Ex Libris J tffli 1 ti a! h W m DXVit> I. (Twin The Bernard and Jane Schapiro Professor of Ancient Near Eastern and Judaic Studies Cornell University Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Getty Research Institute https://archive.org/details/sumerianrecordsfOOnesb SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS SALES AGENTS New York : LEMCKE & BUECHNER 30-32 West 27th Street London : HUMPHREY MILFORD Amen Corner, E.C. Toronto : HUMPHREY MILFORD 25 Richmond Street, W. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ORIENTAL STUDIES Vol. VIII SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM BY WILLIAM M. NESBIT, Ph.D. SOMETIME FELLOW OF DREW THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY J I3eto Pork COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS 1914 All rights reserved Copyright, 1914 By Columbia University Press Printed from type December, 1914 Press of The New Era Printing Company Lancaster, pa. NOTE The business and record literature of early Babylonia has as- sumed such extensive proportions that it now constitutes a dis- tinct branch of Assyriology in itself. The thousands of tablets embodying business documents of all sorts, such as Temple rec- ords, deeds of sale, public and private contracts, etc., are often more important for the study of the religious and social life of the Babylonians than detailed historical records. Although per- haps less interesting to the modern reader than pure history, these drily-expressed and often abbreviated documents give an admir- able picture of the daily life and hence of the social culture of the civilization where they originated. In the following volume, Dr. Nesbit presents an exhaustive treatise on thirty tablets from Drehem now in his possession, which belong under the classification of business documents, some being lists of live stock, intended both for the Temples and individuals, others being invoices for deliveries of property. Inasmuch as the language of these records is purely Sumerian, although used, as Dr. Nesbit points out, in a closely abbreviated style, they are of peculiar interest to the investigator of ancient Sumerian forms. Dating from a period slightly earlier than the twenty-fourth century B.C., this literature indicates a remarkably high grade of commercial development in what was probably a non-Semitic community. Dr. Nesbit has succeeded in obtaining satisfactory renderings for almost every line and in some instances has offered new solutions of the intricacies of this very difficult form of text. John Dyneley Prince Columbia University INSCRIBED TO THEODORA BENEDICT DENNIS Sarrnt Libbia PREFACE The period of the hegemony of the city of Ur over the land which a later age has denominated “Babylonia” was character- ized by a very high grade of civilization. The numerous con- temporary records which have come to light within the last few years indicate this in no uncertain way. The most recent discovery of these documents is the rich store found by the natives at Drehem, and smuggled by them out of the country; of which find the tablets described in this book are a part. Special attention has been given herein to the detailed study of the peculiar jargon in which these ancient business records were written. Moreover each tablet has been illustrated, trans- literated, and translated, in full; so that the entire process of decipherment may be followed out step for step. So although these thirty tablets do not contain much material that is entirely new, it is hoped that the method of handling may be of interest to the student of this class of literature. I wish at this time to acknowledge my indebtedness to Pro- fessor John Dyneley Prince of Columbia University, without whose kindly cooperation as teacher and friend this monograph would have been impossible. I desire also to express my pro- found gratitude to Professor Robert William Rogers of Drew Theological Seminary, who first aroused in me an interest in the study of the ancient Orient, and whose friendship and inter- est have been a constant stimulus in my work. To Professor Richard J. H. Gottheil of Columbia University many thanks are due for numerous helpful suggestions and especially for having proposed the theme of this dissertation. Finally to Dr. Frederick A. Vanderburgh, untiring student of Assyriology, I am deeply indebted. He has carefully gone over all the trans- lations and has furnished very material assistance with some ix PREFACE difficult renderings. In particular, his familiarity with the old Babylonian seals was of great advantage to me. Of course, it is needless for any student of Assyriology to men- tion his dependence upon Briinnow’s Sign-List and Delitzsch’s Lesestiicke; but I wish to place alongside these books, as having been invaluable to me in this study, Old Babylonian Temple Records by my friend Dr. Robert J. Lau, and Prince’s Ma- terials for a Sumerian Lexicon. I have also derived much help from Langdon’s Sumerian Grammar, King’s History of Sumer and Akkad, Legrain’s Le Temps des Rois d’Ur, and Barton’s Babylo- nian Writing. Montclair, N. J., W. M. N. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations and Graphic Characters xiii Part I. Introductory Matter 1 § 1. Historical Sketch 1 § 2. The Chronology of the Dynasty of Ur 5 § 3. The Drehem Tablets 6 § 4. Description of Tablets 8 § 5. The Language 10 § 6. The Calendar 14 § 7. Personal Names Occurring on Tablets 16 § 8. Divine Names Occurring on Tablets 17 § 9. Place Names Occurring on Tablets 18 § 10. Classification of Animals 19 Part II. Text of the Tablets 22 Part III. Sign-List and Glossary 60 Alphabetical Index to Sign-List 70 Part IV. Plates 71 Plates of Tablets 73 Plates of Seals 91 XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND GRAPHIC CHARACTERS EMPLOYED IN THE BOOK AJSL AL 5 BA BE BE, XIV BE, XV Br BSO BBW CT EBH GTD HBA HSA ISA JAOS Abbreviations American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. Delitzsch; Assyrische Lesestiicke (Funfte Auflage). Beitrage zur Assyriologie. The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, edited by H. V. Hilprecht. Clay; Documents from the Temple Archives of Nippur, Dated in the Reigns of Cassite Rulers (Complete Dates)— BE. Series A. Volume XIV. Clay; Documents from the Temple Archives of Nippur, Dated in the Reigns of Cassite Rulers (Incomplete Dates)— BE. Series A. Volume XV. Briinnow; Classified List of all simple and com- pound cuneiform ideographs. Barton; A Sketch of Semitic Origins. Barton; Babylonian Writing. Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum, copied by Pinches, King, and Thompson. Radau; Early Babylonian History, de Genouillac; Tablettes de Drehem. Rogers; History of Babylonia and Assyria. King; History of Sumer and Akkad. Thureau-Dangin; Inscriptions Sumeriennes Archa- iques. Journal of the American Oriental Society. xiii XIV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS JBL = Journal of Biblical Literature. KAT = Schrader; Die Keilenschriften und das Alte Testament. LSG = Langdon; Sumerian Grammar. M-A = Muss- Arnold; Concise Dictionary of the Assyrian Language. MSL = Prince; Materials for a Sumerian Lexicon. OBTR = Lau; Old Babylonian Temple Records. PAAB = Halevy; Precis d’Allographie Assyro-Babylon- ienne. PN = Peters; Nippur. RBBA = Jastrow; Religious Belief in Babylonia and Assyria. Rec. Trav. = Thureau-Dangin ; Recueil de Travaux relatifs a r la Philologie Egyptienne et Assyrienne. RA = Revue d'Assyriologie. SAD = Myhrmann; Sumerian Administrative Documents. — BE. Series A. Volume III. Part I. SAI = Meissner; Seltene Assyrische Ideogramme. TAD = Langdon; Tablets from the Archives of Drehem. TRU = Legrain; Le Temps des Rois d’Ur. Other abbreviations used are obvious. Graphic Characters x = Semitic n q = Semitic 0 c = Semitic s = Semitic fijf PART I INTRODUCTORY MATTER § 1. HISTORICAL SKETCH The dawn of history finds the lower plain of the Tigris and the Euphrates occupied by two distinct races. A non-Semitic people, now known as the Sumerians, predominated in the southern portion of the country; while in the north the power was in the hands of a Semitic stock, called by us the Babylonians or Akkadians, but seemingly self-described as “the black-headed people.” In the South, which came ultimately to be called “the Land of Sumer (or Shumer),” were the great cities of Lagash (Shirpurla), Ur, Erech, Gishuch (Umma), and Eridu; and in the North, which at a later time was distinguished as “the Land of Akkad,” were the strongholds of Kish, Agade (from which “Akkad” took its name), Sippar, and Babylon. It is generally agreed that the Sumerians were the earlier in- habitants of the country, and the originators of its civilization and culture; whereas the Semites were invaders who had pressed in from Arabia, or from Northern Mesopotamia (in which case it is still probable that their earlier home was Arabia 1 ), and had adopted the Sumerian civilization. However the development of a rich and diversified culture seems to require the inter- mingling of races, the mental quickening which is the product of the fusing of various ideals and mental habits. We may say, 1 There is considerable reason to suppose that the ancestors of the Semites came into Arabia from North Africa, where they had formed part of a primitive Hamito-Semitic stock. But any such immigration took place, if at all, at such a remote epoch that for practical purposes we here may disregard it. The Pre-Semite may have been an African; but the pronounced distinctive characteristics that make up the Semite as such were developed in Arabia. (See BSO. eh. /.) 