Ulrich Middeldorf 
 

 
 

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FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 
 
 A HAND-BOOK OF 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 THE NAMES OF CELEBRATED STATUES, PAINTINGS, 
 PALACES, COUNTRY-SEATS, RUINS, CHURCHES, 
 SHIPS, STREETS, CLUBS, NATURAL 
 CURIOSITIES, AND THE LIKE 
 
 BEGUN (BUT LEFT UNFINISHED) 
 
 By WILLIAM A. WHEELER 
 
 COMPLETED AND EDITED 
 
 By CHARLES G. WHEELER 
 
 “ He that undertakes to compile a Dictionary undertakes that which, 
 if it comprehends the full extent of his design, he knows himself unable 
 to perform. Yet his labors, though deficient, may be useful.” — 
 Johnson 
 
 “ Les monuments sont les crampons qui unissent une generation a 
 une autre.” — Joubert 
 
 FIFTH EDITION 
 
 BOSTON AND NEW YORK 
 HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 
 (€&e UiluT^itJe press, Cambridge 
 1890 
 
Copyright, 1881, 
 
 By JAMES R. OSGOOD AND COMPANY, 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
 The Riverside Press , Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. 
 Printed by H, 0. Houghton & Company, 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This Handbook of Miscellaneous Information was first 
 announced by Mr. William A. Wheeler in the preface to his 
 “Dictionary of the Noted Names of Fiction,” to which it 
 was designed to be a companion volume. Its design and 
 scope are sufficiently indicated by the title it bears and by the 
 words of the original announcement referred to above : viz., 
 “the author has been urged to extend his plan so as to 
 include . . . the names of celebrated statues, paintings, 
 palaces, country-seats, churches, ships, streets, clubs, and 
 the like ; inasmuch as such names are of very common oc- 
 currence in books and newspapers, and, for the most part, 
 are not alphabetically entered and explained in encyclopae- 
 dias, dictionaries, or gazetteers.” 
 
 A large amount of notes and memoranda in a considerably 
 advanced state (as well as completed MS.) was left by Mr. 
 Wheeler at his death ; and the present editor has endeavored 
 to carry out the work m strict accordance with the original 
 plan. 
 
 One only needs to glance at the pages of any prominent 
 writer, or at the citations here given, to see how full they 
 are of allusions to buildings, pictures, statues, streets, and 
 the like, for which the ordinary reader has no explanation 
 at hand, and which this book aims so far as possible to ex- 
 plain. The same holds true of the columns of the magazines 
 and daily newspapers, where there are repeated allusions to 
 
 iii 
 
1Y 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 objects of interest — and unaccompanied by any explanation 
 — of which a very well-informed person might excusably be 
 ignorant, and concerning which he has no ready means of 
 obtaining information, unless through the medium of a book 
 like this. The rapid increase of travel, bringing with it 
 acquaintance with foreign treasures of art, together with the 
 growing taste for photographic and heliotype reproductions 
 of works of art, have made many persons familiar with the 
 names of pictures, statues, and buildings, while, at the same 
 time, they may be ignorant of the artists, or the situations 
 of the objects. 
 
 As the number of objects, in the classes above mentioned, 
 to which reference is made in books, newspapers, and con- 
 versation, is almost innumerable, the task of selection has 
 been very difficult. As a rule, institutions, buildings, and 
 other objects which bear names closely identified with those 
 of the places where they are situated, have been excluded, 
 for the reason that information in regard to such can be 
 found with comparative ease by any ordinary reader. Geo- 
 graphical names have also been, for the most part, excluded ; 
 it not being the intention to encroach to any considerable 
 extent upon the province of the gazetteer or geography. 
 Some purely geographical objects, however, which are the 
 subject of frequent allusion in literature, have been included. 
 Names in foreign languages have been frequently omitted, 
 and the objects entered under the English equivalents, as the 
 latter are more generally known to the ordinary reader. 
 This is the case particularly with the names of works of art. 
 
 As regards the insertion of names which may possibly be 
 considered by some of minor importance, the words of the 
 preface to the companion volume (the “Noted Names of 
 Fiction’ ’) are precisely applicable here, and will explain the 
 principle which has governed the compilers’ action: “To 
 what extent names of secondary importance should be in- 
 cluded, was a question difficult to determine. ... Some 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 V 
 
 favored a selected list of the more important names only ; 
 others, and the greater number, recommended a much wider 
 scope. A middle course is the one that has been actually 
 followed. It is evident that many articles which may seem 
 to one person of very questionable importance, if not wholly 
 unworthy of insertion, will be held by another to be of special 
 value, as throwing light upon passages which to him would 
 otherwise be perplexing or obscure. M 
 
 The sources of the information used in the preparation of 
 this Dictionary are far too numerous to be here specified. 
 Whenever a statement has been taken in great part from any 
 one author, it has been carefully collated and verified with 
 information obtained from independent sources, and has been 
 changed and abridged according to circumstances. No hesi- 
 tation has been felt, however, in the occasional use of an 
 author's exact language when the desired information has 
 been found already stated in what seemed the form best 
 suited to the requirements of the case. 
 
 It is evident that a work of this kind, which, like its 
 predecessor, is believed to be unique, and which, like that 
 volume, must be compiled without having the advantage of 
 any similar work upon which it might be based, and from 
 which materials might be drawn, must of necessity be more 
 or less imperfect. No pretence is made to completeness, for 
 the field of survey is indefinitely large, while the size of the 
 book is definitely limited ; but it is hoped and confidently 
 believed that there will be found comparatively few omissions 
 of the most noteworthy objects of interest in the several 
 classes which are treated. 
 
 Charles G. Wheeler. 
 
 Boston, June, 1881. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 
 
 A. 
 
 Aaron’s Tomb. The time-hon- 
 ored tomb of the Hebrew high- 
 priest is situated upon Mount 
 Hor, in Arabia Petrfea. The 
 present tomb is of comparatively 
 modern date, but is composed of 
 the ruins of an older structure. 
 The place has been held sacred 
 for many centuries, and unbroken 
 tradition tends to substantiate 
 the belief that this is really the 
 place where Aaron died and was 
 buried. 
 
 Abbaye. [Fr. Prison de 1* Abbaye.] 
 A military prison, near St. Ger- 
 main des Pres, in Paris, built in 
 1522, and demolished in 1854. 
 Here the French Guards who 
 had refused to fire on the people 
 were imprisoned in 1789, but soon 
 released by the mob. One of the 
 well-known revolutionary cries 
 was “A 1’ Abbaye! ” Here 164 
 prisoners were murdered in Sep- 
 tember, 1792, by infuriated repub- 
 licans under Maillard. 
 
 Abbey. For names beginning 
 with the word Abbey, see the 
 next prominent word of the title. 
 
 Abbotsford. The residence of Sir 
 Walter Scott (1771-1832), near 
 Melrose in Scotland. It is on the 
 banks of the Tweed, but does not 
 command a fine view. It is in- 
 teresting chiefly from its connec- 
 tion with the great novelist, and 
 because it contains some valuable 
 relics. The expense of the pur- 
 chase and building of Abbotsford, 
 and the extended hospitality 
 which Scott practised there, was 
 the chief source of his subsequent 
 pecuniary difficulties. It was 
 
 Scott’s ambition to attempt to 
 revive old times in this mansion 
 on the Tweed, and to play the 
 part of one of those feudal lords 
 whom he has so well portrayed 
 in his works. 
 
 “ Viewed as a mere speculation, 
 or, for aught I know, as an architectu- 
 ral effort, this building may perhaps 
 be counted as a mistake and a failure. 
 I observe that it is quite customary to 
 speak of it, among some, as a pity that 
 he ever undertook it. But viewed as 
 a development of his inner life, as a 
 working out in wood and stone of 
 favorite fancies and cherished ideas, 
 the building has to me a deep interest. 
 The gentle-hearted poet delighted him- 
 self in it; this house was his stone and 
 wood poem, as irregular perhaps, and 
 as contrary to any established rule, as 
 his ‘ Lay of the Last Minstrel,’ but 
 still wild and poetic. The building 
 has this interest, that it was through- 
 out his own conception, thought, and 
 choice; that he expressed himself in. 
 every stone that was laid, and made it 
 a kind of shrine, into which he wove 
 all his treasures of antiquity, and where 
 he imitated, from the beautiful old 
 mouldering ruins of Scotland, the parts 
 that had touched him most deeply. 
 The walls of one room were of carved 
 oak from the Dunfermline Abbey; the 
 ceiling of another imitated from Roslin 
 Castle ; here a fireplace was wrought 
 in the image of a favorite niche in Mel- 
 rose; and there the ancient pulpit of 
 Erskine was wrought into a wall. To 
 him, doubtless, every object in the 
 house was suggestive of poetic fancies.” 
 Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Abelard and Eloise. See Tomb 
 of Abelard and Eloise. 
 
 Aberbrothock. See Arbroath 
 Abbey. 
 
 Abooseer. See Rock of Aboo- 
 seer. 
 
 1 
 
ABO 
 
 2 
 
 ACE 
 
 Aboo-Simbel. See Temple of 
 
 Aboo-Simbel. 
 
 Aboshek, Lady of. See Lady of 
 Aboshek. 
 
 Abraham, Heights ( or Plains) of. 
 An eminence in the vicinity of 
 Quebec, Canada, where on the 
 loth of September, 1759, was 
 fought a battle between the Eng- 
 lish (who were victorious), under 
 Gen. Wolfe, and the French, 
 under the Marquis de Montcalm. 
 Both commanders were killed, 
 and a monument 10 feet in height, 
 to the memory of Wolfe, marks 
 the spot where he fell. 
 
 To many the rock over which Wolfe 
 climbed to the Plains of Abraham, and on 
 the summit of which he tell in the hour 
 of victory, gives to Quebec its chiefest 
 charm. Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Abraham’s House. The name 
 given by the Jews to a ruined 
 structure at Ramet-el-Khulil, 
 Syria, which they identify as the 
 spot where the patriarch pitched 
 his tent beneath the oak of 
 Mamre. 
 
 Abraham’s Oak. An ancient oak 
 or terebinth which long stood on 
 the plain of Mamre, near Hebron 
 in Syria, and was believed to be 
 that under which the patriarch 
 pitched his tent. It was for cen- 
 turies an object of worship, to 
 put an end to which the Emperor 
 Constantine is said to have or- 
 dered a basilica to be erected, 
 A writer of the seventh century 
 speaks of the church, and of the 
 oak which stood by it. 
 
 Absalom’s Tomb. A sepulchral 
 monument near Jerusalem, popu- 
 larly called by this name. It has 
 a structural spire in place of the 
 usual pyramidal roof. 
 
 4®= “The capitals and frieze are so 
 distinctly late Roman, that we can feel 
 no hesitation as to the date being either 
 of the age of Herod, or subsequent to 
 that time.” Fergusson. 
 
 Abydos, Tablet of. See Tablet 
 of Abydos. 
 
 Academia. [Academy.] A sub- 
 urban and rural gymnasium in 
 ancient Athens, said to have been 
 named from one Hecademus. It 
 was here that Plato established 
 
 his famous school, B.C. 388. The 
 place retained something of its 
 old repute as late as to the sec- 
 ond or third century of the Chris- 
 tian era, and has bequeathed its 
 name to the modern institutes of 
 learning and art. 
 
 See there the olive grove of Academe , 
 Plato’s retirement, where the Attick bird 
 Trills her thick-warbled notes the sum- 
 mer long. Milton. 
 
 No round-robin signed by the whole 
 main-deck of the Academy or the Porch. 
 
 De Quincey. 
 
 Nearer and dearer to the poet’s heart, 
 Than the blue ripple belting Salamis, 
 
 Or long grass waving over Marathon, 
 
 Fair Academe , most holy Academe , 
 
 Thou art, and hast been, and shalt ever 
 be. Edwin Arnold. 
 
 Academy, Academie, or Accade- 
 mia. For names beginning with 
 either of these words, see the 
 next prominent word of the title. 
 See also infra . 
 
 Academy of Design. See Nation- 
 al Academy of Design. 
 
 Academie Francaise. [French 
 Academy.] One of the five acad- 
 emies embraced in the Institute 
 the most important learned so- 
 ciety of France. It is devoted 
 to matters relative to the French 
 language, and particularly to the 
 composition of its Dictionary. 
 This celebrated society owes its 
 origin to the Cardinal Richelieu. 
 The first edition of the Dictionary 
 appeared in 1094, the last in 1835. 
 The Academy is composed of 
 forty members, called the forty 
 Immortels. In consequence of 
 often having recruited its num- 
 bers from the ranks of those lit- 
 erary men whose careers were 
 ended, the Academy has been 
 sometimes called the Hotel des 
 Invalides of literature. 
 
 Acadia. The original name of 
 Nova Scotia, and that by which 
 it is often poetically designated. 
 The forced removal of the French 
 inhabitants of Acadia, in 1755, 
 has been made by Longfellow 
 the subject of his poem of “ Evan- 
 geline.” 
 
 Aceldama. [Field of Blood.] 
 The reputed site of the “field of 
 blood,” bought with the “ thirty 
 pieces of silver,” the price of the 
 
ACH 
 
 3 
 
 ADA 
 
 betrayal of the Saviour (Matt, 
 xxviii), is on the side of the hill 
 opposite the Pool of Siloam, near 
 Jerusalem. There is here a long- 
 vaulted structure, of heavy ma- 
 sonry, in front of a precipice of 
 rock. The interior is dug out to 
 a depth of perhaps 20 feet, form- 
 ing a huge charnel-house into 
 which the bodies of the dead 
 were thrown. It is traditionally 
 of the time of Jerome. The soil 
 was thought to consume the 
 bodies within twenty-four hours. 
 The place is no longer used for 
 burial. 
 
 And it was known unto all the dwellers 
 at Jerusalem; insomuch as that field is 
 called, in their proper tongue, Aceldama , 
 that is to say, The field of blood. 
 
 Acts i. 19. 
 
 Achilles. A noted colossal statue 
 in the corner of Hyde Park, 
 London, nearly opposite Apsley 
 House. It was cast from cannon 
 taken at Salamanca and Vittoria. 
 
 Achilles, The. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 Dec. 24, 1863. 
 
 Achilles and Briseis. A celebrat- 
 ed picture painted in distemper, 
 found at Pompeii, Italy, of which 
 there is a well-known engraving. 
 Now in the Museum at Naples. 
 
 Aerocorinthus. A hill nearly 
 1,900 feet in height, near Corinth, 
 Greece, which for 3,000 years has 
 served as the citadel of that place. 
 Hieron writes of the Corinth of 
 ancient times, “ There was hardly 
 a stronger fortress in all Greece, 
 and perhaps no spot afforded 
 a more splendid view than the 
 Aerocorinthus. Beneath it might 
 be seen the busy city and its ter- 
 ritory, with its temples, its thea- 
 tres, and its aqueducts; its two 
 harbors, Lechseum on the west- 
 ern bay, Cenchrese on the eastern, 
 filled with ships, and the two 
 bays themselves, with the isth- 
 mus between them, all in sight.” 
 
 Stranger, wilt thou follow now. 
 
 And sit with me on Aero- Corinth's brow ? 
 
 Byron. 
 
 I stood upon that great Acropolis , 
 
 The turret-gate of Nature’s citadel, 
 
 Where once again, from slavery's thick 
 abyss 
 
 Strangely delivered, Grecian warriors 
 dwell. Lord Houghton 
 
 Acropolis. [The upper or higher 
 city.] 1. The ancient citadel of 
 Athens, Greece, said to have been 
 built by the mythical Cecrops. 
 It was at the same time the fort- 
 ress, sanctuary, and museum of 
 the city. Here are the remains, 
 in a ruined state, of three tem- 
 ples, — the Temple of Victory, 
 the Parthenon, and theErecthe- 
 um. Fragments of the Propylsea 
 are still standing. 
 
 “ Imagine a rocky height, rising 
 precipitously from the plain, so as to 
 be inaccessible on all sides but the west, 
 where it is approached by a gentle 
 slope; give it an elevation of 350 feet 
 above the vale of Athens, and 569 above 
 the sea, a length of about 950 feet from 
 east to west, and a breadth of 430 from 
 north to south. This is the Acropolis.” 
 T. Chase . 
 
 “ From the gates of its Acropolis, 
 as from a mother-city, issued intel- 
 lectual colonies into every region of 
 the world. These buildings now be- 
 fore us, ruined as they are at present, 
 have served for 2,000 years as models 
 for the most admired fabrics in every 
 civilized country of the world.” 
 
 C. Wordsworth . 
 
 Or could the bones of all the slain, 
 
 Who perished there, be piled again. 
 
 That rival pyramid would rise 
 More mountain-like, through those clear 
 skies, 
 
 Than yon tower-capped Acropolis , 
 
 Which seems the very clouds to kiss. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 He said to the young lady, however, 
 that the State House was the Parthenon 
 of our Acropolis , which seemed to please 
 her, for she smiled, and he reddened a lit- 
 tle,— so I thought. Holmes . 
 
 2. [Of Argos.] A conical hill in 
 Greece, nearly 1,000 feet in height. 
 It was called Larissa in ancient 
 times. A ruined castle on the 
 summit preserves some fragments 
 of the noted Acropolis of Argos. 
 
 3. [Of Corinth.] See Acro- 
 
 CORINTHUS. 
 
 Actaeon. See Diana and Action. 
 
 Adam and Eve. An engraving by 
 Albert Diirer (1471-1528). In the 
 gallery of Vienna, Austria. 
 There is also a painting on the 
 same subject by the same artist 
 
ADA 
 
 4 
 
 ADM 
 
 in the Madrid gallery. Still an- 
 other example, of great beauty, 
 is in the Pitti Palace in Florence. 
 An early copy or replica, which 
 has sometimes passed for an 
 original, is in the gallery of May- 
 ence. 
 
 Adam and Eve. Celebrated fres- 
 coes by Michael Angelo Buona- 
 rotti (1475-1564), representing the 
 creation of Adam and Eve. In 
 the Sistine Chapel, Rome. 
 
 Adam and Eve. A picture by 
 Jacopo Palma, called Palma Vec- 
 chio (1480-1528), which has been 
 attributed to Giorgione. It is in 
 the Brunswick gallery. 
 
 Adam and Eve. A fresco in the 
 Loggie of the Vatican, Rome, 
 executed by Giulio Romano 
 (1492-1546), after a design by 
 Raphael. 
 
 Adam and Eve. A picture by 
 Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoret- 
 to (1512-1594). In the Academy 
 at Venice, Italy. 
 
 Adam and Eve. See Fall of 
 Adam and Eve. 
 
 Adams, Port. See Fort Adams. 
 
 Adelphi, The. The name given 
 to a series of streets on the south 
 side of the Strand, London. See 
 Adelphi Terrace. 
 
 He [Martin Cliuzzlewit] found himself, 
 about an hour before dawn, in the hum- 
 bler regions of the Adelphi; and, address- 
 ing himself to a man in a fur cap, who 
 was taking down the shutters of an ob- 
 scure public-house, inquired if he could 
 have a bed there. Dickens. 
 
 Adelphi Terrace. This terrace in 
 London occupies part of what 
 was formerly the site of Durham 
 House and its gardens, and is so 
 called from the Greek dSeA^ot 
 (brothers) in commemoration 
 of its founders, John, Robert, 
 James, and William Adam (1768). 
 It is approached by four streets, 
 known as John, Robert, James, 
 and William streets, after the 
 Christian names of the brothers. 
 David Garrick and Topham 
 Beauclerk died in the terrace. 
 
 “There is always, to this day, 
 a sudden pause in that place to the roar 
 of the great thoroughfare. The many 
 sounds become so deadened that the 
 
 change is like putting cotton in the ears, 
 or having the head thickly muffled.” 
 
 Dickens . 
 
 Adelphi Theatre. A well-known 
 place of dramatic entertainment 
 in the Strand, London, first 
 opened in 1806, rebuilt and en- 
 larged in 1858. 
 
 Bless me ! when I was a lad, the stage 
 was covered with angels who sang, acted, 
 and danced. When I remember the Adel- 
 phi, and the actresses there! 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Adelsberg Grotto. See Grotto 
 of Adelsberg. 
 
 Adersbach Rocks. A remarkable 
 natural curiosity, perhaps un- 
 equalled in its kind in Europe, 
 near the village of the same name 
 in Bohemia. It consists of mass- 
 es of sandstone extending over a 
 tract five or six miles in length 
 by three in breadth, and divided 
 by all manner of openings and 
 clefts. “ You walk, as it were, 
 in a narrow street, with immense 
 smooth walls on each side of you, 
 opening here and there into 
 squares, whence is obtained a 
 view of the countless number of 
 giant rocks which surround you 
 on all sides.” Such is the intri- 
 cacy of the passages, that the 
 region is a perfect labyrinth, from 
 which extrication is very difficult, 
 unless one is attended by a guide. 
 
 Admiralty, The. The building 
 in which is conducted the busi- 
 ness of the Admiralty, in White- 
 hall, London. It occupies the 
 site of Wallingford House. The 
 street front was built about 1726 
 by Thomas Ripley, and the stone 
 screen towards the street was de- 
 signed in 1776 by the brothers 
 Adam. 
 
 See under Ripley rise a new Whitehall, 
 While Jones’ and Boyle’s united labors 
 fall. Pope . 
 
 Admiralty Pier. A magnificent 
 breakwater of granite at Dover, 
 England, one of the greatest 
 works of the kind in the world. 
 It extends nearly half a mile into 
 the sea. The work was begun in 
 1844, and is not yet finished. 
 
 Admiralty Square. A famous 
 square in St. Petersburg, Russia, 
 around which are grouped the 
 
ADO 
 
 5 
 
 ADO 
 
 most important buildings and 
 monuments of the city. It is 
 about one mile in length by a 
 quarter of a mile in breadth. 
 
 Adonis. An admired statue by 
 Thorwaldsen <1770-1844). In the 
 Glypfcothek at Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Adoration of the Kings- See 
 Adoration of the Magi. 
 
 Adoration of the Lamb. A re- 
 markable altar-piece begun by 
 Hubert van Eyck (1366-1426), the 
 Flemish painter, but left unfin- 
 ished by him. It was painted for 
 Jodocus Vydts, burgomaster of 
 Ghent, and his wife Elizabeth, 
 for their mortuary chapel in the 
 Cathedral of St. Bavon at Ghent, 
 Belgium. It consisted of two 
 rows of separate panels, the sub* 
 ject of the upper picture being 
 the Triune God with the Holy 
 Virgin and the Baptist at his side, 
 and the lower central picture 
 showing the Lamb of the Reve- 
 lation, “ whose blood flows into a 
 cup; over it is the dove of the 
 Holy Spirit; angels who hold the 
 instruments of the Passion wor- 
 ship the Lamb, and four groups, 
 each consisting of many persons, 
 advance from the sides. ... In 
 the foreground is the fountain of 
 life; in the distance the towers 
 of the heavenly Jerusalem.’ ’ 
 This work no longer exists as a 
 whole, the separate parts having 
 been dispersed, and some of them 
 lost. The centre pictures and 
 two of the panels are still at 
 Ghent, while others of the pic- 
 tures are among the chief attrac- 
 tions of the Museum of Berlin. 
 After the death of Hubert van 
 Eyck, the pictures which were 
 unfinished were completed by his 
 younger brother Jan van Eyck. 
 An excellent copy of this altar- 
 piece was made, about a century 
 after its completion, for Philip 
 II. of Spain; but the panels of 
 this work, like those of the origi- 
 nal, have been dispersed, some 
 being in the Berlin Museum, 
 others being in the possession of 
 the King of Bavaria, and others 
 still at the Hague. There is also 
 a copy in the Antwerp Museum. 
 
 44 This {Van Eyck’s Adoration 
 of the Lamb] . . . may be considered 
 as in some respects the highest exposi- 
 tion of all representations of this class, 
 however marked by the then growing 
 corruptions and inconsistencies of re- 
 ligious art. The merit of this picture, 
 which is exquisite in execution and ex- 
 pression, is the earnest reality of cer- 
 tain portions: its fault is the incon- 
 gruous symbolism and convention of 
 others.” Lady Eastlake. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 (Ital. L' Adorazione de’ Magi , 
 L’Epifania; Ger. Die Anbetung 
 dev Weisen ans dem Morgenland , 
 Die heilige drei Konigen ; Fr. 
 L' Adoration des Hois Mages.] A 
 very common subject of represen- 
 tation by the great mediaeval 
 painters, who portrayed the visit 
 of the three wise men from the 
 East to Bethlehem, with their 
 gifts of gold and frankincense 
 and myrrh, according to the ac- 
 count in Matt. ii. 1-12. 
 
 “ In the first place, who were 
 these Magi, or these kings as they are 
 sometimes styled? 4 To suppose,’ says 
 the antique legend, * that they were 
 called Magi because they were addict- 
 ed to magic, or exercised uuholy or 
 forbidden acts, would be, heaven save 
 us l a rank heresy.’ No! Magi, in the 
 Persian tongue, signifies 4 wise men.* 
 They were in their own country kings 
 or princes, as it is averred by all the 
 ancient fathers. ... In the legends of 
 the fourteenth century, the kings had 
 become distinct personages, under the 
 names of Caspar (or Jasper), Melchior, 
 and Balthasar.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Of numerous compositions on 
 this subject, the following may 
 he named as among the more 
 noted. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 A picture by Gentile da Fabriano 
 (1370-1450 ?). In the Academy at 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 J06gr= “The first real picture in the 
 series is the Adoration of the Magi 
 by Gentile da Fabriano, a really splen- 
 did work in all senses, with noble and 
 beautiful figures in it.” Hawthorne. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 A remarkable altar-picture by 
 Jan van Eyck (1390-1440). In the 
 gallery of Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 
ADO 
 
 6 
 
 ADO 
 
 An altar-piece, with wings, by 
 Stephan Lochner, called Meister 
 Stephan (d. 1451), a German 
 
 painter, and regarded as his prin- 
 cipal work. It was originally 
 painted for a chapel of the Hotel 
 de Ville, but has been for many 
 years in a chapel of the choir of 
 Cologne Cathedral. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 A picture by Giovanni da Fiesble, 
 called Fra Angelico (1387-1455). 
 In the Museum of St Mark, Flor- 
 ence, Italy. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings) 
 1. A celebrated picture by Roger 
 van der Weyden (d. 1464), the 
 Flemish painter, and one of the 
 largest and finest works of that 
 master. The Annunciation and 
 the Presentation in the Temple 
 are represented in the wings of 
 the picture. It is said to have 
 been painted for the church of 
 St. Columba in Cologne, and was 
 afterwards in the Boisseree col- 
 lection, but is now in the gallery 
 of Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 2. A picture by the Flemish 
 painter, Roger van der Weyden 
 (d. 1464). For centuries it adorn- 
 ed the altar of a church at Middel- 
 burg, but lias been transferred to 
 the Museum of Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 The travelling altar-piece of 
 Charles V., with wings repre- 
 senting the Nativity and the 
 Presentation in the Temple. It 
 was executed by Hans Mending 
 (d. 1495), the Flemish painter, 
 and is now in Madrid, Spain. 
 There is a smaller altar-piece by 
 this painter, bearing the title of 
 the “Adoration,” now in St. 
 John’s Hospital at Bruges, Bel- 
 gium. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 A picture by Domenico Ghirlan- 
 dajo (1449-1498?). In Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Adoratioyi of the Magi (Kings). 
 A noted picture by Pietro Peru- 
 gino (1446-1524), and one of his 
 best works. In the church of S. 
 Francesco del Monte, at Perugia, 
 Italy. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 An admired picture by Francesco 
 
 Francia (1450-1518), in which the 
 landscape is very beautiful. In 
 the gallery at Dresden. There 
 is an excellent engraving of this 
 fine picture. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 A large altar-piece by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520). It has been 
 much injured by dampness. It 
 was formerly in "the possession of 
 the Ancajini family at Spoleto, 
 Italy, but is now in the Museum 
 of Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Jg£ip“ln a composition upon the 
 same subject by Raphael, in the Vati- 
 can, the worshippers wear the classi- 
 cal, not the oriental costume; but an 
 elephant with a monkey on his back 
 is seen in the distance, which at once 
 reminds us of the far East.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 A picture by Raphael Sanzio 
 ( 1483-1520). Now at Copenhagen, 
 Denmark. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 A picture by Albert Diirer (1471- 
 1528), the German painter, origi- 
 nally executed for the Elector of 
 Saxony, and now in the Tribune 
 of the Uffizi, at Florence, Italy. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 An admired picture by Paolo 
 Cagliari, called Paul Veronese 
 (1528-1588). In the gallery at 
 Dresden, Saxony. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 A picture by Jan (or Jannyn) 
 Gossart(d. 1532), a Flemish paint- 
 er, and considered to be his prin- 
 cipal work. It is now at Castle 
 Howard, the seat of the Earl of 
 Carlisle, England. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi (Kings). 
 A picture by Peter Paul Rubens 
 (1577-1640), one of fifteen by him 
 upon this subject, and the finest 
 of all. Now in the gallery at 
 Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Adoration of the Shepherds. A 
 common subject of representa- 
 tion by the religious painters of 
 the Middle Ages. Of composi- 
 tions upon this subject those 
 mentioned below are among the 
 better known. 
 
 Adoration of the Shepherds. A 
 picture by Albert Altdorfer (d. 
 1538), a German painter. In the 
 
ADO 
 
 7 
 
 AGO 
 
 collection of the Historical Socie- 
 ty at Regensburg, Bavaria. 
 
 Adoration of the Shepherds. A 
 picture by Alessandro Bonvici- 
 no, called" II Moretto di Brescia 
 (1500-1547). In the Museum of 
 Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Adoration of the Shepherds. A 
 picture by Diego Rodriguez de 
 Silva y Velasquez (1599-1660), the 
 Spanish painter. Now in the 
 Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Adoration of the Shepherds. A 
 well-known 'picture by Anton 
 Rafael Mengs (1728-1779). It was 
 brought to the United States by 
 Joseph Bonaparte, and is now in 
 the Corcoran Gallery, Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 Adoration of the Shepherds. See 
 
 Notte, La. 
 
 Adoration of the Trinity. A cele- 
 brated picture by Albert Durer 
 (1471-1528), the German painter 
 and engraver, regarded as one 
 of his masterpieces. It was paint- 
 ed for the chapel of the Landauer 
 Briiderhaus in Nuremberg, was 
 afterwards removed to Prague, 
 and is now in the Belvedere at 
 Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Adorno Palace. [ Palazzo Adorno .] 
 A noted palace in Genoa, Italy. 
 
 Adrian VI. 1. A portrait of this 
 pope by Sebastian del Piombo 
 (1485-1547), the “realization,” 
 according to Sir C. L. Eastlake, 
 “ of what is usually attributed to 
 Michael Angelo.” It has been 
 wrongly named Alexander VI. 
 Now in the Museum of Naples, 
 Italy. 
 
 2. There is another picture of 
 this pope by Sebastian (often 
 miscalled Amerigo Vespucci) in 
 the collection of the late Lord 
 Taunton. 
 
 Adrian’s Mole. See St. Angelo. 
 
 Adrian’s Wall. See Hadrian’s 
 Wall. 
 
 A dull am, Cave of. See Cave of 
 Adullam. 
 
 Advance, The. A noted vessel 
 in which Elisha Kent Kane (1820- 
 1857) set sail from New York, in 
 May, 1853, on a voyage of Arctic 
 discovery, and in search of Sir 
 
 John Franklin. The Advance 
 was beset with ice, and aban- 
 doned in higher latitude than any 
 vessel had ever before reached. 
 
 Adventure, The. The ship in 
 which the notorious pirate Capt. 
 William Kidd ( 1701) cruised. 
 
 JEgina Marbles. A collection of 
 casts from groups of figures on 
 the Temple of Jupiter in the 
 island of iEgina, now preserved 
 in the British Museum, London. 
 The originals are now in Munich, 
 Bavaria. They have been skil- 
 fully restored by Thorwaldsen, 
 and arranged as far as possible 
 in the order in which they origi- 
 nally stood. 
 
 “ These sculptures may be 
 classed among the most valuable re- 
 mains of ancient art that have reached 
 us.” R. Westmacott. 
 
 JEneas, Shipwreck of. See Ship- 
 wreck of Aeneas. 
 
 JEschines. A famous statue dis- 
 covered at Herculaneum, and 
 now in the Museum at Naples, 
 Italy. By some it is considered 
 to be a statue of Aristides. 
 
 Age of Innocence. A picture by 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-17S2). 
 Now in the National Gallery, 
 London. 
 
 Ages. See Three Ages. 
 
 Agger of Servius Tullius- A 
 celebrated rampart of ancient 
 Rome, a few remains of which 
 still exist in the rear of the Baths 
 of Diocletian. 
 
 Agincourt, The. An armor-plat- 
 ed ship of the British navy, 
 launched March 27, 1865. 
 
 Agnes, St. See St. Agnes. 
 
 Agora, The. [The Market-place 
 or Forum.] The public place of 
 Athens, Greece, situated in aval- 
 ley partially enclosed by the hills 
 known as the Acropolis, Areopa- 
 gus, Pnyx, and Museum. It is 
 an elliptical area about one-tliird 
 of a mile in length. The Gate of 
 the so-called New Agora, also 
 known as Hadrian’s Arch, is of 
 comparatively recent date. 
 
 “All the buildings connected 
 with the civil processes employed in 
 
AHM 
 
 8 
 
 ALA 
 
 the enactment of laws at Athens are, 
 from its neighborhood to the Pnyx, 
 fitly grouped together in this place. 
 Here is the Bouleuterion , or Council 
 Chamber, in which the Senate of Five 
 Hundred meet to discuss measures 
 before they are submitted to the assem- 
 bly of the people in the Pnyx. Here 
 are the statues of the ten Heroes of 
 Athens, — Cecrops, Ereetbeus, Pandi- 
 on, HSgeus, Hippothoon, Acamas, Le- 
 on, (Eneus, Ajax, Antiochus, — the 
 Eponymi, as they are called, because 
 they give their names to the ten tribes 
 of Athens. Here is the refectory of 
 the Prytanes, or Presidents of the As- 
 sembly, — a building which may be 
 distinguished from the crowd of other 
 fabrics in the same place by its hemi- 
 spherical dome, and in w r hich the most 
 distinguished citizens of Athens are 
 entertained at the public charge. In 
 the centre of the area which we are 
 describing stands the altar of the 
 Twelve Hods, being the point to which 
 all the roads of Attica converge, and 
 from which distances are measured. 
 . . . Such are the most remarkable 
 objects contained in the Agora of 
 Athens. We speak of the early times 
 of its glory.” G. Wordsworth. 
 
 Ahmed ebn Tooloon. See 
 
 Mosque of Ahmed ebn Tooloon. 
 
 Aignan. See Hotel St. Aignan. 
 
 Ain Moosa. See Fountains of 
 Moses. 
 
 Aird’s Moss. A tract of moorland 
 in the county of Ayr, Scotland, 
 famous in the history of the 
 Scottish Covenanters as being 
 the scene of numerous gather- 
 ings, or “ conventicles, ” where 
 men came armed to the teeth to 
 hear the Bible read.” 
 
 Airlie Castle. A residence of the 
 Earl of Airlie, near Meigle, Scot- 
 land. It forms the subject of the 
 ballad of “ The Bonnie House of 
 Airlie.” 
 
 Akbar’s Palace. A famous palace, 
 built by the renowned emperor 
 of that name, in the city of Ak- 
 bar, or Agra, in Hindostan. 
 
 jgGsf “ It would be difficult to de- 
 scribe in detail its many courts, its 
 separate masses of buildings, and its 
 detached pavilions. . . . Akbar’s pal- 
 ace is far more complete than the Al- 
 hambra. No part has been utterly de- 
 stroyed, and the marks of injury by 
 time and battle are comparatively slight. 
 The substructions of the palace are of 
 
 red sandstone, but nearly the whole of 
 its corridors, chambers, and pavilions 
 are of white marble, wrought with the 
 most exquisite elaboration of ornament. 
 There are precious caskets of marble, 
 glittering all over with jasper, agate, 
 cornelian, blood-stone, and lapis-lazuli, 
 and topped with golden domes. Bal- 
 ustrades of marble, wrought in open 
 patterns of such rich design that they 
 resemble fringes of lace when seen 
 from below, extend along the edge of 
 the battlements.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Alabama, The. A Confederate 
 privateer, built by Laird of Liver- 
 pool, and commanded by Bapha- 
 el Semmes, who set out on a 
 cruise with her in 1862. This 
 ship, during lier career, inflicted 
 immense damage on the Ameri- 
 can mercantile marine. She is 
 reported to have captured over 
 60 vessels, destroyed 45 others, 
 and taken millions of property. 
 She was sunk on the 19th of 
 June, 1864, off the harbor of Cher- 
 bourg, France, in a battle with 
 the Union vessel Kearscirge, com- 
 manded by Capt. Winslow. For 
 the complicity of the British gov- 
 ernment in the ravages of this 
 English-Confederate privateer, a 
 tribunal of arbitration, chosen by 
 the United States and Great Brit- 
 ain jointly, adjudged that the 
 latter should pay to the former, 
 for damages, the sum of $15,- 
 500,000 in gold, and this sum was 
 paid. [Also known as the “ 290.”] 
 
 “The most famous of the Eng- 
 lisk-American cruisers during the civil 
 war was the Alabama , Capt. Raphael 
 Semmes. She was built by Laird near 
 Liverpool, was armed, provisioned, and 
 chiefly manned in a British port, and 
 sailed under British colors. She was 
 watched while in port by the national 
 ship Tuscarora; but, favored by the 
 British government in keeping the lat- 
 ter vessel back until the Alabama had 
 got well to sea, she was allowed to go 
 on her destructive errand without mo- 
 lestation. For a year and a half after- 
 ward, while carefully avoiding contact 
 with armed vessels of the United States, 
 the Alabama illuminated the sea with 
 blazing American merchantmen which 
 she had captured and set on fire. 
 During the last 90 days of 1862 she 
 captured and destroyed 28 helpless 
 vessels. After a prosperous voyage 
 in the South Atlantic and Indian oceans, 
 during which she captured 67 vessels, 
 
ALA 
 
 9 
 
 ALB 
 
 and destroyed a greater portion of them, 
 the Alabama took shelter in the French 
 harbor of Cherbourg, in the early sum- 
 mer, 1864. There the United States 
 steamship Kearsarge found her at or 
 near the middle of June.” Lossing. 
 
 Alabaster Cave. A natural curi- 
 osity in California, on Kidd’s 
 Ravine near its junction with 
 American River. This remark- 
 able cave was discovered Aug. 19, 
 1860. 
 
 J&5P “ On our first entrance we de- 
 scended about 15 feet gradually to the 
 centre of the room, which is 100x30 
 feet. At the north end there is a most 
 magnificent pulpit. ... It is complet- 
 ed with the most beautiful drapery of 
 alabaster sterites of all colors, varying 
 from white to pink-red, overhanging 
 the beholder. Immediately under the 
 pulpit is a beautiful lake of water ex- 
 tending to an unknown distance. . . . 
 On arriving at the centre of the first 
 room we saw an entrance to an inner 
 chamber still more splendid, 200x100 
 feet, with most beautiful alabaster over- 
 hangings, in every possible shape of 
 drapery.” Gwinn. 
 
 Alameda. In Spanish towns the 
 usual name for the public walk, 
 or promenade. The word is de- 
 rived from alamo , poplar. 
 
 A walk in Broadway or Fifth Avenue 
 will show you damsels and dames who 
 will remind you of those you have met 
 in the Cascine or Corso, in the Prado or 
 Alameda. Galaxy. 
 
 Alaric’s Grave. According to 
 tradition the grave of the Visi- 
 gothic chief (d. 410) was dug in 
 the bed of the river Busento, in 
 Italy, the stream being diverted 
 from its course for the purpose ; 
 and after the burial the waters 
 were let back into their former 
 channel. 
 
 Alba Madonna. See Madonna 
 della Casa d’Alba. 
 
 Albani. See Villa Albani. 
 
 Albany Chambers. A well- 
 known row of buildings in Picca- 
 dilly, London, named after the 
 Duke of York. 
 
 In the quiet avenue of the Albany , 
 memories of the illustrious dead crowd 
 upon you. Jerrold. 
 
 Albany, Fort. See Fort Albany. 
 
 Albero d’Oro. [Golden Tree.] 
 The name given to one of the 
 
 most beautiful palaces in Venice, 
 Italy, from a tradition that one 
 of its owners staked and lost all 
 his fortunes except a single tree 
 in the garden of this palace. The 
 tree finally being staked also, 
 fortune turned, and the owner 
 recovered all that he had lost, 
 including the palace. 
 
 Albert Diirer. A well-known au- 
 tograph portrait of the painter, 
 in the collection of artists’ por- 
 traits painted by themselves, in 
 the Uffizi Gallery at Florence, 
 Italy. He is represented as 
 standing at a window, with his 
 hands resting on the window-sill, 
 dressed in a holiday suit. There 
 is also another portrait of him in 
 the gallery of Munich, Bavaria, 
 which represents him as much 
 more mature in features and char- 
 acter, although he was but two 
 years older when it was taken. 
 This picture gives a front view 
 of him, with his hand laid upon 
 the fur lining of his robe. 
 
 Albert Embankment. See 
 Thames Embankments. 
 
 Albert Memorial. This monu- 
 ment to the memory of the Prince 
 Consort, Albert of Saxe Gotha 
 (d. 1861), was built from designs 
 of Sir Gilbert Scott. It is situ- 
 ated opposite the Albert Hall in 
 London, and on the site of the 
 Crystal Palace of 1851. Monu- 
 ments in memory of the Prince 
 have also been erected in other 
 places in Great Britain. 
 
 jgQjp- “ If the Prince had united the 
 genius of Napoleon to the virtues of 
 Washington, there might, with more 
 show of reason, have been such a lit- 
 erary and such a sculptured monument 
 raised to him so soon after the close of 
 his blameless and useful life. But even 
 then something more simple and sober 
 would have been more effective than 
 this gilded, enthroned, enshrined, and 
 canopied effigy of the demi-god of com- 
 monplace. In fact, this is the most 
 obtrusively offensive monument in Lon- 
 don.” Richard Grant White. 
 
 Albert Park. See Finsbury 
 Park. 
 
 Albertina Bronze. See Caligula. 
 
 Albion, The. 1. A noted London 
 tavern famous for its Corporation 
 
ALL 
 
 10 
 
 ALE 
 
 banquets, and other public din- 
 ners, and for the annual trade- 
 sales of the principal London 
 publishers. 
 
 2. A London club founded in 
 the first part of the present cen- 
 tury, and dissolved in 1841. 
 
 Alcala,, Gate of. See Puerta de 
 Alcala. 
 
 Alcantara, Bridge of. See Pu- 
 ente de Alcantara. 
 
 Alderney Bull, Cow, and Calf. 
 An admired picture by James 
 Ward (1769-1859), often compared 
 with Paul Potter’s Young Bull 
 {q. v .). It is in the National Gal- 
 lery, London. 
 
 Aldersgate. One of the gates in 
 the old city walls of London. It 
 was restored after the Great Fire 
 of 1666, and somewhat resembled 
 Temple Bar. 
 
 He [Clennam] turned slowly down Al- 
 dersgate Street , and was pondering his 
 way' along towards St. Paul’s, . . . when 
 a crowd of people flocked towards him. 
 
 Dickens . 
 
 Aldgate. One of the old Roman 
 gates of London, so called from 
 its antiquity (Aeld or Old gate). 
 From the time of the Romans to 
 1760 (when it was demolished), 
 it formed the main outlet to the 
 eastern counties. The barons, 
 using money from the monks’ 
 coffers, and building material 
 from the Jews’ houses, rebuilt the 
 structure during the time of J olm. 
 This gate was torn down in 1606, 
 and again built up in 1609. The 
 poet Chaucer (1328-1400) held a 
 life lease of the dwelling-house 
 above the gate. 
 
 If the brutalizing effect of such scenes 
 as the storming of St. Sebastian may be 
 counteracted, we may hope, that, in a 
 Christian Utopia, some minds might be 
 proof against the kennels and dresses of 
 Aldgate. Macaulay . 
 
 Old Father Baldpate, 
 
 Say the slow bells at Aldgate. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 Aldine Press. The name given to 
 the press established about 1490, 
 at Venice, by Aldo Manuzio (Al- 
 dus Manutius), an Italian printer 
 of the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- 
 turies, and the inventor of Italic 
 type. The highly-esteemed Al- 
 dine editions of the classics 
 
 issued by Manutius and his de- 
 scendants led to the publication 
 of counterfeit Aldine editions in 
 Florence and Lyons as early as 
 1502. The name Aldine has also 
 been used by the English pub- 
 lisher Pickering. 
 
 As for the foundlings like my Hederi- 
 cus, they go among their peers: it is a 
 pleasure to take them from the dusty 
 stall where they were elbowed by plebeian 
 school-books and battered odd volumes, 
 and give them Alduses and Elzevirs for 
 companions. Holmes. 
 
 Aldobrandini Madonna. See 
 Madonna Aldobrandini. 
 
 Aldobrandini Marriage. [Nozze 
 Aldobrandini.] A celebrated fres- 
 co painting, and one of the most 
 valuable relics of ancient art. It 
 was found in 1606 among the 
 ruins of the Baths of Titus in 
 Borne, and is now in the Vatican. 
 It derives its name from the Al- 
 dobrandini family, by whom it 
 was purchased. It represents a 
 marriage-scene, as the name im- 
 plies. Winckelmann thinks that 
 it represents the nuptials of Pele- 
 us and Thetis. In the Palazzo 
 Doria, there is a copy by Nicho- 
 las Poussin. 
 
 Aldobrandini, Villa. See Villa 
 Aldobrandini. 
 
 Aletsch Glacier. A celebrated 
 glacier in Switzerland surround- 
 ed by the Aletschhorn, Jungfrau, 
 and other peaks. It is about six- 
 teen miles in length. 
 
 Alexander. See Triumphal 
 March of Alexander and Vic- 
 tory of Alexander the Great 
 over Darius. 
 
 Alexander and Diogenes. A 
 noted picture by Sir Edwin Land- 
 seer (1803-1873), the celebrated 
 painter of animals. In the Na- 
 tional Gallery, London. 
 
 Alexander and Roxana. See 
 Marriage of Alexander and 
 Boxana. 
 
 Alexander Column. A red gran- 
 ite monolith and memorial pillar, 
 160 feet in height, situated in the 
 Admiralty Square, St. Peters- 
 burg, Bussia. It was erected to 
 the Emperor Alexander, a*nd 
 was the work of Montferrand. 
 
ALE 
 
 11 
 
 ALH 
 
 It is one of the greatest memo- 
 rial monoliths of modern times. 
 
 Taller than Luxor’* shafts, and grander, 
 Looms the pillar of Alexander, 
 
 G uarding the palace that fronts the square. 
 
 E. D. Proctor. 
 
 Alexander in the Tent of Darius. 
 
 A fresco-painting by Gianantonio 
 Razzi, or Bazzi, called II Sod- 
 doina (1474-1519). In the Farne- 
 sina, Rome. 
 
 Alexander’s Tomb. A small 
 structure at Alexandria, Egypt, 
 traditionally identified with the 
 tomb of Alexander. The exist- 
 ence of Alexander’s tomb has 
 long been recorded by Arab tra- 
 dition. Leo Afrieanus speaks of 
 it as being highly honored by the 
 Moslems," and as being visited 
 with religious veneration by 
 great numbers of strangers from 
 foreign lands. 
 
 Alexandrian Library. This cele- 
 brated library at Alexandria, 
 Egypt, was founded, like the 
 Museum, by Ptolemy Soter. 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus, his suc- 
 cessor, made great additions to 
 it, and at his death there were 
 100,000 volumes in the library. 
 A great deal of trouble was 
 taken and expense incurred in 
 forming and adding to this col- 
 lection, in which it was said that 
 a copy of every known work 
 was included. Here was depos- 
 ited the Septuagint translation of 
 the Bible. The Alexandrian 
 Library consisted of about 700,000 
 volumes, of which 400,000 were in 
 the Museum and 500,000 in the 
 Serapeum. The former collec- 
 tion was destroyed by fire during 
 the war between Julius Csesar 
 and the Alexandrians, and the 
 latter by order of Caliph Omar 
 in 610. By this act the Caliph 
 Omar is said to have provided 
 the 4,000 baths of the city with 
 fuel for six months. 
 
 Alfred Club. A club in London, 
 established in Albemarle Street 
 in 1808, and dissolved about the 
 middle of the century. 
 
 4QT Lord Byron, who was a mem- 
 her, characterized it as “ pleasant, a lit- 
 tle too sober and literary,” and “in the 
 
 whole, a decent resource in a rainy 
 day, in a dearth of parties, or Parlia- 
 ment, or in ati empty season.” 
 
 j&gr “The Alfred received its coup - 
 de-grace from a well-known story to 
 the effect that Mr. Canning, whilst in 
 the zenith of his fame, dropped in 
 accidentally at a house dinner of twelve 
 or fourteen, staid out the evening, 
 and made himself remarkably agree- 
 able, without any one of the party sus- 
 pecting who he was.” 
 
 Quarterly Review. 
 
 Alfred dividing his Loaf with 
 the Pilgrim. A picture by Ben- 
 jamin West (1738-1820), well 
 known by engravings. In the 
 Hall of the Stationers’ Company, 
 London. 
 
 Alfred J ewel. A remarkable 
 jewel found near Ethelney Ab- 
 bey in Somersetshire, England, 
 and a rare specimen of Anglo- 
 Saxon art. It bears this inscrip- 
 tion in Saxon characters: “Al- 
 fred had me wrought.” 
 
 Alhambra. [The Red Castle.] 
 The palace-fortress of the Moor- 
 ish kings in Granada, Spain. It 
 was begun in 1248, and finished in 
 1314. The exterior is plain, and 
 affords little indication of the 
 unrivalled splendor which once 
 characterized the interior apart- 
 ments. The building has suf- 
 fered greatly from decay, neg- 
 lect, and wanton injury, but is 
 still an object of attraction to 
 travellers, as one of the finest 
 existing specimens of Moorish 
 architecture, abounding in colon- 
 nades, pavilions, baths, foun- 
 tains, gilded ceilings, and every 
 kind of Oriental ornamentation. 
 Around the palace and gardens 
 were scattered the establish- 
 ments of the court and nobility, 
 so that the whole population of 
 the Alhambra consisted of some 
 40,000 souls. The preservation 
 from absolute ruin of this, the 
 most interesting and beautiful 
 of the historical monuments of 
 Spain, is due to the French, who, 
 when Granada was in their 
 hands, did much to repair and 
 restore the Alhambra. 
 
 “ To the traveller imbued with a 
 feeling for the historical and poetical, 
 so inseparably intertwined in the annals 
 
ALH 
 
 12 
 
 ALM 
 
 of romantic Spain, the Alhambra is as 
 much an object of devotion as is the 
 Caaba to all true Moslems. How many 
 legends and traditions, true and fabu- 
 lous, — how many songs and ballads, 
 Arabian and Spanish, of love and war 
 and chivalry, — are associated with this 
 Oriental pile ! It was the royal abode 
 of the Moorish kings, where, surround- 
 ed with the splendors and refinements 
 of Asiatic luxury, they held dominion 
 over what they vaunted as a terrestrial 
 paradise, and made their last stand for 
 empire in Spain. The royal palace 
 forms but a part of a fortress, the walls 
 of which, studded with towers, stretch 
 irregularly round the whole crest of a 
 hill, a spur of the Sierra Nevada or 
 Snowy Mountains, and overlook the 
 city: externally it is a rude congrega- 
 tion of towers and battlements, with 
 no regularity of plan nor grace of archi- 
 tecture, and giving little promise of the 
 grace and beauty which prevail within. 
 . . . After the kingdom had passed into 
 the hands of the Christians, the Alham- 
 bra continued to be a royal demesne, 
 and was occasionally inhabited by the 
 Castilian monarchs. The Emperor 
 Charles V. commenced a sumptuous 
 palace within its walls, but was de- 
 terred from completing it by repeated 
 shocks of earthquakes. The last royal 
 residents were Philip V. and his beau- 
 tiful queen, Elizabetta of Parma, early 
 in the eighteenth century. . . . The 
 desertion of the court, however, was a 
 fatal blow to the Alhambra. Its beau- 
 tiful halls became desolate, and some 
 of them fell to ruin ; the gardens were 
 destroyed, and the fountains ceased to 
 play.” Irving. 
 
 j&g* “ The Alhambra , a name which 
 will make my blood thrill if I live to 
 the frosts of a century, not that the 
 pleasure I received, on wandering over 
 the immense extent of these most 
 graceful and most picturesque of all 
 ruins, was like the quiet, hallowed 
 delight of a solitary visit to the Coli- 
 seum or the Forum, . . . but it was a 
 riotous, tumultuous pleasure, which 
 will remain in my memory like a kind 
 of sensual enjoyment.” 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 
 Lonely and still are now thy marble halls. 
 Thou fair Alhambra! there the feast is 
 o’er; 
 
 And with the murmur of tliy fountain 
 falls 
 
 Blend the w r ild tones of minstrelsy no 
 more. Felicia Hemans. 
 
 And there the Alhambra still recalls 
 A!ad<1in’s palace of delight : 
 
 Allah il Allah ! through its halls 
 Whispers the fountain as it falls. 
 
 The Darro darts beneath \t< walls, 
 
 The hills with snow are white. 
 
 Longfdlow. 
 
 On to Alhambra , strong and ruddy heart 
 Of glorious Morisma, gasping now, 
 
 A maimed giant in his agony. 
 
 George Eliot. 
 
 All Hallows Church. A celebrat- 
 ed old London church, destroyed 
 in 1877. In this church Milton 
 was baptized. 
 
 All Saints. A modern church in 
 London, the interior of which is 
 said to be the most gorgeous of 
 any in the kingdom. Finished 
 in 1859. 
 
 4®=- “ Though I have a rather large 
 acquaintance with English and foreign 
 works executed since the revival of 
 Pointed art, I cannot hesitate for an 
 instant in allowing that this chur :h is 
 not only the most beautiful, but the 
 most vigorous, thoughtful, and original, 
 of them all.” G. A. Street. 
 
 Allee Verte. [The Green Walk ] 
 A fine promenade in Brussels, 
 Belgium, extending along the 
 canal from Brussels to the 
 Scheldt. 
 
 Alloway Kirk. A ruined church 
 near Ayr, Scotland, immortalized 
 in Burns’s poem of “ Tam O’Shan- 
 ter ” The old bell of the kirk is 
 still hanging in it, though hardly 
 more than the four walls of the 
 structure are now standing. 
 
 She prophesy’d that late or soon. 
 
 Thou would be found deep drown’d in 
 Boon ; 
 
 Or cateh’d wi’ warlocks in the mirk, 
 
 By Alloway' 8 auld haunted kirk. Burns. 
 
 Almack’s. Noted assembly-rooms 
 in King Street, St. James’s, Lon- 
 don, so called after the proprie- 
 tor, Almack, a Scotchman. They 
 were opened Feb. 12, 1765, with 
 an assembly at which the Duke 
 of Cumberland, the hero of Cul- 
 loden, was present. The house 
 continued to be the fashionable 
 place of entertainment during 
 the early part of the present cen- 
 tury, but has now lost its former 
 importance, — “a clear proof that 
 the palmy days of exclusive- 
 ness are gone by in England” 
 (Quarterly Review). The rooms 
 are let for public meetings, dra- 
 matic readings, lectures, con- 
 certs, balls, and dinners. Al- 
 mack’s is now called “ Willis’s,” 
 from the name of the present 
 proprietor. A novel entitled 
 
ALM 
 
 13 
 
 ALT 
 
 “ Almack’s” was issued in 1831, 
 and followed by “A Key to Al- 
 mack’s,” by Benjamin Disraeli. 
 
 4®**“ We could, however, stuy there 
 but a short time; for we were to go 
 to Almack’s, where, with some exer- 
 tion, we arrived just before the doors 
 were closed at midnight. It was very 
 brilliant, as it always is; and the ar- 
 rangements for ease and comfort were 
 perfect, — no ceremony, no supper, no 
 regulation or managing, brilliantly 
 lighted large halls, very fine music, 
 plenty of dancing. ... It struck me, 
 however, that there were fewer of the 
 leading nobility and fashion there 
 than formerly, and that the general 
 cast of the company was younger.” 
 
 George Ticknor {in 1835). 
 
 The Fraction asked himself : How 
 will this look in Almack’s, and before 
 Lord Mahogany? The Winklemann 
 asked himself: How will this look in 
 the Universe, and before the Creator of 
 Man ? Carlyle . 
 
 Almack’s Club. This club in 
 Pall Mall, London, was founded 
 in 1761, and was celebrated for 
 the gambling which took place 
 there. Walpole writes, in 1770, 
 that the gaming at Almack’s is 
 “worthy the decline of our em- 
 pire, or commonwealth, which 
 you please.” He adds: “The 
 young men of the age lose ten, 
 fifteen, twenty thousand pounds, 
 in an evening there ” Charles 
 Fox was a member, and also Gib- 
 bon. The latter wrote, that, not- 
 withstanding the rage of play, 
 he found there more entertain- 
 ment and rational society than in 
 any other club to which he be- 
 longed. Almack’s afterwards be- 
 came Goosetree’s Club, of which, 
 in 1780, Pitt and Wilberforce 
 were members. See Brookes ’s 
 Club. 
 
 Almeidan. The largest and hand- 
 somest square in Constantino- 
 ple, Turkey. 
 
 Almond Glen. See Glen Al- 
 mond. 
 
 Alnwick Castle. The ancient seat 
 of the Duke of Northumberland, 
 in the town of the same name, 
 and historically one of the most 
 interesting baronial mansions in 
 England. It dates from before 
 the Conquest, but has undergone 
 several restorations. 
 
 4 ®= u As no pains or expense was 
 spared to make the new part harmo- 
 nize with the old, so far as it was pos- 
 sible to combine ancient architecture 
 with modern requirements, the struc- 
 ture, as a whole, presents the most 
 magnificent specimen in Great Britain 
 — perhaps in the world — of the feudal 
 castle of mediaeval days.” 
 
 The Times, 1869. 
 
 Home of the Percy’s high-born race, 
 Home of their beautiful and brave, 
 
 Alike their birth and burial place, 
 
 Tlieir cradle and their grave ! 
 
 Still sternly o’er the castle’s gate 
 Their house’s Lion stands in state, 
 
 As in liis proud departed hours; 
 
 And warriors frown in stone on high. 
 And feudal banners” flout the sky,” 
 Above his princely towers. 
 
 Fitz- Greene Halleck . 
 
 Alphonsine Tables. A series of 
 astronomical tables intended to 
 correct those contained in Ptol- 
 emy’s “ Almagest,” composed by 
 order of Alphonso of Castile in 
 1252. 
 
 Alsatia. See Whitefriars. 
 
 Alster, The. A basin or lake in 
 the city of Hamburg, Germany, 
 surrounded with fine buildings. 
 It is a favorite pleasure-resort of 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 Alte Markt. [Old Market.] A 
 public square in Dresden, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Altenahr Castle. An ancient 
 feudal fortress, now in ruins, in 
 the valley of the Ahr, in Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Altenberg Abbey. A very inter- 
 esting monastic establishment of 
 the Cistercian order in a seques- 
 tered valley near Cologne, Ger- 
 many. The church is of the 
 thirteenth century. 
 
 Altenburg. An ancient and noted 
 castle near Bamberg, in Franco- 
 nia, Germany. It is now in 
 ruins. 
 
 Althorp. A noble manor near 
 Weedon in England, the seat of 
 Earl Spencer. 
 
 Alton Towers. A noble mansion, 
 the seat of the Earl of Shrews- 
 bury, in the parish of Alton. 
 England. 
 
 Altotting. See Shrine of the 
 Black Virgin. 
 
ALT 
 
 14 
 
 ANC 
 
 Altoviti, Bindo. A portrait of 
 this youth, which has been 
 wrongly taken to be that of the 
 painter himself, by Raphael San- 
 zio (1483-1520). It was formerly 
 in the Casa Altoviti, Rome, but 
 is now in the gallery at Munich, 
 Bavaria. 
 
 Amalienborg. A royal palace in 
 Copenhagen, Denmark. It is 
 the ordinary residence of the 
 royal family. 
 
 Amazon, The. 1. A celebrated 
 work of ancient sculpture in the 
 Vatican, Rome. Also another in 
 the Museum of the Capitol. 
 
 2. A celebrated relic of an- 
 cient sculpture in the Museum 
 of Berlin, Prussia. It has been 
 by some ascribed to Polycleites 
 the Elder (452?-412? B. C.), the 
 Greek statuary. 
 
 Amazons, Battle of the. See 
 Battle of the Amazons. 
 
 Ambassadors, The. See Two 
 Ambassadors. 
 
 Ambassadors’ Club. See Coven- 
 try Club. 
 
 Ambras Armoury. [Ger. Am- 
 brose?' Sammlunc/.] A famous 
 collection of ancient armor, jew- 
 els, and curiosities, in the Belve- 
 dere, Vienna, Austria. It de- 
 rives its name from the Castle of 
 Ambras in the Tyrol, from which 
 place it was brought to Vienna 
 in the early part of this century. 
 
 Ambrosian Library. [Ital. Bi- 
 bliotecci Ambrosiana . ] A noted 
 library in Milan, Italy, contain- 
 ing some celebrated manuscripts. 
 It was founded in 1602, and was 
 named after St. Ambrose, the 
 patron saint of the city. 
 
 Ambush, The. A picture by 
 George H. Boughton, a contem- 
 porary painter of landscapes and 
 genre. 
 
 Amer, Mosque of. See Mosque 
 of Amer. 
 
 America, The. 1. A war-vessel of 
 the old American navy, built be- 
 tween 1775 and 1783. She carried 
 74 guns, and was pronounced by 
 Commodore Jones “ the largest 
 of seventy-fours in the world.” 
 
 She was presented to the French 
 government before she went to 
 sea, and was finally captured 
 from the French by the British. 
 
 2. A noted schooner-rigged 
 yacht, celebrated for her speed 
 and the excellence of her model. 
 The victory of this yacht over R. 
 Stephenson’s iron yacht Titania 
 in a race, August, 1851, demon- 
 strated the superiority of the 
 model upon which the America 
 was built. She is now in the 
 possession of Gen. Benjamin F. 
 Butler. 
 
 Amiens Cathedral, See Notre 
 Dame [d’Amiens], 
 
 Amphion, The. A British frigate 
 destroyed by an explosion in the 
 harbor of Plymouth, England, 
 Sept. 22, 1796. Nearly all on 
 board perished. 
 
 Amphitrite, The. A ship which 
 was wrecked off Boulogne, 
 France, in 1833, with a loss of 
 over 100 passengers. 
 
 Amrita Saras. [Fount of Immor- 
 tality.] A famous temple in Am- 
 ritsar, India, one of the sacred 
 places of the Hindus. The tem- 
 ple is situated on an island in the 
 centre of a reservoir or tank 
 about 150 paces square. It was 
 constructed in 1581. 
 
 Amsterdam Vegetable Market. 
 A picture by Gabriel Metzu (b. 
 1630), a Dutch (/en?’e-painter. In 
 the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Ananias, Death of. See Death 
 of Ananias. 
 
 Anatomical Lecture. A celebrat- 
 ed picture by Rembrandt van 
 Ryn (1607-1669), the Dutch paint- 
 er. It bears date 1632, and is 
 now in the Museum of the Hague, 
 Holland. 
 
 4) 
 
 Ancajani Madonna. See Madon- 
 na Ancajani. 
 
 Ancaster House. See Lindsey 
 
 House. 
 
 Ancient and Honorable Artillery 
 Company. The oldest regular 
 military company in the United 
 States, organized in 1638. Its ar- 
 mory and interesting collection 
 of military and other relics are 
 
ANC 
 
 15 
 
 ANN 
 
 in Fanenil Hall, Boston. An 
 Artillery Company was incorpo- 
 rated in England under Henry 
 VIII. 
 
 And the old books in uniforms as va- 
 ried ns those of the Ancient and Honorable 
 Artillery Company used to be, if m.v 
 memory serves me right Holmes. 
 
 Ancient Italy. A picture by Jo- 
 seph Mallord William Turner 
 (1775-1857), the eminent English 
 painter. 
 
 Andersonville Prison. A noted 
 military prison in Sumter Co., 
 Georgia, in which, during the 
 civil war in the United States, 
 many Union soldiers were con- 
 fined, and subjected to great 
 cruelty. 
 
 Andes, Heart of the. See Heart 
 of the Andes. 
 
 Andrea del Sarto. A portrait of 
 himself by the painter (1488- 
 1530). In the collection of auto- 
 graph portraits in the Uffizi, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Andromeda. A picture by Guido 
 Reni (1575-1642), in the casino, 
 or summer-house, of the Rospigli- 
 osi palace, in Rome. 
 
 Angel, The. An old and famous 
 inn in the parish of Islington, 
 London, rebuilt in 1819. 
 
 4QP This name has been a common 
 designation of inns and public-houses 
 in England, which were formerly 
 known by the various devices upon 
 their signs. 
 
 Angel appearing to the Shep- 
 herds. A picture by Thomas 
 Cole (1801-1848). In the Boston 
 Athenaeum. 
 
 Angelo. See Bridge of St. An- 
 gelo, Michael Angelo, Mi- 
 chael Angelo’s House, and 
 St. Angelo. 
 
 Angels, Fall of the. See Fall of 
 the Angels. 
 
 Angels’ Heads. 1. A well-known 
 picture, called by this name, by 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792). 
 “ The head of Miss Gordon, the 
 niece of * No-Popery ’ Lord Gor- 
 don, appears in five different po- 
 sitions, with cherubs’ wings.” 
 This picture is in the National 
 
 Gallery, London, and has been 
 often reproduced. 
 
 2. Picture-groups bearing this 
 name, by Correggio, and by 
 others, are very familiar through 
 photographic reproductions. 
 
 Angerstein Gallery. The collec- 
 tion of pictures which formed 
 the nucleus of the present Na- 
 tional Gallery, London. See 
 National Gallery. 
 
 Animali, Sala degli. See SalA 
 degli Animali. 
 
 Anna, St. See St. Anna. 
 
 Anne Hathaway’s Cottage. A 
 house in the village of Shottery, 
 near Stratford-on-Avon, Eng- 
 land, which is pointed out as the 
 cottage in which Anne Hatha- 
 way lived prior to her becoming 
 the wife of Shakespeare. 
 
 4S§P “ It is a timber and plaster 
 house, like John Shakespeare’s, stand- 
 ing on a bank, with a roughly paved 
 terrace in front. The parlor is wain- 
 scoted high in oak, and in the princi- 
 pal chamber is an enormous and heav- 
 ily carved bedstead. Though a rustic 
 and even rude habitation when meas- 
 ured by our standard, it was evidently 
 a comfortable home for a substantial 
 yeoman in the time of Queen Eliza- 
 beth, and is picturesque enough for 
 the cradle of a poet’s love.” 
 
 Richard Grant White . 
 
 Anne’s, St. See St. Anne’s. 
 
 Annitshkoff Palace. A noted pal- 
 ace in St. Petersburg, Russia, a 
 favorite residence of the impe- 
 rial family. It is situated on the 
 Nevskoi Prospekt, the main ave- 
 nue of the city. 
 
 Annunciation, The. [Ital. V An- 
 
 nunciazione, Fr. L’ Annonciation, 
 Ger. Die Verkiindigung .] A very 
 common subject of representa- 
 tion by the mediaeval painters, 
 exhibiting the interview between 
 the angel and the Virgin Mary, 
 according to the account in Luke 
 i. 26-29. Of numerous composi- 
 tions treating of this subject, the 
 following may be mentioned as 
 among the more celebrated. 
 
 Annunciation, The. A picture 
 regarded as miraculous, and for- 
 merly held in the highest venera- 
 tion by all Christendom. It is 
 
ANN 
 
 16 
 
 ANT 
 
 in a chapel of the church styled 
 della Santis sima Nunziata in Flor- 
 ence, Italy. It is concealed from 
 the public, and only exhibited to 
 the devout on great occasions. 
 There is a copy of this picture in 
 the Pitti Palace, by Carlo Dolce. 
 
 4£g=*“The name of the painter is 
 disputed; but, according to tradition, 
 it is the work of a certain Bartolomeo, 
 who, while he sat meditating upon the 
 various excellencies and perfections of 
 Our Lady, and most especially on her 
 divine beauty, and thinking with humil- 
 ity how inadequate were his own pow- 
 ers to represent her worthily, fell 
 asleep; and, on awaking, found the 
 head of the Virgin had been wondrous- 
 ly completed, either by the hand of an 
 angel, or by that of St. Luke, who had 
 descended from heaven on purpose. 
 Though this curious relic has been fre- 
 quently restored, no one has presumed 
 to touch the features of the Virgin, 
 which are, I am told, — for I have 
 never been blessed with a sight of the 
 original picture, — marvellously sweet 
 and beautiful. It is concealed by a 
 veil, on which is painted a tine head of 
 the Redeemer, by Andrea del Sarto ; 
 and forty-two lamps of silver burn con- 
 tinually round it.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Annunciation , The. A picture 
 by Giovanni da Fiesole, called 
 Fra Angelico (1387-1455). In the 
 Museum of St. Mark, Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Annunciation, The. A picture 
 by Hans Mending (d. 1495), the 
 Flemish painter, bearing date 
 1482, and described as a work of 
 very original conception and mar- 
 vellous delicacy. It is in posses- 
 sion of Prince Radzivil at Berlin, 
 Germany. 
 
 Annunciation , The. A remark- 
 able picture by Baccio della Porta, 
 called Fra Bartolommeo (1469- 
 1517), representing the Virgin on a 
 throne, the angel descending with 
 a lily, and around the throne 
 various saints. In the gallery at 
 Bologna, Italy. 
 
 Annunciation , The. A picture 
 by Francesco Francia (1450-1517). 
 In the Brera, Milan, Italy. 
 
 Annunciation , The. A small 
 picture by Fra Bartolommeo 
 (1469-1517), the Italian painter. 
 Now in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Annunciation , The. A picture 
 by Francesco Albani (1578-1660). 
 
 In the church of S. Bartolomeo, 
 Bologna, Italy. 
 
 Anthony’s Nose. A well-known 
 promontory on the Hudson River, 
 at the entrance to the Highlands, 
 said to have been so called from 
 Anthony Van Corlear, a trum- 
 peter of Gov. Stuyvesant. 
 
 4®=- “ It must be known, then, that 
 the nose of Anthony, the trumpeter, 
 was of a very lusty size. . . . Now 
 thus it happened, that, bright and early 
 in the morning, the good Anthony, 
 having washed his burly visage, was 
 leaning over the quarter-railing of the 
 galley, contemplating it in the glassy 
 wave below. Just at this moment the 
 illustrious sun, breaking in all his 
 splendor from behind a high bluff of 
 the Highlands, did dart one of his 
 most potent beams full upon the reful- 
 gent nose of the sounder of brass, 
 the reflection of which shot straightway 
 down hissing hot into the water, and 
 killed a mighty sturgeon that was dis- 
 porting near the vessel. The huge 
 monster, being with infinite labor hoist- 
 ed on board, furnished a luxurious 
 repast to the crew. . . . When this 
 astonishing miracle became known to 
 Peter Stuyvesant, and that he tasted 
 of the unknown fish, he, as may be 
 supposed, marvelled exceedingly, and 
 as a monument thereof he gave the 
 name of Anthony’s Nose to a stout 
 promontory in the neighborhood, and 
 it has continued to be called Anthony’s 
 Nose ever since that time.” Irving. 
 
 flSF" There is also an Anthony’s Nose 
 on the shore of Lake George, and an- 
 other on the Mohawk in Montgomery 
 Co., N.Y. 
 
 Antinous, The. A name given to 
 several statues supposed to repre- 
 sent a young Bitliynian of dis- 
 tinguished beauty, and a friend 
 of the Emperor Hadrian. Ac- 
 cording to some historians he 
 drowned himself in the Nile. 
 Hadrian wept for him, and 
 caused the most famous artists 
 to reproduce his image. Among 
 the statues which represent him, 
 there are two chefs d’ oeuvre. One 
 (Belvedere Antinous) is now in 
 the Belvidere of the Vatican, 
 Rome, the other in the Capitol, 
 (See infra, 2.) The former, which 
 is now called Mercury, was found 
 near S. Martino ai Monti, a 
 church on the Esquiline, and is 
 a statue of great beauty. Its just 
 
ANT 
 
 17 
 
 ANT 
 
 proportions and graceful posture 
 have received unqualified praise. 
 
 jgGgr* “ The Belvedere Anti nous is an 
 exquisite image of blooming youth. 
 For soft and delicate beauty, — beauty 
 which, like that of the vernal rose, the 
 sunset cloud, and the breaking wave, is 
 suggestive of brief continuance and 
 early decay, — this statue has no supe- 
 rior," hardly an equal.” Hillard. 
 
 4QT “Poussin declared the Mercury, 
 which at that time was called without 
 reason the Antinous , the most perfect 
 model of the proportions of the human 
 body.” Ampere, Trans. 
 
 J “ The Belvedere * Mercury,’ a 
 young man standing like the Meleager, 
 but still more beautiful. The torso is 
 more vigorous, and the head more re- 
 fined. A smiling expression flickers 
 lightly over the countenance, the grace 
 and modesty of a well-born youth 
 capable of expressing himself prop- 
 erly, because he is of an intelligent 
 and select race, but who hesitates to 
 speak because his soul is still fresh. 
 Setting aside the Venus of Milo and 
 the statues of the Parthenon, I know 
 of nothing comparable to it.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Look long enough 
 
 On any peasant’s face here, coarse and 
 lined, 
 
 You'll catch Antinous somewhere in that 
 clay, 
 
 As perfect- featured as he yearns at 
 Rome 
 
 From marble pale with beauty. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 2. An admired statue of An- 
 tinous, found in Hadrian’s villa, 
 and now in the Capitol, Rome. 
 
 the Antinous the anato- 
 mist would look in vain to detect even 
 the slightest mistake or misconcep- 
 tion ; yet such is the simplicity of the 
 whole composition, so fine and undu- 
 lating the forms, that a trifling error 
 would appear a gross fault.” 
 
