftition, he in the fame Year, caus’d all the Pews in the Churches to be fo alter’d, that all the People might kneel with their Faces eaflward towards the Communion-Table, fo let Altar-wife. V. In the fame Year he enjoin’d, that after Part of the Morning-Prayer was read in the Defk, the Minifter fhould go to the Table as a more holy Place, and read Part of the Communion-Service, now call'd the fecond Service, tho’ no Communion was to be adminifter’d ; whereby the Con¬ fluences of divers, both Minifters and People, have been grieved, and the Service render’d unprofitable, the People being not able to hear it in that Place. VI. Both he and his Chaplains, and others of the Clergy by his Ex¬ ample, after the Table was fo placed, ufed fo many Bowings and Ado¬ rations towards it, as have given great Scandal to fincere and well affeifted Chriftians. VII. He in the fame Year enjoin’d all Perfons to receive the Sacrament kneeling at the faid Rail, and that Minifters fhould not give the Communion otherwife; which cauled many good People, for fear of Idolatry, to avoid it, who yet were excommunicated for not receiving. VIII. In the fame Year he enjoined, that there fhould be no Sermons on the Lord’s-Days in the Afternoons, or Week-Days, without his Licence, and that there fhould be no Catechifing, befides fuch Queftions and Anlwers as are contain'd in the Common-Prayer, not allowing the Minifters to explain the fame to the Auditors. And the more to confirm the People in pro¬ faning the Lord's-Day, he enjoin’d the Minifters to read publickly in the Churches a Book allowing Sports on it ; for not doing which, feveral were fufpended by him, as Mr. William Leigh, &c. and fome depriv’d, as Mr. Je¬ remy Burroughs and others. IX. There having been formerly different ringing of Bells, when there was a Sermon, from what was ufed when there were only Prayers, he to hinder the People’s Edification, order’d, in the fame Year, that this Difference fhould be left off. X. Whereas many godly Minifters, to prevent unworthy receiving the Lord’s-Supper, ufed to preach a Preparation Sermon two or three Days before the Communion, he prohibited the Minifters of his Diocel'e doing it anv longer. XI. Endeavouring to lupprefs the Power and Efficacy of Prayer, he in the fame Year enjoin’d, that no Minifter fhould pray before Sermon, but only move the People to pray in the Words of the 50th Canon, which is not warranted by Law ; and when he has been where the Preacher did pray, he ufed to difcountenance the fame, by fitting on his Seat without anv Re¬ verence. E XII. THE LIFE OF XII. The more to alienate the People’s Hearts from hearing of Sermons, lie, in the faid Year, commanded all Minifters to preach in their Hood and Surplice, a Thing not ufed before in the Diocefe; and caufed Prayers to be omitted two Lord’s-Days in the Church of Knatjhall , for want of a Surplice. XIII. During his being Bifhop of Norwich , which was about two Years and four Months, he caufed fifty godly Minifters to be excommunicated, fufpended, or depriv’d, for not reading the Service at the Communion-Table; for not reading the Book of Sports; for ufing conceiv’d Prayers, and for not complying with fome other illegal Innovations, to the Ruin of their Families, whereby fome of them were forced to go beyond Sea. XIV. He by unlawful and vexatious Ways, forc’d the Pariflies within his Diocefe to contribute to the unneceffary Expences of railing their Chancels, railing in the Communion-Table, (Sc. XV. He feveral Ways molefted, and vex’d many of his Majefty’s Subjeds, by Fees, Excommunications, Penances, and other Cenl'ures, for not coming up to, and kneeling at the Rail in receiving the Communion; for not ftanding up at the Gofpel, (Sc. XVI. By rigorous Profecutions, (Sc. he caufed 3000 of the King’s Sub¬ jeds (many of whom ufing Trades, employ’d 100 poor People each) to go into Holland, and other Places beyond Sea, where they have fet up, and taught the Manufadures, to the great Hindrance of Trade, and empoverilhing the People of this Kingdom. XVII. Finding the People diflike his Innovations, he often publickly faid, he introduced them by the King’s Command, and thereby endeavour’d to raife an ill Opinion of his Majefty in the Hearts of his Subjects. XVIII. He in the fame Year 1636, in a Church at Ipfwich, ufed idola¬ trous Addons in adminiftering the Lord’s-Supper, confecrating the Bread and Wine with his Face towards the Eaft, and his Back towards the People, elevating them fo high, that they might be feen above his Shoulders, and bowing low either to or before them, when fet down on the Table. XIX. To manifeft his Popifh Affedions, he in the fame Year, caus’d a Crucifix to be engraven on his Epifcopal Seal. XX. He has employ’d fuch Men for his Commiffioners, (Sc. as he knew to be affeded towards his Popifh Superftitions, and unfound in Judgment and Pradice. XXI. He has by filling up Vacancies with his own Chaplains, (Sc. much opprelYd feveral Patrons, conftraining them by chargeable Suits to recover their own Rights, and that l'ometimes when he had promifed the contrary in verbo Sacerdotis. XXII. He enjoin’d Penance to feveral Church-Wardens for not prefenting, according to a Book of Articles (many of which were ridiculous) fram’d by him for increafing the Profits of his Vifitations ; which Church-Wardens were forced to have their Prefentments written by Clerks appointed for that End, who exaded extravagant Rates for them, to the grievous Oppreffion of his Majefty’s poor Subjeds. XXIII. He by divers violent Means forced the Inhabitants of Norwich to pay two Shillings in the Pound of their Rents as Tithes, contrary to the Laws of the Realm, and the antient Ulage of that City. XXIV. He affum’d an arbitrary Power to compel the People of his Diocefe to pay excefiive Wages to Parifh-Clerks, threatning to profecute fuch as re¬ fus’d in the High Commiffion-Court. To thefe Mifdemeanors the Commons pray’d the faid Matthew Wren , now Bifhop of Ely , might anfwer, and receive fuch Punifhment as Law and Ju- ftice requires. The D. D. 15 MATTHEW W R E N, The Biihop, after all this Violence, was never brought to a Trial, for Rea- fons beft known to his Prolecutors ; fo that the noble Defence he had pre¬ par’d for himl'elf was not made publick ; however, here fome few Remarks may be made on the Articles againft him, recited chiefly from the Anfwer j occalionally given by Arch-bifliop Laud, whole Cafe was much the fame.- The Speech of Sir Thomas Widdrington to the Lords , on the Tranlmiffion of the Impeachment (which is fubjoin’d) in another Place difplays in fome Mea- fure, the Spirit of Puritanifm, with the fantaftical, canting Oratory, fo much in Vogue at the Bar and Pulpit, in thole Times of Hypocrify, Fadtion, and Schifrn. The Subftance of this preceding Charge , feems to have been taken from Some olfer- Mr. Pry tin's Libel againft the Bifhop, when in the See of Norwich , intitled, News from Ipfwich. _ « g ahfi Bifiop The putting the Laws in Execution, and nothing but what was warrantable Wren, amt in by Law, againft Preachers of Schil'm and Sedition (who contended with Obftinacy and affebted Sandlity, to feduce the People from the orthodox Re- r,on. ligion eftablifh’d in England, and to withdraw the Hearts of the Subjedts from their Love and Allegiance to their Sovereign) was, in the Language of thofe Times interpreted, the perfecuting godly , painful Minifters ; reftrain- ing powerful Preaching, and the advancing of Popery and Superftition. But what gave moft grievous Offence to the Puritans and Sedfaries, was the placing the Communion-Table Altar-wife, inclofng it with a Rail-, kneeling s, c Article and bowing before the fame ; which in their Senle, was to advance and ujher in Popery and Superftition. To this Arch-bifhop Laud in his excellent Speech j ane t6,i657. in the Star-Chamber, made Anfwer, “ That it is no Popery to fet a Rail to £“ / (h £ or ‘ h ’' I “ keep Profanation from that Holy Table, nor is it any Innovation to place g ol fff .’ “ it at the upper End of the Chancel as the Altar flood. And this appears pmdix, p. « both by the Pradtice, and by the Command and Canon of the Church of 116 - “ England. “ Firft, by the Pradtice of the Church of England. For in the King’s Royal P. 127. Chapels, and divers Cathedrals, the Holy Table hath ever fince the Refor- “ mation flood at the upper End of the Choir, with the large or full Side “ towards the People. “ And though it flood in moft Parifh Churches the other Way, yet whe- “ ther there be not more Reafon, the Parifh Churches fhould be made con- “ formable to the Cathedral and Mother Churches, than the Cathedrals to “ them, I leave to any reafonable Man to judge. “ And yet here is nothing done either by Violence or Command, to take P. n8. « off the Indifferency of the ftanding of the Holy Table either Way, but “ only by laying it fairly before Men, how fit it is there fhould be Order and “ Uniformity ; J fay, ftill referving the Indifferency of the ftanding. “ But howfoever, I would fain know, how any difereet moderate Man « dare fay, that the placing the Holy Table Altar-wife (fince they will needs “ call it lb) is done either to advance or ufher in Popery ? For did Queen Eli- “ zabeth banifti Popery, and yet did (lie all along her Reign from firft to laft, (t leave the Communion-Table fo ftanding in her own Chapel Royal in St. << Paul's and IVeftminfter, and other Places; and all this of Purpofe to advance “ or ufher in that Popery which fhe had driven out ? “ And fince her Death, have two gracious Kings kept out Popery all their “ Times, and yet left the Holy Table ftanding, as it. did in the Queen s “ Time, and all of Purpofe to advance or ufher in Popery which they kept “ out ? “ Or, what is the Matter ? May the holy Table (land this Way in the “ King’s Chapel, or Cathedrals, or Bifhops Chapels, and not elfewhere ? _ f j ' !6 THE LIFE OF 11 Surely, if it be decent and fit for God’s Service, it may ftand fo (if Autho- “ rity pleafe) in any Church : But if it advance, or ulher in any Superftition “ and Popery, it ought to ftand fo in none. Nor hath any King’s Chapel << any Prerogative (if that may be call’d one) above any ordinary Church to « difierve God in, by any fuperftitious Rites. “ Secondly , this appears by the Canon, or Rule of the Church of England “ too, for it is plain in the laft Injunction of the Queen ; that the holy Table “ ought to ftand at the upper End of the Choir, North and South, or Altar- “ wife ; for the Words of the Queen’s Injunctions are thefe :- The holy “ 1 table in emery Church (mark it, I pray, not in the Royal Chapel, or Cathe- “ drals only, but in every Church) fall be decently made, and Jet in the Place “ where the Altar flood. Now the Altar flood at the upper End of the Choir, « North and South, as appears before by the Practice of the Church. And << there to fet it ocherwife, is to fet it crofs the Place, not in the Place where “ the Altar flood : And fo Jlulti dum vitant vitia, weak Men run into one “ Superftition, while they would avoid another; for they run upon the Su- « perftition of the Crofs, while they feek to avoid the Superftition of the “ Altar. So you fee, here is neither Popery nor Innovation in all the Pradtice “ of Queen Elizabeth, or fince. Rudiworth, “ And once more, before I leave the Holy Table, Name, and Thing, give me t- 1=9. ic ] eave t0 p ut y 0 u in Mind, that there is no Danger at all in the Altar, Name, “ or Thing. For, at the Beginning of the Reformation, though there was “ a Law for the taking down of the Altars, and fetting up of Holy Tables in E gracioufly pleas’d to pardon this Stay, that we, the leaft and “ I) meaneft Motes in the Firmament of your Majefty’s Government, p art “ fhould thus dare to caufe you (our bright and glorious Sun) to Hand; give II. p. 187. “ us Leave, who are the Members of this ancient and decay’d City, to make “ known unto your Majefty (even our Sun itfelf) where the Sun now “ Hands, In the City of York. ‘‘ Which (like an ill-drawn Pidure) needs a Name: A Place fo unlike it e m from tlie Houfe of Commons, for burning ot an Inftru- " “ inent or Writing, call’d the folemn League and Covenant, by the Hand of “ the common Hangman; do order, that the fame Inftrument or Writing, “ call’d the folemn League and Covenant , be burned by the Hand of tire com- “ mon Hangman, in she. new Palace-yard at IVejlmlnjler ; in Cheapfidc ; and “ before the Old Exchange, on JVednefday the 22ft of this Inftant, May : << And that the faid Covenant be forthwith taken off the Record in the Houfe « of Peers, and in all other Courts and Places, where the fame is recorded; “ and that all Copies thereof be taken down out of all Churches, Chapels, “ and orher Places within England, and Wales, and the Town of Berwick “ upon Tweed, where the fame are fet up.-Printed by Order of the Houfe “ of Lords, 1661.” But, previous to this happy Occurrence, (whilft the Bfhop^ was wholly de¬ dicating himfelf to the Service of God, and his King) the Yoke of Tyranny began to fit loofe ; and the new Models of the upftart Politicians to faint and faitafunder; and all thofe happy Things were accomplifh’d, which he had fram’d and fafliion’d in his Thoughts ; which he alone had Prudence to forefee, and Courage to hope for. Whilft impudent and wicked Men highly confeious of their own defperate Exploits, refledt at laft, upon what they had for¬ merly committed, and feem to be aftiam’d of their Share in Villainy, the I reverend THE LIFE OF Whitlock'* Memoirs, p 700 . Vid. Regiji. ep. Elitnf. Bijhop Ken¬ neth Regijicr b 885. Said to be Mr, Rogers. reverend Prelate is fo fuddenly and unexpedledly fnatch’d out of Prifon, that of all thofe Changes which had been brought about, his own Free¬ dom was the only Thing that had efcaped his Forefight; and that he might the rather hold himfelt obliged to own this as a divine Indulgence; ’tis very obfervable, that he came out of the Tower of London, that very Day whereon before he had confecrated St. Peter's Chapel in Cambridge. -. The fecluded Members of the Long-Parliament being reftor’d to their Seats in the Houfe (Feb. 21, 1659-60.) that great Step towards the Settlement of the Peace of the Nation ; among the firft Tranladtions of Moment, which were the apparent Dawnings of a glorious Change,—It was order’d March the 15th following, that Dr. Wren, Bijhop of Ely, be difchas-ged of his Im- prij'onment ; and that the Lieutenant of the Tower of London be, and is hereby requir'd to difebarge him accordingly. Yet was he not for all this admitted to his own Palace, but expos'd to an uncertain and hired Habitation, and feem’d rather to enjoy an Inlarge- ment than a Reftoradon, till King Charles the Hd, whole Return was the great Defire, whofe Appearance was the lolid Joy of all loyal Hearts, came armed with Majefty and Power, and fat down upon his Father's Throne. In the Beginning of the great Rebellion and Confupons, leveral Pcrfons con¬ tinu'd to make a regular Prefentation of their Clerks to the Bifhop of the Dio- cele : and the Bilhop gave them Inftitution, though without Power of giving them Pofleffion. Inftanced in the Diocefe of Ely, even while the Bifop was a Prifoner in the Tower of London. From the Regifter of Bifhop Wren, of Ely, for the firft three Years follow¬ ing the Rejioration, we know feveral Matters of Fail relating to Patrons, Clerks, and Benefices, of Angular Ufe and Application, in the Knowledge of Things, and Times, and Men. And one Particular will appear, that there were but very few of the Parochial Clergy, depriv’d within this Dio¬ cefe in 1662, for not fubmittirrg to the Adt of Uniformity, though more of the old legal Incumbents had been fequeftred about the Year 1644, than in Proportion within any other Diocefe ; (this being one of the alfociated Countries) under the early pretended Reformation made by the then pre¬ vailing Powers: and though the Zeal of this Bifop was diftinguifh'd above all his Brethren in purging his Diocefe from difaffedted Minifters, a Zeal that was apt to carry him beyond the Bounds of the Law. There is at leaft one Inftance of it in the Cafe of the Redlory of Leverington In the Ifle of Ely, which had been fome Years poffefs’d by a worthy Perfon, Mr. Richard Reynolds , M. A. who having been epilcopally ordain’d, and having no l’urviving PredecefTor, and conforming to the Adi, had a lawful Title to it; and yet the Bifhop not liking the Man, becaufe he had come in without his Patronage, gave a new Collation, Feb. 9, 1662. to Mr. John Randolph, M. A. who being denied Admittance, commenced a Suit againfl: Mr. Reynolds, who in the Iffue obtain’d an Evidtion of his rightful Title: in the mean time he got a Friend to complain to the King of the needlefs and chargeable Vexation given to him; and his Majefty was fo gracious as to fpeak to the Bifhop to give no farther Difturbance : but his Lordfhip was fo un¬ yielding, as to infift upon defending the Rights of his See ; and when the King feem’d to expedt to be obey’d, the Biihop bluntly faid, Sir, I know the Way to the Tower ; wherein his former long Confinement, and his now de¬ clining Years might be fome Apology for his hafty Humour. Little Credit can reafonably be given to the laft Particular in this Relation, and lefs to the following Story tack’d to it and recited by the fame ColleSlor, _And this might make the Story more probable, that a Gentleman of “ good 3 1 MATTHEW WREN, D. D. good Reputation, (a Church-royalift) who held an Eftate by Leafe from this See, and had fo much Honour as to pay the Bifhop his referv’d Rent during all his Lordfhip’s Sufferings ; outliving the Ufurpation, and having one Life in the Eftate remaining, he waited on his Lordfhip to treat for filling up the Lives, decently intimating, that he had been a good Tenant in the word Times, and perhaps the only one, who had duly paid his Rent, while his Lordlhip had no Power to demand it; for which he hoped to be made the more eafy in a new Leafe. But the Bifhop (it is faid) chid him for feeking to be paid for what he ought to have done out of pure Confcience, and would make no Abatement of the full Fine he requir’d. “ Weak Men “ betray their Rights, and wife Men are fometimes too jealous and tenacious “ of them.” Although in general the whole Tenor of his Lord/hip’s Life, fo exem¬ plary for great Benefaflions, and always guided by a moft generous public Spirit, is fufficient to refute all Detradtions, efpecially Tales that have no other Foundation but a bare Heaifay; and as ’tis faid. Two particular Teftimo- nies, however of his Moderation, and Benevolence, clear of all felfifti private Views, may, not improperly be here noted; the firft taken from Bifhop Pearfon’s Oration at his Lordjhip’s Funeral; the other from the Appendix to the PnWLond. Life of Dr. Barwick, among the Letters of Lord Chancellor Hyde, viz. ‘7 a 4- “ Neque verb families fuce , qua tantopere recreabatur, nimiiim profpexit, “ pari et in hdc exornanda continentite Jluduit. Non , ad earn ditandam, aliena “ involavit, non omnia quce ad ipfum pertinebant arripuit: Juccejjoribus, ex in- “ duftria, non fpicilegium, fed pmplam mejjem reliquit. Epifcopatus Herefordenf. Memorandum , N". XXXVII. “ There is an impropriate Redtory, the Name of the Place I know not, of Aft<*£* « “ three hundred Pounds per Annum , belonging to the Bifhop of Hereford, “ within four Miles of that City, with a very good Houfe upon it, which 54s. ’ ^ “ wa s let for Lives ; and there was but one Life in being, when the now z>r. Matthew “ Bifhop of Ely, was Bifhop there-, and though his Lordfhip was proffer’d a Wren > “ thoufand Marks, and believes he might have had a thoufand Pounds to re-°£^ r ^ d ’ “ new the Leafe, yet he refufed it, on Purpofe that it might be referv’d in 1634 ct Demefne to the Bifhop for the Time to come,; and accordingly he gave “ his late Majefty an Account of it, who very much approv’d of what he Dr. Theo- “ had done, and gave Command to Bifhop Field, and Bifhop Cooke fucceffive- philus Field, “ ly not to renew it ; fo that in Probability it is new clearly expir’d, and may^'"^^” “ be a good Improvement to that Bifhoprick.” thlrtd 1635. The noted William Prynne, a ftigmatized Prefbyterian, a bufy, pragmatical, Athena: reftlefs Man, and an inveterate Enemy againft the Hierarchy of Bifhops, 0xon T 3■ >• wrote a fcandalous Libel, fuiting the Uncharitablenefs of thofe feditious Vv ''-“ a:T< Times, entitled, News from Ipfwich ; printed three Times in 1636, and another Time in 1641, intended chiefly againft Debtor Wren, when Bifhop Wren, Id of Norwich, w'ho had taken up his Dwelling in that Town: and fell fcandaloully foul on the Archbifhop himfelf, and fome of the other Bifhops alfo, and fuch as adted under them. For therein he defcanted very trimly avcl Court - (as he conceiv’d) on the Archbifhop himfelf, with his Arch-Piety, Arch- Hi: F ’ a 'J h - Charity, Arch-Agent for the Devil, &c. with like Reproach he fell on the Bifhops ; generally calling them Luciferian herds * Bifhops, execrable Traitors, devouring Wolves, &c. with many other odious Names not fit to be ufed by a Chriftian, and more particularly on Bifhop Wren ; and yet this very Man, who by his numerous vile Writings, efpecially his Hijtrio- maflix Rufhworth, Pert II. V'.i l. p. 381 September, 1060. THE LIFE OF nnt/lix had difgraced the Nation. defamed the Church, Difcipline, and Mem¬ bers thereof, diihonour'd the King and Queen, reproach d the Court, with tome Things that were thought to be tending to the Deftrudtion of his Ma- je/fa's Perfon; and thereupon had been juftly fentenced to Fine, Pillory, and Imprifonment ; was, in the Year 1641, by an Order of the Blejfed Houfe of Commons, (as it was call’d by the godly Party) releas'd from his Prifon, and on his Journey back to ‘Town met and carreis'd by Multitudes in feveral Parts of England, and brought triumphantly into London ; to the great Defiance and Contempt of Authority and Juftice. ' At length, this fnarling Zealot, when it was too late, and that he had feen fully to what great Woe, Mifery, and Confuiion, the godly Party had brought the King and the Nation, did heartily repent, and wifhed that when they had cut off his Ears, they had cut off his Head ; in the End, to make fame Attonement for his former Crimes, he be¬ came in fome Manner, inftrumental in the moft happy Rejloration. John Lilburne , and John Warton , the two Printers and Publishers of Mr. Prynne’% feditious libel above cited, call'd, News from Ipfwich ; were deferved- ly punifh'd by Cenfure in the Star-Chamber , upon Information prefert'd in that high Court by the King’s Attorney-General. The barbarous Invedtivcs of the two other great Incendiaries of the 'time. Dr. Bajlwick, and Mr. Burton , were all of a Piece with the Malice and Venom of Prynne, againft the Hierarchy of the Church, wherein the Arch- bifhop, and Bifhop of" Ely , were principally pointed at. Dr. Bajlwick, in his Anlwer'to the Charge againft him in (he, Star-Chamber, has thele abominable Paflages. “ That the Prelates were Invaders of the King’s Prerogative-Royal, “ Contemners and Defpifers of the whole Scriptures, Advancers of Popery, “ Superftition, Idolatry, and Prophanenefs ; alfo, that they abus’d the King's “ Authority to the Oppreffion of his loyal Subjedls, and therein exprefs’d " great Cruelty, Tyranny, and Injuftice; and in the Execution of this itn- “ pious Performance, they Chew’d neither Wit, Honefty, nor Temperature; “ nor were they either Servants of God, or of the King, (as they ought to “ be indeed) but of the Devil, being Enemies of God and the King, and of “ every living Thing that was good ; all which he declar d he was ready to “ maintain.” For thele, and the like horrid Defamations and Slanders, the three Delinquents, Prynne , Bajlwick , and Burton, were fentenced by the Court, confident with Law and Juftice, though fome mifguid'ed People thought with too much Rigour ; and, as an additional Mark on Prynne, more than the others, it was decreed, that he (hould be ftigmatiz’d on both Cheeks with S. L. fignifying a feditious Libeller. It was very happy for this Man, that he liv'd to repent publickly, (and it is to be hop’d fincerely) his feditious and rebellious Pradlices, and to fee an End of the moft abject Slavery and Diftrefs of his Country, in a miraculous Deliverance, by the blefled Rejloration. Upon the glorious Scene and Alteration of Affairs in Church and State, by the long wifh'd for Return of the King, the Bifhop of Ely, with the * Eight other furviving Prelates (who had out-liv’d the Perfecution and Confufion of the Times) were rellor’d ; but no Man’s Reftitution feem’d of fo great Im¬ portance as his ; for, into his Breaft (he Church of England betook herfelf, as to the only Man that bad Skill and Courage to repair and reinforce her * Upon a Refoiution of filling op the vacant Sees, there was deliver’d to his Majefiy this Lift of the nine furviving Prelates who had outliv’d the Perfecution and Confufion of the Times. Dr. JVilliam Juxon, Bifhop oi London , Dr. JVilliam Piers, Bifhop cf Bath and Wells ; Dr. Alatthevi IVren, Bifhop of Ely ; Dr. Robert Skinner, Bifhop of Oxford; Dr. William Roberts, Biihop of Bangor; Dr. John Warner, Biihop of Rochefier; Dr. Brian Duppa, Biihop of Sarum; Dr. Henry King, Biihop of Chit'rjler ; Dr. Accepted Frewen , Biihop of Litchfield and Coventry. Bifhop Kenneth Regifter, p, 252. difufed diluted, and reeling forgotten Difcipline. When therefore he was courted bv the ’higheft Preferments; and the Concerns of the Church could not well be manag’d by a lefs Wifdom and Authority than his, even then he was void of all ambitious Thoughts ; he fought not Advancement but Reftora- tion ■ contented to recover, reftrain, and die in his own former Dignity. In the greateft Affluence of Profperity and Plenty, he gave no Way to Pleafure, but ftudy’d and pradtis’d the higheft Degrees of Temperance and Anxiety ; he drank no Wine for almoft twenty Years, (except that of the facred Chalice,) and would eat on no other than a wooden Trencher; he perfever’d to ma¬ cerate his Body with Abftinence and Faffing, indulgent enough to others, fevere to none but himfelf, as if he had been weary of this Life, and made hafte to Eternity. Nor though his own Family was moft dear to him, did he ever exceed the Bounds of his ufual Moderation in providing for it ; he caught not at other Mens Eftates to augment his own, but many Times re¬ ceded from his lawful Rights ; and particularly to his Succeffor, left not fome few Gleanings, but a large Harveft of Fines. The firft Money he re¬ ceiv’d after his Reftitution, he beftow’d on Pembroke-Hall, and to the Ho¬ nour of Almighty God, to whofe Service he had wholly devoted himfelf; for the Ornament of the Unherfity, which he always affedled with a fervent and paffionate Love; and in a grateful Remembrance of his firft Education, which was in that Place receiv’d, and thankfully acknowledg’d, he built that moft elegant Chapel there, at the Expence of above fine Tboufand Pounds, compleat- Iy finifh’d, and endow’d it with perpetual Revenues for Repairs. This, how¬ ever noble and magnificent, is the leaft of thole Monuments he hath left to Pofterity. It is not to be forgotten, that the only bodily Exercife he could obtain, during his long Imprifonment, and which in fome Degree might conduce to his Health, was in walking on the Leads of the Tower, (by the Connivance of his Warder) where, upon a juft Computation, he walked round the World. . . “ The Earth is affirm’d by the beft Writers to be 21,600 Miles in Com- Heylen’r “ pafs, which is demonftrable enough : For being there are in every of the Geagrafhj, t “ greater Circles 360 Degrees, every Degree being reckon’d at 60 Miles; let 22 ' cc ,6 0 be multiplied by 60, and the ProduB will be 21600, as before is “ laid. So that, if it were poffible to make a Path round about the Earth, cc an able Footman going conftantly 24 Miles a Day,.would compafs it in “ 000 Days ; and fo in Proportion of Time and Miles.” A remarkable Inftance (among the many) fhould not be paffed over in Silence, of his Magnanimity, Refolution, and Contempt of Adverfity; which may convey a further Idea of his Character. Some Space before the Deceafe of Oliver Cromwell, Mr. Chriftophcr Wren, (only Son of Dr. Chri- ftopher Wren, and Nephew of the Bifbop of Ely,) became acquainted with 'Mr. Claypole’ who married the Ufurper’s favourite Daughter. This Gen¬ tleman being a Lover of Mathematicks, had conceiv’d a great Efteem^for him, and took alfOccafions to cultivate his Friendfhip, and to court his Conven¬ tion, particularly by frequent Invitations to his Houle, and Table ; it hap¬ pened upon one of thefe Invitations, that Cromwell came into the Company as they fat at Dinner, and without any Ceremony, (as his ufual Way was in his own Family) took his Place; after a little I ime, fixing his Ey-s on Mr. Wren, “ Tour Uncle (fays he) has been long confin'd in the Power:’—" He has cc fo ’sir, but bears his Afflidlions with great Patience and Refignaticn.”— cc jj e m ay come out if he will."— Will your Highnefs (fo he was called) per- n full Liberty; to whom I pray prefent my humble Service. The “ Truth is, I have little Hope of the Bufinefs of the Church, but by his be- “ ing at Liberty; and therefore, I hope he will make no Scruple of accept- “ ing it, if it be offer’d, or if it can be reafonably obtain’d. Hyde. SIR, Breda, April 22, 1660. “ |r T" < H E King knows not what to fay more of the Bufinefs of the p. 522 ; “ Jl Church, and prefumes that my Lord of Ely, and the Bifhop of 3 “ Salijbury will be able to make a Judgment how Things are like to fucceed, “ and proceed accordingly.” Hyde. The Form of Prayer, and Thankfgiving for the 29 tb of May, was intro -Appendix^ duced to the Convocation by the Lord Bilhop of Ely. A "&- Die fabbati, Maij 18, 1661, dominus Elienjis epifcopus introduxit preces de BiJiopKm- et fuper nativitate domini nojlri regie et rejlauratione fud. net '< Regifl. t- 449 - Numb. II. Oratio habita Cantabrigise, in capella Pembrochiana, ad exe-^ OT .667. quias reverendi admodam in Chrifto patris MATTHrEi Wren epilcopi Elienfis. Per Johannem Pearson, S. T. P. et Coll. Trin. magiftrum Reverendiffime domine, demine procancellarie; nobilijjimi juvenes; viri orna - tijjimi fpedlatiffimique. Cl unquam mihi in ullo reipublicce liter aria negotio exoptandumfuit ut/elicitcr cederet, et officio aufpicate fufcepto eventus refponderet, certe hoc potiffimum tempore votis omnibus expetendum videtur, ut digna nobis, digna prafule con- tingat oratio: ne vel academia exijlimatio, vel ecclefice honos et dignitas , aut animi mei imbecillitate, aut verborum penuria, aut injinnitate judicii evi- lefcat. Neque enim haBenlts. ampliffimo hide artium domicilio quod habitamus, jujlior fife effierendi occaj'm indulta ejl, neque religionis quam colimus illuffirior unquam fplsndor emicuit, quam in ejus antijlitis vita, rebufque gejlis, ac varietate for- tunee, cujus exequias funebri Jolemnitate celebramus : in quo uno viro, ft hac mu- farum fedes, quicquid honefium, nobile, gjoriofum ofiendere potuit, non exhibuit ; in quo, fi jama ab omnibus meritiffimb elicit a, extorta, ad nos non maxima redun - davit, de honore Uteris vendicanao in ceternum plane defperandum ejl. Afpjcite facras infulas vobis quaji in lycao ante oculospofitas, cogitate hac epif- copatus injignia, tanquam trophaea ad Athenas reduBa, fedpreecipue Mattheeum prafulem vejlrum animo memoriaque recolite, cujus feretrum non magis manifeffii hcec ornamenta gejlavit fujlentavitque, quam ipfe diem viveret faerum ilium or- dinem dignitatemque fuffiuicivit, excoluit, ornavit. Erit THE LIFE OF Erit igitur opera pretium, (viri graviffimi) ct vcbis grata cogitations re¬ volvers, et mihi luculenta orationis Jilo exphcare, quibus aufpiciis confummatif- fima quaque agreffus ejl ; quibus gradibus afcenderit, per quas ambages et diver¬ ticula tranfierit ; lit ejus veftigia legentes, illius exemplo auch, illius virtutibus ornati, tantum ducem fequi difcamus, et ad tam ardua, tamque praclara an- ■helemus. Ut familiam mire antiquam ac fatis nobilem, cateraque qua in exemplum trabi minus pojjunt, prateream ; ad academiam acccjjit fumma fpei juvenis, nec vul¬ gar,i expeblatione , aut aliorum more mi [Jus ; fed (quod JeliciJjimi ominis fait) d Lancelotto Andrewifio laudatijjimo hujus aula prapojito expetitus, accerjitus, ad¬ duct us : illius fnanu in hoc feraci epifcoporum folo primulum pofitus. Ulus curd diligenter obfervatus , confdiis perpetim infiruBus, favore pertinaci excitatus, bonarum liter arum Jludiis totum fe dedit , per pet ids vigi/iis animum excoluit, cor¬ pus maceravit, attrivit, exhaufit. Brevi, artium linguarumque infigni peritid notijjimus, publicis academia mu- niis, exercitiifque fumma cum laude perfunctus, ritus religiojjim'e obfervabat, difciplinam acerrrimb exercuit, privilegia gravijjime tuebatur, tamque altuiii ammo harum fedium amorem concepit ac Jixit, ut non cetatis longinquitas, non i'ni- quitas temporum, aut obliterare, aut diminucre potuerit. Poftquam omnibus humanioribus literis, liberalijjimifque Jludiis eruditus, ex- chltus, et perpolitus evaferat ; iota mente, atque omni animi impetu in ecclefeam incubuit. Et fane eximia acerrimaque ingenia, hominefque omni doctrine? ge- nere , et illujlris cujufdam notes dotibus maxims Jlorentes, theologia quafi jure fuo Jibi vendicat; neque emm melius omnes animi vires, quam in pietate excolendd, in cultu Dei exornando, in rebus divinis cclebrandis, exerceri, et impendi pof- fant. Dum in his verfatur vir, rard confpiratione et doBijfimus, et pientijjimus, et ad promovendos academia fines et ecclefia par iter intent us ; quamvis inter hos parietes quos tanto-pere coluit, delitefcere videretur, aut Lancelotto fuo fidifjime obfe- quentiJJimeque adharefeeret, in fumma expeblatione efe ccepit: nihil erat tantum x quod non ab illo perfici atque obtineri pojfe omnes judicabant. ^ Neque perfpicacem JapientiJfimi regis Jacobi cculum latere potuit, ad erat ante, vel ex fubfelliis nofiris fatis cognitus atque pcrJpcBus: quare co temporis ar- ticulo, quo familia principis verum ecclefiee Anglicance, et exploratijfimce fidei filiumpofiularet, hunc potiJJimum fud Jponte, et ex judicio froprio (hoc ejl maxi mo) d facris Carolo fuo ajjignavit: cui rei hie etiam honoris cumulus accejft, quod tam fecreto gefa Jit, ut in dubio relinqueretur, an darct ur a rege, an peteretur a principe ; qua dubitatio adhuc etiam felicijfme nuclei ef, quod utrique paritcr earns ejfet: ct in illo fecreto, hoc ccrte apertum ct perfpicuum fuit, quod majori arcano praluderet. Ecce enim alts infedit animo prudentijfmi regis rei-gerendee certijfmum con- filium, quee toti ferrarum orbi, cum ageretur, miraculo fuit , et pojtquam gejla ef, fortaffe nunquam deferit: add Jatigantur et caligant hominum ingenia, qui arcana principum ritnari, et pubheorum negotiorum caufas dijcuterc, ac rati ones pernofeere fatagunt, ambiuntque. Statutum ejl regum folertiffmo, filium uni cum , regni triplicis hceredem, pa- ternce families fipem, ei folatium Carolum, in did gent ifind patris diletdiffimam prolem, in oras HiJ'panice mittere■ prudentijjimce occultorum confiliorum gent:, nobis haSieniis ex verfutid, J'uperbid, et diuturnd inimicitid notes ; non exercitu cinBum, non claffe armatum, (quali apparatu Angli Hifpanos peters folebant) concredere, et eorum fidei fatis fufipecla, fud tantum prudentia muni turn ccm- mittere. Cum igitur Matthceus veficr optimo principi in negotio periculofijjimo, d facris (dixerim an d fecretis?) ejfet: (ubi enim Vera pietas radices egitet peffiis hand fad 4 * MATTHEW WREN, D. D. fidid religione penitits imbutum ejl ■ heec, apud alios tam late difcrepantla, ant nihil ant pariim dijferunt.) 'Turn verb religionis noftra fundamenta tam diferte ubique explicavit, ner- vofeque defendit, et nodos ab eccle/iajlicis viris, ad res principis implicandas ncxos, tanto cum acumine privatim dijjohit, at nec ullis aliis artibus reditus principis ad patrem magis aperte patuerit. Cizteriim fi ullo indicio, (viri graviftimi) reputare cupiamus, quanta academics noftree ilia tempeftate aftimatio fuit, non aliunde conjedluram faciendum rear, qudm quod earn tam ardenter deperiret, ut hue a reduce principe convolaret: Carolus tanta curd dignatus, tanta indulgentia profecutus fit, out ad earn ernandam a fuo quafi latere, Matthceum dimitteret. Prcetereo beneftcii opimitatem, qua Jlatun remuneratus ; preebendee dignitatem qua ornatus ; ad collegii divini Petri gubernacula admotus potius quam ereclus, cum focios omnes moderations animi atque imperii ad fummam concordiam per- traxiffet, juventutem ad Jtudia bonarum literarum excitaftet ; nova etiam cedi- ficia extruxijjet; archiva collegii blattis et tineis erepta, excuffo pidvere, J'ummd indujlrid in luculentum ordinem redegiffet ; videretque pietaiis ojffcia, ob de¬ fect um facrorum in fmu collegii conventuum, et emendicatam quandam Deo fer- viendi extra potnaria licentiam minus decore peragi : quod proprio fumptu tunc temporis ejficere non potuit, alieno impendio, fed fud apud bonos authoritate, ca- pellam extrui et ornari curavit. Pro-canceltarius faclus, difeiplinam collapfam reflituit, omnes in officio con- tinuit, academiam itfam docuit ut fe tandem aliquando intelligeret. Verum enitn verb fereniffimus rex ferre non potuit, ut diu d fe abefffet, et in academico pulvere decertaret ; quare privati oratorii clericum adfeivit, et ca- pellcz fuce apud tVindforam decanum preefecit ; v.bi non tantum ojfciis divinis ut rite et decore fierent, fed etiam fummee hujus imperii dignitati utque fplendori, ffqui in clarijffmce peri/celidis or dine confiftit) inferviret ; quem non tantum infigni gravitate, prudentid, authoritate, rexit ; fed feriptis accuratijftme perpolitis ornavit, et locum amplifffmum fratri, exemplum pojleris omnibus reliquit. Cum enim eum ad publicum eccleffce regimen quaff natum et comparatum, non jam conjediura rex profpiceret, fed omnibus experimentis probe perfpcdlum ha- beret, Herefordenfi epifeopatui admovit ; quem vix attigiffe crederetis, niff bre- viffimo illo temporis fpatio, eccleffam, aut ambiguis, aut mutilibus, aut authori- tatis nullius Jlatutis fludluantem, certis ac definitis Jlatuminaffet, accuratis et elegantibus orndfjet. Ecce Norwicenffs dieveefis fedes vacua, larga quidem ilia ac patens, fchifmate etiam quaffata atque dirupta, gnarum, prudentem, fortem, confultum prcefulem efflagitabat : hue igitur qui /olus tanto negotio par videbatur, ab Herefordta tranjlatus eft : ubi per biennium, et quod amplius fuit, fchifmaticorum fraudes detexit, conatus repreffit, animos fregit. Interim ad regia-capellce decanatum, quo altiits in aula non afeendilur, (hoc cfl regi propinquius non acceditur) tranffit: et cum ad epfeopatum Elienfem recle adminiftrandum non tantum in rebus ecclefiajhcis peritia, fed et aliqua le- gum civilium cum academicorum etiam inftitutorum notitid conjundia requi- ratur ; cumque in illo uno hcec omnia tam manifefte ameurrerent ; fedem etiam illam, ad quam faclus effe videbatur, occupavit. lta tandem ad dignitatis faftidium, ad proventus uberrimos, ad fmum indul- gentiffimi principis, florentiftimo et imperii et ecclejice tempore, magms virtuti- bus contendit. Intered baud poftremo loco ponendee, et apud vos prasfertim memorandee, mo- dcjiia et moderatio ; neminem unquam rogavit, neminem vel verbulo folicitavit, honorem nullum quem confecutus eft, ambivit: impetratum Jemper ejt, quod non erat expetituni, oblatum eft quod non poffulabatur . M Faceffant, THE LIFE OF Faceffant, qui honoribus ecclefa inbiant, qui fores magnatum auf presfulum obfident, qui dignitatem non tam acquirunt quam furripiunf ; ilium vobls pres- ponendum judico, quern non fua vota , fed meritq evexerunt ; qui in ipfopenefe- licitatis apice , cum leBifftmd conjuge, et numerofa prole, magnum faventijjimi numinis exemplum ftetit. Hi mi rum , (academici) ea estate, nimium felices fuitnus j ftrirr tan ports nobis indulferat Deus, ?Z£T ingrata gent is feeler a ferre , longanimitas clemsn- tifftmi numinis diutius pati potuit , ipfa felicitas quos corrupt, perdidit: ipj'a be at it as quos depravavit , peffundedit. Subito enirn ab aquilone orta tempeftas regni comf agent protenus luxavit, om- niaque membra peftis pervafit j /zz^ larva pietatis feeler atijjimi homines eccle- Jiam convellunt ; in epifeopos omnes, prcecipue regi caros involant, quod non tam eof quam Carolum peterent ; accufationes corradunt, turbam cone it ant, invidiam conflant, odia injligant , eo tantum fine , z/£ /« regem transferant. Prafulem imprimis nojlrum folo principis fui fav re fceleratum , gratidque nefarium, infmulant: non queernnt quam vere, fed quam for titer calumnieniur : coram fupremo tribunali facinor a exponunt, ultimumque fupplicium expofeunt. Interim fe datijjimi animi prezful , innocentid f etus , et non fua culpa perire certus, defenfwni jufia J'etacite accinxit, qua eum nurd felicitate prodita fer- vavit, ut quern fraus accufdrat, perfdia protegeret. In carcerem igitur caufd incognita conjiciunt, conjurationis celebritati et fuorum opinioni confift ; r/A# et fortunanim omnium reum faciunt 5 0/77/z/ indulgentia fpe et expeBatione publico decreto fecludunt. ltd calummis Gnujlus, defenfione nudatus, potentid opprejfus, rapines expofitus, Zwzz'i omnibus exutus, decreto confofjus, libertate privatus, latebris inclufus, per- petui carceris padore fadatus , dignum ecclefid, dignum orbe terrarum non tam JpeBaculiim quam exemplum fall us ejl. lndigna hesc quidem, esrumnofa, miferanda omnibufque defenda, prater ilium qui paf 'us eft. Homines fapientes turpitudine , non infelicitate, et deli Bo fuo , zzwz aliorum in¬ juria commoventur . Voluit divina providentia ut cat era virtutes in prof per a, esquabili, perpetuaque fortund minus confpicues, £zzr tandem quaft fammd ac- cenfs emicarent, illuftrioribus radiis illucefcerent. Comparuit enim ad durijfma fortitis perferenda, ad contcmnendas min as in - genitd quddam firmitudine non tam inflit ut us quam natus atque formatus. Et ne eum dubitemus in his angufliis divinities conftitutum, z7z/uodque alii incarcerationem vocabant , ipje liberate otium ratus , totum me- ditando fe et feribendo impendit ; intimos f codicis fenfiis triplici linguarum peritid rimatus, innumeras chartarum paginas furtim confcr’pfit, totque vo- lumina confecit , ut eum plures quam oBodecim annos in carcere tranfegiffe facile crediderit pofteritas. ®iics __ 1 ■ i ■in I" 11 iy nifcinr "Ti' * MATTHEW WREN, D. D. Qua quidem omnia ipfe eleganter et accurate delineavit, tejiamentoque cura- vit, ut amicorum doBij/imorum judicio, in publicum, ft ltd videretur, prodi¬ rent. Dum in his totus ejfet, tyrannidis jugum paulatim coliabi, et notice rcipublica gubernacula fatifcere capcrunt ; omniaque _ qua mcnte concepcrat, qua foius fpe- r aver at, profpexeratque, contingunt: dum nefarii homines fui Jacinoris fatis confcii, quod feceratit cogitant, et infeBum cupere videri volunt ; carcere tam j'ubitb tam inopinato, eripitur, ut ex omni mutatione rerum Jola fiilip/ias libe- ratio fuerit ipfti improvifa ; quod ut divina indulgentia Jingulari acceptum re¬ ferret, eodem die a turn Londinenftpen'e imsitusprodiit, quo capellam Petrenfem confecrandam curaverat. Nee dum tamen cedibus [ids rejiitutus, fed incerto lari expofiius eft, ut e carcere potiiis ejeBiis quam lib er at us videretur ; donee Carolus omnium votis expetitns, bonorum omnium gaudio exceptus, fupremd authoritate armatus, in paterno folio locatus conftitit. Quam memorcm verjam illam rerum faciem ? licet enim hoc trifle fpeSlt- culum fit et luBuofum, neminem tamen effe arbitor, quern non illius diet recor- datio ab hoc marore aliquantifper recreavit. Jlle cum cceteris quidem, iifque paucis reflitutus, fed hand pari momenta rediit ; confugit ad Jinum ejus concufta ecclefia, qui aut foius out inter pauefl- funas dfeiplinam coHapfam extinBamque renovare et novit et aujits eft ; in illo pene uno et libertas fjus, et [alus, et fecurilas fundabatur. Cum tgitur eum fumma pofcerer.t, videturque ecclefia non aider quam illius humeris JuJlentari potuijfe, ad altiora minimi a/pirarvit, non provehi cupidus, Jed reftitui contentus, in fud fede rejiftere, fenejiere, obdormire cupivit. In magnd bonorum copid ajftuentidque nihil voluptati indulftt, fumma conti- nentia, temperantiaque infervire objtinaverat animum j ne vini quidem gut- tulam per viginti pene annos hauftt, guftavit. Corpus inediis, jejuniifque macerare perfeveravit, aliis fatis indulgens, fibi foli crudelis, quafi httjus vita pertafus,fejlinaret ad calos. Neque vero familia fua, qua tantopere recreabatur, nimiitm profpexit ; pari et in hdc exornandd continentia fluduit: non ad earn ditandam alicna in- volavit, non omnia qua ad ipfum pertinebat, arripuit. Succejjforibus, ex induflrid, non fpicilegium, fed amplam mefem reliquit. Et hanc infuper aulam adoptavit in familum, in hareditatem afeivit, pccu- niam ex provenliblis primo receptam, in hoc ararium pramiftt. Hie in ho.norem Dei O. M. cujus jugi venerationi [e totum femper dica- verat, in academia decus, quam incredtbili curd, et flagranti quod..an amore conftantijjime profecutus eft ; in memoriam prima injluutionis, quam grati/ftmo unimo quotidie recolebat, capellam hanc impendio maxhno extruxit, perpetuis re- ditibus dotavit, precibus Jibs lite confecravit ; [lib hue dormitorium c-ondidit; hide tandem corpus concredidit ; ilhftre quidem hoc, fed minimum tamen ex monumentis qua reliquit. ExtraBs wjsm THE LIFE OF Extratts from M/\ Atvvood’i Memoirs , [Aula; Pemb. foe.] relating to Bi/hop Wren. Hijioriolam cuftodum, fociorumque omnium [Aulas Pembrocbianas] ab ineunte collegii cevo, fumma fide, liudio, atque arte conferiptam, ad fua fere tempera perduxit .* In the Bilhop’s Diary, in his own Hand, December 25, 1585. Natus fum Londini. Miferere Deus ! Mar. 10, 1614. Rcfpondi in pbilofopbid, coram rege Jacobo, jubente Jenatu Cantabrig. [Summit cum laude.\ Though the Bilhop was born in London, yet was he defeended from an antient Family of the Wrens of Binchefier, in the County of Durham, which having been a Roman Station, might infpire him with Antiquities ; for he was a true Antiquary, and may be traced by his Collefiions, wherever he came; at Pembroke-Hall, where he was Fellow ; at Peter-Houfie, where Mailer ; at IVindfor, where Dean ; and Lip, where Bilhop; feveral of which I [At¬ wood] have leen : Befides his Regifter, which feems in Part to have been drawn by himfelf; feveral Strokes whereof bear his Impreffion ; and it is pretty remarkable, that he kept a Regifter, whilft he was Priloner in the Tower, where he could have no Affiftance. His Charities were great, his Chapel at Pembroke-Hall, is laid to have coll him near 4000/. [above 5000/.] which he endow'd with an Ellate at Hard¬ wick, Com. Cant, for Reparations, fif c. and yet, tho’ he had provided well for a numerous Family, his Family is extinbl in the male Line, but remains in the Female.] It mull be allow’d, that he was arbitrary to the laft, [cum ratione G? ju- Jlitid ] as appears by his admitting -(■ Do. Beaumont to the Mafterlhip of Peter- Houfe as Vifitor by a Stretch of Power, notwithftanding the College had nominated Dr. Luc. Skippon, and Dr. Ifaac Barrow, two deferving Perfons. The Manner of his Interment may be had from Mr. Worthington, taken from the Heralds-Office. Chrifiopher Wren, S. T. B. Oxon. Incorporatus Cantabrigia, July 5, Anno 1630, Reg. Acad. Cant. Chrifiopher Wren, S. T. P. Cantabrigice, Anno 1630. Ibid. This was probably in order to fucceed his Brother Matthew Wren, as Ma¬ iler of Peter-Houfe, for Anno 1634, Feb. 6. Socii Coll. Petri nominaverunt Epif. Elienf. ex parte aufirali Anglise, Chriftophorum Wren, S. T. D. et ex parte boreali Johannem Colin, S. T. D. But though Dr. Wren, was firft in Nomination, the Bilhop [Francis] preferr’d Dr. Cofin, probably the rather, becaul'e he was of his own College, viz. Caius, and Feb. 8, 1634. Johannes Cofin, S. T. D. admiffus efi magifier, a Francifco Epo. Elien. reg. Coll. Petri. Per omnia vitce munia, Matthaeus Wren, Epif. Elien. ed gravitate, ac pro- bitate morum ; fpedlabili adeo pietate, ed demum difeipliniz apofiol. obfiervantid fie gefifit, ut homines improbi eum non magis metuerent, quarn oderint : hoc Jonte derivata fiunt ilia qua paffus eft, &c. in arcem Lond. conjicitur - emijfius tandem e carcere, quum per duodeviginti plus minus annos cum beftiis, prope dixerim, ftrenue dimicaverat, refiituitur. Anno 1660. En autem animi vere magni clariffimum indicium ! etfi ingentia detrimenta atque damna ed tempefiate pertulerit, necejfe efi ; annus tamen cuftodid liberato * Mr. Atwood has wrote a Continuation of this M. S. f Dr. Beaumont Regius-Profeflor of Divinity, was one of the raoft famous Men that ever fat in that Chair; he lived to a great Age, an Honour to die Univerfity. quint us 45 MATTHEW W R E N, D. D. quintus baud prius exairrit, quam facellum, illud elegantijjhnum decus Pembro- chianum, fuis ipfius fumptibus fundatum, extrublum, egregie exornatum, dota- tumque, Deo fofpitatori covfecrat. Ufque adeo vera virtus vinci eft nefcia. [Eiige /] Obiit vir deftderatif. April 24, 1667. oblogcnario major , folemnitcrque exequias celebrante ipsa academia, in Jacello a fe baud ita pridcm condito, juxta altare depofitus efl. (This obferved before.) From the MS. Hiftory of Pembroke-Hall in Cambridge. By an uncertain Hand. Ji/JAtthew Wren, Greek Scholar, B. A. chofen Fellow, Nov. 5, 1605. M. A. dVJ- Junior Treasurer 1610, Senior Treafurer 1611. When fames the Firft made a Progrels to Cambridge, Wren kept the Philofophy-adt with great Ap- plaufe. Burfar 1621. Prefident of the College 1616. Had a Teftimonial, ftime 30, 1618. Chaplain to Bithop Andrews. Chaplain to Prince Charles in his Voyage to Spain. Doftor in Divinity. Refign’d his Fellowship, Nov. 8, 1624. Vice-Chancellor, 1628. Mafier of Peter-houfe. Dean of Windfor. Bifhop of Hereford. Bifliop of Norwich. Dean of the King’s Chapel. Bifliop of Ely -He was feverely handled by the long Parliament ; and imprifon’d in the Tower, almoft twenty Years, without ever being brought to a Trial for his pretended Mifdemeanors. In 1660, he was reftored to his epifcopal Fundi ion. He was a Vftjy great Benefactor to the College in Money and Books; but efpecially, in . c ecfting at his Charge (it coft him near 4000/.) that goodly Fabrick the new Chapel ; the Altar of which, he furnifli’d with his own Chapel Plate ; and endow’d it with the Royalty of Hardwick in this County, to keep it in repair. He died in the Year 1667. * A Tranfcript of a certain Narrative, written by the late Bi- o/ - Ely [Dr. Matthew Wren] with his own Hand, of that remarkable Conference, which, after his Return from Spain with Prince Charles (Anno 1613,) he had with Dr. Neale, then Bifloop of Durham ; Dr. Andrews, Bifhop of Winchefter, and Dr. Laud, Bi/hop of St- DavidV, touching the faid Prince ; whereat, Jomething prophetical was th$n Jaid by that reverend Bifhop of Winchefter. A FTER our Return from Spain, my Lord of Winchefter (among other great Expreffions of his Relpedls to me) made me promife to him, that, upon all Occafions of my coming to London (for I abode ftill at Cambridge) I would lodge with him ; to which End, he caufed three Rooms near the Garden to be fitted and referved for me; and twice or thrice I had lodged there. And at another Time coming fuddenly to London and late, I lodged at my Sifter’s in Friday-ftreet, and the next Day, being Friday, I went to Win- chefter-houfe to Dinner, and craved his Lordfhip’s Pardon, that I lodg’d not there ; becaufe that my Bufinefs was to treat with lome Country Gentlemen, who lay in Holbourn, whom I fliould not meet with, but in the Evening and Morning, when it would not be fafe for me to pafs the Bridge, or the Thames ; and fo after Dinner I took my Leave of him, hoping to return for Cambridge on Monday. * Ex MS. Dudg. (in Mufaso jf/hmoUano) E 2. ful fitiem, publiftred by Mr. Thomas Htarnt, Oxford, at the Theatre, 1725. in the Publilher’s Appendix to his Preface to Pttir Langtoff ’s Chro¬ nicle, Page ccviii. _ N But N 46 THE LIFE OF But on Saturday, going to do my Duty to my Lords of Durham and St. Da¬ vid's, and telling them of my Hidden Return, they would needs over-rule me, and made me promife them, though I had taken Leave of my Lord of Winchejler, yet, to meet them next Day at Whitehall, at my Lord’s Chambers, at Dinner ; I did l'o, and there we fat, after Dinner, above an Hour. And then, I fhewing them, that on the Morrow my Bufinefs would be difpatched, and I would be gone on Fuefday, I took my Leave again of the mall. But, on Monday Morning by Break of Day, (before they ufed to be ftirring in Friday-ftreet ) there was a great knocking at the Door where I lay ; and at laft an Apprentice, who lay in the Shop, came up to my Bed-lide, and told me, there was a Melfenger from Winchefter-houfe to fpeak with me ; the Bufinefs was to let me know, that my Lord, when he came from Court laft Night, had given his Steward Charge to order it fo, that I might be fpoken with, and be required, as from him without fail, to dine with him on Monday-, but to be at Winchefter-houfe by ten of the Clock, which I wonder’d the more at, his Lordlhip not ufing to come from bis Study till near twelve. My Bufinefs would hardly permit this; yet becaufe of his Lordlhip’s Im¬ portunity, I got up prefently, and into • Holbourn I went, and there made fuch Difpatch, that foon after ten o’Clock I took a Boat, and went to Win- chejier-houfe, where I found the Steward at the Water-gate, waiting to let me in the neareft Way, who telling me, that my Lord had called twice to know if I were come; I afked where his Lordlhip was'f’lHe anfwered in his great Gallery (a Place where I knew his Lordlhip fcarce came once in a Year) and thither I going, the Door was lock’d ; but upon my lifting the Latch, my Lord of St. David's opened the Door, and letting me in, lock’d it again. There I found none but thofe three Lords, who caufing me to lit down by them, my Lord of Durham began to me, “ Dodtor, your Lord here, will “ have it fo, I that am the unfitted Perfon, muft be the Speaker; but thus “ it is, After you left us Yefterday at Whitehall, we entering into farther “ Difcourfe of thofe Things, which we forefee and conceive will e’re long “ come to pafs, refolv’d again, to fpeak to you before you went hence. “ We muft know of you, what your Thoughts are concerning your Ma- “ Her the Prince. You have now been his Servant above two Years, and “ you were with him in Spain-, we know he refpedts you well; and we “ know you are no Fool, but can obferve how Things are like to go. “ What Things, my Lord ? (quoth I.) In brief, faid he, how the Prince’s “ Heart Hands to the Church of England, that when God brings him to the “ Crown, we may know what to hope for.” My Reply was to this Effedt, that, however, I was the moft unfit of any to give my Opinion herein, attending but two Months in the Year, and then at a great Diftance, only in the Clofet, and at Meals, yet feeing they fo prefled me, I would fpeak my Mind freely ; fo I faid, “ I know “ my Mailer’s Learning is not equal to his Father’s ; yet, I know his Judg- « ment to be very right; and as for his Affedlions in thefe Particulars, which “ your Lordfhips have pointed at, for upholding the Dodlrine and Difcipline, “ and the right Eftate of the Church, I have more Confidence of him, « than of his Father, in whom they fay (better than I can) is fo much In- “ conftancy in fome particular Cafes.” Hereupon, my Lords of Durham and St. David's began to argue it with me, and requir’d me to let them know, upon what ground I came to think thus of the Prince ; I gave them my Reafons at large, and after many Re- plyings (above an Hour together) then my Lord of Winchejler, (who had faid nothing all the while) befpake me in thefe Words; “ Well Dodtor, God “ fend MATTHEW W R E N, D. D. « f en d you may be a true Prophet concerning your Matter's Inclinations in “ thefe Particulars, which we are glad to hear from you ; I am fure I fhall « be a true Prophet ; I (hall be in my Grave, and fo (hall you, my Lord of “ Durham , but my Lord of St. David's, and you, Dodor, will live to fee « that Day that your Matter will be put to it, upon his Head and his Crown, “ without he will forfake the Support of the Church.” Of this Predidion made by that holy Father, I have now no Witnefs but mine own Confcience, and the eternal God, who knows I lie not; no Body elfe being prefent when this was fpoken, but thefe three Lords. A remarkable Record among the Papers , and Evidences of Bijhop WREN, preparatory to his Defence, upon his Impeachment by the Houje of Commons. INDORSEMENT. Arch-bijhop Laud’j Certificate to the King [Charles I.] touching Nor¬ wich Diocefe, and the King’s Notes upon the fame, 1636.-Extrad. e regiftro principali fedis archiepifcopalis Cantuarienfis. F OR this Diocefs, my Lord [of Norwich] hath given me a very care- [t>. Matthew ful and pundual Account, very large, and in all Particulars very con-^”’ B ‘~ fiderable; and I fhall return it to your Majefty as briefly as I can reduce it. And Firfl, he hath for this Summer, but by your Majefty’s Leave, lived (from both his epifcopal Houfes) in Ipfwich, partly becaufe he was inform'd, that, that Side of his Diocefe did moil need his Prefence, and he found it fo ; and partly, becaufe the Chapel at his Houfe in Norwich was poffeffed by the French Congregation ; but Warning hath been given them to provide elfewhere by Eajier next. His Lordfhip found a general Defed of catechifing quite through the Diocefe, but hath fettled it ; and in Norwich, where there are thirty-four Churches, there was no Sermon on the Sunday Morning, fave only in four, but all put off to the Afternoon, and fo no catechifing. But now he hath or¬ der’d, that there fhall be a Sermon every Morning, and catechifing in the Afternoon in every Church. For Ledums, they abounded in Suffolk, and many fet up by private Gentle¬ men, even without fo much as the Knowledge of the Ordinary, and without any due Obfervation of the Canons, or Difcipline of the Church. Diverfe of thefe, his Lordfhip hath carefully regulated according to Order, efpecially in St. Edmund’s-Bury, and with their very good Content; and fufpended no Leaurer of whom he might obtain Conformity. And at Ipfwich, it was not unknown unto them, that now Mr. Ward Hands cenfur’d in the high Commiffion, and obeys not, yet the Bifhop was ready to have allow’d them another, if they would have fought him, but they refolve to have Mr. Ward, or none, and that (as is conceiv’d) in defpite of the Cenfure of the Court. At Yarmouth, where there was great Divifion heretofore for many Years, their Leaurer being cenfur’d in the high Commiflion about two h ears fince, went into New-England, fince which Time, there hath been no Ledure, and very much Peace in the Town, and all ecclefiaftical Orders well obferv’d. But in Norwich, one Mr. Bridge, rather than he would conform, hath left Ln his Ledums, and two Cures, and is gone into Holland. The Ledurers in the Country generally obferve no Church Orders at all; and yet the Bifhop hath f 4S THE LIFE OF 1 etffr, t if cates in this Cafe mujl be moft unque- fionable Evi¬ dence. hath carried it with Temper, and upon their Promil'e, and his Hopes of Conformity, he hath inhibited but three in Norfolk, and as many in Suf¬ folk, of which one is no Graduate, and hath been a common Stage-player. His Lordfhip humbly craves Diredtion what he (hall do with fuch Scholars (home in holy Orders, and fome not) as Knights, and private Gentlemen keep in their Houles, under Pretence to teach their Children. As alfo, with fome Divines that are beneficed in Towns, or near, but live in Gentlemen’s Houfes. For my Part I think it very fit, the beneficed Men were prefently com- manded to refide upon their Cures ; and for the reft, your Majefty’s I11- add.that Care ftrudlions allow none to keep Chaplains, but luch as are qualified by Law. muji be taken, All which notwithftanding, I moft humbly lubmit, (as the Bilhop doth) to ri£ 7 £/{iwy° ur Ma J e %’ s Judgment. by La™, keep For Recufants, whereas formerly there were wont to be but two or three pre- f ™‘ fented, his Lordfhip hath caufed above forty, to be indidted in Norwich at the " ‘ ‘ laft Seffions; and at the Affizes in Suffolk, he deliver’d a Lift of fuch as were prefented upon the Oath of the Church-wardens, to the Lord Chief Juftice, and his Lordfhip to the Grand Jury ; but they flighted it, pretending the BijleN Cer- Bjfl 10 p’ s Certificate to be no Evidence. But the true Reafon is conceived to * be, becaufe he had alfo inferted luch as had been prefented to him for Recufant-feparatifts, as well as Recufant-romanifts. His Lordfhip’s Care hath been fuch, as that though there are above 1500 Clergymen in that Diocefe, and many Diforders, yet there are not thirty ex¬ communicated, or fulpended, whereof fome are for Contumacy, and will not yet fubmit ; fome for obftinate Denial to publifh your Majefty’s De¬ claration ; and fome in contemning all the Orders and Rites of the Church, and intruding themfelves without Licence from the Ordinary, for many Years together. Laft of all, he found that one half of the Churches in his Diocefe had not a Clerk able to read, and to anfwer the Minifter in Divine Service ; by which Means the People were wholly dilufed from joining with the Prieft, and in many Places from fo much as faying, Amen. But concerning this, his Lordfhip hath ftridlly enjoyn’d a Reformation. If this Account given in by his Lordfhip of Norwich be true, as I believe it is (and ought to believe it, till it can be difprov’d) he hath deferv’d very well of the Church of England, and hath been very ill rewarded for it. His ~ajfurtdlp his humble Suit to your Majefty is, that you will be gracioufly pleafed, in your negative Con- own good Time, to hear the Complaints that have been made againft him, Jdlimif 11 that he may not he overborn by an Outcry for doing Service. In a MS. concerning the Biffops of England, writ in Archbiffop Bancroft's own Hand. Winchester. ANC. Andrews: After the Prince’s Return from Spain, Or. Wren, who was there with him, lodg’d ftill (when he was in London ) at Winchefer- houfe where he had three Rooms referv’d for him ; but being to go for Cambridge by Break of Day, he went the Night before to his Sifter’s Houfe in Friday-Jlreet, having taken his Leave of the Bifhop. But before he could get up in the Morning, there came a Meffage from the Bilhop, that he moll without fail be at Winchefter-honfe by ten o’Clock. He went precifely at the Time, and though he uied not to come from his Study till near twelve, yet he found him now in his great Gallery (a Place where he fcarce came once a Year) where he was lock’d up with the Bifhops of Durham and St. David’s, {Neil and Laud) fitting all down again, the Bifhop of Durham find, Docftor, after you left us Yefterday at Whitehall, we entering further into Difcourfe of His Suit is granted; and L 7 M A T T H E W W R E N, D. D. 49 of Things which we forefee will e’er long come to pafs (they meant King James's Death) refolv’d to fpeak with you again, before you go hence. We miift now know of you, what are yourThoughts concerning your young Matter the Prince. You have been his Servant above two Years, were with him in Spain ; he refpedts you well, you cannot but have obferv’d how Things are like to go. What Things my Lord, faid he. In brief, (quoth the Bifhop) how the Prince’s Heart ftands to the Church of England. The Dodtor re¬ plied, however I am moft unfit to give my Opinion herein, attending but two Months in the Year ; and then at great Diftance, only in the Clofet, and at Meals; yet being thus preft, I’ll fpeak my Mind freely, I know my Ma¬ tter's Learning is not equal to his Father’s, yet I know, his Judgment is very right, and as for his Affections in the Particulars you point at (for upholding the Dodtrine and Difcipline, and right Eftate of the Church) I have more Con¬ fidence of him than of his Father, in whom you have feen, better than I, fo much Inconftancy in foine particular Cafes. Durham and St. David's began to argue it with him, what Grounds he had to think thus ; which he gave them at large. And after an Hour’s Debate, the Bifhop of Winchejler who had faid nothing all this while, faid, well Dodtor, God fend you be a true Pro¬ phet, concerning your Matter’s Inclinations, which we are glad to hear from you. I am fure I fhall be a true Prophet, I fhall be in my Grave, and fo fball you my Lord of Durham. But my Lord of St. David's , and you Dodtor, will live to fee the Day, that your Matter will be put to it upon his Head and his Crown, without he will forfake the Support of the Church, (i Out of Bijhop Wren’s own MS. Relation.) To which he adds, of the Pre- didtion made by that holy Father, I have no Witnefs (the three Lords being dead) but my own Conlcience, and the eternal God who knows I lie not. While King James liv’d, it v/as not eafy to be imparted, nor after, but in private to intimate Friends ; as to my Tutors Dr. Hierom Beal, Dean Mafon, and my Brother, and perhaps to Dr. Cojin, and Dr. Duncan. Since the Event, I have told it to many, not thinking fit any longer to conceal it. He told it to me at Ely-houfe , not long before his Death, and I earneftly defired him to put it into writing. w. s. Hereford, Norwich, Ely. ADD TIE IV Wren. He was Chaplain to Prince Charles, and went with l *-*■ him into Spain. He went with him too, when King, into Scotland, in May 1633, and came back in July. In the End of Auguft, Bifhop Laud being made Archbifhop, and the Bifhop of London, Juxton, lucceeding him in the Deanery of the King’s Chapel, the King defigned Dr. Wren to be Clerk of his Clofet, but gave him Time to remove his Family. Fie came to London that Morning that James, Duke of Tork, was born ; next Day, the King faid to him. Now you are at my Elbow, there will be many Devices to fet the Arch-bifhop and you at odds; but I warn you of it, that you luffer no fuch Trick to be put upon you. And therefore, I re¬ quire you both by that Faith, which I am fure you both will perform to me, to bind yourfelves mutually, neither of you to believe any Report againft the other; and if you meet with any fuch Thing, tho’ you believe it not, yet prefently to impart it each to other; this was done with much Alacrity. In November, Dr. Hacket coming to wait at Court as Chaplain, and with much Art congratulating the Clerk of the Clofet’s nearer Accefs to the King ; began to tell him what Hopes he and many others had, that he (Dr. Wren) fhould have been Bifhop of London ; and that, fo the King firft intended, had not the Archbifhop interpos'd, that the Bifhop of London fhould be a Man of \ O whom ME 5 ° i l . e THE LIFE OF whom the Archbiiliop hath Experience, and upon whom he may rely, and fo obtained London for the Bilhop of Hereford. Dr. Wren gave no Regard to Dr. Hacket' s Foolery, fufpefting it to be a Contrivance of Bithop Williams’s, to breed in him a Diflike of the Archbiiliop ; but refolving to keep his Faith with the King and Archbilhop, acquainted him prefently With all that paid between him and Dr. Hacket. The King approv’d well his Dealing herein, and told him, there was no Truth in the Report, nor any'Thing but a Plot to kindle Coals between them two. In November next Year, Bilbop Lindfell died, and the Archbilhop fent Mr. Dell to tell him, that the King would bellow Hereford upon him, and the Deanery of Windfor upon his Brother. He was elected Bilbop of Here¬ ford, December 5, 1634. But the Archbifhop’s Chapel at Lambeth being not ready, his Ordination was deferr’d till the fecond Week in Lent, March 8. Prefently after this, his fpare Time was taken up in framing an Office for the Confecration of a Church, at Dore in Herefordjhire, and converting the Impropriation into a Redtory ; the Gift of the noble and pious John Lord Scudamore, whole Journey, as Embadador into France, Raid upon the Dil- patch of this, which was executed by the Bifhop of St. David’s. Next he prepared for a Vifitation of that Diocefe, and calling for the Sta¬ tutes, they fent him two Books, the one of fome Antiquity, though without Date, very imperfect, and of no Authority, inferibed, Heef. leges & con- fuetudincs ecclefne Herefordenf. The other a Body of Statutes compil'd by Bilhop Whitgift, then of Worcefter, upon a Mandate from the Queen, but never confirm'd by her. So there was juft Doubt how Men could be put to any Oaths upon fuch Statutes, or Cenfures, for not obferving them. The Archbiiliop told him, that Bilhop Lindfell had the lame Scruples, and there¬ fore advis’d him to take thofe Books along into New-foreft, (whither the King was going to hunt) and out of them, and fuch Obfervations of his own, as he could not want (having fo long attended Bilhop Andrews, been Pre- fident of Pembroke-Hall, Mailer of Peter-Houfe, Dean of Windfor , and Woolverhampton, Prebendary too of Winchejler, and Weftminfter) to compile one entire Body of Statutes, for the future Government of that Church and the College of Vicars and Hofpitals belonging to it. He did fo. But about Augufi 20, the King without any Warning given, remov’d to Oatlands, and feeing the Bifhop got thither the next Day, he fmiled, and faid. I’ll reward your Diligence, I hear the Bilhop of Norwich is dead, and I’ll remove you thither, (giving him his Hand to kifs,) but I’ll have you go and difpatch the Vifitation, you have warn’d at Hereford, before you remove. The Bilhop befought his Majefty not to put that upon him, for befide that it would be conftrued a Point of great Arrogance in him, it would undo him too ; for having deferr’d all Tenants, that delired to re¬ new their Leales, till he Ihould come down among them; if he went now, he Ihould receive nothing, (though it would coft him 100/.) nor be able to perform his Promife to them , his Majefty having order’d, that no Bilhop after he is named to remove, Ihould let any Leafe. I 11 trull you, faid the King. How many Tenants have been with you ? He faid Five. I give you Leave faid the King to contradt for them. In his Vifitation, Dr. Richardfon the Dean, ferv’d an Inhibition upon him, out of the Archbifnop’s Court ; thinking his peculiar Jurifdidtion would be prejudiced. The Bilhop was not a little glad of it ; for this fhorten’d his Stay, and he forc’d the Dean to be vifited by his Chancellor, the Week be¬ fore he removed. He lpent three Days in vifiting the Chapter, finding there diverfe very reverend and learned Men, far from rigid Puritanifm, wherewith they had been (hinder'd, He left them the Book of Statutes he had compiled,^ to be confider’d it ffl 51 MATTHEW WREN, D. D. confider’d of; contraded with four of the five Tenants, receiv’d of them 500/. and in a Fortnight return’d, and gave the King Account of all. But what have you done with the fifth Leale, faid the King ? Referved it to your Majefty’s Wifdom, quoth the Bilhop. The Cafe was thus, Mr. Geeres of London, the fifth Tenancy to the Impropriation of Dihin, had mov’d to add a Life to his Leafe. But before the Bilhop came thither, a fe- cond being fallen, his Agents proferr’d a 1000/. for a new Leafe, for three fuch Lives as they would name. But the Bilhop confider’d, that ’twas worth 300/. per Annum, a convenient Houfe upon it within three or four Miles of Hereford-, the Life remaining (Dr. Robothani s Widow) above 60 Years old, lb that, never could come a fairer Opportunity to augment the Bifhoprick, if the King would fee that no fucceeding Bilhop fhould leafe it, but hold it only as Demefnes for his Time. The King was mightily pleafed, and told the Bi¬ lhop, he had done like an honeft Church-man, and begun to let him into a Re- folution which he had in his Mind to augment the lelfer Bifhopricks if fairly he could. And prefently he gave fuch Order, that not only Bilhop Field was (lopped from renewing that Leafe, but after him Bilhop Cook alio; tho his Brother Sir John Cook was much aggrieved at Bilhop Wren for it. About a Fortnight after his Return, Dr. Kerry, the fenior Refidentiary (80 Years old) and Dr. Skinner the Chancellor came to him to London in the Name of the Chapter, to give him Thanks for the Book of Statutes which he left them, which, though fomewhat to the particular Lofs of fome of them, (the old Dodor efpecially) yet were in general fo much for the public Good of the Church, that they craved his Mediation to the King, that he would confirm that Book for ever to be their Rule. This he defired to be ex¬ cus’d in ; as having made the Book, and being now removing from them. So to the Archbilhop’s Palace they went, who, after the Examination of fome few Things, excepted againft by the Dean, having heard the Bilhop s Anl'wers, got the whole Book confirm’d under the great Seal of England, and fent to them. Within three Months after his Tranflation to Norwich, the King made him Dean of his Chapel; the Bilhop of London, being made Lord-treafurer. Two Years and half he fat at Norwich, in that Time there was a foul Riot at IpJ'wich, with which they would have fear’d him ; Sir John Banks purfued them for it in the Star-chamber; there was alfo a Con- fpiracy againft his Life difeovered out of Holland, by Sir William Bofwell; whole Letters the King commanded Secretary IVmdebank by Port that Day, to convey to him, being then at Ludham in Norfolk. Two Petitions againft him from IpJ'wich and Norwich, were fecretly conveyed to the King's Hand by fome great ones. But the King gave Anfwer to them with Check enough, and after fent the Bilhop the Petitions, and told him who delivered them. In April 1638, the King by his Letters from Newmarket, removed him to Fly ; but told him one Day, he would have an Account from him con¬ cerning the Bilhoprick of Norwich, and its State. He anfwer'd, that an Op¬ portunity there would be (when he fhould be in his Grave, but the King by God's Grace Hill living to effed it) to make it one of the beft Bilhopricks in England-, or rather (if he (hould fee it more for the public good) to divide that over-great Diocele (having in it above 1200 Titles) and to make two competent ones of it. A Cathedral for Suffolk might be either Sudbury, or St. Edmund’s-bury ; there are in it two Arch-deaconries, and a Dean, and four Prebends might without great Difficulty be rais'd upon Benefices, and fome other Particulars, in that County, within the Gift of his Majefty and the Archbilhop. And for Supply of Maintenance, there is, lays he, a Leafe of the greateft Part of the Bifhoprick of Norwich, containing about eighty Parcels granted at very low Rents to Queen Elizabeth, by Dr. Scambler THE L I F E O F (a Chaplain of Archbifhop Parker, who io defperately pill'd the Bifhoprick of Peterborough before, that he was by means of Secretary Heneage, tranflat- ed to Norwich, to pleafure him with the like there) which would very well bear a treble referv’d Rent, and yet yield the Lelfer fome competent Fine. So that, if when the faid Leafe fhould be within 20 Years of expiring, the King fhould order the then Bifhop to grant no new Demile of any Parcel thereof, without referving a treble Rent upon the fame, it would be an In- creafe of a 1000/. per Annum to that See. His Majefty liked it, and refolved to look to it; but God hath taken him away. And at the Writing hereof by Bifhop Wren, May 25, 1660, the Opportunity of doing this was at the Height ; the Leale being within eight Years of expiring. May 13, 1663. Dr. Frank, Mafler of Pemhroke-Hall, did in the Name of Bifhop Wren, and in the Prefence of divers Heads of Colleges (Dr. Pear- Jhn of Trinity, &c.) and of the Dean, Arch-deacon, and many of the Pre¬ bendaries of Ely lay the firft Stone of the Foundation of the new Chapel of Pembroke-Hall, which the faid Bifhop fince finifli’d at his own Charge. Out of Bifhop Wren’r Autographum. Good S1R, Ch. Ch. Sept. 14, 1734. Letter to the Rev. Mr. Bateman. iY Barn’s Oxford Waggon, which comes to the King’s Head in the Old- change, on Tuefday Night, I have Cent a Box of Papers relating to Bi- lhop Wren, diredled for yourfelf, and to be left in the Warehoufe till call’d for. So that I muff defire you to fend fome trufty Perfon, to enquire there after the fame, and to convey them to Mr. Wren, whofe Habitation I know not. He has full Liberty to tranferibe, or make what Ufe he pleafes of them. I conceive the Bifhop’s Anfwer to the Articles of Impeachment to be fo well drawn up, and to be fo effedtual a Reply to all the Clamours raifed againft that Prelate, that it fhould be printed; — and indeed, great Part of the other Papers are only Materials for that Defence.-I have alfo caufed to be tranferibed two remarkable Paffages out of fome MSS. of Archbifhop Sancroft relating to Bifhop Wren, which I think were never printed. I have, I am fure, feveral other Letters and Papers of this Bifhop’s; —but I have unfortunately left behind me in Wales, the Catalogue of my Manufcripts, fo know not where to meet with them, till I can receive it thence. This Bifhop was certainly a Perfon of great Capacity for Bufinefs, and of vaft Induftry ; I have feen exadt Abridgments of all the Regifters and Inftitu- tion Books in the Bifhop’s Offices, at Norwich and Ely, under his own Hand.* - 1 think fome of them are at Ely-Houfe. I have fome Letters of Sir Chri/topher Wren, and Schemes of his, about the rebuilding of Paul's, bound up in a Folio Colledtion of Papers belonging to that Church, which I lent laft Year to the Lord Bifhop of Chichcjler, and he has it ftill by him.-Mr. Wren may have the Ufe of the Book, when my Lord comes to Town. Dr. Knight, Prebendary of Ely, has a very good Pidture of Dr. Chriflopher Wren, Dean of Windfor. * Bifhop Wren made a new Body of Statutes for the Cathedral Church of Ely, and got the fame confirm’d under the Great Seal, 166.. My 5.5 MATTHEW WREN, D. D. My humbleft Duty to his Grace, when you have Opportunity ; Service to the Dean of Canterbury, and to all in your Family that remember, SIR, Tour very affectionate Friend and Brother, Thomas, Afaph• Numb. III. M ATTHEW Wren, the eldeft Son of Dr. Matthew Wren, Lord Bi- fhop of Ely, was originally a Student in Cambridge, and afterwards for feveral Years (in the Time of the Ufurpation) in the Univerfity of Oxford, not in a College or Hall, but a private Houfe. After his Majefiy’s Reftora- tion, he became Secretary to Edward, Earl of Clarendon ; was elected a Bur- gefs for St. Michael's in Cornwall, to ferve in that Parliament that began at Wejlminjier, May 8, 1661. After the Fall of the Lord Clarendon, hewasg, 9i made Secretary to his Royal Highnefs ‘James, Duke of Tori, in whofe Service he continued to the Time of his Death, which happened in 1672. aged about 42 Years. His Body was conveyed to Cambridge, and there buried in Pem- broke-hall Chapel, in the fame Vault wherein his Father had been depofited five Years before. This ingenious Perfon hath written. I. Confiderations on Mr. Harrington’s Common-wealth of Oceana, refrain’d to the firft Part of the Preliminaries, Lond. 1657.-Before thefe Confidera¬ tions is a large Letter fent by the Author to Dr. John Wilkins, Warden of Wadham College (afterwards Bifhop of Chefer) by whom the faid Author was defired to give his Judgment concerning the Common-wealth of Oceana. II. Monarchy Aferted: Or tlx State of monarchical and popular Govern¬ ment ; in Vindication oj the Confiderations on Mr. Harrington’r Oceana, Lond. 1659, and 1660. III. Increpatio Bar-jefu; five polemics adfertiones locorum aliquot f. fcrip- turee ab impofluris perverfonum in catechefi Racoviana ; collebla: hinc inde ex opere prizgrandi medit. critic, in S. Paginam confcript. a patre fuo epifcopo Elienfi in Jolitudine fud carcerarid. The reverend Dr. Barwick had recommended to Mr. Matthew Wren, to anfwer the pernicious Leviathan of Mr. Hobbs, from which Mr. Wren ex- cufed himfelf as infufficient, and would have had it undertaken by fome pro- feifed Divine. P ExtraCl f THE LIFE O F ExtraB of a Latter from Chancellor Hyde, to Dr. Barwick, Brujfels, June 27, 1659. “ ~r Should be glad to hear, that you had prevailed with the young Gentle- “ I m an [Mr. Wren] to beftow fome of his Time upon Leviathan ; and be- “ feech you prefent my humble Service to his Father [the Bifhop of Ely] up- “ on whom no Man looks with more Reverence. And I pray God, that his « n ot being at Liberty, be not the Caufe that nothing is done in the Bufinefs “ of Ordination. I am fure the King can do no more in it, and is exceed- “ ingly afflidted, that they who can, do not, when they know his Majefty’s “ Pleafure fo particularly in all Things concerning it. I pray, tell me whe- “ ther my Lord of Ely doth not think, that my very good Friend Dr. Co- “ Jins hath proceeded farther than he needed to have done, upon any Provo- “ cation Mr. Fuller could have given him. I with you all Happinefs, and “ am very heartily. S 1 R, Tour mojl affefl'ioriate Servant, IP V D E. From the fame Hand to Dr. Barwick. BruJJels, July 25, 1659.’ Jpptndix tc a Hope, it is only Modefly in Mr. Wren, that makes him paufe upon />!-.Barwick'j <( I un dertaking the Work you have recommended to him ; for I dare -y. / 4 - 9 - (( j wear w h at I have feen of his, he is very equal to anfwer every Par¬ s' ticular of it ; I mean, every Part that requires an Anfwer ; nor is there Need “ of a profelfed Divine to vindicate the Creator from making Man a veryer “ Beaft than any of thofe of the Field ; or, to vindicate Scripture from his « licentious Interpretation. I dare fay, he will find fomewhat in Mr. Hobbs “ himfelf, I mean in his former Books, that contradidts what he fets forth “ in this, in that Part in which he takes himfelf to be moil exadt, his be¬ lt l 0 ved Philofopby. And fure, there is fomewhat due to Arijlotle and Fully, “ and to our Univerfities, to free them from his Reproaches; and, it is high “ Time if what I hear be true, that fome Tutors read his Leviathan, in- “ head of the others, to their Pupils. Mr. Hobbs is my old Friend, yet I “ cannot abfolve him from the Mifchief he hath done to the King, the “ Church, the Laws, and the Nation ; and Purely, there ihould be enough “ to be faid to the Politicks of that Man, who having refolv'd all Religion, “ Wifdom, and Honefty, into an implicite Obedience to the Laws efta- “ blifhed, writes a Book of Policy, which I may be bold to fay, muft be, by the eftablifh’d Laws of any Kingdom, or Province in Europe, con- « demn’d for impious and feditious ; and therefore, it will be very hard, if “ the Fundamentals of it, be not to be overthrown. But I muft afleyoarr, and “ Mr. Wren'% Pardon, for enlarging fo much, and antedating thoie Animad- “ vetfions he will make upon it.” Doflor M A T T H E W W R E N, D. D. Dodtor 'Thomas Wren , fecond Son of Matthew , Bifhop cf Ely , and fome- f V- times a Student of Cambridge, was created Dodlor of Phyfick, Augvft 2/' ,8 °' 1660. by Virtue of the Chancellor’s Letters, which fay, “ That by Force of “ the late unhappy Times, he was conftrained to leave the Univerfity of “ Cambridge , (in divers Colleges whereof his Father was Vifitor ) and for his “ Proficiency in Studies, was fain to fettle himfelf in the Verge of the Uni- “ verlity of Oxford: That the Preffures under which his Father lay, for “ leventeen Years together, were fuch, that he could not (his Eftate being “ taken away) allow his Children Bread, much lefs fupply their Expences “ for living in Colleges, and the taking ot their Degrees, only to have the “ Benefit of the publick Library, S?c.” This Perfon who was much addidfed to Mufick while he ftudied in Oxford, which was about eight Years, was made Archdeacon of Ely, by his Father, after his Majefy’s Reftauration, and had other ecclefiaftical Preferments. He died in 1679, at Wilberton in the file of Ely. After the Reftauration of his Majefty King Charles the Second, it was his, and the Pleafure of the Marquis of Hertford, Chancellor of the Univerfity of Oxford, and of Sir Edward Hyde, who fucceeded in that Office in the Year 1660, that there fhould be a Creation in all Faculties, of fuch who had fuffered for his Majefy' s Caufe, and had been ejected from the Univerfity by the Vifitors appointed by Parliament, Annis 1648 and 9. among whom Charles Wrest, the third Son, and Sir William Wren, fourth Son of Matthew, Bifhop of Ely, were created Matters of Arts, Auguf 2, 1660. Charles Wren was afterwards Burgefs in Parliament for the Town of Cambridge, in the Year 1685. Numb. IV. K ING Charles the Firft, by a Prefcience, like to that of Bijhop An-Fajl. Oxm. drews, and divine Inftindt, after he was condemned, did tell Colonel?- 8o 7 - Totnhnfon, * “ That he believed the Englifo Monarchy was now at an “ End.” About half an Hour after, he told the Colonel, “ That now he “ had an Affurance, by a ftrong Impulfe on his Spirit, that his Son fhould “ reign after him.” f His Majefty meekly refign’d to God, his own pri¬ vate, and the publick Caule; and by a divine Spirit, foretold the happy Re¬ covery of both. Nemo vir magnus, fine aliquo afftatu divino unquam fuit, was the Obfervation of Tally. This Foreknowledge in great Minds, proceeds from Wifdom, Holinefs, and a divine Impulfe, the only Source of true Prophecy ; nevertheless, it is very remarkable, that a Prefage of this King's Misfortunes, occurr'd from a quite different Caufe, and far diftant Spring, fo conformable, as (without any forc’d Virgil'< p u - Conftruffion) to give a Detail of his Troubles. ,rj ' 1. Under a moft unnatural Rebellion, and deftrudtive civil War, and to infer. 2. That he fhould be driven from his capital City, Palaces, Forts, and Eftates. 3. Be torn away from the Embraces of his Queen and Children. 4. Be compell’d by the Neceffity of his Affairs, to implore foreign Aids. 5. Be conftrained to fee the miferable Perfecution, and cruel Slaughter of his Friends, and loyal Subjedts. * A prophetick Saying of King Charles I. Aubery’ s Mifcel. p. 88. t Doctor Sprat’s Sermon before the Hoiife of Commons, Jan. 30, 1677-8, pag. 41. 6 . And King Charles confults the SortesVirgili- « anae and Lord Falkland. jEneid. Lib. 4 - THE LIFE OF 6. And when in extream Adverfity, he fhould furrender himfelf, under the Terms of a fallacious Peace. 7. Be dethroned. 8. And execrably murthered. 9. In the full Vigour, of Life and Health. 10. And at laft denied the common Rights of a Chriftian Burial; this fad Prefage, or Vaticinium, (fciL quod vates cecinit) being the Refult only of meer Chance, upon a cafual and ludicrous Trial, of the * Sortes Virgi- liance, and is thus recounted by an eminent Memorialift. “ There befell the King an Accident, which tho’ a Trifle in itfelf, and “ Oat no Weight is to be laid on any thing of that Nature ; yet fince the “ belt Authors, both antient and modern, have not thought it below the £c Majefty of Hiftory to mention the like, it may be the more excufable to “ infert it. “ The King being at Oxford, during the Civil Wars, went one Day to fee the publick Library, where he was fhowed, among other Books, a Virgil nobly printed, and exquifitely bound. The Lord Falkland to di¬ vert the King, would have his Majefty make a Tryal of his Fortune, by the Sortes Virgilianee ; which every Body knows was an ufual kind of Augury , fome Ages pad. Whereupon the King opening the Book, the Period which happened to come up, was Phis. (1) At hello audacis fopuli vexatus ; et armis ; (zjFinibus extorris ; (2) complexu avulfus Juli ; (4.) Auxilium imploret ; (g) videatquc indigna fuorum Funera ; (6) nec, cum J'e fub leges pads iniquce Fradiderit-, (y) regno, (%) aut opt at a luce fruatur ; (<)) Sed cadat ante diem ; (To) medidque inhumatus arena. “ It is laid, King Charles feemed concerned at this Accident ; and that the “ Lord Falkland obferving it, would likewife try his own Fortune in the “ fame manner, hoping he might fall upon fome Paflage that could have “ no Relation to his Cal'e, and thereby divert the King’s Thoughts from any “ Impreffion the other might have upon him : but the Place that Lord “ Falkland Humbled upon, was as much fuited to his Dejiiny, as the other “ had been to the King's ; being the Expreffions of Evander upon the un¬ timely Death of his Son Pallas. It is not to be fuppofed his Majefty could be much concerned on fo trifling an Event, who early in Youth had turned his Thoughts to the Leffon of Rea- fon : It appears that at feventeen Years of Age, viz. 18th of Auguft, ,1616. he was pleated with his own Hand-writing to matriculate himfelf a Member of the Univerfity of tixford, with this Symbole, or Sentence, Si vis omnia fubjicere fubjice te rationi. There was a very memorable Paragraph, conceived with a divine Ener¬ gy, and Elevation of Spirit, in his Majefty’ s Declaration fubfequent to the Re- monftrance of the State of the Nation, by the Houfe of Commons, in 1642, which in the End proved prophetick. “ We are, (fays his Majefty) from our Soul fo fully fatisfied, and affured, “ that the Religion now eftablilhed in this Kingdom, is the moft pure, “ and agreeable to the facred Word of God, of any Religion now pradtifed “ in the Chriftian World, that as we believe we can maintain the fame *. Digreflion on the Stria Virgiliana, &c. Evangdiue, and various Mode; of foretelling fu- turc Events. “ by M A T T H E W W R E N, D. D. 57 “ by unanfwerable Reafons, Jo we hope we Jhould readily feal to it, hc!p “ Ejfufion oj our Blood, if it pleafed God to call us to that Sacrifice.^f„j; xf \ O ! cedro, et marmore digna. Lord Falkland’s Verfes were the following, being as above Evandcr's La¬ mentation for his Son Pallas llain in Battle. ‘ ‘ Non hcec O Palla dederas promtjja parenti, jEncid. Lib. “ Cautius iit fcevo velles te credere Marti : 11 • “ Hand ignarus eram, quantum nova gloria in armis, “ Et prcedulce decus primo cert amine pojjct ; “ Primitice juvenis miferce, bellique propinqui “ Dura rudiment a. This mod accomplifhed young Nobleman was Secretary of State to the King, and followed his Fortune; he went out as a Voluntier to engage the Rebels, charging in the foremoft Ranks of the Lord Byron’s Horfe, at the Jirft Battle of Newbury, and tho’ difluaded by his Friends, as having no Call to it, being no military Perfon, yet gallantly pulhing into the Fight, was very unhappily and untimely flain. “ O dolor ! Vn%.JEn. L. “ Hicc te prima dies hello dedit, hcec eadem aufert. “ In this unhappy Battle (fays our noble Hijlorian) was flain the Lord Cbren- “ Vifcount Falkland ; a Perfon of fuch prodigious Parts of Learning and “ Knowledge, of that inimitable Sweetnefs and Delight in Convcrlation, of Falkland. “ fo flowing and obliging Humanity to Mankind, and of that primitive Sim- “ plicity, and Integrity of Life, that if there were no other Brand upon that “ odious and accurled Civil War, than that Angle Lofs, it muft be infamous “ and execrable to all Pofterity. Turpe mori, pojl te, folo 'non pojje dolore. “ Thus fell this incomparable young Man, in the 34th Year of his Age, “ having fo much difpatched the true Bufinefs of Life, that the eldeffc “ rarely attain to that immenfe Knowledge, and the youngeft enter not into “ the World with more Innocency. Whofoever leads fuch a Life, needs “ be the lefs anxious upon how fhort Warning it is taken from him.” There is another Paffage in Virgil analogous to the King’s Fate, tho’ not fo full and particular as the Lot which he drew. “ Hcec finis Priami fiatorum ; hie exitu's ilium “ Sorte tulit ; Trojam incenjam et prolapfa videntem “ Pergama ; tot quondam populis, terrifque fuperbum “ Regnat orem Afice jacet ingens litore truncus, “ Avidfumque humeris caput, et fine nomine corpus. Thefe modern Inftances of Virgilian Prophecy, give Occafion, for the Sake of Curiofity, to extend this Narration, and to recoiled what great Honour 0rac/l . s in and Veneration, in almoft all Ages, has been paid to this divine Poet ; for, Virgil's inn. Prognoftications were not only taken in the ufual way of opening his Book Z uai ’' at a Venture, and dipping upon fome Paffage as firft came to Sight ; but the Oracles of the Gods, in their Temples, were folemnly delivered in his Verfe : And it is alfo further to be noted, that this Sort of Divination, deduced from Gregory ra¬ the Pagans, became in Ufe among the Rabbins-, and was fometime pradifed rm. Lib. 4 p. by the primitive Chriftians, with this Difference, that they lubftituted the ,6 ' J: “ g ' Holy Scriptures in lieu of the Poet. Thus St. Augufiin, upon hearing a Voice, c "’ - , a ^vero Um ’ inftdiaretur. Alex. “ -- - Si qua fata aftpera rumpus, “ hi Marcellus eris.” Ipfe etiam cum parentis hortatu, animum a philofophia, et mufica ad alias artes traduceret , Virgilii fortibus hujufmodi illuftratus eft. “ Excudent alii ftpirantia mollius cera: “ Credo equidem, vinos ducent de mar more vultus : “ Orabunt cauftas melius, ccelique meatus “ Deftcribent radio, et fur gentia Jidcra dicent : “ Tu regere imperio popuhs Romane memento, “ Hce tibi erunt artes, paciftque imponere tnorem, “ Par cere JubjeBis, et de bellare fuperbos.” Aurelius Claudius Gothicus, cum faSlus imperator in Apennino de fe con- jp u i Trcb, ftuleret, quam diii imperaturus e/Jet, refponfum hunc acccpit. -. Pollionem, in 1 Claudio. “ Tertia dum latio regnantem videret aeftas. Obiit Anno imperii fuii tertio. Item, cum de pojlcris fids. “ His ego nec metas rerum, nec tempora potto. _ Item, cum de fratre fuo Quintillo, quern confortem habere volcbat imperii, re- fponfum eft. “ Oftendent terris hunc tantum fata.— Interemptus erat, tumultu militari, feptima decima die imperii fid. In hoc genere divinandi {ait Cicero) temeritas et cafus, non ratio et con - Rcr} “ filium valet.” Before this Subjetft, of the leveral Ways oh Divination, facrcd and pro-Dr- Pri- fane, be difmiffed; it will be of Service to the Purpofe, to review it in a dea “' i ’' Ac ‘ further Light, and as ’tis treated by the judicious and learned Dr. Prideaux, in u“”‘,d"L- his Connection of the Hijlory of the old and new eft ament. The whole Ac- tions > fared) count being very curious, delerves to be quoted at large. Virl ‘~ “ John Hyrcqnus, Prince and High-prieft of the Jews, was, faith Jofepbus T rr r “ honoured with three of the higheft Dignities. For, he was, according to gd*. 4 ' “ him, a Prophet, as well as a Prince and High-prieft, of which there^are Am ’ “ given two Inftances 5 Firft, that he foretold, "that Ariftobulus and Antigenus, his two eldeft Sons, fhould not live long after him, but that the Succeffioii “ of the Government Ihould come to Alexander, his third Son ; and Second- “ ly, thatwhen Ariftobulus and Antigonus varquifh'd Antiochus Cyzicenus in Battle, it was made known to him the very fame Moment, in which the “ Vidtory 6 o f rt Efijlola, log. THE LIFE OF “ Vidtory was gain’d, though lie were then at Jerufalem, at the Diftance bf two Days Journey from the Field of Battle. The former, they lay, was “ reveal’d to him in a Dream of the Night, and the other hy a Voice from “ Heaven, which the Jews call Bath-Kol , i. e. The Daughter of. a Voice. “ or the Daughter Voice. For the Jewijh Writers hold, that there were “ three Sorts of Revelations anciently among them. The Firft by Urlm and “ Thummim ; the lecond by the Spirit of Prophecy; and the third by Bath- “ Kol. The firft they fay was in Ufe fium the eredling of the Tabernacle to " the Building of the Temple. The lecond from the Beginning of the “ World (but moftly under the firft Temple) till the Death of MaJachi un- “ der the fecund Temple. But that, after the Death of Malachi, the Spirit “ of Piophecy wholly ceas’d in Ifrael ; and that, thenceforth they had “ Bath-Kol in its ftead, which, they fay, was a Voice from Heaven. “ That they called it Bath-Kol. i. e. the Daughter Voice, or the Daughter of “ a Voice, (for it may be interpreted both Ways) i’eems to be with refpedt to “ the oracular Voice delivered from the Mercy-feat, when God was there “ confulted by XJrim and Thummim. That was the grand and primary Voice “ of Revelation ; this of a fecondary Dignity, and inferior to it, as theDaugh- “ ter is to the Mother, and therefore in refpedt to it, and as fucceeding in “ its ftead, it is called the Daughter Voice, the other being to it as the Mo- “ ther in Precedence, both of Time and Dignity. That it may be under - “ flood what kind of Oracle this was, I fhall here give the Reader one In- “ fiance of it cut of the Talmud, it is as followeth. Rabbi Jochanan and Rabbi Simeon, Ben Lachifb, defiring to fee the Face of R. Samuel, a Babylonijh Dodlor , let us follow faid they the bearing c/ Bath Kol. Travelling therefore near a School, they heard the Voice of a Boy reading thefe Words, out of the firfi Book of Samuel, xxv. i. and Samuel died ; they ohferved this , and inferred from hence, that their Friend Samuel was Dead, and fo they found it had happened. For Samuel of Babylon was then Dead. “ Many “ more Inftances of this Sort may be produced out of the Jewijh Writings, “ but this is enough to let the Reader fee, that their Bath-Kol was no fucli “ Voice from Heaven, as they pretend, but only a phantaftical Way of Di- “ vitiation of their own Invention, like the Sortes Virgilianee among the Hea- “ thens. For as with them, the Words firft dipped at, in the Book of thar “ Poet, was the Oracle, whereby they prognofiicated thofe future Events, “ which they defired to be informed of; fo with the Jews, when they ap- “ pealed to Bath-Kol, the next Words, which they fhould hear from any “ ones Mouth were the fame. Ai d this they called a Voice from Heaven, “ becaul’e thereby they thought the Judgment of Heaven to be declared, as “ to any dubious Point they defired to be inform’d of, and the Decrees of “ Heaven to be reveal’d concerning the future Succefs of any Matter, which “ they would be pre-inform’d of, whenfoever in either of thel'e two Cafes, “ they this Way confulted it. “ The Sortes Virgilianee, on the Failing of Oracles, after tire coming of “ Chrift, were initead of them much made Ufe of by the Heathens, as long “ as Fleathenifm. remain’d among the Romans. And the Cbriflians, when “ Chriftianity firft began to be corrupted, learned from them the like Way of “ Divination, and much pradtiled it without any other Change than by “ putting the Book of the holy Scriptures in the Place of the Book of the “ Heathen Poet. This was as ancient as the Time of St. Auftin, who liv’d “ in the Fourth-Century, for he makes mention of it. And, it was pradtifed ’ “ by Heraclius, Emperor of the EaJl, in the Beginning of the feventh Century. “ For, being engaged in a War againft Chofroes, King of Perfa, and after a “ fuccefsful Campaign, being in Doubt, where to take his Winter Quarters, enjoyn’d MATTHEW WREN, D. D. 61 “ enjoyn’d a Time of farting and praying to all his Army; and after that, “ conlulting the Book of the Holy Scriptures in this Way of Divination, “ thereby determined himfelf as to this Matter. But it obtained moft “ in the Weft, efpecially in France, where, for feveral Ages, it was the “ Pradice on the Confecration of a new Bilhop, to confult the Bible con- “ cerning him, by this Way of Divination, and from the Words, which they “ ihould firft dip at the Opening of the Book, make a Judgment of his “ Life, Manners, and future Behaviour. And the Normans on their Con- “ quell: of this Land, brought this Ufage hither with them. On the Con- “ fecration of William, the lecond Norman Bifhop of the Diocefe of Nor- “ uoich, the Words which the Bible firft open’d at for him were, Non hunc,johnnmi.^a. “ fed Barrahbain, i. e. Not this Man, but Barabbas; by which they made a “ Judgment, that this Bilhop was not long to continue, and that aThief Ihould “ come in his Place, and fo it accordingly happened. For William foon “ after dying, Herbertus de Lozinga, another Norman was made his Suc- “ ceflor, who was chief Simony-broker to King William Rufus, (that King “ openly felling all ecclefiuftical Benefices) and had fimonically obtain’d of " him the Abbey of Winchefter for his Father, and the Abbey of Rumfey for “ himfelf, and had now by the like evil Means, gain'd this Billioprick. At “ his Confecration, the Words, which the Bible opened at for him, were “ the fame which Chrift fpoke to Judas, when he came to betray him ; “ Amice ad quod 'uenijli, i. e. Friend, wherefore art thou come. Thefe, andit&r.xxvi.so. “ the former Words for his Predeceffor, putting home upon his Confidence, “ how much he had been a Thief and a Traitor to Chrift and his Church, “ brought him to a thorough Repentance for his Crimes, and to expiate for “ them, he built the Cathedral Church of Norwich, of which he laid the “ firft Stone, in the Year of our Lord, 1096. And afterwards, having tranf- “ lated his epifcopal Chair from Fhetford to it, he thereby fixed the See of “ his Billioprick m the City of Norwich, and there it hath been ever fince.” —The Author concludes his Account, much in the Senfe of Fully, (before noted) by refleding, in general, on the great Folly of Mankind, in deviling fuch vain and groundlefs Prognoftics for future Events ; and, in particular, on the Corruptions of the RomiJJo Church in thofe Days, in their running in¬ to fuch a Pradice, and making it part of their facred Offices ; for fuch their Ordinals were reckon’d to be, in which this Way of prognofticating at the Confecrations of Bilhops was then direded. A parallel Ca'le to one Particular in the preceding Relation, (viz. “ That “ when the two Sons of John Hyrcanus vanquilh’d Antiochus Cyzicenus, it “ was known to him the very fame Moment in which the Vidory was “ gain'd, though he was then at the Diftance of two Days Journey from “ the Battle,”) is this: Pope Pius V. being as Rome in the Confiftbry, did Aubrey’* make known the famous Battle of Lepanto between the Turks, and the Ve- Mi f c ‘l- f-SS. netians, at the Time of the Engagement, in the Year 1571, and that the Chrifians were vidorious; the Place of this Fight at Sea being 200 Miles, or more diftant from Rome. “ In the City of Padua, one C. Cornelius, who had the Charader of apiutarch, in “ good Augur, Fellow-citizen, and Friend of Livy the Hiftorian, happen’d the Li / C ‘f )■ “ to make fome augural Obfervations, on that very Day when the Battle of C:El:lr ' . “ Pharfalia between Cafar and Pompey was fought ; and firft, as Livy tells “ us, he pointed out the critical Time of the Fight, and faid to thofeL„ can> 2. ■> “ who were near him, that juft then the Armies were engag’d, and the “ Adion was hot. When he looked a lecond Time upon the Birds, and “ nicely obferv’d the Omens, he leaped, as if he had been infpir’d, and cry’d R “ out f 62 THE LIFE OF ^t" T h"Dr~ " out ’ ^ oa • Cerfar art the Conqueror." -This, Livy pofitively affirms for Smalridge. ^ Truth. The antient Heathens had five fpecial Ways of Divination, the firft was, Affiatu Dei , or by Inspiration ; the fecond, by Oracles from the Tripos in the Temples; the third, by the burning of Laurel ; the fourth, by the Stars or Aftrology ; the fifth, by Obfervation of Birds, or Augury. All thefc, with great Elegance and Brevity, are compris’d by Virgil, in three Lines, in the Addrefs of /Eneas to Helenas, a King, Prieft, and Prophet. “ Trojugena, interpres divum, qui (t) numina Phcebi ; “ %r (2) tripodas ; (3) Clarii lauros ; qui ( t[)fdera Jentis ; “ Lt (5) voiucrum linguas, et prcepetis omina pennce.” The old JewiJh Prophets ufually prophefy’d by Dreams, and Vifions._ C> ii' T-’e old Men Jhall dream Dreams, and the young Men Jhall fee Vifions. Am! thus, the filii prophetarum, the Sons of the Prophets, who were Scholars and Students in their Colleges, did fometimes, likewife foretel future Things; as 2 Kings, Chap. ii. V. 3. - - - j j j j -r j j **»- '■ ' 3 'cordingly, no lels than fifty of them went to fee the AlTumption of the Pro¬ phet near Jordan. Daviikidos, “ Hinc fimulacra anitno depingit myflica fomnus “ Molliter in viblos fmul ac defuxit ocellos ; “ Tranflit admiffo preefentia tempora faltu, “ JEtatumque inter Silvas, et amcena vireta “ Ambulat, atque annos jam nunc exire par antes, “ Frcenaque mordentes cernit, micat undique fati “ Or do ingens, valveeque, patent, longique recejfus.” Dr. Pocock of Oxford, in his Commentary on Hofea, hath a learned Dif- courfe of the Vrim and Lhummim ; as alfo, Dr. Spenfer of Cambridge, both agreeing that the Prieft had his Vifions in the Stones of the Breaft-plate.—This might give Rife to the vain Fantafy of infpedting prophetick Vifions in a Beryl (one of the twelve Stones mention’d in the Revelations) or a Cryftal.—. *Sam. Boifardus hath written a Book, De divinatione per cryfiallum. Sed jam manum de tabula. * I take this to be a Miftake for John James Boifard, a great Colfeaqr of Roman Antiqui¬ ties, who was born at Bezancon, in the Year 1528, and died in 1602, His Treatifc, De divi - natione, et magicis firte/ligiis, was printed after his Death. [Bap.] Numb. MATTHEW WREN, D. D, 6 3 Numb. V. s T a t u T A. NobiliJJimi ordinis in Anglil diSli A perifcellide : AdjeSlis aliquot ad marginem notis, in quibus Videre erit , Qantum Jlatuta hac a prioribus difcejferint, Quantum et ab his flatutis recejjum, ex eo tempore fit, Qua per novorum decretorum accejjiones, Qua per hodiernal confuetudines denique. Ex collediione et collatione, Matthtei Wren, Decani Windeforienfis, et fcribce NobiliJJimi ordinis, 1631. Statutes of the Order of the Garter. Extract from the Injiitution, Laws, and Ceremonies, of the moft noble Order of the Carter. By Elias Allimole, Iff, SeB. z. Page 193. “ 1" N the Month of December, 1666. the Right Reverend Father in God, Alhmole’j “ JJ_ Matthew Wren, Lord Bifhop of Ely, Brew’d me a Manufcript com “ piled by himfelf, about the Year 1631, being at that Time, Regifter of “ this moft noble Order; wherein, by Way of Comment upon King Henry “ Vlllth’s Statutes, he briefly fhews (out of the Statutes and Annals of the Order) what Alteration there hath been in the Law of the Garter, both “ before and fince. It is a Work compofed with a great deal of Judgment, “ and exceeding ufeful ; and had it been my good Hap to have met there- “ with, before I had fo near finilhed this Work, the ready Diredlions there- * in would have eafed me of much Toil, whilft I was about the compo- •* ling it.” This Comment of Bifhop Wren's, in Latin, with his Preface, wherein he acquaints us whence he collefted his Obfervations, fife, is publifh’d by John Anjlis, Efq; Garter King at Arms, in the Regifter of the moft noble Order, ufually call’d (from its Cover in black Velvet) the Black-book. In 2 Vol, Fol. Lend. 1724. p. 294. 64 THE LIFE Ru(hworthV Hift. Coll. Part II. VoL I. p. 461. Anno 1637. 13 Caroji. Of the Scotch Liturgy and Canons , re- mifedly Arth- bijhop Laud, Bijhop]uxton, and Bifhop Wren. Commijfond h th( O F Numb. VI. Certificate of Da Matthew Wren, Bijhop of Norwich; concerning the Book of Sports, entituled , The King’s Ma- jefty’s Declaration for lawful Recreations alter Evening-prayer on Sundays and Holy-days ; ..commanded by his Majefty, to be read by all Minifters in their refpeflive Parifj Churches. ' nP ° ( ^ e I2t h Art 'cle, that upon Enquiry at my Vifitation, whether 1 X the King’s Majefty’s Declaration for lawful Sports had been pub- c lilh’d, I found it had not been done in very many Places of the Diocefe; ‘ having therefore, about fixty Books at Hand, I caufed them to be propos’d ‘ to luch Perfons as I had mod Doubt of, but many of them refuted to ' publifh the fame, and were fufpended for their Refufal ; yet divers of 1 them prefently promifed Conformity, and fo were ablolved ; lb that now, * in the whole Diocefe, confiding of about fifteen hundred Clergymen, there ‘ are not pafiing twice fifteen excommunicated, or lufpended ; whereof fome ‘ fo Hand for Contumacy, in not appearing at the Vifitation and Synod, and ‘ dill refule to fubmit ; "and others, for obdinate denying to publiili the ‘ King’s Declaration.” Numb. VII. ■ /. . . 0 ? > Extracts from Lord Clarendon’s Hiflory of the Rebellion, con¬ cerning the £>cotch Liturgy, and Canons. Book II. Page 63, I T was towards the End of the Tear 1633, when the King returned from Scotland, having left it to the Care of fome of his Bilhops there to provide fuch a Liturgy, and fuch a Book of Canons, as might bed fuit the Nature and Humour of the better Sort of that People ; to which, the reft would eafily lubmit ; and that, as fad as they made them ready, they fhould tranfmit them to the Arch-bifhop of Canterbury , to whole Affidance the King join’d the Bilhop of London [Dr. Juxtori] and Doftor Wren , who by that Time, was become Bilhop of Norwich ; a Man of a fevere four Na¬ ture, but very learned, and particularly verfed in the old Liturgies of the Greet; and Latin Churches. And after his Majedy fhould be this Way cer¬ tified of what was fo fent, he would reiommend, and enjoyn the Practice andUfe of both, to that his native Kingdom. It was now two Years, or very near lb much, before the Bilhops in Scot¬ land had prepared any Thing to offer to the King, towards their intend¬ ed Reformation ; and then, they inverted the proper Method, and firft pre- fented a Body of Canons to precede the Liturgy, which was not yet ready, they chafing to finilh the Ihorter Work fird. The King referr’d th'e Con- fideration, as he had before refolved to do, to the Arch-billrop, and the other two Bidiops, [Dr. Juxtori] the Bilhop of London , and [Dr. Wren] the liidrop of Norwich ; who, after their Perufal of them, and fome Alterations made, with 65 MATTHE W VV R E N, D. D. with the Confent of thofe Bifhops who brought them from Scotland, re¬ turn’d them to the King ; and his Majefty impatient to fee the good Work en¬ ter'd upon, without any other Ceremony (after having given his Royal Ap¬ probation) iflued out his Royal Proclamation for the due Obftrvation of them within his Kingdom of Scotland. It was a fatal Inadvertency, that thefe Canons, neither before, nor after they were fent to the King, had been ever feen by the Affetnbly, or any Convocation of the Clergy, which was fo ftridtly obliged to the Obfervation of them ; nor fo much as communicated to the Lords of the Council of that Kingdom ; it being almoft impoffible, that any new Difcipline could be in¬ troduced into the Church, which would not much concern the Government of the State, and even trench upon, or refer to the municipal Laws of the Kingdom. It was, in the next Place, as ftrange, that Canons fhould be publifh’d be¬ fore the Liturgy was prepared, (which was not ready in a Year after, or thereabouts) when three or four of the Canons were principally for the Ob¬ fervation of, and pundtual Compliance with the Liturgy ; which all the Clergy were to be fworn to fubmit to, and to pay all Obedience to what was enjoyn’d by it, before they knew what it contained. Whereas if the Liturgy had been firft publifh’d with all due Circumftances, it is poffible, that it might have found a better Reception, and the Canons have been lels examined. It was about the Month of July, in the Year 1637, that the Liturgy (after it had been fent out of Scotland, and perufed by the three Bifhops in Eng¬ land [Laud, Juxton, and IVren,'] and then approv’d and confirm’d by the King) was publifh’d and appointed to be read in all the Churches. And in this Particular, there was the fame affedted and premeditated Omillion, as had been in the Preparation and Publication of the Canons ; the Clergy not at all confulted in it, and, which was more ftrange, not all the Bifhops ac¬ quainted with it; which was lefs cenfured afterwards, when fome of them re¬ nounced their Function, and became ordinary Prefbyters, as foon as they faw the Current of the Time. The Privy-council had no other Notice of it, than all the Kingdom had, the Sunday before, when it was declared, “ That “ the next Sunday the Liturgy fhould be read;” by which they were the lefs concern’d to forefee, or prevent any Obftrudtions which might happen. On the Sunday Morning appointed for reading the Liturgy, it was received in the Cathedral of Edinburgh, with Riot and Diforder, in Defiance of all Authority ; and it fared no better in the other Churches of the City, but was entertained by the leditious Rabble, with hollowing and Outcries; and threatening the Men whofe Office it was to read it, with bitter Execrations againft Bifhops, and Popery. The firft Adtors in thefe Tumults, and Confufions, were really of the Dregs of the People, but foon after, more confiderable Perfons, and at length, fome of the beft Quality declared themfelves of the Party againft the Bifhops ; united themfelves by fubfcribing a Covenant; raifed an Army, under the Obligation thereof, and commenced a Rebellion; and this was the firft Alarm England received towards any Trouble, after it had enjoy’d for fo many Years the moft uninterrupted Profperity, in a full and plentiful Peace, that any Nation could be blefled with. The Arch-bithop of Canterbury, makes this Memorial in his Diary on Rdhworth’j April 29, 1638.-“ The Tumults in Scotland, about the Service-book Kfl.cd.Part “ offered to be brought in, began July 23, 1637, and, continued increafing* I ' 7 f” / ' L “ by Fits, and hath now brought that Kingdom in Danger. No Queftion, ’ “ but there is a great Concurrence between them (meaning the Scotch Co- S venanters) ■ ■ - T '' w _ 1 < 1 Ibid. 387 Ibid. 387. THE LIFE OF “ venanters) and the Puritan Party here in England ; there was great Aim “ there to deftroy me in the King’s Opinion, fife." Among the Reafons publifhed by his Majefty for impofing the Liturgy in Scotland , was this,-“ That it was compofed in Subftance not different “ from that of England, that the Roman Party might not upbraid us with « any material Differences in our Liturgies,” and yet in fotne few Altera¬ tions differing from it, that it might be truly reputed a Book of that Church's own compofing, and eftablilhed by his royal Authority, as King of Scot¬ land. Together with this Service-book, (which for Subftance, Frame, and Com- pofure, was conformable to the Decency and Uniformity of God’s Worfhip in the Church of England) his Majefty lent certain Inftruflions to the Bifhops of Scotland-, “ That notwitliftanding, lie had eftablifh’d it by his “ Authority, yet, they fhould proceed with all Moderation, and difpenle “ with fuch Things contained in the Book, as they ftiould find them, either “ not well perfwaded of them, or willing to be informed concerning them, “ or did hope that Time and Reafon might gain to a better Belief of “ them.” The Excellency of the Compofure of the Liturgy, attended with fuch cautious and wife Advice, and Direction, for the peaceable Reception, and ta”on La “w Exercife of it, clearly vindicate his Majefty, and his three Englijh Prelates; Wren"’ infomuch, that the Misfortunes which enfued were apparently owing to the Ibid 390. weak, impolitick, and unfeafonable Condudt of the Scottijb Bifhops, upon whom the Lords of the Council, (in their Complaint to the King of the Tumults) fpared not to lay the greateft Blame. Upon the 19th of April , 1636. his Majefty, as to the Liturgy defigned fer l. bait 11. Scotland, thus expreffed his Pleafure. f- 3 21 - Charles Rex, “ I gave the Arch-bifhop of Canterbury Command, to make the Altera-' « tions expreffed in this Book, and to fit a Liturgy for the Church of Scci- ". Scroop. North. Carleton. Rich. Weflon. Georg. Goring. Johan. Ogle. Dux Bucking- hamiae (Regent Sueciae. s Principem Auraniae. ( Comitem Suffolciae. Does. Spenfer. Harvy. Vere. Johan. Burroughs. Edw. Conway. Car. Rich. Com. Rutlandiae r Regem Sueciae. J Principem Auraniae. ( Comitem Suffolciae. Dots. Scroop. Ruffel. North. Georg. Mannors. Johan. Burroughs. Sackville Trevor. Com. Banburiae f Regem Sueciae. < Principem Auranis. ( Comitem Suffolciae. D”os. La Ware. Ruffel. Vere. Edw. Howard. Car. Rich. Georg. Goring. Com. Kellis (Regem Sueciae. < Principem Auraniae. C Comitem Suffolciae. £)”«• Percy. Vere. La Ware. Johan. Ogle. Car. Morgan. Johan. Burroughs. Com. Mongo- gemeris (Regem Sued*. < Principem Auraniae. (Comitem Suffolciae. Doit. Percy. Ruffel. Vere. Rich. Weflon. Car. Morgan. Johan. Burroughs. Com. Pem- brokiie C Regem Sueciae. s Principem Auraniae. C Comitem Suffolciae. Clifford. La Ware. Montague. Rich. Weflon. Car. Morgan. Johan, Burroughs. Comes 2 D. D. 7 1 Car. Morgan. Johan. Burroughs. Georg. Goring. Finitis tandem fcrutinio , & vefpertinis, itur ad ctemrn. Celebratur capitulum in cra/iino, in privatiare camera , aCceptoque fcrutinil Supremos eleffos pronunciat in noblijjimum ordinem , regem Suecias, principem Auranise, & comitem SuffolcitE, Jiatuitque, ad priores duos mittenda per legates injignia ordinis: comitem verb Suffalciae introducunt Suffexius, atque Pem- brochius; Supremufque ipfum ornat injigni Sanch Georgii circa collum ; tibiee verb fubligaculum adfringit Suffexius: fed audito Suffolcium militari ordine nunquam donatum fuijfe , Supfemus dijlriblo Jlatim gladio, eum creat equi- tem. Itur dein ad Jacellum , atque dum facra peraguntur, & concio (erat enim dies Martis) babetur , Suffolcius perjiitit ante fedem fuam. Fxeuntes tandem exuunt fe indumentis ordinis , atque ea Jinitur folen- nitas. . The Garter fent by his Majeffy to the great Gujlavus Adolphus , King of Swe¬ den, upon his Eledtion, and this his Inftalment in the moft noble Order, did excel all others, prefented by former Sovereigns, for Richnefs and Glory; each Letter of the Motto being compofed of Diamonds ; the Inventory of which, from the Tranfcript of the Counter-part, fign’d by Dr. Cbrijlopher Wren, then Dean of Witidfor , and feven of the Canons of that College, 24 Mali, Anno 14 Car. I. is exhibited, by Mr. Afbmole, in his Hiftory of the Garter, chap. 6. p. 204. Numb. IX. M A 11 11, 1633. Suprema majejlas iter Scotiam verfus inflituit, ingenti pompa aulicd famulante , ad equorum quatuor millia , aut plus eo. Aderant e nobilijjimo ordine hosioratiflimi domini Pembrochius, Montgo- merius, Arundelius, Surrius, Salifburius, Carliolius, Hollandrius, Suffolcius, Portlandius, Hamiltonius, Lennox, ex ojfciariis verb decanus Windeforienfis fcriba , & Maxwellius ojliarius , qui nobilium permultos in ezdibus fuis Enervici in accejj'u primo, regemque ipfum ididem in recejfu e Scotia lautijjime ex- cepit. Junij 13. Appellit Supremus Edenburgum ; die 18, coronatur ritu facro , augiiftijjimoque ; 20 inchoata comitia quce vacant parlamentaria, oBava pqfl die feclicijjime terminantur. Primo die Julij, Supremus, varias rcgni urbeculas vifurtts , Edenburgo movet, reditque die decimo. Sexto decimo Julij, Bervicum redux fatius, atque inde die crajlino profeblus, equis, curribufque difpofitis, vehens, concitatijjimo curfu (Dei optimi maximi, fufpitatoris, perdudtoris, redudtoris benejicio) Greenvicum pervenit, die Sabbati d meridie, qui Julij erat vicefimus. Numb. THE LIFE OF N U M B. X. Marui 15. Matthew Ween, epifcoptts Herefordienfis, de- eatiatu Windeforienfi decedent, ojpcium quoque jcubic or dims in jacratijjimas Supremi mams Jponte refignat \ prater aulem ipjius Christophorus Wren, S. S . 