2 1 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM therefore, that although its genesis was Sumerian, the civilization of Babylonia, as we find it, was also to a very great degree Semitic. Neither Sumerian alone nor Semite alone could have created it. The ethnic affiliations of the Sumerians are still un- certain, as well as the circumstances under which the Semites entered the land; and investigators are seeking to analyze the complex and intensely interesting civilization produced by the intermingling of these diverse racial elements. At what time these peoples had first come into contact with each other we cannot as yet determine; but it would seem that all memory of the first great clash had vanished, and that the process of fusion had been in operation for a long period, before the opening of history. The solution of these problems and the correct writing of the history of ancient Babylonia is complicated to a great degree by the character of the material with which we have to deal. Here are, not connected narrative inscriptions, “checked off” by com- parison with accurate and fairly complete chronological tables — such as furnish the information upon which the history of Assyria is based — but quantities of more or less isolated records. Votive inscriptions in which a king celebrates a victorious campaign; scraps of royal genealogy; thousands of business documents which furnish valuable suggestions in their dates; some fragmentary lists of dates and remnants of broken king-lists; various inscribed implements and vessels; as well as occasional brief, ambiguous, and often exceedingly unreliable, allusions in the Assyrian and later Babylonian literature — these constitute the sources which we must utilize. Such detached material requires not only translation, but interpretation from the point of view of philology, archaeology, and epigraphy. Naturally there is considerable uncertainty in the reading of evidence so fragmentary and disconnected. There is much disagreement as to the detailed order of events, and the chronology is still extremely unsettled: in fact estimates with respect to the date of some kings differ by several centuries. 2 INTRODUCTORY— HISTORICAL SKETCH But into the detailed discussion of these matters it is not necessary for us to enter at this time. We shall confine ourselves to a summary, an outline which may be said to represent the con- sensus of opinion among all parties. We catch glimpses in the early records of numerous city- states struggling for supremacy — Sumerian warring with Su- merian, and Semite with Semite. The Sumerian Lugalzaggisi, king of Erech and patesi of Gishuch, for a while brought the whole of Southern Babylonia into subjection, conducted his armies throughout the adjoining regions, seemingly even to the Mediterranean coast, and proudly called himself “King of the Land.” This Sumerian empire fell however in the course of a couple of generations; and the hegemony passed into the hands of the Semitic kings of Kish. These in turn were superseded by the dynasty of Agade, among whom the most famous is Sargon I , 1 whose conquests extended from the Persian Gulf to the Mediter- ranean and from Arabia to the Mountains of Kurdistan, thus including all Mesopotamia, Elam, and part of Syria. This monarch and his son Naram-Sin claimed the titles “King of Akkad, King of the Four Quarters (of the Universe).” The political dominance of the Semite at this period would appear to be firmly established. The inscriptions are written to a very great extent in Semitic; and the monumental carvings mostly represent bearded Semites, rather than smooth-shaven Sumerians . 2 However the empire of Agade seems speedily to have disinte- grated. The patesis of the various cities became practically independent rulers; and Babylonia was once more broken up into a number of city-states. Meanwhile the Sumerian power revived again; and a period of wonderful material prosperity opened in the southern portion of the land. At length, after the lapse of several generations, the Sumerian rulers of Ur first conquered their neighbors in Sumer, and then established their supremacy over Akkad. 1 Shar-gani-sharri. 2 There is a corresponding distinction in costumes, and in facial profile. (See HSA. pp. 40-55.) 3 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM The kings of the dynasty thus inaugurated were Ur-Engur, Dungi, Bur-Sin I, Gimil-Sin, and Ibi-Sin. During their reigns the inscriptions are very preponderantly Sumerian, and a like tendency is seen in art and in customs. There are even reasons for suspecting that this Sumerian renais- sance was deliberately promoted. Ur-Engur reigned in Ur for eighteen years. He made himself supreme in Southern Babylonia, and conquered a sufficient portion of the North (including in particular the city of Nippur) to call himself “King of Sumer and Akkad.” His son Dungi occupied the throne for fifty-eight years. Dungi completed the conquest of Akkad, devastating Babylon and sacking its great temple E- sagila. He also established his authority over Elam. Probably as the result of these conquests, he revived Naram-Sin’s title “King of the Four Quarters.” Moreover he imitated Sargon and Naram-Sin in claiming for himself divine honors. Temples were erected for his worship; and he anticipated Julius Caesar and Augustus in having a month named for him. He was succeeded by his son Bur-Sin, who was probably already well- advanced in age, and whose reign of nine years was comparatively uneventful. He retained his father’s power and likewise was regarded as divine. Both he and his successor were obliged to suppress occasional revolts in the Elamite provinces. Gimil- Sin, son of Bur-Sin, ruled but eight years . 1 He maintained the prowess of the realm, and may even have extended his sway into Syria . 2 But the seeds of decay were already in the kingdom. The highly centralized administration, with its special favoritism for Ur, must have provoked local jealousies. Exaggerated luxury, the result of long-continued prosperity in both peace and war, sapped the Sumerian military spirit. Finally, with a king who was worshipped as one of the gods, and therefore separated by a host of intermediaries from the conduct of 1 He ruled for only seven entire calendar years, which accounts for the length of reign assigned to him in the chronological tables. But his actual reign covered more than eight years. (See SAD. p. 8.) 2 HSA. p. 300. 4 INTRODUCTORY— CHRONOLOGY affairs, corruption in many forms must have flourished; which necessarily weakened the loyalty of the people. Ibi- Sin, son of Gimil-Sin, reigned for about a quarter of a century, but over a kingdom whose power was waning. With him the dynasty of Ur came to an end, when the city itself was taken by the Elamites and the last king of Ur-Engur’s line was carried away into captivity. 1 For about two and a quarter centuries the hegemony remained in Sumer with the kings of Isin, although their position was by no means uncontested. At length Elamite invasions and con- quests caused a general breaking-up — a return to the early chaotic conditions. This period of confusion, the duration of which is extremely indefinite, closed when Hammurapi of Babylon emerged victorious as the supreme ruler of all Sumer and Akkad; thus securing for Babylon that leadership among the cities of Babylonia which she was never to lose while the Land of Sumer and Akkad retained its name. (Bibliography on the History: HSA; HBA. vol. I; EBH; PAAB; KAT. pp. 7-18 ; TRU; LSG. pp. 1-18; BSO. ch. I.) §2. THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE DYNASTY OF UR * The figures in the last column, which, it will be seen, differ very little from those of Myhrmann, follow King’s suggestion that Kudur-Nanchundi conquered Ibi-Sin in 2285; and also take account of the fact that Gimil-Sin really reigned more than eight years (see note on p. 4). Entire Dates according to — Yrs. of Radau Jastrow Myhrmann King Reign (1900) (1911) (1910) * Ur-Engur 18 ? 2300 2408-2390 2403-2385 Dungi 58 2700 2280 2390-2332 2385-2327 Bur-Sin 9 2650 2220 2332-2323 2327-2318 Gimil-Sin 7 2600 2210 2323-2316 2318-2310 Ibi-Sin 25 2580 2200 2316-2291 2310-2285 (Bibliography on the Chronology: EBH. p. 30; RBBA. p. 430; SAD. pp. 8, 28-33; HSA. pp. 304f.) 1 HSA. p. 304. 5 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM §3. THE DREHEM TABLETS Near the boundary between Akkad and Sumer lay the great city of Nippur. It was reckoned as politically part of Akkad; but its culture seems to have been predominantly Sumerian. Here was located the great temple of the god Enlil. This temple, which bore the exalted name E-kur, “ House of the Mountain,” was the supreme center of the religious life of all Babylonia throughout the early period. To it both Sumerians and Semites brought their offerings; and it was honored above all other shrines, from the time of the earliest records until it was overthrown by Hammurapi, in pursuance of his policy to make Marduk of Babylon supreme among the gods. Because of this position of religious pre-eminence, being held sacred by all, Nippur seems to have been more or less neutral ground, exempt from the fierce struggles that devastated the rest of the land. So it naturally came to enjoy great material prosperity; and be- came a place of vast commercial importance. Its site is now called by the Arabs Niffer. Here the University of Pennsylvania Expeditions, from 1888 on, have excavated vast quantities of inscribed material, part of which is now in the University of Pennsylvania Museum, and part in the Imperial Museum at Constantinople. Much of this material has been published under the direction of Prof. Hilprecht. Drehem is the modern name of a small mound, located about three miles south-east of Niffer and a like distance north of the village of Suq el Afej. The University of Pennsylvania Ex- pedition did some tentative excavating here in 1889; but found no indications of anything at all promising. But here, in 1908 or 1909, the Arabs discovered a store of inscribed clay tablets, which they surreptitiously removed, before the Turkish author- ities had had opportunity to claim them for the Constantinople Museum. So, during the last four years, these tablets have appeared, in varying quantities, at various places in Europe 6 INTRODUCTORY— THE DREHEM TABLETS and America, in the possession of private collectors or in the hands of dealers in Oriental curios. From these tablets it would appear that, during the latter part of Dungi’s reign, the entire period of Bur-Sin and Gimil-Sin, and the first few years of Ibi-Sin, Drehem was the site of the temple market of Nippur. At least here are the archives of a great business administration, the records of various transactions in cattle and grain, lists of offerings, accounts of rent and taxes, and memoranda of miscellaneous matters. The first notice concerning the Drehem find was given by Thureau-Dangin in 1910, in an article in the Revue d’ Assyriologie, in which he also published thirteen tablets ( RA . VII, pp. 186ff). In 1911, H. de Genouillac produced La Trouvaille de Drehem, in which he published 91 tablets from collections in Constantinople and Brussels, and Tahlettes de Drehem, in which he published and edited 175 tablets from the Musee du Louvre; S. Langdon published and edited 68 