 John Bell. 
 
 HSiT “ The identity of the Capitoline 
 Antinous has only once, I think, been 
 seriously questioned ; and yet it may 
 be reckoned more than doubtful. The 
 head is almost certainly not his. How 
 it came to be placed upon a body pre- 
 senting so much resemblance to the 
 type of Antinous, I do not know. 
 Careful comparison of the torso and 
 the arms with an indubitable portrait 
 will raise the question whether this 
 fine statue is not a Hermes or a hero 
 of an earlier age.” J. A. Symonds. 
 
 3. A famous bas-relief of An- 
 tinous, from the Villa Adriana, 
 now in the Villa Albani at Rome, 
 representing the youth crowned 
 with lotus. AVinckelmann pro- 
 nounces it, after the Apollo and 
 the Laocoon, the most beautiful 
 monument of antiquity which 
 time has transmitted to us, “as 
 fresh and as highly finished as if 
 it had just left the studio of the 
 sculptor.” 
 
 4®= “ The bas-relief of the Villa 
 Albani, restored to suit the conception 
 of a Vertumnus, has even more of 
 florid beauty, but whether the restora- 
 tion was wisely made may be 
 doubted.” J. A. Symonds. 
 
 4. A bust in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 ^“Among the simple busts, by 
 
 far the finest, to my thinking, are the 
 colossal head of the Louvre and the 
 ivy-crowned bronze at Naples. The 
 latter is not only flawless in its execu- 
 tion, but is animated with a pensive 
 beauty of expression. The former, 
 though praised by Winckelmann as 
 among the two or three most precious 
 masterpieces of antique art, must be 
 criticised for a certain vacancy and life- 
 lessness.” J. A. Symonds. 
 
 5. A bronze bust in the Mu- 
 seum at Naples, Italy. (See 
 supra , 4.) 
 
 6. Among other statues of An- 
 tinous, is that called the Braschi 
 Antinous, from having belonged 
 to Duke Braschi. This colossal 
 statue, found on the site of the 
 ancient Gabii, is now in the Ro- 
 tunda of the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 Antiope. See Jupiter a nd Anti- 
 op e. 
 
 Antiparos, Grotto of. See Grot- 
 to oe Antiparos. 
 
 Antoine, Faubourg St. See Fau- 
 bourg St. Antoine. 
 
 Antonia, Fortress of. The site 
 of this structure at Jerusalem 
 has been a subject for controver- 
 sy, but it is thought to have oc- 
 cupied the whole northern section 
 of the Haram. Josephus de- 
 scribes it as being the fortress of 
 the Temple, as the Temple was 
 that of the city, and as having the 
 apartments and conveniences of 
 a palace. He says that the “ gen- 
 eral appearance was that of a 
 
ANT 
 
 18 
 
 APO 
 
 tower, with other towers at each 
 of the four corners, three of which 
 were 50 cubits high, while that 
 at the south-east angle rose to an 
 elevation of 70 cubits, so that 
 from thence there was a complete 
 view of the Temple.” 
 
 Antonine Column. A celebrated 
 relic of ancient Rome, now stand- 
 ing in the Piazza Colonna, to 
 which it gives its name. It was 
 erected to the Emperor Marcus 
 Aurelius Antoninus by the Sen- 
 ate and Roman people, A.D. 174. 
 The column is surmounted by a 
 statue of St. Paul, placed there 
 by Sixtus V., and the shaft is 
 surrounded by bas-reliefs ar- 
 ranged in a spiral form. One of 
 these bas-reliefs, a figure of J upi- 
 ter Pluvius, representing him 
 sending down rain which falls 
 from his outstretched arms, is 
 celebrated from its supposed con- 
 nection with an old legend that 
 a Christian legion from Mitylene 
 caused rain to fall as the result 
 of their prayers. This story is 
 told by Eusebius, and corroborat- 
 ed by Justin Martyr. 
 
 Antoninus and Faustina. See 
 Temple of Antoninus and 
 Faustina. 
 
 Antoninus, Wall of. See Wall 
 of Antoninus. 
 
 Antony, St. See St. Antony. 
 
 Antwerp Citadel. A famous fort- 
 ress in Antwerp, Belgium, erect- 
 ed for the Duke of Alva. It has 
 undergone several sieges, and at 
 different times has fallen into the 
 hands of the English and the 
 French. 
 
 Apis Mausoleum. A large sub- 
 terranean tomb at Sakkarah, 
 Egypt, also known as the Sera- 
 peurn, although the latter title is 
 more properly applied to the tem- 
 ple (no longer in existence) which 
 was built over the excavated 
 tomb. M. Mairette discovered 
 the site of the Serapeum and the 
 Apis Mausoleum in 1860-61. He 
 found them buried in the sand; 
 and the remains of the Serapeum, 
 which he excavated with great 
 difficulty, are now re-buried. 
 
 The discovery of the Apis Mauso- 
 leum was, historically, of much 
 importance. In it were found 
 many inscribed tablets, the most 
 important of which are now in 
 the Louvre at Paris. See Sera- 
 peum. 
 
 4G§ => “ An avenue of sphinxes led up 
 to it [the Serapeum], and two pylons 
 stood before it; round it was the usual 
 enclosure. But it was distinguished 
 from all other temples by having in 
 one of its chambers an opening, from 
 which descended an inclined passage 
 into the rock below, giving access to 
 the vaults in which reposed the mum- 
 mied representatives of the god Apis. 
 Living, the sacred bull was worshipped 
 in a magnificent temple at Memphis, 
 and lodged in a palace adjoining, — the 
 Apieum : dead, he was buried in ex- 
 cavated vaults at Sakkarah, and wor- 
 shipped in a temple built over them — 
 the Serapeum.” Murray's Handbook. 
 
 Apoliinare in Classe. See Sant’ 
 Apollinare in Classe. 
 
 Apollinarisberg. A hill on the 
 banks of the Rhine, well known 
 to travellers, and crowned with a 
 beautiful modern Gothic church. 
 
 Apollino, The. [The little Apol- 
 lo.] An ancient and admired 
 statue, now in the Tribune of the 
 Uffizi Palace, Florence, Italy. 
 
 4®=* “After the vivid truth of these 
 two remarkable works [the Wrestlers, 
 and the Knife-Grinder], we are hardly 
 prepared to do full justice to the soft, 
 ideal beauty of the Apollino. It is like 
 taking up the Phedre of Racine, after 
 laying down the first part of King 
 Henry IV.” Hillard. 
 
 Apollo. An ancient statue in the 
 Louvre, Paris, supposed to be a 
 copy of a work by Praxiteles, the 
 Greek sculptor (b. B.C. 392 ?). 
 There is another in the Tribune 
 of the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Apollo and Daphne. A work of 
 sculpture by Giovanni Lorenzo 
 Bernini (1598-1680). In the 
 Villa Borghese, Rome. 
 
 Apollo and Python. A picture 
 by Joseph Mallord William 
 Turner (1775- 1851), the English 
 landscape-painter, regarded one 
 of his best works. 
 
 Apollo and the Muses. See Par- 
 nassus. 
 
APO 
 
 19 
 
 APO 
 
 Apollo Relvidere. A celebrated 
 statue of Apollo found about the 
 beginning of the sixteenth centu- 
 ry at Porto d’Anzio, the ancient 
 Antium. It was purchased by 
 Julius II., when Cardinal, and 
 was placed in the Belvidere of 
 the Vatican, Rome, whence it de- 
 rives its present name. Connois- 
 seurs now think that this statue 
 is not the original work of a 
 Greek sculptor, but a copy. 
 
 jggp- “ Ardently excited, and filled 
 with divine anger, with which is min- 
 gled a touch of triumphant scorn, the 
 intellectual head is turned sideways, 
 while the figure with elastic step is 
 hastening forward. The eye seems to 
 shoot forth lightning; there is an ex- 
 pression of contempt in the corners of 
 the mouth; and the distended nostrils 
 seem to breathe forth divine anger.” 
 
 Lubke> Trans. 
 jgQp- “ The Apollo Belvidere belongs 
 to a more recent and a less simple age. 
 Whatever its merit may be, it has the 
 defect of being a little too elegant: it 
 might well please Winckelmann and 
 the critics of the eighteenth century. 
 His plaited locks fall behind the ear 
 in the most charming manner, and are 
 gathered above the brow in a kind of 
 diadem, as if arranged by a woman. 
 This Apollo certainly displays savoir- 
 vivre , also consciousness of his rank — I 
 am sure he has a crowd of domestics.” 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Or view the Lord of the unerring bow, 
 The God of life, and poesy, and light, — 
 The sun in human limbs arrayed, and 
 brow 
 
 All radiant from his triumph in the fight; 
 The shaft has just been shot — the arrow 
 bright 
 
 With an immortal’s vengeance ; in his eye 
 And nostril beautiful disdain, and might 
 And majesty, flash their full lightnings by, 
 Developing in that one glance the Deity. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Apollo Club. Ben Jonson ap- 
 pears to have been the founder 
 of this club, which met at the 
 noted Devil Tavern, between 
 Temple Bar and the Middle 
 Temple gate, in London. The 
 principal room at the tavern was 
 known as the “ Oracle of Apol- 
 lo.” The Welcome in gilded let- 
 ters upon a black-board, and the 
 rules of the Club inscribed in 
 the same manner, were placed 
 over the door and fireplace of the 
 Apollo. The Welcome and the 
 Leges Conviviales are to be found 
 
 in Jonson’s works. See Devil 
 Tavern. 
 
 46 jjp‘‘Tbe Club at the Devil does 
 not appear to have resembled the 
 higher one at the Mermaid, where 
 Shakespeare and Beaumont used to 
 meet him [Jonson] . He most probably 
 had it all to himself.” Leigh Hunt. 
 
 Apollo Gallery. See Galerie 
 d’ Apollon. 
 
 Apollo Room. An apartment in 
 the Raleigh Tavern, an ancient 
 building in Williamsburg, Va., 
 in which the House of Burgesses 
 met to take into consideration 
 the insurrectionary proceedings 
 then occurring in Massachusetts. 
 
 Apollo Sauroetonos. [Lizard-kill- 
 er.] A bronze statue of Apollo 
 in the Villa Albani at Rome, 
 which in the judgment of Winck- 
 elmann is the original statue by 
 Praxiteles, described by Pliny, 
 and the most beautiful bronze 
 statue left in the world. It was 
 found upon the Aventine Mount. 
 There is another statue of the 
 same name in the Vatican. 
 
 Apollo, Temple of. See Temple 
 of Apollo. 
 
 Apollonicon. An immense organ 
 first exhibited in 1817 at the man- 
 ufactory of the builders, Messrs. 
 Flight and Robson, St. Martin’s 
 Lane, London. The instrument 
 was self-acting, and could also be 
 played in the ordinary manner 
 by one or by several performers. 
 The Apollonicon was five years 
 in course of construction, and 
 cost about £10,000. 
 
 Apostles, The. See Calling of 
 the Apostles, Communion of 
 the Apostles, and Twelve 
 Apostles. 
 
 Apotheosis of Hercules. A well- 
 known picture by Francois Le- 
 moine (1688-1737), the French his- 
 torical painter. It is 64 feet by 54 
 feet in size, and is said to be the 
 largest in Europe. “ There are 
 142 figures in it, and it is proba- 
 bly the most magnificent pittvra 
 di machina of the decorative 
 period in which it was executed.” 
 It is painted on the ceiling of a 
 room in the palace at Versailles. 
 
APO 
 
 20 
 
 ARB 
 
 Apotheosis of Trajan. See Tri- 
 umph of Trajan. 
 
 Apotheosis of Washington. An 
 immense fresco on the interior of 
 the dome of the Capitol in Wash- 
 ington, painted by Brumidi. It 
 covers some 5,000 feet, and cost 
 $40,000. 
 
 Apoxyomenes. A celebrated stat- 
 ue of an athlete by Lysippus 
 (flourished time of Alexander the 
 Great), the Greek sculptor; a 
 marble copy of which, found at 
 Trastevere in 1846, is now in the 
 Vatican, Rome. 
 
 The legs and arms [of the Antinous] are 
 modelled with exquisite grace of outline; 
 yet they do not show that readiness for 
 active service which is noticeable in the 
 statues of the Meleager, the Apooryomenos, 
 or the Belvedere Hermes. J. A. Symonds. 
 
 Appian Way. See Via Appia. 
 
 Apprentices. See Idle and In- 
 dustrious Apprentices. 
 
 Approach to Venice. A picture 
 by Joseph Mallord William 
 Turner (1775-1851), the eminent 
 English painter. 
 
 Apsley House. The former well- 
 known residence of the Duke of 
 Wellington, Piccadilly, London. 
 It immediately adjoins Hyde 
 Park. It was built about 1785 
 for Charles Bathurst, Lord Aps- 
 ley, and was purchased by Mar- 
 quis Wellesley, elder brother of 
 the great Duke, in 1828. It con- 
 tains a collection of pictures. 
 
 Ara Cceli. [Altar of Heaven.] A 
 very interesting church in Rome, 
 of high antiquity, occupying the 
 site of the temple of Jupiter Capi- 
 tolinus. It was in this church 
 that Gibbon, as he himself in- 
 forms us, on the 15tli of October, 
 1764, as he sat musing amidst the 
 ruins of the Capitol, while the 
 barefooted friars were singing 
 vespers, first meditated writing 
 the history of the Decline and 
 Fall of the city. The name Ara 
 Cceli is traditionally derived from 
 the altar consecrated by Augus- 
 tus in consequence of the sibyl’s 
 prophecy about the coming of the 
 Redeemer, a monkish invention 
 wholly unsupported by historical 
 evidence. Some say, however, 
 
 that in the middle ages the church 
 was called “ S. Maria in Aurocce- 
 lio.” The church of Ara Cceli is 
 held in great reverence by the 
 people, on account of the famous 
 wooden image called the Santis- 
 simo Bambino , supposed to be of 
 great efficacy in curing the sick. 
 The steps of this church are the 
 identical ones which formed the 
 ascent to the temple of Jupiter 
 Capitolinas. See Bambino. 
 
 jgQr* “ On the steps of Ara-Coeli, nine- 
 teen centuries ago, the first great Cae- 
 sar climbed on his knees after his first 
 triumph. At their base Rienzi, the 
 last of the Roman tribunes, fell. . . . 
 Standing on a spot so thronged with 
 memories, the dullest imagination takes 
 fire.” W. W. Story. 
 
 4®=* “ A flight of 124 steps of marble 
 leads to the church of Ara-Coeli, one 
 of the oldest and ugliest in Rome. But 
 no one is held in greater reverence by 
 the people, and none is more frequent- 
 ed by throngs of worshippers.” 
 
 G. S. Ilillard . 
 
 /Kip “A staircase of extraordinary 
 width and length stretches upward to 
 the red facade of the church of Ara- 
 Coeli. On these steps hundreds of beg- 
 gars, as ragged as those of Callot, clad 
 in tattered hats and rusty brown blank- 
 ets, are warming themselves majesti- 
 cally in the sunshine. You embrace 
 all this in a glance, the convent and the 
 palace, the colossi and the canaille ; 
 the hill, loaded with architecture, sud- 
 denly rises at the end of a street, its 
 stone masses spotted with crawling 
 human insects. This is peculiar to 
 Rome.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Returning home by Ara Cceli , we 
 mounted to it by more than 100 marble 
 steps, not in devotion, — as I observed 
 some to do on their bare kt.ees,— but to 
 see those two famous statues of Constan- 
 tine in white marble, placed the e out of 
 his Baths. John Evelyn , 1644. 
 
 Arbroath Abbey. This ruin of the 
 most spacious abbey in Scotland 
 is in Aberbrotliwick. it was 
 built in 1178, and dedicated to St. 
 Thomas a Becket. There is a 
 tradition that the Abbots of Ab- 
 erbrothwick placed a bell on a 
 dangerous reef in the German 
 Ocean, and this story gave rise 
 to a ballad of Southey’s. 
 
 The Abbot of Aberbrotliock 
 Had placed that bell on the Inchcape rock. 
 
 Southey . 
 
 See Inchcape Rock. 
 
ARC 
 
 21 
 
 ARC 
 
 Arc de TEtoile, or Arc de Tri- 
 omphe. A very large and fine 
 triumphal arch at the west end 
 of the Champs-Elyse'es, Paris. It 
 is one of the chief ornaments of 
 the city, and, from its high situa- 
 tion, commands an extensive 
 view over Paris. In 1806 Napo- 
 leon resolved to build this arch, 
 and its construction was begun; 
 but the work as now seen was 
 not finished until 1836, after the 
 accession of Louis Philippe. It 
 is of a classical design ; and the 
 whole structure is 161 feet high, 
 145 feet wide, and 110 feet deep. 
 
 J ggp “ It was not, however, till we 
 stood almost beneath it that we really 
 felt the grandeur of this great arch, in- 
 cluding so large a space of the blue sky 
 in its airy sweep. At a distance it im- 
 presses the spectator with its solidity ; 
 nearer, with the lofty vacancy beneath 
 it.” Hawthorne. 
 
 She [Mine, de B ] is not a cabinet 
 
 minister, she is not a marshal of France, 
 she has no appointments in her gift, she 
 lives beyond the Arc de I'Etoile; but, for 
 all that, people go to visit her from the 
 four corners of Paris. Taine , Trans. 
 
 With every respect for Kensington 
 turnpike, I own that the Arc de VEtoile 
 at l aris is a much finer entrance to an 
 imperial capital. Thackeray. 
 
 You find here [in Rome] less space and 
 stone work, less material grandeur than 
 in the Place de la Concorde, and in the 
 Arc de Triomphe , but more invention and 
 more to interest you. Taine , Trans. 
 
 Arc ,de Triomphe. See Arc de 
 l’Etoijle. 
 
 Arc du Carrousel. A triumphal 
 arch in the centre of the Place du 
 Carrousel, Paris, 48 feet high, 65 
 feet wide, begun in 1806. It is a 
 copy, with alterations, of the 
 Arch of Severus at Rome. For- 
 merly the Arc du Carrousel was 
 surmounted by four horses of 
 bronze from St. Mark’s, Venice; 
 but these were returned to Ven- 
 ice in 1814. 
 
 Arcade, The. A well-known 
 building in Providence, R.I , be- 
 ing an immense granite bazaar 
 225 feet in length by 80 feet in 
 depth (in parts 130 feet deep), con- 
 taining under one glass roof 78 
 stores. The building was erected 
 in 1828. 
 
 Arcadian Academy. [Ital. Acca- 
 demia decjli Arcadi.] A literary 
 
 institute at Rome, founded in 
 1690, which still holds its meet- 
 ings in the Capitol. Its aim, 
 which it failed to reach, was to 
 improve the literary taste of the 
 time, and at one period it num- 
 bered some 2,000 members. Its 
 laws were drawn out in ten tables, 
 its constitution was republican, 
 its first magistrate was called 
 cnstos, and its members shep- 
 herds. Goethe was enrolled as 
 an Arcadian in 1788. 
 
 “ Each person on his admission 
 took a pastoral name, and had an Ar- 
 cadian name assigned to him : the 
 business of the meetings was to be 
 conducted wholly in the allegorical lan- 
 guage, and the speeches and verses as 
 much so as possible. . . . The Arcadia 
 has survived all the changes of Italy; 
 it still holds its meetings in Rome, lis- 
 tens to pastoral sonnets, and christens 
 Italian clergymen, English squires, and 
 German counsellors of state, by the 
 names of the heathens. It publishes 
 moreover a regular journal, the Gior- 
 nale Arcadico , which, although it was 
 a favorite object of ridicule with the 
 men of letters in other provinces, con- 
 descends to follow slowly the progress 
 of knowledge, and often furnishes for- 
 eigners with interesting information, 
 not only literary but scientific.” 
 
 Spalding. 
 
 Arch of Augustus. An old Roman 
 memorial arch in Rimini, Italy. 
 
 Arch of Constantine. One of the 
 most imposing monuments of an- 
 cient Rome, standing over the 
 Via Triumphalis. It is orna- 
 mented with bas-reliefs and me- 
 dallions illustrating the history of 
 Trajan. These were taken from 
 an arch of Trajan to decorate that 
 of Constantine, though some 
 writers have regarded the whole 
 structure of Constantine as a 
 transformed arch of Trajan. 
 The frieze and sculptures upon 
 the arch, which are of the time 
 of Constantine, show plainly the 
 decay which the art of sculpture 
 had suffered since the age of Tra- 
 jan. 
 
 “ The Arch of Constantine . . . 
 is, I think, by far the most noble of the 
 triumphal arches of Rome. Its superi- 
 ority arises partly, no doubt, from its 
 fine preservation. Its ancient magnifi- 
 cence still stands unimpaired.” 
 
 C. A. Eaton. 
 
ARC 
 
 22 
 
 ARC 
 
 Arch of Drusus. A triumphal 
 
 arch near the gate of San Sebas- 
 tiano in Rome, the oldest monu- 
 ment of this kind now in exist- 
 ence in the city. 
 
 Arch of Hadrian. This gate, on 
 the outskirts of the modern city 
 of Athens, Greece, is inscribed on 
 the side toward the Acropolis, 
 “ This is Athens, the ancient city 
 of Theseus; ” on the other side, 
 “ This is the city of Hadrian, and 
 not of Theseus.” 
 
 Arch of Janus. (Quadrifrons. ) 
 This structure, which is rather 
 inaccurately called an arch, since 
 it consists of four arches, is now 
 standing in what was once the 
 Forum Boarium, Rome. It is a 
 large square mass, each of its four 
 fronts being pierced with an arch, 
 which gives rise to the belief that 
 it was a Compitum , a kind of 
 structure which was generally 
 erected at the meeting of four 
 roads. It is supposed to have 
 been used as a shelter from the 
 sun and rain, and as an exchange 
 or place of business for those trad- 
 ing in the Forum. The date of 
 its construction is unknown, 
 though it has been usually as- 
 signed to the time of Septimius 
 Severus (146-211), and by some to 
 as late an age as that of Constan- 
 tine. 
 
 4SP “ I know few ruins more pic- 
 turesque and venerable than this. That 
 this arch is a work of imperial Rome, 
 there can be no doubt., but the date of 
 its erection is purely conjectural.” 
 
 Eaton. 
 
 Arch of Septimius Severus. 1. 
 A noted monument of ancient 
 Rome, standing at the north-west 
 angle of the Forum It was built 
 of marble, A.D. 205, in honor of 
 the emperor Septimius Severus 
 and his sons Caracal la and Geta, 
 and consists of one large and two 
 smaller arches. It is ornament- 
 ed with bas-reliefs relating to the 
 Eastern wars of the emperor, and 
 was formerly surmounted by a 
 car drawn by six horses abreast, 
 and containing statues of Sep- 
 timius Severus and his two sons. 
 The part of the inscription of the 
 
 arch relating to Geta was oblit* 
 erated after his murder by his 
 brother. 
 
 $3^ “ The heavy and clumsy style 
 of its architecture is sufficiently strik, 
 ing when viewed beside the noble 
 buildings of the Forum, in which it 
 stands. Indeed, I know few ancient 
 edifices in which the arts have been so 
 completely tortured out of their na- 
 tive graces. The whole building is 
 covered with a profusion of bas-reliefs, 
 and their deformity of design and exe- 
 cution is sufficiently evident through 
 all the injuries of time and accident. 
 . . . Though this arch is entire, the 
 sculpture has evidently suffered from 
 fire.” Eaton. 
 
 “In the later days of the Empire 
 two side arches were added for foot- 
 passengers, in addition to the carriage- 
 way in the centre. This added much 
 to the splendor of the edifice, and 
 gave a greater opportunity for sculp- 
 tural decoration than the single arch 
 afforded. The Arch of Septimius Sev- 
 erus is perhaps the best specimen of 
 the class.” Fergusson. 
 
 2. There is also a smaller Arch 
 of Septimius Severus in the Vela- 
 brum, Rome, near the church of 
 S. Giorgio in Yelabro. It was 
 erected to the emperor Severus, 
 his wife Julia, and his sons Cara- 
 calla and Geta, by the silver- 
 smiths (Argentarii; hence it is 
 also called Arcus Argentarius ) 
 and tradespeople of the Forum 
 Boarium. The dedication of this 
 arch was changed after the death 
 of Geta, as in the case of the lar- 
 ger arch described above. 
 
 Arch of Titus. The most elegant 
 triumphal arch in Rome. It 
 stands upon the summit of the 
 Via Sacra, and was erected by 
 the Roman Senate and people in 
 honor of Titus to commemorate 
 the destruction of Jerusalem. 
 As a record of Bible history it 
 is the most interesting ruin in 
 Rome, containing as it does a 
 representation in bas-relief of 
 the spoils brought from the Tem- 
 ple; among which may be recog- 
 nized the table of shew-bread, 
 the silver trumpets, and the gold- 
 en seven-branched candlestick 
 which is said to have fallen into 
 the Tiber during the flight of 
 Maxentius from the onslaught of 
 
ARC 
 
 23 
 
 ARD 
 
 Constantine. There is a close 
 resemblance between the bas- 
 reliefs on this arch representing 
 the trophies brought from Jeru- 
 salem, and the account of them 
 given by the Jewish historian Jo- 
 sephus. 
 
 “ The Arch of Titus — the most 
 ancient and perhaps the most faultless 
 of the Triumphal Arches — was the 
 work of an age when the arts, which 
 in the age of Domitian had degener- 
 ated from their ancient simplicity into 
 a style of false and meretricious orna- 
 ment, had revived in their fullest pur- 
 ity and vigor, beneath the patronage 
 of Trajan. But we now see it to great 
 disadvantage. The hand of Time has 
 robbed it of much of its ancient 
 beauty, his ‘effacing fingers’ have ob- 
 literated much of the expression and 
 grace and even outline of the bas-re- 
 liefs, the design and composition of 
 which we can yet admire.” Eaton. 
 
 “ Over the half-worn pavement, 
 and beneath this arch, the Roman 
 armies had trodden in their outward 
 march to light battles, a world’s width 
 away. Returning victorious, with 
 royal captives and inestimable spoil, a 
 Roman triumph, that most gorgeous 
 pageant of earthly pride, has streamed 
 and flaunted in hundred-fold succession 
 over these same flagstones and through 
 this yet stalwart archway.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 “ The Arch of Titus is the most 
 graceful in its form of all the Roman 
 arches. . . . The Jews to this day, it 
 is said, never pass under this arch; 
 avoiding the sight of this mournful rec- 
 ord of the downfall of their country 
 and the desecration of their religion.” 
 Hillard. 
 
 I stood beneath the Arch of Titus long; 
 On Hebrew forms there sculptured long I 
 pored ; 
 
 Titus! a loftier arch than thine hath 
 spanned 
 
 Rome and the world with empery and laAv ; 
 Thereof each stone was hewn from Israel ! 
 
 Aubrey de Vere. 
 
 Arch of Trajan. 1. A fine relic 
 of Roman times at Benevento, 
 Italy. The arch, wTiich is nearly 
 perfect, is now called the Porta 
 Aurea. 
 
 2. An old Roman triumphal 
 arch in Ancona, Italy. 
 
 Archery Guild. [Dutch, het Doc - 
 lensliick.] A celebrated picture 
 by Bartholomew van der Heist 
 (1613-1670), the Dutch painter) 
 
 It is now in the Amsterdam Gal- 
 lery. There is a replica of the 
 same now in the Louvre in Paris. 
 
 Archimedes, The. The first ves- 
 sel propelled by a screw. She 
 was built by the English Admi- 
 ralty in 1838, and made her first 
 trip in 1839. 
 
 Arctic, The. A vessel of the Col- 
 lins line of transatlantic steam- 
 ers which sank in 1854, with a 
 loss of many lives, in conse- 
 quence of a collision with the 
 Vesta. 
 
 J fKIT* “ In that mysterious shroud, that 
 vast atmosphere of mist, both steam- 
 ers were holding their way with rush- 
 ing prow and roaring wheels, but in- 
 visible. At a league’s distance, uncon- 
 scious, and at nearer approach, un- 
 warned; within hail, and bearing right 
 towards each other, unseen, unfelt, till 
 in a moment more, emerging from the 
 gray mists, the ill-omened Vesta dealt 
 her deadly stroke to the Arctic. . . . 
 In a wild scramble that ignoble mob of 
 firemen, engineers, waiters, and crew, 
 rushed for the boats, and abandoned 
 the helpless women, children, and men, 
 to the mercy of the deep ! Four hours 
 there were from the catastrophe of col- 
 lision to the catastrophe of sinking! ” 
 II. W. Beecher. 
 
 Ardennes. [Written also poetic- 
 al Arden.] An ancient forest 
 of vast extent in Belgium and the 
 North of France, of which but 
 little remains at the present time. 
 The Forest of Arden is familiar 
 to readers of “ As You Like It.” 
 There was an ancient forest 
 named Arden in the central part 
 of England, which has now 
 entirely disappeared. Shake- 
 speare’s “Arden” is by some 
 identified with the English for- 
 est. 
 
 4Qy=*“The wood of Soignies is sup- 
 posed to be a remnant of the forest of 
 Ardennes, famous in Boiardo’s Orlan- 
 do, and immortal in Shakespeare’s ‘ As 
 You Like It.’ It is also celebrated in 
 Tacitus as being the spot of successful 
 defence by the Germans against the 
 Roman encroachments.” Byron. 
 
 Oh. Where will the old Duke live ? 
 
 Cha. They say he is already in the 
 Forest of Arden, and a many merry men 
 with him; and there they live like the old 
 Robin Hood of England. Shakespeare. 
 
ABD 
 
 24 
 
 ABE 
 
 And Ardennes waves above them her 
 green leaves, 
 
 Dewy with nature’s tear-drops as they 
 pass. Byron. 
 
 That motley clown in Arden wood, 
 
 W hom h timorous J aques with envy viewed, 
 Not even that clown could amplify 
 On this trite text so long as I. Scott. 
 The forest-walks of Arden's fair domain, 
 Where Jaques fed his solitary vein, 
 
 No pencil’s aid as yet had dared supply, 
 Seen only by the intellectual eye. 
 
 Charles Lamb. 
 
 Ardfert Abbey. An interesting 
 and picturesque monastic ruin in 
 the county of Kerry, Ireland, 
 near Tralee, of high antiquity. 
 
 Ardtornish Castle. An ancient 
 ruined castle of the fourteenth 
 century, in the island of Mull, 
 formerly a place of great conse- 
 quence as a stronghold, and as 
 the headquarters of the “ Lords 
 of the Isles.” Its situation, on a 
 low basaltic promontory over- 
 looking the sea, is very pictur- 
 esque. [Written also Artornish 
 and Ardtonish.] 
 
 Ardtornish on her frowning steep, 
 
 ’i wixt cloud and ocean hung. Scott. 
 Wake, Maid of Lorn ! the minstrels sung. 
 Thy rugged halls, Artornish, rung; 
 
 And the dark seas tliy towers that lave, 
 Heaved on the beach a softer wave. Ibid. 
 
 Arena, The [of Arles]. A Ro- 
 man ruin in the city of Arles, 
 France. This amphitheatre is 
 thought to have surpassed in the 
 days of its splendor that at 
 Nimes. 
 
 There, the huge Coliseum's tawny brick. 
 The twin arcs hand in hand. Hut there is 
 one 
 
 In mine own country I saw clearer yet. 
 Thou art the Arlts arena in my eyes. 
 Great ruin ! Aubantl , Trans. 
 
 Arena, The [of Nimes]. A re- 
 markable Roman ruin at Nimes, 
 in Southern France. The amphi- 
 theatre is 437 feet long, 332 feet 
 broad, and 72 feet high, and is 
 one of the finest remains of the 
 kind in existence. 
 
 jgggp “ Rousseau, in the last century, 
 complained of the neglected state in 
 which the arenas of Nimes were allowed 
 to lie. . . . Not till the year 1810 was an 
 act passed for the clearing of this great 
 amphitheatre, and now there is no ob- 
 struction to the view. Situated in the 
 middle of the town, and not far from 
 the ancient wall, the arenas [Fr. Les 
 Arenes ] of Nimes have long been fa- 
 
 mous for their size and preservation. 
 They are supposed to be contempora- 
 neous with the Coliseum. . . . The inte- 
 rior presents only a picturesque mass of 
 ruins, but the principal parts may even 
 yet be easily distinguished.” 
 
 Le Fcvre , Trans. Donald. 
 
 J&mt* “ If the arena of Arles is better 
 preserved in the interior, the wall of that 
 of Nimes is more intact, and its crown 
 has not suffered so much. . . . Taken to- 
 gether these two amphitheatres furnish 
 almost complete details of the construc- 
 tion of these buildings, the purpose of 
 which, and their gigantic proportions, 
 argue a state of things so different from 
 our own.” Merimee. 
 
 Arena, The [of Verona]. A cel- 
 ebrated Roman ruin in Verona, 
 Italy, being an amphitheatre of 
 the age probably of Diocletian, 
 and in a remarkable state of pres- 
 ervation. It is still used for the- 
 atrical purposes. 
 
 “In the midst of Verona is the 
 great Roman amphitheatre. So well 
 preserved, and carefully maintained, 
 that every row of seats is there, unbrok- 
 en. Over certain of the arches the old 
 Roman numerals may yet be seen; and 
 there are corridors, and staircases, and 
 subterranean passages for beasts, and 
 winding ways above ground and below, 
 as when the fierce thousands hurried in 
 and out, intent upon the bloody shows 
 of the arena.” Dickens. 
 
 “ The amphitheatre is interesting 
 from the excellent preservation in which 
 the interior still continues. . . . We see 
 here that root of utility out of which 
 the flower architecture springs. The 
 idea of an amphitheatre is simply that of 
 a building in which he who is the most 
 distant, in a horizontal line, shall have 
 the highest place. This is the way in 
 which a crowd, on any occasion of in- 
 terest, dispose themselves. The amphi- 
 theatre is still used for public exhibi- 
 tions. I could not help thinking what 
 a capital place it would be for a politi- 
 cal caucus or a mass-meeting. It will 
 hold twenty-two thousand spectators.” 
 Hillard. 
 
 jggp* “ The arena of this amphitheatre 
 [at Verona] is very nearly perfect, ow- 
 ing to the care taken of it during the 
 Middle Ages, when it was often used 
 for tournaments and other spectacles. 
 Its dimensions are 502 feet by 401, and 
 98 feet high, in three stories, beautifully 
 proportioned.” Fergus son. 
 
 4GtP “ This edifice seen from above 
 looks like an extinct crater. If one de- 
 sires to build for eternity it must be in 
 this fashion.” Tame, Tran *. 
 
ARE 
 
 25 
 
 ARL 
 
 Arena Chapel. A celebrated chap- 
 el in Padua, Italy, noted for the 
 line fresco decorations of Giotto 
 (1276-1336), with which its walls 
 are covered. 
 
 Areopagus. [Hill *of Mars.] A 
 hill in Athens, Greece, on the 
 north-east side of the Agora, and 
 between the Pnyx and the Acrop- 
 olis. 
 
 j “ Above the steps [by which 
 the hill is ascended], oil the rocky pave- 
 ment of the hill, are the stone seats on 
 which the court of the Areopagus sits. 
 In this spot, distinguished by rude sim- 
 plicity, is assembled the council by 
 whose predecessors heroes and deities 
 are said to have been judged, and whose 
 authority commands respect and en- 
 forces obedience when other means 
 fail, and whose wisdom has saved their 
 country in times of difficulty and dan- 
 ger, when there appeared to be no long- 
 er any opportunity for deliberation.” 
 
 C. Wordsworth. 
 
 Then Paul stood in the midst of Mars' 
 Hill . and said. Ye men of Athens, 1 per- 
 ceive that in all things ye are too supersti- 
 tious. Acts xv it. 22. 
 
 Pallas in figures wrought the heavenly 
 powers, 
 
 And Mars's Hill among the Athenian 
 towers. Ovid , Trans. 
 
 Arethusa, Fountain of. See Foun- 
 tain of Arethusa. 
 
 Argus, The. A noted vessel of 
 the United States Navy, built at 
 Washington, and in service in the 
 war of 1812. She was captured 
 by the English Pelican, Aug. 14, 
 1813. 
 
 Argyll House. A mansion in Ar- 
 gyll Street, London, formerly the 
 residence of the Duke of Argyll, 
 taken down in 1862. 
 
 Or hail at once the patron and the pile 
 Of vice and folly, Greville and Argyle ! 
 Where von proud palace, Fashion’s hal- 
 low’d fane. 
 
 Spreads wide her portals for the motley 
 train, 
 
 Behold the new Pctronius of the day, 
 our arbiter of pleasure and of play !. 
 
 Byron . 
 
 Argyll Rooms. Formerly a fash- 
 ionable place of entertainment in 
 London, where balls, concerts, 
 etc., were held. The buildings 
 were burnt down in 1830. 
 
 While walking through the niuhfly 
 procession of the Haymarket, I thought 
 about the Argyll Rooms , a sort of pleas- 
 ure casino which 1 had visited the night 
 before. Taine , Trans. 
 
 Ariadne. A famous Greek statue, 
 representing Ariadne sleeping. 
 It was at one time thought to be 
 a figure of Cleopatra. In the 
 Gallery of Statues in the Vatican, 
 Rome. 
 
 “ The effect of sleep, so remark- 
 able in this statue, and which could 
 not have been rendered by merely clos- 
 ing the lids over the eyes, is produced 
 by giving positive form to the eyelashes, 
 a distinct ridge being raised at right 
 angles to the surface of the lids.” 
 
 Shakspere Wood. 
 
 4Sg=* “ One of the Anest works of 
 antiquity . . . especiady admirable for 
 the drapery, which hangs in the most 
 natural folds, revealing the fine outline 
 of the limbs which it veils, but man- 
 aged with great refinement.” 
 
 G. S. Hillard. 
 
 Ariadne. A well-known and much 
 admired group of statuary, repre- 
 senting Ariadne on a panther, by 
 Johann Heinrich Dannecker 
 (1758-1841). In the Ariadneum, 
 or Museum of Bethmann, in 
 Frankfort-on-tlie-Main. 
 
 Ariadne. See Bacchus and Ari- 
 adne. 
 
 Ariosto’s House. The house of 
 the poet (1474-1533) is still stand- 
 ing in the Via dei Ariostei, Fer- 
 rara, Italy. 
 
 Arkansas, The. A monster armor- 
 plated “ ram ” of the Confederate 
 Navy, in the war of the Rebellion. 
 Her mission was to “ drive the 
 Yankees from New Orleans.” 
 For that purpose she went down 
 the river; but encountering the 
 three Union gunboats, the Essex, 
 Cayuga, and Sumter, she was 
 driven ashore and set on fire. 
 
 Arkhangelsk! Sabor. See St 
 
 Michael’s. 
 
 Arles Amphitheatre [or Arena]. 
 
 See Arena. 
 
 Arlington House. A noted man- 
 sion on the heights opposite 
 Washington, D.C., overlooking 
 the Potomac. It was once the 
 property of Gen. Washington, 
 who left, it to his adopted son, 
 George Washington Parke Custis, 
 from whom it descended to Rob- 
 ert E. Lee, the General of the 
 
ARM 
 
 26 
 
 ARR 
 
 Confederate Army. During the 
 war of the Rebellion the estate 
 was a camp-ground for the Fed- 
 eral troops, and the house was 
 occupied as a headquarters. In 
 18G3 the place was sold, and came 
 into the possession of the United 
 States. 
 
 Armada, The Spanish. This 
 famous naval armament, or expe- 
 dition, known as the Invincible 
 Armada , was collected by Philip 
 II. of Spain, and by him sent 
 against England in 1588. The 
 Armada, consisting of 130 ships, 
 about 2,500 great guns, nearly 
 
 5.000 quintals of powder, about 
 
 20.000 soldiers, besides volunteers, 
 and more than 8,000 sailors, 
 arrived in the Channel on the 
 19th of July, and in the first en- 
 gagement was defeated by the 
 English fleet, which was com- 
 manded by Howard, Drake, 
 Frobisher, and others. Several 
 of the Spanish vessels were cap- 
 tured, and others destroyed. 
 Afterwards fire-ships were sent 
 into the Spanish fleet, which 
 caused so much alarm that the 
 Armada put to sea in disorder, 
 closely pursued by the English 
 fleet, which attacked it so vigor- 
 ously and kept up so persistent 
 an engagement that the immense 
 armament was fairly routed. A 
 number of the Spanish ships were 
 destroyed, many were injured, a 
 large number of men were killed; 
 and the Spanish commanders 
 received such a fright that they 
 did not dare return home the way 
 they had come, but resolved to 
 sail through the North Sea and 
 round Scotland to avoid risking 
 another engagement. In this 
 passage they suffered from storms 
 and disasters, many of the vessels 
 were wrecked, and of the whole 
 fleet but 53 shattered vessels and 
 a little more than one-third of the 
 army reached Spain. The attack 
 of the Armada cost the English 
 only one ship* 
 
 4®" “ There was never any thing 
 that pleased me better than seeing the 
 enemy flying with a southerly wind to 
 the northward.” Drake . 
 
 Armadale Castle. The seat of 
 Lord Macdonald in the island of 
 Sk} T e, one of the Hebrides. 
 
 Armenian Convent [in Jerusa- 
 lem]. This conventual establish- 
 ment, which is the most aristo- 
 cratic in Syria, was formerly the 
 property of the Georgians, by 
 whom it was founded in the elev- 
 enth century. The convent has 
 accommodations for three thou- 
 sand pilgrims. Here are reputed 
 to be the tomb of St. James, the 
 stone which closed the Holy Sep- 
 ulchre, the spot where Peter de- 
 nied the Saviour, and the court 
 where the cock crew. It con- 
 tains a very gorgeous chapel. 
 The Armenian Patriarchs of Jeru- 
 salem are buried here. 
 
 Armourers’ Hall. The building 
 of the Armourers’ Company, one 
 of the old city companies of Lon- 
 don. In Coleman Street. 
 
 Armoury. See Horse Armoury. 
 
 Army and Navy Club. A house 
 opposite the War Office, in Pall 
 Mall, London, opened in 1851, is 
 occupied bythis well-known club. 
 It is a superb edifice, and, includ- 
 ing the land, cost not far from 
 £i00,000. In 1837, Sir Edward 
 Barnes and others originated the 
 idea of founding a military club; 
 and the Duke of Wellington be- 
 came a patron, under the stipula- 
 tion that the navy and marines 
 should be included in the scheme 
 of the club. 
 
 Arnolfini, Jean. See Jean Arn- 
 
 OLFINT. 
 
 Arnstein Abbey. An ancient 
 ruined monastery with a church 
 still preserved of the fourteenth 
 century, near Dietz, in Germany. 
 
 Arques Castle. A ruined fortress 
 a few miles from Dieppe, France. 
 It was an important stronghold 
 in the Middle Ages. Under its 
 walls Henri IV. gained a great 
 victory over the army of the 
 League. 
 
 Arrotino, L’. [The Slave sharp- 
 ening his Knife.] An ancient 
 statue, now in the Uffizi Palace, 
 Florence. The figure is repre- 
 
ARS 
 
 27 
 
 ARU 
 
 sented as suspending his employ- 
 ment, and looking up as if to 
 listen to something that is said to 
 him. [Often called the Knife- 
 Grinder.'] 
 
 “ I found in the figure of the 
 Knife-Grinder quite a new revelation 
 of the power of art. As is well known, 
 this statue is an enigma, to which no 
 satisfactory solution has ever been of- 
 fered. Indeed, whether he is whetting 
 his knife seems somewhat doubtful. 
 But as to its power there can be no 
 doubt. The figure is unideal, and the 
 face and head coarse; but every line 
 glows with the fire of truth. ... It 
 seemed to me that a single look at this 
 figure had given me a new insight into 
 Roman life and manners, as if one of 
 Terence’s characters had been turned 
 into marble for my benefit.” Hillard. 
 
 To be made a living statue of, — noth- 
 ing to do but strike an attitude. Arm up 
 — so — like the one in the Garden. John of 
 Bologna's Mercury — thus — on one foot. 
 Needy knife-grinder in the Tribune at 
 Florence. No, not “needy,” come to 
 think of it. Holmes. 
 
 Arsenal of Venice. This interest- 
 ing structure is a work of the 
 fourteenth century, of great ex- 
 tent, and containing many memo- 
 rials of the early power and naval 
 supremacy of Venice. 
 
 4®=*“ No reader of Dante will fail 
 to pay a visit to the Arsenal, from 
 which, in order to illustrate the terrors 
 of his ‘ Inferno,’ the great poet drew 
 one of those striking and picturesque 
 images, characteristic alike of the bold- 
 ness and the power of his genius. 
 Besides, it is the most characteristic 
 and impressive spot in Venice. The 
 Ducal Palace and St. Mark’s are sym- 
 bols of pride and pomp, but the 
 strength of Venice resided here. . . '. 
 Here was the index-hand which marked 
 the culmination and decline of her 
 greatness.” Hillard. 
 
 As in the Arsenal of the Venetians 
 Boils in the winter the tenacious pitch 
 To smear their unsound vessels o’er again. 
 
 Dante , Longfellow's Trans. 
 
 Arsenal. See Bibliotheque de 
 l’Arsenal. 
 
 Arthur’s Club. This club in Lon- 
 don, referred to by Lady Hervey 
 as “ the resort of old and young ” 
 in 1756, is so called from Mr. Ar- 
 thur, the proprietor of White’s 
 Chocolate House, who died in 
 1761. The club-house in St. 
 James’s Street was built in 1811, 
 and reconstructed in 1825. 
 
 Arthur’s Palace. See King Ar*. 
 thur’s Palace. 
 
 Arthur’s Round Table. See 
 Round Table and King Ar- 
 thur’s Round Table. 
 
 Arthur’s Seat. An eminence in 
 Edinburgh, Scotland, 820 feet in 
 height, the most conspicuous fea- 
 ture in the view of the city. It 
 derives its name from Prince 
 Arthur. 
 
 4®*“ Arthur’s Seat, a huge double- 
 headed hill, presenting, from some di- 
 rections, peculiar resemblance to a 
 recumbent lion.” J. F. Ifunnewell. 
 
 Whose muse, whose cornemuse sounds 
 with such plaintive music from Arthur's 
 Seat , while . - . the mermaids come flap- 
 ping up to Leith shore to hear the exqui- 
 site music? Thackeray. 
 
 Why do the injured unresisting yield 
 The calm possession of their native field? 
 Why tamely thus before their fangs re- 
 treat, 
 
 Nor hunt the bloodhounds back to Ar- 
 thur's Seat ? Byron. 
 
 Traced like a map the landscape lies, 
 
 In cultured beauty stretching wide; 
 
 There ocean with its azure tide; 
 
 There Arthur's Seat. D. M. Moir. 
 
 Artist and the Easel. A picture 
 by Adrian van Ostade (1610-1683), 
 the Dutch genre- painter, and con- 
 sidered one of his chief works. 
 In the Dresden Gallery. 
 
 Artornish Castle. See Ardtorn- 
 ish Castle. 
 
 Arundel Castle. An ancient baro- 
 nial mansion, the property of the 
 Duke of Norfolk, situated on the 
 River Arun, in Sussex, England. 
 There are references to it as early 
 as the time of King Alfred. The 
 castle stands upon a knoll over- 
 looking the sea. Of the original 
 structure, the gateway, part of 
 the walls, and the keep are still 
 standing. The latter, which is 
 covered with ivy, is a stone tower 
 of a circular form, 68 feet in diam- 
 eter, and Is one of the most inter- 
 esting feudal remains in England. 
 The castle was mainly in ruins 
 till 1815, when it was restored by 
 the owner at great expense. The 
 buildings and grounds are mag- 
 nificent. 
 
 Arundel House. A celebrated 
 mansion which formerly stood 
 in the Strand, London, and was 
 
ARU 
 
 28 
 
 ASS 
 
 taken down in 1678. It was here 
 that the celebrated collection 
 known as the Arundelian Mar- 
 bles was gathered. See Arun- 
 delian Marbles. 
 
 Arundel Library. A well-known 
 collection now merged in the li- 
 brary of the British Museum, to 
 which it was added in 1831. 
 
 Arundelian Marbles. A celebrated 
 collection of ancient Greek stat- 
 ues and monuments, brought to 
 England in 1627 from the island 
 of Paros, and purchased by the 
 Earl of Arundel. After the Res- 
 toration in 1660, they were pre- 
 sented by the grandson of the 
 Earl to the University of Oxford. 
 [Called also Oxford Marbles •] 
 
 How a thing grows in the human Mem- 
 ory, in ihe human Imagination, when 
 love, worship, and all that lies in the hu- 
 man Heart, is there to encourage it. And 
 in the darkness, in the enure ignorance, 
 without date or document, no book, no 
 Arundel-marble ; only here and there some 
 dumb monumental cairn. Carlyle. 
 
 Ascension, Convent of the. A 
 convent on the summit of Mount 
 Olivet, near Jerusalem. 
 
 Ascension of Christ. [Ital. V As- 
 
 censione , Fr. IS Ascension, Ger. 
 Die Himmelfahrt .] A favorite 
 subject of representation by the 
 early painters. The following 
 may be mentioned as among the 
 more celebrated and familiar ex- 
 amples. 
 
 Ascension, The. A picture by 
 Giotto di Bordone (1276-1336). In 
 the Chapel of the Arena at Padua, 
 Italy. 
 
 Ascension, The. A grand altar- 
 picture by Pietro Perugino (1446- 
 1524), originally painted for the 
 church of S. Pietro Maggiore, at 
 Perugia, Italy, and afterwards 
 presented by Pope Pius VII. to 
 the city of Lyons, France, and 
 now preserved in the museum of 
 that city. 
 
 Ascension, The. A picture by 
 Antonio Allegri, surnamed Cor- 
 reggio (1494-1534). In the church 
 of S. Giovanni, Parma, Italy. 
 
 Ashburnham House. A mansion 
 in London, so named because 
 formerly the residence of Lord 
 
 Ashburnham. It was built by 
 Inigo Jones. 
 
 Asher Place. See Esher Place. 
 
 Ashmolean Museum. A building 
 connected with the University of 
 Oxford, England, built by Sir 
 Christopher Wren in 1682, to con- 
 tain the collections of Ashmole, 
 the antiquary. 
 
 Asinelli, Torre degli. See Torre 
 degli Asinelli. 
 
 Assistance, The. An Arctic ex- 
 ploring vessel which sailed under 
 Commander Austin, in 1850. 
 
 Assumption, The. [Ital. L'As- 
 sunzione, Fr. IS Assomption, Ger. 
 Maria Himmelfahrt .] A very 
 
 common and favorite subject of 
 representation by the early paint- 
 ers, in which is portrayed the 
 exaltation of the Virgin Mary. 
 Of the great number of pictures 
 called by this name, the follow- 
 ing may be mentioned as among 
 the more celebrated and familiar. 
 
 Assumption, The. A picture by 
 Pietro Perugino (1446-1524). In 
 the Academy at Florence, Italy. 
 
 Assumption, The. A celebrated 
 picture by Albert Diirer (1471- 
 1528), the German painter and 
 engraver. The sum of 10,000 flor- 
 ins was paid for this picture by 
 Maximilian, the Elector of Bava- 
 ria; but it was destroyed by fire 
 at Munich in 1674. A copy of it 
 by Paul Juvenel of Nuremberg 
 is still preserved in the Stahlhof 
 at Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
 
 Assumption, The. A noted pic- 
 ture by Guido Beni (1575-1642), 
 now in the Gallery of Munich, 
 Bavaria. 
 
 4®=* “ The fine large Assumption in 
 the Munich Gallery may be regarded 
 as the best example of Guido’s manner 
 of treating this theme.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Assumption, The. A picture 
 bearing this title by Guido Reni 
 (1575-1642) in the National Gal- 
 lery, London, is, according to the 
 best authorities, an Immaculate 
 Conception. 
 
 Assumption, The. A large altar- 
 piece by Domenico di Bartolo 
 (fl. 1440). Now in the Gallery of 
 Berlin, Prussia. 
 
ASS 
 
 29 
 
 AST 
 
 “ This is one of the most remark- 
 able and important pictures of the Siena 
 school.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Assumption , The. A picture 
 by Fra Bartolommeo (1477-1517), 
 the Italian painter. is now in 
 the Museum at Naples, Italy. 
 There is another upon the same 
 subject by this master in the 
 Museum at Naples, and another 
 at Besan^on, France. 
 
 Assumption , The . A picture by 
 Antonio Allegri, called Correggio 
 (1494-1534). In the cupola of the 
 Duomo at Parma, Italy. 
 
 jgtjT* “ One glow of heavenly rapture 
 is diffused overall ; but the scene is vast, 
 confused, almost tumultuous.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Assumption , The. A celebrated 
 picture by Titian (1477-1576), and 
 regarded as his masterpiece, now 
 in the Accademia delle Belle Arti 
 in Venice, Italy, to which it was 
 removed from the church of S. 
 Maria Gloriosa de’ Frari. It is one 
 of the best examples of the work 
 of this renowned master of color- 
 ing. 
 
 “ The injury and neglect this 
 marvellous picture had suffered in the 
 keeping of the Roman Church protected 
 it from the rapacity of the French. The 
 lower part was literally burnt with 
 candles, and the whole so blackened 
 with smoke, that the French commis- 
 sioners did not think it worth the trans- 
 port to Paris. It continued in this 
 state till 1815, when, all danger being 
 over, Count Cicognara drew attention 
 to Titian’s masterpiece, which was then 
 cleaned and restored. ” 
 
 Eastlake , Handbook of Painting, Note. 
 
 4®= “ And Titian’s angels impress 
 me m a similar manner. 1 mean those 
 in the glorious Assumption at Venice, 
 with their childish forms and features, 
 but with an expression caught from 
 beholding the face of ‘our Father that 
 is in heaven:’ it is glorified infancy. 
 I remember standing before this pic- 
 ture, contemplating those lovely spirits 
 one after another, until a thrill came 
 over me like that which 1 felt when 
 Mendelssohn played the organ, and 1 
 became music while I listened.” 
 
 Airs. Jameson. 
 
 Assumption , The. A celebrated 
 picture by Peter Paul Rubens 
 (1577-1640). Of a number of com- 
 positions upon this subject by 
 Rubens, the most famous and 
 
 splendid is that in the Museum 
 at Brussels, Belgium. 
 
 Astankina. A summer palace and 
 park in the immediate neighbor- 
 hood of Moscow, Russia, belong- 
 ing to the noble family of Chere- 
 metieff. The grounds are laid 
 out after the manner of Ver- 
 sailles. 
 
 “ Here was the scene of one of 
 those gigantic pieces of flattery by 
 which the courtiers of Catherine II. 
 sought to keep or win her favor. Dur- 
 ing a visit of that empress to Astankina, 
 she remarked to the proprietor, * Were 
 it not for the forest, you would be able 
 to see Moscow.’ The latter immedi- 
 ately set some thousands of serfs to 
 work, and in a few days afterward 
 prevailed upon the empress to pay him 
 another visit. * Your majesty,’ he said, 
 ‘ regretted that the forest should shut 
 out my view of Moscow. It shall do 
 so no longer.’ He thereupon waved 
 his hand, and there was a movement 
 among the trees. They rocked back- 
 ward and forward a moment, tottered, 
 and fell crashing together, breaking a 
 wide avenue through the forest, at the 
 end of which glittered m the distance 
 the golden domes of the city.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Astley’s. A well-known place 
 of entertainment, Westminster 
 Bridge Road, London, so called 
 from Philip Astley, the builder 
 of nineteen theatres. It was 
 originally built for equestrian 
 exhibitions. The present thea- 
 tre, which is the fourth erected 
 upon this site, has been remod- 
 elled for performances of the reg- 
 ular drama. 
 
 4®* “ There is no place which recalls 
 so strongly our recollections of child- 
 hood as Astley’s. It was not a ‘ Royal 
 Amphitheatre ’ in those days, nor had 
 Ducrow arisen to shed the light of class- 
 ic taste and portable gas over the saw- 
 dust of the circus; but the whole char- 
 acter of the place was the same, the 
 pieces were the same, the clown’s jokes 
 were the same, the riding-masters were 
 equally grand, the comic performers 
 equally witty, the tragedians equally 
 hoarse, and the ‘ highly -trained char- 
 gers ’ equally spirited. Astley’s has al- 
 tered for the better — we have changed 
 for the worse.” Dickens. 
 
 lie L Canning] came, but said he hated 
 the whole thing; that he had come only 
 because he had given his word; and then, 
 turning suddenly on the Secretary, ” Now 
 
AST 
 
 30 
 
 ATH 
 
 if you will let me off from this business 
 to-night, 1 will treat you to Astley's." 
 
 George Ticknor . 
 
 We have four horses and one postilion, 
 who has a very long whip, and drives his 
 team something like the Courier of St. 
 Petersburg in the circle at Astley's or 
 Franconi's. Dickens. 
 
 Base Buonaparte, filled with deadly ire, 
 Sets, one by one, our playhouses on tire. 
 Some years ago he pounced with deadly 
 glee on 
 
 The Opera House, then burnt down the 
 Pantheon; 
 
 Thy hatch, 0 Halfpenny ! passed in a 
 trice, 
 
 Boiled some black pitch, and burnt down 
 Astley's twice. Rejected Addresses. 
 
 Astor Library. A library in New 
 York City, containing more than 
 100,000 volumes, so named after 
 John Jacob Astor (17G3-1848), by 
 whom it was endowed with $400,- 
 000 . 
 
 Astrologer, The. A picture by 
 Giorgio Barbarelli, commonly 
 called Giorgione (1477-1511), in 
 the Manfrin palace, Venice, 
 Italy. 
 
 Astrologers, The. See Geome- 
 tricians, The. 
 
 Athassel Priory. A beautiful 
 ruined priory of the thirteenth 
 century, in Tipperary County, 
 Ireland. 
 
 Athenaeum. In ancient Athens a 
 temple or gymnasium sacred to 
 Minerva, where philosophers, 
 poets, and rhetoricians were ac- 
 customed to recite their works. 
 Hence applied in later times to 
 an association or a building de- 
 voted to purposes of literature 
 or art. 
 
 Athenaeum. A noted club-house 
 and club situated in Pall Mall, 
 London, belonging to an associa- 
 tion instituted in 1823, and com- 
 posed of individuals distinguished 
 for their literary or scientific at- 
 tainments, or as patrons of sci- 
 ence, literature, and art. The 
 club-house was built in 1829. 
 The Athenaeum has the best club 
 library in London. 
 
 “ The only club I belong to is 
 the Athenaeum, which consists of 1,200 
 members, among whom are to be reck- 
 oned a large proportion of the most 
 eminent persons in the land, in every 
 line — civil, military, and ecclesiastical, 
 
 peers spiritual and temporal (95 noble- 
 men and 12 bishops), commoners, men 
 of the learned professions, those con- 
 nected with science, the arts, and com- 
 merce in all its principal branches, as 
 well as the distinguished who do not 
 belong to any particular class. Many 
 of these are to be met with every day, 
 living with the same freedom as in 
 their own, houses. For six guineas a 
 year every member has the command 
 of an excellent library, with maps, of 
 the daily papers, English and foreign, 
 the principal periodicals, and every 
 material for writing, with attendance 
 for whatever is wanted. The building 
 is a sort of palace, and is kept with the 
 same exactness and comfort as a pri- 
 vate dwelling. Every member is a 
 master, without any of the trouble of a 
 master. He can come when he pleases, 
 and stay away as long as he pleases, 
 without anything going wrong. He 
 has the command of regular servants, 
 without having to pay or to manage 
 them. He can have whatever meal or 
 refreshment he wants, at all hours, 
 and served up with the cleanliness and 
 comfort of his own house. He orders 
 just what he pleases, having no interest 
 to think of but his own. In short, it 
 is impossible to suppose a greater de- 
 gree of liberty in living.” 
 
 Walker's Original. 
 
 “ Ninety-nine hundredths of this 
 club are people who rather seek to ob- 
 tain a sort of standing by belonging to 
 the Athenaeum, than to give it lustre 
 by the talent of its members. Nine- 
 tenths of the intellectual writers of the 
 age would be certainly black-balled by 
 the dunces. Notwithstanding all this, 
 and partly on account of this, the 
 Athseneum is a capital club.” 
 
 Alew Quarterly Review. 
 
 His [M. Guizot's] name was immedi- 
 ately proposed as an honorary member 
 of the Athenaeum. M. Guizot was black- 
 palled. Certainly, they knew the dis- 
 tinction of his name. But the English- 
 man is not fickle. He had really made 
 up his mind, now for years as lie read his 
 newspaper, to hate and despise M. Gui- 
 zot; and the altered position of the man 
 as an illustrious exile, and a gucA. in the 
 country, make no difference to him, as 
 they would instantly to an American. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 Every day after leaving the Athenaeum. 
 I go and sit for an hour in St. James s 
 Park. Taine , Trans. 
 
 The broad steps of the Athenaeum are 
 as yet unthronged by the shuffling feet of 
 the literati whose morning is longer and 
 more secluded than that of idler men, but 
 who will be seen in swarms, at four, en- 
 tering that superb edifice in company 
 with the employes and politicians who 
 affect their society. N. P. Willis . 
 
ATH 
 
 31 
 
 AUB 
 
 Athenaeum. A building on Beacon 
 Street, Boston, belonging to the 
 Athenaeum corporation, and con- 
 taining a librarj r of more than 115,- 
 000 volumes, and until recently a 
 good collection of paintings and 
 statuary. A great part of the 
 works of art formerly in the 
 Athenaeum are now in the Muse- 
 um of Fine Arts, in Boston. It 
 contains also the library of the 
 American Academy of Arts and 
 Sciences. 
 
 Athenaeum. A building in Balti- 
 more, Md., containing several 
 libraries, a picture-gallery, read- 
 ing-room, and museum of curios- 
 ities 
 
 Athenaeum. A very common name 
 applied to numerous associations 
 and buildings devoted to purposes 
 connected with literature or art. 
 See supra. 
 
 Athens, School of. See School 
 of Athens. 
 
 Athlone Castle. This castle at 
 Athlone, Ireland, has been prom- 
 inent in the military history of 
 the island. It underwent a long 
 siege in the reign of James II., 
 and was at last taken by the 
 English. 
 
 Atlanta, The. A powerful Con- 
 federate ram in the Civil War of 
 1861-65. She was under the com- 
 mand of Capt. Webb, formerly 
 of the United States Navy. She 
 was captured by the United States 
 vessel-of-war Weehawken. 
 
 4®°“ The Atlanta was in the Wil- 
 mington River. It was the pleasant 
 month of June. She went down to 
 meet the two monitors \iheWeehawken 
 and the Nahant ], accompanied by gun- 
 boats crowded with citizens of Savan- 
 nah, who went to see the fight and 
 enjoy the victory. When her intended 
 victims appeared in sight, Webb assured 
 his ‘ audience ’ that the monitors would 
 be * in tow of the Atlanta before break- 
 fast.’ As she pushed swiftly toward 
 the Weehawken , Capt. Rodgers sent a 
 solid shot that carried away the top 
 of the Atlanta's pilot-house and sent 
 her aground. Fifteen minutes after- 
 wards she was a prisoner to the Wee- 
 hawken. ‘ Providence, for some good 
 reason,’ said the astonished Webb pa- 
 thetically to his crew, ‘ has interfered 
 with our plans.’ ” Lossing. 
 
 Atlas. A noted statue represent- 
 ing Atlas sustaining a globe. 
 This figure is of value as exhibit- 
 ing the ancient ideas of astron- 
 omy. Now in the Museum at 
 Naples, Italy. 
 
 Attila. A fresco by Raphael San- 
 zio (1483-1520) in the Stanza of 
 the Heliodorus, in the Vatican, 
 Rome. 
 
 J&Sf “ Raphael’s fresco styled ‘ the 
 Attila’ is rather historically than reli. 
 giously treated : it is, in fact, an histori- 
 cal picture.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Auburn. A place celebrated in 
 Goldsmith’s poem of “The De- 
 serted Village.” The situation 
 of this village has been much in 
 doubt ; but it is now generally 
 supposed to be the same as Lis- 
 soy, or Lishoy, in the county of 
 Westmeath, near Athlone, Ire- 
 land. There is a village named 
 Auburn (sometimes spelt Al- 
 bourne) in Wiltshire, near Marl- 
 borough, which has by some 
 been identified, but without any 
 apparent reason, with the scene 
 of the poem. 
 
 4®^ “ The village of Lissoy, now 
 and for nearly a century known as Au- 
 burn, and so ‘ marked on the maps,’ 
 stands on the summit of a hill. . . . 
 The circumstances under which he 
 [Goldsmith] pictured ‘Sweet Auburn’ 
 as a deserted village, remain in al- 
 most total obscurity. If his picture 
 was in any degree drawn from facts, 
 they were in all likelihood as slender 
 as the materials which furnished his 
 description of the place, surrounded by 
 all the charms which poetry can derive 
 from invention. . . . The poem bears 
 ample evidence, that, although some of 
 the scenes depicted there had been 
 stamped upon his memory, . . . the 
 story must either be assigned to some 
 other locality, or traced entirely to the 
 creative faculty of the poet.” 
 
 Mr. and 3frs. Hall. 
 
 4®" “ The village in its happy days 
 is a true English village. The village 
 in its decay is an Irish village. The 
 felicity and the misery which Gold- 
 smith has brought close together be- 
 long to two different countries and to 
 two different stages in the progress oi 
 society. He had assuredly never seen 
 in his native island such a rural para- 
 dise, such a seat of plenty, content, and 
 tranquillity, as his Auburn. He had 
 assuredly never seen in England all 
 
AUB 
 
 32 
 
 AUR 
 
 the inhabitants of such a paradise 
 turned out of their homes in one day, 
 and forced to emigrate in a body to 
 America. The hamlet he had probably 
 seen in Kent; the ejectment he had 
 probably seen in Munster; but by join- 
 ing the two, he has produced some- 
 thing which never was and never will 
 be seen in any part of the world.” 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 J8®* “ He [Goldsmith] paints the 
 friends and scenes of his youth, and 
 peoples Auburn and Waketield with 
 remembrances of Lissoy.” Thackeray. 
 Sweet Auburn ! loveliest village of the 
 plain. Goldsmith. 
 
 Auburn, Mount. See Mount Au- 
 burn. 
 
 Auehinleek House. The mansion 
 of the Boswell family, near Cum- 
 nock, Scotland, often alluded to 
 in the memoirs of Johnson, and 
 associated with the name of his 
 biographer. 
 
 Audley Castle. A picturesque 
 ruined fortress in the county of 
 Down, Ireland. 
 
 Audubon Avenue. A subterra- 
 nean passage in the Mammoth 
 Cave, Kentucky. It is one mile 
 in length, 50 feet high, and 50 or 
 60 feet in width. 
 
 Auerbach’s Cellar. A place of 
 public entertainment, where beer 
 and wine are sold, under an old 
 house in Leipzig, Germany. It 
 is noted as the scene of the tradi- 
 tional feats of the famous magi- 
 cian, Doctor Faustus. His magi- 
 cal exploits of drawing various 
 wines from gimlet-holes bored for 
 the purpose in the table, of mak- 
 ing the members of the company 
 seize each other’s noses under the 
 delusion that they were grasping 
 bunches of grapes, and his finally 
 riding out of the door upon a 
 cask, are told by Goethe in his 
 dramatic poem of “Faust,” one 
 scene of which is laid in Auer- 
 bach’s Cellar. Two pictures 
 painted upon the walls of the 
 vault are supposed to commemo- 
 rate the adventures of Faust. 
 
 “ I supped there during my last 
 visit to Germany, and took some pains 
 to ascertain the traditions connected 
 with it, which the waiter seemed to 
 have a particular pleasure in communi- 
 cating. He assured me that there was 
 
 not the shadow of a doubt as to my 
 being seated in the very vault in which 
 both Faust and Goethe had caroused.” 
 Hayward. 
 
 jgGgp’ “ Another interesting place in 
 Leipsic is Auerbach’s cellar, which it is 
 said contains an old manuscript history 
 of Faust, from which Goethe derived 
 the tirst idea of his poem. He used to 
 frequent this cellar.” Bayard Taylor. 
 As grosser spirits gurgled out 
 From chair and table with a spout, 
 
 In Auerbach's Cellar once, to flout 
 The senses of the rabble rout, 
 
 Where'er the gimlet twirled about 
 Of cunning Mephistopheles: 
 
 So did these cunning spirits seem in store, 
 Behind the wainscot or the door. 
 
 Lowell , Biglow Papers. 
 
 Auerback. A ruined castle on the 
 road between Darmstadt and 
 Heidelberg, Germany. 
 
 Augustan Age. A picture by 
 Jean Leon Gerdme (b. 1821), the 
 French painter. 
 
 Augusteum. A palace in Dresden, 
 Saxony. It contains a valuable 
 collection of works of art and 
 scientific treasures. [Called also 
 the Japanese Palace.] 
 
 Augustus. See Arch of Augus- 
 tus, Mausoleum of Augustus, 
 Palace of the Caesars. 
 
 Aurea Domus. See Golden 
 House. 
 
 Aurora. 1. A celebrated fresco 
 by Guido Reni (1575-1642) in the 
 casino, or summer-house, of the 
 Rospigliosi Palace in Rome. It 
 is painted upon the ceiling, and 
 represents Aurora scattering 
 flowers before the chariot of the 
 Sun, while the Hours advance in 
 rapid motion. The engraving of 
 this picture by’ Raphael Morghen 
 (1758-1833) has made it very fa- 
 miliar. According to Lanzi, the 
 Venus de’ Medici and the Niobe 
 were the favorite models of Gui- 
 do, and there are few of his large 
 pictures in which the Niobe or 
 one of her children is not intro- 
 duced, yet with such skill that the 
 imitation can hardly be detected. 
 
 “ Guido’s Aurora is the very 
 type of haste and impetus ; for surely 
 no man ever imagined such hurry and 
 tumult, such sounding and clashing. 
 Painters maintain that it is lighted from 
 two sides: they have my full pevmis- 
 
AUR 
 
 33 
 
 AYE 
 
 sion to light theirs from three, if it will 
 improve them, but the difference lies 
 elsewhere.” Mendelssohn' s Letters. 
 
 “ The God of Day is seated on 
 his chariot, surrounded by a choir of 
 dancing Hours, preceded by the early 
 morning Hour, scattering flowers. 
 The deep blue of the sea, still obscure, 
 is charming. There is a joyousness, 
 a complete pagan amplitude, about 
 these blooming goddesses, with their 
 hands interlinked, and all dancing as if 
 at an antique festival.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 What is Guido's Rospigliosi Aurora but 
 a morning thought, as the horses in it are 
 only a morning cloud. Emerson. 
 
 2. A well-known fresco-paint- 
 ing by Giovanni Francesco Bar- 
 bieri, called Guercino (1590-1666). 
 In tlie Villa Ludovisi, Home. 
 
 4SP “ The Aurora of Guercino fills 
 the ceiling and its curves. She is a 
 young, vigorous woman, her vigor al- 
 most inclining to coarseness. Before 
 her are three female figures on a cloud, 
 all large and ample, and much more 
 original and natural than those of the 
 Aurora of Guido ... A ray of morn- 
 ing light half traverses their faces, and 
 the contrast between the illuminated 
 and shadowed portions is charming. 
 
 . . . Guercino did not, like Guido, copy 
 antiques : he studied living models, like 
 Caravaggio, always observing the de- 
 tails of actual life, the changes of im- 
 pression from grave to gay, and all that 
 is capricious in the passion and expres- 
 sion of the face.” Taine, Trans. 
 
 jg6g^“The work of Guido [see su- 
 pra] is more poetic than that of Guer- 
 cino, and luminous and soft and har- 
 monious.” Forsyth. 
 
 An Aurora by Jean-Louis-Ha- 
 mon (1821-1874) is known through 
 reproductions. 
 
 Aurora, The [of Michael Angelo]. 
 See Morning, The. 
 
 Aurungzebe Mausoleum. A cele- 
 brated tomb erected by Aurung- 
 zebe to his daughter, in Auranga- 
 bad, Hindostan. It has cluster- 
 ing domes of white marble simi- 
 lar to those of the Taj Mahal, but 
 inferior to the latter in size and 
 splendor. See Taj Mahal. 
 
 Austerlitz, Battle of. See Bat- 
 tle of Austerlitz. 
 
 Austin Friars. The name given 
 to a court or place in London, 
 in which formerly stood a cele- 
 brated Augustinian convent, now 
 converted into a Dutch church. 
 
 Austria, The. A screw steamer 
 sailing from Hamburg, Germany, 
 destroyed by fire on the open sea 
 in 1858, with a loss of nearly 400 
 persons, for the most part Ger- 
 mans. 
 
 Auto da Fe. A noted picture by 
 Francisco Hizi (1608-1685). In 
 the gallery at Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Avalon. The poetical name of 
 Glastonbury, Somersetshire, Eng- 
 land, spoken of as an island, which, 
 it is conjectured, the place may 
 once have been at certain seasons. 
 Avalon is intimately connected 
 with the romances of King Ar- 
 thur. 
 
 Clustered upon the western side 
 Of Avalon's preen hill, 
 
 Her ancient homes and fretted towers 
 Were lying, bright and still. 
 
 Henry Alford . 
 