7 . P. & domino regi a Jacris domejltcis, in utrumque locum Supremi gratia jujjlcitur. Anno domini 1635, Caroli R. II. P Erennium iftoram annalium novo fcribce feliciter occurrunt primo memo¬ randa aufpicia regni Carolini (Martii 2j.) anno ejufdem undecimo prcz- lucentia. Quorum duHtu deincipem honoratijjimi ordinis bijioriam ordiri, faujii cujufdam ominis fuit. Mox enim infequuta eft memorabilis ilia legatio domini Johannis baronis Skytte, cum mandat isferenijjimee dominie Jure Suecorum ChriftiniE regime, mijji, lit ornamenta, & figna illuftrijftmi ordinis, quce invidiijftmus rex Guftavus Adolphus cum vita depofuerat, in facratijfimi Supremi manus humillime re- ftgnarct ; adeoque non folitm preefcriptis legibus ordinis fatisjaceret, verum etiam moram excufaret. Adjiccret infuper ferenijftmi reginam cum gente Suecorum univerfa, tanti habere Supremi in deferendis hifce honoribus affebiionem inufitatam, tit nunquam intermittat ea procurare, quce ad Supremi ipfius, & Britannicac gentis Jplen- dorem amplificandum conducerent. Non patitur annalium brevitas copiofam illam lautamque argumentorum fu- pellebiilem recenfcre, qua noblijjimus ille legatus, pro fmgulari facundia fua, uni¬ verfa ordinis perijcelidis decora accuratius profequutus ejl. Ex adverfo tamen, hcec ipfa fdentio prorfus prccteriiffe, non tam fupinitatis quam feeler is fuiflet. Neque enim ab exteri cujufquam commilitonis virtutibus & meritis, major unquam augujlijjimo ordini gloria accejjijje reperitur, quam heroica ifius principis facinora eidem accreverunt. Brevi refponfo adhibito, Supremus domino Francifco Crane, cancellario or¬ dinis, vices praftitit mentem fuam explicates tradendi. Methodum autem plain vere augujlam, qua Supremus legatum, a duobus com- militonibus primoribus, in cameram fuam introduclwn ; qua, ipfa ornamenta re¬ fit™ ; qua, ojjicia tanto negotio famulantia difponi jujferat; quum a magiftro caremoniarum domino Johan. Finet, viro cultifftmo, exablb Jit compofita, ipfeeque orationum formulce ab eodem collegia fint, feiens omitto. To MATTHEW VV R E N, D. D. To the Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in the High Court of Parliament. The mofi humble Atijwer of Matthew Wren, Bifhop of Ely, to the Articles of Impeachment exhibited againfl him by the Honourable Commons Houfe of Parliament for fever a I Crimes and MtJdemeanors. T h 5 f fa l B f l °u P ° f E/ f‘ S preffed With vel 7 § reat Sorrow and Grief of Heart, that fo honourable an Affembly of the Commons Houfe fhould noia him worthy of fo heavy and fore a Charge : neverthelefs, foralmuch as tv ofheint Snty ^ h ' S ° wn H u ean and Confcience, he is affur’d he is not guil- y of being, or ever having been, popiihly, or fuperftitioufly affedted or of endeavouring to fupprefs powerful and painful Preaching, or of introducing nf^h h M- th ft at ten p ed i° Su Pf ftltlon or Idolatry, or of dffturbing the Eftates of he Mimfters, People, and Churches of Norwich Diocefe, when he was Bilhop there ; or of difquietmg and hazarding the Eftates, Confidences and Lives of any of his Majefty's Subjedls there, "or of bringing in P ofaneneff ^11^^^ ““ th£ Pe ° ple: but that the a " d Inten¬ tion of all his AdW was only to promote the Glory of God, by thelncreafe o Devotion and of Decency, and Uniformity in the Church ^He is there¬ by encouraged to make and prefent this his modert, and juft, and humble A y L 0Ur - Honours > of whofe high Wifdom, Juftice Moderation an Noblenefs, he is, by long and daily Experience, fo fully affured, that he Canf ^"th 3 ^pw’ and ' owl y Affiance, fubmit himfelf and his whole Caufe to the good Pleafure of Almighty God, and to your Lordihips rnoft honourable Examination and Judgment. ^ The Charge confining of twenty-five Articles, he maketh his fe¬ deral and diflmSi Anfwers to every one of them, in the fame Order wherein they are charged upon him Humbly cravin' the accu lomcd Benefit, that he may be admitted to make hts further Explanation and Proof as Occafion /hall require. wha*:,™' Ch “ ,ch “ md Ch “* ™ h *• Li & Ri(bn e n f of th A 7 falth i ^ * be ‘ ng n ° W ( almoft ) Tears ftnee he was made Biftop °f JVirwrf he can neither affirm or deny what was order’d 0 “en join d by him touch,ng the raiftug of any particular Chancels: but he hum' bly referreth himfe'f to Inch Afls and Regiftries of the Confiftory in that fk' half, as fhall be produced againfl him. ' ■“ e “ Neverthelefs he faith, that he never did enioin that anv in ,, nifed three or four Steps: but he remembereth, that in St MarTore^ ChuX in Ipfimch, finding a Tomb which had been placed (not abovfrwl f v H ,„d without Licuuco from tho .Ltayfc Chancel. 73 U THE LIFE OF Chancel, and in the very Middle thereof, and was fo high and fo great, that u did much incumber the Ule of the faid Chancel, and d.d quite obfeure and hinder the Sight of the Communion-table, and of the Mmifter, when _ executed the divine Service thereat; he profeffed that he would complain thereof to caufe the fame to be removed, or taken down entire; whereupon ; t was defired by Sir William Withifoll's Friends (whole Father s Tomb it was) 'that in regard the faid Knight was beyond the Seas, they might raife the up¬ per End of the Chancel (being large enough beyond the faid Tomb) and make it of fuch a competent Height, that the Tomb might be no Inconve¬ nience or Hindrance to the Execution of divine Service there : To which the Bifhop affented, as aiming at nothing but due Convenience; and thereupon as he believeth after a Year’s Expeftation, the faid Knight not returning, his Agents did at their own Charge voluntarily perform the laid raifwg of Steps, as they had defired. . , , r He believeth alfo, That at St. Margaret's in Lynn by the Eredhon of Tome Seats, with Steps up thereunto, to a great Height, between the Bo y of the Church and the Chancel, the faid Chancel was wholly obfeured, fo that the Minifter could neither be heard nor feen m his Mimftration. ■ for Remedy whereof, the Chancellor of Norwich, at the Vifitat.on giving Or¬ der that the faid over high Seats (fo offenfive to the Church, and to the di¬ vine Service) fhould be altered, the Mayor of Lynn , and lome other of the faid Town, came unto this Defendant, to certify him thereof, and to mtreat that the Seats might be fuffered to remain, defiring that they might raife the upper end of the Chancel with Steps, in fo convenient a Manner, as that the Mmifter might well be heard and feen at the Communion Service. All which, this Defendant being utterly ignorant of the Place, and having Confi¬ dence of the Chancellor’s Difcretion, according to that Power which was by Patent committed to him, did by his Letters wholly refer unto the faid Chan¬ cellor, who if he did any thing therein contrary to Right, this Defendant humbly craveth, that he may not be anfwerable for the fame. - As for fat. Edmund’s-bury, he believeth, that the one Church had Steps long before he came to be Bifhop of that Diocefe : And in the other Church, he hath heard that they were made by Order from his Succeffor. He alfo denieth, that the Chancels wherein any Step was railed while he was Bifhop there, had continued even and plain all the Time of Queen Eliza¬ beth's Reign : and they ought fo to have continued The Rubnck indeed which was made i Eliz. ordereth that the ChanceL fhall remain as they have done in Times paft, meaning thereby (as the Defendant humbly fup- Dofeth) that the Chancels fhould not be demolifhed or defaced, but fhould be nreferved for the Ufe of the Parifh: but yet not forbidding, that any thing fhould be done therein, tending to Decency, and the Conveniency of the Ad- miniftration : how elfe is it, that any Tombs have been placed, or any Seats ereaed in Chancels, fince the firft Elizabeth ? , , ,, He alfo humbly conceiveth, that, as at the Reading-defk, and at the Pulpit, Steps may be raifed up for the more Convenience of thofe Admim- ftrations, at the Difcretion of the Ordinary ; fo alfo in the Chancels where the Communion Service is to be read, and the holy Sacrament adminiftred, a Step or two without Offence might be raifed, that the Mmifter might thereby be more conveniently heard by the Parifhioners, in his Adminiftration there - Laftly he faith, That finding that moft of the Chancels which he viewed in that Diocefe to be fo conveniently raifed before he came there, he commended the fame for the Conveniency thereof; and believeth, that he might recom¬ mend it to his Chancellor, both in refpedt of that Conveniency, and alfo of Uniformity, where the fame might be duly and fairly obferved: M ATTHE W W R E N, D. D. Otherwife he .intended not, nor gave he any Injunftion about it; neither did he ill his Articles infert any Enquiry touching the fame. And whether the Table were feen or not feen, this Defendant never regarded ; but that the Mi- nifter in his Adminiftration there, might be the better feen and heard by the People, and the People feen of the Minifter, he conceived it fo meet and re- quifite, that he did enquire in his Articles [Cap. 3. Art. 13.) whether the Prolpedt of the Church or Chancel were hindered; and afterwards gave his Dire&ions to the contrary. [Dirett. 21.] To the fecond Article he anfwereth and denieth, that he did in the \ ear 1636, order that the Communion Table (hould be let at the Eaft-end of the Chancel altarwife, and not to be removed from thence. And he faith, that he was ever fo far from having any Thought or Intention of refembling the popifh Manner of Altars, that he believeth that he never did by any Words of his own, fo much as name the Word Altar, in any of his Articles or Diredfions; much lefsdid he ever term the Table an Altar. And whereas he mentioned the North-end of the Communion Table, he humbly conceiveth, that (even by that) he did the more diftingmfh it from an Altar: For that the Altars being very nearly equilateral, or four lquare, the North-end, or South-end of an Altar, hath never been heard of. Only in 1 E/iz. when the Ufe of Altars was but as yefterday out of their Eyes, and the Name of Altars but newly out of their Mouths, Cuftom of Speech led them to call the North end, or North part of the Table, the North-fide thereof, as they had uled to call it the North-fide of the Altar. And he the rather be- lieveth this to be fo, becaufe that in 2 Eliz. when they beft underftood their own Meaning, the Queen caufing the Liturgy to be tranflated into Latin, the Rubrick before the Communion Service reads it Ad feptentrionalem menfa partem ftans, and not ad feptentrionale latus, fo that North-part, North-fide, and North-end were all one. He further faith, that it was neceflary the Rubrick fhould appoint the Table at the Time of the Communion, to ftand in the Body of the Church or the Chancel, where Morning and Evening Prayer were appointed to be Paid ; for otherwife in fundry Places where they had no Chancel, they (hould not have had any Table, or any Communion or divine Service. But where Chancels were, it was by Law, as he humbly conceiveth, ap¬ pointed, that the Table (hould ftand up at the Eaft-end of the Chancel. The Words of the Queen’s Injunflions, (fet forth, 2 Eliz. 1559.) being, that the Holy Table in every Church (hall be fet in the Place where the Altar flood : and that, if for more Convenience, at the Time of the Diftribution of the Communion, it were fet in any other Place of the Chancel, yet after the Com¬ munion done, from time to time it fhould be placed where it flood before. Now thefe Injundlions are allowed and confirmed by the Queen’s Advertil'e- ments, Cap. 1. Art. 3. And thofe Advertifements are authorifed by Law, 1 Eliz. Cap. 2. Sett, penult. He alfo faith, that his diredting to have the Communion Table placed at the Eaft-end of the Chancel was done by him, as well for an Uniformity to all cathedral and collegiate Churches, which he conceived did receive the Ufage which had been therein from the Beginning of the Reformation, and to all "the King’s Chapels, and to very many Parifh Churches, wherein it had never been otherwife: as alfo for a double Convenience, efpecially of the fmaller Churches and Parifhes, that, inafmuch as by the metropolitical In- jundlion, they were to make Rails for the Communion Tables, therefore to let the (aid Tables thus, did tend both to lefs Charge and lefs Incumbrance : for if the faid Tables fhould have been placed any where elle in the Chancel, they would have taken up both more Room, and more Coft in the Railing. f 76 THE LIFE OF He further addeth, that an Adi of State made at the Council Board by the King himfelf, with the Advice of the Metropolitan, and the reft of the Privy Council (who were all Commiffioners for Caufes ecclefiaftical) about the placing the Table in that wife at St. Gregory's Church in London, Anno 1633, 'was as a Rule to lead this Defendant (as being the Ordinary) to give Direc¬ tions for the fame. Efpecially coniidering, that the fore-mentioned Adver- 'tifements 7 Eliz. do directly imply, that the Table fhould ftand there, even at the Time of the Communion. [Item, they fhall decently cover the Table with a Carpet, and with a fair Linnen Cloth at the Time of the Miniftration, and (hall fet the Ten Commandments upon the Eaft-wall over the faid Table, Gap. 2. Art. 7.] for if over it at the Time of Miniftration, then was it at the Time to ftand under the faid Eaft-wall. Neverthelefs, he humbly fuppofeth, that as well by his Articles enquiring only, whether the Table did ordinarily ftand up at the Eaft end, as alfo by his Diredtions, that the Table fhould always ftand there, unlefs the Ordinary gave Diredtion otherwife, he did thereby intimate, that the Communion Table might and fhould be, upon any due Occafion, for more convenient hearing or communicating, be removed not only at the Communion Time, but at other Times when there was no Communion ; and to this end he ex- prefled himfelf afterwards, for fome Churches in the faid Diocefe, as at St. Edmund' s-bury, Lavenbam, and other Places, where it was certified, that the End of the Chancels was too far diftant from the People in the Church. And at Tarmouth (from the Beginning) he had given Order for the more Conve¬ nience of the People, that although there was a Rail by the Vicar-general’s Appointment, placed towards the Eaft-end of the faid Chancel, yet the Com¬ munion Table fhould always ftand without and beneath the faid Rail, in the Body of the faid Church. To the third Article this Defendant anfwereth and denietb, that he in Anno 1636. did enjoin that there fhould be a Rail before the Table. But he faith, that it being prefented by moft of the Prefentments in his primary Vifitation, that the Vicar-general had in the Archbiihop’s metropo- litical Vifitation injoined them to fet up Rail s: many alfo coming to this De¬ fendant, and craving to be diredted, in what Manner and Fafhion the faid Rails fhould fitlieft be, this Defendant did, after his Vifitation was paft, give a general Diredtion, that it was fitted: to fet the fame from one fide of the Chancel to the other; thereby aiming at the lead Expence about the fame that might be. He alfo denieth, that he accounted the Place within the Rail too holy for the People ; and is heartily forry, that they who gave this Information to the Hon. Houfe of Commons, do account God’s People as Dogs: for fo only were the Words of this Defendant’s Diredtion, that the Rails fhould be fo thick with Pillars that Dogs might not get in. Againft which abominable Profana¬ tion of Dogs to come and defile the Lord’s Table, he humbly conceiveth, no Care or Provifion can be over much ; and he is ready to prove, that in a poor Country Parifh in his Diocefe, upon a Chrijlmas Day, while the Minifter was in his Sermon concerning the Participation of the Communion, a Dog came into the Chancel, and leaping upon the Communion-table (which was not railed in, tookthe Bread, prepared for the Communion, in his Mouth, and ran away with it; whereby they could have no Communion that Day, there be¬ ing not another Loaf of white Bread in the Town, except that which the Dog had defiled. Yea he further faith, that the faid Rails do preferve the Lord’s Table from fundry other Inconveniences and profane Abufes; not only of Boys rioting, leaning 77 M A T T H E W WREN, D. D. leaning', ftepping, leaping, or throwing Hats upon it, but alfo of fitting and Handing upon it; yea Servants have heretofore been feen to hold young Chil¬ dren upon it till they defiled it. He alfo faith, that Rails and Inclofures before the Communion Table were not a Thing newly or of late taken up : For in the great Churches of St. Paul, and of Wefiminjler, of Pork, of Norwich , and of divers other Cathedral Churches; alfo in St. Gregory's, St. Edmund’s, St. Margaret’s, and St. Mi¬ chael’s, and other Pariih Churches in Norwiih, and in St. Margaret’s at We/l- minfter ; St. Martin's in campis ; St. Michael’s in Crooked-lane, St. Saviour’s, St. Giles at Cripplegate, and fundry more in London, there have been Rails at the Communion Table Time out of Mind. At Hadley alfo, and Boxford, and Wilby, and many other Churches of Norwich Diocefe. Therefore, that the Metropolitan might by Law enjoin Things of fuch Ufe and Convenience, never entred into this Defendant’s Mind to doubt. Confi- dering that the Canons of our Church made 1571, charge the Church-wardens [to fee that all Things be diligently obferved which pertain to their Offices, and which are conceived in the Queen's Injundlions, and in the Book of Ad- vertifements; and that fhall be fet forth by the Archbifhops and Bifhops in every their Vifitation, for the Ufe of the Churches, Chap. v. Parag. 11.] And alfo they charge Deans [to forefee that all Injundlions fet forth by the Queen, or enjoined by the Bifhop in his Vifitation, be diligently obferved, Chap. ii. Parag. 6.] we have the printed Injundlions alfo of Richard Cox, Bifhop of Ely, 1570, or thereabout. And of Thomas Cooper, Bifhop of Lincoln, Anno 1571, and of fome others. So that it appeared to have been ufual fince the Reformation, and lawful for Archbifhops and Bifhops, at their Vifitations, to enjoin Things convenient and ufeful for the Church. Laftly, That fome of the People were punifhed for ftepping within theRail, is God knows who, by God knows whom, where and when : But this De¬ fendant faith, That one Daniel Whayman, of Monks-fobam in Suffolk, being in great Danger of Punifhment before his Majefty’s Commiffioners, for having difturbed the Minifter in a very grievous Manner at the Adminiftration of the Holy Communion, till it plealed the Court to refer the Matter to this Defen¬ dant as Ordinary there. He upon the faid Whayman’ s Submiffion, was eafily induced to intreat the Court that he might be difmifled from any other Pu¬ nifhment. To the fourth Article, this Defendant anfweretb, and denieth, that he in the Year 1636, did order all Pews to be altered, that they might kneel with their Faces Eaftwards towards the Table fet altar-wife ; much lefs, that he he did fo, the more to advance blind Superftition ; or that he did order, that there fhould be no Seats about, or up even with the Communion Table. But this he faith, that whereas the ordering of Seats in Churches doth of right appertain to the Ordinary, he in his Vifitation Articles, did only inquire, in what Ylanner the laid Pews and Seats in their Churches and Chancels were ordered. And that this he did by way of Prevention for Times following, that the gentle Intimation, which fuch an Enquiry gave, might put Men in Mind hereafter to avoid both a foul Diforder and a great Profanation, which in many Places he had obferved. The Diforder was, that every one had ta¬ ken upon them to make Seats in Churches after their own Fancy, for Fafhion and Height, obferving neither Uniformity nor Decency, which is a very beau¬ tiful Thing in Mens private Houfes, and much more doth become the Houfe of God_The Profanation was, that he had found the Seats in fome Churches fo ordered, as that they could not conveniently kneel down in the Time of Prayer to worlhip the Lord, X Wherefore f I 78 THE LIFE OF Wherefore, to advance, not blind Superftition, but Holinefs and chriftian Devotion, thefe Things he aimed at by the Particulars of that Enquiry. Firft, that in God’s Houfe, by the obferving of due Order and outward Comelinefs, Men might be put in Mind of the Beauty of inward Holinefs. Secondly, that God’s Houfe being ordained for an Houfe of Prayer, the People might have an Opportunity (and not any Impediment) to put tbemfelves into the Pofture of Prayer, to kneel down and humble themlelves in God’s Service. Thirdly, that as much as might be with Convenience, they might look, or turn their Faces all one Way. A thing (as he humbly conceiveth) very ex¬ pedient, becaufe otherwife Mens Devotions are much difturbed by gazing in one another’s Faces at Prayer; which hath begotten an unfeemly Cuftom in many, to hide their Eyes with their Hands, or to hold their Hats before their Faces, as if they were afhamed of the Worlhip of God. Upon that Suppofition then, that to avoid this Inconvenience, and to pro¬ mote Uniformity, it would be fitting, that when Seats are hereafter to be made, or alter’d, to order them fo, as that the People (as far as Convenience would permit, might kneel all one and the fame way; which way was fit then to chufe, of Eaft, Weft, North, and South, but Eaftward. For hath not all Chrijiendom generally obferved it, from the Beginning, in the building of Churches towards the Eaft in all Nations ? Although byfo doing they did that, which the Heathen had done before them in the building of their idolatrous Temples; and contrary to that which the Jews had ever obferved, who in their time were the true Church of God. It was alfo the conftant Oblervation of the Primitive Church in the Time of Prayer, to kneel towards the Eaft [Ad Orientem convertimus, fays Gregory NyJJen, bib. de Orat. and St. Au- gujiin, Lib. ii. de Serin. Dom. Cap. 19. Ad Orientem adoramus , fays Atha- 11afins, £>uceft. Necef. 14. Spedlamus Orientem cum precamur, fays St. Bafil, Lib. de Spir. Cap. 27. Epiphanius, Lib. I. Lorn. I. Cap. 19.] And that it was fo accuftomed here in England, after the Reformation, appears by the an¬ cient Forms of their Seats in many Churches, and by Mr. Cartwright' s Com¬ plaint, that the Minifter at Prayer was in the Chancel with his Back to the People : And by the Rubrick before Le Deum , appointing the Minifter, when he reads the Leffons, to ftand and turn himfelf fo as he may beft be heard. This Defendant therefore could have no other Intention in that Enquiry but this, that the Eaft being the bigheft End of the Church, and the holy Table Handing there, by kneeling all that way. People would give no Offence or Difturbance to one another, and would alfo the better hear and fee, what the Minifter faid and did in his Adminiftration. And to the fame Purpofe, that in the Time of the holy Communion, Mens Thoughts might be lefs difturbed with other Objedts, and tne Minifter him¬ felf, and his Adminiftration be lefs liable to Difturbance; and the Place itfelf be freer for that holy Service, and for Accefs of the Communicants, he enquired whether any Seats were above the Table, or up even with it, as holding it a thing, in his own Judgment, under Corredlion, for divers Caufes very unfitting. To the Fifth Article, this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that he en¬ joined the Minifter, after fome Part of the Morning-prayer, to go to the Table let altarwife, as to a more holy Place; For he always accounted it to be table- wife, and all Parts of the Church to be alike holy. But this he faith, that the Church by Law hath diredted feveral Parts of the divine Service to be executed in feveral Parts and Places of the Church, As Baptifm to be given at the Font, [Rubrick before Baptifm .] Matrimony to begin in the Body of the Church. [Rubrick before Matrimony,'] and to be finifhed at the Lord’s Table, [Rubrick after the Blefjing.] The Order of Burial to begin at the Church Style, and fo to proceed either into the Church, 2 or 79 M A TTH E W W R E N, D. D. or towards the Grave, [ Rubrick before Burial .] The Thanfgiving for Wo¬ men after Childbirth, to be at the Table, [ Rubrick before The Com- mination to be part in the Pulpit, [Rubrick before the Comminution.'] And part where they are accuftomed to fay the Litany, [ Rubrick bejore the Pfalm Miferere.] As for that Part of the Morning-prayer which is called the Communion-fervice, the Rubrick before the Communion appoints, that it (hall be faid at the Table; and the Rubrick after the Colledts orders, that upon Holidays, if there be no Communion, yet all fhall be faid that is ap¬ pointed at the Communion, until the End of the Homily. And where then {hall the Communion-fervice be faid, but at the Communion-table ? If no; how comes it then, that for the Sermon or plomily (be there Communion, or be there none) they go to the Place for the Sermon ; that is, into the Pulpit; but that it was fettled thus upon the Reformation, appears by the conftant Cuftorn ever obferved in all cathedral and collegiate, and in many parochial Churches, Time out of Mind, and alfo in the King's Chapel. (Mr. Thomas Fofter, Parfon of St. Matthew's in Ipfwich , a Man of great Age, did affirm in open Synod there, that for many Years after he was firft Minifter there, the ten Commandments, and the reft of the Service was never otherwife read then at the Table,) and by the Teftimony of divers ancient Men, Minifters above fifty Years fince ; and by Mr. Cartwright's own Quarrel in thefe Words, “ After Morning-prayer, the Minifter to fay other Prayers, climeth “ up to the further End of the Chancel; as far as the Wall will let him. “ Pag. 105, L. 1.” He further faith, that the Pradtice which he faw of this Ufage in the Pre¬ fence of the fupreme Governor of the Church, before this Defendant came into his daily Attendance, viz. in the Journey into Scotland, in the Year 1633, and in all Parifh Churches where his Majefty came in his Summer Progreffes, might be Inducement enough, if not Warrant, to this Defendant, to give that Diredtion, which he did in this Matter. But he alfo alledgeth, that Queen Elizabeth's Advertifements fay, that the Common Prayer fhall be faid, or fung in fuch Place, as the Ordinary fhall think meet, for the Largenefs, or Straightnefs of the Church, and Choir, fo that the People may be mod edified ; and the firft Rubrick before the Morning- prayer faith, that the Prayers fhall be ufed in the accuftomed Place of the Church, Chapel, or Chancel; except it fhall be otherwife determined by the Ordinary. Now the accuftomed Place of Prayer, when that Rubrick was made, was the Choir, in all Churches that has Choirs, as appears by the firft Ru¬ brick; that the Common Prayer-Book of King Edward VI. faying, the Prieft Handing in the Choir, fhall begin the Mattins. Queen Elizabeth alfo or¬ dered in her Injundtions, that to fay the Litany, the Prieft, with other of the Choir, fhall come and kneel in the midft of the Church ; which is as much as to fay, they fhall come forth of the Choir or Chancel. He therefore humbly conceiveth, that if the Ordinary hath Power by Law, to determine where the Common Prayer fhall be faid ; and alfo, to remove it out of the accuftomed Place, when he thinks meet ; how much rather might this De¬ fendant give Diredtion to have it read in the Place which he law approved of by fo great Examples, and which he found to be the accuftomed Place, •when that Law and Rubrick was made, that is to fay, at the Table? And how could the Confciences, either of Minifter Or People, (if they made any Confcience of Obedience) be juftly offended and grieved, that a Thing fo con- fonant to Law and good Example, was put into Pradtice ? For if that be made the Reafon of the Offence, becaufe the Service itfelf was unprofitable to the People, who could not hear, as this Charge faith, what was faid or prayed there : This Defendant humbly anfwereth, that he was 86 The life of Was fo careful of all Convenience in that Point, that where the Minifter, (railing his Voice as he ought to do, though fome, of evil Purpofe, would not) was not fully heard there, he fhould go nearer to the People ; and the Table alfo, if need were, fhould be fet lower down, as at St. Edmund’s-bury, Lavenham, and other Places; and at Yarmouth, that for this very Caul'e the Minifter, even when there was no Communion, ihould not go to the Table to read the Service there. And this, in the Vifitation, was often faid by the Commiffioners, that if any Church were over large, upon due Information thereof made, Diredtion Ihould be given, where to Hand, that they might be fufficiently heard. And therefore, he humbly prayeth, the Confideration in this Point may thus far be had, feeing the Complaint is laid, becaufe the People could not hear the faid Communion-fervice, and that the faid Complaint can only be meant of a very few of the People, fuch as fat very remote, and in the ut- moft Parts of fome very large Churches (fcarce one fuch of forty throughout the Diocefe.) How neceffarily it is inferred, that in every Congregation it could not but be very profitable to all the People, in a far greater Meafure than it had been before this Defendant came into that Diocefe, becaufe then, not in one Church of forty, any of the People did hear a Word of the faid Ser¬ vice. For generally, it was not read at all in the Churches: but after the fecond LefTon, they fung a Plalm, and fo the Sermon began, and that was all they did (a few Places excepted) leaving’out the whole Communion-fervice, or the moll Part of it, when there was no Communion. For the general Redrefs wherein caufed by this Defendant’s Care, he is ready to make it appear as well by Letters of Joy, Applaufe, and Thanks, written from the Dean and Canons, the Chancellor, lundry Gentlemen, and grave Minifters, as alfo by Teftimony of many other godly and worthy Men, how far their Confciences were from Offence ; and on the contrary, how much they were joyed for the due Reverence, and compleat Qbfervance of God’s Service. Laftly, therefore, he humbly prayeth, that it may be obferved, that the Preface to the Book of Common Prayer, fayeth, that for the Refolution of all Doubts, concerning the Manner how to underftand, and to do, and to exe¬ cute the Things contained in the Service-book, the Bifhop of the Diocefe fhall by his Difcretion, take Order for the fame, fo that his Order be not contrary to any Thing contained in the fame. And if the Bifhop do doubt, he may have Refolution thereof from the Archbifhop. This Preface being (as he humbly conceiveth) confirmed by Law, and the Archbifhop’s Refolution therein being alfo publickly known ; this Defendant hopeth, that he did no¬ thing in this Point (efpecially upon the Reafons before alledged) but what was by Law warrantable. To the Sixth Article, this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that the Bow¬ ings and Adorations which he ufed, were fuperftitious Geftures, or that they were dangerous Examples to draw others to the like ; or that they are any Scandal or Offence to found, fincere, or well-affedted Chriftians; or, that his Chaplains or others followed his Example of bowing, after the Table was fet altarwife. But this he humbly acknowledged!, that when he entereth into any Church, or Chapel, confecrated to God’s Service, or departeth from it ; as alfo, when he approacheth to the Lord’s Table, or recedeth from it, and when in the Time of the Divine Service, the Lord Jefus is mentioned, he performeth an Adoration by lowly and reverently bowing of his Body ; the Reafon of all which he humbly offereth in thefe enfuing Arguments. He MATTHEW WREN, D.D. 81 He began fo to do, by the Example of that learned and holy Prelate, Bifhop Andrews, now with God, under whom this Defendant was brought up from his Youth, and had depended upon him more than forty Years fince, who conllantly and religioufly praCtifed the fame upon all Occafions ; this Defendant therefore, even then, confidering with himfelf, that the faid Bifhop being an ancient, grave Divine, of high Account for his Piety, Knowledge, and great Learning, and one who had converfed with moft of thefe holy Fathers, which lived in this Church at the Beginning of the Re¬ formation under Queen Elizabeth, it could not be but that he had received the fame from their Ufage and Practice. As his own Years and Studies increafed, he found firft, the bowing at the Name of the Lord Jefus, had not only been pradtifed by the Clergy, but had alio been enjoined to all the People, ever lince the fir It Reformation, as appeareth by the Injunctions, i° Ehz. Cap. 32. thereby to teltify our due Acknowledgement, that the Lord Jefus (thrift, the true and eternal Son of God, is the only Saviour of the World, in whom alone the Mercies, Graces, and Promifes of God to Mankind, for this Life, and the Life to come, are fully and wholly comprifed, 1° Jac. Can. 18. Secondly, the bowing before the holy Table had been anciently ufed in the Church of England by the Clergy, as appeareth by the Rule which the moft noble Lords of the Garter did fet unto themfelves when they began to ufe the fame Gefture under King Henry V. that they would do it hnmiliter G? ad modum eccltfiajlicorum virorum, which Ufage, that it might continue ftill in the Church of England after the Reformation, appears out of Bifhop Jewell, who in his Reply to Harding, allows it for a commendable Gefture, and a Token of Devotion, Art. 3. Div. 29. neither was it forbidden by the In¬ junctions of K. Edward or Q ^Elizabeth, in both of which, other Geftures are prohibited. And as for any Fear'of popifh Superftition, Bifhop Morton, in his Defence of this Gefture, fhews, that cannot be; for that the Papifts do ■only ufe it for their Opinion of Tranfubftantiation, and would deride us for doing it in any other refpeCt. Book oj Sacram. p. 463. Laftly, for that this Defendant ever humbly conceived, that no Chriftian would deny that bowing or doing Adoration, was to be ufed as a part of God’s Worfhip, the affirmative ACt being neceflarily included in the negative Pre¬ cept, non adorabis ea: ergo adorabis me, to fay nothing of the frequent Exhorta¬ tions in holy Scripture fo to do ; and becaufe he found in Antiquity, that it was the conftant Practice of the Church of Chrift, ever to ufe an Adorati¬ on when they enter d into God s Houle. For which Purpofe r oenite ado- retnus feems to have been placed at the very beginning of our Morning Prayer, therefore he himfelf was further induced to obferve the fame, though no Canon injoined it, feeing Reafon, Piety, and the conftant Practice of Antiquity doth commend it. Alfo this Defendant confidered, that lifting up of the Hands, or caftino- down of the Eyes, or fmiting the Bread, or giving a Sigh, or any other the like Geftures, as liable to juft Offence as bowing is, are no way prohibited. And he could never apprehend why the ufing of this particular Reverence, fliould not be as free as is the ufing of no kind of Reverence at all. Specially when never yet any Exception (which he could hear of) hath been brought againft it, which would not be as applyaole againft uncovering the Head at Entrance into God’s Houfe, or againft kneeling down in the Church at a Seat, or againft Men’s holding their Hats before their Faces in praying. Civilly alfo he faw the fame done at every Accefs to the earthly Majefty, and at the Recefs from it toties quoties. And it is holden no Mockery in’that Time, but a Sign of Duty and Loyalty, when the King is not prefent, to ex- Y hibit Vt hibit a folemn Reverence, toward the Chair of Eftate in his Prefence, Cham¬ ber or in the Houle of Parliament, or toward his Majefty’s Seat at Windfor Ch’aple and elfewhere. No more as he humbly conceiveth is it any Super- flition, but a Sign of Devotion, and of an awful Apprehenfion of God’s di¬ vine Prefence, to do him Reverence, at the Approach into the Houle of God, or unto the Lord's Table. For this Defendant profeffeth, that he never doth it otherwife but only in Sign of his habitual Intention and Preparation of Heart, to be ever if it were poffible in perpetual Adoration of the Majefty of God. But becaufe he can¬ not do thus he cannot imitate the twenty four Elders who have no Kell Day and Night of their falling down and worlliiping before the Throne, Apoc. , nor is it poffible for the weak, finite and limited Nature of Man to lub- iift if he fhould do nothing but adore, therefore he contents himfelf to do it as he doth for Prayers and Thanklgivings and fpiritual Rejoicings, at fome fpecial and chief Times inftead of the reft: And thofe are whereloever his outward Senfe doth in fome fpecial fort, put him in mind of God s divine Prefence Forafmuch then, as thofe Things which befides that they are dedicated to the Worfhip of God do alfo exprefly bear the Name of God, do thereby at the very Sight of them, more efpecially mind him, of God’s divine Grace and Prefence, therefore them he takes, as the Occafions and Limits of the performing Adoration to God’s eternal Majefty. Now Churches and other confecrated Places are named and called the Houfe of God: Therefore this Defendant humbly adoreth the Lord of the Houle, whenfoever he makes Entrance into that Houfe of his, and 111 performing thereof, the Ejaculation of his poor Soul is [God be merciful to me a Dinner] or [Thou O Lord art worthy to receive all Honour and Glory :] And this he would do, although there were no Table at all in the Church. But yet the Communion Table, being alfo call d the Lord s Table and God s Board, therefore he is again induced to do his Adorations to God, when be comes before it or recedes from it. Howbeit as Bifhop Andrews faid of Prayers which the Saints ufed to make at the Graves of Martyrs, Sepulcrum ipfum, and fo in this Cafe, menfam ipfam non maps adorans quam partetem. ad ^So then Godls’pmi'ent every where, yet by more fpecial Promife and Affif- tance in Places dedicated to his holy Worfhip; they are higher than other Places not by any inherent, but by a relative Holinefs, becaule of the holy Uie unto which they do refer: In which kind no doubt, but he is alio prelent at the Font, and in the Pulpits, as well as at the Table, but becaufe the Table bears God’s Name, and particularly fuggefts the Memorial of the hypoftatical Union of God and Man, and of the venerable Myftery of Chnft s Death and Paffion. Bifhop Jewell Art 8. Dh. 22. therefore this Defendant limited him¬ felf to the forenamed Occafions only of performing of iuch Adoration unto the Lord Almighty. .. „ , . _» c j 1 li As for Mr. Nowell, Mr. Guefl, and Mr. Duncon, this Defendant humbly anfweretb, that they are of Age and good Undemanding, very able to anfwer for themfelves, and as he believeth ready to {hew, that they did uie the fame Geftures, before they came to be his Chaplains. Sure he is that be did uie that Form of Humility and Adoration, long before any Table, was by him direfled to be fet up at the Eaft-wall, and before he was Bifhop of Lorwcct, or any where elfe. Therefore his fetting of the Table (as is pretended) had no fuch Intent, and was no Inducement to him for the doing of that Reverence. rj- MATTHEW W R E N, D. a To the Seventh Article this Defendant anfwereth and denietb, that he en¬ join’d all the People to do Reverence before the holy Table placed altarwife. But he faith, that by his Articles he only inquired, whether the Communi¬ cants did come up reverently before the Lord’s Table, and not fit ftill in their Pews to be fought all the Church over. And afterwards underftanding by the Prefentments, thatinmoft of the Churches there was (by the Vicar-general’s Order) a Rail before the Table, then his Direction upon the Suppofal, was neceffary to be, that all Communicants fliould come up reverently and kneel before the Rail to receive the holy Communion. And this he did upon thefe Grounds. 1. The Conformity and Obedience to the Rules of the Church as he humbly conceiveth ; for the Words of the Invitation before the Sacrament, are [to draw near ] and then, if there be a Rail, that implies an Accefs to the Rail. For this Exhortation [to draw near ] is not to be underftood, as made to the People beneath in the Church, for them to come nearer, that is to come up into the Chancel: But it was made, when by Occafion of having offered, the Communicants were all prefent in the Chan¬ cel, and ready to communicate, and yet they are required to draw nearer. This appears by the Rubrick after the Offertory in King Edward's Service-book, di¬ recting that as many as mind not to receive the Communion fhall depart out of the Choir, into the Church ; but the Communicants fhall tarry there ftill, nigh unto it, and therefore to them that flood there, is that Exhortation after¬ ward fpoken [draw near-,'] it is alfo by our Service- book exprefly call’d coming to the Table. As in the Prayer before the Confecration, we do not prefume to come to this thy Table ; and before that in the third Exhortation, bewail your Sins, or come not to this holy Table : And before that in the fecond Rubrick for the Order of Adminiftration, in no wife prefiwie to come to the Lord's Table, &c. 2. For Uniformity among themfelves; for where the moft of the Parifhio- ners did of themfelves voluntarily come up before the Table, to receive the bleffed Sacrament, there as he humbly conceiveth it might reafonably be de- fired of all the reft, that they would do fo too, ne ejfet fchifmtt, to take away all occafion of Difference and Divifion, efpecially in the holy Bufinefs. 3. For much Convenience. 1. Thereby to avoid all hazard of fpilling the Bread and Wine, confecrated for the holy Communion, which many times happened by carrying the fame about.-2. Thereby todifcover Recufants: For in great and numerous Congregations, the Churchwardens had no fuch ready way to find, who did never communicate, as to Hand by and take notice of thofe which came before the Table to receive. 3. Thereby to dilcover as well thofe thatrefufed to kneel reverently, at the receiving, as thofe that after the Delivery of the Bread and Wine to them, yet would not partake of the fame. 4. To avoid all other kind of lewd Demeanours, wherewith fome had been charged, as done by the Opportunity of carrying the Sacrament to private Seats. 5. For a readier Difpatch of the Service, Experience having fhewed them that in great Parifhes, where one Man was to adminifter to two or three Hundred, they did finifh fooner, by an Hour or more in doing it thus; which was to the great Eafe both of the Minifter and the Communi¬ cants. 6. For more convenience of the Communicants. For whereas the Injunctions of Queen Elizabeth take care to have the Table fo ordered, as that the Communicants may more conveniently, and in more Number com¬ municate with the Minifter, this Direction to have the People come up before the Table, did much conduce thereunto. But if they might remain where they would, and expect to have the Sacrament brought unto them, no Care then needed to be taken where the Table fliould Hand. He i t 1 (• Sff THE LIFE O F He further conceiveth in all Humblenefs, that the drawing of the People up to the Table to receive the holy Sacrament there, might rather have been an Argument to abate their Fear or Fancy of an Altar. For Tables are for eating and drinking at them : but from the Altars they ufed to carry that which was to be eaten and drunken to other Parts and Places of the Temples. In all other reformed Churches alfo, the Communicants do come unto the Table (and the Bread and Wine is not carried unto them) and we never heard of any Exception againlf it. How therefore it fhould be to the Offence of the Confciences of many, or of any, this Defendant underftandeth not, feeing it is a Thing grounded upon fo much Reafon, and alfo hath been pradlil'ed without Offence (Time out of Mind) in many Places of the Land. As at St. Giles without Criplcgatc and at Allhalltms Barking, London, at St. Edmund's alfo, and at St. Michael's Cojlany in Norwich, and in fundry other Pariihes befides the cathedral and collegiate Churches. And he denieth that there was any Idolatry or Superflition in it, or any Fear thereof juftly given by him. He alfo humbly conceiveth, that if he had by his epifcopal Authority, affigned any other Place in Church or Chancel, where they fhould all come and kneel at the Sacrament, as great Pretence lor Exception would have been found, and quarrel fome Way picked againft it. But howfoever, the Rules and Rubricks of the Church having defigned fpecial Place, or Part ot the Chancel for it, by the Words of the Preface before cited, ad Artie 5. in fine, it was left to the Ordinary (as he conceiveth) to be by him ordered according to his Difcretion and for moll Convenience. He further denieth, that he gave Direction to the Minifter, not to admi- nifter the Communion to fuch People as fhould not fo come up and do fuch Reverence. For, that he never gave any Direction therein about their doing any Reverence. But if by doing Reverence, they mean kneeling, he then anfwereth, that the Diredtion was none of his, but of the Law. For the Rubrick after the Confecration injoyneth {that the Minifter jhall deliver the Communion in both Kinds to the People in their Hands, kneeling .] And the 27th Canon, Jac. I. prohibited every Minifter from adminiftring to any but fuch as kneeled, under Pain of Sufjtynfion. He likewife faith, that he by his Letters once and again exprefsly advifed the Chancellor, not to cite, or call into the Court thole that abode in the Chancels, and would not come up to the Rail. [See his Letters May 7, 1637. and mine, May 23, 1637.] As for any that prelented themlelves upon their Knees in the Chancel, and had not the Communion delivered unto them, but yet were afterwards excommunicated for not receiving ; this Defendant faith, that he excommunicated no Man, neither gave he any Order to have them excommunicated ; nor doth he believe, that any of them w'hich are named in this Article, were excommunicated while he was Bilhop there; and much lefs for that. He therefore refers to the Ads of Court, as being informed that Pijher was never at all cited ; alfo, that Newton, Bedraell, and Duncon, were invited by the Minifter to come into the Chancel, but they would nor. Whereupon he told them, that he would come down to them after he had adminiftered to the reft ; but they went out of the Church, and would not ftay. As for Shyming and Fromar, this Defendant never heard of them; and Edmund Dev is long iince dead. To the eighth Article, this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that he ever injoyned, or commanded, as is here charged. But he faith, that in the Draughts of certain Diredions iffued by him, it was contained, that the Bi- fliop would require the Officials to inquire of thofe that did take upon them to k M A T T H E W W R E N, D. D. 85 to ufe any preaching or expounding, or to hold any ledluring, otherwife than the Church required it, without exprefs Allowance from the Bifhop. But he alfo faith, that thefe Directions were never perfonally directed by him to the faid Officials, or any account expected. Neither did he ever deny to any, that in due Manner or Order, defired to have his Allowance for any preach¬ ing- He further faith, that 'the Enquiry in his Articles being, whether the After¬ noon Sermons were turned into catechifing by Queftion and Anfwer, where and whenfoever there was no great Caufe apparent to the contrary. This En¬ quiry was inferted by him verbatim out of a Paper of Inftructions given by the King unto the Lord Archbiihop of Canterbury , concerning certain Orders to be put in Execution by the feveral Bifhops of his Province; a Copy of which Inftrudtions, with the King’s Name fubfcribed thereunto, was pub- lickly delivered to this Defendant upon the Day of his Confecration at Lam¬ beth , whereby he, as all other Bifhops of both Provinces were, was alfo re¬ quired to give an Account in writing every Year concerning the fame In¬ ftrudtions, according to his Majefty’s Command, pradtifed in the Time of Archbifhop Abbot alfo, to the Performance of all which this Defendant hum¬ bly conceivetb, that he was bound by two Oaths adminiftered unto him, and one of the King’s Supremacy, the other of canonical Obedience. He alfo denieth, that he did not allow the Minifters to expound, or open the Ca- techifm to the People. Only he enquired, whether the catechifing were truly and fincerely performed without Mockery, or in Shew only. As not approving, that any Minifter fhould in Word, pretend to give Obedience to the King’s Injundtion, but then in Effedt, fhould elude and make a Mock of the fame. As for taking Care and Pains in the catechifing, thereby to make the iimple and ignorant to learn not only the Words, but alfo the Propriety and Meaning thereof, and to underftand the Senfe of what they faid, this he highly commended, and in particular to many himfelf gave Diredtion, how they fhould do it to the beft Behalf and Edification of the poor People. Mr. White of-hath reported to others, that this Defendant gave not only Allowance, but alfo Diredtion and Charge to them, to expound the Words of the Catechifm ; he therefore believeth, that no Man was ever queftioned for expounding the fame. He further faith, that he did diredt, that the faid catechifing fhould be performed according to the Catechifm of the Church of England only, which Catechifm is by the Law of the Land in the Rubricks of the Service-book propofed, as the Rule of Examination for the Bifhop to go by, and is the beft Form that ever was compiled for laying the Foundation and Grounds of Religion in the Hearts and Minds of unlearned Chriftians. He confidered alfo, that the great Variety of Catechifms, which every Man did in former Time tbruft out at his Pleafure, did diftradt and corrupt the Minds of the People more than any Thing elfe, fowing in them the Seeds both of Error and Faction. And he conceived it an unreafonable Thing, that in the Church any catechifing fhould be publickly pracfifed, but according to the Catechifm which the Church of England in her Liturgy alloweth. The due Obfervation whereof was fo far from fuppreffing Knowledge, or introducing Ignorance, that the Defendant is humbly confident, it produced the quite contrary Eftedts. For, fome godly, and laborious Minifters' (by Name, as he remembereth, one Mr. Crackenthoyr , then Parfon of Burton-magna in Suf¬ folk, and another of his neighbour Diocefe with him, Men otherwife un¬ known to this Defendant) came to vilit him, and told him, that they bleffed God for the good Succefs, which upon half a Year’s Experience they had found therein, profeffing that their People had fenfibly profited more by this cate- Z cbifing J chifing within that fhort Space, for the true apprehending and underffanding the Grounds of Religion, than they had done by their great and conftant La¬ bours in preaching to them for fome Years before. As to the unfavory Speech, that expounding might be as ill as a Sermon, this Defendant cannot but wonder, how any Man that bears himfelf for a Chriftian, durft inform the Honourable Houfe of Commons, that the Bifhop did ever fo affirm ; neither can he believe that any under Officer could be fo indifcreet as to affirm the lame. He further faith, that the Book touching Sports to be ufed, was a Declara¬ tion firft publilhed by King James, of bleffed Memory, in the Year t6iS, and then repeated, ratified, and again publilhed by the King’s Majefty that now is, with Command to all Jullices of Peace, and to the Judges and Ju- ftices of Affize, for the Oblervation of the lame. And his Majefty further willed, that Publication ffiould be made thereof by Order from the Bilhops through all the Parilh Churches of their Diocefe. In Obedience whereunto, it being certified unto this Defendant, that the greateft Part of the Minifters of the Diocefe had already publilhed the fame, and his Majefty being fupreme Ordinary and Governor in the Adminiftration of the Church, who was this Defendant, that he ffiould have failed to give Order (as was injoyned) and to whom could he give Order in every Parifh Church, but to the Incumbent there f But he believeth, that no Man was ever deprived for net reading the fame. Yet this Defendant faith, that he executed nothing herein by himfelf, and in his own Perfon, but referred all wholly to the Chancellor of the Diocefe, unto whom (by Patent confirmed by the Dean and Chapter) the whole Ad- mir.iftration of the Diocefe, by this Defendant’s PredecelTors was Committed ; fo that this Defendant had no Command, nor any coercive or coardtive Power over him, to induce him by Conftraint, or for any Fear, to do any Thing but what he himfelf (who by the Intention of his Place was joined to the Bi- fhop, and by Patent was impoltd upon him, as a Judge of Law r , to inform the Bifhop, and to fee that nothing fhould be done but what was right and lawful) thought fitting to do, and what he himfelf did do ; wherein, although by Letters unto this Defendant, the faid Chancellor did firft fignify unto him, that luch and fuch Men (by Name) refufed to obey fuch and fuch Orders, (whereof the reading of this Book was one) and did crave to be diredted what to do with them ; then this Defendant did, in the Return of his private Letters, will him to proceed according to Right and the Duty of his Place, in ceufuring them for the fame : yet he humbly conceiveth, that whatt'oever was illegally or unjuftly done by the Chancellor thereupon, cannot in right affedt this Defendant, who himfelf gave no Sentence upon any, and whofe private Advice was grounded upon the Chancellor’s Informations, in whofe Power and Choice it alfo remained free, to rejedt the laid Advice, if he found it not conlonant to right. The Cafe therefore being fuch, as that this Defendant is to prefume the Chancellor (who was the principal and foie Agent therein) did nothing but right, and according to Law; and if otherwife he did, it yet being no fuch Cafe, as whereby the Law involves the Abettors, Councilors, Procurers, or Fautors in the laid Crime, with the principal Adtor; this Defendant humbly prayeth, that the faid Chancellor alone may be relponfal for the fame. Lfpecially for that this Defendant hath Caufe to believe, that the faid Chan¬ cellor can and will make it appear, that there was fome other Defaults alfo found in thole which were fufipended ; and that the laid Sufpenfions were foon taken off again, and that no Man at all was deprived tor the fame, and particularly not any of thole which the Article mcntioneth. To MATTHEW W R E N, D. D. To the ninth Article, this Defendant anfvvereth and faith, that he did diredt, there fhould be no Difference of ringing to Church, when there was a Sermon, more than when there was none, excepting the Knells for Fu¬ nerals. And he humbly conceiveth, that it was very agreeable to Reafon, Prudence, Piety, and good Order fo to do. Thereby to take away, as much as he might, that evil Cuftom which many had taken up, of making a Schiltn between the Ufe of publick Prayer and Preaching ; of which Fault he finds that Richard Bifhop of London, inquired exprefsly in his Articles, in the Year 1605. For, by the Difference which they did put between thofe two, they did labour to prefer the one to the other, whereas they ought ever to go equally together in all holy Efteem. He therefore denieth, that it was done to hinder the People in their good Defires of ferving God, and edifying their Souls; but quite contrary, to fur¬ ther and advantage them in the fame ; for that the giving of different Notice by the Bells, had by indifcreet and fadtious People been drawn to an Oppor¬ tunity of expreffing their Contempt of the Divine Service of the Church, and of feparating themfelves from their Brethren in the holy Service of God, to the great Hazard of their Souls, and to the manifeft Difhonour of Almighty God. This Defendant therefore confidering with himfelf, that all People were by the Lav/ (both of God Man) bound to repair to their Parifh Churches, at all Times appointed ; and that being there, the Sermon could in no Reafon be lefs welcome to them, but rather the more welcome, although they, by any Diftindtion of ringing, knew not thereof, before they came thi¬ ther ; he could no Way doubt, but that his epifcopal Authority and Dif- cretion might well reach to the fetting of a Rule for the ringing of Bells, wherein every Sexton thought himfelf fit enough to be the Difpofer of, at his own Pleafure. And many of the Minifters had of themfelves taken that very fame Order for ringing, thereby to keep their People from gadding. As to this, that People, by Notice of the Bells, did apply themfelves to the Service of God in thole Places, where both Prayer and Preaching was to be ; this Defendant anfweretb, that this Pretence can have no Colour at all in the Country Parifhes, nor in any Place of the Diocefe, Ipfwich and Nor¬ wich, and one or two other Towns more, excepted, in which there being fundry Parifh Churches, they might readily leave one and take to another ; which yet, he humbly conceiveth, the Law doth not allow. And he is the bolder to call it a Pretence, becaule the true Ufe that was made of that Di¬ ftindtion of ringing, was not to come to the Service of God at all, if there were no Sermon, but to ftav at home, or to betake themfelves to private Con¬ venticles and unlawful Aflemblies. Neverthelefs, the Order which this De¬ fendant herein diredted was general, and therefore did no more concern Churches where no Sermon was, than where there was conftant Preaching every Sunday. As for Sermons and Preaching in what Value and Account they ever were with this Defendant, among many other Arguments (as he hopeth) it doth appear by this, and all other his Diredtions, in that he ever reckon’d the Ser¬ mon as a true and proper Part of God’s divine Worfhip, and of the publick Service, and thereupon did often advife, that after the Sermon, the Colledt fhould ever be Laid [Grant -we befeech thee, that the Words •which we have heard this Day, with our outward Ears, &c.] To the tenth Article, this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that he did forbid Mr. De-oes eux, or Mir. Swavie, or any other, to preach preparatory Sermons to the 1 Communion, but fhould have been ready to have diredted them : i. ' mi ) - I Ks.- B8 T H E L I F E O F them fo to have done, and to have recommended the Ufe thereof to them. And this appeareth by thofe Diredtions which lie gave, in one of which (be- caufe he feared, that all Minifters were not fo careful to prepare the People for the holy Communion, as was expedient) but, at the moll, ul'ed only to preach a Sermon to that Effed, upon the lame Day, and but immediately before they were to go to it, therefore this Defendant direded, that warning of a Communion for the Sunday following, fhould ever be given the Sunday be¬ fore ; and that as foon as luch Warning was given, one of thofe Exhortations which the Church in the Service-book hath provided, being excellent Prepa¬ rations to the blelfed Sacrament, fhould be audibly pronounced, thereby the better to fit the People for wdrthy receiving, if the Minifter in his Sermon did omit to do it. But he further faith, that if on the working Days (under pretence of Prepa¬ ration Sermons) the faid Mr. Devereux or Mr. Swaine, whom he never knew, had devifed to fet up a Ledure, of their own Authority, and fo to draw a Conflux of the Country People round about, from their Houfes and from their Labours, it might well be, that he might advife the Chancellor or Commif- fary to inhibit the fame, until they fhould crave Licence fo to do, and by ap¬ proving their Intentions and good Ufages therein thould obtain the Ordinary’s Approbation of the fame. This Defendant further believeth, that the faid Mr. Devereux had been com¬ plained of, to the Chancellor, for Inconformity in fundry Particulars, and for holding tome Conventicles, and for thrulling himfelf with a Train following him, into another Man’s Church without any Leave. Neverthelefs the Chan¬ cellor having lufpended him, he repaired within a Day or two after to this Defendant, who prelently wrote on his Behalf, and obtained his Difmifiion, To the eleventh Article this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that he did endeavour to fupprels the Power and Benefit of Prayer. And for Proof there¬ of humbly cravetb, that he may here alledge the Contents and Sufferance of the ninth Article in this Charge. He likevvife denieth that he injoined, that no Minifter fhould ufe any Prayer before or after his Sermon : inaimucb as he required them, as well before or after. Sermon, to ufe the Prayers by Law preferib’d. Only his Inquiry was, whether they did ufe any Form of Prayer, which was of their private con¬ ceiving or colledling, and of their own inventing and chufing. And between thefe two (as he humbly conceiveth) there is a broad Difference. He well knowetb that every Creature of God is good, and is fanBifted by the Word of God and Prayer , I Tim. iv. He was therefore very careful, that the Prayers order'd by the Church lliould be joined with the Sermons: In which Prayers the Afliftance of the holy Spirit, and the bleffing of God both upon the Speaker and Hearer, is moll fully and excellently prayed for, fo as no Man lhall need to help out or liipply the fame by his own Inventions. . As for Ex¬ ample [That thofe Things may pleafe him which we do at this prefent, &c. O Lord open thou cur Lips , &c. To Day if you will hear his Voice, Sec. Indue thy Minifters, See. O Lord make clean our Hearts, See. That all our Doings may be ordered by thy Governance, to do always, See. Thefe fix are in the Morning Prayer. Then in the Litany there are three other Paffages more expref than the former. From all faife DoBrine, Here/), and Schifm, from liar due fs ft Heart and Contempt of thy Word, See. 1 bat if may pleafe thee to rule ■ govern thy l. - ; , &c. To illuminate IPt . rs, Bijhops, andMi- mjlers of the Chares with true Knowledge and Undorj'ianding of thy Word, and that by their Preaching and Living they may ft it forth , &c.. To give us an Pen it to love ana dread thee, See. 'To give to ail thy People increafe of Grace, to MATTHEW W R E N, D. D. to hear weekly thy Word, &c. To indue us with the Grace of thy holy Spirit, to amend, &c. Send down upon our Bijhops and Curates, and all Congregations, &c. Granting us in this Life knowledge of thy ‘Truth, &c. The Grace of our Lord fejits Chrijl, &c. In the Communion Service there are all'o fix more. \Cleanfe the Thoughts oj our Hearts by the Infpiration, &c. Give Grace, O heavenly Fa¬ ther, that both' by their Life and DoBrine, &c. And to all thy People give thy heavenly Grace, and efpecially to this Congregation here prefent, that with meek Heart and due Reverence they may hear and receive thy holy Word, truly ferving thee, &c. Grant we befeech thee, that the Words which we have heard, &c. Prevent us, O Lord, in all our Doings, with thy mofi gracious Favour, and further us with thy continual Help, &c. The Peace of God which paffeth all Underflanding, keep your Hearts, &c.] This Defendant’s Defire therefore was, to induce the Minifters confcientioufly to obferve the Liturgy of the Church of England themfelves, as they ought to do, and faithfully to catechife and in- ftrubt the People in the fame; teaching them to underftand, mark and hear¬ tily attend to the feveral Paffages of it, and then they fhould need no Prayers of their own fancying. He alfo humbly conceiveth, that the 55th Canon of 1603, was juftly prefled by him in this behalf. For however the laid Canons prove now not to have been warranted by Statute Law, yet having been agreed upon in a provincial Synod, confirmed and publifhed under the great Seal of England, generally accepted and inforced (from the Beginning) for above 30 Years fince, as a Law ; Oaths grounded upon them ; Vilitations held Articles framed ; Trial had ; Judge¬ ment given ; all Courfes of Law founded upon them ; Communis error facit jus ; and to Clergymen of all others, while they were in being, they were to be Law in that Point, as well as in all others. Efpecially adding, that this Form of moving the People to join in Prayers was taken (the Phrafe only alter’d) from the Form of the bidding Prayer to be ufed generally in that uniform Sort. Injundtions of Eliz. 1559. And that alfo was taken from the Form of the bidding Prayers; Injundtions, Edw. VI. 1547. That is, that fo it was through the whole Reformation from the Beginning; as alfo, that within one Year before this Defendant compofed his Book of Articles, the Dean of the King’s Chapel (now the Lord Bifhop of London ) by Command from his Majefly, was appointed to advertife all thefe, that were to preach be¬ fore the King to conform themfelves unto the faid Canon. He alfo believeth, that there was never any public Prayer permitted in the Church of God for 1500 Years, but fuch as was firft publickly confider’d of, and allow d by the Church to be uied. And the Milevitan Council, Anno 402. gives both the Rule and Reafon of this, Can. 12. Placet illud ut aliee preces vel orationes omnino non dicantur in Eccleflis, nifi qu* aprudentioribus compofitce, atque dein comprobatrz in fynodofuerint. There’s the Rule to have no kind of Prayer or Praying ufed at all in the Church, but fuch as is made and allow’d by the Church in Synod. And the Reafon follows, ne forte aliquid contra fidem, vel per ignorantiam, velper minusftudium, fit compofitum. And of this, whatfoever was the particular Occafion then in thofe Times, yet the Danger never but re- maineth, and (God knows) it is now adays too often met with in our Pulpits. It leemed alfo to this Defendant to thwart the Adis of Parliament 2. and 3. Edw. VI. and 1 Eliz. cap. 2. wherein it is ordained, no other Form of open Prayer in Church or Chapel, for others to come to, fhall be ufed, but that which is in the Service-book. And for this he humbly conceived that the Form of bidding Prayer, or of moving to pray, might be the more allowable, and was ordained to be ufed in the Pulpit, rather than any other fet Prayer. _ He alfo confidered, that for a Minifter for to ufe his own Prayer in the Pul¬ pit, that is, to lead the Congregation publickly aflembled, in a Form (con- A a ceiv’d 89 li II m THE LIFE 0 F_ teiv'd by himfelf) for the worfhihping of God, was a Thing, the Power whereof was never given to him : for neither at holy Orders, nor by Inftitu- tion and Induction, nor by any Licence granted, is fuch Power given. And it is rightly obferved, by the Learned upon i Cor. xii. that the Grace, or ena¬ bling Gift, is not prefently to induce the Operation or A<£ 1 , in the Church of God, unlefs the Adminiftration, that is, the Office or Calling be alfo given. By that Rule therefore, to which St. Paul faith, Chri/l himfelf fubmittcd, Heb. v. 4. Nemo ajjumitJibi hunc honorem, As no man (how able foever to perform it) ought to take upon him any Office in God’s Service, lo nor any Fundtion of that Office, till he be thereunto called, that is, by an exprefs Power given hint; he be thereunto appointed. However, then it be not denied by this Defendant, but that fome private conceived Prayers have been ufed by many learned Divines in the Pulpit, after a good and godly Manner; yet he humbly conceiveth that it was neceffary, that the Rule how Men fbould pray there in the Pulpit, fhould be general and certain, not arbitrary; becaufe they which are moft unable fo to do, will take the fame Liberty that others have ; whereby many, by venting their own indigefted Conceptions in the Pulpit, have greatly offended God and the Church, and brought a Scandal on thofe two moffi divine Offices, Praying and Preaching. He thought it therefore meet to adhere to the antient Ufage of our Church, as he found it both intheCanon prefcrib’d, and pradlis’d alfo, not only by Bifhop Latimer , but alfo by Bifhop Jewel, whofe Form is extant in that Book of his, appointed to be had in all Churches, the rather, becaufe Bifhop Andrews and old Dr. Montfort, had often affirmed to this Defendant and others, that till Mr. Cartwright's time, it never was otherwife in this Church. But then a dil- like of the prefeript Form of publick Prayer, eftablifhed by Law, burfting forth both in their Preachings and Writings, till the State began to queftion them for it; and when they found it not fafe to preach or print any more gainft the Liturgy, they betook themfelves to the Ufe of thele new formed Prayers in the Pulpit, thereby to continue the People in a Diilike and Negledt of the preferibed Form. He further anfwereth and denieth, that at the Sermon in Ipfwich, when the Preacher made his Prayer, he gave no Reverence of kneeling, or otherwife, thereby to difcountenance the faid Prayer. For he fat with his Head uncover¬ ed, and did very reverently and diligently attend to what was faid at the Clofe of all, and did humbly kneel down and pray. And this Courfe he had antiently ob¬ ferved in the Univerfity, it being ufually fo done there in his Time by the Dodlors and Heads of the Houfes, to attend what the Preacher would pray for, and then at the Lord’s Prayer to kneel down. Wherein he did more than that whole Congregation did generally ufe to do (though there were a- bove 500 prefent) till by this Defendant, fome of them were induced to more Reverence. For, ordinarily not one but of his Company (whether Man or Woman) w'as feen to kneel at any part of the Prayers, from their firft com¬ ing into the Church, to their going forth. But the Reafcn wffiy this Defen¬ dant kneeled not, during all the faid Pulpit Prayer, was, for that he durft not join in thofe extemporary Prayers, till he had heard and collected, what they would pray for, as having many Times met with Paffuges not unadvifed only, or confufed, but erroneous alfo, fcandalous, feditious and dangerous, utter d in fuch kind of praying. Some have prayed for holy Machiavelifime ; fome that their original Sins might at laft be forgiven them ; fome ordinarily traduced the King, and Queen; fome took upon them to diflinguifh the Nobility, by true hearted, and not; fome, £?c. 2 But MATTHEW WREN. D. D. 9i But let the Counfel advife, what fhall be anfwered, for it is not faid at- which Sermon, nor of what Preacher, nor in what Church there, nor when nor what is meant by uiing or making any other Prayer. And this Defendant is confident, that they cannot inftance in any Time, but eleven Years ago, that is, near fix Years before he was Bifhop of Norwich, at which time there was fome arguing betwixt Mr. Ward and this Defendant touching the fame, which being fo, it fhews, that it was no new Thing in him, when he was a Bifhop to expreis himfelf in that fort among them. Laftly he anfwereth and faith, that the Sick, if they did defire the Prayers of the Congregation, fliould be prayed for in the reading Defk, and no where- elfe, reading the two Colledfs which arefet down for the Vifitation of the Sick. And this he did, not only to decline the Inconveniencies before mention’d, but alfo that there might be an Uniformity, and one Kind of Praying for the Sick, whether there were a Sermon or no. The faid Form having been long lauda¬ bly ufed in the collegiate Church of Wejiminfter, whereof he was then an unworthy Member, and being more properly the Prayers of the Congrega¬ tion ; and alfo it feemeth to be intended by James Bifhop of W.nton, (now with God) by his Articles 1617. Art. 26. But howfjever (as he humbly conceiveth) it was by Law left to be order’d by the Direction of the Ordinary. To the twelfth Article, this Defendant anfwereth, and laith, that he did in¬ quire whether their Minifter did preach flanding, and in his Gown with his Surplice and Hood (if he were a Graduate) and his Head uncover’d. Alfo, that he did diredt, that the Minifter fhould at all times, be in his Surplice and Hood when he was in publick Execution of any part of his prieftly Fundtion : but he denieth, that this was done to alienate the People’s Hearts from hearing Sermons; or that it could alienate their Hearts at all, or could be offenfive to them as a fcan- dalous Innovation, as being a Thing not ufed before in the Diocefe. For this Defendant knoweth, that the reading of the Litany upon Sundays, Wednefdays and Fridays; the reading of the AthanaJianCttzA thirteen times in the Year upon Feftival Days, the reading of the Commination upon AJh-wednefday, yea, and the reading of that part of the daily Service, which is call’d the Communion- Service, were things not ufed before in that Diocefe, or not in the moft Places thereof; yet could not the reducing thefe Things into due Pradtice, be (oi rioftt) offenfive to any, nor ought to be reputed as l'candalous Innovations. He therefore humbly conceiveth, that for them to have receded and varied from thofe Rights and Ufages which were accuftomed in the Church of England upon the Reformation eftablifhed in the Reign of E/iz. and fince then to have arbitrarily taken up any other Ufages, all the Innovation and Scan¬ dal lay in that: but to reinforce what then at firft was pradtifed, and to re¬ duce Things back again to what they were before; this was but to re¬ move the faid ScandaEby a fair and regular declining of that Innovation. As when the Papifts call us Proteftants novatores, and charge us with Innova¬ tion in what we differ from them, our true Anfwer is, that the Innovation is on their Part, who have brought thofe Things into the Church, which were not in Ufe, in the pure and primitive Times, unto which Times the reformed Church of England endeavours to conform. And fo alike it fares now with thofe, which have had any Recourfe to the Beginnings of the Reformation here, thereby to avoid fome exotick Cuftoms laterly brought in ; the depart¬ ing from which cannot now be rightly charged to be any Innovation. He alfo faith, that he cannot underftand, how wearing the Surplice can alienate the People’s Hearts from hearing of Sermons, unlefs it be withal ac¬ knowledg’d, that it is meant of fuch People only, whofe Hearts are indeed alienated 1 I ) ' I ! ] < ] i t 92 THE LIFE OF alienated from repairing unto divine Service, and the holy Sacraments, becaufe the Surplice is worn in the executing thereof. For it cannot be conceived, but that the fame Garments muft naturally have the fame Operation in all places of the Church, which it hath in one, and in every part of the Minifter’s Fundtion, which it hath in any. And if it be fo, then he humbly conceiveth that it is not the Garment indeed, but their own Conceit that is in the Fault; which will needs fancy to themfelves thofe uncertain Sufpicions, Fears and Umbrages, whereof it ever there had been any Probability (as there never was, when this Stitch againft it, was of old taken) yet now very Track of Time hath worn them all out. He therefore faith, that what was herein diredted by him, was done upon thefe Grounds. 1. For Decency and Convenience; otherwile the Minifter being in his Surplice unto the End of the Ntcene Creed, after which the Sermon is to follow; and after the Sermon, being again to finifh the Morning-fervice in his Surplice : fuch putting of the Surplice off to go to the Pulpit, and putting of it on again, when he comes from the Pulpit, would not only create Lol's of Time and too great aPaufe in the divine Adminiftration, but would alfo be¬ get vain Surmifes in the People's Minds, neither of which could be, if he kept it ftill on. 2. For an Uniformity to all other Perfons, Places and Times, the Reverend Bifhops as well in preaching, as in all other divine Offices, ever have worn, and Ifill do wear their Rockets. In Colleges alfo, and in the cathedral and collegiate Churches, the Fellows, Canons, and Prebends do ordinarily preach in their Surplices; and that in Parifh Churches alfo they did preach in them in Q. Elizabeth 's Time, appears by that Complaint thereof cited by Mr. Hooker [We judge it unfit and inconvenient, as oft as we pray or preach fo arrayed, p. 247.] viz. with a Surplice on. 3. For Conformity to the Law itfelf. For the Rubrick before the Morning Prayer faith, and emphatically fetteth it on, which here is to be noted. That the Minifter at the Time of the Communion, and at all other Times in his Miniftration, fhall ufe fuch Ornaments in the Church, as were in Ufe in the fecond Year of K. Edward the Vlth. But that the Prieft was in thofe Times to wear a Surplice, appears by the Liturgy of that Year [F. 120 B.] Will they then fay, that they which be permitted to adminifter either the Word or the Sacraments, (as they are filled in Q. Eliz. Injunctions 29. in the Miniftry of the Word, that is, in preaching) are not in Execution of part of their Miniftration ? For if they be, then are they to wear the Surplice, by the Rule above alledged. But if they fay, they be not, in fo faying they contradict not only thofe which make preaching the chiefeft part of their Miniftry, but alfo the whole Opinion of the firft Reformers. For fo Bifhop Cox ranks the Offices of the Minifter [at the time of Common-prayer, Preaching, and other Service of God. lnjuntt. 2. 8.] which Words are taken out of the Adi of Parliament for Uniformity oil. Eliz. And by our Ru¬ brick before the Offertory, the Sermon is brought in as a part of the di¬ vine Service, no lefs than the Epiftle or the Gofpel, or the Leffons were : at all which the Surplice might as reafonably be put off as at the Sermon ; not to fay, if the Sermon be no part of the divine Service, what does it then in the Church? efpecially within the Time of divine Service. To the wearing of their Hoods, this Defendant anfwereth, that he fol¬ low’d therein the Diredtions of the Canons 38. and 74. of Jacobi l. And as to that which is alledged touching the Parifh of Knot's Hall, he faith, that he believeth it not, much lefs knoweth he any thing thereof. And he humbly conceiveth, that by the Rule of Chriftianity, they which informed 2 the 93 MATTHEW WREN, D. D. the honourable Common’s-houfe of this Story, were in Confcience bound to have forborn the charging of this Defendant therewith, that [he by his Offi¬ cers did it] unlefs they had known of fome Aft of his therein, or were in Law affured, that he is to anfwer to all that the Officers did without his Pri¬ vity. For he cannot term them his Officers, which were neither by him put in, nor could be put out by him, nor were in any fort liable to any Com- pulfion, or Cenfure from him, nor received any Wages, Fee, or Reward of him. They ffiould likewife in Honefty have forborn to have informed, that it was a Thing not ufed before in that Diocefe, whereas in QNMzabetb's Days, it had been ufed in all the Parilh Churches (as is before (hewed) : and many yet living do remember, that Dr. Norton the Preacher of Ipfwich, did ordinarily there ul'e it, and in fome Places there, it (fill continued fo, as at the Cathe¬ dral of Norwich, at Wilby, Walfingham, and fundry other Places. To the thirteenth Article this Defendant anfwereth, and faith, that it is fo confufedly, and uncertainly charged, as that it is impoffible to give a particular Reply unto it. Alfo in fundry parts of it, repeateth the fame Charge, which hath been anfwered in fome of the precedent Articles. He denieth, that there were any illegal Innovations done by him. But faith, that all that he did, tended rather to redrefs Innovations, which had fecretly crept in fince the Reformation, and fo to fettle Order, Peace, Unifor¬ mity, Decency, and Devotion in the laid Diocefe. He alfo denieth, that his under Officers by and upon his Directions and In¬ junctions did any Thing that was undue : but faith, that their Actions were their own, and that they were free from all Power of this Defendant: and that he never took upon him to give any Injunctions; and that the Directions which he gave, were neither a Command nor a Warrant to the frid Officers (who were rather to judge of Right betwixt this Defendant and Others and to weigh all his Miftakes) to do otberwife than was befitting for them. {Ie alfo faith, that no Anfwer can be made to that part of the Charge [That fundry were excommunicated, fufpended, or deprived, and oth°rwife cenfured, and filenced, and fome fo profecuted, as was fufpefted to be the Caufe of their Deaths,] unlefs the Parties be named, who they were, and when, and by whom cenfured : and unlefs it be diftinftly charged, what other Cenfure is meant befides Silencing, Sufpending, Excommunication, or Deprivation: and by whom, or upon what Grounds fuch Sufpicion was had of the Caufe of the Death of any. He further humbly offereth to the Confideration of this moft honourable Court, that in fo large a Diocefe as that of Norwich is (well near equal to ten of the fmaller Diocefes) and fo numerous a Clergy as therein is con- lifting of above 1300 Titles, befides all thofe of the Cathedral church, and School-mafters and Curates, whether great moderation were not ufed, that by the Space of two Years and four Months, within which Time a primary Vifitation and five Synods, -viz. every half Year one, were held for the Bifhop, no greater Number fell under all kind of Cenfures. Efpecially when as Excommunication doth by Law, fall upon thofe that are abfent, either from Vifitation or Synods; and Sufpenfion is a Cenfure, which, in the Praftice of thofe Courts, is incurred in one Hour, and taken off in another, and is of little or no Grievance at all, except it be wilfully perfifted in. For whereas it is charged [That they could not be abfolved without giv¬ ing promife to conform to the Bifhop’s Direftion editis et edendis~\ the De¬ fendant humbly difclaimeth and difavoweth the fame, as a Thing never done, directed, or allowed, or intended by him. Nor had he ever any Thought, either to give forth any other Direftions afterward, or to have the Minifters urged, to promife a Conformity to thofe which he had given. Only where B b great great Contempt fhould have been found, he would have taken Advice, and, perhaps, not till the next feptennialVilitation, could he have done that, which might have been legally done with them. He alfo denieth, that any Minifters were by him inforced to depart this Realm into Holland, or into other Parts beyond the Sea, or to remove into other Diocefes ; much lefs, that any were fo profecuted by him, as to be the ’ Caufe of their Deaths, or of leaving their Cures, and going away ; neither doth he believe, that there was any juft and true Caufe given to them by any fo to do, as far as he was ever informed, by Certificate or Letters from the Chancellor or Commiffary, touching the laid Minifters. But as to the Parties in this Article named, this Defendant, referring him- l'elf otherwife to the Adis of the Court, thus humbly anfwereth, that Mr. Thomas Scott being under Sufpenfion, the firft Thing that this De¬ fendant did after his coming perfonally into the laid Diocele, was to hold a Court, and there with all tender and refpedtive Ulage, to abl'olve the faid Mr. Scott for three Months; and after that, he diredtcd, to have him forborn for fix Months more; and after that for eight or nine Months lon¬ ger ; within which Time he received divers Letters from the faid Mr. Scott, exprefting great Acknowledgements of the Favour which he found from this Defendant. He alfo faith, that the laid Mr. Scott was in his wonted Plealth and Life, above.a Year, after this Defendant left the See of Norwich. For he died not till about IVhitfuntide 1640, which was about two Years after. Mr. William Powell (as it was certified to this Defendant) was fufpended for many Defefls againft the Canons, and had Ablolution loon after (without coming for it himiellj granted to his Proftor Mr. Edward Trott. Mr. Richard Raymund likewife was fo fufpended, and lhortly after fo ab- folved, viz. in the Perl'on of Mr. Richard Pert his Proctor. Mr. John Carter a Curate in Norwich, this Defendant had a good Opini¬ on of, till by frequent Letters for a Year together from the Chancellor, .he was otherwife informed of him, viz. Hpril 22, 1636. Mayo,, 1636. June 22, 24, and 27. October 20. Dec. 7. Peb. 5 and 17. March 10. unto whom he wholly referred him. Mr. Nicholas Beard, a Curate in Ipfwich, was fufpended by the Vifitors, as for other Defaults, fo alfo for denying to exhibit and (hew forth (which at all Vifitations is by Law to be done) his Letters of Orders, by which it might appear, that he was a Minifter; and his Licence to ferve there, by which it might appear, that he was of that Diocefe. And this Defendant was not hafty of himfelf, to reftore him, becaufe he had over (within a very few Years before) heard him inveigh very bitterly in a Sermon, againft the State, and againft a noble Earl of this Land, then a great Of¬ ficer ; and was alfo by boneft Men informed, tha.t the fajd Mr. Beard was a very turbulent Spirit, whom they fufpedted to have been the fecret Procurer of a great Riot which was committed fuddenly in an Evening by a dan¬ gerous Concourfe of mean People againft this Defendant. Mr. Hudfon (as this Defendant was informed! was fufpended at the Vifita- tion, but was again reftored within a while after. And more this Defen¬ dant never knew nor heard of him. Mr. Robert Kent, this Defendant (to his Remembrance) never heard of; but now, upon Enquiry, he finds, that he was a Minifter in Norwich (but now dead ) whom the Chancellor, upon fome Occafion did fufpend about 10 o'Clock in the Forenoon, and abfolved him before three in the Afternoon of the lame Day, not paying a Penny Fee for his Difmiffion. Let the A£ts be peruled. Nor of Mr. Broom more than that being a Curate in Norwich, 95 MATTHEW W R E N, D. D. Norwich, and falling under Cenfure, he was foon reftored, and had Licence fer totam Diaece/in. Mr. Mott was by the Chancellor fufpended for diredt Defedts, and for fome contumelious Words, which he gave to him fitting in Court. Mr. William Bridge being (before) in fome Intention to leave Norwich, was excommunicated for not appearing at the Vifitation (in which he was presented for many dangerous Dodtrines) and fo he prefently departed in¬ to HtHand, as the Chancellor wrote to this Defendant. Yet was he after ten Months Expedfation reftored again in the Perfon of his Prodlor. But then having left two Cures all this while unprovided for, he was in publick Form of Law (by this Defendant’s Advice to the Chancellor) cited to Re- fidence, and not yet coming, he was expedted near ten Months more, and then* the Chancellor pronounc’d Sentence of Deprivation againft him, as Law requir'd, for Defertion of his Churches. Mr. Thomas Allen likewil’e would not appear at the Vifitation, and was (of Courie) excommunicated. But then came he into the Court and there tender’d a Libel of Defamation and Defiance againft all ecclefiaftical Govern¬ ment, and fo abfented himfelf for many Months. He was therefore at laft cited to Refidence, and afterwards deprived as Mr. Bridge was. Mr. John Ward of Norwich was excommunicated, cited, expedted and deprived for Non-refidence, as the former. Mr. Robert Peck, for the like Non-refidenca (as the Chancellor fignified to this Defendant) was after more than a Year’s Expedtation, by him de¬ prived. Of whom the faid Chancellor complained alfo to this Defendant (and the like of Thomas Allen) that they had fo prevailed with their Pa- rifliioners, that tho’ the Fruits of their Benefices were put into Sequeftration in their Abfence, thereby to pay the Curates which fhould ferve their Cures, vet none would pay any thing to the Sequeftrators. It alfo appears by the Records of this Houfe, 21 Jac. That the faid Peck has been complained of by the Juftices of Peace, unto the Bifhop for Mifdemeanours; and that in Annis 1615, 1617 and 1622. he was convidied for Inconformity, Simony, and holding of Conventicles. Mr. Jeremiah Burroughes likewife fell under the Chancellor’s Cenfure, who (it fhould feem) knew him fo well, that he was loath to have him too foon reftored [ Vide liter as. May 22, 1636. May 27. June 3.] yet this Defendant was inclined to have had Reftitution given him by the Chancellor, if he came in due Manner for it, f Vide liter as Feb. 24.] But howfoever, he ad- vifed to call him in the mean while to Refidence, becaufe the Parifh fhould not be unferved. That was done, and he was expedted more than a Year, and in the mean Time the Chancellor certifying this Defendant, that the faid Mr. Burroughes had attempted him by the way of Bribery, with an Offer of 40. 1 . that he had alfo been beyond the Seas, and difguifed in a Sol¬ dier’s Habit did return, with many libellous Pamphlets brought in the Ship, this Defendant could not then but well approve of it, that Sentence of De¬ privation fhould proceed for his Non-refidence [Vide literas May 31. June g. October 6. Non. 17. Nov. 24.] Mr. William Grcenhill was in the fame Fault of Non-refidence, and in the fame Ship and Difguife with Mr. Burroughes, and fo fell under the fame Deprivation, [Vide litteras March 10, 163O.] Mr. EdmundCalamy (as this Defendant believeth) was never under any Cenfure, but he came to this Defendant two or three times during his Abode in Suffolk, and was very welcome to him, and fhewed not, but that he did very well approve -of the ecclefiaftical Proceedings. But this Defendant is now informed, that his Succefibr Bifhop Mountague did re¬ move 9 6 THE LIFE OF move him out of that Diocefe,.in that he would'not permit him to con¬ tinue as a Ledurer in Bury, after he had taken the Parfonage of Rochford in EJJex. J Mr. William Herrington, and Mr. Thomas Warren, Curates in Ipfwich, were only admomfhed by the Chancellor to obferve the Orders of the Church, and to certify their Performance at the next Court after Wbitfun- tide. But they confpired ; and to raife a Clamour, deferted their Cures at Whitfuntide ; whereupon this Defendant coming thither that Week, fent for them, and exhorted them to look to their Cures flill. T hey pretended a fear of Sufpenfion; of the contrary whereof, although he aflured them, yet could he not prevail with them, but that they would officiate no more. But all this was before any fuch Cenfures fell upon the forenamed Minifters, and there¬ fore the Terror of thofe Proceedings, could not drive them away, as is ob- jeded. For the laid Mr. Herrington did in open Court profefs, that what- loever he had heretofore been defedtive in, he would amend hereafter, when he fliould take upon him a Cure of Souls within the Diocefe, fo it were not in St. Nicholas’s Parifh, the Cure whereof he had now left. And both he and Mr. Warren profelfed, that the reafon why they durft not obferve the Or¬ ders of the Church was, only for fear of lofing their Means, and not of any other diflike. 1 Mr. John Allen of Ipfwich, not being meddled with, did (about a Year after this) voluntarily depart from his Cure for a better Place in London. \Vide chart am cjus.] L Mr. William Green the Curate of Bromholm was fufpended for many De- feds, and among the reft for want of a clerical Habit ; but upon his Sub- miffion he was prefently abfolved, and his Licence to preach was only taken from him, he being very illiterate, and having been of late by Trade a Taylor. Of which fort of Men many others mull come into the Reckoning, to make up the number of fifty that were under Cenfure, viz. Mr. Pitman, Curate of of Grundlhorough, who not long before had been a broken Tradefman in in Ipfwich: Mr. Cook of Fritton, not long before a Country Apothecary - Mr. Farrar of Bcnefiall, a Weaver, made a Minifter: Mr. Bridges of Wickham- market, no Graduate, not long fince tranflated from the common Stage Play¬ ing to two Cures and a publick Lecture. And yet the Number will not be made up (as this Defendant believetb) unlefs there be brought in under the fame Account, Mr. Porter, Vicar of Kirbrook, where he had not been feen for feventeen ^ ears before j Mr. Smith, Vicar of Mundejley, which he held above twenty Years, and was not in holy Orders of Priefthood : Mr. Norton, Burton Bui 1 age , Creak, Hurly, Cockenll, Mote, Thomfon, Ri/ing, Sheru in, Beavis, Sher¬ wood, Burch, Gray and others, of whom this Defendant receiving Infor¬ mation, that they were debauch’d, and fcandalous in their Courfes, by"his fre¬ quent Letters to the Chancellor, they were brought under Cenfure. He further .faith, that at Snailewell, and at Jjalham, where Mr. Ajh preached the Minifter or Curate (as this Defendant believeth) was not fufpended. Tils faid Mr. Ajh was therefore cited, to Ihow by what Licence (he bein'? a Stranger, and not known to be in holy Orders) did continue in that Diocefe,tnd did intrude himfelf in feveral Parilhes, to the Difturbance of the catechifin? and to the Negleft of the Orders of the Church, and the fadtious leading about of the People from their own Parifti Churches : for fuffering whereof (contrary to their Oath and Duty) the Churchwardens alfo were cenfured by the Conlillory, that the like in after Times might be avoided. Mr. Manning came clofely to Town on a Sunday Morning, and betook himtelf to St. Laurences Church in Ipfwich, which Mr. Warren had deferted. The Churchwardens therefore were not cited there ; neither had the faid Mr. M A T T H E W 97 WREN, D. D. Mr. Warren been cited, altho’ he had no Licence to preach in that Diodefe; neither had hisOrders yet been (hew’d to any, rior had Complaint been brought to this Defendant (being then an Inhabitant in that Town, and not far from that Church, of whom the laid Mr. Maiming fvoiild take no Notice) that he not only negledted all the Orders of the Church, but the Rules of the divine Service alfo, and had quoted many dangerous Paftages in the Pulpit, tending to the Difparagement of the State and the Difquiet df the People. Yet cited only he was, and becaufe he dwelt far off in Bedfifrdfhire , the Matter was no further purfued. He alfo faith, that Preaching without fufficient Licence hath in all times been cenfurable, and enquired into in the Church of England. Touching Mr. Eades, this Defendant remembereth not, that ever he heard of fuch a Man till now of late Reports are brought to him, of fome very feditious Sermons preach’d by him. [LheCounfel are defined to confider and infifl upon this, that the Chanccllir and the Commiflary did infliSl all thefe Jorenamed Cenfures, although this De¬ fendant was by Letters or Conference made acquainted with the moft thereof, before they were done, and did confent or advife thereunto: for he could not doubt, but that they being Men of the Law could bejl judge, what was Law and Right, and being (their Oath is, that they will to the utmoji of their Under¬ funding deal uprightly and jufily in their Office without RefpeSl or Favour. Can. 127. i°. Jac.) fworn Men to do uprightly, and having their Places for Life, could in no RefpeSl to him be induced from that, which he ever dejired them to do. Howbeit for Honour of his Place and in Zeal to the Service of the Church, it behoved him to hold an Inter.courfe of Letters arid Confultatiohs with them. Phe rather becaufe all the Account to be yearly made of the State of all Af¬ fairs in the Diocefe, as the King had commanded: for this, he (living out of the Diocefe) could not have done, but by that Courfe of Letters between him and the Officers .] Laftly this Defendant faith, that notwithftanding the Non-refidence of thofe fix, for which they were deprived (as is aforelaid) and the long De- lertion of their Cures, and the patient Ex r pedlance both before and after Ci¬ tation, which was had of them, yet their Deprivation proceeded not, till this Defendant in his Account to the King by the Arch-bifhop in Decern. 1637. had given Notice, how it was with them, and had humbly prayed to be diredted what he fliould do. In anfwer whereunto, in January following, he was willed to fee the King’s Pleafure upon Record in the Arch-bifhop’s Office ; from whence he received in a Schedule, as followeth. “ My Lord of Norwich hath been very careful of all your Majefty’s Inftrudti- “ ons; of thofe which have flood under epifcopal Cenfure, or that fled to avoid “ Cenfure, there are not above three or four which have fubmitted themfelves; “ yet hisLordfhip hath had Patience (notwithftanding peremptory Citations “ lent out) hitherto to expedt them. But now he mull proceed to Deprivation, “ or fuffer Scorn and Contempt to follow upon all his Injundtions. Never- “ thelefs herein he humbly craves Diredtion : and fo do I, if it pleafe your “ Majefty to give it.” Unto which the King had, with his own Hand, written in the Margin of the Schedule. Let him proceed to Deprivation. So that this Defendant tranfmitting a Copy of all this to the Chancellor (as he conceived himfelf bound to do) the laid Chancellor after two Months longer flay, did proceed to their Deprivation. . - I . r 1 j But this Defendant humbly fheweth, that in the aforefaid Deprivations (and in all other Cenfures whereof he was made privy) he aimed at no¬ thing, faving the difcharging of his own Duty, and the preferving of the good Orders of the Church. As to any Advantage thereby to his own Be¬ hoof, he was fo far from admitting the lead Pretence thereof, as that however Mr. Cafe , Parfon of Erpingham , was no lefs faulty for Inconformity and De¬ fection of his Cure, than feme of the red ; yet this Defendant the rather winked at fome Jugglings betwixt the faid Cafe and the under Officers, for his avoiding of Ceni'ure, led it might be ful'peaed, that he aimed at his Benefice ; whereof the Bifhop of Norwich was the Patron. He alfo humbly conceiveth, that it may well be taken for an Argument of jud and right Proceedings againd the forenamed Miniders, that not any one of them would ever appeal from the Sentence of the Confidory, and thereby bring their Caufe to be dilcufied and judged in the Arch-bifhop s Court. From whence alfo, if they fhould have found any Grievance, there lay any Appeal unto the King, and fo by delegate Judges (affigned by the Lord- Keeper) they might with much lefs Trouble and Damage, have obtained fuch Relief as would have proved to have been due unto them. To the fourteenth Article this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that he did unlawfully compel the Inhabitants of that Diocefe, to raile the Floors of the Chancels, rail the Tables, remove Seats, and make other Altera¬ tions to the Expence of above 5000/. or that he did vex by Prefentments, Citations, Cenfures, Journies and Attendance at the Courts, l'uch as did not obey. For Proof whereof, firft he humbly referreth himfelf to what he hath anfwer’d to the firff, to the third, and to the fourth Articles; anti alio in the eighth and thirteenth Articles. And he further believeth, that the Church¬ wardens of fome Parifhes (for fome by Relpetfs) might be induced to beflow Expences in thefe Things, and that in other Parifhes they may have brought into this Account, all that was voluntarily laid out by them for the repair¬ ing and beautifying of their Churches, in what other kind foever. As to the Town of Ipfwich he further faith, that in a Petition which they lent to the King, then being about Tudbury, (whereur.to his Majefty gave Anfwer at Woodjlock , when this Defendant was not prefent in his Majefly’s Attendance) the firff Head thereof was, a Complaint againft this Defendant and the Officers of the Jurifdidtion, for putting the Petitioners to Charges, in caufing fome Chancels to be adorned, and divers Pews to be removed or altered. But his Majefly was pleafed to mark that Particular with a Crofs, and then commanded the Mailer of the Requefts to give the Petitioners no other Anfwer but this, that his Majefty would hear no more of that Complaint, for there was nothing done in that kind, but what his Majefly expedted fhould be done, and well approved of: directing alfo that the laid Petition fhould be delivered to this Defendant, which was done at Oxford within two Days after : and fo Notice was given of the faid Anlwer to this Defendant,^ both by Sir Edward Powell, and alfo by the King himfelf in the hearing of the Arch-bifhop. And he humbly hopeth, that the Chancellor and CommifErics, (for Offi¬ cials there are none belonging to the Bifhop) will be able to clear them- felves, from having ufied any unlawful Courfes or unjnft Muleftations in thefe Matters. However the Order for Rails being firft given by the Vicar- general, and wh3tloever was done therein, being afterwards executed by the me Chancellor of Norwich , it can in no realon affect or be laid upon this Defen- 99 MATTHEW W R E N, D. D. Defendant, who was no Aftor at all therein; furely, was neither firft Mo¬ ver, nor laft Agent in it. He therefore referreth himfelf to luch Proofs as fhall be truly brought of any Thing therein done by himfelf, and will not refufe to defray all fuch Charges as fhall appear to have been unjuflly put upon them by him, provided that he may have the Materials fafe and found delivered to him. He is alfo informed, that Thomas Dixon and Alexander Harrifon, Church-wardens of St. Edmund's in Norwich, being required to give in a Note of fuch Charges as the Parilh was put unto, by this Defendant’s Vifitation, did return but 13 r. and 4^. which being rejedted, and they fent back to bring in a greater Sum, Alderman Parrot reproaching them, and faying, what no more ? Well, we perceive you would willingly have Popery come in again. The Account of the Years befides that of the Vifitation, was taken and put into the Information given into the honourable Houfe of Com¬ mons ; and the like, he doubts not, was done in many other Places. T<*the fifteenth Article this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that he pro- pofed any unlawful Innovations or Injundtions, or that any were molefted by him in their Eftates and Confciences for not coming to the Rail, and kneeling before the Table altar-wife, or for not (landing up at the Gofpel. And for further Anfwer herein, referreth himfelf to that which is already anfwered in the 7th Article. And he further humbly conceiveth, that the reducing of the Forms and Rites of the Church, which were in Ufe in the Reign of C X^E/iz. and the drawing of the People to a due Obedience to thofe Ordinances of the Church, is not now juftly to be called an Innovation, but rather a part of a Reformation or Renovation: inafmuch as then (in thofe Times) the contrary thereof was fliled and reputed an Innovation : For fo he findeth by that Enquiry which the Bifhop of London made in anno 1583. [dothyour Minijler teach any Doc¬ trine of Innovation, to withdraw the People from due Obedience to the Ordinan¬ ces of the Church ? Art. 6.] and again [doth your Minijler in his Minifiration ufe the precife Form and Rites which are preferibed, without Innervation or Alte¬ ration of the fame? Art. 31. And fo the Bifhop of Chicbefter in anno 1600. inquired [Are there any which preach any Dotfrine of Innovation in your Parifb, to withdraw the People from their due Obedience, or are there any new Presbyte¬ ries or private Conventicles and fchifmatical Dealings among you ? Art. 42.] King James alfo, in the Conference at Hampton-Court, term'd thofe Things an Innova¬ tion, which were then infifted on againft the Orders of the Church; [pag. 47.] and, in his Proclamation for Uniformity of Common-prayer, faith, that he will not admit Innovations in Things once fettled by mature Deliberation, meaning the Rites of the Church, 10. Jacobi. Speaking therefore of the Religion and Ceremonies in the Church of England , in as much as New and Old are Terms of Relation, and are faid but refpec- tively to former or later Things, he humbly conceiveth it neceflary, firff, to defign the Times, upon which the State of our Church is to be bounded, and to which we intend to refer, when we fay (with the holy Fathers in Council) T b brx.edu. iflu Kfursiru. - Let the old Ufages carry it. And thofe he hum¬ bly conceiveth, are the blefled Times of Reformation, [6 Edward VI. and 1 Eliz.] with the Times then nextenluing: fothat whatfoever may appear to have been then in Ufe in our Church (tho - perhaps in fome fort fince then difeontinued) the taking of that up again, cannot (but by a Miftake, and very improperly) be termed an Innovation, and hath no Crime at all in it; elpe- eiaily where the general Rule of Devotion, Decency and Uniformity doth alfo go along to guide us in point of Difcretion and Practice. But 100 THE LIFE OF feut as for Handing up at the Gofpel, he rienieth that ever he gave any Diredtion for it, or made fo much as an Enquiry about it, but left it free and unmeddled with, as appeareth [Art. Cap 4 and 7. and Cap. 7. Art 4.] neither can he believe that ever any Man was molefted or difquieted for the fame while he was Diocefan there. As for any of the Perfons named in this Article, this Defendant denieth, that they or any of them were ever cited or troubled by him : nor doth he know, that they were fo, by any of ihe Officers of the Courts in his Time. He therefore wholly referreth it to the Adis of Court, to fhew what was done, and againft which of them, and for what it was, and by whom it was done To the (ixteenth Article this Defendant anfvvereth and denieth, that by him Ignorance, Superftition, or Prophanenefs were introduced, and humbly con- ceiveth, that the contrary thereof, viz. the means of Knowledge, true Re¬ ligion and Holinefs were no lefs in Adi than in true Intention, profnoted and cheriflbed by him, in thathe did labour, as much as in him lay, to draw Chriftian People to the Love and Pradtice of the Worfhip of God by Law here eftablifbed, and to an humble and awful Reverence of his divine Ma- jefty, and was careful that by the profitable Way of diligent and faithful cate- chifing, the meaner and the under Sort fhould be brought to the better Knowledge of God, and to a true Underftanding of the Grounds of the Chriftian Religion. He therefore denieth, that he fuppreffed Prayer, which he en 'ervourerh fo much to bring into holy Eftimation and Ufe, or that he forbad Sermons, who denied not to licence any, that in an orderly Way defired the fame, and who was (the rather for that) inclined to confent to the removing a- way of thofe obftinate Non-refidents, as much rather fearing, left it lh uid be objedted unto him, that he had fuffered l'undry Parifhes to Hand fo f ng deferted and bereaved of the holy Word, the Prayers and Sacraments, f or a further Proof whereof, he alfo alledgeth, that whereas in the City of Nor¬ wich itfelf there are thirty four Churches, and there ufed not to be abo three or four Sermons at them all on Sunday in the Forenoon, but un¬ der Pretence of going to the cathedral Church, People of all Ages and Sexes were left to do what they would, this Defendant had no Reft in his Mind, till he got the Chancellor to take Order that in every Church of the laid City, there fhould be a Sermon, (if poffible it might be) on Sundays in the Forenoon, and Catechifing in the Afternoon. He likewife faith, that to that part of the Charge for putting down of Ledlures, no Anfwer can be expedted, unlefs the particular Place, nt 1 _n had been named, and when and by whom it was done. But he fuither la uh, that at St. Edmund' s Bury the Clergy had of themfelves difcontinued a Lec¬ ture, which they held before by Combination on Mondays: whereof as loon as he had Notice, he readily gave his Confent and Diredtions for tile r --fum¬ ing of it again. He likewife ordered and confirmed the two fingle Ledlures thereon Wednefdays and Fridays. At Bungay alfo they had a Lediure : an t lpfwich they might have had one, if they had defired any but him, whom this Defendant could not allow of, he being by Sentence of the H ffi- commiffion fufpended during the King's Pleafure, and they would ... 0 no Man elfe. At Lynn there was a Lediure, and at Norwich another, which Lediure the Chancellor (by reafon of fome Diredtions in the Faft-book) 011c while caufing to be intermitted, this Defendant, as foon as he underftoo,. tncre- of, lent prefently to him, to pray him by any means to hinder the fame. I wo other Ledlures at Norwich had, as this Defendant now finds, been raided up 2 within IOI M A T T H E W W R E N, D. D. within a Year or two before, whereof Mr. Bridge carried the one away with him into Holland ; the other ceafed by the LeCfurer’s returning home to his Cure at Stalbam, whereof he was Vicar ; and never did any of the City fo much as crave an Allowance from this Defendant for others in their Places. At Northwaljham alfo he confirmed a LeCture; and one at Wimondhgm ; and erected another at Eajlharling ; and permitted one at Mey- hold, although they never craved his epifcopal Leave for the fame. He further denieth, that Daniel Sunning, Michael Metcalf, and the reft in this Article named, or any other of his Majefty’s Subjects, to the Number of 3000, did remove into the Parts beyond the Seas by reafon of any Thing done by this Defendant. And he humbly prayeth, that it may be confider’d, that the humour of feparating themfelves from the Church of England into foreign Parts is of a much higher Growth than fince Anno 1636. And that out of thefe Diocefes where they could have no Pretence of vigorous Perfecutions, they went fo plentifully, as that the two chief Colonies in New England, long fince took the Titles of Plymouth and Bojlon. And thither, into New England, of thofe which are named in this Article, went Francis Lawes a poor and mean Weaver, 'John Dicks a poor Joiner, Nicholas Busby a poor Weaver, Michael Metcalf, and Nicholas his Son, a Dornix Weaver (of fome Eftate, he only) but he was pall’d in queftion for fome Words againft the King, and fo flipt away. John Durant is fuppoftd to be the fame with John Berant, he a poor Weaver that went into the Low-Countries, and thither went Richard Cook a Draper newly fet up, that kept but one Apprentice. And this Defendant further denieth, that the Departure into Holland of fuch as ufed the Trades of Manufactures in Wool, did either begin with the Year 1636, at which Time this Defendant’s Vifitation of the Diocefe of Norwich was held ; or that it did end with the Year 1637. at which Time this Defen¬ dant was tranflated from that Diocefe. For they began to repair to Rotterdam and Arnheim , and other Places there anno 1633, and fo alfo anno 1638, they went thither in great Abundance. So that out of one Port in that Dio¬ cefe in anno 1635, there went one hundred and forty fixPerfons; and in anno 1638, one hundred and fifty Perfons: whereas out of the fame Port in annis 1636, and 1637, there went in all not above one hundred Perfons. And out of another Port in the fame Diocefe, from Michaelmas 1637, to Annunciation 1638, there went but one hundred and ten Perfons ; whereas in the next half Year (which was after this Defendant had left the See) there went above two hundred and thirty Perfons. This Defendant therefore humbly conceiveth, that the chiefeft Caufe of their Departure, was the fmall Wages which was given to the poor Workmen, whereby the Work-mafters grew rich, but the Workmen were kept very poor. And then that occafioning the flight and ill making of thofe Manufactures, the Hollanders defirous to learn the Trade, as well for their own Advantage as for the better making of the Commodities, did for a Time invite our People thither, by giving much greater Wages for Work than was given here: fo that it was generally reported in Norwich that they could have 1 5s. in Hol¬ land for that Work, which here yeilded not lot. To which is to be added alfo, that in the Year 1636. the Danger of the Plague in London ftopt the weekly Intercourfe of Stuffs and other Commodities from Norwich, and thereby Men forbore a great while to fet fo many on work as before they had done, when the weekly Return was open. And fo that forced the Poor to complain, and to go feek the means of living abroad. And for Proof whereof he humbly offeretb, that whereas often Complaints of this matter were brought untothe Council-board, that the Trade was carried into Holland, and many things were prayed for the remedying of the fame, yet Dd it a i I 1 i i 'V-v; 1 m it was never once fo much as mention’d, or any way intimated to their Lordihips that any rigorous Dealing in Matters ecpfefiaftical in that Diocefe, were the Caufe or the Occafion thereof. And this Defendant hopeth to prove, that of many Hundreds of tbofe that went into Holland in thofe Times, they then taking their Oaths before the King’s Officers, and declaring the Caufe of their going, not one of them ail did once mention any of thofe Things, which in this Article are pretended: but very many of them anfwered, that they went to work on their Trades there, and to increafe their Skill, and to get better Means of living. And indeed what needed they to go thither, for any Proceedings ecclefiaf- tical here (had that been the true Caufe,) when as it had been a far ihorter Journey, and eafter for poor Workmen, but to have removed into fome other Diocefe? And if any of the wealthier Sort (fuck as did fet an Hundred on work) went away only for that, why did they not rather appeal ? Seeing they might have had an Inhibition (for 7 or 8 s.) which would prefently have tied up the confiftory Court, no Sentence whereof was to be in f orce, till that (after hfteen Days’) the Parties themfelves did by their own Default in not ap¬ pealing, confirm the fame. The meaner fort therefore went chiefly for Gains, and Means of Life : the abler Sort might alfo he led away by that, which was operative in any Diocefe, as in the Diocefe of Norwich (excepting always to Norwich Diocefe a better Opportunity of fudden and eafy flipping over ;) and that was the utter D.llike of all Church Government, and of the Doc¬ trine and Difcipline by Law here eftablifh’d. To the feventeenth Article this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that con¬ trary to the'Duty of his Place, and to the Duty of a good Subjedt, or to free himfelf from Blame, or to raife an ill Opinion of the King in the Hearts of his Subjedts, he did at any Time declare, that which he did, by his Majefty’s Command. But that quite contrary hereunto, to atteft his own Dutifulnefs, and to advance the Obedience of his Majefty’s good Subjedts, and to fettle Peace in their Minds, and to fhew the Legality and Warrant of thofe particular Things which were in Pradtice, and to dilcover the evil and difloyal Difpofi- tions'of fome of them which have now been Informers to the Honourable Common’s-houfe, he held himfelf in all Duty obliged, that he fhould not forbear (where due Occafion was) to let the King’s Pleafure be made known to the reft of his Majdfty’s honeft and faithful Subjedts in manner following. Returning into Suffolk from attending his Majefty in Anno 1636, he was given to underftand, that although the Anlwer which the King gave (in this Defendant’s Abfence) unto a Petition from Ipfvsich , wherein they complained of the Alteration of the Seats in their Chancels, and of letting up the Com¬ munion-Tables there, viz. that his Majefty would hear no more of any Com¬ plaint in this Kind; and that the Bifhop had done but his Duty therein, and as his Majefty expedted from him, as is before fet forth in the Anlwer to the fourteenth Article of this Charge, had been fully related by the Matters of the Requefts to one Peter FiJfjer of Ippwich , who attended at Court, about the laid Petition : yet he confpiring with fome other of the Petitioners had, for many Weeks, concealed his Majefty’s Pleafure from all but a few of them¬ felves, and nad not made it known to their Neighbours, whom it chiefly con¬ cerned : this Defendant thereupon held it fit to give Notice of his Majefty’s royal Pleafure herein, and caufed the Petition itfelf, which the Matter of the Requefts had at the King’s Command deliver’d to this Defendant, to be pro¬ duced in open Court, tor the Satisfadtion and Content of the good People, who had craved to be forborn, but till they might hear what anfvverthe King fhould give unto their faid Petition. 