tablets from the British Museum and the Bodleian Library in Tablets from the Archives of Drehem; and L. Delaporte published and translated 21 tablets from private collections, in the Revue d’ Assyriologie (RA. VIII, 183ff). The following year, P. Dhorme published Tahlettes de Drehem a Jerusalem (RA. IX, pp. 39 ff); and L. Legrain issued an exceed- ingly valuable work, Le Temps des Rois d’Ur, in which is given the result of the careful study of 390 new tablets which he publishes therewith. The tablets published in the present book are part of a col- lection in the hands of the author, and secured for him by Professor Gottheil of Columbia University. The following is a brief description of them. (Bibliography on Nippur: PN. II, pp. 21^5-65; BE. vol. V, Fasciculus I, pp. 26 f.) (Bibliography on Drehem: GTD. p. VII; TAD. p. 5; TRU. pp. 5ff; Price in AJSL, Apr. 1912, pp. 21 Iff.) 7 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM §4. DESCRIPTION OF TABLETS Date > Measure- No. Reign Yr. Mon. ments, cm. Description I Dungi 25 2 3.7 x 3.5 Account of 3 gazelles expended II cc 38 9 3.4 x 3.2 Account of 3 bulls received III cc 41 7 3.3 x 2.8 Memorandum con- cerning a female slave IV cc 44 12 3.8 x 3.5 Receipt for timber V ce 50 11 4.5 x 3.4 Account of sacrifices VI ce 54 11 2.6 x 2.5 Account of 1 lamb brought in VII ce 55 1 3.2 x 2.8 Account of clothing VIII ec cc 10 2.7 x 2.4 Receipt for goats IX cc 56 12 4. x 3.4 Account of sheep X ce CC CC 4.1 x 3.1 Account of sacrifices XI cc CC 5 3.2 x 2.7 Memorandum con- cerning sheep XII cc 57 11 3.5 x 3.1 Account of sacrifices XIII Bur-Sin 2 1 3.2 x 2.8 Receipt for cattle XIV cc cc 4 4.9 x 3.9 Account concerning tribute in cattle XV cc cc 5 3.4 x 3.1 Record of tax paid in sheep XVI cc cc 6 3.6x3. Account of sheep and goats XVII cc 7 8 5.3 x 3.7 Account of sacrifices XVIII cc 8 2 4.3 x 4.5 Receipt for tax paid in grain XIX cc cc 9 4.4 x 3.7 Account of sheep and goats 8 INTRODUCTORY— DESCRIPTION OF TABLETS XX Bur-Sin 9 2 3.1 x 2.8 Record of payments of palace tribute XXI Gimil-Sin 2 8 3.9 x 3.3 Account of sacrifices XXII cc 3 3.7 x 3.4 Memorandum con- cerning rent for a ship XXIII cc 4 1 4. x 3.8 Record of offering for a priestess XXIV (( 11 3.9 x 3.7 Record concerning a bull XXV cc 5 1 10.7x6.7 Inventory of a large herd of cattle XXVI cc CC CC 4.7x4. Receipt for offerings in grain XXVII CC CC 10 6. x 4. Receipt for sheep and goats for various purposes XXVIII CC 7 5 4. x 3.4 Account concerning tribute in lambs XXIX cc C( 7 4.9 x 4.1 Account of sacrifices XXX Ibi-Sin 1 11 4.7 x 3.8 Receipt for cattle XVIII has faint traces of a seal. XXIII is broken on the end. Has a seal. XXIV has a seal, only partly legible, but identical with that on XXIX. XXV is broken on the edge; but much of what is missing can be supplied. The date of XXVI and XXVII is made Gimii-Sin 5 on the basis of Langdon, TAD. p. 18. XXVII has seals, but illegible. XXIX has a seal. XXX has a seal. (Bibliography on the Dates: ISA. pp. 328ff; SAD. pp. 28ff.) 9 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM §5. THE LANGUAGE The language of these tablets is apparently pure Sumerian: that is, except for some few Semitic personal names, there is nothing in them that is distinctively Semitic. Of course it is entirely possible that the use of Sumerian in business documents even at this time was only a conventional survival of ancient custom among a people who already were using the Semitic idiom in ordinary conversation, just as the medical profession of to-day employs a Latin jargon in prescriptions and to some extent in diagnoses. Nay more, these documents may even have been read in Semitic, as we render the Latin abbreviations “Lb” and “Etc.” “pound” and “ and-so-forth,” without thought of “librum” or “ et cetera” But this is merely among the possibilities: there is no evidence for it on these tablets. There is not even indication that a single sign was given its Semitic value. The writing is almost entirely ideographic, and is nearly devoid of definite sentence structure. The text in fact may be said to consist of disconnected notes, in extremely abbreviated form. They remind one in this regard of our present-day invoices, bills of lading, receipts, etc. Common nouns are generally indicated by a single simple or compound ideogram. ( udu = sheep; e = house; lugal = king, etc.) The plural, when indicated, is expressed by doubling of Grammatical Notes: the sign (ni-ni = gods, XI, O, 3; sigisse- The Noun sigisse = offerings, X, R, 1), or by the termination -ene ( kusene = officers, XXVII, O, 3) ; but when a numeral is given, no further indication of the plural is deemed necessary. Some nouns have natural gender {en — lord; nin = lady; cu-qar -- young she-goat; etc.). In some other cases the feminine is expressed by prefixing sal (= female) ( sal-sil = she- lamb; etc.). Case-inflection generally does not appear; but we find -e indicating the status rectus, with a force often resembling that of a definite article ( gud-e , XII, O, 1; lugal-e, XIV, R, 8; 10 INTRODUCTORY— THE LANGUAGE bir-e, XXVI, R, 6) (see LSG. pp. 62f), and -a indicating the status obliquus ( mal-a , XVII, R, 4, here it has the force of the genitive) (LSG. pp. 6^ff). Prefixed nam- or a- forms abstract nouns ( nam-sid = priesthood, IX, O, 5; a-lum = fruitfulness, XVI, O, 4; a-sig = wooliness, VIII, O, 1). Proper nouns are most often written syllabically, “spelled out”; but occasionally employ ideograms. The names of deities and of deified men are regularly preceded by the sign dingir (= god). Place-names most frequently have the suffix -hi ( = place). The determi- native gis (— wood) precedes wooden articles. ( 0 ™gu-za = throne, XX, O, 5.) Adjectives and adjectival expressions generally follow the noun which they qualify (udu-xul; lugal ligga ; etc.). But there areexcep- Th Ad' t' tions to this rule ( sal-sil ; etc.). Adjectives are ex- pressed simply and are uninflected. (See LSG. p. 99.) The Sumerian language had an elaborate system of prefixes and suffixes, to fulfill the place of both the prepositions and the complete inflexional system of other tongues; and a number of Prepositions and these prefixes and suffixes appear on these Prepositional Suffixes tablets. A list follows: -ge is used to express the genitive, when the genitive so ex- pressed is itself in the status rectus (nominative or accusative) (lugal uruab ki ma-ge = king of Ur (subject of sentence), XXV, Col. IV, 8). - ga is used to express the genitive, when the genitive so ex- pressed is in the status obliquus (en d nina uruk ki -ga — lord of Nina-of-Erech ( d nina uruk ki ga being itself a genitive related to en), XXVI, R, 6). -ra implies the idea of motion towards, hence may direct the attention to, the word to which it is attached (se-da-ra, see note on XVIII, R, 4). -su means towards, unto, up to, until, at, and even with (see LSG. pp. 70-73). On these tablets it may generally be translated for (sadug-su= for the regular offering, XVIII, 0, 2 ; d dungi-xegalki- su = for Dungi-xegalki, XXII, O, 4; etc.). 11 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM -da implied originally contact with ( LSG . p. 73), accompaniment , intimate relation, and purpose (regarded subjectively) (LSG. 74.-76) ( se-da = of the grain, XVIII, O, 2; e-da = for a house (intention implied), IV, 0, 2; sag-da = in chief, XXII, O, 3). -ta means primarily from; but, like the Latin de, comes to signify concerning and may indicate practically a status obliquus or a genitive (see LSG. pp. 76-78). (Note the progression: unaka-ta = from Unaka, XXII, R, 1; itu-ta ud XVIII etc. = when of (or from) the month 18 days etc., V, R, 10; sa ( — in) mudura-ta = in Mudura, XXI, R, 1; mu eani-ta—su = “for the name of his house,” XI, 0, 2.) -ni is read in (see XI, R, 1 and Note, and cf. Br. 5335 for prepositional use of NI). Occasionally two suffixes are used together (-da-ra, XVIII, R, 4; -ta-su, XI, O, 2). (With reference to this use of double post- position, compare the use of -ta-ku in Macmillan, Religious Texts, No. XXXII (BA. V, p. 679), translated by Prince in JAOS, 1913.) There are some elements that, originally nouns, have come when associated with certain suffixes to form a combination with prepositional signification. In such combination the nominal element precedes, while of course the suffix follows, the noun or phrase which the preposition governs. Such combinations are: ki . . . ta. ki — place; hence ki-ABC-ta — from the place of ABC = from ABC (ki-abhasagga-ta = from Abbasagga, I, R, 2; etc.) mu . . . su. mu = name; hence mu-XBC-ta = for the name of ABC = intended for, or addressed to, ABC. (mu- kusene-su = intended for the officers, XXVII, 0, 3; mu-nin-su — for the lady, XXIII, O, 2; mu— eani-ta—su — intended for his house, XI, O, 2.) The independent forms of the pronouns (see LSG. pp. 101 ff) do not appear on these tablets, nor do we find any examples of the suffixed or infixed forms for the first person. We discover however instances of the attached forms of the second and third persons: 12 INTRODUCTORY— THE LANGUAGE summits ” XXII, he has received them , ( nita-zu — thy servant, XXIX, S, 8). -hi ( kilal~hi = their, or its, value, VII, O, 2 & 4, & R, 1). -ha ( ma-II-a-ha-su = for his two ships, XII, R, 3). -ni ( ea-ni—ta = for his house, XI, O, 2). -na ( sag-da-na = literally, its- in-chief == 0,3). . -an-, infixed direct object ( su-ha-an-ti XXVII, R, 3; XXX, R, 2). Here Langdon’s theory (see LSG. pp. 105 ff) of a distinction between animate and inanimate objects seems to break down, nor is the supposed distinction as to the status consistently carried through. In short the various forms of the attached pronoun are yet to be explained. The verbal forms which appear are few and simple. The abstract idea of the verb, whether infinitive or participial, is expressed by the unaugmented stem (us — stand, sa = bind, in mu us-sa = the year which stands hound = The Verb . . , , . the year after; a very common formula m dates). There is a form consisting of the stem with an over- hanging vowel (or vowel of prolongation) and reduplication of the final consonant, which in usage resembles a passive participle (zig-ga, XXVII, O, 6; temen-na, XVII, O, 9). The prefix mu conveys a definite active idea, while ha prefixed indicates a passive, or possibly impersonal, construction. (Compare mu- xul, XIV, R, 9, with ha-xul, III, R, 4; and mu-ru, XXV, Col. IV, 11, with ha-ru, XXIV, R, 4.) In the common form su-ha-ti, the stem is ti ( = take), su gives a strongly active idea (LSG* p. 144), and ha conveys the thought of one acting from a distance for himself (LSG. p. 139); so we translate he has received (IV, R, 3; and many other places). Conjunction The conjunction sa (U) = and, appears occasionally; but most often the connective is not expressed. The numeral 1 appears on these tablets in three forms, a single stroke, either upright, horizontal, or inclined at an angle. The 13 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM upright numeral is the one ordinarily employed; but the hori- zontal form is used before gur (a grain-measure = 300 qa) „ „ , (XVIII, 0, 1) and the inclined stroke is used The Numerals . . . m connection with the sign LAL (signifying loss or reduction, hence = minus) ( a-du X-lal-I-kam = the ninth time, VI, R, 3-4). 