 Glory and boast of Avalon's fair vale, 
 
 How beautiful the ancient turrets rose ! 
 
 W. L. Bowles. 
 
 Ave-Caesar-Imperator. A pic- 
 ture by Jean Leon Gerome (b. 
 1824), the French painter. 
 
 Aventine Mount. [Lat. Mons 
 Aventinvs.] One of the seven 
 hills of Rome. Under the kings 
 two orders had been established 
 at Rome, the Patricians and Ple- 
 beians. The revolution which 
 substituted the consular republic 
 for royalty destroyed the equilib- 
 rium between these two orders. 
 The plebeians, revolting against 
 the severity of the poor-laws, 
 broke the peace of the city, B.C. 
 493, by an armed secession to the 
 Aventine Mount. Ancus Martius 
 added the hill to Rome, and peo- 
 pled it with captives from neigh- 
 boring Latin villages, thus origi- 
 nating the order of plebs. Of the 
 many temples and buildings 
 which once covered the Mount, 
 but very little remains, and its 
 summit is now crowned by the 
 three churches of Sant’ Alessio, II 
 Priorato, and Santa Sabina. The 
 name of the hill is said to be de- 
 rived from Aventinus, a king of 
 Alba; but some regard it as taken 
 from Avens, a Sabine river ; 'while 
 others give it a more legendary 
 derivation from the story of 
 Romulus and Remus watching 
 
AVE 
 
 34 
 
 AZH 
 
 the auspices after the foundation 
 of the city. A cliff of the Aven- 
 tine is famed as the supposed 
 place where the giant Cacus had 
 his cave. The story of his rob- 
 bery of the oxen of Hercules, and 
 of his subsequent destruction by 
 that hero, is told by Virgil in the 
 eighth book of the ^Eneid. The 
 poets Ennius, Gallus, and Livius 
 Andronicus lived upon the Aven- 
 tine. 
 
 4QP “ Mount Avcntinus indemnifies 
 the mind for all the painful recollections 
 the other hills awake; and its aspect is 
 as beauteous as its memories are sweet. 
 The banks at its foot were called the 
 Lovely Strand (pulchrum littus ) . Poet- 
 ry also has embellished this spot : it 
 was there that Virgil placed the cave 
 of Cacus; and Rome, so great in his- 
 tory, is still greater by the heroic fic- 
 tions with which her fabulous origin 
 has been decked.” Madame de Sta'tl. 
 
 Abelard had liis school, his camp as lie 
 called it, upon the mountain, then almost 
 deserted, where now rises the temple of 
 St. Genevieve. This was the Aventine 
 
 Mount of a nation of disciples leaving the 
 ancient schools in order to listen to the 
 fresh and strong words of Abelard 
 
 Lamartine . Trans, 
 Amidst these scenes. O pilgrim! seek'st 
 thou Rome ? 
 
 Vain is thy search, — the pomp of Rome 
 is fled 
 
 Her silent Aventine is glory’s tomb ; 
 
 Her walls, her shrines, but relics of the 
 dead. Francisco de Quevedo , Trans. 
 
 Avoca. A beautiful valley in the 
 county of Wicklow, Ireland, cele- 
 brated in the verse of Moore. 
 The name signifies the “ meeting 
 of the waters.” 
 
 There is not in the wide world a valley so 
 sweet. 
 
 As that vale in whose bosom the bright 
 waters meet. 
 
 Axum. See Obelisk of Axum. 
 Ayoon Moosa. See Fountains of 
 Moses. 
 
 Ayr, Twa Brigs of. See Twa 
 Brigs of Ayr. 
 
 Azhar, Mosque of. See Mosque 
 of Azhar. 
 
BAB 
 
 35 
 
 BAG 
 
 B. 
 
 Babel, Tower of. See Bras Nim- 
 rood and Tower of Babel. 
 
 Babele, Tor di. See Tor di Ba- 
 bble. 
 
 Babi Humayon. See Sublime 
 Porte. 
 
 Babuino, Via. See Via Babuino. 
 
 Bacchanal, The. 1. A picture by 
 Dosso Dossi (1474-1558), the Ital- 
 ian painter. In the Pitti Palace, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 2. A picture by Peter Paul 
 Bubens (1577-1640), now at Blen- 
 heim, England. 
 
 Bacchante. A famous picture by 
 Annibale Caracci (1560-1609). In 
 the Tribune at Florence, Italy. 
 
 Bacchus. 1. A famous relic of 
 ancient sculpture, a masterpiece 
 by some attributed to Phidias. 
 In the Museum at Naples, Italy. 
 [Also called the Torso Fcirnese.] 
 
 2. A celebrated colossal statue 
 in the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 jgQjr* “ The same personality [Anti- 
 nous], idealized it is true, but rather 
 suffering than gaining by the process, 
 is powerfully impressed upon the colos- 
 sal Dionysus [Bacchus] of the Vatican. 
 What distinguishes this great work is 
 the inbreathed spirit of divinity.” 
 
 J. A. Symonds. 
 
 3. A statue by Jacopo Sanso- 
 vino (1477-1570), pronounced “ one 
 of the finest statues conceived by 
 any modern in the style of the 
 antique.” It is in the Uffizi Gal- 
 lery, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Bacchus. See Drunken Bacchus 
 and Narcissus. 
 
 Bacchus and Ariadne. An ad- 
 mired mythological picture by 
 Titian (1477-1576), now in the 
 National Gallery, London. 
 
 Jgggp- “ The creation of the Bacchus 
 and Ariadne may be said to make a 
 third with that of Shakespeare’s Mid- 
 summer Night’s Dream and Milton’s 
 Comus ; each given in their own proper 
 language.” Eastlake. 
 
 Jg^ “ Is there any thing in modern 
 art in any way analogous to what 
 Titian has effected in the wonderful 
 bringing together of two times in the 
 Ariadne of the National Gallery ? ” 
 
 Charles Lamb . 
 
 Back Bay. An expansion of 
 Charles River, the principal 
 stream flowing into Boston Har- 
 bor. On the new made land in 
 this region of the city (to which 
 quarter the name Back Bay is 
 commonly applied) are some of 
 the finest streets and buildings. 
 
 The crowds filled the decorous streets, 
 and the trim pathways of the Common 
 and the Public Garden, and flowed in an 
 orderly course towards the vast edifice 
 on the Back Bay , presenting the interest- 
 ing points which always distinguish a 
 crowd come to town from a city crowd. 
 
 W. D. Howells. 
 
 Bacon’s Brazen Head. See Friar 
 Bacon’s Brazen Head. 
 
 Badia, La. A celebrated abbey 
 church in Florence, Italy. It 
 was founded in the middle of the 
 thirteenth century. In the im- 
 mediate neighborhood of Flor- 
 ence is another church built by 
 the Medici, in the fifteenth cen- 
 tury, known as La Badia di Fie- 
 sole. 
 
 Badminton. The seat of the Duke 
 of Beaufort, 10 miles from Chip- 
 penham, England. 
 
 Bagnigge Wells. Formerly a 
 noted mineral spring in Isling- 
 ton, London. It was much vis- 
 ited by Londoners in the latter 
 part of the eighteenth and first 
 part of the nineteenth century. 
 Its gardens were extensive, and 
 laid out in the fashion of the 
 times ; but its mineral springs 
 were the principal attraction. 
 Miss Edgeworth alludes to it as 
 a place of popular resort, and it 
 is often spoken of by authors of 
 the last century. It has ceased 
 to exist. 
 
 J “Bagnigge Wells were situated 
 on a little stream called the River Bag- 
 
BAI ' 
 
 BAM 
 
 nigge, though scarcely better than a 
 ditch. The House of Bagnigge was at 
 one time inhabited by Nell (fwynn. 
 On an inscription on the front of it 
 stood : ‘ T. S. This is Bagnigge House 
 near the Pindar a Wakefeiide, 1680.’” 
 W. Howitt . 
 
 Baiae, Bay of. See Bay of Bale. 
 
 Bailey, Old. See Old Bailey. 
 
 Baker Street. A well-known 
 
 street in London, leading north 
 from Portman Square. In Baker 
 Street is Madame Tussaud’s cele- 
 brated exhibition of wax-work 
 figures. See Madame Tls- 
 
 saud’s Exhibition. 
 
 What would they say in Baiter Street to 
 some sights with which our new friends 
 favored us? Thackeray 
 
 Balbi Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Balbi.] 
 A well-known palace in Genoa, 
 Italy, containing some treasures 
 of art. 
 
 Balbi. See Strada Balbi. 
 
 Baldacchino. [The Canopy.] The 
 bronze canopy which covers the 
 high altar in St. Peter’s Church, 
 Borne. It was cast after designs 
 by Bernini in 1633, and made 
 chiefly from the bronze taken 
 from the Pantheon, and partly 
 from metal which Pope Urban 
 VIII. procured from Venice. 
 
 “ It is difficult to imagine on 
 what ground, or for what purpose, this 
 costly fabric was placed here. It has 
 neither beauty nor grandeur, and re- 
 sembles nothing so much as a colossal 
 four-post bedstead without the curtains. 
 ... It is a pursuing and intrusive 
 presence. . . . We wish it anywhere 
 but where it is, under the dome, rear- 
 ing its tawdry commonplace into that 
 majestic space, and scrawling upon 
 the air its feeble and affected lines of 
 spiral.” Hillard. 
 
 4®= “ It only looked like a consid- 
 erably magnified bedstead — nothing 
 more. Yet I knew it was a good deal 
 more than half as high as Niagara 
 Falls. It was overshadowed by a 
 dome so mighty that its own height 
 was snubbed.” Mark Twain. 
 
 Balduinstein. A feudal fortress 
 on the river Lahn, near Dietz, in 
 Germany. It was built in 1325. 
 
 Balgownie, Bridge of. See Brig 
 o’ Balgownie. 
 
 Baliol College. A noted college in 
 Oxford, England, being one of 
 the nineteen colleges included in 
 the University. It was founded 
 about the year 1263. 
 
 1637. 10 May, I was admitted a fellow 
 communer of Baliol College. . . . The fel- 
 low communers were no more -exempt 
 from exercise than the meanest common- 
 ers there. John Evelyn , Diary. 
 
 Ball’s Cave. A natural curiosity 
 in Schoharie County, N.Y. It is 
 traversed in boats which follow 
 the course of a subterranean river 
 at a depth of one hundred feet 
 below the surface of the ground. 
 
 Ballybunian. A series of noted 
 caves which are among the most 
 remarkable of the natural won- 
 ders of Ireland. They are situ- 
 ated not far from Tralee, in the 
 county of Kerry, Ireland. 
 
 Balmoral Castle. A castle in Scot- 
 land, on the river Dee, about 40 
 miles south-west of Aberdeen, 
 belonging to the Queen of Eng- 
 land, and occupied by her as a 
 Highland residence. 
 
 Baltimore Street. A main avenue 
 in Baltimore, Md., and a favorite 
 -promenade. 
 
 Baltony. A Druidical temple in 
 the county of Donegal, Ireland, 
 somewhat resembling that at 
 Stonehenge in size and structure. 
 
 Bambino Santissimo. [The Holy 
 Infant ] A wooden figure of the 
 infant Saviour, preserved in the 
 church of Ara Coeli at Koine, 
 whose miraculous powers in cur- 
 ing the sick have caused it to be 
 held in wonderful repute. Ac- 
 cording to the legend it was 
 carved by a Franciscan pilgrim 
 out of a tree from the Mount of 
 Olives, and was painted by St. 
 Luke while the pilgrim was sleep- 
 ing over his work. The image is 
 extremely rich in gems and jew- 
 elry, and is held in such esteem 
 in cases of severe sickness that it 
 has been said by the Italians to 
 receive more fees than any phy- 
 sician in Rome. The festival of 
 the Bambino, which occurs at 
 the Epiphany, attracts crowds of 
 peasantry from all parts of the 
 surrounding country. 
 
BAN 
 
 37 
 
 BAN 
 
 j “On the 6th of January, the 
 lofty steps of Ara Ooeli looked like an 
 ant-hill, so thronged were they with 
 people. ... II Bambino, a painted 
 image of wood, covered with jewels, 
 was carried by a monk in white gloves, 
 and exhibited to the people. Every- 
 body dropped down upon their knees.” 
 Frederika Bremer. 
 
 “ The disposition of the group 
 and the arrangement of the lights are 
 managed with considerable skill. On 
 this occasion the church is always 
 thronged, especially by peasants from 
 the country.” G. S. Hillard. 
 
 4SgP“The miraculous Bambino is a 
 painted doll, swaddled in a white dress, 
 which is crusted over with magnificent 
 diamonds, emeralds, and rubies. The 
 Virgin also wears in her ears superb 
 diamond pendants. The general effect 
 of the scenic show is admirable, and 
 crowds flock to it and press about it ail 
 day long.” IF. IF. Story. 
 
 Garnished from throat to foot with rings 
 And brooches and precious offerings, 
 
 And its little nose kissed quite away 
 By dying lips. . . . 
 
 ... for you must know 
 It has its minions to come and go. 
 
 Its perfumed chamber, remote and still, 
 Its silken couch, and its jewelled throne, 
 And a special carriage of its own 
 To take the air in, when it will. 
 
 T. B. Aldrich. 
 
 Banbury Cross. In Oxfordshire, 
 England. The place was famous 
 for its cakes and ale, and also for 
 its Puritanic zeal. In the latter 
 part of Elizabeth’s reign an at- 
 tempt was made to revive the 
 shows and pageants of the Catho- 
 lic Church in Banbury; but when 
 the performers reached the high 
 cross in Banbury, a collision oc- 
 curred between them and the Pu- 
 ritans, in which the latter were 
 victorious. The high cross, and 
 three smaller ones, were cut down 
 and hacked in pieces. The mag- 
 nificent church met with a simi- 
 lar fate. 
 
 Ride a cock-horse to Banbury Cross , 
 
 To see a fine lady ride on a white horse, 
 Rings on her fingers, and bells on her toes. 
 That she may make music wherever she 
 goes. Mother Goose. 
 
 Bangor House. An old ecclesias- 
 tical mansion in London — the 
 residence of the Bishops of Ban- 
 gor— which stood until 1828. 
 
 Banias. A noble deserted castle 
 in Syria, of very high antiquity, 
 one of the finest examples of 
 
 Phoenician architecture. Portions 
 of the building are of the period 
 of the Middle Ages. It was occu- 
 pied by the Christians at the time 
 of the Crusades, after which it fell 
 into the hands of the Moslems, 
 and in the seventeenth century 
 was allowed to go to ruin. [Called 
 also Castle of Subeibeh.] 
 
 Bank of England. The great na- 
 tional moneyed institution of 
 England, and the principal bank 
 of deposit and circulation in the 
 world, situated in Tlireadneedle 
 Street, London. It is sometimes 
 jocularly styled “ The Old Lady 
 of Tlireadneedle Street.” It was 
 founded in 1691. The process of 
 weighing gold and printing bank- 
 notes is one of the most wonder- 
 ful results of mechanical inven- 
 tion. The chief halls of the Bank 
 are open to the public. 
 
 The finished glaze of life in Paris is less 
 invariable, and the full tide of trade round 
 the Bank of England is not so inexorably 
 powerful. Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Bank of Ireland. A noble build- 
 ing — formerly the Houses of Par- 
 liament — in Dublin. 
 
 4®^ “ The Bank of Ireland is univer- 
 sally classed among the most perfect 
 examples of British architecture in the 
 kingdom; and indeed is, perhaps, un- 
 surpassed in Europe. Yet, strange to 
 say, little or nothing is known of the 
 architect — the history of the graceful 
 and beautiful structure being wrapt in 
 obscurity almost approaching to mys- 
 tery. It is built entirely of Portland 
 stone, and is remarkable for an absence 
 of all meretricious ornament, attracting 
 entirely by its pure, classic, and rigid- 
 ly simple architecture. In 1802 it was 
 purchased from government by the gov- 
 ernors of the Bank of Ireland, who 
 have since subjected it to some altera- 
 tions, with a view to its better applica- 
 tion to its present purpose. These 
 changes, however, have been effected 
 without impairing its beauty either ex- 
 ternally or internally; and it unques- 
 tionably merits its reputation as ‘ the 
 grandest, most convenient, and most 
 extensive edifice of the kind in Eu- 
 rope.’ ” Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 Banks, The. A name familiarly 
 given to the shoal, or submarine 
 table-land, extending some 300 
 miles eastward of Newfound- 
 land, and much frequented by 
 
BAN 
 
 38 
 
 BAR 
 
 fishing-craft. The depth of wa- 
 ter varies from 25 to 60 fathoms. 
 
 The good ship darts through the water, 
 all day, all night, like a fish, quivering 
 with speed, gliding through liquid leagues, 
 sliding from horizon to horizon. She has 
 passed Cape Sable ; she has reached the 
 Banks, the land-birds are left ; no fisher- 
 men— and still we fly for our lives. 
 
 R. W. Emerson. 
 
 Banqne de France. [Bank of 
 France.] The Bank of France, in 
 the Rue de la Vrilliere, Paris, 
 was founded in 1803. Its capital 
 is 182,500,000 francs, and the av- 
 erage amount of bullion in the 
 large and carefully guarded vaults 
 has been of late years about 300,- 
 000,000 francs (£12,000,000). The 
 Bank has branches in the chief 
 large towns. 
 
 Banqueting House. A building 
 in Whitehall, London, forming 
 part of a magnificent design by 
 Inigo Jones, but of which only 
 this portion was completed. The 
 ceiling is adorned with paintings 
 by Rubens. Upon a scaffold 
 erected in front of the Banquet- 
 ing House, Charles I. was led 
 forth to execution. 
 
 Baphomet. A small human figure 
 which served among the Tem- 
 plars as an idol, or, more accu- 
 rately, as a symbol. This figure, 
 of which specimens are to be 
 found in some Continental muse- 
 ums, was carved of stone, and 
 had two heads, one male and the 
 other female, while the body was 
 that of a female. The image was 
 covered with mysterious em- 
 blems. The name Baphomet is 
 thought to be an accidental cor- 
 ruption of Mahomet. 
 
 Baptism of Christ. A picture by 
 Giotto di Bondone (1276-1336). 
 In the Accademia at Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Baptism of Christ. A picture by 
 Rogier van der Weyden (1400- 
 1464). In the Museum at Berlin, 
 Prussia. 
 
 Baptism <tf Christ. A fresco by 
 Pietro Perugino (1446-1524), in the 
 Sistine Chapel, Rome. 
 
 Baptism of Christ. A well-known 
 picture by Gheerardt David 
 
 (1484-1523), a Flemish painter. 
 Now in the Academy of Bruges, 
 Belgium. 
 
 Baptism of Christ. A picture by 
 Francesco Albani (1578-1660). In 
 the church of S. Georgio, Bolo- 
 gna, Italy. 
 
 Baptism of Pocahontas. A pic- 
 ture in one of the panels of the 
 Rotunda in the Capitol of Wash- 
 ington, representing the well- 
 known scene in the early history 
 of Virginia, which is "now re- 
 garded as destitute of truth, or 
 mainly legendary. This paint- 
 ing was executed by John G. 
 Chapman (b. 1808) under commis- 
 sion from Congress, and is not 
 considered a work of merit. It 
 has become very familiar to the 
 general public by its reproduc- 
 tion as an engraving upon the 
 back of the twenty-dollar note 
 of the national currency. 
 
 Baptist. See St. John the Bap- 
 tist. 
 
 Baptistery of Pisa. A well- 
 known building in Pisa, Italy, 
 forming one of the beautiful and 
 noted group of marble struc- 
 tures which includes the Cathe- 
 dral, the Baptistery, the Leaning 
 Tower, and the Campo Santo, 
 See Pisa Cathedral, Leaning 
 Tower, Campo Santo. 
 
 In this building hangs the cele- 
 brated lamp whose measured swinging 
 suggested to Galileo the theory of the 
 pendulum. 
 
 Baptistery of San Giovanni. A 
 
 famous religious edifice in Flor- 
 ence, Italy, noted especially for 
 its beautiful gates — the work of 
 Andrea Pisano and of Lorenzo 
 Ghiberti. 
 
 Barbara, St. See St. Barbara. 
 
 Barberi, Course des. See Course 
 des Barberi. 
 
 Barberini Faun. A celebrated 
 work of ancient sculpture, so 
 called from having once belonged 
 to the Barberini family in Rome, 
 but now preserved in the Glypto- 
 thek at Munich, Bavaria. See 
 Faun, Sleeping Faun, Dancing 
 Faun, etc. 
 
BAR 
 
 39 
 
 BAR 
 
 4Ggp* “ A colossal male figure of the 
 Satyr class, sleeping, half sitting, half 
 reclining, on a rock. The peculiar 
 merits of this work claim particular 
 notice. It is essentially a work of 
 character. The expression of heavy 
 sleep is admirably given in the head 
 and falling arm. . . . The precise date 
 of this fine statue has not been deter- 
 mined ; but the style of form, and excel- 
 lent technical treatment of the marble, 
 leave little doubt of its having emanated 
 from the best school of sculpture. If 
 not from the hand even of Scopas or 
 Praxiteles, it may without disparage- 
 ment be considered the work of a 
 scarcely inferior scholar.” 
 
 R. Westmacott,jun. 
 
 Barberini Juno. A colossal statue 
 of the goddess. In the Vatican, 
 Rome. See Juno. 
 
 Barberini Palace. [Ital. Palazzo 
 Barberini .] One of the largest 
 palaces in Rome, begun by Pope 
 Urban VIII., and finished by Ber- 
 nini in 1640. It contains a valu- 
 able library, museum, and gallery 
 of paintings. Among the latter is 
 the celebrated portrait of Beatrice 
 Cenci, by Guido. See Beatrice 
 Cenci. 
 
 Barberini Vase. See Portland 
 Vase. 
 
 Barbican. A locality in London, 
 so called, as the name indicates, 
 from a former watch-tower of 
 which nothing now remains. Mil- 
 ton lived here in 1646-47, and here 
 wrote some of his shorter poems. 
 
 Barcaccia, Fontana della. See 
 
 Fontana della Barcaccia. 
 
 Barclay’s Brewery. [Barclay, 
 Perkins, and Co.] The largest 
 and most famous brewery in Lon- 
 don (Park Street, Southwark), 
 extending over 11 acres, and in 
 which 600 quarters of malt are 
 brewed daily. It is one of the 
 sights of London. It is said to 
 occupy the site of the Globe 
 Theatre of Shakespeare’s time. 
 
 Therefore, I freely acknowledge that 
 when I see a Jolly young Waterman rep- 
 resenting a cherubim, or a Barclay and 
 Perkins's Drayman depicted as an Evan- 
 gelist, I see nothing to commend or ad- 
 mire in the performance, however great 
 its reputed Painter. Dickens. 
 
 Bardi, Via de’. See Via de’ Bardi. 
 
 Bargello. A palace in Florence, 
 otherwise called the Palazzo del 
 Podesta, the seat of the chief tri- 
 bunal of justice, built in the year 
 1250. In the sixteenth and seven- 
 teenth centuries, the palace, no 
 longer needed for the dwelling of 
 the chief magistrate of a free city, 
 was turned into a jail for common 
 criminals, and what had been 
 once a beautiful chapel was occu- 
 pied as a larder or store-room. In 
 this room, in 1840, some ancient 
 and precious frescos by Giotto 
 were discovered, among others 
 the now famous portrait of Dante, 
 the only one known to have been 
 made of the poet during his life, 
 and on that account of inestim- 
 able value. The palace also con- 
 tains many treasures of sculpture. 
 
 4®" “We went yesterday forenoon 
 to see the Bargello. I do not know 
 any thing in Florence more picturesque 
 than the great interior court of this 
 ancient Palace of the Podesta with the 
 lofty height of the edifice looking down 
 into the enclosed space, dark and stern.” 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 lie [Dante] has been down to hell, and 
 come back as the women in Verona saw 
 him, scarred and singed; far otherwise, 
 truly, than as Giotto painted him on the 
 wall of the Bargello, with the clear-cut 
 features, and fresh look of early manhood, 
 and pomegranates of peace in his hand. 
 
 Chr. Examiner. 
 
 Barnard Castle. A ruined fortress, 
 now tlie property of the Duke of 
 Cleveland, on the river Tees in 
 England. It gives its name to 
 the town in which it stands. 
 
 While, as a livelier twilight falls, 
 
 Emerge from Barnard's bannered walls. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Barnard’s Inn. A law establish- 
 ment, one of the Inns of Chan- 
 cery, in London. 
 
 “ I [Pip] was still looking side- 
 ways at his block of a face . . . when 
 he [Mr. Wemmick] said here we were 
 at ‘Barnard’s Inn.’ My depression 
 was not alleviated by the announce- 
 ment, for I had supposed that estab- 
 lishment to be an hotel kept by Mr. 
 Barnard, . . . whereas I now found 
 Barnard to be a disembodied spirit or 
 fiction, and his inn the dingiest collec- 
 tion of shabby buildings ever squeezed 
 together in a rank corner as a club for 
 Tom-cats. ... A frowsy mourning of 
 soot and smoke attired this forlorn 
 
BAR 
 
 40 
 
 BAS 
 
 creation of Barnard, and it had strewed 
 ashes on its head, and was undergoing 
 penance and humiliation as a mere 
 dust-hole. Thus far my sense of sight ; 
 while dry rot, and wet rot, and all the 
 silent rots that rot in neglected roof 
 and cellar — rot of rat, and mouse, and 
 bug, and coaching stables near at hand 
 besides — addressed themselves faintly 
 to my sense of smell, and moaned, 
 
 ‘ Try Barnard’s Mixture.’ ” Dickens. 
 
 Barrack Bridge. An ancient and 
 noted bridge over the Liffey in 
 Dublin, Ireland. It was for- 
 merly called the Bloody Bridge, 
 from a sanguinary conflict fought 
 in its vicinity between the Irish 
 and the English, A.D. 1108. 
 
 Barricades, Les. A picture by 
 Ferdinand Victor Eugene Dela- 
 croix (1799-1863). In Paris. 
 
 He [the painter] is bound to be vera- 
 cious and dramatic ; if he shows us a bat- 
 tle, let it be the Barricades of Delacroix. 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Barriere de Vincennes. See Bar- 
 die he du Trone. 
 
 Barriere de Clichy. A noted pic- 
 ture by Horace Vernet (1789- 
 1863). In the Luxembourg, 
 Paris. 
 
 Barriere du Combat. An old bar- 
 rier, corner of the Boulevard du 
 Combat and the Boulevard de la 
 Butte Chaumont, Paris. It is on 
 the line of the fortifications of 
 old Paris. 
 
 One of them said of the dancers on 
 the platform [at the Mabille]: They turn 
 like caged beasts, that is the Barriere da 
 Combat. Taine , Trans. 
 
 Barribre du Trone. One of the 
 old gates of Paris, so called from 
 the throne used by Louis XIV. in 
 1660, at the upper end of the 
 Faubourg St. Antoine, on the 
 road to Vincennes. It was for- 
 merly the Barriere de Vincennes. 
 
 As I wished to see every thing, I went 
 over to the bai Perron at the Barriere da 
 Trone. Taine , Trans. 
 
 Barrogill Castle. A seat of the 
 Earl of Caithness, in the North 
 of Scotland, not far from Wick. 
 
 Bartholomew Close. A passage 
 in London, where for a time Mil- 
 ton was secreted. 
 
 Bartholomew Fair. A famous fair 
 formerly held at Smithfield, Lon- 
 
 don. It was one of the leading 
 fairs of England, and was estab- 
 lished under a grant from Henry 
 I. to the priory of St. Bartholo- 
 mew. The original grant was 
 for the eve of St. Bartholomew, 
 and the two succeeding days 
 (N. S. Sept. 3 to Sept. 6), but the 
 duration of the fair was after- 
 wards extended to 11 days. Bar- 
 tholomew Fair was proclaimed 
 for the last time in 1855, and for 
 a long period previous to its abo- 
 lition was a scene of much li- 
 cense. Many of its customs and 
 abuses are pictured in Ben Jon- 
 son’s comedy of “Bartholomew 
 Fair.” Morley’s “Memoirs of 
 Bartholomew Fair ” contains 
 many details upon the subject. 
 See Smithfield. 
 
 Doll. V faith, and thou followedst 
 him like a church. Thou whoreson little 
 tidy Bartholomew boar-pig, when wilt 
 thou leave lighting o’ days, and foining 
 o' nights, and begin to patch up thine old 
 body for heaven ? 
 
 Shakespeare , Henry IV 
 Not. that of pasteboard which men shew 
 For groats at Fair of Bartholomew. 
 
 Butler . 
 
 A countryman coming one day to 
 Smithfield, in order to take a slice of 
 Bartholomew Fair , found a perfect show 
 before every booth. The drummer, the 
 fire-eater, the wire-walker, and the salt- 
 lux were all employed to invite him in. 
 
 Goldsmith. 
 
 To Johnson Li. c w r as as a Prison, to be 
 endured w r ith heroic faith: to Hume it 
 w as little more than a foolish Bartholo- 
 mew-Fair Show-booth, with the foolish 
 crowdings and elbow ings of which it was 
 not worth wTiile to quarrel; the whole 
 would break up, and be at liberty, so 
 soon. Carlyle. 
 
 Bartholomew’s Hospital. See St. 
 Bartholomew’s Hospital. 
 
 Bartolomeo Colleoni. A cele- 
 brated equestrian statue in Ven- 
 ice, Italy, designed by Andrea 
 Verrocchio (1432-1488). 
 
 4^ “ I do not believe that there is a 
 more glorious work of sculpture exist- 
 ing in the world.” Buskin. 
 
 Basil, St. See St. Basil. 
 
 Bass Rock. A fortress on the 
 Frith of Forth, near Edinburgh. 
 It is celebrated as the prison in 
 which the Covenanters were im- 
 mured. 
 
BAS 
 
 41 
 
 BAT 
 
 “ It was this fortress that 
 Habakkuk M tickle wrath [a fanatic 
 preacher in Scott’s ‘Old Mortality’] 
 speaks of in his ravings when he says, 
 ‘Am I not Habakkuk Mucklewrath, 
 whose name is changed to Major-Miss- 
 abib, because I am made a terror unto 
 myself, and unto all that are around 
 me? 1 heard it: when did I hear it? 
 Was it not in the tower of the Bass, 
 that overhangcth the wide, wild sea? 
 and it howled in the winds, and it 
 roared in the billows, and it screamed, 
 and it whistled, and it clanged, with 
 the screams and the clang and the 
 whistle of the sea-birds, as they floated 
 and flew, and dropped and dived oil the 
 bosom of the waters.’” 
 
 Mrs. IT. B. Stowe. 
 
 Bastei, The. A remarkable and 
 noted precipice on tlie Elbe, in 
 the region called the “ Saxon 
 Switzerland/’ 
 
 Bastille. This name — a general 
 term for a strong fortress, protect- 
 ed by bastions or towers — is com- 
 monly applied to the structure 
 which was originally a castle for 
 the defence of Paris, but which 
 in later times became the famous 
 prison known as the Bastille. 
 The castle was built in the four- 
 teenth century for the defence of 
 the gate of St. Antoine against 
 the English. It was a stone 
 building of an oblong shape, with 
 eight circular semi-engaged tow- 
 ers, in which (and also in the cel- 
 lars) the prisons were situated. 
 The Bastille, though not a strong 
 fortress, regarded in the light of 
 modern military science, com- 
 manded with its guns the Fau- 
 bourg St. Antoine, the workmen’s 
 quarter. Although by its lofty 
 walls, its guns, and its moat, it 
 seemed proof against any assaults 
 of the people, it was attacked, 
 July 14, 1789, by a mob of 50,000 
 persons, with twenty cannon, and 
 the assistance of the Gardes Fran- 
 cises, and was soon taken, after 
 a feeble defence by the governor 
 Delaunay and his small garrison 
 of 82 invalids and 32 Swiss. On 
 the following day the destruction 
 of the building was begun by the 
 exasperated multitude. Although 
 only seven prisoners were found 
 in the Bastille at the time of its 
 destruction, it had been the place 
 
 of confinement of many persons 
 of the upper classes. — many vic- 
 tims of intrigue, family quarrels, 
 political despotism, and various 
 forms of tyranny, — many noble- 
 men, sctvans, authors, priests, 
 publishers. The position of this 
 famous prison is now marked by 
 the Place de la Bastille. The 
 Bastille was always to the people 
 of Paris a threatening emblem of 
 arbitrariness and oppression. See 
 Place de la Bastille. 
 
 jgQf" “ The* history of the Bastille 
 would comprehend, strictly speaking, 
 all the intellectual and political move- 
 ments of France.” Mongin . 
 
 When silent zephyrs sported with the 
 dust 
 
 Of the Bastille , I sat in the open sun. 
 
 And from the rubbish gathered up a stone, 
 And pocketed the relic, in the guise 
 Of an enthusiast. Wordsworth , 
 
 The dark foundations of the Bastille walls 
 Were banked with lengthy, crisp, white, 
 sloping drifts 
 
 Of hailstones multitudinous, that lay 
 Thick as the pebbles on a moonlit beach. 
 
 George Gordon Me Crae. 
 
 There were censors then for those who 
 attempted to write, and the Bastille for 
 those who were refractory 
 
 Thiers , Trans. 
 
 In order to "write well on liberty, I 
 should wish to be in the Bastille. 
 
 Voltaire , Trans. 
 
 Bastille, Place de la. See Place 
 de la Bastille. 
 
 Bates College. An institution of 
 learning in Lewiston, Me., organ- 
 ized in 1864. 
 
 Bates Hall. The main library room 
 in the Public Library building, 
 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass 
 This room contains the most 
 valuable part of the large collec- 
 tion of books belonging to the 
 city, and was named after the 
 principal benefactor of the insti- 
 tution, Joshua Bates (1788-1864), 
 who contributed largely towards 
 its endowment. 
 
 Bath House. The town residence 
 of Lord Ashburton, Piccadilly, 
 London. It contains a tine col- 
 lection of Dutch and Flemish pic- 
 tures. 
 
 Bathiaz. La. An ancient feudal 
 stronghold in the neighborhood 
 of Martigny, Switzerland. 
 
BAT 
 
 42 
 
 BAT 
 
 Bathing Soldiers. See Soldiers 
 Bathing in the Arno. 
 
 Bath" of Caracalla. The most per- 
 fect of all the Roman Thermae, 
 and one of the most impressive 
 ruins of the ancient city, situated 
 on the Via di S. Sebastiano, under 
 the eastern slopes of the Aven- 
 tine They were begun by Cara- 
 calla about 212 A.D.; and the 
 portions devoted to the baths, 
 which were supplied by the An- 
 tonine Aqueduct, are said to have 
 accommodated 1,600 persons at 
 one time, while the whole edifice 
 was nearly a mile in circuit. 
 Many pieces of sculpture, among 
 others the Farnese Hercules, 
 were discovered in these baths. 
 The ruins were a favorite resort 
 of the poet Shelley. 
 
 4®= “In the Baths of Caracalla, 
 there is no unity of impression : a mass 
 of details is heaped up like rubbish 
 shot from a cart. They are a town- 
 meeting of ruins without a moderator.” 
 Hillard. 
 
 4®= “ They now present an im- 
 mense mass of frowning and roofless 
 ruins abandoned to decay; and their 
 fallen grandeur, their almost immeas- 
 urable extent, the tremendous frag- 
 ments of broken wall that fill them, the 
 wild weeds and brambles which wave 
 over them, their solitude and their 
 silence; the magnificence they once 
 displayed and the desolation they now 
 exhibit, — are powerfully calculated to 
 affect the imagination.” Eaton. 
 
 4C5" “ There is nothing with which 
 to compare its form, while the line it 
 describes on the sky is unique. You 
 enter, and it seems as if you had never 
 seen any thing in the world so grand. 
 The Colosseum itself is no approach to 
 it, so much do a multiplicity and ir 
 regularity of ruins add to the vastness 
 of the vast enclosure.” Tame , Trans. 
 
 4Gtf “From these stately palaces 
 [the Thermae, or Baths of Caracalla] 
 issued fo th a swarm of dirty and 
 ragged plebeians, without shoes and 
 without mantle, who loitered away 
 whole days in the streets or Forum to 
 hear news and to hold disputes ; who 
 dissipated in extravagant gaming the 
 miserable pittance of their wives and 
 children, and spent the hours of the 
 night in the indulgence of gross and 
 vulgar sensuality.” Gibbon. 
 
 46gT “This poem [the Prometheus 
 Unbound] was chiefly written upon 
 the mountainous ruins of the Baths of 
 
 Caracalla, among the flowery glades 
 and thickets of odoriferous blossoming 
 trees which are extended in ever-widen- 
 ing labyrinths upon its immense plat- 
 forms and dizzy arches.” Shelley. 
 
 Baths of Diocletian. A vast col- 
 lection of ruins in Rome, cover- 
 ing, it is said, a space of 440,000 
 square yards. The construction 
 of these baths was begun under 
 the Emperors Diocletian and 
 Maximian about A.D. 302; and 
 40,000 Christians, it is related, 
 were employed upon them. The 
 Thermal are said to have had 
 twice the capacity of the Baths 
 of Caracalla, and the ruins with 
 the surrounding buildings cover 
 a space which is nearly a mile in 
 circumference. The great central 
 hall was converted by Michael 
 Angelo into a church (Sta. Maria 
 degli Angeli), which was, how- 
 ever, altered by Vanvitelli in the 
 last century. 
 
 4QP “ We drove this morning to the 
 Baths of Diocletian, which are scaV-cred 
 over the summit of the Quirinal and 
 Viminal Hill, and which in extent as 
 well as splendor are said to have sur- 
 passed all the Thermae of ancient Rome. 
 Though they do not stand in the same 
 imposing loneliness of situation as 
 those of Caracalla, the wide space of 
 vacant and grass-grown ground over 
 which their ruins may be traced tells a 
 melancholy tale of departed magnifi- 
 cence.” Eaton. 
 
 Baths of Titus. The ruins of cele- 
 brated baths built by the Em- 
 peror Titus (A.D. 79-81) upon the 
 southern slope of the Esquiline 
 Hill in Rome, overlooking the 
 northern side of the Coliseum. 
 They occupy an area of about 
 1,150 feet by 850 feet. The Baths 
 of Titus and those of Trajan oc- 
 cupy part of the site of the palace 
 of Nero, which in turn was erect- 
 ed on that part of the Esquiline 
 covered by the house and gardens 
 of Maecenas. Merivale says that 
 the Golden House of Nero “ was 
 still the old mansion of Augustus 
 and the villa of Maecenas con- 
 nected by a long series of columns 
 and arches; ” and as Titus in con- 
 structing his baths made use of 
 the works of his predecessors, 
 parts of the ruins now to be seen 
 
BAT 
 
 43 
 
 BAT 
 
 are thought to be undoubtedly 
 older than the time of that em- 
 peror. In these baths were dis- 
 covered the famous Nozze Aldo- 
 brandini (q.v.); and there are still 
 remaining interesting arabesques, 
 though their color and outline 
 are fast fading away. They were 
 a favorite study of Raphael. 
 
 j “ That part of these interesting 
 ruins which has been excavated is near 
 the Colosseum. We passed the mouths 
 of nine long corridors . . . and entered 
 the portal of what is called the House 
 of Maecenas, a name so justly dear to 
 every admirer of taste and literature, 
 that we did not feel disposed too scru- 
 pulously to question the grounds of the 
 belief that we actually stood within 
 the walls of that classic habitation 
 where Horace and Virgil and Ovid and 
 Augustus must have so often met.” 
 
 Eaton. 
 
 Battersea Park. A pleasure- 
 ground on the right bank of the 
 Thames, facing Chelsea Hospital, 
 London, laid out with orna- 
 mental plantations, a line sheet 
 of water, a sub-tropical garden 
 of four acres, cricket-grounds, etc. 
 
 The district of Battersea, 
 thought to be a corruption of Peter’s 
 Eye (or Island), was once a portion of 
 the inheritance of St. Peter’s Abbey, 
 Westminster. It had great celebrity 
 for the asparagus which was there 
 raised. 
 
 Battery, The. A park of 10J 
 acres in New York City, at the 
 south end of Manhattan Island. 
 A line view of the Bay is ob- 
 tained from the promenade 
 which runs along the water-front. 
 The immigrant station here was 
 originally built for a fort in 1807, 
 was granted to the city in 1823, 
 and afterwards became an opera- 
 house. In it were held civic re- 
 ceptions of Marquis Lafayette, 
 Gen. Jackson, President Tyler, 
 and others, and here (while an op- 
 pera-house) appeared J enny Lind , 
 Sontag, Parodi, Jullien, and oth- 
 ers. See Castle Garden. 
 
 “ He [Peter Stuyvesant] fortified 
 the city, too, with pickets and palisa- 
 does, extending across the island from 
 river to river, and, above all, cast up 
 mud batteries, or redoubts, on the point 
 of the island where it divided the beau- 
 tiful bosom of the bay. These latter 
 
 redoubts, in process of time, came to 
 be pleasantly overrun by a carpet of 
 grass and clover, and overshadowed by 
 wide-spreading elms and sycamores, 
 among the branches of which the birds 
 would build their nests and rejoice the 
 ear with their melodious notes. Under 
 these trees, too, the old burghers would 
 smoke their afternoon pipe, contem- 
 plating the golden sun as he sank in 
 the west, an emblem of the tranquil 
 end toward which they were declining. 
 Here, too, would the young men and 
 maidens of the town take their evening 
 stroll, watching the silver moonbeams 
 as they trembled along the calm bosom 
 of the bay, or lit up the sail of some 
 gliding bark, and peradventure inter- 
 changing the soft vows of honest affec- 
 tion, — for to evening strolls in this 
 favored spot were traced most of the 
 marriages in New Amsterdam. Such 
 was the origin of that renowned prom- 
 enade, The Battery, which, though 
 ostensibly devoted to the stern purposes 
 of war, has ever been consecrated to 
 the sweet delights of peace.” 
 
 Irving ( Knickerbocker ). 
 
 What would a Boston or New York 
 mother think of taking chairs for her 
 whole family, grown-up daughters and all, 
 in the Mali, or upon the Battery , and 
 spending the day in the very midst of the 
 gayest promenade of the city 'i People of 
 all ranks do it here [in Paris]. 
 
 N. P. Willis. 
 
 Where nowadays the Battery lies, 
 
 New York had just begun,* 
 
 A new-born babe. t<> rub its eyes, 
 
 In Sixteen Sixty-One. 
 
 E. C Stedman. 
 
 The visitor. I may say without flattery. 
 
 Finds few, if any, ports to match the 
 view 
 
 (When the wind's up, the walk is slight- 
 ly spattery) 
 
 Of* bustling, white-winged craft and 
 laughing blue. 
 
 Which fixes him enchanted on the Bat- 
 tery, — 
 
 So full of life, forever fresh and new. 
 
 T G. Appleton. 
 
 Battle between Constantine and 
 Maxentius. A well-known fres- 
 co representing the battle be- 
 tween the Emperor Constantine 
 and Maxentius at the Ponte 
 Molle, near Rome. The design 
 of this composition was by 
 Raphael (1483-1520), but it was 
 executed by Giulio Romano 
 (1492-1546). It is in a room, called 
 after this picture the Sala <li Cos- 
 tantino, in the Vatican, Rome. 
 Battle Hill. An eminence in 
 Greenwood Cemetery, command- 
 ing a grand view of the' cities of 
 
BAT 
 
 44 
 
 BAY 
 
 Yew York and Brooklyn, and 
 the Bay. 
 
 Battle Monument. A memorial 
 structure in Baltimore, Md. # built 
 in 1815, to commemorate the sol- 
 diers who were engaged in the 
 defence of the city against the 
 British troops in September, 1814. 
 The total height of the monu- 
 ment is 72 feet. 
 
 Battle of Austerlitz. A celebrated 
 picture by Francois Gerard (1770- 
 188(5), the eminent French painter. 
 It is of great size (30 feet wide by 
 16 feet highland is much admired. 
 It was painted by request of 
 Napoleon I. 
 
 Battle of Bunker Hill. A well- 
 known picture by John Trum- 
 bull (1756-1843). 
 
 4fSy=*“Not surpassed [this and his 
 ‘ Death of Montgomery ’ J by any sim- 
 ilar works in the last century, and thus 
 far stand alone in American historical 
 paintings.” Harper's Magazine. 
 
 Battle of Cadore. A picture by 
 Titian (1477-1576), no longer ex- 
 isting, but of which there is a 
 drawing in the Uffizi Gallery in 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Battle of Darius and Alexander. 
 
 A celebrated mosaic found at 
 Pompeii, and now preserved in 
 the Museum at Naples, Italy. 
 
 Battle of Gettysburg. An im- 
 mense picture by Peter F. Roth- 
 ermel (b. 1817), the American 
 artist. It was painted under 
 commission from the State of 
 Pennsylvania, and is much ad- 
 mired. It is now in Fairxnount 
 Park, Philadelphia. 
 
 Battle of Hercules with the Cen- 
 taurs. A marble bas-relief by 
 Michael Angelo (1475-1564). 
 
 Battle of Isly. A noted picture 
 by Horace Vernet (1789-1863), the 
 celebrated French painter. 
 
 Battle of Lepanto. A picture by 
 ^itian (1477-1576), believed to 
 have been painted by him at the 
 age of ninety-four. At Madrid, 
 Spain. 
 
 Battle of the Amazons. A cele- 
 brated picture by Peter Paul Ru- 
 
 bens (1577-1640). In the Munich 
 gallery. 
 
 Battle of the Huns. [Ger. Ilunn - 
 enschlacht.] A celebrated picture 
 by Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1805- 
 1874), regarded as a masterpiece. 
 In the museum at Berlin, Prus- 
 sia. It is “ founded upon the 
 tradition of the battle before the 
 gates of Rome, between the Rom- 
 ans and the spirits of the Huns 
 who were slain, which, rising in 
 the air, continued the fight.” 
 
 Battle of the Issus. A famous 
 mosaic, representing the battle 
 between Alexander and Darius 
 at the river Issus. This mosaic 
 was discovered at Pompeii in 
 1831, and is the finest ancient 
 relic of the kind in existence. It 
 is now in the Museum at Naples, 
 Italy. 
 
 Battle of the Standard. A cele- 
 brated cartoon by Leonardo da 
 Yinci (1452-1520). The subject is 
 the victory of the Florentines un- 
 der the Patriarch of Aquileja, at 
 Anghiari, over Niccolo Piccinino, 
 general of Filippo Yisconti. The 
 cartoon is no longer in existence. 
 There is a sketch by Rubens, and 
 an engraving taken from it by 
 Edelinck, called the “Battle of 
 the Standard.” 
 
 i “ Leonardo’s work, both cartoon 
 and painting, partook of the evil desti- 
 ny, which, not unaccountably, presided 
 over all he did. He repeated the same 
 process so fatal to the Last Supper, 
 only apparently with still fewer pre- 
 cautions, painted in oil on so defective 
 a ground that the surface gave way un- 
 der his own hand, and the work, for 
 which he had already received a con- 
 siderable sum, was finally abandoned.” 
 Eastlake. 
 
 Battle of Waterloo. A picture 
 by Sir William Allan (1782-1850). 
 In the possession of the Duke of 
 Wellington. 
 
 Baumann^s Gave. A curious cav- 
 ern in the Harz Mountains, Ger- 
 many, very interesting in a geo- 
 logical regard, on account of the 
 fossil remains that have been dis- 
 covered in it. 
 
 Bavaria. A colossal bronze statue 
 by Ludwig Schwantlialer (1802- 
 
BAY 
 
 45 
 
 BE A 
 
 1848). It is 54 feet in height, 
 larger than any other work of 
 modern sculpture. In the Hall 
 of Fame at Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Bavon, St. See St. Baton. 
 
 Bay of Baise. A picture by Joseph 
 Mallord William Turner (1775— 
 1851), the English landscape 
 painter, and regarded one of his 
 best works. In the National Gal- 
 lery, London. 
 
 Bayenthurm. A picturesque Goth- 
 ic tower of the fourteenth century 
 in Cologne, Germany. From its 
 position, projecting into the river 
 Rhine, it serves as a sort of bar- 
 rier against the drifting ice. 
 
 Bayeux Tapestry. [Fr. Tctpisserie 
 de Bayeux .] This tapestry, now 
 preserved at Bayeux" near Caen, 
 France, is traditionally said to 
 have been wrought by Matilda, 
 queen of William the Conqueror. 
 It is the oldest known work of 
 the kind. It is 214 feet long by 
 19 inches wide, and represents 
 the history of the conquest of 
 England by William of Nor- 
 mandy, in a series of scenes, the 
 subject of each of which is indi- 
 cated by a Latin inscription . The 
 series extends from the visit of 
 Harold to the Norman court to 
 his death at Hastings. 
 
 “The most celebrated, if not 
 the most ancient piece of needlework 
 tapestry — real tapestry, being entirely 
 wrought by the needle, as was usual in 
 the earliest period of its history — 
 which time has spared us, is the ‘ Baj'- 
 eux tapestry,’ and called at Bayeux the 
 4 Toilet of Queen Matilda,’ or of ‘ Due 
 Guillaume.’ ” L. Jewitt. 
 
 “ Of Norman armor and arms 
 in England, the Bayeux oapestry affords 
 every detail, and may be looked upon 
 as a valuable storehouse of informa- 
 tion.” L. Jewitt . 
 
 Beacon Hill. An eminence north 
 of the Common in Boston, Mass., 
 now covered with streets and 
 houses. It was so called from 
 the circumstance, that, in the 
 early days of the city, beacon- 
 fires were lighted here to arouse 
 the people in case of danger. 
 
 And, sunlike, from her Beacon height 
 The dome-crowned city spreads her rays. 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 Beacon Street. A well-known 
 street of residences in Boston, 
 Mass. It was originally known 
 as the lane leading to the alms- 
 house, at which it terminated. 
 
 M3T “ The name of Beacon Street 
 was applied very early to that portion 
 north and east of the State House, and 
 to the westerly part before the Revolu- 
 tion. At this time there were not 
 more than three houses between 
 Charles Street and the upper end of 
 the Common. The rest of the hill was 
 covered with small cedars and native 
 shrubbery with here and there a cow- 
 path through which the herds ranged 
 unmolested.” Drake. 
 
 Beacon Street , ven r like Piccadilly, as 
 it runs along the Green Park, and there is 
 the Green Park opposite to this Picca- 
 dilly, called Boston Common. 
 
 Anthony Trollope. 
 
 The lack-lustre eye, ray less as a Beacon- 
 street door plate in August, all at once tills 
 with light ; the face flings itself wide opt n, 
 like the church-portals when the bride 
 and bridegroom enter. Holmes. 
 
 The bore is the same, eating dates under 
 the cedars of Lebanon, as over a plate 
 of baked beans in Beacon Street. 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 Bean Feast. A well-known pic- 
 ture by Jacob Jordaens (1593- 
 1678), of which there are numer- 
 ous specimens, the best being 
 that in the Vienna Gallery. 
 
 Bears of Berne. The armorial de- 
 vice of the city of Berne, Switzer- 
 land, is a bear (the name itself 
 signifying hear), and the animal 
 is a favorite effigy throughout the 
 city. In addition many living 
 hears are still kept and support- 
 ed at public expense. At tlie 
 time of the French Revolution 
 the hears of Berne were carried 
 as prisoners to Paris. 
 
 I have forgotten the famous bears and 
 all else. Holmes. 
 
 Beatrice. A picture by Ary Scheffer 
 (1795-1858), well known through 
 engravings. 
 
 Beatrice Cenci. 1. The subject of a 
 well-known and exquisite por- 
 trait by Guido Reni, in the Bar- 
 berini Palace at Rome. It is said, 
 according to the family tradition, 
 to have been taken on the night 
 before her execution. Other ac- 
 counts represent that it was 
 painted from memory, after Gui- 
 do had seen her on the scaffold. 
 
BEA 
 
 46 
 
 BED 
 
 The tragic story lias been treated 
 by Shelley in his poem entitled 
 with her name. 
 
 46^=-“ I think no other such magical 
 effect can ever have been wrought by 
 pencil. . . . The picture can never be 
 copied. Guido himself could never have 
 done it over again. The copyists get 
 all sorts of expression, gay as well as 
 grievous; some copies have a coquet- 
 tish air, a half-backward glance, thrown 
 alluringly at the spectator; but nobody 
 ever did catch, or ever will, the vanish- 
 ing charm of that sorrow. I hated to 
 leave the picture, and yet was glad 
 when I had taken my last glimpse, be- 
 cause it so perplexed and troubled mo 
 not to be able to get hold of its secret.” 
 Hawthorne . 
 
 4S§ =, “The picture of Beatrice Cenci 
 represents simply a female head ; a 
 very youthful, girlish, perfectly beau- 
 tiful face. . . . The whole face is very 
 quiet, there is no distortion or disturb- 
 ance of any single feature, nor is it 
 easy to see why the expression is not 
 cheerful, or why a single touch of the 
 artist’s pencil should not brighten it in- 
 to joyousness. But, in fact, it is the 
 very saddest picture ever painted or 
 conceived ; it involves an unfathomable 
 depth of sorrow, the sense of which 
 comes to the observer by a sort of intu- 
 ition.” Hawthorne. 
 
 4®" “ The picture of Beatrice Cenci 
 is a picture almost impossible to be for- 
 gotten. Through the transcendent 
 sweetness and beauty of the face there 
 is a something shining out that haunts 
 me.” Dickens. 
 
 2. A life-size statue by Har- 
 riet Hosmer (b. 1831). In the Mer- 
 cantile Library, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Beaudesert Park. The seat of the 
 Marquis of Anglesea, near Ruge- 
 ley, England. 
 
 Beaumarchais, Boulevart. One of 
 the boulevards of Paris, so called 
 from the author of that name, 
 who built here a fine mansion. 
 See Boulevards. 
 
 Beauvais Cathedral. A fine Gothic 
 church in Beauvais, France. It 
 was begun in 1225, and has the 
 loftiest choir in the world. 
 
 Beaux Arts, Academiedes. [Acad- 
 emy of Fine Arts.] One of the 
 five academies embraced in the 
 Institute the most important learn- 
 ed society of France. It is de- 
 
 voted to painting, sculpture, ar- 
 chitecture, engraving, and music, 
 and is, accurately speaking, the 
 most ancient of the academies in 
 Paris, traces of an association 
 among painters being found as 
 early as the fourteenth century. It 
 was regularly founded by the Car- 
 dinal Mazarin in 1655. See Insti- 
 tut. 
 
 Bed of Justice. [Fr. Lit de Jus- 
 tice.] Formerly the seat or 
 throne occupied by the French 
 monarchs when they attended 
 parliament. Afterwards the term 
 was applied to parliament itself. 
 The last Bed of Justice was held 
 at Versailles by Louis XVI., Aug. 
 5, 1788. 
 
 Was not every soul, or rather every 
 body, of these Guardians of our Liberties, 
 naked, or nearly so, last night ; 4< a forked 
 Radish with a head fantastically carved ” ? 
 And why might he not, did our stern fate 
 so order it, walk out to St. Stephen’s, as 
 well as into bed, in that no-fashion; and 
 there, with other similar Radishes, hold a 
 Bnl of Justice f CaHyle. 
 
 Bed of Ware. See Great Bed of 
 Ware. 
 
 Bedford Coffee-house. A noted 
 house in Covent Garden, London, 
 formerly much frequented. Gold- 
 smith, John and Henry Fielding, 
 Hogarth, Churchill, Foote, Gar- 
 rick, and others resorted to the 
 Bedford. It is no longer stand- 
 ing. 
 
 4SP “ Almost every one you meet is 
 a polite scholar and a wit.” 
 
 Connoisseur , 1754. 
 
 Bedford Head. An old London 
 tavern, Co vent Garden. 
 
 When sharp with hunger, scorn } r ou to 
 be fed 
 
 Except on pea-chicks at the Bedford 
 Head ? Hope. 
 
 Bedford House. A noble mansion 
 in Belgrave Square, London, the 
 residence of the Duke of Bedford. 
 It was taken down in 1704. 
 
 Most of the peers who were in town met 
 in the morning at Bedford House, and went 
 thence in procession to Cheapside. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Bedford Level. A tract of land in 
 England, situated in the counties 
 of Norfolk, Suffolk, Huntingdon, 
 Northampton, Lincoln, Cam- 
 
BED 
 
 47 
 
 BEF 
 
 bridge, and the Isle of Ely, con- 
 sisting of about 400,000 acres, a 
 large portion of it being marshy 
 ground. It was drained and re- 
 claimed in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury by the Duke of Bedford and 
 others. It produces fine crops of 
 grain, flax, and cole-seed. 
 
 Bedford Square. A well-known 
 square in London, near Oxford 
 Street. 
 
 Bedlam. See Bethlem Hospital. 
 
 Bednall - green. See Bethnal 
 Green. 
 
 Bee Hive House. A building in 
 Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, 
 used as a seraglio of the Mormon 
 leaders. It derives its name from 
 an emblematic bee-hive carved 
 over the entrance 
 
 Beef-steak Society [Club]. 1. The 
 first club with this name is 
 thought to have been established 
 at London in the time of Queen 
 Anne. The meetings “composed 
 of the chief wits and great men 
 of the nation ” seem to have been 
 noted for their jovial character. 
 The first Providore of the Club 
 was Dick Estcourt, the actor, 
 who was valued for his gayety 
 and humor, and who wore, as the 
 badge of the Club, a small golden 
 gridiron. 
 
 2. The Sublime Society of the 
 Steaks was established in 1735 by 
 Henry Rich. According to an 
 early rule of the Society the diet 
 was restricted to beef-steaks, 
 port-wine, and punch. The meet- 
 ings were first held in a room at 
 the Covent Garden Theatre, but 
 later at various places, and finally 
 at a room in the Lyceum Theatre 
 — “ ornamented with gridirons as 
 thick as Henry the Seventh’s 
 Chapel with the portcullis of the 
 founder. Every thing assumes 
 the shape, or is distinguished by 
 the representation, of their em- 
 blematic implement, the grid- 
 iron. The cook is seen at his 
 office through the bars of a spa- 
 cious gridiron, and the original 
 gridiron of the Society (the sur- 
 vivor of two terrific fires) holds a 
 conspicuous position in the centre 
 
 of the ceiling.” Many persons 
 distinguished for rank or social 
 powers have been “ Steaks,” as 
 the members were accustomed to 
 call themselves, and many are 
 included in the list of guests of 
 the Society. 
 
 HSf* “ On Saturday, the 14th of May 
 [1785], the Prince of Wales was ad- 
 mitted a member of the Beef-steak 
 Club [Society]. His Royal Highness 
 having signified his wish of belonging 
 to that Society, and there not being a 
 vacancy, it was proposed to make him 
 an honorary member; but that being 
 declined by his Royal Highness, it was 
 agreed to increase the number from 
 24 to 25, in consequence of which his 
 Royal Highness was unanimously elect- 
 ed. The Beef-steak Club [ Society J 
 has been instituted just 50 years, and 
 consists of some of the most classical 
 and sprightly wits in the kingdom.” 
 
 Annual Register , 1785, 
 
 “The Beef-steak and October 
 Clubs are neither of them averse to 
 eating or drinking, if we may form a 
 judgment of them from their respective 
 titles.” Spectator. 
 
 3. A Beef-steak Club became an 
 institution in almost every thea- 
 tre. Dr. Johnson’s club in Ivy 
 Lane was at first a Beef-steak 
 Club. About 1749 a Beef-steak 
 Club was founded at the Theatre 
 Royal, Dublin, and was presided 
 over by the celebrated “ Peg 
 Woffington.” There was also a 
 Beef-steak Club at the Bell Tav- 
 ern, Houndsditch. In 1733-34 
 there existed in London the 
 Rump-steak, or Liberty Club , a 
 political club in opposition to Sir 
 Robert Walpole. 
 
 Beersheba. See Dan. 
 
 Beethoven. A statue by Thomas 
 Crawford (1813-1857). In the Mu- 
 sic Hall, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Befana, La. A wooden figure 
 placed outside the doors of houses 
 in Italy at the opening of Lent. 
 This name is perhaps derived 
 from La Befana (a corruption of 
 Epiphany, Gr. ’Em^aj/ia), which 
 in Italy is a common personifica- 
 tion of the Epiphany, differently 
 represented as a saint, as a fairy, 
 and as the bugbear of naughty 
 children, and who at Epiphany is 
 supposed to go about at night like 
 
BEF 
 
 48 
 
 BEL 
 
 Santa Claus, bearing presents to 
 the children, 
 
 “ On the eve of Twelfth-Day, 
 the Crature (the children), with trem- 
 bling mingled with hope, anticipate a 
 midnight visit from a frightful old wo- 
 man, called the Befana (an obvious 
 corruption of Epifania , the Epipha- 
 ny), for whom they always take care 
 to leave some portion of their supper, 
 lest she should eat them up ; and when 
 they go to bed, they suspend upon the 
 back of a chair a stocking, to receive 
 her expected gifts. This receptacle is 
 always found in the morning to con- 
 tain some sweet things, or other wel- 
 come presents, — which, I need scarcely 
 say, are provided by the mother or the 
 nurse.” C. A. Eaton . 
 
 Beffroi [Ghent]. An ancient and 
 celebrated belfry or watch-tower 
 in the city of Ghent, Belgium. It 
 was erected in 1183, and is a lofty 
 square structure, containing a 
 tine chime, and surmounted by a 
 gilt dragon brought from Con- 
 stantinople. One of the bells in 
 the belfry weighs nearly five 
 tons. 
 
 Beggar Boy. A picture by Diego 
 Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez 
 (1599-1860), the Spanish painter. 
 In the Louvre, Paris, There is 
 another upon the same subject in 
 the Pinakothek at Munich, Bava- 
 ria. 
 
 Beguinage, The. A famous nun- 
 nery in Ghent, Belgium. 
 
 Beguinage, Grand. A fine church 
 of the seventeenth century in 
 Brussels, Belgium 
 
 Beheading of St. John. A picture 
 by Michelangelo Amerighi, sur- 
 named Caravaggio (1569-1609), 
 and one of his principal works. 
 In the Cathedral of Malta. 
 
 Eeheading of St. John the Bap- 
 tist. A picture by the Swiss 
 painter, Nicolas Manuel, sur- 
 named Deutsch (1484-1531). Now 
 in the Museum at Basle, Switzer- 
 land. 
 
 Beheading of St. Paul. A picture 
 by Niccolo dell’ Abbate, called 
 also Niccolo da Modena (1509- 
 1571). In the Gallery of Dresden, 
 Germany. 
 
 Bekaa. A valley in Syria, some- 
 times called Hollow Syria. It is 
 between the Antilibanus range 
 and the higher Lebanon. It was 
 by this way that the ancient ar- 
 mies used to march, the Syrians 
 to Samaria, and the Egyptians 
 against Damascus 
 
 Belfort. An ancient and vener- 
 able fortress of unknown origin, 
 situated on the summit of a bare 
 rock in northern Palestine. Por- 
 tions of the castle are thought to 
 have been built by the Crusaders, 
 who, at different times, took ref- 
 uge in it. In 1189 it was besieged 
 by Saladin. In 1260 it was pur- 
 chased by the Templars, who, 
 however, were soon compelled to 
 relinquish it. It is a stronghold 
 of great size, with massive walls, 
 and moats, and drawbridges, and 
 the other means of defence com- 
 mon in the Middle Ages. The 
 original building is believed to 
 have been of Phoenician origin. 
 The place is first mentioned un- 
 der il s European name by Wil- 
 liam of Tyre in the twelfth cen- 
 tury The castle is now deserted. 
 
 Belfry of Bruges. See Halles, 
 Les. For the Belfry of Ghent, 
 see Beffroi. See also Campa- 
 nile. 
 
 Belgrave Square. See Belgravia. 
 
 Belgravia. Formerly a sobriquet 
 applied to Belgrave and Eaton 
 Squares, Grosvenor Place, and 
 the radiating streets, London, 
 but now received as the legiti- 
 mate name of this aristocratic 
 quarter. Belgrave Square was 
 so called from Belgrave, Lincoln- 
 shire 
 
 But the ordi arv residences of fashion - 
 atile life — the mansions of Belgravia , Ty- 
 burnia, and Mayfair — are mere shells of 
 brick and stucco, which present such a 
 dreary appearance outside that one is sur- 
 prised sometimes to find them palaces of 
 comfort wi bin C L Eastlake. 
 
 Crouched on the pavement close by Bel- 
 grave Square, 
 
 A tramp I saw, ill, moody, and tongue- 
 tied ; 
 
 A babe was in her arms, and at her side 
 A girl ; their clothes were rags, their feet 
 were bare. Matthew Arnold. 
 
 That is a source of prospective pleasure 
 in which the inhabitants of Belgravia and 
 Tyburnia cannot indulge. Eastlake 
 
BEL 
 
 49 
 
 Belisarius. A noted picture by 
 Francois Gerard (1770-1836), the 
 eminent French painter. It was 
 executed about 1795. 
 
 Bell, The. 1. A noted inn at Ed- 
 monton, near London, famous in 
 connection with John Gilpin’s 
 ride, and a favorite stopping- 
 place of Charles Lamb. 
 
 ‘ To-morrow is our wedding-day, 
 
 And we will then repair 
 Unto the Bell at Edmonton, 
 
 All in a chaise and pair.’ Cowper. 
 
 2. A. noted old inn in War- 
 wick Lane, London. The pres- 
 ent building is modern. 
 
 And he [Archbishop Leighton] obtainpd 
 what he desired; for lie died at the Bell 
 Inn , in Warwick Lane. Barnet. 
 
 MST The name has been a frequent 
 designation of inns and public-houses 
 in England, which were formerly dis- 
 tinguished by the various devices of 
 their signs. 
 
 Bell Bock (or Inchcape Bock) 
 Lighthouse. This important 
 lighthouse — built upon the fa- 
 mous rock of the same name in 
 the German Ocean, on the north- 
 ern side of the entrance of the 
 Firth of Forth, and about twelve 
 miles from land — was begun in 
 1807, under the charge of the 
 celebrated engineer Bobert Ste- 
 venson . After much very difficult 
 work and many discouraging 
 hinderances the structure was 
 finished in October, 1810. Its total 
 height is 115 feet, and diameter 
 at the base 42 feet. See Inch- 
 cape Rock. 
 
 Far in the bosom of the deep, 
 
 OVr these wild shelves my watch I keep ; 
 A ruddy gem of changeful light. 
 
 Hound on the dusky brow of night ; 
 
 The seaman bids my lustre hail. 
 
 And scorns to strike his timorous sail, 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Bella di Tiziano. [Titian’s Beau- 
 ty.] A picture in the Sciarra 
 Palace, Rome, now attributed to 
 Jacopo Palma, called Palma Vec- 
 chio (1480-1528). There is anoth- 
 er picture of the same name in 
 the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Bella Donna, La. A noted picture 
 by Titian (1477-1576). In the Pa- 
 lazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Bellamy’s Kitchen. An estab- 
 lishment which was situated near 
 
 BEL 
 
 the Old House of Commons, Lon- 
 don, and is described as a plain 
 apartment, with an immense fire, 
 meat-screen, gridirons, and a 
 small tub under the window for 
 washing the glasses, — a place 
 where ** the statesmen of England 
 very often dine, and men, pos- 
 sessed of wealth untold, and with 
 palaces of their own, in which 
 luxury and splendor are visible 
 in every part, are willing to leave 
 their stately dining-halls and 
 powdered attendants, to be wait- 
 ed upon, while eating a chop in 
 Bellamy’s kitchen, by two unpre- 
 tending old women.” 
 
 “ But let us not omit to notice 
 Bellamy’s kitchen, or, in other words, 
 the refreshment-room, common to both 
 Houses of Parliament, where Ministe- 
 rialists and Oppositionists, Whigs and 
 Tories, Radicals, Peers, and destruc- 
 tives, strangers from the gallery, and 
 the more favored strangers from below 
 the bar, are alike at liberty to resort.” 
 Dickens . 
 
 Belle Arti, Accademia delle. 
 [Academy of Fine Arts.] A name 
 applied in Italy to buildings in 
 nearly all the principal cities, 
 containing collections of art. 
 Among the more celebrated are 
 the Accademias of Florence, Ven- 
 ice, and Bologna. 
 
 Belle Ferroniere. A celebrated 
 portrait of Lucrezia Crivelli by 
 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), 
 the Italian painter. It is now in 
 the Louvre, Paris, and is known 
 by the title above given, from a 
 tradition that it is the picture of 
 a blacksmith’s wife, mistress of 
 Francis I. There is a fine copy 
 of this portrait believed to be by 
 Beltraffio. 
 
 Belle Jardiniere. [The Fair Gar- 
 dener.] A beautiful and well- 
 known picture of the Madonna 
 by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), in 
 which the Virgin is represented 
 as sitting among flowering shrubs 
 as in a garden (from which cir- 
 cumstance the picture may have 
 derived its name). The infant 
 Christ stands at her knee, while 
 St. John kneels in childlike de- 
 votion. There is an early copy 
 of this picture, probably by a 
 
BEL 
 
 50 
 
 BEL 
 
 Flemish artist, sometimes taken 
 for the original, which latter is 
 now in the gallery of the Louvre, 
 Paris. 
 
 Belle Joconde. The name given 
 to the celebrated portrait of 
 Mona Lisa, wife of Francesco del 
 Giocondo, by Leonardo da Vinci 
 (1452-1519). It is regarded as one 
 of the most beautiful and highly- 
 finished works of art existing. It 
 is stated that the lady sat for her 
 portrait during a period of four 
 years. This picture is nowin the 
 Louvre, Paris. The Duke d’Au- 
 male has a black chalk cartoon of 
 the same by Leonardo. 
 
 “ As the countenance of the Sis* 
 tine Madonna represents the purest 
 maidenliness, so we see here the most 
 beautiful woman — worldly, earthly, 
 without sublimity, without enthusiasm, 
 but with a calm, restful placidity, a 
 smile, a mild pride about her, which 
 makes us stand before her with endless 
 delight.” Grimm , Trans. 
 
 Belle Sauvage. A noted old Lon- 
 don tavern which formerly stood 
 on Ludgate Hill. 
 
 “ A few of these quaint old 
 figures still remain in London town. 
 You may still see there, and over its 
 old hostel in Ludgate Hill, the ‘ Belle 
 Sauvage,’ to whom the Spectator so 
 pleasantly alludes, and who was prob- 
 ably no other than the sweet American 
 Pocahontas who rescued from death 
 the daring Captain Smith.” 
 
 Thackeray . 
 
 Belle Tout. A celebrated light- 
 house on the south coast of Eng- 
 land near Beachy Head, built in 
 1831. 
 
 Bellerophon. An English line-of- 
 baXtle ship in which, on the 15th 
 of July, 1815, while lying at 
 anchor in the roadstead of Roche- 
 fort, France, the emperor Na- 
 poleon I. took passage for Eng- 
 land, having vainly endeavored 
 to escape to America. 
 
 2. A formidable armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 April 26, 1865. 
 
 Bellevue Avenue. A broad road 
 at Newport, R. I., lined with 
 country-seats, many of which are 
 very magnificent. It is a fash- 
 ionable drive, where may be seen 
 
 a display of elegant equipages, 
 affording in the season one of the 
 gayest spectacles to be seen in 
 the country. 
 
 Bellini, Giovanni. A portrait of 
 himself by the painter (1426-1516). 
 In the collection of autograph 
 portraits of the painters in the 
 Uffizi, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Bellosguardo. A hill in the neigh- 
 borhood of Florence, Italy. From 
 this eminence Galileo is said to 
 have observed the planetary 
 movements. 
 
 From Tuscan BelJosguardo , wide awake, 
 When standing on the actual, blessed 
 sward 
 
 Where Galileo stood at nights to take 
 The vision of the stars, we find it hard. 
 Gazing upon the earth and heaven, to 
 make 
 
 A choice of beauty. Mrs. Browning . 
 
 Belmont. A noted mansion in 
 what is now Fairmount Park, 
 Philadelphia, Penn. It was 
 erected in 1745, and was a favor- 
 ite resort of Washington, La- 
 fayette, Franklin, Jefferson, Tal- 
 leyrand, Louis Philippe, and other 
 distinguished men. 
 
 Belceil. A celebrated Gothic castle 
 near Ath, in Belgium, built in 
 1146, and containing some valu- 
 able works of art. 
 
 Beloeil tout a la fois magnifique et cliam- 
 petre. Delille. 
 
 Belrespiro. See Villa Pamfili- 
 Dokia. 
 
 Belshazzar’s Feast. A picture by 
 Washington Allston (1779-1843), 
 the American painter. It was 
 left unfinished at his death. Now 
 in the Athenaeum, Boston, Mass. 
 
 “ A mighty sovereign sur- 
 rounded by his whole court, intoxicated 
 with his own state, in the midst of his 
 revelry, palsied in a moment under the 
 spell of a preternatural hand suddenly 
 tracing his doom on the wall before 
 him ; his powerless limbs, like a 
 wounded spider’s, shrunk up to his 
 body, while his heart, compressed to a 
 point, is only kept from vanishing by 
 the terrific suspense that animates it, 
 during the interpretation of his mys- 
 terious sentence.” Allston. 
 
 Belus, Temple of. See Biks Nim- 
 kood. 
 
BEL 
 
 51 
 
 BEN 
 
 Belvedere Antinous. See Antin- 
 
 ous. 
 
 Belvedere Palace. A celebrated 
 palace in Vienna, Austria, con- 
 sisting of two buildings, an upper 
 and a lower, with a public garden 
 between them. The upper Bel- 
 vedere contains a gallery of pic- 
 tures, filling 35 halls; the lower, 
 an armory and museum of sculp- 
 tures. 
 
 Belvidere Apollo. See Apollo 
 Belyi d ere. 
 