2 He MATT H E W W R E N, D. D. 1-03 He further faith, that a Petition having been likewifeput up to his Maiefty by fume of Norwich complaining of the fetting up of the Tables in the,Chan¬ cels, and of reading the Communion-Service there, and of fome other Orders of the Church ; and his Majefty being afterwards pleafed not only to tell this Defendant thereof, and how he had diftniffed them accordingly as he had done thofe of Ipfwich , but alfo to require this Defendant to be care¬ ful of his Duty in the Obfervation of the faid Orders: he, as in Duty he ought, did impart the fame to the Chancellor, and to fome others of Nor¬ wich which came unto him; as not doubting, but that the King’s fu.preme Au¬ thority in all Things ecclefiaftically, and the Knowledge of his goodPleafure in thefe Matters, would fettle a right Opinion,, and Conformity, and Peace in the Minds of all Men. And whereas it behoved this Defendant, living then out of this Djocefe, in his Majefty’s Attendance, to command the Execution of all Bufinelfes un¬ to the Chancellor, he was thereby necellarily oblig’d to make known unto him and others whom it concerned, what Injun&ions-the Lord Arch-biihop had in the King’s Name given to this Defendant, and particularly for turning the Afternoon Sermons into Catechifing, that fo it-might be known, not to be a free or an arbitrary Matter, which might be done or left undone at the Ordinary’s Pleafure, as fome fuppofed, but that it was done by Order from his Majefty, and was to be duly obferved in Obedience to his lupreme.Com¬ mand, figned by the Arch-bifhop. He likewife conceived himfelf bound in Duty to tranfmit unto the Chan¬ cellor of Norwich, a Copy of the Note or Schedule, whereunto the King had with his own Hand written a Dire&ion about the Non-refident Minil- ters, as is before mention’d P. 97. From the declaring whereof to fome others alfo he thought not fit to forbear, where juft Occafion was given to mention the fame. He therefore denieth, that the making of thofe Things known, could raife any ill Opinion of his Majefty, in the Hearts of thofe which were his truly loving Subjects, but contrarily would induce Obedience and good Older, and all peaceable Demeanour in them: it being both the Duty and the Dif- pofition of all good Subjefls to have great Ailurance in the W-ildom and Piety of the fupreme Power, and in all Matters of Indifferency, tending only to the Settlement of Order, Uniformity and Devotion, to be affected toward the Sovereign, as the People of Ifrael were to K. David, (2 Sam. iii. 36.) Placuerunt iis cunSia quafecit Rex. To the eighteenth Article this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that in Anno 1636. he did in his own Perfon ufe any fuperftitious or idolatrous Adtions and Geftures in the Adminiftration of the Lord’s Supper. But he faith, that he doth ever ufe, and obferve the Form of prepa¬ ring or confecrating the Bread and Wine for the holy Sacrament which the Church of England hath appointed, and no other, viz. He doth it ftanding at the Lord’s Table, with the Bread and Wine placed openly before him : and that as well by holy Prayer and Supplication according to the Manner of the Eaftern Church; as alfo by rehearfing of our Saviour CArj/Ps Inftitu- tion, according to the Manner of the Weftern Church, both which the Church of England, to avoid all Queftion, hath with great Wifdom conjoined in the Colledt next before the Delivery of the Sacrament. And he acknowledgeth, that for the better taking of the Bread, and for the eafier reaching both of the Flaggon and the Cup for the Wine, becaufe they flood upon the Table farther from the End thereof, then he, being but low of Stature, could reach over his Book unto them, and yet ftill proceed on in i in reading of the Words without Stop or Interruption, and without Danger of /pilling the Bread and Wine, he did in Tower Church in Ipfwich , anno 1636. turn unto the Weft-fide of the Table, but it was only while he re- hearfed the forementioned Colledt, in which he was to take the Bread and Wine, and at no other Time. And he humbly conceiveth, that altho’ the Rubrick fays, that the Minifler fhall Hand at the North-fide of the Table, yet it is not fo to be meant, as that upon no Occafion, during all the Communion-time, he final 1 flep from it. For it is ufual to go before the Table to read the Epiftle and Gofpel, and neceflary to go from the Table to the Pulpit to preach, and with the Bafon to receive the Offerings, if any be; and with the Bread and Wine to diflri- bute to the Communicants. Inafmuch therefore as he did hand at the North- fide, all the while before he came to that Collect, wherein he was to take the Bread and Wine into his Hands, and as foon as that was done, thither he returned again; he humbly conceiveth, it is a plain Demonflration that he came to the Wefl-fide, only for more Conveniency of executing his Omce, and no way at all in any Superflition, much lefs in any Imitation of th c Ro- m ijh Priefts; for, they place themfelves there, at all the Service before, and at all after, with no lefs Stridnefs, than at the Time of their confecrating the Bread and Wine. But he denieth, that ever he did ufe any elevating of the Bread and Wine, much lefs that he made any Elevation fo high, as that the Bread and Wine might be feen over his Shoulders; whereof abundant T eflimony will be had of many (omni exccptione majores) who were then prefent, and well obfeived all Paffages and Geftures, viz. Mr. Lany, Mr. Keene, Mr. Norwich , Mr. Novell, Mr .Mapletoft, and others. He therefore faith, that only in repeating the Words of Inftitution, he took the Silver Plate, wherein the Bread was, into his Hand, to break the Bread, and to fay, Take, eat, & c. But then he never lifted his Hand from the Table, whereon it refled : and no otherwife did he with the Cup alfo, whereas then in the Popifh Church the ufe is, that the Priefl after the Confecration, elevating the Bread and the Chalice, does it fo, as not to be feen over his Shoulder only, but holds it up over his Head, meaning that then he does facrlfice Chriji s Body, which there he hath tran- fubftantiated, and therefore to that End elevates it, that the People beholding may fall down and adore it: this Defendant is ready, according to the De- cifion in fuch Cafes ufed in the ancient Councils, to pronounce Anathema to any fuperflitious or idolatrous Ufages, cr Intentions by him in that kind ever had, and to profefs, that he doth faithfully and totally adhere to the Ar¬ ticle of the Church of England. [That the Sacrament is not to be carried about, lifted up, or worfhipped, Jlrt. 28.] For bowing at his Accefs to, or hisRecefs from the Lord’s Table, whether the Lord’s Supper be there celebrated, or not; he humbly referreth himfeif to that which he hath anfwered unto the fixth Article of this Charge: ad¬ ding this, that the Bread and Wine being then upon the Table, it cannot otherwife be, but that the Reverence which he then uleth, muff be before them, or after they are fet upon the faid Table. But he further faith, that as foon as he had ended the Collect of Confecration, his bowing low was a kneeling down at the Table to receive the Bread and Wine himfeif. Now for that he ever ufeth to kneel at the holy Adtion, upon the floor, and not upon any Pefle, after he had taken the Bread, and was then to let up the Plate upon the Table, that he might likewife take the Cup, he could not but lift the faid Plate, not only fo high as his Shoulder, but as high as his Head alfo, becaufe while he continued fo kneeling, his Head was as low as was the Table, if not lower. _ 2 To X°5 MATTHEW W R E N, D. D. To the nineteenth Article, this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that he caufed the Figure of Chrift upon the Crofs, to be engraven upon his epifcopal Seal, thereby the more to manifeft his popilh Affedtion. And he faith, that he utterly denieth all popilh Affections ; and that the Figure of Chrift upon the Crofs may be had without any popifh Affedtion ; and that the faid Fi¬ gure upon his Seal, did itfelf declare what Affedtion it was to manifeft. For there was this Pofy engraven with it [Ev $ Koa/io; i\m xayw tm KoV/iw.] being taken out of St .Paul, Gal. vi. 14. and being applied to the fame Purpofe, and ufed with the fame Affedtion (be it humbly fpoken) that St. Paul there 11 fed the fame, God forbid (faid St. Paul ) that I Jhould rejoice, but in the Crofs of our Lord Jefus Chrift, whereby the World is crucified unto me, and 1 unto the World. In an holy Imitation whereof, this Defendant beareth divers Coats of Arms (as the Ufe is) upon the faid Seal, to wit, the Arms of the See of Norwich, and the Arms of the See of Hereford, and of the Deanery of Windfor, and of the Mafterfhip of Peter-houfe, together with his own paternal Coat of an ancient Defcent; he confidering with himfelf, that thefe were Emblems all, and Badges but of worldly and temporal Glories, and defiring that the World fbould have a right Apprehenfion of him, and to tellify that he did no Way glory in any Thing of this tranfitory World, but humbly endeavoured to wean himfelf from all temporal and vain Rejoycings, he therefore caufed fuch a fmall Figure of Chrift on the Crofs, to be fet over all the faid Coats; as profeffing by that, that as he was only to preach Chrift crucified, 1 Cor. i. 21. and that as he efteemed not to know any 7 ’king but Jefus Chrift, and him crucified, 1 Cor. ii. 2. fo much more, he had, and ftill would ftrive to take Joy in none of thefe his Honours and Preferments, as they were human and worldly, but only would ufe them fo, as it he had them not, and as if he were dead and crucified to them, and they to him ; but that his whole Study, and Reft, and Rejoycing, Ihould be in the Crofs of our Lord Jefus, and that unto it he would caufeall his worldly Eftate (publick and private) to ftoop and do Service. This was all the Affedtion which this Defendant intended to manifeft here¬ by ; and he humbly conceiveth, it was holy and truly Chriftian ; for the ex- preffing whereof to the World, thofe Coats of Arms giving him fo good Op¬ portunity ; and for the affuring and imprefling of fo much into his own Soul, he alluding to thofe Words of the heavenly Spoufe, to his Church, Pone me ut ftgillum fuper cor tuum. Cant. viii. 6. therefore he (that never had, nor ufed a Crucifix in all the World befides) thought it no Harm at all, nor any way popilh in him to ufe it upon his Seal. And he humbly prayetb, that it may well be confidered, how it can rightly be lurnrifed, that he had any popifh Affedtion in that, or in himfelf at all; whereas the Affizes for the County following foon after his pri¬ mary Vifitation in Suffolk, he caufed the Prefentments of the faid County (being about five Hundred) to be fent unto him from Norwich, and having himfelf perufed them all, and extradted the Names of all fuch as, by the Oaths of the Churchwardens, and other fworn Men, had been prefented for popifh Recuftnts, he caufed the fame to be fairly ingroffed, by an Alphabet, in Parchment, comprifing the Chriftian and Surnames of two Hundred Per- fons, or thereabouts, and then affixed unto it this very Seal forenamed, and fo fent the fame unto the Lord Chief Juftice, fedente curia, at the Affizes at St. Edmund’s-bury, which for a voluntary Adi of his, never ufed before by any other Diocefan, as it then teftified under that Seal his true Zeal and Care of the Religion here in England eftablifhed, fo he hopeth, it may rightly be alledged new, to fhew that the Figure of Chrift upon the Crofs in the E e Seal, f ic6 THE LIFE OF Seal, cannot conclude him to have been popiffily affedted, which was ufed by him againft fuch as were l'o afFe&ed. Not to fay, that although the faid Seal lay all the Year long locked up in a Cheft, but at the Time of Sealing, and that when any Sealing was, there was no Worfliip done by any ; yet neverthelefs, as fuon as he under¬ flood, that any had taken fcruple at it, he prel'ently, to avoid all Pretence of Scandal, caufed the faid Seal to be altered, and the Figure of Chrift to be wholly omitted. To the twentieth Article, this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that he imployed fuch to be his Commiffioners, rural Deans, and houthold Chap¬ lains, whom he knew to be affedted to innovating Courfes, and popifh Super- ftition, and to be erroneous and unfound in Pradtice and Judgment. And he further faith, that he believeth there was not a Vifitation, either metropolitical, or diocefan, held in that Diocefe, or in any other of this Pro¬ vince, which in the Memory of Man, by Commiffioners more for Number, or more worthy for Quality or good Efteem, than thofe Perfons were, which he employed for his primary Vifitation, viz. the Chancellor of Norwich, the Dean of Norwich, Dr. Jones, Dr. Goad, Dr. Warren, Dr. Franklin, Dr. Panic, Dr. Eden, Mr. Britten, Mr. Nouell, and Mr. Mapletojt. As for rural Deans, he faith, that he never ufed that Name, nor did con- flitute any fuch ; only this was done, confidering the Greatnefs of that Diocefe, and that he himfelf being to live in his Msjefty’s Attendance, fhould not be able to underftand the State thereof, or to give a yearly Account, as was enjoyned by the King’s Inftrudtions; in purfuance therefore of the faid Inftrudtions, which diredted the Bifhops, that they Ihould ufe Means by fome of the Clergy, to have Knowledge, how Preachers within their Diocefe did behave themfelves, he diredted his Letters to fome in every Arch¬ deaconry, defiring them to fee, wherefoever they came in the Diocefe, how all Things were carried, and by their Letters to certify him, if they found Obftinacy in any againft the Rules of the Church. Now the Choice of the Men imployed was this ; fome few of them this Defendant himlelf knew ; others upon fome Enquiry had been recommended unto him as grave, judicious, and orderly Men ; and others of them he found had long before been made Surrogates under the Seal of the Chancellor, to execute his Office for him ; but the rnoft of them he took out of a Schedule, which was tranfmitted formerly to him from the Confiftory ; for, the Chan¬ cellor being defired to furnilh this Defendant with the Names of fuch Divines as he knew to have been fit to be put in for Affiftants in his Vifitation, a Lift was fent unto him, out of which he afterwards chofe the molt of thofe rural Commiffioners. As to the Particulars named in this Article, he further faith, that Mr. Ed¬ mund Mapletojt was made a Commiffioner by him, as having at firft been bred at Cambridge under this Defendant, and having then lived above twelve Years a beneficed Man in that Diocefe, well efteemed by all Men of Worth, both in the Clergy and Laity, for Learning, Difcretion, Piety, and Ho- nefty. Mr. John Nouell, and Mr. John Duncan, were both Batchelors of Divi¬ nity, and fenior Fellows of the College, where this Defendant was himfelf firft bred ; Men every Way as well accounted of, as that Univerfity had any, and fo were fucceffively taken by him to be his Houftiold Chaplains. Mr. Buck was not much known unto him, but as he had been very well reported to him both by the Chancellor and others, for his learned, and godly MATTHEW W R E N, D. D. godly Sermons, at Norwich, St. Paul's, and other Places, and fo was named to be one of the rural Commiffioners, but never was his Chaplain. So was Mr. Dun, more upon Recommendation from others, than upon Knowledge. Neverthelefs, foon after knowing that the laid Mr. Dun had affirmed to ufe the Employment committed to him indifcreetly, and noc ac¬ cording to the Diredtions which were given to him, this Defendant forthwith took Order to dilcharge him wholly from it. But this Defendant denieth, that he then knew any one of them all to be erroneous and unfound in Judgment, or Pradtice ; neither can he yet believe any fuch Thing of them, but if in any Kind it (hall be fo proved againft any of them, he humbly conceiveth bimfelf to be no further obliged to an- fwer for them, than in his heavy Grief and Sorrow for the fame. Sure he is, that fome of his Commiffioners were employed by him to the Mayor, and others of the City of Norwich, to incite them to a more dili¬ gent Enquiry after the popifh Recufants there lurking, than had been ac- cuftomed ; and they fo faithfully fulfilled this Employment, that at two Sef- fions foon after held, about Michaelmas 1636, for that City, there was forty popifh Recufants indidted, whereas before them, as the Citizens themfelves acknowledged in a Petition to the King, not above three or four at any Sef- fions, and many Times none at all, had been prefented for Recufants. To the twenty-firft Article, this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that he very much oppreffed divers Patrons of Churches, unlefs it be meant by his conftant Care, which he had to difcover fimoniacal Compadts, if there were any ; for he claimed nothing among them, but the Right of Inftitution. He alfo denieth, that he admitted his own Chaplains or others, without any Colour of Title ; fo unjuftly inforcing the right Patron to chargeable Suits. For, he faith, that of his own Chaplains he never admitted any, but ‘John Nouell, to the Vicarage of Felixtow upon the Prelentation of Sir An¬ tony Cage, jure uxoris ; unto which there was another then pretended, but did not purfue it, and the Clerks of the faid Sir Antony have twice fince then been prefented, and have quietly enjoyed the fame. Alfo he admitted John Duncon to the Redtory of Stoke, after three Months Vacancy thereof, at the Prefentation of the Dean and Chapter of Ely, the true original Patrons; unto which the Leffee of the Manor did after Inftitu¬ tion lay a Claim, but before Inftitution was given, he neither had entered any Caveat, nor prefented any Clerk to the fame. He alfo admitted the faid John Duncon to the Redtory of Sutton, in the Prefentation of the King’s Majefty, but becaufe he fufpedted the Right of the Title, he caul'ed him to forbear his Indudtion, and upon further Dilcuffion to yield up his Inftitution. Mr. Geajl alfo was inftituted by him to the Redtory of Garboldjham; but it was upon a Judgment againft another that had intruded. Others of his Chaplains he inftituted none, nor any other Clerks, when any Controverfy arofe, but, as near as he could judge upon hearing of Coun- fel, upon the faireft Title. So that he believeth, that of no Admiffions which he gave while he was Bifhop there, however very many of them were litigious, yet iuch was his Care to admit according to the trueft Right, that not fix of them all were afterwards by Law evidted. [But all this notwithjlanding he leaveth to his Counfel, to conftder how far he fall offer to make any Anfwer to this Article, which is fo generally and uncertainly laid, not naming which Patrons, or of which Churches, nor which Chaplains, or who elfe, and into what Livings .] I07 He THE 108 LIFE OF He alfo denieth, that againft his prieftly Word given, in verbo facerdotis, he did put Mr. Rivett, tho' he was the true and right Patron to a chargeable Suit, to evidt the Incumbent. For Proof whereof, he referreth himfelf to the Records in Chancery, where the faid Rivett having put in a Bill againft this Defendant with the faid falfe and fcandalous Imputation of breaking his prieftly Word, the Court firft caufed the faid Words to be expunged and eraled out of the Bill, and afterward upon a Demurrer did call out the Bill itfelf alfo. Mr. Chute was of Counfel for this Defendant in it. The Cafe was this. To the Parfonage of Beldejion , Mr. Wiliinni Rivett prefented Jo. AJhley Clerk ; before Admittance was given to him, George An¬ ton enter’d a Caveat for his Intereft, and then prefented John Cornelius Clerk ; upon a Day appointed the Parties appeared before this Defendant, and it was at large pleaded by Mr. Fountain for Mr. Rivett, and by Mr. Hoburn for Mr. Anton : The Ile&ory proved to be appendant to the Manor, and the pre¬ tending Patrons were now in Suit about the faid Manor. Rivett pleaded a Leafe of 100 Years. Anton produced a Defealance upon condition of pay¬ ing 3000 l. which he pleaded was all paid within 140Z many other Excep¬ tions were alledged by Mr. Fountain, but fo fully anfwer’d by Mr. Hoburn, that (in this Defendant’s Apprehenfion, the true Right feemed to be in Anton. So they rofe up, the Bifhop faying, that now he had heard what could be laid by their Counfel, he would confider of it, and (if need were) advife with his own Counfel about it; for he claimed nothing but the Right of Inflitution. They craved not any' Writ, de jure patronatus: nor did either of them make it appear who prefented laft: but both Parties promis’d, that in the mean while they would reft, and not bring any Writ of ne admittas. When the Company was departed, this Defendant fhewed to Mr. Fountain and Mr. Rivett' s Brother, the Reafon, why Rivett’s Clerk was not admitted at firft, before Anton came in for his Right, viz. that he had received three Cer¬ tificates from Mr. Stubbin a Minifter in Suffolk, charging Mr. AJhley with In¬ conformity and fundry other Mifdemeanours, befides many Complaints for¬ merly made' againft him at the primary Vifitation: all which when Mr. Fountain had read he profeffed that he would write to Mr. Rivett, and caufe him to change his Clerk, if the Bitbop would not proceed in the while. To whom this Defendant replyed, I know not how long you may flay ; but you know that I faid erewhile to you both, and you may be allured upon my Word, that Notice (hall be given to you before I will do any thing. Ocher Promile or in other Words, he made none. The next day being informed, that (contrary to Promife) they were bring¬ ing a Writ of ne admittas againft Cornelius, this Defendant fent unto Wejl- mnjlcr-Halh, to tell Mr. Fountain thereof, and to lhew that he took it fo ill, as that he now held himfelf free from any kind of Promife, and would ad¬ mit Anton's, Clerk to whom the Right (as he conceived) appertain’d, unlefs the faid Mr. Fountain, would take it upon him that no Writ of ne admittas lhould be brought, but if he would promife, that then this Defendant would ftill forbear, and have the Caufe again fifced. Anfwer was brought, that Mr. Fountain dilavowed the Knowledge of any fuch Intention to bring it, but yet, b-ing urged, did plainly reful'e to undertake, that no Writ lhould be brought: whereupon- Antons, Clerk was; admitted. As for Things in Suit, the laid 'Cornelius and AJhley cafne to a voluntary Compolition touching all Demands; and fo Cornelius luffer’d a Judgment to pafs, and' AJhley had the Benefice, and the faid Mr. Rivett was by the faid Cornelius fo well fatisfied, that he gave him his Bond that he lhould enjoy fome 109 MATTHEW W R E N, D. D. fome of the Grounds for a Time, and fhould receive fuch and fuch Tithes, and fhould never be molefted for Delapidations, Charges, or mean Profits. To the twenty fecond Article this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that he granted away the Profits of his Vifitation for 500/. above the Charges of the Vifitation. But this he faith, that when his Vifitation was to be appointed, the Chan¬ cellor repaired to him with one Edward Eurfit , and in the Regifter’s Name, detired they might compound with him for the Profits of the Vifitation by a grofs Sum. But this Defendant refuled to do fo, until he might underfland, how juftly and upon what Particulars the faid Profits did arife. After Exa¬ mination and Computation whereof, finding that the due and lawful Pay¬ ments would amount to about 570/. as appears by the Account hereunder written, and not reckoning the uncertain Fees for Abfences, Proxies, Sul- penfions, Difmiffions, &c. which could not be fo little as 100/. this Defen¬ dant willing to fave the Labour of fending his own Collectors, as alfo to do that Courtefy to the Regifters, was content to accept of 470 /. from them, fo leaving to them above zoo l. for the Charges, and their own Pains in the fame. He alfo further faith, that fome of his Predeceflors before him, had a higher Compofition than that which he took ; and fo had his Succeflbr by a great deal : and he humbly craveth leave to fay, that not the greatnefs of fuch a Sum, but only the greatnefs of the Diocefe, is herein to be regarded, in comparifon whereof, the lawful Profits of the Vifitation in fmaller Diocefes are far greater than in this. For, accounting firft, that the Vifitation in Norwich Diocefe is held but once in feven Years, and in other Diocefes two in fix Years, the faid Diocefe of Norwich for number of Parifhes and Titles, is ten times as great as the Diocefe of Ely, and yet the Profits of every Vifitation at Ely, are better worth than 60/. And it is four times greater than Hereford Diocefe, and yet the Profits of a triennial Vifitation there, are ho- neftly worth 150/. An Account of the Profits at the Vifitation at Norwich. £ . There are in the Diocefe of Norwich parochial Titles about 1400. The Procurations by Law due from the feveral Pariihes do \ amount to the Sum of j " I 35 The Jurifdidtions of the Arch-deacons arefufpended for fix Months') during the Bifhop’s Vifitation, and the Profits thereof, for Wills, Adminiftrations, Licences, Inftruments of Indue-/150 tions, Certificates, &c. were committed to be gathered, and\ taken for that while by the Regifter, and valued at The Books of Articles at 8 d. per Librum (though in other Dio-? cefes the accuftomed Allowance is izd. came to 5 For configning Inftitutions (about 1100 at 11. defngulis. For configning Orders 8 d. Licence to preach 6 d. de fngulis in toto 1 1 s. 2d. about 1700 f For configning Difpenfations, or Unions, about fifty in all 3 s. 4 d. For configning Licences to ferve a Cure, to teach a School, to-, d. 4 6 *3 55 0 99 3 8 6 pradtife Pbyfick or Chirurgery, or to be a Midwife, at 1 s. 70 In all 564 4 4 F f He f IIO THE LIFE OF He therefore denieth, that his Books of Articles were ever intended for the better Benefit of the Regifter, or other Farmer at Norwich, he having none but the Regifter, who was to attend upon the Vifitation, forafmuch as the faid Book was long before prepared, and was in a Manner the fame with that which he ufed in the Diocefe of Hereford, but yet was no Way quarrell'd at there. And as touching the Number of the Articles of the faid Book, he humbly conceiveth, that they which informed the honourable Houfe of Commons, of all others, had lead Reafon to find Fault with this Defendant, for that, he having given them the greater Scope thereby, and the more Advantage of picking "Quarrels againft him. But he further faith, that by being truly careful to tread in the Steps of his Anceftors, and to that End, laying before him the Vifitation Articles of many godly and worthy Prelates, iuch as were Bilhop Coxe, Cooper, Grindail , Elmer, Watfon, Bancroft, Bilfon, Mountague, Abbot, Andrews, Overall, White, and fundry others, and gathering out of them, what he found in every of them for the compiling of his own Book ; lb that there is fcarce an Article therein, which he borrowed not from fome others, the Number of his Articles were fomewhat increafed above others. And yet, he findeth, that the Bilhop of London in the Third of King fames , had above one hundred Articles in his Book, at which Time, there was, per¬ haps, much lefs need of fuch Enquiries, than now. So had alfo the Archdea¬ con of Middlefex, in the Year 1620, and the Bilhop of London, in the Year 1621, had above one hundred and twenty Articles. And in the Year 1628, he had above one hundred and thirty, and no Quarrel was ever made at any of thefe. A fecond Occafion arofe by dividing his Book, (as others had done, and as was bell; for Method) into Chapters, under feveral Pleads and Titles, for, hereby it came to pafs, that the fame Things, in leveral Refpedls, were fet down in this Book of his, and enquired of more than once, as will eafily appear by conferring the fecond, fourth, fixth, and feventh Chapters, and fo by that, the Number of Articles was in a Shew increafed. Thirdly, he was willing to make the more Articles and Queftions of them, thereby the better to provide for the Serenity of Men’s Contciences, and the fecuring of Men’s Minds; as coniidering well that the Country plain People are not lo able of themfelves to difcern what Particulars are comprifed, and intended under ge¬ neral Queftions; that therefore, they might be fafe and fure in their own Underftandings, and without fear of miftaking, he divided the fame into the more Particulars ; as in the Chapter concerning Matrimony appeareth, where that is diftributed into ten, which many others have comprifed in two or three Articles. He further faith, that it made him the more diligent in his Enquiry, be- caule he knew that he was not to vifit there again tilt feven Years after ; whereas, other Bilhops do vifit every third Year. But he was enjoyned to give the King an Account of the State of the Diocefe every Year, by the Metropolitan, and that alfo neceffarily made him the more careful to be fully informed at firft, according to the wife Man’s Rule, Vtdifli hominem dilt- gentem in opere fuo; ipfe Jlabit coram regibus, Prov. xxii. 29. He alfo humbly conceiveth, that forafmuch as Churchwardens were fworn to make their Prefentments uprightly, fully, and truly, it is not to be com- j plained of, but muft of Neceflity follow, that they were inforced to prefent upon pain of Perjury ; for, being fworn, their Confidences and chriltian Du¬ ties inforced them fo to do ; and then, to put them in Mind thereof, was but honeft and pious, and in thefe Times exceeding needful. As for the Oath of Churchwardens, it was fuppofed to be of ancient Law, and Ufe in '■ - the Church of England ; and in the Canons of the 1 Jacobi, was taken as a 2 Thing D. D. 11 x M A T T H E W WREN, Thing undoubted, Can. 26, 113, 117, 118, iig. And therefore, if lbme Churchwardens were cited and cenfured, for not making due Prefentments, although this Defendant knew not of any of thole in the Article named, yet, he humbly conceiveth it to have been but the Diredtion of Law, and of the 117th Canon, and alfo, in that Diocele very needful, where fome had no Regard at all, their Oath notwithftanding, to make their Prefentments as the Law required. Howbeit, if otherwife than was right, any were molefted, he humbly prayeth, that the Fault may not be laid to his Charge, but to their’s that committed it. He alfo denieth, that any of the faid Articles were ridiculous, or impoffible, as he doubts not to make it appear, when ever Inftance fhall be made in any of them. To the twenty-third Articfe, this Defendant anfwereth and faith, that as this Charge doth not any Way concern him, fo is it not poftible alfo, for any Anfwer to be made to it, until it be exprefsly declared, how, and by whom they were inforced to have their Prefentments fo written, and what Clerks they were that wrote the fame. But this he faith, that the better to induce the Regifter to take Care, and to fee that none of his Clerks fhould in any Kind be exaftiour, this Defen¬ dant was therefore content to allow him fo great a Proportion of the law¬ ful Benefit, as is declared in the Article, precedent. And that he not only gave exprefs Warning to the faid 1 Turjit , to beware of Wrong and Oppref- fion, threatning that if ally juft Complaint came unto this Defendant, he would be the firft and the foreft againft them; but alfo by his Letters to the Chancellor, and by private Intimation to fome of the Commiftioners, to have a fpecial Heed thereunto, he did all that was in his Power to prevent the fame. He took Order alfo, that at every Seffion of the Vifitation, a Table of thfe legal Fees fhould be pubiiffied in open Court, and fhould there remain upon the Board to be feen of ail that would ; and the Commiftioners at the Re- queft of this Defendant, were as vigilant as they could be, that no Clerk fhould mifbehave himfelf there. He alfo gave Order tp the faid Regifter, to caufe the Books of Articles to be fent forth and publifhed in every Parifh, and to be delivered to the Churchwardens long before the Vifitation, to the Intent that they might have due Time, not only to perule them, and well confider what they had to do, but alfo to prepare their Prefentments, and to have them written at Leifure, where, and by whom they would themfelves. Alfo, he admonifhed the Minifters to join with the Churchwardens in per¬ forming of the fame, that fo they might not need, all of a fudden, to em¬ ploy any Clerks to do it for them, at the Time of the Vifitation. And lad- ly, he gave Direction to have it let down, that if the Prefentment of any Churchwarden were fo infufficient, as that the Judge fhould in Court exa¬ mine him farther, his Clerk’s Fee for writing the fame, fhould be but 6 d. or at the moft yd. But he hath been fince informed, that Complaint being made by a Churchwarden at the Vifitation againft Augujline Cullyer, one of the Clerks, for exadting 10 d. for writing his Prefentment, one of the Com- miffioners did in open Court examine the faid Cullyer about it, and particu¬ larly minded him, which Fee this Defendant had limited to be taken in that Cafe ; but the faid Cullyer made Anfwer, that to write Prefentments was no part of their Office, and therefore was not liable to the Limitation of the Ordinary ; but that the Churchwarden had fought to him to write it, and when he refufed, promifed to content him for it, and that he valued his Pains at fuch a bufy Time to be no id's worth ;• wherefore now he had done it, he would II 2 THE LIFE OF would have fo much for it, or elfe he would not part with it; and that he would anfwer the fame, whenever he Ihould be called or Words to that effebt. To the twenty-fourth Article, this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that lie ever endeavoured to draw rhe Inhabitants of Norwich to pay 2 s. in the Pound, in Lieu of Tythes to the Minifters, much lefs to draw them to it againft their Will. He alfo denieth, that he did by any Suggeftions, much lefs by any falfe or un¬ due Suggeftions, procure his Majefty to declare his royal Plealure as is alledged. But this he faith, that fome of the Minifters in Norwich came to this De¬ fendant, and (hewed him a Petition, which they were to put up to the King, for Means of Maintenance in that they lived, almoft, wholly upon Benevo¬ lence. They alfo (hewed him, that in the Year 1606, there was a Bill twice read in the Commons Houfe, of 21. in the Pound for them; but then, at the Requeft of Sir Henry Hobart , Knight, Burgefs for Norwich , it was laid afleep, and by his Direction, there was procured from the King, to the Council, an Order of Relief for the faid Minifters ; which Order, though once again received from the Council-board, yet Was fince then wholly neg- ledted. Hereupon this Defendant procured for them an Opportunity of de¬ livering their Petition to the King, and in January 1637, the faid Minifters with the King's Attorney as their Count'd, and fome ot the City with their Counfel, appeared before his Majefty at the Council-board, where this De¬ fendant was alfo by a Meftenger commanded to attend. After long Debate, the King alked, if they would wave all other Pleas, and fubmit to his Ar¬ bitration ; both Parties confented, and fo they were ordered to appear again after Eafier, and to bring their Submiffions ; they for the City, under the City Seal, and the Minifters under their Hands, attefted by the Seal of the Confiftory. This then was done accordingly, and this Defendant certified the faid Abl of the Confiftory, touching the Confent of the faid Minifters, under his epifcopal Seal, and as Diocefan gave Confent, quantum de jure potuit, to the faid Submiffion, for three or four Churches in the City which were then void. Within a few Days after, this Defendant was tranflated to Ely, and fo was no further interefted in the Bufinefs, but in July following, the Petitioners repaired to this Defendant, and (hewed him, that the King had now given Order, for the drawing up of his royal Award and Arbitration, betwixt them and the City. And that the Attorney General had willed them, in that he was full of great Bufinefs, and not very well verfed in Forms of that Nature, to bring him a Draught of that which they defired, and then he would con- fider of it, how agreeable it was to Law, and to the King's Intentions, and fo would form it, and prepare a Bill for the King’s Signature. They therefore prayed this Defendant to perufe what they had drawn, and to give them his Advice therein ; particularly infilling, that unlefs they might fue, when Need was, in the Confiftory of Norwich , and be free from Prohibitions, they (hould be no whit profited by any Award. This Defendant replied, that he had not Skill enough in the Law to judge of that ; but yet, for that he remembered, that in the Charters of the Univerfity, the Cognifance of all Caufes was referred to the Confiftory, and that it was particularly granted, in fuch and fuch Cafes, ^u'od prohibitio noftra non curret, therefore, they might put it in, and leave it to the Attorney’s Judgment, whether in a Caie of Arbitration, the King might fitly do fo or no. Not many Days after, they returned again to this Defendant, and complained, that they fliould lofe the Benefit of all his Help and Advice in making the Draught, for that Mr. Attorney’s Clerk had loft the fame. But yet recolledting the fame as well 2 as 4 D. D. 113 MATTHEW WREN, as they could upon their Memories, they left this Defendant, and he looked no more after it, nor knew what was done, till they came to drew him the great Seal for it. This Defendant therefore denieth, that he devifed, contrived, or made that Order and Decree, which was then iffued under the great Seal of England ; or that he procured any Warrant, or gave any Dircftion to the King’s Attorney, for the drawing of it up ; or that he obtained his Majefty’s Royal Affent thereunto ; much lefs, that he did fo by any evil Councils; and lead of all, by any falfe Surmifes. But this he acknowledged-!, that when he faw the laid Award under the great Seal, it not being polfible for him to conceive that a Bufinefs directed by his Majefty and the Council, prepared and tendered by the King’s Attorney, and paffing the View and Allowance of the Lord-keeper, fhould have any Illegality, or lnjuftice in it, he was rejoyced at it, and made fundry Expref- fions how glad he was that he had had the Opportunity to contribute the lead Furtherance to a Matter, as he conceived it, of fo much Judice and Piety. And thereupon, after he was made Bilbop of Ely, he caufing a Re- gidry-book of all fuch Adds as had been done by him, while he was Bi- fhop of Norwich , to be tranfmitted into the Office there, upon feme vacant Leaves at the End of the faid Book, he gave Order, that the laid Award of the Kin<* fhould alfo be recorded, not without fome Pillages, perhaps, of his Joy, which he, bond fide , conceived for the good Succefs of all poor Miniders by the fame. To the twenty-fifth Article, this Defendant anfwereth and denieth, that he affirmed to himfelf any arbitrary Power, to compel Parifhioners to pay ex- ceffive Wages to Parifh clerks, and he humbly conceiveth, that the Truth of this Denial, appeareth by the very Charge. For, if he affirmed fuch a Power to himfelf, what needed he to tranfmit them to the high Commif- fion ? And how could he have it arbitrary, and at his own Pleafure, if he carried it into a Court, that could regulate both him and them? But this he faith, that he confidering with himfelf how neceffary for the Performance of Divine Service of the Church, belides fundry other Duties of that Place, or Office, a Parifh Clerk was, to make audible Anfwers in all thole Parts of the Divine Service, as by the Rule of the Common Prayer Book (hould be made, and fo to lead the mean and ignorant People, and in a Kind to incite and inftrudt them to join in making thofe Anlwers with him, which the Book requireth ; finding alfo, that not only the Canons of the Church did require to have a Clerk in every Parifh, but alfo the Rubrics of the Liturgy, did fuppofe, when they were made, that there was one Clerk at leaft in every Parifh, viz. Rubric of Matrimony , after Hands j ryned. Ibidem, Rubric for going to the Table; Rubric for Order of Bu¬ rial, firft and lecond ; Rubric of the Commutation before the 51 d Pfalm; this Defendant therefore was much grieved to fee, that in many Places of that Diocefe, they neither had, nor cared to have a Clerk, and thereupon by his own frequent Exhortations, and by Recommendation thereof unto the Chancellor, he laboured to amend this Default, as touching fuch Parilhes therefore, where Men of fufficient Parts were to be had for that Service; but the Parifhioners would allow either over mean Wages, or none at all, nor would pay any Rntes which the Churchwardens did make for the Wages of a Clerk, it may well be that he faid, he woull in that Cafe implore the Aid of the King's Commiffioners for Caufes ecclefiaftical, that they might take fuch Order therein, as to the faid Court fhould be thought fitting. Gg As 11 4 THE LIFE OF As to the Towns in the Articles named, this Defendant remembereth no¬ thing at all touching Congbam. For it therefore, and for all that he did, in that Kind, at Toftock, he referreth himfelf to the Adis of Court. For Tar- mouth, the Clerk by Petition complaining, that an Houfe was detained from him, and that his Wages were not duly paid unto him, this Defendant re¬ ferred the faid Petition to the Bailiffs, praying them to fee that Right might be done, otherwife they fhould be inforced to implore the Aid of the King’s Commiffioners. But the Bailiffs by their Letters affirming, that the Sug- geftions of the Petition were untrue, this Defendant would meddle no fur¬ ther with the Bufinefs. But he believetb, that the Clerk did complain to the high Commmiffioners, and that from them the Caule was foon diimifled, Jub fpe cone or dice ; fo that nothing was done touching the Clerk's Wages, but only upon fome private Agreement amongft themfelves, which was alfo done after the Removal of this Defendant from the See of Norwich. [See the Bi- fhop’s own Letter, Murt'u 29, 1638.] And as for Ipfwich, though fome of them were worthy (for the great Dif- refpect which he found in many Parifhes of the Town, toward the Divine Service) to be made an Example for others; yet he chofe rather to deal by Patience and good Exhortation, and Mildnefs with them ; and in all his Time, did not caufe any of them to be tranfmitted into the high Commiffion for the fame. Had the honourable Ifoufe of Commons underftood with how much Vio¬ lence and Injuftice, as this Defendant humbly conceiveth, thefe Clamours have been railed, he is confident, that this Impeachment had not been laid againft him. But they not having the Power of Examinations upon Oath, he was forced to refer all his Defence to the Cognii'ance of the noble Peers of this Houfe. Had there been any Corruption, Extortion, Simony, or Bribery; any Ad¬ vantage, or Gain to this Defendant by ought which was done, he fhould hold himfelf worthy of fo grievous an Impeachment. But in as much as Malice itfelf hath not dared to pretend any Colour of that, and in that he had nothing, fave his Labour for his Pains, and Hatred for his good Will, he humbly conceiveth, that he may in Juflice be excufcd, if upon a fevere Examination, any Error fhall be thought to have happened in that, which by him was honeftly, religioully, and dutifully intended. Thofe Articles therefore being now criminally, and by Way of publick Impeachment charged upon him, he humbly prayeth, that it may be let forth, againll what Law or Statute any, and every of thefe particular Offences is fuppoled to be committed ; that thereby he may have the common Bene¬ fit of the Law and Juftiee, in pleading his humble and lawful Defence. He alfo further humbly craveth the noble Favour and Juftiee of this ho¬ nourable Houfe, that for avoiding of all Surprifal about the making of his laid Defence, he may by Order ot this Houfe, have the Sight of all Letters, Papers, Records, and other Writings which fliall happen to be alledged, as in Evidence againft him, with a convenient Time for the Pcrufal thereof, by his learned Counfel. As alfo, that it may be ordered, for the Perufal of all Records, Books of Regiftry, and other Notes and Writings which by his Council lliall be thought needful to him for his modeft, humble, and juft Defence againft thefe Impeachments. A S E R- Fear God my Son, and the King. N OLI aemulari, Fret not thyfef becaufe of the Ungodly, neither be thou envious for the evil Doer, fays King David the Father, Pfal. xxxvii. i. And let not thy Heart be envious for the evil Doer, fays King Solomon the Son, Prov. xxiii. 17. Why the Son learnt it of his Father you will fay ; or ’twas a good and a godly Leffon, and no marvel then, if the wife Kings, both of them, put it in among their holy Advices. Tea, but be not thou envious for the evil Doer, fays King Solomon again, at the fourth Verfe of this Chapter. What again ! and fofoon, fo few Verfes between ? Surely then there is fome extraordinary Matter in it, ’tis not only one of his good Counfels, but it is fome fpecial one of them, one that he would have heeded and learned afore many, above any other. It Ihould feem fo indeed, for noli cemulari, Fret not thyfelf becaufe of the Ungodly, neither be thou envious for the evil Doer, fays he once more, in the Verfes next before my Text. For fear it fhould not make fo deep an Im- preffion in Mens Minds as was fitting, he fets it on the third Time, as loath to leave it, ’till it be thoroughly fettled and faftened in their Hearts, but Tertia jam vice, 2 Cor. xiii. 1. fays the Apoftle, firmim erit omne verbum, the Admonition thrice repeated, will make it fure and immoveable. Now who, in the Name of God, is that evil Doer, of whom he here warns us fo often ? Or what is it the Wifeman would have us do, to fhew that we are not envious for him ? Why, that the Spirit hath fet down too, and that once and again ; in the preceding Chapter v. 17. it is, Let not thy Heart be envious for the evil Doer, but let it always be in the Fear of the Lord ; Timor domini , that’s the general Rule for it ; but leaft that might prove not pundua! enough, he fays it over again, more particularly here at my Text, Be not envious for the evil Doer, but fear God, my Son, and the King ; ami then that’s enough, Timor Dei & Regis, when he had faid that, there need¬ ed (by like) no more Inftrudion ; the diftind Performance of thefe two, and the diftrid unavoidance of fuch as perform them not, of prefumptuous and wretchlefs Sinners, and of contemptuous and awlels Subjeds, a noli cemulari for both thefe, not to fort or fuit ourfelves with them, neither with them that fear not God, nor with them that pretend, forfooth, to fear God, but yet fear not the King, ’tis the very laft and chiefelt Leifon this of all, that which Solomon, it feems, in his Wifdom chol'e to clofe up his own Book of Proverbs with. For, however he fpake indeed, 1 Kings iv. 32. three thoufand Proverbs in all, and this of my Text now makes not above feven hundred, yet as it appears both by the Verfe after my Text, thefe Things alfo belong to the Wife, and by the firft Verfe of the Chapter following, thefe are alfo Proverbs of Solomon, which Hezekiah’r Men copied out, it is more than probable, that this Book of Proverbs went no further than this, to fear God and the King, and then he had done ; and that all which now follows from my Text to the End of the Book, were but Fragments colieded out of his other Works, Gatherings and Gleanings, which other Men afterwards got together, and when they had them, added them to this Book, but with this he himlelf ended it at firft, as the very Sum and Crown, and Upfhot of all, Time Deum, till mi, fif regem ; fear God my Son, and the King. Now 1 Now the Words, you fee, are in all fcarce twice three ; yet at once they prefent us with three chief Perfons, and three great Relations. The Perfons no lefs than God, the Lord of all; and God’s Deputy, the King; and all that call God Father, all the People. The Relations are firft Perjona what Reference all thefe Perfons ftand in one to another ; God to King and Peo¬ ple, the King to the People and God, the People to God and the King. Secondly, Opera, what mult be done, as a Due to God and the King, and as a Duty from the People to both ; Timers, they are to fear them. Laftly, Caufa, why it mult be done ; yea, and Modi too, how it mult be done, quia filii, and qua filii, becaufe they are Sons, and as Sons, fear them therefore, and fear them fo, for the Manner and fo for the Order too, as Sons to both both to God and King ; yet as Sons firft to God and then to the King: all thefe particularly incircled within this narrow Compafs, Fear God, my Son, and the Kin?. . . „ Of which, that I may fo fpeak as that God’s People may learn the I-ear of God and the King aright, I humbly befeech you that we may here ad- drefs ourfelves unto God, that holy, bleffed, and glorious Trinity, &c. Fear God, my Son, and the King. You fee what firft meets us, at the very Door of the Text; and there muft our Beginning be, at Timcre, at the Duty ot Fear, and in that, at Dei before Regis, at the Fear of the Lord firft ; and then that is the bell Beginning that To beffin at God, is in Nature, Eh’ Aio; fays one of their Poets, and a Jove principium, fays another : but the Fear of God is of Wiidom above Nature; The Fear of the Lord is the Beginning of Mfdom, fays the Pfalm- ift Pj'al. iii. ii. and as it begins fo it goes, it is the Increaje of Wijdom aljo, lays Solomon, Prov.xn. 33. Yea, *tis the very End of all the Sum of what can belaid or done. Ecclefn ii. 13. Let us hear the End of all-, fear God tor to is is the whole Duty of Man. Hoc eft totum homims, this every Man mult do or elfe he does nothing; and more than this need no Man to do : it will be very abundant lor him il he do truly fear God. Timor Dei. Why elfe does the Spirit fo often name us the fearing of God, rather than anv other Chriftian Duty ? My Son love God, or my Son obey God, ox my Son trull in God ; all thefe had been Charges holy and good, but none of them all had been fo much ; though my Son fear God, is a Precept and Promile of them all : for Fear is a catholic Duty that runs through all Duties elfe, and keeps them in tune ; ’tis God’s preepojitus in the School of Graces > it fees that none of them all be out of Order, or in any kind faulty. It makes ns look well to our Ear, for fear we fhould hear unprofitably ; to our Eve, for fear we fliould glance unreverently ; to our Love, for fear aught Hip from us which God may take for unkind and unlovely ; to our Obedience, for fear we grow carelcl's or prefumptuous; to our Faith, for fear we become doubting or delperate; to our Joy, for fear it fliould be immoderate ; to our Grief, tor fear it be unwarrantable; to our Devotion, lor fear it be hypocri¬ tical ■ to our Religion, for fear it be fuperftitious ; to our whole Life, for fear it be licentious. For Fear is as the Itiquifitor Major over all the reft; when it is right, all Offices elfe are right; all is well, if God be but rightly feared. [ -r ir he no Wonder then, that the Prophet attributes Fear to Chrift him- D. D. MATTHEW WREN, 117 of them all, the Spirit of the Lord upon him , faith he, Ifa. xi. 2. But what Spirit? The Spirit of Wifdotn, and of Under/landing ■, the Spirit of Counfel and of Strength-, the Spirit of Knowledge, and of the Fear of the Lord: without that indeed the reft (as great as they are) would be little or nothing; and concerning that, therefore, the next Verfe adds yet further, Et odorabitur ti- morem Domini ; befides his having the Spirit of Fear, he fhall alfo hunt and feek afttr it above all the refl ; r.ay, odorabitur, it fhall be the very Breath of kis No/tri Is, the Life and Soul of all Gifts elfe in him, the Fear of the Lord . And to this fuits well that excellent Meditation that lraneus has about it. “ Such Things (faith he) as upon our Fore-fathers were fo ftridtly charged in the old Law, as merely ilavilh and fervile, all thofe indeed the Liberty of the Gofpel pared off at once : but then natural Things, and fuch as comply with Ingenuity and Freedom (as the knowing of God, the loving of him, the following his Word, and the fubduing our own Luffs) thefe were to be di¬ lated by the Gofpel, and not diffolved ; (o far from Abolition, that they re¬ ceived a far greater Augmentation. And from hence it comes (faith he) that our Fear of God (that’s it which principally he chutes toinfift upon) is much more grown now, than ever the Law could expect it : and why ? Becaufe it is natural (fays he) that Sons fhould fear more than Servants; the very Liberty of Sons being as a Load-ftone to allure, and as a Whet-ftone to increale, and as a Touch-ltone to try their Love; and their inbred Affedtion fetting fuch an Edge on the Reverence and Fear which they bear him, as no Slavery of the Law could ever fkill off.” That, we have not then, fince Chrift, received the Spirit of Bondage to fear any more, St. Paul fays right for that, Rom. viii. 15. becaufe fuch Fear as that (the Fear that was of old) cruci'atum babet, 1 John iv. it only vexed and afftiBed them that had it: but yet by the Bidding of the Gofpel the Fear of the Lord is highly improved to us; for ’tis the Spirit of Adoption now, and only com¬ bines with Joy and Plealure, ftfsvoi iluKMv if fiap^vofievoi, fays F antaleon ; it is Serm. fuch a reverend and free Difpofition in us towards God our Father, that though ? " T *' we were fure he fhould never know of our Offence, or could poffibly fay to us, I know it, and it offends me, but yet I will not punifh it; even therefore we would drive the more again!! it, as being loth to difpleafe fo good a Fa¬ ther, and having more Care not to mifcarry than not to fmart for it, and per¬ forming Duty not for fear of differing Vengeance, but for fear of foregoing that Duty, and of wronging fo much Love as he and we are mutually engaged in. And now by this I know (ffivs St. Hilary, in Pfal. cxxvii.) what King David meant when he called the Faithful to School to him .Come my Children and hearken unto me, and 1 will teach you the Fear of the Lord, Pfal. xxxiv. 11. For what needs that (faith he) if there were nothing elfe in it? Who teaches the Lamb to fear the Wolf? Or who reads Leffons againft the Kite to the Chickens ? But the Fear of the Lord comes by holy Rule and Inftrudtion ; it is not what Nature trembles at, but what Grace diredts to; and it is not perfectly had but from the Leffons of Love, fuch Love as obliges to beware of all offending. Now the Pfalmift indeed does not there fet it down ; but if any profefs they are come to learn it, I dare clofe up this Point with an Anfwer to that other Queftion of his, quis eft vir ? Pfal. xxv. What Man is he that feareth the Lord ? For a Man may foon know him now, at leaft he may ealily know, whether himfelf be the Man : if he find in his Soul fo pure and devoted an Affedtion to God his Father, that his Joy is only to pleafe him, and his Study to avoid offending of him, his whole Content is that God loves him, and fecurely he refts himfelf upon the Favour that God has to him. Hie vir hie eft, this Man may be bold that he is a good Proficient, and that he hath throughly learnt the Fear of the Lord. I l ii { h h But f ! ,g THE LIFE OF But yet this is not enough, though for the Time Deum here in my Text : that there is fuch a thing as Fear ; and that it is now in a more liberal and fon- like Condition than when Solomon fpake of it; and that the Mind of Man may be, and ought to be entirely affedled with it; and that God alone mud be the Objedt of it. In Speculation indeed it comes to no more ; Timor Do¬ mini is but this, and thefe Particulars make up the full Theory ol the Fear of the Lord. But yet there goes fomewhat more to the perfedt Duty of it. r or this Time Deum , as a prefent and particular Precept, aims alfo at the pradtifing of it; it implies the Fadt as well as the Mind, all adtual and outward Ex- preffions of it, befides the inward and habitual Affedlion. Exprejpo Timoris. So that is the next thing which here we mull look at. If a Man’s Spirit be rwht in the Fear of God, and the right Spirit of God's Fear be upon him, what'Demonftrance withal he mud make of the lame, and how it muft be aded, that it may appear God is thus feared. For corpus autem aptajli mihi, if ever ye mark it, ye know ’tis not omitted of our Saviour himfelf, that God having ordained him a Body, in that Body he was to perform his Will. Heb. x. 9. And much more is it fo with us, we being Bodies alfo, and not only Spirits, the Spirit alone will not fuffice us ; ’tis not enough that our Minds and Affedions are inwardly endowed with it, but fuch Expreflions withal we muft make, as that the Performance of the Duty may be witneffed : the Duty we acknowledge is, that we do fear God ; and by that which is to be read by our outward Deportment, neither God nor Man will bear us Witnefs that we do fear him. God nor Man, I fay. For Expreflions, I fhall fhew you, there are of both Kinds, both to God and to Man. To Man, that he may know it, and fo (when Need is) acknowledge it, and glorify God for it, or profit himfelf by it : to God only, that he may be pleafed to acknowledge it, though he knew it not long before; for he knows what is Man, better than Man himfelf. And lor this ’tis brought in with a Nunc to Abraham (that Father not of the Faithful alone, but of the Fearful too ; for he is the firft that is ever faid to fear the Lord) Gen. xx ii. 12. Nunc cognovi quod timeas, Now 1 know that thou t'eariil God. What? Not till now Lord? Was Abraham 1, Mind unknown to thee before ? Could not God tell long ago whether Abraham feared him ? Yes; as St. Peter anfwered Chrift’s third Qucftion, whether he loved him, with Lord thou knowe/i all Things ; thou knowejt that I love thee : and yet Chnlt the third Time faid to him, Peed my Sheep, John xxi. As who fliould fay, never be forry, Simon, that I ask thee fo often ; and never doubt but I per¬ fectly know thee : but know it I will not, till thou thus exprels it; for how¬ ever God requires Truth in the inward Parts, yet the inward Parts alone are not all he requires; he will not know that he is. loved, unlels that Love do outwardly appear ; and Expreftion we muft make of our Fear, or elfe he will not acknowledge that we do fear him. Ipfi Deo. Now what Expreftion of it can we make to God ? Abi aham s Cafe, fore- named, (hews us, that upon fpecial Commands there may be fpecial Ways of it, even to the facrificing of an only Son, if God fo require. But the ordi¬ nary Way that lies open for all Men, the very Word itfelf here will fhew us, that we muft exprels our Fear to God by Adds of Religion ; for fo the Word Fear ordinarily imports in Scripture. When MATTHEW W R E N, D. D. 119 When Mofes had at large defcribed the whole Duty of God’s Worfhip, his Conclufion is, And now Ifrael, what doth the Lord require of thee, but to fear him, Deut. x. 12. That fpecial Command which God fent againft wor- fhipping of ftrange Gods was, Fear not the Gods of the Land where you dwell , Judges vi. 10. And the Complaint which the Prophet makes of Ifrael, That the Fear wherewith they feared God, was in Precepts of Men’s teaching, Ifaiah xxix. 13. by Cbrift himfelf, ’tis expounded of corrupting God’s Worfhip, Mat. xv. 9. In vain do they worfhip me, teaching for Dotlrines tree Precepts of Men. . , And in this Senfe I can tell, what to make of it, that when the Articles were to be fworn to, betwixt the two great Princes, Laban and Jacob, how Jacob fhould ufe Laban's Daughters whom he had to Wife, and how Laban ibould keep a faithful League with Jacob, Laban indeed fwear by his Idols, but Jacob (wore a ftrong Oath, per timorem patris IJ’aac, by the Fear of his Father Il'aac, Gen. xxxi. What was that ? why Laban fwear according to his Religion, and Jacob according to his, by the Worth and Truth thereof, and by that Deity, which his Father and he feared, to wit, the God of Heaven, whom they worfhipped. . And with a Reference to this alfo, we muft take it, what’s recorded in holy Writ of religious Obadiah, holy Job, devout Cornelius, and fundry others, (till how they feared God, for as it appears by the Wifetnan, Ecclef. i. 3O.’«M«0 CM, and 6es f o'( 3 oc, the Fear of God, and the Worfhip of God, they are all one in the Language of the Spirit; and the Grammarians them- felves have noted it lo, that Aarpeia, the moft peculiar Word for Worfhip, (coming of A a exit utikov and Tpr'v) m the Nature of it imports nothing pbavorinua elfe but an ancient Fear, fo that thefe two will ever go together, and where there is any true fearing of God, there will be withal due worflripping of him. . And does not King David himfelf lead to this, in plain Terms conftruing his own Mind ? But as jor me, faith he, I will come into thy Houfe, Pfal. v. 7. his Meaning is, 1 will come and worfhip thee ; for that was all the coming into God’s Houfe in thofe Days; when they came, they came to worfliip, and worfhip God they did; whenever they came thither, they were neither too holy nor too (lately, neither too fine, nor too foolifh to caff them- felves down, when they came into God’s Prefence. But to make it fure, he goes on in the next Words there, And in thy Fear will I worfhip in thy holy Temple, faith he, there we have them both exprefsly, not Worfliip put alone, nor Fear alone put for Worfhip, tho’ either had been enough, I will worfliip thee, or I will (hew my Fear of thee in thy Temple, but both to¬ gether ; when I am there, in thy Fear will I worfhip, that is, I will adore thee, with fuch Expreflions of Humility and Reverence, as of Right doth appertain to a Creator from his Creature. And how fully then meets this with the epidemical Prophanation of our Times, that will thrid you a Difference now betwixt this Fear, and perfect Worfhip, betwixt a Religion, and a due Devotion, betwixt Plolinefs and PIo- linefs ? Holinefs good Store, forfooth, in Heart and in Mind, Religion in the Belly and the Brain ; Oh, we are fo full of that, we are ready to burft with it, it runs out many Times at our Mouth, with (land further off, I am holier than thou ; yea, and we are good Men, you muft know, and exceeding godly, fuch as fear God, and hear his Word duly. That’s true, we have a great deal of Religion in our Ears too ; but yet higher or lower, we have none, none upon our Heads for a due Reverence before him, none in our Knees to bow at his bleffed Name, none for our Bodies, to caft them down and worfhip. Efpecially f 120 the life of Efpecially not in his Houfe, in the mod facred Pretence of our God ; no, the lefs ado there, the better, the lefs Superftition ; do but come in confident¬ ly, and without any more Stir, fit down and be covered, and hear, and who dare fay, that we fear not God f Whatfoever is more than this, for Adora¬ tion, or any Beauty of Holinefs, talk King David what he will of it, yc.. it is but Seitiim/Lnla, a fuperftitious overfearing of God, for where requires he, fay many ot us, any of thele Expreffions and external Operations in his Worfhip ? But to thefe unfavory Fancies, may the Prophet Malady have Leave to f ' ' re P'y> man y PaA-'gSS of whofe firft Chapter, mutatis mutandis , fit thefe Times as well as they did thofe they were made for. And they are never a Whit from my Text neither, for they are all about Expreffions of Fear in the Ser¬ vice of God ; at the fixth Verle, ]J I be a bather, where is my Honour ? And if I be a Majler, where is my Fear, faith God to you that defpife my Name ? But they wondered, he thould complain ; they feared him and honoured him, they were fure, as they thould do, and it may well be, they meant as we do, within, in our Hearts forlooth ; therefore they reply again, Defpife! wherein have we defpijedthee? Ver. 7. God tells them, in that ye fay. The Table of the Lord is not to be regarded : there’s one Particular for them, of the Want of Fear and Honour. And are there not of us, that lay the fame? T he Table of the Lord, and the Houfe of the Lord, and the Prefence of the Lord, would yon know how we, forne of us, regard it, or what Difference we put betwixt it and any other Places? A great deal Id's, I am fure, than fome other. For the King’s Prefence, and the Places where but our Betters are, have a great deal more Reverence and Worfhip from us, and we our- felves expedt a great deal more in the Prefence of our Inferiors. And yet that’s God’s exprefs Argument againft us there, but that we now adays are able to teach God better Logic, Go and do fo to thy Prince now, and fee, if he will be content with thee, iaith God, Ver. 8. Worfhip not when thou comeft into_ him, beg any Thing of him not on thy Knee, bow not down in Honour of him, but be Jack Fellow, fit ftill, or be covered, when he hath ought to do with thee, and will he accept thee ? And yet I 'am the greatejl King of all, faith the Lord of Hofts, there in that Chapter. But at this we fnuff, and cry, Ecce labor ! Oh, here’s a-do indeed for un¬ covering, and Handing, and kneeling, and bowing, but what Reafon is there we fhuuld be put to fo much Inconvenience and Wearinefs in fervinv God* who, as himfeif is a Spirit, fo he requires but to be worfhipped in Spirit, and Truth, and be knows our Hearts well enough ? And was not that the’ very Exception then of the -Jews alfo ! But ye have faid, it is Wearinefs, Ecce labor, and ye have fluffed at it, faith the Lord of Hofts, Ver. 13. And then what’s the Conclufion ? Therefore my Name is, and Jhall be fearful amomr the Heathen, faith he, at the 14th Perfe. God upbraids and threatens them with the Heathen their Neighbours, whofe idolatrous Religion exprefs’d more Fear of a God though than theirs ; and upbraided as well may we be, and threatned too, with the erroneous Religions, that neighbour about us, for they are far more careful to fhew the holy Signs of Fear than we ; and by that, to fay right, they now Hand; the Opinion and Affedion, and Devotion of the People, I fpake by fome Experience, in liking of them, and boafting of ours, being by no one Thing fo much carried with them as ’tis by the outward Worfhip and Reverence. 1 ( ft lould then but wrong our Nation cf old when they firft became EngliJh, fhould I not make this a Note of the excellent Spirit, which then pofleis’d them, that as they loft, almoft, all Words of their own Language to fignify this Paflion of the Mind, which we mean by I ear, fo they bor¬ rowed none from other Languages, but only this Word Fear, and that they brought 125 MATTHEW WREN, D. D. brought from the Latin, Vereri, to fhew, that at firft their noble Affeftions knew no Fear but the Fear of God, filial and reverential Fear alone, fuch as God himfelf (we fee) would have his Worfhip performed by, and our Reli¬ gion exprefled by. And if once we come to lofe that in our Religion, our Fear, we (hall foor, come to lole Religion and all, however we footh ourfelves: for that is the Way to hold even the right Religion alfo, St .Paul fays flatly, Hcb.x ii. 28. Wherefore having received fuch a Kingdom (the Gofpel, he means, of Jefus Chrift, other Kingdom we have received none) let us, hold the Grace fajt. True ; that is good Counfel : but how (ball we do that ? How (hall we hold it? It follows, In fer-ving him acceptably to his Mind,: and how that? With Reverence (faith he) and holy Fear. And wiler than thus, whoever thinks himfelf, let him go try it with David that thinks him not fo, For holy and reverend is God’s Name, faith he; and then fuch a Fear as this, fuch as performs a holy Reverence to him, and to his blelled Name, that is, the Fear of the Lora, and the Beginning ofWifdom. Pfalm. cxi. 1 o. And a good TJnderftanding have all they that do thereafter: they only underhand aright what Religion and Holinefs and the true Fear of the Lord is; that without all Hypocrify have it truly within in their Hearts, and without all prophane Contempt exprefs it alfo duly in the outward Worihip of him. Hominibus in genere. And thus make we the Expreffion of our Fear of God to God himfelf. But yet other Expreflions there are of the fame to Man. In general, firft, the Commerce that pafles between us and others; the Juftice and Righteoufnefs ; the Mercy and Charity; the Truth and Honefty which we fhew towards all Men t thefe are as broad Seals to prove it to them, and the Letters Patents that teftify it, and juftify us in our Fear of God. That unrighteous Judge that feared not God, but righted the poor Widow only to avoid Trouble, yet he in denying to do it for any Fear of God 01- Man, even by that confeft, that the chiefeft thing which Ihould have moved him to it, was the Fear of God. Luke xviii. 4. And whence was it that Abra¬ ham could look for no better than Murther and Rape among the Philiftines, that they would kill him and force his Wife, but becaufe he thought furely the Fear of God was not in that Place, Gen. xx. 11. But Jofph, on the other fide, aiming to fatisfy his Brethrens Mind, and to make them not doubt of fair and honeft Dealing at his Hand, makes that, the Reafon and Aflurance of it, Phis do and live, faith he, for Ifear God, Gen. xlii. 18. And in this Regard, it is worth the obferving, that when God was pleafed to take the Devil’s own Verdidf concerning Job’s fearing God, however Job was excellent at both Expreflions, at the Adis of Religion, in his holy and daily Worfhipping of God, and the Adis of Honefty, in his upright Dealing with all Men ; yet God queftions the Devil not of the former, his religious fearing him, but only the other, his righteous fearing of him ; Hajl thou not confidered my Servant Job, that there is none like him upoji Eaith, in the fearing of God ? Job i. 8. But how was that to appear to Satan ? He fays not; for he prays thus much, he preaches thus often, he facrifices daily, he profefles continually ; but, For he is an upright and jujl Man, and efehews Wrong and Evil, fays God; Signs able to convince the Devil himfelf, who not daring upon thofe Proofs to deny it, only fought to blemifh it with a Slander of fmifter Refpedfs, Timet, fed an gratis? ’Tis true, Job fears God, I fee by that, but does he fear God for naught? At the 9th Verfe. I i V| % HII The 12 6 THE LIFE OF The Point is fo clear, fay fome Talkers amongft us what they will, that I {hall but wrong you to illuftrate it. I fhall better conclude it with this Ad- vertifement, that thefe two Expreffions of our Fear, to God by our Holinefs, and to Man by our Righteoufnefs, they mull never be confounded, nor the Relations mifplaced. However, by our worlhipping of God, Men may well hope of our fearing of him, and by our Uprightnefs with Man, God takes Notice how well we do fear him, yet we miftake it foully, if we think we may fpare one of them, and that either Expreffion may well enough ferve for both. It was but vainly done therefore of the proud holy Pharifee, to tell God, by his not being like the Publican, that he was no Extortioner, nor unjuft, nor Adulterer, and by his often fafting, that he was no Glutton, and by his faithful Tithe-payings, that he was no Church Robber; but in the mean while to ftand upon his Terms with God, in truft to his own Righteoufnefs, to ftand up, as though he challenged God, and to pray with himfelf.\ lays the Text, Luke xviii. n. as though he fcorned to do any more for God, and to let him know, what he was, as though God were beholden to him ; and if fuch as that would ferve God, fo ; but otherwife, in the Pride of his Heart, to exprefs no Reverence, nor Worfhip, no Fear of God at all in his Pre¬ fence. And every Whit as vain is the t’other pharifaical Trick, that’s now become the Sign of a Saint among many of us, little to regard that, which our Saviour calls the weightier Matters of the Law, Judgment, and Mercy, and Fidelity, he means confcientious Honefty, fuch as is regulated by the glorious Law written in our Hearts, and not by the outward Law of Weftminjler-hali , or of a Bifhop’s Confiftory, but to make no Bones of it to burft in private with Envy and Malice, Hatred and all Uncharitablenefs, to backbite and Hander, to crofs and hinder, to cenfure and condemn, to wallow alfo in Oppreftion and Ufury, in Falfhood and Wrong, in Lull and Uncleannefs, in Pride and Hypocrify, in Contempt and Difobedience, in Schiftn and Fadtion both ec- clefiaftical, and civil, and yet notwithftanding all this, to make full Account, that our running to Church, and crying out for Sermons, our defying the Devil, and railing againft Antichrift, our pretending of Confcience, and find¬ ing Fault with the State and Times, our finging of Pfalms, and talking of Scripture, our cafting up of the Eye, and making of four Faces, muft be Proof enough to any Man, that we fear God extraordinarily. Alas, no ; ’tis a Catholic Rule, that which St. James gives for our Faith, and it equally extends to all our Affecftions, Jam. ii. 18. Shew me thy Faith hy thy Works, and thy Hope by thy Works, and thy Love by thy Works, and thy Fear by thy Works. But if thou would’ft have me fee them, and glorify God in them, or edify myfelf by them, thou muft (hew them to me, that Way or none, by thy Works, And what Works ? not of Godlinefs and Devotions, not by thy fair, but bare Shew of Holinefs; no, we efteem highly of that, of all holy Carriage, but, "ciderit Deus, we leave God to judge of it, becaufe the Heart of Man is fo deceitful, that the Minifters of Satan can in that, transform themfelves into Angels of Light; 2 Cor. xi. 14. but by Mercy and Charity, by Piety and Equity, fuch other human Duties; of fuch Works exprefsly the Apoftle was there treating, and by them thou muft thew to Men, and let them judge, whether thou feareft God or no. Speciatim, in timore regis. Or if that be too much, for the Demonftration of our fearing of God, to exact all the Duties between Man and Man, then inftead of them all, at lead 127 MATTHEW W R E N, D. D. leaft wife by way of Colledtion for them all, take we but God’s Way here, exprefs we one by another that’s next to it, the Fear of God by the Fear of the King. The Text you fee joyns them fo clofe, that it makes but one, and the fame Ad for two Objeds, God and the King; two Perfons, but con- joyned in one Ad of our Fear, both made one in that. Fear God my Son, and the King; to make us know, that what holy Pretences foever are made for it, yet God is not feared, if the King be not; the Want of Performance in the one, implies Imperfedion in the other; and the Want of Truth in the one, avouches Hypocrify in the other ; no King’s Fear, no God’s Fear ; God him- felf of Purpofe hath here joined them together, and ’tis to make God a Liar, a Man’s felf facrilegious, if any dare take either from other, or put them alunder. And the Reafon of it is impregnably good, or elfe the blefied Spirit in St. ''John was but a poor Logician. For did you ever mark it, how he enforces the abfoluteNecelfity of brotherly Love among us ? Fie hath two Arguments together for it, i John iv. 20. If any Man fay, 1 love God and hateth his Bro¬ ther, he is a Liar ; for how can he that loveth not his Brother whom he hath feen, love God whom he hath not feen ? That’s the firft, and it is a topic Rule, that particularly applied by him on this Ground, becaufe of the general Image of God, which is upon a Man’s Brother ; he fees not him, but he fees God’s Image in him, and God he fees not, but in fome Image of him, and the livelieft Image of God is in his Brother, fif ergo, in very good Reafon then, how can he that loveth not his Brother, whom he hath feen, love God, •whom he hath not fen ? No, he cannot; the Queftion, how can he ? is but to make the Negation more vehement, it is a Thing impoffible in very Reafon. The other Argument of St. John is, ab authoritate, a fufficient Reafon that in itlelf, that we are commanded it, but yet it is fteeled with the Temper of another topic Rule alfo, becaufe where oneThing is ordained to be with ano¬ ther, there the one is not as it fhould be without the other. Now this Com¬ mandment have we of him, faith he; what ? float we Jhould love our Bro¬ ther ? No, that’s not enough, But that he which loveth God foould love his Brother alfo, Ver. 21. That’s the fecond. Carry then now but thefe two Arguments in Mind, and conclude who will for my Text and the King, and the Spirit here will warrant him ; but reply or deny who can, for the Spirit will confound him. As good as thofe Argu¬ ments are in St. John for his Purpofe, for the Love of our Brother, I dare boldly fay it, and let me forget my Arts and Judgment too, if I make it not appear to any honeft Man’s Confcience, that they are far more pregnant here both for our Purpofe, for the Fear of the King. I begin with the firft, and I apply it exprefsly, if any Man fay, I fear God, and feareth not the King, he is a Liar, and Lord 1 what an holy Army of Liars might we then quickly mufter up ? But what’s the Reafon ? For how can be ? that is, it is impoffible for him, that feareth not the King, whom he hath feen, to fear God, whom he hath not feen. And why fo ? how follows that ? from the very fame Ground as before, becaufe of the Image of God, which is upon Kings, and that not only a general Image, as they are Men, but as a peculiar Image, and that, by far more vifible, as they are Kings ; yea, the Image of that in God, for which Fear belongs to God, that Image upon the King, the lively Image of his Divine Power, and Glory both. Power firft, whether Power to do good, and therefore fear him, For with him is Mercy, therefore fall he be feared, Pfalm exxx. 4. or Power to do Hurt, F E O F Hurt, and therefore fear him, Fen' he hear Hr: net the Sword in vain, Rom. xiii. 4. And then Glory, the Glory of his Divine Titles., for King and Governor, Inltitut - : Lo r d and Father, M.deity and Sovereignty, Mr. Calvin himfelf confeffes. That they are firft and principally God’s Titles, and not Mans, and that “ they are fo imparted from God to Kings, as his Deputies and Vicege- “ rents, that wherever on Earth we meet with them, they ought prefently “ to atFedt us with an awful Senfe of the very Divinity itfelt.” Yea, for that very Purpofe, the Glory of his own Name upon them, Dixi dii ejlis, Pfal, lxxxii. 6. I have faid ye are Gods -, I have, laid it, God himfelf, ’tis he that faid it, and Dixi, it is his Decree and laered Pieafure, he hath ordained it thall be fo. And from this Ordinance of his, the Scriptures have often exprefs’d it fo. Jacob of old faid it, and of one that was otherwile bad enough, of his Lord Efau, That he Jaw God in him , Vidi faciem, ut faciem Dei, Gen. xxxiii. 1 o. that is, lays the Chaldee, God in the Prince, God in him, as he was the Prince. And ’tis laid of Mofcs fo, the very Sceptre he held, was God’s, not his own, Virga Dei in manu, Exod. xvii. and fo it is faid of Solomon, 'The Throne he fat on, was the Throne of God, Sedebat fuper Throno Dei, 1 Chron. xxix. 23. And fo the Argument proves invincible ; Kings bearing both fo apparent and fo eminent an Image of God, the very Image of that Eminence in God, for which God is feared, how can he that feareth not the King, whom vifi- bly he hath feen, or may fee, fear God, who never was, nor is, and I may fafely add, who without this other, the Fear of the King, never lhall, or will be, vifible to him ? You fee the main Improvement of St. John’s firft Argument. And ’tis as eafy to do the fame in the lecond. Now this Commandment have we oj him, that he which lovetb God, Jhould love his Brother alfo. Is this a good and con¬ cluding Confequence ? Then how much better this ? This Commandment have we of him, that he which feareth God, fhould fear the King alfo. And for Proof of this, I come but to my Text, it is a Commandment from him, from God himfelf principally though given here by Solomon's Pen, Fear God my Son, and the King. And if you require a new Commandment for it, that is a Commandment in the Golpel, as Chrift indeed calls the Precept of loving one another, a new Commandment, John xiii. 34. then I go but to the great Apoftle for it. Fear God, Honour tlx King, 1 Pet. ii. 17. And then I add, that by this very Argument now, the Duty of Fear is far more dearly proved here, than there in St. John that Duty of Love is ; for this here is let down in terminis ; you fee, we have the Places, this of my Text, and that of St. Peter, both of them formal Commands, and in plain logical Terms, both equally concluding for the Fear of God, and the King. And fo have we not, for the Love of God, and our Brother, no Place to be found, I fpeak adviledly, in fo exprefs, fo diftindt, and fo mandatory a Proportion for thofe two together, in all the Scripture. But I forefee already, what the Iffiie of this will be. It is but a Spice of Court Flattery in us, or ell'e all this Labour might well be fpared. For who denies, but the King mud be feared ? will not Bellarmine, or Junius Brutus, grant that ? I know they will, and yet when they have done, 1 will ken them lmall Thanks for it. For how do they do it ? Dolofus ambulat in ge- neralibus, that’s their Craft, the treacherous Jefuite in that Church, and the fadtious Schil'matick in ours; in general Terms indeed they flick not aloud to profefs this Dodtrine, talk of it in grofs, and who half fo holy in Con¬ fidence as they, or fo loyal in Duty of fearing the King ? But MATTHEW WREN, D. D. But yet bring it at once down to prefent Inftance, and lay it as Occafion lhall aril'e, to particular Cafes and Adfions, and then, you {hall find, the Cafe is altered with them, Duty and Confcience then, forfooth, againft it, when they like not the Bufinefs. As the Spirit in my Text, of Purpofe furely, has mod: aptly defcribed them, Fear God, and the King, and meddle not with them that be feditious ; fo we bluntly read it in many of our Tranf- lations, and ’tis true, but yet perhaps ’tis fomewhat too coorfe for their hypocritical Pretences; they are godly Men, and good Subjedts, and defy Sedition. Therefore, the Original meets pat with them, Non cum mutantibus, or, recedentibus, meddle not with thofe that are given to Change, nor with thofe that alter or go backward ; and thefe are they now, that when it comes to that, from their general Profeffion to fome particular Performance, are notable Changelings, they alter then, and falter too, backward they go, and fall away flily from their Profeffion, and from their Duty ; from the King and from the due Fear of him. Nay, from the very Text itfelf indeed, they alter that in the End and take it backward, not that they muft fear the King then, but the King fear them, if they may do it, and fo all at laft becomes changed and re-altered with them, from no Fear, at firft, to no King, they have done, and from none that does fear, to none to be feared. And when that is brought about once, I can tell them, what will be next alfo. For ftay there they will not neither, but ftili they will fall back, as far as the Text has any Room, from no King, to no God, and from no Fear of the one, to no Fear of the other, to no Fear at all of any. Mofes plainly tells them fo, Non contra nos, fed contra Jehovam, when the If- raelites murmured againft him, and Aaron, Exod. xvi. 18. Tour Murmur- ings are not againft us, but againft the Lord. And the Lord himfelf faid it as plainly to Samuel, Non te, fed me, when they needs mull: have another King in his ftead. i Sam. viii. 7. They have not caft thee away, but they have ca/l me away. And fo, non regem, fed Deurn, muft I fay to thefe, that now by not fearing the King, as they fbould do, do as much as they can to un¬ king him again, it is not the King but God, whom they principally fail ; for there is not the lead Contempt of Majefty but is more than a Spice of Pro- phanation, and every Step of Difloyalty is a high Degree to Atheilm. And in how high a Degree then this Danger of Atheilm now adays rangeth, this Text of mine, in my Eye, does clearly demonftrate. It (hewed us be¬ fore, that the Fear of the Lord requires the Worfbip of him, and that the due Worlhip of him requires fo much Beauty and Reverence, that all our faucy and carelefs Demeanor before him, all negligent and perfundtory Per¬ formance of our Religion, of flight and unlawful Exprellions in it as in God’s Prefence, are the fouleft Scorn and Abafement that may be, ungodding him no lefs in true Conftrudtion, than does rafh and unadvifed Blafphemy. It (hews us, now, that next after himlelf our God provides for Kings, as for himfelf, fets his eminent Image upon them, fets them in his own Stead, fets but one Rule of Confcience for the Fear of them both, both himfelf and them; in a Word, fets fo much by them, whom he fets over us, that for us now not to be abundantly right towards them, is to be extremely wrong towards God ; to fail the one is to be falfe to the other ; to defraud the one is to defy the other. Take me now but a Man of Underftanding among the very Heathen, for ftili I drive at that, to convince it from the Evidence of Reafon itfelf, and let him fee, firft, that however thele Duties of fearing God and King are charged upon us, not fo much by any written Law, as by a Law within us alfo, by the Rule of Reafon, and the divine Law of Confcience, yet many K k of I 29 THE LIFE OF 1 3 ° of the great Profelfors of this Religion, they that take upon themfelves above others to be this God's chiefeft Sons and Servants, and to have the bell Con¬ fidences by far, yet for all this, they flumble and make a Doubt of performing fuch a reafonable and feemly Worfhip to their God ; ar.d as for their King, they not only ftand in great Sufpenfe, but dilpute it allb fiercely, whether (for all his Vicinity to God) he can of right be inverted with fo divine a Privilege. Laftly, that in this prepofterous Courfe they have purpofely inured their Thoughts, and hammered their Confciences to it, as that now they count it a fhrewd Wrong to be but told what’s right; and if any Man dare to be fo true to God and King, as to fhew them the Duty of better De¬ votion, they befmear him prefently with a Coal, of dangerous Superftition ; if of better Allegiance, they brand him foundly with the Slander of ambi¬ tious Flattery, and by all Means they reckon them, that ftand leaft upon Points with God, in worfhipping of him, the godlieft Men and the beft Chri- ftians; but them, that ftand moft upon the Points with the King, againft obeying of him, the beft Subjefts, or, as it now goes current in their own Coin, good Patriots. And now let this Pagan but fay, what he thinks of a God, that muft thus be ufed, either in bimfelf, or in his Vicegerents, and what Difference he can find in Reafon, between fuch a Religion as they by this Means make of ir, and his own I will not fay, for the very Heathen in their Abominations carry themfelves more confcientioufly, but between fuch a Religion and a downright Fable ? And if this be not a good Confequence, go blame St. Paul, that taught me this Kind of Argument, and that in a Point of Religion too, but of much lefs Importance. For the whole Church, faith he, when they come together, but to lpeak in unknown Tongues, he may not abide it. And why ? becauie ’tis lo diffonant from Reafon, a Confufion fo unnatural, that if but a heathen Man come in, may he not well account it a mad Religion ; fhall he not juftly lay, that they are all out of their Wits ? i Cor. xiv. 23. And how much more then fay I ? If a heathen Man come among our re¬ ligious Ones, and find fuch a hideous and uncouth Dilfonancy ; our Profef- fion indeed to be, towards God, a Duty of Fear and holy Worfhip, towards Kings, a Duty of Fear and facred Obedience ; towards both, a joint Duty, not from Policy,, or Reafon, or Nature alone, though every one of thele Laws enforce it mightily, but from Confcience alfo, and divine Law, and the very Principles of Religion ; but yet our whole Pradtice notwithftanding to be, to God, a heed lei’s and unreverend, an arbitrary and fanciful, a rude and laucy Slubbering of his Worfhip ; to Kings, a contemptuous and faithlefs, a quar- rellome and gracelefs, a repining and heartlefs curtailing of the Honours due to them ; and may he not well take it for a mad fabulous Religion, fhall he not juftly lay. Non efi Deus-, a God upon thefc crofs and beggarly Terms can¬ not be a God ? Wherefore my Heart’s Defire, and humble Prayer to God is, that he would open our Eves (as we, 'fhould be Chriftians of ripe Underftanding) to fee this, and that we, who are ready enough out of the former Part of the Text, touching the Fear of God, to charge our Neighbours about us, with the Danger of Idolatry, in their Manner of divine Worfhippings, would make 1‘ome Confcience to quit ourfelves as readily, in this Part of the Text, touch¬ ing the Fear of the King, from no lefs a Crime than Idolatry is, in our Man¬ ner of wilful Refufings. For the Spirit of God, we fee, is exprefs about it, 1 Sam. xv. 23. That to obey is better than Sacrifice, a better Sign of our Religion, and to God tar more acceptable, Jb to be difobedient and unquiet. Nolle acquiefcere, fays the Text there, to be whining and excepting, kicking M ATTHE W WREN, D. D. 131 and whining at the facred Commands of Authority over us (whatever we think of it, or however we pleafe ourfelves in it) and like thofe grand Mi- ftakers, think we do God good Service by it, yet 'tis as bad in God’s own Conftruction as Sorcery and Idolatry too ; and nothing more than this Sorcery and Idolatry, I fear me it is, that of late hath fo much troubled our Ifrael, and made the Days of many fo thort in the Land, which the Lord our God hath given us. Sub coniitione filii. Sure I am, ’tis a perfedt and unhalting Obedience to the Powers above us, that muft caufe our Days to be good and long in the Land, or elfe God him- felf mifplaced it, when he made that, as St. Paul alfo purpofely obferves, the fifth Commandment with fuch a Promife. A Promife, that which of us all does not defire to have? and yet generally how many, as though they did not believe God in it, or thought to have it, whether God will or no, do never regard God’s Diredtion, to take his Way for it ? the Promife of long Life and Welfare, bound ftridtly to it. And as fure I am, ’tis fuch an Obedience, that particularly the Spirit here aims at, or elfe he would never have fpoken unto us, in the deareft Lan¬ guage of Love, as unto Sons, Fear God my Son, and the King ; for that’s as much as to fay, unlefs indeed you care not to be my Sons, unlefs you will be Ballards, and not Sons, Slaves and Rebels, and any Thing but Sons, you will fear God and the King alike, not God alone, but therefore the King alfo, God for himfelf, and the King for himfelf, and the King for God, eftettil¬ ing God and King both as your Fathers, and accounting yourlelves as Sons to both, not as Servants only of Neceffity, nor of Friends alone of mere Courtefy, but as Sons of entire Duty. Yea, as one Son altogether ; my Son, fays God here to all, one and all, for none is excufed ; all as one, for none is excluded; to fhew us, that it muft be a joint and mutual Confent of all in one; one in the Bent of our Heart and Affedlions, therefore, Fili mi, lays he, and not Filii mei, my Son, as of one, not, my Sons, as of many; one, in the Tenour of the Duty performed, therefore not twice Fime , not two Fears, one for God, and ano¬ ther for the King.; fear God, and fear the King, but once only for both, Fear God and the King. And laftly, one, in the very Ground of the Reli¬ gion, and therefore, Fili mi, not Fili nofter, My Son, not our Son, that is, Son to the King, becaufe Son to God, and no otherwife than as God’s Son, fo the King’s Son ; but fo, all as one Son ; and one Son all, to both of them as to one; even another facred Myftery of Numbers in our Religion, (belides that of the bleffed Trinity and Unity) thus divinely couched here in this fliort Text, Fear God my Son, and the King. And this facred Conjunction of all Parties I may beft conclude ; in the Name of God, exhorting every one of us that rejoyce in this Title of being God’s Son, to remember, Firjl, that dime Deum, ftands here before Fili mi, the Duty is enforced before the Privilege will be allowed ; we are apt to forget ourfelves, God knows, and becaufe of Filius in Pride of our Privi- ledge, we oft negledt Time, and make fmall, or no Regard of our Duty. But Fine fili, that’s God’s Method and Order here, it is that Relation to him which makes him retain the Name of Father to us, and without a due Fear of him, flatter ourfelves how we will upon our Eledtion or Predeftination, we have no true Sonlhip with him. Secondly, That for a Trial of that, whether our Fime Deum be right or no, here’s another coupled with it, Ft regem , to prove ourfelves by, Fear God, and the King, that is, fear God in the King, fear God by the King, fend our Fear '1 * i 3 t THE LIFE OF Fear to the King of Heaven by our Fear to Kings on Earth ; Fill mi is out of Place, unlefs it hand even in the Middle between Deum & regem ; to pre¬ fume we fear God, and yet to go no farther, to make no Confcience of fear¬ ing him that is in God's Stead, or to fear him no further than the Lalh of his Laws will reach us, it comes not from Films that, and ’tis but a lame and bafe Fear, partly flavifb, partly hypocritical, a great deal fhort both of God's Due, and of a Son’s Duty. Much lefs fliall we find any Place, for Time regem alone, and leave Deum quite out, to begin the Text there, at the Fear of the King, but no Fear of God at all; or, if any,, yet but heartlefs and worthlefs, only for fear of the King. No, without Deum, you fee, the Text has never a Time here for Regem, no right Fear of the King, if God be not firft feared. He that fears God but fear of the King and his Laws, in Truth, makes the King his God; and he that fears the King more than God, in Heart wifhes there were nei¬ ther King nor God. So that in the Conclufion, thefe two, our Time Deum, which is our Reli¬ gion, and our Time regem, which is our Allegiance, they are fure and per¬ fect Proofs both, either to, either of other. Look whatever is pretended for the King, yet it is Fraud not Fear, Craft not Allegiance, plain Brokage and not Obedience, unlefs it firft iffue from the Throne of Heaven, fpring from true Devotion, and be founded upon Religion. Again, look whatever is profeffed for God, as where have we not Swarms now of great Profeffors ? yet it is not Fear but Faflion, not Devotion but Hypocrily, not Religion, but Abomination, unlefs it fall down before the Throne upon Earth alfo, be the Life of fpotlefs Allegiance, and the quickening Soul of all civil Obe¬ dience. The Text imports no lefs, and God enjoins no lefs, and no lefs can I charge the Confciences of all that this Day hear me with, but Time Deum , Jih mi, et regem, Fear God my Son, and the King ; God and the King, both together, fhew a due Fear of them both, but yet both in that Order; that fo approving ourfelves relpedlively to God and King, as Sons to both, in¬ genuous Sons, here in the Life of Grace, our Fear at laft may be changed into Joy, and our Devotion into Fruition, and we be made not Sons alone, but Kings alfo with God, in the Life of Glory, by the Merits of the Son of God, the King of eternal Glory, Jefus Chrift our Saviour. Amen. Bifhop 4 MATTHEW WREN, D. D. Bifhop Wren’s Diary, traniqibed from his own Hand-writing in the blank Pages of Pond's Almanack, for the Year of our Lord 1652. •V AN ,. 2. Nomen Chrifto in bapt if mo dedi, 1585. J 10. Farce, 0 Deus, requifitor fanguinis, 44. 11. Franc. & Fhomas, F. F. nati Cantab, in S. Petri inter boras 8, S’ 11, vejper.. 1632. 17. Maria F. nata ad S. Egid. in Camp. Land. 4'° ante 2 dam matu- tinam, 1634. 18. Parens meus Fr. natus, 1552. 20. Diaconus ordinatus fum. 1610. 25. Sufanna F. nata ad S. Egid. paulo ante i lm matutinam, 1633. £? Franc, 2 i,IS denat, 1643. 27. Juratus fum ad Jacra R. Jacobi in famulatu Prin. Caroli, 1621. 30. a fanguinibus, 0 Deus ! 1648. Feb. 10. Prefbyter ordinatus fum, 1610. 21. Inftallatus fum canonic. Weftmonajl. 1634. 27. Eliza F. denafcitur Elice. 9. vefper. 1643. March 5. Creatus fum profeffor in theolog. 1633. 7. Decanus fic facelli regis, 1633. 8. Ordinatus fum epif Hereford. 1634. 10. Refpondi in philofophia coram R. Jacobo jubente fenatu Cantabrig. 1614. 12. lnfantula exanimis edita, f matutina, 1640. 17. Dedicatio facelli S. Petri Cantab. 1632. 18. Wmm. F. natus in ced. FLolburn, 9. vefper, 1638. April 8. Appulimus Larado Hifpan. 1623. 17. Jurat, ad caufas exoticas, 1629. 18. Carolus R. natus Wejlmonaft. inter. io am G? ji arn matutin. 1632. 24. Franfiatm fum. ad S. Elien. 1638. May 2. Mariam principem junxi cum W m °- Aurafonis Princ. 1641. 6. Liberantur epif. e turri Lond. 1642. 7. Nuptice Eliz. filiolce, 1550. 14. Eligor gubernator hofpit. Sutton 1634. 17. InduBus ad R. de Bingh. 1624. 21. InduBus ad R. de Favefh. 1615. June 23. Adm:[jus fum in aula Pem. 1601. July 2. Creatus fum Artium. Mr- 1608. 8. Denafcitur Francifcus F. 1642. 11. Venia (vix) obtinetur. a D. Rege decedendi d decanatu facelli fui, 1641. 20. Exurgat Deus & dijjipentur inimici, 1641. 2r. Re dux fio ad Cantabrig. e Scotia, 1633. 22. Denafcitur Alicia F. 1643. 24. Decanus fio de Windfor & Wolverhampton, 1628. 26. Magifier fio collegii J'anBi Petri Cantab. 1625. Augtifl 17. Felici matrirnonio jungebar, 1628. 20. Math ecus F.nafcitur paulo ante 4tinam ma tut. S. Petri Cantabrig', 1629. 22. Alicia F. natu, 1642. 30. Per vim hojlilem eripior domo med, 1642. L 1 Sept. THE LIFE, &c. Sept. I. In turrim demo conjicior, 1642. 4. Anna F. nata Gippovic. n a matutin. 1630. ' l i'~^Frafer Cbrijiopher. natus 1 die Mercurii, 1589- 22. Scriba garterii fto, 1628. 24. Francifca F. nata Poftochii paulo poft 4 tam matutinam, 1636. 26. Moritur Rev. Lancelotus epif. Winton, 1626. OSlob. Hoc menfe (fed quo die, non memini) mortuus eft pater metis Fran- cifcus, anno 1624. re tat is fuee 72. J. Portefmutham appulimus, 1623. 12. Eligor S. Regens academ. Cantabrig. procuratorum (Muriel & fftmus. J ingratiis, 1611. 17. Eliza, conjux nata Ringfalia, 1624. 20. Fio Clericus a facra condavi D. Regis, 1633. 25. Matthaus F. admiftus in collegio S. Petri, 1642. Hov. 4. Elcdus fum procancellarius Cantab. 1628, c. Eligor J'ocius aula Pembrock. 1605. 10. Inftallatus fum canonic. Winton, 1623. 29. Eliza. F. nata Windcforia i a 1 vefper. 1631. Dec. r. Eleclus fum epij. Hereford. 1634* & tranflatus Aorwtc, 1635- 8. Ad Chrift. evolavit pia anim. conjugis E. media poft 5™ matutinam, 1646. 15. Eliza 2, F. nata , 1644. cf denatadie 17. 21. Anna for or nata 6 vefper. 1583. 23. Natus ego Londini, die Jovis paulo ante medium nodem, 1535. Francif. 2 dus - F. 20 die natus, 1643. •30. In turrim Load, conjicimur. Et‘■ proditionis (ftplacet) inftmulati, 1641. My Father, Dr. John Worthington, in a Letter dated Nov. 5. 1660. L AST Saturday the Fellows of JeJus College, came down from attend¬ ing upon the Bilhop of Ely, who inftituted them into their Fellow- lhips. It was fuppofed, that there would have been a Refufal of fome ; but he was very fair and civil towards them, and difpatched them without tile ufual Height of the Fees, and perfwaded them to Studioufnels and Peace, a- gainft all Animofities, £sV. 'J. Worthington. THE r 4 ( 1 J T H E LIFE O F CHRISTOPHER IVREN, D.D. Dean of WINDSOR. gOCTOR Chrijtofher Wren , Dean of Windfor, younger * Brother of Matthew, Bilhpp of Ely, was born in the Year i 589 and educated at St. John’ s College in Oxford ; where in 1620, he took his Degree of Batchelor of Divinity ; be- - came domeftick Chaplain to Dr .Lancelot Andrews, Bifhop [ of Winchefter, and by him preferred to the Reftory of _-» Knoyle Magna in the County of Wilts. In 1628. he was appointed Chaplain in Ordinary to King Charles the Firft ; in 1630 was created Doftor of Divinity at Cambridge , (fal. ex ultronea &abundant1 aca¬ demies gratia abfens eveBus) in 1635, by his Majefty's fpecial Appointment, he fucceeded his Brother Matthew, on his Advancement to the See of Nor¬ wich, in the Deanries of Windfor and Wolverhampton ; and the Office of Re- gifter of the moft noble Order of the Garter ; and in 1638, was prefented to. the rich Redtory of Hafely in Oxfordfiire. The royal Chapel of St. George at Windfor, and the Treafury thereof ba¬ vin- been plundered by the Rebels in the great Rebellion, and the Reg.fter- Books, and all the antient Records of the Order ot the Garter ; together with the lewels Plate, Furniture, &c. carried away, and delivered to the 1 ru¬ pees appointed by the long Parliament for the Sale of the King’s Goods, the Dean by great Application, Expence, and long Attendance on the Trullees at their Meetings in Somcrfet-houfe, and by Favour of their Chairman, Ma- > Ex Auto grapho. i Afhmole of the Garter, p. 203, and 641. Ibid. and 641. P. Z 04 ; jor Wither's, performed, at Length, a memorable Piece of Service to the Order, and recovered out of their Hands, Firjl, the two old Regifters, filled the Black, and the Blue ; and fome Time after retriev’d the Red alfo, with other Books and Papers, relating to the Statutes and Annals ; all which were carefully concealed and preferved by him to the Time of his Death, in 1658. and afterwards by his Son to the Time of the Reiteration, when they were prefented by him to the Sovereign, and ordered to the Cuftody of the new Regifter, Dr. Brune Ryves, Dean of Windfor ; for which he gave this Receipt. “ I do acknowledge, that I have received of Mr. Chrijlopher Wren, the “ Son of Mr. Dean Wren, a Box, in which are three Regifter-Books, and “ other Note-Books, all relating to the mofl noble Order of the Garter; in “ Teftimony whereof, I have hereunto fet my Hand, this 11 th Day of Au- “ guft, in the Year 1660. Brune Ryves." But the Dean failed of the like Succefs in his bed Endeavours to preferve the George and Garter, of the great Gu/iavus Adolphus, King of Sweden ; thefe Jewels containing four plundred ninety-eight Diamonds, great and final!, were returned after his Deceafe, by a folemn Embalfy, (purfuant to the Statutes of the Order,) and by the Sovereign’s Command, (24 May, Ann. 14 Car. I.) committed to the Culfody of the Dean and Chapter of Wind for, to be layed up in the Treafury, “ for a perpetual Memorial of that renowned “ King, who died in the Field of Battle, wearing fome of thofs Jewels, to “ the great Honour of the Order, and as a true martial Prince, and Com- “ panion thereof.” The Dean to prevent the irretrievable Lots of fuch va¬ luable Enfigns, by the Plunder of the Rebels, in the Year 1642, took the extraordinary Care, with Hazard of Life, to bury them under the Floor of the Treafury ; and depofited a Note in the Hands of a worthy Perfon, intimating where they might be found, in cafe of Death. In this Place they remained fecurely, till about the Beginning of March, 1645. when being difeovered by Cornelius Hcdland, a Regicide, and taken thence by Colonel Fen, a Regicide, the then Governor of the Caftle, and af- wards delivered to Colonel Whitchcott,* (who l'ucceeded him in that Govern¬ ment) were at length fetched away by John Hunt, Treafurer to the Truftees appointed by the long Parliament for the Sale of his Majefty’s Goods, and fold by them to Thomas Beauchamp their then Clerk. de Wind for. Ex fchedis Among other remarkable Goods, and Monuments, plundered from the Wren°decani R°y a l Chapel of St. George at Windfor, and the Treafury in 1642. were. I. All the rich Plate made by Van Vianen the Norimberger, valued with the Workmanfhip and treble Gilding, at twelve Shillings the Ounce, and eftimated in the whole at above three Thoufand Pounds. II. Two fair double gilt Chalices, with Covers. III. Two fair double gilt Flaggons. IV. A Bafon gilt, for the Bread at great Communions. V. The Coat of Mail of Steel, gilt, of King Edward IV. in which (as re¬ corded) he had perfonally fought eight Battles, covered with crimfon Velvet, and thereon the royal Enfigns armorial, richly embroidered with Pearl and Gold, and many Rubies ; the only Monument which hung over his Tomb, without any Infcription. The Body of King Edward IV. lies under a large Stone of Tuch, raifed within the Arch at the North Side of the Altar of the Chapel of St. George, Afhmole of the Garter, p.^i^g 6ta ' 2 but without any Infcription \ having on the Out-fide of his Grave a Range of * The Perfon who would not permit the Common-Prayer-Service to be ufed at the King’s Interment. Steel CHRISTOPHER WREN, D. D. Steel gilt, fet to inclofe it from the North-ille, cut excellently well in Church-work. Over this Arch hung the King’s Coat of Mail, gilt, covered over with crimfon Velvet, and thereon the Arms of France and England quarterly, richly embroidered with Pearl and Gold, interwoven with divers Rubies. This Trophy of Honour had ever fince his Funeral hung fafelv over his Grave, but was plundered thence by Captain Fogg, the 23d Day of October, Anno 1642. on which Day he alfo robbed the Treafury of the Chapel of all the rich Plate, dedicated to the ufe of the Altar. Yet having met with an exadt Mea- fure and Size of each Part thereof, as alfo of his Banner, both heretofore taken by Sir William Le Neve, fometime Clarencieux King at Arms, an ex- adt Obfervator of every thing curious, referring to Arms or Ceremony, we think fit to tranlmit it thus to Poflerity. “ The Coat of Arms was two Foot feven Inches deep, and below two Foot 61 in Breadth. “ Above (the Maunches being extended) in Breadth three Foot fix Inches, “ whereof the Length of each Maunch was one Foot. “ The Breadth of the upper Part of the Coat, befides the Maunches, one “ Foot and a Plalf. “ The Breadth of each Maunch, one Foot and eight Inches. “ The Arms were embroidered upon Velvet, lined with Sattin, and better “ wrought, chan they ufed to work in thefe Days. “ The Banner, which alfo hung over his Grave, was of Taffaty, and thereon “ painted quarterly France and England: it had in Breadth three Foot four “ Inches, befides a Fringe of about an Inch broad, and in Depth five Foot “ and four Inches, befides the Fringe.” VI. The Hangings that went crols the Heart of the Quire, twelve Foot deep, of crimfon Velvet and Gold. VII. Thirteen rich Copes, embroidered and wrought in Gold. VIII. Two rich Copes of Gold Wire. IX. A large Carpet of Gold Wire for the Communion Table. X. The blew Velvet Robe of Gujlavus Adolphus , King of Sweden, wore with a Train, and embroidered with a Garter, Pearl and Gold, brought back by an Ambaffador, with the Jewels, after his Death. XI. The great Brafs Bafon, or Font for Chriltenings, given by the Foun¬ der King Edward 111 . &c. . 5 / October 25, 1642, one Captain Fogg pretending a Warrant from the King, demanded the Keys of the Treafury at Windfor, in prefence of Colonel * Man- waring, with Threats, that in cafe they were denied by the Dean and Pre¬ bends, to pull down the Chapel about their Ears: and not finding the three Key-keepers, caufed a Smith to make ftrong Bars of Iron, and with them to force two doors, and break down the Stone Jaums, and carried out of the Treafury all the rich Plate, as fpecified above. This had been firft feized by Sir John Seton, and reftored again, but afterwards taken away by the aforefaid Fogg, Manwaritig, and Venn. It appears, that on the 28th of March, preceding the Plunder of the royal Chapel, Treafury, and Memorials of the Garter, his Majefty had been pleafed to appoint the Solemnization of the grand Feaft of St. George to be held at Fork, in the April following ; and the proper Summons were iflued out ac- * Named one of the King’s Judges, but would not adl at the Trial. THE LIFE OF cordingly, to the Knights, Officers, and Heralds, by the Chancellor Sir James Palmer ; of which this is a Tranfcript to the Regifter. SIR, 'H E King’s Majefty, Sovereign of the rnoft noble Order of the Gar- “ 1 ter, having prorogued the Solemnization of the Feaft of St. George , “ to the 18th, 19th, and 20th Days of April next, at the City of York, “ thefe are to certify you, that you may take Notice both of the Time and “ Place, and to accompany in that Service the reft of the Officers of the “ Order ; and therefore in Affurance of your Prefence accordingly, I reft. “ Your -very ajfured Friend, “ James Palmer.” March 28, 1642, In Confequence of the general Summons of March 28, 1642, to folenmize the grand Feaft of St. George at the City of York, fevera! of the Knights Com¬ panions, who were Members of the Lords Houfe in the long Parliament, gave notice thereof to the Houfe of Lords; whereupon they immediately made the enfuing Order. W HEREAS the Lord Chamberlain of his Majefty’s Houfhold, and fome other Lords of Parliament, Knights of the Garter, have been fummoned to give their Attendance, and repair unto the City of York, for the Celebration of St. George’s Feaft; who acquainting this Houfe with the Sum¬ mons aforefaid, it is ordered by the Lords in Parliament, that they attend the weighty Affairs of the Kingdom, difcufled in Parliament, whereunto they are obliged by his Majefty’s Writ, and the Law of the Land. Jo. Browne, Clerc. Parliament. Whereupon every one of the Lid Knights-companions, before the Days appointed by Prorogation for holding the Feaft, fent their petitionary Letters of Excufe to the Deputy-chancellor, wherein they profeffed their Defire and Readinefs to attend in Obedience to the faid Summons; neverthelefs pleaded the forefaid Order for the Ground of their Stay at London, and therefore de- fired him to obtain for them the Sovereign’s gracious Letters of Difpenfation : but when the faid Letters were feverally preiented in Chapter, held before Vcfpers on the Eve of the faid Feaft, the Sovereign would not at prefent either admit or dil'allow of their Excufes, but referred the Confideration thereupon until the next Chapter, to be held by Prorogation. The petitioning Lords for the Difpenfation, were the Earls of Pembroke and Montgomery, Salijbury, Dorjet, Holland, Berks, and Northumberland, who did not follow the King, but fat in the long Parliament: and after the Com- Echard 's Hift. of England , " mons had taken upon them to abolifb the Houfe of Peers, but yet conde- feended that the Peers fliould have the Privilege to be elefted Knights or Bur- gefles in Parliament; two of the above-mentioned Lords, with the old Earl Vol. II. p.651. of Pembroke, and the Earl of Salijbury, and the Lord Howard of Efcriek, took foon after the Benefit of this Conceffion. The Sacrilege and Rapine committed on the Chapel and Treafury, was fol¬ lowed by the Plunder in the Deanery-houfe, of all the Dean's Effects; altho’ at 139 CHISTOPHER W R E N, D. D. at that time he was under a formal Protedion of the Committee of Lords and Commons for the Safety of the Kingdom, as it was called ; and it ihould feem by an Order of Parliament, upon an Information of this Violence to the Dean, and many other Inhabitants of Windfor , “ That both Houfes denied the “ giving "any Commillion or Warrant to the Dragoons or Troopers, lent by “ their Order to fecure the Caftle ; for fuch unjuft Proceedings of plundering “ and pillaging ; and declared that Reftitution fhould be made to the feverai “ Owners and Offenders punifhed which was never done. All that the Dean was able to recover was a Harpfichord, of about io 1 . Value, which be¬ ing feized with his other Goods, by Colonel Venn , the Governor, was carried to London , and after fix Years returned. Sep.21, 1642. oa. 28, 1642. The Dean had the Honour to receive from the King at Oxford, a very ample Protedion' for himlelf, his Servants, and Eftate, in a raoli gracious Manner, although through the Malignity of the Times of fmall Efficacy, viz. Charles R. W Hereas by the ancient Conftitution and Laws of our moft noble Order Aflimole of of the Garter, the Regifter of our laid Order is to have his Perfon, ‘ttGamr, and Eftate fecurtd from Violence and Injury, to the End he or his Minitters^ 25 '' may fecurely live under our perpetual Proteaion and Safeguard ; and as often as lie fhall be molefted for himfelf, or for any Thing that belongs unto him, he is to receive our Proteaion, and the Affiftance of the Companions of our Order, according to Equity and Right. Thefe are therefore to will, and command all Men of what Condition foever they be, not to trouble, or mo- left Doaor Chrijiofher Wren, Dean of Windfor, and Regifter of our moft noble Order of the Garter, or any of his Minifters whomfoever, or any Thing that belongs to him whatfoever; but to fuffer his Perfon, Servants, and Eftate, to be in Quiet, Security, and Peace, without any Injury, or Violence to be offered by any to him, or his, as they, or every of them fhall anfwer to the contrary at their Peril. Given at our Court, at Oxford, under the Signet of our Order, the 12 th Day of December, in the 19 th Year of our Reign. Some further Particulars obfervable in the Plundering of the e* sdwdis J „ / , 0 J Decam W. Deanery-houje, at Windlor. T H E Clofet called the Regiftry of the Order of the Garter, (within Dean Wren’ s Houfe, in the Caftle of Windfor) had been locked up, and fealed, by Order of the long Parliament, and committed to the Safeguard of Colonel Venn , the Governor of the Caftle, but at the Plundering of the Houfe, this Clofet alfo was broke open, (contrary to the parliamentary Or* *^- der *) and the following Goods, among others, taken away. A large Cafe, or Cabinet of eleven Draw-boxes, with Writings, and R.e- cords, concerning the Order of the Garter, and other Things of Value. Another large Iron-bound Cabinet, with Partitions, and Boxes, gilt, and filleted, with fpecial Records, and Papers therein. A large Cheft fill’d with Books, among them Cafter' s Injiitutions to the Romifh Emiffaries; with Dr. Wren's Difcovcry of their fubtile Practices, M.S. Undertaken by Command, and almoft finifhed. A large f THE LIFE OF A large and fair Table of all the Knights of the Garter, from their firft. Inftitution by King Edwardlll. with their Eniigns Armorial, and by whom made. Three large and valuable Pictures in gold Frames, of King Edward III. king Hems IV. of France ; and King Charles I. of England, &c. Colonel Venn aforefaid, feized, and kept in his Polfeffion all the Dean’s Plate, when he was driven from IVindfor, (which by Order of Parliament * (hould have been rellored) among the Parcels whereof were, more efpecially, Exore.C.w. two large iilver Tankards, given by Prince Charles, EleBor Palatine, in Ac¬ knowledgement of the many Civilities, and refpe&ful Entertainment, his Royal Highnefs had occalionally received in the Deanery-houfe, where he lodged, when he was pieafed to refide, for a Seafon, at IVindfor. The EleBor ufually e.xpreffed a great Satisfadfion with this his commo¬ dious Retirement from Whitehall , (where the Parliament had allowed him a Lodging) and the Opportunity of converfmg with the Dean, and lome other Perions of Learning, his Friends, who ufed to relort there. Here the Prince lived in a very private Way, with two Gentlemen only of his Retinue, a Secretary, and one who waited in the Bed-chamber; and a few inferior Servants. He dined at a little Table by himfelf; the others, with the Dean and his Family. May6, 164.;. The Commons had ordered an Allowance for him of 8,oco/. per Annum, Whitlockv 2,000 /. per Annum out of the King’s Revenue, and the reft out of the Upon the Treaty of Wejlphalia, whereby the Eledtor was reftored to a Part of his hereditary Eftate, he notified the fame to the Parliament, defiring the Continuance of his Stipend, and Payment of his Arrears ; fo that, it fhould feem, the Penfion had been but ill paid, (tho’ continually follicited) till Ibid, p. 376. his Return to his own Country, Feb. 1648. when it was ordered by the ploufe. There having been fuch Caufe before, to mention Colonel Venn, it may be proper to note, what is extant concerning him upon publick Records. Echardb Hiji. John Venn, Citizen of London, and Member of Parliament for the City, »/ England, V vas a Ringleader in the Mob againft the Earl of Strafford ; a great Promoter 11. p. an j Encourager of the Infurredtions, and Tumults at Whitehall, and Wejlmin- Aihcn Oxon fi L ‘ r , in the Year 1641. fending his Summons by his Wife, to affemble the 236. Zealots of the City, and declaring he ufed this Method, for fear the worfer Echnrd. Ibid. Party ffouldget the better of the good Party, as was offered to be proved in the Houfe. jap. of the In his Majefty’s Proclamation, publifhed at Oxford, fune 20, 1643. he Rtigm»/the was Q f the . Number of thofe excepted from Pardon, as guilty of High- treafon, by the known Laws of the Land. This deluded Man was one of II. t- 636. Trial ; was one of the Sixty-fix, who fat when Sentence was given. and formally flood up to teftify their Affent ; and one of the Fifty- nine, that lealed and fubferibed the bloody Warrant for the King’s Execution: Not furviving the Reftoration, and fo having no Life to loofe, he together Hi/lory of Stuarts, p. 475 - with Oliver Cromwell, Ireton, Bradfhaw, and the others in the fame Cafe, was attainted in the Parliament of 1660, and adjudged to the Forfeiture of Lands, Goods, Rights, and Trufts. The Perfecution of the Church and Crown, during the Prcgrefs of the horrid Rebellion, affedting in a moft rigorous Manner, the mod noted Friends to both, the Dean, (who was eminently diftinguillied for hisLearn- ing, Piety, Loyalty, and the Efteem of his Royal Matter) - had a large Share, as well as his excellent Brother the Bilhop of Eh, in the Severities of Fana, tick 4 CHRISTOPHER WREN, D.D. 1 41 tick Rage, fuffering all the Extremities of Sequeftrations, and Plunders; but furvived not the Miferies of the Times, dying on the 29/6 of May 1658, juft two Years before the Return of the publick Felicity, at Blechington in Oxfordjhire, in the Houfe of his Son-in-law Mr. William Holder, the Reftor, whither he had retired from Oppreffion, and was buried in the Chancel of the Church there ; leaving an only Son the Subjedt of the following Memoirs. JuJhis obiit , nec ell qui animum advertat, ftublatm cjl plus, nec eft qui intel- llgat , ereptum emn ejje malo, ut introducatur in pacem. Ifa. cap. 57. His Motto was, 'O 3-OBOE 'EMOE H *E A n I E ’E M H ’E £ T I. And, INTUS SI RECTE, NE LABOR A. S?