2 and 3 employ repetitions of the numeral 1, arranged side- by-side. 4-8 also use repetitions of the 1, but arranged in two rows. 9 is written X-lal-I — 10-1 (VI, R, 3). 10 is represented by a corner-wedge. 20 and the other multiples of 10, up to 50, use the proper number of corner-wedges. Units of lesser denomination are always written after the units of larger denomination (X.I = XI; XXX. Ill = XXXIII; etc.). 60 and multiples of 60 are indicated by the same signs as 1, 2, etc., but generally they are written somewhat larger ( seven- sixties plus forty plus six = Ifi6, IV, O, 1). Of course tens follow sixties, as ones follow tens. 600 is represented sometimes by the combination of an upright and a corner-wedge, which combination is repeated for 1200 or other multiples of 600 ( twice-six-hundred plus five-sixties = 1500, XXVI, O, 1). Sometimes it is indicated simply by a large corner- wedge (twice-six-hundred plus twenty plus three = 1223, IV, O, 3). Naturally there is often uncertainty whether an upright is to be read as a sixty or a unit; and six-hundred is liable to be taken for either seventy or ten. Fractions employed special signs (sussana = -Is, VII, O, 4). §6. THE CALENDAR At the period of these tablets the Calendar was in considerable confusion. Apparently there were several different sets of 14 INTRODUCTORY— THE CALENDAR month-names in use in the various cities of the kingdom of Ur. The following is the system employed at D rehem, which differs somewhat even from that which was most used in the neigh- boring city of Nippur. (1) Aug.-Sept. (2) Sept.-Oct. (3) Oct.-Nov. (4) Nov.-Dee. (5) Dec.-Jan. (6) Jan. -Feb. (7) Feb. -Mar. (8) Mar.-Apr. (9) Apr.-May (10) May-June (11) June- July (11a) (12) July- Aug. itu Masruku = month of eating gazelles itu Sesdaku = month of eating zebu (?) or swine (?) itu Une xu ku = month of eating “une - birds ” itu Kisig d Ninasu = month of the Couch of Ninasu itu Ezen d Ninasu = month of the Festival of Ninasu itu Akiti = month of the New Year itu Ezen d Dungi = month of the Festival of Dungi itu Suessa = ? (probably has some refer- ence to “ third month ”) itu Ezen-max = month of the Great Festi- val itu Ezen Anna — month of the Festival of Anna itu Ezen (' d )Mekigal = month of the Festi- val of Mekigal (itu Ezen-dirig-Mekigal, an intercalary month inserted every four years) itu Seqinkud = month of the grain-harvest The months were probably strictly lunar (TRU. p. 15); therefore the frequent introduction of the intercalary month was necessary, in order to retain the stability of the calendar. The official year seems to have begun with Masruku at this time; but the names Akiti and Suessa were apparently remnants of an earlier system, kept alive by the conservatism of religious ceremonial. (Bibliography on the Calendar: EBH. pp. 287-307; TAD . pp. 6-16; TRU. pp. 13-16) SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM § 7. PERSONAL NAMES OCCURRING ON TABLETS Abbasagga. I, II, XIV, XVI, XIX. Abilzimti (Sem.) = Bearer-of- Ornament. XV, XIX. Adatum. I. Addakalla. XX. Axuni (Sem.) = Our-Brother. VIII, XI, XVII. Axupir (Sem.) = Brother-of-f . XXV. Axupiqar (Sem.) = Brother-of-f . XU. Akalla. I. d Amar- d En-zu = ilu Bur- ni Sin q.v. Anana. VII. Asnia. XXX. Atur. XVII. Babati. XXVIII. Barbarnimin(?). IV. Bidea(?) XIX. i i u Bur- ili Sin. XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XX. Duggasagud. XXVII. Duggali. XXIX. d Dungi. III. (See also Divine Names.) d Dungi-amu. XIII, XV. d Dungi-xegalki. XXII. d Dungi-urumu. XXVII. En-dingir-mu. Ill, XVII. En- d Dungi. XXIII. d Enlil-zisaggal. XIX, XXI, XXV. Ennam- d Dungi. XXIII. En- d Nina. IX, XIV. Erimu. XVII, XXVII. Gimil- ni Dungi (or Su- d Dungi). XVII. ilu Gimil- ili Sin. XXV, XXVIII. Gir- d Lux. XV. Xe-sag(?). XXIII. Xukuxabma. IX. Xupiqar-abrabdu(?). XXVII. Idda. XIV. Idderu. IX. d Ibi- d Enzu = ilu I b i- iU S i n. XXX. Idegalurra. X. Intaea. XXI, XXVIII. Ipsaxani (Sem.) = He-has- pacified-us. XIV. Isarbaliggingab. XIV. Lubalsagga. IX. Lugal-magurri. XXVIII. Lugal-nirgal. XI. Lugal-sidi. III. Lugal-sesura. XXIX. Lugal-turra. XVII. Lukani. XXVI. Lu- d Ningirsu. XXX. Lu- d Nintu. XXX. Lusagga. IX. Lusasi. XXX. 16 INTRODUCTORY— DIVINE NAMES Malakam (Sem.) = Prince (?). XIV. Malni- d Enzu. XXIII. Malux (Sem.) = Sailor. XIV. Masugazuku. II. Nalul. XVI. Naram-Ilani (Sem.) = Beloved - of-the-gods. XL Nekanimur. XVIII. Nigi. IV. Ningal. V. Ninkagina. XVIII. Nur- d Enzu. XXI, XXVIII. Nur- d Im. XXVI. Cilus- d Dagan (Sem.) = His- Protedion-is-Dagan. IX. gepagga. I. gesdada. IX. gu~ d Dungi= Gimil- iIi Dungiq.v. d gu- d Enzu = ilu Gimil- m Sin q.v. gugaganui. XIV. gudar. XVIII. Udaralsu. XXVIII. Unaka. XXII. Urazagnunna. XXVII. Ur- d Bau, A son of Bur-Sin. XX. (See EBH. p. 274.) Ur- d Dungi. XXIX. Ur- d Dungi-sarbimu(?). XXX. Ur- d Galaiim-gisnin(?). XIX. Ur- d Xani. XXIX. Ur- d Luseka. X. Urnigingar. VIII, XIII. Ur- d Ningiszidda. XVIII. Ursugasullu. XXX. Zubaga. XX. 8. DIVINE NAMES OCCURRING ON TABLETS Allagula. V. Anna. VIII; XII; XXVII. Bau. XX. Dagan. V; IX. Dungi (deified king). XIII; XV; XVII; XXII; XXIII; XXVII; XXIX; XXX. (See also Personal Names.) Enzu. XIII; XIV; XV; XVI; XX; XXI; XXIII; XXV; XXVIII; XXIX; XXX. Enlil. V; X; XVII; XIX; XXI; XXV; XXIX. Galalim. XIX. Im. XXVI. Xani. XXIX. Lux. XV. Luseka. X. Mekigal, generally written without the god-sign. V ; VI; XII; XXIV; XXX. Occurs on these tablets only in month-name. (See Calen- dar.) Nana. XII. Nannar. I; V; XVII; XXL N annar-Qarzida. XX. Nina (or Innanna). V; IX; X; XII; XIV. 3 17 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM Nina (or Innanna) of Erech. XVII; XXVI; XXVII. Ninasu. XI; XIV; XV; XXVIII. Occurs on these tablets only in month-names. (See Calendar.) Ningal(ge). V. Ningirsu. XXX. Ningiszidda. XVIII. Ninlil. V; X; XVII; XXI; XXIX. Nintu. XXX. Paku. V. gig uuj) am q Uj XIV, p. 59; BE, XV, p. 54). XII. Tiladdar. X. §9. PLACE NAMES OCCURRING ON TABLETS Adamdun ki , probably located in Elam ( HSA.p . 290). IV. AdluzidaxrP 1 , unknown. XVII. Ansan ki , an important province of Elam; ultimately con- queredUr ( HSA . p. SOJ(). IV. Enlil ki = Nippur q.v Erech (Uruk ki ), one of the chief cities of Southern Babylonia. X, XII, XVII, XXVI, XXVII. Eridu (Nun ki ), an important city located on the shore of the Persian Gulf, at this time; but now far inland (HSA. p. 282). II, XVIII, XIX. Ganxar ki , a district in the mountains, east of the Tigris (HSA.p. 287). III. (kalam) Gannagi, unknown. XII. Xuxunuri ki , likely in the vicin- ity of Elam. XVII. Xumurti ki , probably a district of Elam (HSA. p. 287). IX, XI, XII. Kimas ki , located in the vicinity of Elam (HSA. p. 290). IX, X, XI, XII. Lulubu ki , a principality among the Zagros hills (HSA. p. 55). VI. Lursu ki , unknown. III. Magan, unknown. VIII. kur Martu, the western country (KAT.pp.l78ff). IX. Mudura, unknown XXL Nippur (Enlil ki ), see Intro- duction. V, X, XIV. Nun ki = Eridu q.v. Pidaltum, unknown. XIII. Simalum(or -num) ki , probably an Elamite province. XXII, XXIII. Simurum ki , a country prob- ably in the vicinity of Lulu- bu and Ganxar (HSA. p. 287). VI. INTRODUCTORY — CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS Sidtab ki , a city in Northern Babylonia {ESA. p. 206). X1Y. Tummal, mentioned frequently on Drehem tablets; but un- known. XVII, XXIX. Urbilum ki , a province among the Zagros hills ( HSA.p.802 ). VII, VIII, XIV, XV, XVI. Uruk ki = Erech q.v. Uruab ki ma = Ur, see Introduc- tion. X, XXV, XXVIII, XXIX. (mada) Zapsali ki , unknown region, conquered by Gimil- Sin. XXVIII, XXIX. There are excellent maps in HSA and TRU. §10. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS The following animals are mentioned on these tablets, as used in business transactions, or employed for sacrifice. gud — ox or bull ; also used to indicate the bovine species in gen- eral. gudu{ SAM) = “ox of (the) meadow” = pastured ox. gud se = “ox of wheat” = fattened ox (see note on II, 0, 1). gud mu III = “ox of three years.” gud se sig = fattened ox of fine (first) quality. 1 gud se sig us = fattened ox of good (second) quality. 2 gud se III-kam us — fattened ox of third quality. gud se IV -kam us = fattened ox of fourth quality. gud amar ga = “ox, young, of milk” = suckling bull-calf. ab = cow. ab u = pastured cow. ab mu II = two-year-old cow. ab amar ga = suckling cow-calf. udu = sheep; used also in general to refer to sheep and goats collectively. udu u = pastured sheep. 1 sig ~ damiqtu (Br. 9446) ~ sweet, purified = fine quality. 2 Hg u$ ~ “next to fine.” Compare Lau’s rendering of us lugal ( OBTR ., P- 89). 19 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM udu se = fattened sheep. udu se sig = fattened sheep of fine quality. udu se sig us = fattened sheep of good quality. udu se III-kam us — fattened sheep of third quality. udu se IV-Jcam us — fattened sheep of fourth quality. udu gud-e us-sa — stall-fed sheep (see note on XII. 0, 1). udu se gud-e us-sa = fattened stall-fed sheep. udu-xul — superior sheep (see note on IX, 0, 1). udu-xul nigin-ru = superior sheep in perfect condition (see note on IX, 0, 2). udu a-lum — “fruitful sheep” = pregnant sheep (see note on XVI, 0, 4). udu a-lum nigin-ru = pregnant sheep in perfect condition. ganam = ewe. ganam u = pastured ewe. ganam se = fattened ewe. ganam se sig = fattened ewe of fine quality. ganam-xul = superior ewe. ganam-xul nigin-ru = superior ewe in perfect condition (XVI, R, 1?). sil = lamb; more particularly, male lamb. sil se = fattened lamb. sil gab = “lamb of meal” (fed upon ground grain) = weaned lamb. 1 sil ga = suckling lamb. sil udu-xul = lamb of superior sheep. sal-sil — she-lamb. sal-sil se = fattened she-lamb. sal-sil gab = weaned she-lamb. sal-sil ga — suckling she-lamb. uz — goat, especially the female (Br. 3707) . uz u = pastured goat. uz a-sig = goat with wool (see note on VIII, 0, 1). 