 Belvidere, or Cortile del Belvi- 
 dere. [Court of the Beautiful 
 View.] A famous octagonal court 
 in the palace of the Vatican, 
 Borne, built by Bramante, out of 
 which open several cabinets con- 
 taining some of the most precious 
 remains of ancient art, as the An- 
 tinous, the Laocoon, and the 
 Apollo. 
 
 4gpThe name Belvidere (Belvedere) 
 is frequently applied to apartments in 
 palaces and galleries of art. 
 
 jggp “ The view from the balcony in 
 front of the windows is that which 
 gave the name of Belvidere to this 
 Museum, and in consequence to the 
 Apollo, and some of its tinest pieces of 
 sculpture. It commands a prospect 
 over the vale of the Tiber to the pine- 
 covered height of Monte Mario, but the 
 hues which the brilliant sky of Italy 
 sheds over it must be seen before its 
 beauty can be imagined.” Eaton. 
 
 Belvidere Torso. See Torso Bel- 
 videre. 
 
 Belvoir Castle. An ancient and 
 noble mansion, the seat of the 
 Duke of Rutland, near Grantham, 
 Leicestershire, England. It con- 
 tains one of the best collections 
 of pictures in England. 
 
 Till Belvoir' s lordly terraces 
 The sign to Lincoln sent, 
 
 And Lincoln sped the message on 
 O’er the wide vale of Trent. 
 
 Macaulay . 
 
 The lord of Belvoir then his castle viewed, 
 Strong without form, and dignified but 
 rude. George Vrabbe. 
 
 Belzoni’s Tomb. The common 
 appellation, from its discoverer, 
 of the tomb of Sethi I., in Thebes, 
 Egypt. This tomb is regarded as 
 the most noteworthy in Thebes 
 for its sculpture and preservat ion. 
 
 Bema. [Gr. B r)na.] A tribune or 
 raised platform in ancient Greek 
 buildings, from which speeches 
 were made before a court of law. 
 Especially applied to a place of 
 this kind in the Pnyx, at Athens. 
 
 Bemerside. A mansion in Scot- 
 land, near the town of Dryburgh, 
 memorable for the fact that it has 
 been for 700 years the seat of the 
 family of Haig, in verification of 
 a prophecy of Thomas of Ercil- 
 doune, called Thomas the Rhym- 
 er. 
 
 “ Betide, betide, whate'er betide, 
 
 Haig shall be Haig of Bemerside .” 
 
 Ben, Big. See Bio Ben. 
 
 Bench. See King’s Bench and 
 Queen’s Bench. 
 
 Bengal, Little. See Little Ben- 
 gal. 
 
 Beni Hassan, Caves or Tombs of. 
 These ancient tombs excavated 
 in the rock on the shore of the 
 Nile are the oldest known monu- 
 ments in Egypt, excepting the 
 Pyramids. They are numerous 
 and spacious, and some of them 
 are exceedingly interesting. The 
 sculptures and paintings are of 
 great variety, representing the 
 occupations and amusements of 
 the people, and throwing much 
 light on their modes of life. The 
 paintings are of various and very 
 brilliant coloring. [Written also 
 Benee Hasan.] 
 
 “ The character of the sculptures 
 which adorn their walls approaches 
 that found in the tombs surrounding 
 the Pyramids, but the architecture dif- 
 fers widely. They are all cheerful- 
 looking halls open to the light of day, 
 many of them with pillared porches, 
 and all possessing pretensions to archi- 
 tectural ornament, either internal or 
 external.” Fergusson. 
 
 Benjamin West. A portrait by 
 Washington Allston (1779-1843), 
 the American painter. It was 
 placed in the Boston Athenaeum, 
 but is now in the Museum of 
 Fine Arts in that city. 
 
 Bentivoglio, Cardinal. A well- 
 known portrait by Anthony van 
 Dyck (1599-1341). In the Pitti 
 Palace, Florence, Italy. 
 
BEE 
 
 52 
 
 BET 
 
 Bergstrasse. [Mountain Road.] 
 A famous post-road from Darm- 
 stadt to Heidelberg, Germany, 
 now superseded in great part by 
 the railway, but formerly very 
 celebrated for its beautiful views 
 of mountains and of the river 
 Rhine, and for the rich cultiva- 
 tion of the district it overlooks. 
 
 Berguner Stein. A deep and nar- 
 row ravine in Switzerland, in 
 which is a carriage-road 600 feet 
 above the Albula. This road is a 
 triumph of engineering skill. 
 
 Berkeley Castle. A noted Norman 
 fortress and baronial mansion, 
 the former residence of the Berke- 
 ley family, near the river Severn, 
 in England, between Bristol and 
 Gloucester. It was founded soon 
 after the Conquest, and has been 
 the scene of many historical 
 events, including the murder of 
 Edward II. It is regarded as 
 one of the finest feudal structures 
 in Great Britain. 
 
 4®" “ The room shown for the 
 murder of Edward II., I verily believe 
 to be genuine. It is a dismal cham- 
 ber, almost at the top of the house, al- 
 most detached, and to be approached 
 only by a kind of footbridge.” 
 
 Horace Walpole. 
 
 Nark the year, and mark the night. 
 
 When Severn shall re-echo witli affright 
 The shrieks of death through Berkeley's 
 roof that ring, — 
 
 Shrieks of an agonizing king. Gray. 
 
 Berkeley Square. A well-known 
 public square in London. 
 
 Bermondsey. A district in the 
 borough of Southwark, London, 
 a great seat of the tanning trade. 
 
 Bermudas, The. A name given to 
 some narrow and intricate alleys 
 in London. These passages, 
 which are thought to have been 
 north of the Strand, near Covent 
 Garden, are no longer in exist- 
 ence. 
 
 Pirates here at land 
 
 Have their Bermudas and their Streiglits 
 in the Strand. Ben Jonson. 
 
 Bernard, St. See Hospice of the 
 St. Bernard and Vision of St. 
 Bernard. 
 
 Berne, Bears of. See Bears of 
 Berne. 
 
 Bethesda, Pool of. See Pool of 
 Bethesda. 
 
 Bethlem (Bethlehem) Hospital. 
 A lunatic hospital, founded in 
 1547, in the reign of Henry VIII., 
 and popularly called Bedlam. It 
 has been situated at the junction 
 of Keusington and Lambeth 
 Roads, London, since 1810-T5,but 
 was formerly in Moorfields, near 
 Bisliopsgate. Until 1770 it was 
 one of the sights of the city. 
 The patients, before 1815, were 
 kept chained to the walls ; but 
 now their treatment is all that 
 could be wished. The entrance- 
 hall contains the famous statues 
 of Melancholy and Madness by 
 Caius Gabriei Cibber (father of 
 Colley Cibber). See Melan- 
 choly. 
 
 He [Fox] was then a youth of pure 
 morals and grave deportment, with a per- 
 verse temper, with the education of a la- 
 boring man, and with an intellect in the 
 most unhappy of all states, that is to say, 
 too much disordered for liberty, and not 
 sufficiently disordered for Bedlam 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Why, there are passions still great 
 enough to replenish Bedlam, for it never 
 wants tenants; to suspend men from bed- 
 posts, from improved-drops at the west 
 end of N e wgate. Carlyle. 
 
 The river proudly bridged; the dizzy 
 
 top 
 
 And Whispering Gallery of St. Paul’s; 
 the tombs 
 
 Of Westminster; the giants of Guildhall ; 
 Bedlam , and those carved maniacs at the 
 gates 
 
 Perpetually recumbent. Wordsworth . 
 
 Bethnal Green. A district in Lon- 
 don to the east of Spitalfields, 
 celebrated in the old English 
 ballad of Bednall-Green. Great, 
 numbers of silk-weavers reside 
 in this quarter. It was made a 
 parish in 1743. 
 
 4®" “ Numerous blind courts and al- 
 leys form a densely crowded district in 
 Bethnal Green. Among its inhabitants 
 may be found street venders of every 
 kind of produce, travellers to fairs, 
 tramps, dog-fanciers, dog-stealers, men 
 and women sharpers, shoplifters, and 
 pickpockets. It abounds with the 
 young Arabs of the streets, and its 
 outward moral degradation is at once 
 apparent to any one who passes that 
 way.” Athenaeum. 
 
 4®" Dickens, in “ Oliver Twist,” 
 places the home of Bill Sikes in one of 
 a “maze of mean and dirty streets, 
 
BEY 
 
 53 
 
 BIG 
 
 which abound in the close and densely 
 populated quarter of Bethnal Green.” 
 
 26 June, 1663. By coach to Bednall- 
 green , to Sir W. Kider's to dinner. A tine 
 merry walk with the ladies alone after 
 dinner in the garden; the greatest quan- 
 tity of strawberries I ever saw, and good. 
 
 Pepys ’ Diary . 
 
 My father, shee said, is soone to be seene: 
 The seely blind beggar of Bednall-greene , 
 That daylye sits begging for charitie, 
 lie is the yood father of pretty Bessee. 
 
 The Beggar's Daughter of Bednall- Green. 
 Percy's Rehques [According to Percy, 
 this popular old ballad was written in the 
 reign of Elizabeth.] 
 
 Twas August, and the fierce sun over- 
 head 
 
 Smote on the squalid streets of Bethnal 
 Green , 
 
 And the pale weaver, through his win- 
 dows seen 
 
 In Spitalfields, looked thrice dispirited. 
 
 Matthew Arnold. 
 
 Be vis Marks. A thoroughfare in 
 London, near Houndsditch. A 
 part of the scene of Dickens’s 
 “Old Curiosity Shop” is laid 
 here. 
 
 I intended calling on you this morning 
 on my way back from Bevis Marks , whith- 
 er 1 went to look at a house for Sampson 
 Brass. Charles Dickens to Mr. Forster. 
 
 Bezetha. A hill in Jerusalem 
 mentioned by Josephus, but not 
 mentioned in the Bible. It is 
 identified with a broad uneven 
 ridge which extends north from 
 the Haram, and descends into 
 the Valley of Jehoshapliat. At 
 the present time it is cultivated 
 and covered with olive-trees. 
 
 Bibiena, Cardinal. A portrait by 
 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). In 
 the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Biblioteca Ambrosiana. See Am- 
 brosian Library. 
 
 Biblioteca Casanatense. [Casa- 
 natense Library.] The largest 
 library in Rome, next to that of 
 the Vatican, named after its 
 founder Cardinal Casanate, and 
 kept in the Dominican convent 
 of the Minerva, Sta. Maria sopra 
 Minerva. It contains more than 
 120,000 bound volumes and 4,500 
 MSS. 
 
 Bibliotheque de PArsenal. One 
 of the principal public libraries 
 of Paris. 
 
 Bibliotheque Mazarine. [Mazarin 
 Library.] One of the principal 
 
 public libraries of Paris, situated 
 in the Palais de l’Institut. Its 
 foundation was the library of 
 Cardinal Mazarin, bequeathed by 
 him to the city of Paris. 
 
 Bibliotheque Nationale. [It has 
 been known as the Bibliotheque 
 du roi , Bibliotheque royale, nation - 
 ale , imperiale , according to the 
 changes of government.] A pub- 
 lic library in Paris, perhaps the 
 richest and most extensive in 
 the world. The collection is 
 supposed to include 1,000,000 
 printed books, 1,300,000 engrav- 
 ings, 300,000 maps and charts, 
 150,000 MSS. The Palais Maza- 
 rin, originally the palace of the 
 Cardinal Mazarin, was purchased 
 for the library in 1724. 
 
 Bicetre. An ancient hospital near 
 Paris, founded in 1364, was de- 
 stroyed in the fifteenth century, 
 but afterwards restored and con- 
 verted into a hospital for old 
 men and those afflicted with 
 mental diseases. The name is a 
 corruption of Winchester, a Bish- 
 op of Winchester having lived 
 here in 1290. The word Bicetre 
 has passed into common language 
 to express a notion of folly or 
 extravagance. Thus the French 
 say of one who gives himself up 
 to acts of folly: “ He has escaped 
 from Bicetre .” Compare Bedlam. 
 
 Bielshohle. A cave in the Harz 
 Mountains, Germany, very inter- 
 esting in a geological regard on 
 account of the fossil remains 
 found in it. 
 
 Big Ben. This is the largest bell 
 in England. It hangs in the 
 clock-tower of the new Houses of 
 Parliament, in London. The first 
 bell of this name was cast in 
 
 1856, but was cracked by being 
 struck for amusement before it 
 was raised to its place in the 
 tower. The weight of this bell, 
 which was broken up and re-cast, 
 was more than 16 tons, its height 
 7 feet 10J inches, and its diameter 
 at the mouth 9 feet 5J inches; the 
 thickness of the metal at the 
 sound bow was 9| inches. The 
 present “ Big Ben ” was cast in 
 
 1857, and is slightly cracked. Its 
 
BIG 
 
 54 
 
 BIR 
 
 weight is more than 13 tons. See 
 
 Great Tom (2). 
 
 Big Bonanza. See Consolidated 
 Virginia. 
 
 Big Trees of California. See 
 
 Calaveras. 
 
 Biga, Sala della. See Sala della 
 Biga. 
 
 Billingsgate. The noted fish-mar- 
 ket of London, near London 
 Bridge, long famous for the 
 coarse language indulged in by 
 the venders. According to Geof- 
 frey of Monmouth, the name Bil- 
 lingsgate was derived from Belin, 
 king of the Britons about 400 
 B.C., who, says Geoffrey, built 
 here a water-gate, with an im- 
 mense tower above it, and a ha- 
 ven for ships beneath. The mar- 
 ket was destroyed by fire in 1715. 
 and rebuilt. A new market was 
 erected in 1852, and it has been 
 since rebuilt in 1856. 
 
 That strength of body is often equal to 
 the courage of mind implanted in the fair 
 sex, will not be denied by those who have 
 seen the water-women of Plymouth; the 
 female drudges ot Ireland, Wales, and 
 Scotland ; the fisherwomen of Billings- 
 gate. Goldsmith. 
 
 One may term Billingsgate the Esculine 
 gate of London. Fuller. 
 
 There stript, fair Rhetoric languish’d on 
 the ground; 
 
 Her blunted arms by Sophistry are borne, 
 And shameless Billingsgate ~ her robes 
 adorn. Pope. 
 
 Some less fastidious Scotchman shall be 
 found, 
 
 As bold in Billingsgate, though less re- 
 no wil’d. Byron. 
 
 No song is heard, save, haply, the strain 
 of some siren from Billingsgate, chanting 
 the eulogy of deceased mackerel. 
 
 Irving. 
 
 While Lady Thrifty scolds in French, 
 And Cis in Billingsgate. Praed. 
 
 Bilton Hall. A noted mansion near 
 Rugby, England, once the resi- 
 dence of Addison. 
 
 Birds of America. A series of 
 drawings of American birds, of 
 the size and color of life, by John 
 James Audubon (1782-1851). Cu- 
 vier is said to have pronounced it 
 (the book containing them) “ the 
 most gigantic and most magnifi- 
 cent monument that had ever 
 been erected to Nature.” 
 
 Birkenhead, The. An English 
 steamer employed to carry troops 
 to South Africa, and wrecked off 
 the Cape of Good Hope, Feb. 26, 
 1852. Less than 200 were saved 
 out of more than 600 who were 
 on board. 
 
 4E5^“‘The women and children to 
 the boats,’ says the captain of the 
 Birkenhead ; and, with the troops 
 formed on the deck, and the crew obe- 
 dient to the word of glorious command, 
 the immortal ship goes down.” 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 But courage like this, or let us say the 
 ever-memorable noble behavior of the sol- 
 dier* on the sinking Birkei.Ltc d , was not 
 greater than was exhibited by those 20 
 po.»r nuns who, in the French Revolution, 
 stood together on the scaffold chanting 
 the Te beam, till one by one the sv\eet 
 voiees dropped in silence beneath the axe 
 of the guillotine. Frances Power Cobbe. 
 
 Birmingham Tower. The ancient 
 keep or ballium of the Castle of 
 Dublin, Ireland, and the only 
 part which now bears a character 
 of antiquity. It is associated with 
 many romantic histories. It is 
 now used as the State Paper Of- 
 fice. 
 
 Birnam Hill and Wood. An emi- 
 nence about 1,500 feet high, near 
 the town of Dunkeld, and about 16 
 miles from Perth, Scotland. It 
 is famous from its association 
 with Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 “ Macbeth.” 
 
 “ Birnam hill is at present al- 
 most bare of trees, though an attempt 
 is being made to clothe it again with 
 fir saplings taken from the original 
 ‘ Birnam wood.’ In the rear of the hotel 
 are two trees, an oak and a plane, 
 which are believed to be a remnant of 
 this famous forest.” W. J. Rolfe. 
 
 I pull in resolution, and begin 
 To doubt the equivocation of the fiend 
 That lies like truth : ‘ Fear not till Bir- 
 nam. wood 
 
 Do come to Dunsinane; * and now a 
 wood 
 
 Comes toward Dunsinane. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Before I can sit down in my own cham- 
 ber, and think it of the dampest, the door 
 opens, and the Brave comes moving in, 
 in the middle of su<*li a quantity of fuel 
 that he looks like Birnam Wood taking a 
 winter walk. JJickens. 
 
 Biron. A large and well-preserved 
 feudal fortress in southern France, 
 not far from Cahors. It is of the 
 eleventh century. 
 
BIR 
 
 55 
 
 BLA 
 
 Birs Nimrood. A ruin in the 
 neighborhood of ancient Babylon, 
 thought to be the same as the 
 Tower of Babel, or the Temple of 
 Belus mentioned by Herodotus. 
 This tower is over 2,000 feet in 
 circumference at the base. The 
 existing remains are of brick laid 
 in beautiful masonry, and are 
 some 28 feet in width. See Tower 
 of Babel. 
 
 46|r» “ The tower of the great tem- 
 ple of Belus was amongst the most 
 remarkable monuments of Babylon. 
 Eight gradually diminishing stories 
 gave it the look of a pyramid with enor- 
 mous gradients. Upon the summit 
 stood the temple, surmounted by a plat- 
 form, where the priests assiduously 
 devoted themselves to the study of the 
 . celestial bodies. They believed that 
 science was the supreme aim of man, 
 and was the crown of religion. This 
 temple was still in existence in the 
 second century of our era.” 
 
 Lefevre , Trans. 
 
 4G gp* “ It is true that as it how stands, 
 every brick bears the stamp of Nebo- 
 chadnassar, by whom it was repaired, 
 perhaps nearly rebuilt; but there is 
 no reason for supposing that he changed 
 the original plan, or that the sacred 
 form of these temples had altered in 
 the interval. It owes its more perfect 
 preservation to the fact of the upper 
 story having been vitrified after erec- 
 tion by some process we do not quite 
 understand. This now forms a mass 
 of slag which has to a great extent pro- 
 tected the lower stories from atmos- 
 pheric influences.” Fergusson. 
 
 Nav, the whole Encyclopedic, that 
 world's wonder of the eighteenth century, 
 the Belus' Tower of an age of refined Illu- 
 mination, what has it become ! Carlyle. 
 
 Birth of Venus. 1. A mythologi- 
 cal fresco in the Vatican, Rome, 
 designed by Raphael (1483-1520), 
 and executed by his scholars. 
 
 2. A picture by Alexandre Ca- 
 banel (b. 1823). In the collection 
 of H. C. Gibson, Philadelphia, 
 Penn. 
 
 Bishopsgate. An old and quaint 
 street in London. 
 
 Black Brunswicker. A picture by 
 John Everett Millais (b. 1829). 
 
 Black Butte. A natural curiosity 
 in Wyoming Territory, being a 
 mound of rock and earth stand- 
 ing on the level plain, one of the 
 more celebrated of the huge 
 
 monumental mountains which 
 are found along the line of the 
 Union Pacific Railroad in this 
 part of its course. 
 
 Black Forest. An extensive wood- 
 ed district in German} 7 , sloping 
 down to the banks of the Rhine, 
 and containing the most varied 
 and beautiful scenery. The 
 heights are covered with forests, 
 and vegetation is most luxuriant 
 in the valleys. 
 
 Black Forests , and tlie glories of Lub- 
 berland; sensuality and horror, the spec- 
 tre nun, and the charmed moonshine, 
 shall not be wanting. Carlyle. 
 
 And you, with braided queues so neat, 
 Black- Forest maidens, slim and brown, 
 How careful on the stoop's green seat 
 You set your pails and pitchers down. 
 
 Ferdinand Freiligrath, Trans. 
 
 Black Hole. A small dungeon, so 
 called, in Fort William, Calcutta. 
 When Calcutta was captured by 
 Surajah Dowlali, in June, 1756, 
 lie shut up at night in this con- 
 fined and ill-ventilated space the 
 British garrison of 146 men. The 
 Black Hole was only 18 feet 
 square; and the sufferings from 
 heat, want of air, and thirst, were 
 so terrible that but 23 of the pris- 
 oners were found alive in the 
 morning. The Black Hole now 
 serves as a warehouse. Mr. H ol- 
 well, one of those imprisoned, 
 gives a narrative of the excru- 
 ciating sufferings of the unfortu- 
 nate garrison, in the “Annual 
 Register ” for 1758. 
 
 Must the indomitable millions, full of 
 old Saxon energy and fire, lie cooped up 
 in this Western Nook, choking one an- 
 other, as in a Blackhole of Calcutta, while 
 a whole fertile untenanted Earth, desolate 
 for want of the ploughshare, cries : Come 
 and till me, come and reap me ? Carlyle. 
 
 Black Maria. A name popularly 
 applied to the covered van in 
 which criminals are conveyed to 
 and from the court-house and the 
 jail in cities. It is often painted 
 black. 
 
 Black Prince. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 Feb. 27, 1861. 
 
 Black Rod. The title of a gentle- 
 man-uslier who bears a black rod 
 surmounted with a gold lion, and 
 who in the time of a parliament- 
 
BLA 
 
 56 
 
 BLA 
 
 ary session attends in the House 
 of Lords, and summons the House 
 of Commons when a royal assent 
 is to he given, and on other occa- 
 sions. 
 
 The House, therefore, on the last day of 
 the session, just before the Black Rod 
 knocked at the door, unanimously re- 
 solved that William Fuller was a cheat 
 and a false accuser. Macaulay 
 
 Black Rood [of Scotland]. A fa- 
 mous gold cross, believed to con- 
 tain a piece of the true cross, 
 brought to Scotland by Queen 
 Margaret in 1067, and held in rev- 
 erence by the whole Scottish peo- 
 ple. Since the Reformation it 
 lias disappeared. 
 
 Black Stone of Mecca. A dark 
 colored stone contained in a small 
 oratory of the temple of the Caaba 
 at Mecca, Arabia, and held in the 
 utmost veneration by the Mo- 
 hammedans as having been given 
 by an angel to Abraham. See 
 Caaba. 
 
 “ To the idolatrous Arabs one of 
 the most ancient universal objects of 
 worship was that Black Stone, still 
 kept in the building called Caabah at 
 Mecca. Diodorus Siculus mentions 
 this Caabah in a way not to be mis- 
 taken, as the oldest, most honored 
 temple in his time; that is, some half 
 century before our Era. Silvestre de 
 Sacy says there is some likelihood that 
 the Black Stone is an aerolite. In that 
 case, some man might see it fall out of 
 Heaven ! It stands now beside the Well 
 Zemzem : the Caabah is built over 
 both.” Carlyle. 
 
 Black Virgin. See Shrine of the 
 Black Virgin. 
 
 Blackfriars. The district in Lon- 
 don between Ludgate Hill and 
 the Thames, so called from the 
 Dominican monks who built a 
 monastery and church here. Here 
 (June 21, 1529) was decided the 
 divorce of Henry VIII. from 
 Catherine of Arragon, and here 
 assembled the parliament which 
 condemned Cardinal Wolsey. 
 Under Edward VI. part of the 
 monastic buildings was convert- 
 ed into Blackfriars Theatre. See 
 Blackfriars Theatre. 
 
 Headlong since, but not resting; daily 
 doing motions in that Westminster region 
 still,— daily from Vauxliall to Blackfriars. 
 and back again; and cannot get away at 
 all t Carlyle. 
 
 Blackfriars Bridge. An iron 
 
 bridge across the river Thames, 
 at London, erected in 1760-69 by 
 Robert Mylne, and rebuilt in 
 1867 by Cubitt. 
 
 Blackfriars Theatre. A play- 
 house in London, built in 1575 
 upon the site of the monastery of 
 Blackfriars. Shakespeare was 
 one of the proprietors, and acted 
 here in 1598. In 1655 the theatre 
 was taken down, and dwelling- 
 houses were built upon the 
 ground. 
 
 In 1598 Ben .Totison’s first and best 
 comedy. Every Man in his Humour , was 
 produced at the Blackfriars ; and the au- 
 thor of King Henry the Fourth ami Romeo 
 and Juliet might have been seen for two 
 pence by any London prentice who could 
 command the coin, playing an inferior 
 part, probably that of Knowelf in the new 
 play. Richard Grant White. 
 
 In that year [1603] Ben Jonson's Seja- 
 nus was produced at the Blackf riars , and 
 the author of Hamlet might have been 
 seen playing a subordinate part in it. 
 
 Richard Grant White. 
 
 Blackwell’s Island. An island 
 within the city limits of New 
 York, noted for its penitentiary 
 and for its public hospitals. 
 
 Blair Castle. The seat of the 
 Duke of Athole, near Blair- Ath- 
 ole, in Scotland. 
 
 Blanche Nef. The ship in which 
 William, the only son of Henry 
 I. of England, with 140 noblemen 
 was wrecked in 1120 upon the 
 rocks of Barfieur, Normandy. 
 
 Blarney Stone. About four miles 
 north-west of the city of Cork, in 
 Ireland, are the celebrated re- 
 mains of the ancient Blarney 
 Castle, in which is a wondrous 
 stone, thought to possess the 
 power of imparting to any one 
 who kisses it a fluent, persuasive, 
 and not over-lionest tongue. The 
 exact position of the stone in the 
 ruins is a matter of dispute. 
 Some say that it is lying loose on 
 the ground; others allege that it 
 is at the summit of the large 
 square tower which was originally 
 the donjon or keep of the castle; 
 Avliile there are yet others who 
 maintain that it is inserted in the 
 wall at such a height that he who 
 would kiss it must consent to be 
 
BLE 
 
 57 
 
 BLO 
 
 suspended by bis heels from the 
 top. When or how it first got its 
 singular reputation is not known ; 
 but the superstition concerning it 
 is firmly fixed in the minds of 
 the Irish peasantry, hundreds of 
 whom resort to the castle every 
 year for the purpose of kissing a 
 stone endued with a property so 
 marvellous. It is said that, in 
 the early part of the seventeenth 
 century, the lord of Castle Blar- 
 ney, having been taken prisoner 
 by the English, made repeated 
 promises that he would surrender 
 the fortress; but, whenever the 
 fulfilment of his pledges was 
 demanded, he invented some 
 smooth and plausible excuse for 
 delay; and thus the term blarney 
 became a byword, and was used 
 to denote a soft, insinuating, and 
 deceitful manner of speech. 
 
 4®=* “When or how the stone ob- 
 tained its singular reputation, it is diffi- 
 cult to determine: the exact position 
 among the ruins of the castle is also in 
 doubt; the peasant-guides humor the 
 visitor according to his capacity for 
 climbing, and direct either to the sum- 
 mit or the base the attention of him 
 who desires to ‘ greet it with a holy 
 kiss.’” Mr. and Mrs. Ilall. 
 
 There is a stone there 
 That whoever kisses, 
 
 O, he never misses 
 To grow eloquent. 
 
 Don’t hope to hinder him 
 Or to bewrder him, 
 
 ►Sure he’s a. pilgrim 
 From the Blarney Stove. 
 
 R. A. Miim-en. 
 
 Osay, would you find this same ‘ Blarney ’ ? 
 There's a castle, not far from Killarney, 
 On the top of its wall 
 (But take care you don’t fall) 
 
 There’s a stone that contains all this Blar- 
 ney. 
 
 Like a magnet, its influence such is. 
 
 That attraction it gives all it touches; 
 If3'ou kiss it, they say. 
 
 From that blessed day 
 You may kiss w hom you please with your 
 Blarney. Samuel Lover 
 
 Blenheim. A noble mansion and 
 estate at Woodstock, near Oxford, 
 England. It was erected in the 
 reign of Queen Anne, and was 
 presented by the British Parlia- 
 ment to the Duke of Marlborough 
 in commemoration of the victory 
 achieved by him at the battle of 
 Blenheim, Aug. 13, 1704. 
 
 j&iT “ I saw Blenheim Palace, neai 
 Woodstock, belonging to the Duke ol 
 Marlborough. This is a sort of Louvre, 
 formerly presented by this nation to 
 the great captain, built in the style of 
 the period, much ornamented.” 
 
 Taine , Trans „ 
 
 See, here’s the grand approach, 
 
 That way is for his Grace’s coach ; 
 
 There lies the bridge, and there the clock. 
 Observe the lion and the cock; 
 
 The spacious court, the colonnade, 
 
 And mind how w ide the hall is made; 
 
 'the chimneys are so well designed, 
 
 Tht-y never smoke in any wind ; 
 r l lie galleries contrived lor walking, 
 r l he windows to retire and talk in; 
 r l he council-chamber to debate, 
 
 And all the rest are rooms of state. 
 
 “ Thai ks, sir,” cried 1, “ ’tis very fine. 
 
 But where d’ye sleep, or where d’ye dine? 
 1 find by all you have been telling. 
 
 That ’tis a house, but not a dwelling.’* 
 
 Swift. 
 
 Blennerhasset’s Island. A little 
 island in the Ohio River, not 
 •far from Parkersburg, W. Va., 
 celebrated as the residence of 
 Harman Blennerliasset (1770- • 
 lboi), a wealthy Irishman, who 
 ruined his fortune by aiding 
 Aaron Burr, of whose designs, 
 suspected to be treasonable, lie 
 was an associate or accomplice. 
 
 Who is Blennerliasset? A native of 
 Ireland, a man of letters, who fled trom 
 the stoims of Ins own country, to find 
 quiet in ours. On his arrival in America, 
 he retired, even from the population of 
 the Atlantic States, and sought quiet and 
 solitude in the bosom of our western 
 forests. But he brought with him taste, 
 and science, and wealth, and ** lo, the 
 desert smiled ! ” Possessing himself of a 
 beautiful island in the Ohio, he rears upon 
 it a palace, and decora e^ it with every 
 romantic embellishment, of fancy. A 
 shrubbery that Shenstone might have 
 envied blooms around him. Music that 
 might have charmed Calypso and her 
 nymph** is his. An extensive library 
 spreads its treasi res before him. A philo- 
 sophical apparatus offers to him all the 
 secrets and mysteries of Nature. Peace, 
 tranquillity, and innocence shed tl.eir 
 mingled delights around him. Wm Wirt. 
 
 Blois Castle. An ancient royal 
 fortress and residence in Blois, 
 France, possessing great historic 
 interest. It lias been within a 
 few years restored by the govern- 
 ment to something like its former 
 condition . 
 
 Blood of St, Januarius. In the 
 Church of San Gennaro (St. Jan- 
 uarius), at Naples, are preserved 
 in a tabernacle behind the altar. 
 
BLO 
 
 58 
 
 BLIT 
 
 two phials, containing a solid, 
 reddish substance, said to be the 
 dried blood of St. Januarius, 
 Bishop of Benevento, in the lat- 
 ter part of the third century, who 
 suffered martyrdom under Dio- 
 cletian. The tradition runs, that 
 when the saint was exposed to be 
 devoured by lions in the amphi- 
 theatre at Pozzuoli, the animals 
 became tame, and prostrated 
 themselves before him. This 
 miracle converted so many to 
 Christianity that the Roman com- 
 mander ordered him to be decap- 
 itated. After death the body was 
 removed to Naples. At the time 
 of the removal, a woman, who 
 collected the blood of the saint, 
 delivered it, in two bottles, to St. 
 Severus, in whose hands it imme- 
 diately melted. According to 
 the belief of many Catholics, this 
 miracle of liquefaction still takes 
 place at least three times every 
 year; and the occurrence of it is 
 the occasion of the greatest reli- 
 gious festivals observed by the 
 Neapolitans. The head of the 
 martyr, and the phials contain- 
 ing his blood, are carried in 
 solemn procession to the high 
 altar; and, prayer having been 
 offered, the head is brought into 
 contact with the phials, the blood 
 in which is thereupon believed 
 to liquefy. The phenomenon, 
 however, does not always take 
 place immediately, and occasion- 
 ally it fails altogether. The ex- 
 citement of the congregation, 
 when the pretended miracle takes 
 place, is only surpassed by that 
 caused by its non-occurrence, 
 which is considered an omen of 
 the worst possible import. 
 
 4®=* “At the same moment [that of 
 liquefaction], the stone (distant some 
 miles) where the saint suffered martyr- 
 dom becomes faintly red. It is said 
 that the officiating priests turn faintly 
 red also, sometimes, when these mira- 
 cles occur.” Dickens. 
 
 4SP“ The first day the blood lique- 
 fies in forty-seven minutes : the church 
 is crammed, then, and time must be al- 
 lowed the collectors to get around; 
 after that it liquefies a little quicker 
 and a little quicker every day, as the 
 houses grow 1 smaller, till on the eighth 
 
 day, with only a few dozens present to 
 see the miracle, it liquefies in four min- 
 utes.” Mark Twain. 
 
 At Naples they [the English] put St . 
 Januarius ’ blood in an alembic. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 But as it was then, so it is now; so will 
 it always be. Does not the blood of St. 
 Januarius become liquid once a year? 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 as I lay 
 
 Watching Vesuvius from the bay, 
 
 1 besought St. Januarius. 
 
 But I was a fool to try him; 
 
 Nought 1 said could liquefy him. 
 
 T. W. Parsons. 
 
 Bloody Brook. A locality in Deer- 
 field, Mass., noted as the scene of 
 a terrible battle with the Indians 
 in the early days of New Eng- 
 land. On the 18th of September, 
 1675, Capt. Lathrop, with a com- 
 pany of 84 men, was here at- 
 tacked by 700 Indian warriors; 
 and all perished with the excep- 
 tion of seven who escaped. In 
 1835 a marble monument was 
 erected on this battle-field, and 
 an address delivered by Edward 
 Everett. 
 
 Bloomsbury Square. A London 
 square, built in 1665, and former- 
 ly called Southampton Square 
 from Southampton House, which 
 stood there until 1800. This square 
 was once so fashionable that it 
 was considered one of the won- 
 ders of England. On the north- 
 ern side is a bronze statue of 
 Charles James Fox by Westma- 
 cott. 
 
 In Falace-yard, at nine, you’ll find me 
 there. 
 
 At ten, for certain, sir, in Bloomsbury 
 Square. Pope. 
 
 Blue Boy. A celebrated portrait- 
 picture by Thomas Gainsborough 
 (1727-1788). In the Grosvenor 
 Gallery, London. 
 
 4®=- “ Reynolds had laid down the 
 law that blue ought not to be employed 
 in masses in a picture, when, more 
 from a spirit of malice which led 
 Gainsborough to show that such a law 
 was not without an exception, than 
 with the intention of expressing his 
 grave dissent from the view, Gainsbor- 
 ough painted the son of Mr. Buttall in 
 an entire suit of blue. The result was 
 a triumph of Gainsborough’s art in the 
 treatment of a difficult subject, so as to 
 produce an agreeable effect under dis- 
 
BLU 59 BLU 
 
 advantages, rather than an upsetting 
 of Sir Joshua’s theory.” 
 
 Sarah Tyiler. 
 
 “ Gainsborough’s Blue Boy al- 
 ready possesses the expressive and 
 wholly modern physiognomy by which 
 a work falling within the painter’s 
 province oversteps the limits of paint- 
 ing.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Blue Coat School. See Christ’s 
 Hospital. 
 
 Blue Grotto. [Ital. Grottci Azzu- 
 n 7 .] A celebrated cavern on the 
 island of Capri, in the Bay of 
 Naples. The walls and roof of 
 the grotto, as well as the water 
 within it, are of a beautiful ultra- 
 marine color, produced by the 
 light from without entering the 
 water, and being refracted up- 
 wards into the grotto. 
 
 j “ Here, under a rough round 
 bastion of masonry, was the entrance 
 to the Blue Grotto. We were now 
 trans-shipped to the little shell of a 
 boat which had followed us. The 
 swell rolled rather heavily into the 
 mouth of the cave, and the adventure 
 seemed a little perilous, had the boat- 
 men been less experienced. We lay 
 flat in the bottom, the oars were taken 
 in, and we had just reached the en- 
 trance, when a high wave rolling up 
 threatened to dash us against the iron 
 ortals. The young sailor held the 
 oat back with his hands, while the 
 wave rolled under us into the darkness 
 beyond; then, seizing the moment, we 
 shot in after it, and were safe under 
 the expanding roof. At first, all was 
 tolerably dark; I onty saw that the 
 water near the entrance was intensely 
 and luminously blue. Gradually, as 
 the eye grew accustomed to the obscu- 
 rity, the irregular vault of the roof be- 
 came visible, tinted by a faint reflec- 
 tion from the water. The effect in- 
 creased, the longer we remained. . . . 
 The silvery, starry radiance of foam 
 or bubbles on the shining blue ground 
 was the loveliest phenomenon of the 
 grotto. To dip one’s hand in the sea, 
 and scatter the water, was to create 
 sprays of wonderful, phosphorescent 
 blossoms, jewels of the sirens, flashing 
 and vanishing garlands of the Undines.” 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 JCST “ The Blue Grotto loses nothing 
 of its beauty, but rather gains by con- 
 trast, when passing from dense fog you 
 find yofirselves transported to a world 
 of wavering subaqueous sheen. It is 
 only through the opening of the very 
 topmost arch that a boat can glide into 
 
 this cavern; the arch itself spreads 
 downward through the water, so that 
 all the light is transmitted from be- 
 neath, and colored by the sea. . . . 
 The flesh of a diver in this water 
 showed like the faces of children play- 
 ing at snapdragon ; all around him the 
 spray leapt up with a living fire; and, 
 when the oars struck the surface, it 
 was as though a phosphorescent sea 
 had been smitten, and the drops ran 
 from the blades in blue pearls.” 
 
 J. A. Symonds. 
 
 Many an arched roof is bent 
 Over the wave, 
 
 But none like thine, from the firmament 
 To the shells that at thy threshold lave. 
 What name shall shadow thy rich-blue 
 sheen, 
 
 Violet, sapphire, or ultramarine? 
 
 W. Gibson. 
 
 Blue-Stocking Clubs. Boswell de- 
 scribes the origin of Blue-Stock- 
 ing Clubs: “About this time 
 [1781] it was much the fashion 
 for several ladies to have even- 
 ing assemblies, where the fair sex 
 might participate in conversation 
 with literary and ingenious men, 
 animated by a desire to please. 
 One of the most eminent mem- 
 bers of these societies, when they 
 first commenced, was Mr. Stili- 
 ingfleet (grandson of the Bishop), 
 who.se dress was remarkably 
 grave; and in particular it was 
 observed that he wore blue stock- 
 ings. Such was the excellence 
 of his conversation, that his ab- 
 sence was felt so great a loss that 
 it used to be said, ‘ We can do 
 nothing without the blue stock - 
 iiif/s ; ’ and thus by degrees the 
 title was established. Miss Han- 
 nah More has admirably de- 
 scribed a Blue-Stocking Club in 
 her Bas-Bleu, a poem in which 
 many of the persons who were 
 most conspicuous there are men- 
 tioned.” The club which met at 
 Mrs. Montagu’s, in London, is 
 described as having consisted 
 originally of Mrs. Montagu, Mrs. 
 Vesey, Mrs. Carter, Miss Bos- 
 cawen,Lord Lyttelton, Mr. Pulte- 
 ney, Horace Walpole, and Mr. 
 Stillingfieet, and, according to 
 Forbes, derived its name from 
 the fact that Mr. Stillingfieet, 
 “ being somewhat of an humorist 
 in his habits and manners, and a 
 little negligent in his dress, liter- 
 
BOA 
 
 60 
 
 BOB 
 
 ally wore gray stockings; from 
 which circumstance Admiral Bos- 
 cawen used, by way of pleasantry, 
 to call them 4 The Blue-Stocking 
 Society,’ as if to intimate that 
 when these brilliant friends met, 
 it was not for the purpose of form- 
 ing a dressed assembly. A for- 
 eigner of distinction, hearing 
 the expression, translated it lit- 
 erally, * Bas-Bleu,’ by which these 
 meetings came to be afterwards 
 distinguished.” 
 
 J&ir Mills (History of Chivalry) re- 
 fers the use of the term Blue-Stock- 
 ing, applied to a literary body, to the 
 Society de la Calza, established at Ven- 
 ice in 1400, the members of which, 
 “ when they met in literary discussion, 
 were distinguished by the color of 
 their stockings. The colours were 
 sometimes fantastically blended; and 
 at other times one color, particularly 
 blue , prevailed.” The name was after- 
 ward applied in France to ladies of lit- 
 erary tastes, as a derisive appellation 
 to denote female pedantry. From 
 France the title crossed over to Eng- 
 land. Byron (1788-1824), in “The 
 Blues : a Literary Eclogue,” ridicules 
 the blue-stockings of that period. 
 
 Boar, Calydonian. See Chace of 
 the Calydonian Boar. 
 
 Boar Hunt. See Wild-boar Hunt. 
 
 Boar’s Head. A celebrated tav- 
 ern which formerly stood in 
 Eastclieap, London, said to have 
 been the oldest in the city. It 
 was here that Shakespeare repre- 
 sents Prince Henry and his com- 
 anions indulging their revels 
 efore A .D. 1413. ' The celebrated 
 Boar’s Head Tavern of Shake- 
 spearean fame was destroyed 
 (afterwards rebuilt) by the great 
 fire of 16(16, a fact forgotten by 
 Goldsmith, Boswell, and Wash- 
 ington Irving, in their references 
 to the tavern as the identical 
 structure frequented by Falstaff. 
 
 4®=* “ The earliest notice of this 
 place occurs in the testament of Sir 
 William Warden, who, in the reign of 
 Richard II., gave ‘all that his tene- 
 ment, called the Boar’s Head, East- 
 cheap,' to a college of priests or chap- 
 lains, founded by Sir William Wal- 
 worth, Lord Mayor, in the adjoining 
 church of St. Michael, Crooked-lane. 
 Whether at that time it was a tavern 
 
 or a cook’s residence, does not appear; 
 but very early in the next reign, if any 
 confidence can be reposed in the lo- 
 cality of Shakespeare’s scenes, it be- 
 came the resort of old Jack Falstaff 
 and Prince Hal ; but subsequently it 
 was converted into a residence for the 
 priests, to whose college it had been 
 devised.” Brayley's Londiniana. 
 
 4SP - “ Falstaff absolutely requires 
 the frame of an inn to make his por- 
 trait intelligible, with the buxom figure 
 of Mrs. Quickly in the- background ; 
 and it may be safely affirmed that no 
 public house of entertainment has 
 afforded such world-wide mirth as the 
 Boar's Heady Eastcheap.” 
 
 H. T. Tuckerman. 
 
 Such were the reflections that naturally 
 arose while I sat at the Boar's Head tav- 
 ern, still kept at Eastcheap. Here, by a 
 pleasant fire, in the very room where old 
 Sir John Falstaff cracked his jokes, in the 
 very chair which was sometimes honored 
 by Prince Henry, and sometimes polluted 
 by his immoral merry companions. I sat 
 and ruminated on the follies of youth. 
 
 Goldsmith. 
 
 [See Goldsmith’s essay entitled, A Rev - 
 erie at the Boar's Head Tavern .] 
 
 Boboli Gardens. Beautiful and 
 well - known pleasure - grounds 
 contiguous to the Pitti Palace, in 
 Florence, Italy; so named from 
 the Boboli family, who formerly 
 possessed a mansion here; and 
 affording fine views of the city 
 with its domes and towers. 
 
 “ All is formal and regular. 
 Trees are planted in rectangular rows, 
 and their branches so trained and in- 
 terlaced as to form long cathedral 
 aisles of foliage, as if a lateral shaft 
 had been cut in a solid mass of fresh 
 green. In these very gardens Milton 
 may have had suggested to him his 
 image of the Indian herdsman, 
 
 ‘ that tends his pasturing herds 
 
 At loop-holes cut through thickest 
 shade.’ ” Hillard. 
 
 46§=’ “I went into the Boboli Gar- 
 dens, which are contiguous to the Pal- 
 ace ; but found them too sunny for 
 enjoyment. They seem to consist 
 partly of a wilderness; but the portion 
 into which I strayed was laid out with 
 straight walks, lined with high box- 
 hedges, along which there was only a 
 narrow margin of shade.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 At Florence, too, what goldejj hours 
 In those long galleries were ours; 
 
 What drives about the fresh Cascine, 
 
 Or walks in Boboli's ducal bowers. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
BOC 
 
 61 
 
 BOI 
 
 Bocca della Verity. [Truth’s 
 Mouth.] A huge mask of white 
 marble in the portico of the 
 church of S. Maria in Cosmedin, 
 Rome, which has given its name 
 to the adjoining" piazza. This 
 mask is a slab of stone with holes 
 for the eyes, nose, and mouth, 
 and resembles the common repre- 
 sentations of the face of the sun 
 or moon. It had great fame 
 among the vulgar of Rome, who 
 believed in it as a sort of touch- 
 stone of truth, from which notion 
 it derived its name. The belief 
 was, that a witness of doubted 
 veracity, having been required 
 to place his hand in the mouth 
 of the mask, would be unable to 
 remove it in case he swore falsely. 
 This truth-loving stone is thought 
 to have been the opening to a 
 drain. 
 
 “This Bocca della Verita is a 
 curious relic of the Middle Ages. It 
 served the purpose of a divine ordeal. 
 Imagine a windmill which resembles 
 not a human countenance, but the face 
 of the moon : we can distinguish in it 
 eyes, a nose, and an open mouth into 
 which the accused person placed his 
 hand to take an oath. This mouth bit 
 all liars, at least so the tradition goes. 
 I put my right hand into it, saying the 
 Ghetto was a delightful place, and have 
 not been bitten.” About , Trans. 
 
 Boccadi Leone. SeeLiox’sMouTH. 
 
 Bodleian Library. A famous li- 
 brary belonging to the University 
 of Oxford, England, founded, or 
 rather restored, by Sir Thomas 
 Bodley, near the close of the six- 
 teenth century. It is one of the 
 most valuable collections of 
 books and manuscripts in Eu- 
 rope. The founder expended 
 large sums upon the building, 
 which is magnificent, furnished 
 it with a large quantity of books, 
 and bequeathed a large sum to 
 be devoted to its annual replen- 
 ishment. It has been enriched, 
 also, by many valuable gifts of 
 books and manuscripts. 
 
 “ No candle or fire is ever light- 
 ed in the Bodleian. Its catalogue is 
 the standard catalogue on the desk of 
 every library in Oxford. In each sev- 
 eral college, they underscore in red 
 ink on this catalogue the titles of books 
 
 contained in the library of that college, 
 — the theory being that the Bodleian 
 has all books.” Emerson . 
 
 The walls and roofs [of the Vatican li- 
 brary] are painted not with antiques and 
 grotescs, like our Bodleian at Oxford, but 
 emblems, figures, diagrams, and the like 
 learned inventions. John Evelyn, 1644. 
 
 Each college has been developed by it- 
 self, each age has built in its fashion . . . 
 close to the Bodleian Library , a mass of 
 edifices, sculptured portals, lofty bell- 
 towers. Taine, Trans 
 
 Boheme, La. See Bohemia. 
 
 Bohemia. A cant name (from the 
 Fr. Bohemien, gypsy) given to 
 certain quarters of London large- 
 ly occupied by roving wits and 
 people who have no fixed oc- 
 cupation. The appellation La 
 Boheme is similarly used in 
 Paris. 
 
 Bois de Boulogne. A “beautiful 
 and extensive promenade in Par- 
 is, covering nearly 2,500 acres. 
 Previous to 1852 it was a sort of 
 forest, with walks and rides; but 
 in that year Napoleon III. deter- 
 mined to improve it, and, together 
 with the municipality, built new 
 roads, dug out the lakes, made 
 the waterfalls, and otherwise di- 
 versified the surface, converting 
 it into a delightful promenade — 
 the Hyde Park of Paris. 
 
 j@@=- “ The Bois de Boulogne is a lev- 
 el wood of small trees covering a mile 
 or two square, and cut from corner to 
 corner with straight roads for driving. 
 The soil is sandy, and the grass only in 
 tufts. Barring the equipages and the 
 pleasure of a word in passing an ac- 
 quaintance, I find a drive to this fam- 
 ous wood rather dull business. I want 
 either one thing or the other, — culti- 
 vated grounds like the Tuileries or the 
 wild wood.” A. P. Willis. 
 
 jgtlr' “ In 1319 some pilgrims, having 
 erected at Mem-lez-Saint-Cloud (a little 
 hamlet situated in the midst of a clear- 
 ing of woods) a church modelled after 
 that of Boulogne-sur-Mer, the name of 
 the hamlet was changed to that of Bou- 
 logne. The wood, too, following the 
 fortunes of the first habitations erect- 
 ed upon its territory, took the name of 
 Boulogne, which it has retained to this 
 day.” Alphaudy Trans. 
 
 About four o’clock he takes a turn in 
 the Bois. He has a fair horse. He rides 
 well, and does not look badly. 
 
 Taine, Tran*. 
 
BOI 
 
 62 
 
 BON 
 
 His [B^ranger’s] geography did not go 
 far beyond the Tuileries, the Champs Ely- 
 sbes, and the Bois de Boulogne; and his 
 true home was the circle in which the 
 self-supporting citizen toiled for his daily 
 bread and butter and his weekly holiday. 
 
 Daily Advertiser. 
 
 Come, Albert, said he, if you will take 
 my advice, let us go out: a turn in the 
 Bois in a carriage or on horseback will 
 divert you. Dumas , Trans. 
 
 Boisser^e Gallery. A celebrated 
 collection of paintings (often re- 
 ferred to in works upon art) be- 
 gun at Cologne, Prussia, in 1801 
 by two brothers of that name, 
 during the confiscation of prop- 
 erty and the dispersion of works 
 of art at the time of the Napo- 
 leonic wars. The best part of 
 this collection is now in the 
 Pinakothek at Munich, having 
 been purchased in 1827 by King 
 Lewis. 
 
 Boisson. See Glacier de Bois- 
 son. 
 
 Bolingbroke House. A building 
 at Battersea, about three miles 
 from London. It was formerly 
 the residence of Henry St. John, 
 Viscount Bolingbroke, and was 
 the frequent resort of Pope, 
 Swift, Arbuthnot, Thomson, Mal- 
 let, and other men of genius. The 
 greater part of the mansion was 
 taken down in 1778. In the wing 
 remaining is a parlor lined with 
 cedar, in which Pope composed 
 his “Essay on Man.” It is said 
 to have been called “ Pope’s Par- 
 lor.” 
 
 Bolsena, Mass of. See Mass of 
 Bolsena. 
 
 Bolt Court. A street in London. 
 Dr. Johnson lived here (at No. 8) 
 from 1776 until his death in De- 
 cember, 1784. 
 
 “ When we read of Johnson’s 
 house in Bolt Court, although we do 
 not think of the doctor as living in any 
 state, we do not imagine a place like a 
 flagged yard, reached through a dark, 
 narrow alley, and in which we should 
 expect to see clothes drying on the lines. 
 Bolt Court is a representative place — 
 an example of those nooks and secluded 
 recesses found in the towns all over 
 England.” R. G. White. 
 
 The plate-licker and wine-bibber [Bos- 
 well] dives into Bolt Court , to sip muddy 
 coffee with a cynical old man, and a sour- 
 tempered blind old woman (feeling the 
 
 cups, whether they are full, with her fln* 
 ger;)and patiently endured contradictions 
 without end; too happy so he may but 
 be allowed to listen and live. Carlyle 
 
 There, in the Hue Taranne, for instance, 
 the once noisy Denis Diderot has fallen 
 silent enough. Here a* so, in Bolt Court , 
 old Samuel Johnson, like an over-wearied 
 giant, must lie down and slumber without 
 dream. Carlyle. 
 
 Can this be Sir Allan McLean ? 
 
 Ah, no ! It is only the Rambler, 
 
 The Idler, who lives in Bolt Court , 
 
 And who says, were he Laird of Inchken- 
 neth, 
 
 He would wall himself round with a fort. 
 
 Anonymous. 
 
 Bolton Priory. The ruins of this 
 celebrated priory are situated in 
 one of the most beautiful spots 
 in England, near Skipton on the 
 banks of the Aire. 
 
 From Bolton's old monastic tower 
 The bells ring loud with gladsome power 
 
 And thus in joyous mood they hie 
 To Bolton's mouldering Priory. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Entranced with varied loveliness, 1 gaze 
 On Bolton's hallowed fane. Its hoary 
 walls, 
 
 More eloquent in ruin, than the halls 
 Of princely pomp. Newman Hall. 
 
 Bon Homme Richard. [Good 
 Man Richard.] A noted ship in 
 which Capt. John Paul Jones of 
 the American navy sailed in 1779 
 to the coast of England, and en- 
 gaging the much superior British 
 frigate Sercipis captured her after 
 a desperate fight of two hours. 
 The Bon Homme Richard was 
 named after Benjamin Frank- 
 lin’s “ Poor Richard.” 
 
 4®= “In his earlier writings, he 
 [Benjamin Franklin] often uttered 
 wise sayings in this form : ‘“A bird in 
 the hand is worth two in the bush,” as 
 Poor Richard says.’ By these say- 
 ings in this form he came to be known 
 at home and abroad as ‘ Poor Richard ; ’ 
 and when, in the summer of 1779, the 
 French government and the American 
 ambassador jointly fitted out an expe- 
 dition to be commanded by Jones, the 
 flag-ship was named Bonhomme Rich- 
 ard , or ‘ Good Man Richard.’” 
 
 Tossing. 
 
 Who, in the darkest days of our Revo- 
 lution, carried your flag into the very 
 chops of the British Channel, bearded 
 the lion in his den, and woke the echoes 
 of old Albion’s hills by the thunders of his 
 cannon, and the shouts of his triumph? 
 It was the American sailor. And tin 
 
BON 
 
 63 
 
 BOR 
 
 names of John Paul Jones, and the Bon 
 Homme Richard , will go down the annals 
 of time forever. R. F . Stockton. 
 
 Bonanza, Big. See Consolidated 
 Virginia. 
 
 Bonaparte at Cairo. A picture 
 by Jean Leon Gerome (b. 1824), 
 the French painter. 
 
 Bonaventure. A noted cemetery 
 near Savannah, Ga. It is plant- 
 ed with native live-oaks. 
 
 Bond Street. A street in London 
 named after its builder, Sir 
 Thomas Bond. 
 
 It is natural to me to go where I 
 please, to do what I please. I find my- 
 self at eleven o’clock in the day in Bond 
 Street , and it seems to me that 1 have 
 been sauntering there afc that very hour 
 for years past. Charles Lamb. 
 
 Why should we call them from their dark 
 abode 
 
 In broad St. Giles’s or in Tottenham- 
 road ? 
 
 Or (since some men of fashion nobly 
 dare 
 
 To scrawl in verse) from Bond-street or 
 the Square? Byron. 
 
 Is this the sublime? Mr. Angelo of 
 Bond Street might admire the attitude; 
 his namesake, Michel, I don't thick 
 would. Thackeray. 
 
 The expressive word 1 quiet ’ defines the 
 dress, manner, bow, and even physiogno- 
 my, of every true denizen of St. James's 
 and Bond Street. N. P. Willis. 
 
 Bone Compagnie. See Court de 
 bone Compagnie. 
 
 Bonne Nouvelle, Boulevart. 
 One of the boulevards of Paris. 
 On this street is the Theatre du 
 Gymnase. See Boulevards. 
 
 Bonsecours Market. A stone 
 building three stories high, with 
 a dome, in Montreal, Canada. It 
 is unsurpassed for its purposes 
 by any building in America. 
 
 Boodle’s Club. This club in St. 
 James’s Street, London, first 
 known as the Savoir Vivre Chib , 
 was established about 1764. Gib- 
 bon was a member of Boodle’s. 
 
 “ Boodle’s Club-house, designed 
 by Holland, has long been eclipsed by 
 the more pretentious architecture of 
 the club edifices of our time; but the 
 interior arrangements are well planned. 
 Boodle’s is chiefly frequented by coun- 
 try gentlemen, whose status has been 
 thus satirically insinuated by a con- 
 temporary : ‘ Every Sir John belongs 
 
 to Boodle’s — as you may see ; for when 
 a waiter comes into the room, and says 
 to some aged student of the Morning 
 Herald , “ Sir John, your servant has 
 come,” every head is mechanically 
 thrown up in answer to the address.’ ” 
 Timbs . 
 
 So, when some John his dull invention 
 racks, 
 
 To rival Boodle's dinners or Almack's, 
 Three uncouth legs of mutton shock our 
 eyes, 
 
 Three roasted geese, three buttered apple- 
 pies. William Mason . 
 
 Rank weeds will sprout between yon 
 stones, 
 
 And owls will roost at Boodle's , 
 
 And Echo will hurl back the tones 
 Of screaming Yankee Doodles. 
 
 Frederick Locker. 
 
 Book of Revelation. A series of 
 wood-cuts illustrating the Book 
 of Revelation, by Albert Diirer 
 (1471-1528), the German painter 
 and engraver. 
 
 Booth’s. An elegant theatre on 
 Twenty-third Street, New York. 
 It is chiefly used for standard 
 tragedy. 
 
 Bora, The. A name locally given 
 to the north or north-east wind 
 which at times rages over the 
 Carnic and Julian Alps, in South- 
 ern Austria, with extreme vio- 
 lence. 
 
 Border, The. The name often ap- 
 plied to the common boundary 
 line (or more generally to the 
 whole of the common frontier 
 region) of England and of Scot- 
 land. The position of this divid- 
 ing line was, until comparatively 
 recent times, dependent upon 
 the changes of war or diplomacy; 
 and the border, from the eleventh 
 century until about the beginning 
 of the eighteenth century, was the 
 scene of almost constant wars, 
 forays, feuds, and various dis- 
 turbances. After the legislative 
 union of 1707, these wars and 
 troubles of the border were finally 
 terminated. Sir Walter Scott is 
 often called the “Border Min- 
 strel,” and he and some of his 
 poetical followers, who celebrated 
 various plundering chiefs of the 
 border, have been sometimes re- 
 ferred to as the “ Border-thief 
 School.” 
 
BOR 
 
 64 
 
 BOT 
 
 0, young Lochinvar is come out of the 
 West! 
 
 Through all the wide Border his steed is 
 the best; 
 
 And save his good broadsword lie weapon 
 had none; 
 
 He rode all unarmed, and he rode all alone. 
 
 Scott 
 
 Sophia [Scott] shares and enjoys iliese 
 local feelings a d attachments, and can 
 tell as many Border stories as her father, 
 and repeat perhaps as many ballads, and 
 certainly more Jacobite song'. 
 
 George Ticlnor. 
 
 Borestone, The. 1. A spot on the 
 field of Bannockburn, in Scot- 
 land, now enclosed by an iron rail- 
 ing, where, according to tradition, 
 Bruce’s standard was planted 
 during the contest. 
 
 2. A monumental stone pre- 
 served at Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 into which, according to tradition, 
 the standard of James IV. was 
 stuck before he marched to the 
 battle-field of Flodden. 
 
 Borghese Chapel. See Capella 
 Borghese. 
 
 Borghese Gladiator. A celebrat- 
 ed statue, representing a warrior 
 contending with a horseman, and 
 supposed to have made part of a 
 large battle-group. It is attrib- 
 uted to Agasias (400 B.C. ?), an 
 Ephesian sculptor, whose name 
 appears on the statue. Now in 
 the Louvre, Paris. See Dying 
 Gladiator and Wounded Glad- 
 iator. 
 
 Borghese Palace. [Ital. Palazzo 
 Borghese .] A Roman palace of 
 immense size, containing one of 
 the richest collections of art in the 
 city. It was begun in 1590, and 
 completed by Paul V., one of the 
 Borghese family. 
 
 4£g=* “ The Palazzo Borghese con- 
 tains the finest private collection of 
 pictures in Rome, upwards of six hun- 
 dred in number. . . . The Borghese 
 family is still rich, and the suite of 
 apartments devoted to the collection is 
 taken good care of.” G. S. Hillard . 
 
 Borghese Villa. See Villa Bor- 
 ghese. 
 
 Borgia, Caesar. See Caesar Bor- 
 gia. 
 
 Borgo. [Suburb, or borough.] See 
 
 Leonine City. 
 
 See also Incendio del Borgo 
 and Stanze of Raphael. 
 
 Borough, The. A general term, 
 but applied specifically to South- 
 wark, a parliamentary borough 
 of England, on the southern side 
 of the Thames, directly opposite 
 the City of London. 
 
 And Gower, an older poet whom 
 
 The Borough church enshrines. 
 
 Horace Smith. 
 
 Indeed, it is evident that the curious 
 little passage which leads in to the 
 “ Cock ” must have been originally an 
 entrance to one of these courts on which 
 the tavern gradually encroached. Much 
 tne same are found in the Borough , only 
 these lead into great courts and innyards. 
 
 Fitzgerald. 
 
 “ Borrachos,” The. [The topers.] 
 A famous picture by Diego Rod- 
 riguez de Silva y Velasquez 
 (1599-1660). In the gallery at 
 Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Borromean Colossus. See Carlo 
 Borromeo. 
 
 Borromean Islands. See Isola 
 Bella. 
 
 Borromeo, Carlo. See Carlo Bor- 
 romeo. 
 
 Borthwiek Castle. A Scotch fort- 
 ress of the fifteenth century, in 
 the parish of the same name, in 
 the county of Edinburgh. 
 
 4®^ “ This building is believed to be 
 the largest specimen of that class of 
 architecture [a simple square block] in 
 Scotland.” Billings . 
 
 Bosch, The. See Huis in’t Bosch. 
 
 Boston Common. See Common, 
 The. 
 
 Bothwell Bridge. A bridge over 
 the Clyde, near Glasgow, the 
 scene of the battle between the 
 Royalists and the Covenanters, 
 June 22, 1679, described in Sir 
 Walter Scott’s tale of “ Old Mor- 
 tality.” 
 
 4®=“ “ We went to the famous Both- 
 well Bridge, which Scott has immor- 
 talized in ‘ Old Mortality.’ We walked 
 up and down, trying to recall the 
 scenes of the battle, as there described, 
 and were rather mortified, after we 
 had ail our associations comfortably 
 located upon it, to be told that it was 
 not the same bridge — it had been new- 
 ly built, widened, and otherwise made 
 more comfortable and convenient.” 
 
 Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Bothwell Castle. An old baronial 
 fortress on the Clyde, near Clas- 
 
BOT 
 
 65 
 
 BO IT 
 
 gow, Scotland, belonging to the 
 Earl of Home. The modern 
 mansion adjoining contains a 
 valuable art-collection. 
 
 jgQjp* “ The name had for me the 
 quality of enchantment. ... I remem- 
 bered the dim melodies of ‘ The Lady 
 of the Lake.’ Bothwell’s lord was the 
 lord of this castle, whose beautiful 
 ruins here adorn the banks of the 
 Clyde. Whatever else we have, or 
 may have, in America, we shall never 
 have the wild poetic beauty of these 
 ruins. The present noble possessors 
 are fully aware of their worth as objects 
 of taste, and therefore with the great- 
 est care are they preserved.” 
 
 Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Immured in BothwelV s towers, at times 
 the brave 
 
 (So beautiful is Clyde) forgot to mourn 
 The liberty they lost at Baum ckbnrn. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Botolph’s, St. See St. Botolph’s. 
 
 Bouc, La. A strong fortification 
 at Luxemburg, Holland. It is 
 an excavation in the solid rock 
 capable of holding four thousand 
 men 
 
 Boucherie. See St. Jacques la 
 Boucherie. 
 
 Bouffes Parisiens. A little theatre 
 in Paris, known for the first pro- 
 duction of Offenbach’s operettes. 
 It is much frequented, and is de- 
 voted to comedies and vaude- 
 villes. 
 
 Do you suppose that I do not know that 
 your club appointment is at the Boufjes 
 Parisiens or somewhere else ? 
 
 Tame , Trans. 
 
 Bouillon Castle. An extensive 
 feudal mansion in Belgium, once 
 the seat of the famous Godfrey 
 de Bouillon (1058 ?-1100). It is 
 now used as a prison. 
 
 Boulevards. A name given in 
 French cities to the public prome- 
 nade, and chiefly applied to the 
 wide and magnificent streets of 
 Paris, which occupy the site of the 
 former fortifications, or Bulwarks 
 (whence the name), once devoted 
 to the defence of the city. In the 
 centre is a road which is lined 
 with trees, and between each 
 row of trees and the houses are 
 wide sidewalks. They became a 
 general promenade in the reign 
 of Louis XIV. Each of these 
 
 streets has a distinctive name, as 
 the Boulevart des Italiens, de la 
 Madeleine, des Capucines, de 
 Montmartre, Poissoniere, Bonne 
 Nouvelle, St. Denis, St. Martin, 
 du Temple, des Filles du Cal- 
 vaire, Beaumarchais. Napoleon 
 III. built several great streets 
 which traverse the city in differ- 
 ent directions, and to which the 
 name Boulevart is applied. The 
 principal of these new streets 
 are ; Boulevart de Prince Eugene, 
 Boulevart de Malesherbes, Boule- 
 vart de la Reine Hortense, Boule- 
 vart de Haussman, Boulevart 
 de Richard Lenoir, Boulevart de 
 Sebastopol. The boulevards ex - 
 terieurs constitute a line of broad, 
 continuous road on the site of the 
 ancient octroi wall. 
 
 For the more celebrated 
 boulevards of Paris, see the next 
 prominent word: e.cj., Boulevart 
 des Italiens, see Italiens, 
 Boulevart des. 
 
 j ggp* “ The Boulevarts Inter ieurs, the 
 oldest in Paris, and those best known 
 to the visitor, extend from the Made- 
 leine to the Bastille, and occupy the 
 site of the old walls of Paris, which 
 were pulled down about 1670, when the 
 ground was levelled and trees were 
 planted, and the broad and handsome 
 street thus formed soon became, and 
 still continues, the gayest and most 
 brilliant part of Paris. Some of the 
 trees had attained large size, but they 
 were cut down to form barricades 
 in the revolutionary struggle of 1830; 
 fresh ones were planted, but many of 
 these were again cut down in 1848, and 
 the Boulevarts thus deprived of their 
 chief ornament. These Boulevarts are 
 thronged with carriages and pedestri- 
 ans, especially in the evening, when 
 the' hosts of people sitting outside 
 cafes, the throng of loungers along the 
 pavement, the lofty houses, the splen- 
 did shops, the brilliantly lighted cafes, 
 and the numerous theatres, form a 
 scene which will be quite new to an 
 Englishman.” Murray's Handbook . . 
 
 Under pretence of doing his duty, he 
 passed his time in walking to the fuile- 
 ries and on the Boulevard 
 
 Alfred de Musset. 
 
 Que ma gloire s’ebmde 
 Du Louvre aux boulevards 
 
 Ber anger. 
 
 Would ten rubles buy a tag 
 Of ribbon on the boulevard , worth a sou ? 
 
 Mrs- Browning 
 
BOU 
 
 66 
 
 BOW 
 
 Boulogne Flotilla. A naval arm- 
 ament assembled at Boulogne, 
 France, in 1804, by Napoleon I., 
 with the design of invading Eng- 
 land. It included over 1,200 ves- 
 sels, with a large force of seamen, 
 infantry, cavalry, and artillery 
 In consequence of Nelson’s suc- 
 cess, the expedition was aban- 
 doned, and the flotilla was dis- 
 persed. 
 
 Bounty, The. A noted ship which 
 sailed from England in 1787 for 
 the Society Islands in the South 
 Pacific Ocean. On the 28th of 
 April, 1789, a mutiny occurred on 
 board, as a result of which the 
 commander, Capt. Bligh, was 
 bound and placed with 18 of his 
 crew in an open boat with 140 
 pounds of bread, a little meat, 
 and a few gallons of water. They 
 landed at Otaheite, but were 
 driven off, and finally reached 
 New Holland, after having been 
 40 days in a small boat upon the 
 open sea on short allowances of 
 food, After his return to Eng- 
 land, Capt. Bligh published “ A 
 Narrative of the Mutiny which oc- 
 curred on H. M. S. the Bounty,” 
 which excited great interest. 
 Lord Byron wrote a poem enti- 
 tled “The Island,” suggested 
 by the adventure. 
 
 With slow, despairing oar, the abandon’d 
 skiff 
 
 Ploughs its drear progress to the scarce- 
 seen cliff, 
 
 Which lifts its peak a cloud above the 
 main : 
 
 That boat and ship shall never meet 
 again ! Byron. 
 
 Bourbon, Gros. [The Great Bour- 
 bon.] An orange-tree in the gar- 
 dens of Versailles, France, said 
 to have reached an age of over 400 
 years. 
 
 When France with civil wars was torn, 
 And heads, as well as crowns, were shorn 
 From ro.yal shoulders. 
 
 One Bourbon , in unaltered plight. 
 
 Hath still maintained its regal right. 
 
 And held its court, — a goodly sight 
 
 To all beholders. Horace. Smith. 
 
 Bourbon Museum. See Museo 
 Borbonico. 
 
 Bourdon, Gros. See Gros Bour- 
 don. 
 
 Bourse, La. [Exchange, or Stock 
 Exchange.] A stately edifice in 
 
 the Place de la Bourse, Paris. It 
 is in the form of a parallelogram, 
 with a surrounding colonnade 
 of Corinthian pillars, and is one 
 of the finest examples of classical 
 architecture in Paris. In it is the 
 Salle de la Bourse, a large and 
 handsome hall with a gallery. 
 The hours for business at the 
 Bourse are from one to five. 
 
 4®" Bourse is a general term cor- 
 responding to the English ’Change. 
 While the Bourse of Paris is the most 
 prominent and best known, these ex- 
 changes exist in the other French cities. 
 
 Each vear the number of real artists 
 grows less and le*s. Taste has declined 
 since the division of patrimonies has 
 broken fortunes into crumbs, and the 
 great profits of the Bourse soil society with 
 new and vulgar wealth. Taine, Trans. 
 
 When I observe the Parisians on the 
 boulevard, at the Bourse, at the cafd or 
 theatre, I always seem to see a pele-meie 
 of busy and maddened ants, on whom 
 pepper has been sprinkled. 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Well-shaven, buxom merchants, look- 
 ing as trim and fat as those on the Bourse 
 or on ’Change. Thackeray 
 
 J'ai fr6quentd, jusqu’a present, 
 
 La Bourse plus'que le Parnasse. 
 
 Scribe. 
 
 ... La Bourse est un champ clos 
 Ou c’est, au lieu de sang, de l’or qui coule 
 a dots. Pori sard. 
 
 Paris, like Sparta, has its teinpie of 
 Fear, — it is the Bourse. Heine , Trans. 
 
 The Bourse is the temple of speculation. 
 
 Proudhon , Trans . 
 
 The Bourse is the sibyl's cave of Paris 
 Viennet , Trans . 
 
 Bow Bells. The famous set of 
 bells in the belfry of the Church 
 of St. Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside, 
 London. It was from the ex- 
 treme fondness of the citizens in 
 the old times for these bells, that 
 a genuine cockney has been sup- 
 posed to be born within the sound 
 of Bow Bells. The Bow Bells 
 being rung somewhat late for the 
 closing of shops, the young men, 
 ’prentices, and others in Cheap 
 made this rhyme: — 
 
 “ Clarke of the Bow Bells with the yel- 
 Ioav locks’ 
 
 For thy late ringing thou shalt have 
 knocks.” 
 
 To which the clerk replied : — 
 
 ** Children of Cheape, hold you all still. 
 
 For you shall have the Bow Bells rung 
 at your will.” 
 
BOW 
 
 67 
 
 BOX 
 
 The Bow Bells were the ones 
 that rung the famous rhyme in, 
 the nursery tale: — 
 
 Turn again, Whittington, 
 
 Lord Mayor of Loudon. 
 
 See Bow Church. 
 
 Far as loud Bow’s stupendous bells re- 
 sound. Pope. 
 
 I am sure I don’t know, 
 
 Says the great bell at Bow. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 Bow Church, or St. Mary-le-Bow. 
 
 A celebrated church in Cheapside, 
 London. According to Stow, an 
 ancient church upon the same 
 site was originally named St. 
 Mary de Arcubus, from its being 
 built on arches of stone. The 
 Ecclesiastical Court, “The Court 
 of Arches,” was formerly held in 
 this church, and hence derived 
 its name. The bells of this 
 church, which was built by Wren, 
 have long been famed for their 
 sweetness of tone. See Bow 
 Bells. 
 
 Tillotson was nominated to the Arch- 
 bishopric, and was consecrated on Whit- 
 sunday, in the church of St. Mary he Bow. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 There has been a saying current among 
 the ancient sibyls, who treasure up these 
 things, that when the grasshopper on the 
 top of the Exchange shook hands with 
 the dragon oti the top of Bow Church 
 steeple, fearful events would take place. 
 
 Irving. 
 
 Bow Street. A once fashionable 
 street in Covent Garden, London, 
 so called from its shape being 
 that of a bent bow. Here in the 
 eighteenth century was Will’s 
 well-known coffee-house. Bow 
 Street is especially familiar in 
 connection with the Bow-street 
 Police Office. In this street Field- 
 ing wrote his novel “ Tom Jones;” 
 and here lived Edmund Waller, 
 Wycherley, and Dr. Badcliffe. 
 