* Numb. I. alkuiui“'o- A UG ' 6 > ,620 -. Domino Lanceloto Andrewfio, epifcopo Wintonienfi, d menti, ex Xjl fieris domefticis admijjus erat , 2 >. Chriftophorus Wren, £. T'. B. /c/ fchedis D. concionem hoc die habitant coram ipfo , in capella Palatii Windeforienfis ^ ri p am Thamefis aujlralem. Sell. Mat- . Fo J i ha:C ' ¥ ca fi rum Farnhamiae fequuti fint prafalem , ipfe, fraterque , thsus. e j us natu rnaximus ; ubi ab epifcopo Rex cum univerfd aula regie exceptus erat, 3 bu! diebus , apparatu fumptuojijjimo, & expenfis, plufqudm 3000 Lib. Luge. Dr. Chrijlopher Wren , of Windfor, was well /kill’d in all Branches of the Mathemadcks ; and there are yet extant fome marginal Notes, written by him in Sir Henry Wootton'% Elements of Architecture, (London , 1624, Quarto) which (hew his Knowledge of that Art. In thole Notes, among many other Things, he refers to the Contrivance of a very ftrong Roof made by him at Krtoy/e, where he was Recftor, the Figure of which is there fub- join’d (Page 79.) But there is one Tiling mentioned by him as his Inven¬ tion, which I fhall tranferibe here in his own Words. “ For difpofing the “ Current of a River to a mighty Length in a little Space, I invented the Serpentine ; a Form admirably conveying the Current in circular, and yet “ contrary Motions, upon one and the fame Level, with Walks and Retire- “ ments between, to the Advantage of all Purpofes, either of Gardenings “ Plantings, or Banquetings, or airy Delights, and the multiplying of infinite Filh in a little Compafs of Ground, without any Senfe of their being re- “ ftrained. In brief, it is to reduce the Current of a Mile’s Length in the Compafs of an Orchard. Page 1 12.” (‘This Book is now in the PofTeJRon of Mr. Elias Ferris.) J N u m 2. A very memorable Atteftation of Dr. Christopher Wren, videNotas,^ Dean of Windl'or, and Regifter of the. moft noble Order of mographiam the Garter, concerning the Royal Title of Defender of the Faith. P OPE LeoX. conferred on King Henry VIII. (in the Year 1521.) the Title of Defender of the Faith ; afterwards, made hereditary, by AG of Parliament, to his Heirs, and SuccelTors; and yet, “ That King Henry VII. “ had the fame Title formerly, appears by the Regifter of the Order of the << Garter, in the Black-book, (fo called from the Colour of its Cover, p. 187 .1 “ now in my Hands, by Office, which having ffiewed to King Charles I. he “ received with much Joy, nothing more pleafing him, than that the Right “ of that Title was fixed in the Crown, long before the Pope’s pretended “ Donation.” To all which I make Atteftation, to all Pofterities, 'Au-royf*?!; hoc meo. Ita teflor, Chriftoph. Wren, a memorid, & fecretis honoratijfmi ordinis. [Ex iflo autographo avi mei pice memories tranferipfi C. W. anno Domini 1733. Citatio fupradidla, in rrgifro fcil. libro-nigro, Jic fe habet. [“ Henricus VII.] quia virtutibus ecsteris fui temporis antecelluit, quafi “ confond totius Chriftianifmi 1wee, turn pracipuus eccleliee, fideique Chrifti de “ fenfor ejl habitus ; cujus prerogatives candidijjimum titulum, illujirijfimus ejus “ hares meritijjime recepit, fif receptum, ita percoluit, ut quod pater egregie “ caper at, jilius abfolutijjime per fecit.” [King Henry VII.] becaufe he excelled his Contemporaries in Virtues, was by the unanimous Voice of all Chrijlendom, then efteemed the principal De¬ fender of the Church, and of the Faith ; the bright Title of which Prerogative, his moft illuftrious Heir moft defervedly received, and adorned it, that what his Father had thus excellently begun, he his Son moft abfolutely finilhed it. [Anftis of the Garter , Tom. II. P. 266.] Humphry of Lancafter, Duke of Glouceftcr, fourth Son of King Henry IV. Uncle to King Henry VI. created Duke of Gloucefler by his Brother King Henry V. in the Year 1414. and furnamed the Good; upon his Marriage with facoba , Daughter and Heir of William Duke of Bavaria , ul’ed thefe Titles ; Humphry, by the Grace of God, Son, Brother, and Uncle to Kings, Duke of Glouceftcr, Earl of Hainault, Holland, Zealand, and Pembroke, Lord of Friefand, great Chamberlain ol the Kingdom of England-, Protedor and Defender of the faid Kingdom, and Church of England. [Sandford’r ge¬ nealogical Hiftory of the Kings of England, &c. Book IV. chap.y. p. 316.J Numb, y:T # h> Vf I it THE LIFE OF Numb. III. A Memorandum of Dean Wren's, relating to the ancient Arms of the French Kings. Notes M. S. to Heylyn’j Cojm. B. I. 205. ibid. B. I f . 285. Ibid. B. I. t- T H E ancient French Heralds fay, the Enfigns armorial of the Kings of France, Anno Chrifti 484. were [Tres Crapauds ] three Toads. The fitft Change of the Coat was Azure, Frette and Seme of Flower de Lxces Or, firft changed by King Edward III. and fo put into his Broad Seal Anno Regni 20 0 . after his Conqueft of France, thirty-four Years before Charles VI. came to the Crown. In the Eaft Window of the Church of Hafely Magna, Oxon, where I was Redtor Anno 1639, the Coat of France flood as above, Frette and Seme of Flower de Lyces, put in there, together with his own Coat near it, by the Lord Barentine, Knight of Rhodes, and a great Benefactor to that Church ; a Man of great Valour and Pcfieffions in France as well as Eng¬ land : his Tomb, at the North-Eaft Side of the Chancel, (hews, he was of a gigantick Stature; and his Statue of one entire Stone, which I digged out of a Heap ot Rubbifh there, makes it appear he was (not two Inches lower than) feven Foot high. Some further memorable Notes. The vidlorious King Edward III. was Founder of the moft noble Order of the Garter, whereof were (by feveral Kings his Succeffors) created nine Emperors, fifty-five Kings, four hundred Princes, the laft whereof was Prince Palatine Rupert. The wicked and tyrannical Prince King Richard III. being (lain at Bof- ^Alitra Gray- ^th, his Body was begged by the Nuns at Leicefer, and buried in their Fryers. Chapel there ; at the Dilfolution whereof, the Place of his Burial happened to fall into the Bounds of a Citizen’s Garden, which being (after) purchafed by Mr. Robert Herrick (fome Time Mayor of Leicefer) was by him covered with a handfome Stone Pillar, three Foot high, with this Infcription, “ Here “ lies the Body of Richard II I. fome Time King of England," This he (hewed me [Chr. lVrcn\ walking in the Garden, Anno 1612. Teftimonial of the wonderful Oak. hi the New Forejl in Hampfhirc, by Dr. Christopher Wren. T HE Account of the Oak in the New Foreft, King James I. could not be induced to believe, till Bifhop Andrews, [of Wincbcjler\ in whofe Dio- cele the Tree grew, caufed one of his Chaplains, a Man of known Integrity, to give a true Information of it, which he did : for upon the Eve of the Na¬ tivity, he gathered about too Slips, with the Leaves newly opened, which he ftuck in Clay, in the Bottom of long, white Boxes, and fo fent them Port to the Court ; when they defervediy railed not only Admiration, but flopp’d the Mouth of Infidelity, and Contradiction for ever. Ot this I was both ari Eye-witnefs, and did diftribute many of them to the great Per'fons of both Sexes in Court, and to others, ecclefiaftical Perfons • but in the laft troublejome Times, a devilifh Fellow, (of Herofratus’s Humour) having hewen it round at the Root, made his laft Stroke on his own Leg, whereof he died, together with the old wonderous Tree ; which now fprouts up again, and may renew his oaky Age again, if fome inch envious Chance does not hinder or prevent it, from which the Example of the former Villain may CHRISTOPHER WREN, D. D. *45 may perhaps deter the Attempters. This I thought fit to teftify to all future Times, and fubfcribe with the fame Hand, through which thofe little oaky Slips paft. Ita teftor Chrift. Wren, domino Lancelotto a flacris domeflicis, ’Auroinit, Andrews ep. time: & Carolo regi, patrono opt. maxirno (pofted) ex ’Autotjue, Jidus af- Winton. fertor. Ego Chriftophorus Wren, ex autographo reverendi avi met, ad amuffim s ‘ l Brown's tranferipji, anno Domini 173-5. “ On the North-fide of Malwood-Cajile in New-Foreft, is the Oak that Camden’i “ buds on Chriflmas-day, and whithers again before Night; which was or- Brit. “ der’d by King Charles II. to be paled round.” “ Agreeable to this is the Hawthorn-tree, at Glafenbury, which budded Ion. /1. “ on Chrijlmas-day, as if it were in May. t- >34- “ As alfo the Walnut-tree there, which never budded before the ; Feaft ° x >' acanll ’ a ' “ of St. Barnabas, and on that very Feaft-day (hot out Leaves in great Dltt0 ’ l '° l - r ' “ Abundance.” 79 ' Obfervatio fanguinis in occifo, & fibmerfo, ad rei prsefentiam, effiuentis. Ex fchedis reverendi Chrijlop. JVren , S. I', p. Us clam, fubfilire fanguinem ad acccff'um interfeBoris cerium efl ; ex O hi florid toti provinciez Oxon, notifjimd. Apud R icot (in parochid de Hafe- ley, cujus cura mihi olim demandata efl) ad barones Norricios fpeBantem ; vi- varii cufos grandezvus, a nepote, in vivarium noBu allcBus, cum tempus pallium prezverteret, fub quercu recumbens, fopore correptus efl ; quern fie re- pertum, nepos accedens, (fpe heeredii, cui pofl mortem fenis deflinatus efl) excere- bravit, traBumque in profundam fofflam, lapide ingenti, ad collum appenfo, de¬ merit ; ubi 5, hebdomadis plus minus deiituit cadaver, ftupente domino, totdque vicinid, quid de fene allium eflet ; pofl diBum tempus feznifleBores , ad margines foflfee, operas producentes, tam ingentia mufearum examina confpexcrunt, ut ad inquifitionem tanti oftenti impellerentur ; tandemque vifutn prirn'o objeure, deinde multo labore extraBum cadaver, pntridum, & vix flbi coheerens extrahunt, & extraBum recognofcunt ; fed de interfebiare nemo mortalium conjicere quicquam potuit ; interfefllum J'uiffe, & .flumma vi illic projeBum indicio fuit, faxum ad collum appehffum ; quod omnem, de fluiddio, dubitationem fluflulit prorfus. Ail flcelus igitur tam atrox detegendum, falerter admodum, impulflu ejus, qui yinditliam Jibi propriam efljc vult, dominus N oricius juflflt putridum corpus, fled in aquis, ab extremis feztoribus praferyatum, dominied jam proximd, in cez- miterio juxtd port am ecclefue exponi, ut egredientium oculis & taBui peene ob- verflaretur. Solus flceleflus ilk nepos, flacinoris tanti conflcius, quafi conflpeBum cariflimi avunculi nequiret flerre, abducere fle, multo dolore quaji opprefjum, cona- tus efl ; at dominus Norricius Juflpicatus, illius fuiflfe flacinore flenem ablatum, cui heeredii lucrum obventurum erat, co urgentius detraBantem, accedere impu- lit; manumque mortui (quod plurimt fponte flecerant) digito attingere ; quo taS'u (mirum ddlu !) Oculi- (in cadavere) quafi Dei digito aperti, palam fe movere vifi, £? fanguis e naribus effluens, adeo confiernarunt flearium, ut in terrain dilapfus, fateretur flcelus a fle clam patraium, fled juftiflimo Dei judicio patefaBum ; ex quo judici priiiium, deir. carniflci oblatus, dignas tanto flcelere pcenas, in patibulo dejit. ifuod memorandum, meaque ipjius manu fignandum duxi. Ideoque ita t efl or. Ex autographo. Christop. Wren, ReBor ecclefiez preediBie. O 0 Numb OF U M B. IV. A prophetick Oblervation copied from the Dean’s own Hand, in a fmall Note-book of his, written, as it fhould feem, in the Year 1623. He died in 1658, vi; the Fire of London. “ J Atince liter# numerates , nulla funt prater has feptem nobis adhttc in “ ufu quotidiano. {mdclxvT]- “ Note, That all the numeral Letters in the Latin Tongue, can make up “ but 1666. fo that when the odd 666, are completed in the Years of “ Chrift, it may bode fome ominous Matter, and perhaps the laft End. ’ The Year of Chrift 1666, proved ominous and direful to the Nation, by the unparallell’d Calamity of the great and dreadful Fire of London ; “ which hfnipt omit tc was merc ilefs to the States and Fortunes of the Citizens, but favourable to Monument. „ t j, e j r l; V6S> that it might in all Things refemble the lajl and great Confla- “ gration Extract from the fame Note-book. eight Years before Luc. c. x. v - 5 - “ In quameunque domum introieritis primum MDCXVVIII. “ paX sIt hVIC DoMVI.” Tam folenni preecepto, tempejlivo voto fubjeripfi introiens Scil. de C. W. Reblor. Knoyle. Scil. 1623. Julii 28, anno di£lo, Scil. MDLLVII11I. l6lO. MDCXWVII Infcriptum 'ueflibulo domus mece parochialis de Knoyle in agro Wintonienfi, eo ipfo anno quo infitutus & induBus fui, 1623. [Ex not is ad Helvici chronologiami] Anno Domini 1610. Uenricus IV. rex Gallic occifus erat, & defendant tanti regis cccdem, non Jinit e memoria excidere, verijjimum illud chronogramma. \Trljila fangVIneo LILla rore MaDent. Georgius dux Buckingham^, inter medias copias, in expeditions ad infulam Rupellanam, a Feltono gregano milite, cultro erat conjojfus ; exitus hujus diri p reef a gum omen impievit non folum nomcn ipjius, fed et titulum ejus hono¬ rarium, in hoc ftupendo chronogranimate, GeorgWs DVX BVCklnghaMLs periit, foil. 1628. Heivicus opus fuum chronologicum ultra annum Chrifli 1650. non produxit, metu, Jortaffis, oeaniffimee illius conjedlurae, qua fe obledlarunt nonnulli j qui mundum anno 1656. periturum igne preefcirent, cum ad eundem annorum nu- merum pojt incarnationem pervemret, quo a conditu fubmerfus cjl. — Inter hos 147 CHRISTOPHER WREN, D. D. hos fatidicos agmen ducit * Alftedius homo multa lebtionis, fed & pla- giarius, qui (ut graculus) furtivis dotiijftmorum, quotquot funt, penms Jc con- veftivit ; inter center a verb audacicz indicia, pracipuum hoc fiat, de mundiin- ccndio, quod, quafi d Dei conciliis, privilegio plufquam angelico, non conjecit modo, fed definivit ; & ne non fatis infanire videretur, charaSkrem addidit chronologicum, quafi fallere nefcius, MVnDl CorfLagratio. Sell. MDCLVI. 1656. Numb. V. Chrifto-phorus Wren, filius unicus reverendi Chriftopb. Wren, Decanus Windefori natus erat. vnjbris 20 0 paulo ante oblavam vefpertinam, anno 1632. cyclo © 18. litera dominicali B. 3° poft Bijfextum. %po anno contigit Ea- quam ad monitum Kepleri, obfervavit Gailendus, D IE 5 17.» fianx) © Es 1 S Pariffiis. ... Hie obiter notanda erit fententia ejufdem reverendi Chriftophori Wren, ad here verba —“ Anno Chrifii 812, Helvicus ponit eclypfm folarem ; fed nefcio an “ eclypfis dicenda fuit: aiunt hifiorici horum temporum, maculam quondam in “ file obfervatam per 7 dies ; alii 9 dicunt ; quidam pariim mathematice ‘ < dicunt fuijfe SMercuni m file ; at hoc merito exjibilant “ ajlronomi, quibus certum eft, tarn velocem, & volubilem efje 5 motum, ut mi¬ tt pojftbile fit, filem tot diebus cum 5 conjungi ; hide tamen, nuper inventi funt, it inter quos Alftedius, qui preterquam quod feribat hoc accidiffe anno 813. tt C y C lo q jo, 2 vero 16 ; Jlpoxpo'Jie/iu unius anni filidi hide, jam pojl annosS 00, tt cx eventu, ariolatur, hoc prodigium hand dubio fignificajfe obfeurationem « evan gelii fub pontificibus Romanis ; quod majori zelo quam feientid dictum, “ prcelereundum potius cenfeo, quam redarguendum ; viderint nojtri mathematici «< quibus otium eft, ifta ad 'em p< ( iv reducenda an non fuerit hac macula queedam tt i n g m tior; quales, hodie, obfervant per folare corpus quotidie ferri plurimas “ eafque nec quantitate, nec figura, pares ; viderint, porro, annon comet at “ cenfendi fint ifice macula, qui quamdiu, intra filis difeum manferint, (e quo^ “ omnes cometas prodire notum eft ) nigri apparent, & opaci ; cum longius a “ file procefjerint, lumen rarum & diaphanwn, magifque indies evanidum often- tt tant " [Ex notis MS. ad Helvici chronologicam, p. 116. G? 166, 167.] Sed vera © 6? 5 conjuntfionis prognofticon, per eundem reverendum fi? erudi- Ex notis MS. turn virum, apertum erat in hunc modurn, £aj u.xtm{i Evfuyi* 0H ! continget OBo- Iris 240 anno Chrifii 1651. fed non nifi in ipfo exitu a nobis confpicienda, ft forte aurora clarum oftendat filem. Intrabit autem 5 fuper dificum filis, ad fefquifecundam, mane', & pertranftbit eum paulo ante 8 ? - m . Hoc loco addatur ejufdem dociiffimi, viri obfervatio ad paragraphUm fequen- tem Helvici chronologic, in pagina 182. litera E fcil. te Eclipfis terra 1 luna- <( ribus formidanda in 19 grad, (quae vulgo creditur eile horrenda plane & ter- <• ribilis eclipfis © Solis) in grad. 19. Q. Aug. 1. ftyl. vet. anno. 1654. paulo <■ ante meridiem ; Rome fatalis ; fi modo eclipfes numeranda: fint inter pro- « phetas ; neque enim prcedicere folent, nec prcdicare quicquam ■, nec majori « oftento funt quam ajiduus ccelorum motus ; quorum concurfum feiolus quilibet, fecon terro- it a d omnia temporum momenta remotiffima, ex naturalibus principiis prcedicere rem. -< pojftt ; quales habeant caufas feimus omnes ; quales habiturc fint effeBus nemo # Vlnmif CVnfuna XVI. “ mortalium mortalium prcvfcire potefi ; nemo nifi infanus audct ariclari ; metuant fbi a ‘ fgnis ctdi, qui fcelerum fuorum confcii , irati cadi minus non pofiunt non hor- rere ; at quibus caelum patria ejl, jubentur non timere. “ Annon dementia: eji, breviffimas obtcEli folis tenebras, magis horrere, quam jugem 8, 12, 16, fape horarum qua imiohimur met cm f annon ab ab- ‘ fente quotidie tot horis continuis file, majus longe detrimentum, ft detrimen- turn fit, quod non folum ajjiduum efi, Jed etiam naturale, quam ab eodem preefente, fed ad paucijjima momenta, obnelato, jufie metuendum efi ? twice umbra, nunquam ad centum milliarium menfuram, in terra extenditur; adeoque, nufquam hceret, fed continuo motu circumfertur celerrimb; at ipfa terra, fud nos umbra, afiidue, ad mult as boras involutas tenet ; etiam denfz ‘ Jape numero nubes totum folum terra: auferunt ; idque in multos dies ; non fine multo feepe horrendoque procellarum depluvio, metuendo fane cum fentitur, & pofiquam recefjit, adhuc deflendo. Non igitur, tarn ab ir.tercurfantibus iumi- nanbus terra: obtenebratio, quam ab ipfd terra tcnelm, aut metuenda, out dolendce funt-, fuerunt hie quas eclipfes vacant gentilium terriculamcnta, quibus vafri nebulones, obtenebratis illuferunt mentibus, dum attonitis interim marfupia expilarent .” U M fchedis D. Christ. Wren decani Windeforienf. JNNO i62S, ferenijjimus rex D'- Mathaeum Wren ad decanatam capdis regia de Windefor evexit, loco D rh Henrici Beaumont defunBi, qui, non it a pridem, anno foil. 1622. ad ifiam fedem promotus fucrat, per abdica- tionem D. Marci Antonii de Dominis, archi-epifcopi Spalatenfis; de quo viro, utpote notabili, pauca fubjiciemus. Marcus Antonius de Dominis archi-epifcopus Spalatinus deferens pontificem Romanum, ad regeni Angliae fe contulit, homo debtus fine, & in omni genere eruditionis infrudlifimus ; fed & idem ventricofus, & cerebrqfus ; nee facile direrun ciborum, vinique, an pecuniarum magis av 'ulus ; quibus (pofi exbaitftos in decanatu Windeforienfi & hofpitali, quod vacant Sabaudienfi ainplifjimos redi- tus) cum fe expleri fat is, in Anglia non pofic timer ct, gurges vet v inexplebilis ; Gondoinari begati Hijpamci teebnis illebius ; jamque omnia fibi ex votis cefiura apud pent if com (invent Hum fiudiorum dim Sac ires) promittens, Rom am rc- petiit ; ubi primum perfdhe in fedem Romanam accufatus, dein fc/fifmatis (contra ipfam ) at tent at 1 reus fades ; fentcnt'tam incarccrationis primum fu- biit, anno 1622. pofed vivicombufii, ut multi a fie runt fed extindi five tadio, five tonnentis in carcere cadaver exufium efi, anno 1 624. eerie radio martyrio aiiivo vcl pafiivo. Adeb injuriarum iaiax Roma efi-, me icefe quam ac t majejfatis pifi ccclum fecundte, ft non cum ado dividendte, in iongfima tan- fora -qblivtfcitur. In Relation to a Perfon fo extraordinary, this further Account may be adjoined. Marcus Antonins de Dominis, Archbifliop of Spaiato, arriving in England, in 1617. both preached, and wrote well againlt the Church of Rome, and extoil'd the Protejiant Religion, being a Man of rare Parts, and general Learning, in regard whereof, he came to be made Dean of Windfor, and Mailer of the Savoy, Preferments of Dignity and Vaiue, which he enjoyed iome Years, though in all other RelpeCts, voluptuous, haughty, rapacious, and 149 CHRISTOPHER WREN, D. D. and profufe ; at length in Expectation of greater Promotions, and decoy’d by the Craft of Count Gondomar, the Spanijh Ambaffador, he repaired again to Rome, where, he renounced, and reproached the Proteftant Religion ; “ re - “ turning like a Dog to his Vomit, and as a Sow that is ivajhed, to her wal- “ lowing in the Mire." But all he could do to fatify the Court of Rome, had no EffeCt, the Inquifition laid hold on him, threw him into Prifon, where he died, and his Body was burnt for a Hcretick. Some Good, however, fprung from this Evil, for we are allured, that to this Man the World has been Echard’, rnjt. obliged for that noble Hiftory of the Council of Trent-, fince by his Means, and the Meafures he had concerted with the famous Father Paul, before he'' left Italy, Archbillrop Abbot got the Manufcript tranfmitted by Parcels into England. Dcfenfio ecclefce Anglicans, contra M. Anton, de Dominis, archi-epifcopi Athen Oxon. Spalatenfis injurias [Lon. 1625. per Rich. Crackanthorpe regia majefiati d p ' 4 ' 8, facris. This Book was held to be the molt exaCt Piece for Controverfy, fince the Time of the Reformation. The Story of this Arch-apoftate and Impoftor, as particularized more ex- tenfively, and explained in other Memoirs, which coincide with Dean Wren’ s previous Accounts, is too remarkable to be omitted. Marcus Antonins de Dominis, Archbilhop of Spalato, on his Arrival in Etig- Hijl. »/En g - land, had been fourteen Years Arch-bifhop of that See in Dalmatia, under the State of Venice-, and pretending Confidence, he renounced the Errors of//, ,Stuarts, the Church of Rome, and conformed to that of England, about a Year before/’- 4 s - he arrived here; he faid, the Romijh Church was myfiical Babylon, the Pope a Nimrod, a Tyrant, Schifmatick, Heretick, and even Anti-chrijl himfelf. It feems he had a" Pique againft Pope Paul V. for making him pay five hundred Crowns a Year out of his Bifhoprick to a Suffragan, and in a Fury left Italy. Coming to England, he was received by King 'James, with as much Favour as if he had been a real Convert. He foon found out the King’s Foible, and flattering him for his Learning and Knowledge in Divinity, obtained feveral rich Prefents, and profitable Preferments, his Majefty fending him a fair Bafon and Bowl of Silver, the Archbilhop received it with this Compliment, Mijit mihi rex Magna: Britannis, &c. The King of Great-Britain has fent me a fiver Bafon to wajh from me the Filth of the Roman-church, and a Silver Cup to mind me to drink the Purity of the Gofpel. He was foon after made Dean of Windfor, with a good Parfonage annexed to it, and Mafter of the Savoy. - Gondomar the Spanijh Envoy, taking Offence at a Jeff the Archbilhop made upon him, told King James he was ftill a Papift in his Heart, and he would prove it. To effedt it, he wrote to his Mafter the King of Spain, to demand de Dominis’ s Pardon of the Pope, with a Promife of Preferment, and a Cardinal’s Cap, if he would fign a Re¬ cantation of what he had faid and written againft the Catholick Church. De Dominis readily embraced the Motion, and figned the Recantation, which was prelented him by Gondomar, who carried it immediately to the King. His Majefty ordered the Matter to be kept fecret, de Dominis being at that very Inftant an importunate Petitioner for the Arch-bifhoprick of Tork, vacant, as it was thought, by the fuppofed Death of Matthews ; which his Majefty denying him, after he was convinced of his Falfhood, de Dominis defired Leave to depart the Kingdom, and was commanded to do fo within twenty Days, and never to return. This Meffage ftartled de Dominis who expedtcd to be courted to ftay in England ; and when he found the King was in earned:, he made all the Intereft he could to be permitted to ftay, but all being in vain, he Ihipp’d himfelf with Count Swartzenbourg, the Imperial Ambaffador, and returned to Flanders, from whence he went to Rome, where he Lived on a P p final!' 1 1 1 15 ° THE LIFE OF fmall Penfion paid him by Pope Gregory XV. whofe Succeffor Urban VIII. prohibited the Payment of it ; and upon Information of fome Exprellions of his in Praife of the Books he had written againft Popery, he was feized and thrown into Prifon, where he died, and his Corpfe being excommunicated after his Death, was burnt in the Field of Flora. Numb. VII. Collectanea quaedam apprime curiofa de casremoniis, & pompa eledtionis & inaugurationis lereniffimi principis Caroli a Carolo, in ordinem garterii. Ex Fchedis decani Christopheri Wren. yjNNO Domini 1638. ad 19““ Maij, commilitones , de indiBione fcjli prizes ■AJ- pro more admoniti, in obfequium Supremi, Windeforam convolant, fejlum, quod SanBi Georgii dicitur , pojlridie celebraturi. Ad augendam pompam convener ant ferenijjima regina ; dux Eboracenfis par- vulus ; & ducijja de Chevereux e Galliis Advena. Vicefwmm Maij , St*- & individuee trinitati facrum, mane in palatio cajlri, fummd cum devotione, conciotii attentijftmus, obfervabat Supremus. Ad 3 am verb ejus diei, ipfe cum commilitonibus 0B0, in domum capitularem defeendentes, infignia ordinis induunt 5 induti quoque Supremo ajlant. Hinc Comes Pembrochi® GO Clllinc Comes Arundel, & Montgomerke. Surrise. Comes Sarum. Comes Dorfet. Surrise. Comes Dorfet. Comes Bercheri®. Comes Danbi®. Comes Sarum. Comes Hollandi®. Comes Lindfei®. J K. Dein in capellam itur ; ubi pojl primam leBionem, habitum eft ferutinium, ad fupplenda tria ftallajam vacantia, cujus forma, hnc erat ; nominabant hono- ratijjimi Domini commilitones. Principes. Barones. Equites. lum. Dm- Clifford. Tho. Germin. Goring. Hen. Fane. Herb, de Cher. Rob 1 . Manfel. D ns Clifford. Guil. Howard. Strange. Hen. Fane. Herb. deCher. Rich. Anflow. Prin. Carol D m . Clifford. Guil. Howard. North. Hen, Fane. Goring. Tho. Germin. D n! - Aberguenny Jo. Ogle. Goring. Car. Morgan. Wimbleton. Flen. Herbert. Comet D. D. CHRISTOPHER WREN. i 5 Comes Hollandi*. Com. Berks. Con. Lindfey. Com. Danby. ( Prin. Carolum. \Com. Eflex. (Com. Warwick. D’n. Clifford. Goring. North. Tho.Germin. Hen. Fane. Tho. Rowe. C Prin < Com. (.Com. Prin. Carolum. Effex. Rutland. Dm- Edw. Howard. Guil. Howard. Goring. Rob 1 . Manl'el. Cherbury. Car. Morgan. "Prin. Carolum. 1 Com. Rutland. [ Com. Eflex. r Prin. Carolum. ^ Com. Eflex'. [ Com. Northampton. D m - North. Goring. Clifford. Dos. Wimbleton. Goring. Cottington. Hen. Fane. Tho. Germin. Car. Morgan. Tho. Germin. Edw. Verney. Robn Manfel. Finite cum facris Jcrutinio,& in dome capitulari exutis ornamentis, ajeendit SuDremus cum commilitonibus in caftrwu. . Maij 21. Supremo diBis commilitonibus chlamydatis ftipato, obfequebantw omnes ordinis officiarii, in camera privatiore. . Jamque redintegrate concilio, pcrmijjum eft firemfjinue regime Man* o ducijjted.es Chevereux, ajjidere, dum pnmogemto Carolo, Magn* Britanm ■spun cif)i fie rent eleciionis jolenniu. . ,. . , r-1 * Ante omnia quidem, cemmilitones rogant b, nos pnmores ordims (com. Jett. Pembroke, & com. Arundel.) ut princifem, reltquorum nomine Supremo prerfentarent, equitis baccbahurei Mule, & ntibus (uti leges jubent) prune im- ^Primus mint Hie a^Britannos dignitatis omnis militaris gradus efij hone- rum omnium, in Anglia, quafi bafts-, ade'o ut nulls, de genU Bntanmca, equan- tumeunque, alias, polleat fanguinis, aut virtutum fracellentia, fas fit in hono- ratiffimam focietatem cooptari, niji quern primus tfte millions honoris gradus ha- bikm reddiderit & capacem. . . Primitm itaque, folenni more, princejs geiubus tnmxus a Supremo creator e^Et’in “augmentum honoris, ex nobilibus evocati funt quatuor, qaos fmnlibus autpiciis, in fpem majons gratia, Supremus fubkvaret. Horum primus comes Effexi*, Deminis Freder.co Hamilton, & Roberto Honywood, equitibus ftipatus, ad folium Supremi procumbit creandus. Dune fequutus eft comes Saudi Albani, quern dextra, dommus Rogerus Pal¬ mer eques Balneatus ; fmiftrd, dominus Henncus Mildmay, gemmarn regn cuft’os comitabantur. Dein procejftt comes Elgin, cm paraftata erant dominus Joannes Meldram, & dominus Joannes Withrington. Quarto loco , dominus dee-comes Grandifon, me dim vent , inter dominum Joan- nem Harper, & dominion Joannem Lucas. . . c His peraBis catremmis, procancellarius hefternum ferutimumproms Supremo prAentabat ; quo perleclo, juventutis principem Carolum, jam oBennem fed lirlutibus longius multo quam astute proveBum, Supremus m augiftum ordtnem coopt at-, eleBumque, referipto fuo ad regem armorum data, nunctari juJJit, cujus hac erat forma i dtornate Anglico. Charles vrumi-m THE LIFE OF O U R moft dear, and entirely beloved Son, having to our great Com¬ fort feen, and confidered the Ripenefs of your Youth, and conceiv’d joyful, and pregnant Hopes of your manly Virtues, in which we are allured, you will increafe to your own Honour, both in Prowefs, Wifdom, Juftice, and all princely Endowments ; and that the Emulation of Chevalry will in your tender Years provoke and encourage you, to purfue the Glory of heroick Actions, befitting your royal Birth, and our Care and Education. We with the Companions of our moft noble Order of the Garter , aflembled in Chap¬ ter, holden this prefent Day at our Caftle of Windfor, have elefted and chofen you one of the Companions of our Order. In Signification whereof, we have fent to you by our trufty, and well-beloved Servant, Sir John Burroughs, Knight of the Garter , and our principal King of Arms, thefe our royal Letters, requiring you to make your fpeedy Repair unto us, to receive the Enjigns of our moft honourable Order, and to be ready for your Injlallation, upon the twenty-fecond of this prefent Month. 4 “ Given under the Signet of our Order, at our Caftle of Windfor, “ the 2 if of May, in the 14 tb Year of our Reign, 1638. “ To our dearly beloved Son, Prince Charles." Hie autem opportune, feriba, a Supremo doceri petiit fupplex , nhm eandem ipfammet formam principi obftringendo, perlegeret, quam rcliqui omnes, (in or- dinem cooptandi) praftabant, juramenti. IpJiJJimam (inquit) verbis confuetis propone ; quod & fadlum ejl. Accedentem igitur, non fine debita veneratione ad thronum Supremi, exultans plenis afedlibus excipit auguftus Pater ; flatimque perifcelide, adamantium jul- goribus corufcante, lavam cingit tibiam ; repetente cancellario banc formulam. Ad gloriam Dei omnipotent is, & honorem decufque tuum, cinge tibiam tuam hoc injigni perifcelide, circumferens in fgnum, ac memoriam illufirijfimi ordinis, nufquam oblivioni dandum aut omittendam, quod eo moneris, ut valeas, & veils in jiiflo bello, quod folum inibis, ftare firmiter, agere fortiter, & feliciter omnina vincere. %ua noftro idiomate fc fonat. “To the Glory of Almighty God, and for thine Honour and Renown, “ tye about thy Leg this noble Garter ; wear it as a Symbol of the moft illu- “ ftrious Order-, never to be forgotten, or laid afide ; that thereby thou may’ft “ be admonifhed to be courageous, and having undertaken a juft War, into “ which only thou fhalt be engag’d, thou may’ft: ftand firm, valiantly fight, “ and fuccefsfully conquer.” Dcinde iconem, Sandli Georgii, gemma infculptam, & cterulca vittee an- nexam, colloprincipis Supremus appendit,—cancellario pergente, in hac forma. Tor quern hunc in collo deferes ad augmentum honoris, & in fgnum quoque clarijjimi ordinis a te fufeepti, cum imagine fanSlifimi martyris ac ChriJ'ti mi- litis Georgii, cujus imitatione provocatus, mundi hujus tam projpera quam ad- verfafc pertranfeas, ut aninuepariter ac corporis hoftibus hie Jtrenu'e deviclis, non tempordria modo militia gloria, fed & perennis victories palmam denique recipere valeas. Noftro idiomate. “ Wear this Ribband about thy Neck, adorn’d with the Image of the “ bleffed Martyr, and Soldier of Chrift St. George ; by whofe Imitation in¬ i' cited. 153 CHRISTOPHER W R E N, D. D. ,■ cited, thou may’ft fo pafs through worldly Profperity and Adverfity, ,< that 'having lfoutly vanquifh’d thine Enemies, both of Body and Soul, thou may’ft not only receive the Praife of this traafient Combat, but be crowned with the Palm of eternal V ictory. Principi ad hunc modum recepto, gratulabantur fgillatim omnes commili- ^FeciaKbus feoda geminata funt, ex fuperabundanti gratia Supremi; proptered quod, excellentijjimus princeps, primo in ordinem equitum baccbalaureorumy dew, in honoratijjimam commilitonum focietatem.fecundum leges ordinis reptMts care- moniis, fuifet affumptus. p an ta, tamque fpontanea munificentia fenfus, occafionem fecit procancellario, ultcrioris gratia a Supremo imp'loranda ; ut conjugibtis commilitonum liceret Morum diebus finifirum brachium gemmata perifcelide cingere, & chlamyde uti caruledjicut prifei morisfuit } fed, inconfultd regind, mbit decernendumcen- fuit Supremus, nec, gratiam banc, nifi ad heroinarum concepta not a, conce- dL ’Cdhire cum iconeSno. Georgians ; & perifcelis , & reliqua ornamenta ordinis, qua ab illuflrijfmo Guftavo Adolpho, Suecorum rege inviBo, dum viveret, geftata fuerant, ipfoque defunBo, per legatum honorarium reddita, decreto Su¬ premi, Windefora; in arario reponi jubentur, fub falvd cujlodid ; in perpetuam memoriam gloriofifjimi illius regis & commilitonis. Jamque adolefcente 22 Maij, e concilia, ad matutmas perexit Supremus, cum prmcipibus, conjunBafque orationibus oblationes , quas eminentiori fra ca- teris devotione abfolvit optimus princeps ; geminas nempe hydrtas quorum mate- r iam ex argento calato, ter deaurato, fuperabat opus fingulare ; pendentes uncias •787 ’libris 225, aftimatas, ad altare, genibus innixus, conceptifque bifee verbis Deo dicavit “ Tibi, & perpetuo tuo fervitio, partem bomtatis tua offero, domine Deus omnipotens.” jjydrias verb oblatas, reverendifjimus pralatus, benedimonem folitam prajatus, in aternos Dei ufus, feparavit. , . . Poft confefjum, bini commilitones primores, rehBis Halits, principemJola tunica, holoferica coccinea amiBum, gladioque fuccinBum, antccedentibus pro more off-, ciariis, ad ftallum deducunt , quod inferius Supremi ‘a dextris fubjacet ; ubi ftatiojiebat, donee folenne juramentum, fupra memoratum, quo cateri commili¬ tones objlringi folent, ex libri ordinis a feriba praleBum, prajlaret, viz. Ego Carolus nominatus atque eleBus units egregiorum equitum illuflrijfimi ordi- huius mlitaris, promitto, & per facrofanBa evangelia Dei, qua tango, hie mam- fefte jure, quod omnia ordinis ijlius jiatuta, atque articulos m ns contentos legi¬ sts divinis & patriis minime adverfantes quatenus ad ne JpeBabunt, invtolabi- liter obfervabo—Ita me Deus adjuvet, & JanBa ejus Evangelia, Quod lingua vernacula fic fe habet. « 1 Charles being cbofen to be one of the honourable Company of this mod « noble Order of the Garter, do promife, and fwear by the holy Evange- « by me here touched, inviolably to obferve all the Statutes of the laid 11 Order, or any Articles in them contained ; the fame being agreeable and not C< repugnant to the Laws of Almighty God, and the Laws of this Realm, as « f a r forth as to me belongeth and appertained. So God help me and his “ holy Word.” Sacramento ifloc auBoratum, diBi bini comites, extemplo, trabea carulea, ci> bumerali honoraria ornant, proloquente cancellario in formulam confuetam, viz. Accipe chlamydem hanc calici colons, in fgnum clarijjimi hujus ordinis, & in augmentum etiam honoris tui, rubro clypeo dominica crutis, uti cerms, injigm- tdviy id cujus virtute femper ac vigore prolecius i per hojles tutus abeas , cos ubique fuferare vale as , & prceclar ijftmis denique mentis , pojl egrcgiam banc hujus temporis mihttam 3 ad aterna 3 vereque triumphalia gaudia pertingas. Sic Anglice. “ Receive this Robe of heavenly Colour , (the Livery of this mo ft excellent tc Order) in Argumentation of thine Honour, enobled with the Shield , and Red Crofs oj our Lord , by whole Power thou may’ft fafely pierce Troops of thy Enemies, and be over them ever victorious ; and being in this temporal Warfare glorious in egregious and heroick AClions, thou may’it “ obtain eternal and triumphant Joy.” Cceteris infgmbus qnibus claret hie ordo 3 confpeSliusgeritur coll are; collare ejl ex auro obryzo j contexiturque perpetua perifcclidum minutarum j' r ie } unitas An- g\\x rofas cingentium, vinculij'que elegant ibus ad invicem connexarum j cui ap- pendi folet imaguncula Sandh Georgii draconem conjicientis fupinatam , fed equo fimul & ft fori atrociter minantem , qua quidem ex adamant, bus plurimis £•? in- gent ibus affabre compaginata, non minus arte quam pretio fplendet. Hoc cervix principis circumdata ejl , repet ltd 3 per cancellarium 3 oratiuncula fupra manor at a 3 viz. “ Wear this Collar about thy Neck, &c. changing only the Word Rib¬ band for Collar. Deinde capitium ex holoferico nigro, catenelld adamantind cindlum 3 plumdque Candida decorum imponebatur. Fulgens denique tot tantifque heroicis ornamentis , virtutibus ipfe fulgentior 3 flallum (a dextrd fupremi primum) afeendebat. Augetur interim fociorum numerus inexpettato acceffu duels Levin'll, & comitis Kellie. Injuper 3 opera pretium eft meminijfe , ad augendam folennitatem, hue con- fluxijfe vener andijftmos antiftites Guil, archiepif Cantuarienfem, Gulielmum Londinenlem magnum Anglian thefaurarium , Matthasum Elienfem, capella regia decanum j ahofque viros pracellentes 3 prater capellanos regios, regiique chori minijlros Jymphoniacos •> noc non alios e clcro complures , qui ad unum omnes , lita- niam (pi ocedendo) decant ab ant , donee tot am capellam 3 & aream 3 qua c ami- terio deflinata ejl - 3 perluftrajjent , partim candidis , partim Jlolis byfminis , qua- liter canonici noftrates ex pracepto folent , partim denique acupidhs, auroque in- ter text iS) induti ; facro huic agmim coryphaum ponebat honoratijfima commili- tonum fraternitas , ipfor unique pars optima maximum Carolus uterque Jilius prin- ceps , paterque Supremus. In bis procejJiombuSy ipfe augujlijjimus rcx 3 nec non Supremus fub ccelo por¬ table five umbraculo ex holoferico confeSto 3 pergebat 3 columnis quatuor argenteis fufjultO) cujus faciem fuperiorem occupabant regalia infgnia 3 auro gemmijque in¬ tertext a ; alteram faciem emblema fpiritus fanCii fub fpecie columba defcendentis 3 illufrabat. Supremo quoque viginti principum flii 3 partim didla umbrella 3 partim trabca elongates geftanda gratia 3 famulabantur . Flos omnes dum fpedlaret ferenifima regina 3 e fenef.ris camera qua ad euro- aufralem angulum capella propendet , non fine honorar 10 obfequio pratereuntesq ingenti dulcedine capta eft. ^itis enim miretur , tanta prohs augufam matrem 3 ad confpeBum tarn fu - pend a ^ infilio o 6 lenni 3 indolis regia 3 perculfam qua/i & attonitam? cum inter cxercitatifimos comrmlitones pauci tunc juerant 3 qui operofa illius tridui munia 3 taiii' exadld obfervantia 3 tarn dulci decore , tarn indefefjd 3 ufque ad extremum , patientia 3 abfolverint ; tejles appello 3 rorantes fpcdlatorum ocu!os } prorumpen- tibus 1 55 CHRISTOPHER WREN, D. D. tibus gaudiis imparts, quibus etiam fuff'ragetur heroic: fenis, Arundeliae comitis incoatfa ilia ad principem profejjio. ‘ ‘ Pudorem nobis omnibus fuffudijii hodie, “ excellentijjime princeps, quibus pene fatifcentibus tua ftupenda tolerantia, 1 • torpentibus tua invicla conjlantia, ofcitantibus devota tua pietas & cbfer- “ vantia, opprobrio funt.” Sacrorum, & procejjionum, adpalatium caflri, folennitatem, fuccedunt epula regales omrii magnificentice apparatu inJlruBiJJimce; quibus demuni daufulam ponit commilitonum Jolita veneratio Supremo exhibita, in medio aula Sail. Geor¬ gians, dum ad lotiones furgunt, redhibita quoque a Supremo ef, Jolennis vale- didlio. Non omittendum eft, quod in au/lrali capella San. Georgians ala, fcriba po- nendam curaverat tabuhim diptycham ; cujus in media facie apparebat laurea ingens, imperiali fa/to Suprcmi circumfufa ; ipfa verb laurea, tam foliorum, quam baccarum intermicantium 13. paribus, utrinque forebat, confimili ordine erumpcntibus, quo ftalla, ex utrcque latere capella , commilitonibus, qui in vivis junt, Jblent aftignari. Hac tabula votiva pragrandis, fcite & niiide delineata, & elaborata, in- fcriptionem Jequentem annexam habuit. Laurus Britannica, impcratoria, aterna, [Ab Edvardo Tertio, ante annos tercentum. In honoretn auguftifimi ordinis, plantata, Succeforumque ejus Carolo, maxima, fota, Principumque, qui in hoc fyllabo recoluntur , Quadringentorum, trigin/a trophais ornata, Ut femper floreat, cclatur, augeatur, (Si invidia non litas) fponte, leBor, vovebis. Ex ilia lauro, eft Hac quam fufpicis, Laurea Carolina, Cujus baccce exteriores, viventium principum lnfcripta gerunt nomina patronymica ; Qua introrfum fuccrefcunt, difinta diadematuni Fafigia geftant, tantis natalibus congrua. Folia itidem, qua forts expanfa confpicis, Eorundem titulos exhibent honorarios ; Qua introrfum pendent fcutiformia, ferunt Aptata titulis, arma gentilitia. Ad immortale decus Carolini nominis In Supremo Britannici orbis & ordinis, Filioque juventutis principe, venerandijftmi, Et heroica fraternitatis, commilitonum Qui nunc florent aterna fama dignifftmorum, Votivam hanc tabftam, poferitati confecrat Supremo, f 156 THE LIFE OF Supremo, qui eft a facris, auguftoque ordini A memortalibus, longs indigniffimus, Chrirtophorus Wren, decanus Windeforienfis, Poft pr&grejjos annos, nota terse l6z ?- tftfa DeVs eX pVra VIrgIne faCtVs hoMo eft, Mai 22, quo Carolus princeps inftallatus eft. Additamenta, Ex fchedis ejufdem. Cedro G? marmore digna. Anno Domini 1637, OBobris 2. commilitones undecim, apud caftrum regale Windeforse, Supremum vetierati , concilium inchoant. Vafa argentea terttum deaurata, operis verb dcedalei, pendentia uncias mccxx, Supremi, G? commilitonum pietate parata in ujum capellce de Wind- Lr, juftit Supremus craftino cfferri per donatores, oblata verb dicari cetenio Dei optirni maxtmi, fervitio, per reverendiftimum prcelatum ordinis. E capitulo ad ve/pertinas ilur .-—- Dein facra finite.1 fequitur ccena regalis in aula S. Georgiana. OBobris 3. folennia repetunt Supremus, & commilitones a facris in capelld •exorfi ; quant, praeunte chore, dalmaticis pretiojijjimis veftito, peragrant, ti¬ tanium cantantes. Junique liturgia ad offertorium emenfa, reverendifthmis Gaulterus epif de Winton, praful nobilijfimi ordinis, ante medium partem flans altaris, feledliores quafdam veteris teftamenti fententias, ad dedicationem templi Solomonici, fif do- naria cjus fpeBantes, refonabat, dum Supremus, G? principes ojfertorio J'e ac- cingunt ; quorum prima defumpta eft, ab Exod. xxxv'. 4, fecunda ib. v. 21. tertia SanBi Mattbasi ii. 11. His quaft invitatus Supremus, folio defeendit, triplicique adoratione interjeBa, Drum unum in medio chori venerans, ad fummos gradus fepti in genua pro- cumbit ; turn quoque pollubrum maximum, (unciarutn ccx) ex aftante menfd, ca- nonici ftolati manibus allatum, humillime Deo offert, his •verbis, noftro idiomate conceptis. “ Particulam bonitatis tuce, erga nos, omnipotent Deus, tibi, tuoque fervitio “ confecrandum off'ero.” Oblatum recipit pralatus, G? fuper altare ponit confpicuum. Tunc porro, ab hoc auguftijftmi regis exemplo, commilitones fnguli fuum quif- que vcis, forma G? verbis per omnia fimilibus obtulerunt. Nec reticendum eft, Jingulos, infuper, aurum, & argentum Jignatum, uti oblationum illarum femper mos full, in pollubrum aliud a canonico protenftim ccnjecijje ; poft hate vafts ftngulis fuper menfam Dei decenter locatis , prttful manum fuam, quaft ex Dei parte, ftgillatim imponens, his verbis, Jermone vernacu’.o ufus eft. “ Domine Deus, pater ceeleftis, nos humillimi fervi tui, obnixe te obfecramus, “ tit gratioft accipere digneris hac Jacra anathemata, per ferenifftmi Supremi, “ deminique noftri, Caroli regis; & honoratiftimorum qui hie adfunt commili- “ tonum mams, tibi oblata-, concede queefumus & fac, ut quicquid hodib tibi “ oblatum eft, ab omni ufu prophano prreferuetur, tuoque femper fervitio ma- “ neat confecrandum ; per Jefum Chriftum, dominum noftrum. Amen. Bene- CHRISTOPHER WREN, D. D. « Benedicimus te, ghriofi Domin' Dots nojier , quod placuerittibi inden■ in corda ferenijlimi Domini nofiri Caroli, & pnncipum iftorum , fondly has obla- ■■ ttones fervitio tuo dicare ; refpice quajmusde fummo calo tS effunde bene- - dibtiones iuas fuper caput fercnijfrma majejlatis pus r j benedtc ei in pi Jt pi ‘ eus regia-, in ferenijfimd regind Maria -, in illuftnjfimo prmcfe Carolo ; ‘ & in reliquis omnibus regii ftanmatis gtrmmbus -,. benedtcas q«*/mus us ■■ omnibus, quorum donation's tibi oblatas, hie hodie accepimus-, deedat bene- ■■ diblio tua, ficut nos call fuper ipfos, & fuper profaptas ipforum, & fuper ■ omnia put, ate , ipfirum funt; & concede, v.t fatidto devotoque eorum qua ■■ hie offeruntur ufu, nominis tui gloria fimpir amuncieturmajejtas tua de- ■ bitishifee objequiis noftris exaltetar ; per JeJum Chrbftum, Dominum nojlrum ■ 1 Amen.” 157 N u M E. VIII. Ext rati from Mr. Afcmole, of the Order ' of the Garter. T H A T it might appear what was given, by whom, and how bellow d towards the furnilhing the Altar of the Chapel of St George aWind- for ; it was appointed, that a fliort hiftorical Account of the Getf Offerings, And Gifts, fliould be made and preferved in the Chapter-huff, at IVindfor The Book defigned for this Purpofe is now with his MajeJly, being a large thin Folio in Yellom, wearing this Title. STN 0ES1- Memoriae veritati, virtuti facrum. Altare libera capclla regia Sandli Geor^ii martyris infra caftrum regale Windeforienfe ampkpms donanis, Ueorgn many ,_ j J & futremm, &■ honoratijmos commili- Deo optimo maxima per augu/tijjmum jupremum, <-> a ... . tones nobiWmi ordinis d perifeelidc ddcatis, recenter -adauclum, defcrtbit burnt *iimmttlimordiriis firms & fcriba C. Wren, decanus W.ndelonenfis, Anno Do¬ mini 163 7. It contains the Orders made in Chapter ,625, 1630, and 1668, with the Commiffionary Letters thereupon iffued, together with the Names ot th Knights-companions prefent at each Chapter. ,, ,, ■ M t 1 After thefe follow the Arms and Quartenngs, very fairly limn d in Metal and Colour wUhin a Garter, over each a Coronet fu,table to the Dignity^of the Perfon ■ and underneath are entered the Sules /.f * h ' mans, who were of the Order in the Year .625, o^dmitted after, to he r me of makine the Book; as alfo the Sum which each Knight paid to the Kigi Her But ^as to any Account of Plate provided upon the Sovereign s, and fuc- "ced'ing Knights Companions Contributions, there is none, though probably in¬ tended to fill up the many blank Leaves that followed. p. 497 . Rr Numb. T H E L I -F E OF Numb. IX. T O the few Extradls, inferted before, from the Memoirs of the Garter, compiled by Drs. Matthew, and Chrijlopher Wren, wherein an Idea may be formed of the royal Magnificence, and eminent Piety of King Charles the Martyr, it may be pertinent, and curious to add the Preface of a prior Regifter and Memorial, by Dr. Beaumont, the immediate PredecefTor of Dr. Matthew Wren-, commencing on the Death of King "James I. and the Ac- ceffion of Prince Charles his only Son, to the imperial Throne. Carolus Jacobi beatijjima memorise jam vita defunbli regis, Jilius unicus & hares, Deo fuvimo aufpice, nec non divina ejus gratia fic ordinante, 27 die Martii, Anno 1625, eodem die id immediate po/l patris mortem, non minus jure fuo optimo, qudm fummo omnium ordimtm applaijii & gaudio, paternorum regnorum habenas gubernandas fufcepit ; quod lit Jain iter ei accidat, Deo in gloriam, ecclefa in augmentum, Of populo in Jhmmarn falicitatem, fummis votn ut omnes precantur, itd cum omnium virtutum cumulo adeo accumulate fit prin- ceps, & quod fumnmm eji, vera religionis, & pietatis ze/o ita accenfus, ut nihil fupra in e0 dejiderari poteft, Jpcs omnium Jic eventurum certijfime cis fpondet, & promittit. Spes itaque hac certijjima, de optimo tanti regis regimine omnium animis adeo infixa Gf harem, ut non potuit fummum omnium luctum ob patris, per to- tum orbem opt!mi regis obitum, non plurimum lenire, & demulcere ; Jic Jane om¬ nium animos J'ummd latitia itd implevit, ut luBa jam maxima erat, utrum, luBufne, ob Jacobi ab imperio decejjum, an latitia ob Caroli ad imperium ac- cejjum, major ejfet ; quiim verb bona qua adfunt, & qua continue fcquutura cer- tijjimd fperantur, majore latitia mortalium animos perfundere folent, qudm luciu cos obruere pojfit prateritorum amijfw, vicit tandem pro Caroli eveBione in rcg- num fumma concepta latitia luBum, licet & ilium maximum, qui cb Jacobi mortem omnium mentes invafifet. Carolus Rex fereniffimus, & noblijjimi ordinis garterii Supremus, plurimas ob cauj'as non convenire judicans fejium Gcorgianum hoc anno folitis die bus viz. 22, 23, & 24 Aprilis jam currentis celcbrandum ; fed pracifue quod ante jujla patri tanto regi pie £? debite J'oluta, mtempejlivum maxim 'e vidcretur in fejlis celebrandis fe aut alios verfari: decreto fub fgillo ordinis confcBo, & in manibus Georgii Moore equitis aurati, & ordinis in/ignifimi cancellarii dignif- fimi, remanente, prorogandum ilium feftum pronuntiavit, a diebus Hits Juperiits nominatis, ad 16, 17, & 18, menfis Augufti dies ; numdans omnibus praclarif- fimi ordinis commilitonibus, nec non ojjiciariis omnibus ut prafib turn ejjent ad majejlati fua, prout deceret, inferviendum. See. CHRISTOPHER WREN, D. D. N U M B. X. Nonnulla maxlme notanda, e regiftro garterii, vulgo di£io Iibro niero. o C'Criptus eft ifte liber temporibus regis Henrici VIII. Rex Henricus I. Beauclerk injlituit collegium facerdotale Windeforas. Ordo d fubligari nuncupatus, a rege Ricardo I. erat inventus, fed ab Ed- vardo III. injlitutus. In altero humero, in crure, interdiim & in pollice gejlari folet apophthegma. gallicum. Carulei fubligaris nomen indidit ordini rex Edwardus III. Sacellum SanBi Stephani Weftmonafterii incepit Edvardus III, perfecit R. Ricbardus II. R. Henricus V. Ceenobia Syonis, & Sheynenfe, adificavit j atque diadema imperiale primus geftavit. Regis Henrici VI. corpus Windeforam ab Edvardo quarto advcBum, mira- culis claruit. R. Edvardus IIII. templum Windefors ab Edvardo III. czdificatum, ampliiis auguftiifque excedificavit ; Reginaldus a Graius R. Henrici VII. d confiliis, magnus erat benefaBor. Vir prudens& agilis Thomas Wolfreus cardinalis, prudentiffimi regis deleBif- fimus d confiliis, bono fpiritu preedixit, banc JlruBuram incepit Henricus VI. perfecit VII. ornabit VIII. cujus ori virtutem propheticam ille dederit, qui Ba- laamicae. voci vaticinium indidit. Hifioria SanBi Georgii Cappadocis fub Daciona tyranno afjeritur d St. Am- brofio ; de Dracone, & regia puelld liberatd, forjitan eft apocryphum vel alle- goricum. Cor, & portio calve SanBi Georgii, reliquiae Windelbrre Sigifmundus impe- rator retidit cor, cum ab Henrico V. afcifceretur in ordinem. 159 .v jis:-i‘iOT . i Hii'J Z :: u K j ■ ... : -i ■'>'! ■ V ' .7 • . • ■ • . J- -V\ I. O V A. .. : ..V ' '\vi 7,7 in .r. : V- - :: 7 - V i . l 7 . ( 7 ■ U ■ I bn - > ' : :t i' . V .. '.v. S . • - - 1 • ■■ ' - • " ' . ‘ : ... . , • - Sir CHRISTOPHER PFREN, Knt. PART I SECT. I. Of the Works in Mathematicks of Sir Chriftoplier Wren. , IR CHRISTOPHER WREN, the only Son of Dr. Chrjiopher Wren, Dean of Windfor , was born at Eajl-Knoyle in Wiltjhire, on the 20th Day of October in the Year of our Lord 1632. His Mother was Mary Daughter and Heir of Mr. Robert Cox of Founthill in the fame County. His firft Education in Clafick Learning was (by reafon of a tender Health) committed to the Care of a Domeftick Tutor* the Rev. William Shepheard, M. A. excepting that for fome fhort Time before his Admiffion in the Univerfity, he was placed under Dr. Bujby at Weflminfter School. In the Principles of Mathematicks, upon the early Appearance of an un¬ common Genius, he was initiated by Dr. William Holder , before-mention’d ; fome Time Sub-Dean of the Royal Chapel ■ Canon-Refidentiary of St. Paul's and Ely, &c. (This Gentleman was a gr^at Virtuofo and a Perfon of many Accomplifoments, fam’d for his wonderful Art, in making a young Gentle¬ man named Alexander Popham, who was born deaf and dumb to fpeak : He wrote an ingenious Difcourfe of the Elements of Speech 1669 ; had good Skill in the Theoretick and Pradlical Parts of Muftck ; and publifhed a Trea- tife of the Natural Grounds and Principles of Harmony 1694, and of the a ancient ancient Greek Mufick. Alio a Difcourfe concerning Time 1712, with Appli¬ cation of the Natural Day, Lunar Month, and Solar Tear, as Natural ; and of fuch as are derived from them : as Artificial Parte of Time, for MeaJ'ures in Civil and Common Ufe, for the better Underftanding of the Julian Tear and Calendar.) At the Age of Thirteen, this young Mathematician had invented a new AJlronomical Inftrument, of general Ufe, which (together with an Exercife in Phyficis, De Ortu Fluminum, founded on fome Hints, and Principles fug- gefted by his Father ,) he dedicated in this Manner, Reverendo Patri Domino Chriftophero Wren, S. T. D. £c D. W, Chrijlopherus Filius Hoc fuum P' anorgatium AJlronomicum D. D. XIII 0 . Calend: Novem. An°. 1645. Si licet, & cejfent rerum (pater alrne) tuarum Pondera, devotee refpice prolis opus. Hie ego fidereos tentavi pingere motus, Calicaque in tnodulos conciliare breves. Quo (prolapfa diu) renoventur tempora gyro, Seculaque, & menfes, imparilefque dies. Quomodo fol abeat, redeatque, & temperet annum, Et (raptum contra) grande perennet iter. Cur nafeens gracili, pleno orbe refulget adulta. Cur gerat extinflas menftrua luna faces. His ego numinibus dum lito, atque ardua mundi Scrutor, & arcanas Conor inire vias, Adfis 0 ! faveafque pater, fuccurre volant i Sufpenfum implumis dirige prolis iter, Ne male, pracipiti, nimium pree viribus audax (Sorte fub Icarea) lapfus ab axe ruam : Te duce, fert animus, Jludiis fublimibus hifee Pafci, dum fuperas detur adire domos. Dedicatio, ad Patrem, Traflat us De Ortu Fluminum. Jure accepta Tibi refero mea Flumina ; pulchre Derivata fuum refpicit Unda caput. About the fame Time, he invented a Pneumatick Engine ; the Defcription of which, with the Schemes, he thus introduced to his Father; Permitte mihi obfecro (Reverende Pater) prolufiones meas tuie femper pa- ternitati vovere ; & fi arrideant qiue olim in Phyficis, De Ortu Fluminum : queeque nuper in Opticis, nova tentavi; folitd nunc etiam indulgentia, Pneu- maticum Hoc (quod ante inter otia excogitavi, jamque ad incudem reduxi) excipias rogo. He contrived alfo a peculiar Inftrument of Ufe in Gnomonicks, which He explained in a Treatife, intitled Sciotericon Catholicum: the Ufe and propos’d End of which, w'as the Solution of this Problem, viz. “ On a known “ Plane, in a known Elevation, to deferibe fuch Lines with the expedite “ turning of Rundles to certain Divifions, as by the Shadow of the Style “ may (hew the equal Hours of the Day.” In the Year 1646, and Fourteenth of his Age, Mr. Wren was admitted a Gentleman-Commoner at Wadham-College, in the Univerfity of Oxford-, where he foon attradted the Friendfhip, and Efteem of the two moll cele¬ brated sir CHRISTOPHER brated Virtuofi, and Mathematicians of their Time, Dr. John Wilkins, Warden of Wadham, (afterwards Bifhop of Chejler) and Dr. Seth Ward, Savilian Profeifor of AJlronomy, (afterwards Bifliop of Sarum ;) which con¬ tinued with Intimacy and Affedtion during their Lives.-By the Means of Dr. Wilkins, who was Chaplain to his Royal Highnefs Charles Eledlor Pa¬ latine, while refident in Esigland, he had the Honour to be introduced to the Acquaintance and Favour of that Prince, a great Lover and Encourager of Mathematicks, and ufeful Experiments. There is extant an Epiftle to his Royal Highnefs, introdudlive of a Prefent to Him on thofe Subjects, which is here inferted from the firfl: rough Draught. To his Mojl Illujlrious Highnefs Charles, Prince Ele&or Palatine of the Rhine, &c. Mojl Ilhiftrious Prince, W HEN of old a Votive-Table was hung up to fome Deity or Hero, a few fmall Charadters, modeftly obi'curing themfelves in fome fhady Corner of the Piece (as yet the modern Cuftom is) were never pro¬ hibited from revealing the poor Artift, and rendering him fomewhat a Sharer in the Devotion : Indeed I was almoft prompted to l'uch a Prefump- tion, out of my own Zeal to a Prince, fo much mercurialium agios viro- rum, but the learned Votary who confecrates thefe Tables to your Highnefs Sutpm'e (being one who fuffers me to be a mod adaidted Client of his) civilly ob-^’' Wllkl “” ftetricated my Affedlion to your Highnefs, by adding his Commands to me to tender this Oblation: And had not my too indulgent Patron by undeferved- ly thinking them not unlit for his own prefenting, (tho’ exceedingly beneath your Highnefs’s Acceptance) robb’d me of my Humility, and taken away the extreme low Thoughts I Ihould otherwife have had of them, I muit needs have called the firfl: Device, but a ruftick Thing concerning Agri¬ culture only and therefore an illiberal Art, tending. only to the faving of Corn, improper in that glorious prodigal Soil of your’s, where every Shower of Hail muft neceflarily prefs from the Hills even Torrents of Wine. The other Conceipt I muft have deplor’d as a tardy Invention, impertinently now coming into the World, after the Divine German Art of Printing. Of the third Pa¬ per I cannot fay any Thing too little, ’tis Extenuation enough to fay that they are two Mites, two living Nothings, nay, but painted Nothings, the Shadow of Nothing; and this Shadow rarified too, even to forty thoufand Times its former Extenfion; if it prefents you with any Thing in Nature, ’tis but with a Pair of Atoms. Now if it be poffible for your Highnefs to force your felf to accept fuch extreme Littleneffes as thefe, you will therein imitate the Divinity, which fhews it felf maxime in minimis, and preferve that De¬ votion towards your Highnefs, which I conceived while yet a Child, when you was pleafed to honour my Father’s Houfe by your Prefence, for fome Weeks-|-) "'ho therefore muft eternally retain a Senfe of being Tour Highnefs’s mojl humble and mojl devoted Servant, Christopher Wren, * A Planting-Inftrument, which being drawn by a Horfe over a Land ready plow’d and harrow’d, fhall plane Corn equally without Want and without Waite. + The Deanry-Houfe at Windfor, which his Highnefs occafionally made ufe of for Retire- ment, and Benefit of the Air. Of f k •! 1 84 THE LIFE OF 1 Of his T racr abovementioned, intitled Sciuteri con, and other Inventions, and Experiments, at the Age of Sixteen, relating to Gnomonicks, is a memor¬ able complimental Account from an eminent Mathematician of that Time, as follows: Speftatiffime Juvenis, OCiotericon tuum AKPlBtlS ccncinnatum, curfufque heliaci fidelem interpretem accept equidem, & fummd lujlravi cum voluptate ; cieterum hareo, utrum artijicis ingenium, an authoris minus magis congratuler; utrumque ftupens demiror, deofculor ; ubi Solis diurna converfto, atque accejfu, deceffuque an¬ nuo intra folftitiales terminos dimetitur ; quin & ipfa cash facies, & variegata plaga uno intuitu contemplanda exponuntur. ’OPrANON OPrANHN non alio de¬ le Slit gaudens quam proprio, & ft magnet iccc ants invent 0 minus ce quale, certe magis infallibik, quod illud alienum fuperbiens duBum tuo fubdis diSlatnini, & fine iftius adminiculo veraci concilias concordid, jubefque (tud manu dimotd) ad in- llitutum tuum fubfjlere. Infuper non infra hujus folarii circulum tun admi- randa compinguntur. In paternis cedibus folertia tua fpecimina, & limata Philofophia A Elf AN A omnibus aulceis anteferenda appenduntur ; & pro re natd, in cameris, in tricliniis, & per quafeunque fenefiras fol radios immittit , cos gnomonicorum fubjicis regulis. Neque caelefis motus contrario difpofitu (qualis inter analemma, £? horologium folet dirigi) fed (retorti luminis bene- ftcio) ipfijjimi folaris circuitus project tone amuld. Ut fol de fphard fud de- ductus tanquam fponfus procedens de thalamo exultat ut gigas ad currendum viam. O te falieem ! qui ipfum Phaebum ante confpeBum provehis. Sjuantam mejfem fpondent hccc tenuioris cetatis femina ? Nec male auguror te id genus Hudiorum TAMEIA, & Eleufmia ingrejfum, ad illorum delicias provehendas na- tum, terrafque adhuc in hoc globo incognitas tud difquifitionis clave adaperien- das; adco in id nervos intendis tuos. djuodque vortat tibi faliciter fummoperb adprecor. Vale Mathematicorum ocelle, & ama tui obfervantiftimum. Pie falutifera pajfwnis, 10 April. 1649 . Thomas Aylesbury. At the Age of Sixteen, he contrived, and modelled on Pafteboard, illuftrated with curious Afironomical Delineations in proper Colours, a new pern Hvpothe/is, entitled, Hypotypofs Profthapharefefun Luna, in qua Circulationes ejus fecundum Rati ones Ty coni anas, nova hac Hypothefi exaBe demonjlrantur. About the fame Age, he tranflated into Latin, a Trad! of Mr. Oughtredl s Clavis Mathematica, [clavis verb aurea ] viz. of Geometrical Dialling ; which that eminent and learned Mathematician publifhed with his other Works, inferring this memorable Remark in his Preface.- Partem o.utem illam qua: geometricam horologiormn fciotericorum Marti. ra pi onem tradit, ex Anglico idiomate in Latinum vertit Dominus Chrilto- T phorusWren, Collegii Wadhamenfis commenfalis generofus, admirando pror- Mi'-vfus ingenio juvenis, qui nondum fexdecim annos natus, Aftrononnam, Gno- monicam, Staticam, Mechanicam praclaris inventis auxit ; ab eoque tem¬ pore continue augere pergit ; & reverb is eft a quo magna poftum, neque fruftra prope diem expeBare. p n « An Eflay of his Skill in Gnomonicks, at that Age, was a very curious srtm. RefteBing-Dial, deiign’d on the Cieling of a Room, with this Infcription embellifh’d with divers Devifes, particularly two Figures reprefenting 1 « Ajlronomy, i i8 5 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. AJlronomy, and Geometry, and their Attributes, artfully drawn with his Pen, viz. C h r. Wren. Anguflis fatagens his laquearibus Ad caeli methodum tempora pingerc A Phceho obtinuit luminis ut J'ui Idceam, Jpeculo, linqueret cemulam, Qua ccelurn hoc peragret luce vie arid, Curfufque ejjigiem jingcret annui ; Pojl annos Epocha - VIrgIneo qVIbVs Vere faCtVs hoMo est eX Vtero DeVs, Scil. 1648. etatIsqVe sV^e nVperjE. An early Proficiency in Learning and Mathematicks, may be further dif- cern’d by the following Specimens of fome few of his Juvenile Studies, the Dawnings of a bright Day, viz. An Epijlle to his Father, informing him of the Friendfhip he had obtained of Dr. Scarborough, (afterwards Sir Charles Scarborough, a celebrated Phyfician, and Mathematician :) of his Invention of a Weather Clock ; and an Injlrument to write in the Dark: Of a Treatife of Spherical Trigonometry, in a new Method ; with an Epitome of the fame, engraved on a fmall circular Brafs Plate : Of his Propofal to tranflate Part of fmftim. Mr. Oughtred’ s Clavis Mathematicderatur. ter Aurci magnitudine, deferipji j multumque in ea, propria manu, airepto artificis ftylo Jculpfi: Hdc vifaa doBore rotuld, non acquievit donee fibi fimi- lem acquifierit. Extare nojli in lingua vernacula laudatifjhnuni Oughtiedi de Horologiographia Geometrica traBatum, quern ut lingua Romana vefliret, Dodtorem [Scarborough] fcepifime (fenio fatigatus) author rogaverat-, Ille verb majoribus implicatus negotiis, in me laborem tranjlulit, G\x\jam penefi- nem impofui: Epiftolam quoque authori additurus, ut hoc modo, in magnum mei commodum ; (talia promittente Doftore) Senis conciliem favoremfimulque totius Jludioforum in Mathefi chori, qui Oughtredum, quafi patrem & ma- gijlrum agnofeunt. - b The i p The Epiftle abovementioned to the Rev. Mr. Oughtrcd, was in this Perm . Venerabili Authori C L A V I S <0f ’re Aurea; Saculi fui (Si quis unquam ab Apollonio & Diophanto Heroibus) Magno Gecmetrct, . JEterno Oramerito. S. Tam appoftte hoc noflrt avo (vir crnatiftime) effulftt, e mathematicarum ar- tiumfphard, Clavis Tua, ut iUam vel ipfi peritiores cynofuram fidelem agnove- rint ; nec immerito, quum jam, te duce, turbidum latumque algebra oceanum, certo, tutbque remigib exercent, ut reliqua ilia Matbefeus adhuc incognita pau- iatim detegant. Sed erant e trivia, lippi quidam, qui Stellam Hanc Eximiam, tanquatn obfcuram 6? nebulofam culpabant, veluti fcintilltilss il/as in ccclo mi- tiores, qua licet verb immenfce fmt & fulgida, nec magnitudine nojlro huic cedunt globo, imo nec cateris forfan ejujdem chori, cum tamen vajlijjimd fphara abyjfo lateant, nimia fublimitate fuam adimunt gloriam, & vutgarem omnem ejf'ugiunt aciem. Optime igitur audliori opens tui fplendori conj'ulens, tam nojlro quam Romano borizonti (in frcundis editionibus) confpicuum magisejfecijli Hoc pulcher- rimum fid us: Attamen in Romano hemijphano, d facula ilia incomitatum ap- ■faruit, quae horologiographicam artem tam eleganter illujlravit. Suocircd ^t in digniori quoque lingua, clavi tua; (ut gemma: margarita penftlis) annexa digniori quoque lingu _ prodeat, huic me rei, tenues conatus adhibere jujfit clarijftmus Doctor Scarbo¬ rough ; vir, cujus non ita tibi aliena eft amicitia, non itd literals ignotus eft ingenii fplendor, ut tmhi necejfe fit. Ilium non minus in medicina, & penitiori- bits harum artium adytis, quam omnimodafere politiori literaturd vcrjatijjimum dicere ; cujus humanitati, & apertiffimo genio, non minimum e tenui (ft quern ha- beo) Mathejeus guftu debeo ; im'o cujus & arti vitam ipfam dum nuper morbo languefcerem, quafi 0 EOT XEIPI, debeo. Parce igitur, vir optime, quod ex il- lius obfequio tantis nominibus facro, in veftram peccarem gravitatcm, dum pueri Jiylum tuis aptare fcriptis conatus fum, qua; verborum lenocinia non ambiunt, fed propria magis brcvitate confpicua renident, brevitate, inquam,. ilia tam fa- J tier a, fenfuque ad apices ufque liter arum referta: merito enim in Clavi Tua, ufttatum mortalibus, Jed myjieriis ineptum, ratiocinium rejecifti, & fymbolis, notifque, fine perplexd verborum farragine, legentium animis uno fere intuitu ' mirandos conceptus tuos inferis. Ardua fane methodus, fed eo magis divina ; hoc enim, ut mihi videtur, eft calites imitari, qui locutionis humance mora non impediti, referando tantum animum myfteria invicem pandunt. Religiofe igitur in hdc Horologiographia Tua verbum fere verbb reddere conatus fum-, (licet hanc fortaJJ'e quum ad praxin magis pertineat, laxius utidecebat, aliquant a fcripftfti) nempe verebar, tie inftcitia mea vel unus ijiius Jcientice pei eat apex, cujus ego me vel tyronem ejfe ftatis docilem, plurimum gloria duco, & hoc Jum- r ambio, ut (licet adbuc ignotum) annumeres inter cultores tui obfervantijft- me mos Chr istophorum Wren. • Dr. Seth Ward. This famous Mathematician, Mr. William Oughtred, in his Preface above- noted, to his Clavis Mathematical where he had given a juft Charadter of Mr. Chriftopher Wren, makes this Encomium on the incomparable Anatomift, Phyftcian, and Mathematician, Dr. Charles Scarborough, before-mentioned, viz.—AcceJJit & alter* hortator vehement, dominus Carolus Scarborough, doliler medicina, fuavijftmis moribus, perfpicatijftmoque ingenio vir, cujus tanta eft. in matheft fdertia, & fupra Jidem J'alix tenaxque memoria, ut otnnes Euclidis, Archi- sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, int, Archimedis, aliorumque nonnullortun ex anti quit propofltiones & demonflrationes red tare or dine, & in ufnmprefer re pot is fit. Mr. Chrijlopher Wren was an Affiftant to the faid Dr. Scarborough, in anato¬ mical Preparations and Experiments, efpecially upon the Mufcles of human Bodies, during their Studies at Oxford and ellewhere; and particularly he explained by Models formed on Pafteboards, the Anatomical Adminiftration of all the Mufcles of an human Body, as they naturally rife in DiJJ'eblion, &c. for the Ufe of Dr. Scarborough's, celebrated Ledures in the publick Theatre in Surgeon’s-Hall .—Thefe Models, by credible Report, were depofited in the faid Theatre, and deftroyed at the Fire of London. Hence came the firft Introdudion of Geometrical and Mechanical Speculations into Anatomy. Z o d i a c u s Ref or mat us. Atria multiplici radiantia lumine cceli Stellarumque facros ufus, quofeunque, vetufli Vma fuperjlitio fade detorferat ami, Pangere fert animus. Pu, quern purijjima Deflit Gloria circumdans, oculis impervia nofris, ifui folo in numeros cogis vaga fdera nutu, Mundi magne parens, regni coeleflis origo, Annue conanti, devotumque accipe carmen : Nil mihi Caftalio fapiunt de fonte liquores. Nil mihi Pierides, & inania nomina Mufe Nulce fonant, tu folus ades, placideque faveto, Num tua facia canam, vaftumque ingentis Olympi Num populo modulabor opus ; gens nefeia veri Ut fatuum, longdque animum caligine merfurn Attollat ccelo, & flammantia lumina mundi Numftupet, authori folirn tibi ponat honores, Codicis G? fieri Darios conformet ad ufus. Hos ergo cethereos ignes fub noble micantes, Indigenas cceli, numerofumque agmen Olympi, Nominibus, numerifque fuis difinguere primi Cczpere Aflyrii, fiudiis gens dedita facris ; 1 li fells, luneeque vices, metafque vagantum Stellarum, liquidafque vias inquirere dobli (Ne nimium confufa forent, queerentibus aflra, Aut for fan ccelo fua ne menfura deejfet) In Jpecies varias animantum, & nomina certa Nifpoftere ; novis ornantes aflra figuris. Fcelices animee ! (primo ratione fagaci Quce detexiflis cceli fecreta ; docentes Ferrarum popidos, in cceli limina certos Ferre gradus ; primafque fuas agnofeerefedes-,) Non dos incufo (cceli profapia !) quorum, Nec cceca ambitio, nec lucri infana libido, Fiblorumque unquam veneratio flulta deorum. Sublimes animos formis pellexerit ifiis, Fallere mortales miferos; fed degener or bis. Ft flblis ludens. Datum fanatica turba, Falfidici Dates, temerant qui carmine verum, (Spurca fuperjlitio poflquam pojfederat ttrbes Niliacas, * Saturni fcil. fiiiob ftios de- vorantis. 1 m 1 Gen.xxii. i 3. THE LIFE OF Niliacas, mentefque leves) invent a Parentum In nugas torfere J'uas, cceloque pudenda Monjlra intrusenmt ; nam quce non horrent curie Pafiphaen Tauro j unci am ? Vaccceque Tonantem ? Incejhfque toros infandaque crimina divum , Qiiceque Thyeftasas abfolvant fercula tnenfas * ? At licet ceternce gens legis nefcia, vert Contemtrixque Dei, Jlolide err aver e poet re, Hceccine adhuc decuit fervari nomina Jleltis Chrifticolas inter ? Patrice ceeleflis alumnos His decuit J'cdcm macutis fcedare futuram ? Cur nos alterius ccelefiia regna patere Quam Veri Artificis, tacite pateremur honori ? Cumque fub ajlrorum forrnis, celebrare poetce Divorum foleant, prczclaraque gefla virorum , Cur non fas nobis potius difperfa per orbem Inclyta fafla Dei canere, & miracula dextrce ? ImmenJ'am IQ quoties aulam Jlellantis Olympi Sitfpicirmts, fanflo Scripturae a fonte petitis Hiftoriis, veteres ajlrorum aptare figuras. Aries f. Hie mihi Zodiaci princeps, & janitor anni (Qua fecat Aiquatrix obliquam linea zonam , Et monct aquales cum lucibas ejfe tenebras,) Dux gregis occurrit Jlellato vellere fulgens. Hunc, quia Phryxum olim vexit, Phryxique Jororem, leans mare, cum fugerent iram fraudemque novercce, Jupiter in ccelo (ftc mendax fama) locavit: At quonam hoc merit 0? Pecori debebat honores, (Quod profugi veflor) tantos, ut ad athera tollat ? Vah feriles ntigce ! quid enim hcec deliria tanti ? Sed tu, quam melius, fulgentia lumina caeli Chrifticola afpiciens, feriis Pafchalibus ortum Cum Phaebo) Domini Pafchalem dixeris Agnum ? Ceu fait ille Aries, Patriarch! facra parante, Obtulit Ifaaco qui fe (vadis injlar) ad aras ; Dignus ob he ceeli nitidas augere figuras, Qu'od Chrifto, Chriftique typo fe preeflitit arrham. Iple (Rubo quafi adhuc latitans) vix cernitur illic Ter fex exiguis ubi ducit fdera flellis : Et, licet occiduum rapiatur promts in orbem, Fleflit in ortivum remeantia lumina folem. Taurus Proximo Lanigero, rofeum converfus ad ortum, Lucida, procumbens , j aflat fua fdera Taurus ; Sive ft Europe Cretans veflor ad oras, Infamifve tub fceleratb Taurus amore Pafiphae ; noflrum non ef afpergere tantis Criminibus facrum (multb minus athera) carmen. Aid sir C H R I S T O P H E R WREN, knt. Aut ft peccantum popubrum crimina ccelo Infcribi fas fit, cur non hie jure legendus. Aureus ife fuit vitulus *, cut turba rebellis Ifacidum quondam (dimno feedere rupto) Montibus Horebi Jiolidos celebrabat honores : At nunc fubveblus ccelo (memorabile fgnum Fcedifragce gentis) medio fpebiatur in or be, “Ter denis de noble micans, fellifque duabus-, Quarum quee dextro nitidijjima fplendet ccello Stella det Remphan Pharii -j- eft, in cujus inanem Defcivit feede cultum fine mente popellus, Flevit & exilium merito Babylonis in oris. Apparent Hyades per frontem & cornua fparfee. Ft qua collufirant feptend lampade dorfum; Ifacidum lachrymee, Jcelerifque piacula tanti -, Jamque rigare folent effufis imbribus orbem. Cum primum madido Phoebum comitantur ab ortu, Indicioque docent qua fnt ab origine nata, Hablenus imbrifero Grabs cognomine dibice Gemini [J. Euccedunt Tauro, Geminorum fdera, (Phcebi F.xurit Lybicas ubi fcandens currus arenas ; Quaque novas fecat ceflates a vere Colurus;) Fdac erat (ut veterum comment a eft fabula vatum) Fcedce progenies, & Cygni furta Tonantis, Quorum promeruit, vitdque G? morte vicifjim Dtvifd, pietas caelum, cethereafque choreas: Scilicet ex iftis Pollux Jovis agnita proles, Interttufque expers, mortali femine cretupi Alterndtim ornat, partito numine fratrem. Nobile par fratrum; nifi nobis pagina feetam Nobiliore pari, memorajjet facra Rebeccam || ; E quibus, Aiterno feleblus Judice, Jacob, Fro Polluce tnagis, pro Caftore convenit Efau. Fotigena fratres, dubia difeordia matris. Pondera, primatumque ipfo captantia partu ; (Dum pater Ifaacus fenior, fterilifque ftupefeit Conjux, dividuo turgentia vifeera feetuJ Nunc quoque fiderea nudi fpeblantur arena, Arblo Jlringentes lublantia peblora nexu; Implicitumque jubar ter feno lumine vibrant. 189 •Exod.xxxii# 4- fAa.vii.43. X Hyades ab «£ t'j plucre. (| Gen. xxv. 21. Cancer 6 ft. Fallor ? An aquorci jam nablus brachia Cancri Cynthius, ajjiduts noftrum fervoribus orbem Forret, noblurnas vix admijfurus habenas. Hunc pede (non alio merito, vel origine) prelfum Alciden referunt ccelo pofuijfe, quod illi Forcipibus ealeem, miffus Junone, momordit ; Quin potius terra fineret periiffe fepultum, Quam ccelo infcribi, quern vivum fenferat hoftem. C Siccine igo * I. Regum XIII. 2Z. f Jo/eph. hoc nomine ap- pellatur. |j Duse flellae in figno cancri fic denominate. * Judicum »iv. 5, 6, 8. -]- Daniel, vi. 16, 22, 23. HApocal. v. 5 . THE LIFE OF Siccine ctzlorum fplendentia regna patere Futilibus nugis patietur dia poefis ? At mi hi pr if corum ratio non difplicet ilia, Qui Cancri fpeciem Jlellis donajfe videntur, Rurfus in humentes, quid fol cum pervenit illuc Cancri more meant retro, delabitur auftros, Vifurus nunquam flammis propioribus arSlon : Cur non & nobis parili fub imagine, votes * Devins, & fmilis Cancro, dicatur -j- I'adon ? Quem juf immemorem, (nitnium dum credulus ori Mendaci aufcultans, tiderat vefigia retro) A Domino immijji leto dedit ira leonis : Hinc trux ilia fern prope fat frendentis imago, Qita tribus atque decern (non multi luminis) ardet Sideribus Cancer, (delufi emblema prophets?) Ne tamen hie Geminos nimium mireris || Afellos, Quos media Cancri cernis confidcre tefta ; Hie deceptoris veBor, veblorque prophetce Alter decepti, junElo augent lumine fidus. Leo SI. Ne mirere trucem pecudes comitare Leonem, Indomitamque feram veteres pofuijfe furores ; Pacifcum, varid fpheeree tefludine, ccelum Ingeminare melos agnofee, modofque patentee, Harmonicoque choros ducentia fidera gyro : Attamen ingenita nendum fatis immemor ira, Spirat adhuc ignes, S’ pettore flagrat anhelo, Pracipue tunc, cum rabientem Syrius urget. Hunc, fylvis dim Nemesis, vulnere clava Hercules cecidijfe ferunt, quern ad fidera Jnno Pranfulit occifum, praclara quinque minores Prater ter denas, accendens lampede fammas. Quid tanti, hac ? Majora cano (ncc fifta) Leonem Hercules plufquam projlratum robore dextra:; Scilicet hunc, imberbis adhuc quem * Sampfonis ira Faucibus elifs, vafii nec vulnere trunci, Sed manibus J'olum jugidavit inermibus, Hyblte Flori/eges aptam prebens cultoribus ahum. Seu fuit ex illis unus , quorum ora -f- prophetes Claufa fpecu medio intrepidus mulcebat, atroces Quem fupuere fera, nec jam difeerpere pettus Angelicis totidem plenum virtutibus aufa. Sitve emblema || Leo fceptrum-gejlantis Jiids, Quem fore Mefli® ftirpem, fobolifque futurum Sahifca proavum, fanBi cecinere prophet a. Virgo 9 ?. Quod fi virgineis manfuefeere velle leones Sub manibus confiet, pragrejfum Virgo Leonem Non inconcinne fequitur ; quam fupplice voto Jam Vertumnus adit, gravidis oneratus arijlis. sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. 191 Frugibus ut bene fit, fatagens, dum Virginis aftra Spiciferce refugum excipiunt Hyperionis axin. Sen fiut ilia Ceres, qua late profpicit arms Frugiferis, avidi fortunans vota coloni: Sive Ifis totumjuriis agitata per orbem, De bove, jam Pharium numen : feu Candida, fedem Vendicet hanc potius, terras, Aftrsea, relinquens, F°.r denis ubi cindla tnicat, ftellifque duabus. At mihi, prce reliquis, placet, hcec illuftria cceli, Virginis eximias confignent, fdera, laudes Jepthiadis * ; caftez prime quam fore juventce, Intentam choreis, temere devovit ad aras Infcelix genitor, •vittis nec tempora virgo Funeftis cingi, patrid mdlrice, recufat. Gloria feeminei fexus miranda ; minorem Nifaculam, multb majori lumine, obumbres Fu genetrix, tu fponfa Dei, tu palmitis ilia Divini radix, •virgo intemerata Maria ; Numinis ajflatu folo, maris infeia, cujus SanBa falutifero tumuerunt After a feetu, Illcefoque Deum peperifti virgine fore ; Fufine pulchra tuce hac fplendefcant fdera laudi, Et tremulis, prce fe, mbrent tua nomina fiaminis, Libra ft. At jam figniferi medio fub tramite circi, Libra pari, lucis menfurans tempora, lance. Cum tenebris, rigido nimios cum frigore foies, Occurrens jadiat bis quatuor aftra novemque. Virginis Aftrasre trutina eft (Jic fama poetis) Spud terreftris adhuc hominum difeernere fadla Confuevit parili lands libramine Virgo ; Jamque polo dominas pedibus fubjedta (colurus Signifero in partes qua fefe dividit cequas) Autumni d calido confinia jeperat ceftu ; iEtnreumque deum, ficulis qui prezfidet antris, Artificem agnofeit, paro nam cuderat auro, Fabrilifque fui monumentum inftgne laboris Sideribus Libram inferuit: Fu loripes aftra Splcndida conftafti fquallens ? credamne, Cyclopura Fumofis cceli partem radiare favillis ? Flis conjignetur potius fapientia ftellis Summa Creatoris, magneeque potentia dextree, Hpuce regit immenfum jufto moderamine mundum, Noblivagafque faces, qua dot fua lumina foli ; Acre qua medio libratam Jiftere modem Felluris, pelagique jubet ; •vaftumque capaci Continet oceanum palmd ■, fpatiofaque cedi Atria circumdat manibus ; parilique fupinos Pondere fufpendit montes ; qua nubila freenat ; Irrigat optatis fttientes imbribus agros ; Femperat & prudens ftrudtura crnbla biformis, Non fccus ac jufto pendens libramine lands. 6 Judicumxi. 5 °» 3 1 * 3 +* Scorpio Ig 2 THE LIFE OF Scorpio n. Qua nova jam cceli facies ? Quijve horridus annum Declivem Boreas contriflat , & afperat auras ? Scilicet auratas Phoebi jam tardat habenas Scorpius, atque hebetes radios, gelidoque veneno Letbiferi tinSlos Jlimuli, vix fuftinet ultra Extendi effatis marcentia lumina terris. Monflrum ingens late protendit brachia , cauda Nigraque circuitu f?iuat curvamina longo ; TJndique bis denis, trinifque afperfa favillis; Quas Jertur pofuif'e Jovem, memorabile vibli Orionis fjgnum; nam cum fua robora jadlans Omnia derifit, terraque animalia fprevit ; Hoc monjlrum objecit te/lus irata, fuperbam Savo urinigense domuit quod cujpide linguam. Si documenta viris temere deducat ab afris Vana fuperfitio, meliori emblemate nobis Hoc placet inventum ; mundi fabricator, olympo Sidus hoc inferuit , difcant ut ad athera duros, Difficilefque aditus, & nix penetrabile, fedes Ad fuperas quod ducit iter ; per monjlra ferarum, Scorpium & horrendum, dira qui cufptde cauda Vulnerat in venae, fubitum infmuatque venenum: Haud aliter juftos tenebrof tortor averni Subdolus infejlat, fidum, Chriftique minijlrum, TJndique inexpleto queerit, quern devoret ore. Ite procul timidi, faerdque abffite fede, Queis fxus fat corde pavor, procul ite figaces : At vos heroes ! Vos fanSla in bella, piorum Fortunata phalanx, Chrifto auttorata magiflro j Pergite magnanimi, fidoque umbone falutis Muniti, fandtique armati flaminis enfe. Horrida inaccejfum per monflra, per ardua, caelo Qucerite iter ; mundi tranfte objlacula ; tandem Eveniet tempus, quando heec fuper afra dabuntur JEterna fedes, requies & certa laborum ; Qua fanblas, nec telum hofile, neve afpidis ira, Sollicitent animas, nec mortis caufa, metufve, Nec Satanas rabies ; tuti gradiemitii in atrum Scorpium, 6? ardentes Erebi calcabitis angues, Gaudentes Chrifti aternos celebrare triumphs, Altitonans pofquam defeenderit rethere Judex, Came triumphali viblricia Jigna reportans : Tunc mortem abforptam, tunc cceco car cere claufum Luciferum, eniti fruflra cernetis, averni Sufureos nigris Jpumantem faucibus ignes. Sagittarius f. Afpice ut intentus curfu venatur anhelo, StelliferaJ'que plagas yafi perlufrat olympi Arcitenens jaculis, in cceh monfra minaci Mijfurus nervo- volucrem, diramque Sagittam, Et i Ti sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. Et certo letum tibi , Scorpio, deftinat iBu ; yam pede finato, jam feva tabe fagittee Hercules lacerum miferatus Jupiter, afrit Chironem inferuit , dum morbo fraBus atroci, Et vita impatiens miferce, crudelia Jape Fata vocat, Parcas J'urdas, nimiumque morantes ; fuffus at Autumni humiferamjam claudere metam , Sidere triceno decoratus Jplendet, & imo. Fantos Centaurus, pedibufque citatus equinis Saturni incejii fpurius meruijfet honorcs, Dedecus ! impure ccelutn ut contaminet AJlro ? Planius & melius (niji me fententia fallit) * Ipfe ejl aurato diademate tempera cinBus , Et niveo portatus equo, fortemque fagittis Armatus dextram, (Jic vifio facra) Johanni SpeBandum qui fe dederat dilapj'us Qlympo. Capricornus jj. famque Magellanicas linquens Aujlralibus ords Flammis , auricomus noftrum meditatur ad orbem Scandere paulatim Phoebus, tardeque morantem, Lucibus extentis, cogit decrejcere noBem, iEgocerota intrant: Pan deus, Arcadis qui currere gaudet in altis Montibus , hunc ccelo afeivit , quod forth gigantes Immanes fugiens, variis cum quifque deorum (Fn-rore anguipedumJ formis latuere ferarum, Ipfe fub hirfuti velatus tegmine capri Illufit rabidas hdc fraude Typhoeos iras, Lnpofuitque fui Jlellis monument a pericli. Sunt quoque qui Capram, puerurn qua: laBe tonantem. ******* *. Defunt cstera. Alia tentamina poetica, ftylo variato. In Domini Natalem. *93 i'll J i * Apocal. vJ. 77 N qui Juprema luce progtiatus, patris Splendor corufcus gloria; qui fydera Franis coercet, quem decemplex machina Cali pavefeit , S tremunt fundamina. Mundi loquelis quajfa fulminantibus ; In exoleta nafeitur jam infans cafa ; Hofpes jumentis ; brumez adufius frigore ; Hum mandra cunas praebet , S membns facri Culmus puelli gaudet agref is premi ; Circumque foccis puree ab infolentibus Hives tenelli provocantur peBoris ; An natus tfo vilius quit principe ? At ecce pennata bine epheborum cohort (Pompd fuperbi major omni Ceefaris) Fantis minijlrat fedula in natalibus ; Et non nocivo glorice dum fulgure Squallentis antri dijipat caliginem , d 19 + THE LIFE OF i • ! * « Dat nefiiente fplendidiffimam diem Sole, exuitque noBis obfiurce peplum : Nafcentis illinc folis a cubilibus Duett fabteos Jlella natalis fipbos, £>ui pwpurato pravoluti poplite, Illujlri fulvi e ponderofis offerunt Gazis mctalli munus, & quicquid tulit (Phcebi renafcentis jubar fragantius Expert a) tellus, thuris & myrrhce ferax. An natus ijlo ditius quit Paupere ? Cum Bethlemiacis, nato, in prcefipibus, agnos Ojferrent agno rujiica turba Dei. Eximii cffit Jpecies Corydona puelli^ Et qui divino fulfit in ore decor : Arripuitque leves, (queis vincere fuetus) avenas, Dalibus & laudes ccepit inire modis. O nix ! O niveo candor qui fronte relucet! O niveo afperfum vellere molle caput! O mitis tenero rejidet qute peel ore bruma! O mam/s 1 O purd rofeida colla jlive ! Aadiit hunc ftendens, nivibus gravis, acre nubes, Candorefne, inquit, deperit ijle meos? Nec plura, illimes diffundit credula fioccos Casio multiforte qua patuere cafee : Siftite cui Corydon, crudeles fftite plumce. Membra nec audaci laedite facra gelu ; Non vejiri hie candor generis, nix if a ealefeit, Nempe empyraa de regione venit, J)e Pomo-Punico immenfo, quod, Jlreme loco, Jani kalendts exhibuit Op¬ timo viro amico fuo chariffimo E. F. Chriftophorus Regulus; cujus in cor- tice erat fijfura, ut filet, per quam grana apparuerunt, & circa corticem feriptus erat hie verfcuius, Uteris aureis - Natum eft in titulos crefcerc rite tuos. * Scil. per fiffuram. Accipe qua mitto {num dicam Punica ?) dona ; Nefcio quid falfi Punica dona finent. At nihil hie falfi, nil fuci-, ni male forfan Gentilem Japiant Punica Poma fidem. Candidas hie amor eft, & amici pectoris ardor, Votaque ab officio firipta, dicata, pio. Dot tibi ftzlices concedat Jupiter amios. Dot tibi Neftoreos mitia fata dies-, Candida tot facili furgant tibi fidera curfu Grana quot extremo cortice teSla latent. * Grana jacent intus pqftti velut ordine dentes. Sic oris fpeciem Punica Poma gerunt: Os iftud tibi, ft gttftes, mea vota loquetur, Nempe pot eft propria dulcius ore loquu Extradt 195 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. Extrad: of a Letter written, as it feems, in the Year 1649, and 17 th of his Age. To my Reverend Father Doff or Wren. Reverende Pater, Timo fummorum amicorum hofpitio receptus ferias hafee pafeatis x tranfegi, & quanta cum jucunditate, cx hoc brevifimo loci elogio con- jicere licet: Domus prceclara (vcl potius palatium principe non indignum, five amplitudmem, feu Jabricez pulchritudinem , feu fupelle&ilis fplendorcm (refpicias fummo pane month altifimi clivo infdet ; horti circumjacent amtznifimi , innumeris ambulacris referti, tam fabulo quam cefpite mon- tarn ftratis: Nec defunt pifeina ingentes, nec luci altifimi, quorum fum- mitates, clamofifima cornicum ref publicce, nidorum fuorum pagis, feu po¬ tius civitatibus integris onerant: Vivarium quoque adjacet J'atis amplum & . meznum ; for is fane paradifum efe terreftrem, intus autem cerium ipfum dixeris, (& quidem verius quam de Ccefaris palatio poeta, “ par Martial. “ caelo domus efl at melior domimts.’j ifuid ni enim beatiffimum hunc locum. Caelum vocem ? In quo prifea pietas Gf religio tends fugatee feeleratis, la- tibulum hie tandem invenife dicantur, in quo virtutes omnes, non ut alibi fepe, degunt, fed hie incolere amant ; gratieeque tergeminie (divinte fcilicet) hunc fbi locum, quaji Parnaffum fuum aut Pindum evangelicum elegerunt ; Spuo denique matres fanbhe, & virgines, cantica divina pfallendo, aut ora- tionum thura caftijima offerendo, aut facra legendo, meditando, confabulando, diem fere integram in beatifimo dei & angelorum confortio abfumunt. Inter tot delicias, tibi quod bene valeam feribere, quid erit nif TATTOAOrEIN ? Fantce fezlicitati mere vix certe quicquam amplius def.derari poteft, modo valeas ipfe, & benedicas At the Age of Nineteen he compos’d a fliort Algebraic Trad, relating to the Julian Period, of great Ufe in Chronology ; which was * inferted * Jtmmymoui. in the Fifth Edition of Helvicus’s Theatrum Hijloricum & Chronologicum; after the Prolegomena. Printed at Oxford, Ann. 1651. Opus hoc noATXPHSTON, dilucidum, & rebus chronologic!s appofitiffmum,V\iz notaj (nun annns ■benoAi Tulianrp. p. Antis cvclix ivAncrnri ft? />nu /In 1 „ Jl/1 _.’MS. ad Hel- 1 , ..f / . 0 . y » 6 T hronologi - quod egregius llle juvenis annorum novendeam baud adeo dignurn Hdvici™». per De. Theatro fpeBaculum verecunde cenfebat. — De qua re infuper banc notam C3 " um Chr ' Pater ejus Reverendus memorial tradidit. — “ Deniqui Filio meo modefle reni- “ tenti incentivum adbibui, ut traBatulum ilium algebraicum Juliana? periodi “ (e cyclic in hi fori a datis) expifeandee, accommcdatiffmum, fudante hoc prezlo “ Oxonienfi, prefigi fmeret. In 1650 he proceeded Bachelor of Arts at Wadham-College ; in 165', Matter of Arts; and in the fame \ ear was elefted- into a Fellowlhip of All-Souls. In 1657, he was chofen Profeffor of Aftronomy in Grejham-College in London; and in 1660, Savilian Profeflbr of Aftronomy in the Univerfity of of Oxon, (upon the Refignation of Dr. Seth Ward, afterwards Bifhop of Sariim.) In 1661, he took his Degree of Dodtor of Civil Law at Oxon-, and was fome Time after admitted to the fame Degree at Cambridge. In 1680, he was eledted Prelident of the Royal Society. Hid tc Amic. [Chriftophorus Wren, A. M. collegii omnium animarum focius eleclus erat m Vniver.ol'l.profejjorem AJlronomice Savilianum in Academia Oxon. Feb. 5, 1660, admijfus Lib. II. p. 4Z. J ^ iviaii fequentis. DoBoratum poftea injure ci-vili fufcepit; & regice majejtati rei architeBonicce procurator fupremus, five generalis, meritifjimus audit .] Dr. Sprat’* Hi ft. of the Royal Society * El deft Son of Mat. Bi- Ay «/ E[ y- s “ Some Space after the Conclufion of the Civil Wars, Dr. Wilkins’s Lodging at Wadham-College in Oxford, was made the Place of Refort for virtuous and learned IVIen, of Philofophical Minds, where the fir 11 Meet- “ ings were held which laid the Foundation of the Royal Society for improv- “ ing of natural Knowledge : The principal and moil conftant at the Aflem- “ blies were Dr. Seth Ward, the Bifhop of Exeter, Wit. Boyle, Dr. Wilkins, “ Dr. Wallis, Dr. Willis, Sir William Petty, Mr. Matthew Wren *, Dr. “ Godard, Dr. Bathurft, Dr. Chrijlopher Wren, and Mr. Rook. “ Here they continued without any great Intermiffions, till about the Year “ 1658; but then being called away to feveral Parts of the Nation, and the “ greateft Number of them coming to London, they ufually met at Grejham- “ College, at the Wednefday s and Thurfday s Ledtures of Dr. Wren (ProfelTor “ of AJlronomy) and Mr. Rook, (Profeflor of Geometry.) This Cuftom was “ obferved once if not twice a Week, in Term-Time ; ’till they were fcat- “ tered by the miferable Diftradlions of that fatal Year, when the Continuance “ of their Meetings there might have made them run the Hazard of the Fate “ of Archimedes .- For then the Place of their Meeting was made a Quarter “ for Soldiers. But upon the Refloration of the King, Philofophy had its “ Share in the Benefits of that glorious Adtion : For the Royal Society had “ its Beginning in the wonderful pacifick Year 1660, and as it began in “ that Time, when the Kingdom was freed from Confufion and Slavery ; fo “ in its Progrefs, its chief Aim hath been to redeem the Minds of Men “ from Obfcurity, Uncertainty, and Bondage.” Preamble of a Charter to incorporate the Royal Society, [from a firft EJfay, and rough Draught , by Mr. Chriftopher Wren.] CHARLES, &c. W HEREAS among!! our regal hereditary Titles (to which by divine Providence, and the Loyalty of our good Subjedts, We are now hap¬ pily reftored) nothing appears to Us more auguff or more fuitabie to our pious Dil'pofition, than that of Father of our Country, a Name of Indulgence as well as Dominion; wherein we would imitate the Benignity of Heaven, which in the fame Shower yields Thunder and Violets, and no fooner Ihakes the Cedars, but dilfolving the Clouds, drops Fatnefs. We therefore, out of a paternal Care of our People, refolve, together with thofe Laws which tend to the well Adminiftration of Government, and the People’s Allegiance to us, infeparably to join the fupreme Law of Salas Populi, that Obedience may be manifeffly not only the publick but private Felicity of every Subjedt, and the great Concern of his Satisfadtions and Enjoyments in this Life.- 1 he Way to fo happy a Government, we are fenfible is in no Manner more faci¬ litated than by the promoting of ufeful Arts and Sciences, which, upon ma¬ ture _ sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. ture Infpedtion, are found to be the Balls of civil Communities, and free Governments, and which gather Multitudes, by an Orphean Charm, into Cities, and connedt them in Companies ; that fo, by laying in a Stock, as it were, of feveral Arts, and Methods of Induftry, the whole Body may be fupplied by a mutual Commerce of each others peculiar Faculties; and con- fequently that the various Miferies, and Toils of this frail Life, may, by as many various Expedients, ready at Hand, be remedied, or alleviated; and Wealth and Plenty diffufed in juft Proportion to every one’s Induftry, that is, to every one’s Deferts. And there is no Queftion but the fame Policy that founds a City, doth nourilh and encreale it; fince thefe mentioned Allurements to a Define- of Cohabitation, do not only occafion Populofity of a Country, but render it more potent and wealthy than a more populous, but more barbarous Nation ; it being the fame Thing, to add more Hands, or by the Affiftance of Art to facilitate Labour, and bring it within the Power of the few. Wherefore our Reafon hath fuggefted to us, and our own Experience in our Travels in foreign Kingdoms and States, hath abundantly confirmed, that we profecute effedlually the Advancement of Natural Experimental Phi- lofophy, efpecially thofe Parts of it which concern the Encreafe of Com¬ merce, by the Addition of ufeful Inventions tending to the Eafe, Profit, or Health of our Subjedts; which will beft be accomplifhed, by a Company of ingenious and learned Perfons, well qualified for this fort of Knowledge; to make it their principal Care and Study, and to be conftituted a regular So¬ ciety for this Purpofe, endowed with all proper Privileges and Immunities. Not that herein, we would withdraw the leaft Ray of our Influence from the prefent eftablifhed Nurferies of good Literature, and Education, founded, by the Piety of our Royal Anceftors, and others, to be the perpetual Foun¬ tains of Religion, and Laws; that Religion, and thofe Laws, which, as we are obliged to defend, fo the holy Blood of our martyr’d Father hath infe- parably endear’d to us; but, that we purpofe to make further Provifion for this Branch of Knowledge likewife, Natural Experimental Philofophy ; which comprehends all that is required towards thofe Intentions we have recited ; taking Care in the firft Place for Religion, fo next, for the Riches and Orna¬ ment of our Kingdoms; as we wear an Imperial Crown, in which Flowers are alternately intermixed with the Fnfigns of Chriftianity. And whereas we are well informed, that a competent Number of Perfons of eminent Learning, Ingenuity, and Honour, concording in their Inclina¬ tions and Studies towards this Employment, have for fome Time, accuftom- ed themlelves to meet weekly, and orderly to confer about the hidden Caufes of Things; with a Defign to eftablifh certain, and corredt uncertain Theories in Philofophy ; and by their Labours in the Difquifition of Nature, to ap¬ prove themfelves real Benefadtors to Mankind : And, that they have already made a confiderable Progrefs, by divers ufeful and remarkable Difcoveries, Inventions and Experiments, in the Improvement of Mathematicks, Mecha- nicks, Aftronomy, Navigation, Phyfick, and Chymiftry; we have determin’d to grant our Royal Favour, Patronage, and all due Encouragement, to this illuftrious Afembly , and fo beneficial and laudable an Enterprize.-Know therefore, QV. i ii < t ! 9 8 THE LIFE OF ^Catalogue of New Theories, Inventions, Experiments, and Mechanick Improvements, exhibited by Mr. Wren, at the frjl Affemblies at Wadham-College in Oxford, for Advance¬ ment of Natural and Experitnental Knowledge, called then the New Philofophy : Some of which , on the Return of the publick ‘Tranquillity , were improved a?id perfe&ed , a?id with other ufeful Difcoveries, communicated to the Royal-Society. Ex autograph I C T U R E of the Pleiades. \f Hypothefts of h, in Solid. Hypothefis of the Moon's Libration, in Solid. Illumination of the i> and Planets, in a dark Room. A New Projeition Gonifcope. New facile exail Ways of Obfervation. To find whether the Earth moves. The Weather-Wheel. The Libra Expanjionis Airis. Weather-Clock. Perpetual Motion, or Weather-Wheel and Weather-Clock compounded. The Ballance, to weigh without Weights. Strainer of the Breath, to make the fame Air ferve in Refpiration. Artificial Eye, with the Humours truly and dioptically made. The like Eye made with one Humour only. To write in the Dark. To write double by an Inftrument. A Scenographical Inftrument, to furvey at one Station. A Perfpedlive Box, to furvey with it. Several new Ways of graving and etching. Many curious and new Ways of turning. To weave many Ribbons at once with only turning a Whety * Su Muftum Divers Improvements in the Art of Hulbandry of the R s. Divers new Engines for railing of Water. ®’" 3 ^ rew ' A Pavement harder, fairer, and cheaper than Marble. To grind Glafles. A Way of Imbroidery for Beds, Hangings, cheap and fair. New Ways of Printing. Pneumatick Engines. New Defigns tending to Strength, Convenience, and Beauty in Building. Many new Defigns in Sciography. Divers new Mufical Inftruments. A Speaking Organ, articulating Sounds. New Ways of Sailing. The beft Ways for reckoning Time, Way, Longitude, and obferving at Sea. Probable Ways for making frefh Water at Sea. Fabrick for a Veffel for War. To build in the Sea, Forts, Moles, &c. Inventions for better making and fortifying Havens, for clearing Sands, and to found at Sea. To flay long under Water. Ways of fubmarine Navigation. Eafier Ways of Whale-fifhing. New offenfive, and defenfive Engines. Secure 1 199 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. Secure and fpeedier Ways of attacking Forts than by Approaches a^d Gal¬ leries. New Ways of Intelligence, new Cyphers. Some Inventions in Fortification. To pierce a Rock in Mineing. To purge or vomit, or alter the Mafs by Injection into the Blood, by Plaifters, by various dreffing a Fontanell. Some Anatomical Experiments. To Meafure the Bafis and Height of a Mountain, only by journeying over it To Meafure the ftraight Diftance, by travelling the winding Way. A Compafs to play in a Coach, or the Hand of the Rider. To perfe£t Coaches for Safe, Strength and Lightnefs, &c. § In Automaton AI0EPOKPITIKON, Chorda Muficci animation, Author e & Invent ore Chr. Wren. Grandior, Italici folito modulamine pledln, Sftce tremuit nuper, pollice taSJa jides *. Cum ccelo taciturn J'ervat nunc fcedus, & aufu Indicat athereos, nobiliore, modos: Spuicquid vis gelida regionis, in a'ira nojlrum Imprimit, cblatd machina fronte refert ; Sive leoninum -f-, rabies canis augeat, ceflum ; Spuo gravis exhauftum fervor hiulcat humum ; Sive fub hydrophoro jitulam vertente, procellas Depluat imbriferi rofeida barba noti: A'erios quocunque modo, vaga Jydera, tradlus Nutibus ojfciant, nodie, dieve, fuis j Sphararum JludioJa fides dijeernit, & index Impiger in feripto protinus orbe notat : Tantane vis nervo eft ? DeJpedice vifeera fe/is Concinere athereis ftc potuife choris ? An quee vis felis viva [predicere nimbos J] Kxtindtce fervant vifeera ftcca parem ? ppuis neget harmonicis volvi caeleftia gyris, Ludere qui fidibus fydera IS ipfa videt ? § Cujus eft mentio fupra, in epiftola ad patrem fuum. • The great Bafe- Springs of Viols call’d Catlings, be- caufe made of Cats-Guts. ■f Diebus ca- nicularibus fo¬ ie leonem pe- ragrante, duce firio. X Cum caput pede tergic poft aures. Mr. Henry Oldenburg , the firft Secretary to the Royal-Society, with Difin- genuity, and Breach of Trull, communicated, and clandeftinely convey’d in¬ to foreign Parts, particularly Germany and France, divers of the Inventions, and original Experiments of the Author ; which were afterwards unfairly claim’d by others, as the true Inventors, and publifh’d abroad under other Names. As the firft Ideas and Effays of ingenious Minds, have their peculiar Weight, with the candid and judicious Virtuofi ; the following Papers are here inferted, appearing to be the original Sketch, in an Englijh Drefs, of an Inauguration Speech, deliver’d by Mr. Wren in Latin, at Grejham-College, from the Aflronomy-Chair, upon his Ele&ion to that ProfelTorfhip. || Oration is extant, and may have a Place among his compleater Works •.abmt However the Extract fubjoin’d, containing fome Particulars omitted in his»/>%'• publick Speech, alfo divers Variations from it, and fome Things (it may be) explanatory thereof, is of further Ufe or Entertainment to the Curious. The LIFE OF !The Speech. L OOKING wifh refpeaful Awe on this great and eminent Auditory while here, I fpy feme of the politer Genii of our Age ; here, feme of our 1 atncians; there many choicely learned in the Mathematical Sciences, and every where, thofe that are more Judges than Auditors; I cannot, but with ju¬ venile bluthes, betray that which I muft apologize for. And indeed I muft: iertoully fear, left I ihould appear immaturely covetous of Reputation in daring to alcend the Chair of Aftronomy, and to ufurp that bio- Word of Demonftration, Dico ; with which (while the humble Orator infinuates only) the imperious Mathematician commands Afient: When it would better have iuited the Bafhfulnefs of my Years, to have worn out more Luftra in a Py¬ thagorean Silence. J I muft confefs I had never dcfign’d any Thing further, than to exercife my Rcuhuam private Duft, unlefs thofe had inveigh’d againft my Sloth and Re- milfnefs, with continual but friendly Exhortations, whom I may account the great Ornaments of Learning and our Nation, whom to obey is with me facred, and who, with the Suffrages of the worthy Senators of this honourable City, had thruft me into the publick Sand. That accord- tng to my {lender Abilities, I might explain what hath been deliver’d to us j iM CIen -r concermn g the Motions and Appearances of the Celeftial Bodies and likewife what hath been found out of new by the Moderns ■ for we have no barren Age ; and now in this Place, I could point to Inventors ■ In¬ ventors, a Title fo venerable of old, that it was Merit enough to confer on Men r a tents of Divinity, and perpetual Adoration. Nor need I therefore to fo knowing an Auditory, relate to what End or praiie Hercules (as they fay) by troubling you with a tedious Encomium of Aftronomy: We fhall leave this to the Dutch Writers, whofe fwellin^ Title- Pages proclaim that their Books are ufeful to Theologians, Philofophers l hilologers, Mathematicians, Grammarians, and who not?