1 This rendering is based both upon the meaning of gab and upon the fact that on Tablet XXV the sil gab, sal-sil gab, bir gab, and cu-qar gab are listed between the more mature animals and the sucklings (see XXV, Col. III). 20 INTRODUCTORY— CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS bir-gal 1 = “large kid” = he-goat ( TRU ., p. 18). bir-gal u = pastured he-goat. bir-gal se = fattened he-goat. bir-gal se sig = fattened he-goat of fine quality. bir-gal se sig us = fattened he-goat of good quality. bir-gal se III-kam us = fattened he-goat of third quality. bir-gal se IV -karri us — fattened he-goat of fourth quality. bir-gal se gud-e us-sa — fattened stall-fed he-goat. bir 2 — kid; more particularly, male kid. bir se — fattened kid. bir gab = weaned kid. bir ga a-sig = suckling kid with wool. cu-qaV = young she-goat, goat-heifer. cu-qar se = fattened goat-heifer. cu-qar se sig — fattened goat-heifer of fine quality. cu-qar se sig us = fattened goat-heifer of good quality. cu-qar se III-kam us = fattened goat-heifer of third quality. cu-qar se IV-kam us = fattened goat-heifer of fourth quality. cu-qar gab — weaned she-kid. cu-qar ga = suckling she-kid. cu-qar ga ud — suckling she-kid, a day old (see note on XIII, 0 , 1 ). ansu se = fattened ass. mas-ru = gazelle. amar mas-ru ~ young gazelle. siqqa-bar se — fattened antelope. 1 Read mds-gal by some of the best and most recent authorities. 2 Also read mds. 3 Also read sal-ds-qar. 21 PART II TEXT OF THE TABLETS I OBVERSE 1) I amar mas-ru(KAK) 1 young gazelle 2) e(BIT) se-pag(XU)-ga (for the) house (of) Sepagga 3) a-a-kal-la pa-kabar Akalla (being the) “ great official ” 4) II amar mas-ru(KAK) ba-til(BE) 2 young gazelles, slaughtered, 5) e (BIT) -dub-ba— su (KU) for (the) record-house 6) mu-gub a-da-tum on hand (in charge of) Adatum REVERSE 1) ud II-kam (on the) second day 2) ki--ab-ba- sag-ga~ta ba-zig expended by Abbasagga 3) itu ses-da-ku (in the) month (of) Sesdaku 4) mu en d uru-ki ba-tug(KU) (in the) year (when the) high-priest (of) Nannar was installed EDGE III 3 (young gazelles) Ob v. 5 : e-dub-ba = house of tablets 22 TEXT OF TABLETS (II) Rev. 2: Abbasagga. Tbis name is of very frequent occurrence in the Drehem inscriptions, and is found on five tablets in this collection. 4: en(~ lord) used thus seems best rendered High Priest. Edge : A numeral placed thus on the edge generally represents the total. II OBVEESE 1) X gud se 10 fattened bulls 2) II gud 2 bulls 3) ud XXI-kam (on the ) twenty-first day 4) ki-- ab-ba-sag-ga— ta from Abbasagga 5) ma-su-ga-zu-ku Masugazuku (being) KEVEKSE 1) ni-ku shepherd 2) itu ezen max (in the) month (of the) Great Festival 3) mu en nun ki ba-tug(KU) (in the) year (when the) high-priest (of) Eridu was installed EDGE XII 12 (bulls) Obv. 1 : gud se = “ bull (or ox) of wheat.” Compare the English term “ corn-fed.” 23 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM III OBVERSE 1) I(?) geme 1 female slave 2) lu-ur-su ki (in) Lursu 3) sa-su us-sa lugal property belonging to (the) king 4) mu-gub on hand 5) ki— lugal-si-di~ta from Lugalsidi 6) en-dingir-mu Endingirmu (being in charge) REVERSE 1) itu ezen d dun-gi- (when) of the month (of the) festival (of) Dnngi 2) -ta ud VII ba-ra-ni 7 days were come 3) mu a-du II-kam (in the) year (when for the) second time 4) gan-xar ki ba-xul Ganxar was laid waste Obv. 1: The numeral here is indistinct; it may possibly be X. 3: US = emedu = to stand. Sa = rakasu — to bind. “Stand- ing bound ” = belonging to, etc. Rev. 2: ra = DU, common word for motion; here = arrive, come. Ni is probably the suffix of 3p. pi. cp. MSL. p. 257. IV OBVERSE 1) CDLXVI gi§ erne sa(GAR) 466 (logs of) “ tongue-wood trimmed 24 TEXT OF TABLETS (V) 2) CCXYI gis e(BIT)-da 216 ( timbers of) wood for house(s) 3) MCCXXIII gis ur 1223 beams 4) gis a-dam-dun ki (it is) wood (from) Adamdun 5) mu-gub on hand REVERSE 1) gir ni-gi (the) overseer (being) Nigi 2) bar(MAS)-bar(MAS)-ni-min Barbarnimin(f) 3) su-ba-ti has received 4) itu se-qin-kud (in the) month (of) Seqinkud 5) mu an-sa-an ki ba-xul (in the) year (when) Ansan was laid waste Obv. 1 : “ Tongue-wood,” Lau’s reading. SA or GAR = to cut etc. 2: da, prepositional suffix. 3: gis ur = literally “ wood of enclosure.” 1, 2, & 3: See Part I, § 5, Numerals. OBVERSE V 1) I udu se II sil 1 fattened sheep (and) 2 lambs 2) d nin-lil (for) Ninlil I udu se II sil 1 fattened sheep (and) 2 lambs 25 3) SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 4) d en-lil (for) Enlil 5) I ganam d nin-gal(MAL)-ge 1 ewe (for) Ningal(ge) 6) I udu sam(U) 1 pastured sheep 7) d al-la-gu-la (for) Allagula 8) a (ID) ud temen-na kam (the) day’s allowance was brought in 9) I udu se I sil 1 fattened sheep (and) 1 lamb REVERSE 1) d nin-lil (for) Ninlil 2) I bir d en-lil 1 kid (for) Enlil 3) I udu se d uru-ki 1 fattened sheep (for) Nannar 4) I ganam se d nina 1 fattened ewe (for) Nina 5) I udu se d nin-lil 1 fattened sheep (for) Ninlil 6) I udu se d pa-ku 1 fattened sheep (for) Paku 7) a (ID) duk zig-ga (the) portion (for the) pot was expended 8) er(A-SI) sigisse-sigisse sa(LIB) en-lil ki penitential offerings in Nippur 9) gir nin-gal(MAL) (the) overseer (being) Ningal 10) itu~ta ud XVIII ba-ra-ni (when) 18 days of (the) month were come 11) zig-ga a (ID) bil-ni-a expended was (the) portion for (the) fire 26 TEXT OF TABLETS (VI) 12) itu ezen me-ki-gal(IK) (in the) month (of the) festival (of) Mekigal EDGE mu us-sa e(BIT)-ku sa-isi- d da-gan ba-ru (in the) year after (the) refectory Sa-isi-Dagan was built Obv. 5: ningalge. -ge is the genitive suffix, attached here as a reminiscence of the etymological derivation of the name Ningal, ie. Lady-of-the-Palace. a ud temenna. This rendering is on Lau’s authority (OBTR. Sign-List, p. 11). 8 : ham. h- ’is probably the same element as in the genitive suffix -ha, plus am(= is). (See LSG. p. 88.) Rev. 7 : This certainly refers to the portion of a sacrifice which was cooked and eaten. 8: er. The signs A-SI signify “ water of the eye” = a tear. Hence the reading “ tear-offerings ” = penitential offerings. 10: See Note on III, R, 1-2. 11: The reference evidently is to the burnt offering. Edge: This is the date which Radau (EBH. p. 262) and Lau (OBTR. p. If) render,— mu us-sa e(BIT) ip(IBIRA) sa isi- d da-gan ba-ru,— and translate,— “ the year after the damqar of Isi-Dagan built a house (for Dungi?).” But the fifth sign is clearly KU, not IP ; and ba-ru is a passive form (see Part I, § 5, The Verb) e-hu = house of eating (See OBTR. Sign-List, p. 31). VI OBVEKSE 1) I sil 1 lamb 2) te-te brought in 3) mu-gub on hand 27 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 4) itu ezen me-ki-gal {in the) month {of the) festival {of) Mekigal REVERSE 1) mu si-mu-ru-um- (m the) year {when) Simurum 2) - ki sa(U) lu-lu-bu- and Lulubu 3) - ki a-du IX-kam {the) ninth time 4) ba-xul were laid waste EDGE ud XVII-kam {on the) seventeenth day Obv. 2 : TE-TE = qapu = deliver, etc. {SAI, 5705.) Rev. 3: See Part I, § 5, Numerals. VII OBVERSE 1) VIII ku lum-za du(GIN) 8 fine{?) garments there were{?) 2) ki-lal-bi XXXIII ma-na their value {was) 33 minas 3) V ku us-bar 5 woven garments 4) ki-lal-bi XIII sussana ma-na their value 13 1/3 minas 5) I ku muqqu 1 inferior garment REVERSE 1) ki-lal-bi III ma-na X gin(TU) its value 3 minas {and) 10 shekels TEXT OF TABLETS (VIII) 2) ki-- a(ID)-na-na--ta from Anana 3) mu-gub on hand 4) itu mas-ru-ku (in the) month (of) Masruku 5) mu ur-bi-lum ki ba-xul (in the) year (when) Urhilum was laid waste Obv. 1 : lum~za — plenty-of- jewels. DU = min = to be 3: Literally “garments of the weaver.” VIII OBVERSE 1) I uz a-sig 1 goat with wool 2) I bir ga a-sig 1 suckling kid with wool 3) I cu-qar ga ma-gan 1 suckling she-kid (of) Maqan 4) ba-til(BE) slaughtered ; 5) ud VUI-kam (on the) eighth day REVERSE 1) ki— a-xu-ni— ta from Axuni 2) ur-nigin-gar Urnigingar 3) su-ba-ti has received 4) itu ezen an-na (in the) month (of the) festival (of) Anna mu ur-bi-lum- (in the) year (when) Urhilum 29 5) SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 6) - ki ba-xul was laid waste Obv. 1: uz or gaz is undoubtedly a Semitic loan-word: com- pare Assyrian enzu, Hebrew 1J7, Arabic ‘anzu n a - is an abstract prefix. So uz a-sig — literally, “ goat of woolliness.” IX OBVERSE 1) CLXV udu-xul 145 sheep of fine quality 2) XIII udu-xul nigin-ru(KAK) 13 sheep of fine quality, in perfect condition 3) CXX bir-gal 120 he goats 4) LX sil udu-xul 60 lambs (of) sheep of fine quality 5) nam-sid-ak kur mar-tu (at the) establishment of (the) western priesthood 6) gir xu-uku-xa-ab-ma (the) overseer (being) Xukuxabma 7) LX sil ci-lu-us- d da-gan 60 lambs (of) Cilus-Dagan REVERSE 1) CXX sil en- d nina 120 lambs (of) En-Nina 2) CXX sil ses-da-da §id 120 lambs (of) Sesdada (the) priest 3) LX sil lu-pal-sag-ga 60 lambs (of) Lupalsagga 4) LX sil lu-sag-ga 60 lambs (of) Lusagga 30 TEXT OF TABLETS (X) 5) LX amar mas-ru(KAK) id-de-ru 60 young gazelles (of) Idderu 6) inu-gub itu se-qin-kud on hand (in the) month (of) Seqinkud 7) mu ki-mas(BAR) ki sa(U) xu-mur-ti ki ba-xul (in the) year (when) Kimas and Xumurti were laid waste EDGE ud VH-kam (on the) seventh day Obv. 1 : udu-xul. xul = Ass. xidutu = joy, etc. This phrase naturally suggests our own idea, de luxe, i. e. fine quality. 