 I’ve had to-day a dozen billets-doux 
 From fops, and wits, and cits, and Bow 
 street beaux. Dryden. 
 
 Through this dingy, ragged, bustling, 
 beggarly, cheerful scene, we began now 
 to march towards the Bow Street of Jaffa. 
 
 Thackeray . 
 
 Can none remember that eventful day, 
 That ever glorious, almost fatal fray, 
 When Little’s leadless pistol met hb eye, 
 And Bow-street mj'rmidons stood laughing 
 by ? Byron. 
 
 At home, our Bow -street gemmen keep the 
 laws, 
 
 And here a sentry stands within your call- 
 ing. Byron. 
 
 Bowariyeh. The oldest Chaldtean 
 temple of which any remains 
 exist. It is at Warka (Erek), 
 and was erected at least 2,000 
 years before Christ. 
 
 Bowdoin College. An institution 
 of learning in Brunswick, Me., 
 named after Gov. James Bowdoin 
 of Massachusetts, who endowed 
 it with gifts in land and money, 
 together with his library and 
 picture-gallery. The latter con- 
 tains some valuable works of the 
 old masters. The college was 
 incorporated in 1791. 
 
 Bowery, The. A well-known 
 thoroughfare in New York, nearly 
 parallel with Broadway. It is 
 chiefly populated by the lower 
 classes. At one time it gained 
 notoriety by the ruffian bands 
 known as the Bowery Boys. 
 
 Bowery Theatre. A theatre on 
 the Bowery, New York, devoted 
 to German plays and operas. 
 
 Bowling Green. An enclosure 
 just north of the Battery, in the 
 city of New York. It was “the 
 cradle ” of the infant city. Here 
 formerly stood an equestrian 
 statue of King George III. It 
 was torn down by the people in 
 1776, and, after being removed to 
 Connecticut, w r as melted into 
 bullets for the national army. 
 
 Is this the Bowling Green ? I should not 
 Know it, 
 
 So disarrayed, defaced, and gone to seed, 
 Like some un-Pegasused and prosy poet, 
 
 Whose Helicon is now the bowl and 
 weed ; 
 
 Its Green, if grass, does not precisely show 
 it. 
 
 So changed to worse from that once 
 lovely mead. 
 
 The iron fence, its once proud decoration, 
 The street, the mansions round, share the 
 disgrace. T. G. Appleton. 
 
 The road is continuous. It is as if 
 Broadway had half a dozen names be- 
 tween the Bowling Green and Thirty- 
 fourth Street. R. G. While. 
 
 Bowood. A seat of the Marquis of 
 Lansdowne, near Caine, England. 
 
 Bowyer, Port. See Fort Bowyer. 
 
 Boxers, The. See Two Boxers. 
 
BOY 
 
 68 
 
 BRA 
 
 Boy and the Dolphin. A statue 
 executed by Raphael (1483-1520), 
 the Italian painter, and pro- 
 nounced “ a remarkable work of 
 sculpture.” It is in the posses- 
 sion of Sir Hervey Bruce, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Boy Blowing Bubbles. A well- 
 known and beautiful picture by 
 Franz van Mieris ( 1 035-1681). At 
 the Hague, Holland. 
 
 Boy Praying. A bronze statue, 
 considered one of the finest relics 
 of ancient sculpture, discovered 
 in the bed of the Tiber. It was 
 purchased by Frederic II. of Prus- 
 sia for 10,000 thalers, and placed 
 in his palace at Potsdam Now 
 in the Museum at Berlin. It is 
 known of Boedas, son of Lysip- 
 pus, the celebrated Greek sculp- 
 tor, that he executed the statue 
 of a praying figure, and by many 
 this is believed to be his work. 
 
 O genius of new days ! 
 
 Hail from thine ancient tomb; 
 
 Now let thy spirit’s blaze 
 Chase the old world of gloom. 
 
 Bright one! thine influence pour 
 On man, so prone and sad ; 
 
 And teach him how to adore, 
 
 And to be free and glad. 
 
 A’. L. Frothingham. 
 
 Boy with a Squirrel. A picture 
 by John Singleton Copley, the 
 American painter (1737-1815). In 
 possession of Mrs. James S. Am- 
 or y. 
 
 Braccio Nuovo. A hall in the 
 Vatican, Rome, built in 1817 un- 
 der Pius VII., filled with valua- 
 ble works of sculpture. 
 
 This noble hall is upwards of 
 200 feet in length, and admirably light- 
 ed from a roof supported by Corinth- 
 ian columns. It is impossible for works 
 of sculpture to be better disposed ; 
 and, out of 72 busts and 43 statues 
 which are here, there is hardly one 
 which is not excellent.” Hillard. 
 
 All this shows itself in the Braccio 
 Nuovo and in countless statues besides, 
 such as the Augustus and the Tiberius. 
 
 Tain e, Trans 
 
 This statue [the Sleeping Ariadne], the 
 Demosthenes and the Minerva Medica in 
 the Nuovo Braccio . are worthy of peculiar 
 attention to the modern artist, as show- 
 ing what may be done by a skilful man- 
 agement of drapery. Hillard . 
 
 Brae-Mar. A picture by Sir Ed- 
 win Landseer (1803-1873), the cel- 
 ebrated English painter of ani- 
 mals. It is pronounced the no- 
 blest single figure which he ha* 
 painted, — “ a stately stag, stand- 
 ing clearly out on a misty hill- 
 top, and bellowing defiance, while 
 near him are several does.” This 
 picture was sold for $21,000 in 
 1868. 
 
 Brambletye House. An ancient 
 mansion of the reign of Henry 
 VII., near the royal forest of 
 Ashdown, in Sussex, England. 
 With its gables and chimneys, 
 moat and drawbridge, it remained 
 an object of interest and curiosity 
 till about 60 years since. About 
 the middle of the seventeenth 
 century Sir Henry Compton 
 erected an elegant baronial man- 
 sion, but after the Civil War it 
 was deserted. It is now only a 
 picturesque ruin. Horace Smith’s 
 romance of “ Brambletye House ” 
 has its opening scenes laid here. 
 
 Bramfield Oak. A noted tree of 
 great size, not far from Norwich, 
 in England, the age of which ex- 
 ceeded 1,000 years. It fell in 1843, 
 from simple decay. 
 
 Brancacci Chapel. See Capella 
 B ltANCACCr. 
 
 Brandenburg Gate. [Ger. Das 
 Brandenburcjer Thor.'] A noted 
 gate and entrance-way into the 
 city of Berlin, Prussia. It is said 
 to have been modelled after the 
 Propylpeum at Athens. On the 
 summit is a triumphal car, which 
 was carried by Napoleon to Paris, 
 but afterwards recovered. 
 
 Brandywine, The. A noted frig- 
 ate of the United States navy, in 
 service in the war of 1812. She 
 was fitted up to convey Lafayette 
 home to France in 1824 on his re- 
 turn from his visit to this coun- 
 try. 
 
 Branksome Hall. A mansion near 
 Hawick, Scotland, belonging to 
 the Duke of Buccleuch, and asso- 
 ciated with Scott’s poem of the 
 “ Lay of the Last Minstrel.” 
 
 Such is the custom of Branksome Hall 
 Scott 
 
BRA 
 
 69 
 
 BRI 
 
 Why did I leave fair Branksome’s towers, 
 Why did I leave sweet Teviot glen ? 
 
 William Wilson. 
 
 Braschi Antinous. See Antinous, 
 The (6). 
 
 Braschi Palace. [Ital. Palazzo 
 Braschi. 1 A well-known palace 
 in Rome, built near the end of 
 the last century by Pius VI. for 
 his nephew, the Duke of Braschi. 
 
 4®=* “ As you ascend the staircase, 
 you will be struck with its noble archi- 
 tecture, which is in the most chaste 
 and classical taste. The stairs are led 
 up between a colonnade of columns of 
 red Oriental granite, the high polish 
 of which accords well with the lustre of 
 the variegated marbles, and with the 
 graceful symmetry and just design of 
 the whole.” Eaton. 
 
 Brazen Head. See Friar Bacon’s 
 Brazen Head. 
 
 Brazen Hose College. One of the 
 colleges included in the Univer- 
 sity of Oxford, England. The 
 tradition is, that its quaint name 
 is derived from the circumstance 
 that it was erected on the site of 
 two ancient halls, one of which 
 was called Brazen Nose Hall on 
 account of an iron ring fixed in 
 a nose of brass, and serving as a 
 knocker to the gate. 
 
 Bread and Cheese Land. The 
 name given to a piece of ground, 
 twenty acres in extent, in the 
 parish of Biddenden, Kent, Eng- 
 land, where, it is said, pursuant 
 to the will of two maiden sisters, 
 born in 1110 (and traditionally 
 said to have been joined together 
 by the shoulders and hips), “ on 
 the afternoon of Easter Sunday, 
 600 rolls are distributed to stran- 
 gers, and 270 loaves, weighing 
 three pounds and a half each, are 
 given to the poor of the parish, — 
 the expense being defrayed by 
 the rental of the land.” 
 
 Bread Street. A street in London, 
 so named from the market in 
 which bread was formerly sold. 
 Stow says that in the year 1302, 
 which was the 30th of Edward I., 
 the bakers of London were forced 
 to sell no bread in their shops or 
 houses, but in the market. In 
 this street John Milton was born, 
 Dec. 9, 1608; and in the Church 
 
 of All Hallows (now destroyed), 
 at the corner of Bread Street and 
 Watting Street, he was baptized. 
 Dec. 20, 1608. See Mermaid 
 Tavern. 
 
 Breche de Roland. [Roland’s 
 Breach.] A famous mountain 
 pass in the Pyrenees, deriving 
 its name from the tradition that 
 Roland opened the passage with 
 a blow of his sword, Durandal. 
 It is the colossal entrance way 
 from France to Spain, 200 feet 
 wide, 300 feet high, and 50 feet 
 long, at an elevation of more than 
 9,000 feet above the level of the 
 sea. 
 
 Breda, Surrender of. See Sur- 
 render of Breda. 
 
 Brede, La. An interesting and 
 ancient chateau, in the vicinity 
 of Bordeaux, France. It is the 
 seat of the Montesquieu family. 
 It was here that the great histori- 
 an and philosopher of that name 
 was born and wrote. 
 
 Brederode Castle. A picturesque 
 ruined fortress of the Middle 
 Ages, in the neighborhood of 
 Haarlem, Holland. 
 
 Breed’s Hill. An eminence (for- 
 merly so called) in Charlestown, 
 now a part of Boston, Mass. See 
 Bunker Hill Monument. 
 
 Brera, La. A palace in Milan, Ita- 
 ly, containing a famous gallery of 
 paintings, together with a muse- 
 um of antiquities. The building 
 was erected in 1618, and is said 
 to derive its name from the Latin 
 prcedium, meadow. 
 
 Leonardo da Vinci’s angels do not quite 
 please me, elegant, refined, at d lovely as 
 they are: “ methinks they smile too 
 much.” By his scholar l.uini there are 
 some angels in the gallery of the Brera , 
 swinging censers and playing on musical 
 instruments, which, with the peculiar 
 character of the Milanese school, combine 
 all the grace of a purer, loftier nature. 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Breton Club. A political associa- 
 tion formed at Versailles, France, 
 in 1789. The name was subse- 
 quently changed to that of the 
 Jacobin Club. 
 
 Bridal Veil. 1. A noted fall in the 
 Yosemite Valley, Cal. The water 
 falling from a height of 1,000 
 
BRT 
 
 BR[ 70 
 
 feet is converted into mist before 
 reaching the bottom. 
 
 2. A slender fall on the Ameri- 
 can shore, at Niagara Falls. 
 
 Bride’s, St. See St. Bride’s. 
 
 Bridewell. Formerly a work- 
 house and prison, now a hospital 
 in London. The prison was 
 founded upon the ancient palace 
 of Bridewell, in which is laid 
 the whole third act of Shake- 
 speare’s “ Henry VIII.” The 
 name is derived from the famous 
 well (St. Bride’s, or St. Bridget’s 
 Well) in the vicinity of St. Bride’s 
 Church; and, this prison being 
 the first of its kind, other houses 
 of correction upon the same plan 
 were called Bridewells. 
 
 Bridge of Alcantara. See Puente 
 de Alcantara. 
 
 Bridge of Balgownie. See Brig 
 o’ Balgownie. 
 
 Bridge of Lodi. A bridge over 
 the river Adda, at Lodi, in Italy, 
 famous in military history in con- 
 nection with the wars of Na- 
 poleon. 
 
 Battles and bloodshed, September mas- 
 sacres, Bridges of Lodi , retreats of Mos- 
 cow, Waterloos, Peterloos, ten-pound 
 franchises, tar-barrels and guillotines. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Shall future ages tell this tale 
 
 Of inconsistence faint and frail? 
 
 And art thou He of Lodi's bridge , 
 
 Marengo’s held, and Wagram’s ridge? 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Bridge of St. Angelo. This bridge 
 — the ancient Pons sElins — which 
 crosses the Tiber immediately op- 
 posite the Castle of St. Angelo in 
 Borne, was erected by Hadrian 
 as a passage to his mausoleum. 
 At the end are the statues of St. 
 Peter and St. Paul. See St. 
 Angelo. 
 
 46 ir‘“ The piers and arches are an- 
 cient, but have been a good deal re- 
 paired; not, indeed, till it was neces- 
 sary, for in the Pontificate of Clement 
 VII., when crowds were pressing for- 
 ward to St. Peter’s to share in the ben- 
 efits and indulgences offered to the 
 pious there, the bridge gave way, and 
 172 persons are said to have perished 
 in the Tiber.” Eaton. 
 
 Even ns the Romans, for the mighty host. 
 The year of jubilee, upon the bridge. 
 
 Have chosen a mode to pass the people 
 over ; 
 
 For all upon one side towards the Castle 
 Their faces hare, and go unto St. Peter’s; 
 On the other side they go towards the 
 Mountain. 
 
 Dante ( Inferno ), Longfellow's Trans. 
 
 I may be wrong; but the Tiber has a 
 yoice for me, as it whispers to the piers of 
 the Pons ELlius, even more full of mean- 
 ing than my well-beloved Charles eddying 
 round the piles of West Boston Bridge. 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 Bridge of Segovia. See Puente 
 del Diablo. 
 
 Bridge of Sighs. [Ital. Ponte dei 
 Sospiri.] This bridge over the 
 Bio Canal in Venice, Italy, con- 
 necting the Doge’s palace and 
 the state prisons, is so called be- 
 cause the condemned passed over 
 it on the way to execution. “ The 
 Bridge of Sighs ” is also the title 
 of a well-known poem by Thomas 
 Hood (1798-1845), which begins : — 
 
 “ One more unfortunate, 
 
 Weary of breath.” 
 
 4®=* “ The Venice of modern fiction 
 and drama is a thing of yesterday, a 
 mere efflorescence of decay, a stage- 
 drama, which the first ray of daylight 
 must dissipate into dust. No prisoner 
 w T hose name is worth remembering, or 
 whose sorrows deserved sympathy, 
 ever crossed that Bridge of Sighs, 
 which is the centre of the Byronic ideal 
 of Venice.” Buskin. 
 
 j&zT “ The Bridge of Sighs was not 
 built till the end of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, and no romantic episode of polit- 
 ical imprisonment and punishment (ex- 
 cept that of Antonio Foscarini) occurs 
 in Venetian history later than that pe- 
 riod. But the Bridge of Sighs could 
 have nowise a savor of sentiment from 
 any such episode; being, as it was, 
 merely a means of communication be- 
 tween the criminal courts sitting in the 
 Ducal Palace and the criminal prison 
 across the little canal. Housebreakers, 
 cut-purse knaves, and murderers do not 
 commonly impart a poetic interest to 
 places which have known them ; and 
 yet these are the only sufferers on 
 whose Bridge of Sighs the whole senti- 
 mental world has looked with pathetic 
 sensation ever since Byron drew atten- 
 tion to it. The name of the bridge was 
 given by the people from that opulence 
 of compassion which enables the Ital- 
 ians to pity even rascality in difficul- 
 ties. ” W. D. Howells. 
 
BRT 
 
 71 
 
 BRI 
 
 I stood in Venice, on the Bridge of Sighs : 
 A palace and a prison on each hand. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Bridgewater Gallery. See Bridge- 
 water House. 
 
 Bridgewater House. The town 
 residence of the Earl of Elles- 
 mere, London, huilt in 1847-49 on 
 the site of Cleveland House, 
 where once resided Barbara Vil- 
 liers, Duchess of Cleveland, and 
 which had at different times be- 
 longed to the great Earl of Clar- 
 endon, and to the Earls of Bridge- 
 water. It contains a very cel- 
 ebrated collection of pictures, 
 called the Bridgewater Gallery, 
 and sometimes the Stafford Gal- 
 lery ; it having been left by the 
 Duke of Bridgewater to his neph- 
 ew, the Marquis of Stafford. It 
 is the finest private collection in 
 England; comprising some of the 
 best works of Raphael, Titian, 
 Guido, Domenichino, Rubens, 
 Rembrandt, Vandyke, and other 
 masters, as well as those of the 
 modern artists. 
 
 4Gir“ From the time of Raphael the 
 series is more complete than in any 
 private gallery I know, not excepting 
 the Lichtenstein Gallery at Vienna. 
 The Caracci school can nowhere he 
 studied to more advantage.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Bridgewater Madonna. See Ma- 
 donna of the Bridgewater 
 Gallery. 
 
 Brig o’ Balgownie. A famous 
 bridge of a single arch near Ab- 
 erdeen, Scotland, built in the time 
 of Robert Bruce (1274-1329). It 
 has been made familiar by Byron, 
 who alludes to it in his poem 
 of “ Don Juan/’ 
 
 4®^ “ It is a single gray stone arch, 
 apparently cut from solid rock, that 
 spans the brown rippling waters, where 
 wild overhanging banks, shadowy 
 trees, and dipping wild flowers, all 
 conspire to make a romantic picture. 
 This bridge, with the river and scene- 
 ry, were poetic items that went, with 
 other things, to form the sensitive mind 
 of Byron, who lived here in his earlier 
 days. He has some lines about it : — 
 ‘As “ Auld lang Syne” brings Scot- 
 land, one and all, 
 
 Scotch plaids, Scotch snoods, the 
 blue hills, and clear streams, 
 
 The Dee, the Don, Balgownie’s brig’s 
 black wall, 
 
 All my boy-feelings, all my gentler 
 dreams, 
 
 Like Banquo’s offspring — floating past 
 
 me seems 
 
 My childhood.’” Mrs. If. B. Stowe . 
 
 Brig o’ Doon. A bridge across the 
 river Doon, in Scotland, near the 
 town of Ayr, made famous by 
 the poetry of Burns. 
 
 Now do thy speedy utmost, Meg, 
 
 And win the key-stane of the brig; 
 
 There at them thou thy tail may toss, 
 
 A running stream they darena cross ! 
 
 Tam O' Shan ter. 
 
 Brignole Sale Palace. [Ital. Pa- 
 lazzo Brignole Sale.] A beautiful 
 palace in Genoa, Italy, now the 
 property of the city, and contain- 
 ing many fine treasures of art. 
 It derives its name rosso from 
 being painted of a red color. It 
 formerly belonged to the Brignole 
 family. 
 
 Britain, Little. See Little Brit- 
 ain. 
 
 Britannia Bridge. A famous iron 
 tubular bridge across Menai 
 Strait, which separates the island 
 of Anglesea from Carnarvon, 
 Wales. It consists of two lines 
 of tubes, each 1,513 feet long, 
 supported on three piers, in ad- 
 dition to the abutments, 100 feet 
 above the sea. It is situated one 
 mile from the Menai suspension 
 bridge. 
 
 A fourth [stone in the substructure of a 
 temple at Baalbec] of similar dimensions 
 is lvmg in the quarry, which it is cal- 
 culated must weigh alone more than 1,100 
 tons in its rough state, or nearly as much 
 as one of the tubes of the Britannia 
 Bridge. Fergusson. 
 
 Britannia Theatre. A well-built 
 theatre in London, opened in 
 1858. 
 
 British Coffee-house. A London 
 coffee-house, formerly frequented 
 by Scotchmen. 
 
 British Museum. This celebrated 
 institution, formed of three col- 
 lections, — the Cottonian, the 
 Harleian, and the Sloane, — occu- 
 pies the site of Montague House 
 in Great Russell Street, London. 
 It has been the growth of a cen- 
 tury, the first purchase for the 
 
BRI 
 
 72 
 
 BRO 
 
 collection having been made in 
 1753, and it having been opened 
 to the public 1759. It was at first 
 divided into three departments, 
 viz.: Printed Books, Manuscripts, 
 and Natural History. To these 
 have since been added other de- 
 partments, as Antiquities and 
 Arts, Medals and Coins, Prints 
 and Drawings, Zoological Collec- 
 tions, etc. The Elgin marbles, 
 the Egyptian antiquities, and the 
 Assyrian sculptures collected by 
 Layard, are among the chief 
 curiosities of the institution. The 
 Library is one of the largest and 
 most valuable in Europe. 
 
 Brittany Sheep. A picture by 
 Rosa Bonheur (b. 1822), the cele- 
 brated French painter of animals. 
 
 Broad Street. One of the great 
 thoroughfares of Philadelphia, 
 Penn. It is over 100 feet in 
 width, and runs in a straight line 
 15 miles. 
 
 Broadway. A noted street, and 
 the great thoroughfare of New 
 York, extending from the Bat- 
 tery, at the extreme lower end of 
 the island, to Central Park. In 
 respect of length, the imposing 
 character of its buildings, and 
 the importance of the business 
 transacted in it, this avenue is 
 unequalled in the world. 
 
 Princes’ Street, the Broadway of the 
 new town, is built along the edge of the 
 ravine facing the long, many-windowed 
 walls of the Canongate. A. P. Willis. 
 
 He’s so innate a cockney, that had he been 
 born 
 
 Where plain hare-skin’s the only full- 
 dress that is worn. 
 
 He’d have given his own such an air that 
 you’d say 
 
 ’T had been made by a tailor to lounge in 
 Broadway. Lowell. 
 
 Tell me not, in half-derision, 
 
 Of your Boulevards Parisian, 
 
 With their brilliant broad paves. 
 
 Still for us the best is nearest. 
 
 And the last love is the dearest, 
 
 And the Queen of Streets — Broadway. 
 
 W. A. Butler. 
 
 For the wide sidewalks of Broadway are 
 then 
 
 Gorgeous as are a rivulet's banks in 
 J une. 
 
 That, overhung with blossoms, through 
 its glen 
 
 Slides soft away beneath the sunny 
 noon, 
 
 And they who search the untrodden wood 
 for flowers 
 
 Meet in its depths no lovelier ones than 
 ours. Bryant (Spring in Town) 
 
 Brocken, Spectre of the. See 
 Spectre of the Brocken. 
 
 Brohlthal. This lovely valley of 
 the Rhine is surrounded by moun- 
 tains, and a rapid brook runs 
 through it. It is especially re- 
 markable that the whole bottom 
 of the valley consists of tuffstone 
 15 to 50 feet in thickness. 
 
 Bromserburg. A well-known ru- 
 ined castle at Riideslieim, on the 
 Rhine. 
 
 Bronze Door [of the Capitol at 
 Washington]. A work of art, 
 forming the entrance to the Ro- 
 tunda of the Capitol. It is en- 
 tirely of bronze, weighing 20,000 
 pounds, and was designed by 
 Randolph Rogers, an American 
 artist. The casting was executed 
 at Munich in 1861. The door is 
 17 feet in height by 9 feet in 
 width. It contains 8 panels with 
 reliefs exhibiting scenes in the 
 life of Columbus'. 
 
 Bronze Gates [of Ghiberti]. Fa- 
 mous gates of bronze in the Bap- 
 tistery of St. John at Florence, 
 Italy, executed from designs fur- 
 nished by Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378- 
 1455?), the greatest sculptor of 
 his time. These gates represent 
 scenes from the New Testament. 
 Ghiberti is said to have spent 
 more than 20 years on these 
 bronze gates, which were pro- 
 nounced by Michael Angelo 
 worthy to be the Gates of Para- 
 dise. 
 
 Bronze Horses. Four celebrated 
 figures of horses, in bronze, which 
 were brought by the Venetians 
 from Constantinople, and which 
 now stand over the vestibule of 
 the Cathedral of St. Mark, in 
 Venice, Italy. 
 
 ITe [the doge Dandolo] went to die; 
 But of his trophies four arrived ere long, 
 Snatched from destruction,-- the four 
 steeds divine. 
 
 That strike the ground, resounding with 
 their feet, 
 
 And from their nostrils snort ethereal 
 flame 
 
 Over that very porch. Rogers. 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 i o 
 
 4QP* “ A glorious team of horses, — 
 what seemed strange to me was, that, 
 closely viewed, they appear heavy, 
 while from the piazza below they look 
 light as deer.” Goethe , Trans. 
 
 4®=- “ It should seem that the horses 
 are irrevocably Chian, and were trans- 
 ferred to Constantinople by Theodo- 
 sius.” Byron. 
 
 4®=* “ We have seen no bravoes with 
 poisoned stilettos, no masks, no wild 
 carnival ; but we have seen the ancient 
 pride of Venice, the grim Bronze 
 Horses that figure in a thousand le- 
 gends. Venice may well cherish them, 
 for they are the only horses she ever 
 had.” Mark Twain. 
 
 Before St. Mark still glow his steeds of 
 brass, 
 
 Their gilded collars glittering in the sun ; 
 But is not Doria's menace come to pass ? 
 Are they not bridled ? Byron. 
 
 Bronze Wolf. See Wolf of the 
 Capitol. 
 
 Brook Farm. A celebrated com- 
 munity or association organized 
 for agricultural and also for ed- 
 ucational purposes, at West Rox- 
 bury, Mass., in 1841. Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne and George Ripley 
 were among its founders. In his 
 preface to the “ Blithedale Ro- 
 mance,” which is thought to em- 
 body a description of the commu- 
 nity, Hawthorne says that he has 
 “ventured to make free with his 
 old and affectionately - remem- 
 bered Brook Farm, as being cer- 
 tainly the most romantic episode 
 of his own life.” The characters 
 introduced into this romance are 
 wholly fictitious, though they 
 may naturally enough be thought 
 to harmonize well with the scene 
 of the story. 
 
 4®" “ The self-conceited philanthro- 
 pist; the high-spirited woman bruising 
 herself against the narrow limitations 
 of her sex; the weakly maiden whose 
 tremulous nerves endow her with sib- 
 ylline attributes ; the minor poet be- 
 ginning life with strenuous aspirations 
 which die out with his youthful fervor : 
 all these might have been looked for at 
 Brook Farm, but, by some accident, 
 never made their appearance there.” 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 46^ => “While our enterprise lay all in 
 theory, we had pleased ourselves with 
 delectable visions of the spiritualization 
 of labor. It was to be our form of 
 prayer and ceremonial of worship. 
 Each stroke of the hoe was to uncover 
 
 some aromatic root of wisdom, hereto- 
 fore hidden from the sun. ... In this 
 point of view, matters did not turn out 
 uite so well as we anticipated. . . . 
 "he clods of earth which we so con- 
 stantly belabored and turned over and 
 over, were never etherealized into 
 thought. Our thoughts, on the con- 
 trary, were fast becoming cloddish.” 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 Here is a new enterprise of Brook Farm , 
 of Skeneateles, of Northampton; why so 
 impatient to baptize them Essenes, or 
 Port Royalists, or Shakers, or by any 
 known and effete name ? Emerson. 
 
 Between the generality of these theo- 
 rists and Emerson there was a wide gap, 
 although he, like Hawthorne, if less prac- 
 tically", sympathized with Ripley’s Brook 
 Farm experiment. 
 
 Lathrop, Harper's Mag. 
 
 Brooks’s. A Whig club in Lon- 
 don, founded as Almack’s Club 
 in 1764. The club-house in St. 
 James’s Street was opened in 
 1778. Sir Joshua Reynolds, Burke, 
 Hume, Garrick, Gibbon, Horace 
 Walpole, Sheridan, and Wilber- 
 force were among the noted men 
 of Brooks’s. See Almack’s 
 Club. 
 
 The choicest wines are enhanced in 
 their liberal but temperate use by the 
 vista opened in Lord Holland’s tales of 
 bacchanalian evenings at Brooks’s with 
 Fox and Sheridan, when potations deeper 
 and more serious rewarded the states- 
 man's toils, and shortened his days. 
 
 Talfourd. 
 
 Not to know Brown was, at the West 
 End, simply to be unknown. Brookes was 
 proud of him, and without him the Trav- 
 ellers would not have been such a Travel- 
 lers as it is. Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Brothers, The. A political club in 
 London, the rules for which were 
 framed, in 1713, by Dean Swift, 
 who declared that the end of the 
 club was “to advance conversa- 
 tion and friendship, and to re- 
 ward learning without interest or 
 recommendation; ” and that it 
 was to take in “ none but men of 
 wit, or men of interest; and if we 
 go on as we began, no other club 
 in this town will lye worth talk- 
 ing of.” The meetings of the 
 club were held every Tuesday, 
 first at the Thatched House Tav- 
 ern, and latterly at the Star and 
 Garter. The Brothers Club hav- 
 ing to a great extent served its 
 purpose was succeeded, in 1714, 
 by the Scriblerus Club. See 
 Scriblf.rus Club. 
 
BRO 
 
 74 
 
 BUG 
 
 Brothers, The. [Ger. Die BruderJ] 
 See Sternberg. 
 
 Brougham Hall. The ancient 
 and picturesque seat of Lord 
 Brougham in the neighborhood 
 of Penrith, Cumberland, Eng- 
 land. It is called, from its situa- 
 tion and beautiful view, the 
 “ Windsor of the North.” 
 
 Broughton Castle. A noted man- 
 sion of the Elizabethan age, the 
 seat of Lord Saye and Sele, near 
 Banbury, in the county of Ox- 
 ford, England. 
 
 Brown University. An institution 
 of learning in Providence, R. I. 
 It was originally founded in 1764, 
 at Warren, as Rhode Island Col- 
 lege, removed to Providence in 
 1770, and in 1804 named Brown 
 University. Here is a library of 
 about 40,000 volumes, a museum 
 of natural history, and a portrait- 
 gallery. 
 
 Broxbourne House. The seat of 
 the Duke of Roxburghe, near 
 Dunbar, Scotland. 
 
 Bruce’s Castle. This castle on 
 Rathlin Island, between Ireland 
 and Scotland, derives its name 
 from the fact that Robert Bruce 
 was long concealed here. Here 
 occurred the well-known incident 
 of the spider and the web. 
 
 Bruce’s Tomb. See Harpers’ 
 Tomb. 
 
 Bruges, Belfry of. See Belfry 
 of Bruges. 
 
 Briihl Palace. A well-known 
 building in Dresden, Saxony. In 
 front of the palace is the Briihl 
 terrace overlooking the Elbe. 
 
 Brunswick Square. A well-known 
 public square in London, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Brunswick Theatre. This theatre 
 in London, built upon the site of 
 the Royalty Theatre, and opened 
 in 1828, fell to the ground, from 
 defective construction, during a 
 rehearsal, a few days after the 
 opening. 
 
 Bteddin. A ruined palace of the 
 Emir Beshir (b. 1764), “ Prince of 
 Lebanon,” in Northern Palestine. 
 It was once gorgeously furnished 
 
 in the highest style of Damascene 
 art, with marble pavements and 
 gilded arabesqued ceilings, but is 
 now entirely abandoned to decay. 
 
 Bubastis, Temple of. See Temple 
 of Bubastis. 
 
 Bucentaur, The. The name of 
 the famous galley in which the 
 Doge of Venice went out once a 
 year to wed the Adriatic. The 
 name is said to be a corruption 
 of Ducentorum, i.e., a vessel hav- 
 ing two hundred oars. There 
 have been only three Bucentaurs. 
 One was built in 1520. Another, 
 still more splendid, was built in 
 the following century. The third 
 and last was constructed in 1725, 
 and destroyed in 1797. It is said 
 that the gilding alone of this last 
 cost $40,000. The ceremony of 
 the Espousal of the Adriatic is 
 of higher antiquity than the con- 
 struction of the first Bucentaur. 
 This wedding ceremony, sym- 
 bolizing the naval supremacy of 
 Venice, owes its origin to the 
 victory of the Venetians over the 
 fleet of Frederick Barbarossa. A 
 consecrated ring was each year 
 thrown into the sea in the pres- 
 ence of the papal Nuntio and the 
 diplomatic corps, with the decla- 
 ration by the Doge that, “We 
 wed thee, O sea, in sign of true 
 and perpetual dominion ” (Des- 
 ponsamus te, mare , in siynnm veri 
 perpetuique dominii). 
 
 4^=* “ In the model-room [of the 
 Arsenal at Venice] are miniature rep- 
 resentations of all forms of navigable 
 craft, from ancient galleys down to 
 modern frigates. There is also a model 
 of the Bucentaur, made from drawings 
 and recollections after the original had 
 been destroyed. This must have been 
 a gorgeous toy, but very unseaworthy. 
 A bit of the mast of the original struc- 
 ture is still preserved.” Hillard. 
 
 The spouseless Adriatic mourns her lord ; 
 And, annual marriage now no more re- 
 moved. 
 
 The Bucentaur lies rotting unrestored. 
 Neglected garment of her widowhood ! 
 
 Byron. 
 
 As bright as in a blue lagune, 
 
 When gondolas from shore to shore 
 Swam round the golden Bucentaur 
 On a Venetian holiday, 
 
 What time the Doge threw in the tide 
 The ring wdiich made the sea his bride. 
 
 T. B. Read. 
 
BUC 
 
 BUN 
 
 < 
 
 Buckingham Palace. The town 
 residence of the sovereign of 
 England, situated in London, on 
 the west side of St. James’s Park. 
 It was built between 1825 and 
 1837, upon the site of Buckingham 
 House. Queen Victoria took up 
 her residence here July 13, 1837. 
 
 Buen Betiro. [Pleasant Retreat.] 
 Extensive pleasure-grounds in 
 Madrid, Spain, laid out as a place 
 of retirement for Philip IV., in 
 order to divert his attention from 
 politics. Here were formerly 
 situated a palace and a theatre in 
 which the plays of Lope de Vega 
 were acted. These gardens have 
 been thrown open to the public 
 since the revolution of 1868. 
 
 Building of Carthage. A well- 
 known and admired picture by 
 Joseph Mallord William Turner 
 ( 1775-1851), the English landscape- 
 painter, and regarded one of his 
 best works. Now in the National 
 Gallery, London. 
 
 j&iP* “ The principal object in the 
 foreground of Turner’s ‘ Building of 
 Carthage ,* is a group of children sail- 
 ing toy-boats.” Ruskin. 
 
 Bull, The Young. A celebrated 
 picture by Paul Potter (1625-1654), 
 the Dutch painter. It represents 
 a young bull with a cow, repos- 
 ing, and a sheep and a shepherd, 
 in a landscape. “All these fig- 
 ures are as large as life, and the 
 cattle so extraordinarily true to 
 nature as not only to appear real 
 at a certain distance, but even to 
 keep up the illusion when seen 
 near; the single hairs on the 
 cow’s head being seemingly pal- 
 pable to the touch. The plastic 
 element and the energy of execu- 
 tion are particularly imposing 
 upon so large a scale. There is 
 but one fault, — the legs of the 
 bull, and the bent foreleg of the 
 cow, are a little stiff.” It is in 
 the Museum of the Hague, Hol- 
 land. 
 
 jggp- “ There cannot be a greater con- 
 trast to a very generalized mode of 
 treatment than that displayed in the 
 celebrated picture of ‘The Bull’ by 
 Paul Potter, which approaches the 
 nearest to deception of any really fine 
 work of art I have seen. . . . Through- 
 
 out the picture, indeed, we see that 
 the hand has been directed by the eye 
 of a consummate artist, and not merely 
 by a skilful copyist.” C. R. Leslie. 
 
 Bull, The. See Farnese Bull and 
 Alderney Bull. 
 
 Bull and Mouth Inn. A noted 
 hostelry of London in former 
 days, in the street of the same 
 name. 
 
 Also the bumpkins from Norfolk just 
 disgorged by the Bull and Mouth. — the 
 soldi rs, the milliners, the Frenchmen, 
 the swindlers, the porters with four-post 
 beds on their backs, who add the excite- 
 ment of danger to that of amusement. 
 
 N. P. Willis. 
 
 Bull of Phalaris. Phalaris, tyrant 
 of Agrigentum, ill Sicily, who 
 lived in the sixth century before 
 Christ, is said to have employed 
 an Athenian artist to make for 
 him a brazen bull so constructed 
 as to contain a man, and a small 
 fire by which he would be burned 
 to death. History adds that the 
 artist was the first victim of the 
 punishment he had himself in- 
 vented. Phalaris subjected his 
 enemies and many citizens of 
 Agrigentum to this punishment, 
 but finally the people revolting 
 caused him to be destroyed by 
 the same means. 
 
 Lettres de cachet , that masterpiece of 
 ingenious tyranny, are mor<“ dangerous 
 to men than the brazen bull, that infernal 
 invention of Phalaris, because they unite 
 to the most odious uniformity an imposing 
 appearance of j ustice. Mirabeau. 
 
 Bunhill Fields. A burial-ground 
 in London, and the place of inter- 
 ment of several eminent men. It 
 was opened as a suburban place 
 for burial in 1665, and was closed 
 in 1850. According to Southey, 
 Bunhill-Fields’ burial-ground is 
 the Campo Santo of the Dissent- 
 ers. It was one of the chief 
 places for burial in the time of 
 the Great Plague. John Bunyan , 
 Daniel DeFoe, Isaac Watts, and 
 Nathaniel Lardner were buried 
 here. Its original name of “ Bone- 
 hill Fields” is supposed to have 
 arisen from its having been made 
 a place of deposit for more than 
 1,000 cart-loads of human bones 
 removed from the charnel-house 
 of St. Paul’s. 
 
BUN 
 
 76 
 
 BUR 
 
 Ho [Milton] used also to sit in a gray, 
 coarse cloth coat, at the door of his house 
 in Bunhill Fields , in warm sunny weather, 
 to enjov the fresh air; and so, as well 
 as in' his room, received the visits of 
 people of distinguished parts as well as 
 quality. J. Richardson. 
 
 Bunker Hill. See Battle of 
 
 Bunker Hill. 
 
 Bunker Hill Monument. A lofty 
 obelisk of Quincy granite, on 
 
 what is now called Bunker Hill, 
 formerly Breed’s Hill, in Charles- 
 town (now a part of Boston), 
 
 Mass. It is erected upon the site 
 of the battle between the British 
 and American forces which took 
 place June 17, 1775. The monu- 
 ment is 221 feet in height, and 
 is a conspicuous object from all 
 points. The corner-stone was laid 
 in 1825 by Gen. La Fayette. It 
 was finished in 1842, when an 
 oration was delivered by Daniel 
 Webster. 
 
 4®“ “We wish that whosoever, in 
 all coming time, shall turn his eye 
 hither, may behold that the place is 
 not undistinguished where the first 
 great battle of the Revolution was 
 fought. . . . We wish that this column, 
 rising towards heaven among the point- 
 ed spires of so many temples dedicated 
 to God, may contribute also to produce, 
 in all minds, a pious feeling of depend- 
 ence and gratitude. We wish, finally, 
 that the last object to the sight of him 
 who leaves his native shore, and the 
 first to gladden his who revisits it, may 
 be something which shall remind him^ 
 of the liberty and the glory of his' 
 country. Let* it rise! let it rise, till it 
 meet the sun in his coming; let the 
 earliest light of the morning gild it, 
 and the parting day linger and play on 
 its summit.” Daniel Webster. 
 
 [ Address on Laying the Corner-Stone 
 
 of the Bunker Hill Monument, 1825.} 
 
 There is a stone now standing in very 
 good order that was as old as a monument 
 of Louis XIV. and Queen Anne’s day is 
 now when Joseph went down into Egypt. 
 Think of the shaft on Bunker Hill standing 
 in the sunshine on the morning of January 
 1st. in the year 5872 ! It won’t be stand- 
 ing, — the Master said. —We are poor 
 bunglers compared to those old Egyptians. 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 I have seen Taglioni, — he answered. — 
 She used to take her steps rather prettily. 
 
 I have seen the woman that danced the 
 cap-stone on to Bunker Hill Monument , as 
 Orpheus moved the rocks by music, — the 
 Elssler woman, — Fanny Elssler. 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 And when the prowling man-tliief came 
 hunting for his prey 
 
 Beneath the very shadow of Bunker's 
 shaft of gray, 
 
 How t , through the free lips of the son, the 
 father’s warning spoke; 
 
 How, from its bond of tVade and sect, the 
 Tilgrim city broke ! Whittier. 
 
 Burghley House. The fine Eliza- 
 bethan manorial mansion erected 
 by the Lord Treasurer Burleigh, 
 now the seat of the Marquis of 
 Exeter. It is situated on the 
 borders of the two counties of 
 Lincoln and Northampton, Eng- 
 land. The interior is very mag- 
 nificent, and the building has 
 many historical and legendary 
 associations connected with it. 
 Weeping, weeping, late and early, 
 Walking up and pacing down, 
 
 Deeply mourned the Lord of Burghley, 
 Burghley House by Stamford town. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Burgomaster Meier Madonna. 
 
 See Madonna of the Burgo- 
 master Meyer. 
 
 Burgoyne, Surrender of. See 
 
 Surrender of Burgoyne. 
 Burlington Arcade. A double 
 row of shops in London, built in 
 1819 for Lord George Cavendish, 
 and, according to Leigh Hunt, 
 famous for “ small shops and tall 
 beadles.” 
 
 When I first descended into the cabin 
 of the New York, it looked, in my unac- 
 customed eyes, about as long as the Bur- 
 lington Arcade. Dickens. 
 
 Burlington House. A mansion in 
 Piccadilly, London, originally 
 built for the second Earl of Bur- 
 lington. It is celebrated as hav- 
 ing been the rendezvous of the 
 leading artists, poets, and phil- 
 osophers of the last century. 
 Handel resided here for a time. 
 In 1854 it was purchased by the 
 British government, and is now 
 occupied by the Royal Society 
 and other literary and scientific 
 institutions. 
 
 — Burlington's fair palace still remains 
 Beauty within — without, proportion 
 reigns; 
 
 Beneath his eye declining art revives, 
 
 The wall with animated pictures lives. 
 There Handel strikes the strings, the melt- 
 ing strain 
 
 Transports the soul, and thrills through 
 every vein. 
 
 There oft 1 enter (but with cleaner shoes), 
 For Burlington's beloved by every Muse. 
 
 Gay , Trivia. 
 
BUR 
 
 77 
 
 BUT 
 
 Burnet House. A noble mansion 
 in London, in which lived the 
 celebrated Bishop of Salisbury 
 (1643-1715). It was taken down a 
 few years ago. 
 
 Burning Bush. See Moses and 
 the Burning Bush. 
 
 Burns’s Cottage. A small house 
 about two miles from the town of 
 Ayr, in Scotland, where, on the 
 25th of January, 1759, Robert 
 Burns, the poet, was born. The 
 original building, which was noth- 
 ing more than a “ clay bigging,” 
 was rebuilt by the poet’s father. 
 The cottage is now converted 
 into a public-house. 
 
 Burns’s Monument. 1. A memo- 
 rial structure in honor of the 
 poet Burns (1759-1796), erected in 
 1820 near the town of Ayr, in 
 Scotland. It is in the form of a 
 circular temple, surrounded by 
 nine Corinthian pillars, symboli- 
 cal of the nine Muses. Within 
 are preserved some relics of the 
 poet. 
 
 2. A memorial in honor of the 
 poet, erected in 1830, in Edin- 
 burgh. The cupola is designed 
 after the monument of Lysicrates 
 at Athens. 
 
 Burying Hill. A hill in Plymouth, 
 Mass., where many of "the Pil- 
 grims were buried. On this hill, 
 which commands a tine view of 
 the harbors of Plymouth and Dux- 
 bury and the adjacent country, a 
 fortified church was built in 1622 
 with six cannon on its Hat roof. 
 
 Bushnell Park. A beautiful pleas- 
 ure-ground in Hartford, Conn. 
 The new State Capitol is situated 
 
 in it, and it contains some fine 
 statues. 
 
 Bushy Park. A well-known royal 
 park near Twickenham, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Busrah. A noble fortress in Syria, 
 once a great stronghold, but now 
 abandoned, or occupied only by 
 roving bands of Arabs. It con- 
 tains within its enclosure a great 
 theatre, portions of which are 
 still perfect, and which dates 
 without doubt from Roman times. 
 
 Button’s. A sort of successor to 
 Will’s coffee-house, and the great 
 place of resort for the wits in 
 London after the death of Dry- 
 den. Button’s was in Russell 
 Street, on the side opposite to 
 Will’s. Addison (who was the 
 chief patron), Steele, Pope, Swift, 
 Arbuthnot, Garth, and others 
 frequented Button’s. Here was 
 a letter-box, with its opening in 
 the form of a lion’s head, into 
 which were put contributions for 
 the “Guardian.” Button’s de- 
 clined after Addison’s death and 
 Steele’s retirement from London. 
 See Will’s. 
 
 On Sunday morning, died, after three 
 days’ illness. Mr Button, who formerly 
 kept Button’s Coffee-house, in Russell 
 Street, Covent Garden ; a very noted house 
 for wits, being the place where tin Lyon 
 produced the famous Tatters mid Specta- 
 tors. Daily Advertiser (1731). 
 
 Addison usually studied all the morn- 
 ing, then met his party at Button's , dined 
 there, and stayd five or six hours; and 
 sometimes far into the night. 
 
 Pope , Spence's Anecdotes. 
 
 Our fate thou only canst adjourn 
 Some, few short years, no more ! 
 
 E'en Button's wits to worms shall turn. 
 Who maggots were before. Pope 
 
CA 
 
 78 
 
 CAF 
 
 c. 
 
 Ca’ Doro. One of the most beauti- 
 ful palaces in Venice, Italy. It 
 was built in the fifteenth century, 
 and is so named after its ancient 
 owners, the Doro family. 
 
 Caaba. A Mohammedan temple 
 at Mecca, Arabia. It contains a 
 small oratory within which is a 
 black stone held sacred by all 
 Mussulmans. [Written also ifaa- 
 bah .] See Black Stone. 
 
 4^=* “ Neither its ordonnance, nor, 
 so far as we can understand, its details, 
 render the temple an object of much 
 architectural magnificence. Even in 
 size it is surpassed by many, and is less 
 than its great rival, the great temple of 
 Jerusalem, which was 600 feet square. 
 Still it is interesting, as it is in reality 
 the one temple of the Moslem world; 
 for though many mosques are now re- 
 puted sacred, and as such studiously 
 guarded against profanation, this pre- 
 tended sanctity is evidently a prejudice 
 borrowed from other religions, and is 
 no part of the doctrine of the Moslem 
 faith, which, like the Jewish, points to 
 one only temple as the place where the 
 people should worship, and towards 
 which they should turn in prayer.” 
 
 Fergusson . 
 
 46gp “ The celebrated Kaabah at 
 Mecca, to which all the Moslem world 
 now bow in prayer, is probably a third 
 [fire-temple of the ancient Persians].” 
 Fergusson. 
 
 4G§^ “ A curious object, that Caabah ! 
 There it stands at this hour, in the 
 black cloth-covering the Sultan sends it 
 yearly; ‘27 cubits high;’ with circuit, 
 with double circuit of pillars, with fes 
 toon-rows of lamps and quaint orna- 
 ments : the lamps will be lighted again 
 this night, — to glitter again under the 
 stars. An authentic fragment of the 
 oldest Past. It is the Kehlah of all 
 Moslem : from Delhi all onwards to 
 Morocco, the eyes of innumerable pray- 
 ing men are turned towards it, five 
 times, this day and all days : one of the 
 notables! centres in the Habitation of 
 Men. Carlyle. 
 
 They . . measure with an English 
 footrulc every cell of the Inquisition, every 
 Turkish caaba , every Holy of holies. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 To the traveller imbued with a feeling 
 for the historical and poetical, so insepar- 
 ably intertwined in the annals of romantic 
 Spain, the Alhambra is as much an object 
 ot devotion as is the Caaba to all true 
 Moslems. Ii'ving . 
 
 Cadzow Castle. A ruined baronial 
 mansion in Scotland, near Hamil- 
 ton, and the ancient seat of the 
 family of that name. Sir Walter 
 Scott has a ballad entitled “ Cad- 
 zow Castle.” 
 
 Caerlaverock Castle. An ancient 
 and noted feudal fortress near 
 Dumfries, Scotland, the former 
 seat of the Maxwells, celebrated 
 for its siege by King Edward I. 
 of England, and for the brave 
 resistance made by its garrison. 
 This castle suggested to Scott his 
 description of Ellengowan. 
 
 Caesar. See Cleopatra and Cae- 
 sar, Death of Julius Cjesar, 
 Triumphs of Julius Ca:sar. 
 
 Caesar Borgia. A portrait often 
 ascribed to Raphael, and said to 
 be the likeness of the Prince, in 
 the Borghese gallery at Rome. 
 It is now ascertained to be neither 
 the work of the one nor the por- 
 trait of the other. 
 
 Caesars, Palace of the. See Pal- 
 ace OF THE CAESARS. 
 
 Caesar’s Tower. A remarkable 
 keep of immense size and im- 
 pressive effect, at Kenilworth 
 Castle, of which it forms a part. 
 See Kenilworth Castle. 
 
 Cafe (Caffe) Grecco. [The Greek 
 Cafe'.J A well-known cafe at 
 Rome, in the Via Condotti, fa- 
 mous as the rendezvous of artists 
 of all nations. 
 
 4®=- “In the morning we breakfast 
 at the cafe Greco ; this is a long, low, 
 smoky apartment, not brilliant or at- 
 tractive, but convenient: it appears to 
 be like the rest throughout Italy.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Caffegiolo. A royal villa, the an- 
 cient residence of the Medicis, 
 
CAG 
 
 79 
 
 CAL 
 
 about 15 miles from Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Cagliari, The. A Sardinian steam- 
 er trading between Genoa and 
 Tunis. She was seized by some 
 Sicilian adventurers in June, 
 1857, who with her effected a land- 
 ing on the territory of Naples. 
 Afterwards the vessel was sur- 
 rendered to the Neapolitans, who 
 imprisoned with the crew two 
 English engineers who were on 
 board. The affair became a mat- 
 ter of diplomatic correspondence 
 between England and Naples. 
 
 Caiaphas’ Palace. This name is 
 applied to a building, now a con- 
 vent, on Zion, which seems to 
 have been built by the Armeni- 
 ans. The credulous see here the 
 stone which closed the Saviour’s 
 sepulchre, the spot where Peter 
 was standing when he denied his 
 Master, and even the very stone 
 upon which the cock roosted 
 when he crew. 
 
 Caius Cestius, Pyramid of. See 
 Pyramid of Caius Cestius. 
 
 Caius College. A foundation of 
 the University of Cambridge, 
 England. The college was insti- 
 tuted in 1348. 
 
 Calais Pier. A noted picture by 
 Joseph Mallord William Turner 
 (1775-1851). In the National Gal- 
 lery, London. 
 
 Calaveras Pines. A celebrated 
 grove of mammoth pine-trees 
 (Sequoia gigantea ) in Calaveras 
 County, California. Some of 
 these are about 320 feet high and 
 30 feet in diameter. A similar 
 grove, likewise much visited by 
 tourists, is found in Mariposa 
 County. These trees are believed 
 to be over 2,300 years of age. By 
 an act of Congress this grove was 
 granted to the State of California 
 on condition that it should be 
 kept as a public domain. The 
 grant was accepted, and the lo- 
 cality is now under the charge of 
 commissioners. 
 
 Caledonia, The. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 Oct. 24, 1862. 
 
 Caledonian Forest. A remnant 
 of the ancient wood which once, 
 under the name of the Caledoni- 
 an Forest, covered the whole of 
 southern Scotland, from sea to 
 sea, still exists on the bank of 
 the Avon near Hamilton. A few 
 large oaks are all that is now left. 
 
 California. A statue by Hiram 
 Powers (1805-1873). 
 
 California Street. One of the prin- 
 cipal streets in San Francisco, 
 Cal., in which the chief banking 
 offices are situated. 
 
 Caligula. A noted bronze bust of 
 the Roman emperor Caligula, 
 now in Turin, Italy. [Called also 
 the Albertina Bronze.] 
 
 XHdtT “ One of the most precious por- 
 traits of antiquity, not only because it 
 confirms the testimony of the green 
 basalt in the Vatican, but also because 
 it supplies an even more emphatic and 
 impressive illustration to the narrative 
 of Suetonius.” J. A. Symonds. 
 
 Caligula’s Palace and Bridge. A 
 picture by Joseph Mallord Wil- 
 liam Turner (1775-1851), the Eng- 
 lish landscape-painter, and re- 
 garded one of his best works. In 
 the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Calisto. See Diana and Calisto. 
 
 Calixtus, St. See Catacomb of 
 St. Calixtus. 
 
 Calling of St. Peter. See Mir- 
 aculous Draught of Fishes. 
 
 Calling of the Apostles. A fresco- 
 painting by Domenico Ghirlan- 
 dajo (1449-i498 ?). In the Sistine 
 Chapel, Rome. 
 
 Callirrhoe. The fountain — and 
 according to Pausanias the only 
 one — which supplied sweet run- 
 ning water to Athens, Greece. 
 Also known as Enneacrunus , from 
 the nine pipes in which the water 
 was conveyed. A small spring 
 still called KaWcppo-q now issues 
 from a ridge of rock crossing the 
 bed of the Ilissus. 
 
 Calton Hill. A well-known emi- 
 nence in Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 crowned with monuments. 
 
 Calvary. A rock so called, now 
 within the Church of the Sepul- 
 chre, at Jerusalem. The Saviour 
 
CAL 
 
 80 
 
 CAM 
 
 was crucified at a place known as 
 Golgotha (Hebrew for “ a skull ”), 
 the Latin equivalent for which is 
 Calvaria , whence our English Cal- 
 vary. 
 
 4QP “ It may be well to remind the 
 reader that there are two errors implied 
 in the popular expression ‘ Mount Cal- 
 vary.’ 1. There is in the Scriptural 
 narrative no mention of a mount or hill. 
 2. There is no such name as ‘ Calva- 
 ry.’ The passage from which the 
 word is taken in Luke xxiii. 33, is 
 merely the Latin translation (‘ Calva- 
 ria ’) of what the Evangelist calls ‘ a 
 skull,’ — KpavLoi'. 1 ’ A. P. Stanley. 
 
 According to Mr. Bulwer, Glory is a 
 Calvary on which the poet is crucified. 
 
 Gustave Planche, Trans. 
 
 Calves-Head Club. This club, “ in 
 ridicule of the memory of Charles 
 I,” consisting of Independents 
 and Anabaptists, and formed in 
 the times of the Revolution, was 
 in existence as late as the eighth 
 year of the reign of George II. 
 They met annually, and dined 
 upon calves’ heads prepared in 
 various ways, by which they rep- 
 resented the King and his friends. 
 Their meetings were at length 
 broken up by a mob. 
 
 Indeed, his [George Saville, Viscount 
 Halifax] jests upon hereditary monarchy 
 were sometimes such as would have better 
 become a member of the Calf's Head Club 
 than a privy councillor oi the Stuarts. 
 
 Macaulay . 
 
 Calvin’s House. The house in 
 which the Reformer lived from 
 1513 to 1561. It is situated in the 
 Rue des Clianoines, Geneva, 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Calydonian Boar. See Chace of 
 THE CaIA'DONIAN BOAR. 
 
 Camaldoli, Convent of. A cele- 
 brated monastic establishment at 
 Camaldoli, Italy, founded near 
 the beginning of the eleventh 
 century. 
 
 4^= “ This monastery is secluded 
 from the approach of woman, in a deep, 
 narrow, woody dell. Its circuit of dead 
 walls, built on the conventual plan, 
 gives it an aspect of confinement and 
 defence; yet this is considered as a 
 privileged retreat, where the rule of 
 the order relaxes its rigor, and no 
 monks can reside but the sick or the 
 superannuated, the dignitary or the 
 steward, the apothecary or the bead 
 turner. Forsyth . 
 
 Oh, joy for all, who hear her call 
 From gray Camaldoli s convent-wall, 
 
 And Elmo’s towers to freedom’s carnival ! 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 Cambiaso Palace. [Ital. Palazzo 
 Cambiaso.] A noted palace in 
 Genoa, Italy. 
 
 Cambio, Sala del. See Sala dee 
 Cambio. 
 
 Cambridge House. A mansion in 
 London, where Adolphus, Duke 
 of Cambridge, youngest son of 
 George III., died in 1850. It was 
 afterwards the town residence of 
 Viscount Palmerston, and is now 
 a Naval and Military Club House. 
 
 Cambuskenneth Abbey. A ruined 
 monastery in Scotland, near Al- 
 loa, founded in the twelfth cen- 
 tury, and once the richest abbey 
 in the kingdom. 
 
 Camden House. A mansion in 
 London, built in 1612, and inter- 
 esting from its historic associa- 
 tions connected with the young 
 Duke of Gloucester, who lived 
 here with his mother, Queen 
 Anne. Camden House was burnt 
 in 1862, and has since been re- 
 built. 
 
 Back in the dark, by Brompton Park, 
 
 He turned up thro 1 the Gore, 
 
 And slunk to Cam.pden-house so high. 
 
 All In liis coach and four. Swift. 
 
 Camelot. A hill in what is now 
 known as the parish of Queen’s 
 Camel, England, famous in the 
 Arthurian legends. 
 
 Goose, if once I had thee upon Sarum 
 plain, 
 
 I’d drive thee cackling home to Camelot. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Camera della Segnatura. One of 
 the four chambers known as the 
 Stanze of Raphael, in the Vati- 
 can, Rome, because adorned with 
 paintings by that master. 
 
 Camere di Raffaello. See Stanze 
 of Raphael. 
 
 Campagna. [The country.] A 
 name given, in particular, to the 
 undulating plain which extends 
 on all sides around Rome, in- 
 cluding portions of ancient La- 
 tium and Etruria. The name is 
 said to have been first applied in 
 the Middle Ages. The whole 
 region is now very unhealthy in 
 
CAM 
 
 81 
 
 CAM 
 
 summer, owing to the miasmata 
 which rise from it. Pliny speaks 
 of the healthfulness and perennial 
 salubrity of this now desolate 
 region, which was once adorned 
 with Roman villas and gardens. 
 Pius VI. (1775-1799) drained a 
 portion of this plain. 
 
 4Ggr* “ Of all kinds of country that 
 could, by possibility, lie outside the 
 gates of Rome, this is the apte&t and 
 littest burial-ground for the Dead City.” 
 Dickens. 
 
 4QP* “ Over this region of the Cam- 
 pagna a light still hangs more beautiful 
 than its golden mists or the purple 
 shadows that lie upon its distant hills. 
 The spirit of the past dwells here, and 
 breathes over the landscape the conse- 
 crating gleams of valor, patriotism, and 
 filial duty.” Hillard. 
 
 “Nothing can be more heart- 
 rending than the contrast which the 
 immediate and the present here form 
 with the recollections of the past, gild- 
 ed as they are by the feelings and the 
 fancy. I cannot express the sinking 
 of heart which I felt in passing so 
 many hours over this dreary waste — 
 these lugentes campi, so different from 
 all the deserts nature has elsewhere 
 left or created.” Ticknor. 
 
 Nothing impresses the traveller more, 
 on visiting the once imperial city, than 
 the long lines of aqueducts that are every- 
 where seen stretching across the now de- 
 serted plain of the Campagna. 
 
 Fergusson. 
 
 Groves, temples, palaces, 
 
 Swept from the sight ; and nothing visible, 
 Amid the sulphurous vapors that exhale 
 As from a land accurst, save here and 
 there 
 
 An empty tomb, a fragment like the limb 
 Of some dismembered giant. 
 
 Samuel Rogers. 
 
 No wreaths of sad Campagna' s flowers 
 
 Shall childhood in thy pathway fling; 
 No garlands from their ravaged bowers 
 
 Shall Terni’s maidens bring. Whittier. 
 
 The priest, and the swart fisher by his side, 
 Beheld the Eternal City lift its domes 
 And solemn fanes and monumental pomp 
 Above the waste Campagna. Whittier. 
 
 Campana Museum. An old Ro- 
 man collection, now forming part 
 of the Musee Napoleon III., in 
 the Louvre, Paris. It was bought 
 by the French Government in 
 1861. This museum contains a 
 fine collection of antique statues, 
 and is rich in jewels of gold and 
 precious stones. 
 
 Mile. d’Estang had earrings like those 
 in the Campana Museum , with emeralds. 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Campanile. In Italy, the general 
 name for the belfry or bell-tower 
 of a church, usually in that coun- 
 try a separate building from the 
 church itself. The more noted 
 campaniles are those of Florence, 
 Pisa, and Venice. See Giotto’s 
 Campanile, the Leaning Tower, 
 and St. Mark’s Campanile. 
 
 Campbell. See Castle Camp- 
 bell. 
 
 Campidoglio, Piazza del. See 
 
 Piazza del Campidoglio. 
 
 Campo di Sangue. See Field of 
 Blood. 
 
 Campo Marzo. The modern Ital- 
 ian name of the ancient Campus 
 Martius, or Field of Mars, a low 
 irregular plain in the city of 
 Rome, between the Corso and 
 the Tiber, surrounded by the Pin- 
 cian, Quirinal, Viminal, and Capi- 
 toline hills, including the princi- 
 pal portion of the modern city. 
 See Campus Martius. 
 
 Campo Santo. [The Holy Field.] 
 A celebrated cemetery in Pisa, 
 Italy, adjoining the Cathedral 
 and Baptistery. It was founded 
 by Archbishop Ubaldo de’ Lan- 
 franchi, about the year 1200, who, 
 retreating from Palestine, whence 
 he had been expelled by Saladin, 
 returned with 53 vessels laden 
 with earth from Mount Calvary, 
 which he deposited in this place. 
 The present building was begun 
 in 1278. It has given its name to 
 every similar burial-place in Ita- 
 ly. It contains a museum of se- 
 pulchral monuments, and frescos 
 of much celebrity. 
 
 4®=* “ Giovanni Pisana, having been 
 appointed to enclose the space with 
 walls, designed and built the first, as 
 well as the most beautiful, Campo San- 
 to in Italy. Following the ground- 
 plan marked out by Archbishop Lan- 
 franchi, Giovanni raised his outer walls 
 without windows, and with only two 
 doors looking towards the Duomo, that 
 the frescos, with which they were to 
 be covered on the inside, might be pro- 
 tected as far as possible from the inju- 
 rious effect of the salt and damp sea- 
 , winds. Between these outer walls, 
 
CAM 
 
 82 
 
 CAN 
 
 which he decorated with arches and 
 pilasters, and the inner, directly con- 
 tiguous to the quadrangle, he made a 
 broad-roofed corridor paved with mar- 
 ble, lighted by Gothic windows and 
 four open doorways.” Perkins. 
 
 The Cemetere rul'd Campo Santo is 
 made of divers gaily ladings of earth for- 
 merly brought from Jerusalem, said to be 
 of such a nature as to consume dead bod- 
 ies in forty hours. ’Tis cloistered with 
 marble arches. John Evelyn , 1644. 
 
 Love, long remembering those she could 
 not save. 
 
 Here hung the cradle of Italian Art : 
 
 Faith rocked it: like a hermit child went 
 forth 
 
 From hence that power which beautified 
 the earth. 
 
 She perished when the world had lured 
 her heart 
 
 From her true friends, Religion and the 
 Grave. 
 
 Monumental marbles, 
 
 Time-clouded frescos, mouldering year 
 by year. 
 
 Dim cells in which all day the night-bird 
 warbles, — 
 
 These things are sorrowful elsewhere, 
 not here : 
 
 A mightier Power than Art's hath here 
 her shrine: 
 
 Stranger! thou tread’st the soil of Pal- 
 estine. Aubrey de Vere. 
 
 Even the slumberers in the churchyard 
 of the Campo Santo seemed 
 Scarce more quiet than the living world 
 that underneath us dreamed. 
 
 T. W. Parsons. 
 
 A signal example is the fine enthroned 
 Madonna in t :e Campo Santo , who re- 
 ceives St. Rani ri when presented by St. 
 Peter and St. Paul. Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Campo Vaccino. [The Cow-Pas- 
 ture.] The modern Italian name 
 of the Forum Romanum, or Ro- 
 man Forum, derived, it is sup- 
 posed, from the greater part of 
 the area having become, as far 
 back as the fifteenth century, the 
 resort of cattle, “ a kind of Ro- 
 man Smithfield; ” but according 
 to others the name is derived 
 from one Vitruvius Vacco, who 
 is said to have lived there. See 
 Forum Romanum. 
 
 1844, Nov. 7. We went into the Campo 
 Vaccino by the ruins of the Temple of 
 Peace built by Titus Vespasianus. 
 
 John Evelyn. 
 
 Campus Esquilinus. [Esquiline 
 Field.] A burial-ground for the 
 poor in ancient Rome. It now 
 makes a part of the grounds of 
 the Villa Massimo. 
 
 Campus Martius. [Field of Mars.] 
 1. The ancient name of the irreg- 
 ular plain in the city of Rome 
 surrounded by the Pincian, Quiri- 
 nal, Viminal, and Capitoline hills, 
 now including the principal por- 
 tion of the modern city. This 
 region did not come within the 
 walls of ancient Rome, and it is 
 thought that settlements were 
 first made here during the Lom- 
 bard invasion, when, the supply 
 of water through the aqueducts 
 having been cut off, the people 
 were compelled to desert the hills 
 and seek the plain below where 
 they could use the water of the 
 Tiber. The Pantheon and a few 
 fragments of other structures are 
 all that is now left of the build- 
 ings which were erected upon the 
 Campus. Campo Marzo is the 
 modern Italian name of the an- 
 cient Field of Mars. 
 
 — There of old 
 
 With arms and trophies gleamed the field 
 of Mars: 
 
 There to their daily sports the noble youth 
 rushed emulous. John Dyer. 
 
 2. A large open square in De- 
 troit, Mich. 
 
 Campus Sceleratus. [The Ac- 
 cursed Field.] A field in ancient 
 Rome where unchaste virgins 
 were buried alive. 
 
 Cana, Marriage at. See Mar- 
 
 riage at Cana. 
 
 Canadian Pall. See Horse-Shoe 
 Fall. 
 
 Canal of the Giudccca. A picture 
 of a scene in Venice, by Joseph 
 Mallord William Turner (1775- 
 1851). In the National Gallery, 
 London. 
 
 Canal Street. A noted street in 
 New Orleans, La. It has a 
 
 breadth of nearly 200 feet, with a 
 grass-plot 25 feet in width in the 
 centre, extending the entire dis- 
 tance. 
 
 Canale Grande. See Grand Ca- 
 nal. 
 
 Cancelleria, Palazzo della. A 
 magnificent palace in Rome, com- 
 pleted in 1405, the official resi- 
 dence of the Vice-Chancellor. 
 
CAN 
 
 83 
 
 CAP 
 
 Cane, Grotta del. See Grotta 
 del Cane. 
 
 Cannon Street. A well-known 
 modern street in London, leading 
 out of St. Paul’s Churchyard. 
 
 Canon, The. A celebrated print 
 by Albert Diirer (1471-1528) which 
 is thought to be the first example 
 of the art of etching. 
 
 Canon. See Grand Canon of the 
 Yellowstone. 
 
 Canonbury Tower. A building in 
 London, formerly the resort and 
 lodging-place of many literary 
 men. 
 
 Canongate. A noted street and 
 the principal thoroughfare in the 
 Old Town of Edinburgh, Scot- 
 land (bearing different names at 
 other points of its course), and ter- 
 minating at the rocky eminence 
 on which stands the palace of 
 Holy rood. Sir Walter Scott pub- 
 lished two series of tales entitled 
 “ Chronicles of the Canongate.” 
 Strew’d were the streets around with 
 milk-white reams, 
 
 Flow’d all the Canongate with inky 
 streams. Byron. 
 
 Canons Park. A palatial residence 
 built by the “ Great Duke of 
 Chandos,” near Edge ware, Eng- 
 land. It was a favorite resort of 
 literary men, including Pope, who 
 often alludes to it. The original 
 building is no longer standing. 
 
 Canopus, Decree of. See Stone 
 of San. 
 
 Canterbury Cathedral. A mag- 
 nificent cathedral at Canterbury, 
 England. It was designed by Sir 
 James Burrough, was begun in 
 1174, and finished in the reign of 
 Henry Y. It contains the shrine 
 of Thomas a Becket, in former 
 times a great resort of pilgrims. 
 See Shrine of Thomas a Becket. 
 
 And specially from every shire’s ende 
 Of Engle lohd to Canterbury they wende. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Cape Horn. A name given to a 
 locality on the line of the Central 
 Pacific Railroad, in California. 
 
 JBS§=* “ The bluffs at this point are so 
 precipitous that when the railroad was 
 made the workmen had to be lowered 
 down the face of the rock by ropes, and 
 
 held on by men above, until they were 
 enabled to blast for themselves a foot- 
 hold on the side of the precipice.” 
 
 Samuel Smiles . 
 
 Capella Borghese. [Borghese 
 Chapel.] A gorgeous chapel, so 
 called from the Borghese family, 
 in the church of Santa Maria 
 Maggiore in Rome, built for Paul 
 Y. in 1608, rich in marbles, ala- 
 basters, and frescos. 
 
 “ The splendor of the opposite 
 Borghese chapel so far surpasses my 
 feeble powers of description that I 
 shall leave it all to your imagination, to 
 which you may give abundance of lati- 
 tude, for it can scarcely surpass the 
 reality. It contains one of St. Luke’s 
 precious performances, a miraculous 
 image of the Virgin.” Eaton . 
 
 Capella Brancacci. [Brancacci 
 
 Chapel.] A chapel in the con- 
 vent of the Carmine, Florence, 
 Italy, celebrated for its fine fres- 
 cos by Masaccio (1402?-1443), 
 
 MGtr* “ The importance of these fres- 
 cos arises from the fact that they hold 
 the same place in the history of art 
 during the fifteenth century, as the 
 works of Giotto, in the Arena chapel 
 at Padua, hold during the fourteenth. 
 Each series forms an epoch in paint- 
 ing.” Layard. 
 
 People at the present day still go to the 
 Brancacci Chapel to contemplate this iso- 
 lated creator [Masaccio] whose precocious 
 example no one followed Taine, Trans. 
 He came to Florence long ago 
 And painted here these walls, that shone 
 For Raphael and for Ang°lo 
 With secrets deeper than his own, 
 
 Then shrank into the dark again, 
 
 And died, we know not how or when. 
 
 Lowell. 
 
 Capella Clementina. See Clem- 
 ent’s Chapel. 
 
 Capella Corsini. See Corsini 
 Ciiapel. 
 
 Capella della Colonna Santa. 
 [Chapel of the Holy Pillar.] A 
 chapel in St. Peter’s Church, 
 Rome, so called from an in- 
 scribed pillar in it, concerning 
 which the church tradition is 
 that it is the one against which 
 Christ leaned when teaching in 
 the Temple at Jerusalem. 
 
 Capella Paolina. [Pauline Chap- 
 el.] An apartment in the Vatican 
 Palace, Rome, built in 1540 for 
 Paul III. It contains two fres- 
 cos by Michael Angelo. 
 
CAP 
 
 84 
 
 CAP 
 
 4£ir “Two excellent frescos exe- 
 cuted by Michael Angelo on the side 
 walls of the Pauline Chapel are little 
 cared for, and are so much blackened 
 by the smoke of lamps that they are 
 seldom mentioned. The Crucifixion of 
 St. Peter, under the large window, is in 
 a most unfavorable light, but is dis- 
 tinguished for its grand, severe compo- 
 sition. That on the opposite wall — 
 the Conversion of St. Paul — is still 
 tolerably distinct.” Kugler. 
 
 Capella Sistina. See Sistine Chap- 
 el. 
 
 Capitol, The [Rome]. See Capi- 
 toline Hill and Piazza del 
 Campidoglio 
 
 Capitol [of the U nited States] . The 
 immense and magnificent build- 
 ing in Washington, D.C., devoted 
 to the uses of the American Con- 
 gress. The centre building is 
 of freestone painted white. Its 
 corner-stone was laid by Wash- 
 ington in 1792. The marble ex- 
 tensions were begun in 1851. The 
 total length of the original Capi- 
 tol, together with the wings and 
 corridors, is 737 feet. The build- 
 ing covers an area of 3J acres, and 
 the cost of erection has been over 
 $13,000,000. It is surmounted by 
 an iron dome which is 287 feet 
 above the base of the building, 
 and 135J feet in diameter, being 
 surpassed in size only by four 
 domes in Europe, — that of St. 
 Peter’s at Rome, of St. Paul’s in 
 London, St. Isaac’s in St. Peters- 
 burg, and that of the Invalides 
 in Paris. The dome is surmount- 
 ed by a colossal statue of Liberty 
 in bronze, 19 feet in height, stand- 
 ing upon a globe which bears 
 the inscription E Pluribus Umnn. 
 Within the Capitol are included 
 the Senate Chamber, the Hall of 
 the House of Representatives, 
 the Supreme Court room, and the 
 Library of Congress. 
 
 “ We have built no national 
 temples but the Capitol; we consult 
 no common oracle but the Constitu- 
 tion.” R. Choate. 
 
 When, lo ! in a vision I seemed to stand 
 In the lonely Capitol. On each hand 
 Far stretched the i crtico; dim and grand 
 Its columns ranged, like a martial band 
 Of sheeted spectres wnom some command 
 Had called to a last reviewing. 
 