_It were frivo” lous to tell you, how much Aftronomy elevates herfelf above other Scien- ces, in as much as her Subjedt, the beauteous Heavens (infinite in Exten- tion, pure and fubtile, and fempiternal in Matter, glorious in their ftarry Or¬ naments, of which every one affords various Caufe" of Admiration, moft ra¬ pid, yet moft regular, moft harmonious in their Motions, in every Thine to a wife Confiderer, dreadful and majeftick) doth precede either the low or the uncertain Subjeds of other Sciences : It were pedantick, to tell you of the Affinity of our Souls to Heaven, of our ere&ed Countenances, given us on purpole for Agronomical Speculations; or to acquaint you, that Plato commended it to his Commonwealth’s-Men, while he fays, “ Ex ejufmodi difciplinis, inftrumentum quoddam animi expurgatur, revimfcitque, quod antea ex alus Jiudtis infeftum, occmcat unique fuerat, folo enim hoc infpicitur verttas:” Tho’ truly elfewhere he gives us this great Truth_ v ‘ Ani- madverti/ii eos, qm nature/ mathematict funt, ad omnes fere difeiplinas acu- “ ftores apparere-, qui autem ingenio bebetiores funt, Ji in hoc erudiantur “ etunn/i mini amplms utilitatis ajfequantur, feipfis tamen ingeniofores efflei Jobe. I might be too verbofe fhould I inftance this particularly in flaw¬ ing how much the Mathematical Wits of this Age have excell’d the An cients, (who pierc’d but to the Bark and Outfide of Things) in handline particular Dilquifitions of Nature, in clearing up Hiftory, and fixing Chro- nology: For, Mathematical Demonftrations being built upon the impree- nable Foundations of Geometry and Arithmetick, are the only Truths that tan fink into the Mind of Man, void of all Uncertainty; and all other Dif- courfes sir CHRISTOPHER courfes participate more or lefs of Truth, according as their Subjedls are more or lefs capable of Mathematical Demonftration. Therefore, this ra¬ ther than Logick is the great Organ Organon of all infallible Science; altho' I will not exclude Logick from being an Inftrument of Reafoning, but rather include it in Geometry ; for, the technical, and mod: ufeful Part of it, con¬ cerning Syllogifm, and the Art of Reafoning, is but a geometrical Ordering the data per media proportionalia to determine the quefitum. It would be endlefs to run through the whole Encyclopaxly, and drew you in every Part the great Ufe of Aftronomy; even Queen Theology hath been much be¬ holding to the trufty Service of this ancilla, in fettling the facred Hiftory by the Help of Chronology, which as it is a Part of Aftronomy, is built chiefly upon the unerring Chronicles of the gejla fuperum & ccelorum , Obfervations of Eclipfes, great Conjundtions, and the like Appearances; without which Indexes of Times, all facred and profane Hiftory were but indigefted Heaps, and Labyrinths, where Men are at a Lofs either to begin or end. But Chronology (a Thing too much negledled by the Ancients) hath given an Ichnography of this Labyrinth, and defcrib’d Times, as it were in a Map, by which we may run back fecure to many Chyliads of Years, converfmg with thofe of remote Ages, and there finding new Difcoveries, as by Navi¬ gation we converfe with thofe of diftant Climates. Some, it may be, will knit the Brow, if I fliould fay, that even Holy- Scripture itfelf, fometimes requires an aftronomical Interpreter) who elfe fhall give a good Account of the Hexaemeron, or decide the Controverfy about the Retroceflion of the Shadow upon the Dial of Adeaz ? When without a Miracle that might be many Ways done by the meerFabrick of the Dial; for it is eafy to frame a Dial with fuch a Stile, that every Day at fuch a Time, the Shadow fhall feem to return; but what the Dial was, we know, if we may believe the Hebrew Writer, who deferibes it obfeurely, yet fo that I can eafily fancy it to be the fame with that which the Eajlern Na¬ tions ufed, and which Vitruvius tells us, Berofus Chaldaus brought into Greece — Hemicyclium excavatum ex quadrato, ad enclimaque fuccifum, hoc eft, ad elevationem poli. —The Retroceflion muft therefore be real, either in the Sun or Shadow only; but what if it were in neither truely, but from a Pa- relion ? the Sun return'd ten Degrees by which it had gone down ; might not a Parelion luddenly appear at ten Degrees diftance from the Sun, the Sun being juft fet under the Horizon, or being hid by a Cloud ? (for, Pa- relions are Refradtions made in nitrous Vapours higher than the Clouds) fo the Shadow of this Parelion would make an Appearance as if the Sun had ftarted back) ’tis what Cadamuflas, and other Defcribers of the Eaft Indies fav, happens often in the Ifiand Sumatra, in the Month of April-, for ten or fifteen Degrees the Sun feeming to ftart back, and then to return again, where otherwile he would have appear’d. This may be done either by a Parelion, or a ftrong Refradlion through a Vapour in an angular Form, like a Glafs Prifm, pafling between the Eye and Sun 5 for, if you gently pafs a Prifm of Cryftal before any Objedts, the Objedts will appear to ftart out of their Places. Neither need we fear to diminilh a Miracle by explaining it ; this Retroceflion of the Sun was given as a Sign, fo was the Rainbow, which had it appear’d never fince, had been miraculous. I might alk the Theologian, who fhall explain to me, how our Saviour, who was buried on EhWay-Night, and rofe again before Day on Sunday, could be faid to be three Days and three Nights in the Sepulchre, when his Stay there was but a full Day and two Nights ? The World hath hitherto fhifted off this Difficulty with a Synecdoche, by taking in Parts of Friday and Parts of Sunday, but yet they want a third Night; neither doth Grotius , with f an 202 THE LIFE OF f ' an Acception fometimes of any Part of a Day or Night, for a whole Ntbihc- meron, in the Civil Law, much mend the Matter: Here feems to be need of an Aftronomer, who thus poffibly may explain it. — While there was made by the Motion of the Sun, a Day and two Nights in the Hemilphere of Juchza, at the fame Time in the contrary Hemifphere was made a Night and two Days; join thefe together, you have three Days and three Nights ; for Cbri/l buffer'd not tor Judcea alone, but for the whole World, and in Re- fpedl of all the Inhabitants of the Earth conjundiim, he retted three Days and three Nights, tho’ in Rcfpedt of Judcea, or any particular Horizon, but one Day and two Nights. I^^Hg Who but the Aftronomer (hall explain to us how many hundred Times one of die great Luminaries exceeds the other, which yet is but one of fome Thoufands as great as itfelf, or bigger? Who can better magnify the Arm that expanded the Heavens, than he who tells you, that&^ra tboufand Miles will fall fliort of the Diameter of this Earth, and yet that this Diameter re¬ peated a thoujand Times will not reach the Sun ; or this Diftance between the Sun and us, repeated a thoufandTimes, reach the neareft fix’d Star? And yet in probability fome are infinitely more remote than others. — Certainly as Secre¬ taries of Princes are they only, from whom true Hiftories of diofe Princes are to be expedted; fo he only can truly deferibe the World, vvhofe Skill in Aftronomy hath given him Right to the glorious Title of Hipparchus, to be conciliorunt natures particeps 6? interpret. But not to inlarge in extending the Dition of Aftronomy to the Empyraum ; her Influence is great over fublunary Sciences; among which, fhould I fay that even Phyfick hath its Ufe of Aftronomy, I might feem to patronize the ungrounded Fancies of that Sort of aftrological Medicafters, who do no¬ thing without the Favour of their Archeeus, and intitle one Planet or other to every Herb, or Drug, which they fuppofe invalid, unlefs myftically tim’d with this or that Afpedt; ceremonioufly numbering the critical Days, not confidering that neither Time or Number hath any reality extra intelledlum bumanum. But, tho’ with Contempt of thefe Follies, let me ferioufly afk the mol rational philofophical Enquirer into Medicine, whether thofe Apho- rifms, wherein Hippocrates hath marfhal’d Dileafes under the Seafons of the Year, and the feveral Winds, and the Varieties of Weathers, have not as much of the Aphorifm in them, as the reft; and were not as diligently col- ledted from the Brafen-Tables, from Experiments deriv’d in Succeffion from his aged Preceptors before him, and from his own unerring Induftry, as the reft ? But it may be objedted, that thefe aftrological Aphorifms favour much of the Chaldeean and Syrian, from whom it appears the Grecians re¬ ceiv’d much of their Art of healing, as they did almoft all their other Learn¬ ing : And indeed we find by Herodotus, that the Knowledge of Phyfick by way of Aphorifm was proper to the Babylonians, who recorded publickly the Hiftory of the Difeale, and Method of Cure of every particular Patient that recover’d, to which Records others reforted in difficult Cafes, that had the like Difeafes, and the great Learning of thefe Nations being Aftrology, we may imagine that they made good Obfervations of epidemical Difeafes from the Diftempers of the Air, from the cceleftial Influxes, which are now either wholly loft, or deprav’d, or ufelefs, as not fuited to our Climate : What other Subjedt thofe medicinal Books of the Friend and Contemporary of Hippocrates, Democritus nEPi AKAIPinN KAI EniKAIPmN, reckon’d in the Catalogue of his Works by Laertius, ihould contain, I know not, fure I am, that if we difledted Animals of the fame Species, in various Changes of Weather, we Ihould find great Difference in the Brain, as to Drvnefs or , 0 Moifture, and Weight; and in the Vifcera, and Mai's of Blood, as to the Quanti- ( 20 3 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, K nt. Quantity, and Sait in it: and in the Lymphezdit/hts, as to their Turgency, as I have frequently tried: And if with thefe, we join the Experiments of the Fermenting of Wines, and other Liquors againft moift Weather; the fouring of them in Thunder, and dry Weathers ; adding likewife the Hifto- ry of Phis, and epidemical Difeafes, we {hall find a great Deal of Reafon to conclude, that there is a true Aftrology to be found by the enquiring Philofopher, which would be of admirable Ufe to Phyfick, though the Aftrology vulgarly receiv’d, cannot but be thought extremely unreafonable and ridiculous, as any Thing among the many Impoftures that have been im¬ pos’d by Antiquity upon the credulous World to him that hath given up himfelf to Demonftration. Hitherto in thefe greater Faculties, Theology, facred and profane Hifto- ry and Phyfick, "we have been but affifted a little by Aftronomy, but if we look into the next Clafs of Science, we (hall perceive ourfelves wholly in¬ debted to her. It is Aftronomy that enlarg’d both our Underftanding and Habitation ; hath given Politenefs, and conlequently Religion and Laws to the barbarous World. He that looks upon that little Parcel of the World, which the Ancients contented themfelves with, and fees now, how we fur¬ row tlie great Ocean, and gather our aromatick Harvefts from the remoteft Parts of the Globe, and can enjoy in our own Europe, whatever Thule or /Ethiopia, the rifing or fetting Sun can produce, mud needs rejoice, that fo much larger an Inheritance is fallen to Mankind, by the Favour of Aftrono¬ my. It was Aftronomy alone, that of old undertook to guide the creeping Ships of the Ancients, whenever they would venture to leave the Land to find a neighbour Shore ; tho’ then flie was a humourfome Guide, and often vailing the Face of Heaven with Clouds, would cruelly leave them to the giddy Protection of Fortune, and for the mod Part only tofs’d them up and down, and fported herfelf with their Ruin : But if fhe deign’d to fhew them one Glimpfe of a Star, if but of Alcor, or the leaf! albicant Spot of Hea¬ ven, it was enough to pave a Way for them homeward, through the Hor¬ ror of the Waves and Night. In this is truly perceiv’d the Influx of Hea¬ ven, when the Influx of one Cynofura can move a thoufand Sail of Fraught- Ships, and render the one Element as habitable, and more fruitful than the other, tho’ more hazardous. Thus did the Ancients evcrv where culti¬ vate the Mediterranean Waters, but their Fear of venturing into the Ocean they diifembled by Religion, left they fhould violate the Rites of Thetis, and the Water Deities. At laft, Aftronomy took to herfelf another Affiftant, Magneticks, a Kind of Terreftrial Aftronomy, an Art that tells us the Motions of our own Star we dwell on, whole every Fragment moving in true Sympathy with the great One, bids us, in fpite of Clouds, pafs the vaft Ocean, and poflefs every Piece of our own Star: and now were the Gates of true Science open’d, and the poor Philofophers Anaximander, Anaximenes, Leucippus, Empedocles are laugh’d at, for making the Earth a Pillar, or a Table, or a Drum, or in¬ clin’d of its own Nature. In a few Months we fliake Hands with the An¬ tipodes, and pity the fuppofed heretical Bifliop for his unfeafonable venting the Truth ; and alfo the pious Ignorance of the Fathers, that would have the Plane-Earth fixed upon infinite long Roots. But divine Aftronomy, in¬ tended to difcover to. Man her own yet hidden Glory, as well as thofe of the Terreftrial Globe, for after the prodigious Attempt of Columbus, and as it appears to me, the difficulter Voyage of Vafco de Gama, who before pur- iu’d the weak Beginnings of Hanno the Carthaginian, and twice fcour’d through the Torrid Zone, in doubling the Cape, firft finding it habitable, difcover- ing the Errors of the Ancients about Africk, and firft opening a Way to the Indies Indies by Sea. By thefe, and fucceeding Voyages, perform’d by tire Cir¬ cumnavigators of our Nation, the Earth was concluded to be truly globous, and equally habitable round. This gave Occafion to Copernicus to guefs why this Body of Earth of fo apt a Figure for Motion, might not move among other Cceleftial Bodies ; it teem’d to him in the Confequences probable, and apt to falve the Appearances, and finding it likewife among the antiquated Opinions, he refolv’d upon this Occafion to reftore Aftronomy. And now the Learned begin to be warm, the Schools ring with this Difpute; all the mathematical Men admire the Hypothefis, for faving Nature a great deal of Labour, and the Expence of fo many Intelligences for every Orb, and Epi- cyles; yet the apparent Abfurdity of a moving Earth makes the Philofo- phers contemn it, tho’ fome of them taken with the Paradox, begin to obferve Nature, and to dare to fuppofe fome old Opinions falfe; and now began the firft happy Appearance of Liberty to Philofophy, opprefs'd by the Tyranny of the Greek and Roman Monarchies. Among the honourable Affertors of thisLiberty, I muft reckon Gilbert, who having found an admirable Correfpondence between his Fcrella , and the great Magnet of the Earth, thought, this Way, to determine this great Queftion, and fpent his Studies and Eftate upon this Enquiry; by which obiter , he found out many admirable magnetical Experiments : This Man would I have adored, not only as the foie Inventor of Magneticks, a new Science to be added to the Bulk ofLearning, but as theFatherof the new Philofophy; Car- tefius being but a Builder upon his Experiments. This Perfon I fhould have commended to Pofterity in a Statue, that the deferv’d Marble of Harvey might not ftand to future Ages, without a Marble Companion of his own Profeffion. He kept Correfpondence with the Lyncei academici, at Rome , efpecially with Francifcus Sagredus, one of the Interlocutors in the Dialogues of Gallilceus , who labour’d to prove the Motion of the Earth, negatively, by taking off Ob¬ jections, but Gilbert pofitively ; the one hath given us an exaCt Account of the Motion of Gravity upon the Earth; the other of the fecret, and more obfeure Motion of Attraction and magnetical Direction in the Earth ; the one I muft reverence for giving Occafion to Kepler (as he himfelf confelfes) of introducing Magneticks into the Motions of the Heavens, and confequently of building the elliptical Aftronomy; the other of his perfecting the great Invention of Telefcopes, to confirm this Aftronomy; fo that if one be the Brutus of Liberty reftor’d to Philofophy, certainly the other muft be the Collatinus. And here I fhould not (lightly mention that great foreign Wit, Kepler , the Compiler of another new Science, Dioptricks, (in which, of the Mathematicks only, we can boaft that we had not the Grecians for our Mafters ) but more eminent for being the Eudoxus of this Age, the Inven¬ tor of the elliptical Hypothefis; but fince he was only the firft Founder of thefe magnalia, and that the Perfection of both thefe are juftly to be ex- peCled from Men of our own Nation at this Day living, and known to moll of this Auditory, the Clarity of thefe latter, makes me ceafe from a larger Encomium of Kepler, and referve it for Pofterity to beftow upon them, when it (hall be more feafonable to give them an Apotheofis among thofe great Inventors I have named. And indeed, of all the Arguments which the Learned of this inquifitive Age have bufy’d themfelves with, the Perfection of thefe two, Dioptricks, and the Elliptical Aftronomy, feem moll worthy our Enquiry : For natural Philofophy having of late been order’d into a geometrical Way of reafoning from ocular Experiment, that it might prove a real Science of Nature, not an Hypothefis of what Nature might be, the Perfection of Telefcopes, and Micro- 205 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. Microfcopes, by which our Senfe is fo infinitely advanc'd, feems to be the only Way to penetrate into the moft hidden Parts of Nature, and to make the moft of the Creation. I cannot (moft worthy Auditors) but very much pleafe myfelf in introduc¬ ing Seneca, in his Prophecy of the new World,— Venient annis facnla feris, £>uibus, oceanus vincula rerum Laxet, & ingem fateat tellus, Novofque Tiphys detegat orbes, Nec fit terris ultima Thule. But then I only begin to value the Advantages of this Age in Learning be¬ fore the former, when I fancy him continuing his Prophecy, and imagine how much the ancient laborious Enquirers would envy us, fhould he have fung to them, that a Time would come, when Men fhould be able to ftretch out their Eyes, as Snails do, and extend them to fifty Feet in length; by which means, they fhould be able to difcover Two tboufand Times as many Stars as we can; and find the Galaxy to be Myriads of them; and every nebulous Star appearing as if it were the Firmament of fome other World, at an incomprehenfible Diftance, bury’d in the vaft Abyfs of inter- mundious Vacuum : That they fhould fee the Planets like our Earth, un¬ equally fpotted with Hills and Vales : that they fhould fee Saturn , a very Pro¬ teus, changing more admirably than our Moon, by the various Turnings, and Inumbrations of his feveral Bodies, and accompany'd befides with a Moon of his own ; that they fhould find 'Jupiter to be an oval Earth , whofe Night is enlighten’d by four feveral Moons, moving in various Swiftnelfes, and making Multitudes of Eclipfes: That they fhould fee Mars, Venus and Mer¬ cury to wax and wain: And of the Moon herfelf, that they fhould have a Prolpedt, as if they were hard by, difcovering the Heighths and Shape of the Mountains, and Depths of round and uniform Vallies, the Shadows of the Mountains, the Figure of the Shores, defcribing Pidtures of her, with more Accuratenefs, than we can our own Globe, and therein requiting the Moon for her own Labours, who to difcover our Longitudes, by eclipfing the Sun, hath painted out the Countries upon our Globe, with the Point of her conical Shadow, as with a Pencil. After all this, if he fhould have told them, how the very Fountain of Light is variegated with its Faculce and Maculae, proceeding round in regular Motions, would not any of the Aftro- nomers of his Time have chang’d their whole Life for a few windy Days, (in which principally the folar Spots appear) or a few clear Nights of our Sceculum. But I have loft myfelf upon this Subjedl, as endlefs as the Univerfe itfelf: So large a Field of Philofophy is the very Contemplation of the Phafes of the cceleftial Bodies, that a true Defcription of the Body of Saturn only, were enough for the Life of one Aftronomer; how much more the various Mo¬ tions of them ; which I am not now to defcant on, but referve for the con¬ tinual Subjedt of my future Difcourfes in this Place, a Place, in which the Magnificence of our illuftrious Founder Grejham hath adorn’d this opulent City, with the Profeflion of the Sciences, in his own Houle, by a rare Example, leaving the Mufes to be here his Heirs and Succelfors for ever; who feem to be affedted with the Place, having preferv’d it in Efteem, by furnifhing it hitherto with Men of moft eminent Abilities, efpecially in mathematical Sciences; among whom the Names of Gunter , Brerewood, Gillibrand, Fofier, are frelh in the Mouths of all Mathemati- g cians. ! f « # * I J * jo6 THE LIFE OF cians, for the excellent Remains they have either left behind them in Print, or adorn’d the Tables with, in reading. Amongft which, the ufeful Inven¬ tion of Logarithms, as it was wholy a BritiJJ: Art, fo here efpecially receiv’d great Additions : and likewife, the whole Dodlrine of Magneticks, as it was of Englijh Birth, fo by the Profeffors of this Place was augmented by the firft: Invention and Obfervation of the Mutation of the magnetical Variation; a Thing, I confefs, as yet crude, yet what may prove of Confequence in Phi- lofophy, and of fo great Ufe, poffibly to the Navigator, that thereby we may attain the Knowledge of Longitudes, than which, former Induftry hath hardly left any Thing more glorious to be aim’d at in Art. And now fince the Profefforfhip I am honour’d with, is a Benefit I enjoy from this City, I cannot conclude without a good Omen to it. I muff needs celebrate it, as a City particularly favour’d by the Celeftial Influences, a Pan¬ dora, on which each Planet hath contributed fomething; Saturn hath given it Diuturnity, and to reckon an earlier /Era ab XJrbe condita than Pome it- felf. Jupiter hath made it the perpetual Seat of Kings, and of Courts of Juftice, and fill’d it with inexhaufted Wealth. Mars has arm’d it with Power. The Sun looks moft benignly on it, for, what City in the World fo vaftly populous, doth yet enjoy lo healthy an Air, fo fertile a Soil? Venus hath given it a pleafant Situation, water’d by the moff arnxne River of Eu¬ rope ; and beautify’d with the external Splendor of Myriads of fine Buildings. Mercury hath nourifh’d it in mechanical Arts and Trade, to be equal with any City in the World ; nor hath forgotten to furnifh it abundantly with liberal Sciences, amongft which I muft congratulate this City, that I find in it fo general a Relilh of Mathematicks, and the libera philofophia, in fuch a Meafure, as is hardly to be found in the Academies themfelves. Laftly, the Moon, the Lady of the Waters leems amoroufly to court this Place: cc Atque urban magis omnibus imam “ Pojlhabitd coluijfe Delo. For to what City doth fhe invite the Ocean fo far within Land as here? Com¬ municating by the Thames whatever the Banks of Maragnon or Indus can produce, and at the Reflux warming the frigid Zones with our Cloth; and fometimes carrying and returning fafe thofe Carines that have encompafs’d the whole Globe. And now fince Navigation brings with it both Wealth Splendor, Politenefs and Learning, what greater Happinefs can I wifh to the Londoners ? Than that they may continually deferve to be deem’d as former¬ ly, the great Navigators of the World ; that they always may be, what the Tyrians firft, and then the Rhodians were call’d, “ The Mafters oj the Sea " and that London may be an Alexandria, the eftablifh’d Refidence of Mathe¬ matical Arts. sea. xl. P . Extrads from the Conclufion of the fecond Part of Dr. Sprat’s rj' LoilJ ' Hiftory of the Royal Society, &c. “ IN the whole Progrefs of this Narration, I have been cautious to for- “ X bear commending the Labours of any private Fellows of the Society. “ For this, I need not make any Apology to them; feeing it would have “ been an inconfiderable Ffonour, to be prais’d by fo mean a Writer: But “ now I muft break this Law, in the particular Cafe of Dr. Chriftopher <£ Wren : for doing fo, I will not alledge the Excufe of my Friendfhip to “ him ; though that perhaps were diffident; and it might well be allow’d “ me to take this Occafion of publifliing it: But I only do it, on the meer « Con- 207 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. “ Confederation of Juftice : For in turning over the Regfters of the Society, “ I perceiv’d that many excellent Things, whofe firft Invention ought to be « afcrib’d to him, were cafually omitted : This moves me to do him Right “ by himfelf, and to give this feparate Account of his Endeavours, in pro- U moting the Defign of the Royal Society, in the fmall Time wherein he has “ had the Opportunity of attending it. “ The firft Inftance I {hall mention, to which he may lay peculiar Claim, Lava cf Ma¬ tt is the Dodlrine of Motion, which is the mod confiderable of all others, tt f or eftablilhing the firft Principles of Philofophy, by geometrical Demon- tt Jlration. This Des cartes had before begun, having taken up fome Ex¬ it periments of this Kind upon Conjedture, and made them the firft Founda- tt t l on 0 f his whole Syjlem of Nature. But fome of his Conclufions feem- tt ing ver y queftionable, becaufe they were only derived from the grofs Trials “ of'Balls meeting one another -it Dennis and Billiards, Dr. Wren produc’d tt before the Society, an Inftrument to reprefent the Effedts of all Sorts of “ Impulfes, made between two hard globous Bodies, either of equal, or tt 0 f different Bigneft and Swiftnefs, following or meeting each other, or tt t he one moving, the other at reft. From thefe Varieties arofe many un¬ it expedled Effedts; of all which he demonftrated the true Theories, after tt they had been confirm’d by many hundreds of Experiments in that Injlru- tt ment. Thefe he propos’d as the Principles of all Demonftrations in natural tt philofophy. Nor can it feem ftrange, that thefe Elements fhould be of fuch tt univerfal Ufe ; if we confider that Generation, Corruption, Alteration, and « a ll the Viciflitudes of Nature, are nothing elfe but the Effedts arifing from “ the meeting of little Bodies, of different Figures, Magnitudes and Ve- “ locities.” [NEWTONI Philofophice Naturalis Principia Mathem. LEGES MOTVS. ‘9- SCHOLIUM. T JAclenus principia tradidi a mathematicis recepta G? experientid niulti- JT 1 plici confirmata. Per leges duos primus & corollaria duo prime, Gali- lreus invenit defeenfum gravium ejfe in duplicate ratione temporis, & motum projedlilium fieri in parabola confpirante experientid, nifi quatenus motus illi per aeris rejiftentiam aliquantulum retardantur. Ab iifdem legibus & corol- lariis pendent demonftrata de temporibus ofcillantium pendulorum, fuffragante borologiorum experientid quotidiana. Ex his iifdem & lege tertia Chriltophorus Wrennus eques auratus, Johannes Wallifius S. T. D. & Chriftianus Huge- nius, hujus eetatis geometrarum facile principes, regular congrejfuum & re- fiexionum duorum corporum feorfim invenerunt, & eodem fere tempore cum So- cietate Regia communicarunt, inter fe ( quoad has leges) omnino confpirantes : & primus quidem Wallifius, deinde Wrennus & Hugenius inventum prodiderunt. Sed & veritas comprobata eft a Wrenno coram Regia Societate per experimen- tum pendulorum : S>uod etiam clariftimus Mariottus libro Integra exponere max dignatus eftl\ “ The fecond Work which he has advanced, is the HiJiory of Seafons : tt which will be of admirable Benefit to Mankind, if it fhall be conftantly tt purfued, and deriv’d down to Pofterity. His Propofal therefore was, to “ comprehend a Diary of Wind, Weather, and other Conditions of the Air, “ as to Heat, Cold, and Weight; and alfo a general Defcription of the “ Year, whether contagious or healthful to Men or Beafts; with an Ac- “ count ' « 4 jo8 THE LIFE OF fecutn of the Royal Society, Dr. GrewV Catalogue , p. 357* count of Epidemical Difeafes, of Blafts, Mill-Dews, and other Accidents, belonging to Grain, Cattle, Filh, Fowl, and Infedts. And becaufe the ' Difficulty of a conftant Obfervation of the Air , by Night and Day, feem’d In the Mu ■ “ invincible, he therefore devifed a deck * to be annex’d to a Weather- Cock, which mov’d a Rundle cover’d with Paper, upon which the Clock mov d a black Lead Pencil, fo that the Obferver by the Traces of the Pencil on the Paper, might certainly conclude, what Winds had blown in his Abfence for twelve Hours fpace: After a like Manner he con¬ triv’d a 'Thermometer to be its own Regijler: And becaufe the ufual “ Thermometers were not found to give a true Meafure of the Extenfion of the Air , by Reafon that the accidental Gravity of the Liquor, as it “ lay higher or lower in the Glafs, weigh’d unequally on the Air , and gave “ it a farther Contraction or Extenfion, over and above that which was pro¬ duced by Heat and Cold; therefore he invented a circular Thermometer , “ in which the Liquor occafions no Fallacy, but remains always in one Height “ moving the whole lnfirument like a Wheel on its Axis. [Ill an Improvement of his Invention of the Weather-Wheel, (the only true Way to meafure Expanfions of the Air) he contriv’d the Injlrument to be more firmly made, by caufing the circular Pipes (which cannot be truely blown in Glafs) to be form’d of Brafs, by thofe who make Trumpets and Sack-butts, who wiredraw their Pipes through a Hole to equal them, and then filling them with melted Lead, turn them round into what Flexures they pleafe : The Infide of the Pipe he varniffi’d with China Varnifi, to pre- ferve it from the Quickfilver, and the Glafs fix’d to it, with Varnifh ; which is the beft Cement in the World, for thus the Chinefe fix Glafs and Mother of Pearl in their Works.] To his Invention of the Weather Clock, other Motions were afterwards added by Mr. Robert Hook, ProfelTor of Geometry in GreJham-CoUege. It hath fix or feven Motions; firft a Pendulum Clock, which goes with three quarters of a ioo lb. Weight, and moves the greateft Part of the Work with this, a Barometer, a Thermometer, a Rain-Meafure ; fuch an one as is next de- ferib’d ; a Weather-Cock ; to which fubferves a Piece of Wheel-Work analo¬ gous to a Wty-Wifer ; and a Hygrofcope ; each of which have their Re¬ gijler, and the Weather-Cock hath two ; one for the Points, the other for the Strength of the Wind. All working upon a Paper falling off of a Row/er which the Clock alfo turns. Mr. Hook's, Propofal for augmenting the Weather-Clock, was firft offer’d by him to the Royal-Society in the Year 1664, upon the Defcription of one made by Sir Chrijlopher Wren. [Wallers Life of Hook, page XI.] Dr. Plot’s nat. The Inftrument call’d the Thermometer, tho’ of very ancient Invention, fold ‘■ / 2 ° X " t ^ ere having been one of them found by Robert de Flulilibus graphically de- Jr ,f ’ 229 ' lineated in a MS. of five hundred Years Antiquity at leaft ; yet it has Hill re¬ ceiv’d other ufeful Advancements from that curious Artift Sir Ch. Wren, by the Invention of the circular Thermometer. j h thi Mu- “ He contriv’d an J lnfirument to meafure the Quantities of Rain that fjf “ falls in any Space of Time, on any Piece of Ground, as fuppofe on one Di. Grew’/" Acre in one Year; this, as foon as it is full, will pour out itfelf, and at Catalogue, p. “ the Year’s End dilcover how much Rain has fallen on fuch a Space of Land, “ or other hard Superficies, in order to the Theory of Vapours, Rivers, Seas, “ &c.” [A Triangular Tin Vefiel hanging in a Frame, as a Bell, with one Angle lowermoft. From whence one Side rifes up perpendicular, the other floaped; whereby the Water, as it fills, fpreads only on one Side from the Centre, till at length it fills and empties itfelf. Which being done, a leaden Poife on the other Side, immediately pulls it back to fill again,] “ He 2 og sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, int. “ He deviled many fubtil Ways for the eafier finding the Gravity of the " Atmofphere, the Degrees of Drought and Moifture, and many of its other “ Accidents. Amongft: thefe Infiruments, there are Balances, which are ufe- “ ful to other Purpofes, that fliew the Weight of the Air by their fponta- “ neous Inclination. “ Amongft the new Difcoveries of the Pendulum, thefe are to be attribut- “ ed to him, that the Pendulutn in its Motion from reft to reft ; that is, in “ one Defcent and Afcent, moves unequally in equal Times, according to a “ Line of Sines : That it would continue to move either in circular or dip- “ deal Motions; and fuch Vibrations would have the fame Periods with “ thofe that are reciprocal; and that by a Complication of feveral Pendu- “ buns depending one upon another, there might be reprefented Motions “ like the planetary helical Motions, or more intricate : and yet that thefe Pen- “ dulums would difeover without Confufion (as the Planets do) three or four “ feveral Motions, adting upon one Body with differing Periods ; and that “ there may be produced a natural Standard for Meafure from the Pendulum “ for vulgar Ufe. “ He has invented many Ways to make ajlronomical Ohfervations more- “ accurate and eafy: he has fitted and hung Quadrants, SeBants, and Radii, “ more commodioufly than formerly: He has made two Pelefcopes, to open “ with a Joint like a Settlor, by which Obfervers may infallibly take a Di- “ fiance to half Minutes, and find no Difference in the fame Obfervation re- “ iterated feveral Times ; nor can any warping or luxation of the Inftrument “ hinder the Truth of it. “ He has added many Sorts of Retes, Screws and other Devifes to Tele- " fiopes, for taking fmall Diftances, and apparent Diameters to feconds. “ He has made Apertures to take in more or lefs Light, as the Obferver “ pleafes, by opening and ftmtting like the Pupil of the Eye, the better to “ fit Glaffes to crepufculine Obfervations. He has added much to the “ Theory of Dioptricks ; [by giving a true Account of RefraBion, and of Vi- Jion ; as that the chryftalline Humor is not the principal Inftrument of RefraBion in the Eye, nor effential to Vifion, but merely to convenient Vifion. ] “ He had “ added much to the Manufacture itfelf of grinding good Glaffes. He has at- “ tempted, and not without Succefs, the making of Glaffes of otherForms than “ fpherical. He has exadtly meafur’d and delineated the Spheres of the Hu~ “ mors in the Eye, whofe Proportions one to another were only guefs’d at be- “ fore. This accurate Difcuffion produc’d the Reafon, why we fee Things “ eredted, and that RefleBion conduces as much to Vifion as RefraBion. [He contrived an artificial Eye, truly and dioptrically made (as large as an* Mode! of Tennis-Ball) reprefenting the Pidture as Nature makes it: The Cornea, and'"' E y e Cryflalline were Glafs, the other Humours, Water. He took an exadt Survey R^yalSodcty*' of an Horfe’s Eye, meafuring what the Spheres of the Cryflalline and ComeaDr. Grew. p. were, and what the Proportions of the Diftances of the Centers of every Sphere 3S9 ' were upon the Axis: the Projection in triple the Magnitude, was presented to Sir Paul Ncile, and the Experiment occafionally reiterated.] “ Pie difeourfed to the Society a natural and eafy Pheory of RefraBion, “ which exadtly anfwered every Experiment. He fully demonftrated all Diop- “ tricks in a few Propofitions, fliewing not only [as in Keplerb Dioptricks) “ the common Properties of Glaffes, but the Proportions by which the indi- “ vidual Rays cut the Axis, and each other ; upon which the Charges (as “ they are ufually called) of Pelefcopes, or the Proportion of the Eye-Glafles, “ and Apertures are demonftrably difeovered. k “ He THE LIFE OF 1661 Ex autograph. “ He has made conftant Obfervations on Saturn ; and a Theory of that “ Planet, truly anfwering all Obfervations, before the printed Dilcourfe of “ Hugcnius on that Subject appeared. By a thirty-fix Foot Glafs, he drew many exadt Pidtures of Saturn, not on¬ ly of his Anfuhz, but his Spots; and attained to a ‘Theory of his Rotation, and various Inclination of his Body. He alfo drew the Spots of Mars. He made the Tube an AJlronomical Injlrument to obferve to Seconds ; by which he took the Motions of ‘Jupiter's Satellites, and Saturn's Moca ; and not only drew Pictures of the Moon as Hevcltus had done, but gave more exact Surveys and Maps of her, and discovered exadlly her various Inclinations, and therein Ilt velius's Errors; lie caufed a Needle to be made .of forty Inches, in order to dilcover the Annual Motion of Variation in it. “ He has eifay'd to make a true Selenography by Meafure ; the World having nothing yet but Pidtures, rather than Surveys or Maps of the Moon. He has Rated the Theory of the Moon’s Libration, as far as his Obfervations could carry him. He has compofed a Lunar Globe, reprefent- ing not only the Spots and various Degrees of Whitenels upon the Surface, but the Hills, Eminences and Cavities, moulded in folid Work. The Globe thus fafliioned into a true Model of the Moon, as you turn it to the Light reprefents all the menftrual Phafes, with the Variety of Appearances “ that happen from the Shadow of the Mountains and Vallies. Of the Globe of the Moon in folid Work 5 and of the Micrographia. 1 To Dr. Wren at All-Souls College in Oxford. SIR, I A M commanded by the Royal Society to acquaint you, thatjiis Majefty expedts you fhould profecute your Defign of making the Reprelentation of the Lunar Globe in Solido ; and that you fhould proceed in drawing the Shapes of little Animals as they appear in the Microfcope ; and that he doth expedt an Account of this from you fhortly. I am, SIR, &c. Hen. P o w l k. Extraft of a Letter from Sir Robert Moray, Neile, on the fame Subject. and Sir Paul Do Dr. Wren Savilian Profejfor of AJlronomy at Oxford. Much honoured Friend, T H E King hath commanded us to lay a double Charge upon you, in his Name, to perfedt a Defign, wherein he is told, you have al¬ ready made fome Progrefs, to make a Globe reprefenting accurately the Figure of the Moon, as the belt: Tubes reprefent it : and to delineate by the Help of the Microfcope the Figures of all the Infedls, and fmall living Creatures you can light upon, as you have done thofe you prefented to his Majefty. If it were needful to add any further Excitement to your Induftry, we fhould tell you how much our whole Society is rejoiced, that his Majefty has a juft Efteem of your Parts, and honours you with his Commands, which ,we are confident will prevail with you, and therefore we referve all other sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. other Motives for other Things, only we expedt you will fignify to us your Readinefs to comply with his Majefty’s Pleafure; and you may be fure we will improve it as much to your Honour and Advantage, as is poffible for much honoured Friend, Tour moft ajfeBionate bumble Servants, Whitehall , 17 May, l66l ‘ R. Moray, P. Ne.ile. Second Letter from Sir Robert Moray. To Dr. Wren, &c. My worthy Friend, S INCE my laft I told the King you had finifhed your Lunar Globe, and defired to know what are his further Commands; and he com¬ manded me to let you know, he would have you bring it hither to him. I have alfo to tell you, that in Compliance with your Defire to be eafed of the further Talk of drawing the Figures of fmall Infedts by the Help of the Microfcope, we have moved his Majefty to lay his Commands on another, one Vandcr Diver ; and we have alfo perfuaded Mr. Hook, to undertake the fame Thing. This is all the Trouble you fhall now have from, my worthy Friend, Tour real humble Servant, Whitehall, 13 Augujl , 1661. t-, , R. Moray. N. B. Sir Robert Moray, one of his Majefty’s Privy Council in Scotland, l&araan- of was an excellent Mathematician, and well verfed in Natural Philofophy and^ V^ur-’ Chymiftry ; he was among the firft who modelled, inftituted, and promoted n«, Echard, the Royal Society, and was eledted the fecond, after the Lord Brounker, Pre- £sV I fident. He was univerfally beloved and efteemed ; of fo great Piety, that in the Midft of Armies and Courts, he fpent many Hours a Day in Devotion. He had an Equality of Temper in him that nothing could alter; and was in Pradtice a Stoick. He had a Superiority of Genius and Comprehenfion to moft Men. He had a moft diffufed Love to all Mankind, and delighted in every Occalion of doing Good, which he managed with great Difcretion and Zeal.—A Charadter fo parallel in all Points, to that of Sir Chrijlopher Wrest, naturally produced a moft friendly and inviolable Attachment to each other. He died fuddenly at Whitehall, and being particularly in the King's Favour, was at his Majefty’s own Charge, buried in Wefiminfier-Abbey, in the Year 1673. In Obfervance of the King’s Commands, and Diredtions of the Roval Society *, the Globe of the Moon in folid Work was accurately finilhed, and* Pr,:es '° u prelented to his Majefty at Whitehall, fixed on a Pedeftal of Lignum Vitcef Bmm ' curioufly turned, with this Infcription engraved on the Foot, and a Scale of Miles. CAROLO SECVNDO M. BR. FR. ET HIB. R. CVIVS AMPLITVDINI QVIA VNVS NON SVFFICIT NOVVM HVNC ORBEM SELENOSPPLERIQ EXPRESSVM D. D. D. CHR. WREN. His His Majefty received it with particular Satisfaction, and ordered it to be placed among the Curiofities of his Cabinet. Dr. Sprat, late Bilhop of Rochefter, in his Obfervations on Monfieur Londoni665.^, Fortier’s Voyage into England, (dedicated to Dr. Wren) has this Reflec¬ tion. — “ In which is Monfieur Sorbier more ridiculous, his Hiftory or his “ Policy ? his Hiftory in lpeaking fo many falle Reproaches aloud, his Po- “ licy in whifpering fuch Trifles with fo much Caution. I befeech you, Sir, “ let us allow him the Reputation of this new Invention intire, tho’ he did “ not think fit to name the famous Author of the Lunar Globe, which he “ faw in the King’s Clofet.” ExtraB from the Preface of Mr. HookV Micographia. T) Y the Advice of that excellent Man Dr. Wilkins *, I firft fet upon this Enterprize, [ Micographia , or Pbyjiological Defcriptions of minute Bodies made by thf Help of magnifying G!ajfes\ yet ftill came to it with much Re- ludlancy, becaufe I was to follow the Footfteps of fo eminent a Perfon as Dr. Wren , who was the firft that attempted any Thing of this Nature ; whofe original Draughts do now make one of the Ornaments of that great Col- ledtion of Rarities in the King's Clofet. This Honour which his firft Begin¬ nings of this Kind have received, to be admitted into the mod famous Place of the World, did not fo much incourags, as the Hazard of coming after Dr. Wren did affright me ; for of him I muft affirm, that fince the Time of Archimedes, there fcarce ever met in one Man, in fo great a Perfedtion, fuch a mechanical Hand, and fo philofophical a Mind. Dr. Sprat’* Hiji. of the c( RoyalSociety. (( * lu the Mu- /.sum of the ti Royal Socie- ££ tv. Dr. Grew, p. 364. “ *}■ hi the Mu- feu m of the Royal Socie¬ ty, Dr. Grew, p . 364. “ He has made Maps of the Pleiades, and other Pelefcopical Stars ; and propofed Methods to determine the great Doubt of the Earth’s Motion or Reft, by the fmall Stars about the Pole to be feen in large Pelefcopes. “ In order to Navigation, he has carefully purfu’d many magnetical Ex¬ periments ; of which this is one of the noble!! and moft fruitful of Spe¬ culation. A large * Perella, or orbicular Loadflone about four Inches and a half in Diameter, is placed in the Midft of a plain Board, with a Hole, into which the Ferella is half immers’d, till it be like a Globe, with the Poles in the Horizon ; together with 32 Needles upon the Margin of the Table, by which the different Refpedt of the Needle to the feveral Points ' of the Ft-reHa may be obferv’d. Then is the Plane dufted over with Steel- : Filings equally from a Sieve: The Dull by the magnetical Virtue is : immediately figur’d into Furrows, that bend like a Sort of Helix, proceed- 1 ing as it were out of one Pole, and returning into the other; And the ‘ whole Plane is thus figur’d like the Circles of a Planifphere. “ It being a Queftion among the Problems of Navigation, very well ; worth revolving, to what mechanical Powers the failing (again!! the : Wind efpecially) was reducible; he Ihewed it to be a Wedge; and he ; demonftrated how a tranfent Force upon an oblique Plane, would caufe : the Motion of the Plane again!! the firft Mover; and he made an -f- In- • Jlrument that mechanically produced the fame Effedt, and fhewed the Reafon : of failing to all Winds. “ The Geometrical Mechanicks of Rowing he Ihewed to be a Vettis on a : moving or cedent Fidcrum. For this End he made Injlruments to find what the Expanfion of Body was towards the Hindrance of Motion in a liquid Medium ; and what Degree of Impediment was produced, by what Degree of Expanfion ; with other Things that are the neceffary Elements “ for 213 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. “ for laying down the Geometry of Sailing, Swimming, Rowing, Flying, “ and the Fabricks of Ships. “ He has invented a very curious and exxeeding fpeedy Way of Etching. “ He contriv'd a peculiar * Instrument to draw Perfpettive with. He has ftart-* I» tht M.,- “ ed feveral Things towards the Emendation of Water-Works. He has made^"^ “ Inftruments of Rejpiration ; and for {training the Breath from fuliginous P ! 37 6. rC "' Vapours, to try whether the fame Breath, fo purify’d, will ferve again. A Defcription of the Veffel for cooling, and percolating the Air at once, he produc’d to the Society, and left in Mr. Boyle’s Hands; by which it ap¬ pear’d, that fomething elfe in Air is requifite for Life, than that it fliould be cool only, and free from the fuliginous Vapours and Moifture it was in- fedled with, in Expiration ; for, all thofe were depofited in its Circulation through the Injlrument, upon a Suggeftion that nitrous Fumes might be found requifite, he contriv’d Ways to lupply that too, by placing fome be¬ nign chymical Spirits, that bv fuming might infedt the Air within the Veffel. He was the firft Inventor of drawing Pictures by microfcopical Glajfes. “ He has found out perpetual, at lead: long liv’d Lamps, and Regifbers of “ Furnaces, and the like, for keeping a perpetual Temper, in order to va- “ nous Ufes; as hatching of Eggs, Infedts, Produdtion of Plants, chyrni- “ cal Preparations, imitating Nature, in producing Fofiils and Minerals, “ keeping the Motion of Watches equal, in order to Longitudes and ajlrono- “ mica! Vfcs, and infinite other Advantages. He made it no fmall Part of his Bufinefs to have a Fire frequently going in the Eiaboratory for choicer Experiments in Chymijlry, well knowing that many Parts of Philofophy are not to be pierc’d far into, without this Help; and little to be done in the Bufinefs of Trades without it. Mechanical Phi¬ lofophy only teaches us what probably may be done in Nature, by the Mo¬ tion and Figures of the little Particles of Things, but Chymijlry helps to de¬ termine what is a (dually done by the Motions of thofe invifible Parts of Li¬ quors, Spirits and Fumes; and oftentimes gives Light enough to contradidt mechanical Hypothefes that otherwife feem well grounded. Thus in the Body of a Man, if we confider it only mechanically, we may indeed learn the Fabrick and Adtion of the orginical Parts, but without Chymiftry, we {hall be at a Lofs to know, what Blood, Spirits and Humours are ; from the due Temper of which, (as of the Spring in the Barrel Wheel) the Mo¬ tions of all the Part depend. With divers new and ufeful Experiments in this Art, he had frequent Opportunities of entertaining his Royal Highnefs Prince Rupert, and his Majcfty King Charles the Second, who were both il- luftrious Spagyrijls and Operators. The Prince , as a diftinguifiring Mark of his Efteem, was pleafed to enroll him in a Lift of fuch lpecial Friends, to. whom he Yearly fent a Prefent of Wine, from his Appenage on the Rhine. “ The noted Chymift and Roficrucian Peter Sthael, of Strajburgh, \aLifi »/Ant. a “ Royal-Prujjia , was brought to Oxford by the honourable Mr. Robert Boyle, * 59 - “ An. 1659. Among the chiefeft of his Scholars were Dr. John Wallis, Kan l ’ li °- “ Mr .Chrijtvpber Wren, afterwards a Knight, and an eminent Virtuofo, with “ others of great Names in Phyfick and Learning. He found out feveral new geometrical Bodies, that arife by the Applica-Or.PIot’/M/ cation of two Cylinders, and one lenticular Body fit for grinding one another fo'd- ?f bv whofe mutual Attrition, will neceffarily be produc’d a conoides hyperboli-zl^'™’ cum, and two cylindrmdea hyperbolica. The Engine whereby this may be done being reprefented in Sculpture in our Philofop/dcal TranfaElims, and d t-Phitofiphicol i i lign’d for grinding hyperbolical GlafTes. THE LIFE OF 214 He firft obferv'd, that a plain Jlraight edg’d Chifel, fet any way obliquely to a Cylinder of Wood, did neceffarily turn it into a cylindroides hyperbclicum convexo concavum ; the feveral Sedlions whereof are accurately demonftrated by Dr. Wallis. [Wallifii mechanics , five de motu. pars 2. de calcido centri gravitatis cap. 5. prop. 32.] Phihjiphical ^ le ^' ear he firft found out 3 ftraight Line equal to a cycloid, Vranjuawni, and the Parts thereof. As is clearly made appear in his Behalf by the N°.^g8. p. Rjght Honourable and learned the Lord Vifcount Brounker, Chancellor to her Majefty, and Prefident of the Royal Society, and the Reverend and learned Dr. “John Wallis. He was the firft Inventor of the Art of Graving in Mezzo-tinto ; which was after profecuted and improv’d by his Royal Highnefs Prince Rupert, in a Method lomewhat different, upon the Suggeftion (as is faid) of the learn¬ ed and ingenious John Evelyn, Efq; Of this Art fome original ElTays are ex¬ tant: viz. the Head of a Moor, &c. by th e Inventor: The Executioner of St. John Baptif by the Prince ; on the Sword is the Mark, R. P. f. (i. e. Rupertus Princeps fecit.) over it, an Eledloral Coronet: 6146, ExtraEl from Dr. Plot’s Natural Hijlory of Oxfordfhire, Page 269. Chap. IX. of Arts, SeSl. 140. T HE ereft fouthern declining Dial, over All-Souls-College Chapel, is a neat Piece of Work, fo curioufly contrived by Sir Chrijlopher Wren ; that tho’ it Hands high, yet by the Help of two half Rays, and one whole one for every Hour, one may fee to a Minute what it is a Clock, the Mi¬ nutes being depifted on the Sides of the Rays, viz. Fifteen on each Side, and divided into fives by a different CharaSler from the reft. He invented the Art of Double Writing, that is, of making two feveral Pens upon two feveral Papers to write one and the fame Dudlure of Let¬ ters, with as near as poffible the fame Beauty and Facility that is found in common Writing, by an Inftrument call’d the Diplographical Infirument. Ad Regem, feliciter Reducem. Difilmt en gemino quam prodiga fepia duclu, IJt cadat in titulos, Carole magne, tuos. Marte, ac confilio nam te bis fcribere magnum, XJnica fi nequeat dextera, dupla valet. Ufes of the Diplographical Inftrument. HAT by the Help of this Inftrument only, every ordinary Penman may at all Times be fuddenly fitted to write two fe¬ veral Copies of any Deeds and Evidences, from the fhorteft to the largeft Length of Lines, in the very fame Compafs of Time, and with as much Eafe and Beauty, without any dividing or ruling, as without the Help of the Inftrument, he could have difpatch’d but one. Secondly, That by this diminifhing the tedious Labour of Tranfcriptions of the greater Sorts of Deeds, Indentures, Conveyances, Charters, and all other Duplicates, the Works of the Pen, (which in fo many feveral Kinds, and feveral Offices are yearly numberlefs) are not only fhorten’d, but the Penmen themfelves both reliev’d, and recompens'd by an honeft Gain, with half die wonted Toil. ■Apply'd to K. Charles II. af¬ ter bis Refto- ration. Firft, T Third, SIR 215 CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. Thirdly, There will be in both Copies thus drawn, fuch an exadt Likenefs in the fame Number, and Order of Lines, and even of Words, Letters and Stops, in all Places of both Copies ; that being once fever’d, there ihall hard¬ ly be difcern’d any Difference between them, except fuch as is meerly cafual, as Spots or Marks in the Parchment. Fourthly, This Inftrument will undoubtedly prevent the mifchievous Craft of Corruption, Forgery and Counterfeiting of Hands and Seals, or if any fuch foul Pradtice be attempted, will effedtually and manifeftly difcover it ; for what will it avail to counterfeit a Seal, or the Hand that figns, Unleis a Duplicate could be made in every Line, Letter and Dot, like the twin . Copy ? Which without the Help of the fame Inftrument is impoffible : fo expedient might it be to all Intents and Ufes of the State, in Matters ot the greateft Confequence, that publick Adds be written by this Inftrument, for Teftimony and Affurance to all Times. Three Years after he had brought this Invention to Maturity, it feems, other Perfons at London, publickly pretended to be the Authors; which oblig'd him to affert his Right to it, in a Letter to a certain Friend, who, among others, had been a Judge of the firft Experiment. * SIR, H E Account you give me in your laft Letter, that a Double-Writing Inftrument hath of late been at London, pretended to by feveral, as a Produdtion of their own, and fo divulged to divers, hath given me Occafion of putting into your Hands (what certainly I have more Right to difpofe of, than any late Pretender) that Double-Writing-Inftrument, of the Effedt of which, about three Years ago, yourfelf Sir, as I remember, among other the Ingenioji were Judges, at the fame Time when accidentally it was com¬ manded to the View of the then great, now greateft -j- Perfon in the Na- f Oliver tion. I confefs my Thoughts were then to fuffer it to be made publick, Cromw£il - and Friends fpur’d me to it, apprehending it not as a meer Curiofity, but of excellent and very general Ufe. Moreover, to copy out in every Pundtilio the exadt Refemblance, or rather the very Identity of the two Co¬ pies, as if one fhould fancy fuch a Piece of Magick as lliould make the fame Thing really two; or with drunken Eyes fhould fee the fame Thing double, is what might be thought almoft impoffible for the Hand of Man. But Bufinefs drew me fuddenly from London, and from the Opportunity of publifhing it; content that I had at leaft communicated it to the ingenious Few, I willingly left it: And indeed the Thing always appearing to me but of obvious (tho’ ufeful) Invention, I was eafily drawn off to ncgledt it all this while, by the intervening of Studies and Defigns that I much more e deem’d; amongft which this took up fo little a Place, that I am beholding to the Perfon who, by vindicating it to be his own, has put me again in Mind of it. I accule none of Plagiary, becaufe having fhewn it to few, I think it would be more Trouble to any knowing Perfon, to enquire it out of others, than to invent it anew ; and therefore had it been thought on by any other, about that Time I ftiew’d it, I fhould have readily imagin’d, (be¬ caufe of the Obvioufnefs of the Experiment) that it might as eafily have iiad a double Father, as have produc’d a twin Copy: but I am apt to be¬ lieve from good Information, that thofe who now boaft of it, had it from one, who having fully feen the Author’s, and examin’d it carefully (as it is ealy to carry away, being of no complicate Compofure) deferib’d it juftly to his Friend, and affifted him in the making of it; and the very glorying THE LIFE OF in a Thing of fo facile Compofure fufficiently difcovers a Narrownefs of Spi¬ rit in Things of Invention, and is therefore almoft Argument enough, that he was not juftly fo much as a fecond Inventor; nor hath the Author rea- fon to take it for an Injury, that one reported a deferving Perfon in other Abilities, would pleafe to own a caft-ofF Toy of his, but rather owes him a Civility out of Gratitude for fathering it, and faving him that Labour of Education he intended, which will now be needlefs, the difperfing of divers Inftruments among the Merchants, with Diredlions for the Ufe. But it may be, there are divers who knowing fuch a Thing to have been talked of fome Years ago, as coming from another Hand, will be eafily ready to turn all this with Advantage upon myfelf; indeed tho’ I care not for having a Succeffor in Invention, yet it behoves me to vindicate myfelf from the Afper- lion of having a Predeceffor. This Draught of a Letter bears no Date, yet, by the Contents, the Time may be nearly computed; it appears, the firft Device and Experiment was made three Years before the ProteSlorate, fell. 1650. The Time of his jufti- fying his Right, and appealing to his Judges was in 1653. When the great Man abovemention'd was invefted with the Office of Prote&or , and fo be¬ came th z greateft Perfon in the Nation. It is difficult to reconcile this Account with what is recorded of Sir William Petty , “ That he in 1647, had a Patent granted him by the Parliament “ for feventeen Years, to teach his Art of Double Writing .” [Rujh'worth’ s Hift. Coll. PartIV.] [Ward’s Lives of GreJIeam Profeffors, p. 218.] —It is evident, that in the Tears before recited, he had no Intelligence of Petty’s Art and Patent. It is a common Saying; “ Good Wits jump!' He contriv’d a Needle that would play in a Coach, as well ufeful to know the Coaft and Way join’d with the Waywifer, as a pleafant Diverlion to the Traveller, who might thus, as it were fail by Land. The Machine is fram’d after this Manner. In a Sphere of Glafs of two Inches Diameter, half full of Water, caufe a heavy flrort broad Needle fix’d to a Chart to fwim, being buoy’d up by the Chart, and both varniffi’d; inftead of a Cap and Pin, let the perforated Needle play about a fmall Wire, or Horfe-Hair extended like a perpendicular Axis in the glafs Sphere, whofe Nadir being made weighty with Lead, and an Horizon, as it were, cemented to it; let it play in Cir¬ cles like the Compafs; then let an hemifpherical Concave, containing the Sphere in its Circles, be hung upon Springs after this Manner. Suppofe a Balls upon which are eredled perpendicularly three ftiff Brafs Springs, from the Ends of which Springs are Strings drain’d, forming an equilateral Triangle, the Middle of whofe Sides pafs through three fmall Loops on the Brim of the Concave, which therefore hanging on the Strings, reprefent a Circle in- ferib’d in a Triangle: from the Middle of the Balls arifes a Worm-Spring, faften’d by a String to the Nadir of the Concave, drawing it down a little, and aiding againll the other three Springs. Thefe Springs will take off at once much of both the downright and collateral Concuffions; the Circles will take off Ofcillations, the Agitations remaining will be fpent in the Wa¬ ter, and ftill’d by the Chart; for thus we fee a Trencher fwimming in a Bucket keeps the Water from fpilling in the Carriage; and the Chinefe have their Compafs fwimming in Water, inftead of Circles. Laftly, all the Bot¬ tom of the Bafis is to be bridled round like a Brufh, fomewhat inclining, which will eafe it like a hundred Springs: It fhould be placed in the Middle of the Floor of the Coach, where by opening a Window may be feen like- wile the Wavwifer on the Pearch, The sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, K N T. 2 . 1 ' The Way-Wifer for a Coach, contriv’d by Sir Chriftopher Wren, and given Dr - Grew ’' by Bifhop Wilkins to the Royal Society, is very manageable. It hath five In-fff isocie^ ilexes pointing to fo many different Meafures, fc. Perches, Furlongs, Miles, p- 260. Tens of Miles, and Hundreds of Miles; and turn’d about with as many Wheels. Made to work in a Coach, thus ; in the Middle of the Axletree is cut a little Box to receive the Wifer: from whence the Axletree is made hollow to the End. In this Hollow lies a Rod, loofe from the Axletree, and fatten'd at one End to the Nave of the Wheel, and fo turns round with it. And with a Worm it hath at the other End, at the fame Time, it turns the Perch of the Wheel-wifer, and that all the reft. Yet by this Meafure, one Yard will fometimes be loft: in a hundred Yards. He contriv’d a Box-hive, given to the Royal Society by Sir Robert Moray : lnthcMufaum the Defcription whereof was firft publith’d by Mr. Hart lib in the Year 1652.^^ Since then by Mr. Mofes Rnfden : defign’d to keep them warmer, and more Grew, j. 371. fafe ; but efpecially to prevent their fwarming, and the better to propagate them into Colonies. He exhibited great Variety of [ciographical, fcenographical, dioptrical and catoptrical Experiments, which when executed with good Painting, and geo-ynthMuftim metrical Truth in the Projile, would deceive the Eye with furprizing Effedts;»/ the Royal fuch, for Inftance, was the catoptrick Paint , given to the Royal Society by Societ )'' Bifhop Wilkins, on one Side the Paint appears as if it were altogether rude and irregular, fo as nothing can be made of it, but a metalline Cylinder being plac’d perpendicular upon a certain Point of the Table, the Rays are in fuch fort incident thereon, and thence refledted to the Eye, as to reprefent a Varie¬ ty of curious Works in Landfkip and Figures, &c. ExtraEl from the ColleElion of Philofophical Experiments of Dr. Hook, and others^publifPd by theRev. Mr . Derham, London, 1726. p. 1. Op the Invention of the Barometer, in the Tear 1659. I N one of Dr. Hooke's, Papers I * find this Remark, viz. the Inftru-* Mr ■ Dcr ' ment for finding the different Prefture of the Air upon the Parts of the lam ' Earth fubjacent, was firft obferv’d by the honourable Mr. Boyle, who upon the Suggejlion of Sir Chriflopher Wren, eredting a Tube of Glafs fo fill’d with Mercury, as is now ufually done in the common Barometers, in order to find out, whether the Prefture of the Moon, according to the Car- tefan Hypothejis did affedt the Air; inftead of finding the Fludtuation which might caufe the Phcenomena of the Tides, difcover’d the Variation of its Prefture to proceed from different Caufes, and at different Times, from what that Hypothefis would have predidted. That Property of the Air (for ought appears) was never difcover’d till that Time, &c. To this I fhall add another Remark. I find in the Minutes of the Royal Society, Feb. 20, 1678-9. Upon a Difcourfe of feme Experiments to be made with the Barometer on the Monument, it was queried, how this Expe¬ riment of the different Prefture of the Atmofphere came at firft to be thought of? And it was related, that it was firft propounded by Sir Chrijlopher Wren, in order to examine Monfieur Des Cartes's Hypothefis, whether the palling by of the Body of the Moon did prefs upon the Air, and confequently alfo up¬ on the Body of the Water : and that the firft Trial thereof was made at Mr. Boyle's Chamber in Oxford. The Time when thefeObfervations were made was about the Year 1658 or 9. At which Time, Mr. Boyle having a Barometer fix’d up for the obferving the Moon’s Influence upon the Waters, happen’d to dil'covef the Ufe of it k in 2l8 THE LIFE OF l « « in relation to the Weather, and to allure himfelf, that it was the Gravita¬ tion of the Atmofphere which kept up the Quickfilver to fuch a Height as the Learned abroad, particularly Torricelli, had fufpedted before. But although this Ufe of the Barofcope is owing to Sir Chrijlopher Wren and Mr. Boyle ; yet, to do every Man Juftice, I fliall give the Hiftory of this excellent Inftrument, from the Extradts of a very ingenious Friend. The firft Inventor of it was Torricelli at Florence, in 1643. From whence Father Merfenne brought it into France the Year following, 1644. And Monfieur Pafcal being inform’d of it by Monfieur Petit the Engineer, they both tried it in 1646, at Rouen, with the fame Succefs as it had been tried in Italy. Some Time after which, an Experiment was made witli a Tube of forty-fix Foot, fill’d with Water, and alfo with Wine; which Ex¬ periment Monf. Pafcal gave an Account of, in a Piece printed in 1647, in which Year he was inform’d of Torricelli's Solution of the Phcenomenon of the Weight of the Air; and devis’d for the examining of it, the famous Experiment with two Tubes, one within the other; which he mentions in a Letter written in November, 1647, and laftly in 164S. The fame Monf. Pafcal made his Experiments on the Tops and Bottoms of Hills, Buildings, &c. Which laft Experiments Monf. Des Cartes laid Claim to; affirming that he defir’d Monf. Pafcal to make them two Years before, and predicted their Succefs, contrary to Monf. Pafcal s Sentiments. Monf. Azoat alfo laid the fame Claim, but it is moll probable that Monf. Pafcal had the beft Title. After the Torricellian Experiment had been much celebrated in divers Places, at laft Otto de Guerrick Conful of Magdeburgh, was inform’d of it by Father Valerian at Ratijbone, who claim’d it as his own Invention; but this was not till the Year i 654. After which Guerrick' s Experiment, (call’d the Magdeburgh Experiment) was much talked of. From this fhort Hiftory of the Barometer, not only the Inventor and Im¬ provers of it appear, but in fome Meafure alfo the excellent XJJes of it: par¬ ticularly the Gravitation of the incumbent Atmofphere, (one of the nobleft philofophical Difcoveries) the Changes of the Weather, &c. W. Derham. ExtraEl from the Life of Dr. Hook, publijh'd, by Mr. Waller, Lond. 1705. P. 7. I N the Year 1655 or 6, were many curious Experiments, Obfervations, and Inquiries made at Oxford, and Inftruments for thofe Purpofes con¬ triv’d, as particularly the Barometer, of which he [Mr. Hook ] fays the firft Occafion of the Invention was a Suggeftion of Sir Chrijlopher Wren, in order to find whether the Hypothefis of Monf. Des Cartes, by giving the Reafon of the Tides from the Pteffure of the Moon upon the A 1 it in its Paffage 4 Mr. Waller, by the Meridian, were true or not. At this Time I -]- have heard Mr. Hook fay, it was firft obferv’d, that the Height of the Mercury in the Barometer did not conform itfelf to the Moon’s Motion, but to that of the different Gravitation of the Air, as has been fince fufficiently verified. Yet * Traitez de in a * French Treatife printed at Paris, 1664. Several Years after this Ob- des^Hqueen, ^ ervat ‘°n at Oxford, the Difcovery of the Gravitation of the Air is attributed £sv. t0 Monf. Pafcal, deduced from feveral Experiments, made about the Year 1650, at Clermont in Auvergne by Monf. Perier ; at Paris by others: and at Stockholm by Meffieurs Des Cartes and Chanute ; which if it be true, as is there related, and the Inferences from that Experiment, fuch as are in the fame k n t. sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, 2 ig fame Trail mention’d, ’tis ftrange they fhould not have been apply’d to the Ufe of fo beneficial an Inftrument fooner, which I do not find they were, till after this Obfervation at Oxford: Mr. Hook fuppofes that Reita was the firft that made Ufe of convex Eye Philof. Expir Glaffes, taking in a larger Area than the concave ones ufed before, and Derham, that he invented the Rete or Menfurator , placed in the cominon Focus oP' 2?2 ' the Glalfes ; which Sir Chriftopher Wren perfected ; and invented the angular Injlrument confifting of two Telefcopes join'd at a moveable Joint, fo as to take Angles by two Obfervers, to a Quadrant. Fhe third Thing Monf. CaJJim [in his Original and ProgreJ’s of Aflronomy ] Phihf. Expcr. unjnldly lays Claim to, in the Behalf of the Royal Academy of Paris , Derham, the finding a Standard for an univerfal Meafure by the Length of a Pendu- lum vibrating a certain Time. This was firfi invented and tried by Sir Chri- flopher Wren , fome Years before the Beginning of the Society. The fourth I hing Monf. Cajfini inftances in, as of Right to be afcrib’d to the Royal Academy of Paris, is the Improvement of Pelefcopes both for Length and Goodnefs; which was firft performed here, by Sir Paul Neile, Sir Chriftopher Wren, and Dr. Goddard, who inftrucled and employed Mr. Rieves in the manual Operation ; and by that Means it was carried to the Perfection of making Objedt-Glalfes of fixty and leventy Foot long, very good, before any Mention was made of fuch being made in France. Some fuch Attempts indeed, had been made in Italy by Divini, and Campani ; but upon the comparing one of the belt of them, brought hither by Monf. Monconys, I found that a Pelefcope I had then by me of Mr. Rieves’ s making, of the fame Length with the Italian, was full as good, if not better ; which Mr. Monconys acknowledged. In Caeleftial Obfervations we have far exceeded all the AntientS, even the Hook’* Mi. Chaldeans, and Egyptians themfelves; whole vajl Plains, high Powers, and crographia. clear Air, did not give them fo great Advantages over as, as we have over them ?r ‘f“ by our GlaJJes. By the Help of which, they have been much out-done by the famous Galileo, Hevehus, Zulichcm, and our own Countrymen, Mr. Rook, and Dr. Wren, &c. APPENDIX to PART I. SECT. I. ExtraH of a Letter from Mr. Hook, May 4, 1665, in Reference to the Comet, Anno 1664; and Dr. Wrens Hypothecs of Comets laid before the Royal Society. NUMB. I. To Dr. Wren at Oxford. SIR, I Hope you received the Globe and Obfervations which I fent you; you had had them much fooner, but in Truth I could not get the Copy of your Hypothefis, though the Amanuenfis was ordered by the Society to have had it ready above a Week before. Thofe Obfervations of my own making, Thave not yet had Time to adjuft fo well as I defired ; for the Sun came upon 220 THE LIFE OF f upon me before I was aware, and fo I muft flay ’till the Conftellation of Lollci - Millington, M. D. nec non a Domino Chriftophoro Wren, L L. D. (S AJlrono- mice profejjore Saviliano ; qui utrique diJfeSlionibus nojlris crebro interejfe, (S circa partium ufus rationes conferee folebant. Porro prior ille vir doSiifimus, cui privato obfervationes meas, & conjetturas, de die in diem proponebam, me ammo incertum, & proprice fententice minus fdentem, fujfragiis fuis [cepe confirmabat. Cczteriim alter vir infignifimus Dodtor Wren, pro fmgulari qua pallet humamtate plurimas cerebri (S calvaries fguras, quo exadiiores ejfent operce, eruditiffimis fuis manibus delincare non fuit gravatus. Dr. Willis's Method of diflefting the Brain, (wherein he had the Afliftance Ur. Plot’,™/.' of the defervedly famous Sir Chrijlopher Wren, Dr. Millington, &c.) is new, ^ P o x ) and moft natural, and fo exadt, that there is fcarce any one Part in it, but ’ ’ 3 °'' what has receiv’d confiderable Advancements. Among divers new Experiments in Anatomy, which he exhibited at the Meetings at Oxford, were Schemes of feveral Fillies diffedted, in which the Fabrick of the Parts appear’d very often irregular, and differing much both from Brutes, and one another. Several Things he obl'erv’d very confiderable in Fowls. Some Parts of Animals he more exadtly trac’d by the Help of Glaffes, as the Kidneys, the Plexus in the Brain, (Sc. The Nerves he found to have little Veins and Arteries in them. He then found the LymphaHudts to empty themfelves into the Receptacle of Chyle, fan all Parts both of the Bowels and Limbs, (Sc. “ He was the firft Author of the noble anatomical Experiment of injedl- Sprat’, Hift. “ ing Liquors into the Veins of Animals. An Experiment now vulgarly “ known; but long fince exhibited to the Meetings at Oxford, and thence “ carried by fome Germans, and publifh’d abroad: by this Operation, divers “ Creatures were immediately purg’d, vomited, intoxicated, kill’d, or re- “ viv’d according to the Quality of the Liquor injedted. Hence arofe many “ ne w Experiments, and chiefly that of transfufing Blood, which the So- “ ciety has profecuted in fundry Inftances, that will probably end in extraordi- . “ nary Succefs, It f 228 THE LIFE OF It fliould feem, by the Date, and a Paragraph in a Letter to a Perfon * Prebably sir of Diftindtion in Ireland *, he made the firft Experiment of Inf upon , about Wiinam 1 et - the Year 1656. After the Recital of feveral new Experiments in Philofo- phy, and Anatomy, he thus proceeds, — “ The moft confiderable Experi- “ ment I have made of late, is this; I injedted Wine and Ale into the Mafs “ of Blood in a living Dog, by a Vein, in good Quantities, till I made him “ extremely drunk, but foon after he piffed it out: With two Ounces of “ Infulion of Crocus Metallorum thus injedted, the Dog immediately fell “ to vomiting, and fo vomited till he died. It will be too long to tell you the “ Effedts of Opium , Scammony, and other Things which I have try’d this “ Way. I am in further Purfuit of the Experiment, which I take to be of “ great Concernment, and what will give great Light to the Theory and “ Pradtice of Phyfick. An Account of the Rife and Attempts of a JVay to convey Li¬ quors immediately into the Mafs of Blood. , " : .al IT J"Hereas there have lately appear’d in publick fome Books , printed be- ‘hf'-' ff’s W yond the Seas, treating of the Way of injebling Liquors into Veins ; 1665. in which Books the Original of that Invention , feems to be afcrib’d to others, beiides him, to whom it really belongs; it will iurely not be thought amifs if fomething be faid, whereby the true Inventors Right may beyond Ex¬ ception be afferted and preferv’d ; to which End, there will need no more, than barely to reprelent the Lime when, and the Place where, and among •whom it was firft ftarted, and put to trial. To join all thefe Circutnftanccs together, ’tis notorious, that at leaft fix Years (a good while before it was heard off, that any one did pretend to have fo much as thought of it) the learned and ingenious Dodtor Chrijlopher Wren did propofe in the XJniverfity of Oxford., (where he now is the worthy Savilian Profeffor of AJlronomy , and where very many curious Perfons are ready to atteft this Relation) to that noble Benefadtor to experimental Philofophy, Mr. Robert Boyle, Dr. Wilkins, and other deferving Perfons, that he thought, he could eafily contrive a Way, to convey any liquid Thing immediately into the Mafs of Blood, vide!. by making Ligatures on the Veins, and then opening them on the Side of the Ligature towards the Heart, and by putting into them flender Syringes, or Quills, fatten'd to Bladders (in the Manner of Clyfter Pipes) containing the Matter to be injedted ; performing that Operation upon pretty big and lean Dogs, that the Veflels might be large enough, and eafily acceffible. This Propofition being made, Mr. Boyle foon gave Order for an Appara¬ tus, to put it to Experiment; wherein at feveral Times, upon feveral Dogs, Opium, and the Infufion of Crocus Metallorum were injedted into that Part of the hind Legs of thofe Animals, whence the larger Veffels, that carry the Blood, are moft eafy to be taken hold of; whereof the Succefs was, that the Opium being foon circulated into the Brain, did within a ihort Time ftupify, tho’ not kill the Dog; but a large Dofe of the Crocus Metal¬ lorum, made another Dog vomit up Life and all : all which is more amply and circumftantially deliver’d by Mr. Boyle, in his excellent Book of the Ufefulnefs of experimental Philofophy, Part 2. Poftfcript to Effay 2. Where ’tis alfo mention’d, that the Fame of this Invention, and of the fucceeding Trials being fpread, and particularly coming to the Knowledge of a foreign Ambaflador, that was curious, and then refided in London, it was by him f tried with fome Crocus Metallorum, upon a Malefadtor, that was an infe- riour Servant of his; with this Succefs, that the Fellow, as foon as ever the 2 29 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. Injeftion began to be made, did, either really, or craftily, fall into a Swoon ; whereby, being unwilling to profecute fo hazardous an Experiment, they defifted, without feeing any other Effedl of it, fave that it was told the Ambaflador, that it wrought once downwards with him. Since which Time, it hath been frequently pradtifed both in Oxford and London ; as well before the Royal Society, as elfewhere. And particularly that learned Phyli cian Dr. Timothy Clark, hath made it part of his Buftnefs, to purfue thofe Experiments with much Induftry, great Accuratenefs, and conliderable Ob- lervations thereon ; which above two Years fmce were produc’d by him, and read before the Royal Society, who thereupon dcfir’d him, as one of their Members, to compleat what he had propos’d to himfelf upon that Subjedt, and then to publifh the fame; the Effedt whereof ’tis hoped, will now fhortly appear, and not prove unwelcome to the Curious. Some whereof, though they may conceive, that Liquors thus injedled into Veins without Preparation and Digeftion, will make odd Commotions in the Blood, difturb Nature, and caufe ftrange Symptoms in theBody; yet they have other Thoughts of Liquors, that are prepar’d of fuch Things as have pafs’d the Digeftion of the Stomach; for Example, of the Spirit of Urine, of Harts-horn, of Blood, &c. And they hope likewife, that belides the medical Ufes, that may be made of this Invention, it may alfo ferve for anatomical Purpofes, by filling after this Way, the Veflels of an Animal as full as they can hold, and'by exceedingly diftending them, difcover new Veflels, &c. But not now to enlarge upon the Ules, the Reader may fecurely take this Nar¬ rative, as the naked, real. Matter of Fadf, whereby ’tis as clear, as Noon¬ day, both from the Time, and irrefragable Teftimony of very many con- fiderable Perfons in that Univerfity, who can jointly atteft it; as well as from that particular unqueftionable one of Mr. Boyle, and his worthy Company, who were the firft Eye-Witneffes of the Trials made, that to Oxford, and in it, to Dr. Chrifopher Wren, this Invention is due; and confe- quently that all others, who difcourfe or write of it, do either derive it from him, or are fallen upon the fame Devife feveral Years after him. Mr. Boyle’s Account of the ahove-metitiori d Invention, and the Experiments thereon. T O enable you ( Pyrophilus) to gratify thofe inquifitive Perfons that have Effays af r.at. _ heard fome, and yet but an imperfedt Report of a much nois’d Ex- fff periment, that was fome Years ago devis’d at Oxford, and fince try’d in other pf/inpi.Ox. Places, before very illuftrious Spedlators; I am content to take the Occafion fortl > i66 3 - afforded me, by what was in the foregoing Efl'ay lately mention’d concern¬ ing the Application of Poifons, to inform you. That a pretty while after the Writing of that Eflay, I happen’d to have fome Difcourfe about Matters of the like Nature, with thofe excellent Mathematicians, Dr. y. Wilkins, and Mr. Chriflopher Wren ; at which the Latter of thofe Virtuofi told us, that he thought, he could eafily contrive a Way to convey any liquid Poifon im¬ mediately into the Mafs of Blood. Whereupon our Knowledge of his extraordinary Sagacity, making us very defirous to try what he propos’d, 1 provided a large Dog, on which he made his Experiments in the Prefence and with the Afliftance of fome eminent Phyficians, and other learned Men : his Way (which is much better learn’d by Sight than Relation) was briefly this: Firft, to make a fmall and opportune Incifion over that Part of the hind Leg, where the larger Veflels that carry the Blood, are mod eafy to be taken hold of: then to make a Ligature upon thofe Veflels, and to apply a cer- n tain / ' f # j THE LIFE OF tain fmall Plate of Brafs (of above half an Inch long, and about a quarter of an Inch broad, whofe Sides were bending inwards) alraoft of the Shape and Bignefs of the Nail of a Man’s Thumb, but fomewhat longer. This Plate had four little Holes in the Sides, near the Corners, that by Threads pafs’d through them, it might be well fatten'd to the Veffel; and in the fame little Plate, there was alfo left an Aperture, or fomewhat large Slit, parallel to the Sides of it, and almoft as long as the Plate, that the Vein might be there expofed to the Lancet, and kept from ftarting afide. This Plate being well faftened on, he made a Slit along the Vein, from the Ligature towards the Pleart, great enough to put in at it the llender Pipe of a Syringe; by which I had propofed to have injected a warm Solution of Opium in Sack, that the Effect of our Experiment might be the more quick and manifeft. And accordingly our dexterous Experimenter having funnounted the Difficul¬ ties, which the tortured Dog’s violent ftrugglings interpofed, conveyed a fmall Dole of the Solution or Tinfture into the opened Veffel, whereby getting into the Mafs of Blood, (fome Quantity of which ’tis difficult to avoid fhedding in the Operation) it was quickly, by the circular Motion of that, carried to the Brain, and other Parts of the Body : So that we had fcarce un¬ tied the Dog, (whofe four Feet it had been requifite to fatten very ftrongly to the four Corners of the Table) before the Opium began to difclole its Nar¬ cotick Quality, and almoft as foon as he was on his Feet, he began to nod with his Head, and faulterand reel in his Pace, and prefently after appeared fo ftupified, that there were Wagers offered his Life could not be faved. But I, that was willing to referve him for further Obfervation, caufed him to be whipped up and down a neighbouring Garden, whereby being kept awake, and in Motion, after fome Time he began to come to himfelf again ; and be¬ ing led home, and carefully tended, he not only recovered, but began to grow fat fo manifeftly, that 'twas admired: But I could not long obferve how it fared with him: For this Experiment and fome other Trials made upon him, having made him famous, he was foon after ftolen away from me. Succeeding Attempts informed us, that the Plate was not neceffary, if the Fingers were fkilfully employed to fupport the Veflel to be opened, and that a llender Quill faftened to a Bladder containing the Matter to be injedted, was fomewhat more convenient than a Syringe; as alfo that this notwithftand- ing, unlefs the Dog were pretty big and lean, that the Veffels might be large enough, and ealily acceffible, the Experiment would not well lucceed. The Inventor of it afterwards pradtiled it in the Prefence of that mod learned Nobleman, the Marquifs of Dorchejler, and found that a moderate Dofe of the Infulion of Crocus Metallorum did not much move the Dog to whom it was given; but once, that he injedted a large Dofe, (about two Ounces or more) it wrought fo foon and fo violently upon a frefh one, that within a few Hours after he vomited up Life and all, upon the Straw where¬ on they had laid him. I afterwards wiftied, that not only fome vehemently working Drugs, but their appropriated Antidotes, (or elfe powerful liquid Cordials) and alfo fome altering Medicines might be in a plentiful Dofe injedied. And in Diureticks, a very ingenious Anatomift and Phyfician told me, he try’d it with very good Succefs. I likewife propofed, that if it could bs done, without either too much Danger or Cruelty, Trial might be made on fome human Bodies, efpecially thofe of Malefadtors. And fome Months af¬ ter, a foreign Ambaffador, a very curious Perlon, at that Time refidinp in London, did me the Honour to vilit me, and informed me, that he had caufed Trial to be made, with Infufion of Crocus Metallorum, upon an infe¬ rior Domeftick of his that deferved to have been hanged ; but that the Fel¬ low, as foon as ever the Injedtion began to be made, did, (either really or i craftily) j 1 231 sirCHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. craftily) fall into a Swoon ; whereby, being unwilling to profecute fo hazard¬ ous an Experiment, they defifted, without feeing any other Effedt of it, fave that it was told the Ambaflador, that it wrought once downward with him, which yet might be occafion’d, perhaps, by Fear or Anguifh. But the Trials of a very dexterous Phyfician of my Acquaintance, in human Bodies, will, perhaps, when I flrall have receiv’d a more circumftantial Account of them, be not unwelcome to you. And in Dogs, you may poffibly from our own Obfervations, receive a further Account of an Experiment, of which, I now chiefly defigned but to relate to you the Rife and firfl: Attempts. The French Journals in the Year 1667, affirmed with Confidence, as a Philofiphicat Certainty, that the French gave the Eng/ijh the firfl: Thought or Notion of this Experiment: And why? becaufe (fay they) we are Witnefles, that 8,667. Benedidltne Friar, one Robert de Gabets, difcourfed of it at Monf. de Montmors, ten Years ago. Surely all ingenuous Men will acknowledge, that the certain Way of deciding fuch Controverfies as thefe, is a publick Record, either written or printed, declaring the Time and Place of an Invention firfl pro- pofed, the Contrivance of the Method to pradtife it, and the Inftances of the Succels in the Execution : All this appears in the Field for England. Number 7, of the Eranfadtions of the Royal Society, (printed Anno 1665, in December) acquaints the World, how many Years fince Dr.' Chrijlopher Wren propofed the Experiment of Infufion into Veins: And this was Hint enough for the Royal Society, fome while after, to advance Infufion to Eranf- fufion ; for the Trial of which latter, they gave Order at their publick Meet¬ ing of May 17, 1665, as may be feen in their Journals, where it was re- giftered by the Care of their Secretaries, obliged by Oath to Fidelity : The Trials proving then lame, for want of a fit Apparatus, and a well contrived Method of Operation, the learned Phyfician and expert Anatomift Dr. Lower, fince found out fuch a Method, which is not only regiftered in the fame Book, but alio publifhed in Print, Numb. 20, of the Eranfadtions, before which Time it had been already pradtifed by the faid Dodtor in Oxford, who was followed by feveral ingenious Men at London, who fuccelsfully pradtifed it, by the publick Order of the Royal Society. It feems ftrange, that fo furprizing an Invention fhould have been conceived in France, as they will have it, ten Years ago, and lain there fo long in the Womb, ’till the Way of midwiving it into the World was fent thither from London : To fay nothing of the Dilagreement, there feems to be about the French Parent of this Fcetus : Monf. de Gurye in his Letter fathering it upon Numb. 35. the Abbot Bourdelot, but the Author of the French Journals, upon a Bene- ,668 ‘ didline Friar. Extract of part of a Letter written to Mr. Oldenburg , Secretary to the Royal Society, by the learned and experienced Dr. 1 ‘imothy Clark , one of his Majefty’s Phyficians in Ordinary, concerning the Origin of the LijeBion into Veins , and the fe habet, enarrabo. Mijfo teftimonio illo, quod a viro fide digno, & Regalis Societatis confute, penes te etiamnum reperitur, viz. rever. dominum Potter, theologum injignem, triginta abhinc annis, confiderata circulatione Harveana, focio huic noflro, & aliis viris dodiis, ftzpius fanguinis transfufionem propofuijfe ; ego equidem, quce mihi ipfi hac de re certo cognita funt, folum referam. Circa fnem Anni 1656. aut circiter, mathematicus ille infignijjimus, D. D. Chriftop. Wren THE LIFE OF . Wren primus infufionem variorum liquorum in maffam fanguincam viventium animalium excogitavit, & Oxonii peregit. Idem mihi tunc temporis, fanguinis naturam pro virili indaganti, qua ipfe fecerat, etiam communicavit ; ex quo tempore diligenter ad diverfa hujujmodi experiment afacienda me accingcbam : & inter alia, qua tunc temporis agenda decrevi, aquas, ccreviftas cujufvis generis, lac, ferum laflis, jufcula, r j/«zz, fp. vini, & animalium diverforum fanguinem, injicienda mecum Jlatui. Et prater jiflulas alias, z?z/ varias operationes adapta -- quajdam talem in niodum, falias habui, extremo in arteriam unius animalis immijfo, altero in venam alterius, fanguis ab uno animali in alterum facilius transfundi poff'et: & ut doblo cuivis , quod debitum eft, reddam. Dr. Henfhaw, etiam e J'ocietate regia, vel ante hoc, vel circa idem tempus (uti & egomet) incajfum tamen, eadem methodo, fanguinis transfufionem tentavit. Dine fuit, quod cum in Regali Societate, inter alia experiment a [quod ex archivis illius fat is liquet) fanguinis transfufio proponeretur, alii viri dodli mecum opina- bantur, ex operatione tali nil fortaffe fperandum ; atque ipfe met difficultat es reci- tavi, qua mihi hanc operationem per agent i contigerant. Dehinc res denuo ten- tata, nobifeum non fuccefit, donee dodlifjimus & exercitatijjimus D. Dr. Lower, Oxonii, anno 1666. rem feliciter conjiceret. Quo fadlo, tutemet fub ejufdem anni finem, tot am rem cum operationis met hodo, public am feci/li. Anno fequenti, cx Gallia etiam de hac operatione audivimus . Fateor, me totum gaudio perfu- Jiim fuiffe, quum cert us redderer, Jiduciam Gallicam illud aggreffam eff'e, quod timor vel ignavia fortaffe noftra, vix tentare quidem aufa fuerat. Scis, dociijjhne vir, quanto cum applaufu clariff. Denilio ajfurexi, qui non folum ingeniojiffime talem experimentorum dejenfionem fufeepit, Jed in hominibus etiam poftea cekbra- vit. At tanti mihi non videtur, eruditum ilium Galium tarn Jlrenue & animofe de pnmd transfufionis J'anguinis origine contendere ; vel me etiam primam ejus inventionem nobis ipfts vendicare. "Tutemet, ni fallor, D. Oldenburge, hunc Galium in errorem duxijli. In philolophicis enim tuis tranfadtionibus, menfe Decembri, anno 1665. editis, ubi de origine infuftonis variorum liquo¬ rum in venas, rationem reddidifti ; inquis fex ab illo tempore retro annis ad mi¬ nimum, D. D. Chriftophorum Wren, infufionem illam primum omnium ten- *#• Nemo fortaffe dubitabit, quin, fi quis de hoc experimento promovendo ferio cogitaret, fi? de variis cum fanguine mifeendis attente meditaretur, mixtio fan¬ guinis diverforum animalium facillime tali meditationi fit occurfura. Cum igitur injufio, fecundum calculum tuum, circa annum 1659 invent a fuerit, fi? propojitio ilia de J'anguinis transfufwne in cedi bus D. Montmori faBa dica- tur anno 1658, vel a clarijjimo abbate Bourdelot, vel a doBo Benedictine, Ro¬ berto de Gabets (de primo enim propoftore necdum convenit) facile quivis in illam duci potuit fententiam , quod Gallic experimenti hujus mentio prima faltem debeatur. Sed ilia operatio , cujus in diclis illis tranfadtionibus mentionem fe¬ ci/li, infufio J'cil. vini emetici in majjam fanguineam, per venam brachii fervi cujufdam, in cedi bus legati alicujus peregrini, Londini tunc temporis common an¬ tis, peraBa, fall a fuit anno 16 57, in cedibus Gallici oratoris D. de Bourdeaux, adftante D. Colladon, equite aurato, G? hodie regince matri medico ordinario. Suodque multa talia experimenta eodem anno a nobis repetita fuerint, mecum multi viri doBi tejlari poffunt, quorum aliqua in cedibus illufr. Marcbionis Dorceftrite peraBa etiam fuerunt. Notatu etiam dignum ef, quod tota ilia methodus facilis D. Lower!, trans¬ fufionis peragendee, menfe Decembri anno 1666. a te edit a fuit, fi? non nip menfe Martii anni fequentis de tali operatione e Gallia audivimus. Vcrifimile ergo, ni fallor, videtur, palmam hujus Inventionis, fi modo palmam mereatur) Anglis quam Gallis potius deberi. Ccetera, 1 233 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, ot. Ceetera , libenter fcirent, quibus rationibus duBus, Romanus ille doBifimus Manfredi judicarit, hanc inventionem Germania primo conceptual fuijfe. Nobis enim adhuc nihil omnino occurrit , quod vel in minimum ejufmodi J'ufpicionem ducere potuerit. Lribus vel quatuor abhinc annis, Major quidam, medicus Hambergenfis, fchedis quibufdam pub lice emijjis perjiiadere orbi Uterato m/us ejl, fe ante biennium de tali re cogitate. Sed proculdubio male hac de re edoBus Juit vir eruditus, & nimis fejtinanter fuas propalavit cogitationes. Dicit enim, fe audiviffe, talem operationali, viz. exhibitionali medicamenti cathartice per infujionem in venam coram principe quodam Palatino in Germania peraBam fuijfe -, cum never a hoc a me in aula nojlre regia coram celfjjimo principe Pa¬ latino, Ruperto, praftitum fuerit, unde polled facile Germanis potuit commu- nicari. Rem fideliter, temporum fecutus ordinem, enarravi. — Et hoc au- daBer affero, nos in Anglia inventionem hanc a nullo accepi/fe peregrino. An Italian Philofopher, in a certain Traft, entitl’d, Relatione dell’ expe- PUfpi-al rientie fatte in Inghelterra, Francia, & Italia inform la transj'ufione del fan- gue, printed in Rome, undertook to prove, that the Fransfufion was of greater 166S. Antiquity, as having been known to Libavius above fifty Years fince. For which, that Roman Author alledg’d a Place out of the faid Libavius, (in dtfenfione fyntagmatis arcanorum cbymicorum , &c. anno 1615.) where the ‘Transfupm is defcrib’d in thefe Words: Adfit juvenis robujlus, fanus, fan¬ guine fpirituofo plenus ; adflet exhaujlus viribus, tenuis, macilentus, vix ani- mam trahens. Magifer artis habeat tabulos argenteos inter fe congruentes, apcnat arteriam robujli, & tubulum infer at, muniatque ; mox G? czgroti arte- riam findat, & tubulum fcemineum inf gat. Jam duos tubulos Jibi mutuo ap¬ plied, & ex fano fanguis arterialis, calens, & fpirituofus faliet in eegrotum, unaqite vitce fontem afferet, omnemque languorem pellet. The Obfervator here rightly takes Notice, that Libavius did not propofe this Operation, but only to mock at it, and that he contriv’d it with great Danger, both to the Re¬ cipient and Emittent, by propoling to open Arteries in both: But, Dr. King practis’d an eafy and fate Way of transfufng Blood out of on sPtihfifiieal Animal into another by the Reins only, without opening any Artery of either: the Succefs whereof in two Experiments he communicated to the Royal- 1667. Society. To enumerate briefly tome of the firft Trials perform'd in Eng-Phihfiphical land, and in foreign Parts, in purfuance of, and after the Publication of Dr. Wren's noble Invention of Inf upon, and in confequence Fransfufion ; ’tis re- um 33 corded, that in November, 1667, the Experiments of Transfufion of nine or ten Ounces of the arterial Blood of a young Sheep into a human Vein of the Arm, was fuccefsfully perform’d at Arundel-Houfe, by the Dodtors Lower and King, in the Prefence of many conllderable Perfons; and the Relation communicated to the Royal Society. Monf. Denys, Profeffor of the Mathematicks and natural Philofopby at Pa¬ ris, related in a Letter to the Publilher of the FranJ'aBions, that they had tranfmitted the Blood of four Weathers into a RLorJe of twenty-fix Years old, and that this Horfe had thence receiv’d much Strength, and more than ordi¬ nary Stomach. By the fame Monf. Denys’s Relation, in his printed Letter to Monfieur de Montmor ; a young Man, after he had receiv’d the arterial Blood of a Lamb, was cured of an extraordinary Lethargy, confequent to a violent Fever, where¬ in he had- been let Blood twenty Times. Among other fuccefsful Frans- fufons by the faid Author , are thofe of Lambs Blood into Dogs, which after the Space of feveral Months from the Time of the Operation, did not only live, but were very well, and fome of them grew fatter than they were be¬ fore ; and of Kids Blood into a little Spaniel Bitch of twelve Years of Age, o which, 234- THE LIFE OF which, a little while after the Operation grew vigorous and active, and even proud, in lefs than eight Days. To theie he added a confiderable Experi¬ ment, made upon a Perfon, who had been for three Weeks afflidted with the complicated Diftempers of an hepatick Flux, a Lientery, and a bilious Diarrhea, accompany'd with a very violent Fever, G tc. aid. p. 564. Some remarkable Experiments of injecting tnedicaied Liquors into Veins , were communicated in a Letter from Dantzick, by Dr. Fabricius, Pbyfcian to that City. F ^Oraftnuch (faid he) as we had a great Defire to experiment, what would be the Effedts of the Chirurgery of injeSHng Liquors into human Veins, three fit Subjedts prefenting themfelves in our Hofpital, we thought good to make the Trial upon them. But feeing little Ground to hope for a mani- feft Operation from any altering Medicines, we eikem’d the Experiment would be more convenient, and confpicuous from Laxatives ; which made us injedl by a Syphon about two Drachms of fuch a kind of Phyfick into the Median Vein of the right Arm. The Patients were thefe, one was a hilly robuft Soldier dangeroufly infedfed with the Venereal DiJ'cafe, and buffering grievous Protuberatings of the Bones in his Arms: He, when the purga¬ tive Liquor was infus'd into him, complain’d of great Pains in his Elbows, and the little Valves of his Arm did fwell fo vifibly, that it was neceffary by a gentle Compreffion of ones Fingers to flroke up that Swelling towards the Patient’s Shoulders. Some four Hours after, it began to work, not very troublefomely, and fo it did the next Day ; infomuch that the Man had five good Stools after it: Without any other Remedies thofe Protuberances were gone, nor are there any Footfteps left of the abovemention’d DifeaJ'e. The two other Trials were made upon the other Sex. A married Woman of thirty-five, and a l'erving Maid of twenty Years of Age, had been both of them from their Birth, very grievoufly afflidted with cpileptick Fits, fo that there were little Hopes left to cure them. They both underwent this Ope¬ ration, and there was injedled into their Veins a laxative Rofin, dilfolv’d in an anti-epileptical Spirit. The Jirfi of thefe had gentle Stools, fonie Hours after the InjeBion, and the next Day, the Fits recurring now and then, but much milder, are fince altogether vanifh’d. As for the other, viz. the Maid, file went the fame Day to Stool four Times, and feveral Times the next : but by going into the Air, and taking Cold, and not obferving any Diet, cart herfelf away. Philof. travf. Numb. z6. Philof. fra rtf. Numb. 42. from the Ita¬ lian Giornale de Literati. Philo), fratif. Numb. 32. 1667-8. Philof. franf. Numb. 54. 1669. Monf. Gayant at Paris fliew’d the Effedls of Lransfufion of Blood, by putting that of a young Dog into the Veins of an old one, who, two Hours after, did leap and frifk ; whereas he was almoft blind with Age, and could hardly ftir before. — A Spaniel thirteen Years old, was recover’d of Dcaf- nefs , by transfufing into his Veins the Blood of a Lamb. Dr. J. Denys above-mention’d, (in a Letter printed at Paris , and fent to the Publifher of the Lranfaclions of the Royal Society by himlelf,) gave an Account with all the ftrange Circumllances of a Man cured of an invete¬ rate and outragious MadneJ's or Phrenfy , by the Lransfufion of the Blood of a Calf, five or fix Ounces from the crural Artery , in lieu of about ten Ounces drawn from the Patient, out of a Vein of the right Arm. After this, in the Year 1669, Dr. Denys was queflion’d before the Lieute¬ nant Criminal, at Paris, for the Death of his Patient (a Man that had been llark mad for feveral Years) who had expired under his Hands, while he was transfufmg Blood into him, according to the new Experiment. The Ope¬ ration 2 3 S sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, K N T. ration had been twice perform’d with good Succefs; the Patient having had thereupon a good Interval of two Months after the firft, and all Hopes of a longer, after the fecond; had it not been for the Debauches of Wine and Brandy, that he fell to, foon after the Operation. He was a Britain by Birth, and the Original of his Madnefs, Love. That which Dr. Denys’s Advocate, (who was the Son of Monfieur the premier Prefident de Lamoig- non) very much gloried in, was, that (befides that the Experiment had been prattifcd with good, at leaft with no ill Succefs, in England, Germany , Ita¬ ly, Holland, &c. and defended in Ihefes, in almoft all the Univerfities of France) there were two Perl'ons, a Man and Woman prefent in the Au¬ dience, that receiv’d a Benefit to Admiration from the Experiment, after they had been abandoned by all Phyficians, and other Helps. With the Accounts of 1 ‘ransfujwn of Blood, one other memorable In- fiance, among many, may be further cited of the Succefs of fome Experi- u "’ " ^' ments of infujing Medicines into human Veins : written from Dantzick, to the Honourable R. Boyle. Monf. Smith, Phyfician in ordinary to this City, having Liberty granted him to try an Experiment upon fome Perfons defperately infedted with the Pox, then in the publick Hofpital here; adventur’d the opening a Vein, and infilling fome Medicines into the Blood ■ which Was try’d upon two Perfons, whereof the one recover’d, and the other died. Yet being fince farther encourag’d by correfponding with fome of the Royal Society in England, about a Month fince, the faid Phyfician, together with Monf. Schejfeler, ano¬ ther eminent Pradtitioner in this City, repeated the Experiment, by infujing altering Medicines into the Veins of the right Arms of three Perfons; the one lame of the Gout; the other extremely Apopledtical; and the third, re¬ duc’d to Extremity by that odd Diftemper, the Plica Polonica. The Succefs of this, as Monf. Heoielms (who was the Perfon only admitted to be prefent at the Operation) informs me, was that the gouty Man found himfelf pretty well next Day, and fhortty after went to work, it being Harveft-time, and has continu’d well ever fince, leaving the Hofpital yellerday, and profeffing himfelf cured. The ApopleBical hath not had one Paroxyfm: and the feveral Sores which the Plica Polonica had occafion’d, are heal’d; and both thefe Perfons have been able to work any Time thefe three Weeks. Dated Augaft 18, 1668. Was it not too ludicrous for the Subjedt, one might be apt to imagine, that the ancient Mythologifls had fome Notion of the Dodtrine of Fransfujion, and Infufion, and the wonderful J'anative, and reftorative EffeSls thereof; but not comprehending it could be poffible to affign them to natural Caufes; had recourfe to the Powers of Enchantments, and magical Arts. — Thus Medea reftor’d, (as ’tis faid) Mfon, when decrepid with Age, to his former Vigour of Life, by exhaufling the old Blood, and infufing medicinal. Juices, and new vital Blood into the empty’d Veins and Arteries. — The like Experi¬ ment the try’d on an old Ram, which became a fucking Lamb. — Thefe Particulars, well adapted to Fable, are deferib’d by the Roman Poet, with his ufual Elegancy, and with this Conclufion- --- “ Jlridlo Medea recludit “ Enfe fenis jugulum ; veteremque exire cruorem ‘ ‘ Pafj'a ; replet fuccis: quos pojlquam combibit fEfon “ Aut ore accept os, aut nulnere ; barb a, comaque “ Canitie pojild nigrum rapuere colorem : “ Pulfa ; j> l li i 4 : 4 # 236 THE LIFE OF “ Pulfa fugit macies ; abeunt pallorque, fitufque ; “ Adjebloque cavce fupplentur Janguine vencs •, “ Membraque luxuriant, y£fon miratur , G? o/lm “ quater denos hunc fe reminifeitur annos. [Ovid. Metam. L. VII. Fab. II.] -“ When this Medea fpy’d, “ She cuts her Patient’s Throat; th' exhaufted Blood Recruiting with her new enchanted Flood ; “ While at his Mouth, and thro’ his op’ning Wound, “ A double Inlet her Infufion found; “ His feeble Frame refumes a youthful Air, “ A glofly Brown his hoary Beard and Hair. “ The meagre Palenefs from his Afpedt fled, “ And in its Room fprang up a florid Red; “ Thro’all his Limbs a youthful Vigour flies, “ His empty’d Art’ries fwell with frelh Supplies, (. “ Gazing Spedlators fcarce believe their Eyes. f “ But JEfon is the moft furpriz’d, to find A happy Change in Body, and in Mind; “ In Senfe and Conftitution the fame Man, “ As when his Fortieth active Year began. Aries in agnum rejlitutus. Fab. IV. “ Protinus innumeris effeetus laniger annis “ Attrahitur, jlexo circum cava tempora cornu: “ Cujus ut htemonio marcentia guttura cultro “ Fodit , Gf cxiguo maculavit J'anguine ferrum ; “ Membra fimul pecudis, vahdojque Venefica jiiccos “ Mergit in are cavo minuuntur corporis artus : “ Cornuaque exuitur , nec non cum cornibus annos : “ Et tener auditur medio balatus aeno. “ Nec mora ■, balatum mirantibus exfilit agnus : “ Lafcivitque fuga ; laffantiaque ubera quant. “ A Wreath’d-horn’d Ram is brought, fo far o’er-grown “ With Years, his Age was to that Age unknown. “ Of Senfe too dull the piercing Point to feel, “ And fcarce fufficient Blood to ftain the Steel. “ His Carcafs She into a Cauldron threw, “ With Drugs whofe vital Qualities She knew; “ His Limbs grow lefs, he calls his Horns and Years, “ And tender Bleatings ftrike their wondring Ears. “ Then inllantly leaps forth a frilking Lamb, That feeks (too young to graze) a luckling Dam. Dr . Wren’s Operation of cutting out the Spleen of a Dog with Safety, and Method of Cure. M R. Boyle in his EJfays of experimental natural Philofophy , mentions the following Experiment of cutting out the Spleen of a Dog with Safety. 1 he lame Experiment was try’d by Dr. Wren, who has deferib’d the whole Operation, and given the Method of Cure, which being deficient in Mr. Boyle s Relation, is here lubjoin’d thereunto. Nor Ovid. Met. tranjlated. by Jew era l Hands, Lond. 1717. I 2 37 si R CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. Nor is it a fmall Convenience to the Anatomift, that he may in the Bodies z - Brutes make divers inftruftive Experiments, that he dares not venture on, in thofe of Men; as for Inftattce, that late noble, and by many not yet credited Oxford 1663. Experiment, of taking out the Spleen of a Dog without killing him : For, that this Experiment may be ufeful, we may elfewhere have Occafion to fliew ; and that it is poffible to be fafely made, (tho’many, I confefs, have but unprofperoufly attempted it, and it hath been lately pronounced impoffible in Print) ourfelves can witnefs. And becaufe I have not yet met with any Author, that profefles himfelf not to relate this Experiment (of the Exemption of a Dog’s Spleen) upon the Credit of others, but as an Eye-witnefs; I am content to allure you, that that dexterous Difledtor, Dr. Jolive, did the laft Year, at my Requeft, take out the Spleen of a young Setting-dog I brought him ; and that it might not be pretended, the Experiment was unfaithfully, or favourably made; I did Part of it myfelf, and held the Spleen (which was the largeft in Propor¬ tion to his Body I ever faw) in my Hand, whilft he cut afunder the Veflels, reaching to it, that I might be fure there was not the leaft Part of the Spleen left unextirpated ; and yet this Puppy, in lefs than a Fortnight, grew not only well, but as fportive and as wanton as before, which I need not take Pains to make you believe, fince you often faw him at your Mother’s Houfe, whence at length he was ftol’n. And tho’ I remember the famous Emperick Fioro- vanti , in one of his Italian Books, mentions his having been prevail’d with by the Importunity of a Lady (whom he calls Manilla Grceca) much afflidted with fplenetick Diftempers, to rid her of her Spleen; and adds, That Ihe outlived the Lofs of it many Years: Yet he that conftders the Situation of that Part, and the Confiderablenefs of theVelfels belonging to it, in human Bodies, will probably be apt to think, that tho’ his Relation may be credited, his Ven- turoufnefs ought not to be imitated. "The Operation and Method of Cure, hy Dr. Wren. P Rovide a Dog, as big as a Spaniel, and having tied him in a fit Pofture on the right Side, with a Culhion under him, that his Belly may turn a little up; firft clip away the Hair, and mark with Ink the Place for Sedtion, draw¬ ing a Line two Fingers breadth below the Short-ribs; crofs the Abdomen at right Angles- to the Mufculus rcBus , beginning Ihort of it a Finger’s breadth, and fo carry it up the Length of three Finger’s breadth towards the Back ; then thruft in a lharp Knife, like a Sow-gelder’s Knife, till you feel you have juft pierced thro’ the Mufcles and Peritonceum, having a Care of the Guts; thence rip up freely, carrying on the Point of the Knife to the End of the Line ; then put in two Fingers, and while another prelfes down the Abdomen , draw out the Spleen juft without the Wound, having a great Care of pulling it too far out, becaufe of difordering the adhering Veflels within, the Stomach, the Caul, the Arteries, and Veins; then either tie the Veins and Arteries with un¬ twin’d Thread, but ftrong, and in three or four Places, Caul and all, and fo cut them off dole to the Parenchyma of the Spleen , and anointing the Ends of the Veflels and Wound of the Caul with Balfam, or Oil of Hypericon, put them in their Places, or elfe fear off the Veflels, and anoint them with the Juice of Sengreen and Plantain beaten with Whites of Eggs; or elfe, cum XJnguento Diacalcitheos dilfolv’d with Vinegar and Oil of Roles, elpecially the Nerve; then few up the Wound with the Suture call’d Gdjlraraphia , leaving at the lower End r.oom enough for Matter to come out, firll anointing the Wound with Balfam, then K Olei Mirtini (3 Rofantm, 5 ii. Cerce alb. 5 i. Farina Hord. % 15 . Boli Armeni. & Perm Sigillatce , ana g vi. make a large Plaifter of this to cover the Wound, and all the Mufcles about; fwath his p Belly tf (! N pWlrl i ^ , T;i| 1 Society t 3'7 I W Belly warm, and lay him upon his left Side in Straw ; after fix Hours let him Blood in the left hinder Leg, two or three Ounces, more or lefs, according to the Bignefs of the Dog : The next Day if there feem to lye any clotted Blood in the Abdomen ; out of a Glifter-pipe (one holding the Dog in his Arm, or hanging over the Table, fo that the Wound may be downward) injedt half a Pint of Decodlion of Barley with Honey of Roles and red Sugar, till you have wafh’d out the clotted Blood, then tent the remaining Hole • This nssas a with the * yellow Salve, and wrap him up in the former Plaifter as before Cmftfinm 0/ till the Wound begins to fuppurate. •vention of ex- cellent XJft. He compos’d a Treatife of the Motion of the Mufclcs, explaining the whole Anatomy by Models form’d in Pafteboards. Thefe were prefented to that eminent Phyfician, and his excellent Friend, Sir Charles Scarborough ; but loft at the Fire of London: there is extant only the firft Draught of a Letter from Oxford to Sir Charles , concerning the Bone of the Arm, where¬ in is a Hint of the Pafteboards. Sprat'j Hifl. “ This is a (hort Account of the principal Difcoveries which Dr. Wren o/^ihe Re>al« prefented or fuggefted to the Royal Society, I know very well that fome “ of them he did only ftart and delign, and that they have been iince car- “ ried on to Perfection by the Induftry of other Hands ; I purpofe not to “ rob them of their Share in the Honour; yet it is but reafonable, that the “ original Indention fliould be afcrib’d to the true Author, rather than the “ Finijhers. Nor do I fear, that this will be thought too much which I " I have faid concerning him ; for, there is a peculiar Reverence due to fo “ much Excellence, cover’d with fo much Modefty ; and it is not Flattery “ but Llonefty, to give him his juft Praife, who is fo far from ufurping the “ Fame of other Men, that he endeavours with all Care to conceal his “ own. It was well obferv’d by a fine -)- Genius of our Country, “ That when, “ without any Incentive of Vanity, a Perfon of great Abilities is zealous for “ the Good of Mankind ; and as folicitous for the Concealment, as the Per- “ formance of illuftrious Aftions; we may be fure that he has fomething “ more than ordinary in his Compofition, and has a Heart fill’d with Good- “ nefs and Magnanimity. The very elegant Hiftorian (Dr. Sprat ) gives a faithful Account of the t Beginning, Growth, and Settlement of that illuftrious Company, the Royal- Lond. i-1 ’ “ Society, together with fome of its real Inventions and Experiments, by Dr. “ Wren and others ; and concludes with a compleat, and noble Apology for “ fo brave an Inftitudon : the whole being enlighten'd with fuch Eloquence, “ as is above all Defcription. “ But if we enquire who it was that mov’d the firft Springs of this famous “ Enterprize, we fhall find both Hiftorian {viz. Sprat ) and Poet ( Cowley ) “ referring that Honour to the Lord Bacon, whofe admirable Works, that “ efpecially, which is worthily entituled Of the Advancement of Learning, “ eftablifh’d the firft Marriage Articles between the rational and experimen- “ tal Philofophy, from which Alliance, has fprung all the fair Offspring of “ modern Difcoveries. — If the Origin and Variety of Forms, has been fo “ well traced, and purfu’d through all its intricate Mazes, by the excellent “ Mr. Beyle, and other Experimenters, as Naturalifts, and by Mr. Lock as a “ Metaphyfician, we fee who it was that gave them the Clue. And if “ Aftronomy, grafted upon the Principles of Nature, and cultivated by the “ Mathematicks, has grown up into a Science, and become infallible ; ’tis “ no lefs certain (with all due RefpeCl to the Memory of the great Men of “ other + Mr. Addi fon. Chambers of Writers << 239 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. “ other Nations) that the Glory of Philofophy among the Moderns began “ with the Lord Bacon, continu’d improving principally by the above-men- “ tion’d Mr. Boyle ; Drs. Seth Ward, Wilkins, Williams, Wren, Wallis, Mr. “ Rook ; Hook ; and Dr. Halley ; and ends in Sir IJ'aac Newton. The great Virtuofo ‘John Evelyn, Efq; in his elegant Difcourfe of Medals, colledting the Names of the moil renowned, famous, and illuftrious Per- fons, in all Profeffions of our own, and other Nations, worthy the Honour of Medals *, terminates his Catalogue of Mathematicians, with this Ani- * P. 261. madverfion- “ To whom add thofe Viri ITOATMAGESTATOI, (highly meriting, and infe- “ riors to none we have celebrated) Sir Chrijlopher Wren, Dr. Wallis, New- “ ton, Flamjlead, Hook, Halley, &c. Fellows of the Royal Society, whom “ none but the ArEHMETPHTOI and Ignorant, fuch as have nothing to com- “ mend them, will envy the Honour of a Medal, even whilft they are living, “ and their Works fpeak for them. PART I. SECT. III. A Catalogue of fame of the philofophical TraEis, Manu- fcripts and printed, of Sir Chr. Wren; fuch as, at pre- fent , have occurrd to the ColleEior. I. TJOrologiorum Sciotericorum in piano, geometries folum,fme calculo trigonome - Ann. AEt. i 5 . trico, delineandorum, modus jacillimus: per quern meridiana fubjlylaris G? Jlylus ipfe non invejligantur modo, fed etiam in cujufvis generis piano, fitu proprio infcribuntur, omniaque perfpicue demonjlrantur. Ex Anglico idiomate Gulielmi Oughtred, Clavis mathematics. II. Sciotericon catholicum. The Art of Dialling, perform’d on all Planes, and Am.jEt. t;. in all Latitudes, with much Facility, by a peculiar Inftrument. Serving allb for many other Ufes in the organical Part of Mathematicks. III. Higonometris fphcericce inflitutio Neperiana ad praxin accommodata. Ann. ^Ec. 16. IV. Epijlols mifcellanea, de propofitionibus in opticis, Jlaticis & rtiechanicis. V. Brtzlecliones Grejhamenfes in ajlronomiam Kepleri. VI. Prsledliones ajlronomicce. Oxonia; 1662. VII. Ledlurs de problemalibus fphericis. VIII. mmsm j the life of VIII. De natura £? motibus cometarum. Of the Comet in the Year 1664. A. B. Hypothefis and Theory of Comets; produc’d to the Royal Society. 1665. IX. Phafes Saturni accurate delineate & illujirata ab Anno 1640. ad An¬ num 1656. Difcourfe of the Appearance of Saturn. XI. Labula epaBarum Luna Saturnince conjunBionibus ejus cum h infimis in¬ tent endis infervientes. J XII. Defcription of an Inftrument for the obferving Diftances of fix’d Stars and the Planets, and Appulfes to the Moon; by two Telefcopes join'd like a Sector, fo as to give the true Angle of their Diftances. XIII. A Method to make Telefcopes with little Trouble and Expence, of great Length, to be ufed for any Altitude. ° A Corollary relating to Telefcopes. Of the Longitude. XIV. XV. To obferve the Variations of the magnetical Needle, XVI. De re nauticd ueterum. XVII. To find the Velocity of a Ship in failing. XVIII. Of the Improvement of Gallies. XIX Of an Inftiument perpetually noting the Soundings in Shallows. XX. To recover Wrecks. XXI. A convenient Way of ufeing Artillery on Ship-board. XXII. To build in deep Water. XXIII. To build a Mole into the Sea, without Puzzo/an Dull, or Citterns XXIV. Of the Improvement of River-navigation, by the joining of the P.ivers. XXV. sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. 241 XXV. Diatriba algebraica, qua annus periods Juliana e datis cyclis indagari & erui docetur. — [Edita in qtd editione Hehici chronologies, pojl prolegomena. Oxo¬ nian 160.I XXVI. Ratiocinia anni Judaici. XXVII. De pafchate. XXVIII. LeBurce anglicee & latinee, de luce & refraBione. XXIX. Theory concerning the general Laws of Motion ; imparted to the Royal- PUkfipUcal Society, December 17, 1668. Tho’ entertain’d by the Author divers Years Numb"*'””’ before, and verify’d by many Experiments made by himfelf, and that other excellent Mathematician, Mr. Rook, before the faid Society, as was attefted by many worthy Members of that illuftrious Body. Lex natures de collifione corporum. N. B. All learned Men concerned in fome hiftorical Paflages relating to this Treatife, and to thofe communicated to the Royal Society by Dr. John Wallis, and Mr. Chrijlian Hugens, on the fame Subjefl:; it was thought mod proper to publifh them in the Language of the Learned, viz. Cam novijjimis menfibus nonmlli e Societate Regia in publico ejufdem con- PerHenricnm. fejfu enixius urgerent, ut graviffimum illud de Regulis Motus argumentum, non Rj llr §’ cr fernel inter ipfos antehac agitatum, fed, pluribus aliis intercurrentibus rebus, nun- 6 quatn, uti par erat, difcujfum expenfumve, tandem aliquando examini rigido fub- jeBum conficeretur ; vifum cquidem fuit illujlrijjimo ijlo cestui dccernere, ut quot- quot e fociis fuis indagandes Motus indoli pres ceztcris incubuiffent, rogarentur ut fua in rem illam meditata, & invent a depromere, fimul & ea , ques ab illis viris precellentibus, Galilaso puta, Cartefio, Honorato Fabri, Joachimo Jungio, Re¬ tro BorreUi, aliifque, de argumento ifio fuerant excogitata, congerere & procurare vellent-, eo foil, fine, ut confultis hoc paBo collatifque omnium fententiis, ilia de- hinc thcoria, ques cum obfervationibus G? experimentis, debitd curd &fide crebro peraBis, quam maxi me congrueret, civitate philofophica fuo jure donaretur. Edito hoc celeufmate, incitati protinus e diBa Societate fuerunt, imprimis Chriftianus Hugenius, Johannes Wallifius, Chriftophorus Wrennus, ut fuas de Motu hypothefes & regulas, quibus condendis aliquandiu infudaffent, matu- rare & expedire fatagerent. FaBum bine, ut feleBus ille virorum presftan- tifjimorum trias, pojl paucarum Jeptimanarum fpatium, theorias fuas, elegasiter compendifaBas, tantum non certatim tranfmitterent, Regiteque Societatis fuper iis fententiam exquirerent. Primus omnium D. Wallifius, fua de Motibus teftimandis principia, literis die 15 Novemb. 1668, datis, ejufdemque menfis die 29. traditis &preeleBis, communicavit. Mox eum excepit D. Chriftopho¬ rus Wren, qui natura legem de collifione corporum, proximo menfe Decem- bri, ejufque die sy. eidem Societati publics exhiberi curavit ; ques in mandatis mox dedit, (pree-habito tamen utriufque hujus authoris confenfu) ut ad com- tnodiorem horum feriptorum Wmmunicationem, difcufiionemque diffufiorem, res tota typis mandaretur. llcsc q Hate dum apud nos geruntur, ecce adfert nobis tabellarius die 4 Januarii infequaitis (St. Ang .) D. Hugenii Hteras, ejufdem menfis die 5. {at St. nov.) exaratas, ejufque fcripti, De motu corporuin ex rautuo impulfu, priores re- gulas quatnor, una cum demonjlrationibus, continentes , habebam ego in promptu theories Wrennians apographum, idque allutum eodetn plane die, fic favente tabellione publico, D. Hugenio, hojliitienti vice, remittebam, dilata interim li- terarum Hugenianarum, (quibus tale quid includi, ob molem, & antegrejfum fapientijjimum Regis Societatis preefidem, D. Vice comitcm Brouncker, compel- utrumque hoc feriptum preelo nofiro committendi. Nihil hie nobis deer at a parte Hugenii, quam ejus confenfus ; abfque quo fas nequaquam judicabamus, ipjius inventum, maxime cum illud baud integrum eo tempore nobis dedijjet, in lucent emittere. Cures interim nobis erat, Jcriptum ipjius publicis Regis Societatis monument is inferendi fund G? authon die 1 1 Januar. Solenhes pro cordatd did communications graticis reponendi ; additci dehinc die fcil. 4 Februarii) follicita. commonefaBione, ut fuam banc theoriam WParifiis, (quod proclive eratfaBu in Eruditorum, ut vacant, Diario) vel hie Londini in adverfariis philofophicis, imprimendam curaret, vel faltem permitteret. ftibus expeditis literts, paulo pojl fecundas accepimus ab Hugenio, fcripti Wrenniani de hoc argument0 reBe traditi mentionem facientes, nil tamen quicquam de fuimet fcripti editione, vel Parifiis vel Londini parandd, commcmorantes. Unde liquere omnino autumem, ipfum fibi defuijfe Hugenium in ilia publi¬ cations maturandd; quin into occafionem dedijfe procrafinando, ut laudatus D. Wren, pro ingenii fui fagacitate geminam omnino theoriam eruens, in glories, huic fpeculationi debttce, partem jure veniret ; cum extra omne fit dubium, neu- trum horum theorice illius quicquam, priufquam feripta eorum comparerent, re- fciviJJ'e ab altero, fed utrumque, propria ingenii fcccunditate, pulchellam hanc fobolem enixum fuijfe. Solvit equidem Hugenius, ante aliquot jam anms, Londini cum ageret, illos de Motu cafus qui ipfi tunc proponebantur ; luculento Jane argumento, cum jam turn exploratas habutJJ'e rcgulas, quarum id evidentid prcejlarct. At non ajfir- mabit ipfe, cuiquam fe Anglorum fuce theorice quicquam aperuijfe ; quin fateri tenetur, fe ab eorum nonnullis ad communicationem ejus Jolicitatum, nec tamen unquam; nifi nuperrime, ad id faciendum pertraBum fuijfe. His itaque veritati G? jujlitice litatis, ipfas jam Hugenii regulas donamus &c. Tabula refraBionis radiorum in medio vitreo (fuppoftd maxima refraBione vitri, 489.) fecundum hypothefm exquifitijjimam philojophi Angli calculata. Letters, of Aftronomy, from Sir Paul Neile, to Mr. Wren, in the Years 1655, 6, 7. and 9. XXX. To make an uncertain reciprocal Motion tend to the continual Progrefs of an uniform progreflive Motion. *43 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. mat is mijfi ex Gallia ad doftorem Seth Ward. De cy cloide, ejufque folidis, centrifque gravitatis. A Letter to Mr. Wren from Mr. Hobs, dated at Chatfworth, 1659, con-, cerning the Propofitions in the Book of Monf. Dettonnille, alias Pafcal-, about the Cycloid. De problemate Kepleriano per cycloidem folvendo. XXXII. Solutio problematis mijji ex Gallia ad matbefeus profejfores, & alios in Anglia mathematicos : a * Jean de Monfert. (printed) * XXXIII. The Defcription of an Inftrument (in the Mufasum of the Royal Society ) W'*/ Tran/. with the Figure, for drawing the Out-lines of any Objedt in Perfpedtive. Lm ' 4! ’ XXXIV. Generatio corporis cylindroidis hyperbolici, elaborandis lentibus byperbolicis ac- Philof. . . 1 J Numb. 48. commodati . Defcriptio machines und cum icone brevi, cujus benejicio lentes elaborentur PhilofSranf. hyperbolici. XXXV. Of the true Shape of the Superficies of the terreftrial Globe. XXXVI. Of the rifing of the Sap in Trees. XXXVII. Defcription of a Hot-houfe to produce the Plants of the Torrid Zone. XXXVIII. Of a Lamp to continue to any Length of Time. XXXIX. To heat any Quantity of Water without Fire under it, in Wood, or any Sort of Veflel that may be damag’d by Fire. XL. Experiments of the Nature of Silk ; Tenacity of Oyl; of the Parts of Leather, &c. XU. Of many ufeful Things in our Country, and to the Improvement of Trade, which have been negledted to be brought from foreign Parts. XLII. Of the Os Brachii, in a Letter to Sir Charles Scarborough. XLIII. Anatomia anguilla jluviatilis, longa plafquam 40 digitos , circuitu , (circa umbilicum) fex, cum figuris. XLIV. Of the Inftruments of Refpiration, fife. A Catalogue , with Vouchers of feveral of the Works of Sir M of Sir Christopher Wren ; in the Method they are recited by p. 107, 108, Mr. Ward, (in his Account of the Lives of the Profejfors of Grefham-college.J exclufive of fome Variations and Addi¬ tions enumerated in the preceding Catalogue and Accounts. I- JfJOrologiographia geometrica. This was a Latin Verfion of an Englijh Treatife. Written by Mr. Oughtred, while Mr. Wren was a Gentleman commoner at Wadham-college, in Oxford , and afterwards publifh’d by Mr. Oughtred , at the End of his Clovis Mathematica, [Vid. Prof. G. O. ad Clav. Mathemat .] 2. Pradlatulus ad periodum Julianam fpeftans, Chronologies fumme utilis. This fhort Tradt, which contains a Method to find any particular Year requir’d, upon giving the Cycles, is inferted in the Prolegomena of Helvicus ’s Pheatrum hijloricum & chronologium, Ed. Oxon. 1651. And continu’d in the later Editions. The Author’s Name is not mention’d ; but that it was writ¬ ten by Mr. Wren, is manifeft from a Note indorfed on the Title-page of the Book, in the Hand of his Father, the Dean, now in the Pofleffion of Chri/lo- pher Wren , Efq; The Words are thefe : Denique filio meo modeflius reni- tenti incentivum adhibui, lit traftatulum ilium algebraicum ; jfulianes periods (e cyclis in hiftoria datis) expifeandcs accommodatijjimum, judante jam hoc prislo Oxonienf, preefigi fineret. By the Time, in which this Tradt was firft publifh’d it appears, that Mr. Wren could not be more than nineteen Years of Age, when he wrote it. 3. Oratio inauguralis habita Londini, in Collegio Grelhamenfi, per Chri- ftophorum Wren, A. M. Afronomics profeforem eleSlum, Anno 1657, Mta- tis face 25. This Oration is now firft: publifh’d in the Appendix, N. VIII, from a Copy communicated by Chri/lopher Wren, Efq; to Dr. Mead, by whom I was favour’d with it. I 4. De reffa tangente cycloidem primariam. 