2: nigin-ru. m^m(GURUN) = primarily enclosure — hence, full- ness, plenty, etc. (MSL. pp. 168, 258, etc.) m(KAK) = build, make, produce, etc. (MSL. p. 277, etc.) The combination seems to mean ‘ making complete/ 5: nam, an abstract prefix, sid — priest. Hence nam-sid ~ priesthood, ah = make, establish, etc. kUT martu seems at this time to refer in a general way to the western lands. Later it denotes more specifically Palestine (see Vanderburgh, in JBL. 1918.) X OBVERSE 1) I sil 1 lamb 2) d nina (for) Nina 3) I sil d nin-lil 1 lamb (for) Nin-lil 4) I sil d en-lil 1 lamb (for) En-lil 5) a-du I-kam (the) first time 6) I sil d nina 1 lamb (for) Nina 31 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 7) I sil d nin-lil 1 lamb (for) Nin-lil 8) a-du II-kam (the) second time REVERSE 1) I udu se sigisse-sigisse d nina 1 fattened sheep, offerings (for) Nina 2) a-du III-kam (the) third time 3) sa(LIB) en-lil ki in Nippur 4) I ganam II cu-qar 1 ewe (and) 2 goat-heifers 5) sigisse-sigisse ud-sar sa(LIB) urug ki -ga offerings (at the) new moon in Erech 6) IV cu-qar e(BIT) d til-la-ad-dar nir 4 goat-heifers (for the) house (of) Tilladdar (the) prince 7) xar d til-la-ad-dar-ra ba-an-ku (when the) decree (of) Tilladdar commanded it 8) sa(LIB) uru-ab ki -ma in Ur 9) gir i-de-gal-ur-ra (the) overseer (being) Idegalurra 10) itu~ta ud XXX-ba-ra-ni (when) of (the) month 30 days were come 11) zig-ga ur- d lu-se-ka(DUG) expended (by) Ur-Luseka 12) itu se-qin-kud (in the) month (of) Seqinkud EDGE mu ki-mas(BAR) ki ba-xul (in the) year (when) Kimas was laid waste Obv. 5 & 8, & Rev. 2 : The references to “ first time,” “ second 32 TEXT OF TABLETS (XI) time,” etc. on this tablet apparently have to do with successive offerings. Rev. 10: See Note on IV, R, 2. XI OBVERSE 1) IVudu 4 sheep 2) mu--e-a-ni— ta-su(KU) for his house 3) na-ra-am-NI-NI pa-kabar(RIM) Naram-ilani ( being the) great-official 4) ki--a-xu-ni--ta from Axuni 5) lugal-ner-gal sukkal ni-ku Lugal-nergal (Joeing) messenger-shepherd REVERSE 1) itu ud XVIII-ba-ni (on the) eighteenth day of (the) month 2) itu ezen d nin-a-su (in the) month (of the) festival (of) Ninasu 3) mu ki-mas(BAR) ki sa(U) (in the) year (when) Kimas and 4) xu-mur-ti ki ba-xul Xumurti were laid waste Obv. 2: mu su. mu = sumu = name. Hence this line = literally, “ for the name of his house ” = “ intended for his house.” ta-su, double preposition. 3: NI-NI = plural of dingir. Hence naram-ilani (“ Beloved- of-the-gods ”), a purely Semitic name, seems the correct reading here. Rev. 1: Literally “month day XVIII-its-in.” (See Br. 5335.) 4 33 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM XII OBVERSE 1) I udu gud-e us-sa 1 stall-fed sheep 2) gi-ra-lum d nina slaughtered (as an) entire (offering for) Nina 3) I gud §e III udu se 1 fattened ox {and) 3 fattened sheep 4) d nina {for) Nina 5) I udu se 1 fattened sheep 6) d na-na-a {for) Nana 7) I udu gud-e us-sa 1 stall-fed sheep REVERSE 1) e(BIT)-kal d sig ( for the) temple (of) Sig 2) II udu u(SAM) 2 pastured sheep 3) id ma II-a-ba--su(KU) allowance for his two ships 4) zig-ga ma an-na expended {for the) ship {of) Anna 5) sa(LIB) uru(k) ki -ga in Erech 6) ki— kalam (UN) — gan-na-gi— ta from {the) people {of) Gannagi 7) gir a-xu-pi-qar {the) overseer (being) Axupiqar 8) itu ezen me-ki-gal ud XXV-ba-ra-ni {when) 25 days {of the) month {of the) festival (of) Mekigal were come 34 TEXT OF TABLETS (XIII) 9) mu us-sa ki-mas ki sa(U) [Xu]mur-ti ki ba-xul (in the) year after Kimas and [Xu]murti were laid waste Obv. 1: gud-e us-sa: — Literally, “the cattle ( gud-e ), standing (us), bound (sa).” Evidently these were stall-fed sheep. 2: gi-ra = daku (SAI. 1614)— slaughter, lum = plenteousness. 3 : These “ ships ” are the sacred arks used in the religious ceremonies, similar to the ancient Egyptian sacred boats. Rev. 4 : The dingir(AN)-sign is regularly omitted before the name Anna, to avoid repetition of the AN. 7 : A-xu-pi-qar. The third syllable in this name is secured by comparison with other tablets. 8: See Note on IV, R, 2. XIII OBVERSE 1) I cu-qar ga ud 1 suckling she-kid (a) day (old) 2) sa(LIB) pi-dal-tum in Pidaltum 3) I ab 1 cow 4) V udu 5 sheep 5) I ?-? 1 f f 6) I uz 1 goat 7) V sil 5 lambs 8) I sal-sil 1 she-lamb SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM REVERSE 1) I sil ga 1 suckling lamb 2) I sal-sil ga 1 suckling she-lamb 3) ba-til(BE) ud IV-kam slaughtered; ( on the) fourth day 4) ki-- d dun-gi-a-a-mu— ta from Dungi-amu 5) ur-nigin-gar Urnigingar 6) su-ba-ti has received 7) itu ma s-ru-ku (in the) month (of) Masruku 8) mu us-sa d amar- d en-zu lugal (in the) year after (the) divine Bur-Sin (became) king Ob v. 1: This line runs literally: “1 young-she-goat(cu-qar) (of) milk (of a) day.” 5: Very indistinct. XIV OBVERSE 1) I sil en- d nina 1 lamb (of) En-Nina 2) IV udu I bir 4 sheep , 1 kid 3) ip-sa-xa-ni lu-kabar(RIM) (of) Ipsaxani (the) high official 4) II sil pa-te-si en-lil ki 2 lambs (of the) governor (of) Nippur 5) I sil id-da-a 1 lamb (of) Idda I sil i-sar-ba-lig(KAL)-gin(DU)-gab(a) 1 lamb (of) Isarbaliggingab 36 6) TEXT OF TABLETS (XIV) 7) I sil .pa-te-si sid-tab ki 1 lamb (of the) governor (of) Sidtab 8) I sil su-ga-ga-nu-i? 1 lamb (of) Sugaganui(f) REVERSE 1) I sil ma-lux qa-su-gab 1 lamb (of) Malux (the) grain-measurer 2) IV udu se I sil mal(GAL)-gi 4 fattened sheep, (and) 1 lamb (of) Malgi 3) ud XXIII-kam (on the) twenty-third day 4) mu-gub lugal on hand, royal property, 5) ab-ba-sag-ga ni-ku Abbasagga (being) shepherd 6) itu ki-sig d nin-a-su (in the) month (of) Kisig Ninasu 7) mu d amar- d en-zu (in the) year (when the) divine Bur-Sin, 8) lugal-e ur-bi-lum ki the king, (the city of) TJrbilum 9) mu-xul laid waste EDGE XVIII 18 (sheep, etc.) Obv. 3: ip-sa-xa-ni might also be read “(The) ibira Saxani, 77 etc. Rev. I: qa-su-gab = literally, the one whose hand(SU) presents (GAB) the measure(QA). Rev. 4-5: Another possible rendering for these lines is: “On hand; Lugal-abbasagga being shepherd.' 7 See XXVIII. O, 4=6. Rev. 8: Lugal-e, status rectus. See LSG. pp. 62 ff. 37 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM XV OBVERSE 1) XXX udu se 30 fattened sheep 2) sa-dug a-bil(NE)-zi-im-ti {the) regular offering {of) Ahilzimti 3) itu I-kam {on the) first {day of the) month 4) gir- d lux pa-kabar Gir-Lux {being the) “ great official ” REVERSE 1) ki— d dun-gi-a-a-mu— ta by Dungi-dmu 2) ba-zig were delivered 3) itu ezen d nin-a-su {in the) month {of the) festival {of) Ninasu 4) mu d amar- d en-zu {in the) year {when the) divine Bur-Sin, 5) lugai-e ur-bi- the king, Urbi- 6) lum ki rnu-xul lum laid waste EDGE XXX 30 {sheep) Obv. 2: Abilzimti, a purely Semitic name. Rev. 5: See Note on XII, R, 8. XVI OBVERSE 1) I sil se 1 fattened lamb 38 TEXT OF TABLETS (XVI) 2) II cu-qar se 2 fattened goat-heifers 3) I udu 1 sheep 4) VII udu a-lum 7 pregnant sheep 5) III udu a-lum nigin-ru(KAK) 3 pregnant sheep, in perfect condition^) 6) X udu-xul II udu-xul nigin-ru(KAK) 10 sheep of fine quality, {and) 2 sheep of fine quality, in perfect condition {?) REVERSE 1) II ganam-xul I ganam-xul (nigin-ru?) 2 ewes of fine quality, {and) 1 ewe of fine quality {in perfect condition ?) 2) [III] bir [3] kids 3) ud XXIII-kam {on the) twenty-third day 4) ki— ab-ba-sag-ga~ta from Abbasagga 5) na-lul ni-ku Nalul {being the) shepherd 6) itu a-ki-ti {in the) month {of) Akiti 7) mu d amar- d en-zu lugal {in the) year {when the) divine Bur-Sin, {the) king, 8) ur-bi-lum ki Urbilum 9) mu-xul laid waste EDGE XXXII 32 {sheep, etc.) Obv. 4: a-lum = fruitfulness. A; prefix denoting the abstract 39 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM idea; LUM signifying fruit, plenty, etc. So udu alum = fruit- ful sheep. 5 & 6: nigin-ru, See Note on XV, O, 2. XVII OBVERSE 1) I udu se 1 fattened sheep 2) d en-lil d nin-lil (for) Enlil (and) Ninlil 3) I udu se d uru-ki 1 fattened sheep (for) Nannar 4) a(ID) gig(MI) ba-a (a) night’s allowance given 5) lugal-tur-ra (by) Lugalturra 6) III udu se I bir-gal se 3 fattened sheep (and) 1 fattened he-goat 7) d en-lil d nin-lil (for) Enlil (and) Ninlil 8) I bir-gal se d uru-ki 1 fattened he-goat (for) Nannar 9) a (ID) ud temen-na (a) day’s allowance brought in 10) gir a-tur qa-su-gab (the) overseer (being) Atur (the) grain-measurer 11) II udu se 2 fattened sheep REVERSE 1) d nina uruk ki --su (for) Nina (of) Erech 2) gir a-xu-ni qa-su-gab (the) overseer (being) Axuni (the) grain-measurer I udu se I bir-gal 1 fattened sheep (and) 1 he-goat 40 3) TEXT OF TABLETS (XVIII) 4) dun-mal-a ad-lu-zi-da-ax-ri ki (for the) steward (of) Adluzidaxri 5) gir su- d dun-gi-(?) (the) overseer (being) Gimil-Dungi(f— f) 6) eri-mu pa-kabar Erimu (being the) great official 7) itu ud II-ba-ni (on the) second day (of the) month 8) sa(LIB) tum-ma-al in Tummal 9) ki--en-dingir-mu--ta by Endingirmu 10) ba-zig was expended 11) itu su-es-sa (in the) month (of) Suessa 12) mu xu-uxu-nu-ri ki ba-xul (in the) year (when) Xuxunuri was laid waste EDGE XI 11 (sheep, etc.) Obv. 4: ba-a = qasu = present, give, etc. 9: This rendering is on Lau’s authority. (See OBTR. Sign- List, p. 11.) 10: qa-su-gab. See Note on XIV, R, 1. Rev. 4: dun = great one, leader, etc. (MSL. p. 90) mal( GAL) = house. Hence the reading “ steward ” — compare major domus. 7: See Note on XI, R, 1. XVIII OBVERSE 1) I. CXX se. gur. lugal 1 gur (and) 120 (qa) finest wheat 2) sa-dug (K A) -- su (KU) for (the) regular offering 41 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 3) ki— su-u-dar— ta from Sudar 4) ne-ka-ni-mur Nekanimur REVERSE 1) su-ba-ti has received 2) dub nin-ka-gi-na (per) tablet (of) Ninkagina 3) ib-ra (the) ibra 4) se-da-ra dub-ba of (the) wheat , delivery was made 5) gir ur- d nin-gis-zid-da ma-du-du (the) overseer (being) Ur-Ningiszidda (the) skipper 6) itu ses-da-ku (in the) month (of) Sesdaku 7) mu en nun ki ba-tug(KU) (in the) year (when the) high-priest (of) Eridu was installed Obv. 1: The first numeral is read with the GUR at the end of the line, while the second numeral is read with QA understood before SE. When a numeral occurs before SE( = wheat), the measure is often omitted — just as in bills etc. to-day “3 1/2 sugar ” is naturally taken as referring to “ pounds.” (See Pi rt I, § 5, Numerals.) Rev. 4: sedara. da-ra, double postposition. Literally, “ as to the wheat, of it (ie, the wheat) was delivery made.” dub-ba, vb. dub with phonetic complement. XIX OBVERSE 1) X gud se 10 fattened oxen 2) XVI udu §e 16 fattened sheep 42 TEXT OF TABLETS (XIX) 3) IV udu se gud-e us-sa 4 fattened sheep , stalled cattle 4) X bir gal se 10 fattened he-goats 5) LXX udu 70 sheep 6) XX bir gal 20 he-goats 7) bi(GAS)-de-a (in charge of) Bidea REVERSE 1) gir d en-lil-zi- sag-gal (the) overseer (being) Enlil-zisaggal 2) mu-gub a-bil-zi-im-ti on hand (for) Abilzimti 3) ki--ur- d gal-alim-gi s-nin— ta from Ur-Galalim-gisnin 4) ud IX-kam (on the) ninth day 5) mu-gub on hand 6) ab-ba-sag-ga ni-ku Abbasagga (being) shepherd 7) itu ezen max (in the) month (of the) Great Festival 8) mu en nun ki ba-tug(KU) (in the) year (when the) lord (of) Eridu was installed EDGE cxxx 130 (cattle) Obv. 3: See Note on XXVIII, O, 1. Rev. 2: The name here is very indistinct; but is read by com- parison with XVII, O, 2. Rev. 4: See Part I, §5, Numerals. 