 Bret Harte. 
 
 Capitol [of New York], An im- 
 mense and imposing building in 
 the city of Albany, the capital of 
 the State of New York, designed 
 for legislative purposes and the 
 uses of the executive department 
 of the State. The structure is 
 of the Renaissance architecture, 
 and one of the best finished and 
 most costly edifices of the kind, in 
 the world. 
 
 Capitoline Hill. [Lat. Mons Capi- 
 tolinas.'] One of the original sev- 
 en hills of ancient Rome, imme- 
 diately contiguous to the Forum, 
 and still bearing the same name. 
 The Church of Ara Cceli is sup- 
 posed to mark the site of the 
 Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 
 which formerly stood upon the 
 summit. There is a depression 
 called the Intermontium, upon 
 the top of the hill, forming two 
 heights, upon the summit of one 
 of which the Temple of Jupiter 
 Capitolinus is thought to have 
 stood, and upon the summit of 
 the other the Arx Capitolii. 
 Upon the latter mount is placed 
 the temple which Romulus is said 
 to have built and to have dedi- 
 cated to Jupiter Feretrius. The 
 hill was originally called Mons 
 Saturn i us, and afterwards (or cer- 
 tainly the whole of one side of 
 it) Mons Tarpeia, from her who, 
 during the war with the Sabines, 
 longing for the golden bracelets 
 of the enemy, and allured by the 
 promise of receiving that which 
 they wore upon their arms, 
 treacherously opened the fortress 
 to the Sabines, and was rewarded 
 by being crushed by the shields 
 which they threw upon her in 
 passing. It lastly received the 
 name "of Mons Capitolinus (or 
 Capitolium), because in digging 
 the foundations for the Temple of 
 Jupiter (Capitolinus) a bloody 
 human head was found, which 
 the augurs declared to he an 
 omen that Rome was destined to 
 become the head of Italy. The 
 famous Tarpeian Rock was also 
 upon this side of the Intermon- 
 tium, though its exact situation is 
 not definitely determined. See 
 Piazza del Campidoglio. 
 
CAP 
 
 85 
 
 CAR 
 
 “But when we think of its in- 
 vulnerable citadel, its vanished temples, 
 its triumphal arches, its splendid por- 
 ticos, its golden statues, and all its 
 unparalleled but forgotten splendors 
 — it is indeed a contrast to look round 
 on the scattered ruins of that seat of 
 empire which awed the world; to be- 
 hold a convent of barefooted friars 
 usurping the proud temple of Jupiter 
 Optimus Maximus, a few miserable 
 hovels crowning the Tarpeian Rock, 
 and the palace of a modern Roman 
 patrician occupying the site of the 
 house of Ovid and the School of Phi- 
 losophers.” C. A. Eaton. 
 
 “No language contains a word 
 of more expression and significance 
 than the Capital, nor is there a spot on 
 earth more full of historical interest. 
 It was at once a fortress and a temple; 
 the head of the Roman state and the 
 shrine of their religion. The Capitol 
 was the symbol of ancient Rome, as 
 St. Peter’s and the Vatican are the 
 symbols of the modern and mediaeval 
 city.” G. S. Hillard. 
 
 Unsexed, but foul with barren lust, 
 Marshalled her powers to overwhelm 
 Our Capitol and ancient realm, 
 
 And lay Rome’s glories in the dust? 
 
 Horace , Trans. 
 
 Cal. Caesar, I never stood on ceremo- 
 nies, 
 
 Yet now they fright me. There is one 
 within. 
 
 Besides the things that w'e have heard 
 and seen, 
 
 Recounts most horrid sights seen by the 
 watch. 
 
 A lioness hath whelped in the streets; 
 
 And graves have yawn’d, and yielded up 
 their dead; 
 
 Fierce fiery warriors fought upon the 
 clouds, 
 
 In ranks, and squadrons, and right form of 
 war. 
 
 Which drizzled blood upon the Capitol. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Capitoline Museum. See Museo 
 Capitolino. 
 
 Capitolium. See Capitoline Hill 
 and Piazza del Campidoglio. 
 Cappuceini, Convent, Church, and 
 Cemetery of the. One of the lar- 
 gest and most populous convents 
 in Rome, belonging to the monks 
 of the order of St. Francis. The 
 conventual Church contains a 
 number of fine pictures, includ- 
 ing that of the “ Archangel Mi- 
 chael and the Devil ” by Guido. 
 Adjoining the Church is the fa- 
 mous Cemetery of the Cappucci- 
 ni. It is a sort of museum of 
 
 hones, consisting of four cham- 
 bers decorated with human 
 bones, and bodies that have be- 
 come mummified. The earth was 
 brought hither from Jerusalem. 
 Several skeletons are standing 
 upright, dressed in their monas- 
 tic robes. Whenever a brother 
 dies, he is buried in the oldest 
 grave, and the bones which have 
 been displaced to make room for 
 him are removed to the general 
 collection. 
 
 Caprino, Monte. See Monte Ca- 
 prino. 
 
 Capucines, Boulevart des. One 
 of the boulevards of Paris. See 
 Boulevards. 
 
 Caracalla, Baths of. See Baths 
 of Caracalla. 
 
 Card Party. A small but very in- 
 teresting picture, representing a 
 company of men and women at 
 a card-table, by Luc Jacobsz, 
 commonly called Lucas van Ley- 
 den (1494-1533), a Flemish paint- 
 er. It is now in the collection of 
 the Earl of Pembroke, at Wilton 
 House, England. 
 
 Cardiff Giant. A noted piece of 
 trickery in the shape of a colossal 
 statue of gypsum disinterred at 
 a little place called Cardiff, near 
 Lafayette, N.Y., in October, 1869, 
 and successfully palmed off upon 
 some of the most distinguished 
 antiquaries and paleontologists 
 of America as being either a work 
 of ancient sculpture, or more 
 probably a fossilized man. It 
 was carried about the country, 
 and publicly exhibited to great 
 crowds in all the principal cities. 
 At last the fact came out, that it 
 had been cut from a quarry in 
 Iowa not long before, wrought 
 into shape in Chicago, and bur- 
 ied in Cardiff, where it was soon 
 after alleged to have been acci- 
 dentally discovered. 
 
 Cardinal Bentivoglio. See Ben- 
 tivoglio. 
 
 Cardinal Bibiena. See Bibiena. 
 
 Cardinal Pole. See Pole. 
 
 Cardross Castle. A ruined castle 
 in Scotland, on the Clyde, near 
 
CAR 
 
 86 
 
 CAR 
 
 Dumbarton. In this castle Rob- 
 ert Bruce died in 1329. 
 
 Carinse. A fashionable quarter in 
 ancient Rome, situated upon the 
 Esquiline Hill, where many of the 
 nobles and principal citizens had 
 their residences. 
 
 Carisbrooke Castle. A magnifi- 
 cent feudal mansion, now in 
 ruins, in the village of Caris- 
 brooke on the Isle of Wight. 
 Charles I. was confined here after 
 his flight from Hampton Court. 
 The castle contains a well said to 
 be over 300 feet in depth. 
 
 Carita. [Charity.] A picture by 
 Andrea Yannucchi, called An- 
 drea del Sarto (1487-1531), the 
 Italian painter, and considered 
 one of his best works. In the 
 Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Carita. [Charity.] A striking pic- 
 ture by Bartolommeo Schedone 
 (1500-1615). In the Museum at 
 Naples, Italy. 
 
 Carlisle Castle. An ancient feu- 
 dal fortress in Carlisle, England, 
 now in a state of decay. It was 
 built by William Rufus (1056- 
 1100). The castle is at present 
 used as a barrack and armory. 
 Musing on this strange hap the while, 
 
 The King wends back to fair Carlisle; 
 
 And cares, that cumber royal sway, 
 
 Wore memory of the past away. Scott . 
 
 Carlo Borromeo. A statue in 
 bronze and copper, of colossal 
 size, near Arona, Italy, erected to 
 the memory of the saint i.n 1697. 
 It is 106 feet in height including 
 the pedestal. 
 
 Far off the Borromean saint was seen, 
 Distinct, though distant, o’er his native 
 town, 
 
 Where his Colossus with benignant mien, 
 Looks from its station on Arona down ; 
 
 To it the inland sailor lifts his eyes, 
 
 From the wide lake, when perilous storms 
 arise. Southey. 
 
 Carlo Felice. A noted theatre in 
 Genoa, Italy, opened in 1828. 
 
 Carlo, San. See San Carlo. 
 
 Carlsbriicke, Die. [Charles’ 
 Bridge.] A famous bridge over 
 the Moldau in Prague, Austria. 
 It was begun in 1357, and was 150 
 years in building. The piers are 
 surmounted with groups of saints 
 and martyrs, 28 in number, in- 
 
 cluding the celebrated statue of 
 St. John Nepomuck. See St. 
 John Nepomuck. 
 
 Carlton Club. A noble building 
 of Italian architecture (from St. 
 Mark’s Library in Venice), in 
 Pall Mall, London, is occupied 
 by the famous political club of 
 this name, founded in 1831 by the 
 Duke of Wellington. The first 
 meeting of the ciub was held in 
 Charles Street, St. James’s. It 
 removed to Carlton Gardens in 
 1832, and in 1836 a club-house was 
 built in Pall Mall. The present 
 house was built in 1854. 
 
 4®" “ The Carlton contains Conser- 
 vatives of every hue, from the good 
 old-fashioned Tory to the liberal pro- 
 gressist of the latest movements, — 
 men of high position in fortune and 
 politics.” Tbnbs. 
 
 No Carlton Clubs , Reform Clubs, nor 
 any sort of clubs or crealures or of ac- 
 credited opinions or practices, can make a 
 Lie Truth, can make Bribery a Propriety. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Carlton House. A noted mansion 
 which formerly stood in Water- 
 loo Place, south of Pall Mall, 
 London. It was built in 1709, 
 and was taken down in 1827. 
 Upon the Ionic columns of this 
 house an Italian epigram was 
 written by Bonomi : — 
 
 “ Care colonne, che fatti qua? 
 
 Non sapiamo, in verita,” 
 
 which has been translated as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 “ Dear little columns, all in a row, 
 What do you do there ? 
 
 Indeed we don’t know.” 
 
 46g= “ We went to see the Prince’s 
 new palace in Pall Mall, and were 
 charmed. It will be the most perfect 
 in Europe. ... In all the fairy tales 
 you have been, you was never in so 
 pretty a scene. I forgot to tell you 
 how admirably all the carving, stucco, 
 and ornaments are executed, but 
 whence the money is to come 1 con- 
 ceive not. All the tin-mines in Corn- 
 wall could not pay a quarter.” 
 
 Horace Walpole , 1786. 
 
 With the same childish attendant, I re- 
 member peeping through tie colonnade 
 at Carlton House and seeing the abode of 
 the great Prince Regent. Thackeray. 
 
 I have a state-coach at Carlton House , 
 
 A chariot in Seymour Place; 
 
 But they’re lent to two friends, who make 
 me amends 
 
 By driving my favorite pace. Byron. 
 
CAR 
 
 87 
 
 CAR 
 
 I remember Alvanley eating three sup- 
 pers once at Carlton House— one night de 
 petite comite. Thackeray. 
 
 Carmine, The. A noted church 
 in Florence, Italy, of the fifteenth 
 century, containing some fine 
 frescos which are of great impor- 
 tance in the history of art. 
 
 Carnac. A collection of stones or 
 monumental blocks of granite, 
 several thousand in number, in 
 the town of the same name, in 
 the Department of Morbihan, 
 France. They are of unknown 
 origin and antiquity, and their 
 use and meaning are involved in 
 great obscurity. By some they 
 are thought to be Druidic re- 
 mains, and by others to be of ear- 
 lier date. They are probably not 
 sepulchral monuments, and it is 
 quite as probable that they were 
 intended for military as for reli- 
 gious purposes. In their general 
 appearance they resemble the 
 monuments found in the Orkney 
 Islands. 
 
 Caroccio. A famous car of great 
 size, drawn by two beautiful 
 oxen, which, in the old days of 
 Florence, accompanied the citi- 
 zens to the field of battle. It 
 bore the standard of the city, and 
 is supposed to have been built in 
 imitation of the ark carried before 
 the Israelites. 
 
 J93S“ “ This vehicle is described, and 
 also represented in ancient paintings, 
 as a four-wheeled, oblong car, drawn 
 by two, four, or six bullocks. , . . 
 A platform ran out in front of the car, 
 spacious enough for a few chosen men 
 to defend it, while behind, on a cor- 
 responding space, the musicians gave 
 spirit to the combat : mass was said on 
 the Caroccio, ere it quitted the city, 
 the surgeons were stationed near it, 
 and not un frequently also a chaplain 
 attended it to the field. The loss of 
 the Caroccio was a great disgrace, and 
 betokened utter discomfiture.” 
 
 Napier. 
 
 Caroline, The. A United States 
 steamer burned Dec. 29, 1837, by 
 the loyal Canadians, for having 
 brought aid to the rebels. The 
 affair became a subject of diplo- 
 matic correspondence. 
 
 Caroll, Fort. See Fort Caroll. 
 
 Carondelet, The. An armor-plat- 
 ed ship of the United States Navy 
 during the war of the Rebellion. 
 
 Carre. See Salon Carre. 
 
 Carrickfergus Castle. One of the 
 most perfect castellated struc- 
 tures in Ireland, standing on a 
 rock which projects into the sea, 
 and is nearly surrounded by 
 water. It is in the county of 
 Antrim. 
 
 Carrig-a-droid Castle. A ruined 
 stronghold of the Middle Ages, in 
 the county of Cork, Ireland. It 
 successfully resisted for a time 
 the arms of Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 Carrig-o-gunnell. [Rock of the 
 Candle.] An interesting castle 
 in the county of Limerick, Ire- 
 land, and one of the most roman- 
 tic ruins in the island. It is said 
 to have been built by the O’Brien 
 family in 1530, and has undergone 
 many sieges. 
 
 Carrousel. See Arc du Carrou- 
 sel and Place du Carrousel. 
 
 Carthage, Building of. See 
 Building of Carthage. 
 
 Cartoons of Raphael. A collec- 
 tion of seven (a number of others 
 are now lost) drawings in distem- 
 per colors by Raphael (1483-1520), 
 being original designs executed 
 by order of Leo X., for tapestries 
 to adorn the lower walls of the 
 Sistine Chapel in Rome. The 
 tapestries still hanging in the 
 Vatican, for which the Cartoons 
 were designed, were called Araz- 
 zi, from Arras in Flanders, the 
 place where they were executed. 
 The seven Cartoons lay neglect- 
 ed until about 1630, when Charles 
 I. bought them by the advice 
 of Rubens. After the death of 
 Charles, they were purchased by 
 Cromwell, and were subsequent- 
 ly removed by William III. to 
 Hampton Court, where they re- 
 mained until 1865, when they 
 were placed in agallerj 7 specially 
 prepared for them in the South 
 Kensington Museum, London. 
 These cartoons are ranked 
 among the grandest productions 
 of Christian art. The subjects 
 are “ Christ’s Charge to St. Pe- 
 
CAS 
 
 88 
 
 CAS 
 
 ter,” “ The Miraculous Draught 
 of Fishes,” “ Elymas the Sorcer- 
 er struck Blind,” “ Peter and 
 John healing the Cripple at the 
 Beautiful Gate,” “The Death of 
 Ananias,” “ The Sacrifice at Lys- 
 tra,” and “ Paul preaching at 
 Athens.” A number of copies of 
 the Cartoons have been executed 
 in tapestry, and the drawings 
 have been" twice cut into strips 
 by tapestry-workers. 
 
 4®=* “ When I first went to see them, 
 I must confess I was but barely pleased ; 
 the next time I liked them better; but 
 at last, as I grew better acquainted 
 with them, I fell deeply in love with 
 them : like wise speeches, they sank 
 deep into my heart.” 
 
 Steele : Spectator , No. 244. 
 
 4Gir “ In the set of Cartoons for the 
 tapestries of the Sistine Chapel, as 
 originally prepared by Raphael, we 
 have the foundation, the heaven-be- 
 stowed powers, the trials and suffer- 
 ings of the early Church, exhibited in 
 the calling of St. Peter, the conversion 
 of St. Paul, the acts and miracles of 
 the apostles, the martyrdom of St. Ste- 
 phen; and the series closed with the 
 Coronation of the Virgin, placed over 
 the altar, as typical of the final triumph 
 of the Church, the completion and ful- 
 filment of all the promises made to 
 man, set forth in the exaltation and 
 union of the mortal with the immortal, 
 when the human Mother and her 
 divine Son are re-united and seated on 
 the same throne.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Casa Blanca. [White House.] 
 An old Spanish mansion in New 
 Orleans, La. It was formerly 
 the residence of Bienville, the 
 first governor of Louisiana. 
 
 Casa del Labrador. [Laborer’s 
 Cottage.] A curious and noted 
 building erected for Charles IV. 
 of Spain, at Aranjuez. 
 
 4ST “ A little plaything of Charles 
 IV. It is the merest little jewel. 
 There is but one suite of apartments 
 in it, all the rest being divided into 
 small rooms, cabinets, etc., the roofs 
 painted in miniature frescos, and the 
 floors paved in mosaic. In the rich- 
 ness of its ornaments, which are often 
 of gold, and sometimes of platina, it is 
 absolutely unrivalled.” Ticknor. 
 
 Casa d’Oro. [The Golden House.] 
 A noble palace in Venice, Italy. 
 
 4®=* “It has no trace of the high 
 roofs or aspiring tendencies of the 
 Northern buildings of the same age, 
 no boldly-marked buttresses in strong 
 vertical lines; but, on the contrary, 
 flat sky-lines, and every part is orna- 
 mented with a fanciful richness far 
 more characteristic of the luxurious 
 refinement of the East than of the 
 manlier appreciation of the higher 
 qualities of art which distinguished 
 the contemporary erections on this side 
 of the Alps.” Fergusson. 
 
 Oh, yes, to be sure, Venice built her 
 Ducal Palace, and her church of St. Mark, 
 and her Casa d'Oro, and the rest of her 
 golden houses. 0. W. Holmes. 
 
 Slow, underneath the Casa d' Oro's wall, 
 Three searchers and three peering shadows 
 came. Walter Thornburg. 
 
 Casa Guidi. A building in Flor- 
 ence, Italy, best known to Eng- 
 lish-speaking people from its con- 
 nection with Elizabeth Barrett 
 Browning, the poetess, who lived 
 here for some years, and who 
 wrote here her well-known poem 
 of “ Casa Guidi Windows,” — a 
 poem giving her impressions upon 
 events in Tuscany of which she 
 was a witness. There is a tablet 
 here inscribed to the memory of 
 Mrs. Browning (died in Florence 
 in 1861 ), — “ who in a woman’s 
 heart united the learning of a 
 scholar and the spirit of a poet, 
 and by her verse joined with a 
 golden link Italy and England.” 
 
 She came, whom Casa GuidVs chambers 
 knew, 
 
 And know more proudly, ail immortal, 
 now. 
 
 And life, new lighted, with a lark-like glee 
 Through Casa Guidi windows hails the 
 sun. 
 
 Grown from the rest her spirit gave to me. 
 
 Bayard Taylor 
 
 And peradventure other eyes may see. 
 From Casa Guidi windows, what is done 
 Or undone. Whatsoever deeds they be. 
 Pope Pius w T ill be glorified in none. 
 
 Mrs. Browning 
 
 Casa Santa. See Santa Casa. 
 
 Casanata Library. See Biblio- 
 teca Casanatense. 
 
 Cascine. A beautiful and well- 
 known public park in Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 4@=* “ This is quite the loveliest 
 public pleasure-ground, a wood of 
 three miles in circumference, lying on 
 
CAS 
 
 
 CAS 
 
 the banks of the Arno just below the 
 town, not like most European prome- 
 nades, a bare field of clay or ground, 
 but full of sward paths green and 
 embowered. . . . The whole place is 
 more like a half-redeemed wild wood in 
 America, than a public promenade in 
 Europe.” A. P. Willis. 
 
 “ If • • . his tastes are for com- 
 panionship and society, he will find 
 the Cascine, during a portion of the 
 day, a most agreeable place of resort. 
 Here, in the afternoon, assemble all 
 the gay world of Florence, native and 
 foreign. . . . Here may be seen the 
 equipages and the manners of all 
 Europe.” Hillard. 
 
 At Florence, too, what golden hours 
 In those long galleries were ours; 
 
 What drives about the fresh Cascine , 
 Or walks in Boboh’s ducal bowers. 
 
 Tennyson 
 
 Caserta (Royal Palace). A noted 
 palace at Caserta, in Southern 
 Italy, begun in 1752 by Vanvitelli 
 for Charles III., and regarded as 
 one of the finest royal residences 
 in Europe. 
 
 4®=* “The chief productions of this 
 period [the eighteenth century] are the 
 colossal palaces of princes in which the 
 spirit of modern despotism declares it- 
 self in a grandiose manner, but also 
 with the utmost caprice. Perhaps 
 there is no better example of these vast 
 buildings than the Villa of Caserta, 
 built by Luigi Vanvitelli at Naples, 
 with its huge three stories, imposing 
 staircase, and park with its aqueduct 
 and superb fountains.” Lubke. 
 
 When London shall have become the 
 Rome or Athens of a fallen empire, the 
 termini of the railways will be among its 
 finest ruins. That of the Birmingham 
 and Liverpool track is almost as magnifi- 
 cent as that flower of sumptuousness, the 
 royal palace of Caserta. JV. P. Willis. 
 
 Cashel, Rock of. See Rock of 
 Cashel. 
 
 Casino, Monte. See Monte Ca- 
 sino. 
 
 Cassiobury House. The seat of 
 the Earl of Essex, near Watford, 
 England. 
 
 Castalian Fountain. See Foun- 
 tain of Castalia. 
 
 Castel Nuovo. [The New Castle.] 
 A massive stronghold in Naples, 
 Italy, hearing some resemblance 
 to the Tower of London. It was 
 begun in the thirteenth century. 
 
 Castel Sant’ Elmo. See St. Elmo; 
 and for other names beginning 
 with the word Castel, see the 
 next prominent word. 
 
 Castiglione, Count. A portrait 
 of his friend by Raphael Sanzio 
 (1483-1520). In the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Castle. For names beginning with 
 the word Castle, see the next 
 prominent word; e.g., Castle of 
 Chillon, see Chillon. See also 
 infra. 
 
 Castle Campbell. A ruined castle 
 near the village of Dollar in Scot- 
 land, of romantic and historic in- 
 terest. 
 
 “ The origin of this castle is un- 
 known; but it was originally called the 
 Castle of Gloom, situated in the parish 
 of Dolour, surrounded by the glen of 
 Care, and watered by the rivers of Sor- 
 row.” 
 
 O Castell Gloom ! thy strength is gone, 
 
 The green grass o’er thee growin’; 
 
 On liiil of Care thou art alone. 
 
 The Sorrow round thee flowin’. 
 
 Carolina, Baroness Nairne. 
 
 Castle Clinton. See Castle Gar- 
 den. 
 
 Castle Garden. A singular build- 
 ing of a circular form, situated 
 on the Battery in New York City, 
 and now used as a receiving sta- 
 tion for immigrants. On landing 
 here, they are received, cared for, 
 furnished with instruction and 
 guidance in regard to their routes 
 of travel, and forwarded to their 
 destination. The building was 
 originally a fort, and known as 
 Castle Clinton. It was built in 
 1807, and made over to the city in 
 1823. After having been put to 
 various uses (at one time as an 
 opera-house), it finally was ap- 
 propriated to its present object 
 as a place of reception for immi- 
 grants. See Battery, The. 
 
 The arrivals of immigrants at Castle 
 Garden for the month of August [18^0] 
 numbered 25.300. This aggregate exceeds 
 by 4,000 the figures for the same month in 
 any year for a quarter of a century 
 
 Boston Journal 
 
 If, as a boy I did, T make my haunt in 
 
 Dear Castle Garden , soon I find a check 
 In two policemen, -who, my courage 
 daunting, 
 
 Stand sentinels beside that piteous 
 wreck. 
 
CAS 
 
 90 
 
 CAT 
 
 And point to signs; I read, Fur Emigrant- 
 en, 
 
 And just beyond I see an emptying 
 deck. T. G. Appleton. 
 
 Castle Hill. An eminence in Edin- 
 burgh, Scotland, on which stand 
 the Castle of Edinburgh and 
 other buildings of interest. 
 
 While danderin’ cits delight to stray 
 To Castlehill or public way, 
 
 Where they nae other purpose mean, 
 Than that iool cause o’ being seen, 
 
 Let me to Arthur’s Seat pursue, 
 
 Where bonnie pastures meet the view. 
 
 R. Fergusson. 
 
 Castle Howard. The magnificent 
 seat of the Earl of Carlisle, near 
 New Mai ton, England. 
 
 Castle Kennedy. An interesting 
 ivy-clad ruin near Stranrear, 
 Scotland. The ancient castle was 
 burned in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury. The gardens are celebrated 
 for the beautiful groves of pines, 
 the finest in Scotland. 
 
 Castle Rising. An ancient Eng- 
 lish castle supposed to have been 
 built by Alfred the Great (849- 
 901). The keep and portions of 
 the walls and embankments re- 
 main. Queen Isabella was con- 
 fined in this castle for the rest of 
 her life, after the death of her 
 husband, King Edward II. 
 
 Castle Roche. A remarkable ruin 
 in the county of Louth, Ireland, 
 formerly one of the frontier cas- 
 tles of the English Pale. The 
 name is a corruption of Rose Cas- 
 tle. This fortress was destroyed 
 by Oliver Cromwell in 1649. 
 
 Castle Thunder. A military pris- 
 on in Richmond, Va., during the 
 war of the Rebellion. Here many 
 Federal prisoners were confined, 
 and subjected to great hardships. 
 The building was simply a ware- 
 house converted to the uses of a 
 jail. 
 
 Castor and Pollux. 1. Two well- 
 
 known marble statues, of colossal 
 size, which stand at the head of 
 the modern ascent to the Capitol 
 in Rome. 
 
 2. Two statues which were 
 found in the Baths of Constan- 
 tine, and now stand in the Piazza 
 di Monte Cavallo. There are 
 
 copies of these statues in the 
 Museum at Berlin. See Quiri- 
 nal Hill. 
 
 Castor and Pollux carrying off the 
 daughters of Leucippus. A pic- 
 ture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577- 
 1640), now in the Munich Gallery. 
 
 Castor and Pollux. See Temple 
 of Castor and Pollux. 
 
 Caswell, Fort. See Fort Cas- 
 well. 
 
 Cat and Bagpipes. A well-known 
 tavern which was situated in 
 London. 
 
 A bon-mot . for instance, that might be 
 relished at White’s, may lose all its flavor 
 when delivered at the ' Cat and Bagpipes 
 in St. Giles’s. Goldsmith. 
 
 Catacombs [of Alexandria]. Ex- 
 tensive subterranean cemeteries 
 in Alexandria, Egypt. 
 
 4®^ “ Nothing which remains of 
 Alexandria attests its greatness more 
 than these catacombs. The entrance 
 to them is close to a spot once covered 
 with the habitations and gardens of the 
 town, or suburb of the city, which, 
 from the neighboring tombs, was called 
 the Necropolis. The extent of these 
 catacombs is remarkable; but the prin- 
 cipal inducement to visit them is the 
 elegance and symmetry of the archi- 
 tecture in one of the chambers, having 
 a Doric entablature and mouldings, in 
 good Greek taste, which is not to be 
 met with in any other part of Egypt.” 
 Murray. 
 
 Catacombs [of Paris]. One tenth 
 of the city is said to be under- 
 mined by quarries out of which 
 building-stone was taken in for- 
 mer times. In 1784, after inter- 
 ment in the Cemetery of the 
 Innocents was given up, vast 
 quantities of bones were removed 
 and deposited in these old quar- 
 ries. In the first part of the 
 present century the bones were 
 arranged in the form of walls, 
 altars and chapels were built of 
 them, and the catacombs have 
 become one of the sights of Paris. 
 From the labyrinthine arrange- 
 ment of the caverns, and the 
 consequent danger of being lost 
 in them, the catacombs were for 
 many years closed to the public; 
 but they may now be visited at 
 certain times and with proper 
 precautions. 
 
CAT 
 
 91 
 
 CAV 
 
 Catacombs [of Rome]. The name 
 given to the vast excavations 
 which formed the bn rial-places 
 of the early Christians They, 
 were begun in the times of the 
 Apostles, and continued to be 
 used for the purpose of interment 
 until the capture of Rome by 
 Alaric in 410. The catacombs 
 were usually named after those 
 who owned the land. Among 
 the more important catacombs in 
 Rome are those of S. Calisto, S. 
 Sebastian, and Sta. Priscilla. 
 
 Catacombs [of St. Calixtus]. One 
 of the most interesting and most 
 frequently visited of the Roman 
 catacombs. The cemetery is of 
 considerable extent, and com- 
 prises several tiers of galleries, 
 in early times it was a favorite 
 resort of pilgrims. It contains 
 some curious paintings and se- 
 pulchral inscriptions. 
 
 Catacombs [of St. Sebastian]. A 
 well-known subterranean ceme- 
 tery in Rome. It was to a part 
 of this cemetery that the term 
 catacomb was first applied. 
 
 Catelan, Pre. See Pre Catelan. 
 
 Cathedra Petri. See Chair of 
 St. Peter. 
 
 Catherine Cornaro, The Nobles of 
 Venice paying Homage to. A 
 picture by Hans Makart(b. 1840). 
 In the National Gallery, Berlin. 
 
 “ A grandiose composition, 
 which, when displayed in London, was 
 looked upon less as grave history than 
 as phantasmagoria.” J. B. Atkinson. 
 
 Catherine, St. See St. Cather- 
 ine. 
 
 Catherine Docks. See St. Kath- 
 erine Docks. 
 
 Catherine’s House. See St. Cath- 
 erine’s House. 
 
 Catiline, Conspiracy of. See Con- 
 spiracy of Catiline. 
 
 Cato Street. A street in London, 
 now called Homer Street, from 
 which the Cato-Street Conspiracy 
 derived its name. 
 
 There had been radical meetings in all 
 parts of the kingdom; the bloody scenes 
 at Manchester; the great plot in Cato 
 Street; and, above all, the Queen had 
 returned to England ! Irving. 
 
 Cattle of Brittany. A picture by 
 Rosa Bouheur (b. 1822), the cele- 
 brated French painter of animals. 
 
 Caudine Porks. [Lat. Fttrculas 
 Can dime.] A famous pass, in the 
 form of two lofty fork-shaped de- 
 files, in the valley of Caudium, 
 in the Apennines, into which a 
 Roman army was enticed by the 
 Samnites, B. C. 321, and, being 
 hemmed in and unable to retreat, 
 was obliged to capitulate. 
 
 Cauter, The. A fine public square 
 or parade in Ghent, Belgium. 
 
 Cautionary Towns. The towns of 
 Briel, Flushing, Rainmekins, and 
 Walclieren, were held, in 1585, by 
 Queen Elizabeth as security for 
 the payment of troops with which 
 she supplied the Netherlands. 
 These four towns were called the 
 Cautionary Towns; and although 
 only one-third of the sum due 
 on account of the troops was re- 
 funded by the Dutch, they were 
 nevertheless delivered to them 
 July 16, 1616, in accordance with 
 a treaty for the purpose signed 
 May 22. 
 
 Cavalio, Obelisk of the. See Obe- 
 lisk of the Monte Cavallo. 
 
 Cave Canem, House of the. [Al- 
 so called House of Homer , and 
 House of the Traffic Poet.] A very 
 interesting disinterred private 
 residence at Pompeii, Italy, fa- 
 mous for the beautiful wall-paint- 
 ings discovered in it. On the 
 threshold of this house was a 
 mosaic representing a chained 
 dog, with the words “ Cave Ca- 
 nem ” (Beware of the Dog), from 
 which the house derives its name. 
 This mosaic is now at Naples. 
 
 Cave of Adullam. A large cavern 
 at Khureitun, Syria, traditionally 
 identified with tiie “cave of Adul- 
 lam” into which David retreated 
 after his adventure at Gath (1 
 Sam. xxii. 1). There is no in- 
 trinsic improbability in the mo- 
 nastic tradition, and many cir- 
 cumstances favor the conclusion 
 that this may have been the cave. 
 
 Cave of Jeremiah. This cave near 
 Jerusalem is a very interesting 
 natural curiosity, It is entered 
 
CAV 
 
 92 
 
 CAV 
 
 by a door cut in the side of a 
 hill; and the whole interior of 
 the hill seems to be occupied by a 
 series of caverns, separated from 
 one another by pillars and 
 screens wholly natural. There 
 are vaulted chapels, crypts, and 
 chambers, in one of which the 
 Latin monks sometimes per- 
 form mass. The whole place 
 would be as sombre as the medi- 
 tations of Jeremiah, were it not 
 relieved by an abundance of 
 graceful weeds. 
 
 Cave of Machpelah. The burial- 
 place of Abraham, Isaac, and 
 Jacob, in Hebron. Over it stands 
 a Mohammedan mosque to which 
 Christians cannot under any pre- 
 tence obtain access. It is re- 
 garded as reasonably certain that 
 the cave underlies the venerable 
 Haram, and there is no intrinsic 
 improbability in the supposition 
 that the embalmed remains of 
 the patriarchs may still be lying 
 there, as the excessive sanctity 
 of the place would naturally 
 guard it from pillage and profa- 
 nation. 
 
 Cave of the Nativity. A cave in 
 Bethlehem, which was, accord- 
 ing to tradition, the residence 
 of Mary, and the birthplace of 
 Jesus. Over it is a fine church 
 arranged for Greek, Latin, and 
 Armenian worship. One is shown 
 here the silver star in the spot 
 where Jesus was born, tire cor- 
 ner where the manger was, and 
 the place where the Magi pre- 
 sented their offerings. 
 
 Cave of the Winds. A wet cave 
 or grotto at Niagara Falls. It is 
 under the great Centre Fall. The 
 entrance to it is attended with 
 difficulty, but with proper pre- 
 caution. and the company of the 
 guide, is not necessarily danger- 
 ous. 
 
 j&iT’ n A cavern deep below roaring 
 seas, in which the waves are there, 
 though they do not enter in upon him ; 
 or rather not the waves, but the very 
 bowels of the ocean. He will feel as 
 though the floods surrounded him, 
 coming and going with their wild 
 sounds, and he will hardly recognize 
 
 that though among them lie is not in 
 them. And then as they fall with a 
 continual roar, not hurting the ear, but 
 musical withal, will seem to move as 
 the vast ocean waters may perhaps 
 move in their internal currents. . . . 
 And as he looks on, strange colors will 
 show themselves through the mist; the 
 shades of gray will become green or 
 blue, with ever and anon a flash of 
 white; and then, when some gust of 
 wind blows in with greater violence, 
 the sea-girt cavern will become all dark 
 and black. Oh, my friend, let there 
 be no one there to speak to thee then ; 
 no, not even a brother. As you stand 
 there, speak only to the waters.” 
 
 Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Cave of Trophonius. A dark sub- 
 terranean cave beneath frowning 
 rocks in a dark ravine near the 
 city of Lebadea, Greece, so called 
 as the place chosen for the seat 
 of the oracle of the Boeotian hero, 
 Trophonius. 
 
 j^= “ This [the cave of Trophonius], 
 according to the most reasonable con- 
 jecture, is yet to be discovered within 
 the walls of the modern castle on the 
 top of the hill, where it may exist 
 choked up with rubbish.” 
 
 Murray's Handbook. 
 
 “ The mouth of this cave was 
 three yards high and two wide. Those 
 who consulted the oracle had to fast 
 several days, and then to descend a 
 steep ladder till they reached a narrow 
 gullet. They were then seized by the 
 feet and dragged violently to the bo’ttoin 
 of the cave, where they were assailed 
 by the most unearthy noises, bowlings, 
 shrieks, bellowings, with lurid lights 
 and sudden glares, in the midst of 
 which uproar and phantasmagoria the 
 oracle was pronounced. The votaries 
 were then seized unexpectedly by the 
 feet, and thrust out of the cave without 
 ceremony. If any resisted, or attempt- 
 ed to enter "in any other way, he was 
 instantly murdered.” Plutarch . 
 
 Cave-temples of Elephanta. See 
 Elephant a, Cave-temples of. 
 
 Caveau. A literary and convivial 
 society founded at Paris in 1729- 
 35 by Piron, Colle, Gallet, and 
 the younger C rebill on. It was 
 
 so called from the sort of cabaret 
 or cafe , called Le Caveau, in the 
 Kue de Bussy, where, about 1735, 
 many men of letters and song- 
 writers were accustomed to meet. 
 The society dissolved in 1817, 
 
CAY 
 
 93 
 
 CEN 
 
 started up again in 1834, and still 
 exists. Recently Caveau has be- 
 come a general name for societies 
 similar to the original Caveau. 
 
 “In 1813 there had existed for 
 for many years a reunion of song- 
 writers and literary men, which had 
 taken the name of Caveau, after the 
 Caveau rendered illustrious by Piron, 
 Panard, Coile, Gallet, and the elder 
 and younger Crebillon.” Ber anger. 
 
 Au Caveau je n’osais frapper; 
 
 lies mediants m’avaieut sti tromper. 
 
 Ber anger. 
 
 Cavendish Square. This square 
 in London, laid out in 1717, was 
 so called from the wife of Harley, 
 second Earl of Oxford. 
 
 Caves of Beni Hassan. See Beni 
 Hassan. 
 
 Cecilia Metella, Tomb of. See 
 Tomb of Cecilia Metella. 4 
 
 Cecilia, St. See St. Cecilia. 
 
 Cedarcroft. The former residence 
 of Bayard Taylor at Kennett 
 Square, Penn. 
 
 Cedars of Lebanon. An inter- 
 esting and venerable group of 
 patriarchal cedar-trees, standing 
 in a completely solitary situation, 
 with no other tree or hardly a 
 bush in sight, upon the central 
 ridge of Lebanon, or Libanus, in 
 Northern Palestine. There are 
 in all in this grove about 350 
 trees, of which a few only are 
 very ancient. These last are in- 
 scribed with the names of many 
 visitors. The place is much re- 
 sorted to, and annually in August 
 is celebrated the “Feast of the 
 Cedars,” when multitudes gather 
 in the grove, and pass the time in 
 prayer and in festivity. The 
 cedars of Lebanon are a frequent 
 subject of allusion in the Old 
 Testament writings, were re- 
 garded with religious reverence, 
 and furnished to King David some 
 of the most beautiful images in 
 the Psalms. 
 
 4Sgr* “ In ancient days, the grove 
 must have been much more extensive, 
 or rather, perhaps, the great trees 
 then overspread the whole. Now they 
 are huddled together upon two or 
 three of the central knolls, and the 
 peculiar grace of the cedar, as we see 
 it in Europe, with its long sweeping 
 
 branches feathering down t o the ground, 
 is there unknown. In one or two in- 
 stances the boughs of these aged trees 
 are upheld by a younger tree; others 
 again of the smaller ones whose trunks 
 are decayed, are actually supported in 
 the gigantic arms of their elder breth- 
 ren.” A. P. Stanley. 
 
 Cemetery Hill. An eminence in 
 Gettysburg, Penn., famous in con- 
 nection with the great battle of 
 July 3, 1853. The hill was held 
 by the Federal troops, and was 
 the centre of a most violent at- 
 tack by the rebel army under 
 Gen. Lee. Howard’s artillery, 
 massed at this point, aided in the 
 final repulse and overthrow of 
 the insurgent forces. This hill 
 where so many Union soldiers 
 fell has since been consecrated as 
 a great national cemetery. See 
 National Monument. 
 
 Cemetery of the Cappuccini. 
 See Cappuccini. 
 
 Cemetery of San Lorenzo. See 
 San Lorenzo. 
 
 Cenacolo. See Last Supper. 
 
 Cenei, Beatrice. See Beatrice 
 Cenci. 
 
 Cenci Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Cen- 
 ci J An immense palace in an 
 obscure quarter near t lie Ghetto, 
 in Rome, famous as the ancient 
 residence of the Cencis, and as 
 the scene of many of the fright- 
 ful crimes and atrocities connect- 
 ed with that ill-fated family. 
 
 4®" “The Cenci Palace is of great 
 
 1 extent; and though in part modern- 
 ized, there yet remains a vast and 
 gloomy pile of feudal architecture in the 
 same state as during the dreadful scenes 
 which it once witnessed, . . . and from 
 the upper windows you see the im- 
 mense ruins of Mount Palatine, half 
 hidden under the profuse undergrowth 
 of trees.” Shelley. 
 
 Central Park. A noble pleasure- 
 ground in New York City, one 
 of the largest and most beautiful 
 parks in the world. It comprises 
 863 acres, and is in the form of a 
 parallelogram, two and a half 
 miles long, by half a mile in 
 breadth. It is crossed from east 
 to west by four sunken roads 
 which provide for communica- 
 tion between the avenues which 
 
CEE 
 
 94 
 
 CHA 
 
 bound it on either side. It in- 
 cludes 12 miles of carriage-roads, 
 9 miles of bridle-paths, and some 
 25 miles of walks. By a lavish 
 expenditure of money, this tract 
 of land, which in 1856 was a 
 most uninteresting region of 
 ledges and swamps, without nat- 
 ural advantages, has been con- 
 verted into one of the most de- 
 lightful public pleasure-grounds 
 of which any city can boast ; af- 
 fording also, by its natural-his- 
 tory collections, instruction as 
 well as recreation to the thou- 
 sands who visit it. 
 
 Cerreto Guidi. A famous villa 
 near Empoli, Italy, once belong- 
 ing to the Medici family. 
 
 Certosa [di Pavia]. A celebrated 
 Carthusian convent near Pavia, 
 Italy, founded near the close of 
 the fourteenth century, and re- 
 garded as the most splendid mo- 
 nastic establishment in Europe. 
 
 4£g => “ The Certosa of Pavia leaves 
 upon the mind an impression of be- 
 wildering sumptuousness ; nowhere 
 else are costly materials so combined 
 with a lavish expenditure of the rarest 
 art. Those who have only once been 
 driven round together with the crew of 
 sight-seers can carry little away but 
 the memory of lapis-lazuli and bronze- 
 work, inlaid agates, and labyrinthine 
 sculpture, cloisters tenantless in silence, 
 fair painted faces smiling from dark 
 corners on the senseless crowd. . . . 
 All the great sculptor-architects of 
 Lombardy worked in succession on 
 this miracle of beauty, and this may 
 account for the sustained perfection of 
 style. ... It remains the triumph of 
 North Italian genius. . . . The Certosa 
 Is a wilderness of lovely workman- 
 ship.” J. A. Symonds . 
 
 Approach, for what we seek is here. 
 Aligln, and sparely sup, and wait 
 For rest in this outbuilding near; 
 
 Then cross the sward, and reach that gate; 
 Knock ; pass the wicket ! Thou art come 
 To tiie Carthusians* world-famed home. 
 
 Matthew Arnold- 
 
 Certosa of the Val d’Emo. A 
 
 noted Carthusian convent near 
 Florence, Italy, founded about 
 the middle of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Cesnola Collection. A fine collec- 
 tion of Egyptian, Phoenician, and 
 Greek antiquities, gathered by 
 Gen. di Cesnola, an Italian noble- 
 
 man, while serving as United 
 States consul in Cyprus. This 
 collection is now preserved in 
 the Metropolitan Museum of Art 
 in New York. 
 
 Cestius. See Pyramid of Caius 
 Cestius. 
 
 Chace of the Calydonian Boar. 
 
 A picture by Peter Paul Rubens 
 (1577-1640) regarded as one of his 
 most admirable works in this 
 kind. It is in the Imperial Gal- 
 lery at Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Chair of Coronation. See Coro- 
 nation Chair. 
 
 Chair of St. Peter. [Lat. Cathedra 
 Petri.'] A famous chair of bronze 
 in the Tribune of St. Peter’s at 
 Rome, the work of Bernini, en- 
 closing, according to the Church 
 tradition, the identical chair 
 which St. Peter and many of his 
 successors used as their official 
 throne. 
 
 Peter's chair is shamed 
 Like any vulgar throne the nations lop 
 To pieces for their firewood unreclaimed; 
 And, when it burns too, we shall see as 
 well 
 
 In Italy as elsewhere. Let it burn. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Chaldean Sages. A picture by 
 Giorgio Barbarelli, commonly 
 called Giorgione (1477-1511), in 
 the Belvidere, Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Chalk Farm. A former well- 
 known tea-garden near London, 
 and a place where a number of 
 duels have been fought. 
 
 4®=” “ Chalk Farm , by the by, is prob- 
 ably a corruption of Clialcote Farm, 
 the Clialcote estate extending thence 
 to Belsize Lane. There is no chalk 
 in the neighborhood to originate the 
 name.” W. Ilowitt. 
 
 Nay, oftener it is Cowardice rather that 
 produces the result : for consider. Is the 
 Chalk-Farm Pistoleer inspired with any 
 r asonahle Belief and Determination; or 
 is he hounded on by haggard, indefinable 
 Fear, — how he will bectft at public places, 
 and “ plucked geese of the neighborhood ” 
 will wag their tongues at him a pluck* d 
 goose? Carlyle. 
 
 The Courage that can go forth, once 
 and away, to Chalk- Farm , and have it- 
 self shot, and snuffed out, with decency, 
 is nowise wholly what we mean here. 
 
 Ibid . 
 
 Challenge, The. A picture by Sir 
 Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), the 
 most celebrated modern painter 
 
CHA 
 
 95 
 
 CHA 
 
 of animals. In tlie possession of 
 the Duchess of Northumberland, 
 and well known through repro- 
 ductions. 
 
 Chalmette, Plains of. See Plains 
 of Chalmette. 
 
 Chambord. A magnificent cha- 
 teau,— “the Versailles of La 
 Tourraine,” — about 12 miles 
 from Blois, France. It was built 
 by Francis I. in 1526. Its archi- 
 tecture is intermediate between 
 that of a mediaeval- fortress and 
 an Italian palace. It was pillaged 
 during the Revolution, and con- 
 fiscated as public property. Sub- 
 sequently it was purchased by 
 national subscription, and pre- 
 sented to the Comte de Oham- 
 bord, to whom it now belongs. 
 
 Chamouni-Needles. A term some- 
 times applied to the mountain- 
 range of the Aiguilles Rouges 
 (red needles) which bound the 
 vale of Cliamouni, in Savoy, on 
 the north. 
 
 Over all which Chamouni-veedles and 
 Staubbach Falls, the great Persifleur 
 skims along in this his little poetical air- 
 ship, nn>re softly than if he travelled the 
 smoothest of merely prosaic roads. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Champ de Mars. [Field of March.] 
 A large open space in Paris, 
 three-quarters of a mile long, and 
 about one-third of a mile broad. 
 Here occurred the Fete de la 
 Federation, on the 14th July, 
 1790, and here Louis XVI. swore 
 to observe the new constitution. 
 In this place also Napoleon held 
 his famous Champ de Mai, in 
 1815, before setting out on his 
 fatal campaign in Belgium. On 
 this field military exercises take 
 place, and horse-racing on Sun- 
 day. Much of its area was occu- 
 pied by the buildings of the Great 
 International Exhibition of 1867. 
 
 Far over the water* there have been 
 federations of the Champ de Mars; guil- 
 lotines, portable-guillotines, and a French 
 people risen against tyrants; there has 
 been a Sansculottism , speaking at last in 
 cannon-volleys and the crash ot towns and 
 nations over half the world. Carlyle. 
 
 Imminent blood-thirsty Regiments 
 camped on the Champ de Mars; dispersed 
 National Assembly; red-hot cannon-balls; 
 the mad War-god and Bellona’s sounding 
 thongs. Carlyle. 
 
 Champs-Elys6es. [Elysian Fields.] 
 A delightful and popular prome- 
 nade in Paris. The Avenue, 
 which begins at the Place de la 
 Concorde, and rises by a gradual 
 slope to the Arc de Triomplie, is 
 more than a mile and a quarter 
 in length. In 1616 it was laid out 
 as a promenade by Marie de Me- 
 dicis; and it has been gradually 
 embellished and adorned with 
 trees, graceful fountains, and gar- 
 dens. On pleasant afternoons 
 carriages throng the central road 
 of the Champs-Elysees, and prom- 
 enaders the foot-paths. In the 
 evening the place is crowded 
 with the middle and lower classes. 
 The greatest crowd is on Sunday, 
 though Thursday is the most fash- 
 ionable day. See also Elysian 
 Fields. 
 
 “ The grand display of the year 
 is in Passion Week, and is called Prom- 
 enade de Longchamps. There was 
 formerly an abbey of that name in the 
 Bois de Boulogne, and it became the 
 fashion to attend vespers there during 
 Passion Week. The abbey is gone; 
 but the fashion of driving on the road 
 to Longchamps during the last w r eek of 
 Lent remains, though somewhat fallen 
 off of late years.” Murray's Handbook. 
 
 4®=* “The strangest peculiarity of 
 this place, however, to eyes fresh from 
 moist and verdant England, is, that 
 there is not one blade of grass in all the 
 Elysian Fields, nothing but hard clay, 
 now covered with white dust. It gives 
 the whole scene the air of being a con- 
 trivance of man, in which Nature has 
 either not been invited to take any part, 
 or has declined to do so.” 
 
 Hawthorne ( Jan ., 1858). 
 
 Their cashmere shawls, their silks and 
 jewels, and the gay Oriental liveries of the 
 footmen gave tlie“ display [on the Espla- 
 nade in Calcutta] an air of pomp and 
 magnificence which threw Hyde Park and 
 the Champs Elysees into the shade. 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 The word goes round the ranks, 
 Resounds along the line; 
 
 That word they give, is — France, 
 
 The answer — St. Helene. 
 
 *Tis there at midnight hour 
 The grand review, they say, 
 
 Is by dead Oassar Held. 
 
 In the Champs-Elysees. 
 
 J C. von Zedlitz, Trans. 
 
 Chancellor’s Mace. A richly or- 
 namented and elaborately carved 
 staff which is laid before the Lord 
 
CHA 
 
 96 
 
 CHA 
 
 Chancellor of England when sit- 
 ting as Speaker of the House of 
 Lords. 
 
 Chancery Lane. A well-known 
 “ legal thoroughfare ” in London, 
 extending from Fleet Street to 
 Holborn. Part of the scene of 
 Dickens’s novel of “ Bleak 
 House” is laid in Chancery Lane 
 and its neighborhood. 
 
 Change Alley. A famous alley 
 between Cornliill and Lombard 
 Street, London. Strype describes 
 Exchange-alley (now ’Change 
 Alley) as a place “of a very con- 
 siderable concourse of merchants, 
 seafaring men, and other traders, 
 occasioned by the great coffee- 
 houses that stand there. Chiefly 
 now brokers, and such as deal in 
 buying and selling of stocks, fre- 
 quent it.” During the eighteenth 
 century it was the centre for all 
 the monetary operations of Eng- 
 land, and, to a great extent, for 
 those of Europe. 
 
 There is in it [generosity] something of 
 what we admire in heroes, and praise 
 with a degree of rapture. Justice, on the 
 contrary, is a mere mechanic virtue, fit 
 only for tradesmen, and what is practised 
 by every broker in Change Alley. 
 
 Goldsmith. 
 
 There is a gulf where thousands fall, 
 There all the bold adventurers came; 
 
 A narrow sound, though deep as hell, 
 Change Alley is the dreadful name. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 If you had seen him [a banker] first in 
 his suburban retreat, you would wonder 
 how the deuce such a cordial, joyous, 
 spare-nothing sort of a good fellow could 
 ever reduce himself to the cautious pro- 
 portions of Change Alley. N. P. Willis. 
 
 Changer of Money weighing 
 Gold. A picture by Quentin 
 Massys (1466-1530), the Flemish 
 painter. It is now in the Louvre, 
 at Paris. 
 
 Changing Pasture. A picture by 
 Rosa Bonlieur (b. 1822), the cele- 
 brated French painter of animals. 
 
 Chanteloup. A magnificent cha- 
 teau, once the residence and re- 
 treat of the Due de Choiseul, the 
 minister of Louis XV., near Am- 
 boise, France. It was destroyed 
 in 1830. 
 
 Chanting Cherubs. A marble 
 group by Horatio Greenough 
 (1805-1852). 
 
 46gr* “ One day they [Greenough and 
 James Fenimore Cooper, the novelist] 
 paused, in one of the saloons of the 
 Pitti Palace, before a capo (Topera of 
 Raphael; and the artist pointed out to 
 his companion the fine drawing exhib- 
 ited in two little angelic figures in the 
 foreground, in the act of holding an 
 open book, and singing. Cooper in- 
 quired if a subject like this was not 
 well adapted to sculpture; afterwards 
 one of his daughters copied the figures, 
 and the result of their mutual interest in 
 the design was an order from Cooper 
 for a group, which in a few months 
 Greenough executed in marble. It was 
 afterwards exhibited in America under 
 the name of the ‘ Chanting Cherubs.’ 
 . . . The grace, truth to nature, and in- 
 fantile beauty of the Cherubs were at 
 once and warmly recognized.” 
 
 II. T. Tuckerman. 
 
 Chapeau de Faille. [The Straw 
 Hat.] A celebrated picture by 
 Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) in 
 the National Gallery, London, 
 the chief charm of which con- 
 sists in the marvellous triumph 
 over a great difficulty, that of 
 painting a head entirely in the 
 shadow cast by the hat, and yet 
 in the. clearest and most brilliant 
 tones.” 
 
 Chapel. For names beginning with 
 the word Chapel, see the next 
 prominent word. 
 
 Chapelle, Sainte. See Sainte 
 Chapelle. 
 
 Chapter Coffee-house. An estab- 
 lishment in Paternoster Row, 
 London, converted into a tavern 
 in 1854, and famous in the last 
 century as a place of resort for 
 literary characters. Goldsmith 
 and Chatterton frequented it. 
 
 j&gp “ This then was the Chapter 
 Coffee-house, which a century ago was 
 the resort of all the booksellers and 
 publishers, and where the literary 
 hacks, the critics, and even the wits, 
 used to go in seach of ideas or employ- 
 ment. . . . Years later it became the 
 tavern frequented by university men, 
 and country clergymen, who were up 
 in London for a few days.” 
 
 Mrs. Gaskell (in 1848). 
 
 Chapultepec. A strong fortress 
 situated on a rocky hill, 150 feet 
 high, near the city of Mexico, 
 and forming the principal de- 
 
CHA 
 
 97 
 
 CHA 
 
 fence of the place. The castle 
 was taken by Gen. Scott in 1847. 
 
 Charing Cross. The large area at 
 the meeting of the Strand, White- 
 hall, and Cockspur Street, Lon- 
 don, supposed to be so named 
 from the village of Clierringe, 
 Westminster. A fanciful tradi- 
 tion refers the name to the stone 
 cross set up there after her death 
 to Eleanor, the Chere Reine of Ed- 
 ward I., to whom her husband 
 erected a cross at each of the 
 nine resting-places of her body 
 on its way from Lincolnshire to 
 Westminster. The name is also 
 said to be derived from the Sax- 
 on word Charan, to turn, “both 
 the road and river making a bend 
 here.” There is now in front of 
 the Charing Cross Railway Sta- 
 tion a modern cross designed as 
 a reproduction of the old one, 
 which was destroyed by the Long 
 Parliament. Here the Regicides 
 were put to death in 1660, and 
 here was erected in 1674 a statue 
 of Charles I. Charing Cross is 
 called by Sir R. Peel the tinest 
 site in Europe. See Eleanor 
 Crosses. 
 
 “ Why, Sir, Fleet-street has a 
 very animated appearance, but I think 
 the full tide of human existence is at 
 Charing Cross.” Dr. Johnson. 
 
 * Methinks the common-council should 
 Of it have taken pity, 
 
 ’Cause good old Cross, it alwaj's stood 
 So firmly to the City. 
 
 Since crosses you so much disdain. 
 Faith, if 1 were as you. 
 
 For fear the king should rule again, 
 
 I’d pull down Tyburn too.’ 
 
 The Dounefall of Charing Cross. 
 
 Each man an Ascapart, of strength to toss 
 For quoits both Temple-bar and Charing ■ 
 cross. Dope. 
 
 Where all that passes inter nos 
 May be proclaimed at Charing Cross. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 Charlatan, The. A picture by 
 Franz van Mieris (1635-1681), the 
 Dutch genre- painter, and con- 
 sidered one of his best produc- 
 tions. In the gallery of the Ufii- 
 zi, at Florence, Italy. 
 
 Charlecote House. A country 
 mansion, the seat of the Lucy 
 family, in Warwickshire, Eng- 
 land, near Stratford-on-Avon. It 
 
 is greatly resorted to by pilgrims 
 on account of its associations 
 with Shakespeare — especially the 
 legendary deer-stealing incident 
 in the poet’s life. In one of the 
 halls of this mansion he is said 
 to have been tried. 
 
 4SP “ My mind had become so com- 
 pletely possessed by the imaginary 
 scenes and characters connected with 
 it [Charlecote House], that I seemed 
 to be actually living among them. 
 Every thing brought them, as it were, 
 before my eyes; and, as the door of 
 the dining-room opened, I almost ex- 
 pected to hear the feeble voice of Mas- 
 ter Silence quavering forth his favorite 
 ditty : — 
 
 ‘ ’Tis merry in the hall, when beards 
 wag all, 
 
 And welcome merry Shrove-tide.’ ” 
 
 Irving. 
 
 Charlemagne. A bronze statue at 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, Prussia, erected 
 in 1620. 
 
 Charlemagne crowned by Leo 
 
 III. A well-known fresco by 
 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), in the 
 Stanza del Incendio, in the Vati- 
 can, Rome. 
 
 Charlemagne’s Tomb. A vault 
 under the dome of the cathedral 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle, Prussia, cov- 
 ered with a slab of marble, 
 inscribed Carolo Magno. The 
 throne upon which the body of 
 the emperor was seated alone 
 remains. 
 
 Amid the torch-lit gloom of Aachen’s aisle 
 Stood Otho, Germany’s imperial lord, 
 Regarding with a melancholy smile, 
 
 A simple stone, where, fitly to record 
 A world of action b 3 r a single word. 
 
 Was graven “ Carlo Magno.” 
 
 Aubrey de Vere. 
 
 Charles I. A portrait by Anthony 
 Van Dyck (1599-1641), represent- 
 ing the king as hunting. In the 
 Louvre, Paris. There is another 
 portrait of the king by Van Dyck, 
 and considered one of his finest 
 works, in the Vienna Gallery; 
 and still another and very impos- 
 ing figure of the king on horse- 
 back, in Windsor Castle. 
 
 2. A well-known statue in 
 Charing Cross, London, erected 
 in 1674. It was for a time se- 
 creted under a church, but was 
 brought out and placed upon its 
 
CHA 
 
 98 
 
 CHA 
 
 present pedestal, at the time of 
 the Restoration. 
 
 Charles V. An equestrian por- 
 trait by Titian (1477-1576). This 
 famous picture is known as “ del- 
 la Gloria.” It was painted for 
 the great emperor, who gave or- 
 ders that it should always be 
 hung up where his body was bur- 
 ied. In the Gallery at Madrid, 
 Spain. 
 
 46?p“This is perhaps the most re- 
 markable picture existing of any indi- 
 vidual, for here Titian lias sounded a 
 greater depth of individual expression 
 than any other of his works exhibits.” 
 Eastla/ce. 
 
 Charles the Bold of Burgundy. 
 A well-known portrait, of which 
 there are several replicas, by 
 Giorgio Barbarelli, commonly 
 called Giorgione (1477-1511). The 
 best example is in the Stadel In- 
 stitut, Frankfort, Germany. 
 
 Charlottenborg. A palace in Co- 
 penhagen, Denmark. It is now 
 used as an academy of arts, and 
 contains a museum of Northern 
 antiquities which is unrivalled of 
 its kind. 
 
 Charlottenhof. A villa in the gar- 
 dens of Sans Souci at Potsdam, 
 near Berlin, built after the Pom- 
 peian style, and with ornaments 
 brought from that place. 
 
 Charter Oak. A tree celebrated 
 in American history, which for- 
 merly stood in Hartford, Conn. 
 It derived its name from the cir- 
 cumstance that the Colonial Char- 
 ter, securing the liberties of the 
 people, and of which Gov. An- 
 drews had in vain endeavored to 
 obtain possession, was for some 
 time secreted in it. While the 
 Assembly was in session at Hart- 
 ford, in 1688, and debating the 
 Governor’s proposition for a sur- 
 render of the charter, suddenly 
 the lights were extinguished, and 
 in the darkness that ensued, a pa- 
 triot named Wadsworth escaped 
 with the instrument through the 
 crowd, and concealed it in the 
 hollow of the oak, which ever 
 after bore the name of the Char- 
 ter Oak, and was carefully pre- 
 
 served until overthrown by g 
 violent storm in the year 1856. 
 
 The charter was renewed when Wil- 
 liam III. came to the throne, and new 
 hangs ttimnphantlv in the State House at 
 Hartford. The Charter Oak has, alas! 
 succumbed to the weather. 
 
 Anthony Trollope. 
 
 The years are many since, in youth and 
 hope, 
 
 Under the Charter Oak, our horoscope 
 We drew thick-studded with all favoring 
 stars. Whittier. 
 
 From Mississippi’s fountain-head 
 
 A sound as of the bison’s tread ! 
 
 There rustled freedom's Charter Oak! 
 
 Whittier . 
 
 Charterhouse, The. [A corruption 
 of Chartreuse.] A celebrated pub- 
 lic school in London. Upon the 
 register of its pupils are many 
 illustrious names. Oliver Crom- 
 well was elected governor of it in 
 1652. It is under the direction of 
 the Queen, fifteen governors se- 
 lected from the great officers of 
 state, and the Master of the Hos- 
 pital. Among the more eminent 
 pupils have been Richard Cra- 
 sliaw, Isaac Barrow, Sir William 
 Blackstone, Joseph Addison, 
 Richard Steele, John Wesley, 
 Thackeray, Grote, Thirwall, Sir 
 Charles Eastlake, John Leech, 
 and others. The school was re- 
 moved in 1872 to Godaiming. 
 
 Chartres Cathedral. A splen- 
 did Gothic church in Chartres, 
 France, considered the most per- 
 fect in that country. It was built 
 about 1200. 
 
 J “At Chartres there is a sim- 
 plicity of design and a grandeur of 
 conception seldom surpassed. . . . Its 
 two spires of different ages are unsur- 
 passed in France. The new or north- 
 ern spire was erected by John Texier 
 between the years 1507 and 1514, and, 
 notwithstanding the lateness of its date, 
 it must be considered as, on the whole, 
 the most beautifully designed spire on 
 the Continent of Europe; and, though 
 not equal in height, certainly far sur- 
 passing in elegance of outline and ap- 
 propriateness of design those at Stras- 
 burg, Vienna, or even Antwerp. If it 
 has rivals, it has that at Freiburg, or 
 those designed for Cologne; but, were 
 its details of the same date, it can hard- 
 ly be doubted that it would be consid- 
 ered the finest spire of the three.” 
 
 Fergusson 
 
CHA 
 
 99 
 
 CHA 
 
 4£g=- “There is not in France a 
 church so rich in sculptures. Calcu- 
 lating only the exterior, there are to be 
 counted 1,800 figures, without including 
 arabesques, gargoiles, corbels, masks, 
 and consols. These stone figures nar- 
 rate, as in an allegorical poem, the his- 
 tory of this world and the next. Add 
 to the statues the thousand figures that 
 shine in the colored glass, and we can 
 comprehend why the cathedral of Char- 
 tres appeals more to the mind than its 
 rivals, and why it seems animated with 
 a mysterious life.” 
 
 Lefevre , Tr. Donald. 
 
 Eluding these, I loitered through the 
 town, 
 
 With hope to take my minster unawares 
 In its grave solitude of memory. 
 
 With outward senses furloughed and head 
 bowed, 
 
 I followed some fine instinct in my feet, 
 Till, to unbend me from the loom of 
 thought, 
 
 Looking up suddenly, I found mine eyes 
 Confronted with the minster’s vast re- 
 pose. 
 
 Silent and gray as forest-leaguered cliff 
 Left inland bv the ocean’s slow retreat. 
 That hears afar the breeze-borne rote, and 
 longs, 
 
 Remembering shocks of surfs that clomb 
 and fell, 
 
 Spume-sliding down the baffled decuman, 
 It rose before me. patiently remote 
 From the great tides of life it breasted 
 once. Lowell. 
 
 Chartreuse, La Grande. See 
 Grande Chartreuse. 
 Charybdis. A celebrated whirl- 
 pool, now known as Galofaro, in 
 the strait between Italy and 
 Sicily, near Messina. Its dan- 
 gers "are very much diminished. 
 See Scylla. 
 
 4Q*T “ Scylla and Charybdis are far- 
 famed names. Our ship glided away 
 over the eddying Charybdis, we, had 
 no foreboding of it. Where is that 
 wild maelstrom? They pointed to the 
 sea close by where we sailed ; but there 
 was no particular motion of the waves 
 to be seen.” 
 
 Hans Christian Andersen. 
 
 4®^ “ Even at the present day, small 
 vessels are sometimes endangered by 
 its eddies; but it has long lost the 
 terrors with which it is invested in 
 ancient song, whether from the superi- 
 ority of modern navigation, or from 
 some of the geological changes fre- 
 quent in this volcanic region ; and we 
 noticed, as we sailed calmly over it, 
 only a slight agitation in the water, 
 contrasting with the unruffled surface 
 of the broader sea.” T. Chase. 
 
 Chase, The. A picture by Jacob 
 Ruysdaei (1625 2-1682), the Dutch 
 landscape-painter. In the Dres- 
 den Gallery. 
 
 Chase of Diana. A celebrated 
 landscape by Domenico Zampieri, 
 called Domenichino (1581-1641). 
 In the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. 
 This picture is well known by 
 Raphael Morghen’s engraving. 
 
 Chasm of the Colorado. A pic- 
 ture by Thomas Moran (b. 1887). 
 Purchased by Congress, and now 
 in the Capitol at Washington. 
 
 Chastisement of Heliodorus. See 
 
 Expulsion of Heliodorus. 
 
 Chat Moss. Formerly a danger- 
 ous and treacherous bog, some 
 6,000 acres in extent, about ten 
 miles from Manchester, England, 
 and crossed by the Manchester 
 and Liverpool Railway. It has 
 been reclaimed by filling and 
 drainage, and is now cultivated 
 with profit. 
 
 4®=* “ Chat Moss and the fens of Lin- 
 colnshire and Cambridgeshire are un- 
 healthy and too barren to pay rent. 
 By cylindrical tiles, and gutta-percha 
 tubes, 5,000,000 of acres of bad land 
 have been drained and put on equality 
 with the best, for rape-culture and 
 grass. The climate too, which was al- 
 ready believed to have become milder 
 and dryer by the enormous consump- 
 tion of coal, is so far reached by this 
 new action, that fogs and storms are 
 said to disappear.” Emerson. 
 
 Chateau. For names beginning 
 with the word Chateau, see the 
 next prominent word of the title: 
 e.g., Chateau de Fernay, see 
 Fern ay. See also infra. 
 
 Chateau d’Eau. The best known 
 of the fountains which bear this 
 name is that at Paris, on the 
 Boulevart St. Martin, built in 
 1812, and rebuilt in 1869. In 1848 
 there was much fighting near this 
 fountain, and in 1872 a bloody 
 Communist struggle. 
 
 Chateau des Fleurs. A garden in 
 the Champs Elysees, near the 
 Arc de l’Etoile, Paris, charming- 
 ly laid out, and brilliantly illu- 
 minated by jets of light of vari- 
 ous colors, and Chinese lanterns 
 hanging from the trees. It is 
 
CHA 
 
 100 
 
 CHE 
 
 open to the people for dancing 
 and other amusements, and is a 
 favorite place of resort. The Jar- 
 din Mabille is now combined 
 with this garden. See Jardin 
 Mabille. 
 
 Mabille at the present day is so well 
 known both in France and in other coun- 
 tries, it is so frequented by people of fash- 
 ion, by princes even, who in their passage 
 through the city visit it with as much 
 interest as Notre Dame and the Sainte 
 Chapelle, and give it renown, that to call 
 the Chateau des Fleurs its brother, is to 
 confer upon it the highest eulogy. 
 
 Larousse , Trans. 
 
 Chatelherault. A miniature cas- 
 tle on the hank of the Avon near 
 Hamilton, Scotland, built in the 
 early part of the last century by 
 the Duke of Hamilton, in imita- 
 tion of the French chateau from 
 which one of his titles is derived. 
 
 Chatsworth. The splendid seat 
 of the Duke of Devonshire, situ- 
 ated in the county of Derby, Eng- 
 land. It is regarded as one of the 
 most magnificent residences in 
 Europe. It stands in a beautiful 
 park some ten miles in circum- 
 ference, and contains fine collec- 
 tions of books, paintings, and 
 statuary. 
 
 “ Few country residences ever 
 existed comparable with this in the 
 variety of its treasures and decorations. 
 ... It is the perfection of a modern 
 home in its most brilliant development 
 of wealth, refinement, and education.” 
 J. F. Hunnewell. 
 
 “ Even peers, who are men of 
 worth and public spirit, are overtaken 
 and embarrassed by their vast expense. 
 The respectable Duke of Devonshire, 
 willing to be the Maecenas and Lucul- 
 lus of his island, is reported to have 
 said that he cannot live at Chatsworth 
 but one month in the year.” 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 Chatsworth ! thy stately mansion, and the 
 pride 
 
 Of thy domain, strange contrast do pre- 
 sent 
 
 To house and home in many a craggy rent 
 Ot the wild Peak. Wordsworth. 
 
 Cheapside. A celebrated street 
 and crowded thoroughfare in 
 London, famous many years ago 
 for its “Ridings,” its Cross, its 
 Standard, and its Conduit. Three 
 centuries ago it was called “ The 
 Beauty of London,” and was 
 noted for its shops of goldsmiths, 
 
 linen-drapers, etc. It is named 
 from the Saxon word Chepe , or 
 market. It is still the greatest 
 thoroughfare in London, and, 
 excepting London Bridge, per- 
 haps the busiest thoroughfare in 
 the world. 
 
 When there any ridings were in Chepe 
 Out of the shoppe thider would he lepe 
 And till that he had all the sight ysein 
 And danced wel, he would not come 
 again. Chaucer. 
 
 In short, the inhabitants of St. James’s, 
 notwithstanding they live under the same 
 laws and speak The same language, are a 
 distinct people from those of Cheapside. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 Smack went the whip, round went the 
 wheels. 
 
 Were never folk so glad ; 
 
 The stones did rattle underneath 
 
 As if Cheapside we e mad. 
 
 Cowper iJohn Gilpin). 
 
 ’Tis a note of enchantment ; what ails 
 
 her ? she sees 
 
 A mountain ascending, a vision of trees; 
 Bright volumes of vapor through Lotli- 
 htiry glide, 
 
 Aud a river Hows on through the vale of 
 Cheapside. Wordsworth. 
 
 Cheating Gamesters. A picture 
 by Michelangelo Amerighi, sur- 
 named Caravaggio (1569-1609). 
 In the Spada Palace, Rome. 
 
 Cheese Wring. A natural curi- 
 osity, and one of the principal 
 sights of Cornwall, England, near 
 the town of Liskeard. It con- 
 sists of a pile of rocks thirty- 
 two feet in height, resembling a 
 child's top, the smaller end being 
 at the bottom. The immense 
 stones, though apparently so in- 
 secure, are perfectly immovable. 
 
 Chehil Minar. See Xerxes. 
 
 Chelsea Hospital. A Royal Hos- 
 pital for disabled and aged sol- 
 diers, Chelsea, London, built from 
 designs by Sir Christopher Wren. 
 The foundation stone was laid by 
 Charles II. in 1681-82. The found- 
 ing of the hospital originated 
 with Sir Stephen Fox, though it 
 is traditionally said to be due to 
 the influence of Nell Gwynne 
 with King Charles. On the 
 frieze runs this inscription: “In 
 subsidium et levamen emeritorum 
 senio belloque fractorum, eondi- 
 dit Carolus Secundus, auxit Jaco- 
 bus Secundus, perfecere Guliel- 
 
CHE 
 
 101 
 
 CHE 
 
 mus et Maria Rex et Regina, 
 MDCXCII.” 
 
 Chenany. See Jean Arnolfini. 
 
 Cheops, Pyramid of. See Great 
 Pyramid. 
 
 Cherbourg. See Digue de Cher- 
 bourg. 
 
 Cherubs. See Chanting Cherubs. 
 
 Chesapeake, The. An American 
 vessel of war attacked and dis- 
 abled by the British ship Leopard 
 in 1813. She afterwards engaged 
 in a desperate encounter off Mar- 
 blehead, Mass., with the Shannon, 
 and was captured and carried to 
 Halifax. Her brave commander 
 James Lawrence was mortally 
 wounded in the action, and ex- 
 pired with the memorable saying, 
 “ Don’t give up the ship.” 
 
 Cheshire Cheese. A tavern in 
 “ Wine Office Court j” Fleet 
 Street, London. It was a fre- 
 quent resort of Dr. Johnson, 
 while living at Bolt Court. 
 
 “ It is an interesting locality, 
 and a pleasing sign — the ‘Old Che- 
 shire Cheese Tavern,’ which will afford 
 the present generation, it is hoped, for 
 some time to come, an opportunity of 
 witnessing the kind of tavern in which 
 our forefathers delighted to assemble 
 for refreshment.” Fitzgerald. 
 
 Chess-Players, The. An admired 
 picture by Jean Louis Ernest 
 Meissonier (b. 1811). 
 