1 * ETarrMOS curves linees cycloidis primaries fectmdwn methodum antiquorum demonflratus. De dimentione cycloidum contraftarum & protraBarum. De problemate Kepleriano per cycloidem fohendo. Thefe four Tradts being communicated by him to Dr. Wallis, the be¬ ginning of July 1658, were afterward publish'd by the Dodtor, as an Ap¬ pendix to his traBatus de cycloids, [vid. J- W. opera mathemat. vol. I. p. 533-] 5. Solutio problematis mathematici. Folio, one Sheet, printed. This Problem, which came from France in the Year 165S, was thus in¬ troduc’d : SpeBatifimos viros mathefeos profejfores, & alios preeclaros in Anglia matbematicos, ut hoc problema folvere dignentur * Jean de Montfert maxime defiderat. And it was, as follows : Extremis ellipfeos diametris, diflantia centri ab ali- quo punBo in axi tranfverfo, ubi linea cundem fecet fub angulo dato, in nume- ris 2 45 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. ns datis : figment a ejufdem linece, (Ji opus ejl) produbhz, £? intra tranfverfum axem & ellip/in terminates, in numeris invenire. After the Solution of this Problem, Mr. Wren in the fame Paper fubjoins the following (propos’d formerly by Kepler) which he had himfelf folved geometrically. [ vid. Wallis ubi fupra , Page 540.] Aream datam fimicirculi dati , vel ellipfiuS data, ex quocunque punch diametri cujufiunque, etiam fi li¬ bel produbla, in data ratione fecare. And he adds : Rogo igitur preeftantif- Jimos in Gallia mathematicos, ut problema Keplerianum J'olvere dignentur, nu- mence quidem, Jifieri pojfit faltem geometrice. 6. A Method for the Conftrudtion of folar Eclipfes. This was difcover’d by him in the Year 1660, and afterwards publifh’d by Mr. Flamfiead, in his Doblrine of the Sphere-, and has now for many Years been generally follow’d, as the moft concife and plain. See Sir Jonas Moor’s Syftem of the Mathematicks, London 1681, Quarto. 7. Cerebri & Calvaria figures eruditijfme [fropriis mambas'] delineates. Thefe Figures were drawn at the Defire of Dr. Willis, for the Ufe of his excellent Treatife, intitled Cerebri Anatome, publifh’d in 1664, of which the learned Author has given Account in his Preface. [Prater fuppetias, &c.] 8. An architedlonical Account of the cathedral Church of Salijbury ; with Schemes for the Repairs. The original Manufcript of this, in the Author’s own Hand, and dated 1668, is yet in the Regiftry of the Dean and Chapter there. And it has been fince publifh’d in a Book intitled, The Hiflory and Antiquities of the ca¬ thedral Church of Salilbury, and the Abbey-church of Bath, London 1723, Odlavo. Where it is called, “ An excellent Piece wrote by an eminent “ Gentleman, who was invited thither by Dr. [Bifhop] Ward, in 1668. [for his Opinion and Inftrudtions for the Repairs,] “ Where he then made “ the Survey. Befides thefe, the following Papers, communicated by him to the Royal- Society, are all of them, except the laft, printed in their Tranfadtions. 1. A Way to convey Liquors immediately into the Mafs of Blood, No. VII. p. 128. December 1665. 2. Lex naturee de collifione corporum. No. XLIII. p. 867, December 1668. This is a Theory of what the Author had before proved by Experiments. 3. A Defcription of an Inflrument for drawing the out Lines of any Ob- jedt in Perfpedlive, No. XLV. p. 898, March 1669. 4. Generatio corporis cylindroidis hyperbolici, laborandis lentibus hyperbolicis accommoaati. No. XLVIII. p. 961. June 1669. 5. A Defcription of an Engine defign’d for grinding hyperbolical Glafles, No. LIII. p. 1059, November 1669. 6. A Letter concerning the finding a flraight Line equal to that of a Cy¬ cloid, in 1658, No. XCVI 1 I. p.6156, November 1673. r • 7. An f 1 THE LIFE OF 7, An Hypothefis and geometrical Problem about the Comets, in 1664, and 1665. This was publifh’d by Mr. Hook in his Cometa in 1670. page 40. Thefe Papers which follow, communicated by him to the Royal Society, later than the Hiftory, and never publifh'd, are entered in their Regifters, and Letter-books. 1. A Defcription and Figure of a new Level for taking the Horizon every Way in a Circle, Regifter ill. p. 184. Produced before the Royal Society, December 12. and March 7, 1666. This is deferib’d by Mr. Hook in his Animadverfions on Hevelius'% machina ccelejlis, p. 65. 2. An Account of the uncommon Shape of Hail, that fell on the 26th of March 1667 ; about Four of the Clock in the Afternoon, Regift. III. p. 184. Communicated to the Royal Society, November 28, 1667. 3. A Letter to Mr. O/denburgh, about a Defign of building a College for the Royal Society. Dated from Oxford, June 7, 1668. 4. A Cypher or Anagram, for concealing fecret Inventions. Regift. IV. p, 49. Communicated to the Society, on the 4th of February, 1668. This was tranfmitted to Mr. Huygens, upon his having fent one not ex¬ plain’d. 5. A Defcription and Scheme of an Inftrument for drawing up great Weights from deep Places; Regifter IV. p. 99. Read May 5, 1670. To thefe may be added, the three following Manufcripts, yet remaining in other Hands. 1. Chrijlophori Wren, Londini, in Collegio Grejhamenfi ajlronomia projefo- ris, de corpore Saturni, ejufque phafibus hypothejis. This Ledture in the Author’s own Hand, is now in Pofieflion of William Jones, Elq; 2. An hiftorical and architedtonical Account of the collegiate Church of St. Peter, Wejlminfter, and of the Repairs. This was written by Sir Chrijlopher, at the Defire of Dr. Atterbury, Bi- fhop of Rochejler, and principal Commiffioner for the Repairs of that Church, about the Year 1714. The Heads of it, with a Letter to the Biftiop, are enter'd in the Journal of the Antiquary Society; but the Difcourfe iti'elf is in the Hands of Chrijlopher Wren, Efq ; t,. Extradts of fome loofe original Papers, and Minutes, written at fundry Times, relating to the Longitude. By thefe Papers it appears, that Sir Chrijlopher had his Thoughts very early upon that Subjedt, -and always kept it in his View afterwards. They are difpos’d in the Order of an Introdudtion, with a Difcourfe following it. The Introdudtion, which, excepting the laft Paragraph, teems to have been writ¬ ten about the Year 1660, contains various Ways made ufe of by the An- tients, and in later Times, for finding the Longitude. Some Parts of the PUk:.; TTFS T SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN, K N T. 247 Difcourfe, that follow it, were written in the Year 1612.—Others fo late as 1720; and the whole confills of divers Methods propofed by Sir Cbrifiopher for that End, with Draughts of feveral Inftruments proper for the Purpofe, (engraved on Copper-plates) Thefe Papers are alfo in the Hands of the lame Gentleman, with the Difcourfe laft mentioned. This Catalogue in Mr. ProfelTor Ward's Work, compared and adjufted with the Catalogues recounted before, may be deemed the mod perfect that at prefent occur. Sir Chriftopher has been heard fometimes to refledt fbarply on the Diiinge- nuity of Mr. Oldenburg , who had negledted not only to enter divers Inven¬ tions and Experiments of his in the Regifters of the Society, but conveyed the fame into foreign Parts, France and Germany ; where they were after published under other Names, as their own. Hence Dr. Sprat in his Hiftory of the Royal Society, took Occafion, in S/S. XL. the meer Confideration of Juftice, to publifh a feparate Account of his En-^' ,li ’ deavours in promoting the Defign of the Royal Society, becaufe in turning over the Regifters, he perceived, that many excellent Things, whole jirjl In¬ vention ought to beaferibed to him, were cafually (rather defignedly) omitted. The Problem before recited Number XXXII, was fent from France by way of Challenge to the Englijh Mathematicians, and a pecuniary Reward promifed to the Perfon who fhould give a Solution : The Solution was given beyond Exception, and the Premium demanded, which yet at laft, by forne Chicanery, was dilhonourably witheld. His communicative Temper in lending out Papers, never recovered ; his peculiar Modefty, and Difregard of publick Applaufe, and of thofe Methods by which Men of the World ufually proclaim and fupport the Merits of their own Performances, prevented the Appearance in publick, under his own Name, of many ufeful Tradts, and occafioned his not carrying on divers Difcoveries to Perfedtion. N. B. Mr. Henry Older.burgh, mentioned before, (P. 118.) upon the Foundation of the Royal Society, was chofen Fellow and Secretary thereof. He hath colledted and publifhed Philofophical Franfadliom, commencing from March 6, 1664, and carried on to N°. 136. Dated the 25th of June, ibyj. II APPENDIX to PART I. SECT. III. Of Additional Records. NUMB. I. Dr. Flamflead’j RefleEHons on Motif. Caffini’r Remarks on his Letter to Dr. Wallis, relating to the Earth’* Motion, &c. referred to the fudgment of Sir Chriftopher Wren, in the Year 1702. Honoured Sir, * Fhe Obfervaiory,~Nov. 19, 1702. I Send you included a long Letter whereby you will find, that Monf. CaJJini has performed nothing of what he propofed to lhew concerning the Effedts of the Earth's Motion, or the Parallax of the Orb at the fixed Stars. As to what he adds and of the Poles of the World and Ecliptick, after you have perufed h Pv § i 11 fir, THE LIFE OF perufed the latter part of the Letter, it will appear to you, he might have done better to have left it out, fince the Parallaxes of the fixed Stars are de¬ termined without moving thefe Poles at all; and making them to move mif- reprefents the Parallaxes: fo that on the whole, you will conclude that he underftood nothing of the Bufinefs. — This I mind you of, becaufe I have not mentioned it in the Letter, which I have wrote after my ufual Way with all the Plainnefs and Sincerity imaginable, and fo as not to give Monf. CaJJini , or any other any Offence, or Caul’e to complain of uncivil Ufage. It is fome- thing longer than I defigned at firft it fhould be ; being a new Subject, and uncommon, I thought it was better to err on this Hand, than to make it obfcure by my Brevity. John Flamstead. SIR, Send you here fome Reflections on Monf. CaJJini’s Remarks on my Letter to Dr. Wallis, together with an Account of the Effedts of the Earth’s Motion in changing the Longitudes, Latitudes, Right Afcenfions and Declinations of the fixed Stars. ’Tis a new Subjedt, and never that I know of handled before. r„ o:d -x ^° r th ° U S h ^ r ' CaJJini propofes to himfelf to examine what will be the ReJ'ult of ’aTL «" the Hyfothefs of the Earth’s Motion, with ref pea of the fixed Stars and the ?»' rt/ulu apparent Po/es of the Earth and the Ecliptick, in order to prove that the greateft fLyWa” ^ emove °f the Pole-ftar from the Pole, is made about the Beginning of the mou• Uterreetde His firft figure reprefents mine well enough, and his Report of the Con- tecliptfiu,. tents of my Letter is fair and candid ; but the Ground of his Error is laid in Caffini’, 2 d his fecond, where with me making IODR to reprefent the Earth’s Orbit, he raifes Perpendiculars from every Point of it ’till they interfedt the Plane E Q, (fuppofed placed on the Surface of the Sphere parallel to the Plane of the Ecliptick) whereby they deferibe on it the Orbit EML which will therefore be an exadt Reprefentative of the Orbit DOIR ; now this, all that allow the Motion of the Earth make an Ellipfis, therefore that muff be an Ellipfis too, and the Point M in this will reprefent the Sun, or the Point S in the original Orbit DOIR; though in his 3d Fig. he makes and calls it a Circle wherein a moveable Pole of the Ecliptick is carried annually about a fixed and di¬ vides it into twelve Signs marked with their proper Charadters : Again, Drawing Lines parallel to the Earth’s Axis to every Point of the original Orbit DOIR, till they interfedt the aforelaid Plane EQ, he projedts another Curve NPQ^ which alfo fhall be an Ellipfis (but more oblique than the former) and a diftindt Reprefentative of the Earth’s Orbit the Sun’s Place in it being at P, in the Line SP, drawn from the Sun S in the original Parallel to the Axis. Yet in his 3d Fig. he makes and calls it a Circle in which a moveable Pole of the World revolves annually about a fixed one, and this alfo he diftin- guiflies with the twelve Signs, as he had done the other. Near this laft reprefentative Orbit he lays of a Star at V, which he favs fhall be fometimes nearer, at other, farther off from the Pole of the World. He fhews no Reafon why this Star’s Place may not be laid off with the fame refpedt to the other diftindt reprefentative Orbit EML and to the original IODR: Let it be done for the firft at V for the Original at Y, it appears now that as the Earth makes her annual Revolution, the fometimes comes neareft fig- m- V f sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt, 241 to it, and removes farther from it at others, by all the feveral Orbits; which imports nothing to his Purpofe. From thefe Preliminaries he proceeds and transfers the fecond reprefenta- tive Orbits of his 2d Fig. into his 3d, and making their Suns to be fix’d Caffini’s 3 d Poles of the Ecliptick at P, and of the World at A ; he lays off the Pole Fi S- Star A in the Surface of his Sphere, by its Longitude from the next Colure and Complement of its Latitude, and thereby finds its Place at S in his 3d Fig. But it appears by what was remark'd before, that both his Circles defcrib'd about the two fix’d Poles are diftinft Reprefentatives of the Earth’s Orbit (let him call ’em what lie pleafes) and their Centers reprefent the Sun’s Places in them ; he may and ought therefore to lay off the Star with the fame Refpedt to the Pole A, that it has to the Pole P, and then its Place in the Surface of his Sphere will be at s-. And now as in his 2d Fig. we had three Orbits of the Earth, as many Suns and three Places of one fix’d Star ; fo in this third we have two Suns, two fix'd Poles and two moveable of the World and Ecliptick : with two Places of the fix’d Star, which is a pretty Abfurdity. Let thofe who fo fiercely aflert Mr. CaJJini’ s Conclufion, throw up which Pair of his Poles they pleafe, it will be evident that his Conclufion vanilhes, and that (as I affirm’d) it does not follow from thefe Premifes. I forefee an Evafion that Mr. Cajjini may make, which I fhall remember and anfwer in its proper Place: At prefent I fhall only mind him, that thofe who underhand how all the diurnal Appearances are made in the Hy- pothefis of the Earth’s Motion, know alio how to reprefent ’em by Lines de- fcrib’d in its Surface, or a fix’d Rete including it fo clofe, that the Earth may only have Room to revolve within it; as I have Ihewn in my Dodlrine of the Sphere (a Book printed above twenty Years ago, and which I am well aifurd, they are not ignorant of, at the French Obfervatory) and that by Lines defign’d upon it, I fhall endeavour to do what he has propos’d (how far he has perform’d judge you) that is to explicate the EfFeft of the Earth’s Mo¬ tion, (or the Parallaxes of the annual Orb) in changing the Longitudes, La¬ titudes, right Afcenfions, Diftances from the Pole of the fix’d Stars. Conceive the Eye plac’d at an infinite Diflance in the Plane of the Earth’s Orbit A BCD, it will be reprefented by the Line AC, its Diameter, and let Fig. A. the Sun’s Place be at the Center at E : Again, Conceive a Star plac’d in the North Latitude at e. Lines eA, eC drawn from the Star at e to the Extremities of the Diameter A and C, will form the Angle AEC, the greateft Parallax of the Orb at the Star ; produce CA to H, then is the Angle e AH the greateft apparent Latitude of the Star and the ZeCH the leaft. Through e the Place of the Star, draw the Line a c parallel to the Eclip¬ tick EH, and about e let the Orbit of the Earth be defcrib’d equal and fimilar to the original Orbit, but contrary plac’d ; and from the Extremities of its Diameter arto E, draw the Lines AE, CE, ’tis evident to any tolerable Geometrician that the /_ aEC is equal to the zCeA the greateft Parallax of the Orb. And that inftead of fuppofing the Star fix’d in e, and the Earth moving round in the Orbit ABCD; the Earth may be fuppos’d fix’d at E, and the Star carry’d round in the reprefentative Orbit abed , whofe Plane is parallel to the Plane of the Ecliptick. r Whereby the Parallaxes and the Star’s apparent Place will be Ihewn the fame in all Refpedts, as if the original Orbit had been employ’d. Let therefore E reprefent the Center of the Earth now fix’d, and FG a Quadrant of a Circle of Longitude on it, the Line Ea drawn from the Cen- s ter ffi ; A T ’i I# 250 THE LIFE OF ter of the Earth E to the neareft Point of the reprefentative Orbit a , cuts the Periphery of the Earth in «, meafuring the Arch of the Earth C * = to the / aEH = eAH its greateft apparent Latitude: and in like Manner the Line Ec piercing the Periphery FG in y, makes j'G=/lcEH = eCH the leaft Latitude of the Star. If further, Lines be drawn from the Center of the Eartii E, touching the reprefentative Orbit in d and b , thefe will cut the Earth’s Periphery in p and S , and will give the greateft Diameter of the Curve; defcrib’d in the Superficies of the Earth, by Lines proceeding from its Center to the infinite Points of the reprefentative Orbit. The fhorteft was found in the preceding Paragraph to be «.y which Curve (becaufe all the Points in the Orbit abed are conceiv’d to be in a Plane parallel to the Ecliptick, and Lines drawn from E to every one of them defcrib’d a Cone,) fhall be an Ellipfis, whofe Diameters are given. i. Hence it follows that the longeft or tranfverfe Diameter of every Ellip¬ fis or Curve, exprefling the Parallax of the Orb, fhall lie parallel to the Planes of the Ecliptick. 2 The conjugate or fhorteft at Right-angles to it, and the longer to the ihorter, fhall be as the Radius to the Co-line of the Star’s Latitude. 3. The farther any Star is from the Earth or Sun, the lefler thefe Ellipfes or paralladtick Curves fhall be : and farther, 4. If a Star have no Latitude, then lying in the Plane of the Ecliptick, and the Earth moving always in the fame Plane, its Latitude cannot be alter'd by the Parallax, but its Parallax of Longitude will call it fometimes in An¬ tecedence, fometimes in Confequence of its middle Place. 5. If a Star be conceiv’d alfo in the Pole of the Ecliptick at i, the Pa¬ rallax of Longitude fhall caft it always into the fame Longitude with the Sun, and its Latitude fhall be always the Complement of half the intire Pa¬ rallax of the Orb j fo that the Star with the Sun fhall traverfe all the Signs in the Space of one Year. 6. That from the Time of the firft Quartile with the Sun, after its Emer- fion from his Rays, to the fecond Quartile, (whilft the Earth moves from D by A to B, or the reprefentative Point of the Star from d by a to b) the Star (fuppos’d at H) appears to move always retrograde ; from thence by the Conjundtion to the firft Quartile Star (whilft the Earth moves from B by C to D or the Star in its Reprefentative from b by c to d) again conti¬ nually diredt; the Parallaxes of Longitude ceafing, and not changing its true or middle Place, at the Conjundtion and Oppofition to the Sun, and being greateft in Antecedence at the firft Quartile, in Confequence at the fecond. Thefe are the Affedtions of the Paralladtick Curves or Ellipfes, and the Properties of the Parallaxes of the Orb at the fix’d Stars, deduc’d from this Figure ; we fhall find more in the next Figure B. Wherein let t ra & vs reprefent the Ecliptic, P its Pole, A the Pole of the Earth, cEr s the ./Equator ; conceive a Star plac’d in the firft Point of °r, without Latitude, the Ellipfis that expreffes its Parallax fhall have no Lati¬ tude, and therefore will appear a ftraight Line, let it be reprefented by the fhort ftraight Line / r m coinciding with the Ecliptick : At the Conjundtion with the G its primitive or middle Place is unaltered; from thence after its Emerfion from the Sun it moves in Confequence towards m, at which Point he arrives when he is in Quartile of it; and now ’tis evident by the Figure, that tho’ its Latitude be not chang’d, yet by the Parallax of Longitude it has gotten North Declination from the Equator equal to 4 of i the intire Pa¬ rallax of Longitude I m C ; when afterwards the Sun comes into V, and the Point on which the Star appears to /; it has there as much South Declina- 4 s I R CHRISTOPHER WREN, k n t. tion as it had North at the ift Quadrature in m, its Latitude remaining un¬ chang’d. But if the Star have 20, 40, or 60 Degrees North Latitude, the Parallaxes may be exprefs’d by the three fmall Ellipfes plac’d one above another, in the Line «r P ; and Lines drawn from the Pole of the Ecliptick P, to the Place of the Sun defign’d; and to be found in them, will drew which Way the Pa¬ rallax carries the Star, in Confequence, or in Antecedence; and in what Pro¬ portion its Diftance from the faid Pole is augmented or diminifh’d by it: But, for the Parallax of right Alcenfion and Diftance from the Pole of the Globe; that narrow Ellipfis plac’d next the Ecliptick, reprefents the paralladtick Curve of a Star that has 20 Degrees North Latitude. Let Arches of Hour-circles be ftruck from the Pole of the World A, to the neareft and remote!!: Points of this Ellipfis; they fhew that the Star fhall have its greateft Declination, or leaf! Diftance from the Pole, a little after its firft Quartile with the Sun, he being in as; and its greateft Diftance from the Pole, or leaf! Declination, little after the fecond Quadrature, he being in vs. The ingenious Reader will confider, that tho’ I count the Sun’s Longitude along thefe Curves, yet the Places defign’d by them, Ihew only thofe Points in them, whereon the Star appears by Reafon of the Parallax of the Orb ; and the Diftances of thefe Points from either of the faid Poles in the Arch of a great Circle, reprefent the Diftance as the Parallax makes it appear, aug¬ mented or diminifh’d, with refpect to either of them. As the Latitude of the Star’s Increafe, the Parallaxes of Longitude, Lati¬ tude, right Afcenfion, and Declination, do all increafe, as may be eafily ap¬ prehended, by the foie Infpedtion and Confideration of this Figure; but with too qaany Varieties to be recounted, except by fuch as have a great deal of Leifure, and are defirous to let the World fee their excellent Abilities, in re¬ tailing Things at length ; I leave them to the fagacious Reader to colled: from the Figure, and proceed to fhew how the Appearances of the Pole-ftar fhall be alter’d by the Parallax of the Orb, if fenfible at it. The prefent Longitude of the Pole-ftar is n, 24 Deg. t, it’s Latitude 66 Deg. North. Let P A in Fig. C, reprefent an Arch of the folftitial Colure, equal to 23 Deg. F, the Diftance of the Pole of the World and Ecliptick, P e Fig. C. the Line of the Pole-ftar’s Longitude, and its Diftance from the Pole of the Ecliptick: About e let the paralladlick Ellipfis 0 n q m be defcrib’d in fuch fort, that its longer Diameter may lie parallel to the Ecliptick, and may be in Proportion to the fhorteft, as the Rad. is to the Line of its Latitude. ’Tis evident, by bare Infpedtion of the Fig. that its greateft Diftance from the Pole of the Ecliptick fhall then happen when the Star fhall appear on n : And the Sun is in the fame Longitude with it in the beginning of our 'June ; it’s leaft in December , when their Longitudes are oppofite, or (to include both in our Expreffion) they fhall both happen when the Sun, Earth, and Star, are all in the fame Plane perpendicular to the Plane of the Ecliptick. But the neareft: Approach of the Pole-ftar to the Pole of the Globe, and its greateft Remove from it, will be diftant from thefe Points about q and 0, as ap¬ pears by the Figure, perhaps not much different from the Times on which Mr. Cajjini places them; but to determine exadtly the Place of thefe Points on the Curve, the Relolution of this Problem will be required ; A Point being given, and an Ellipjis defcrib'd in the Superficies of the Sphere, to firike two Arches of great Circles through the faid Point to the Ellipfis, fo as one of them fhall be the jhortefi, the other the longefi that can be betwixt them. There is then an Over¬ fight committed in my Letter to Dr. JVallis, where I place the greateft Remove of the Pole-ftar from the Pole in June, the neareft Approach in December. Mr. Halley acknowledges aloud, that Dr. Wallis, Dr. Gregory, and himfelf, faw it 2 5 2 THE LIFE OF it not: ’tis no very great Fault to have committed an Overiight, where they did not find it in four Years Time. We are oblig'd to Mr. CaJJini for tire Dil- covery of it; yet it appears, that he underftood not the Effedt of the Pa¬ rallaxes of the Earth’s Orb, in changing and varying the Diftances of the fix’d Stars from the Pole of the Globe, fince he endeavours to reprefent them by the Help of two Circles, placed about the Poles of the Ecliptick and Globe, when the Hypothefis neither requires nor admits of any fuch Thine, but only one Ellipfis, and that in numerous Cafes a very narrow one frujira Jit. Mr. Cajjini may fay, that as I remove the Orbit of the Earth from about the Sun, and draw it about the Star to reprefent the Parallaxes, fo he may in like Manner remove my Ellipfes from about the Star, and draw a Circle or two about the two Poles to effedt the fame Thing; but he may remember that the paralladtick Curves, are Ellipfes, and not Circles; and that not Cir¬ cles, but Ellipfes, only ferve to reprefent thefe EffedL of Parallaxes in the Hypothefis of the Earth’s Motion; and further, that it has been flrew’d him, that his Circles are really Ellipfes and Reprefentatives of the Earth’s Orbit, with Suns in them, and therefore no proper Exponents of the Parallaxes. However, I am oblig’d to him for having given me an Occafion to clear up this Subjedf, that has not hitherto (as I know of) been handled by any Body ; and now fince it is evident, that the Parallaxes of fuch Stars as are nearell to us, and lie in the Neighbourhood to the equinoctial Colure, will (if fenfible) be perceiv’d by the Change of the meridional Diftances from the Pole, obferv’d at fix Months Diftance, when they were in Quartile to the Sun, as appears by what I have remark’d : I fhall return to my Stock of Night Obfervations, to feek out fuch as are moft proper for difeovering the Error of the Inftrument; afterward thofe that are moft convenient for fhewing the Parallaxes of the Orb : And I fhall copy the very firfl: Notes of both, faithfully and exadlly as they were tranfcrib’d from the Inftrument, and compare them, to fee what Parallax they allow, that the fkilful Reader may both corredt, examine, and compare them himfelf, if he thinks he can do it more accurately, than I fhall: Something is done towards this already nothing is to be expected from the French, becaufe their Inftruments are commonly not above {- the Radius of mine; or if they be equal to mine, or bigger, as I think one of them is, they are not fix’d as they ought to be for this Purpofe; which makes me with I had a larger than my prefent, and a better Wall to fix it on, than that is to which I have fitted the large and coftly one I have made at my own great Charge : However, if the good Providence of Heaven, that has blefs’d all my Labours hitherto, give me Health till after the Holidays, I hope I may by that Time give you a full Account of what it has afforded. S IF, Four faithful humble Servant, John Flamstead, M. R Honoured Sir, Fbe Obfervatory, Nov. 19, t 702. I Send you included a long Letter, whereby you will find that Monfieur Caffini has performed nothing of what he propofed to {hew concerning the EffeBs of the Earth’s Motion on the Parallax of the Orb at the fixed Stars. As to what he adds, and of the Poles of the IVorld and Ecliptick, after you have perufed the latter Part of the Letter, it will appear to you, he might have done better to leave it out, fince the Parallaxes of the fixed Stars are determined without moving thefe Poles at all, and making them to move mifreprefents the Parallaxes ; fo that on the whole you will conclude that he underftood K N T. 2 53 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, underftood nothing of the Bufinefs, and perhaps they as little, that affedl him. This I mind you of, becaufe I have not mentioned it in the Letter, which I have wrote after my ufual Way, with all the Plainnefs and Sin¬ cerity imaginable, and fo, as not to give Monf. Cajfini , nor any other any Offence, or Caufe to complain of uncivil Ufage. ’Tis fomething longer than I defigned at firft it fhould be ; being a new Subjedt and uncommon, I thought it was better to err on this Hand, than to make it obfcure by my Brevity. But I am forry, I mull tell you this will not make me and Mr. Halley Friends: I have fome Papers in my Hands that prove him guilty of difinge- nuous Pradtices, and know more of him than the Generality of the World does. He knows I cannot cover Difhonefty, or bear with any thing but what is juft, honeft and true; and that I know he regards nothing of thefe in his Pradtices : We mud therefore keep at a Diftance. I pray God make him fenfible of his Faults; and as I told him at Browns, whenever he be¬ comes afmcere and honejl Man, he is fure to have me his Friend. I fhall be at your End of the Town fome Time next Week, when I will wait on you to clear up any Thing that may appear obfcure in my long Let¬ ter, and pay you the fincere Refpedts of SIR, Tour mojl humble Servant, John Flamstead, M.R. I defirc you to let your Son acquaint my Lord Pembroke that you have the included Letter from me ; and prefent him with humble Refpedts and Ser¬ vices. I have acquainted Mr. AJlon that I have fent you the included. NUMB. II. From the fame Hand to Sir Chrijlopher Wren. An Account of the Heights of the Welch Hills, See. Honoured Sir, July i, 1696. T O fatisfy you that I was not miftaken in the Account of the Heights of the Welch Hills I gave you, I have examined fome Letters I re¬ ceived from Mr. Cafwell, in the Year 1682, who was employed by Mr. Adams in his Survey of Wales, wherein he gives me the Meafures of them taken with good Inftruments, made by my Diredtions. The Wreckin in Shropjhire, he fays, by levelling by a long Pole he found 396 Yards above the Level of the Severn. But by a Bafe and Altitudes taken by a Quadrant with Telefcope-fights, 30 Yards more; 396 + 30 + 40, = 466 Yards. The Severn in that Place to which he meafured is 40 Yards higher than the Sea, and falls 3 Yards 3 Inches in five Miles. Stiperjione Clee Hill, in Shropjhire, he concludes 600 Yards high. Penmenmaur in Caernarvonjhire, 515 Yards. Caddorydris in Merionethjhire, 970. Snowdown in Caernarvonjhire (more than Caddorydris 270 Yards,) = 1240. Snowdowu diftant from Caddorydris 27 WVW Miles. He gives me the Height of the 5 on the Top of Snowdown 25 4^ Inches, but notes not the Time; on Caddorydris (July 26, 1682.) 26 WV Inches. TV ll' < . J if ) ;l 4 Permit Permit me to rectify a Miftake of yours concerning the Date of my Ob- fervations: All that I have made with the large mural Arch, (and which 1 ufe in rectifying the Places of the fixed Stars) are got fine q Michaelmas 1689, when that Inftrument was fcarce compleat; fo that I have not yet lpent ie- ven Years in my exaCtefi: Obfervations. I began to reCtify the Places of the fixed Stars for thefe Obfervations, but at Michaelmas laid, when I found I had a fufficient Stock for that Purpofe, and fince then I have rectify d the eight Signs of the Ecliptick you faw, and fome few more you faw not. Excufe the Trouble of this from Tour mojl humble Servant , John Flamstead. NUMB. ExtraB of a Letter from Mr. Sprat, (afterwards Bifop of Rochester; to Mr. Wren, Profefor of Ajlronomy at Gre- fham-College, Lond. in 1658, at which Time the College was gar r if arid by the Rebels , arid the Profeffors driven out. Dear Sir, 'HIS Day I went to vifit Grejham-college, but found the Place ■ in fuch a nafty Condition, fo defil’d, and the Smells fo infernal, that if you fhould now come to make Ufe of your Tube, it would be like Dives looking out of Hell into Heaven. Dr. Goddard of all your Collegues, keeps Polfelfion, which he could never be able to do, had he not before prepar’d his Nofe for Camp Perfumes, by his Voyage into Scotland , and had he not fuch excellent Reftoratives in his Cellar. The Soldiers by their Vio¬ lence which they put on the Mules Seats, have made themfelves odious to all the ingenious World ; and if we pafs by their having undone the Nation, this Crime we lhall never be able to forgive them : And as for what concerns you, they have now prov’d, that their Pretenfions to Religion were all feign’d, fince by hindering your Lectures, they have committed fo manifeft a Mifchief againft Heaven. ’ Yet your many Friends here hope you will hereafter recompenfe this unhappy Leafure which is afforded you, by making thofe admirable Difcourfes which you had intended for that Place more pub- lick ; and that you will imitate Cicero , who being hinder’d from pronounc¬ ing his Oration, fro Milone, by the Guards of Pomfcy s Soldiers that incom- pafs’d his Chair, fet it forth afterwards more perfebt than all the Reft. Ex Autogra- pho. To Mr. Chriftopher Wren, at All-Souls-College, in Oxford. Dear Cousin, Y Efterday being the Firft of the Term, I refolv’d to make an Experi¬ ment, whether Dr. Horton entertain'd the new Auditory of Grejham with any Ledture, for I took it for granted, that if his Divinity could be fnnr’rf vonr Mathematicks would not be expedted. But at the Gate I was fpar’d, your Mathematicks would not be expected. Hop'd by a Man with a Gun, who told me there was no Admiffion upon that Account, the College being reform’d into a Garrifon. Then changing my Pretenfion, I fcarce got Permiffion to go in to Dr. Goddard , who gave me Affurance enough, thac none of your Collegues intend to appear this Term, unlefs the Soldiers be remov’d, of which there is no Probability. Up¬ on thefe Premifes, it is the Conclufion of all your Friends, that you may fave that S I R "55 CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. that journey hither, unlefs fome other Occafions call]you: and for thefe, I expedt you will make me your Agent, if they be fuch as I am capable of difpatching. But it will not perhaps be amifs to take from hence the Occa- lion of a Ihort and civil Letter to the Committee, fignifying, that you hope you have not deceiv’d their Expectation, in choofmg you, and that you are ready to attend your Duty, but for this publick Interruption and Exclufion from your Chamber, or what elfe you will, that looks towards this. I know no more of domeftick News, than what every Body talks of: Yederday I was in Wefiminjler Hall, and faw only Keudigate and Windham in the two Courts, and Wild and Parker in the Exchequer, in the Chancery none at all, for Bradjhaw keeps the Seal, as if it were to be carried before him in the other World, whither he is going. Glyn and Fountain pleaded at the Bar. They talk much of the Mediation of the two Crowns, and proceed fo far as to name Marfhal de Clerambault , for the Embaflador, who is to come hither from France. My Service to all Friends, Hear Coufin, Tour mojl humble Servant , Oil. 2 c. i6cS. ■*- JVf, "W. * Matthew Wren, eldeji Son of Mat- From the abovementioned Mr. Sprat, to Mr. Wren, oti his Tran-'f fation of Horace’* Epijlle to Lollius. My Dear Friend, I Receiv’d two of your Letters together, for both which I very heartily thank you; but you mud give me Leave to dident from your Senfe in one of them, wherein you maintain, that Florace cannot be well tranflated ; for, by that elegant Epidle ad Lollium , which you lent me, you have con¬ futed yourfelf: You have admirably well hit his Genius; your Verfe is nu¬ merous ; your Philofophy very indruCtive for Life ; your Liberty in mandat¬ ing, enough to make it feem to be an EngliJh Original, and yet not fo much, but that the Mind of the Author is dill religioufly obferv’d : fo that if you have not adorn’d the Fat-droll, (as you mod pleafantly call him) with Feathers, yet you have with Jewels, which is a more ftately, though not fo flanting a Bravery. Mod: other Attempts on him, (nay even thofe of Ben Johnfon himfelf) appear to me to have been hitherto very unfortunate, and his Tranflators have feem’d not fo much to have remember’d that he was Friend to Auguflus, as that he was libertino Patre natus: fo rudely and fo clownilhly have they handled him. You perfectly well agree with my Opinion, in approving this Poet above others; for, ever dnce I have had the good Fortune to read him otherwife than as a School-boy, I have always relpeCted him as one of the mod ac- complilh’d Men of that incomparable Age. He was almod the fird Writer that brought Poetry from the Fables of their ridiculous Religion, and from flattering Womens Beauties, to fpeak of human Affairs, and to Ihew Man¬ kind to themfelves. The Decency of his Order and Invention is admirable; all Things fojudlv, and meafuredly faid, that even the hypercritical Matt. Clifford himfelf cannot find one Word in him whereon to ufe his Sponge : fo natural he is, that every Fancy feems to flow into his Pen, without any Contention of Brain, and yet he was the flowed and fevered of his Time ; the Wit which he flrews, is juft enough for the Subjects which he undertakes ; and no more. This I efleem one of the fured and nobleff of Perfections, that if I 256 THE L i F E O I' that belongs to an excellent Pen; and I like very well what Jack Berken- head has fomewhere faid— That a great Wit's great Work is to refufe. Mo¬ deration of Fancy is a Thing moli commendable, and mod difficult • it be- lng hard for Men of hot and violent Minds, (fuch as moll commonlv great Wi iters have) to flop themfelves in full Speed, and to underhand when they have done enough. He meets I confefs, with fome Tuccas, that blame him for his many downright and proverbial Sentences, and for the Roughnefs of his Style. But as for the firft, it mull be faid, that if his plain Morals are not Wit in this Age yet they were then, and that too fo great, that we have nothing elfe left us of all the eldeft and mod applauded Grecians, but fome few fuch Savins of which we meet many hundreds in Horace. And if we confider his Stile too, we mall find it was very fmcoth, compar'd to thofe who writ before him - , . :? r ’ the beft J“ d S e of Poetr y in the World gives this Judgment of the beft of ♦Hor.s.mv, the ancenter Romans, Lucilius, that he was durus componere Verfus. * Nor plLner Wa ^°[rT'r? be r Call ’ d orabbed, or harffi, but rather a mafeuline Plamnefs, and dudhle Courfe of Verfe. It there be any Unevennefs, or Ruv- gednels in it, it is fuch as that of his own Pome was, to which it was not an Injury but Advantage, that it was built on Hills. Nor are all Things pre- lently to be prais d that are fmooth, for then it may be Quarles might come in ompetition with Cowley ; and if to be oyl'd were to be harmonious, I know not why a Coach-wheel, or a Jack, does not make good Mufick. They who blame him for the Equality and Familiarity of his Stile, are not worth confuting j let fuch be ftill ignorant, who admire nothing but what is lofty and fwelhng; fuch who prefer “ The fair Abbefs of the Skies, “ With all her Nunnery of Eyes; (to make another Inftance of the fame Author, not yet publiffi’d) “ Go, call me * Stepkins for the Sun, And hang green Sarcenet 'fore the Moon, “ For, fince my Celia's Eyes appear’d, Thofe illuftrious Lights are blear'd. Before “ Fountains and Trees our wearied Pride do pleafe, Even in the midil of gilded Palaces; ( And in our Towns, that Profpeft gives Delight, Which opens round the Country to our Sight. And thus much, my dear Friend, for your Poet. To Mr. Wren, from the fame Hand. - Recital of a mutual DiJcourfe on the SubjeEl of the Wit of Converfation. 1663. | Owe1 you my dear Friend, an ill Turn, your late Plot againft me was molt barbarous, your Defign was as bloody as Venners ; you endeavour’d to laile a new Rebellion in my Heart, juft after a long civil War- for this 1 have vow d a fevere Revenge, and have laid a thoufand Policies to catch you • I have looked oyer all my Treafures of Malice, and have at laft found a Lod old Engine, which never fail'd me in Time of Need, and that is the writing a ong Letter : W ith this I have made many fatal Experiments, and have on all Occafions fatisfyd my Wrath on thofe that have difpleas’d me; fo that for fear or. * An eminent Oculijl of that 257 sir CHRISTOPHER W R E N, k n t. fear of it, fome have wholly forfaken my Acquaintance, and rejedted my Paf- fion ; fome have fled the Kingdom ; and fome (for what I know) have gone into another World. It is with this murd’rous Inftrument that I now come to afiault you ; and I truft its Operation will confirm the Opinion of you Phi- lofophers, that any Thing tho’ never fo innocent may be a Poifon, if taken in too great a Quantity. It fhall, I promife you, be as long as the Paper will give me Leave, and to the Length of it I will alfo add, that it fhall be writ¬ ten on a Subject, on which I have heard you yourfelf fpeak many admirable \Things; that fo you may undergo the Torment to read your own 'Thoughts dif- figur’d by my Expreflions; which, I hope, will be as great a Grief to you, as it was to that King (whofe Name I have forgot) when the Scythians fent home his own Ambafladors to him with their Ears, and Nofes, and Lips cut off.—• Now then, my dearefl Friend, you may recoiled! we went lately from Axe- yard to waik in St. James’s-park, and tho’ we met not the incomparable Per- fon , whofe Company we fought, yet he was enough prefent to our Thoughts, to bring us to difeourfe of that in which he fo much excels, the Wit of Con- verfation. Some Part of what you then faid, you fall now hear over again ■ for tho’ I have a moft treacherous Memory in other Matters, yet my Love to Kit Wren makes it always faithful in preferving whatever he commits to it.— The Wit therefore of Difeourfe is as different among the feveral Parts of Mankind, as the Temper of their Air, and Conftitution of their Bodies; and fo it is to be divided into general, and particular. The general is that which confifts of Terms, and Similitudes, and Humours, which are receiv’d by many Nations. This either prevails by Conqueft, and fo the Roman Language and Wit have obtain’d over all the Countries where they fow’d Civility by their Vidtories: Or elfe, by the Situation, Authority, and commanding Ge¬ nius of one People above another. Thus the Grecians became Teachers of the Arts of Talking to the Ancients-, and the French of late to the Moderns; whofe Tongue and Cuftoms have gone farther in Europe, than their prefent King, how terrible foever he appears, is likely to carry their Armies.—Of this general Wit there are manifeft Differences to be obferv’d. That of the Chinefe confifts in the Skill of writing feveral Charadters. That of the Egyp¬ tians in giving Things themfelves, inftead of Words, for Similitudes; in painting a Snake with its Tail in its Mouth, to fignify the Year ; a Lyon for Courage; the Sun, Moon, and Stars, for a thoufand Conceipts. A ftrange Kind of laborious exprefling their Minds, which if the Orators of our Time fhould ufe in their Luxuriancy of Metaphors, they would ftand in Need of the Ark, to carry about with them any one of their Orations. The Eafiern Wit in all Ages has been principally made up of lofty and fwelling Comparifons, as we may fee at this Day in the Titles of the Sophy, and Grand Seignor, which no doubt are fome of their nobleft Fancies; and yet to our Underftanding, they require the Afliftance of Mahomet’ s Dove to make Senfe of them. That of the Moors was the fame of the Spani/h at this Time. The Italian, French, Englijh, Dutch, (if they have any) is fomething alike, according to their common Original the Latin. Of the Mufcovitijlo, or Tartarian, I can give but little Account; But I aflure you, even the Irifh had a Wit of their own, tho’ you will hardly believe it, till fome of our Friends went thither ; nay, to fay more to their Advantage, they had this peculiar to themfelves, that almoft all their whole Nation was at the fame Time both Poets and Saints.—The particular Wit is that which arifes from the frequent Meetings of private Aflemblies ; And this too is capable of infinite Divifions ; for, there is hardly the leaft Company in the World which rendezvoufes together, but has its common Sayings, Figures, Charadters, and Obfervations, which are great Raillery in their proper Compafs, but taftelefs to Strangers. This is evident in u feveral i 4 2 5 8 THE LIFE O F feveral Shires of England. When I was in the North, there was a Buffoon that was a dreadful Droll among the Yorkjhire Gentlemen, and yet fcarce fpoke a Grain of Salt to our Southern Taftes. This likewife appears in feve¬ ral Profeffions of Men. The Lawyers will laugh at thofe Jefts in the Temple, which it may be will not move us at Charing-crofs. And it is likely that Tom Ki Hi grew himfelf would not feem good Company to a Table of Benchers. The Wit beyond Fleet-bridge has another Colour from that on this Side. The very Watermen on the Bank-f.de have their Quipps, and their Repartees, which are not intelligible but upon the Thames. But to fay no more ■ this is to be feen in every private Family: I had almoft gone fo far as to fay, that there is fcarce a Hufband and Wife in the World, but have a particular Way of Wit among themfelves; but this I will not affirm, becaufe this evil Age believes, that few married Perfons are wont to delight fo much in one another’s Company, as to be merry and witty alone. Now then having dis¬ covered this mighty Proteus, which puts on fo many various Shapes in leveral Places, and Occafions, let us try to define it.-The Wit of Difcourfe is (to fpeak magnificently) the greateft Art about the fmalleft Things : For to confefs a Secret, as Sir JV. Davenant’s Way differs very little from Frank Bowman's, and yet the one is the gayeft and the other the moft iniipid ; fo the true pleafant Talk, and the vaineft Tattle, are not very much diftin- guifhed : The Subjetfts of both of them are a thoufand little Trifles, and the Difference lies only in the Management. Nor does this Meannefs of Matter l ( 1l e j lldice tlle Art > for then it would follow, that your * divine Works in the and Ki ”S' s Clo f et are the worfe, becaufe they are the Defcriptions of a Loufe, a Bodies,draw Flea, and a Nit. This Wit therefore is made up of many inexpreffible Ex- mt'ofeopiJ ccllencies ' 11 muff have a general Evennefs of Humour ; it muff perfectly Claris. obferve all the Rules of Decency, to know when enough is faid ; to forbear biting Things not to be touched ; to abftain from abufing honeft and ver- tuous Matters. It mud apply itfelf to the Condition, and Inclination of the Company 5 it muff rather follow than lead; it muff not always flrain to fpeak extraordi¬ nary Things ; for that is a conftant walking on the Ropes, in which though a Man does often well, yet he may have one Fall, that may chance to break his Neck : It muff allow every one their Turn of fpeaking; for it is natural to all, better to love their Company who give them Occafions of fpeaking well, than thofe that do it themfelves. It muft mingle Stories with Argu¬ ments, pleafant Things with folemn ; it muft vary the Subjedt often, and not pump itfelf dry at once. This, if you will believe Mr. Cowley, is a wife Qua¬ lity : for in a Copy of Verfes which you have not yet feen, he fays “ So the Imperial Eagle does not flay “ ’Till the whole Carcafe he devour “ That’s fallen into his Power, “ As if his generous Hunger underftood, “ That it can never want Plenty of Food ; “ He only fucks the tafteful Blood, “ And to frefh Game flies chearfully away, “ To Kites and meaner Birds he leaves the mangled Prey. This generous Eagle-wit therefore ufes the beft and eafieft Words, is not the ~firft that takes up new ones, nor the laft that lays down old ones. But above all, its chiefeft Dominion is in forming new Significations, and Images of Things and Perfons. And this may be fo luddenly pradtifed, that I have known in one Afternoon, new Stamps, and Proverbs, and Fafhions of Speech raifed, which were never thought of before, and yet gave Occafion to moft delight- K N T. 259 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, delightful Imaginations. You fee now, my dear Friend, of what Extent and Difficulty this Art is.-The Truth is, it isfeldom to be found among Men of large and full and high Thoughts; becaufe fuch Minds overlook the little Paffages, and fly prefently to general Axioms, which it may be are more ufeful, yet they do not affedl our Thoughts with fuch an immediate and familiar Delight. But to fpeak Truth, the Perfection of this glorious Faculty, without which, Life were no Life, belongs not fo much to Men, as to the fofter Sex : for they have ufually their Heads lefs diflurbed with bufy Thoughts, their Minds are quicker and readier for new Impreffions, they talk more of circumftantial Things, they fit longer together, and (which you ufed to fay is of great Concernment in our northern and phlegmatick Cli¬ mate) they keep their Feet warmer and drier, and go lefs into the moift and open Air. But that Women are the bell Speakers, I could give you two undeniable Inflances, in your Laura, (as I think you call her) and her who was once my CleKa ; the one fpeaks with a great Freedom and Spirit, and Abundance of excellent Words; the other talks lefs, but with as much Sweetnefs and Nature; from the one nothing can be taken away; to the other nothing ought to be added. But I dare not go farther in this De- fcription on Remembrance of an old Story : That while a Painter was drawing a molt beautiful Lady, he fell defperately in Love with her, and it had coil him his Life, had not Alexander bellowed her on him ! The firfl: Part of this Tale, I am fure would be my Fortune, if I ffiould longer employ my Thoughts on fuch a lovely Objedt; and I am as certain, that I fhould perifh long enough, before I fhould find an Alexander to pity me. To go on then in my firfl Purpofe. Wit confifts in a right ordering of Things and Words for Delight. But'-Stay-Now I look about me, What Need have I to go any farther ? you are without Qqeftion already fufficiently tired, and fo my End is obtained; and then it will be ufelefs to fpeak more on this Subjedt, feeing the Age wherein we live runs already fo mad after the Affairs of Wit. All the World are at prefent Poets : the poetical Bees are all at Work : Comedies, Tragedies, Verfes, Satyrs, Burlefques, Songs buzz everywhere about our Ears; and (to eafe my Hand a little by changing my Pace) “ Wits we have now as many (if not more) “ As we had Sedls, or Preachers, heretofore; “ And Heaven in Mercy grant this crying Sin “ Don’t the fame Judgments once more ufher in. “ We have our Northern Wits, Wits of the Eafl, “ Wits of the South, and Witlings of the Weft; “ South and by Weil, South-Eail, Eail and by North, “ From ev’ry Point like Winds they blufter forth. “ We have our Wits that write only to fway uintinye, has moll: excellent Skill in Agriculture, Planting, and Gardening. My Lord Berkley returns to England at Chrijlmafs, when I propofe to take the Opportunity of his Company, and by that Time, to perfed what I have on the Anvil; Obfervations on the prefent State of Architecture, Arts, and Manufactures in France. Idea of the N. B. “ Painting and Sculpture, (faid the judicious Sieur de Cambray ) Perfeiiion of « are the politeft and nobleft of antient Arts, true, ingenuous, and claim- “ ing the Refemblance of Life, the Emulation of all Beauties, the faireft “ Records of all Appearances whether celeftial or fublunary, whether an- “ gelical, divine or humane. And what Art can be more helpful, or more “ pleafmg to a philofophical Traveller, an Architect, and every ingenious Mc- “ cbanician ? All which mujl be lame without it. THE [ 263 ] Sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, Knt. PART II. Of the TJ r orks of Sir Christopher Wren, in Architecture. INTRODUCTION. F T E R the moft dreadful Conflagration of London, in the fatal Year 1666. Dr .Chrijlopher Wren was appointed Surveyor-general and principal Architect for rebuilding the whole City, the Cathedral Church of St. Paul-, all the parochial Churches (in Number Fifty-one, enafled by Parliament, in lieu of thofe that were burnt and deinolifhed) with other publick Struftures ; and for the Difpofition of the Streets: A Charge fo great and exten- iive, incumbent on a Angle Perfon, difpofed him to take to his Afliftance Mr. Robert Hook, Profelfor of Geometry in Grejham College, to whom he af- figned chiefly the Bufinefs of meafuring, adjufting, and fetting out the Ground of the private Street-houfes to the leveral Proprietors; referving all the publick Works to his own peculiar Care and Diredtion. On the 6th of March, 1667-8. He receiv’d his Majejly's Warrant under the Privy-feal, (in Confirmation of a Deputation from Sir John Denham, Knight of the Bath) to execute the Office of Surveyor-general of the Royal- works : Upon whofe Deceafe in the fame Month, his Majejly was pleas’d to grant 264 mix. Anno 1728. A then. Oxon. •vol. 2. p. 301. THE LIFE OF grant him Letters Patents, under the Great-feal to fucceed in that Employ¬ ment fa). Or. Wren had the Honour of Knighthood confer’d on him, in the Year 1674. In 1684, Sir Chrijlopher Wren was conftituted by Patents under the Great- feal, the principal Officer, by the Stile of Comptroller of the Works in the Caftle of WindJ'or ; and of all Mannors, Lodges, &c. in the Forrcft thereof; in the Room of Hugh May, Efq; deceas’d. In 1698, he was appointed Surveyor-general, and a CommiJJwner of the Works and Repairs of the ancient Abbey-church of St. Peter, in Wejlminjler •, (upon the palling of an Adi of Parliament, charging a Branch of the Duty on Coals, for that Purpofe) and furthermore, was occaiionally nominated a Commiffioner in divers other publick Commijjions. A View (however Ihort and imperfedt) of the Surveyors Proceedings, in Relation to the Buildings of London ; the royal, and other publick Works purfuant to the feveral above-mention’d Appointments, may be taken from the following Sedtions, put together out of forne fcatter’d Papers, and publick Accounts, luch as the Colledtor hath hitherto met with. PART II. SECT. I. Of London in ancient ‘Times , and the Boundary of the Roman Colony, difcertid by the Surveyor, after the great Fire. T O have a light Idea of London of old, it will be necedary to conlider the State of the Britains, at the Time the Romans made their firft De- fcent on the IJland ; and furely we cannot reafonably think them fo barba¬ rous, at lead: in that Age, (and the Accounts before that, are too fabulous) as is commonly believ’d. Their Manner of Fighting was in Chariots, like the ancient Heroes of Greece, in the Trojan War, and occafionally on Foot, with fuch good Order and Difcipline, as much embarrafs’d the Roman Le¬ gions, and put a Stop to the Progrefs of the invincible Ccefar ; who could do nothing great, nor conquer any Part, but, fays Tacitus, only (hew’d the Country to the Romans ; and, according to Lucan, was oblig’d lhamefully to retreat. Territa quafitis ojlendit terga Britannis. The Britains went to Sea in Veffels cover’d with Hides, for they wanted Pitch: They traded chiefly with the Gauls, and certainly the principal Empo¬ rium, or Town of Trade to which the Gallic Ships reforted, muft be Lon¬ don ; tho’ fituated far up the Country, yet moll commodioufly acceffible by a noble River, among the thickeft Inhabitants; taking its Name (according (a) By the Way; this Sir JohnDcnham, the only Son of Sir John Denham Knivht, fometime one of the Barons of the Exchequer ; was a celebrated Poet, anil an eminent Royalift. King Charles I. granted to him the Reverhon of the Office of Surveyor-general of the Works, af¬ ter the Deceafe of the great Architect Inigo pones ; which Office he entered upon at the Refio- ration of King Charles II, Anno 1660. (for the laid Inigo Jones deceas’d 21 July, Ann. 165 r. aged about 79 Wars.) At the Coronation of King Charles II. he was made a Knight of the Bath. He died at his Office in Scotlancl-yard near IVbite-hall, at the Time above-men¬ tioned, and was buried in We/fminjler-abbey , near the Graves of JeJJcry Chaucer, and Asia. Cowley. to 265 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN.knt. to fome Derivations from die old Britijb Term) of Ship-hill ; or othenvife, a Harbour of Ships. Here the Romans fix’d a civil, or trading Colony, in the Reign of Claudius, which greatly increas’d tinder Nero , by the Concourfe of Merchants, and Convenience of Commerce, and was inhabited by Chrijlians and Heathens together. The Extent of the Roman Colony , or Prafeblure , particularly Northward, the Surveyor had Occafion to difeover by this Accident. The parochial Church of St. Mary le Bow, in Cheapfide, requir’d to be rebuilt after the great Fire : the Building had been mean and low, with one Corner taken out for a Tower, but upon refloring that, the new Church could be render’d fquare. Upon opening the Ground, a Foundation was difeern’d firm enough for the new intended Fabrick, which, (on further Infpedlion, after digging down fufficiently, and removing what Earth or Rubbilh lay in the Way) appear'd to be the Walls, with the Windows alfo, and the Pavement of a Temple, or Church, of Roman Workmanfliip, intirely .bury’d under the Le¬ vel of the prefent Street. Hereupon, he determin’d to erect his new Church over the old; and in order to the neceflary Regularity and Square of the new Defign, reftor’d the Corner; but then another Place was to be found for the Steeple : The Church Hood about 40 Feet backwards from the high Street, and by purchafing the Ground of one private Houfe not yet rebuilt, he was enabled to bring the Steeple forward to as to range with the Street-houfes of Cheapfide. Here, to his Surprife, he funk about 18 Feet deep through made-ground, and then imagin’d he was come to the natural Soil, and hard Gravel, but upon full Examination, it appear’d to be a Ro¬ man Caufeway of rough Stone, clofe and well rammed, with Roman Brick and Rubbifh at the Bottom, for a Foundation, and all firmly cemented. This Caufe¬ way was four Feet thick [the Thicknefs of the via Appia, according as Monf. Montfaucon meafur’d, it was about three Parifian Feet, or three Feet two In¬ ches and a half EngHftoi] Underneath this Caufeway lay the natural Clay, over which that Part of the City Hands, and which delcends at leaft forty Feet lower. He concluded then to lay the Foundation of the Tower upon the very Roman Caufeway, as moft proper to bear what he had defien’d, a weighty and lofty Strudlure. He was of Opinion for divers Reafons, that this High-way ran along the North Boundary of the Colony. The Breadth then North and South, was from the Caufeway now Cheapfide, to the River Thames-, the Extent Eajl and Weft , from Tower-hill to Ludgate, and the principal middle Street, or Praetorian Way, was Watling-Jlrect. The Colony was wall’d next the Thames, and had a Gate there called How-gate, but anciently Hour-gate, which fignified the Water-gate. On the North Side, beyond the Caufeway, was a great Fen, or Morafs, in thofc Times; which the Surveyor difeover'd more particularly when he had Occafion to build a new Eaft-front to the parochial Church of St. Laurence near Guildhall ; for the Foundation of which, after finking feven Feet, he was obliged to pile twelve Feet deeper; and if there was no Caufeway over the Bog, there could be no Reafon for a Gate that Way. At length, about the Year 1414, all this moorifh Ground was drain’d by the Induftry and Charge of Francerius, a Lord-mayor, and ftill retains the Name of Moor-fields, and the Gate, Moor-gate. London-ftone, as is generally fuppos’d, was a Pillar, in the Manner of the Milliarium Aureum, at Rome, from whence the Account of their Miles began; but the Surveyor was of O- pinion, by Reafon of the large Foundation, it was rather fome more confi- derable Monument in the Forum ; for in the adjoining Ground on the South V Side .Hi 4 r i * 266 THE LIFE OF Side, (upon digging for Cellars, after the great Fire) were difeovered fome tejfellated Pavements, and other extenfive Remains of Roman Workmanfhip, and Buildings. * On the Weft-fide was fituated the Preetorian Camp, which was alfo wall'd- in to Ludgate, in the Vallum of which, was dug up near the Gate, after the Fire, a Stone, with an Infcription, and the Figure of a Roman Soldier, which the Surveyor prefented to the Archbifliop of Canterbury, who fent it to Oxford, and it is repolited among the Arundellian Marbles. This is a lepulchral Mo¬ nument dedicated to tire Memory of Vivius Marcianus, a Soldier of the fecond Legion, fill'd Augujla, by his Wife 'Januaria Matrina. The Infcription is in this Manner: Camden*/ Britannia, 2d Edit, by Bp. Gibfon, W. 1./..375. D. M. V I V I O MARC" - A N O id L. LEG. II. AVG. IANVARIA MA 1 INA CoN I V N X PIENTISSIMA POSV -IT ME MO&.AM. N. B. The Extradt of this Infcription publifhed in the Marmora Oxonienjia, Numb. 147. is erroneous. The Soldiers ufed to be buried in Vallo, as the Citizens, extra Portae in Pomeerio ; there ’tis moll probable the Extent of the Camp reached to Lud - 2 ■ g ate , to the declining of the Hill, that Way. The Surveyor gave but little Credit to the common Story, that a Temple had been here to Diana, (which fome have believed, upon the Report of the digging up, formerly, and of later Years, Horns of Stags, Ox-heads, Tufks of Boars, &c.) meeting with no fuch Indications in all his Searches; but that the North-fide of this Ground had been very anciently a great Burying-place, was manifeft; for upon the digging the Foundations of the prefent Fabrick of St. Paul's, he found under the Graves of the latter Ages, in a Row below them, the Bu¬ rial Places of the Saxon Times : the Saxons, as it appeared, were accuftomed to line their Graves with Chalk-ftones, though fome more eminent were entombed in Coffins of whole Stones. Below thefe were Britijh Graves, where were found Ivory and wooden Pins, of a hard Wood feemingly Box, in Abundance, of about 6 Inches long; it feems the Bodies were only wrap¬ ped up, and pinned in woollen Shrouds, which being confumed, the Pins remained entire. In the fame Row and deeper, were Roman Urns inter¬ mixed : This was eighteen Feet deep or more, and belonged to the Colony when Romans and Britains lived and died together. The mod: remarkable Roman Urns, Lamps, Lacrymatories, and Frag¬ ments of Sacrificing-veffels, &c. were found deep in the Ground, towards the North-eaft Corner of St. Paul’s Church, near Cheapfide; thefe were ge¬ nerally well wrought, and emboffed with various Figures and Devices, of the Colour of the modern red Portugal Ware, fome brighter like Coral, and of a Hardnefs equal to China Ware, and as well glaz'd. Among divers Pieces ' Probably this might in fome degree, have imitated the Milliarium Aureum at Conjlantincple, Which was not in the Form of a Pillar as at Rome, but an eminent Building ; for under its Poof, (according to Cedrenus and Sodden) flood the Statues of Conjlantine and Helena ; Trajan ; an equellrian Statue of Hadrian ; a Statue of Fortune ; and many other Figures and Decora¬ tions. which 267 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. which happened to have been preferred, are, a Fragment of a Veil'd, in Shape of a Bafon, whereon Charon is reprelented with his Oar in his Hand receiving a naked Ghoft; a Patera facrificalis with an Infcription PATER. CLO. a remarkable fmall Urn of a fine hard Earth, and leaden Colour, con¬ taining about half a Pint; many Pieces of Urns with the Names of the Pot¬ ters embodied on the Bottoms, fuch as, for Inftance, ALBUCI. * M. VIC- * TORINUS. PATER, f F. MOSSI. M. + OF. NIGRI. AO. MAPILII. + M. £ fc. a fepulchral earthen Lamp, figured with two Branches of Palms, fuppofed Chrijiian ; and two Lacrymatories of Glafs. Among the many Antiquities the Surveyor had the Fortune to difcover in other Parts of the Town, after the Fire, the moft curious was a large Roman Urn, or Offuary of Glafs, with a Handle, containing a Gallon and half, but with a very fhort Neck, and wide Mouth, of whiter Metal, encompaffed Girth- wife, with five parallel Circles. This was found in Spital-felds, which he prefented to the Royal-fociety, and is preierved in their Mufeum. m SECT. II. Propofals for rebuilding the City of London, after the great Fire. T H E Manner of building in the City of London, pradtifed in all former Ages, was commonly with Timber, a Material eafily procured, and at little Expence, when the Country was overburthened with Woods. This often fubjedted the Town to great and deftrudtive Fires, fometimes to the Ruin of the whole, as happened, for Inftance, in the Year 1083, and Reign of William the Conqueror, the Street-houfes being then of Timber covered with Thatch. Notwithftanding thefe Incidents, this Mode continued until the two fatal Years 1665 and 6; but then the fucceffive Calamities of Plague and Fire, gave all People Occafion ferioufly to refledt on the Caufes of the Increafe of both to that exceffive Height; viz. Clofenejs of Buildings, and combuftible Materials, and hence the Wifhes for the neceflary Amend¬ ment of both, by widening the Streets, and building with Stone and Brick, became univerfal. Some intelligent Perfons went farther, and thought it highly requifite, the City in the Reftoration fhould rife with that Beauty, by the Straightnefs and Regularity of Buildings, and Convenience for Commerce, by the well dif- pofing of Streets and publick Places, and the Opening of Wharfs, &c. which the excellent Situation, Wealth and Grandeur of the Metropolis of England did juftly deferve ; in refpedt alfo of the Rank Ihe bore with all other trad¬ ing Cities of the World, of which tho’ Ihe was before one of the richeft in Eftate and Dowry, yet unqueftionably the leaft beautiful. Informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum. In order therefore to a proper Reformation, Dr. Wren (purfuant to the royal Commands) immediately after the Fire, took an exadt Survey of the whole Area and Confines of the Burning, having traced over, with great Trouble and Hazard, the great Plain of Allies and Ruins; and defigned a Plan or Model of a new City, in which the Deformity and Inconveniencies of the old Town were remedied, by the inlarging the Streets and Lanes, and carrying them as near parallel to one another as might be ; avoiding, if compatible with greater Conveniences, all acute Angles; by feating all the parochial Churches confpicuous and infular; by forming the moft publick Places into large Piazza’s, the Centers of eight Ways; by uniting the Halls I 268 THE LIFE OF of the twelve chief Companies, into one regular Square annexed to Guild-hall ; by making a commodious Key on the whole Bank of the River, from Black- friars to the Tower. Moreover, in contriving the general Plan, the following Particulars were chiefly confider’d and propos’d. The Streets to be of three Magnitudes; the three principal leading ftraight through the City, and one or two Crofs-ftreets to be at leaft go Feet wide; others 60 Feet; and Lanes about 30 Feet, excluding all narrow dark Alleys without Thorough-fares, and Courts. The Exchange to Hand free in the Middle of a Piazza, and be, as it were, the Nave or Center of the Town, from whence the 60 Feet Streets as fo many Rays, lliould proceed to all principal Parts of the City : the Building to be contriv’d after the Form of the Roman Forum, with double Porticos. Many Streets alfo to radiate upon the Bridge. The Streets of the firft and fecond Magnitude to be carried on as ftraight as poffible, and to center into four or five Piazzas. The Key or open Wharf on the Bank of the Thames, to be fpacious and convenient, without any Interruptions ; with fome large Dock» for Barges deep loaden. The Canal to be cut up Bridewell, 120 Feet wide, with Safles at Hollorn Bridge, and at the Mouth to cleanfe it of all Filth; and Stores for Coal on each Side. The Churches to be defign’d according to the beft Forms for Capacity and Hearing, adorn’d with ufeful Porticos, and lofty ornamental Towers and Steeples, in the greater Parilhes. All Church-yards, Gardens, and unne- ceflary Vacuities ; and all Trades that ufe great Fires, or yield noifome Smells, to be placed out of the Town. The Model or Plan form’d on thefe Principles, delineated by Dr. Wren, was laid before the King and the honourable Houfe of Commons ; and is thus explain’d. From that Part of Fleet-Jireet which remain’d unburnt, about St. Dunjian's Church , a ftraight Street of 90 Feet wide, erodes the Valley, palling by the South Side of Ludgate Prifon, and thence in a diredl Line ends gracefully in a Piazza at Tower-hill; but before it defeends into the Valley where now the great Sewer ( Fleet-ditch) runs, about the once Middle of Flcet-Jlreet, it opens into a round Piazza, the Center of eight Ways, where at one Station are thefe Views.—Firft, ftraight forward quite through the City: Second, obliquely towards the Right Hand, to the Beginning of the Key, that runs from Bride¬ well Dock to the Tower. Third, obliquely on the left to Smithfeld. Fourth, ftraight on the Right, to the Thames. Fifth, ftraight on the left, to Hatton- freet, and Clarkenwell. Sixth, ftraight backwards, towards Temple-larr. Seventh, obliquely on the right, to the Walks of th zTemple. Eighth, ob¬ liquely on the left, to Cur/iior’s Alley. Palling forward we crofs the Valley, once fullied with an offenfive Sewer, now to be beautified with a ufeful Canal, palfable by as many Bridges as Streets that crofs it. — Leaving Ludgate Prifon on the leftSide of the Street, (in- Head of which Gate, was defign’d a triumphal Arch to the Founder of the new City, King Charles the Second.) This great Street prefently divides into another as large, which carries the Eye and Pafl'age to the South-front of the Exchange, (which we leave as yet for a fecond Journey) and before thefe two Streets fpreading at acute Angles, can be clear of one another, they form a triangular Piazza, the Bafis of which is fill’d bv the cathedral Church of St, Paul. I But 269 S I R CHRISTOPHER WREN, K N T. But leaving St. Paul's on the left, we proceed as our firft Way led us towards the Toiver, the Way being all along adorn’d with parochial Churches. We return again to Ludgate, and leaving St. Paul's on the right Hand, pals the other great Branch to the Royal-exchange, feated in the Place where it was before, but free from Buildings, in the Middle of a Piazza included between two great Streets; the one from Ludgate leading to the South-front, and another from Holborn, over the Canal to Newgate, and thence ftraight to the North-front of the Exchange. The Practicability of this whole Scheme, without Lofs to any Man, or Infringement of any Property, was at that Time demonftrated, and all mate¬ rial Objections fully weigh'd, and anfwered : the only, and, as it happened, infurmountable Difficulty remaining, was the obflinate Averfenefs of great Part of the Citizens to alter their old Properties, and to recede from build¬ ing their Houfes again on the old Ground and Foundations; as alfo, the Diftruft in many, and Unwillingnefs to give up their Properties, tho’ for a Time only, into the Hands of publick Truftees, or Commiffioners, till they might be difpens’d to them again, with more Advantage to themfelves, than otherwife was poffible to be effected; for, fuch a Method was propos’d, that by an equal Diftribution of Ground into Buildings, leaving out Church-yards, Gardens, &c. (which were to be removed out of the Town) there would have been fufficient Room both for the Augmentation of the Streets ; Difpolition of the Churches, Halls, and all publick Buildings; and to have given every Proprietor full Satisfadtion ; and although few Proprietors ffiould happen to have been feated again, direCtly upon the very fame Ground they had pof- fefs’d before the Fire, yet no Man would have been thruft any confiderable Diftance from it, but been placed at leaft as conveniently, and fometime more fo, to their own Trades than before. By thefe Means, the Opportunity, in a great Degree, was loft, of making the new City the rnoft magnificent, as well as commodious for Health and Trade of any upon Earth; and the Surveyor being thus confin’d and cramp’d in hisDefigns, it requir’d no fmall Labour and Skill, to model the City in the Manner it has fince appear’d. In the Adis of Parliament, 19 and 22 Car. II. for the rebuilding the Ci¬ ty of London ; among other Rules and Directions confiftent with the Sur¬ veyor’s Opinion and Advice, it is enaCted : “ That there lhall be left a Key, “ or open Wharf, from London-bridge to the Temple, forty Foot broad; and “ in order thereunto, all Buildings, Sheds, &c. within forty Feet Northward “ of the Thames, lhall within eight Months enfuing be taken down, and “ remov’d ; and the Buildings to front the faid Key, lhall be of the fe- “ cond or third Rate of Buildings, obferving Uniformity as in other “ Streets, &c. A Claufe fo well calculated for the Ornament, and Advantage of the City, requir’d to have been punctually obferv’d and executed by the Citizens, according to the full Extent and Virtue of the Law. The Obfervations of a late Critick, (allowing for fome Miftakes in his Critical Rr- Defcription of Sir Chrifopher Wren's Scheme for rebuilding the City ) are judi- \f cious and right. London, p. 2. “ Towards the End of King James I’s Reign, and in the Beginning of Lond ' I?3+ ' “ his Son’s, Tafte in Architecture made a bold Step from Italy to England “ at once, and fcarce ftaid a Moment to vifit France by the Way. From “ the moll profound Ignorance in Architecture, the rnoft confummate Night “ of Knowledge, Inigo Jones ftarted up, a Prodigy of Art, and vied even “ with his Mailer Palladio himfelf. From fo glorious an Out-fet, there was z “ not I not any Excellency that vve might not have hoped to obtain ; Britain had a reafonable Profpedl to rival Italy, and foil every Nation in Europe belide. But in the midft of thefe fanguine Expedlations, the fatal Civil- war commenc’d, and all the Arts and Sciences were immediately laid afide, as noWay concern’d in the Quarrel. What follow’d was all Darknefs and Obfcurity, and ’tis even a Wonder they left us a Monument of the Beauty, ’twas fo agreeable to their Natures to deflroy. “ Wren was the next Genius that arofe, to awake the Spirit of Science, and kindle in his Country a Love for that Science which had been fo long negledted: during his Time a mod melancholly Opportunity offer’d for Art to exert itfelf, in the moil extraordinary Manner; but the Calamities of the prefent Circumftance were fo great and numerous, that the Pleas of Elegancy and Beauty could not be heard; and Neceffity and Con- “ veniency took Place of Harmony and Magnificence. “ What I mean is this; The Fire of London, furnifh’d the mod perfect “ Occafion that can ever happen in any City, to rebuild it with Pomp and “ Regularity: this, Wren forefaw, and, as we are told, offer’d a Scheme “ for that Purpofe, which would have made it the Wonder of the World. “ He propos’d to have laid out one large Street from Aldgate to Temple-bar, 51 in the Middle of which was to have been a large Square, capable of con- “ taining the new Church of St. Paul' s, with a proper Diftance for the “ View all round it; whereby that huge Building would not have been “ cooped up, as it is at prefent, in fuch a Manner, as no where to be “ feen to Advantage at all; but would have had a long and ample Vifta at “ each End, to have reconcil’d it to a proper Point of View, and o-ave it “ one great Benefit, which, in all probability, it muff now want for ever. “ He further propos’d to rebuild all the Parifh Churches in fuch a Man- “ ner as to be feen at the End of every Vifta cf Houfes, and difperfed in “ fuch Diftances from each other, as to appear neither too thick, nor thin “ in Profpedt; but give a proper heightening to the whole Bulk of the “ City, as it fill’d the Landfcape. Laftly, he propos’d to build all the “ Houfes uniform, and fupported on a Piazza, like that of Covent-Garden : “ And, by the Water-fide, from the Bridge to the Temple, he had plan’d “ a long and broad Wharf, or Key, where he defign’d to have rang’d all “ the Halls that belong to the feveral Companies of the City, with proper “ Ware-houfes-for Merchants between, to vary the Edifices/and make it at ■' once one of the moll beautiful, and moft ufeful Ranges of Structure in “ the World.—But the Hurry of Rebuilding, and the Difputes about Pro- “ perty, prevented this glorious Scheme from taking Place.” There is fcarce any Inftance in Hiftory and Antiquity, of a Conflagration comparable in its Celerity and Extent, to the fatal Fire of the City of Lon¬ don. What leems to come neareft, and to be almoft a parallel Cafe, was the Burning of Lyons in Gaul, thus deferib’d by Seneca. “ Lugdunenfis colonia exufla efl. Hoc tam inopinatum malum, & pene in- “ auditum, non miror fi fine metu fuit, cum ejfet fine exemplo. Multas enim " civifates incendium vexavit, nullam abftulit. Nam etiatn ubi hoflili manic “ in tebia ignis immijjus eft , multis locis deficit-, & quamvis fubinde exci- “ tetur, rar'o tamenfic cunbia depafeitur, ut nihil ferro relinquat. Terrarum “ quoque vix unquam tam gravis £? perniciofus fuit motus, ut tota eppida “ everteret. Nunquam denique tam infeftum ulli exarftt incendium, ut nihil “ alters J'upereffet incendio. Tot pulcherrima opera, quee Jingula illufirareJingulas “ urbes pojflent, una nox flravit, & in tanta pace, quantum de bello quidem timeri “ pot eft. sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. “ poteji, accidit. §uis hoc credat ? TJbique armis quiefcentibus, cum toto orbe ter- “ rarum aiffufa fecuritas fit, Lugdunum quod q/lendebatur in Gallia queeritur. “ Omnibus fortuna quos publice ajjiixit, quodpajjuri erant, timerc permifit. Nulla “ res magna, non aliquod habuit ruince face fpacium. In kac * una nox in- “ terfuit inter urbem maximam fif nullam. [Epift. XCIL] SECT. III. Of the ancient cathedral Churches of St. Paul; frotti the firjl Age of Chriftianity, to the lajl great Fire of London, in 1666. And of the Surveyor’s Defegn for repairing the old ruinous Structure, made (by Order of his Majefty, and the Commifftoners) upon an accurate Survey, about four Months before the Conflagration. T HE chrifaian Faith, without doubt, was very early received in Bri¬ tain ; and without having recourfe to the monkijh Tale of (fofeph of Stillingfleet, Arhnathea, and other legendary Fiftions; there is authentick Teftimony of J" a Chrijtian Church planted here by the Apoftles themfelves, and, in particular, origines Eri-' very probably by St. Paul. tank®. + It is very certain this Apofle, from his firft Imprifonment at Rome, to J Rapin’s his Return to Jerafalem, had fpent eight Years in preaching in divers Places, W/.^/Eng. but more efpecially in the Wefiern Countries. Wc know he defign'd for Spain, and it is not improbable, but his Earneftnefs to convert the Britains might have carried him to this Ifand. This Opinion may be {Lengthened by the Evidence of Vanutius Fortuna- tus, who fays the fame Thing, fpeaking of the Travels of St. Paul, in his Poem on the Life of St. Martin. Pranft & oceanum, 1lei qua facit infala portum, tfaafque Britannus habet terras, quafque ultima Thule. Every Chri/lian Church derived from the Apoftles, had a Succeffion of Bi- faops from them too, and the Condition of the Britijh Church was fo early eftablifh’d, that fome maintain there were Bi/hops of the Britains at the Coun¬ cil of Nice, aflembled in 325 : and ’tis certain, that twenty-two Years after, Refiitutus Bifliop of London was one of the three Britifa Bifliops prefent at the Council of Arles. Some Britifa Prelates were likewife at the Council of Ariminum, aflembled in 359, and thefe were of fuch Dignity, that they refufed the Emperor’s -j~ Allowance, thinking it beneath them not to bear their own Expences. f Pin. The firft Cathedral of this epifcopal See of London, (built in the Area, where had been the Roman Prcetorian Camp ; the Situation of all the fuc- ceeding Fabricks to this Time) was demoliflied under the great and general Perfecution by Diocleftan : But although in Purfuance of the Stridtnefs of his Edifts, the Chriftian Churches in all the Provinces of the Roman Government were ordered to be pull’d down, yet poftibly the Prcefedls might not take the Pains, when they had made them unfit for Ufe, to tear up the Founda¬ tions alfo. The Time of the Perfecution was fhort, for under Conflantine, the Church flourifli’d again; the Churches in Rome, and other Parts of the Empire were foon rebuilt, and moll likely ours among the firft, after the Pattern of the Roman Bafilica of St. Peter, and St. Paul, in the Vatican ; and, as the Surveyor conceiv’d, upon the old Foundations left by the Perfe- cutors 5 for, the Chrifiians were zealous, and in hafte to be fettled again. The * N. B. Lon - ♦ T, ? dinum, nobi- 1 liffimam ur¬ bem, cui nul¬ la gens habuit parem, flam- ma triduo in cineres rede- git- m\ m 272 THE LIFE OF The Church thus re-edified under Conftantine, was afterwards deftroy’d by the Pagan Saxons ; and reftor’d again, upon the old Foundations, when they embrac’d Chrijlianity, in the leventh Century, by Mellitus, Bifhop of London, under Ethelbert King of Kent, the firft Saxon King of the Chrifiian Faith. This Church, together with the whole City was deftroy’d by a cafual Fire, in the Year 1083. Mauritius then Bifhop of London, obtain’d of the King, the old Stone of a fpacious Caftle in the Neighbourhood, call’d the Palatine Power, demolifhed by the fame Fire; (this Fort flood at the Entrance of the Fleet-river, as if to defend the little Haven, then capable of Ships) and began the Building, upon the old Foundations, a fourth Time of that Pile-, which after Additions, at feveral Times, to the Eaft and Weft, continu’d till the laft general Conflagration of the City, in 1666. The Fabrick thus began by Mauritius, had originally, as the Surveyor be¬ liev’d, a femicircular Prejbyterium or Chancel, after the ufual Mode of the Primitive Churches, and came near the Form of a Crofs, fibort to the Eaft; as he concluded for this Reafon ; a §>uire in after Times was added to give a greater Length Eaftward than at firft; this Building was apparently of a more modern Gothick-Cs ile, not with Round (as in the old Church) but Jharp-headed Arches-, to make Way for which, the femicircular Prejbyterium had been taken down. Upon demolifhing the Ruins, after the laft Fire, and fearching the Foundations of this dpuire, the Surveyor difcover’d nine Wd/s in a Row; which, no doubt, had anciently belong’d to a Street of Houfes, that lay aflope from the High-ftreet, (then Watling-Jlreet) to the Roman Caufeway, (now Cheapfide) and this Street, which was taken away to make room for the new £>uire, came fo near the old Prejbyterium, that the Church could not extend farther that Way at firft. He dilcover’d alfo, there had been a confiderable Addition, and a new Front to the Weft, but in what Age is not afcertain’d. The Reafon the Surveyor was of Opinion, that though feveral Times the Fabrick had been ruin’d, yet that the Foundations might remain, as origi¬ nally they were laid, was upon his obferving, that they confifted of nothing but Ara/f/Z’-rubble-ftone, artfully work’d, and confolidated with exceeding hard Mortar, in the Roman Manner, much excelling what he found in the Supcrftrudture ; the Outfide of which was built chiefly with the Free-ftone of the old Palatine Power, and Free-ftone fuppos’d from the Quarries of Torkjhire, and in every Part was apparently lefs lkilfully perform’d, and with worfe Mortar. Dugdale’s St. Tho’ there be now no Hiftory or Record notifying diredtly the firft Build- Paul's, p. 6 . fng of the firft new £>uire, yet ’tis probable it might have been executed by Richard who was Bifhop of London in the firft Year of the Reign of King Richard the Firjl, and had been Treafurer to King Henry the Second-, who is Godwin de J'aid to have expended a vajl Sum oj Money on the Buildings of his Church, Pr£ful.^,z37. Dugdale’s St. But tlie faid gluire being, afterwards, not thought beautiful enough, and a Pauls,/. 12. Refolution taken for an Improvement, they began with the Steeple, which was finifh’d in the Year 1221, (5 Hen. III.) and then going on with the S/uire, perfedted it in 1240, (24 Hen. III.) in the Form it continued to the laft great Fire, 1666. Under the S/uire was a noble Vault, wherein were three Ranks of large and mafly Pillars, which being made a Parifh-church, was dedicated to St. Faith. Upon the happy Rejloration of King Charles II. it was determin’d to pro¬ ceed in the Repairs of the old cathedral Church, which had been interrupt¬ ed by the great Rebellion ; and Dr. Wren was order’d to prepare proper De- figns 2 73 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. figns for that Purpofe: his Predeceffor Mr. Inigo Jones had (purfuant to a Royal-commiffion in 1631, 7 Car. I.) put the Quire, of a more modem Go/hick Stile, as before fpecified, than the reft of the Eabrick, into very good Repair ; he had proceeded to cafe great Part of the Outfide with Portland- Jlone ; had rebuilt the North and South-fronts; and alfo the Weft-front, with the Addition of a very graceful Portico of the Corinthian Order, built of large Portland-Jione. The great Tower remained to be new cafed Infide and Outfide; and the whole Infide from the Quire to the Weft-door to be new cafed, and reformed in fome Meafure. The Vaulting wanted much to be amended, in order tb which it was all well center’d, and upheld with Standards of fome hundreds of tall Mails. In this State was the Fabrick when the great Rebellion began; “ but in “ 1643. all the Materials, f 'Sc. affign’d for the Repairs were leized, the “ Scaffolds pull’d down ; and the Body of the Church converted to a Horfe- Dugdale’s Sr. “ quarter for Soldiers; the beautiful Pillars of Inigo Jones's Portico were Paul V-H 6 - “ lhamefully hew’d and defaced for fupport of the Timber-work of Shops, “ for Seamftreffes, and other Trades ; for which fordid Ules, that ftately “ Colonade was wholly taken up, and defil’d. Upon taking away the inner “ Scaffolds, which fuppported the arched Vaults, in order to their late in- “ tended Repair, the whole Roof of the South-crofs tumbled down; and “ the reft in feveral Places of the Church, did often fall; fo that the “ Structure continued a woful Spedtacle of Ruin, till the happy Reftora- “ tion. “ In 1662, the Dean and Chapter had taken Care to fit up for divine “ Service, the Eaft-part of the Church beyond the old Squire, enlarging it “ the length of one Arch, into the Quire , until the Repairs of the remaining “ Part of the old Fabrick ftrould be perfedted. “ For the expediting of which general Repair, a royal Commiffion pafs’d Cmtimatim “ in 1663. After this, the Time was fpent, in taking down Houfes and °{ t “ Nufances that had been rais’d by the late Ufurpers, at the Weft-end, and;-. 149. “ Sides of the Church; in clearing the Rubbilh ; fearching the Decays; re- “ pairing the Portico ; in Provifion of Stone, Timber, and all neceffary Pre- “ parations; until the Beginning of the Year, t666. By which Time Dr. “ Wren had finiih’d and adjufted his Defigns for the whole Reparation, and “ laid the fame before the King, and the Commiffioners. The firftBufinefs Dr. Wren had enter’d upon, previous to the forming De¬ figns for the general Repairs, was to take an exaft Plan, Orthography, and Sedtion, upon an accurate Survey of the whole Strudlure, even to Inches; in the Profecution of which, he was aftonifh’d to find how negligent the firft Builders had been; they feem’d Normans, and to have ufed the Norman Foot; but they valu’d not Exadlnefs: fome Inter-columns were one Inch and a half too large, others as much, or more, too little. Nor were they true in their Levels. It confifted in great Part of old Materials, which the Founder, Mau¬ ritius Bilhop of London, had procur’d of King William the Fir/ 1 , out of the Ruins of the Palatine Tower ; thefe were fmall Yorkjhire Free-ftone, Kentijh- aflfter, and Kentijle-ng from Maidjlone. They made great Pillars without any graceful Manner ; and thick Walls without Judgment. They had not as yet fallen into the Gothick pointed-arch, as was follow’d in the Quire of a later Date, but kept to the circular Arch; fo much they retain’d of the Roman Manner, but nothing elfe: Cornices they could not have, for want of larger Stones : in fnort, it was a vaft, but heavy Building. — Adjoining to the South-crofs was a Chapter-houfe of a more elegant Gothick Manner, with a Cloyfter of two Stories high. a a The f. 378. The lofty Spire which anciently rofe from the great middle Stone-tower, the Surveyor obferved, was not originally intended of Stone, for there were no diagonal Arches to reduce it into an Odfagon, ’twas therefore Hniih’d of Timber cover’d with Lead: this was twice fir’d by Lightning, and the laft Time, in 1561, totally confum’d. Antiquaries differ in their Accounts of its Altitude. By Stow’ s Meafures, the Stone-tower, and Spire, were equally 260 Feet each in height, the whole 520 Feet. Mr. Camden’ s Dimenfions rile to 534 Feet. Dugdale (feeming- ly by good Authority, who took his Relation from a Brafs-table heretofore hung on a Pillar on the north Part of the Quire) makes the Heighth of the Tower 260 Feet, and of the Spire 274 Feet, and yet the whole, viz. both of Tower and Spire did not exceed 520 Feet, as is teftified by the Table, (whereof there is a MS Copy alfo in the publick Library in Cambridge) Camden’s Bri- which is 14 Feet fhort of the Fleight of the two Dimenfions of the Tower tan. zd Edit, and Spire added together; “ This, (fays the Right Rev. and Learned Editor “ of Camden’s, Britannia) muft indeed have been true, had the Spire rifen “ from the Summit of the Battlements: whereas, I fuppofe, it rofe, (as the “ Spires of mod Steeples do) much below them ; the Battlements here “ riling 14 Feet above the Bafe of the Spire, muft occafion the Difference. All the ftone Tower was ftanding when the Surveyor meafur’d it before the Fire, and, agreeable with the other Accounts, was in Height 260 Feet; the Bafts of the Spire he found was 40 Feet, therefore according to the ufual Proportion of Spires in Gothick Fabricks, which was 4 Diameters, or 5 at moft, it could rife no higher than 200 Feet, and make the whole Al¬ titude not to exceed 460 Feet to the Ball of Copper gilt and Crofs: upon which after the firft Fire by Lightning was added a Weathercock reprefent- ing an Eagle, of Copper gilt likewife. The Proportions of thefe copper Ornaments are thus recorded; the Ball was in Circumference 9 Feet one Inch. The Height of the Crofs, from the Ball, 15 Feet 6 Inches, and its Traverfe 5 Feet 10 Inches. The Eagle from the Bill to the Tail, 4 Feet, the Breadth over the Wings, 3 Feet and a half. In order to a further View of this ancient cathedral Church, fome Parti¬ culars relating to the Architedture, the original Defedts, and at length rui¬ nous Parts thereof; the Defign for the Repairs, and for eredting a new Cu¬ pola in the Place of the great Tower; will moft properly and diftindtly ap¬ pear from an Extradt of the Propofals of Dr. Wren, to the Right flonour- able the Commiffioners for the Reparation, upon an accurate Survey taken in 1666; which, together with the feveral refpedtive Drawings, were laid before the King and CommilTioners, fome Months before the great Fire of London. “ Amongft the many Propofitions, that may be made to your Lordfhips, “ concerning the Repair of St. Paul’s, fome may poffibly aim at too great a “ Magnificence, which neither the Dil'pofition, nor Extent of this Age will “ probably bring to a Period. Others again may fall fo low as to think of “ piecing up the old Fabrick, here with Stone, there with Brick, and cover “ all Faults with a Coat of Plaifter, leaving it ftill to Pofterity, as a further “ ObjedI of Charity. “ I fuppofe your Lordfhips may think proper to take a middle Way, and “ to negledt nothing that may conduce to a decent uniform Beauty, or durable “ Firmnefs in the Fabrick, or Suitablenefs to the Expence already laid out “ on the Outfide : efpecially fince it is a Pile both for Ornament and Ufe. “ For, all the Occafions either of a Quire, Confiftory, Chapter-houfe, Li- “ brary, Court of Arches, Preaching-auditory, might have been fupplied in lefs Room, with lefs Expence, and yet more Beauty; but then it had “ want- May 1. Ex Autogra- pho. SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN, wanted of the Grandeur, which exceeds all little Curiofity; this being the Effect of Wit only, the other a Monument of Power, and mighty Zeal in our Anceftors to publick Works in thofe Times, when the City had neither a fifth Part of the People, nor a tenth Part of the Wealth it now boafts off. “ I fhall prefume therefore to enumerate as well the Defedts of Comeli- ‘ as Firmnefs, that the one may be reconcil’d with the other in the Re- ftitution. And yet I fhould not propofe any Thing of meer Beauty to be ‘ added, but where there is a Neceffity of rebuilding, and where it will be ‘ near the fame Thing to perform it well as ill. “ Firft, it is evident by the Ruin of the Roof, that the Work was both ill defignd, and ill built from the Beginning : ill defign’d, becaufe the Archi- tedt gave not Butment enough to counterpoife, and refill the Weight of the Roof from fpreading the Walls; for, the Eye alone will difcover to any Man, that thofe Pillars as vafl as they are, even eleven Foot diameter, are bent outwards at leaft fix Inches from their firft Pofition; which being done on both Sides, it neceffarily follows, that the whole Roof muft firft open in large and wide Cracks along by the Walls and Windows, and laft- ly drop down between the yielding Pillars. “ This bending of the Pillars was facilitated by their ill Building; for, they are only cafed without, and that with fmall Stones, not one greater than a Man’s Burden; but within is nothing but a Core of fmall Rubbifli- ftone, and much Mortar, which eafily crulhes and yields to the Weight; and this outward Coat of Free-ftone is fo much torn with Age, and the Negledl of the Roof, that there are few Stones to be found that are not moulder’d, and flaw’d away with the Salt-peter that is in them; an in¬ curable Difeafe, which perpetually throws off whatever Coat of Plaifter is laid on it, and therefore not to be palliated. “ From hence I infer, that as the Outfide of the Church was new flagg’d with Stone of larger Size than before, fo ought the Infide alfo : And in doing this, it will be as eafy to perform it, after a good Roman Manner, as to follow the Gothick Rudenefs of the old Delign ; and that, without placing the Face of the new Work in any Part many Inches farther out or in, than the Superficies of the old Work ; or adding to the Expence that would arife were it perform’d the worfe Way. “ This alfo may be fafely affirm’d, not only by an Architedl, taking his Meafures from the Precepts and Examples of the Antients, but by a Geo¬ metrician, (this Part being liable to Demonftration) that the Roof is, and ever was, too heavy for its Butment; and therefore any Part of the old Roof new pieced, will Hill but occafion further Ruin, and the fecond Ruin will much fooner follow than the firft, frnce ’tis eafier to force a Thing already declining. It muft therefore be either a timber Roof plaifter’d, (which, in fuch Buildings where a little Soke of Weather is not prefently difcover’d or remedied, will foon decay) or elfe, a thinner and lighter Shell of Stone, very geometrically proportion’d to the Strength of the Butment. The Roof may be Brick, if it be plaifter’d with Stucco , which is a harder Plaifter, that will not fall off with the Drip of a few Win¬ ters, and which to this Day remains firm in many ancient Roman Buildings. “ The middle Part is moft defedtive both in Beauty and Firmnefs, with¬ out and within ; for, the Tower leans manifeftly by the fettling of one of the ancient Pillars that fupported it. Four new Arches were, therefore, of later Years, incorporated within the old ones, which hath ftraighten’d and hinder’d both the Room, and the clear thorough View of the Nave, “ in that Part, where it had been more graceful to have been rather wider “ than the reft. “ The exceffive Length of Buildings is no otherwife commendable, but be- “ caufe it yields a pleating Perfpedtive by the continu’d optical Diminution of “ the Columns; and if this be cut off by Columns ranging within their “ Fellows, the Grace that would be acquir’d by the Length is totally “ loft. “ Befides this Deformity of the Tower itfelf within, there are others near “ it; as, the next Intercolumnation in the Navis or Body of the Church, is “ much lefs than all the reft. Alfo the North and South-wings have Ailes “ only on the Weft-fide, the others being originally ftrut up for the Con- “ fiftory. Laftly, the Intercolumnations or Spaces between the Pillars of “ the Quire next adjoining to the Tower are very unequal. Again, on the “ Outfide of the Tower, the Buttrefles that have been erefted one upon the “ Back of another to fecure three Corners on the inclining Sides, (for the “ fourth wants a Buttrefs) are fo irregular, that upon the whole Matter, it “ muft be concluded, that the Tower from Top to Bottom, and the next ad- “ jacent Parts, are fuch a Heap of Deformities, that no judicious Architedt “ will think it corrigible, by any Expence that can be laid out upon new dref- “ ling it, but that it will ftill remain unworthy the reft of the Work, infirm “ and tottering; and for thefe Reafons, as I conjedture, was formerly refolv’d “ to be taken down. “ I cannot propofe a better Remedy, than by cutting off the inner Corners “ of the Crofs, to reduce this middle Part into a fpacious Dome or Rotun - “ do, with a Cupola, or hemifpherical Roof, and upon the Cupola, (for the “ outward Ornament) a Lantern with a fpiring Top, to rife proportionably, “ tho’ not to that unneceffary Height of the former Spire of Timber and Lead “ burnt by Lightning. “ By this Means the Deformities of the unequal Intercolumnations will “ be taken away; the Church, which is much too narrow for the Heighth, " render’d fpacious in the Middle, which may be a very proper Place for a “ vaft Auditory ; the outward Appearance of the Church will feem to fwell “ in the Middle by Degrees, from a large Balls riling into a Rotundo bear- “ ing a Cupola, and then ending in a Lantern : and this with incomparable “ more Grace in the remoter Afpedt, than it is pofiible for the lean Shaft of “ a Steeple to afford. Nor if it be rightly order’d, will the Expence be “ much more than that of inverting the Tower and Corners yet unfinilh'd, “ with new Stone, and adding the old Steeple anew; the Lead of which “ will be fufficient for a Cupola; and the fame Quantity of Alhler makes the “ Corners outward, that would make them inward as they now are; And “ the Materials of the old Corners of the Ailes will be filling Stone for the “ new Work: for I Ihould not perfuade the Tower to be pull’d down at “ firft, but the new Work to be built round it, partly becaufe the Expedta- “ tions of Perfons are to be kept up; for, many Unbelievers would bewail “ the Lofs of old Paul's Steeple, and defpond if they did not fee a hopeful “ Succeffor rife in its ftead ; and chiefly becaufe it would fave a great Quan- “ tity of fcaffolding Poles; the Scaffolds which are needful being fix’d from “ the old to the new Work; and when the Tholus or inward Vault is to “ be laid, the Tower taken down to that Height will reft the Centers of the “ Vault with great Convenience, and facilitate the planting of Engines for “ railing the Stones; and after all is finifh’d and fettl’d, the Tower that is “ left may be taken clear away from within. All which can only from the ” Defigns be perfedtly underftood. “ And sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, K N T. fe, j i'M. 2 77 “ And for the Encouragement and Satisfaftion of Benefadtors that compre- “ hend not readily Defigns and Draughts on Paper, as well as for the inferior “ Artificers clearer Intelligence of their Bufinefs, it will be requifite that a “ ! a, 'g e and exadt Model be made; which will alfo have this Ufe, that if the 11 Work fhould happen to be interrupted, or retarded, Pofterity may proceed “ where the Work was left off, purfuibg ftill the fame Defign. “ And as the Portico built by Inigo Jones, being an intire and excellent Piece, “ gave great Reputation to the Work in the firft Repairs, and occafion’d fair “ Contributions ; fo to begin now with the Home may probably prove the belt “ Advice, being an abfolute Piece of itfelf, and what will moft likely be “ finifhed in our Time; will make by far the mod fplendid Appearance ; “ may be of prefent Ufe for the Auditory, will make up all the outward Re- tc pairs perfect; and become an Ornament to his Majefty’s moft excellent “ Reign, to the Church of England , and to this great City, which it is pity, “ in the Opinion of our Neighbours, lliould longer continue the moft unadorn’d “ of her Bignefs in the World. In the mean Time, till a good Quantity of Stone be provided, Things of “ lefs Expence, but no lefs Conlequence, ought to be regarded ; fuch as fixing “ a g a >n all Cramps that the Roof hath been fpoil’d of; covering all Timber “ from Weather; taking down the falling Roofs; fearching the 5 Vaults be- “ neath, and fecuring them. And before the Foundations be digg’d for the C£ Home, the Arches on which the Tower Hands mult be fecur’d after a pe- “ culiar Manner reprefented in the Defigns. “ P- S. I Ihall crave leave to fubjoin, that if there be Ufe of Stucco, I “ have great Hopes, from fome Experience already had, that there are Eng- “ l‘P Materials to be brought by Sea at an eafy Rate, that ivill afford as good “ Plaifter as is any where to be found in the World ; and that with the Mix- “ ture of cheaper Ingredients than Marble-meal, which was the old, and is now “ the modern Way of Italy. “ The Propofer alfo, (confidering that high Buildings grow more and more “ expenfive as they rife, by reafon of the Time and Labour fpent in railing “ the Materials, takes this Occafion to acquaint your Lordfbips, that having “ had the Opportunity of feeing feveral Strudlures of greater Expence than “ this, while they were in raifing, condudted by the beft Artifts, Italian and “ French ; and having had daily Conference with them, and obferving their “ Engines and Methods, he hath promoted this geometrical^^ of ArcbiteSure “ yet farther, and thinks the raifing of Materials may yet be more facilitated, “ f° as to fave in lofty Fabrkks, a very confiderable Part of the Time, and “ Labourers Hire. N. B. The original Defigns under the Hand of the Surveyor, confifting of Plans, Elevations, and Sections, propos’d for this Renovation of old Paul’s are * ftill extant. J „ Notwithftanding the very ruinous Condition of the old Tower (as fpecified above) and that the Surveyor had prepar’d fo proper and beautiful a Defign for the Reftitution, yet great Oppofition was made by fome to the taking it down with ftrong Application to his Majefty, that, (however difficult and expenceful’ the Work might prove) the Tower by all Means fhould continue, and be re¬ pair'd, without deviating from the old Gothick-h. ile : but the great Fire inter¬ vening, decided the Matter for that Time. This remarkable Circumftance recolledted by that very ingenious and worthy Gentleman John Evelyn, Elq- is recorded in his Dedication to the Surveyor , of his Account of Architeaure, &c. Lend. ,706. “ Ihavenamd, fays he, St. Paul's, and truly, not without Admiration as afAr- oft as 1 recaI1 to Mind (as frequently I do) the fad and deplorable Condi- tion it was in 5 when ^after it had been made a Stable of Tlorfes and a Den of dedication to bb ‘“Thieve!) “£ h - 1728. THE LIFE OF “ ‘Thieves) Tou, (with other Gentlemen and myfelj) were by King Charles, “ named Commifioners to furvey the Dilapidations, and to make Report to his “ Majefly, in order to a fpeedy Reparation ; you will not, 1 am lure, forget “ the Struggle we had with feme, who were for patching it up anv how, “ (fo the Steeple might Hand) inftead of new building, which it altogether “ needed: when (to put an End to the Conteft) five Days after that dreadful “ Conflagration happen’d; out of whofe AJhes this Pheertix (new St. Paul’s) is “ rifen, and was by Providence defign’d for you. , The great and dreadful Fire of London which began the 2d of September, Paul'szJEJii, Anno 1666, confum’d the greateft Part of the City ; the parochial Churches p. 155- were deftroy’d, and the ancient Cathedral of St. Paul miferably Ihatter’d, and demolifh’d; the Roof fell down, and with a mighty Force broke through thofe Vaults, call’d the Undercroft, &c. The firft Thing defign’d after this deplorable Fire, was to fit fome Part of the Church, thus ruin’d, for a Quire ; wherein the Dean and Prebends might have divine Service, until the Repair of the whole, or a new Strudlure could be accomplifh’d : To which End, upon a View thereof, it was refolv’d, that Part of the Body of it, towards the Weft- end, might, with the leaft Charge, be made ufeful for that Purpofe. Where¬ upon Workmen were fet upon it, and Scaffolds rais’d for Search of the Walls, and cutting the Remainder of the unmelted Lead from the high Roof, and other Parts of the Church. In which Employment, as alfo in digging up the melted Lead, clearing the Rubbifb, taking down the Remainder of the vaulted Roof and Walls, with the greateft Part of the Tower-fteeple, digging up the Floors, forting the Stone, and carrying it to feveral Places, repairing the Convocation-houfe, and building new Offices for the Work; no lefs than two Years, (viz. the reft of the Year 1666, the whole Year 1667, and Part of the Year 1668) were fpent. Towards the latter End of which two Years, they fell to cafing fome of thofe great and mafly Pillars, which flood betwixt the middle Aile, and the fide Ailes; beginning with thofe below the little North-door, towards the Weft : But before the third Pillar was perfectly cafed, fo weak and unfound had the exceflive Heat of the Fire left it, with the remaining Pillars and Wallsj which were all miferably fealed with the Flame, and fhatter’d; that upon far¬ ther Search into them, they were found to be altogether uncapable of any fubftantial Repair ; It was therefore fully concluded, that, in order to a new Fabrick, the Foundations of the old Cathedral, thus made ruinous, iliould be totally clear’d; and Preparation of Materials, and all Things needful made ready, conducing to a new Fabrick. Which Work continu’d until the laft of April 1674. The State of the old Fabrick after the Fire ; the unfuccefsful Attempts to repair the Ruins, with the Defeats of Inigo Jones’s Work, are farther explain’d in the following Tranlcript of a Letter from the Rev. Dr. William Sancroft, then Dean of St. Paul’s ; afterwards (viz. 1677.) Arch-bifhop of Canterbury. To my worthy Friend Dr. Chriftopher Wren, Profeffor of udfiro- notny in Oxford, April 25, 1668. SIR, S he faid of old, Prudentia cjl quiedam divinatio, fo Science (at the Height you are Mailer of it) is prophetick too. What you whifper’d in my Ear at your laft coming hither, is now come to pafs. Our Work at the Weft-end of St. Paul's is fallen about our Ears. Your quick Eye difeern’d the Walls and Pillars gone off from their Perpendiculars, and I believe other DefetSs too, which are now expos’d to every common Obferver. 278 Dugdale's About sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. 2 19 About a Week fince, we being at Work about the third Pillar from the Weft-end on the South-fide, which we had new cafed with Stone, where it was moll defeftive, almoft up to the Chapitre, a great Weight falling from the high Wall, fo difabled the Vaulting of the Side-aile by it, that it threaten'd a fudden Ruin, fo vifibly, that the Workmen prefently remov’d ; and the next Night the whole Pillar fell, and carry’d Scaffolds and all to the very Ground. The fecojid Pillar (which you know is bigger than the reft) ftands now alone, with an enormous Weight on the Top of it; which we cannot hope fhould ftand long, and yet we dare not venture to take it down. This Breach has difcover’d to all that look on it, two great Defedts in Inigo Jones's Work ; one, that his new Cafe of Stone in the upper Walls (mafl'y as it is) was not fet upon the upright of the Pillars, but upon the Core of the Groins of the vaulting : the other, that there were no Key-ftones at all to tie it to the old Work ; and all this being very heavy with the Roman Ornaments on the Top of it, and being already fo far gone outward, cannot pollibly ftand long. In fine, it is the Opinion of all Men, that we can proceed no farther at the Weft-end, What we are to do next is the prefent Deliberation, in which you are fo abfolutely and indifpenfably neceffary to us, that we can do no¬ thing, refolve on nothing without you. ’Tis therefore, that in my Lord of Canterbury % Name, and by his Order, (already, as I fuppofe, intimated to you by the Dean of Chrift-church) we rnoft earneftly defire your Prefence and Affiftance with all poffible Speed. You will think fit, I know, to bring with you thofe excellent Draughts and Defigns you formerly favour’d us with ; and in the mean Time, till we enjoy you here, confider what to advife, that may be for the Satisfa&ion of his Majejly, and the whole Nation ; an Obligation fo great and fo publick, that it muft be acknowledg’d by better Hands than thofe [of- Tour 'very affectionate Friend , and Servant, W. Sancroft. From the fame Hand.—Fo Dr. Wren, at Oxford, London, July 2, 1668. SIR, Y Efterday my Lords of Canterbury, London and Oxford, met on purpofe to hear your Letter read once more, and to confider what is now to be done in order to the Repairs of St. Paul’s. They unanimoufly refolv’d, that it is fit immediately to attempt fomething ; and that without you they can do nothing. I am therefore commanded to give you an Invitation hither, in his Grace’s Name, and the reft of the Commiflioners with all Speed ; that we may pre¬ pare fomething to be propos’d to his MajeJly (the Defign of fuch a Quire at leaft, as may be a congruous Part of a greater and more magnificent Work to follow) and then for the procuring Contributions to defray this, we are fo fanguine, as not to doubt of it, if we could but once refolve what we would do, and what that would coft. So that the only Part of your Letter we de- murr to, is the Method you propound of declaring firft, what Money we would bellow ; and then deligning fomething juft of that Expence ; for quite otherwife, the Way their Lordlhips refolve upon, is to frame a Defign hand- fome and noble, and fuitable to all the Ends of it, and to the Reputation of the City, and the Nation, and to take it for granted, that Money will be had to <. iWii |l ; I f I THE LIFE OF to accomplish it ; or however, to let it lie by, till we have before us a Pro- lpe£t of fo much as may reasonably encourage us to begin. Thus far I thought good to prepare you for what will be faid to you, when you come, that you may not be furprifed with it; and if my Summons prevail not, my Lord the Bilhop of Oxford, hath undertaken to give it you warmer, ore tenus, the next Week, when he intends to be with you, if at leapt you be not come towards us before he arrives; which would be a very agreeable Surprife to us all, and efpecially to- 3 Tour very affettionate humble Servant, W. Sancroft. LitieiofArth- r eXceHent Man was nominated Dean of St. Pauls in 1664, where he unwearied Diligence to repair that Cathedral, till the Fire in p. .99. 1666, employed his Thoughts on the more noble Undertaking of rebuilding it ; towards which he gave 1400 /. befides what he contributed by his Induftry and Endeavours. J SECT. IV. Of the new cathedral Church of St. Paul’s. P Reparation for the new Structure being thus made, and feveral Defens prefented to the King for the Form and Fafhion thereof; which was in¬ tended to equal, if not exceed the Splendor and Magnificence of the old Cathe¬ dral, when it was in its beft Eftate ; his Majefty well approving one of them commanded a Model to be made thereof in fo large and exadt a Manner that it might remain as a perpetual and unchangeable Rule and Direffion for the Conduft of the whole Work. And for the more fpeedy Procedure in this vaft and mighty Building, iffued out his Letters Patents under the Great Seal of England, bearing Date the 12th Day of November in the 25th Year of his Reign Annofcil. 1673, unto feveral Lords fpiritual and temporal, and other Perfons of eminent Rank and Quality, and Chriftofher Wren Dodtor of Laws Surveyor general of the Royal Works; authorizing them, or fo many of them, as are therein appointed and enabled to aft, to proceed in that great Un¬ dertaking, and to. endeavour the perfefting thereof, by fuch Ways and Means, and according to fuch Rules and Orders as are therein mentioned. A Tianfcript oi the Preamble of which Commiffion is here inferted. Whereas-Since the iffuing out of our Commiffion {viz. Anno 1663 15 Car. II.) the late dreadful Fire in London hath deftroyed and confumed the cathedral Church of St. Paul to fuch a Degree, that no Part of the ancient Walls or Structures can with any Safety be relied upon, or left Handing ; in- fomuch, that it is now become abfolutely neceffary totally to demolilh" and raze to the Ground all the Relicks of the former Building, and in the fame Place, but upon new Foundations, to ereft a new Church ; (which that it may be done to the Glory of God, and for the promoting cf his divine Worthip and Service therein to be celebrated.; and to the End the fame may equal, if not exceed the Splendor and Magnificence of the former cathedral Church when it was in its beft Eftate, and fo become much more than formerly, the principal Ornament of our royal City, to the Honour of our Government and oi this our Realm, we have caufed feveral Defigns to that Purpofe to be’pre¬ pared by Dr. Chrijlopher Wren, Surveyor General of all our Works and Build- , 4 which we have l'een, and one of which we do more efpeciaily approve AjOn an “ have commanded a Model thereof to be made after fo large and exadt a Man¬ ner, 200 Lc Neve’/ X sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. 