43 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM XX OBVERSE 1) II udu se 2 fattened sheep 2) a-du I-karn (the) first time ; 3) I udu se a-du 1 1 -karri 1 fattened sheep, (the) second time; 4) I udu se a-du III-kam 1 fattened sheep, (the) third time ; 5) ^gu-za d amar- d en-zu (for the) throne (of the) divine Bur-8in 6) ur- d ba-u mu-pa-kabar(RIM) Ur-Bau (being) “ great official ” (for the) year REVERSE 1) itu ud IX-ba-ni (on the) ninth day of the month 2) ki— zu-ba-ga— ta from Zubaga 3) ba-zig (they) were expended 4) gir ad-da-kal-la dub-sar (the) overseer (being) Addakalla (the) scribe 5) itu ses-da-kir (in the) month (of) Sesdaku 6) mu en d uru-ki- (in the) year (when the) high priest (of) Nannar- 7) qar-zi-da ba-tug(KU) -Qarzida was installed EDGE IV udu (total) 4 sheep Obv. 2: See Note on XIII. 5 : Probably palace tribute. 44 TEXT OF TABLETS (XXI) 6: This Ur-Bau was a son of Bur-Sin f EBH . p. 274) Rev. 1 : See Part I, § 5, Numerals. XXI OBVERSE 1) I gud se Ill-kam us 1 fattened ox, third quality 2) II udu se sig us 2 fattened sheep, good quality 3) II udu-xul II sil 2 superior sheep (and) 2 lambs 4) d en-lil d nin-lil (for) Enlil (and) Ninlil 5) I sil d uru-ki 1 lamb (for) Nannar 6) I sil d nin~lil 1 lamb (for) Ninlil 7) d en-lil-zi~sa(g)-gal(IK) pa-kabar Enlil-zisagal (being the) “ great official ” REVERSE 1) sa(LIB)— mu-du-ra— ta in Mudura 2) ud X-kam (on the) tenth day 3) ki--in-ta~e(UD-DU)“a— ta by Intaea 4) ba-zig were expended 5) gir nu-ur- d en-zu dub-sar (the) overseer (being) Nur-Enzu (the) scribe 6) itu su-es-sa (in the) month (of) Suessa 45 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 7) mu ma dara-zu-ab ba-ab-gab {in the ) year {when the) ship Dara-zuab (= Antelope-of-the- Deep) was launched EDGE I gud VIII udu ( Total) 1 ox {and) 8 sheep Obv. 2: sig = damiqtu = sweet, purified 3: udu-xul: See Note on X, 0, 1. Rev. 1 : sa . . . . ta : Prefix and suffix. See Part I, § 5, Preposi- tions etc. XXII OBVERSE 1) I. CCXL se.gur 1 gur {and) 240 {qa of) wheat 2) id (A) ma-su(KU) mal it is rent for {a) ship 3) sag-da-na TA-RA(?) {the) entire sum ? . . . ? 4) d dun-gi-xe-gal-ki--su for Dungi-xegalki 5) pa-al u(SA)-a {the) elderly seer REVERSE 1) u (§A)-na-a-ka~-ta from XJnaka 2) mu si-ma-lum ki ba-xul {in the) year {when) Simalum was laid waste Obv. 1: See Note on XVIII I. O. I. 2: ID (A) = allowance, portion, rent, etc. MA = ship. MAL = existence, hence = “is” 46 TEXT OF TABLETS (XXIII) 3: SAG = head, chief, etc. DA = in. NA = its. (See Part I, § 5, Pronouns.) XXIII OBVERSE 1) I cu-qar se 1 fattened goat-heifer 2) mu--nin--su for (the) lady 3) ki--mal-ni- d en-zu--ta from Malni-Enzu(Sin) 4) en-nam- d dun-gi Ennam-Dungi ( being the) 5) [ni]-ku shepherd REVERSE 1) [ud] V-kam (on the) fifth [day] 2) itu mas-ru-ku (in the) month (of) Masruku 3) mu us-sa si-ma- (in the) year after Sima- 4) -lum ki ba-xul -lum was laid waste SEAL 1) d su- d en-zu divine Gimil-Sin 2) lugal lig(KAL)-ga mighty king 3) lugal uru-ab ki -ma king of Ur lugal an-ub-da tab-tab-ba king of (the) Four Regions 47 4) SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 5) en- d En- 6) -dun-gi -Dungi 7) [dup-sar?] [(the) scribe] 8) du xe (GAN) -sag son (of) Xesag 9) nita (the) servant Obv. 2: nin ( = lady) must here refer to a priestess. XXIV OBVERSE 1) I gud se sig 1 fattened bull of fine quality, 2) ba-dug(KA) promised 3) mu-gub xum— su for breeding purposes this year, 4) itu ud XXX-ba-ni (on the) thirtieth day of (the) month REVERSE 1) ki— (?)-ni-ni-ni--ta by (f)ninini 2) ba-zig was delivered 3) itu ezen me-ki-gal (in the) month (of the) festival (of) Mekigal 4) mu bad mar-tu ba-ru(KAK) (in the) year (when the) western wall was built 48 TEXT OF TABLETS (XXV) SEAL (The seal is only partly legible; but is evidently identical with that which appears on XXIX, q. v.) Obv. 2: dug = qabu ( Br . 531 ) = speak, etc. ( M-A . p. 902.) 3: mu-gub. mu = year ( OBTR . p. 3 of Sign List), gub = stand, etc. ( MSL . p. 157). xum (or lum) = fructification, fruit, growth, etc. (MSL. p. 181). XXV OBVEKSE 1) [ ] gud se sig ***** fattened oxen , fine quality 2) [ ] gud se sig us ***** fattened oxen, good quality 3) VII gud se III-kam us 7 fattened oxen, third quality 4) III gud se IV-kam us 3 fattened oxen, fourth quality 5) XXXV gud se 35 fattened oxen 6) XVII gud u(SAM) 17 pastured oxen 7) [ ] gud mu III ***** oxen three years old 8) [ gu]d amar ga ***** suckling bull-calves 9) [ ] ab u(SAM) 10) [ * * 11 ) [ * * 12) [ * * * * * pastured cows ] ab mu II * * * cows two years old ] ab amar ga * * * suckling cow-calves ] udu se sig * * * fattened sheep , fine quality 49 5 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 13) [ ga]nam se sig ***** fattened ewes, fine quality 14) [ bir]-gal se sig * * * fattened he-goats, fine quality 15) [ cu]-qar se sig * * * fattened goat-heifers, fine quality 16) [ udu or ganam se] sig us [* * * sheep or ewes] fattened, good quality Column II 1) V bir-gal se sig us 5 fattened he-goats, good quality 2) II cu-qar se sig us 2 fattened goat-heifers, good quality 3) XXIII udu se III-kam us 23 fattened sheep, third quality 4) XII bir-gal se III-kam us 12 fattened he-goats, third quality 5) I(?) cu-qar se III-kam us 1 (?) fattened goat-heifer, third quality 6) XC udu se IV-kam u§ 90 fattened sheep, fourth quality 7) IX bir-gal se IV-kam us 9 fattened he-goats, fourth quality 8) V cu-qar se IV-kam us 5 fattened goat-heifers, fourth quality 9) CLVII udu se 157 fattened sheep 10) X ganam se 10 fattened ewes 11) LI 1 1 bir-gal se 53 fattened he-goats 12) CCIV udu se gud-e us-sa 204 fattened sheep, stall-fed 50 TEXT OF feTABLETS (XXV) 13) XXXVI bir-gal se gud-e us-sa 36 fattened he-qoats, stall-fed 14) XXIV sil se 24 fattened lambs 15) VII sal-sil se 7 fattened she-lambs (reverse) Column III 1) IV bir se 4 fattened kids 2) XXVI cu-qar se 26 fattened goat-heifers 3) CCCXIX udu u(SAM) 319 pastured sheep 4) LXIV bir-gal u(SAM) 64 pastured he-goats 5) XCVIII ganam u(gAM) 98 pastured ewes 6) LXVIuzu(SAM) 66 pastured goats 7) XXXIII sil gab 33 weaned lambs 8) XXVII sal-sil gab 27 weaned she-lambs 9) VII bir gab 7 weaned kids 10) XIII cu-qar gab 13 weaned she-kids 11) VIII sil ga 8 suckling lambs 12) III sal-sil ga 3 suckling she-lambs Column IV 1) [ ]LVII gud * * *57 oxen 51 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 2) [ ]MCCCLX(?) udu * * 1360 (?) sheep 3) [ ] la a * * * * f f 4) [ki-] - d en-lil~zi- sa (LI B ) -gal ( I K) --t a from Enlil-zisagal 5) [a?]-xu-pi-ir ni-ku [Af]xupir (being the) shepherd 6) [itu] mas-ru-ku ba-ni in ( the [month] of) Masruku 7) [mu] us-sa d su- d en- [in the year] after (the) divine Gimil-Sin , 8) [-zu] lugal um-ab ki -ma-ge (the) king of Ur, 9) [b]ad mar-tu mu- (the) western [wall], Mu - 10) [ri]-iq-ti-id- [r]iq-tid- 11) [ni]-im mu-ru [n]im, built Col. IV. 7-11 : “ In the year after the divine Gimil-Sin, the king of Ur, built the western wall, Muriq-tidnim.” See Thureau- Dangin: Rec. Trav . XIX, p. 186, and F. A. Vanderburgh, JBL, 1913. In connection with this tablet see special note on classification of animals, Part I, § 10. XXVI OBVERSE 1) MD se gun (TIG) 1500 gun (of) wheat 2) gi-zi(g) exact measure 3) id ud itu mu sa(g)-ci portions (for) daily, monthly (and) yearly free-will offerings 52 TEXT OF TABLETS (XXVII) 4) J sa-gal udu-se--su(KU) food for fattened sheep 5) ki--sukkal-max--ta from (the) chief messenger 6) mu-gub on hand REVERSE 1) nu-ur- d im Nur-Im 2) su-ba-ti has received 3) gir lu-ka-ni (the) overseer (being) Lukani 4) itu mas-ru-ku (in the) month (of) Masruku 5) mu en d nina uruk ki - (in the) year (when the) high-priest (of) Nina of Erech 6) -ga bir-e ni-pad uttered the decision (oracle) Rev. 6: ga, genitive suffix, bir (also read mas) — decision (OBTR. p. 4, lines 7-8 and p. 17 of Sign-List) = oracle (LSG. p. 150, line 5). -e, status rectus, pad = tamu = to speak, etc. XXVII OBVERSE 1) III udu u(SAM) 3 pastured sheep 2) su-pu e(BIT)-mu collected (at the) public kitchen 3) mu--ku-u s-e-ne— su intended for (the) officers 4) eri-mu pa-kabar Erimu (being the) great official 5) III udu 3 sheep 53 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 6) zig-ga lugal expended ( for the) king 7) IV ganam u(SAM) 4 pastured ewes 8) I bir-gal u(SAM) 1 pastured he-goat 9) I uz u(SAM) 1 pastured goat 10) I sil gab 1 weaned lamb 11) ba-til(BE) slaughtered REVERSE 1) VII udu 2) d dun-gi-uru-mu Dungi-urumu 3) su-ba-an-ti has received them; 4) ud Xll-kam {on the) twelfth day 5) ki—iir-azag-nun-na—ta by Urazagnunna 6) ba-zig {they) were expended 7) gir II xu-pi-qar- {the) two overseers (being) Xupiqar- 8) -ab-ra-ab-du -abrabdu 9) sa(U) dug-ga-sag-ud and Duggasagud 10) itu ezen ( d )an-na {in the) month {of the) festival {of) Anna 11) mu en d nina uruk ki -ga (in the) year {when the) high-priest {of) Nina of Erech 54 TEXT OF TABLETS (XXVIII) 12) bir-e ni-pad uttered the decision(oracle) EDGE X udu 10 sheep Obv. 2: su-pu = sandqu(Br. 7211) = press together, collect, etc. (M-A. p. 711). e-mu. mu = burn ( See LSG. p. 229). Compare, “ kalamma mu-dim mu-mu-mes ” = they burn the land like fire ” ( CT . XVI. Ilf., 20b). Hence, e-mu — house of burning. 3 : kus — officer, probably connected with kus = pa-an ( MSL . p. 215). 10: See Part I, § 10. Rev. 3 : su-ba-an-ti. -an-, infixed object of verb. 10: See note on XII, R, 4. 12 : See note on XXVI, R, 5-6. XXVIII OBVERSE 1) I sil ba-ba-ti 1 lamb (of) Babati 2) I sil lugal-ma-gur-ri 1 lamb (of) Lugalmagurri 3) I sil u-dar-al-su 1 lamb (of) Udaralsu 4) mu-gub lugal on hand : royal property 5) in-ta-e(UD-DU)-a Intaea 6) ni-ku (being the) shepherd REVERSE 1) gir nu-ur- d en-zu dup-sar (the) overseer (being) Nur-Enzu (the) scribe 55 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 2) [ud] XXV-kam (on the) twenty-fifth [day] 3) [itu] ezen d nin-a-su (in the [month] of the) festival (of) Ninasu 4) mu d su- d en-zu (in the) year (when the) divine Gimil-Sin, 5) lugal uru-ab ki -ma-ge king of Ur, 6) ma-da za-ap-sa-li- (the) land (of) Zapsali 7) - ki mu-xul laid waste EDGE III udu Obv. 2: Lugalmagurri was a man of considerable prominence, being both Patesi of Nippur and “ Commander of the Fortress.” (HSA. pp. 299 , 301.) 