 Chesterfield House. The town 
 house of the Earl of Chesterfield, 
 London. It was built for the 
 celebrated Lord Chesterfield, who 
 wrote his famous Letters in the 
 library, a room of which he boast- 
 ed that it was the “ finest in Lon- 
 don.” 
 
 Chestnut Street. A noted and 
 fashionable street in Philadel- 
 phia, Penn. 
 
 Cheyne Row. A well-known 
 street in Chelsea, London. 
 
 Thomas Carl.vlc, who died full of years 
 and of honors oh Saturday morning. Febru- 
 arv 5 [1881], at the house in Cheyne-Row , 
 Chelsea, where he had resided for nearly 
 47 years, . . . had. overpassed by fully two 
 months the ripe age of 85 years, on the day 
 of his death. 
 
 J ggf* “ We have broken up our old 
 settlement, and after tumult enough, 
 formed a new one here [in Cheyne- 
 Row]. The house pleases us much. It 
 is in the remnant of genuine old Dutch- 
 looking Chelsea, looks out mainly into 
 trees. We might see at half a mile’s 
 distance, Bolingbroke’s Battersea, 
 could shoot a gun into Smollett’s old 
 house, where he wrote ‘ Count Fathom,’ 
 and was wont every Saturday to dine a 
 company of hungry authors.” 
 
 Carlyle , 1834. 
 
 Chiaja. A long and somewhat nar- 
 row strip of streets and squares 
 in Naples, Italy, of which a broad 
 street called the Riviera di Chiaia 
 passes along the entire length, 
 running parallel to the shore, 
 bordered on the one side by hand- 
 some houses, and on the other by 
 the public gardens called the 
 Villa Reale. It is the modern 
 and fashionable quarter of the 
 city. 
 
 “At six o’clock every evening, 
 all Naples turns out to drive on the 
 Riviere di Chiaja (whatever that may 
 mean) ; and for two hours one may 
 stand there and see the motliest and 
 the worst mixed procession go by that 
 ever e} r es beheld. Princes (there are 
 more princes than policemen in Naples 
 — the city is infested with them), — 
 princes who live up seven flights of 
 stairs and don’t own any principalities, 
 will keep a carriage and go hungry; 
 and clerks, mechanics, milliners, and 
 strumpets will go without their din- 
 ners, and squander the money on a 
 hack-ride in the Chiaja ; the rag-tag and 
 rubbish of the city stack themselves up, 
 to the number of twenty or thirty, on a 
 rickety little go-cart hauled by a don- 
 key not much bigger than a cat, and 
 they drive in the Chiaja; dukes and 
 bankers, in sumptuous carriages, and 
 with gorgeous drivers and footmen, 
 turn out also, and so the furious pro- 
 cession goes.” Mark Twain. 
 
 To me, the Prado is an inexhaustible 
 source of amusement. In the first place, 
 it is in itself the finest public walk I have 
 ever seen within the walls of any city, 
 not excepting either the Tuileries or the 
 Chiaja. George Trcknor. 
 
 Chiaramonti. See Museo Chiara- 
 
 MONTI. 
 
 Chiaravalle. A celebrated old mo- 
 nastic church near Milan, Italy. 
 
 Chief Mourner. See Old Shep- 
 herd’s Chief Mourner. 
 
CHI 
 
 102 
 
 CHi 
 
 Chief’s return from Deer-Stalk- 
 ing. A well-known picture by Sir 
 Edwin Landseer (1803-1873),' the 
 most celebrated modern painter 
 of animals. 
 
 Chigi Palace. [It.al. Palazzo Chi - 
 (ji.] A well-known palace in 
 Rome, on the north side of the 
 Piazza Colonna. It was erected 
 in 1526, and contains some pic- 
 tures and statues of note. 
 
 Child of the Kegiment. A pic- 
 ture by John Everett Millais (b. 
 1829). 
 
 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. A 
 picture by Joseph Mai lord Wil- 
 liam Turner (1775-1851), the 
 English landscape-painter, and 
 regarded one of his best works. 
 In the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Children of the Mist. A famous 
 picture by Sir Edwin Landseer 
 (1803-1873), the celebrated painter 
 of animals, regarded as one of 
 his masterpieces. 
 
 Child’s Bank. A financial house 
 in Fleet Street, London, cele- 
 brated as the oldest banking in- 
 stitution in England. Charles 
 II., among many others, kept his 
 account here. 
 
 Child’s Coffee-house. An estab- 
 lishment in St. Paul’s Church- 
 yard, London, which was much 
 frequented by professional men. 
 
 Chillingham. See Wild Deer of 
 Chillingham. 
 
 Chillon. This massive castle, the 
 scene of B}H , on’s “ Prisoner of 
 Chillon,” is built on a solitary 
 rock, almost surrounded by wa- 
 ter, near the shore of Lake Ge- 
 neva. The name of Francis 
 Bonnivard, prior of St. Victor, is 
 intimately connected with it. By 
 his warm defence of the republic 
 of Geneva, he incurred the hos- 
 tility of the Duke of Savoy, into 
 whose hands he unfortunately fell 
 in 1530, and by whom he was im- 
 prisoned in the Castle of Chillon 
 for six years. The castle con- 
 tains gloomy dungeons in which 
 the early reformers and prisoners 
 of state were confined. 
 
 4®=* “ Across one of the vaults is a 
 
 beam black with age, on which we 
 were informed that the condemned 
 were formerly executed. In the cells 
 are seven pillars, or, rather, eight, one 
 being half merged in the wall; in some 
 of these are rings for the fetters and 
 the fettered: in the pavement the steps 
 of Bonnivard have left their traces. He 
 was confined here several years. It is 
 by this castle that Rousseau has fixed 
 the catastrophe of his Heloise, in the 
 rescue of one of her children by Julie 
 from the water: the shock of which, 
 and the illness produced by the immer- 
 sion, is the cause of her death. The 
 chateau is large, and seen along the 
 lake for a great distance. The walls 
 are white.” Byron. 
 
 “First into the dungeon with 
 the seven pillars described by Byron. 
 . . . One of the pillars in this vault 
 is covered with names. I think it is 
 Bonnivard’s pillar. There are the 
 names of Byron, Hunt, Schiller, and 
 many other celebrities.” C. Beecher. 
 
 4StP “ Tt appears to sit right upon 
 the water, and does not rise very loftily 
 above it. I was disappointed in its as- 
 pect, having imagined this famous cas- 
 tle as situated upon a rock, a hundred, 
 or, for aught I know, a thousand feet, 
 above the surface of the lake; but it is 
 quite as impressive a fact — supposing 
 it to be true — that the water is eight 
 hundred feet deep at its base. . . . The 
 castle is wofully in need of a pedestal. 
 If its site were elevated to a height 
 equal to its own, it would make a far 
 better appearance. As it now is, it 
 looks, to speak profanely of what poet- 
 ry has consecrated, when seen from 
 the water, or along the shore of the 
 lake, very like an old whitewashed fac- 
 tory or mill.” Hawthorne. 
 
 Chillon! thy prison is a holy place, 
 
 And thy sad floor an altar — for ’twas 
 trod 
 
 Until his very steps have left a trace, 
 Woru, as if the cold pavement were a 
 sod. 
 
 By B' nnivard ! may none those marks ef- 
 face. 
 
 For they appeal from tyranny to God. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Chillon, Prisoner of. See Pris- 
 oner of Chillon. 
 
 Chimborazo. A well-known pic- 
 ture by Frederic Edwin Church 
 (b. 1826), the American landscape- 
 painter. 
 
 Chinon Castle. An interesting 
 ruined castle in Chinon, France, 
 once a favorite residence of the 
 French kings. 
 
CHO 
 
 103 
 
 CHR 
 
 Choragic Monument of Lysicra- 
 tes. A small circular building 
 of graceful proportions at Athens, 
 Greece. It is interesting as the 
 only surviving relic of a series of 
 temples forming a street, which 
 was called the Street of the Tri- 
 pods, from the Tripods (gained 
 by victorious Choragi in the 
 neighboring Theatre of Dionysus) 
 by which the temples were sur- 
 mounted. This monument, the 
 first authentic instance of Co- 
 rinthian architecture, is about 
 eight feet in diameter and 31 feet 
 high. 
 
 “ Notwithstanding the small- 
 ness of its dimensions, one of the most 
 beautiful works of art of the merely 
 ornamental class to be found in any 
 part of the world.” Fer gas-son. 
 
 Where every thing is square and rug- 
 ged, as in a Druidical trilithon, the effect 
 may be sublime, but it cannot be elegant; 
 where every thing is rounded, as in the 
 Choragic Monument of Ly sic rates, the per- 
 fection of elegance may be attained, but 
 never sublimity. ” Fergusson. 
 
 Christ. 1. A marble statue by 
 Michael Angelo Buonarotti (1475- 
 1564). In the church of Sopra 
 Minerva in Rome. 
 
 4ST" “ In its outward finish and as a 
 representation of a naked human form 
 in the prime of beauty, it is a most ad- 
 mirable work ; but as an image of Him 
 whom it is to call to mind, it is the first 
 statue of Michael Angelo’s which we 
 must designate as full of mannerism.” 
 Grimm , Trans. 
 
 2. A famous statue bj^ Johann 
 Heinrich von Dannecker (1758- 
 1841), the sculptor of Ariadne. 
 The statue is in a tower, built to 
 imitate a ruined abbey, in the 
 grounds attached to the palace 
 of Tzarko Selo, near St. Peters- 
 burg, Russia. 
 
 4®=“ “ The longer I looked upon it, 
 the more 1 was penetrated with its 
 wonderful representation of the attri- 
 butes of Christ, — Wisdom and Love. 
 The face calmly surveys and compre- 
 hends all forms of human passion, with 
 pity for the erring, joy in the good, and 
 tenderness for all. I have seen few 
 statues like this, where the form is lost 
 sight of in the presence of the idea. 
 In this respect it is Dannecker’s great- 
 est, as it was his favorite work.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Christ amid the Doctors. A pic- 
 ture by Albert Diirer (1471-1528), 
 the German painter. According 
 to the inscription upon it, it was 
 executed in five days. In the 
 Barberini Palace at Rome. 
 
 Christ and the Parable of the 
 Vineyard. A picture by Rem- 
 brandt van Ryn (1607-1669), the 
 Dutch painter. Now in the Her- 
 mitage at St. Petersburg, Russia. 
 
 Christ and the Scoffers. A pic- 
 ture by Anthony van Dyck (1599- 
 1641), now in Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Christ appearing to the Magda- 
 len. A picture by Rembrandt van 
 Ryn (1607-1669), the Dutch paint- 
 er. Now in Buckingham Palace, 
 London. 
 
 Christ, Ascension of. See Ascen- 
 sion of Christ. 
 
 Christ at the Table of Simon the 
 Publican. An immense picture 
 by Paul Veronese (1500-1588), now 
 in the Louvre, Paris. There is 
 another upon the same subject at 
 the Brera in Milan, Italy; and 
 another in the Marcello Durazzo 
 Palace, at Genoa. 
 
 Christ, Baptism of. See Baptism 
 of Christ. 
 
 Christ before Pilate. An admired 
 picture by Gherardo della Notte. 
 In Lucca, Italy. 
 
 Christ borne to the Sepulchre, 
 1. A well-known picture by Ra- 
 phael Sanzio (1483-1520). In the 
 Palazzo Borgliese, Rome. 
 
 4®=* “ Raphael’s picture of this sub- 
 ject . . . though meriting all its fame 
 in respect of drawing, expression, and 
 knowledge, has lost all signs of rever- 
 ential feeling in the persons of the 
 bearers.” Lady Eastlake. 
 
 2. A well-known picture by 
 Titian (1477-1576). In the Louvre, 
 Paris. 
 
 3. A picture by J acopo Robusti, 
 called Tintoretto (1512-1594). Now 
 in the Stafford Gallery, London. 
 
 Christ Church. 1 . An ancient and 
 venerable church edifice in Phila- 
 delphia, Penn. It was built near 
 the beginning of the last century. 
 Gen. Washington was a regular 
 attendant here. In the lofty 
 
CHR 
 
 104 
 
 CHR 
 
 tower is the oldest chime of bells 
 in the United States, brought 
 from England in 1754, and which 
 proclaimed the Declaration of 
 Independence in 1776. 
 
 2. A religious edifice in Bos- 
 ton, Mass., memorable as the 
 oldest church structure now 
 standing in the city (having been 
 consecrated in 1723), and possess- 
 ing an ancient chime of bells 
 
 — and in the steeple of Christ Church , 
 hard by, are the sweet chimes which are 
 the Boston boy’s Ranz des Vaches. whose 
 echoes follow liim all the world over 
 
 Holmes 
 
 And here the patriot hung his light. 
 Which shone though all that anxious 
 night. 
 
 To eager eyes of Paul Revere. 
 
 E. B. Russell. 
 
 3. A venerable church in Alex- 
 andria, Va., built in 1766, in which 
 George Washington worshipped, 
 and in which the pew he occupied 
 is still shown. 
 
 Christ Church College. The 
 
 largest and most splendid of the 
 colleges included in the Univer- 
 sity of Oxford. It was founded 
 in 1524 by Cardinal Wolsey. Its 
 hall is one of the finest in Great 
 Britain. 
 
 4®=* “ Each college has been devel- 
 oped by itself, each age has built in its 
 fashion ; here the imposing quadrangle 
 of Christ Church, with its turf, its foun- 
 tains and its staircases.” 
 
 Tame , Trans. 
 
 Francis [Atterbury] was educated at 
 Westminster School,' and carried thence 
 to Chi'ist Church a stock of learning which, 
 though really scanty, he through lib- ex- 
 hibited with such judicious ostentation 
 that superficial observers believed his at- 
 tainments to be immense. Macaulay 
 
 Christ Consolateur. See Christus 
 
 CONSOLATOK. 
 
 Christ crowned with Thorns. A 
 well-known picture by Titian 
 (1477-1576) unsurpassed as an ex- 
 ample of his art in coloring. In 
 the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Christ disputing with the Doc- 
 tors. A picture attributed to 
 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). In 
 the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Christ giving the Keys to Peter. 
 A fresco by Pietro Perugino (1446- 
 1524). In the Sistine Chapel, 
 Rome. 
 
 Christ healing the Sick. A pic- 
 ture by Benjamin West (1738- 
 1820). In the Pennsylvania Hos- 
 pital. 
 
 Christ in Pilgrim’s Dress. A 
 noted picture by Fra Angelico 
 Giovanni (da Fiesole) (1387-1455). 
 In the Museum of St. Mark, Flor- 
 ence, Italy. 
 
 Christ in the Garden. A picture 
 by Giovanni Bellini (1426-1516?), 
 the Italian painter. Now in the 
 National Gallery, London. 
 
 Christ in the Garden with the 
 Magdalene. A picture by Anto- 
 nio Allegri, surnamed Correggio 
 (1494-1534). In the Gallery of 
 Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Christ in the Temple. A picture 
 by William Holman Hunt (b. 
 1827). 
 
 4®=“ “ When 34 years of age, Hol- 
 man Hunt painted Christ discovered in 
 the Temple , which thousands flocked 
 to see, not only in London, but in every 
 town where it was exhibited.” 
 
 Mrs. Tytler . 
 
 J6@=* “ Yet neither that picture [Christ 
 in the Temple], great as it is, nor any 
 other of Hunt’s, is the best he could 
 have done.” Ruskin . 
 
 “There it hangs before us [an 
 engraving of the picture], but without 
 its glorious color as Holman Hunt gave 
 it forth from the years’ study of his 
 earnest soul. I wish you could have 
 seen the picture all aglow with those 
 wonderful hues, somewhat, perhaps, 
 too rainbow-like and shifty in gleams, 
 but yet no tint without meaning, and 
 all conspiring to one of the most glori- 
 ous effects.” Dean Alford . 
 
 Christ mocked by the Soldiers. 
 A picture by Anthony van Dyck 
 (1599-1641). In the Museum oi 
 Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Christ on the Mount of Olives. 
 1. An admired picture by An- 
 tonio Allegri, surnamed Correg- 
 gio (1494-1534). It was “ taken 
 in Joseph Buonaparte’s carriage 
 at the battle of Vittoria, returned 
 to the King of Spain, and by him 
 presented to the Duke of Well- 
 ington.” Now in Apsley House, 
 London. 
 
 2. A picture by Raphael San- 
 zio (1483-1520). Now in England 
 
CHR 
 
 105 
 
 CHtI 
 
 3. A noted picture by Fried- 
 rich Overheck (1789-1869). At 
 Hamburg, Germany. 
 
 Christ presented by Pilate to the 
 People. A noted picture by 
 Antonio Allegri, called Correggio 
 (1494-1534). In the National Gal- 
 lery, London. 
 
 Christ rejected by the Jewish 
 People. A picture by Benjamin 
 West (1738-1820). In Fairmount 
 Park, Philadelphia. 
 
 Christ with the Tribute Money. 
 A celebrated picture by Titian 
 (1477-1576). In the Dresden Gal- 
 lery. 
 
 “ This is a finely executed and 
 delicately colored head, but too cold 
 and commonplace in expression to 
 merit the stereotyped praise bestowed 
 upon it.” 
 
 Eastlake : Handbook of Painting. 
 
 2. Another expressive and ad- 
 mirable picture upon the same 
 subject by Guercino (1590-1666). 
 In the Palazzo Durazzo, Genoa, 
 Italy. 
 
 Christian Martyrs (in the Coli- 
 seum). A picture by Peter F. 
 Rothermel (b. 1817), an American 
 artist. In Fairmount Park, Phil- 
 adelphia, Penn. 
 
 Christianity in the Arts. See 
 Influence of Christianity in 
 the Arts. 
 
 Christiansborg Palace. The royal 
 palace of Denmark, in the city 
 of Copenhagen. It is decorated 
 with many line works of Thor- 
 waldsen, the Danish sculptor, and 
 contains a gallery of paintings 
 and a museum of Northern an- 
 tiquities. 
 
 Christopher, St. See St. Chris- 
 topher. 
 
 Christ’s Charge to Peter. The 
 subject of one of the famous car- 
 toons by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), from which the tapestries 
 in the Vatican at Rome were ex- 
 ecuted. 
 
 Christ’s College. A foundation 
 of the University of Cambridge, 
 England, Established in 1505. 
 
 Christ’s Entrance into Jerusa- 
 lem. A noted picture by Fried- 
 rich Overbeck (1789-1869). In 
 the Marienldrche at Liibeck, 
 Germany. 
 
 Christ’s Hospital. A celebrated 
 public school— upon the site of 
 the monastery of the Grey Friars 
 — in London, at which many 
 eminent men have been edu- 
 cated. It is often called the 
 “ Blue-coat School,” from the 
 antique uniform which has been 
 worn by the pupils since the foun- 
 dation of the school in the time 
 of Edward VI. It was not origi- 
 nally founded as a school: its 
 object was to rescue young chil- 
 dren from the streets, to shelter, 
 feed, clothe, and lastly educate 
 them. The number of pupils is 
 at present about 800. Coleridge, 
 Charles Lamb, Richardson the 
 novelist, and Leigh Hunt are 
 among the more distinguished 
 “ Blues,” as the scholars of 
 Christ’s Hospital are termed. 
 Charles Lamb has essays entitled 
 “Recollections of Christ’s Hos- 
 pital,” and “Christ’s Hospital 
 Five and Thirty Years Ago.” 
 
 4®=- “ Christ’s Hospital is an insti- 
 tution to keep those who have yet held 
 up their heads in the world from sink- 
 ing; to keep alive the spirit of a decent 
 household, when poverty was in dan- 
 ger of crushing it; to assist those who 
 are the most willing, but not always 
 the most able, to assist themselves ; to 
 separate a child from his family lor a 
 season, in order to render him back 
 hereafter, with feelings and habits 
 more congenial to it, than he could ever 
 have attained by remaining at home in 
 the bosom of it.” Charles Lamb. 
 
 Christus Consolator [Christ the 
 Consoler.] A celebrated picture, 
 well-known by reproductions 
 executed by Ary Scheffer (1795- 
 1858). 
 
 The country itself is a Consolator col- 
 ored too heartily for the thin-blooded 
 palette of Scheffer. John Weiss 
 
 Christus Remunerator. A pic- 
 ture by Ary Scheffer (1795-1858). 
 
 Chrysostom, St. See St. Chry- 
 sostom. 
 
 Church Butte. A natural curiosi- 
 ty in Wyoming Territory- being 
 
CHU 
 
 106 
 
 civ 
 
 a mound of rock and earth stand- 
 ing on the level plain, one of the 
 more celebrated of the huge mon- 
 umental and often fantastically 
 shaped mountains which are 
 found along the line of the Union 
 Pacific Railroad in this part of 
 its course. 
 
 “ Seen under favorable lights, 
 it imposes upon the imagination like 
 a grand old cathedral going into decay, 
 quaint in its crumbling ornaments, 
 majestic in its height and breadth. 
 They [the Buttes] seem, like the more 
 numerous and fantastic illustrations of 
 nature’s frolicsome art in Southern 
 Colorado, to be the remains of granite 
 hills that wind and water, and espe- 
 cially the sand whirlpools which march 
 in lordly force through the air, — liter- 
 ally moving mountains, — have left to 
 hint the past and tell the story of their 
 own achievements. Not unfitly, there 
 as here, they have won the title of 
 “ Monuments to the Gods.” 
 
 Samuel Bowles. 
 
 Church Militant and Triumph- 
 ant. A noted picture by Simone 
 de Martini (Memrni) (1283-1344). 
 In the church of Sta. Maria No- 
 vella, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Cincinnati, The. A patrician mili- 
 tary order or society established 
 in this country at the close of the 
 Revolutionary war, about 1783, 
 by the officers of the American 
 army. The name was derived 
 from the Roman dictator Cincin- 
 natus (453 B.C.), and was adopted 
 in allusion to the change made 
 by them from military to agricul- 
 tural pursuits. Provision was 
 made that the privilege of mem- 
 bership should pass by descent 
 to the eldest son of each deceased 
 member. The society aimed “ to 
 preserve inviolate the rights and 
 liberties of human nature,” to 
 promote friendly feeling between 
 the different States, and to aid 
 suffering officers and their fami- 
 lies. George Washington was the 
 first president of the order. It 
 was at one time large and popu- 
 lar, but is now fast declining. 
 
 Circe. [Lat. Promontorium dr- 
 eam m] A famous promontory of 
 antiquity, now called Monte Civ- 
 cello, situated at the extremity of 
 the Pontine Marshes-, in Southern 
 
 Italy. It was much celebrated 
 by the Latin poets. 
 
 Circe. A picture by Dosso Dossi 
 (1474-1558). In the Borghese Gal- 
 lery, Rome. 
 
 Circus Maximus. The famous cir- 
 cus of ancient Rome, founded in 
 the time of the kings, and rebuilt 
 with great splendor by Julius 
 Cresar. It was in the valley be- 
 tween the Palatine and Aventine 
 mounts. This circus, which was 
 burned in Nero’s time, was re- 
 stored by Vespasian, and enlarged 
 by Constantine. It is said that 
 250,000 spectators could be accom- 
 modated with seats. A confused 
 mass of brickwork is all that now 
 remains of this ruin. 
 
 Circus Maximus. A picture by 
 Jean Leon Geroine (b. 1824), the 
 French painter. 
 
 Cirque, La. [The Circle.] A nat- 
 ural curiosity in Southern France, 
 near Gavarnie. It consists of an 
 immense semicircle of rocks, the 
 sides of which are lofty preci- 
 pices, and the door of which is 
 strewn with the detritus of the 
 neighboring mountains. It is one 
 of the most remarkable scenes in 
 the Pyrenees, and marks the lim- 
 its of the French territory. 
 
 Cite, lie de la. See Ile de la 
 Cite. 
 
 Citta Leonina. See Leonine City. 
 
 City Cross. See Dun-Edin’s Cross, 
 
 Civil Club. This 'London society 
 was established in the city in 
 1G69, three years after the Great 
 Fire. No record is to be found of 
 the circumstances of its estab- 
 lishment or of the name of the 
 founder. This is the only club 
 which can boast of having the 
 reputed office of a chaplain at- 
 tached to its staff. All the mem- 
 bers are citizens ; and the records 
 show, as former members, Parlia- 
 ment men, baronets, and aider- 
 men. One of the rules is, that 
 “ but one person of the same 
 trade or profession should be a 
 member of the club.” This asso- 
 ciation, which is now in exist- 
 ence, met for years at the Old 
 
CLA 
 
 107 
 
 CLE 
 
 Ship Tavern, in Water Lane, and 
 afterwards at the New Corn Ex- 
 change Tavern, in Mark Lane. 
 
 Claddagh, The. A populous dis- 
 trict, forming one of the suburbs 
 of Galway, Ireland, noted for 
 the peculiarity of its inhabitants, 
 chiefiv fishermen, who enjoy cer- 
 tain hereditary “rights,” of which 
 they are very tenacious, and any 
 infringement of which is resisted 
 with violence. 
 
 “This singular community is 
 still governed by a ‘ king,’ elected an- 
 nually, and a number of by-laws of 
 their own. At one time this king was 
 absolute, — as powerful as a veritable 
 despot; but his power has yielded, like 
 all despotic powers, to the times. He 
 has still, however, much influence, and 
 sacrifices himself, literally without fee 
 or reward, for ‘the good of the peo- 
 ple : ’ he is constantly occupied hear- 
 ing and deciding causes and quarrels, 
 for his people never by any chance 
 appeal to a higher tribunal. . . . His 
 majesty was at sea; but we were intro- 
 duced to his royal family, — a group of 
 children and grandchildren, who for 
 ruddy health might have been coveted 
 by any monarch in Christendom.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Ilall. 
 
 Clarendon House. A noted man- 
 sion which formerly stood in Pic- 
 cadilly, London, but which was 
 taken down soon after 1675, the 
 name surviving in the modern 
 Clarendon Hotel. 
 
 Clarendon Press. A well-known 
 establishment at Oxford, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Clava, Stones of. See Stones of 
 Clava. 
 
 Clement XIII. A celebrated stat- 
 ue by Antonio Canova (1757-1822). 
 In St. Peter’s Church, Rome. 
 
 Clement Danes. See St. Clement 
 Danes. 
 
 Clement’s Chapel. [Ital. Ccipellci 
 Clementina.] A chapel in St. 
 Peter’s, Rome, containing, among 
 other things, the tomb of Pius 
 VII., and a monument to him by 
 Thorwaldsen. 
 
 Clement’s Inn. One of the nine 
 Inns of Chancery in London, so 
 named from its proximity to the 
 church of St. Clement Danes and 
 St. Clement’s Well. 
 
 Shallow. — I was once of Clement's Inn , 
 where I think they will talk of mad Shal- 
 low yet. Silence.'— You were called lusty 
 Shallow then, cousin. Shallow. — By the 
 mass, I was called anything; and I would 
 have done any tiling indeed, and roundly 
 too. There was I and Little John Doit of 
 Staffordshire, and Black (icorge Barnes 
 of Staffordshire, and France Bickbone, 
 and Will Squele, a Cotswold man: you 
 had not four such swinge bucklers m all 
 the Inns of Court again. Shallow — 
 
 Nay, she must be old; she cannot choose 
 but be old; certain she’s old, an ; had Rob- 
 in Niglitwork by old Xiyhtwork, before I 
 came to Clement's fi n. . . Shallow — L 
 remember at Mile-end green (when I lay 
 at Clement's Inn). I was then Sir Dagonet 
 in Arthur’s show. . . Falstajf —1 do re- 
 member him at Clement’s Inn like a man 
 made after supper of a cheese-paring 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Clement’s Well. See St. Clem- 
 ent’s Well. 
 
 Cleopatra. A statue by William 
 W. Story (b. 1819). 
 
 4®=- “ The two conceptions, * Cleo- 
 patra ’ and the ‘ Libyan Sibyl,’ have 
 placed Mr. Story in European estima- 
 tion at the head of American sculp- 
 tors.” Jarves. 
 
 4®=* “In a word, all Cleopatra, — - 
 fierce, voluptuous, passionate, tender, 
 wicked . . . was kneaded into what, 
 only a week or two before, had been 
 a lump of wet clay from the Tiber. 
 Soon, apotheosized in an indestructible 
 material, she would be one of the 
 images that men keep forever, finding 
 a heat in them that does not cool down 
 through the centuries.” Hawthorne. 
 
 Cleopatra and Caesar. A picture 
 by Jean Leon Gerorne (b. 1824), 
 the French painter. 
 
 Cleopatra’s Needle. This ancient 
 Egyptian obelisk, one of two 
 which were brought from Heliop- 
 olis to Alexandria by one of the 
 Caesars, stood on the sands near 
 the new fortification wall. The 
 companion obelisk, having fallen, 
 was embedded and preserved in 
 these sands. The obelisks are of 
 red granite of Syene, and Cleo- 
 patra’s Needle is 70 feet high. It 
 lias been recently taken to New 
 York, and is now set up in Cen- 
 tral Park. 
 
 *\Vliat obelisk northward meets the curi- 
 ous eye ? 
 
 Rich as an orient gem it courts the skv ; 
 Its tapering sides a myriad sculptures 
 grace. 
 
 Dark mystic writing of earth’s early race. 
 
CLE 
 
 108 
 
 CLO 
 
 Brought from far Thebes, it decked the 
 splendid pile 
 
 Where Beauty, famed forever, shed her 
 smile ; 
 
 Hence to yon shaft cling memories sweet 
 and rare. 
 
 And lore and love their souls are breath- 
 ing there. Nicholas Michell. 
 
 Clepsydra. A fainons fountain in 
 ancient Athens, Greece. It was 
 so named from its intermittent 
 character, being dependent upon 
 the Etesian winds. It was 
 thought to have an underground 
 communication with Plialerum. 
 The name clepsydra is older than 
 the water-clock of Andronicus. 
 
 Clerkenwell. A now thickly set- 
 tled district in London, so called 
 from a well where the parish 
 clerks ( clerken ) were accustomed 
 to meet for the acting of Scrip- 
 ture plays. A great number of 
 clockmakers, watchmakers, and 
 jewellers, are now to be found in 
 Clerkenwell. 
 
 Not content with the easy victories 
 which he [Dr William Sherlock! gained 
 over such feeble antagonists as those Avho 
 were quartered at Clerkenwell anc the 
 Savoy, lie had the courage to measure his 
 strength with no less a champion than 
 Boss net, and came out of the conflict 
 without discredit. Macaulay. 
 
 Clermont, The. The steamer built 
 by Robert Fulton (17(15-1815), 
 which ascended the Hudson in 
 September, 1807, the first vessel 
 propelled by steam. The Cler- 
 mont made regular passages be- 
 tween New York and Albany at 
 the rate of five miles an hour. 
 After the introduction of im- 
 proved machinery this rate was 
 increased. 
 
 Clichy. An old debtor’s prison, 
 formerly standing in the Rue de 
 Clichy, Paris. It is now demol- 
 ished, and imprisonment for debt 
 has now been done away with. 
 
 My nephew gives bouquets to Ma- 
 demoiselle X . but lie will not go to 
 
 Clichy for her. Tame , Trans. 
 
 Clichy. See Barriers de Clichy. 
 
 Cliefden. A seat of the Duke of 
 Sutherland, near Maidenhead, 
 England. * 
 
 Clifford-street Club. A debating 
 society in London, “ which boast- 
 ed for a short time a brighter 
 
 assemblage of talent than is usu- 
 al ly found to flourish in societies 
 of this description.” The club, 
 of which George Canning was a 
 member, met once a month, in 
 the last century, at the Clifford- 
 street Coffee-house. 
 
 Clifford’s Inn. One of the Inns 
 of Chancery in London, so named 
 from Robert de Clifford, to whom 
 the land was left in the time of 
 Edward II. Clifford’s Inn was 
 granted to students-at-law in the 
 reign of Edward III. 
 
 Clinton. See Castle Garden and 
 Fort Clinton. 
 
 Clisson Castle. A ruined castle 
 in the town of Clisson on the 
 Sevre-Nantaise, near its conflu- 
 ence with the Maine, in France. 
 
 It was a dark autumnal day 
 When first to Clisson I would stray. 
 
 Long grass-grown steps cut o’er the rock. 
 Which shelves down in a mighty block, 
 Conduct you to the portals grand. 
 
 Which green with ivy proudly stand. 
 
 Kenelm H. Digby. 
 
 Clisson ! thy towers, thy depth of sunless 
 caves, 
 
 Thy humid corridors that smother sound. 
 And thy gapped windows whence the 
 violet waves 
 
 A sweet farewell to Legend lingering 
 round. 
 
 And mingling whispers echoed from afar, 
 Invite and chain my steps here v\ here thy 
 mysteries are. T. G. Appleton. 
 
 Cloaca Maxima. A subterranean 
 canal, well known as the great 
 common sewer of ancient Rome. 
 It is of Etruscan architecture, 
 and, still serving its original pur- 
 pose, is as firm as when its foun- 
 dations were laid. It was built 
 at least twenty-four hundred 
 years ago, and is one of the few 
 monuments of Rome whose an- 
 tiquity has never been assailed. 
 
 “ Modern scepticism, which has 
 overturned so much of the old faith, 
 lias not laid its withering touch upon 
 this venerable monument. Romulus 
 and Nuraa have been changed into thin 
 shadows, but the stones of the Cloaca 
 are still alive to speak of an antiquity 
 of at least 2,400 years.” 
 
 G. S. Hillard. 
 
 As a general thing, you do not get 
 elegance short of two or three removes 
 from the soil, out of which our best blood 
 doubtless i omes, — quite as j,ood, no 
 
CLO 
 
 109 
 
 CLU 
 
 doubt, as if it came from those old prize- 
 fighters with iron pots on their heads, to 
 whom some great people are so fond of 
 tracing their descent through a line of 
 small artisans and petty shopkeepers 
 whose veins have held “base” fluid 
 enough to fill the Cloaca Maxima. 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 Clock-tower (of Berne). A noted 
 tower in Berne, Switzerland, 
 formerly a watch-tower at the 
 eastern extremity of the city, but 
 now almost in the centre of the 
 town. The tower is the scene of 
 the following curious spectacle. 
 Three minutes before the hour a 
 cock crows, and claps its wings, 
 whereupon a number of bears 
 (the bear being the heraldic de- 
 vice of Berne) walk around a 
 seated figure; then the cock 
 repeats his signal; and at the 
 striking of the hour the seated 
 figure, which is an old man with 
 a beard, turns an hourglass, 
 raises his sceptre, and opens his 
 mouth as many times as the clock 
 strikes, while the bear on his 
 right inclines his head. The hour 
 is then struck on a bell by a 
 hammer, and the performance is 
 closed as it began by the crow- 
 ing of a cock. 
 
 Closeburn Castle. An ancient 
 feudal mansion in Scotland, near 
 the town of the same name, the 
 seat of the Kirkpatricks, from 
 whom Eugenie, the late Empress 
 of France, traces her Scottish 
 descent. 
 
 Cloth Fair. A district in London, 
 formerly much frequented by 
 foreign merchants. 
 
 Clo tilde, Sainte. See Saixte 
 Clot liras. 
 
 Cloud, St. See St. Cloud. 
 
 Club, The. 1. A celebrated asso- 
 ciation in London, founded in 17(>4 
 by Sir Joshua Reynolds and Dr. 
 Johnson. It originally consisted 
 of nine members, — Sir Joshua 
 Reynolds, Dr. Johnson, Edmund 
 Burke, Dr. Nugent, Mr. Beau- 
 clerk, Mr. Langton, Oliver Gold- 
 smith, Mr. Chamier. and Sir John 
 Hawkins. The number was after- 
 wards increased, and the club has 
 included men very distinguished 
 in literature and in science. From 
 
 1790 until the removal of that tav- 
 ern, they met at the Thatched 
 House in St. James’s Street. At 
 Garrick’s funeral in 1779 the 
 club was entitled the “Literary 
 Club,’’ and subsequently the 
 name was again changed to the 
 “ Johnson Club.’’ 
 
 ti “The verdicts pronounced by 
 this conclave on new books were 
 speedily known over all London, and 
 were sufficient to sell off a whole edi- 
 tion in a day, or to condemn the sheets 
 to the service of the trunk-maker and 
 tin* pastry-cook. Nor shall we think 
 this strange when we consider what 
 great and various talents and acquire- 
 ments met in the little fraternity. 
 Goldsmith was the representative of 
 poetry and light literature, Reynolds 
 of the arts, Burke of political eloquence 
 and political philosophy. There, too, 
 were Gibbon, the greatest historian, 
 and Jones, the greatest linguist, of the 
 age. Garrick brought to the meetings 
 his inexhaustible pleasantry, his in- 
 comparable mimicry, and his consum- 
 mate knowledge of stage effect. . . . 
 To predominate over such a society was 
 not easy. Yet even over such a society 
 Johnson predominated.” Macaulay. 
 
 IKiP “ The room is before us. . . . 
 There are the spectacles of Burke, and 
 the tall, thin form of Langton, the 
 courtly sneer of Beauclerk, the beam- 
 ing smile of Garrick, Gibbon tapping 
 his snuff-box, and Sir Joshua with his 
 trumpet, in his ear. In the foreground 
 is that strange figure which is as fa- 
 miliar to us as the figures of those 
 among whom we have been brought 
 up, — the gigantic body, the huge massy 
 face, seamed with the scars of disease ; 
 the brown coat, the black worsted 
 stockings, the gray wig with the 
 scorched foretop; the dirty hands, the 
 nails bitten and pared to the quick. 
 We see the eyes and the nose moving 
 with convulsive twitches; we see the 
 heavy form rolling; we hear it puffing; 
 and then comes the ‘Why, Sir£’ and 
 the ‘What then, Sir?’ and the ‘No, 
 Sir ! ’ and the ‘ You don’t see your way 
 through the question, Sir! ’” 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 2. The appellation of “The 
 Club ’’ was also given in the time 
 of William III. to a society in 
 Edinburgh, including Sir James 
 Montgomery, Lord Ross, the Earl 
 of Annandale, and other disap- 
 pointed Whigs, who were, as 
 Macaulay says, dishonest mal- 
 contents, who merely desired to 
 
CLU 
 
 110 
 
 coc 
 
 annoy the government and to get 
 places. They formed a union 
 with the Jacobites; and, after 
 giving much trouble to William 
 and Mary, the chiefs betrayed 
 one another, and the club finally 
 broke up in disgrace. 
 
 Club of Kings. See King Club. 
 
 Club of 1789. See Feuillant 
 Club. 
 
 Clumber Park. The seat of the 
 Dukes of Newcastle, near Work- 
 sop, England. 
 
 Cluny. See Hotel Cluny. 
 
 Clytie. A beautiful relic of Greek 
 sculpture, well known through 
 frequent reproductions. It is one 
 of the Townley marbles in the 
 British Museum. It exhibits the 
 water-nymph, who, according to 
 the Greek legend, fell in love 
 with Apollo, but, meeting with no 
 reciprocation of her passion, be- 
 came changed into a sunflower, 
 and constantly keeps her face 
 turned towards him. It is said 
 that this image was carried away 
 in his hands by Mr. Townley, its 
 former owner, as being his most 
 valued treasure, at the time when 
 his house was threatened with 
 destruction by a mob. 
 
 I will not have the mad Clytie , 
 
 Whose head is turned by the sun. 
 
 Ilood. 
 
 But to hear her wonder and lament and 
 suggest, with soft, liquid inflections, and 
 low, sad murmurs, in tones as full of seri- 
 ous tenderness ior the fate of the lost key 
 as if it had been a child that had stray eil 
 from its mother, was so winning, that, 
 had her features and figure been as deli- 
 cious as her accents, — if she had looked 
 like the marble Clytie , for instance, — why, 
 all I can say is — Holmes 
 
 Cnitiian Venus. 1 . A famous stat- 
 ue in Cnidus, of the goddess of 
 love, by Praxiteles, the Greek 
 sculptor (fl. B. C. 364), known 
 through report of its beauty. It 
 was burnt in the palace of Lausi- 
 actis, in Constantinople, A.D. 475. 
 There are existing copies of some 
 of the works of Praxiteles, and 
 there is a statue in tlie Vatican 
 supposed to be a copy of this. 
 
 2. A celebrated ancient statue, 
 surnamed the Cnidian Venus, 
 considered by some to be the 
 
 work of Praxiteles, and his mas- 
 terpiece. Now in the Glyptotliek 
 at Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Coach. See Coronation Coach 
 and Lord Mayor’s Coach. 
 
 Coat, Holy. See Holy Coat. 
 
 Cobbler, The. A popular name in 
 Scotland of the mountain known 
 as Ben Arthur, which rises at the 
 head of Loch Long to the height 
 of over 2,000 feet, and is said to 
 resemble the figure of a cobbler. 
 
 Far away, up in his rockj T throne, 
 
 The gaunt old Cobbler ' dwells alone; 
 Around his head the lightnings play, 
 Where he sits with his lapston° night and 
 day. Charles Mackuy. 
 
 Cobham Hall. A seat of the Earl 
 of Darnley, at Gad’s HillCnear 
 London. 
 
 Cock, The. 1. A famous old 
 tavern in Fleet Street, .London, 
 which still retains some internal 
 decoration of the time of James I. 
 
 “It is, perhaps, the most prim- 
 itive place of its kind in the metropo- 
 lis.” Timbs. 
 
 “ You go through a little squeez- 
 ed and panelled passage to enter ; and at 
 the end of the passage you pass the lit- 
 tle window of the ‘ snuggery,’ or bar, of 
 a most inviting sort on a winter’s night, 
 with something simmering on the hob. 
 There sits one whom we might call 
 ‘Miss Abbey,’ — like Dickens’s direc- 
 tress of the 4 Fellowship Porters,’ — to 
 whom come the waiters, to receive the 
 good hunches of bread ‘ new or stale ’ — 
 which she, according to old unvarying 
 rule, chalks clown, or up, on the ma- 
 hogany sill of the cloor. All is duly 
 sawdusted. The ceiling of the long 
 low tavern room is on our heads. The 
 windows are small, like sky-lights, and 
 give upon the hilly passage or lane out- 
 side. There are ‘ boxes ’ or pews all 
 round, with green curtains, of mahog- 
 any black as ebony. Both the coveted 
 places — say about a sharp Christmas 
 time — are the two that face the good 
 fire, on which sings a huge kettle. The 
 curious old chimney-piece over it is of 
 carved oak, with strange grinning faces, 
 one of which used to delight Dickens, 
 who invited people’s attention to it par- 
 ticularly. There is a quaintness, too, 
 in the china trays for the pewter mugs, 
 each decorated witft an effigy of a cock. 
 On application, those; in office produce 
 to you a well-thumbed copy of Defoe’s 
 ‘ History of the Plague,’ where the allu- 
 sion is "made to the establishment, aud 
 
coc 
 
 111 
 
 COE 
 
 also a little circular box, in which is 
 carefully preserved one of the copper 
 tokens of the house — a little lean, bat- 
 tered piece, with the device of a cock, 
 and the inscriptions ‘ The Cock Ale- 
 house ’ and ‘ C. H. M. ATT. TEMPLE 
 BAKU. 1655.’ ” Fitzgerald. 
 
 j@®=* “ Through a narrow portal, a 
 few doors north-east of Temple Bar, 
 over which a gilt bird proudly struts, 
 have entered many generations of hun- 
 gry Englishmen. There is no habitue, 
 of the ‘Cock’ Tavern in Fleet Street 
 who has not at some period or another 
 of his prandial existence been informed 
 of the extreme antiquity of that an- 
 cient dining-place.” Thornburg. 
 
 Thence by water to the Temple, ami 
 there to the Cock Alehouse, and drank, 
 and cat a lobster, and sang, and mightily 
 merry. Pepys, K6S. 
 
 O plump head- waiter at The Cock , 
 
 To which l must r.sort, 
 
 How goes the time ? ’f is five o’clock. 
 Go fetch a pint of port; 
 
 But let it not be such as that 
 You set before chance-comers. 
 
 But such whose father-grape grew fat 
 On Lusitanian summers. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 2. A well-known public-lionse 
 in Threadneedle Street, London, 
 taken down in 1841. It was noted 
 for its excellent soups. 
 
 3. An old London tavern of 
 unenviable notoriety. It was 
 situated in Bow Street. 
 
 4QP The Cock has been a frequent 
 designation for English taverns, which 
 were formerly distinguished by the de- 
 vices of their signs. 
 
 Cock Lane. A lane in London, 
 well known from its association 
 with the “ Cock-lane Ghost.” 
 
 The public were too strenuously em- 
 ployed with their own follies, to be assidu- 
 ous in estimating mine; s > that many of 
 my best attempts in tlrs way have fallen 
 victims to the transient topics of the 
 times, the Ghost in Cock Lane , or the 
 sa ge of Ticonderoga. Goldsmith. 
 
 Every one must have heard of the Cock 
 Lane gh<>s%and the apparition that guards 
 the rega ia in the Tower, which has fright- 
 ened so many bold sentinels almost out of 
 tlieir wits. Irving. 
 
 The shade of Denmark fled from the sun. 
 
 An i t lie Cock-lane ghost from t tie barn- 
 loft cheer. Whittier. 
 
 Cockloft Hall. An old mansion in 
 the vicinity of Newark, N. J., cele- 
 brated by Washington Irving 
 under this name in the “ Salma- 
 gundi ” papers. 
 
 Cockpit, or Phoenix Theatre. A 
 theatre in London, altered from 
 a cockpit. It occupied the site 
 of Cockpit-alley, now Pitt Place, 
 opposite the Castle Tavern, St. 
 Giies’s-in-the-Fields. Knight re- 
 fers to this as being in 1583 one 
 of the chief London theatres. 
 
 Cocoa-Tree. The Tory Chocolate- 
 house in London, of the reign of 
 Queen Anne, was converted into 
 the Cocoa-Tree Club, it is thought 
 before 1746, at which time the 
 house served for the headquarters 
 of the Jacobites in Parliament. 
 Gibbon and Lord Byron were 
 members of the club. 
 
 46g^ “ That respectable body, of 
 which I have the honor of being a 
 member, affords every evening a sight 
 truly English. Twenty or thirty, per- 
 haps, of the first men in the kingdom 
 in point of fashion and fortune, supping 
 at little tables covered with a napkin, 
 in the middle of a coffee-room, upon 
 a bit of cold meat, or a sandwich, and 
 drinking a glass of punch.” 
 
 Gibbon (1762). 
 
 A Whig will no more go to the Cocoa- 
 Tree or Ozinda’s, than a Tory will be seen 
 at the Coffee-house, St. James's. 
 
 Journey through England, 1714. 
 
 Cocos Castle. A fine ruined fort- 
 ress in Castile, Spain. 
 
 4®=* “ Its tall towers and clustering 
 turrets still attest its former magnifi- 
 cence, and point to a local style of de- 
 fensive architecture differing from that 
 of any other part of Europe, bwt even 
 more picturesque than the best ex- 
 amples of either France or England.” 
 Fergus son. 
 
 Ccelian Hill. [Lat. Mons Ccriivs.] 
 One of the seven hills of ancient 
 Rome. It is not inhabited at 
 the present day, except by some 
 orders of monks. 
 
 Ccenaculum. An ancient build- 
 ing in Jerusalem, known for 
 many centuries by this name, 
 and believed to be the building 
 within which, in an upper cham- 
 ber (50 feet by 80 feet), Jesus par- 
 took of the last supper with his 
 disciples. The building, which 
 is unquestionably very ancient, is 
 also associated by believers with 
 other incidents in the life of 
 Christ and his apostles. 
 
COL 
 
 112 
 
 COL 
 
 Cold Bath Fields Prison. A jail 
 in London, to which the nick- 
 name of the English Bastille was 
 given, about the beginning of the 
 present century, from the num- 
 ber of state prisoners confined in 
 it. 
 
 “ As he went through Cold Bulk Fields he 
 saw 
 
 A solitary cell ; 
 
 And the Devil was pleased, for it gave 
 him a hint 
 
 For improving his prisons in hell.” 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 Cold Harbor. A tavern at a coun- 
 try cross-road near the Chicka- 
 liominy River, and a few miles 
 from Richmond, Va , where, on 
 the od of June, 18(54, a short but 
 very sanguinary battle took 
 place between the Union and 
 Confederate armies, in which the 
 former are said to have lost over 
 113,000 men in half an hour. There 
 is another Cold Harbor, nearer 
 the Chickahominy, which con- 
 sists of a solitary country store. 
 
 Coliseum. The most celebrated 
 relic of ancient Rome, now a 
 ruin. It was begun by Vespasian 
 in A.D. 72, and continued by Ti- 
 tus, by whom it was dedicated 
 with a great display of magnifi- 
 cence in A D. 80. Additions were 
 made by Domitian, and the Coli- 
 seum was for nearly 400 years 
 the scene of gladiatorial combats. 
 The building was originally called 
 the Flavian Amphitheatre , in hon- 
 or of its founders; and the first 
 reference to the name Coliseum 
 is found in the fragments of the 
 Venerable Bede, who records the 
 memorable prophecy of Anglo- 
 Saxon pilgrims : — 
 
 “While stands the Coliseum, Rome 
 shall stand ; 
 
 When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall 
 fall ; 
 
 And when Rome falls, the world.” 
 
 Large portions of the amphithe- 
 atre were removed after the Mid- 
 dle Ages, and were used as ma- 
 terial for building palaces and 
 other structures; and the build- 
 ing suffered much spoliation and 
 desecration until it was conse- 
 crated in 1750 by Benedict XIV., 
 to the memory of the Christian 
 
 martyrs who had been sacrificed 
 in it. The popes have of late 
 endeavored to preserve the ruin 
 from further destruction. The 
 name Coliseum is probably de- 
 rived from the vast size of the 
 building, though some have 
 thought that it was so called 
 from a colossal statue which 
 stood near it. See Colosseum. 
 
 JgtST* “ As it now stands, the Colos. 
 seum is a striking image of Rome itself, 
 decayed, vacant, serious, yet grand, 
 half gray and half green, exact on one 
 side and fallen on the other, with con- 
 secrated ground in its bosom, inhabited 
 by a beadsman, visited by every cast, 
 for moralists, antiquaries, painters, 
 architects, devotees, all meet here to 
 meditate, to examine, to draw, to meas- 
 ure, and to pray.” Forsyth. 
 
 “ Under all aspects, in the blaze 
 of noon, at sunset, by the light of the 
 moon or stars, — the Colosseum stands 
 alone and unapproached. It is the 
 monarch of ruins. It is a great tragedy 
 in stone, and it softens and subdues 
 the mind like a drama of JEschylus or 
 Shakespeare. It is a colossal type of 
 those struggles of humanity against an 
 irresistible destiny, in which the tragic 
 poet finds the elements of his art.” 
 
 G. S. Hillard. 
 
 “Fast tottering to its fall, but 
 beautiful even in decay, we beheld the 
 grandest remains of antiquity in the 
 world, the majestic ruins of the mighty 
 Colosseum. No relic of former great- 
 ness, no monument of human power, 
 no memorial of ages that are fled, ever 
 spoke so forcibly to the heart, or awak- 
 ened feelings so powerful and un- 
 utterable. . . . What solitude and de- 
 sertion ! On that wide arena, so often 
 deep in blood, were now only to be 
 seen the symbols and the worship of a 
 religion then unknown, but which, 
 even in its most corrupted state, had 
 banished from the earth the fiend-like 
 sports and barbarous sacrifices that dis- 
 graced human nature.” Eaton. 
 
 “ It is the most impressive, the 
 most stately, the most solemn, grand, 
 majestic, mournful sight conceivable. 
 Never, in its bloodiest prime, can the 
 sight of the gigantic Coliseum, full and 
 running over with the lustiest life, have 
 moved one heart, as it must move all 
 who look upon it now, a ruin, — God be 
 thanked : a ruin ! ” Dickens. 
 
 Arches on arches ! as it were that Home, 
 Collecting the chief trophies of her line. 
 Would build up all her triumphs in one 
 dome. 
 
 Her Coliseum stands. Byron. 
 
COL 
 
 113 
 
 COL 
 
 — Upon such a nipht 
 I stood within the Coliseum's wall, 
 
 Midst the chief relics of almighty Rome;' 
 The trees which grew along the broken 
 arches 
 
 Waved dark in the blue midnight, and the 
 stars 
 
 Shone through the rents of ruin. Byron. 
 
 An amphitheatre’s amazing height 
 Here tills my cj e with terror and del'pht, 
 That on its public shows unpeopled Rome, 
 And litld uncrowded nations in its womb. 
 
 Addison 
 
 2. An immense wooden build- 
 ing erected in Boston, Mass., in 
 1872, for a Universal Peace Jubi- 
 lee, and taken down the follow- 
 ing year. It was capable of ac- 
 commodating 50,000 persons. The 
 musical entertainment consisted 
 of American and foreign bands, 
 with an orchestra of 2,000 musi- 
 cians and a chorus of some 20,000 
 voices. The “Jubilee” lasted 
 three weeks. 
 
 If there were a building on it [the 
 moon] as big as York Minster, as big as 
 the Boston Coliseum , the great telescopes 
 like Lord Rossc’s would make it out. 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 College de France. [College of 
 France.] A large building in 
 Paris, where gratuitous lectures 
 on subjects connected with the 
 higher departments of science 
 and literature are delivered by 
 various professors selected from 
 among the most eminent men of 
 France. 
 
 College Louis - le - Grand. See 
 Loo is-le-G rand. 
 
 College of Arms. See Heralds’ 
 College. 
 
 College of Cardinals. See Sacred 
 College. 
 
 College of Heralds. See Heralds’ 
 College. 
 
 College of Physicians. The Royal 
 College of Physicians, London, 
 was founded by Li nacre, physi- 
 cian to Henry VIII. The pres- 
 ent building in Pall Mall East, 
 corner of Trafalgar Square, was 
 opened in 1825. 
 
 College of Surgeons. The Royal 
 College of Surgeons, London, was 
 incorporated by royal charter in 
 1800. The building (containing 
 the Museum) of the College, in 
 
 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, was first 
 erected in 1800, and rebuilt by 
 Barry in 1835-37. 
 
 Collegio di Propaganda Fede. 
 
 See Propaganda. 
 
 Collegio Romano. [Roman Col- 
 lege.] A college in Rome, under 
 the superintendence of the Jes- 
 uits, built in 1582 for Gregory 
 XIII , and containing, besides a 
 valuable library, the Kireherian 
 Museum, in which is an interest- 
 ing collection of antiquities. 
 
 Cologne Cathedral. This superb 
 edifice at Cologne, in Rhenish 
 Prussia, holds the first rank 
 among German cathedrals, and 
 is one of the most magnificent 
 buildings in the world. It was, 
 according to the common belief, 
 begun in 1248, and progressed 
 slowly till the sixteenth century, 
 when work upon it was for a time 
 abandoned. It fell more and 
 more into decay until Frederick 
 William IV. began its restoration. 
 It was consecrated six hundred 
 years after its foundation. Work 
 upon this edifice has been vigor- 
 ously prosecuted within the last 
 few years, and it is now substan- 
 tially completed. 
 
 “ Externally, its double range 
 of stupendous flying buttresses, and 
 intervening piers, bristling with a for- 
 est of purpled pinnacles, strike the 
 beholder with awe and astonishment. 
 If completed, this would be at once the 
 most regular and most stupendous 
 Gothic monument existing.” Hope. 
 
 “ The great typical cathedral of 
 Germany, certainly one of the noblest 
 temples ever erected by man in honor 
 of his Creator . . . Generally speaking, 
 it is assumed that the building we now 
 see is that commenced by Conrad de 
 Hochsteden in 1248 ; but more recent 
 researches have proved that what he 
 did was to rebuild or restore the old 
 double-apse cathedral of earlier date. 
 ... It seems that the present building 
 was begun about the year 1270-1275, 
 and that the choir was completed in all 
 essentials as we now find it by the year 
 1322. Had the nave been completed at 
 the same rate of progress, it would 
 have shown a wide deviation of style, 
 and the western front, instead of being 
 erected according to the beautiful de- 
 sign preserved to us, would have been 
 
COL 
 
 114 
 
 COL 
 
 covered with stump tracery, and other 
 vagaries of the late German school, 
 all of which are even now observable 
 in the part of the north-west tower ac- 
 tually erected. ... In dimensions it is 
 the largest cathedral of Northern Eu- 
 rope; its extreme length being 468, its 
 extreme breadth 275, and its superficies 
 91,464 feet, which is 20,000 feet more 
 than are covered by Amiens . . . The 
 noblest as well as the most original 
 part of the design of this cathedral is 
 the western facade. This front, con- 
 sidered as an independent feature, 
 without reference to its position, is a 
 very grand conception. . . . We see in 
 Cologne the finest specimen of masonry 
 attempted in the Middle Ages; and, 
 notwithstanding its defects, we may 
 hope to see in the completed design a 
 really beautiful and noble building, 
 worthy of its builders and of the reli- 
 gion to which it is dedicated.” 
 
 Fergusson. 
 
 Cathedral of Cologne ! 
 
 Memorial (-f eld, 
 
 When German art excelled, 
 
 Long grown with age so gray. 
 Unfinished till this day. 
 
 Cathedral of Cologne ! 
 
 Friedrich Rucker t, Trans. 
 
 Cologne, Shrine of the Three 
 Kings of. See Shrine, etc. 
 
 Colombine, La. A picture in the 
 Hermitage at St. Petersburg, 
 thought by some to be a repre- 
 sentation of Mona Lisa, whose 
 portrait, known as La Belle Jo - 
 conde , by Leonardo da Vinci, is 
 in the Louvre at Paris. It is as- 
 cribed by some to Solario, by 
 others to Bernardo Luini (1460- 
 1530?). See Belle Joconde. 
 
 Colonna della Vergine. [Column 
 of the Virgin ] A fine column 
 of the Corinthian order of archi- 
 tecture, formerly belonging to 
 the Basilica of Constantine, now 
 standing in the Piazza di Sta. 
 Maria Maggiore, in Home. 
 
 Colonna Palace. [Ital. Palazzo 
 Colonna.] A palace in Rome be- 
 longing to the Colonna family, 
 containing a fine picture-gallery, 
 with many art treasures. 
 
 40^ “ The immense length and beau- 
 tiful proportions of this building, the 
 noble Corinthian columns and pilasters 
 of giallo antic o marble that support it, 
 the splendor of its painted roof, and 
 the lustre of its marble pavement, de- 
 light the eye with the rare union of 
 magnificence and taste, and well ac- 
 
 cord with the ancient greatness of the 
 ‘ Gloriosa Colonna. 5 ” Eaton. 
 
 We will 
 
 Convey her unto the Colonna Palace , 
 Where I have pitched my banner. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Colonna. See Capella della Co- 
 lonna Santa, Piazza Colonna, 
 and Trajan’s Column. 
 
 Colonne de J oux. A marble pil- 
 lar, thought to be of Celtic origin, 
 on the Pass of the Little St. Ber- 
 nard, Switzerland. 
 
 Colonne de Juillet. [Column of 
 July.] A famous monument of 
 bronze erected on the site of the 
 Bastille, in the square of that 
 name in Paris, France. It is 154 
 feet in height, and was reared by 
 Louis Philippe, July 28, 1831, in 
 honor of those who fell in the 
 Revolution of 1830. Napoleon’s 
 purpose had been to rear a colos- 
 sal elephant on this spot, and a 
 model plaster-cast of the same 
 might be seen even so late as 
 1846 at the entrance of the Fau- 
 burg St. Antoine. After the July 
 revolution a resolution was adopt- 
 ed to supersede the elephant; 
 and the column, the first stone of 
 which had been laid by Louis 
 Philippe, was inaugurated on the 
 28th of July, 1840. The bassi- 
 rilievi of the July column are 
 by Barye; the Genius of Liberty 
 by Duret. The names of 615 of 
 the combatants of July, 1830, are 
 recorded upon the column; and 
 in the vault beneath their ashes 
 rest, together with those of com- 
 batants who fell in the insurrec- 
 tion of February, 1848. 
 
 O July ! 
 
 A tall and stately shaft, with classic scrolls 
 Wrought on its antique capital, where 
 stands, 
 
 Poised airily a-tiptoe on one foot, 
 
 That scarcely presses on the golden globe, 
 A mighty-winged divinity ! 
 
 George Gordon McCrae. 
 
 Colonne de la Grande Armee. 
 
 [Column of the Grand Army.] A 
 monument to Napoleon I., erect- 
 ed at Boulogne, France, by the 
 soldiers of the Grand Army. The 
 corner-stone was laid by Marshal 
 Soult in 18Q4. It is a marble pil- 
 lar 165 feet in height, crowned by 
 a statue of the Emperor. 
 
COL 
 
 115 
 
 COL 
 
 Oolonne Vendome. [Column of 
 Vendome.] A celebrated 'monu- 
 mental pillar in the Place Ven- 
 dome, Paris. It was erected by 
 Napoleon I. in 1805, to supersede 
 a statue of Louis XIV. by Girar- 
 don, which was pulled down in 
 1792. The column is the work of 
 the architects Denon, Gondouin, 
 and Lepere; and the work was 
 inaugurated on the 15th of Au- 
 gust, 1810. It is of stone, and is 
 118 feet in height, including the 
 pedestal. The shaft is cased with 
 bronze from captured cannon, in 
 the form of a spiral riband, 890 
 feet in length, on which is repre- 
 sented, in a series of bas-reliefs 
 by Bergeret, the contests and .vic- 
 tories of the French during Napo- 
 leon’s campaigns of 1805. It was 
 surmounted by a statue of Napo- 
 leon. In 1871, the column and 
 statue were both pulled down by 
 the Commune. A few days later 
 the republic of M. Thiers resolved 
 to put it in repair and replace it. 
 
 Colorado, Chasm of the. See 
 Chasm of the Colorado. 
 
 Colosseum, The. 1. A large domed 
 building in London, so named 
 from its colossal size, and not 
 from any resemblance to the 
 Coliseum at Rome. It was built 
 for the exhibition of panoramic 
 views, and other curiosities. See 
 Coliseum. 
 
 4®=- “The most varied show in the 
 world, the Colosseum in the Regent’s 
 Park, is such an aggregation of won- 
 ders, that the visitor must have very 
 small compassion not to be sorry for 
 everybody who has not been there. . . 
 If one were conjured bodily for five 
 minutes to the ruins of Athens, the 
 next five minutes left lounging in a 
 Moorish palace, then dropped into 
 Switzerland, then held in an angel’s 
 lap high over London, — winding up 
 with a wilderness of galleries, aviaries, 
 conservatories, statuary, and grottos, 
 — it would probably be not a bit more 
 astonishing than a visit to the Colos- 
 seum. The Swiss valley (which has a 
 real waterfall, 40 feet high, and a real 
 lake) is a complete illusion. And 
 there is another illusion quite as com- 
 plete, — a view down upon London by 
 night with all the streets illuminated, the 
 shop-windows glittering, the markets 
 crowded, and the moon shining over 
 all. ... It is next to impossible that 
 
 any person can lean over the balus- 
 trade for five minutes, and mark the 
 fleecy clouds sailing steadily along, 
 lighted as they come within the influ- 
 ence of the halo-encircled moon which 
 has just emerged from the smoke of the 
 great city, and then fading from sight, 
 or occasionally obscuring the stars that 
 twinkle here and there in the appar- 
 ently illimitable space, — it is next to 
 impossible th«,t they can, after such 
 contemplation, recall themselves imme- 
 diately to the conviction that the scene 
 before them is but an illusion.” 
 
 n. p. mins. 
 
 2. An immense iron building 
 in New York, designed for pano- 
 ramic exhibitions. 
 
 Colossus, Borromean. See Carlo 
 Borromeo. 
 
 Colossus of Rhodes. One of the 
 seven “ wonders of the world,” 
 built, according to Pliny and 
 Strabo, by Chares, a native of 
 Lindos, in the early part of the 
 third century B. C., and over- 
 thrown by an earthquake fifty- 
 six years after its erection. This 
 famous statue of Apollo is tradi- 
 tionally supposed to have been 
 placed at the entrance to the har- 
 bor of Rhodes, where it served 
 the purpose of a light-house, or 
 pharos; and to have been of such 
 immense size that ships under 
 full sail passed between its legs, 
 which were separated in a strad- 
 dling attitude. But the traditions 
 of its use as a light-house, and of 
 the ungraceful posture of the legs, 
 are not verified by the ancient 
 authors, and may be regarded as 
 fables of comparatively modern 
 growth. According to Strabo 
 and Pliny, the brazen statue of 
 Helios — known popularly as the 
 Colossus — was seventy cubits in 
 height : its thumb was so large 
 that but few men could embrace 
 it with their arms. Pliny says 
 that it cost 300 talents ; and the 
 Saracens, who captured Rhodes 
 in 072, are said to have sold the 
 brass of which it was composed 
 to a Jewish merchant for £36,000. 
 The antique Rhodian will likewise set 
 forth 
 
 The great Colosse, erect to memorie; 
 
 And what else in the world is of like 
 worth, 
 
 Some greater learned wit will magnify. 
 
 Spenser 
 
COL 
 
 116 
 
 COM 
 
 Colossus of the Apennines. A 
 
 gigantic statue by John of Bo- 
 logna (1524-1(108), at Pratolino, a 
 little place among the Apennines. 
 
 4®=* “ This remarkable figure im- 
 presses one like a relic of the Titans. 
 He is represented as half-kneeling, sup- 
 porting himself with one hand, while 
 the other is pressed upon the head of 
 a dolphin, from which a little stream 
 falls into the lake. The height of the 
 figure when erect would amount to 
 more than sixty feet. The limbs are 
 formed of pieces of stone joined to- 
 gether, and the body of stone and brick. 
 His rough hair and eyebrows, and the 
 beard which reached nearly to the 
 ground, are formed of stalactites, 
 taken from caves and fastened together 
 in a dripping and crusted mass. These 
 hungalso from his limbs and body, and 
 gave him the appearance of Winter in 
 his mail of icicles. ... We entered 
 his body, which contains a small-sized 
 room : it was even possible to ascend 
 through his neck, and look out at his 
 ear. The face is stern and grand, and 
 the architect has given to it the majes- 
 tic air and sublimity of the Apen- 
 nines.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Columba, Church and Abbey of. 
 
 A famous religious and monastic 
 establishment at Bobbio, Italy, 
 founded by St. Columba in the 
 early part of the seventh century. 
 It became a celebrated seat of 
 learning in the Middle Ages. 
 
 Coiumba’s Isle. A name some- 
 times given to the island Iona, 
 near Scotland, from the fact that 
 here St. Columba founded a mon- 
 astery and introduced Christiani- 
 ty into Scotland. It was formerly 
 the favorite royal cemetery. Mac- 
 beth was probably the last Scotch 
 monarch buried here. The island 
 contains many ecclesiastical ruins 
 and antiquities, of which St. 
 Oran’s Chapel is the finest. 
 
 Columbia, The. A noted frigate 
 of the United States Navy, in 
 service in the war of 1812. She 
 was built at Washington. 
 
 Columbus at the Council of Sal- 
 amanca. An historical picture by 
 Emmanuel Leutze (181(3—1868). In 
 the Gallery at Diisseldorf in Rhe- 
 nish Prussia. 
 
 Columbus. See Fort Columbus 
 and Landing of Columbus. 
 
 Column of July. See Colon NTs de 
 J uillet. 
 
 Column of M. Aurelius Anto- 
 ninus. See Antonine Column. 
 
 Column of Phocas. Se^: Phocas, 
 Column of. 
 
 Column of Trajan. See Trajan’s 
 Column. 
 
 Column of the Flagellation. A 
 broken shaft of porphyry in the 
 Church of the Holy Sepulchre at 
 Jerusalem. It is traditionally 
 identified with the pillar to which 
 Jesus was bound when he was de- 
 livered by Pilate to be scourged. 
 
 Column of Vendome. See Co- 
 
 lonne Vendome. 
 
 Combat, Barriere du. See Bar- 
 riers du Combat. 
 
 Comedie Francaise. The former 
 name of the Theatre Franyais, 
 and one which is still sometimes 
 given to it. See Theatre Fran- 
 
 CAIS. 
 
 La Comedie- Fr an Qaise a des retours in- 
 attendus de faveur et de vogue. 
 
 Ste.-Beuve. 
 
 Coming through the Rye. A pic- 
 ture by George H. Boughton, the 
 landscape and genre painter. 
 
 Common, The. A well-known 
 and beautiful public park in Bos- 
 ton, Mass. It comprises about 
 48 acres. 
 
 4®=* “ The Common is now, as under 
 the government of John Winthrop, the 
 common land of the inhabitants of Bos- 
 ton. Its original purpose was for pas- 
 turage and military parade. From the 
 earliest times, until after Boston be- 
 came a city, the tinkling of bells and 
 lowing of cattle might be heard across 
 its hills and dales. . . . No other city 
 of America has fifty acres of green turf 
 and noble forest trees in its very midst. 
 Its central position renders it accessi- 
 ble from every quarter of the town ; 
 and although it is not dignified with 
 the name of a park, it is at once the 
 glory and beauty of the ancient penin- 
 sula.” Drake. 
 
 4®=* “ On the south there is a small 
 but pleasant Common, where the Gal- 
 lants a little before sunset walk with 
 their Marmalet-Madams , ns we do in 
 Moorfields, etc., till the nine o’clock 
 Bell rings them home to their respec- 
 tive habitations, when presently the 
 
COM 
 
 117 
 
 CON 
 
 Constables walk their rounds to see 
 good order kept, and to take up loose 
 people.” John Josselyn , 1675'. 
 
 Commons, House of. See House 
 of Commons. 
 
 Commonwealth Avenue. A fine 
 street in Boston, Mass., the widest 
 in the city, and lined with elegant 
 buildings. 
 
 Communion of St. Francis. A 
 picture by Peter Paul Rubens 
 (1577-1640), and regarded as one 
 of his finest works. It is now in 
 the Antwerp Museum. 
 
 Communion of St. Jerome. 1. A 
 
 celebrated painting in the Vati- 
 can at Rome, the masterpiece of 
 Domenico Zampieri, surnamed 
 Domenichino (1581-1641), and re- 
 garded by many as one of the 
 three greatest pictures in the 
 world, which honor it shares with 
 the Transfiguration and the Sis- 
 tine Madonna of Raphael. It 
 was originally designed for the 
 church of Ara Cceli, Rome. 
 
 J gQT* “ The last communion of St. 
 Jerome is the subject of one of the 
 most celebrated pictures in the world, 
 — the St. Jerome of Domenichino, 
 which has been thought worthy of 
 being placed opposite to the Trans- 
 figuration of Raphael in the Vatican.” 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 2. A picture by Agostino Car- 
 acci (1558-1602). In the gallery 
 of Bologna, Italy. 
 
 Communion of the Apostles. An 
 altar-piece, executed for the 
 brotherhood of Corpus Cliristi, 
 by Justus of Ghent, a Flemish 
 painter, and now in the town 
 gallery of Urbino, Italy. 
 
 Compagnie, La Court de bone. 
 
 See Court de bone Compagnie. 
 
 Compass Hill. The name given 
 to a hill in the island of Canna, 
 one of the Hebrides, from the re- 
 markable variation in the com- 
 pass experienced by the vessels 
 which pass it. 
 
 Compostella, Shrine at. See 
 Shrine of St. James. 
 
 Comstock Lode. A famous mine 
 of silver-and-gold-bearing quartz, 
 situated under Virginia City and 
 
 Gold Hill, Nev. It is said to be 
 the most profitable mining de- 
 posit in the world. It has depths 
 of 1,000 feet, and there are morA 
 miles of streets underground than 
 in the city above. The ledge or 
 lode was discovered in 1850. It 
 is reported to have yielded at 
 times over $10,000,000 of silver in 
 a year. 
 
 Conception. See Great Concep- 
 tion of Seville and Immacu- 
 late Conception. 
 
 Concert Champetre. A picture 
 by Giorgio Barbarelli, commonly 
 called Giorgione (1477-1511). In 
 the tribune of the Louvre, Paris. 
 There is a similar picture in the 
 Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Conciergerie, La. The ancient 
 prison of the Palais de Justice, 
 Paris. During the Reign of Ter- 
 ror the prisoners were confined 
 here before being sent to the guil- 
 lotine. 288 prisoners were killed 
 here by the mob in September, 
 1792. It was from here that the 
 fatal carts took their daily loads 
 ( fournees , batches) to the guillo- 
 tine. Here Marie Antoinette was 
 confined from Aug. 1, 1793, until 
 her execution, Oct. 26. Here 
 Malesherbes, Bailly, Madame Ro- 
 land, Danton, and also Robes- 
 pierre and 17 followers, were 
 confined before being taken to 
 execution. Napoleon III. was 
 imprisoned here after the failure 
 of the attempt on Boulogne. The 
 prison is now used for the tem- 
 porary confinement of criminals. 
 
 Concorde, Place dela. See Place 
 de la Concorde. 
 
 Conduit House. See White Con- 
 duit House. 
 
 Confiance, La. The flag-ship of 
 Commodore Downie, the com- 
 mander of the British fleet, in 
 the naval battle on Lake Cham- 
 plain in September, 1814. She 
 surrendered to the American flag- 
 ship Saratoga, commanded by 
 Commodore Macdonough. 
 
 Confusion of Tongues. A picture 
 by Wilhelm Kaulbach (b. 18U5). 
 In Berlin, Prussia. 
 
CON 
 
 118 
 
 CON 
 
 Congress, The. 1. The flag-ship 
 of the American fleet on Lake 
 Champlain in 1770. After a des- 
 perate engagement, the Congress, 
 which had fought four hours sur- 
 rounded by the enemy’s ships, 
 was run ashore and blown up by 
 her commander. 
 