281 « ner, that it may remain as a perpetual unchangeable Rule and Diredlion for the Conduit of the whole Work) And whereas our former Commiflion, in which the upholding and repairing the ancient cathedral Church, is only defign- ed and mentioned, doth not fufficiently authorife and impower our faid Com- miffioners therein named, to begin and compleat a new Fabrick upon new Foundations. Know ye, Of c. Ihe royal Warrant imder the Sig?t-ma?tual and Privy-feal for beginning the Works of the new Cathedral of St. Paul, tran- fcribed frotji the Original atmexed to the Surveyor’s Drawings. CHAR LES R. W Hereas We have been informed that a Portion of the Impofition laid on Coals, which by Adt of Parliament is appointed and fet apart for the rebuilding of the cathedral Church of St. Paul, in our capital City of London, doth at prefent amount to a confiderable Sum, which, tho’ not proportionable to the Greatnefs of the Work, is notwithftanding fufficient to begin the fame ; and with all the Materials, and other Affiftances, which may probably be ex¬ pended, will put a new Quire in great Forwardnefs : and whereas among divers Defigns which have been prefented to Us, We have particularly pitched upon one, as well becaufe We found it very artificial, proper, and ufeful; as becaufe it was fo ordered that it might be built and finifh’d by Parts: We do therefore by thefe Prefents fignify Our Royal Approbation of the faid Defign, hereunto annexed ; and do will and require you forthwith to proceed according to the faid Defign, beginning with the Eaft-end or Quire, and accomplithing the fame with the prefent Stock of Money, and fuch Supplies as may probably accrue, according to the Tenor of the CommiffiOn to you diredted ; and for fo doing this lhall be your Warrant. Given at Our Court at Whitehall, the 14th Day of May, 1675, in the 27th Year of Our Reign. To Our Commiflioners for rebuilding the Cathedral Of St. Paul, London. By His Majefty’s Command, Henry Coventry. In the Management of the former Repairs of the old Fabrick, under the Conduit of Inigo Jones, Surveyor of the royal Works, no other Fund was ad¬ vanced towards defraying the Expence, but the voluntary Contributions of pi¬ ous and charitable People, which came in fo flowly, in proportion to the Great¬ nefs of the Work, that notwithftanding the royal Munificence, the confiderable Sums of Money brought, from Time to Time, into the Chamber of London, from private Benefactions; the Zeal of Archbifltop Laud, for the Honour of God, and the Church of England, in promoting by his own Example, and exciting others to liberal Donations for the Reftitution of fo fignal a Monument of the Piety of our Anceftors, being the principal Ornament of the Realm, that celebrated Architedt was not able to execute a third Part of what was neceflary. Before fuch Time, therefore, as a Tax on Sea-coal had been granted by Parliament, for the Building the Church, (which Duty commenced not till the firft of May 1670) it feemed in vain in any new Defigns, to propofe an Edifice too large and coftly to be brought to a good and timely Period. Upon this Confideration the Surveyor was at firft diredted to contrive a Fa¬ brick of moderate Bulk, but of good Proportion ; a convenient Quire, with a Veftibule, and Porticoes, and a Dome confpicuous above the Houfes. Along Body with Ailes was thought impertinent, our Religion not ufing Proceffions. c c It 4 7u * o 282 THE LIFE OF f . i;. It was to be vaulted underneath for Burials, that the Pavement above might be preferved. A Model in Wood was made of this Church, which tho’ not lo large, would have been beautiful, and very fit for our Way of Worfhip ; be¬ ing alfo a convenient Auditory (for the Sermons anciently accuftomed to be without Doors from a Stone Pulpit in the Church-yard, were now to be brought into the Church) and by the Help of the Veftibule, it was capable of any grand Ceremony. It had Porticoes on the Outfide, which might prevent Dif- turbance within. This was applauded by Perfons of good Underftanding, as containing all that was neceffary for the Church of a Metropolis; of a beauti¬ ful Figure, and of an Expence that reafonably might have been compafs’d; but being contriv’d in the Roman Stile, was not fo well underhood and relilh’d by others, who thought it deviated too much from the old Gothick Form of cathedral Churches, which they had been ufed to fee and admire in this Country. Others obferved it was not ftately enough, and contended, that for the Honour of the Nation, and City of London, it ought not to be exceeded in Magnificence, by any Church in Europe. After this, in order to find what might fatisfy the World, the Surveyor drew feveral Sketches meerly for Difcourfe-fake, and obferving the Generality were for Grandeur, he endeavour’d to gratify the Tafte of the Connoifours and Cri- ticks, with fomething colofs and beautiful, with a Defign antique and well -dtidied, conformable to the belt Stile of the Greek and Roman Architecture. Some Perfons of DiftinCtion, fkill’d in Antiquity and Architecture, exprefs’d themfelves much pleafed with the Defign, and wifhed to fee it in a Model : the Surveyor comply’d with their Defires as well as his own, and made a very curious large Model in Wood, accurately wrought, and carv’d with all its proper Ornaments, confiding of one Order, the Corinthian only (as St. Peter’s in Rome.) This Model was for many Years kept in the Office of the Works at St. Paul’s, in a Shed built for that Purpofe; thence, after tke finifhing the new Fabrick, it was depofited, (together with the other Models, and parti¬ cularly one for the high Altar, to confift of rich Marble-columns writhed, &c. in feme Manner like that of St. Peter’s at Rome) over the Morning-prayer- chapel, on the Nortb-fide ; where, it is to be hoped, fuch publick Care will be taken, that it may be preferv’d, and, if damag’d, repair’d, as an eminent and coftly Performance, and a Monument, among the many others of the Skill of the greateft Geometrician and Architect of his Time. [The original De- figns drawn in a large Scale for the King’s Ufe, are extant.] (a) Thus much is fpecified, upon Recollection, that the Surveyor in private Converfation, always feem’d to let a higher Value on this Defign, than any he had made before or fince; as what was labour’d with more Study and Suc- cefs; and, (had he not been over-rul’d by thofe, whom it was his Duty to obey,) what he would have put in Execution with more Chearfulnefs, and Satisfaction to himfelf than the latter. But as yet nothing could be fully refolv’d upon ; the Chapter, and fome others of the Clergy thought the Model not enough of a Cathedral-fafhion; to inflance particularly, in that, the Quire was defign’d Circular, &c. in the mean Time, the Money granted by Parliament upon the Coal-duty began to come in; fomething was to be done in order to make a Beginning without more Delay. The Surveyor then turn’d his Thoughts to a Cathedral-form, (as they call’d it) but fo rectified, as to reconcile, as near as poffible, the Gothick to a better Manner of Architecture ; with a Cupola, and above that, inftead of a Lantern, a lofty Spire, and large Porticoes. (a) The Model of Bramantc'i firft Defign of St. Pet/r’s Church is preferved with great Care in the Vatican Palace. King sir C H R I S T O PH E R WREN, knt. 283 King Charles approved thofe Defigns, and that there might be no further Interruption, the * Warrant, as before recited, was iffued under the Prim -» , Ma¬ yes/, for beginning the Works. ' ,6 7J . From that Time, the Surveyor refolved to make no more Models, or pub- lickly expole his Drawings, which, (as he had found by Experience,) did but lofe Time, and fubjedted his Bufinefs many Times, to incompetent Judges. By thefe Means, at laft, the Scheme of the prefent mighty Strudture, t ' (dif¬ ferent in fome Manner from the former, and preferable in his Maje/ly’s own Judgment, upon After-thoughts) was no fooner concluded on, and order’d by his Majejly , but begun and profecuted by his Surveyor, with Vigour, in the Year 1675. And the King was pleas’d to allow him the Liberty"in the Pro- fecution of his Work, to make fome Variations, rather ornamental, than ef- fential, as from Time to Time he thould fee proper; and to leave the Whole to his own Management. SECT. V. Of the taking down the vafl Ruins of the old Cathedral, and of the Fou?idatio?is of the old and new Structure. T HE pulling down the Walls, being about So Feet high, and 5 Feet thick, was a great and troublefome Work; the Men flood above, and work d them down with Pickaxes, whiift Labourers below moved away the Materials that fell, and difperfed them into Heaps: the want of Room made this Way flow, and dangerous, and fome Men loft their Lives ; the Heaps grew V 1 I 1 I 284 THE LIFE OF grew fteep and large ; and yet this was to be done before the Mafons could begin to lay the Foundations. The City having Streets to pave anew, bought, from the Rubbifh, raoli of the Stone, call’d Kentijh-rag, which gave feme Room to dig, and to lay Foundations; which yet was not ealy to perform with any ExaCtnefs, but by this Method. The Surveyor placed Scaffolds high enough to extend his Lines over the Fleaps that lay in the Way; and then by Perpendiculars fet out the Places be¬ low, from the Lines drawn with Care upon the level Plan of the Scaffold. Thus he proceeded, gaining every Day more Room, till he came to the Middle Tower that bore the Steeple; the Remains of the Tower being near 200 Feet high, the Labourers were afraid to work above, thereupon he con¬ cluded to facilitate this Work by the Ufe of Gunpowder. He dug a Hole of about 4 Feet wide, down by the Side of the North-weft Pillar of the Tower, the 4 Pillars of which were each about 14 Feet diame¬ ter ; when he had dug to the Foundation, he then, with Crows and Tools made on purpofe, wrought a Hole 2 Feet fquare, level into the Center of the Pillar; there he placed a little Deal-box, containing eighteen Pounds of Powder, and no more: a Cane was fix’d to the Box with a Quick-match, (as Gunners call it) within the Cane, which reach’d from the Box to the Ground above, and along the Ground was laid a Train of Powder, with a Match : after the Mine was carefully clos’d up again with Stone and Mortar to the Top of the Ground, he then obferv’d the EffeCt of the Blow. This little Quantity of Powder not only lifted up the whole Angle of the Tower, with two great Arches that refted upon it, but aifo two adjoining Arches of the Ailes, and all above them; and this it feem’d to do fomewhat leifurely, cracking the Walls to the Top, lifting yifibly the whole Weight about nine Inches, which fuddenly jumping down, made a great Heap of Ruin in the Place without fcattering, it was half a Minute before the Heap already fallen open’d in two or three Places, and emitted fome Smoke. By this De- feription may be obferv’d the incredible Force of Powder : i 8 Pounds only of which lifted up above 3000 Tun, and faved the Work of 1000 Labourers. The Fall of fo great a Weight from an Height of 200 Feet, gave a Con- cuftion to the Ground, that the Inhabitants round about took for an Earth¬ quake. Encourag’d by this Succefs, he thought to proceed this Way, but being oblig’d to go out of Town in the King's Service, he left the Management of another Mine begun, to the Care of his next Officer, who too wife in his own Conceit, put in a greater Quantity of Powder, and neither went low enough, nor fufficiently fortified the Mouth of the Mine; and tho’ it had the EffeCt, yet one Stone was ffiot out to the oppofite Side of the Church-yard, through an open Window, into a Room of a private Houfe, where fome Women were fitting at Work, without any Harm done; this Accident frighted the Neigbours to that Degree, that he was importun’d to ufe no more Powder, and was fo directed alfo by his Superiors; tho’ with due Caution it might have been executed without any Hazard, and fav’d much Time and Money. He then turn’d his Thoughts to another Method; to gain Time, prevent much Expence, and the endangering of Men’s Lives ; and that was, to make an Experiment of that ancient Engine in War, the Batterivg-ram. He took a ftrong Maft of about 40 Feet long, arming the bigger End with a great Spike of Iron, fortified with Bars along the Maft, and Ferrets; this Maft in two Places was hung up to one Ring with ftrong Tackle, and fo fufpended Level to a Triangle-prop, fuch as they weigh great Guns with: thirty Men, fifteen on a Side, vibrated this Machine to and again, and beat in one Place againft the Wall the whole Day ; they believ’d it was to little Pur- 285 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. Purpofe, not difcerning any immediate Effedt; he bid them not defpair, but proceed another Day : on the fecond Day the Wall was perceiv’d to tremble at the Top, and in a few Hours it fell. The Reafon to be given for it may be this ; ’tis not by any prefent Violence the Ram is able to overturn a Wail of luch Bulk and Cornpafture, but incelfantly vibrating by equidiftant Pulfes, it makes a fmall inteftine Motion through all the infenfible Parts of the Wall' and by Degrees loofens all the Bond of the Mortar, and moves every Stone from its Bed, and tho’ not the hundredth Part of an Inch at every Blow, yet this Motion once begun hath its Effefts more and more, till at length ’it is quite loofe and falls. He made good Ufe of this Machine in beating down all the lofty Ruins ; and pleas’d himfelf that he had recover’d this notable En¬ gine, of fo great Service to the Ancients in befieging of Towns ; tho’ great Guns have now put them out of Ufe, as more expeditious, and requiring fewer Men to manage. It has been before obferv’d, (Sect. I.) that the Graves of feveral Ages and Falhions in /// ata, or Layers of Earth one above another, particularly at the North-fide of Paid s, manifeftly fhew’d a great Antiquity from the Britijh and Roman Times, by the Means whereof the Ground had been railed; but upon fearching for the . natural Ground below thefe Graves, the Surveyor ob- ferved that the Foundation of the old Church flood upon a Layer of very clofe and hard Pot-earth, and concluded that the fame Ground which had born to weighty a Building, might reafonably be trufted again. Llowever, he had the Curiofity to fearch further, and accordingly dug Wells in feveral Places, and difctrn’d this hard Pot-earth to be on the North-tide of the Church-yard about fix Feet thick, and more, but thinner and thinner towards the South, tiil it was upon the declining of the Hill fcarce four Feet: ftill he fearched lower, and found nothing but dry Sand, mix’d fometimes unequally, but loofe, fo that it would run through the Fingers. He went on till he came to Wa¬ ter and Sand mixed with Periwincles and other Sea-lhells ; thefe were about the Level of Low-water Mark. He continued boreing till he came to hard Beach, and ftill under that, till he came to the natural hard Clay, which lies under the City, and Country, and Thames alfo far and wide. By thefe Shells it was evident the Sea had been where now the Hill is, on which Paul’s ftunds. The Surveyor was of Opinion, the whole Country between Cambcrivell-hill, and the Hills of Ejjex might have been a great Frith or Sinus of the Sea, and much wider near the Mouth of the Thames, which made a lame Pla’in of Sand at Low-water, through which the River found its Way; but at Low- water, as oft as it happen’d in Summer-weather, when the Sun’dried the Sur¬ face of the Sand, and a ftrong Wind happen’d at the fame Time, before the Flood came on, the Sands would drive with the Wind, and raife Heaps, and in Time large and lofty Sand-hills; for fo are the Sand-hills rais'd upon the oppo- fite Coafts of Flanders and Holland. The Sands upon luch a Conjuncture of Sun-flnne and Wind, drive in vifible Clouds: this might be the Effect of many Ages, before Hiftory, and yet without having Recourfe to the Flood. This mighty broad Sand (now good Meadow) was reftrain’d by large Banks ftill remaining, and reducing the River into its Channel; a great Work of which no Hiftory gives Account: the Britains were too rude to attempt it; the Saxons too much bufied with continual Wars; he concluded therefore it was a Roman Work; one little Breach in his Time coft 17000 /. to reftore. The Sand-hill at Paul’s in the Time of the Roman Colony, was about 12 Feet lower than now it is; and the finer Sand ealier driving with the Wind lay uppermoft, and the hard Coat of Pot-earth might be thus made • for Pot-earth diffolv’d in Water, and view’d by a Microfcope is but impalpable fine Sand, which with the Fire will vitrify; and, of this Earth upon the d d ‘ Place, 286 f fjv I THE LIFE OF Place, were thofe Urns, facrificing Veflels, and other Pottery-ware, made, which (as noted before) were found here in great Abundance, more efpecially towards the North-eaft of the Ground. In the Progrefs of the Works of the Foundations, the Surveyor met with one unexpended Difficulty ; he began to lay the Foundations from the Weft-end, and had proceeded fuccefsfully through the Dome to the Eaft-end, where the Brick-earth Bottom was yet very good ; but as he went on to the North-eaft Corner, which was the laft, and where nothing was expedited to interrupt, he fell, in profecuting the Delign, upon a Pit, where all the Pot-earth had been robb’d by the Potters of old Time : Here were difcovered Quantities of Urns, broken Veflels, and Pottery-ware of divers Sorts and Shapes ; how far this Pit extended northward, there was no Occafion to examine ; no Ox-fculls, Horns of Stags, and Tufks of Boars were found, to corroborate the Accounts of Stow, Camden, and others; nor any Foundations more Eaftward. If there was for¬ merly any Temple to Diana, he fuppofed it might have been within the Walls of the Colony , and more to the South. It was no little Perplexity to fall into this Pit at laft : He wanted but fix or feven Feet to compleat the Defign, and this fell in the very Angle North-eaft ; he knew very well, that under the Layer of Pot-earth, there was no other good Ground to be found till he came to the Low-water Mark of the Thames, at leaft forty Feet lower : his Artificers propos’d to him to pile, which he refus’d; for, tho’ Piles may laft for ever, when always in Water, (otherwife London-Bridge would fall) yet if they are driven through dry Sand, tho’ fometimes inoift, they will rot: His Endeavours were to build for Eternity. He therefore funk a Pit of about eighteen Feet fquare, wharfing up the Sand with Timber, till he came forty Feet lower in¬ to Water and Sea-ftiells, where there was a firm Sea-beach which confirm¬ ed what was before aflerted, that the Sea had been in Ages paft, where now Paul's is; he bored through this Beach till he came to the original Clay ; being then fatisfied, he began from the Beach a fquare Peer of folid good iVlalonry, ten Feet fquare, till he came within fifteen Feet of the prefent Ground, then he turned a ihort Arch under Ground to the former Foundation, which was brok¬ en off by the untoward Accident of the Pit. Thus this North-eaft Coin of the ■Quire ftands very firm, and, no doubt, will Hand. This Narrative may be of Ufe to others not to truft Piles, unlefs always, and in all Parts wet; for almoft all Sorts of Timber under Water will prove everlafting, but wet and dry will foon perilh. The fame cannot be faid of Iron, for that will decay under Water: but this has been obferv’d, in taking out Cramps from Stone-work at leaft four hundred Years old, which were fo bedded in Mortar, that all Air was perfedtly excluded, the Iron appear’d as frefli as from the Forge. Therefore in cramp¬ ing of Stones, no Iron Ihould lye within nine Inches of Air, if poflible; for the Air is the Menftruum that confumes all Materials whatever. When there is a Neceffity to ufe Iron for Want of Stones large enough, Care is to be taken to exclude fufficiently the Air from it. To mention another Caution of Ufe to Artificers; fome Cornices of large Projeftions, tho’ the upper Joints are as clofe fitted as good Workmen can make them, yet in the melting of Snow, the Water will dribble through, and ftain the Cornice. The Surveyor thus avoided this Inconvenience; he caufed the Mafons fo to work the Stone next the Joint, as to leave half a ‘Quarter of an Inch rifing on each Side, that the Water might fooner fall off, then i'oakto the Joint ; and this he obferv’d in the Paveing of the up¬ per Portico of the principal Front of St. Paul’s ; befides, that the Joints are run with Lead : and the fame is done, where-ever he was obliged to cover with Stone only. The Reafons for changing the Site of the Church, and taking up all the old Foundations, were chiefly thefe; firft, the Aft: of Parliament for rebuilding the City had enadted, that all the high Streets (of which that which lead round the sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. the South-fide of St. Paul' s was one) fihould be forty Feet broad, but the old Foundations ftreightened the Street towards the Eaft-end to under 30 Feet. Secondly, The Church-yard on the North-fide was wide, and afforded Room that Way to give the newFabrick a more free and graceful Afpecft. Thirdly, To have built on the old Foundations muff have confined the Sur¬ veyor too much to the old Plan and Form ; the ruinous Walls in no Part were to be trufted again, nor would old and new Work firmly unite, or Hand toge¬ ther without Cracks. It being found expedient therefore to change the Foundations, he took the Advantage of more Room northward, and laid the middle Line of the new Work more declining to the North-eaft than it was before, which was not due Eaft and Weft ; neither did the old Front of the Cathedral lie diredtly from Lud- gafe, as it does not at prefent, which was not pradticable, without pur- Chafing, and taking down a great Number of Houfes ; and the Aid of Parlia¬ ment. This, tho’ much wifhedfor, he was notable toeffedl; theCommiffio- ners for rebuilding the City, had, in the firft Place, marked and ftaked out all the Streets, and the Parliament confirmed their Report, before any Thing had been fully determined about the Defign for the new Fabrick. The Proprietors of the Ground with much Eagernefs and Hafte, had begun to build according¬ ly ; an incredible Progrefs had been made in a very fhort Time ; many large and fair Houfes erefted ; and every Foot of Ground in that trading and popu¬ lous Part of the Town was highly eftimated. r r SECT. VI. Anfwers to ObjeSHons ; and fome Account of the new Fabrick. I N order to fatisfy fuch Perfons who are charmed with the Grandeur of the Vatican Church of St. Peter at Rome ; with the ftately Colonades, andfpa- cious Area in the Front; and think no Strudlure of this Sort is to be efteemed truly noble and majeftick, that does net arife, or nearly approach to that Mag¬ nificence ; it is to be considered, that at St. Paul’s the Surveyor wanted Room, and had but fmall Hopes of procuring more than he found, for the Reafons above-mentioned; and when all the adjacent Ground and new-built Streets were m private Poffeffions, under various Titles, which on account of their good Situation for Trade in the greateft and richeft City in all Europe , were valued at a very great Rate ; fo that proper and neceffary Ground as well for the Grandeur as graceful Approach to all Parts of the Fabrick could only be had by a fpecial Aft of Parliament, to oblige the numerous Proprietors to part with their Eftates upon equitable Terms; and for applying a Part of the Fund on Coals or otherwife to that particular Purpofe; which alas! was never ob¬ tained. And for this Reafon, no more Space was left, efpecially before the Weft-front, and to the North-weft, tho’ great Sums of Money were expended, even with the Afliftance of Parliament to purchafe Houfes, and to gain what prefent Room there is *. Some have enquired why the Surveyor chofe to make two Orders, rather than one / Ingle Order, with an attick Story, as at St. Peter’s in Rome. It is moft certain his Intention and Defires from the Beginning were to have followed that Example, had all Things fucceeded to his With. This appears by all his JirJl Defigns, and in particular by the great Model before mentioned. * Thc magnificent Portico before the Church of St. Peter is not to be equalled, but vet the whole Front of that Struflure terminating jn a ftrait Line at the Top, cannot be faid to afford fo agreeable an Afpefl, nor that rational Variety as isdifeerned by the Elevation of the Pediment in the Middle, and beautiful Campanile Towers at each End of the Front of St. Pouts. Bramante 4 -f- Viz. nine Feet. X Viz. 6 Feet, z Inches one Quarter Eng- hjb. Palm. 8. Pal. 3. Over- beke, 2 tom. A 43 - || Above 60 Feet Englijh in Heighth. § See the Plan in the Arehi- t < dure of Se- Laftian Serlio. Brdmante knew the Quarries of Tivoli * would yield Blocks large enough for his Columns at St. Peter’s, of nine Feet Diameter, but then he was at a Lofs to find Stones for his Cornices; and this was the Reafon that obliged him to di- minifh the Proportions of the proper Members of his Cornice." At St. Paul’ s the Surveyor was cautious not to exceed Columns of four Feet, which had been tried by Inigo Jones in his Portico ; the Quarries of the Ifle of Portland would juft afford for that Proportion, but not readily, for the Artificers were forced fometimes to flay fome Months for one neceffary Stone to be raifed for their Purpofe, and the farther the Quarry-men pierced into the Rock, the Qjjarry produced lefs Stones than near the Sea. All the moft eminent Mafons of England were of Opinion, that Stones of the largeft Scantlings were there to be found, or no where. An Enquiry was made after all the good Stone that England afforded. Next to Portland, Rock-abbey Stone, and fome others in Yorkjhire feemed the beft and moft durable ; but large Stone for the Paul’s Works was not eafily to be had even there. For thefe Reafons the Surveyor concluded upon Portland-Jlone, and alfo to ufe two Orders, and by that Means to keep the juft Proportions of his Corni¬ ces ; otherwile he muft have fallen fhort of the Heighth of the Faorick, which now exerts itfelf over all the Country, as well as City, as it did of old, when that Structure, tho’ rude, was lofty and majeftick. At the Vatican Church, Bramante was ambitious to exceed the ancient Greek and Roman Temples, which generally were built from the noble Quarries of Marble of the Iiles of the Archipelago, and Egypt, where Stones were to be had of the largeft Size Architetfts could have Occafion to ufe ; and altho’ by Neceflity he failed in the due Proportions of the proper Members of his Cor¬ nice, becaufe the Tivoli ftone would not hold out for the Purpofe ; yet (as far as we can find) he fucceeded in the f Diameter of his Columns, for the vreateft of the antique Pillars that remain, (fuppol'ed to have been of the Frontifpiece of Nero’s golden Houfe, thence brought by Vefpaftan to the Temple of Peace, and now before the Temple of Santa Maria Major) is lefs in + Diameter than thofe at St. Peter's. The Glory however of the Roman Pillar muft be acknow¬ ledged in this wonderful Particular, that confifts but of one folid || Stone of Parian Marble, of the Corinthian Order. A Query has been made, why all the Pilafters of the Outfide were doubled ? They are of the fame Ufe as Buttreffes, and to give Space for large Windows be¬ tween, which in our darker Weather is necelfary : as alfo for the good Regu¬ larity of the Arcades within, and the Roof, they will appear proper to thofe who confider well the whole Defign together. Again, why were the Columns of the Weft Portico doubled ? This, no doubt, is not according to the ufual Mode of the Ancients in their ordinary Temples, which, for the Generality, were final! ; but was followed in their Colofs, or greater Works; for Inftance, in the Portico of the § Temple of Peace, the moft magnificent in old Rome, the Columns were very properly and neceflarily doubled to make wider Openings, after the Manner of* the middle Openings in the Porticoes of the Greek Temples, to five Doors at unequal Di- ftar.ces, viz. three near together, which lead into the great middle Nave, or Body of the Temple, and one to each Side-aile, at greater Diftances. ( a ) Bramante ufed double Columns without Scruple, as did Michael Ange¬ lo within and without the Cupola of St. Peter’s, in the Vatican: the like is done in the Portico of the Church of Santa Maria Major in Rome; and alfo in other publick and private Edifices by the moft celebrated Architetfts; to in- (a) Ti e Cupola of trie Temple of Bacchus, near the Gate of St. jignes at Rome, anciently the Perta Vimmalis, was fupported on the Infide by twenty-four coupled Columns of the CompcpU Order, of Oriental Granite [Palladio. Defgodetz. Seb. Serlio. J ftance sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. ftance among others, In the * Facade of the Palace of SSrs. Cqffarelli alia Valle, , built by Raphael Ur bin in the Year 1515 ; which contains 26 duplicated Co- R lumns in Front. The French Architects have pradtifed the fame to a good Ef- " fedt, efpecially in the beautiful Facade of the Louvre. It is to be obferved in the I ortico of St. Pauls, two Columns are brought nearer together, to make greater Inter-columns alternately, to give a proper Space for three Poors. The An¬ cients, particularly the Greeks, in their Temples, generally made the middle Inter-column wider than the reft ; and as they fluffed the Columns of the Por¬ tico for the better Approach to one Door ; fo at St. Paul’s, for the fame Rea- fon, where there are three Doors, (the two Side-doors for daily Ufe, and the Middle for Solemnities) the Columns are widened, to make a mote open and commodious Acccls to each 1 and this falls out gracefully, by placing the Pil- lais alternately ,Lujlyle, and Pyerojlyle. Hermogcnes, who firft contrived the Pfeudodipteron, by takiugaway a whole Range of Columns to enlarge thePortico, went farther than his Mailers durft before him, yet is commended by Vitru¬ vius foi this very Thing, becaufe ufeful. The Romans, after the Greek Exam¬ ples, not only widened the middle Openings in the Colonades before their Temples, but followed the like Manner in Arcades alfo 1 thus in the Colof- feum, or Amphitheatre of Vppafian in Rome, of the eighty Arches, four which lead principally to the Arena , were made wider than all the reft. They gene¬ rally took luch Liberties, well knowing that the Orders were to be adapted to their proper Ufe, and not the Deftgn too fervilely to the Orders ; of which a hundred Examples may be given. Thofe who duly examine by Meafure the belt Remains of the Greek or Roman Structures, whether Temples, Pillars, Arches or Theatres, will foon difcern, that even among thefe is no certain ge¬ neral Agreement ; for it is manifeft the ancient Architects took great Liberties in their Capitals and Members of Cornices, to fliew their own Inventions, even where their Deftgn did not oblige them, but where it did oblige them to a ra¬ tional Variation, ftill keeping a good Symmetry, they are furely to be com¬ mended, and in like Cafes to be followed. We now moil efteem the Learning of the Augujian Age, yet, no queftion there were then many different Styles in Oratory, and perhaps fome as good as Cicero’s. This is not laid as any Induce¬ ment to Mafons, or every Novice that can draw Lines, to fall into crude Go- thick Inventions, far from the good Examples of the Ancients, no more than to encourage a barbarous Style in Latin, and yet furely we cannot but with Eraf- mus, laugh at him who durft not ufe one Word that he could not find in Lully. To proceed in examining what has been further objected, particularly why the Architrave within is cut off by the Arch. In this the Surveyor always in¬ filled that he had the Ancients on his Side ; in the Lemplum Pads, and in all the great Halls of the Baths, and in all the great Struflures of three Ailes, this was done, and for this Reafon : in thofe wide Inter-columns the Architrave is not fuppofed to lye from one great Column to another, but from the Column to the Wall of the Aile, fo the End of it will only appear upon the Pillar of the Infide of the great Navis. Vitruvius tells us, that Architecture took its Beginning from wooden Porticoes ; fuppofe therefore a Portico of three Ailes in Wood, or at leaft with the Roof of Timber, the Architraves muft join the Pillars of the Ailes, and not be in Range with the Infide Pillars, but'crofs to that Line ; fo nothing will appear upon the Pillars of the Navis but the Ends of the Architraves. If it be faid, that in the Lemplum Pads the Cornice is cut off as well as the Architrave, the Anfwer is plain, there is not the fame Reafon to cut off the Cornice of the Arches at St. Paul’s, which rife not fo high • for a Cornice may be carried within, even without Pillars, (provided the Proportion be kept of its due Height) much more with Pillars. The Surveyor followed the Lemplum Pads as near as our Meafures would ad¬ mit, having but three Arcades in each of the Bodies Eall and Weft, as there • e e but 29 ° THE LIFE OF but where there are no Arcades, and next the Dome, he has continued the whole Entablature. One Thing he feems to have varied from the Ancients, in that he has incor¬ porated leffer Pilafters with the greater, and that of the fame Corinthian Order : ’tis true the Impofts of old upon which the Arches refted, had a particular Ca¬ pital of the Dorick Manner, and not of the fame Capital with the Pillar, as is to be feen in the triumphal Arches, and Theatres that remain ; but above all Things, they were careful, that this Capital of the Import fhould not have more Sally or Projedlion than to lie upon the great Pillar or Pilafter: and this was ealily done in the Outfide of Buildings, where there was Room enough to advance the Pilafter till it could receive the Import Mouldings to lie againft die Side of - the Pilafter; but in the Infide of St. Paul's it would have llreightened the great Nave, and made the Breaks of the Cornice above too heavy. Whe¬ ther Bramante was aware of this in St, Peter's , it may be queftioned, till after he had laid the Bafes of the great Pilafters ; for he has chopped off the Cornice Mouldings of the Impofts to give way for the Pilafter to break through them; which is ungraceful, and without Authority, or good Reafon. Whatever Ve¬ neration we may have for this great Man, yet furely in this it mull be owned, he hath confeffed an Overfight. If any Man thinks it improper to incorpo¬ rate great and fmall Pillars together; as is done in the Ailes at St. Paul’s, let him confider the Bafilica of the Colonia Julia, at Fanum ; which is the only Piece Vitruvius owns himlelf to be the Author of; he will eafily perceive, that there muft be fmall Pillars incorporated into die great, to bear the Galleries ; and he will find, that the whole Frize is taken up by Vitruvius to give Light. Bramante makes no Scruple of incorporating Pilafters in his whole Outfide of St. Peters : the Surveyor at St. Paul’s chole to make the little Pilafters of the fame Order with the great, in the Ailes, becaufe the oppofite Wall is beau¬ tified with the fame fmaller Order ; fo the Aile of the whole Length of the Church is of itfelf a long and graceful Portico, without being interrupted by the Legs of the Dome. The Surveyor in giving the Entablature to this Order, has taken the Liberty to leave out Members, as the Ancients did the Infide of Porticoes ; the Archi¬ trave is effential in all Works, but they often uled in the Infide to leave out the Frize and Cornice alfo, except fome of the lower Members which they added to the Architrave, that it might not appear too meagre. By this Liberty, (in which he was authorifed by the belt ancient Porticoes) he could couch moft of the Members of the Entablature of the little Order within the Sally of the great Pilafter, without chopping off Ihort the Members of an Import. If it be laid ftill by any, the little Pillars fhould not have been of the fame Order, let them examine the Pemplum Pads, they will find a little Colonade continued through every Arch, and that of the Corinthian Order, as appears by fome fmall Corinthian Capitals ftill adhering to the great Pile. This Temple, being an Example of a three ailed Fabrick, is certainly the beft and moft authentic Pattern of a cathedral Church, which muft have three Ailes, according to Cuftom, and be vaulted : tho’ it may not be always neceila- ry to vault with Diagonal-crofs Vaults, as the Pemplum Pads, and Halls of the Roman Baths are : the Romans ufed hemifpherical Vaultings alfo in fome Places : the Surveyor chofe thofe as being demonftrably much lighter than the other; fo the whole Vault of St. Paul’s confifts of 24 Cupolas cut off femicircular with Segments to join to the great Arches one Way, and which are cut crofs the other Way with eliptical Cylinders to let in the upper Lights of the Nave : but in the Ailes the leffer Cupolas are both Ways cut in femicircular Sections ; and altogether make a graceful geometrical Form, diftinguifhed by circular Wreaths, which is the horizontal Sedtion of the Cupola ; for the Hemifphere may be cut all Manner of Ways into circular Sedlions; and the Arches and Wreaths 291 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. Wreaths being of Stone carved, the Spandrels between are of found Brick in¬ verted with Stucco of Cockle-ihell Lime, which becomes as hard as Portland Stone ; and which having large Planes between the Stone Ribs, are capable of further Ornaments of Painting, if required. Befides thele 24 Cupolas, there is a half Cupola at the Eaft, and the great Cupola of 112 Feet Diameter, in the Middle of the Croffing of the great Ailes. In this the Surveyor has imitated the Pantheon, or Rotundo in Rome, excepting only that the upper Order is there but umbratile, not extant as at St. Paul's, out of the Wall, but only dif- tinguifhed by different coloured Marbles. The Pantheon is no higher within than its Diameter ; St. Peters is two Diameters; this fhews too high, the other too low ; the Surveyor at St. Paul’s took a mean Proportion, which thews its Concave every Way ; and is very lightfome by the Windows of the upper Order, which ftrike down theLight through the great Colonade that encircles the Dome without, and ferves for the Butment of the Dome, which is Brick of two Bricks thick, but as it rifes every five Feet high, has a Courfe of excellent Brick of 18 Inches long, banding through the whole Thicknefs. (a) The Concave was turned upon a Centre; which was judged neceflary to keep the Work even and true, tho' a Cupola might be built without a Centre; but this is oblervable, that the Centre was laid without any Standards from below to fupport it; and as it was both Centering and Scaffolding, it remained for the Ufe of the Painter. Every Story of this Scaffolding being circular, and the Ends of all the Ledgers meeting as fo many Rings, and truly wrought, it fup- ported itfelf. This Machine was an Original of the Kind, and will be a ufeful Projeft for the like Work to an Architect hereafter ; for fince he muft have Scaffolds for the Infide Ornaments, thefame thus contrived willalfo ferve for the Builders, and bear all the Weight till the Cupola be turned, and that without any Standards. It was neceflary to give a greater Height titan the Cupola would gracefully allow within, tho’ it is confiderably above the Roof of the Church ; yet the old Church having had before a very lofty Spire of Timber and Lead, the World expeded, that the new Work fhould not in this Refpeft fall fhort of the old (tho’ that was but a Spit, and this a Mountain) He was therefore obliged to comply with the Humour of the Age, (tho’ not with ancient Example, as neither did Bramante) and to raife another Strudure over the firft Cupola ; and this was a Cone of Brick, fo built as to fupport a Stone Lan¬ tern of an elegant Figure, and ending in Ornaments of Copper gilt. As the whole Church above the Vaults is covered with a fubftantial oaken Roof, and Lead, (for no other Covering is fo durable in our Climate) fo he covered and hid out of Sight the Brick Cone with another Cupola of Timber and Lead ; and between this and the Cone are eafy Stairs that afeend to the Lantern. He took no Care to make little luthern Windows in the leaden Cupola, as are done out of St. Peter’s, becaufe he had otherwife provided for Light enough to the Stairs from the Lantern above, and round the Pedeftal of the fame, which are not feen below ; fo that he only ribb’d the outward Cupola, which he thought lefs Gothick, than to ftick it full of fuch little Lights in three Stories, one above the other, (as is executed in the Cupola of St. Peter's at Rome) which could not without Difficulty be mended, and if neglefted would foon damage the Timbers. The Infide of the whole Cupola is painted, and richly decorated, by an eminent Englijh Artift, Sir James ‘Thornhill, containing, in eight Comparti- ments, the Hiftories of St. Paul. In the Crown of the Vault, as in the Pan- (a) The Bricks in the Ruins of the Roman Wall, and multangular Tower at York, are about feventeen Inches of Engiifb Meafure long, and about eleven Inches broad, and two Inches and a half thick, mcafured by the ingenious Mr. Lijler, and communicated to the Royal Society, 1683. [Phil. Tranf. No. 149.] theon , I I 4 292 THE LIFE OF the on, is a circular Opening, by which not only the Lantern tranfmits Light, but the Infide Ornaments of the painted and gilded Cone, dilplay a new and agreeable Scene (a). Altho’the Dome wants no Butment, yet, for greater Caution, it is hooped with Iron in this Manner ; a Chanel is cut in the Bandage of Portland-done, in which is laid a double Chain of Iron ftrongly linked together at every ten Feet, and the whole Chanel filled up with Lead. Among all the Compofures of the Ancients, we find no Cupolas railed above the necelfary Loading of the Hemifphere, as is feen particularly in the Pantheon. In after Ages the Dome of Florence, and of the great Church of Venice, was raifed higher, The Saracens mightily affedled it, in Imitation of the firft moft eminent Pattern, given by 'jufiinian, in his Temple of SanBa Sophia, at Conjlantinople. Bramante tvould not fall fhort of thofe Examples ; nor could the Surveyor do otherwife than gratify the general Tafte of the Age, which had been fo ufed to Steeples, that thefe round Defigns were hardly di- gefted, unlefs raifed to a remarkable Height. Thus St. Paul's is lofty enough to be difcerned at Sea Eaftward, and at Windfor Weftward ; but our Air being frequently hazy, prevents thofe diftant Views, except when the Sun flfines out, after a Shower of Rain has wafhed down the Clouds of Sea-coal Smoke that hang over the City from fo many thoufand Fires kindled every Morning, befides Glafs-houfes, Brew-houfes, and Founderies, every one of which emits a blacker Smoke than twenty Houfes. In the Beginning of the new Works of St. Paul's, an Incident was taken notice of by fome People as a memorable Omen, when the Surveyor in Perfon had fet out, upon the Place, the Dimenfions of the great Dome, and fixed upon the Centre; a common Labourer was ordered to bring a flat Stone from the Heaps of Rubbilh, (fuch as fhould firft come to Hand) to be laid for a Mark and Direction to the Mafons j the Stone which was immediately brought and laid down for that Purpofe, happened to be a Piece of a Grave-ftone, with nothing remaining of the Infcription but this Angle Word in large Capitals RESURGAM. h V > The firft Stone of this Baplica was laid in the Year 1675, and the Works carried on with fuch Care and Induftry, that by the Year 1685 the Walls of the Qmre and Side-ailes were finifhed, with the circular North and South Porti¬ coes ; and the great Pillars of the Dome brought to the fame Height ; and it pleafed God in his Mercy to blefs the Surveyor with Health and Length of Days, and to enable him to compleat the whole Structure in the Year 1710 to the Glory of his moft holy Name, and Promotion of his divine Worfhip, (?) The Judgment of the Surveyor was originally, inftead of painting in the Manner it is now perform cl, to have beautified the Infide of the Cupola with the more durable Ornament of ALo- faick-vfork, as is nobly executed in the Cupola of St. Peter’s in Rome , which ftrikes the Eye of the Beholder with a moft magnificent and fplendid Appearance j and which, without the leaft De¬ cay of Colours, is as lafting as Marble, or the Building itfelf. For this Purpofe he had projected to have procured from Italy four of the moft eminent Artifts in that Profeftion ; but as this Art ■was a great: Novelty in England^ and not generally apprehended, did not receive the Encourage¬ ment it deferved ; it was imagined alfo the Expence would prove too great, and the Time very long in the Execution ; but tho’ thefe and all Objetftions were fully anfwered, yet this excellent: Defign was no further purfued. I he Painting and Gilding of the Architecture of the Eaft-end of the Church over the Com¬ munion Table was intended only to ferve the prefent Occafion, till fuch Time as Materials could have been procured for a magnificent Defign of an Altar, confifting of four Pillars wreathed, of the richeit Greek Marbles, fupporting a Canopy hemifpherical, with proper Decorations of Ar¬ chitecture and Sculpture : for which the refpedive Drawings, and a Model were prepared. Information, and particular Defcriptions of certain Blocks of Marble were once lent to the Right Keverend Dr. Compton, Bifhop of London , from a Levantine Merchant in Holland , and commu¬ nicated to the Surveyor , but unluckily the Colours and Scantlings did not anfwer his Purpofe ; fo it refted in Expectance of a fitter Opportunity, elfe probably this curious and ftately Defign had been nnuned at the fame Time with the main Fabrick. the SIR C H R I S T O P H E R WREN, knt. 293 the principal Ornament of the Imperial Seat of this Realm. * Majejlas t 0viJlj ^ convenit ijla Deo. £. The higheft or lafl Stone on the Top of the Lantern was laid by the Hands of the Surveyor’s Son, Chrijlopher Wren , deputed by his Father, in the Prefence of that excellent Artificer Mr. Strong , his Son, and other Free and Accepted Mafons , chiefly employed in the Execution of the Work. Thus was this mighty Fabrick, the fecond Church for Grandeur in Europe, in the Space of 35 Years, begun and finilhed by one Architedt, and under one Bifhop of London, Dr. Henry Compton: the Charge fupported chiefly by a fmall and eafy Impofition on Sea-coal brought to the Port of London : whereas the Church of St. Peter in Rome, (the only Edifice that can come in Competition with it) continued in the Building the Space of 145 Years, car¬ ried on by no lefs than 12 Architedts fucceflively ; affifted by the Police and Interefts of the Roman- See; the ready Acquifition of Marble, and attended by the belt Artifts of the World in Sculpture, Statuary, Painting, and Mo- faic-wotk, during the Reigns of 19 Popes, as may be difeerned in the follow¬ ing View. Names of the Architects. POPES. Anno Chrifli 1. Bramante, under Julius II. 1503. 2. Julianus a San 5 lo Gallo , 1 3. Frater 'Jucundiis Veronerifis 1 LeoX. Dominic anus, i 4. Raphael TJrbino , 5. Balthazarus Perujius, Hadrianus VI. 6. Michael Angelo Bonarota, Clemens VII. 7. Pyrrhus Lygorius, Paulus III. 8 . Jacobus Barocius, Julius III. 9. Jacobus a Porta, Paulus IV. 10. Dominicus Fontana, Pius IV. Pius V. Gregorius XIII. Sixtus V. Urbanus VII. Gregorius XIV. 11. Carolus Modernus, Innocentius IX. Clemens VIII. Paulus V. Alexander VII, 12. Eques Berninus, TJrbanus VIII. 1648. Innocentius X. Infcription over the middle great Gate of St. Peter’ s. * * * * * * *■ * * * Bafilicam Principis Apojlolorum In banc Molts Amplitudinem. Multiplici Romanorum Pontificum /Edificatiotie PerduEiam Innocentius X. Pont. Max. &c. ************ * * * Ferminavit. { f I 4 The 294 Critical Re- •vitnu of pub- lick Build¬ ings in Lon¬ don, p. 17, 1 7 34 * fra-ztelsbyEi. Wright, Efqi *•vo l. 1, p._ zo6. Lond. 1730. THE LIFE OF The Difference between the Dimeitfions of St. Peter’j- Church at Rome, and St. PaulV in London. N. B. The Proportion of the Roman Palm to theEn^iQiFaot is as J^is to 1000. 1000=1732. 914=669,048, ana Jo of the ref , utinfra. St. Peter’s. 2. 3 * St. Paul’s. Excefs of St. Peter’s above St. Paul’s. Roman Palms, EnglilhFeet. Fraction of a Foot. Englifh Feet. Difference ol Feet. Long within 9‘4 669 048 5 ° 0 369 Broad at the Entrance 310 226 920 IOO 126 Front without 540 395 280 180 215 Broad at the Crofs 604 442 128 223 2I9 Cupola Clear 190! *39 629 108 031 Cupola and Lantern high 5 W 43 2 612 33 ° 102 Church high 200 146 4°4 I IO 036 Pillars in the Front 12 5 O9I 500 O4O ° 5 i “ The grand Cathedral of St. Paul’s (fays an ingenious Writer) is un¬ doubtedly one of the moft magnificent modern Buildings in Europe ; all “ the Parts of which it is compofed are fuperlatively beautiful and noble ; “ the North and South Fronts in particular are very perfect Pieces of Archi- “ tedture, neither ought the Eaft to go without due Applaufe. The two “ Spires at the Weft-end are in a finillied Tafte ; and the Portico with the “ Afcent, and the Dome that rifes in the Centre of the whole, afford a “ very auguft and furprizing Profpea.”— N. B. The critical Objections of this Author, fubfequent to this his general Character of St. Paul's delivered with Candour and Modefty, are chiefly anfwer’d in the above Seftion VI. Part II. “ The Parts (fays a judicious Traveller) of the Front of that moft admi- “ table Fabrick of St. Peters in Rome are certainly very beautiful, grand, “ and noble, the Pillars being nine Feet in Diameter; but the whole is ter- “ minated by a ftrait Line at Top, which (without any Prejudice in favour “ of my own Country) I cannot think has fo good an EffeCt as. the agreeable “ Variety, which is given by the Turrets at each End, and the Pediment “ rifmg in the Middle of the Front of St. Paul s. A Lift of Drawings, relating to the Architecture of the cathedral Church of St. Paul. A Plan of the old Gothick Cathedral, with the Chapter-houfe, &c. in a large Scale, on Vellum, ufed by the Surveyor for adjufting the propofed Re¬ pairs, before the great Fire, Anno 1666. A Plan of Part of the old Cathedral reformed ; together with the Plan, .Or- thography, and SeCtion of a Dome, Lantern and Spire, contrived to have been erected in the Place of the old, ruinous, middle Tower, as prefented P . 98. sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. to King Charles II. and Commiflioners for the Repairs of that Fabrick, before the great Fire. _ Plan, Elevation, and Sedion of a Defign after the great Fire; but before a Fund was granted by the Parliament for the Building. Plan, Elevation, Sedion, and diagonal View, according to a Defign after the Coal-duty was appropriated by Parliament for the Fabrick ; of which a large and curious Model was made in Wood, approved by the Royal Com- miffion under the Great Seal, Anno 1673. P. 117. The fame Defigns in a large Scale, drawn for his Majefty’s Perufal. Plan, Elevation, and Sedion of another Defign, in a Style more conform- P. 118. able to the old Cathedral Form, with his Majefty's * Approbation, and War- , 0r i w rant to begin the Works, under the Sign-manual, and Privy-feal, annexed to " the Drawings, Amo 1 675. Plans general and particular of the new Fabrick, as it is executed. Orthography of the whole Church from Weft to Eaft, with the Sedion; in which the Dome and Weftern Towers are reprefented, as once intended. ’ Orthography and View of the whole Fabrick to the Weft, the Dome, and upper Parts of the Towers, according to a prior Intention, not executed.’ Orthography and Sedions of the whole, and diftind Parts of the Strudure as it is executed, viz. The Periftyles of the Dome, outward and inward, with the Sedion. Sedion of the whole Cupola, Cone, and Stone Lantern, with the Copper- work, Ball and Crofs. 1 t Sedion of the Crofs-aile. Elevation and Sedion of the Weft-towers. Defigns of the great Portico, the two circular Porticoes, and their Archi¬ traves, &c. Defigns in Orthography, and Perfpedive of the Infide of the Church Quire and Chapels. ’ Defigns of the Doors, Windows, Niches, the exterior and interior Finilh- ings and Ornaments. Defigns for Marble Altar Pieces. Defigns of the Morning-prayer-chapel, and Confiftory. Defign of the Organs, and their Ornaments. Defign of the Centering of the great Cupola, &c. SECT. VII. A Nother eminent Work, in a different Style of Architedure, was the Reparation of the ancient Abbey-church of St. Peter, in Welhninller profecuted by the Surveyor, to the Time of his Death, the Space of 2 c Years, with all the Application, that the Branch of the Coal-duty given by Parliament for that Purpofe, would admit. A particular Account of which will be beft underftood from his own Words, in the following Memorial to the Biihop of Pochejler, in the Year 1713. “ When I had the Honour to attend yourLordftiip to Congratulate yourEpif- copal Dignity, and pay that Refped which particularly concerned myfelf as employed in the chief Diredion of the Works and Repairs of die Collegiate- church of St. Peter in Wttftminfter ; you was pleafed to give me this feafon- able Admonition, that I Ihould confider my advanced Age; and as I had al¬ ready made fair Steps in the Reparation of that ancient and ruinous Strudure you thought it very requifite for the publick Service, I Ihould leave a Memo¬ rial of what I had done ; and what my Thoughts were for carrying on the Works for the future. In 2 95 ■ > 6 . 2g6 ; I « THE LIFEOF .12 In order to defcribe what I have already done, I Ihculd firft give a State of the Fabrick as I found it; which being the Work of 500 Years, or more, through leveral Ages and Kings Reigns, it will come in my Way to confider the Modes of Building in thofe Times, and what Light Records may afford us; fuch as at pretent I am able to collect, give me leave to difcourl'e a little upon. That a Temple of Apollo was here in Lborni ijland (the Place anciently to called, where the Church now ftands) and ruined by an Earthquake in the Reign of the Emperor Antoninus Pius , I cannot readily agree. The Ro¬ mans did not ute, even in their Colonies, to build fo tlightly ; the Ruins of ancienter Times drew their Works to this Day ; the lead Fragment of Cor¬ nice, 01 Capital, would demonftrate their Handy-work. Earthquakes break not Stones to Pieces, nor would the Picls be at that Pains: but I imagine the Monks finding the Londoners pretending to a Pemple of Diana, where now St. Pauls, Hands ; (Horns of Stags, Tufks of Boars, &c. having been dug up therein former Times, and it is laid alfo, in later Years) would not be behind Hand in Antiquity : but I mull affert, that having changed all the Founda¬ tions of Old Paul s, and upon that Occalion rummaged all the Ground there¬ abouts, and being very defirous to find fome Footfteps of fuch a Temple, I could not difcover any, and therefore can give no more Credit to Diana than, to Apollo. T° P a ^" s ovei " the fabulous Account, that King Lucius firft founded a little Church here, A. D. 170, out of the Ruins of the Temple A Apollo, deflroycd by an Earthquake a little before : but it is recorded with better Authority, that Sebert , King of the Eafl-Saxons , built a Monaftery and Church here in 6op, which being deftroyed by the Danes, was about 360 Years after repaired by the pious King Edgar. This, it is probable, was a ftrong good Building, af¬ ter the Mode of" that Age, not much altered from the Roman. We have fome Examples of this ancient Saxoti Manner, which was with Peers or round Pillars, much ftronger than Titfcan, round headed Arches, and Windows; fuch was IVincheJler Cathedral of old ; and fuch at this Day the Royal Chapel in the mite-tower of London ; the Chapel of St. Crofes ; the Chapel of Chrijl-church in Oxford, formerly an old Monaftery ; and divers others I need not name, built before the Conquejl and fuch was the old Part of St. Paul's built in King Rufus’ s Time. King Edward the Conjefor repaired, if not wholy rebuilt this Abbey-church of King Edgar; of which a Defcription' was publifhed by Mr. Camden in 1606, from an ancient Manufcript, in thefe Words: “ Principalis area do- mus, altijjims eretda formcibus quadrato opere, parique commiffura circuits - vohitur ; ambitus autem ipfius ccdts duplici lapidum arcu ex uiroque latere htnc hide fortiter folidata operis compage clauditur. Porr'o crux templi qua medium canentium domino chorum ambiret, & fui gemina Line hide jullenta- “ tatione medico turns celfum apicem fulciret, humiliprimum & robujlo fornice “ jimpliciter furgit ; dcinde cochleis multiplicitcr ex arte afeendentibus plurimis intumefeit ; deinceps vero fmiplici muro ufque ad tedium ligneum plumbo di- “ ligenter vejlitumpervenit The Senfe of which I tranllate into Language proper to Builders, as I can underftand it. ' W’"' • y- |t«! € sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. for the Lead is apt to flip ; but we are tied to this indifcreet Form, and mull: be contented with original Faults in the firft Defign. But that which is, moft to be lamented, is the unhappy Choice of the Materials, the Stone is decayed four Inches deep, and falls off perpetually in great Scales. I find, after the Conqueji , all our Artifts were fetched from Normandy ; they loved to work in their own Cacn-ftono, which is more beautiful than durable. This was found expenfive to bring hither, fo they thought Rygate-Acme in Surrey , the neareft like their own, being a Stone that would faw and work like Wood, but not durable, as is manifeft ; and they ufed this for the Alhlar of the whole Fa- brick, which is now disfigur’d in the higheft Degree : this Stone takes in Wa¬ ter, which, being frozen, feales off, whereas good Stone gathers a Cruft, and defends itfelf, as many of our Eng/ijh Free-ftones do. And though we have alfo the beft Gak Timber in the World, yet thefe fenfelefs Artificers in Weft- mtnfter-ball, and other Places, would work their Chefnuts from Normandy ; that Timber is not natural to England, it works finely, but fooner decays than Oak. The Roof in the Abbey is Oak, but mixed with Chefnut, and wrought after a bad Norman Manner, that does not fecure it from ftretching, and da- maging the Walls, and the Water of the Gutters is ill carried off. All this is faid, the better, in the next Place, to reprefent to your Lordflfip what has been done, and is wanting ftill to be carried on, as Time and Money is allow¬ ed to make a fubftantial and durable Repair. Firft, in Repair of the Stone-work, what is done Ihews itfelf: beginning from the Eaft-window, we have cut out all the ragged Afhlar, and inverted it with a better Stone, out of Oxfordjhire, down the River, from the Quarries about Burford. We have amended and lecured the Butreffes in the Cloyfter- garden, as to the greateft Part ; and we proceed to finifh that Side ; the Cha¬ pels on the South-fide are done, and moft of the Arch-buttreffes all along as we proceeded. We have not done much on the North-fide, for thefe Reafons : the Houles on the North-fide are fo clofe, that there is not Room left for the raiding of Scaffolds and Ladders, nor for Paffage for bringing Materials: be¬ tides, the Tenants taking every Inch to the very Walls of the Church to be in their Leafes, this Ground already too narrow, is divided as the Backfides to Houfes, with Wafh-houfes, Chimnies, Privies, Cellars, the Vaults of which, if indifcreetly dug againft the Foot of a Buttrefs, may inevitably ruin the Vaults of the Chapels (and indeed I perceive fuch Milchief is already done, by the Opening of the Vaults of the odtagonal Chapel on that Side) and unlefs effedtual Means be taken to prevent all Nufances of this Sort, the Works cannot proceed, and if finifhed, may foon be deftroyed. I need fay no more, nor will I prefume to didtate, not doubting but proper Means will be taken to preferve this noble Strudture from fuch Nufances, as dirsdtly tend to the Demolition of it. And now, in further Purfuance of your Lordlhip’s Diredtions, I fhall di- ftindtly fet down, what yet remains to finilh the neceffary Repairs for Ages to come. And then, in the fecond Place, (fince the firft Intentions of the Founders were never brought to a Conclufion) I lhall prefent my Thoughts and Defigns, in order to a proper compleating of what is left imperfedt, hope- ing we may obtain for this, the Continuance of the Parliamentary Afliftance. I have yet faid nothing of King Henry the Seventh’s Chapel, a nice em¬ broidered Work, and performed with tender Czztvz-ftone, and tho’lately built, in Companion, is fo eaten up by our Weather, that it begs for fome Compaf- fion, which, I hope, the fovereign Power will take, as it is the regal Sepulture. I begin, as I faid, to fet down what is neceffary for compleating the Repairs, tho’ Part thereof at prefent I can only guefs at, becaufe I cannot as yet come at the North-fide to make a full Difcovery of the Defedts there, but I hope to find 3 °o O F THE LIFE find it rather better than the South-fide ; for it is the Viciflitudes of Heat and Cold, Drought and Moifture, that rot all Materials more than the Extremi¬ ties that are conftant, of any of thefe Accidents : this is manifeft in Timber, which, if always under Ground and wet, never decays, otherwife Venice and Amjierdam would fall: it is the fame in Lead-work, for the North-fide of a fteep Roof is ufually much lefs decayed than the South ; and the fame is com¬ monly leen in Stone Work : befides, the Buttreffes here are more fubftantial than thofe of the South-fide, which I complained before were indifcreetly al¬ tered for the fake of the Cloyfter; and I find fome Emendations have been made about eighty Years fince, but not well. Upon the whole Matter I may fay, that of the neceffary Repairs of the outward Stone Work, one third Part is already compleated. The mold dangerous Part of the Vaulting over the Quire now in Hand will be finilhed in a few Months, but the Roof over it cannot be opened till Summer. The Repairs of the StoneWork, with all the Chapels, Arch-buttrefles, Windows, and Mouldings of the North-lide are yet to be done, excepting Part of the North-crofs Aile : a great Part of the Ex¬ pence will be in the North Front, and the great Rofe Window there, which being very ruinous, was patched up for the prefent to prevent further Ruin, fome Years fince, before I was concerned, but mull now be new done: I have pre¬ pared a proper Defign for it. The Timber of the Roof of the Nave, and the Crofs, is amended and fecured with the Lead ; and alfo the Chapels: but the whole Roof, and Ailes from the Tower Weftward, with Lead and Pipes to benew-caft, remains yet, with all the Timber Work, to be mended, as hath been done Eaftward of the Tower already. The Chapels on the North-fide "lull have their Roofs amended, when we can fee how to come at them, after the Removal of one little Houfe. And now having given a fummary Account of what will perfedt the meer Repairs, let me add what I wilh might be done to render thofe Parts with a proper Afpedt, which were left abruptly imperfedt by the laft Builders, when the Monaftery was diffolved by King Henry the Eighth. The Weft-front is very requifite to be finilhed, becaufe the two Towers are not of equal Height, and too low for the Bells, which hang fo much lower than the Roof, that thev are not heard fo far as they Ihould be : the great Weft-window is alfo too feeble, and the Gabel-end of the Roof over it, is but Weather-boards painted. The original Intention was plainly to have had a Steeple, the Beginnings' of which appear on the Corners of the Crofs, but left off before it rofe^fo high as the Ridge of the Roof ; and the Vault of the Quire under it, is only Lath and Plaifter, now rotten, and muft be taken care of. Left it Ihould be doubted, whether the four Pillars below, be able to bear a Steeple, becaufe they feem a little fwayed inward, I have confidered how they may be unqueftionably fecured, fo as to fupport the greateft Weight that need be laid upon them ; and this after a Manner that will add to their Shape and Beauty. ‘ It is manifeft to the Eye, that the four innermoft Pillars of the Crofs are bended inward confiderably, and feem to tend to Ruin, and the Arches of the fecond Order above are cracked alfo : how this has happened, and how it is to be fecured, I fhall demonftrate. I conceive the Architedt knew very well, that the four Pillars above the Interledtion of the Crofs-nave would not prove a fufficient Butment to Hand againll the Preflure of fo many Arches, unlefs they were very much bigger than the other Piers ; but that could not be without cumbering up the p'rm- cipal Part of the Church : but tho’ thefe angular Pillars could not be made bigger, yet they could be made heavier to Hand againft the Preflure of the fe- veral 301 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. veral Rows of Arches, which might prove an Equivalent, as may appear thus : Let A B C be an Arch refting at C, againft an immoveable Wall K M, but at A upon a Pillar A D, fo fmall as to be unable to be a fufficient Butment to the Preffure of the Arch A B : what is then to be done ? I cannot add F G to it to make it a Butment, but I build up E fo high, as by Addition of Weight, to eftablifh it fo firm, as if I had annexed FG to it to make it a Butment : it need not be enquired how much E muft be, fince it cannot exceed, provided A D be fuffi¬ cient to bear the Weight impofed on it : and this is the Reafon why in all Got hick Fabricks of this Form, the Architedfs were wont to build Tow¬ ers or Steeples in the Middle, not only for Ornament, but to con¬ firm the middle Pillars againft the Thruft of the feveral Rows of Arches, which force againft them every Way. The Architedl underftood this well enough, but knowing that it might require Time to give fuch a Butment as the Tower to his Arches which was to be laft done ; and left there ihould be a Failing in the mean Time, he wifely confidered, that if he tied thefe Arches every Way with Iron, which were next to the Middle of the Crofs: this might ferve the Turn till he built the Tower to make all fecure, which is not done to this Day’ Thefe Irons which were hooked on from Pillar to Pillar have been ftolen away and this is the Reafon of the four Pillars being bent inward and the Walls above cracked j but nothing can be amended, till firft the Pillars are reftor ed, which I have confidered how to perform, and reprefented in a Model This muft be firft done, otherwife the Addition of Weight upon that which is already crooked and infirm, will make it more fo : but the Pillars beiny once well fecured from further Diftortion, it will be neceffary to confirm all by adding more Weight upon them that is, by building a Tower according to the original Intention of the Archited, and which was begun, as appears by the Work, but left off before it rofe to the Ridge of the Roof. In my Opi nion the Tower fhouid be continued to at leaft as much in Height above the Roof, as it is m Breadth ; and if a Spire be added to it, it will give a DroDer Grace to the whole Fabrick, and the Weft-end of the City, which fefms^o want it. h h 302 THE LIFE O F I have made a Defign, which will not be very expenfive but light, and ftill in the Gothick Form, and of a Style with the reft of the Structure, which I would ftridtly adhere to, throughout the whole Intention : to deviate from the old Form, would be to run into a difagreeable Mixture, which no Perfon of a good Tafte could relilli. I have varied a little from the ufual Form, in giving twelve Sides to the Spire inftead of eight, for Reafons to be difcerned upon the Model. The Angles of Pyramids in the Gothick Archite&ure, were ufually inriched with the Flower the Botanifts call Calceolus, which is a proper Form to help Workmen to afcend on the Outfide to amend any Defedts, without railing large Scaffolds upon every flight Occafion ; I have done the fame, being of l'o good Ufe, as well as agreeable Ornament. The next Thing to be conlidered is, to finiftr what was left undone at the Weft-front. It is evident, as is obferved before, the two Weft-towers were left imper- fedt, and have continued fo fince the Dilfolution of the Monaftery, one much higher than the other, though ftill too low for Bells, which are (lifted by the Height of the Roof above them ; they ought certainly to be carried to an equal Height, one Story above the Ridge of the Roof, ftill continuing the Gothick Manner, in the Stone-work, and Tracery. Something muft be done to ftrengthen the Weft-window', which is crazy ; the Pediment is only boarded, but ought undoubtedly to be of Stone. I have given fuch a Defign, as I conceive may be fuitable for this Part : the Je- rufalem-Chamber is built again!! it, and the Accefs from T othiU-Jlreet not very graceful. The principal Entrance is from King-flreet, and I believe always will con¬ tinue fo, but at prefent, there is little Encouragement to begin to make this North-front magnificent in the manner I have defigned, whilft it is fo much incumbered with private Tenements, which obfeure and fmoke the Fabrick, not without danger of fireing it. The great North-window had been formerly in danger of Ruin, but was upheld, and ftopt up, for the prefent, with Plaifter. It will be molt necef- lary to rebuild this with Pcrt/and-ft one, to anfvver the South-rofe-window, which was well rebuilt about forty Years fince ; the Stair-cafes at the Corners muft be new alhlar’d, and Pyramids fet upon them conformable to the old- * Thu Fruit, Sy tie, to make the Whole of a Piece. I have therefore made a* Defign in /”™o”omon'j° r ^ er t0 re ft° re to ' ts p r0 P er Shape firft intended, but which was indif- Porch, tit creetly tamper’d with fome Years fince, by patching on a little Dorick Paf- Survtycr Urndfogp before the great Window, and cropping off the Pyramids, and cover- Ytari’jvzl ^ing the Stair-cafes with very improper Roofs of Timber and Lead, which can never agree with any other Part of the Defign. For all thefe new Additions I have prepared perfeeft Draughts and Models, fuch as I conceive may agree with the original Scheme of the old Architect, without any modern Mixtures to fhew my own Inventions : in like manner as I have among the Parochial Churches of London given fome few Ex¬ amples, (where I was oblig’d to deviate from a better Style) which appear not ungraceful, but ornamental, to the Eaft part of the City; and it is to be hoped, by the publick Care, the Weft part alfo, in good Time, will be as well adorned ; and furely by nothing more properly then a lofty Spire, and Weftern-towers to Wejlminfter-abbey. N. B. By the foregoing Epiftle, at the Beginning, and alfo in Part II. Se ' °' that were found there in digging up the Church-yard, in the Reign of K. Edw. I. and were looked upon as Gentile Sacrifices, and in this Opinion he is followed by his learned Editor; as alfo by Mr rSamms, Mr. Ho-wel, and others; particular¬ ly the ingenious Dr .Woodward acquaints us, that he has in his Colledtion, Tufks of Boars, Horns of Oxen, and of Stags, as alfo the Reprefentations of Ib - i° z Deer, and even of Diana herfelf, upon the facrificing Veffels digged up near St.Pauls Church ; and likewife a fmall Image of that Goddefs, found not far off. Now it appears from ancient Writers, that not only Stags, but Oxen and Swine alfo were facrificed to Diana. There is extant an earthen Lamp, which was procured of the above- mentioned Mr. Kemp, and is fuppofed to have been dug up among the other Lamps and Antiquities at St. Paul's ; on it is embofied the Figure of Diana in a Hunting-pofture, in the fame Manner as flie is reprefented on the ancient Greek Coins of Ephefus, and conformable to an antique Statue of Marble in the Gallery of the King of France at Verfailles. This Lamp, as the other before-mentioned, is of very mean Work ; on the Reverfe, in the Center are fome Letters, probably the Potter’s Name, as ufual, but fo ill executed as to be hardly legible. SECT. VIII. T H E large, and magnificent Cathedral-church of Salijbury , (in like manner as ll r ejlminfter-abbey) difeovering manifeft Decays, and threaten¬ ing Ruin, arifing partly from the Want of true Judgment in the firft Architect, partly i Li I" I 3 °+ THE LIFE OF partly from Injuries of Time and Weather, the lofty Spire efpecially having been, much fhaken and crackt by fome Temped: and Storm of Lightning, required the Skill and Direction of the Surveyor for a fpeedy Amendment ; in order to which, the Faults of the Steeple of Neceffity claimed the firft Con- fideration, becaufe it could not be ruined alone, without drawing with it the Roof and Vaults of the Church. This therefore he took fpecial Care to {Lengthen, and effectually fecure, by braceing with Bandages of Iron wrought by Anchor-fmiths, accuftomed in great Works for Ships, and tbefe fo judi- cioufly placed, and artfully performed, that it continues demonfrrably ftrong- er than at the firft Erection. He had taken an accurate Survey in the Year 1669, of the whole Structure of this ancient Cathedral, at the Requeft of his excellent Friend Dr. Seth Ward, Bilhop of that See; in his Report to whom, and the Dean and Chapter, after enumerating the fundamental Errors, DefeCts, and prefent Decays, he gave his Advice and full InftruCtions, for the neceflary amend- ing, reftoring, and keeping it from farther Declenfion, together with the Difeafes fuggefting the Cures. As this Church is juftly efteemed one of the belt Patterns of Gothick-building, a (liort ArchiteClonical Account thereof, taken from the firft Part of the Surveyor’s Report, may befpeak the Attention of the Curious, as a further Tafte of that Style of Architecture. The Figure of the Church is a Crofs, upon the InterleCtion of which, Hands a Tower and Spire of Stone, as high from the Foundation, as the whole Length of the Mavis, or Body of the Church ; and it is founded only upon the four Pillars and Arches of the InterleCtion. Between the “ Steeple and the Eaft-end is another crofting of the Navis, which on the “ Weft-fide only wants its Ailes; all other Sides of the main Body and the “ Croffes are fupported on Pillars with Ailes annexed, and buttreffed without “ the Ailes, from whence arife Bows or flying Buttreffes to the Walls of the “ Navis, which are concealed within the Timber Roof of the Ailes. TheRoof “ is almoft (harp as an/Equilateral Triangle, made of fmall Timber after the “ ancient Manner without principal Rafters ; but the Wall-plats are double, “ and tied together with Couples above forty Feet long. The whole Church “ is vaulted with Chalk between Arches and Crofs-fpringers only, after the “ ancienter Manner, without Orbs and Tracery, excepting under the Tower, “ where the Springers divide, and reprelent a wider Sort of Tracery ; and this “ appears to me to have been a later Work, and to be done by fome “ other Hand than that of the firft Architect, whofe Judgment I muft juftly “ commend for many Things, beyond what I find in divers Gothick Fabricks “ of later Date, which, tho’ more elaborated with nice and fmall Works, “ yet want the natural Beauty which arifes from the Proportion of the firft “ Dimenfions. For here the Breadth to the Height of the Navis, and both to the Shape of the Ailes bear a good Proportion. The Pillars and the In- “ tercolumnations, (or Spaces between Pillar and Pillar) are well fuited to “ the Height of the Arches, the Mouldings are decently mixed with large “ Planes without an AffeClation of filling every Corner with Ornaments, “ which, unlefs they are admirably good, glut the Eye, as much as in Mu- “ fick, too much Divifion the Ears. The Windows are not made too great, “ nor yet the Light obftruCted with many Mullions and Tranfomes of Tra- “ eery-work ; which was the ill Falhion of the next following Age: our “ Artift knew better, that nothing could add Beauty to Light, he trufted to a “ ftately and rich Plainnefs, that his Marble Shafts gave to his Work : I can¬ not call them Pillars, becaufe they are fo fmall and llender, and generally “ bear nothing, but are only added for Ornament to the Outfide of the great “ Pillars, and decently faftened with Brafs. “ Not- 3°5 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. “ Notwithftanding this Commendation of the Architect, there are fome “ original Errors, which I mull lay to his Charge, the Difcovery of which “ will give us Light to the Caufe of the prefent Decays. “ Firft, I mull accufe him, that building in a low and marfhy Soil, he did “ not take fufficient Care of the Foundation, efpecially under the Pillars. “ That Foundation which will bear a Wall, will not bear a Pillar, for Pillars “ thrurt themfelves into the Earth, and force open the folid Ground, if “ the Foundation under them be not broad ; and if it be not hard Stone, it “ will be ground and crufhed as Things are bruifed in a Mortar, if the Weight “ be great. “ A fecond Fault, was the not raifing the Floor of the Church above the “ Fear of Inundations; many fufficient Foundations have failed after the “ Earth hath been too much drenched with unufual Floods ; befides, it is “ unhandfome to defcend into a Place. “ The third Fault, is in the Poife of the Building : generally the Subftruc- “ tions are too Header for the Weights above. “ The Pillars appear fmall enough, and yet they fhew much greater than “ they are ; for the Shafts of Marble that encompafs them, feem to fill out “ the Pillars to a proportionable Bulk; but indeed they bear little or no “ Weight, and fome of thofe that are prefled, break and fplit; if thofe Orna- “ ments flrould be taken oft, the Pillar would then appear too little for its “ Burthen ; but this is no where fo enormous as under the Steeple, which be- “ ing four hundred Feet in Pleight, is borne by four Pillars, not much larger “ than the Pillars of the Ailes: and therefore out of Fear to overburden “ them in the Infide of the Tower, for forty Feet high above, the Navis is “ made with a fiender hollow Work of Pillars and Arches ; nor hath it any “ Buttrefles, and the Spire itfelf is but leven Inches thick, tho’ the Height be “ above one hundred and fifty Feet. This Work of Pillars and Arches with- “ in the Tower, makes me believe that the Architedl laid his firft Floor of “ Timber forty Feet higher than the Vault beneath, (which, as I faid, was “ fince added) and without doubt intended a Belfry above (as appears by “ Places left in the Walls for Timber, and faftening of the Frames for the “ Bells) and fo would have concluded with the Tower only, without a Spire. “ And if this Addition of a Spire was a fecond Thought, the Artift is more “ excufable for having omitted Buttrefles to the Tower; and his Ingenuity “ commendable for fupplying this Defedt, by bracing the Walls together “ with many large Bands of Iron within and without, keyed together “ with much Induftry, and Exadtnefs: and befides thefe that appear, I have “ Reafon to believe, that there are divers other Braces concealed within the “ Thicknefs of the Walls ; and thefe are fo eflential to the Standing of the “ Work, that if they were diflolved, the Spire would fpread open the Walls “ of the Tower, nor could it Hand one Minute. But this Way of tying “ Walls together with Iron, inftead of making them of that Subftance and “ Form, that they (hall naturally poife themfelves upon their Butment, is “ againft the Rules of good Architedture ; not only becaufe it is corruptible “ by Ruft ; but becaufe it is fallacious, having unequal Veins in the Metal, “ fome Pieces in the fame Bar being three Times ftronger than other; and “ yet all found to Appearance. I (hall not impute to our Artift thofe Errors “ which were generally the Miftakes of Builders in that Age ; yet it will not “ be amifs to infill a little upon thofe which feem to concern us, and to occa- “ Aon fome of the Infirmities in our Buildings. “ Almoftall the Cathedrals of the Gotbidz Form are weak and defedtive in “ the Poife of the Vault of the Ailes ; as for the Vault of the Navis, both “ Sides are equally fupported, and propped up from the Spreading by the “ Bows or flying Buttrefles, which rife from the outward Walls of the Ailes; “ but for the Vaults of the Ailes, they are indeed fupported on the Outfide by i i “ the id ! ! i I 4 'ill f 306 THE LIFE OF “ the Buttreffes, but inwardly they have no other Stay but the Pillars them- “ felves, which (as they are ufually proportioned) if they flood alone with- “ out the Weight above, could not refift the Spreading of the Ailes one Mi- “ nute. True indeed, the great Load above the Walls and Vaults of the Na- “ vis, ihould feem to confirm the Pillars in their perpendicular Station, that “ there ihould be no need of the Butment inward ; but Experience hath “ fliewn the contrary, and there is ficarce any Gothick Cathedral, that I have “ fcen, at home or abroad, wherein I have not obfervcd the Pillars to yield “ and bend inwards from the Weight of the Vault of the Aile ; but this De- “ feit is mod confpicuous upon the angular Pillars of the Crofs, for there, “ not only the Vault wants Butment, but all'o the angular Arches that reft up- “ on that Pillar, and therefore both confpire to thruft it inward towards the “ Center of the Crofs: and this is very apparent in the Fabrick we treat of: “ for this Real'on, this Form of Churches has been rejedted by modern Archi- “ tefls abroad, who ufe the better and Roman Art of Architecture.” Thefe Surveys, and other occafional Infpedtions of the moll noted cathedral Churches and Chapels in England, and foreign Parts ; a Dilcernment of no contemptible Art, Ingenuity, and geometrical Skill in the Defign and Execu¬ tion of fome few, and an Aftedlation of Height and Grandeur, tho’ without Regularity and good Proportion, in moll of them, induced the Surveyor to make fome Enquiry into the Rile and Progrefs of this Gothick Mode, and to confider how the old Greek and Roman Style of building, with the feveral re¬ gular Proportions of Columns, Entablatures, &c. came within a few Cen¬ turies to be lo much altered, and almoft univerfally difufed. He was of Opinion (as has been mentioned in another Place) that what we now vulgarly call the Gothick, ought properly and truly to be named the Sa- racenick ArchiteSiure refined by the Chnfiians ; which firft of all began in the Eaft after the Fall of the Greek Empire by the prodigious Succefs of thofe People that adhered to Mahomet's, Dodtrine, who out of Zeal to their Reli¬ gion, built Mofques, Caravanfaras, and Sepulchres, wherever they came. Thefe they contrived of a round Form, becaufe they would not imitate the chriftian Figure of a Crofs; nor the old Greek Manner, which they thought to be idolatrous, and for that Reafon all Sculpture became offenlive to them. They then fell into a new Mode of their own Invention, tho’ it might have been expedled with better Senfe, confidering the Arabians wanted not Geome¬ tricians in that Age, nor the Moors, who tranflated many of the mod ufeful old Greek Books. As they propagated their Religion with great Diligence, fo they built Mofques in all their conquered Cities in Hafte. The Quarries of great Marble, by which the vanquilhed Nations of Syria, Egypt, and all the Eaft had been fupplied; for Columns, Architraves, and great Stones, were now deferted; the Saracens therefore were neceflitated to accommodate their Archi- tedlure to fuch Materials, whether Marble or Free-ftone, as every Country readily afforded. They thought Columns, and, heavy Cornices impertinent, and might be omitted; and aftedling the round Form for Mofques, they ele¬ vated Cupolas in fome Inftances, with Grace enough. The Holy War gave the Chriftians, who had been there, an Idea of the Saracen Works, which were afterwards by them imitated in the Weft; and they refined up¬ on it every Day, as they proceeded in building Churches. The Italians (among which were yet fome Greek Refugees) and with them French, Germans, and Flemings, joined into a Fraternity of Architedls, procuring papal Bulls for their Encouragement, and particular Privileges ; they ftiled themfelves Free- mafons, and ranged from one Nation to another, as they found Churches to be built (for very many in thofe Ages were every where in Building, through Piety or Emulation.) Their Government was regular, and where they fixed - near sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. 3°7 Si 1 near the Building in Hand, they made a Camp of Huts. A Surveyor govern’d in chief; every tenth Man was called a Warden, and overlooked each nine: the Gentlemen of the Neighbourhood, either out of Charity or Commuta¬ tion of Pennance, gave the Materials and Carriages. Thole who have feen the exad Accounts in Records of the Charge of the Fabricks of fome of our Cathedrals near four hundred Years old, cannot but have a great Efteem for their Oeconomy, and admire how foon they ereded fuch lofty Strudtures. Indeed great Height they thought the greatefl Magni¬ ficence ; few Stones were ufed, but what a Man might carry up a Ladder on his Back from Scaffold to Scaffold, tho’ they had Pullies, and fpoked Wheels, upon Occafion, but having rejedled Cornices, they had no need of great Engines ; Stone upon Stone was eafily piled up to great Heights ; therefore the Pride of their Works was in Pinaclesand Steeples. In this they effentially differed from the Roman Way, who laid all their Mouldings hori¬ zontally, which made the belt Perfpedtive : the Gothick Way on the contrary carried all their Mouldings perpendicular, fo that the Ground-work being fettled, they had nothing elfe to do but to fpire all up as they could. Thus they made their Pillars of a Bundle of little Torus's, which they divided into more, when they came to the Roof; and thefe T 'orus’i fplit into many fmall ones, and traverfmg one another, gave Occafion to the Tracery-work, (as they called it) of which this Society were the Inventors. They ufed the Sharp-headed-arch, which would rife with little centering, re¬ quired lighter Key-Hones, and lefs Butment, and yet would bear another Row of doubled Arches riling from the Key-flone ; by the diverfifying of which, they eredted eminent Strudtures, fuch as the Steeples of Vienna, Straf- burg, and many others. They affedted Steeples, though the Saracens them- felves molt ufed Cupolas. The Church of St. Mark at Venice, is built after the Saracen Manner. Glafs began to be ufed in Windows, and a great part of the Outfide-ornament of Churches confifled in the Tracery Works of dilpofing the Mullions of the Windows, for the better fixing in of the Glafs. Thus the Work required fewer Materials, and the Workmanlhip was for the mold part performed by Flat-moulds, in which the Wardens could eafily inftrud hundreds of Artificers. It muff be confefled; this was an ingenious Compendium of Work, fuited to thefe northern Climates ; and I mull all'o own, that Works of the fame Height and Magnificence in the Roman Way, would be very much more expenfive, than in the other Gothick manner managed with Judgment. But, as all Modes, when once the old rational Ways are defpifed, turn at laft into unbounded Fancies ; this Tracery induced too much mincing of the Stone into open Battlements and fpindling Pinnacles, and little Carvings without Proportion of Diftance ; fo the effential Rules of good Perfpedivc and Duration were forgot. But about two hundred Years ago, when ingenious Men began to reform the Roman Language to the Purity, which they afligned and fixed to the Time of Auguftus and that Century ; the Architeds alfo, afhamed of the modern Barbarity of Building, began to examine carefully the Ruins of Old Rome, and Italy ; to fearch into the Or¬ ders and Proportions, and to eftablifh them by inviolable Rules ; fo to their Labours and Induftry,we owe in a great Degree the Refloration of Architedure. The ingenious Mr. Evelyn, makes a general and judicious Comparifon, in his Account of Architedure, of the ancient and modern Styles, with Re¬ ference to lome of the particular Works of Inigo 'Jones, and the Surveyor-, which in few Words, gives a right Idea of the majeftick Symmetry of the one, and the abfurd Syftem of the other. “ The ancient Greek and Roman Architedure anfwer all the Perfedions “ required in a faultlefs and accomplifhed Building; fuch as for fo many Architecture, “ Ages were fo renowned and reputed by the univerfal Suffrages of the civilized p ' 9 ' “ World, 3°8 i I I THE LIFE OF “ World, and would doubtlefs have ftill fubfifted, and made good their “ Claim, and what is recorded of them ; had not the Goths, Vandals, and “ other barbarous Nations, fubverted and demolifhed them, together with that glorious Empire, where thole ftately and pompous Monuments flood ; introducing in their Head, a certain fantaftical and licencious Manner of “ Bu ilding, which we have fince called Modern or Gothick. Congeflions of “ heavy, dark, melancholy, and monkitb Piles, without any juft Propor- “ tlon > U f e or Beauty, compared with the truly ancient; fo as when we “ meet with the greateft Induftry, and expenfive Carving, full of Fret and “ lamentable Imagery; fparing neither of Pains nor Coft ; a judicious Spec¬ tator is rather diftrafted or quite confounded, than touched with that Ad¬ miration, which refults from the true and juft Symmetry, regular Propor¬ tion, Union, and Dilpofition; and from the great and noble Manner in which the auguft and glorious Fabricks of the Ancients are executed. It was after the Irruption and Swarms of thole truculent People from the North ; the Moors and Arabs from the South and Eaft, over-running the civilized World; that where-ever they fixed themfelves, they foon began to debauch this noble and ufeful Art; when inftead of thofe beautiful Orders, fo majeftical and proper for their Stations, becoming Variety, and other or- mental Acceflbries ; they fet up thofe ilender and mislhapen Pillars, or rather Bundles of Staves and other incongruous Props, to fupport incumbent Weights, and ponderous arched Roofs, without Entablature; and though not without great Induftry (as M. D’Aviler well oblerves) nor altogether naked of gaudy Sculpture, trite and bufy Carvings; ’tis fuch as gluts the Eye, rather then grati¬ fies andpleafes it with any reafonable Satisfadlion : For Proof of this ( without travelling far abroad) I dare report myfelf to any Man of Judgment, and that has the lead Tafte of Order and Magnificence; if after he has looked a while upon King Henry the Vllth’s Chappel at Wejlminjler, gazed on its iharp Angles, Jetties, narrow Lights, lame Statues, Lace, and other Cut- work, and Crinkle-crancle; and lhall then turn his Eyes on the Banquetting- houle built at Whitehall by Inigo Jones, after the ancient Manner; or on what his Majefty’s Surveyor, Sir Chrijlopher Wren, has advanced at St.Pauls, and confider what a glorious Objedt the Cupola, Porticoes, Colonades, and other Parts prefent to the Beholder, or compare the Schools and Library at Oxford with the Theatre there ; or what he has built at Trinity-College, in Cambridge, and fince_ all thefe, at Greenwich and other Places; by which Time our Home-traveller will begin to have a juft Idea of the ancient and modern Architecture : I lay, let him well confider, and compare them judicially, with¬ out Partiality and Prejudice ; and then pronounce which of the two Manners ftrikes the Underftanding as well as the Eye, with the more Majefty and folemn Greatnefs ; tho’ in fo much a plainer and Ample Drefs, conform to the re- fpedtive Orders and Entablature; and acccordingly determine to whom the Preference is due : Not as we faid, that there is not fomething of folid, and odiy artificial too, after a Sort: but then the univerfal and unreafonable Thick- nefs of the Walls, clumfy Buttreffes, Towers, fliarp-pointed Arches, Doors, and other Apertures, without Proportion : nonfenlical Infertions of various Marbles impertinently placed ; Turrets and Pinacles thick fet with Monkies and Chimeras, and Abundance of bufy Work and other Incongruities difiipate and break the Angles of the Sight, and fo confound it, that one cannot con¬ fider it with any Steadinefs, where to begin or end ; taking off from that noble Air and Grandeur, bold and graceful Manner, which the Ancients had fo well and judicioufly eftabliftied : but, in this Sort have they and their Followers ever fince filled not Europe alone, but Afia and Africa befides, with Moun¬ tains of Stone, vaft and gigantick Buildings indeed, jjutujot worthy the Name of Architecture, &c. ¥fsSjJ^ ECTION -f- sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. SECT. IX. A Catalogue, Jhort Defcription ,, and general Dimenfions, of Fifty- one parochial Churches of the City of London, ereEled according to the Defigns, and under the Care and ConduEl , of Sir Chrifto- pher Wren, in lieu of thofe which were burnt and demolifdd by the great Fire the Tear 1666. together with other Churches built , and repair d \ and publich Buildings . ^fLLHALLOWS Bread-Jireet Church, in the Ward of Bread-ftreet Nrw Vim within the Walls of London , was rebuilt, and finifh’d in 1684 and ^ London » the Steeple in 1697. It is a pleafant Church of the Tu/can Order • the Length 17 ° 8 ' 72, Breadth 35, and Altitude 30 Feet. The Steeple, (as the Church) is of Stone built fquare, of the Dorick Order, and well adorn’d ; the Key-ftones over the Windows being Carved Heads, and between each a large Feftoon - tt s Height is about 86 Feet. \\ Ahhflows the Great, fituated on the South fide of Lhames-flreet in the • arf of Dowgate 3 within the Walls of London, was re-erefled, and finifhed in 1 6S3, of the Tufcan Order, fupported and adorn’d with Pillars and Mem- brettos of that Order, and ftrong built of Stone. Its Length is about 87 Feet Breadth 60, Height 33, with a fquare Stone Tower, 86 Feet high. III. Mhallotm l.ombard-Jlreet Church, fituated on the North-fide of that Street, in the Ward of Langbourn, was rebuilt and finifh’d in 1694. In the Church is only one Pillar, which, as alfo the Pilafters, are of the Lufcan Order • the Length is 84 Feet, Breadth 52, Height about 30 ; the Altitude of the Tower is about 85, built fquare. IV. St. Man Wood-ftreet Church, fituated on the Eaft-fide of Great-Wood- [treet, in the Ward of Cripple-Gate, was rebuilt and finifhed in i68c- the Budding both of the Outfide and Infide is Gothick, as the fame was before the Fire, in Length about 66, Breadth 39, Height 33 Feet; the Tower is of Stone built fquare, with Gothick Pinnacles; its Altitude is 85; Feet, or to the Top of the Pinnacles 92. r V. The Church of St. Anne and Agnes, fituated on the North-fide of St. Anne’s-lane, within Alderfgate, was re-ere&ed and finifh’d in 1680, and beau- tify’d in 1703, very pleafant, and ornamental, tho’ fmall; 53 Feet fquare, and about 35 Feet high; and the l ower to the Top of the Turret, about 84. The Roof is fupported by four handfbme Corinthian Pillars, which are pofited in a Geometrical Square, from each other; its Ornament confifts of four Arches of Fret-work, with Flowers, Fruit, Leaves, Cherubims, &c. At the four Angles, the Roof is lower, and confifls of four Quadrangles, within each of which, is a Circle form’d by a Circumference of very rich Fret-work. VL St. Andrew’s Wardrobe Church, fituated on the Eaft-fide of Paddle-dock- hill, in the Wardof Cajlle-Baynard, was re-edify’d and finifh’d in 1692, built of Brick, but finiftied or rendered over in imitation of Stone ; the Facias and Corners are Stone, and very good ruftick Quoins. The Roof is fupported by k k twelve 4 3 10 THE LIFE OF twelve Fufcan Pillars, and well ornamented with Fret-work: The Length of this Church is about 75, Breadth 59, Altitude 38 Feet; and that of the fquare Tower about 86. VII. St. Andrews Holbourn Church, fituated on the South-fide of Holhourn- hill, in the Ward of Farendon, without the Walls of London, but within the Liberty, was rebuilt and finifh’d in 1687, beautiful, andfpacious; the Columns that fupport the Roof; adorn’d with Fret-work, are of the Corinthian Order; the Walls of Stone; the Length is 105, Breadth 63, and Height 43 Feet; the Altitude of the Tower, or fquare Steeple, is 110 Feet; it has tour large Windows fronting E. W. N. and S. adorn’d with Pilafters, Architrave, Friefe, Cornice, Pediments, and of the Dorick Order; finifh’d in 1704. VIII. St. Anthony's, alias St. Antholin’s Church, fituated at the Weft-end of JVatlin-Jireet, in Cordwainer-Jireet Ward, was re-eredted and finifh’d in 1682, built of Stone, the Outfide of the Fufcan Order, but the Roof within (which is an eliptical Cupola adorn’d with Fret-work of Feftoons, with four Port-hole Windows) is fupported by eight Pillars of the Compofite Order; the Length is about 66, Breadth 34, and Height within 44 Feet: It has a neat Spire Steeple, in Altitude about 154 Feet. IX. St. Augu[tin's neat little Church, fituated on the North-fide of Watlin- Jlreet, near St. [aid's Cathedral, was finifh'd in 1683, and the Steeple in 1695 ; the Church and Steeple are of Stone, the latter being a Tower with Acroteria, a Cupola, a Lantern adorn’d with Vafes, and a Spire whofe lower Part is of a pa¬ rabolical Form. The Roof is camerated, divided into Pannels, adorn’d with Fret¬ work, and fupported with Pillars of the Ionick Order; the Length of the Church is about 5 1, Breadth 45, and Height 30 Feet; and that of the Steeple 145 Feet. X. St. BenediB (vulgarly St. Bennet ) Graf-church fituated on the Eaft-fide of Graf-church-Jireet, in the Ward of Bridge-within, i. e. within the Walls of London, was re-edify'd and finifh’d in 1685 ; its Length within is about 60, Breadth 30, Height 32 ; and of the Steeple 149 Feet. XI. St. Bennet' s Paul's Wharf Church, fituated on the North-fide of Fbames- Jireet, in the Ward of Cajlle-Baynard, was rebuilt in 1683, of Brick and Stone, ornamented on the Outfide with Feftoons carv’d in Stone round the Fabrick; the quadrangular Roof within is fupported by four Pillars and Pilafters of the Corin¬ thian Order, with their Architrave, Friefe, and Cantaliever Cornice ; the Length within is 54, Breadth 50, Height 36 Feet; the Steeple (which is of Brick and Stone, as the Church) confifts of a Tower, Dome and Turret, the Altitude about 318 Feet. XII. St. Bennedidl’s (vulgo St. Bennet) Fink- church, fituated on the North fide of Fhread-needle-Jireet, in the Ward of Broad-Jlreet, was built in 1673, of Stone, and is a fine Piece of Architedlure; the Body of the Church within is a compleat elipfis, (a very commodious Form for the Auditory) and the Roof is an eliptical Cupola, (at the Center of which is a Turret glaz’d round) environ’d with a Cantaliever Cornice, and fupported by fix Columns of the Compofite Order; between each of which is a fpacious Arch, and fix large light Windows, with ftrong Munions and Tranfums : The Length (or greater Diameter) of the C hurch is 63, the Breadth, (or leffer Diameter) 48, the Altitude 49 Feet. The Steeple 4 confifts •I' sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. 311 1 confifts of a fquare Tower, over which is a large Cupola, and above that a Spire, which are together above i jo Feet; and the Tower is adorn’d with Frejco- work of Feftoons, &c. XIII. St. Bartholomew's Exchange (or the Eittle) Church, fituated on the Eaft-fide of Barthoiomew-lane , and near the Royal exchange, in the Ward of ' Broad-flreet, was rebuilt in 16795 ’tis a Strong Building, the Roof flat, adorn d with Fret-work, and fupported with Columns of the Tufcan Order, and large Arches. Here are three fine Door-cafes, on the N. S. and W. Sides of the Church, whole Pilafters, Entablature, and pediments are of the Corinthian Order, adorn’d with Cherubims, Shields, Feftoons, Sc. that towards the South being more particularly fpacious and fine : The Length is 78, Breadth 60, Height 41; and that of the lquare Tower, about 90 Feet. XIV. St. Bridget , alias St. Bride’s Church, fituated on the South-fide of Fleet- flreet, in the Ward of Farendon, without the Walls of London, but within the Liberty of the City, was rebuilt with great Beauty and Strength, in 1680, and further adorn’d in 1699; the Roof is elevated on Pillars, and Arches, with Entablaments of the Tufcan Order; the Length is 111, Breadth 57, Lleight 41 Feet; The Altitude of the Steeple is 234 Feet; it conlifts of a Tower, and lofty Spire of Stone, adorn’d with Pilafters, and Entablature of the Corinthian Order, arched Pediments, Urns, &c. and fpiry Arcades, of a mod elegant Effedt. XV. Chrijl-church, fituated on the North-fide of Newgate-Jlrect, was rebuilt in 1687 ; the Fabrick is of Stone, fpacious and beautiful, with Buttreffes on the Out-fide, and adorn’d with Acroteria, Pine-apples, Pediments, Sc. the Spire was finifh’d in 1704, which is likewife of Stone, adorn’d with Vales, Sc. the Roof of the Nave of the Church is camerated, and thofe of the two Side-ailes are flat; the firft fupported by ten Pillars of the Compofite Order, the others by as many Pilafters of the fame Order; the Length is 114 Feet, Breadth 81, Height 38 ; the Altitude of the Steeple (which confifts of a Tower and Spire) is about 153 Feet. XVI. St. Chrijlopher’s Church, fituated on the North-fide of Theadneedle-flreet, in the Ward of Broad-ftreet, was not totally deftroy’d by the great Fire , (the Walls partly elcaping the Flames) and had probably far’d better, had it not been fill’d with Paper. It was loon after the Fire repair’d, in 1671; after¬ wards beautify’d in 1696; all the Old Part left by the Fire is Gothick, but the Pillars within are Tufcan-, the Length is 60, Breadth 52, Height 40 Feet; Altitude of the Tower about 80 Feet. XVII. St. dements Danes Church, fituated on the North-fide of the Strand, a little Weftward of Temple-Bar, in the Liberty of Weflminjler , “ being greatly a “ decay’d, was taken down in the Year 1680, and rebuilt and finifh’d in 1682, sum of ■while “ Sc. Sir Chrijlopher Wren his Majefty’s Surveyor, freely and generoufly be- “ flowing his great Care and Skill towards the contriving and building of it, the Chamtl. “ &c.” The Fabrick is of Stone, ftrong and beautiful, of the Corinthian Order, with a Tower, and the late Addition thereon of an ornamental * Steeple. The ^Mr-Gibbs. Eaft-ends both of the Church and Chancel are eliptical. The Roof is ca¬ merated, fupported with Corinthian Columns, and enrich’d with Fret-work. On the South, fronting the Strand, is a circular Portico of fix Ionick Pillars. The Length is 96 Feet, Breadth 63, Height 48; Altitude of the Tower about 116 Feet. XVIII. 312 T FI E LIFE OF XVlil. St. Clements Ea/l-cheap Church, fituated on the Eaft-fide of St. Cle- ments-lar.e, near great Eajl-cheap, in the Ward of Candlcwick-Jlreet, was rebuilt of Brick and Stone, in 1686, of the Compofite Order, having a Tower, flat Roof, and Pilafters round the Infide'of the Church. The Cieling is adorn’d with a fpacious Circle, whofe Periphery is curious Fret-work. The Length is 64, Breadth 40, Pleight 34 ; and that of the Tower 88 Feet. XIX. St. Dionis Back Church, fituated on the Weft-fide of Lime-Jlreet, in the Ward of Langbourn, was rebuilt in 1674; and the Steeple, in 5684. The Building is chiefly of Stone ; the Tower, and the Pillars within are ftrong; but part of the Walls are of Brick finijh'd-mer ; the faid Pillars and the Pilafters that ftrengthen the Walls within, and'fupport the Roof, are of the Ionick Order ; as is alfo the End fronting Lime-Jlreet. The Length is 66 Feet, Breadth 59, Height 34; and that of the Tower and Turret 90 Feet. XX. St. Dunflan's in the Eajl, is fituated in the Middle-way between Tower- Jlreet, North, and Lhames-ftreet, South; in Lotcer-Jlreet Ward. The Church was only repair’d, and new beautify’d, but the Steeple was eredted as it now appears, in 1698. The Windows and Steeple are of a modern Gotbick Stile, but the Pillars and Arches within are Lufcan. The Altitude of the Steeple, confifting of a Stone-tower and Spire, at each Corner of which Tower are four neat fmaller Spires, and the fifth or principal eredted on four Gotbick Arches is 7 S Feet - XXI. St. Edmund the King , fituated on the North-fide of Lombard-Jlreet, in Langbourn Ward, is well built of Stone, and of the Lu[can Order -. The Roof is flat, and there are no Pillars within to fupport it. The Length is 69 Feet, Breadth 39, Height 33 ; and that of the Tower about 90 Feet, the Church was rebuilt in 1690. XXII. St. George Botolph-lane Church, fhuated on the Weft-fide of Botolph- lane , in the Ward of Belingfgale, was rebuilt of Stone, of 1674. The Roof over the two Side-ailes is flat, but that over the Nave is camerated, and fup- ported by Columns of the Compofite Order. The Outfide of the Eaft-end is adorn’d with a Stone Cornice and Pediment, and enrich'd with a Cherub and Feftoons ; the Roof with fretted Arches; and an Entablament above the Columns. The Length is 54 Feet, Breadth 36, Height 36 ; and of the Steeple about 84 Feet. XXIII. St. James's Garlick-hill Church, fituated on the Eaft-fideof that Hill, near 7 'bames-Jlreet, in the Ward of Vintry, was rebuilt, of 1683, of Stone, with handfome outer Door-cafes of the Corinthian Order. The Roof within is flat, and fupported with 1 2 Columns, befides Pilafters, of the Ionick Order. The Length is 75, Breadth 45, Height 40 Feet; and of the Steeple (which is a Tower, with Rail and Banifter above the Cornice) about 90 Feet. XXIV. St. James's, Weflminfter, Church, fituated on the North-fide of Jer- myn-Jlreet, fronting towards St. James's-J'quare, within the Liberty of the City of Weflminjler , was eredted at the Charge and Credit of Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans, and of the Inhabitants, Owners and Occupiers of the Houfes and Lands in this Precindt; and with the Authority of an Adt of Parliament palled ^tio Jacobi zdi. conftituting this Church parochial. The Walls are of Brick, with Ruftick Quoins, Facias, Doors, and Windows of Stone. The Roof is arched, fupported by Pillars of the Corinthian Order; and the Door-cafes of the Ionick Order. The Beauty of this Church confifts chiefly, ijt. in its Roof 4 within, sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. within, divided into Pannels of Crocket and Fret-work, and the twelve Co¬ lumns that fupport it; and in the Cornice. 2 dly, In the Galleries. 3 dly. In the Door-cafes, efpecially that fronting Jermyn-flreet. 4 thh , In the Windows efpecially two at the Eaft-end; the upper Order a Venetian Window, adorned with two Columns and two Pilafters, of the Compofite Order ; the lower, of the Corinthian : The Length is 84, Breadth 63, Height 42 ; and that of the Steeple which confifts of a Tower and Clock-fpire, 149 Feet. XXV. St. Lawrence Jewry Church, fituated on the North-fide of Cateaton- freet, and Weft-fide of Guildhall-yard, in the Ward of Cheap, was rebuilt in 1677 of Stone, and in the Corinthian Order. The Roof is fiat, adorned with Fret-work; and the Columns, Pilafters, and Entablement, of the fame Order, rhe Length is 81, Breadth 6S, Height 40 Feet; and that of the Steeple, (which is a Tower-lanthorn, and fmall Spire) about 13 o Feet. XXVI. St. Magnus Church, fituated on the Eaft-fide, and North-end of London Bridge, in Bridge-ward , was rebuilt in 1676, and the Steeple in 170 r, of Stone. 1 heRoof over the Nave or middle Aile is camerated, and enriched with Arches of Fret-work ; alfo an Architrave, Frieze, and Cornice, round the Walls. Over the two other Ailes flat, fupported by Columns of the Ionick Order, &c. The Steeple confifts of a Tower, a Lanthorn, a Cupola, and fpiry Turret." The Length is 90, Breadth 59, Height 41 Feet; and that of the Steeple XXVII. St. Margaret Lothbury Church, fituated on the North-fide of Loth- bwy, in the Ward of Coleman-ftreet, was re-edified and finith’d in 1690, of Stone; with a Steeple, confiding of a fpacious Tower, on which is a fmall Dome, and on that a Spire : The Roof is flat, fupported with Columns on the South, and Pilafters on the North-fide, of the Corinthian Order. The Length is 66, Breadth 54, Height 36 Feet; and that of the Steeple 140 Feet. & XXVIII. St. Margaret's Pattens Church, fituated on the North-fide of Little Tower-Jlreet, in the Ward of Belinfgate, was rebuilt in 1687 The Walls at the Weft-end are of Stone, but fronting Southward of Brick covered with a Finilhing, and Quoins of Stone. The tower is alfo of Stone with Acroteria and Spire, of the Dorick Order. The outer Door-cafe at the Weft- end is Lujan, and the Pillars and Pilafters within are Corinthian. The Roof is flat, having a Quadrangle of Fret-work, and the Arches adorned with the like. The Length is 66, Breadth 52, Height 32 ; and that of the Steeple which confifts of a fpacious Tower and Spire, is 198 Feet 2 Inches. * ' XXIX. St. Martin's Ludgate Church, fituated on the North-fide of Ludgate- Jlreet, in the Ward of Farrendon , was rebuilt and finifhed, with the Steeple, in 1684. The Walls, and four Columns near the four Angles of the Church that fupport the camerated Roof, are of Stone, of the Compofite Order : The Steeple confifts of a handfome Tower, Cupola, and Spire, of the Lufcan Order. Above which Cupola is a Balcony. The Length is 57, Breadth 66, Height rq Feet; and of the Steeple to the Top of the Spire 168 Feet. J XXX. St. Mary Abchurch, fituated on the Weft-fide of Abchurch-lane in tlie Ward of Candlewick-dreet , was rebuilt in 1686, of Brick, with Stone- Quoins, Windows, and Door-cafes : The Tower alfo is of the like Materials which has a Cupola and Spire. The Length is 63, Breadth 60, Height ci Feet; and of the Steeple about 140 Feet. D J 1 1 313 II' XXXI. XXXI. St. Mary-at-hill Church, fituated on the Weft-fide of the Street, called St. Mary-hill, in the Ward of Belinfgate, was rebuilt in 1672. The Front towards the Hill is Stone ; the reft of the Walls Stone, covered with a Finithing ; the Tower is alfo of Stone; the Infide of the Roof over the middle Aile is a little Arching, in the Middle w hereof is a handfome Cupola : The Roofs of the fide Ailes are flat, and lowed; at the four Angles, fupported with four Columns: At each End of the Church are two Pilafters, of no Order at all; but a Species, partly compofed of the Dorick and Corinthian The Roof of the Cupola is adorned with Cherubims, Arches, and Leaves, and the reft of the Church-cieling with quadrangular Figures, all of Fret-work ; under which is a Cantaliever Cornice. The Length is 96, Breadth 60, Altitude to theCieling of the Roof 26, and to the Center of the Cupola 38 Feet; and that of the Steeple, confifting of a Tower and Turret, about 96 Feet. XXXII. St. Mary Aldermary Church, fituated on the Eaft-fide of Boio-lane, in the Ward of Cordviainers-r/ireet, was rebuilt by a private Benefadtion, before the Publick Fund was fettled by Parliament on Coals, for rebuilding the Churches demoiifhed by the Fire. The lower Part of the Tower was repaired by the Surveyor , and the uppe'r Part new-built in 1711. The Altitude to the Vertex of the Pinnacles 135 Feet. XXXIII. St. Mary Magdalen, Old Fijh-flrcct Church, fituated on the North- fide of Little Knight-rider-ftreet, in the Ward of Cajlle-Baynard, was rebuilt in the Year 1685, moftly of Stone; with Rail and Banifter round the Outfide. There are three Ailes, and a handfome Stone-Tower. The Length is 60, Breadth 48, Pleight 30 Feet; and of the Tower XXXIV. St. Mary Somerfet Church, fituated on the North-fide of Tharnes- Jlreet, in the Ward of dtyeenhyth, was rebuilt in 1693, of Stone, with the Tower. Here are two Ailes, with a flat Roof, adorned with a Cornice ; and between the V/indows with Fret-work of Cherubims, &c. The Length is 83, Breadth 36, Height 30 Feet; and of the Tower, to the Top of the higheft Pinnacles, 120 Feet. XXXV. St. Mary le-bow, fituated on the South-fide of Qbeapfide, in the Ward of Cordaeainer-ftreet. This Church was rebuilt and finifbed in 1673. upon the Walls of a very ancient Church, about the early Time of the Rowan Colony, which by the Riling of the Ground in fucceeding Ages, were entirely buried under the Level of the prefent Street of Cheap fide. It is built of Brick and Stone; the Walls covered with a Finilhing ; the Roof is arched, and fupported with ten Corinthian Columns; there are three Ailes, befides the crofs Aile at the Weft-end. The Model is after that of the Femplum Pads. But the principal Ornament of this Church is the Steeple, eredted near the North-weft Angle, and made contiguous by a Lobby between the Church and Steeple, which is founded upon an old Roman Catifeway, lying about 18 Feet below the Level of the Street. It is accounted by judicious Artifts an ad¬ mirable Piece of Architedture, not to be parallel’d by the Steeple of any paro¬ chial Church in Europe. It was defigned by the incomparable Sir Chriftopher Wren , begun in 1671, and finifited in t68o. It is built of Portland-ftone, con¬ fifting of a Tower and Spire : The Tower is fquare ; in the North-fide there¬ of is a Door and beautiful Door-cafe, the Peers and Arch are of the Lufcan Order, and is adorned with two Columns and Entablement of the Dorick Order; 3 l 5 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. Older ; the Metops enriched with Cherubims; above the Cornice is an elliptical Aperture, on the Key-piece a Cherub, whence (by way of Compartment) extend two Feftoons of large Fruit, fuftain’d lower by two Cupids in a fitting Pofture, their Feet refting on the Cornice; and the whole farther adorned with Ruftick-work, and another Door.cafe of the fame Form, on the Weft-fide; above which, on the faid North-fide, is another Aperture and Balcony ; and a little higher a Modillion Cornice; above that are four Windows, (on each Side one) each adorned with four Pilafters, with Entablement, of the Ionick Order: Over the Cornice a Balluftrade, and at each Angle four Cartouches, eredted tapering ; and, on the Meeting of the upper Ends, a lpacious Vafe, which terminates the Tower. The Spire begins with a circular Mure ; and on that, a little higher than the Tops of the faid Vafes, is a Range of Columns with Entablature, and Acroteria, of the Corinthian Order. This Balcony is adorned with Bows or Arches, all which you pafs under in walking round this Part of th.e Spire, which (a little higher) is adorned with Pedeftals, their Columns and Entabla¬ ture of the Compcfite Order ; fo that here are all the five Orders, regularly exe¬ cuted. On the Cornice of this laft Order Hand Cartouches, whereon is eredted an Obelifk of a co.nfiderable Altitude, and at the Vertex thereof a -fpacious Ball; and above that (as a Weather-cock) is the Figure of a Dragon of Brafs gilt, about ten Feet long; in the expanded Wings is figur’d a Crofs, (the Sup¬ porter of the Enfigns-armorial of the City of London.) The Dimenfions of the Church within, are, Length 654- Feet, Breadth 63, Altitude 38; and that of the famous Steeple 2 a 5 Feet. To give the Sentiments of an Author we have took Occafion fometimes to critical Re¬ quote: — “The Steeple of Bow-church, fays he, is another Mafter-piece [of “ Sir Chrifiopher Wren's] in a peculiar Kind of Building, which has no fixed “ Rule to diredl it, nor is it to be reduced to any fettled Laws of Beauty ; 13. ’ “ withoubt doubt, if we confider it only as a Part of fome other Building, “ it can be efteemed no other than a delightful Abfurdity: But if either con- “ fidered in itfelf, or as a Decoration of a whole City in Profpedf, not only to “ be juftified, but admir’d. That which we have now mentioned is beyond “ Queftion as perfedt as human Imagination can contrive or execute, and till “ we fee it outdone, we fliall hardly think it to be equalled.” XXXVI. St. Mary Woohoth Church, fituated on the South-fide of Lotubard- Jlreet, was repaired in 1677. The Sides, the Roof, and Part of the Ends, having been damnified by the great Fire: The Steeple was old, and wanted rebuilding, which, together with the whole Church, is now very fubftantially performed by the ingenious and fkilful Architedf Mr. Nicholas Hawkfmoor ; who formerly was, and continued for many Years, a Domeftick-clerk to the Surveyor, and was afterwards employed under him in the royal, and other publick Works. XXXVII. St. Mary Aldermanbury Church, fituated near the Middle of Al- dermanbury, in the Ward of Cripplegate, was rebuilt in 1677, of Stone, with the Steeple, confiding of a Tower and Turret. The Roof within is carne- rated, and fupported with twelve Columns of the Compofite Order: At the Eaft- end is a large Cornice and Pediment; alfo two large Cartouches, and Pine- Apples of Stone carved ; the Infide of the Roof is adorned with Arches of Fret-work, and the faid Columns with an Entablature; the Cornice Cantaliever. The Length 72, Breadth 45, Height 38 Feet; and of the Steeple, about 90 Feet. 1 XXXVIII, ' ! ! I II I 3 16 THE LIFE OF XXXVIII. St. Matthe-0 Friday-flreet Church, fituated on the Weft-fide of Friday-flreet, near Cheapfide, in the Ward of Farrendon , was rebuilt in 1685. Tire Walls and Tower are of Brick, the Windows and Door-cafes Stone; as is all the Front towards Friday-ftreet. The Length is 60, Breadth 3 a Height 2 1 ; and of the Tower, 74 Feet. XXXIX. St. Michael Bafmgfiall (alias Bajfijhato) Church, fituated on theWeft- fide of Bafinghall-ftreet , in the Ward of Bajjifiaw , was rebuilt and finifh’d in 1679. The Walls are Brick ; the Tower of Stone ; three Ailes, the Apertures of each Side fimilar to tbofe of their Oppofites in Number and Model; Pillars of the Corinthian Order : The Roof is camerated, and divided into Quadrangular Pannels of Crocket-work ; alfo a Cantaliever Cornice, Friefe, Gf c. enrich’d with Foliage, &c. the Length 70, Breadth 50, Height 42 Feet; and of the Tower, 75 Feet. XL. St. Michael Royal Church, on the Eaft-fide of College-hill, in the Ward of Vintry, was rebuilt in 1694. The Walls are of Stone, and at the Eaft-end fome Brick; a flat fquare Roof, adorned with Fret and Crocket-work. The Length is 86, Breadth 48, Height 40 ; and of the Tower, about 90 Feet. XLI. St. Michael Queenlyth Church, on the South-weft Angle of Little ‘Trin ty-Iane, in ‘Fhames-Jlreet, in the Ward of §>ueenhyth, was rebuilt in 1677. The Walls are of Stone ; there are three Ailes; the Roof is fquare and flat, with the Ornament of a Quadrangle bounded with Fret-work. The Length 71, Breadth 40, Height 39; and that of the Steeple, confifting of a Tower and Spire, 135 Feet. XLII. St. Michael IVood-ftreet Church, on the Weft-fide of Great IVood- Jlrcet, in the Ward of C.ripplegate, was rebuilt in 1675, of Stone; the Roof flat, and adorned with Fret and Crocket-work, the Walls with Arches and Impofts ; the Front towards JVood-Jlreet , with Stone Pilafters, Entablature, and pitched Pediment of the Ionick Order. The Length within is 63, Breadth 42, Height 31 Feet; of the Tower, 90 Feet. XLIII. St. Michael Crooked-lane Church, on the Eaft-fide of St. Michael's- lane , in the Ward of Candlrwick-Jlreet, was rebuilt in 1688, of Stone. The Length is 78, Breadth 46, Height 32 Feet; and of the Tower to the Top of the Pinnacles, about 100 Feet. XLIV. St Michael Cornhill Church, on the South-fide of Cornhill, in the Ward of Cornhill , being demolifhed by the great Fire (except the Tower), was rebuilt in 1672, moftly of Stone, and with three Ailes; the Roof camerated, having Groins and Impofts covered with Lead, and fupported with Tiifcan Columns. The Length is 87, Breadth 60, Height 35 Feet; and, of the Tower to the Top of the fmall ones at the Angles, 130 Feet. XLV. St. Mildred Bread-Jlreet Church, on the Eaft-fide of Bread-Jlreet , and in the Ward of Bread-ftreet , was rebuilt in 1683. The Front towards Bread- Jtreet is well-built of Free-ftone ; the reft of the Walls, and Tower, of Brick ; the four Sides within the Strufture are uniform, each having one Window un¬ der a fpacious graceful Arch ; and the Roof is a Dome, whofe Bale’s Circum¬ ference touches the four Arches aforefaid. Here are two Ailes, and the Steeple I is s r r CHRISTOPHER WREN, K N T. 13 P ,aced . at ' he South-eaft Angle of the Church. The Arches and Walls within are adorned with great Vanety of Fret-work, &i The Length is 62 Breadth 36 Height 40 Feet, and to the Top of the Dome 52 Feet: and of the Steeple to the Fop of the Spire 140. p, X ; LVl ' 'Paltry Church, on the North-fide of the Poultry near Stocks-market in the Ward of Cheap, was rebuilt in 1676, of Stone, a«d has three fmall Ades, with a flat quadrangular Roof, adorned with Fret-work &c TheOutfide next the Poultry has a Cornice, Pediment, and Acroters,’witli Enrichments of Foliage, Sic. all cut in Stone. The Length is 56, Breadth 41 Height 3 6 Feet; and of the Stone Tower 75. 