4-6 : Of course these lines are susceptible of the reading : “ On hand; Lugal-intaea being the shepherd.” But I have adopted the translation here given, as well as the parallel passage XIV, R, 4-5, after comparison, and bearing in mind that Intaea and Abbasagga (see XIV) are well-known names. Rev. 1 : Nur-Enzu. Part of this name is very indistinct. How ever, the reading is obtained by comparison with XXI, R, 5. XXIX OBVERSE 1) I ansu se 1 fattened ass 2) I mas-ru(KAK) 1 gazelle 3) d en-lil (for) Enlil 56 TEXT OF TABLETS (XXIX) 4) I siqqa-bar se 1 fattened antelope 5) I mas-ru(KAK) 1 gazelle 6) d nin~lil (for) Ninlil 7) sa(LIB) tum-ma-al in Tummal REVERSE 1) lugal-se-su-ra (in charge of) Lugalsesura 2) ud I-kam (on the) first day 3) ki— dug (KA) -ga-li--ta from Duggali 4) ba~zig expended 5) itu ezen- d dun-gi (in the) month (of the) festival (of) Dungi 6) mu d su- d en-zu (in the) year (when the) divine Gimil-Sin 7) lugal uru~ab ki -ma-ge king of Ur 8) ma-da za-ap-sa-li- (the) land (of) Zapsali 9) - ki mu-xul laid waste EDGE [IV] [4] SEAL 1) d su- d en-zu (the) divine Gimil-Sin 2) lugal lig-ga mighty king 57 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 3) lugal uru-ab ki -ma king of Ur 4) lugal an-ub-da tab-tab king (of) the four regions 5) ur- d dun-gi Ur-Dungi 6) dub-sar scribe 7) du ur- d xa-ni- son (of) Ur-Xani 8) nita-zu thy servant Seal 4: “ King of the Four Quarters (of the Universe).” XXX OBVERSE 1) III gud se 3 fattened oxen 2) zig-ga lugal expended (to the) king 3) I udu se gud-e us-sa 1 fattened sheep , stall-fed 4) dub as-ni-a (per) tablet (of) Asnia 5) III udu dub lu-sa-si 3 sheep (per) tablet (of) Lusasi 6) ki--ur-su-ga-sul-lu— ta from Ursugasullu REVERSE 1) lu- d nin-tu Lu-Nintu 2) su-ba-an-ti has received them 58 TEXT OF TABLETS (XXX) 3) itu ezen d me-ki-gal(IK) (in the) month (of the) festival (of) Mekigal 4) mu d i-bi- d en~zu lugal (in the) year (when the) divine Ibi-Sin (became) king SEAL 1) lu- d nin-gir-su Lu-Ningirsu 2) dub-sar (the) scribe 3) du ur- d dun-gi“ son (of) Ur-Dungi- 4) -sar-bi-mu -sarbimu Rev. 2: subanti: Notice the infixed object. 3 : Mekigal here has the god-sign, contrary to the general usage on these tablets. 59 PART III SIGN-LIST AND GLOSSARY (The fora of a sign which appears on these tablets is first given, fol- lowed by the fora used in the Assyrian period. The principal authorities for this List are AL^BrjBB^MSLjand OBTR. A few special references are included. Characters occurring on seals are starred (*). The List is con- plate only for these thirty tablets.) 1) 3>*-XS> 4) ^ 5) 6) ^ <<< ^ £ GIR GIR numeral 1 (see Part I, #5, Numerals) dagger n , i*i >i A g 9 v w H DINGIR god (determinative before divine names) AN heaven,high; pronominal infix 3d pers. an-ub-da region (quarter of the Universe) MU name; year; fire, burn; verbal prefix mu-xul,mu-gub,mu-ru (see XUL,GUB,RU)p't I,#5 f V*b mu • . , su for (see Part J, #5, Prepositions) se5,uru Se3-da zebu (TAD,p.8) uru-ab** -ma city of Ur NANNAR 8) » < » — < TIL slaughter ba-til slaughtered 9 ) >-#• NA pronominal suffix na-ra-am (Sem.) beloved 10) 0— ^T< TI receive Su-ba-ti received ( see BAL strong 12) NTJ i3) -fTfr^ SOTSk* UZ goat 14) t£> MUQ shabby, inferior is) MAX great 16) i-^Xf NITA, UR^, ERI servant, si * -{tXJ 60 SIGN-LIST 17) -TU- AK make, do, etc. 18) pJL ot, T *X- bar,ma3 ' — 1 mas-ru gazelle l9) ^ *T=i »’ w ™ Ms 22) jib* 1 CO C\J *rM 24 ) ri&S 25 > £3® 36) 37) ^4j 28) 29 ) ZglSp* m ma-da DAR land, country ccUM.lt of weight, or vaNe ( — Y^O ^ lKy% - = to gin) GAL, IK QIN EN lord, high-priest en-lil city of Nippur ^en-zu Sin (the noon-god) EN-ZU (see above ^ 7^ j DINGIR-SN (see 4 and 23) BIR (or MAS) kid; oracle (see Note on XXVII.R.6) bir-gal he-goat (see Part I, #10) XU bird LU man lu-kabar (great man) an official SIQQA antelope, ibex iiqqa-bar some variety of above 30) fw HT 'fHm rff# 35) *JEE 36) 4Stf pJJJJ HINA or INHAHNA the goddess liter RX(S) GI measure gi-ra slaughtered (SAI,1614) gi-zi exact measure (see below) ZI,ZIG,ZID expend, pay; exact (see above) ba-zig, zig-ga expended, paid NAM prefix of abstract nara-sid priesthood m ship ma-du-du skipper city of Eridu 61 NUN nun*'* SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 37) ^ SusJANA one-third 38) gTZ TAB numeral 2 (see Part I,#5,Nuaerals) 39)* £i£=: TAB-TAB numeral 4 tab-tab-ba 40) ^>< TUR C o*- KUJ>) 41) * ««< GAB ground grain,meal(see P*t I,#10) dedicate, etc, ba-ab-gab dedicated put forth (in qa-5u~gab q.v,) 42) Zt> GIB ox, bull gud-e ul-sa stalled cattle(see P»t I,#10) 43) Zf$> AM 44 ) rpw ?cm UM mother DUK pot, vessel *> mi QAR (in CU-QAR q.v.) 47) PA official pa-kabar lit, "great official" pa-te-si ruler of a city pa-al seer 48) PA-AL (see above Sc 1*f-Z) 49) m ^=TT GUR a measure of capacity (=300 qa) 50) Eft- «=W- MAR mar-tu the West (see Note on IX, 0,5) 51) ''V^' sr UD day ud-sar new moon 52) *et S (UD-DtJ) 53) p-tffl r i fr-YYYT ntty NER,NIR hero, prince 54) I 55) ^ 5b hand; favor, grace( Ass ,gialu); v verbal prefix (see P*t I,#5,V»b) su-ba-ti, su-ba-an-ti (see TI) su-pu gathered 56) Jf— GAL,KAL great 57) *5=^J 6*rr DA suffix(see Part I, #5, Prepositions) 62 SIGH-HIST 58} (UPS^ &gf portion,sll Wn 6 °) j3 61} Sf r « * l^jw^ 62) gg- «) Hf «*> air 65) 66 ) 67) «< B-M m< rr Zh- *J 68) ^=f 69) 7°) * *3" *>. (71) 72 > 73) 74) — -T ge E LUX, SUKKAL me a senger U,SAM pasture, etc. l2l mountain MUR BE,BI(L),NB,DB PI BA verbal prof ix( see Part I, #5, Verb) ba-til, ba-zig, ba-tug, ba-dug, ba-ru, ba-xul, ba-gab. su-ba-ti (see m,ZIG,TUG,DUG,RU,XUL,GAB,TI) ba-a give, given ba-ni,ba-ra-ni,-ba- pronominal suffix (see P't I,#5,Pron.A Notes on III,R,2 & XI,R,1) ZU,SU knowledge zu-ab the deep kfctQ ZU-AB (see above)^the deep ITU month *'*9 Jm (m KA DUG re > 76) 77) mouth speak, etc 78 > ££=T ? 9) ^ 80) ^- * l G> 87) &> Pn rrr 88) Pi 89) A*W 90) zpr #1 91) 92) 93) m 94) 0= 95) ► — - 96) SIE 97) 8 U7 > ^ ^ U8) f > ^ U9) <<<«^ ^ i2o) ^rr i22j an »*f XAR,GUR,MUR command, decree NIMIN numeral 40 5e IN TU(R) LI wheat; fattened (see Note cm 11,0,1) ; yKea.su.r-e of weigh* or' /«e C= >/f so fzJ ^ i2v) n^T 128 ) jctj ^JT ^tCTrrr * CCj 13°) £@f NM x3i > ^ 1 32 ) 133) t=$ * cj> im > atf ^nr * g> 136) 137) 138) 139) SI GTJB be present, etc. mu-gub on hand DU to be, etc. GUI KABAR,RIM great, large UR AB house; temple; pronominal infix (P*t I,#5,Pron$) URUK uruk^' city of Erech Cl GUN a measure of value or weight (*60 mana) BI pronominal suffix 3d pers.(P*t I,#5,Pron8^ TA locative suffix; (used alone) from ki . . . ta from (see Part I, #5, Prepositions) GA milk; genitive suffix(see P*t I,#5,Pre/>*, URU city EZEN feast, festival BAD wall TUM,IB ib-ra an official US to stand; grade, quality III-kam us third quality uS-sa "standing bound” gud-e us-sa stalled cattle mu u^-sa the year after ui-sa lugal belonging to the king 66 SIGN-LIST iCEEf *8 142) m. 143) se!M[ D 145) .jSpf 146) o — y 147) /fTff 148) 149 ) jrmff W iso) cffF 151) OT m * (t=f i !2) m im) 154) 155) Jji- F- *“> Hsm 157 ) Jr? we) X^ * 159) 160)* 161) |§§f xar 162) J.\ T us -bar weaver AD father AL GAN,XE DUB tablet dub-sar scribe e-dub- ba house of records LA §AL,MAL house; to be GAN SIL lamb UR enclosure KALAM,UKU people (determinative before tribes) KAL,LIG great, mighty lig-ga / Vpp SID priest nam-lid priesthood (see NAM) RA motion (see Note on III,R,a) RA-NI (see 153 & 86) SAL female sal-sil she-lamb CU-QAR goat-heifer (young female) GEME female slave NIN lady, priestess DAM DU,TUR son XUL (in UDU-XUL & GANAM-XUL q.v # ) joy (see Note on IX,0,1) Dl| numeral 1 (see Part I, #5, Numerals) GES numeral 60 67 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM 163) TT IT MIN numeral 2 or 120 (see P't I,#5,Numerals 164) ITT 77T ES numeral 3 or 180 165) 7777 V LIMMU numeral 4 or 240 166) W w IA numeral 5 or 300 167) YTT TTY aSSa numeral 6 or 360 168) yjYr ITT BEEN numeral 7 or 420 169) TOY TYYY yzt W USSU numeral 8 or 480 170) F- ME 171) ME-KC (see 170 & 98) 17a) r< T< NER numeral 600 173) SA,GAR sa-su cut, etc. property 174) zr&j®’ <7^rr NIGIN (?>A-E)t sunrise 175) * Lid UR dog (used frequently in personal names in the sense of "servant" or "worship- per" of a divinity) 176) 177) 178) r - V * a r LAL-l) jm £3 LAL loss, minus, etc. ten-LAL-one=nine(p' t I, #5, Numerals) GIN a measure of weight or value (=180 5e, sl/60 man a) NIGIN fulness, etc. nigin-ru perfect (see Note on IX, 0,2) 179) M KU ku-us-e- garment »ne officers 180) £H-C? M TUG,KU establish, place, etc. ba-an- tug , ba- tug es tabli shed , enac ted , etc . 181) M-t g M SU (KU) (suffix) for ( ,a °. &/S/ use *) \ I’tter'cAa-Kpecc&ty/ 188) m Ml UDU LU Cr Cs sheep JMI l& ft UDU-XUL fine sheep (see 183 & 161) 8IG wool a-sig woolliness GANAM evre 68 SIGN-LIST 186) 187) SA 188) r fim-jB ^TTT ? GANAM-XUL bind fin© ewe (see 185 & 161) i89) house, tempi© e-mu bakery (h*se of burning — see 5) e-kal palace (great house — see 56) e-ku refectory (h*se of eating— see 75) LIL wind; demon; land GE genitive suffix (886 P*t I,#5,Pr8 P $) SAG pure, good, etc* -lag-ga element used in proper names 190) n t? A water; (suffix) for; abstract prefix a- si or ER tear (see 106) (Note on V,R,8) a-du time a-slg woolliness (see P't I, #5, Noun) a-lum fruitfulness 191) ZA jewel; a by-form of numeral 4 (see 165) 192) * /A A XA 69 SUMERIAN RECORDS FROM DREHEM ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO SIGN-LIST A 58, 190 AB 102, 129 AD 141 AX 89 AK 17 AL 142 ALIM 121 AM 43 AMAR 113 AN 4 ANSU 96 AS 1 ASSA 167 AZAG 99 BA 70 BAD 138 BAL 11 BAR 18 BE 68 BI 68, 133 BIL 68 BIR 26 BU 112 burn, bur 113 DA 57 DAM 159 DAR 20 DARA 123 DE 59 ', 68 DI 97 DINGIR 4 DINGIR-EN 25 DIS 162 DU 85, 126, 160 DUB 144 DUG 74 DUK 45 DUN 82 E 52, 63, 188 EME 77 EN 23 EN-ZU 24 ER 190 ERI 16 ES 164 EZEN 137 GA 135 GAB 41 GAL 21, 56, 146 GAN 143, 147 GANAM 185 GANAM-XUL 186 GAR 173 GE 62, 188 GEME 157 GES 162 GI 32 GIG 103 gimlu, gimil 55 GIN 126, 177 GIR 2, 3, 95 GIS 124 GU 88 GUB 126 GUD 42 GUN 132 GUR 49, 115 XA 192 XAR 115 XE 143 XU 27 XUL 111, 161 XUM 81 I 54 IA 166 IB 139 IBIRA 76 ID 58 IK 21 IM 92 IMIN 168 IN 118 INNANNA 30 IP 76 IR 87 ISI 66 ITU 73 KA 74 KABAR 127 KAL 56, 151 KALAM 150 KAM 91 KI 98 KU 75, 179, 180, 181 KUD 40, 79 KUR 80 QA 84 QAR 46, 93 QIN 22 LA 145 LAL 176 LI 120 LIG 151 LIL 188 LIMMU 165 LU 28, 182 LUGAL 61 LUX 64 LUL 94 LUM 81 MA 19, 35 MAX 15 MAL 146 MAR 50 MAS 18, 26 ME 170 ME-KI 171 MIN 163 MU 5 MUQ 14 MUR 67, 115 NA 9 NAM 34 NANNAR 7 NE 68 NER 53, 172 NI 86 NIGIN 174, 178 NIMIN 116 NIN 158 NINA 30 NIR 53 NIS 104 NITA 16 NU 12 NUN 36 PA 47 PA-AL 48 PAD 108 PI 69 PU 112 RA 153 RA-NI 154 RI, RIG 31 RIM 127 RU 85 SA 97, 187 SAG 78 SAL 155 SAR 122 SI 125 SIG 184 SIGISSE 114 SIQQA 29 SIL 148 sin 24 (see also 23) SU 71 SUKKAL 64 Cl 131 CU-QAR 156 SA 60, 100, 110, 173 SAG 100, 189 SAM 65 SAR 122 SE 117 SES 6 SI 106 SID 152 SIG 107 SU 55, 181 SUL 82 SUSSANA 37 TA 134 •tab 38 TAB-TAB 39 TE, TEMEN 90 TI 10 TIL 8 TU 119 TUG 180 TUM 139 TUR 40, 119, 160 U 65, 101, 110 UB 83 UD 51 UDU 182 UDU-XUL 183 UX, UXU 109 UKU 150 UM 44 UR 128, 149, 175 URU 6, 16, 136 URUK(G) 130 ussu 169 US 140 usu 105 uz 13 ZA 191 ZAL 86 ZI, ZID, ZIG 33 zu 71 ZU-AB 72 (Assyrian values in italics.) 70 PART IV PLATES NOTE Tablets marked S have seals. 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