3 42) W X ^ V : !I h *’ Ftc , ho,as C °hMey Church, on the South-fide of Fijh-Jlreet , in the Ward of S&enhyth, was rebuilt in ,677. The Walls are well built of Stone; the Steeple is a Tower, and a Fruftum of a Pyramid covered with Lead, and a Balcony at the upper End; there are three Ailes; the Roof is flat, adorned with i annels of Crocket-work; and the Walls with Corinthian Pilafters The Length is 63, Breadth 43, Height 36 Feet; and of the Steeple 135. th^w! 1 A l fr/^ Wry Church ’ ° n the Weft - fide of the Old Jewry, in the Ward o{ Ccleman-Jlreet, was rebuilt,in 1673. The Walls are partly Brick with Stont Facias, Windows, Door-cates; the Outfide of the P Eaft-end is’ adorned with Pilafters Cornice, and a fpacious pitched Pediment; the upper Part of the Walls, at the meeting with the Roof round the Church, is enriched with Cherubinis heftoons, and Cartouches: There are two Ailes, and a verv large Chancel. The Steeple is of Stone, confiding of a handfome Tower, with Pinnades. The Length is 78 Breadth 34, Height 36 Feet; and of the Tower to the Top of its Pinnacles, about 88 Feet. p XU /i S o F ‘‘Z’ S , Church in Cornhill, was rebuilt in i68r, of Stone, exceot Part of the South-fide, and the Tower, which is Brick ; the reft of the Steeple WZ ’ the Dom e and Spire, are Timber covered with Lead; the Roof within is camerated, and fupported with fquare Pillars, adorned with Pilafters of the uZt“ n rde I ; ^ c there , are three Ailes - The L - en S th is 8 °, Breadth 47 Height 40 ; and of the Steeple, about 140 Feet. ^' * L. St. Sepulchre’s Church, on the North-fide of Snow-hill, in the Ward of rhTwft ^ e 'v nS demoliflied by the great Fire, (except Part of the Wall and Steeple) was rebuilt in 1670. The Walls are of Stone ftrengthened with Buttreffes; the Tower is alfo of Stone, with four fmall Spires, one a each Angle, which, as alfo the Windows, are modern Gothick-, the Roof over the Nave is camerated, but is flat; and lower about 8 Feet over the Side-ailes fun ported with twelve ftrong Stone Columns of the Tufcan Order. The Length ,, (befides the Paffage or Ambulatory at the Weft-end) 126 Feet Breadth 3 le\- eluding the Chapel on the North- 4 ) 58, Height of (he Roof“ver the Middle-' aile 35 ; and of the Tower and Spires, about 140 Feet. twF'A ff lle ” ,an -/‘ reet >. wa srebu ik in 1676, chiefly of Stone, with p Al ' r F 12 J flat> WIthout Plllars t0 lopport it. On the Outfide the Front of the Eaft-end is adorned with a Cornice and circular Pediment be¬ tween two Pine-apples, &c. The Length is 75, Breadth g c Height aa ■ and of the Tower, befides the Turret, 65 Feet. 3 S ’ S 44 ’ v m m LII, tel nr 1 f ! 3 l! THE LIFE OF LIT St. Stephen’s Wallbrook Church, near Stocis-market, was rebuilt in 1676. The Walls and Tower are of Stone; the Root within, over the Middle-aile is arched in the Center of which is a lpacious Cupola, and a Lantern 111 the mid e of that: Over the reft of the Church the Roof is flat fupported by Corinth an Columns and Pilafters. Here are three Ailes, and a CroRaile The Length is 7 r Breadth 56, Altitude of the middle Roof 34, of the Cupola and Lantern J Feet • and of the Tower to the Top of the Rail and Bamfter, about 7 o Feet “ Walbrook Church, fo little known among us, is famous all over o/f, and “ is iuftlv reputed the Mafter- piece of the celebrated Sir ChrJ/opber Wren. “ Perhaps Italy itfelf can produce no modern Building that can vie with this “ in Tafte or Proportion : There is not a Beauty which the Plan would admit “ of that is not to be found here in its greateft Perfection; and Foreigners very “ ju’ftly call our Judgment in queftion for underftanding its Graces no better, “ and allowing it no higher a Degree of Fame. , [Critical Review of Publick Buildings in London, P. 12, i 7 34 -J LIU. St. Switkin’s Church, on the North-fide of Cannon-,dreet, near London- fltne , in the Ward of Walbrook , was rebuilt in 1679, of Stone, with the Tower; the Roof fupported with Demi-columns of the Cmpefite Order Here are three Ailes; and the whole is qfmmodious and plea&nt, though fma . The Length 61 Feet from North to South, from Eaft to Weft 42, Height 40, and of the Tower and Spire 1 50 Feet. LIV. St. Vedafl , alias Fofter Church, on the Eaft-fide of Fofter-lane in the Ward of Farendon , was rebuilt in 1697, of Stone, with three Ailes; the Roof flat, fupported on the South-fide with Tufcan Columns, and adorned with an eliptical Figure within a Parallelogram, environed with curious Frct - W °*> ©£ The Length is 69 Feet, Breadth 51, Altitude 36 ; and of the Tower, about 90 Feet. In the ninth Year of the Reign of SjtemAnne, 1708, an Aft of Parliament palled to ereft Fifty new additional Parijh Churches in the Cities of London and VPefimn- fler ■ The Surveyor, being appointed one of the Commiffioners for carrying on the Works, attended that Service with all the Application h,s other Offices would permit; and preparatory thereunto, tookoccafion to impart his Thoughts to this Effedb/ in a Letter to a Friend in that Commiffion. O INCE Providence, in great Mercy, has protrafled my Age, to the finiffiing S the cathedral Church of St. Paul, and the parochial Churches of London, ffilieu of thofe demolifhed by the Fire ; (all which were executed during the Fatigues of my Employment in the Service of the Crown, from that Tim the prefent happy Rei and R e _ e difying of the greateft City of the World in lefs then twenty “ Years (which had been near two thoufand Years in building, nor then half « fo vaft, &c.) call aloud for their Medals apart: We yet fee in Medal none - Trajan, “ of the Column ereAed in Memory of that dreadful Fire, the biggeft and * Col. i+7- “ higheft all Europe has to fhew ; and infinite Pity ’tis, that it had not been 5 «w»<'"r “ f et U P where the Incendium and Burning ceas’d, like a Jupiter Jlator, rather London, 202’’ " than where it fatally began ; not only in regard to the Eminency of the Ground, Englifi Feu. « but p or t p, e R ea f on of the Thing, fince it was intended as a grateful Monument “ and Recognition to Almighty God for its Extindtion, and fliould therefore have “ been plac’d where the devouring Flames ceas’d and were overcome, more “ agreeably to the ftately Trophy, than where they firft took Fire, and broke out; “ and where a plain lugubrous Marble with fome appofite Infcription had perhaps “ more properly become the Occafion. But this was over-ruled, and I beg “ Pardon for this Prefumption; tho’ I queftion not but 1 have the Architect him- “ felfon my fide, whofe rare and extraordinary Talent, and what he has *per- •niThtntrt“ form’d of great and magnificent, this Column, and what he is ftill about, and ofOxon. St. “ advancing under his DireAion, will fpeak and perpetuate his Memory, as Co/ 1 /’’Hampton “ l° n g as one Stone remains upon another in this Nation." Coult.Churcbts “ The Monument, fays a modern Critick, is undoubtedly the nobleft modern of London, tit tt Column in the World; nay in fome refpeAs, it may juftly vie with thofe Cotl. “ celebrated ones of Antiquity, which are confecrated to the Names of Trajan, Cnmh. &c. « and Antonine. Nothing can be more bold and furprizing, nothing more “ beautiful and harmonious: The Baf-relief at the Bafe, allowing for fome few “ DefeAs, is finely imagin'd, and executed os well; and nothing material can i “ be S tR CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt “. be cavilled with, but the Infcriptions round about it. Nothing, indeed, can “ be more ridiculous than its Situation, unlefs the Reafon which is affigned for “ fo doing. I am of Opinion, if it had been raifed where Cheapfide Conduit “ flood, it would have been as effectual a Remonftrance of the Misfortune it is « defigned to record, and would at once have added an inexpreflible Beauty “ to the Vifta, and received as much as it gave.” [ Critical Review of London, p. 9.] An accurate Account of the Quantity, by Meafurements, of the, great Column of London. T HE Solidity of the whole Fabrick, from the Bottom of theo loweft Plinth, to the black Marble under the Urn, the / . p Cylinder of the Stair-cafe only dedudted, and the Stone forf 3739 eet> the Carving not allowed for, is-----~--J The black Marble that covers the Capital - . 287 ______ Lanthorn ------ 64 From this Solidity dedudt. For 8 great Niches - - - - - -281 For 3 Doors and Paffages ----- 289 For 3 Sides reveyled - - - - --486 For rough Block - - ----- 1499 For Rubble-work ------- 7185 In all 9740 The Remainder is 27656 To this add, upon the account of the! Carvings in the Front, the 4 great > 540 Dragons, and Feftoons - ... j 28196 Feet of folid Portland Stone. 343 black Marble Steps. The whole Shaft fluted after it was built, being 4784 fuperficial Feet. Marble Harch-pace 56 Feet. Marble Paving, and other fmall Articles, not in this Meafurement. Infcription for the great Pillar , or Monument , of London, ac¬ cording to the firjl Conception of Sir C. W. (g)UI celfam fpeSlas Molem, idem queque infaujlum & fatalcm toti quondam *=\_ ! Civitati video Locum. Hie quippe, Anno Chrifti MDCLXVI. 2 Sept. altera pofl mediam Nodlem Hard, ex Cafd humili, prima fe extidit Flatnma, quee, Auftro fiante, adeo brevi invaluit, ut non tantum tota fere intra Muros Urbs, fed et Mdificia queecunque Arcem, et Lemplariorum Hofpitium ; quacunque denique Ripas Fluminis, et remotijfima Civitatis interjacent Mania, ferali abfumpta fl- erint Incendio. Tridui fpatio, C. Lempla, Platece CCCC. et plura quam XIV. Domorum Millia Flammis abforpta fuere. Innumeri Cives omnibus fuis fortunis exuti, et fub dio agitare coaBi, infinites, et toto Orbe congeftee opes in Cinerem et Favillam redaBce : ita ut de Urbe omnium quotquot Sol afpicit amplijjimd, et fceli- cijjimd, prater Nomen et Famam, et immenfos Ruinarum Aggcres , vix quicquam Ihpereft. Carolus i ? I M . 3?+ T FI E L I F E O F Carolus Secundus, Dei Gratia, Rex Magna Britannia, Francia , et Hiber¬ nia, Anno Regni XVIII. et plerique Anglia Proa-res, confumptd Jncendio Urbe pene unmerfd, eddemque triemito Spatio m ampliorem Modum inflaurata, et non ut ante ligneis aut luteis, fed partim lateritiis, partim marmoreis JEdificiis, et Operiius ita ornata, ut b J 'uis Rnints pulcrior multi prodiijfe vidcatur ■, audits preeterca ad immenfam Magnitudinem Urbis Pomarits-, ad aternam utriufqut Fa cii Mcmoriam, Lie ubt taut a C/adis prima emicuit Flamma Monumcntum pofuere. DiJ'cat Prafcns et Fulura /Etas, ncqua fmills ingruat fades, tempeftivis Humen placare votis: Benefictuni vero Regis, et Procerum, quorum Liberalitate, prater Ornatum, major etiam XJrbi accejftt Securitas, grata mente recognofeat. 0 quantum tibi debet AVGVSTA, Tot nafeentia Templa, tot renata. Tot Spcclacula f - Mart. As Auguftus faid of Rome, lateritiam inveni, marmoream reliqui, fo the Re- builder of London might as properly fay, luteum et ligneum inveni, lateritium et lapideum reliqui. Safe rnajori fortunce locum fecit Injuria : maita ceciderunt, ut altius /urge- rent, et in majus. Timagenes felicilati Urbis inimitus aiebat, Roms fibi In - cend.a ob hoc unum dolori eJJ'e, quod feiret meliora refurrediura, quarn aijijj'ent. [Seneca;, Epift. 92.] Menfura Columnarum, apud Antiques, maximarum. lMiqui* An- Tota Columna Imp. Antonini, Roms, Alta eft Palmos Romanos CCXXX. Dia- tiqua: Urbis metros Scapi continet Palmos XVI. et IV. Pollices. Romce, per ^ ~. . . . Mic. Over- lctci Ltolujjiiid Imp. 1 rajani, Roms, cib cjus Ijjio ujquc ad Status Sarufti Petri bekt. verticem, alta eft Palmos Romanos CXCIII. cum Dim:din-, Diametros ejus prope Baftn complePlitur Palmos XVI. cum Sefqui-pollice ■ ita ut hie Diametros totidem in fe continet Pollices, quot Moles tota Palmos alta ejje cognofcitur. N. B. Palmus Romanus architcEhnicus continet IX. Pollices Anglicanos. Columna, difta Hiftorica, Conftantinopoli, free Imp. Theodofii, Jive Arcadii, alta eft CXLVIL Pedes. Secundum computum Petri Gyllii. The Cuftom-houfe for the Port of London, fituated on the South-fide of Thames-ftreet, was eredled in 1668, adorned with an upper and lower Order of Architedlure : In the latter are Stone Columns, and Entablement of the Tuf- can Order; in the former are Pilafters, Entablature, and five Pediments of the Ionick Order. The Weft-end is elevated on Columns, forming a Piazza. The Length of this Building is 189 Feet, Breadth in the middle Part 27 Feet, at the Well-end, &c. 60 Feet. _ The Frontifpiece of the Middle-temple, towards Fleet-Jireet , was erefled in the Year 1684, of Stone and Brick. The Bafts is a Ru/tick Arcade of Stone, fup- porting four Pilafters, Entablature, and triangular Pediment of the Ionick Order and the reft of rubbed Brick. 5 » I . \ 1 SECT. T H E LIFE OF 3 2 5 SECT. X. A Catalogue and Jhort Defcription of the Surveyors Defgns of Buildings , in the Service of the Crown. I. (GENERAL Plan of the Situation, with the Plan and Orthography of Cf the royal Palace at the City of Winchefier (the Venta Be/garum of the Romans, a military Station, the Seat of the Wejl Saxon Kings.) This Palace was begun by the Commands of King Charles the Second, (March 23, 1683) and profecuted with that Expedition, that the greateft Part was covered in, and finifhed, as to the Shell, before the King’s Deceafe, Fe¬ bruary 1684-5. E extends to the Weft 326 Feet, to the South 216 Feet. “ There was particularly intended a large Cupola, 30 Feet above the Roof, Ca,rd cn ’.,rri. “ which would have been feen a great Way to the Sea; and alfo a regular tannia, 2 d. “ Street of handfome Houfes, leading in a diredt Line down the Hill, from the ~ J ‘ t - P- ' 4 '. “ Front of the Palace to the Weft-gate of the Cathedral; for which, and for “ the Parks, fhe Ground was procured and Preparations made for proper Plan¬ tations, a neceffary Ornament for that open Situation. The Surveyor had pro¬ jected alfo to have brought from the Downs a River through the Park, which would have formed a Cafcade of 30 Feet Fall. The whole Difpofition of this Palace was fuch, as made it efteemed by the beft Judges an excellent Model of a Royal-hunting-feat. In this Place, (where probably had been the Roman Prcetorium) “ ftood an ancient Caftle, which had been often befieged, but “ never fo ftraitly, as when Maud the Emprefs maintained it againft King “ Stephen. In digging for the new Foundations, were difeovered divers Roman “ and Saxon Antiquities, as Coins of Conftantine the Great , and others;—a Brick “ Pavement of the tejfellated Work ; a round * Brafs Seal, with a Head en- . p en es Col- “ graved, and this Infcription in Saxon Characters, leflorcm. SIGILLUCD S6CRCTI. «£. &c. From a Tourney through England. n/.n. ?.u. J 1 6 ° Lond. 1722. K ING Charles the fecond taking a Liking to the Situation of Wincbefier, by reafon of the Delicioufnefs of the Country for all manner of Country Sports, fet Sir Cbrjlopher Wren, that great Architect, (who had the Honour of making the Plan of St. Paul's, Church in London, laying the firft Stone, and living to fee it finifhed) to make a Plan for a Royal Palace where the old Caftle ftood; and King Charles was fo fond of it, and forwarded it with fo much Di¬ ligence, that the whole Cafe of the Palace was roofed, and near finifhed, when that Prince died. It will be the fineft Palace in England, when finifhed, and inferior to few abroad. It fronts the City to the Eaft, by a noble Area between two Wings. The Marble Pillars fent by the Duke of Fujcany, for fupporting the Portico of the great Stair-cafe, lie half buried in the Ground. The Stair- cafe carries up to the great Guard-hall, from whence you enter into fixteen fpa- cious Rooms on each Wing, nine of which make a Suite to the End of each Wing. There are alfo two Entries under the Middle of each Wing, to the South and North, above which are to be two Cupola's; and the Front to the Wejt extends 326 Feet, in the Middle of which is another Gate, with a Cupola to be alfo over it. Under the great Apartment, on each Side from the Ground, 00 Is j 5 ft i 1 326 THE LIFE OF is a Chapel on the left for the King, and another on the right for the Queen; and behind the Chapels are two Courts, finely piazza’d, to give Light to the inward Rooms. There was to be a Terrafs round it, as at Windfor, and the Ground laid out for a Garden, very fpacious, with a Park marked out, of eight Miles Circumference, and that Park to open into a Foreft of twenty Miles Circumference, without either Hedge or Ditch. The King defigned alfo a Street from the Area to the Eaft, in a direft Line, by an eafy Defcent, to the great Door of the Cathedral. Queen Anne came once to fee Winchefter , where-fire Raid feventeen Days, and defigned to have finifhed it, as a Jointure-houfe to her Confort Prince George of Denmark ; but an expenfive War, and the Prince’s Death before her, pre¬ vented it. Whether his Majefty, or the Prince, when they pleafe to make a Circuit through their Dominions, may not think it worth while to finifh fo noble a Structure, Time will difcover. Bifliop Morley, who had been an Exile with King Charles, and made Bifhop of this See after the Reftoration, feeing his Majefty defigning to make Winchejler a royal Refidence, thought liimfelf obliged to keep pace with the King; and therefore pulled down a great Part of the old epifcopal palace, and, under the Diredtion of the fame Architedl, Sir Chrjlopher Wren, began a new one; but he dying about the Time with the King, 'his Palace flood ftill with the King’s. However, he had compleated one Wing in his Life-time, and left Money for finifhing the reft; but Bifliop Mew, his SuccefTor, feeing no Probability of a Court at Winchejler, never minded it. Sir Jonathan Trelawny fucceeding Bifliop Mew, in ®ueen Anne's, Time, called for the Money left by Bifliop Morley, and finifhed it. It is a very handfome Palace, d la moderne. II. Plans, Elevations, and Sections, of the two royal Apartments at Hamp- ton-court, being a Part only of the Surveyor's Defign for a new Palace there. This Edifice was begun by the Commands of King William and Queen Mary, in the Year 1690, (to make room for which, the principal Part of the old Fabrick fronting the Houfe-park was taken down) and finifhed in 1694, juft before the much lamented Death of that incomparable Princefs. tip a nihil majus tneliufve Rrgnis Fata donavere, bonique Divi, Nec dabunt, quamvis redeant in Aurum Panpora prifcum. The Queen, upon obferving the pleafant Situation of the Palace, propofed a proper Improvement with Building and Gardening, and pleafed herfclf from time to time, in examining and furveying the Drawings, Contrivances, and whole Progrefs of the Works, and to give thereon her own Judgment, which was exquifite ; for there were few Arts, or Sciences, in which her Majejly had not only an elegant Tafte, but a Knowledge much fuperior to any of her Sex, in that, or (it may be) any former Age. This is not faid as a Panegyrick, but a plain and well-known Truth, which the Surveyor. had frequent Experience of, when, (by that Favour and Efteem the Queen was gracioufly pleated publickly to fliew him, upon a Difcernment and Trial of his Worth) he had many Op¬ portunities of a free Converfation with her Majefty, not only on the Subjedt of Architecture, but other Branches of Mathematicks, and ufefid Learning. King William was pleafed fo far to approve of the Surveyor's, Service in the Dcftgns, ^.Execution of this Fabrick, as occafionally to deliver his Opinion, (and once thi Ri^ht Ho- particularly in the Hearing of fome noble Perfons of the firft Quality in England) murabn Tho- That thefe two Apartments, for good Proportion, State, and Convenience, jointly, Pembroke.' 7 were not parallelled bv any Palace in Europe ; and, at the fame time, to excu'fe his sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt ; 327 his Surveyor , for not railing the Cloyders, under the Apartments, higher; which were executed in that Manner, according to his exprefs Orders. The Fa^de, or King's Apartment , fronting the Privy-garden, and Thames, extends 328 Feet; the Facade, or Queen's Apartment, fronting the Houfe-park, extends 330 Feet; the Accefs to the principal Stair-cafe leading to the Kang's-Jide, is through a beautiful Portico of about 90 Feet long, confining of a Colonade of 16 duplicated Pillars* of the Ionick Order. u Both Houfe and Parks being environ’d on three Sides with the River Thames, and confequently enjoying as pleafant a Camden’* Situtation as the 1 rudence of its frit bounder Cardinal W^olley could feledt ^ r ' tann * a > “ for it, was indeed a Piece of Work of great Beauty and Magnificence for the Edit% “ Age it was built in. But the Additions made to it by King William and Queen Mary do fo far excel what it was before, that they evidently lhew what “ Advancements, Archite&ure has receiv’d fince that Time.” Sic Partem I lie Domus , quam vix fcelicior Alt as Finiat, exegit.- - If the World had not been depriv’d fo foon of the ineftimable Life of Queen Mary-> and had the Surveyor been impower’d to have finifh’d his whole Defign, Leland s Defcription of Hampton Court would have been a truer Refemblance of its latter than primitive State. Efl locus infolito rerum fplendore fuperbus, Alluiturque vagd Tamifini fluminis unda. Nomine ab antiquo jam tempore diftus Avona, Hie rex Willhelmus tales hie condidit cedes Magnificas, quales toto fol aureus orbe Non vidit. III. Dejign of the Maufoleum, which was ereded in Weflmin/lcr-abbey, at the Funeral-obiequies of Queen Mary the Second, March 5, 169L IV. Plans, Elevations , and Views of Chelfea-college. This noble Hofpital was founded, and near finifh’d, by King Charles the Second ; profecuted by King .James the Second ; and compleated, and furnifli’d with all forts of Neceffaries, and Conveniences for the comfortable Maintenance of maim’d and fuperannu- ated Soldiers, by King William and Queen Mary. The lnduftry, and Condud of the Surveyor , and Sir Stephen Fox, jointly, in the Eredion and Settlement here¬ of, are worthy Remembrance : Sir Stephen Fox, a Lord of the Treafury, took care for the due Payment of the Works; whild the Surveyor vigoroufiy profecuted his Part in the Buildings; and laftly preferib’d the Statutes, and whole Oeconomy of the Houfe, which for Cleanlinefs, Health; and Convenience, is defervedly edeem d one of the bed: regulated in Europe • well fuiting, in every particular, the pious Defign, and Munificence of its royal Founders. V. Defigns of the royal Hofpital at Greenwich, for difabled and fuperannuated Seamen, begun in 1699. The Surveyor was among the firft who addrefs’d their Majefties King William and Queen Mary, to convert the Six and Buildings of their royal Palace to this mod charitable Ufe ; which was alfo indudriouily pro¬ moted by the Lord Sommers , Mr. Evelyn, Mr. Bridgman Secretary of the Ad¬ miralty, and Mr. Lownds Secretary of the Treafury . This extenfive Charity was not only calculated for the Relief and Support of the veteran Seamen, and fuch as had been wounded or dilabled in the Service, but alfo for the Pvelief and Maintenance of fuch Widows, and the Education of fuch Orphans, whole Huf- bands, and Parents had been flain in the Defence of the Nation at Sea. A 5 Project Projeft fo feafonably adjufted for the Encouragement and Improvement of that other mod: important Branch of the national Defence, the naval Arms of Great- Britain. After the Grant had pafs’d the great Seal, and an ample CommiJJion appointed, with Powers to conduit and regulate all Affairs, relating to the building of the Hofpital ; and the Surveyor nominated a Director, and chief Architect of this great Undertaking, he chearfully engag’d in the Work, gratis, and contriv'd the new Fabrick extenffve, durable, and magnificent, conformable to the graceful Pavilion, which had been eredted there by King Charles the Second, and originally intended for his own Palace; contributing his Time, Labour, and Skill, and profecuting the Works for feveral Years, with all the Expedition the Circumftances of Affairs would allow; without any Salary, Emolument or Re¬ ward (which good Example, ’tis to be hoped, has been fince follow’d;) pre¬ ferring in this, as in every other Paflage of his Life, the publick Service to any private Advantage of his own, by the Acqueft of Wealth, of which he had always a great Contempt. Ext rails from the Account of the Buildings of Greenwich Hofpital , publipd by the Deputy furveyor Mr. Hawksmoor, Anno 17 28. for the Pcrufal of the Parliament. H ER Majefty Queen Mary, the Foundrefs of the marine Hofpital, enjoin’d Sir Chri/lcpher Wren to'build the Fabrick with great Magnificence and Order ; and being ever follicitous for the Profecution of the Deffgn, had feveral times honour’d Greenwich with her perlonal Views of the Building eredted by King Charles II. as Part of his Palace, and Hkewife of that built by Mr. Inigo Jones, call’d the Queen’s Houfe, &c. On which Views She was unwilling to demolifh either, as was propos’d by forne. This occafion’d the keeping of an Approach from the ‘Thames quite up to the Queen’s Houfe, of 115 Feet broad, out of the Grant that was made to the Hofpital, that her Majefty might have an Accefs to that Houfe by Water as well as by Land; and flje retain’d a De- fire to add the four Pavilions to that Palace, according to Inigo Jones’s Deffgn, that She might make that little Palace compleat, as a royal Villa for her own Retirement, or from whence Embaffadors, or publick Minifters, might make their Entry into London. Pier Majefty’s abfolute Determination to preferve the Wing built by her Uncle King Charles II. to keep the Queen’s Houfe, and the Approach to it, on the Con- fiderations abovefaid, naturally drew on the Dilpofition of the Buildings, as they are now placed and fnuated. The principal Front of this great Building lies open to the Thames ; from whence we enter into the Middle of the royal Court, near 300 Foot fquare, lying open to the North, and cover’d on the Weft with the Court of King Charles II. and on the Eaft with that of Queen Anne, equal to it; and on the South, the great Hall and Chapel. The Court of Queen Anne contains the great Range or Wing next the royal Court, as aforefaid, and holds 140 Men. To the Eaft of this Court of Queen Anne, is another Range of Building, which contains 66 Perfons, esc. The great Pavilion next the Thames contains four very commodious Apart¬ ments for Officers. The great Pavilion, at the South-end of Queen Anne's Court, contains Lodg¬ ings for Officers, and fome proper Rooms for the entertaining of the Widows and Children. The Court of King Charles II. contains the great Wing on the Weft of the royal Court above mention’d, built by that Prince as Part of his own intended Palace. It is a noble Pile, having in the Middle a tetraftyle Portico, with Ar- . cades; sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, cades; the Walls are rufticated, all in Portland Stone, the Windows artfully de= corated and proportion’d ; the Order is Corinthian ; the Body of the Building is crown’d with an Entablement of that Order; and the two Extreams in two great Pavilions (all in the fame Style) riling with an Attick Order above the other Part, and make two eminent Towers. This Wing, together with the Bafs-wing to the Weft of the Court of King Charles li. contain 206 Perfons, &c. The great Pavilion to the 'Thames, clofing the North-fide of this Court, con¬ tains four Apartments for Officers, and other Conveniences. The great Pavilion on the South-end of this Court, contains feveral Lodgings for Officers, and the great Kitchen, and Rooms belonging to it. The Wing to the Weft, which was built for Offices for immediate Service, contains Chambers for Servants and other Ufes of the Family. This is call’d the Bafs-wing of King Charles II. Keeping the central Lines of the whole Projeflion that runs through the royal Court and the Efplanade in the Park, the next Buildings we come at lie on the South-fide of the royal Court, and are tft, The Colonade, having a Portico on the right and left Hands of Doric Pillars 20 Feet high, is crown’d with an Entablement and Baluftrade of Portland Stone, each of which Porticos is in Length 430 Feet, and both together fuftain’d by 300 Pillars and Pilafters. Thefe Porticos are intended for Communication from the Hall and Chapel to the Wards and Dormitories; and to protedl the Men from the Inclemency of Weather, and give them Air, at any time, without incommoding them; very ufeful where a Number of People are to inhabit in one College. On the Weft-fide of this Colonade is built the Court of King William , con¬ taining the great Hall, Veftibule and Cupola: The Tambour of the Cupola is a Periftylium of Pillars duplicated, of the Compofite Order, and broke upon the Quoins with Groups of Pillars; the Attick is a Circle without Breaks, cover’d with a Tholus and fmall Lantern. Under is a lefs Flail, and Room for the Guard, and common Rendez-vous of the Houfe. On the Weft-fide of this Court is a large Dormitory, and fundry Lodgments. This Wing will contain 200 Perfons. On the South-fide of King William's Court is another large Dormitory with feveral Rooms. This Wing will contain 320 Perfons. On the Eaft of the Colonade is the Court of Queen Mary , which contains the royal Chapel, with the Veftibule and Cupola ; and a large Dormitory to the South, like that of King William , holding 320 Perfons; and a Dormitory, on the Eaft fide of this Court, to hold 100 Perfons. Befides the Grandeur, Regu¬ larity, and Beauty of this publick Building, the capacious Accommodations, the Wards and Chambers, can entertain 1352 Men, excluding Officers and Servants, and Rooms of publick Ufe. There was once this only Exception: fome Gentlemen thought the Bafs-wing of Offices was too mean for the reft of the Building, and defir’d a Propofal might be made to alter that, to the Style and Dignity of King Charles’s Front; which was done, and fhew’d to the Perfons then in Power: And this occafion’d the doubling the great North Pavilion, and making it fo large as now it is, with the Flag-tower upon the Center, which compleated the Strength and Beauty of the North Front of this royal Hofpital towards the Thames. VI. Dejign of the Altar-piece of the old Chapel of Whitehall, deftroy’d, with the Palace, by the Fire in 1697. K. N T. PP VII. 33 ° THE LIFE OF Echard’j Hijl of Ei land, Vol. /• 649. Vol. III. p. zoo. VII. Deftgn of the Marble Altar-piece, with the original Ornaments, and Statues, erected in King 'James the Second's Chapel at Whitehall , which was fav'd from the Fire, and given by Queen Anne to the collegiate Church of St. Peter in Wejlminfter. Preface to the following Accomt (in SeUioti XI .) of the Defgn for the Tomb of King Charles the Firft. “ TT has been made a Queftion, and a Wonder by many, why a particular “ Monument was not eredted at Windfor for King Charles the Firft, after “ the Reftoration of his Son ; efpecially when the Parliament was well inclined “ to have given a good Sum for that grateful Purpofe. This has caufed feveral “ Conjeftures and Refledtions; and Intimations have been given, as if the royal “ Body had never been depofited there, orelfehad been afterwards removed by “ the Regicides; and the Lord Clarendon himfelf fpeaks foftly and ful'piciouily of “ this Matter, as if he believed the Body could not be found. But to remove “ all Imaginations, we fhall here infert a Memorandum, or Certificate, fent by “ Mr. John deter//, Regifter at Windfor.^-Anno 1696, September 21. The fame “ Vault in which King Charles the Firft was buried, was opened to lay in a ftiil- “ born Child of the then Princefs of Denmark, now our gracious Queen. On the “ King’s Coffin the Velvet Pall was ftrong and found, and there was about the ‘‘ Coffin a leaden Band, with this Infcription cut through it. King Charles, “ 1648. Queen Jane’s Coffin was whole and entire; but that of King Henry “ the Eighth was funk in upon the Bread! Part, and the Lead and Wood con- “ fumed with the Heat of the Gums he was embalmed with ; and when I laid “ my Hand on it, it was run together, and hard, and had no noifome Smell. “ As a further Memorandum relating to the King’s Interment, he fays, That “ when the Body of King Charles the Firft lay in the Dean’s Hall, the Duke of “ Richmond had the Coffin opened, and was fatisfied that it was the King’s “ Body. This feveral People have declared they knew to be true, who were “ alive, and then prefent, as Mr. Randue of Windfor, and others; fo that he “ thinks the Lord Clarendon was milled in that Matter, and that King Charles “ the Second never fent to enquire after the Body, fince it was well known to the “ Inhabitants of the Caftle and Town, that it was in that Vault.” To this may be added, that Mr. Fijhborne, Gent, of Windfor, a Relation of Sir Chrijlopher Wren’s, was among thofe who were prefent at the Interment of the King, went into the Vault, and brought away a Fragment of King Henry’s Pall; he obferved the Vault was fo narrow, that it was fome Difficulty to get in the King’s Coffin by the fide of the others. At non Vinforse manes jacuere caverna, Nec cinis exiguus tantam compefcuit umbram-, Profiluit bujlo, dijfedlaqiie membra relinquens, Degeneremque rogum, J’equitur convexa tonantis. - Illic poftquam fe lumine vero Implevit, ftellafque vagas miratur et aftra Fixa polls, vidit quanta fub noble jaceret Noflra dies, rijitque fui ludibria trunci. Lucan. SECT. sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, K N T. 33 * SECT. xr. A Catalogue, and port Account of Deligns, in purfuance of the royal Commands, for Buildings, which have not yet been put in Execution. I A General Plan, Orthography, and Seaton, with the Statues and Orna- ments, defigned for the Tomb of King Charles the Firft. King diaries the Second was pleafed to order the Surveyor to defign a Maufo- leum, ™ Tomb for his Father, the Royal Martyr, after ’that the Houfe of Com- Echari'i mom had voted, upon the Motion of the Lord O-Brian, on the (a) aoth January i 77-8, (the Houle having fat on Part of that Day) “ The Sum of vlVlli. tt ~ e , ve fy Thoufand Pounds, for a folemn Funeral of his late Majefty King^-44 1 - « ' ar esthe and to eredt a Monument for the faid Prince of glorious ct „ eirl01 7 ; “e faid Sum to be railed by a two Months Tax, to begin at the Expiration of the prefent (b) Tax for building Ships.” . 7 " F° lm of this Strudture (as appears by the Surveyor's original Drawings, which were laid before the King) is a Rotundo, with a beautiful Dome and Lantern ■ a circular Colonade without, of the Corinthian Order, refembling the Temple of Vejla .—The Enrichments on the Outfide and within, are defigned coltly and magnificent; to inftance only in a few Articles taken from the firft Ultimate, and, particularly, of the Infide, viz. —“ Eight Bafes of black Marble « a/ m F eat , P J 1Ia f s under the Dome, at 30 /. each. Eight Shafts of rich t[ "f arble m who e Stones > 28 Feet long, 31 Feet Diameter, to be brought from the l 0W f r ° rder of Pllafters within t!l e Niches. Entablatures of „ ™ r ■ , J e ' l n the S P andnls over the Niches, Marbles inlaid. 1606 Feet " the Cu P° la - Ten Fi S ures of g rea t Life, caft in Brafs and gilt, at 400 /. each. Seven Genii, or Cherubims, of Brafs gilt, (a) N. B. The Hilforian miftakes the Day; the Vote paired on the 20th, as is feen in Dr ' TTjfiSfSSHSSS? j>«. 3.. 1677-8. - :: vssiasipk a m ssrs'disri” us e* % “ bfc(re?be e God Ce iT d , Ame " dment ’ n ° r . even his Friends for his Praife and Honour. But, I , am J’ a PP l, yP reve ”ted in one Part of the Complaint: I have nothin? now to Wi h, but that his Enemies would as well perform their Duty to him, as it muft be ac Cmmm ^ have done yours, by fhaTmuchdel fired, long expeflcd, rtfterday’s Fate ; in which you have given a Refurredtion to his Me ;; by defigning magnificent Rites to his faered Alhes. So that no^for the future an <1 ’ ab ™ ad . v ' li 11 be a ble to mention the Name of King Charles the Firft, without bill to 66 3 l " The Monument , thus defigned, was approved by the King, and determined to be erefted at IVindfor Cattle, at the Eaft-end of St. George’s Chapel, in the Place where now ftands “ a little Gothick Building railed by Cardinal Wolfey “ cal,ed the Tmb-houfe, in the Middle whereof he defigned to ereft a goodly p. 136. ' “ Monument for King Henry the Eighth, and had well nigh finilhed it before “ he died. But this was demolilhed in April 1646, by Command of the long “ Parliament; and the Statues and Figures provided to adorn it, being all of Cop- «. 7 lSuT" “ P er g il£ ’ and exceedingly enriched *, were taken thence. “ This Place King Charles the Firft, of ever bleffed and glorious Memory, “ intended to enlarge and make fit and capable, not only for the Interment of “ h is ow n myal Body, but alfo for the Bodies of his Succeffors Kings of Eng- “ A«r/, had not bad Times drawn on, and fuch as, with much ado, afforded “ him but an obfeure Grave, near the firft Haut-pace in the Quire of the Chapel, . , “ his Head lying over-againft the eleventh Stall on the Sovereign’s Side , and in " tIie fame Vau,t where the Bodies of King Henry the Eighth, and his * Queen H'-fi. J “ Jane, yet remain." [Echardr Hijlory ^ England, Vol. II. p. 649. Athens Oxon. p. 528.] The Tomb-houfe, which had been long neglefted, and in a ruinous State, was therefore propofed to be taken down, and the Ground thereof judged to be a mott proper Situation for the new Maufolium. After fome Time, the King returned the Drawings and Eftimates to the Surveyor , with Orders to keep them till called for again : But, in conclufion, the whole Defign of the Funeral and Tomb, through Incidents of the Times, or Motives unknown to the Publick, were laid afide. Upon his Majejly’s Deceafe, King James II. ordered the old Fabrick to be put into immediate Repair, and the Cieling to be painted by Signior Vario as it now remains, with Intention, ’tis faid, to convert the Room to a Chapter- houfe, for the Ufe of the Order of the Garter. In the Surveyor’s original Defigns (ftill extant) of the Maufoleum, are three grand Niches, (befides that which the Portal at the Entrance breaks into) rifin<* from the Pavement to the Entablature of the great Columns within-fide: Whether by thefe was intended, that the three royal Coffins, upon finifhing the Tomb, were to have been tranflated thither, and proper monumental Statues and Orna¬ ments placed in the refpeftive Niches, or whether the two Niches were to have been left in referve for other regal Monuments, is uncertain. In the Middle- niche fronting the Entrance, was defigned the King’s Monument, after this Man¬ ner. Four Statues, Emblems of heroick Virtues, Handing on a lquare Bafis, or Plinth, and prefling underneath, proftrate Figures of Rebellion, Herefy, Hypocrify, Envy, &c. fupport a large Shield, on which is. a Statue ereft of the royal Martyr , in modern Armour; over his Head is a Group of Cherubinis, bearing a Crown, Branches of Palm, and other Devices. There are two Draughts of this 1 , 5 ’Jr’,}"r ftatuar y Dcfi gn, * one adapted for Brafs-work, the other for Marble,° as ftiould Mr. Gibbrns. have been mott approved. Intered in chartd turmdum fignemus inanem, Ut not a fit bufti, fi quit placare peremptum Forte volet, pie nos et redder e mortis honores. Proderit hoc olim, quod non manfura ftpulcri Ardua marmorco Jurrexit ponder e moles. 5 Pulveris sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. 3^3 Pulveris exigai fparget non longa vetujlas Congeriem, buf unique cadet, mortijque peribunt Argumenta tuce. Veniet fcelicior cetas !%ua fit nulla fides faxum monjirantibus ifud Et Vinfora fuat populis fortajj'e, nepotum Tam mendax Carol i tumulo, quam Creta tenant is. Lucan. In the Year 1674, at which Time the Surveyor was rebuilding fomc Parts of the 'Tower of London , it happened, that the Bones of King Edward the Fourth’s Children (thofe two innocent Princes, King Edward the Fifth, and his Brother Richard Duke of York, the one of thirteen, the other of eleven Years of Age' moll barbaroufly murdered there, in their Bed, by their unnatural Uncle, the Ufurper Richard the Third) were, after 19 j Years, found, about 10 Feet deep in the Ground, in a wooden Cheft, as the Workmen were taking away the Stairs, which led from the royal Lodgings into the Chapel of the White-tower. The Circumftances of this Difcovery being fully reprefented to the King by the Surveyor, Sir Thomas Chicheley, then Matter of the Ordnance, and other Perfons of Worth and Credit, Eye-witnefles in the whole Scrutiny, the following War¬ rant from the Lord Chamberlain of his Majefty’s Houfleold was directed to the Surveyor-, in purfuance whereof, he defigned an elegant Urn of white Marble, on a Pedeftal, with an Infcription ; all which being approved by his Majefly, was erefted in the Eaft-wall of the North-aile of King Henry the Seventh’s Chapel. “ Thefe are to fignify his Majefty’s Pleafure, That you provide a white fa “ Marble Coffin for the fuppofed Bodies of the two Princes lately found in the * Llt ° srap “ Tower of London ; and that you caufe the fame to be intered in Henry the “ Seventh’s Chapel, in fuch convenient Place as the Dean of Wejhninfler Ihall “ appoint: And this fhall be your Warrant. Given under my Hand, this 18 th " Day of February, 1674-5. A RLINGTON. To Sir Chriftopher Wren, Knt. Surveyor General of his Majefly’s Works. H. S. S. Reliquitz 'Edwardi Vti. Regis Anglia, et Richardi Duels Eborac. Hos Fratres germanos in Arce Londinenf conclufos, InjeBifque culcitris fuffocatos, Abdite et inhonefle tumulari jujflt Patruus Richardus perfdus Regni Prado. OJfa defderatorum diu et multiim queeflta Pofl Annos CXCI. Scalarum in ruderibus (fealce nuper iftce ad facellum Turris albtz ducebant) Alte defojja Indiciis certiflimis funt reperta, xvii. Die Julii, Anno Domini MDCLXXI 1 II. Carolus Secundus, Rex clementiflflmus, acerbam Sortem miferatus. Inter avita Monumenta, Principibus infelicijflmis Jufla perfolvit. Anno Domini 1678, Annoque Regni fui, 30. qq ii. 334 THE LIFE OF II. A Catalogue of Defigns for rebuilding the royal Palace of Whitehall. Sketch of a Plan for Whitehall. Facade of the Palace of Whitehall, defigned for King Charles II. Part of the faid Front in a large Scale. t. General Plan of tire Site, Palace, Gardens, &c. of Whitehall, defigned, purluant to Order, and offered to his Majefty King William, after the Fire of the old Palace, in the Year 1697. 2. General Plan of the Palace, a Gallery of Communication with the Par- liament-houfe, confilfing of a long Portico of Derick Columns on the Bank of the Thames, extending from Whitehall to Weftminfter. Together with the Plan and Orthography of the new Parliament-houfe, as intended. 3. Plan of the Palace, Gardens, Canals, and Decorations. 4. Orthography of the Palace fronting the Thames. 5. Orthography fronting the Park, or Gardens. 6. Orthography fronting Charing-crofs, and Wejlminjler. 7. Sciography of the whole Structure. 8 . Facade of the Gallery of Communication next the River ; and of the new Parliament-houfe. 1. Plan of another Defign of a Palace for Whitehall, offered to his Majefty King William, in the Year 1697. 2. Orthography fronting the River Thames. 3. Front to the Park. 4. Front to Wejlminjler. III. Divers Defigns of new Buildings, Alterations, and Improvements, in the Caftle of Windfor, in 1698, and fince; with feveral Difpofitions for Gardens there. 2. Plan for rebuilding the royal Mews at Charing-crofs, to contain 388 Horfes, and 42 Coaches, with all Accommodations. Defigned by Order, for the Ser¬ vice of King Charles the Second. 3. Plan of Barracks propofed in Dyde-park, for a Body of Guards of 1000 Horfe, with Houfes for Officers, Commiffary, Farriers, Sadlers, Courts of Guard, Hay- barns, Granaries, &c. by Order. 4. Plan of Barracks in Hyde-park, for 2000 private Men, and Officers, and Infirmary for 160 Men, a Chapel, and all Accommodations. By Order, in j 713 ; the Eftimate of the whole computed at 48,118 l. Sir Chri/lopher Wren was one of the Commiffioners, who, at the Motion of Sir Jonas Moore, Surveyor General of the Ordnance, had been appointed by his Majefty to find a proper Place for erefting a royal Obfervatory; and he pro¬ pofed Greenwich, which was approved of: And Augujl 10, 1675, the Foun¬ dation of the Building was laid; and when finiflied, under the Conduft of Sir Jonas, with the Advice and Affiftance of Sir Chriftopher, was furniflied with the belt Inftruments for making aftronomical Obfervations, and the celebrated Mr. John Flamfead conftituted his Majefty’s firft Profeffor there (a). (a ) Pr#f. ad HJl. Cane ft. Johann. Flamfuadu, p. 11. Edit. 1712.-— J. IFard's Addition to the Lives of Grejbam Profeffors, p. 337. SECT. s r r CHRISTOPHER WREN, SECT. XII A Catalogue, and Account of Defgns of Buildings in the TJniver- fities of Oxford, ’ I and Cambridge. Plan and Elevations of the Theatre of Oxford, and Scheme of the Roof. HIS Theatre, a Work of admirable Contrivance and Magnificence, was tire flrft publick Performance of the Surveyor, in Architecture; which however had been executed in a greater and better Style, with a View to the ancient Roman Grandeur difcernible in the Theatre of Marcellus at Rome ; but that he was obliged to put a Stop to the bolder Strokes of his Pencil, and con¬ fine the Expen.ce within the Limits of a private Purfe. What (among other beautiful and diftinguifhed Parts of this Structure) has been efteemed very ob- lervable, is the geometrical Flat-roof; which Dr. P—t has particularly * de- feribed, in his Natural Hiflory of Oxfordjhire , as follows: “ ft was an excellent Device, whoever firft contrived it, of making Flat- »Natural w- “ floors or Roofs of fhort Pieces of Timber continued to a great Breadth, without »/ 0xi “ either Arch or Pillar to fupport them, but fuflained only by the Side-walls, Cl, “^ lx ‘ and their own Texture ; for by this means many times the Defect of long limber, or Miftakes of Workmen are iupply’d, and rectified without any Pre- “ judice to the Building. Of this Sort of Work we have an Example in the “ Schools, in the Floor of the uppermoft Room of the Tower. —There is alfo “ a Diagram of fuch Work in the * Architecture of Sebaftian Ser/io. But » Lil A “ Dr. Wallis was the firft that demonftrated the Reafon of this Work, and Gam. Cap. i. “ has given divers Forms of it, befide the fore-mentioned, in his Book De “ Motu, whence are taken the: * Diagrams Tab. . Fig. i, 2, 3, 4, 5. Upon s „ r ^ the two JirJt whereof depend the three laft ; and all others of the Kind Dr. Plot. “ whatever, whether made up of Quadrats, or oblong Parallelograms , of which there are fome other Forms in the fore-cited Book De Motu , befide hard’j Iiifl. t-f England. A then. Oxon. Conveyance of Water-, eee and fff the Wall-flate, or Lintal, and Places of its Joints; ggg the Girders of the Semi-circle, each lupported by a Ring- piece or Crown-pop cut off at hhh, and Icrewed into the Binding-beam i i: ; which is fomewhat different from the reft of the Binding-beams kkk. III, mmm, n n n, having leveral Prick-pofts let into it at ooooo, befide the King-pops that fupport this and the reft at pp pp p, &c. The Letters qqqq (hew the Purlines between the Binding-beams, not fet right againft one an¬ other, became of Room to turn the Screws whereby they are faftened, and rrrr two Dragon (perhaps rather Trigon) Beams or Braces lying under the JoiJls ss ss ss, Sic. The true Lengths and Dijlances whereof, and of all other Pieces of Limber and Places whatever, are all (hewn by the Scale, Fig. 2. —And fo are the Lengths and Dijlances of the feveral Pieces of Tim¬ ber fet over this Flat-Jloor, fuch as the principal Rafters tttt, the Crown- pojis or King-pieces u u u u u, the Prick-polls www, Braces or Puncheons xxx; “ by all which together, the Binding-beams, Girders, 'JoiJls, See. are all held “ up as it were by an Arch above, as in Fig. 3. which is all the Band of “ Timber that (lands next the Semi-circle, having Prick-pojls, and different “ Lockages, from the reft of the four Bands, as is fufficiently reprefented by “ one Half of one of them, Fig. 4. Which is all I think need be faid con- “ cerning this fine Piece of Timber-work, only that there are Crofs-braces be- “ tween the middle Crown-pojls as they (land in a Line from the Front to the “ Semicircle, as is reprefented, Fig. 5. marked with the Letters yyyyyy, both “ here, and as they Hand, Fig 1. And that it was contrived by our EngHjh “ Vitruvius, the Right Worlhipful and Learned Sir Chrijlopher Wren, and “ eredted at the foie Charge of his Grace Gilbert Sheldon, Archbifhop of Can- “ terbury, and Chancellor of the Univerfity ; who, befides the Expcnce of the 11 Strudlure, gave 2000/. to purchale Lands for the perpetual Repair of it, “ which is like to (land a mod magnificent and lading Monument of his “ Grace's, Munificence, and Favour of good Learning to all Pofterity [a)." “ The Fainting of the deling of the Theatre is worth Examination ; for in “ Imitation of the Theatres of the ancient Greeks and Romans, which were too “ large to be covered with Lead or Tile, this, by the Painting of the Flat- “ roof within, is reprefented open : And, as they ftretched a Cordage from “ Pilajler to Pilajter, upon which they drained a Covering of Cloth, to pro- “ tedl the People from the Injuries of the Weather, fo here is a Cord-molding “ gilded, that reaches crofs and crofs the Houfe both in Length and Breadth, “ which lupporteth a great Drapery, fuppofed to have covered the Roof, but “ now furled up by the Genii round about the Houfe toward the Walls “ which dilcovereth the open Air, and maketh way for the Defcent of the '■ Arts and Sciences, that are congregated in a Circle of Clouds, &c. “ The great bivalve Wooden-windows in the upper Gallery of the Theatre “ are fo ingenioufly contrived, that notwithftanding their great Weight , yet “ can never fink fo as to be brought out of a Square, as ’tis ufual in fuch “ Windows-, for the Iron-bars eroding them from Side to Side, not being fet [a) Dr. Gilbert Sheldon , educated in the Univerfity of Oxford, became Warden of All-Souls, and having been Chaplain to King Charles the Firf, and run through many Difficulties, was, after the Rejloration, made frrft, Bifhop of London, and tartly Archbifhop of Canterbury ; which See he held with great Honour and Reputation for above 14 Years, when he died at Seventy- nine Years'of Age, Anno 1677. Befides his Learning and Piety, he is particularly difiin- guifhed by his munificent Benefactions, in which no Man more readily Signalized himfelf; and especially he immortaliz’d his Name, in that glorious Work the Theatre of Oxford, which coft him more than Sixteen Thoufand Pounds ; befides the Gift of Two Thoufattd Pounds, to buy Lands worth 100 l, per Ann . to keep it in Repair, We are afiured from Ins Rela¬ tions, That from the Time of his being Biihop of London, to that of his Death, it appeared in his Book of Accounts, that upon publick, pious, and charitable Ufes, he had bellowed about Threejicre and Six Thoufand Pounds. i “ at “ at Right-angles, but diagonally like Struts or Braces, as in Fig. 6. mull ne- “ ceflarily bend or break, before the Window can fink. Nor are the Round- “ windows below, unworthy Confideration, being contrived to admit Air in “ f° u ' Weather, yet not one Drop of Rain ; for being opened and fet obliquely, “ as in F 'g- 7 - “ receives the Rain within at a, and calls it out again at b; much lefs will it admit Rain any-ways when fhut, it doling within its “ Frame at the Top, and without it at the Bottom.” On the 9th of July, 1669, the new Theatre was opened with great Solem¬ nity, and followed with a moil fplendid AB„ fuch as had not been equalled in the Memory of Man. The munificent Founder honoured tire Architect, on this Hi ft Efiay of his Skill, with the Prefent of a golden Cup; and by his Sta¬ tutes, appointed him jointly with the Vice-chancellor perpetual Curator of the Fabrick. We William Fownjend of Oxford, Mafon, and ‘Jeremiah Fr-anklff and Thomas Speakman of the fame, Carpenters, do hereby certify, tbpt by the Command of the Reverend Robert Shipper, Doctor in Divinity, Vice-chan¬ cellor of the Univerfity of Oxford, we did, on the Day of the* Date hereof, furvey, and firidlly examine the whole Fabrick of the Theatre in the faid Univerfity, and do find, that all the fame is in perfedl Repair, and good Order; all the Walls thereof no where appearing to be in the leall defective ■ and the Roof which has been formerly fwayed or funk in the Middle “ about eleven Inches, occafioned by the fhrinking of fome of the Timber and “ great Weight of Books formerly laid upon it, appearing to us to be in as “ good a Condition as it was above twenty Years fince, when the like Exa- “ mination was made: And we do further certify, That the whole Fabrick “ of the faid Theatre is, in our Opinion, like to remain and continue in fuch “ good Repair and Condition, for one hundred or two hundred Years yet “ to come. In Teftimony whereof, we have hereunto put our Hands the eighth “ Day of March, Anno Dom. 1720. William Fownefend. Jeremiah Franklin. Thomas Speakman. N. B. This Certificate, from Builders of the bell Repute in Oxford, was oc¬ cafioned by a groundlefs Rumour, at that time, that the Fabrick was in want of Repairs. After the Defcription of this geometrical Flat-roof, it may be expedient to examine the Diagrams of fuch Work, by the old Architedl Sebaftian Serlio ■ and much later, by Dr. Wallis-, in order to difeern in one View, how much this of the Oxford Theatre has excell'd the other two ; though it is not known that either of thofe Schemes was ever put in Pradlice, except that of Dr. Wallis in a fmall Model. Sebafliani Serlii ArchitcBura, Lib. i. de Geometria. Complura prater opiniomm ArchiteBo fapius accidere folent : •uerbi gratia nt hujufee rei exemplum aliquod offeramus: contignatio el forte for tun a pedum XV. J'patio ac intervallo producenda extruendaque committetur : verum, complu- rihus tignis ipfi propoftis, nullum eorum ad tantam utique longitiidinem per- tinget, quinimo Jingula bipedali quantitate, a prcediBa deficient 'hngitudihe ; r r quibuS 33 8 T FI E L IF E O F quibus tamen, nulla alia prorfus fuppetente materia, pro contignatione cmficienda necejfario erit utendum : Quid obfecro mifer illr ArchiteBus fibi conjilii caplet ? Rationem hie deferiptam perfequetur, et opus J'uum quam folidijfimum reddet, al¬ tera nimirum tignorum capite parieti injixo, reliquoque abfque ulla fultura JltJ- penfo remanente, quemadmodum ex fubjeBd perfpici potefl Figurd. Sebajliani Serlii Diagramma Contignationis plana Geometrica. A Model of a geometrical Flat-Jloor, contrived by Dr. J. Wallis, was given r!pZn°f to the Royal Society by Bifhop Wilkins ; the following Account of which, by thi Mufvum the Author, is an Abftraft of that he hath publilhed in his Book De Motu, tct, R X s . Cap. vi. Prop. to. Fig. 243. . 361. I did firft, faith the Dodlor, contrive and delineate it, in the Year 1644, at Queen’s-college in Cambridge. When afterwards I was made Profeflor of Geo¬ metry at Oxford , about the Year 1650, I caufed it to be framed of fmall Pieces of Timber , prepared by a Joiner, and put together by rnyfelf. This I fhewed foon after to divers in Oxford, and particularly to Dr. Wil¬ kins, then Warden of Wadham College. After the King’s Reftauration, I caufed another to be made; and in the Year 1660, prefented it to his Majefty, who was well pleafed with it, and caufed it to be repofited in his Clofet. On the Model firft-mentioned, I read two publick LeBures at Oxford ; the one, in the Year 1652, as to the Conftru&ion of it; the other, in the Year 1653, as to the Computation of what Weight every Joint of it luftains; whereby it might be the better judged how far it may be fafely praffiled. The greateft Weight charged on any one J int, doth not amount to ten times the Weight of one Beam ; and the greateft Weight borne by one Beam, not to feventeen times its own Weight: And even this, not laid all on the fame Part, but diftributed to feveral Parts of it. A third LeBure, much to the fame purpofe, I read May 1669, in the fame Place, before the Grand Duke of Ttifcany. The Contrivance is obvious to the Eye. The Outfides reprefent the Walls of the Building, on which this Flat-floor or Roof is to be laid. The Beams next adjoining to the Sides, have one End lodged on thofe Walls; the other End fuftained by another Beam, lying crofs; both Ends of which, are in like manner fuftained by other Crofs-beams; and, thofe again by others ; till they reach the other Walls. So that no one of them can fall, unlefs the Walls fail, or the Beams break: All mutually fuftaining each other, without any Pillar or Prop to fupport them, befides the outer Walls. The Models I caufed to be made, and that of the Royal Society in Imi¬ tation thereof, are in Breadth about four times as much as the Length of the longeft Beam ; but may be continued, at Pleafure, to farther Breadth, as fhall be thought fit; with this Caution, that the farther the Work is con¬ tinued, the greater Weight will be charged on every Joint; efpecially near the Middle. And tho’ in this Model, no one Beam is charged with fo much as feventeen times its own Weight; yet if the Work be continued to a greater Breadth, the proportional Weight will be thereby increafed. And therefore mull be limited, according to the Strength of Timber, able to bear more or fewer times its own Weight. See the Fi- I do not know, that yet it hath been reduced to Practice, in more than gurti. four Pieces in this Form. Such is one of the Floors in the Tower of the publick Schools at Oxford: The Breadth whereof, to the Length of the Beams, is as three to two. But may doubtlefs be continued much further; efpecially in fuch a Roof, as is not to bear much more than its own Thus, 339 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. Thus, for Inftance, a Bowling-green of near an Acre of Ground, may be covered with a Frame of long (lender Pieces, without any other Prop than on the Sides, for Vines, or other like Plants to run upon, fo as to (hade the whole. Note here, That whereas the Ends of the feveral Pieces are to lie upon thofe that crofs them, about the Middle thereof, it will be neceffary at every Joint to abate both Pieces half-way, or near it; that one may be thus let into the other, and the whole reduced to a Flat. But whether fuch Piece, fo abated, doth end even with that on which it lies, or doth lie over fomewhat beyond it, is indifferent. And though that may feem more elegant, this, perhaps, may be fitter for Ufe. Each Piece, 1 fay, mull: be fo abated half-way, or near it: For, whereas thofe Beams, efpecially of a confiderable Length, will, with the Weight, bow a little; if this Abatement be fomewhat lefs than half-way, (whereby without fuch bowing, the whole would fomewhat rife in the Middle) it will by fuch bowing be reduced to a Flat. Note alfo, That a Frame thus contrived, needs neither Nail nor Pin ; the feveral Pieces fattening, as well as fupporting one another. Yet, if it be to bear a great Weight more than its own, it will be convenient to fallen each Joint with Pins ; and, if Need be, to (Lengthen it with Iron-plates, or line it with other Pieces of 'Timber, to be falfened with Iron-bolts , to make amends for what is weakened by the Abatements at the Joints ; which will make the whole Frame exceeding llrong. “ Pheatrum Oxonienfe, in toto hoc nojlro Britannico, an non e terrarum Gull.Walker. “ orbe? nec habet ullum fibi par, nec ullum fecundum-, Pheatrum quod ex- “ optet Apollo templum, Mufae ParnalTum, Plato academiam, Arifloteles Ly- “ ceum, Cicero Tufculanum, Gratite omties, Venerefque domum. Carmen Pindaricum in Theatrum Sheldonianum, et ej’us Arcliitcclum. I. (JiUoufque linguas oculis litamus Vidtimas tacentes ? Quoufque dejixi jlupemus Saxei faxa , plumbeique plumbum, Panquam Nos vacuis parata conchis Simulacra caslo dedolaj/et artifex ? Vocales ecce lapides et trabes fonora: Ingratam humanis taciturnitatem Cognatis exprobrant, Dryas quos Obfletrix Eduxit rupto fru/ird de robore, fruftrd Deucalioneo mollibant numina jaSfu, Eja quce doBis mufica pulfibus Pot malleorum fua-ve concinentium Agreftes cicurat fonos ! Cedant Orphei tandem miracula pleftri, Atque AmphiOnise jides ; llle jeras olim fylvafque /equates Excivit et montes vagos : Authors Corb. Owen, ex JEde Chrifti. Mujee Ang. Vol. I. Hie I ! ‘ 340 THE LIFE OF Hie Architefto mania carmine Stupenda Thebis addidit: At ecce jam blatido fragorc Ipfos murorum Jymphonia Vates attonitos trahit : At ecce ruderibus profee jacentem Me me poetam extruit: Cui tantos liceat Jonos Confufa faltem pro more imitaricr Edits. II. • At nullum eloquium nulla fonantium Decora verborum ftrues, Vajlarum trabium non enarrabile textum ALquabit, folidamve exprimet harmoniam. En ut fublimi penfilis a'ere Denditur campus juga ponderqfi Sujlinens plumbi, gravidumque fato Culmine montem ! O quam jujla fides ncblit amantes Arbores, quondam folitas procari Blando murmure, nutibufque biandis: Connubio junffas Jlabili vis nulla revcllet , Divortium [era non facient facula. En audax quanto machina mju Muros deferit hinc et bine relidlos , Metumque Jitbje 8 is jocofum Sahis incutit ufque et ufque tutis! Non ilia planisfpherii minacis Secura lapj'um magis expavefeit, Firtna quam casli camera arcuati iEterni fornicis ruinam. Fam Jlabilem jubet ejfe vajlitatem Ingenium potentis arcbiteBi , Quo nil folidiufve ladufve, Quod molem retheream vi Juftinet Atlantea, Carcere quod veterum teneri Orbiculorum nefeiens Augujli extendit late pomeria cceli. III. Divina WRENNVS heul diu Mathemata Vel dodto nimium pulvere fordida Evexit ajfurgens in altum, Interque Jlellas luce donavit nova Stellis vel ipfis invidenda. Flic fydereo fpeilator in Amphitheatre) Vidit ferarum fplendida prAia, Iratifque corufcantes Faucibus atque oculis rogos. Flic ferenarum pidtis noblium feenis Vidit planetas prafeios caeli mimos Humana ludentes fata, Nunc ore rifus comico futuros 2 Fejli- r: sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt; 34 .* Fejlivofque fales; atque hilares jocos , JEthereis celebrare choris, Nunc face lugubri radiifque pullis, Et fcelera, & ccedes nepotum Fingcre materiem cothurnis. Tandem rependit gratus hofpes dtheris SpeBaculorum fyderibus vices. Mirantur a/lra pojfe mortales manus Ditare terras cemula cadi domo. Quin et rivalem lujlrat amabilem, Suamque cadum deperiens imaginem, Ut penitus fpeculo fruatur Jam plures oculos, & lumiria plura requiriti IV. Quamvis hianti fubtrahqi popello Modefta frontem fabrica, fcut decet Sacro parente procreatam virginem Non turba genitam promil'cua 5 Profanis fubducat licet Oculis plebis male feriata Intemerandum vultiis exitnii decus ; Quale nec Etrufca miratus viBor in urbe Negavit olirn Carolus Cuivis mortali fore fas profejld Luce videre Non ilia casli tamen intuentis Criticum lumen fugit; ultra folem Lynceum vocat, a/iraque curiofa Centum receptat fenejlris. Ingentis populi videt capaces Pegmatum moles attonitus fol, Mundi Supervifor fupremus, Interque varios undique miratur foros "Tam bellam ordihis benignitatem, Du/n nulla lucem pars queratur amijfam, Triflemque pulla lugeat eclipfm. Flic foie melius quilibet vel ipfo Et cunBos vidijfe potejl, cunBifque videri. V. Celandum nihil ejl, nihil tegendum ; Nullus hie error latebras requirit ; PerfeBa furgit undiqmque moles, Et merito duplicis gerit ornamenta corona? s Quanta debitur quotuplexque WRENNO Laurea viBori, fervatori civica ; Capitique decentior Architedlo Turrita Cybeles corona ? EeviBam nimium diu Opprejfamque fuis miferabilem ruini 9 TeBonicen benignus Artium civem reddidit urbi Olim qua rudibus dedit vagifque Artibus urbem. 9 s r . JS Longa nequicquam rabies Gothorum, S>ua cit'o Romanum perdidit imperium, Bello terebat ufque pervicaci Artem vaftoribus inimicam. 'Auxiliatrices frujlra accejjere caterva, Orbilque cvnfpiravit dedecus in fuum ; (Nam fubruendae primus architebhircc Vbique totus orbis erat Gothus) Aggre‘ffus Irydram WRENNVS immenfam ruit, Quanquam tenacis confuetudinis Loricd fquammatam adamantine!. JEmula nec partem nodofa triumpbi, Hercules ritu, clava fibi vendicat, Hie radio totam debili et pafillo Barbanem Jlernens, fmul omnia monjlra fubegit Quotquot fceciuido tulit ignorantia partu. VI. En ntultus altis bine et inde muris En triumphalis ut refurgat arcus, Intufque et extra nobiles cohtmnee, Artis frequenter dim abortientis (Ut mos patriciis malus puellis) Proles adultee matris abfoluta ! Hie tandem ingenio columme Hce tandem dodto labori Sluamvis Herculeo, flatuunt nil ultra.- hSc. II. Orthography of the Campanile, or Bell-tower, over the Gate, in the Front and principal Accefs to the great Quadrangle-court of Chrif-church, Oxon, in the Gothick Stile; begun on the old Foundation (laid by Cardinal Wolfey) in June 1681, and finilhed November 1682. III. Plan, Elevation, and Sedtion, of the great Library of Trinity College in Cambridge. Propofols for the Repairs of the Publick-library and Schools”- at Oxford , with the Drawings annexed; imparted to Dr. Gregory. Now in the Bodleyan Library. J IV. Plan, Orthography, and Sedtion of a circular Library, with a Dome and Lantern, and a Colonade Hexaftyle in Front, of the Ionick Order, according to an Intention for Trinity College, not executed. This is a very beautiful and moil: commodious Model for a large Library. V. Dcfigns of the Chapel of Emmanuel College in Cambridge,- VI. Plans, Elevation , and Sedtion of a Theatre, or Commencement-loufe, with a Library annexed, according to an Intention, for the Univerfity of Cambridge, about the \ear 3678, but not executed. Defigns for the parochial Church at Warwick, after the Fire of the Town in 1694, not executed. 0 Oithcgraphy of the Tower of the parochial Church of St. Mary at Waricick, trebled after an unfuccefstul Attempt in Execution of a defective prior Defign by other Hands. Crtbe- K N T. sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, Orthography of the North Front, (commonly called Solomon’s Porch) finifhed fome time before the Surveyor’s Deceafe, in 1723, with the Defigns intended for the middle Tower and Spire, and two weflern Towers, for the collegiate Church ot Si. Peter in Wejlminfter ; contrived in the Gothick Stile, conformable to the old Structure of the Abbey-church and Porch. 343 CONCLUSION, D URING the Time of the Surveyor’s Employment in the Service of the Publick , and of the Crown , by virtue of Letters-patents, confident with the pleafure of fix Crowned-heads, under the Great-feals of King Charles th,e fecond, King James the fecond. King William and Queen Mary, Queen Anne, and King George the fird, (befides the ordinary Duties of his Office, in the Survey and Care of the Repairs and New-buildings of all the royal Palaces) he began and compleated the cathedral Church of St. Paul, the fecond greated Strudlure in Europe ; fifty-one parochial Churches; the great Column called the Monument, and other publick Edifices of London ; the two royal Palaces of Hampton-court and Winchejlcr ; the royal Hofpitals of Chelfea and Greenwich-, the North Front, and other Repairs of We/lmin/ler~ 3 .bbey, from the Year 1698 to the Time of his Deceafe in 1723 ; the Theatre of Oxford-, the Theatre-royal in Drury-lane-, the Duke's Theatre in Salijbury-court, fometime fince taken down ; the magnificent Library of Trinity College in Cambridge ; the elegant Chapel of Emmanuel College there; with many other Fabricks of lefs Note, and private Seats. “ That I take the Boldnefs (fays the learned and ingenious John Evelyn, Efq ; ) to “ adorn this little Work, [Account of Architects sn&Architcfture*] with the Name * London, “ of the Ma/ler of the Works, (whofe Patronage alone can give it Reputation) I I7 S 6 " " “ have no Excufe for, but an Ambition of publickly declaring the great Edeem ch'di. : “ I have ever had of his Virtues and Accomplifliments; not only in the Art of Wren ‘ " Building, but through all the learned Cycle of the mod ufeful Knowledge, and " abftrufer Sciences, as well as of the polite and fluffing. All which is fo juflly •“ allowed him, that he needs no Po.negyrick, or other Hiflory to eternize them, “ than the greatejl City of the XJniverfe, which he hath rebuilt and beautified, “ and is dill improving -, witnefs the Churches, the royal Courts, ftatcly Halls, “ Magazines, Palaces, and other publick Structures ; befides what he has built “ of great and magnificent in both the Univerfities, at Chelfea, and in the “ Country ; and is now advancing of the royal Marine Hofpital at Greenwich, “ &c. All of them fo many Trophies of his Skill and Indudry, and conduced “ with that Succefs, that if the whole Art of Building were lofl, it might be " recovered, and found again in St. Paul’s, the hiftorical Pillar, and thofe other Monuments of his happy Talent, and extraordinary Genius.’’ All thefe Works form fuch a Body of civil Architecture, as will appear rather the Production of a whole Century, than the Life and Indudry of one Man, of which no parallel Indance can be given. In an Adi of Parliament in the ninth Year of the Reign of King William, For nono the compleating and adorning the cathedral Church of St. Paul, London, a Claufe G ' l,u,m Re S- was inferted, To fufpend a Moiety of the Surveyor’s Salary, until the faid Church fhould be finifhed ; thereby the letter to encourage him to jtnifo the fame with the utmojt Diligence and Expedition. It was at that Time a common Notion and Mifreport, that the Surveyor re¬ ceived a large annual Salary for that Building, and, confequently, it was his In- 5 ierelt f 34 - 4 - Anno nono Anna Reg. 6 Aug. ij Maii. Quarto Geor- gii R. primi. At Hamp- Ex MS. D. Sprat. THE LIFE OF tereft to prolong the finifhing of the Fabrick, for the Continuance of this fup- pofed Emolument; which, it would feem, occafioned that Claufe. The Surveyor’s Salary for building St. Paul's, from the Foundation to the Finifliing thereof, (as appears from the publick Accounts) was not more than 200 /. per Annum. This, in Truth, was his own Choice, but what the reft of the Commiftioners, on the Commencement of the Works , judged unreafonably fmall, eonfidering the extenfive Charge ; the Pains and Skill in the Contrivance; in preparing Draughts, Models, and Inftrudtions for the Artificers, in their le- veral Stations and Allotments; in alrrioft daily overfeeing and directing in Perfon ; in making Eftimates and Contracts; in examining and adjufting all Bills and Ac¬ counts, &c. Never-thelefs, he was content with this fmall Allowance, nor co¬ veted any additional Profit, always preferring the publick Service to any private Ends. Upon the compleating this great Fabrick, a Claufe pafied in the Adi of Parliament of the ninth Tear of the. Reign of Queen Anne declaring the Church fnifhed, to impower the CommitTioners to pay the Surveyor the Arrears of this Moiety of his Salary. His Allowance for building all the parochial Churches of the City of London was about ioo /. per Annum , and the fame for the Repairs of Weftminfter- abley. In the Year 1685, Sir Chriflopher Wren was elected and returned a Burgefs for the Borough of Plympton in the County of Devon, and ferved in that Par¬ liament which began at Weftminftcr, 29 Mail , 1 mo. Jacobi II. 1685. In the Parliament which met at Wejhninfter , 22 Jan. 1689, he was ele&ed and returned a Burgefs for the Borough of New-iaindfor , in the County of Berks, by the Inhabitants paying Scot and Lot ; but, upon a Petition, the Refolution of the Houfe was, That the Right of Election was in the Mayor, Bailiff's, and fe- leB Number of Burgejfes only. In the Year 1690, 2 do. Gulielmi & Maria R.R. he was elefled and returned for the fame Borough, by the Mayor, Bailiffs, and felebl Number of Burgtffes onh. On Report of the Merits of this Election, the Queftion being put, “ That the Houfe do agree with the Committee, that the Right of Election is in the Mayor, Bailiffs, and felecl Number of Burgejfes only. It pafied in the Negative, viz. Yeas 138, Noes 144.” In the Year 1700, he was elected and returned a Burgefs for the Borough of Weymouth and Mclcomb-regis, in the County of Dorfet, and ferved in that Par¬ liament which began at Weflminfter , 10 Feb. 12 mo. Gulielmi R. lllti. In the Year 1718, Sir Chriftopher Wren’ s Patent for the Office of Surveyor of the royal Works was fuperfeded, in the fourfeore and fxth Tear of his Age, and after more than fifty Years fpent in a continued aCtive and laborious Service to the Craven and Publick ; at which Time his Merit and Labours were not re¬ membered by fome. He then betook himfelf to a Country Retirement *, faying only with the Stuck, _ Nunc me jubet fortuna expeditius philofophari. —In which Recefs, free from worldly Affairs, he pafied the greateft Part of the five laft following Years of his Life in Contemplation and Studies, and principally in the Confoladon of the holy Scriptures-, chearful in Solitude, and as well pleafed to die in the Shade as in the Light. “ Heroick Souls a nobler Luftre find “ Even from thofe Griefs which break a vulgar Mind; “ That Froft which cracks the brittle common Glafs, “ Makes Cryftal into ftronger Brightnefs pafs. 5 It K N T. sir CHRISTOPHER. WREN, 345 It was the Obfervation of a French Virtuofo, in his Panegyrick upon another Mmfnri'un- great Genius of the firft Rank in Philofophy, the incomparable Sir Ifaac New- Ielielle - ton, that he had the extraordinary Fortune to fee his own Apotheofis :—alluding to the Poet: Scil.— Vivo fublime dedifti ■ Nomcn, ab obfequiis quod dare, fama, foies. Ovid. An Honour, the moll: worthy very rarely acquire; the Reafon is this,—fays the Poet; Unit enim fulgore fuo qui pragravat artes Infra Je pojitas ; extinblus amabitur idem. Hor. Ep. L. 2. Ep. 1. If therefore, it might be, the Surveyor had not the equal Chance to be fo generally diftinguifhed in his Life-time, by the fame Compliment with his Friend, yet was he alike lecured of the pollhumous Praife—— ylerias tentaffe domos, animeque rotundum Percurrijfe polum. - Hor. And has a juft Claim to the peculiar Dignity referved for thofe - Inventas et qui vitam excoluere per artes : Quique fui metnores alios fecere rnerendo : Omnibus his nivea cinguntur tempora Vitta. Yirg. To thefe two illujlrious AJlronomers may, mod aptly and emphatically, be ap¬ plied the general Encomium of the Roman Poet - Felices anhnee, quibus hiec cognofcere primis, lnque domos fuperas fcandere cura fuit ! Credibile ell illas pariter vitiifque loaf pie Aldus humanis exferuijje caput. Don Venus et vinum fublimia pellora fregit ; Ojficiumve fori ; militiave labor. Non levis ambitio, perfufeque gloria fuco ; Magnarumve fames follicitavit of um. Admovere oculis diftantia Jidera no/tris ; ALtherdque ingenio [uppojuere fuo. Sic petitur caelum : ut ferat Oflan Olympus; Summaque Peliacus fydera tangat apex. Nos quoque jub ducibus caelum metabimur tilts Ponemufque fuos ad fata fgna dies. Ovid. Fast. “ Thrice happy they, who firft with Souls refin’d, “ To thefe Purfuits their generous Care confin’d ; “ Who, nobly (purning Earth's impure Abodes, “ Allay'd to climb the Manfions of the Gods. “ Such Breads fublime, Intemp'rance never broke; “ Such ne’er fdbmitted to Love’s lhameful Yoke. “ Such fled the wrangling of the noify Bar, “ The hideous Din of Arms, and painful Toils of War; “ Foes to Ambition, and her idle Lure, “ From Third of Fame, from Third, of Gold, fecure, t t “ Such ■ I 1 | I f: 34-6 THE LIFE OF Dr. Sprat, Hi ft R. S . on Air. R. Rookc.. “ Such Souls, examining the diftant Skies, “ Unveiled its hidden Lights to mortal Eyes. “ Let huge Olympus lofty Offa bear; “ Let Pelion tow’r on OJJa high in Air; “ Mountains on Mountains lliort of Heaven mud rife ; “ This only Ladder reaches to the Skies. “ Led by thefe Guides, to meal'ure Heav’n we try, “ And to each Sign its ftated Days apply.” Dr. Ifaac Barrow, in his Oration at Grefl.am College, in the Year 1662, gives him this moft extraordinary Character :— Certiflime conjlat, ut praecofwres neminem unquam preetulifte fpes, ita nec maturiores quenquam fruffus protuliffe ; prodigium olim pueri, nunc miraculum viri, imo daemonium bominis ; atque ne mentiri videar, fuflecerit nominate ingenioflflmum ct optimum Chrijtophorum Wrennum (a). Part, of his Thoughts for Difcovery of the Longitude at Sea ; a Review of fome former Tracts in Aflronomy and Mathematicks , had a Share in the Em¬ ployment of thofe Hours he could fpare from Meditations and Refearches in holy JVrit, during his laft Retreat; when it appeared, that though Time had enfeebled his Limbs, (which was his chief Ailment) yet had it little Influence on the Vigour of his Mind, which continued, with a Vivacity rarely found at that Age, till within a few Days of his Diftolution; and not till then could ceale the continued Aim of his whole Life, to be (in his own Words) benejicus hu- mano generi ; for his great Humanity appeared to the laft, in Benevolence and Complacency, free from all Morofenefs in Behaviour or AfpedL After a lliort Indifpofition, it was the Will of the omnipotent Author and Difpenfer of all Beings to releafe him from this mortal State, and to invert him with Immortality, on the 25th Day of February , in the Year of Grace 1723, and in the ninety-jirfi of his Age. Sic bene complevit Neftor fua fata , novemque Addiderat lujlris, altera lujlra novem. Ovid. T rist. L. 4. Jucundum ejl, ejfe fecum qudm diutijflme , cum quis fe dignum quo frueretur , efecit. Sen - e P- 59 - As to his bodily Conftitution, it was naturally rather delicate than ftrong, efpecially in his Youth, which feem’d confumptive; and yet, by a judicious Regularity and Temperance, (having acquir’d good Knowledge in Phyfick) he continued healthy, with little Intermiflion, even to this extreme old Age. Fur¬ ther ’tis obfervable, that he was happily endued with fuch an Evennefs of Tem¬ per, a fteady Tranquillity of Mind, and chrirtian Fortitude, that no injurious Incidents, or Inquietudes of human Life, could ever ruffle or difcompofe; and was in Practice a Stoick. Such was Seneca's good Man, Certus judicri , incon - cufjus , intrepidus , quern ahqita vis movet, nulla perturbat ; qucm jortuna, cum in eum, quod habuit tclum nocentifimum , vi maxima intorft , pungit, non vulnerat, G? hoc rare. [Ep. 45.] Tails ejt fapientis animus , qualis mundi flatus fuper lunam-, Jemper illic Jerenum eft. (Ep. 60.] In a Word, (as was faid on another Occa- fion by an elegant Writer) “ His Knowledge had a right Influence on the “ Temper of his Mind, which had all the Humility, graceful Modefty, Good- “ nefs, Calmnefs, Strength, and Sincerity of a found and unaffedled Philofo- “ pher. Laftly, to whole Merits his Country is further indebted, than has (a) J. Wards Lives of Profeflors of Grejham College, Appendix, Number X. 4 been sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, “ been yet acknowledg’d.” He is interr’d in the Vaults of the cathedral Church of St. Paul, under the South-aile of the Quire. Over the Grave is this Infcription on a fmall Table of Marble: Subtiis conditur Hujus Ecclefice, & Urbis Conditor Christophorus Wren, Sjti Dixit annos ultra nonaginta Non fibi, fed Bono-fublico. Ledior, ft Mmumentum requiris, Circumfpice. Obiit 25 Feb. Anno 1723. JEtat 9r. [Marmora parva quidem, fed non ceffura, viator, Maujoli Jaxis Pyramidumque, legis. ] Martial. [Umbra dii tenuem dent , & fine pondere terrain, Spirantefque crocos, & in urnd perpetuum verb] Juven. Sat. VII. P. S. An After-Thought for the Inscription. H. S. E. Christophorus Wren, Hujus Ecclefice & Urbis Conditor £>ui vixit annos ultra Neftoreos, Non Jibi, fed Patrice. V iator, Ji Fumulum requiris Dejpice, Si Monumentum, Circumjpice. Obiit 25 Feb. Anno 1720,. Ait at. 91. Blazonry of the Coat of Arms, viz. Argent, a Chevron between three Lions Heads erafed Azure, on a Chief Gules three Crofs-Croflets Or. Creft on the Helmet, A Lion's Head erafed Azure, transfix’d by a Spear bloody on the Point. N. B. The Colours on the Modern Arms differ from the Antient. Suffice & Mirare. Christophorus Wren Eques Auralus, Botins hujus Fabricce Magnus Architedtus: THE LIFE OF 3P 8 IJnius Hominis Opus, Haud Mortali datum. Bis Fablus Immortalis De Casio Invigilat Monte Permeat , Corpore Suflentat Quantilli Corpori Quantus Animus, Qualis Mens. Depofitum fervet F.cclejia Memor Sui ! Suit us jacet Fundator, Curator. Spuam Grande Opus ! Shiatu Perenne Monument um ! By a St. Paul's Scholar, March 7, I 7 2 3 - Aubrey', Mi/- Sir Chrijlophcr Wren being at his Father’s Houfe, anno 1651, at Knoyle C fag"lz V , x Wilts, dreamt that he faw a Fight in a great. Market-place, which he On C. W. knew not, where feme were flying, and others purfuing; and among thofe that fled, he faw a Kinfman of his, who went into Scotland to the King’s Army. They heard in the Country that the King was come into Eng¬ land, but whereabout He was they could not tell. The next Night his Kinf¬ man came to his Father’s at Knoyle, and was the firft that brought the News of Fought Sep. 3. (| ]e Fight at Worcefler. When Sir Chrijlopher Wren was at Paris, about 1665, he was taken ill and feveriih, made but little Water, and had a Pain in his Reins: He fent for a Phvfi- cian, who advis’d him to let Blood, thinking he had a Pleurify; but Bleeding much difagreeing with his Conftitution, he would defer it a Day longer: That Night he dreamt that he was in a Place where Palm-trees grew, (fuppofe Egypt) and that a Woman in a romantick Habit reach’d him Dates. The next Day he fent for Dates, which cur’d him of the Pain in his Reins. Aubrey’, Mi/- By Way of Parallel to this, “ The Plague raging in the Army of the Em- “ L CJ9M& Mfciawb. £ 4 ^ ’J'/v/it o) (ana a/ O/t/crn,a S I R CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. 361 Shrine fituated in the Middle of the Celia, wherein flood the Colofs Image of Diana Multimammea, contains feven, and anfwers the Number in Pliny. This flrange Idol, (which is reprefented in the Coins of Ephefus, and other Afmtick Cities) of as odd a Figure as any Indian Pagod, (the Remains of very an¬ cient Superftition, before the Ionick Migration, which, it feems, the Greeks would flill preferve, believing it fell out of Heaven, and fent by Jupiter) was made of Cedar; and the Celia had a flat Roofing of Cedar; for vaulted it could not well be, for want of Butment, being 115 Feet broad, and near as high, and 230 Feet long. Thus was the Huntrefs placed, as it were, in a Grove of Marble Pillars. All the ancient Idols were encircled with Groves; and this feems to be the Reafon of the perpetual Adherence of all Architedlure to this Form, and no other, of Colonades about Temples; meaning to reprefent the original Groves, as the Capitals, and all the Ornaments carry flill the Figures of Leaves. Diana Artemis was the Moon, her Solemnities were by Night: the nineteen Pillars in the Ailes reprefented her Period; the feven Pillars of the Chapel in the Middle of the Celia, the Quarter of her menflrual Courfe. This, 1 fuppofe, was the NAI'SKOS, we tranflate the Shrine of Diana-, the Reprefentation of which, ’tis fuppofed, and not of the whole Structure, the Silverfmiths of Ephe- Aasoftht Jus formed in Models for Sale to Strangers, “ which brought no fmall Gain to etfofihs.c.x ix. “ the Craftfmen.” In like manner, at this Day, fmall Models of Wood, gar- v ' z4 ' nifbed with Mother of Pearl, of the holy Sepulchre at Jerufalem, are ufually made for Sale to Pilgrims and Foreigners. The Columns being 60 Feet high, the Diameter, according to Rule, mufl be 6 Feet 8 Inches, that is, a ninth Part; thus every Column would contain at leafl no Tun of Marble, befides Bafe and Capital, and the vafl Stones of the Entablature, but more elpecially of the middle Intercolumn, which being wider than the reft, to open more Way for the Entrance, as ufual in the Greek Temples, was about 22 Feet, and could not bear its own Weight, unlefs the Architrave and Freeze were both of one Stone, which together would be above 150 Tun; the fetting of which (for it feems the Architedl defpaired) was mi- raculoufly attributed to the Goddefs herfelf, as beyond the Reach of human Skill. Thirty-fix of the Columns were carved by Scopas, a famous Statuary of the School of Praxiteles ; and the outward Walls of the Celia were adorned with Pidtures, about the Time of Apelles. Modern Travellers tell us, there are great Heaps of Ruins at this Day, and large Vaults, which probably were the Subftruftions of the Colonades. 1 imagine the Afcent to it was eafy, and not with many Steps, that the “AIIH'NH 'IEPA', Phenfa Sacra, might commodioufly pafs: this was a covered Waggon drawn by two Mules, in which the Idol was placed, and carried through the Streets to the Circus, upon grand Solemnities. [We often fee this Temple reprefented upon Medals, with the Figure of Diana ; but the Frontifpiece, becaufe of the fmall Room left in thde fort of Monuments, is never to be feen there charged with more than eight Pillars, fometimes with fix, with four, or only with two.] z z Obfervations Obfervatto?is on the Temple of Peace, built by the Emperor Vefpafian. !• i “HE Greatnefs of this * Temple, the moil magnificent of old Rome, fir““ T 1 is prodigious; it is longer than our f Wefiminfter-ball, and the middle + ^ Fen Nave only, befides the Ailes, is more than a feventh Part broader; in Heighth trh / 66 l “ 11 cxcee d s the higheft Cathedral now in the World. 2. The Walls are thin, where the Roof prefles not; but admirably fecured where the Weight lies; firft, by the Piles behind the Pillars, which are of that Thicknefs backward, that they are fufficient Butment to the Arch of the Ailes : (this not being obferved in the Gotbick Cathedrals, the Vault of the Ailes refting againft the Middle of the Pillars of the Nave, bend them inward; and there¬ fore, in Wejhnhjler-abbey, they are cramped, in fome Places, crofs the Aile to the outward Wall, with vaft Irons, to fecure the Vault of the Aile from fpread- ing.) Secondly, the Weight of the Roof'above hath a mighty Butment from the Hope Walls between the Windows, which anfwer to the Half-frontifpieces of the Ailes; from whence the flying Buttreffes of the Gotbick Fabricks feem to have taken their Original. 3. This Temple afcends to its vaft Heighth each Way, by three Degrees; the mighty Nave is butted by the Ailes, and the Ailes by the Tribunals, and little Rooms without; which we may well fuppofe to be thofe Archives wherein the Sibyll’ s Books, the Spoils of the JewtJb Temple, and the Records of Rome, the moft facred for Antiquity, were kept. 4. Thus it rifes to be equal in Heighth to half the whole Breadth between the fide Tribunals; and a Line drawn from the Key of the Vault of the Nave, to the Key of the Arch of the Aile, determines the Breadth of the Aile : fo that in the fartheft Part you fee always half the Vault of the Nave; which makes it feem free and fpacious, containing more than an Acre of Ground in its Pave¬ ment, and might well contain an Aflembly of 20,000 Perfons; the common Ufe of it being a Hall of Juftice, and for that Reafon it was made very light- fome; whereas the confecrated Temples were generally very obfcure. 5. I have admired the Greatnefs and Firmnefs of this Pile, but I cannot com¬ mend the Architedt’s Judgment for obfcuring the majeftick Stature of it with an humble Portico, and low Wings, which caufe the vifual Ray to cut off very much of the Height; fo that in Perfpedtive the Front will look exceeding broad and flat, and, to thofe that approach the Entrance, will feem as it were grafted upon the low Portico; though the Grace in the double Frontiipiece and Acroteria, doth fomething make amends, diftinguifhing the mighty Breadth into feveral Parts. 6. But fhall I accufe Antiquity for want of Skill in Opticks, of which every where it fhews fuch admirable Proofs ? fince particularly here the Architedf hath given great Teftimony of it in the Contrivance of his Cornice, wherein he hath left out the Corona, or Hanging-fquare, by an unulual Example. The Corona feems an eflential Part in all Cornices, as that which gives Denomination to the whole, and is neceflary to the Beauty of a Cornice; becaufe, by its Projedture, it fhadows all the lower Members, receiving upon its plane Surface a terle Light from above; this gives the Eminence and diftindt Appearance which we fee in the Parts of a Cornice at diftance ; but the Artift here ingenioufly apprehending that his Lights in this Fabrick flood level with his Cornice, and therefore it would want the EfFedt for which it is ufed, and that the Hanging-face of it would I hk " _ sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. 563 would be fore-fhortened to nothing, to the Eye which beholds it from beneath, Wifely left out this Member, which, if thefe optical Realbns did not prevail, would never have been ufed, fince, of all Members, this is that which moft loads the Cornice, and makes us, for want of Stones of fuch Vaftnefs, and Money to move them, defpair, in thefe Days, of coming near the Greatnefs of fuch a Pillar and Entablement as is here ufed, where the Projedture of the Cornice is near 5 Feet; 7. It was not therefore Unfkilfulnefs in the Architeft that made him chufe this flat kind of Afpedt for his Temple, it was his Wit and Judgment, Each Deity had a peculiar Gefture, Face, and Drefs hieroglyphically proper to it; as their Stories were but Morals involved : and not only their Altars and Sacri¬ fices were myftical, but the very Forms of their Temples. No Language, no Poetry can fo defcribe Peace, and the EfFedts of it in Men’s Minds, as the De- fign of this Temple naturally paints it, without any AfFedtation of the Allegory. It is eafy of Accefs, and open, carries an humble Front, but embraces wide, is luminous and pleafant, and content with an internal Greatnefs, defpifes an in¬ vidious Appearance of all that Heighth it might otherwife juftly boaft of, but rather fortifying itfelf on every Side, refts fccure on a fquare and ample Bails. 8. I know very well the Criticks in Architedture will fcarce allow this Temple to be accurate, doubting a Decay of the Art in the Time of Vefpafian, who finifhed this Temple; but it was Claudius who began it, when we need not fiufpedt Corruption. Nor need we fcruple that the Entablement of the Columns is not continued, but that the Arches of the Ailes break higher than the Archi¬ traves; for thefe Arches refemble fo many Tribunals, which are ufually made in the Form of Niches, with the vaulted Head, adorned with a reticulate Work, but are not frequently fet upon any Imports, like the Arches of a Gate : but in the Infide of the beft Works, the whole Entablement is feldom precifely kept; fometimes the Architrave is not expreffed, as within the Portico of the Temple of Vejia at Tivoli ; moft frequently is the Freeze omitted, and always in the In¬ fide of the Porticoes of Temples is the Cornice omitted, unlefs you will call the Mouldings of the Liftels a Cornice. Within the Portico of the Pantheon , over the Capitals, runs a compound Moulding of Architrave and Cornice combined in one, yet all together make not the due Bignefs of the Cornice : in the open Air it is as well the Protection from Weather as the Crown of the Pile, and there¬ fore not to be interrupted nor broken forward, without juft Reafon; within, where it is an Impediment, ’tis often omitted, as in this Cafe, by its great Pro¬ jection, it would have obfcured the Defcent of the Light. The fame Order of Arches without Imports is obferved throughout, in the Portico before the Temple, in the Windows of the Fronts, in the Paffages through the Tribunals, in the Niches; and though we have not extant more Examples of the like, yet I am apt to believe the Bafilicce, which were vaulted with Stone, followed this kind of Fabrick; and as it is vaft, and well poifed, fo it is true, well propor¬ tioned, and beautiful, and was defervedly efteemed by the Romans themfelves, as one of the moft confiderable Structures of Rome. Qbfcr’pations A S ftudioufly as the Afpeft of the Temple of Peace was contrived in Allufion to Peace and its Attributes, io is this ol Ivfd'ce appropriated to War: a ilrong and llately Temple Ihews itfelf forward; and, that it might not lofe any of its Bulk, a vail Wall of near too Feet high is placed behind it; (be- caufe, as Vitruvius notes, Things appear lefs in the open Air) and though it be alingle Wall, eredted chiefly to add Glory to the Fabrick, and to mnltcr up at once a terrible Front of Trophies and Statues, which Hand here in double Ranks, yet an ingenious Ufe is made of it, to obfcure two irregular Entrances, which come from a bending Street: and to accommodate itfelf as well to the Situation, as to give Firmnefs to the Wall but 5 Feet thick, it is built in various Flexures’ (becaufe a llrait Wall is eafier ruined by Tempelts): thefe Flexures give Oppor¬ tunity to form two other Frontifpieces, in' which are feen Niches much greater 1 than 365 sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, knt. than ordinary, and may be fuppofed to contain the Trophies.—Thus flands the Temple like the Phalanx, while the Walls reprefent the Wings of a Battalia. ° Profpicit armipotens operis fafiigia fummi, Et probat inviBos fumma tenere Deos. Profpicit in foribm diver fee tela figuree, Armaque terrarum milite villa fuo. Hinc videt Asnean oneratum pondere facrv, Et tot Idles nobilitatis avos. Hinc videt Iliaden humeris due is arma ferentem, Claraque dijpofitis alia filbejfe viris. SpeBat et Augufto preetextum nomine templum, Et vifum, lecio Csfare, majus opus. Digna giganteis hcec funt delubra tropheris, &c. Ovid. Fast. L. 5. II. In this Court we have an Example of circular Walls; and certainly no En- clolure looks fo gracefully as the circular: ’tis the Circle that equally bounds the Eye, and is every where uniform to itfelf ; but being of itfelf perfedt, is not ealily joined to any other Area, and therefore feldom can be ufed: a Semicircle joining to an Oblong, as in the Tribunal at the End of this Temple, is a grace- rul Compofition. III. If I might divine in Architefture, I would fay, that the two Porticoes that made up the Court were diredtly oppofite to the two Side-frontifpieces, and that the Walls of the Court might continue on the other Side of a Street leaving open the Paflages A B ; and this might be the Reafon that Palladio fought no farther for them finding Foundations to end at A and B. By this means, thofe that walk in either Portico, will have the Profpedt of a Side-frontifpiece before them ; thofe that walk in the Ante-temple, will have that goodly Tour of Sta- tuesidiffufed about them ; and thofe that enter the Court, have an excellent Per- ipecrive of the Whole ; thofe that come down from the Temple, will have the View of the Temple of Neptune, which, Palladio i. kys, flood over-againft it The Romans guided themfelves by Perfpeftive in all their Fabricks; and why ihould not Perfpedive lead us back again to what was Roman ? If I prefumed twas Tully that animated me, who allures us, that Reafon is the beft Art of Di' vination. I cannot omit commending the Fronts of the Porticoes : the Liftels are in¬ vented to make Roofs, too narrow for a Vault, rife airy and light ; the Orna¬ ments between, confifting of a Trayle of Fillets continuing in fquare Angles leem to me to have been borrowed from Beds of Gardens, and very properly would fuit to that End. r r r y IV. fhe Cornice of the Wall advifes us what Cornice to ufe in plainer Works- and gracefully is the Bafis of the Columns made a continued Bafis to the whole emple. But the Pillar with the Capital of Horfes-heads, (fuppofed by Pal- a a a ladio 366 THE LIFE OF ladio to be one of the inward Ornaments) belongs not to this, but the othef neighbouring Temple of Neptune-, for, 'twas Neptune who was called Domina - tor Equorum. This, and the Temple of Peace, and the Pantheon, are thole which Pliny particularly mentions among the moll remarkable Works of Rome. V. . The Squares in the Wall of the Celia oppofite to the Inter-columnations, tell us how extremely the Ancients were addidted to fquare and geometrical Figures, the only natural Foundation of Beauty. VI. We find the moft adorned Temples of the Corinthian Order have the Walls of the Celia channelled; fo much they affedted the Oftentation of great Stones, that where there were Joints, they would not feem to oblcure them, that the Shafts of the Pillars might the better appear entire, and to give a darker Field behind them : the right Proportion of them is double in Length to their Breadth: the Ap¬ pearance is bell where there is much together. Of sir CHRISTOPHER WREN, int, Of the Sepulchre of Maufolus King of Caria. ; T HE Sepulchre of Maufolus is fo well defcribed by Pliny, that I have at¬ tempted to defign it accordingly, and alfo very open, conformable to the Pelcription in Martial. Mere ’vacuo pendentia Maufolea. And yet it wanted not the Solidity of the Dorick Order, which I rather call the Tyrian, as ufed in that Age. The Skill of four famous Artifts, Scopes, Briaxes, Timotbeus, and Leochares, all of the School of Praxiteles, occafioned this Monument to be efteemed one of the feven Wonders of the World. Thefe Architefts living before the Time of Alexander, and before the Beginning of the Temple of Diana at Ephefus, (for Maufolus died, according to Pliny, in the fecond Year of the * hundredth Olym- * Aliter 106. piad, which was before the Mick Order was firft in Ufe) 1 conclude this Work muft be the exadeft Form of the Dorick It appeared from the City Halicar- naffus to the Sea, that is. North and South, 64 Feet, and fo much every way ; for, each Artificer took his Side: and being hexaftyle, contained in all 36 Pil¬ lars; that is to fay, 20 for the four Fronts, and "16 within, which fupported the Pteron, (as Pliny calls it) in the Manner exprefled in the Plan. Pteron is an unufual Term, and not, I think, to be found in the Authors we have. Harduin, in his Notes on Pliny, and others confider the Word, as in the plural Number, Ptera, (nTEPA 1 ) Alec, and think it imports the fame Meaning as Pteromata in Vitruvius ; Muri duo in altitudinem confurgentes alarum injlar. But if we take it, as it is, in the Angular Number, it cannot bear here that Signification; but may relate, as I conclude, to what we now call an Attick Order, and what rofe above the Cornice, to have been called by this Term in Greek Authors of Architecture, now loft. This Pteron was here raifed as high again as the Order below, to bear the triumphal Chariot of King Maufolus. The like the Romans did in their triumphal Arches; but in this, it is raifed fo high, becaufe it ftands upon a fecond Range of Columns within, and that the Chariot might be feen at Sea ; for fuch was the Situation of Caria, where all the Ships that doubled this South-weft Cape of Afia muft keep the ufual Trad to Rhodes. Suppofing then in the Order, which Vitruvius calls Syfiyle, (where the Inter¬ column is double to the Diameter of the Column) if the Column is 4 Feet Diameter, and the Inter-column 8 Feet, the whole Facade will be 64 Feet. The Heigbth of the Columns of 74 Diameter will be 30 Feet, and with the Dorick Entablature of a fourth Part of the Column, will make 374 Feet, which is juft 25 Cubits ; as Pliny makes the Heighth of the firft Story : above the Cyma of the Cornice muft be a Zocle of 24 Feet, for fixing the Statues, which will make in all 40 Feet from the Floor. Upon the 16 inward Columns rofe the Pteron, (the ancient Greek Term, as I have noted, for whatever was ereded above the Cornice, which we now call an Attick Story) the Pilallers whereof, that they might be vifible, were fupported on a Subftrudure, or Pedeftal, of 20 Feet, fo elevated to be feen above the Statues of 7 Feet, and being 14 Feet behind the Cyma of the outward Columns, could not well be lower. The Pilafters then of the Pteron being 24 Feet, made with their Cornice 30 Feet more; and upon this the Stone Covering riling 24 Feet more, in metce cacumen, (as Pliny phrales it) made the whole Pteron 74 Feet. Now, if round about the lower Colonade is added an Afcent in Steps of 10 Feet, (the third of the Pillar) there will be to the Platform on the Top 124 Feet, upon which flood the triumphal Chariot 4 of 368 THE LIFE OF of Maufolus, in Marble, 16 Feet high; fo the whole Heighth will be 140 Feet, as by Pliny .—The whole Circumference I have computed 416 Feet, which exceeds Pliny’s by 3 Feet. The Bottom and Facade, Pliny reported as’ he was informed by Greek Meafure, I have computed by juft Proportions, which in¬ deed are very fine. Firft, the Afcent in Heighth is a third Part of’ the Pillar ; then the Column with the Architrave being 3 2, will be half the Fafade 64’ and the Face of the Pteron and Pedeftal, will have the Appearance of being as high as broad over the Heads of the Statues. The Afcent of Steps up to the Platform, is only the proper Stone Covering, the Stones being 12 Inches high, and 6 Inches faile. The Breadth at the lower Steps to the whole Heighth, is as 3 to 4, which is the Sides of Pythagorick rectangular Triangles. The Ordi¬ nance of the Whole falls out fo wonderfully, and the Artifts being contemporary with the School of Plato , I know not but they might have fomething to praftife from thence, in this harmonick Difpofition. I have joined the 16 inward Pil¬ lars into four Solids, and continued the fame to the Top; opening alfo the middle Inter-column of the Pteron, that Solid may be upon Solid, and Void upon Void; fo all is firm, yet airy. I have omitted Triglyphs in the Freeze, which I take to be the only Place for the Infcription, and Monuments were never without. I believe Triglvphs are proper for Porticoes chiefly, as in Imitation of Timber En¬ tablatures. There might be round upon the firft Order 20 Statues; 16 more below upon the Solids in Niches; and 12 in Niches of the Pteron, in all 48, each Statuary taking 12. Pythis, a fifth Artift, (fays Pliny) made the Colofs Figure of Maufolus, in a Chariot drawn by four Horfes. The Plate of the above is omitted , on account of the Drawing being imperfect. FINIS . ms An Alphabetical INDEX O F NAMES mention’d in the Book. A A Lfred, King 297 Aleftry, Dr. 36 Allen Thomas 95, 96 Andrews, Lancelot, Bp. [1, 2, 45, 135 Anguiere, Monf. 262 Ann, Queen 318, 326, 328, 344 Anltis, John, Efq\ 63 Anton, Mr. -- 108 Anthelm, D. •- 220 Arlington, Lord - 333 Afhmole, Mr. viii, 9, 63,136, 332 Afh, Mr. Alhley, Jo. Alton, Mr. Atterbury, Bp. Atwood, Mr. Aubrey, Mr. 96 108 253 246, 295 - 44 57, 61, 348 Aylelbury, Thomas 184 Balthazar, Pcrufius Baptift, Monf. Barrow, Dr. Ifaac Barwick, Dr. John Barentine, Lord Baftwick, Dr. Bayly, Dr. Richard Beal, Dr. Hierom Beamont, Henry Beard Nicholas Beavis, Mr. Beauchamp, Thomas Beaubrun, Monf. Berant, John Berkley, Lord Berks, Earl of Berkenhead, Jack Bernini 261 Boethius --- Bohemia, King of Borrel, Peter - Bofwell, Sir William Bourdelot, Abbe Bourdeaux, D. de Boyle Robert, Efq\ 196, 213, 217, 228, 235, 236, 239 Bramhall, Dr. -- 36 Bradlhaw 140, 255 Bramante 288, 291, 293, 356 Brerewood, Mr. 205 Bridge, William, Mr. 47,95, 101 Bridges, Mr. — ■■ 96 Bridgman, Mr. — 237 Briftol, Earl of -- 26 Britten, Mr. - 106 Broom, Mr. ■ 94 Brounker, Lord 211, 214, 224, [242 Browne, John - Bruno Abbe — Buck, Mr. —— Buckingham, Marq. Burch, Mr. - Burdelo Abbe 261, 262 Burdon, Monf. - 262 Burgefs, Dr. - 27 Burgoyne, Sir Roger IX Burgoyne, Conftance IX Burnet, Bp - 211 Burrage, Mr. - 96 Burroughs, Jer. 13, 95 Burroughs, John, 70 Burton - VII. 6, 32, 96 Bulby, Nicholas 101 Bulby, Dr. - 181 Chanute Charles V. Emperor 58 Charles I. King , 2, 4, 5, 23, 56, J 39> J 4°> 33°> 332 Charles II. 196,211,213,214, 264, 268, 295, 322, 328, 343 Charles, E left or Palatine 140, 183 Charles, Abbe - 261 Chaucer, Jeffry — 264 Chicheley, Sir Thomas 333 Chute, Mr. -- 108 Clarke, Dr. Timothy 229, 231, Clarendon, Lord 5, 7, 10, 35, 37, _ 38.39-54.57.58,260,330 Claypole, Mr. 33 Clifford Matthew 256 Cockerill, Mr. 107 - 95 7, 18, 128 262 266,274,303,325 - 219 Cage, Sir Antony Calamy, Edmund Calvin - - ■ Cambray, Sieur de Camden Campani Capel, Lord Carcavy, D. - 242 Carleton, Dudley — 68 Carteiius 204, 207, 217, 218, 225 Cater, John - 94 Cartwright, Mr. 79 Caffini, Monf. 219, 247, 249 Cham peine, Monf. 262 Colbert, Monf. - - 261 Colladon D. - 232 Columbus - 203 Compton, Bp. 292, 293, 296 Compton, William, Earl ^Nor¬ thampton 69 Copernicus -. 204 Cook, Sir John -. 51 Cook, Mr. - q6 Cook, Richard - 101 Cooper, Thomas, Bp. yy Cornelius, John 108 Colins, Dr. 36, 49, 54 Cottington, Sir Francis 5,26, 140 Cotton, Sir Robert V Cowley, Mr. 62, 256, 258, 264 Coypel, Monf. 262 Cox, Richard, Bp. yy Cox, Robert - 181 Crane, Francis - 67, 72 Creak, Mr. Crifp, Sir Nicholas 140 Cullyer, Auguftine III D Dell, Mr. - 50 Denham, S/rJohn 260,263,264 Denys, Monf. 233, 234 Derby, Earl of - 26 Derham, J*i l/A-T f .• A.. Green, William Greenhill, William Gregory XV. Pope Gregory, Dr. - Grew, Dr. 198,208,209,212., 217,224,335,338 Guerrick - 218 Gunter -- — 205 Gurye, Monf. de 231 Guftavus Adolphus, King 68,72, *36. 137 Julianus a San&o Gallo 293 Jungius Joachim-241 Juxon, Dr. 8, 10, 38, 49, 58, 64, 65 K Keene, Mr. Kennet, Bp. Kent, Robert Kepler 204, 209, 243, 244 28,29,30,39 94 Kircher-'-. Kemp, - Kerry, Dr. -— Kerrington, William Keudigate- King, Dr. _ Knight, Dr. 225 3°3 5 i 96 255 233 *9> 3°3 Echard, Dr. 58, 138, 140,211, 330. 336 Edgar, King 296 Eden, Dr. - 106 Edward I. King 297, 298 Edward III. King 140 Edward V. King , and bis Brother , 333 Elizabeth, S$ueen 51, 74, 75, 79, 92 Erafmus-303 Ethelbert, King 303 Evelyn, John, Efq\ 214, 239, 277, 322, 327, 343 Fabricius, Dr. Falkland, Lord Farrar, Mr. - Field, Dr. Theophilus Fiorovanti - Fifhborne, Mr. Fifher the Jefuit Fifher, Peter - Flamftead, Dr. 239: Fog, Capt. - Fofter, Thomas — Fofter ■■ -■ ■■ Fountain, Mr. — Fountain - Fox, Sir Stephen — Francis Is King Francerius - Frank, Dr. - Hacket, Dr. — Halley, Dr. — Hampden, Mr. Harding •- Hartlib, Mr. Harrington, Mr. Harvey, Dr. Hawkfmore, Mr. Hearn, Thomas Helvicus Heneage 49> 50 239 x 7 217 53 Lamoignon, Sieur de 235 Lany, Mr, 104 Laud, Archbijbop 6, 8, 10, 15, 18,26,45,47,48,65 LeBruyn. 262, 359 Henry III. King Henry VIII. King 204, 222, 231 328 — 45 147, 185, 219 — 52 297,298 298, 330. 332 Herbertus de Lozinga 61 Herrick, Robert-144 Heylin, Dr. 33, 143 Hobbs, Mr. 53, 54, 243 Hoburn, Mr. - 108 Holder, Dr. William 141, 181 Hook, Robert 208, 211, 217, 218, 219, 246, 263 13 18 *37 293 262 355 233 335 32 50 23 Hooker, Mr. Holland, Earl of Holland, Cornelius Howard, Earl of Suffolk Howard, Lord Efcrick Horton, Dr. - Howel, Mr. - Hud Ton, Mr. - Huygens - 207, 241, 242 92 138 136 68 138 254 303 94 Franklin, Mr. Jer. Fuller, Mr. — Gabets, Robert de 231 Gallileo 204, 219, 220, 241 Gavant, Monf. - 234 Geaft, Mr. - 107 Geeres, Mr. - 51 George Prince of Denmark 326 George I. King Gibbs, Mr. Gibbons, Mr. Gibfcn, Bijhop Gilbert Gillibrand Giornale Glyn Humphrey Da^o/'Gloucefter 143 Hunt, John-136 Hurley, Mr. - 96 Hyrcanus, John 59, 61 I Jacobus a Porta Jacobus Barocius James I. King James II. King Jane, §>ueen — Jenkins - 293 293 2, 3, 4, 5, 269 32 /> 332 , 343 - 330 “ 7 Jermyn, Henry, Earl of St. Albans 312 Jewel, Bp - 17 Jolive, Dr. - 237 Jones, Inigo 264, 269, 277, Jones, William, Efq- t jofephus - .Ireton - Juliane, Louyfe 288, 328, 354 246 59 140 5 Leigh, William Leighton Le Neve, Sir William Leo X. Pope Le Pautre, Monf. Lewis XIV. King Libavius - Ligorio, Pyrrho Lilburne, John Lindfell, Bijhop Lifle, John Lift of Perfons to fill vacant Sees Lifter, Mr. Littleton, Sir Edward Lower, Dr. Lownds, Mr. Loyre, Monf. •— Lucan M. MafFei, C. Manning, Mr. Manners, Sir Geo. Manwaring Manfart, Monf. Maplfetoft, Mr. Mariot - Mary £)ueen ofS cots Mafon, Dean - Matthews, Mr. r — Maurice, Prince Maxwell, James — May, Hugh — Mazarine, Card. — Merfenne, Father — Metcalf, Michael Mew, Bijhop — Michael Angelo, Bon. Middleton, Sir Thomas Millington, Dr. Minard, Monf. — ■ ■ Modernus, Carolus Monconys, Monf Monfert, Jean de Monk, George Montfaucon, Monf Montmor, Monj. de 32 291 26 232 327 262 61 354 96 70 *37 262 104, 106 207 viii 49 262 — 26 — 67 263 261 218 101 326 293 Moray _V. i-.KS&'KsJ®’.-; Moray, Sir Robert 210,211, 217 More, Sir Jonas 334 Morley, Bifop 326 Mott, Mr. 95, 96 Mufard, Philip, Mr. ix Mufard, Mary, Mrs. ix N Names of Popes from 1503 to 1648, 2 93 Names of the Knights of the Gar¬ ter —• 67, 150 Neil, Bijhop — 48 Neile, Sir Paul, 210, 242 Newcaftle, Earl of 26 Newton, Sir Ifaac 239, 345 Northumberland, Earl of 138 Norton, Dr. — 93 Norton, Mr. — 95 Norwich, Mr. 104 Novell, Mr. 104* 106, 107 O O-Brian, Lord 331 Oldenburg, William 199,2311)241, 246,247 Olivarez — 7 Oliver 23, 33, 140* 215 Onflow, Rt. Hon. Arthur v Orphelin, Monf. 262 Oftal, Van 262 Otto de Guerrick 218 Oughtred, William 184, 185*186, 244 p. Palladio, M. -269, 288, 365 Palmer, Sir James 138 Parker, Archbijhop 5 2 Pafcal, Monf 218, 242 Paule, Dr. — 106 Pearfon, Bp. 1, 3, 31, 52 Peck, Robert — 95 Pembroke, Earl of 68, 138, 253, 326 218 — 262 Perier, Monf Perrot, Monf. Petit, Monf. Picard, Monf. Pitman, Mr. Plutarch, Pocock, Dr. Pointer, John Popham, Alexander, - Pond, Mr. — - Pont, Richard - Porter, Mr. — Powlet, Lord — Powel, William Powel, Henry --- Prideaux, Dr. Prynn, William 15, 31, 32 Pyrrhus, Lygorius 293 Quintinye, Monf. de la Raphael Rapin R I N D Randolph, John Randue, Mr. - Raymond, Richard Reita - Reynolds, Richard Richard II. King Richard III. King Richmond, Duke of Richard Duke of York Richardfon, Dr. Rieves, Mr. — Rifing, Mr. — Rivet, William, Robotham, Dr. Robert, Monf. Rook, Mr. Rufus, King , Rupert, Prince * 26, Rufden, Mofes — Rufhworth, 3, 6, 15, 24, 32, 64, Ryvesj Dr. Brune X. 30 330 94 219 3° — 298 144 33° 333 — 50 — 219 96 108 Si 262 196, 241 296 213, 233 ——■ 217 16, 17, 23, 65,, 216 136 Sagredus, Francifcus Salifbury, Earl of Samme - Sancroft, Dr. Wm. Archbp. Savil, Sir Harry Sarazin, Monf -- Scambler, Dr. , 262 .96 6 l Plot, Dr. 208, 213, 214, 335 62 238 181 133 94 96 26 94 210 59 204 138 3°3 278 260 262 si Scarborough, Sir Cha. M. D. 185, 186, 187, 238 2 35 94 225 50 296 205 288,337 137 • 330 181 96 — 96 - 5 1 62 2 35 96 327 212 5> 7 337 SchefFeler, Monf. Scott, Thomas Scottus -■ - - => Scudamore, Lord Sebert, King —- Seneca -- Serlio Sebaftine Seton, Sir John Sewell, John - Shepheard, William Sherwin, Mr. Sherwood, Mr. Skinner, Dr. Smalridge, Dr. - Smith, Monf. - Smithy Mr. Sommers, Lord Sorbier, Monf. —— Spanheim Speakman, Thomas Sprat, Dr. 206, 212, 238; 247; 254,258,260,331; 346 Sthael, Peter — 213 Stillingfleet, Dr. 26, 271 Stow - 262 261, 293 271 Strafford, Earl of — Stubbin, Mr. - Strong, Mr. - Sunning, Daniel Sydnor, Richard T Tanner, Bifop Thomfon, Mr. - Thornhill, Sir James Torricelli - Tour, Monf de Townfend, William Trelawny, Sir Jonathan 326 Trevor, Sir Sackvil 70 Turfit --- iii Valerian, Father 218 Vianen, Van 136; 140 Vario, Signior 332 Vafco de Gama 203 Vaux; Monf. —— 262 Venn, Col. 136, 137, 140 Venner —• 256 Verulam, Lord — x Vilcein* Monf. 262 Vir g'l 55i 575 58, 62 Vitruvius, 289; 290, 355, 358, 364, 367 Vivius Marcianus 266 W Waller; — 208, 218 Wallis, Dr. 196, 207, 213, 214; 239,241, 244, 247, 335, 337 Ward, Dr. Seth 183, 196, 239, 245 Ward, Mr. Jo. 47, 91, 95 Ward, Mr. Prof. John 90,216, 239,244,246,247 Warren, Mr. 96, 97 Warren, Dr. -- 106 Warton, John Wei wood, Dr. Whayman, Daniel Whitgift, Bifop Whitlock, 23, 27, 30, 140 Whichott, Col. — 136 Widdrington, Sir Thomas 12 15; 19 i 23, 24, 25 Wild 255 Wilkins, Dr. John 183; 196, 212; 215, 228, 239, 338 William, King III. 326, 327, „ 328,329,334, 343 Willis, Dr. 196, 227, 239, 245 Windebank, Seer. 51 Withers, Major 135 Withipollis, Sir William 74 Wolfey, Card. 327, 332, 342 Wood, Anthony 31, 55, 140, 213 Woodward, Dr. 303 Worthington, Dr. John 134 Wotton, Sir Henry 142 Wren, Chriftopher viii, x Wren, Geoffry, Confeffor to King Henry the VII. and VIII. viii Wren, William 1 Wren, Cuthbert 1 Wren, Francis — viii, 1 Wren, Matthew, Bifop i—133 Wren, Thomas, Dr. 55 Wren, Chriftopher, D. D. Dean ofWindfor - ix, 135 Wren, Sir Chriftopher, ix, 181 Wren, Charles Wren, Chriftopher ix Wren, Stephen vi, ix Wright, Edward - 294 Zulichem Directions to the Bookbinder. 1 ThC Head of Cbriftopha- Wren, Efq; &c. to face the Title. II. The Dedication Plate to the Right Honourable Arthur Onflow III. The Head of Matthew Wren, Bilhop of Ely, to face lus Life IV. Of Chrijlopher Wren, Dean of Windfor, to face his Life V. Of Sir Chrijlopher Wren, to face his Life ._ ___ VI , VII. The two Plates of Mathematical Schemes, to face each other VIII, IX. The Rafters, and Roof of Oxford Theatre, to face each other X. The eight Architedonical Figures _ i ne rjan ot the Temple other to face each ot Vtana at Ephefus ; and me tsievatr page i *35 181 2 49 335 357 361 4- {! -f ’ ^H±SfjSSS====#1 ‘.'rfj "■ : *i &