 2. A vessel of the United States 
 Navy destroyed by the Confeder- 
 ate ram Merrimack, in Hampton 
 Roads, March 8, 1862. 
 
 Congress. See Munster Con- 
 gress. 
 
 Congress Park. A low ridge 
 around the Congress and Colum- 
 bian Springs at Saratoga Springs, 
 N.Y. It is a pleasant ground, 
 opposite the principal hotels, well 
 laid out, and beautified with fine 
 elms. 
 
 Congressional Cemetery. A beau- 
 tifully situated burial-ground in 
 Washington, containing monu- 
 ments to those members of Con- 
 gress who have died while in 
 office. 
 
 Congressional Library. A collec- 
 tion of books intended primarily 
 for the use of members of Con- 
 gress, and kept in the Capitol at 
 Washington. It is now the lar- 
 gest library in the, United States. 
 The library was founded by Con- 
 gress in 1800. In 1811 it was de- 
 stroyed by the British. It under- 
 went a partial loss by fire in 1851, 
 when 35, 000 volumes were burned, 
 since which time it has rapidly 
 increased in size. 
 
 Conisborough Castle. An ancient 
 Norman castle, supposed to have 
 been built within the first cen- 
 tury after the conquest of Eng- 
 land. The most remarkable part 
 of it is a grand tower strength- 
 ened by six massive buttresses, 
 which is made the scene of one 
 of the chapters in Sir Walter 
 Scott’s novel of “ Ivanhoe.” 
 
 Connoisseurs, The. A noted pic- 
 ture by Sir Edwin Landseer 
 (1803-1873), the most celebrated 
 modern painter of animals. It 
 was painted in 1865, and present- 
 ed by the artist to the Prince of 
 Wales, its present owner. 
 
 4@=- “ The man behind his work was 
 seen through it, — sensitive, variously- 
 gifted, manly, genial, tender-hearted, 
 simple and unaffected; and, if any one 
 wishes to see at a glance nearly all we 
 have written, let him look at his own 
 portrait painted by himself with a ca- 
 nine connoisseur on each side.” 
 
 Monkhouse. 
 
 Consecration of Thomas a Beck- 
 et. A picture attributed to Jan 
 Van Eyck (1370-1441). It is now 
 in the collection of the Duke of 
 Devonshire at Chats worth, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Conseil Paternal. [Paternal Ad- 
 vice.] A celebrated picture by 
 Gerard Terburg (1608-1681), the 
 Dutch (/eftre-painter. It is now 
 in the Amsterdam Gallery. 
 There are replicas of this picture 
 in the Museum at Berlin, and in 
 the Bridgewater Gallery. 
 
 Conservative Club. A Tory club 
 in London, founded in 1840. The 
 club-house, opened in 1845, is in 
 St. James’s Street, partly upon 
 the site of the old Thatched 
 House Tavern. 
 
 “ This is the second Club of the 
 Conservative party; and many of its 
 chiefs are honorary members, but rare- 
 ly enter it : Sir Robert Peel is said 
 never to have entered this Club-house 
 except to view the interior. Other 
 leaders have, however, availed them- 
 selves of the Club influences to recruit 
 their ranks from its working strength. 
 This has been political ground for a 
 century and a half; for here, at the 
 Thatched House Tavern, Swift met his 
 political Clubs, and dined with Tory 
 magnates; but with fewer appliances 
 than in the present day : in Swift’s 
 time ‘ the wine being always brought 
 by him that is president.’ ” Timbs. 
 
 Was it never thy hard fortune, good 
 Reader, to attend any Meeting convened 
 for Public purposes; any Bible Society, 
 Reform, Conservative, Thatched-Tavern, 
 Hogg-Dinner, or other such Meetin.' ? 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Conservators, Palace of the. See 
 Piazza del Campidoglio. 
 
 Consolator. See # Christus Con- 
 
 SOLATOR. 
 
 Consolidated Virginia. One of 
 the richest silver-mines in Ameri- 
 ca, situated at Virginia City, Nev. 
 It is said to have at times yielded 
 $10,000,000 of silver in a year. 
 Also known as the Big Bonanza 
 
CON 
 
 119 
 
 CON 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline. A pic- 
 ture by Salvator Rosa (1615-1673), 
 one of the best of bis works. In 
 the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Constant- Warwick, The. The 
 first frigate in the British navy. 
 She was built in 1649. 
 
 Constantine. See Arch of Con- 
 stantine and Victory of Con- 
 stantine. 
 
 Constantine and Maxentius. See 
 Battle between Constantine 
 and Maxentius. 
 
 Constantino, Sala di. See Sala 
 di Constantino. 
 
 Constellation, The. A noted ves- 
 sel of the United States navy, 
 built in 1798. She was the flag- 
 ship of Commodore Truxtun, and 
 was sent in pursuit of French 
 cruisers. In 1799 she captured 
 the famous French frigate Insitr- 
 g ente , 40 guns, — a victory which 
 caused great exultation through- 
 out the United States. The Lon- 
 don merchants sent Truxtun a 
 service of silver plate, and the 
 papers were filled with his 
 praises. 
 
 We sailed to the West Indies, in order to 
 annoy 
 
 The invaders of our commerce, to burn, 
 sink, or destroy ; 
 
 Our Constellation shone so bright, 
 
 The Frenchmen could not bear the sight, 
 And away iliey tampered in affright, 
 From the brave Yankee boys. 
 
 Old Song. 
 
 Constitution, The. A famous 
 frigate of the United States navy, 
 launched at Boston in 1797, and 
 noted for the brilliant service she 
 rendered in the attack upon Tri- 
 poli, in 1804, and for the part she 
 took in the second war with 
 Great Britain. On the 19th of 
 August, 1812, the Guerriere frig- 
 ate was captured by her; and on 
 the 29tli of December, in the same 
 year, the frigate Java surrendered 
 to her. The well-known poem 
 entitled “ Old Ironsides,” by Oli- 
 ver Wendell Holmes (b. 1809), 
 which begins : — 
 
 “ Ay, tear her tattered ensign down ! ” 
 
 was printed at the time of the 
 proposal to break up the frigate 
 Constitution as being no longer 
 
 fit for service This renowned 
 frigate now lies at one of the 
 piers of the United States Navy 
 Yard in Philadelphia. She has 
 been of late used as a school-ship. 
 
 4®" “ In the course of two years 
 and nine months [July, 1812, to March, 
 1815] this ship had been in three ac- 
 tions, had been twice critically chased, 
 and had captured five vessels of war, 
 two of which were frigates, and a third 
 frigate-built. In all her service . . . 
 her good fortune was remarkable. She 
 never was dismasted, never got ashore, 
 and scarcely ever suffered any of the 
 usual accidents of the sea. Though so 
 often in battle, no very serious slaughter 
 ever took place on board her. One of 
 her commanders was wounded, and four 
 of her lieutenants had been killed, two 
 on her own decks, and two in the In- 
 trepid ; but, on the whole, her entire 
 career had been that of what is usually 
 called ‘ a lucky ship.’ Her fortune, 
 however, may perhaps be explained in 
 the simple fact, that she had always 
 been well commanded. In her two last 
 cruises, she had probably possessed as 
 fine a crew as ever manned a frigate. 
 They were principally from New Eng- 
 land; and it has been said of them that 
 they were almost qualified to fight the 
 ship without her officers.” 
 
 James Fenimore Cooper. 
 
 In the year 1812, when your arms were 
 covered by disaster. — when Winchester 
 had been defeated, when the army of the 
 North-west had surrendered, and when 
 the feeling of despondency hung like a 
 cloud over the land, — who first relit the 
 fires of national glory, and made the wel- 
 kin ring with the shouts of victory? It 
 was the American sailor. And the names 
 of Hull and the Constitution will be re- 
 membered as long as we have left any 
 thing worth remembering. 
 
 R. F. Stockton . 
 
 Old Ironsides at anchor lay 
 In the harbor of Mahon; 
 
 A dead calm rested on the bay,— 
 
 The waves to sleep had gone; 
 
 When little Hal, the captain’s son, 
 
 A lad both brave and good. 
 
 In sport, up shroud and rigging ran, 
 And on the main truck stood ! 
 
 G. P. Morris. 
 
 Constitution Hill. An eminence 
 bearing this name in London, 
 near Buckingham Palace. 
 
 Conti, Torre dei. See Torre dei 
 Conti. 
 
 Convent. For names beginning 
 with the word Convent, see the 
 next prominent word of the title; 
 e.g., Convent of Monserrat, 
 see Monserrat. 
 
CON 
 
 120 
 
 COR 
 
 Conversazione, La. A celebrated 
 picture by Niccolo dell’ Abbate, 
 called also Niccolo da Modena 
 (1512-1571). In the Institute of 
 Bologna, Italy. 
 
 Conversazione. See Sacra Con- 
 versazione. 
 
 Conversion of St. Maurice by 
 Erasmus. A picture by Matthew 
 Grunewald (d. 1530), a German 
 painter. It was executed for a 
 church at Halle, but is now at 
 Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Conversion of St. Paul. A large 
 fresco painting by Michael An- 
 gelo (1475-1564). In the Vatican, 
 Rome. 
 
 Conversion of St. Paul. One of 
 
 the famous cartoons by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520), from which 
 the tapestries in the Vatican were 
 executed. 
 
 Cooper Institute. This institu- 
 tion in New York City was so 
 named after Peter Cooper (b. 
 1791), by whom it was founded 
 and endowed. It has a large 
 library and reading-room, and 
 occupies a brown-stone building 
 which covers an entire square. 
 The Institute was designed es- 
 pecially for the benefit of the 
 working classes, and furnishes 
 free instruction to some 3,000 
 pupils annually. 
 
 Coppet. This chateau, near Gene- 
 va, formerly belonged to Necker, 
 the banker of Paris, afterwards 
 minister of finance to Louis 
 XVI., who died here in 1804. 
 His daughter, Madame de Stael, 
 also lived here many years, and 
 her desk, and portrait by David, 
 are exhibited here. She and her 
 father were buried in a chapel 
 near the castle The whole now 
 belongs to Madame de Stacks 
 son-in-law, the Due de Broglie. 
 
 Copp’s Hill. An elevation in the 
 north-east part of Boston, Mass. 
 In the early period of the Revo- 
 lutionary war it was occupied by 
 a British fort, from which hot 
 shot were thrown into Charles- 
 town, at the battle of Bunker’s 
 Hill, setting the town on fire. 
 An ancient burial-ground on the 
 
 summit of the hill, containing 
 the graves of several of the early 
 Puritan ministers, is reverentially 
 preserved. 
 
 Perhaps you sometimes wander in 
 through the iron gates of the Copp's Hill 
 burial-ground. You love to stroll round 
 among the graves that crowd each other 
 in the thickly peopled soil of that breezy 
 summit. Holme's 
 
 Corcoran Gallery. A fine art- 
 building in Washington, erected 
 and endowed by W. W. Corco- 
 ran, a banker of Washington 
 It contains a rich collection of 
 bronzes, casts, and statues, and a 
 gallery of paintings. 
 
 Cordonnata, La. [Ital. Cordon ! , 
 steps.] The name given to the 
 imposing staircase which leads 
 by an easy ascent from the Piazza 
 di Ara Coeli to the Capitol, in 
 Rome. It was opened on the 
 occasion of the entrance of the 
 Emperor Charles V. in 1536. See 
 Ara Cos li. 
 
 Cordouan, Tour de. See Tour de 
 Cordoitan. 
 
 Cordova, Mosque of. See Mosque 
 of Cordova. 
 
 Corfe Castle. An ancient and cel- 
 ebrated fortress, formerly one of 
 the strongest in the country, on 
 the isle of Purbeck in the county 
 of Dorset, England. It is now in 
 ruins. 
 
 Cor-Gawr. See Dance of the 
 Giants. 
 
 Cork Convent. A curious her- 
 mitage, so called, near Cintra in 
 Portugal, situated on the brow of 
 a precipice nearly 3,000 feet above 
 the level of the sea, and lined 
 with cork as a protection against 
 the moisture that prevails there. 
 
 Cornaro Family. A picture by 
 Titian (1477-1576), representing a 
 family-group in the performance 
 of religious functions. It was in 
 Northumberland House, London, 
 previous to the destruction of 
 that mansion. 
 
 Cornell University. An institu- 
 tion of learning in Ithaca, N.Y. 
 It was founded in 1865 by Ezra 
 Cornell. 
 
COR 
 
 121 
 
 COR 
 
 Corinna at the Cape of Miseno. 
 
 A noted picture by Francois 
 Ge'rard (1770-1836), the eminent 
 French painter. 
 
 Cornfield, The. A picture by 
 John Constable (1776-1837). In 
 the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Cornhill. One of the principal 
 streets of London, named from a 
 corn-market which in ancient 
 times was there held. Chaucer 
 speaks of a high May-pole which 
 was set up here, as the “great 
 shaft of Cornhill.” Here was 
 also the Standard, a conduit set 
 up in 1582. Thomas Gray (17 16— 
 1771) was born in Cornhill. 
 
 Cornice Road. A famous coast- 
 road between Nice and Genoa, 
 .running along the .shore of the 
 Mediterranean Sea, at a consid- 
 erable elevation. It derives its 
 name from its situation on the 
 cornice or edge of the shore, 
 and is noted for its beautiful 
 views. 
 
 Upon the Cornice Road with Italy be- 
 hind him and home before (such home as 
 he knows), he thinks once more ot those 
 he has left. D. G. Mitchell. 
 
 Cornwallis’s Cave. An excava- 
 tion in a bluff at Yorktown, 
 Va., said on good authority to 
 have been made and used as a 
 council-chamber by Gen. Corn- 
 wallis during the siege of York- 
 town. 
 
 Cornwallis, Surrender of. See 
 
 SURRENDER OF CORN WALLIS. 
 
 Coronation Chair. There are 
 two Coronation Chairs, so called, 
 in Westminster Abbey, London. 
 One, the older of the two, con- 
 tains the famous Coronation 
 Stone (the Prophetic or Fatal 
 Stone of Scone), and is the chair 
 in which all the kings of England 
 from the time of Edward I. have 
 been crowned. The other chair 
 was made for the coronation of 
 Mary, queen of William III. See 
 Stone of Scone. 
 
 Jggp* “ The chair is of oak, carved 
 and hacked over with names, and on 
 the bottom some one has recorded his 
 name with the fact that he once slept in 
 it.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Methinks T sate in seat of majesty 
 In the Cathedral Church of Westminster, 
 And in that Chair where kings and queens 
 are crowned. Shakespeare. 
 
 Coronation Coach, [or Queen’s 
 State Coach.] An elaborate and 
 ornate carriage used by the sove- 
 reigns of England for state pur- 
 poses on occasion of coronations 
 and the like. The cost of it is 
 said to have been £8,000. It is 
 kept at the Royal Mews, Pimlico, 
 and is exhibited on application. 
 See Lord Mayor’s Coach. 
 
 “ It is a beautiful object though 
 crowded with improprieties. Its sup- 
 ports are Tritons, not Very well adapt- 
 ed to land carriage; and formed of 
 palm-trees, which are as little aquatic 
 as Tritons are terrestrial. The crowd 
 to see it, on the opening of the Parlia- 
 ment, was greater than at the corona- 
 tion, and much more mischief done.” 
 Walpole. 
 
 Coronation of Charlemagne. See 
 
 Charlemagne crowned by Leo 
 III. 
 
 Coronation of the Virgin. [Ital. 
 
 Maria Coronata dal divin suo 
 Fif/lio , Fr. he Couronnement de la 
 Sainte Vierge.] A favorite sub- 
 ject of representation by the 
 great painters of the Middle Ages, 
 in which Christ is exhibited in 
 the act of crowning his Mother. 
 Of the numerous compositions 
 upon this subject, the following 
 may be named as being among 
 the more celebrated. 
 
 Coronation of the Virgin. A 
 picture by Angelico da Fiesole 
 (1387-1455), the Italian painter. 
 It is now in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 4QP “ One of the most beautiful and 
 celebrated of the pictures of Angelico 
 da Fiesole is the ‘ Coronation,’ now in 
 the Louvre. Formerly it stood over 
 the high altar of the Church of St. 
 Dominic at Fiesole. The composition 
 is conceived as a grand regal ceremony, 
 but the beings who figure in it are 
 touched with a truly celestial grace. 
 The spiritual beauty of the heads, the 
 delicate tints of the coloring, an ineffa- 
 ble charm of brightness and repose shed 
 over the whole, give to this lovely pic- 
 ture an effect like that of a church 
 hymn sung at some high festival.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Coronation of the Virgin. A 
 noted picture by Fra Angelico, 
 
COR 
 
 122 
 
 COR 
 
 Giovanni {da Fiesole) (1387-1455). 
 In the Museum of St. Mark, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Coronation of the Virgin. A 
 picture by Giovanni da Fiesole, 
 called Fra Angelico (1387-1455). 
 In the Uffizi Palace, Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Coronation of the Virgin. A 
 picture by Fra Filippo Lippi 
 (1412-1469). In the Academy at 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Coronation of the Virgin. A 
 picture undertaken by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520). In the Vati- 
 can, Rome. 
 
 “In the Vatican is the Corona - 
 tion attributed to Raphael. That he 
 designed the cartoon, and began the 
 altar-piece, for the nuns of Monte-Luce, 
 near Perugia, seems beyond all doubt; 
 but it is equally certain that the pic- 
 ture as we see it was painted almost 
 entirely by his pupils Giulio Romano 
 and Gian Francesco Penni. . . . Thus 
 in highest heaven, yet not out of sight 
 of earth, in beatitude past utterance, 
 in blessed fruition of all that faith 
 creates and love desires, amid angel 
 hymns and starry glories, ends the 
 pictured life of Mary, Mother of our 
 Lord.” Mr?. Jameson. 
 
 Coronation of the Virgin. A 
 cartoon executed for one of the 
 tapestries of the Sistine Chapel 
 in the Vatican, by Raphael San- 
 zio (1483-1520). Both the cartoon 
 and the tapestry have disap- 
 peared. 
 
 Coronation of the Virgin. A 
 picture by Annibale Caracci 
 (1560-1609). Formerly belonging 
 to Rogers the poet. Now in the 
 National Gallery, London. 
 
 “ This picture show’s how deep- 
 ly Annibale Caracci had studied Cor- 
 reggio in the magical chiaro-oscuro, 
 and the lofty but somewhat mannered 
 grace of the figures.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Coronation of the Virgin. A 
 picture by Peter Paul Rubens 
 (1577-1640). Now at Brussels, 
 Belgium. 
 
 Coronation Stone. See Stone of 
 Scone. 
 
 Corps Legislatif. See Palais du 
 Corps Legislatif. 
 
 Corpus Christi College. 1. A 
 foundation of the University of 
 
 Cambridge, England. Estab- 
 lished in 1352. 
 
 2. One of the colleges of the 
 University of Oxford. It was 
 founded in 1516. 
 
 Corsham House. A noble mansion 
 near Chippenham, England, the 
 seat of Lord Methuen, and cele- 
 brated for its choice collection of 
 pictures. 
 
 Corsini Chapel. [Ital. Capella Cor- 
 sini.] A chapel in the church of 
 St. John Lateran, in Rome, erect- 
 ed in 1729, in honor of St. Andrea 
 Corsini. It is very richly deco- 
 rated, ranking perhaps next to 
 the Borghese Chapel in this re- 
 spect. 
 
 Corsini Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Cor- 
 sini.] 1 . A splendid palace in 
 Rome, built for the Riario family, 
 and changed to its present form 
 by Clement XII., in 1729, for his 
 nephew, Cardinal Corsini. It 
 was the resort of Michael Angelo 
 and of Erasmus, among others, 
 and was the residence of Chris- 
 tina, Queen of Sweden, who died 
 here in 1689. It contains a li- 
 brary and picture-gallery. 
 
 2. A palace in Florence, Italy, 
 containing an interesting gallery 
 of pictures. 
 
 Corso. [The Course.] The prin- 
 cipal street in modern Rome, 
 about a mile in length, extending 
 from the Porta del Popolo to 
 near the foot of the Capitoline 
 Hill. It is the great thorough- 
 fare of the city, and the scene of 
 the festivities of the Carnival. 
 
 jgSjp “ The reader will have the good- 
 ness to walk with me into the Corso at 
 about half-past two on a carnival day. 
 
 . . . The usually commonplace and 
 unexpressive fronts of the houses have 
 suddenly put on life and bloom like 
 that which a mass of multiflora in full 
 flower gives to a dead wall.” 
 
 G. S. Hillard. 
 
 4^=* “The Corso is a street a mile 
 long; a street of shops, and palaces, 
 and private houses, sometimes opening 
 into a broad piazza. There are ver- 
 andas and balconies, of all shapes and 
 sizes, to almost every house, — not on 
 one story alone, but often to one room 
 or another on every story, — put there 
 in general with so little order or regu- 
 larity, that if, year after year, and 
 
COB 
 
 123 
 
 cou 
 
 season after season, it had rained bal- 
 conies, hailed balconies, snowed bal- 
 conies, blown balconies, they could 
 scarcely have come into existence in a 
 more disorderly manner.” Dickens. 
 
 Cortes, Plaza de las. See Plaza 
 DE LAS CORTES. 
 
 Corykian Cave. A grotto or cav- 
 ern in Greece about 300 feet long, 
 nearly 200 feet wide, and about 
 40 feet in height. It contains 
 fine stalactite and stalagmite for- 
 mations. In this cave the in- 
 habitants sought refuge when 
 the Persians marched upon Del- 
 phi, and in the Greek revolution 
 it again served as a retreat. The 
 inhabitants say that this cavern 
 which they call tapavr 'Av\ai, the 
 Forty Courts, will hold 3,000 
 people. 
 
 Cosmo I. An equestrian statue by 
 Giovanni da Bologna, called ll 
 Fiammingo (1530-1008). In the 
 Piazza della Signoria, Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Costanza, Strada di. See Strada 
 m Costanza. 
 
 Cothele House. An ancient and 
 beautiful mansion, belonging to 
 the Earl of Edgecumbe, one of 
 the most interesting of the his- 
 toric halls of England. It is near 
 Plymouth. 
 
 Cotopaxi. A well-known picture 
 by Frederic Edwin Church (b. 
 1820), the American landscape- 
 painter. 
 
 .J03P “ In this picture the artist rep- 
 resents Cotopaxi in continuous but not 
 violent eruption ; the discharges of thick 
 smoke occur in successive but gradual 
 jets, and, seen at a distance, the col- 
 umn rises slow and majestic.” 
 
 Tuckerman. 
 
 Cottage City. A name by which 
 the village of Oak Bluffs on 
 Martha’s Vineyard is often 
 known. It was laid out in 1868, 
 and contains a large number of 
 summer cottages and seashore 
 residences. 
 
 Cottonian Library. A very valu- 
 able collection of ancient char- 
 ters, records, and other MSS., 
 gathered by Sir Bobert Bruce 
 Cotton. The collection was pur- 
 chased by Parliament in 1700, 
 
 and in 1757 it was transferred to 
 the British Museum, of which it 
 now makes a part. 
 
 Count Castiglione. See Casti- 
 glione. 
 
 Count of Toulouse, Pilgrimage 
 of the. A picture by Jan (or 
 Jannyn) Gossart (d. 1532), the 
 Flemish painter. It is now i:i 
 the possession of Sir John Nol- 
 thorpe at his seat, Scawby, Lir- 
 eolnshire, England. 
 
 Coup de Canon. [The Cannon- 
 shot.] A picture by Jan Joseph 
 Wynand Nuyen (1813-1839), and 
 one of his best. 
 
 Couriers of the Pasha. A picture 
 by Jean Leon Gerome (b. 1824), 
 the French painter. 
 
 Course de Barberi. A famous pic- 
 ture by Emile- Jean-Horace Ver- 
 net (1789-1863), representing the 
 horses setting out for the carni- 
 val race, in the Corso, Borne. 
 
 Course of Empire. An allegorical 
 painting by Thomas Cole (1801- 
 1848), the American painter. 
 Now in the Gallery of the New 
 York Historical Society. 
 
 Court de bone Compagnie. A 
 society in England, of the time 
 of Henry IV., regarded as the 
 earliest instance of an English 
 “ Club,” although that name did 
 not come into use until a later 
 period. The poet Occleve belong- 
 ed to this society, and Chaucer 
 was probably a member. 
 
 f&gr “This society of four centuries 
 and a half since was evidently a jovial 
 company.” Timbs . 
 
 Court, Inns of. See Inns of 
 Court. 
 
 Court of Lions. A celebrated 
 apartment in the palace of the 
 Alhambra, in Spain, originally a 
 Moorish cloister, and luxuriously 
 adorned with Arabian sculptures, 
 mosaics, and paintings. See Al- 
 hambra. 
 
 4GgT “ This is the gem of Arabian 
 art in Spain — its most beautiful and 
 most perfect example. It has, however, 
 two defects which take it entirely -out 
 of the range of monumental- art; the 
 first is its size, which is barely that of 
 a modern parish church, and smaller 
 
con 
 
 124 
 
 cov 
 
 than many ball-rooms; the second, its 
 materials, which are only wood cov- 
 ered with stucco. In this respect the 
 Alhambra forms a perfect contrast to 
 such a building as the Hall at Karnac, 
 or any of the greater monumental edi- 
 fices of the ancient world. But in fact 
 no comparison is applicable between 
 objects totally different. Each is a 
 true representative of the feeling and 
 character of the people by whom it 
 was raised. The Saracenic plaster-hall 
 would be totally out of place and con- 
 temptible beside the great temple-palace 
 of Thebes; while the granite works of 
 Egypt would be considered monuments 
 of ill-directed labor if placed in the 
 palaces of the gay and luxurious Arab 
 fatalist, to whom the present was every 
 thing, and the enjoyment of the passing 
 hour all in all.” Fergus son. 
 
 Court of the Great Mogul. A 
 
 most elaborate and costly trinket 
 in the Green Vault at Dresden, 
 consisting of some 138 figures 
 wrought in gold, and represent- 
 ing the Great Mogul upon his 
 throne surrounded by his court. 
 
 Courtesan. See Young Courte- 
 san. 
 
 Coussin Vert. See Vierge a 
 l’Oreiller Verd. 
 
 Coutts’s Bank. An establishment 
 in London which has been used 
 by the royal family since the 
 time of Queen Anne 
 
 Covent Garden. A locality in 
 London, lying between the 
 Strand and Long Acre, and which 
 has been of much interest and 
 celebrity for centuries. Accord- 
 ing to Strype, it was so named 
 from the garden belonging to the 
 large convent where Exeter 
 House formerly stood. It was 
 formerly occupied by taverns and 
 coffee-houses, which were much 
 resorted to by the wits and liter- 
 ary characters of the time, among 
 whom were Addison, Butler, Sir 
 Richard Steele, Drvden, Otway, 
 Pope, Cibber, Fielding, War- 
 burton, Churchill, Bolin gbroke, 
 Dr. Johnson, Rich, Woodward, 
 Booth, Garrick, Wilkes, Macklin, 
 Peg Woffington, Kitty Clive, Mrs. 
 Pritchard, the Duchess of Bolton, 
 Lady Derby, Lady Thurlow, the 
 Duchess of St. Albans, Sir God- 
 frey Kneller, Sir Peter Lely, Sir 
 
 James Thornhill, Lambert, Ho- 
 garth, and Samuel Foote. See 
 also Covent Garden Market 
 and Covent Garden Theatre. 
 
 JW “ The convent becomes a play- 
 house; monks and nuns turn actors 
 and actresses. The garden, formal 
 and quiet, where a salad was cut for a 
 lady abbess, and flowers were gathered 
 to adorn images, becomes a market, 
 noisy and full of life, distributing thou- 
 sands of fruits and flowers to a vicious 
 metropolis.” Walter Savage Landor. 
 
 i “Courtly ideas of Covent Gar- 
 den as a place with famous coffee- 
 houses, where gentlemen wearing gold- 
 laced coats and swords had quarrelled 
 and fought duels ; costly ideas of Cov- 
 ent Garden, as a place where there 
 were flowers in winter at guineas 
 apiece, pine-apples at guineas a pound, 
 peas at guineas a pint; picturesque 
 ideas of Covent Garden, as a place 
 where there was a mighty theatre, 
 showing wonderful and beautiful sights 
 to richly-dressed ladies and gentlemen, 
 and which was forever far beyond the 
 reach of poor Fanny, or poor uncle; 
 desolate ideas of Co vent Garden, as 
 having all those arches in it, where the 
 miserable children in rags, among 
 whom she had just now passed, like 
 young rats, slunk and hid, fed on offal, 
 huddled together for warmth, and were 
 hunted, about; . . . teeming ideas of 
 Covent Garden, as a place of past and 
 present mystery, romance, abundance, 
 want, beauty, ugliness, fair country 
 gardens, and foul street gutters, ail 
 confused together, — made the room 
 dimmer than it was, in Little Dorrit’s 
 eyes, as they timidly saw it from the 
 door.” Dickens. 
 
 Where Covent Garden's famous temple 
 stands. 
 
 That boasts the work of Jones' immortal 
 bands, 
 
 Columns with plain magnificence appear, 
 And graceful porches lead along the 
 square ; 
 
 Here oft my course I bend, when lo ! fiom 
 far 
 
 I spy the furies of the football war. 
 
 Gay. 
 
 All the town was in an uproar of admi- 
 ration of his poem, the k Campaign,’ which 
 Dick Steele was spouting at every coffee- 
 house in Whitehall and Covent Garden. 
 
 Thackeray 
 
 Covent Garden Market. The 
 
 great fruit, vegetable, and herb- 
 market of London, originated 
 about 1656. The present market- 
 place was erected in 1830 by the 
 Duke of Bedford. See also Cov- 
 
coy 
 
 125 
 
 CRA 
 
 ent Garden and Covent Gar- 
 den Theatre. 
 
 “ The two great national thea- 
 tres on one side, a churchyard full of 
 mouldy but undying celebrities on the 
 other; a fringe of houses studded in 
 every part with anecdote and history ; 
 an arcade, often more gloomy and de- 
 serted than a cathedral aisle; a rich 
 cluster of brown old taverns — one of 
 them filled with the counterfeit pre- 
 sentment of many actors long since 
 silent, who scowl or smile once more 
 from the canvas upon the grandsons of 
 their dead admirers; a something in 
 the air which breathes of old books, 
 old pictures, old painters, and old au- 
 thors; a place beyond all other places 
 one would choose in which to hear the 
 chimes at midnight; a crystal palace — 
 the representative of the present — 
 which peeps in timidly from a corner 
 upon many things of the past; a with- 
 ered bank, that has been sucked dry by 
 a felonious clerk; a squat building, 
 with a hundred columns and chapel- 
 looking fronts, which always stands 
 knee-deep in baskets, flowers, and scat- 
 tered vegetables ; a common centre into 
 which Nature showers her choicest 
 gifts, and where the kindly fruits of the 
 earth often nearly choke the narrow 
 thoroughfares; a population that nev- 
 er seems to sleep, and does all in its 
 power to prevent others sleeping; a 
 place where the very latest suppers 
 and the earliest breakfasts jostle each 
 other on the footways, — such is Covent 
 Garden Market, with some of its sur 
 rounding features.” Thackeray . 
 
 “ Such stale, vapid, rejected 
 cabbage-leaf and cabbage-stalk dress, 
 such damaged orange countenance, 
 such squashed pulp of humanity, are 
 open to the day nowhere else.” 
 
 Dickens. 
 
 Covent Garden Theatre. The 
 Italian Opera House, Bow Street, 
 London. The first building of 
 this name was opened by Rich, 
 the celebrated harlequin, in 1732. 
 The present house, the third 
 theatre upon this spot, was con- 
 structed in 1858 for operatic per- 
 formances, and is one of the 
 largest theatres in the world. See 
 also Covent Garden and Cov- 
 en t Garden Market. 
 
 Coventry or Ambassadors* Club. 
 A London club, founded about 
 1853, and closed in March, 1854. 
 
 “ The Coventry Club was a 
 club of most exclusive exquisites, and 
 
 was rich in diplomacy ; but it blew up 
 in admired confusion.” 
 
 New Quarterly Review. 
 
 Cowgate, The. A well-known 
 street in tlie Old Town of Edin- 
 burgh, Scotland. It was once a 
 fashionable quarter, now occu- 
 pied only by the poorest class of 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Cradlo of Liberty. See Faneuil 
 Hall. 
 
 Craig-crook Castle. This pleas- 
 antly situated castle overlooking 
 Edinburgh, Scotland, was for- 
 merly the residence of Lord Jef- 
 frey. 
 
 Craigenputtoch. A farm in a 
 lonely region, among granite 
 hills and black morasses, fifteen 
 miles north-west of Dumfries, 
 Scotland. It was the former 
 home of Thomas Carlyle (1795- 
 1881). It was here that his first 
 great original work, “ Sartor Re- 
 sartus,” was written. It was 
 during his seclusion in Craigen- 
 puttoch also that the brilliant 
 series of essays contributed to 
 the Edinburgh, Westminster, and 
 Foreign Reviews were mainly 
 produced. 
 
 f&sf “ . . . I found the house amid 
 desolate heathery hills, where the 
 lonely scholar [Carlyle] nourished his 
 mighty heart.” Emerson. 
 
 4@=* “In this wilderness of heath 
 and rock, our estate stands forth a 
 green oasis — a tract of ploughed, part- 
 ly enclosed and planted ground, where 
 corn ripens and trees afford a shade, 
 although surrounded by sea-mews and 
 rough-wooled sheep. Here, with no 
 small effort, have we built and fur- 
 nished a neat, substantial mansion ; 
 here, in the absence of a professional 
 or other office, we live to cultivate 
 literature with diligence, and in our 
 own peculiar way. Two ponies which 
 carry us everywhere, and the moun- 
 tain air, are the best medicines for 
 weak nerves. This daily exercise 
 is my only dissipation; for this nook 
 of ours is the loneliest in Britain — six 
 miles removed from every one who in 
 any case might visit me.” 
 
 Carlyle to Goethe. 
 
 4ST “ Once, in the winter time, I re- 
 member counting that for three months 
 there had not been any stranger, not 
 even a beggar, called at Craigenputtoch 
 door.” Carlyle . 
 
CRA 
 
 126 
 
 CRO 
 
 Craigmiller Castle. A mediaeval 
 mansion near Edinburgh, Scot- 
 land, associated with the name 
 and memory of Mary, Queen of 
 Scots, who once lived here. 
 
 Craignethan. A castle on the 
 river Clyde in Scotland. It is 
 the “ Tillietudlem Castle” in 
 Scott’s novel of “ Old Mortality.” 
 
 “It is stated in Lockhart’s life 
 of Scott, that the ruins of this castle 
 excited in Scott such delight and en- 
 thusiasm, that its owner urged him to 
 accept for his lifetime the use of a 
 small habitable house, enclosed within 
 the circuit of the walls.” 
 
 Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Cranes in the Vintry. See Three 
 Cranes the Vintry. 
 
 Crawford Notch. See Notch, 
 The, 
 
 Creation, The. A fresco in the 
 Loggie of the Vatican, Rome, 
 executed by Giulio Romano 
 (1492?-1556), after a design by 
 Raphael. 
 
 Creation of Adam and Eve. See 
 Adam and Eve. 
 
 Creation of Light. One of the 
 frescos of Michael Angelo (1475- 
 1554) in the Sistine Chapel, Rome. 
 
 Creation of the World. One of 
 the frescos of Michael Angelo 
 (1475-1564) in the Sistine Chapel, 
 Rome. 
 
 Cremorne Gardens. A place of 
 entertainment (a kind of Vaux- 
 liall) on the Thames near London, 
 greatly frequented on summer 
 evenings. 
 
 About eleven o'clock in the evening we 
 proceed to Cremorne Gardens , a sort of 
 Bal Mabille, and where the foil' of the 
 day is continued throughout the night. 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Crepuscolo, II. See Evening, The, 
 
 Creux du Vent. A remarkable 
 eminence between Pontarlier in 
 France, and Neuchatel, Switzer- 
 land, the summit of which is 
 hollowed into a vast cavity 1,000 
 feet deep, occasioning remarkable 
 echoes. See also Cave of the 
 Winds. 
 
 4Q*p“At times the crater of the 
 mountain is seen to become suddenly 
 filled with a cloud of white vapor, ris- 
 
 ing and falling, until the whole hollow 
 presents the appearance of an im- 
 mense caldron of boiling vapor, which 
 seldom rises above the edge.” 
 
 Latrobe. 
 
 Crichton Castle. A ruined cas- 
 tellated building in the county of 
 Edinburgh, Scotland, associated 
 with the poems of Sir Walter 
 Scott. 
 
 Crichton , though now thy miry court 
 But pens the lazy steer and sh< e-\ 
 Thy turrets rude, and tottered keep 
 Ila'e been the minstrel’s loved resort. 
 
 Marmion. 
 
 Crime pursued by Justice. See 
 
 Justice and Divine Vengeance 
 pursuing Crime. 
 
 Cripplegate. A gate in London of 
 great antiquity, said to have been 
 so called from the cripples who 
 congregated there to beg. It is 
 referred to under this name in 
 the early part of the eleventh 
 century, and was pulled down in 
 the latter part of the eighteenth 
 century. Part of the postern was 
 for some time used as a prison for 
 trespassers and debtors. 
 
 Throe crooked cripples went through 
 Cripplegate , 
 
 And through Cripplegate went three 
 crooked cripples. Mother Goose. 
 
 Cristo della Moneta. See Christ 
 with the Tribute Money. 
 
 Croce Greca, Sala a. See Sala 
 a Croce Greca. 
 
 Croce, Santa. See Santa Croce. 
 
 Crockford’s. A famous gaming 
 club-house in St. James’s Street, 
 London, so called from the pro- 
 prietor, who began life as a fish- 
 monger, and finally amassed an 
 immense fortune by gambling. 
 He died in 1844. It was opened 
 in 1849 for the Military, Naval, 
 and County Service Club, but 
 was closed in 1851, and has for 
 some years served for a dining- 
 house. Crockford’s was cele- 
 brated for its cuisine . 
 
 “ It [the club-house] rose like a 
 creation of Aladdin’s lamp; and the 
 genii themselves could hardly have 
 surpassed the beauty of the internal 
 decorations, or furnished a more ac- 
 complished maitre d’hotel than Udc. 
 To make the company as select as pos- 
 sible, the establishment was regularly 
 organized as a club, and the election 
 
CKO 
 
 127 
 
 CKO 
 
 of members vested in a committee. 
 
 ‘ Crockford’s ’ became the rage ; and the 
 votaries of fashion, whether they liked 
 play or not, hastened to enroll them- 
 selves. The Duke of Wellington was 
 an original member, though (unlike 
 Bliicher, who repeatedly lost every 
 thing he had at play) the great captain 
 was "never known to play deep at any 
 game but war or politics. Card-tables 
 were regularly placed, and whist was 
 played occasionally ; but the aim, end, 
 and final cause of the whole was the 
 hazard-bank, at which the proprietor 
 took his nightly stand, prepared for all 
 comers. ... A vast sum, perhaps half 
 a million, was sometimes due to him; 
 but as he won, all his debtors were able 
 to raise, and easy credit was the most 
 fatal of his lures. He retired in 1840, 
 much as an Indian chief retires from a 
 hunting country where there is not 
 game enough left for his tribe.” 
 
 Edinburgh Review. 
 
 Truly this same world may be seen in 
 Mossgi'el and Tarbolton, it we look well, 
 as cearly as it ever came to light in Crock- 
 ford's or the 1 uileries itself. Carlyle. 
 
 The plats at White’s, the play at Crock's, 
 The bumpers to IVliss Gunning; 
 
 The bonhomie of Charlie Fox, 
 
 And Selwyn’s ghastly funning. 
 
 Frederick Locker. 
 
 Cromwell Gardens. A place in 
 
 London much frequented in the 
 last century. 
 
 Crosby Hall. An interesting house 
 in Bishopsgate Street, London, 
 built in the fifteenth century by 
 Sir John Crosby. Here lived 
 
 Kichard, Duke of Gloucester, and 
 here is laid the scene of a portion 
 of Shakespeare’s “ Kichard III.” 
 Sir Thomas More lived for some 
 years in Crosby Place, and also 
 the Countess of Pembroke, “ Sid- 
 ney’s sister, Pembroke’s mother.” 
 Crosby Hall is now a restaurant, 
 having variously served of late 
 years as a Methodist meeting, an 
 auction-room, the meeting-place 
 for a literary society, and a wine- 
 store. 
 
 4®= “ Crosby Hall is a witness of 
 this unwillingness to improve a house 
 off the face of the earth. The name of 
 this house is known to all readers of 
 ‘ Richard III.’ ... I knew something 
 of its beauty and its history, and it 
 was one of the buildings in London I 
 was curious to see. ... It is now a 
 common eating-house chiefly frequent- 
 ed by commercial people. ... As it 
 
 is said to be the only remnant of the 
 ancient domestic architecture of Lon- 
 don, it is a building of peculiar inter- 
 est.” Richard Grant White. 
 
 When you have done, repair to Crosby 
 Place. Shakespeare. 
 
 Crosby Place. See Crosby Hall. 
 
 Cross, The True. The instrument 
 of torture upon which Christ suf- 
 fered death was believed to have 
 lain “ dishonored and unknown 
 for three centuries ” on a spot 
 now covered by the Church of 
 the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, 
 and to have been dug up together 
 with the crown of thorns, the 
 nails, and the inscription, in the 
 presence of the Empress Helena, 
 the mother of Constantine the 
 Great, at the time of the building 
 of the church. An altar and a 
 crucifix now mark the place of 
 the discovery, and the Chapel of 
 the Invention of the Cross is re- 
 garded with peculiar veneration 
 by the pious pilgrims to Jerusa- 
 lem. 
 
 Cross. See Deposition from the 
 Cross, Descent from the Cross, 
 Elevation of the Cross, Mir- 
 acle of the Cross, Vision of 
 the Holy Cross. 
 
 Cross and the World. An im- 
 pressive allegorical picture by 
 Thomas Cole (1801-1848), the 
 American painter. It was left 
 unfinished at his death. 
 
 Crowland Bells. A famous peal 
 of bells once connected with the 
 Abbey of Crowland. They were 
 named Pega, Bega, Tat win, Tur- 
 ketyl, Betelin, Bartholomew, and 
 Guthlac. 
 
 Nunc erat turre tanta consonantia cam- 
 panarum in tota Anglia. Jngulphus. 
 
 Crown and Anchor. A noted 
 tavern in the Strand, London, 
 formerly much frequented. 
 
 At half-past eight we adjourned in mass 
 from the tavern, which was the well- 
 known ‘ Crown and Anchor,' in the Strand, 
 to the Geolog cai Rooms at Somerset 
 House. George Ticknor. 
 
 Crown. See Holy and Apostol- 
 ical Crown and Iron Crown. 
 
 Crown Point Fortress. A forti- 
 fication on Lake Champlain, now 
 
CKO 
 
 128 
 
 CRU 
 
 in ruins, memorable as the scene 
 of an engagement in 1775, when 
 the fort was captured by the Ver- 
 mont militia under the lead of 
 Ethan Allen and Benedict Ar- 
 nold. 
 
 Crown Tavern. A former house 
 of London. Its site is now occu- 
 pied by the Bank of England, 
 Threadneedle Street. 
 
 4®=- The Crown has been a frequent 
 designation for public houses in Eng- 
 land, which were formerly distin- 
 guished by the devices of their signs. 
 
 Crucifixion [of Christ], The. Of 
 
 the great number of compositions 
 which treat of this subject, the 
 following may be named asamong 
 the more celebrated and better 
 known. 
 
 Crucifixion, The. A noted pic- 
 ture by Fra Angelico, Giovan- 
 ni (da Fiesole) (1887-1455). In the 
 Museum of St. Mark, Florence, 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Crucifixion, The. A triptych, 
 representing, together with the 
 crucifixion, the Raising of the 
 Brazen Serpent, and Moses strik- 
 ing the Rock, executed by Gerard 
 van Meire (1627-1691), the Flem- 
 ish painter, and said to be the 
 only picture in existence with 
 winch his name is intimately con- 
 nected. It is in a chapel of the 
 Cathedral of St Bavon at Ghent. 
 
 Crucifixion, The. A picture of 
 the Crucifixion, Expulsion, and 
 Last Judgment, by Roger van 
 der Weyden (d. 1464), the Flem- 
 ish painter, and considered a fine 
 example of that master. It has 
 recently been transferred from 
 the Monastery de los Angelos to 
 the Aiuseum of Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Crucifixion , The. A large altar- 
 picture by Hans Mending (d. 
 1495), the Flemish painter. It is 
 in the Palais de Justice at Paris. 
 
 Crucifixion, The. An altar-piece, 
 with wings representing the Sac- 
 rifice of Abraham and the Bra- 
 zen Serpent, by Cornells Engel- 
 brechtsen (1468-1536), the Flemish 
 painter. It is now' in the town- 
 hall at Leyden, Holland. 
 
 Crucifixion, The. A picture by 
 Guido Reni (1575-1642), and one 
 
 of that painter’s finest creations. 
 In the gallery at Bologna, Italy. 
 Another striking picture on the 
 same subject by that artist is in 
 the gallery of Modena. Another 
 in Rome, in the Church of S. Lo- 
 renzo in Lucina. Of this last 
 Robert Browning writes: 
 
 Beneath the piece 
 
 Of Master Guido Ileni, Christ on Cross. 
 Second to nought observable in Rome.” 
 
 Crucifixion, The. A picture by 
 Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641). 
 In the Cathedral of Mechlin, Bel- 
 gium. There are also several 
 other paintings upon the same 
 subject by that artist. 
 
 Crucifixion, The. A picture by 
 Jacopo Robusti, called II Tintoret- 
 to (1512-1594) In the School of 
 St. Roche, Venice, Italy. 
 
 Crucifixion, The. A large altar- 
 piece, with wings representing 
 scenes from the life of Christ, ex- 
 ecuted by Hans Mem ling (d. 
 1495), the Flemish painter, and 
 pronounced the most important 
 representation of this subject 
 which the Flemish school offers, 
 “ full of original motives and ad- 
 mirable carrying out.” It is now 
 in the cathedral at Lubeck, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Crucifixion, The. A picture by 
 Gheerardt David (1484-1523), the 
 Flemish painter. In the Museum 
 of Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Crucifixion , Descent from the 
 Cross, and Entombment. Portions 
 of an altar-piece of eighteen or 
 twenty panels, painted in 1502 by 
 Hans Holbein the Elder (d 1524). 
 This picture w^as originally in the 
 Abbey of Keisheim, but is now at 
 Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Crucifixion, The. An altar-piece 
 at Weimar, Germany, by Lucas 
 Cranach (1472-1553). It includes 
 admirable portraits of Luther, 
 Melanchthon, and the painter 
 himself. 
 
 Crucifixion, The. A well-known 
 picture by Peter Paul Rubens 
 (1577-1640). In the museum at 
 Antwerp, Belgium. 
 
 Crucifixion , The. A picture by 
 Jacopo Robusti, called II Tinto- 
 retto (1512-1594), and regarded as 
 one of his finest and most perfect 
 
CRU 
 
 120 
 
 CUM 
 
 works. It is in a room of the 
 Scuola di S. Rocco, at Venice, 
 Italy. 
 
 Crucifixion , The . A picture by 
 Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the Ger- 
 man painter and engraver, and 
 regarded as one of his best works. 
 It is in the gallery of Dresden, 
 Germany. 
 
 Crucifixion, The. A picture by 
 Tintoretto (1512-1594). In the 
 Schleissheim Palace, near Mu- 
 nich, Bavaria. 
 
 Crucifixion, Chapel of the. One 
 
 of the chapels in the Church of 
 the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. 
 It is believed to stand upon the 
 spot where Christ was nailed to 
 the cross. 
 
 Crucifixion of St. Peter. 1. A 
 
 large fresco painting by Michael 
 Angelo (1475-1564), and one of his 
 last. In the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 2. A well-known picture by 
 Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), in 
 the Church of St. Peter, in Co- 
 logne, Germany. 
 
 Crusaders, The. A picture by 
 Wilhelm Kaulbach (b. 1805), the 
 eminent German painter. 
 
 Crutched Friars. A street in 
 London, named after a convent 
 of Crouched Friars. 
 
 Crystal Palace. A building which 
 originally stood in Hyde Park, 
 London, constructed for the Ex- 
 hibition of the World’s Industry, 
 held in that city, and opened for 
 that purpose May 1, 1851. It is 
 said to have received its name 
 from Douglas Jerrold, its roof 
 and sides being made of glass. 
 The entire area of the building 
 was about 17 acres. It was sub- 
 sequently taken down, re-erected 
 and enlarged at Sydenham in 
 Kent, where it is still an object 
 of attraction. 
 
 “ The Alhambra and the Tuil- 
 eries would not have tilled up the east- 
 ern and western nave; the National 
 Gallery would have stood beneath the 
 transept; the palace of Versailles (the 
 largest in the world) would have ex- 
 tended but a little way beyond the 
 transept; and a dozen metropolitan 
 churches would have stood erect under 
 its roof of glass.” Athenceinn. 
 
 But a few years ago we believed the 
 world had grown too civilized for war, 
 and Crystal Palace in Hyde Bark was to 
 be the inauguration of a new era. Battles 
 bloody as Napoleon's are now the familiar 
 tale of every da3 r , and the arts which 
 have made greatest progress are the arts 
 of destruction. Fronde. 
 
 Solvency is in the ideas and mechanism 
 of an Englishman. The Crystal Palace is 
 not considered honest until it pays; no 
 matter how much convenience, beauty, or 
 eclat, it must be self-supporting. 
 
 Emei'son . 
 
 Just now, the world is busy : it has grown 
 A Fair-going world. Imperial England 
 draws 
 
 The flowing ends of the earth, from Fez, 
 Canton, 
 
 Delhi and Stockholm, Athens and Madrid, 
 The Russias and the vast Americas, 
 
 As a queen gathers in her robes amid 
 Her golden cincture, — i-sles, peninsulas, 
 Capes, continents, far inland countries hid 
 By jasper sands and hills of chrysopras, 
 All trailing in their splendors through the 
 door 
 
 Of the new Crystal Palace. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Culla, Santa. See Santa Culla. 
 
 Culzean Castle. The seat of the 
 Marquis of Ailsa, in the neigh- 
 borhood of May bole, Scotland. 
 It is a Gothic castle of the last 
 century. It is alluded to in the 
 poems of Burns. 
 
 Cumaean Sibyl. 1 . A well-known 
 picture by Domenico Zampieri, 
 called Domenicliino (1581-1641 ). 
 In the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. 
 
 2. A picture by Guido Reni 
 (1575-1642). In the Uffizi Palace, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Cumberland, The. A vessel of 
 the United States navy, sunk 
 by the iron-clad ram Merrimac 
 in Hampton Roads, Saturday, 
 March 8, 1862, going down with 
 her colors Hying, and tiring upon 
 her impenetrable assailant as the 
 water rose above her own gun- 
 deck. To the last her brave 
 commander Morris refused to 
 surrender; and the ship sank, 
 carrying down with her a hun- 
 dred dead and wounded. 
 
 At anchor in Hampton Roads we lay. 
 
 On board of the Cumberland , sloop-of- 
 war ; 
 
 And at times from the fortress across the 
 bay 
 
 The alarum of drums swept past, 
 
 Or a bugle blast 
 
 From the camp on the shore. Longfellow. 
 
CUM 
 
 CUE 
 
 With decks afloat and powder gone. 
 The last broadside we gave 
 From the guns’ heated iron lips 
 Burst out beneath the wave. 
 
 G. II. Boker. 
 
 He will think of t hat brave band 
 He sank in the Cumberland : 
 
 Ay, he will sink like them. 
 
 II. 11 Brownell 
 
 Weep for the patriot heroes, doomed to 
 drown ; 
 
 Pledge to the sunken Cumberland's re- 
 nown. T. B. Head. 
 
 Cumberland Eoad. See National 
 Eoad. 
 
 Cumnor Hall. An ancient manor- 
 liouse near Oxford, made memor- 
 able by the genius of Scott, in con- 
 nection with the Earl of Leicester 
 and Amy Eobsart. Some remains 
 of the building are still visible, 
 but most of the ruins have disap- 
 peared. 
 
 The dews of summer night did fall ; 
 
 The moon, sweet regent of the sky, 
 Silvered the walls of Cumnor Hall , 
 
 And many an oak that grew thereb}'. 
 
 Full many a traveller oft hath sighed, 
 
 And pensive wept the countess’ fall. 
 As wandering onward they’ve espied 
 The haunted towers of Cumnor Hall. 
 
 W. J Mickle. 
 
 [Mickle’s ballad of “ Cumnor Hall ’’ is 
 supposed to have suggested to Scott the 
 romance of *• Kenilworth.”] 
 
 Cupid. A statue by Michael An- 
 gelo Buonarotti (1475-1561). In 
 the Kensington Museum. 
 
 Cupid and Danae. See Danae 
 and Cupid. 
 
 Cupid and Psyche. A celebrated 
 ancient cameo, representing the 
 reconciliation of Cupid and Psy- 
 che ; ascribed to Tryphon, who 
 lived in the time of Alexander’s 
 successors. It is now in the col- 
 lection of the Duke of Marlbor- 
 ough, England. 
 
 Cupid and Psyche. See Mar- 
 iiiage of Cupid and Pysche. 
 
 Cupid catching a Butterfly. An 
 
 exquisite marble sculpture by 
 Thomas Banks (1738-1805), re- 
 garded as a model of classic 
 grace. It was purchased by 
 Catherine II. of Kussia. In Bus- 
 sia. 
 
 Cupid complaining to Venus. A 
 mythological fresco in the Vati- 
 
 can, home, designed by Baphael t 
 but executed by his pupils. 
 
 Cupid, Education of. A well- 
 known picture by Antonio Alle- 
 gri, surnamed Correggio (1494- 
 1534). In the National Gallery. 
 London. 
 
 Cupid wrestling with Pan. A 
 mythological fresco in the Vati- 
 can, Borne, designed by Baphael 
 (1483-1520), but executed by his 
 scholars. 
 
 Curragh of Kildare. A fine un- 
 dulating down about six miles in 
 length and two in breadth, the 
 principal race-course in Ireland. 
 
 “ Unequalled perhaps in the 
 world for the exceeding softness and 
 elasticity of the turf, the verdure of 
 which is ‘evergreen,’ and the occa- 
 sional irregularities which are very 
 attractive to the eye. The land is the 
 property of the crown.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Hall. 
 
 Curraghmore. The seat of the 
 Marquis of Waterford, in the 
 county of Waterford, Ireland. 
 
 Curtain Theatre. A former the- 
 atre of London, conjectured to 
 have been so called from having 
 been the first theatre to adopt; 
 the use of a stage-curtain. It is 
 mentioned in 1577, and is referred 
 to by Stow and others. Aubrey 
 (1678) speaks of it as a “ kind of 
 nursery or obscure playhouse, 
 called the Greene Curtain, situ- 
 ate in the suburbs toward Shore- 
 ditch.” It was afterwards used 
 for prize-fighting. 
 
 Curule Chair. The name given to 
 a kind of ivory chair, without 
 arms or back, and which was one 
 of the insignia of senatorial dig- 
 nity in ancient Borne, when the 
 Gauls under the lead of Brennus 
 entered Borne, which had been for 
 the most part abandoned by the 
 citizens in terror. A few of the 
 aged senators alone remained, 
 clad in their purple robes and 
 seated in their curule chairs. It 
 is related that one of the Gauls, 
 approaching the Senator Papi- 
 rius, and supposing him to be a 
 statue, passed his hand gently 
 over his long beard. The patrh 
 
CUT 
 
 131 
 
 OYR 
 
 cian resented the affront by strik- 
 ing him with his ivory baton r 
 which was at once the signal of 
 a general massacre. This chair 
 was also used by successful gen- 
 erals in a public triumph, and 
 was fitted to a kind of chariot 
 ( curnis ), whence its name. 
 
 The Girondists, once more united for 
 the last time, dined together to consult 
 upon what remained to do. They coun- 
 selled each other to stand firm at their post, 
 and to die upon their curate chairs, defend- 
 ing to the last the character with which 
 they were invested. Thiers . 
 
 Than Timoleon’s arms require, 
 And Tully’s car ale chair , and Milton’s 
 go. den lyre Mark Akenside. 
 
 Cuthbert. See Shrine of St. 
 CUTHBERT. 
 
 Cyclopean Towers. A singular 
 and picturesque group of lime- 
 stone towers, rising to a height 
 of nearly 70 feet, in Augusta 
 County, Ya. 
 
 Cymon and Iphigenia. A picture 
 
 by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723- 
 1792), the celebrated English por- 
 trait-painter. 
 
 Cypress Grove. A well-known 
 public cemetery in New Orleans, 
 La. 
 
 Cypress Hills. A cemetery near 
 Brooklyn, N.Y. 
 
 Cyrus’ Tomb. A ruined pyra- 
 mid, but still in tolerable preser- 
 vation, at Passargardse. in an- 
 cient Babylonia, believed to be 
 the tomb of Cyrus the Great 
 (B.C. 529). 
 
 4®=* “ This building is now called 
 the tomb of Cyrus, and probably was 
 so, though copied from a form which 
 we have just been describing as a tem- 
 ple. But it must be borne in mind that 
 the most celebrated example of this 
 form is as often called the tomb as the 
 temple of Belus, and among a Turanian 
 people the tomb and the temple may 
 be considered as one and the same 
 thing.” Fergusson. 
 
DAL 
 
 132 
 
 DAN 
 
 D. 
 
 Dalhousie Castle. An old Scotch 
 Castle, the seat of the Earl of 
 Dalhousie, in the valley of the 
 Esk, Scotland. 
 
 “ An avenue of near three-quar- 
 ters of a mile of firs, cedars, labur- 
 nums, and larches, wound through the 
 park to the castle, and, dipping over the 
 edge of a deep and wild dell, I found 
 the venerable old pile below me, its 
 round towers and battlemented turrets 
 frowning among the trees, and forming 
 with the river, which swept round its 
 base, one of the finest specimens imagi- 
 nable of the feudal picturesque.” 
 
 JSf. P. Willis. 
 
 Dalkeith Palace. The seat of the 
 Duke of Buccleuch at Dalkeith, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Dalmahoy Park. A mansion near 
 Midcalder, in Scotland, the seat 
 of the Earl of Morton. Among 
 the curiosities here are mentioned 
 the keys of Lochleven Castle, 
 which, after the flight of Queen 
 Mary, were thrown into the lake, 
 and of which keys there are said 
 to be seven different sets in Scot- 
 tish houses, each claiming to be 
 genuine. 
 
 Dalmeny Park. The seat of the 
 Earl of Rosebery near the village 
 of Dalmeny, in Scotland. 
 
 Dan. In ancient times a city in the 
 extreme northern part of Pales- 
 tine, a frontier-town or outpost of 
 the Israelites. It was originally 
 called Laish, and was inhabited 
 by a people who were connected 
 with Sidon. Its position relative 
 to Beersheba, another ancient 
 town on the extreme southern 
 boundary of Palestine, some 40 
 miles from Jerusalem, has given 
 rise to the familiar expression 
 “ from Dan to Beersheba,” which 
 signified the land of the Hebrews 
 in its entirety, and which as com- 
 monly used now means to trav- 
 erse the whole extent of any 
 journey or undertaking. 
 
 I pity the man who can travel from 
 Dan to Beersheba , and cry, ’Tis all barren. 
 
 Laurence Sterne: Sentimental Journey- 
 
 It is sad to see an honest traveller con 
 fidently gauging ail foreign objects with 
 a measure that will not mete them; try- 
 ing German Sacred Oaks by their fitnt ss 
 for British shipbuilding; walking from 
 Dan to Beersheba , and finding so little that 
 he did not bring with him. Carlyle. 
 
 Danae. A well-known picture by 
 Antonio Allegri, surnamed Cor- 
 reggio (1494-1534). In the Bor- 
 gliese palace, Rome. 
 
 Danae and Cupid. An admired 
 picture by Titian (1477 — 157f j). In 
 the Museum at Naples, Italy. 
 
 Dance of Death. 1. A series of 
 wood-cuts after designs by Hans 
 Holbein the Younger (1498-1543), 
 the German painter. They were 
 first published at Lyons in 41 
 plates, and in a subsequent edi- 
 tion, which also appeared at 
 Lyons, in 1507, were increased 
 by 12 additional plates. 
 
 2. This subject was also treat- 
 ed by the Swiss painter Nico- 
 las Manuel, surnamed Deutsch 
 (1484-1531), in a humorous way, 
 in 46 large fresco pictures on the 
 churchyard wall of the Domini- 
 can convent at Berne. 
 
 Dance of the Giants. A monu- 
 mental structure, generally 
 thought to be of Druidical origin, 
 at Stonehenge, England. It con- 
 sists of two circles and two 
 ovoids, one within the other, and 
 measuring 300 feet in circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Dance of the Magdalen. A beau- 
 tiful engraving by Luc Jacobsz, 
 commonly called Lucas van Ley- 
 den (1494-1533). Now in the 
 British Museum. 
 
 Dancing Faun. 1. An ancient 
 statue now in the Tribune of the 
 Uffizi Palace in Florence, Italy. 
 It has undergone restorations by 
 Michael Angelo. 
 
 2. There is another ancien* 
 
DAN 
 
 133 
 
 DAN 
 
 statue of tliis name, much ad- 
 mired, found at Pompeii in 1831, 
 and now in the Museum at Na- 
 ples, Italy. See Faun, Barbe- 
 rini Faun, Sleeping Faun, etc. 
 
 j 0®=- “ The Dancing Faun , a work 
 full of spirit, and admirably restored 
 by Michael Angelo, is a sort of con- 
 necting link between the two [the 
 Apollino and the Wrestlers].” 
 
 Ilillard. 
 
 Daniel in the Lions’ Den. A pic- 
 ture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577- 
 1610), now in Hamilton Palace. 
 “ In this picture the prophet him- 
 self — a subordinate and uninter- 
 esting figure — is only the excuse 
 for a series of studies of lions in 
 various attitudes.” 
 
 Daniel Webster. See Webster. 
 
 Dante and Beatrice. A painting 
 by Ary Scheffer (1795-1858). Now 
 in the Museum of Fine Arts, Bos- 
 ton, Mass 
 
 Dante and Virgil. A picture by 
 Ferdinand \ ictor Eugene Dela- 
 croix (1799-1863), a celebrated 
 French historical painter. This 
 picture on its appearance in 1822 
 caused a great sensation. 
 
 Dante’s House. [Ital. Casa di 
 Dante.] A well-known house in 
 Florence, Italy, in the Via S. 
 Martino, in which the poet* was 
 born in 1265. 
 
 Dante’s Portrait. A fresco paint- 
 ing by Giotto di Bondone (1276- 
 1336) in the chapel of the Bar- 
 gello, or palace of the Podesta, in 
 Florence, Italy. After having 
 been long hidden from view by a 
 covering of whitewash, it was 
 brought to light in 1840 through 
 the exertions of three gentlemen, 
 Mr. Richard Henry Wilde, an 
 American, Mr. Seymour Kirkup, 
 an Englishman, and Signor G. 
 Aubrey Bezzi, an Italian. This 
 is the only likeness of Dante 
 known to have been made dur- 
 ing his life, and is therefore re- 
 garded of the greatest value. 
 The eye of the beautiful profile 
 was wanting, and in its place a 
 hole an inch deep, doubtless 
 caused by a nail which had been 
 driven into the plastering. Giot- 
 
 to’s portrait of Dante has been 
 made familiar to the public by 
 excellent reproductions. 
 
 “ After all commentaries, the 
 Book itself is mainly what we know 
 of him. The Book; — and one might 
 add that Portrait commonly attributed 
 to Giotto, which, looking on it, you 
 cannot help inclining to think genuine, 
 whoever did it. To me it is a most 
 touching face ; perhaps, of all faces that 
 I know, the most so. Lonely there, 
 painted as on vacancy, with the simple 
 laurel wound round it; the deathless 
 sorrow and pain, the known victory 
 which is also deathless; significant of 
 the whole history of Dante ! 1 think 
 
 it is the mournfullest face that ever 
 was painted from reality; an altogether 
 tragic, heart-affecting face.” Carlyle. 
 
 — We salute thee [Dante] who art 
 come 
 
 Back to the old stone with a softer brow 
 Than Giotto drew upon the wall, for some 
 Good lovers of our age to track and plough 
 Tlieir way to, through Time’s ordures 
 stratified, 
 
 And startle broad awake into the dull 
 Bargello chamber. Mrs Browning. 
 
 Dante’s Stone. [Ital. Sasso di 
 Dante.] A stone in the Piazza 
 del Duomo, Florence, Italy, re- 
 markable as the place where 
 Dante is supposed to have mused 
 while he looked upon the great 
 cathedral. 
 
 — The stone 
 
 Called Dante’s — a plain flat-stone scarce 
 discerned 
 
 From others in the pavement, — where- 
 upon 
 
 He used to bring his quiet chair out, turned 
 To Brunelleschi's churcn, and pour alone 
 The lava of his spirit when it burned. 
 
 Mrs Browning. 
 
 On that ancient seat. 
 
 The seat of stone that runs along the wall, 
 
 Would Dante sit conversing. Rogers. 
 
 Dark and frowning piles of mediaeval 
 structure; a majestic dome, the prototype 
 of St. Peter's; basilicas which enshrine 
 the ashes of some of the mightiest of the 
 dead; the stone where Dante stood to 
 gaze on the campanile. Edward Everett. 
 
 Dante’s Tomb. A small circular 
 structure in Ravenna, Italy, 
 underneath which the bones of 
 the poet rest. Dante degli Ali- 
 ghieri died in 1321. 
 
 I pass each day where Dante’s bones arc 
 laid ; 
 
 A little cupola, more neat than solemn, 
 Protects his dust. Byron 
 
DAB 
 
 134 
 
 DAY 
 
 Bitter spirits ! ye claim 
 Heine V Alas, he is youis ! 
 
 Only a moment ! I knew 
 Whose he was who is here 
 Buried. 1 knew he was yours t 
 Ah, I knew that I saw 
 Here no sepulchre built, 
 
 ... no tomb 
 
 On liavenna sands, in the shade 
 Of Kavenna pines, for a high 
 Austere Danfcb'i Matthew Arnold. 
 
 Dargle, The. A beautiful and 
 mucli-frequented glen in Wick- 
 low County, Ireland. 
 
 “ As, in consequence of its short 
 distance from Dublin, many travellers 
 examine no other portions of the coun- 
 ty, the glen has attained to greater 
 celebrity than others, — more solemn, 
 magnificent, and picturesque, — yet it 
 may be a question whether, in variety, 
 it is anywhere surpassed.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Ilall. 
 
 Darius and Alexander. See Bat- 
 tle of Darius and Alexander 
 and Family of Darius before 
 Alexander. 
 
 Darnaway Castle. The seat of the 
 Earl of Moray, near Forres, in 
 Scotland. 
 
 Dartmoor Prison. A noted place 
 of confinement for prisoners of 
 war, situated in that district of 
 England known as Dartmoor, in 
 the southern part of the county 
 of Devon. Here, during the war 
 between England and the United 
 States, in 1812, many American 
 prisoners were confined. 
 
 Wild Dartmoor! thou that midst thy 
 mountains rude 
 
 Hast robed thyself with haughty solitude. 
 
 ’Twas then the captives of Britannia’s war 
 Here for their lovely southern climes afar 
 In bondage pined. * Felicia Ilemans. 
 
 Dartmouth College. An institu- 
 tion of learning in Hanover, N. II., 
 originally founded in 1770 as a 
 school for missionaries. 
 
 Datchet Mead. A patch of land 
 near the village of the same name 
 in England, immortalized by 
 Shakespeare in his “ Merry 
 Wives of Windsor,” in connec- 
 tion with the adventures of Sir 
 John Falstaff. 
 
 Daughter of Titian. A picture, 
 bearing this name, by Titian 
 (1477-1576), representing a beau- 
 
 tiful woman carrying with uplift** 
 ed arms a plate of fruit or a cas- 
 ket. Of several examples, the 
 best is in the museum at Berlin. 
 There is one at Madrid, repre- 
 senting the girl as Salome carry- 
 ing the head of John the Baptist. 
 The original of these pictures is 
 supposed to be not Titian’s 
 daughter, but Yiolante, the 
 daughter of Palma Yecchio, who 
 is known as Titian’s love. 
 
 Dauphine, Place. See Place Dau- 
 phine. 
 
 Davenant’s Theatre. A theatre 
 in Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, 
 opened in 1662. The actors were 
 styled the “ Duke of York’s com- 
 pany of comedians.” 
 
 David. A gigantic marble statue 
 by Michael Angelo (1475-1564), 
 which formerly stood in front of 
 the Palazzo Yecchio, Florence, 
 Italy, but has now been removed 
 to the Accademia clelle Belle Arti. 
 
 4®" “The erection of this David was 
 like an occurrence in nature from which 
 people are accustomed to reckon. We 
 find events dated so many years after 
 the erection of the Giant. It was men- 
 tioned in records in which there was 
 not a line besides respecting art.” 
 
 Grimm , Trans. 
 
 4®“ “ As soon as the statue was set 
 upon its pedestal the Gonfaloniere Pier 
 Soderini came to see it, and, after ex- 
 pressing his great admiration for the 
 work, suggested that the nose seemed 
 to him too large; hearing this, Michael 
 Angelo gravely mounted on a ladder, 
 and after pretending to work for a few 
 minutes, during which he constantly 
 let fall some of the marble-dust he had 
 taken up in his pocket, turned with a 
 questioning, and doubtless a slightly 
 sarcastic, expression in his face to the 
 critic, who responded, ‘ Bravo! bravo! 
 you have given it life.’ ” Perkins. 
 
 David. See Zuccone, Lo. 
 
 David and Bathsheba. A picture 
 by the Swiss painter, Nicolas 
 Manuel, surnamed Deutsch (1484- 
 1531). In the museum at Basle, 
 Switzerland. 
 
 David and Goliath. A picture by 
 Daniele da Volterra (1509-1566), 
 the Italian painter, the pupil of 
 Michael Angelo. It was, for a 
 long time, considered to be the 
 
DAY 
 
 135 
 
 DEA 
 
 work of the latter. It is a double 
 picture, representing David and 
 Goliath in two different points of 
 view on each side of a tablet of 
 slate. Now in the Louvre, at 
 Paris. 
 
 David’s Well. A deep rock-cis- 
 tern in the neighborhood of Beth- 
 lehem, Palestine, traditionally 
 identified with the Well of David, 
 the water of which the king cov- 
 eted when hiding in the cave of 
 Adullam. (1 Cliron. xi. 15-19.) 
 
 Davidson Fountain. A magnifi- 
 cent fountain in Cincinnati, O. 
 It is of bronze, cast in Munich, 
 and presented to the city by Tyler 
 Davidson. 
 
 Day, The. [Ital. II Giorno.] One 
 of four colossal figures by Michael 
 Angelo Buonarotti (1475-1564). In 
 the Church of S. Lorenzo, Flor- 
 ence, Italy. 
 
 4Ggp “ They have received the names 
 of Day and Night, Dawn and Twilight ; 
 but the subjective instinct of the mas- 
 ter urged him here too far outside the 
 pale of human sympathy for any terms, 
 however vague, to define his inten- 
 tion.” Eastlcike. 
 
 (What word says God?) The sculptor’s 
 Xi.nht and Day. 
 
 And Dawn and Twilight, wait in marble 
 scorn, 
 
 Like dogs couched on a dunghill, on the 
 clay 
 
 From whence the Medicean stamp's 
 outworn. Mrs. Browning. 
 
 2. A celebrated bas-relief by 
 Albert Bertel Thorwaldsen (1770- 
 1844), the Danish sculptor. It is 
 well known through numerous 
 reproductions. The companion 
 piece is entitled The Nujlit. 
 
 Day, The. [II Giorno.] See St. 
 Jerome. 
 
 De Soto discovering the Missis- 
 sippi. A picture in one of the 
 panels of the rotunda in the Cap- 
 itol of Washington, representing 
 the arrival of Fernando de Soto 
 (1500 ?-1542), the Spanish explorer, 
 upon the banks of the great river. 
 This work was executed, under 
 commission from Congress, by 
 W. H. Powells, who received 
 $12,000 for painting it. Previous 
 to the engagement of Mr. Powells 
 auotliei artist, Henry Inman, had 
 
 been commissioned to fill the va- 
 cant panel; but he died before 
 beginning his work. This paint- 
 ing has been severely criticised, 
 and pronounced “ a plagiarized 
 patchwork of generalities, absurd 
 and incongruous, badly drawn, 
 gaudily colored, and as destitute 
 of historic value as an act of Con- 
 gress is of poetic feeling.” The 
 picture has become very familiar 
 to the general public from its re- 
 production as an engraving, upon 
 the back of the ten-dollar notes 
 of the national currency. 
 
 Dead Man Revived. A picture 
 by Washington Allston (1779- 
 1843), the American painter. It 
 “ took the prize of 200 guineas at 
 the British Institution.” 
 
 Dearborn Street. A well-known 
 and prominent street in Chicago, 
 
 Dearborn, Fort. See Fort Dear- 
 born. 
 
 Death. See Dance of Death; 
 Knight, Death, and the Devil; 
 Shadow of Death; and Tri- 
 umph of Death. 
 
 Death of Ananias. One of the 
 famous cartoons by Raphael San- 
 zio (1483-1520), from which the 
 tapestries in the Vatican, at 
 Rome, were executed. 
 
 Death of Julius Caesar. A picture 
 by Jean L. Gerome (b. 1824), the 
 French painter. In the Corcoran 
 Gallery at Washington. 
 
 Death of Montgomery. A well- 
 known historical picture by John 
 Trumbull (1756-1843). In the 
 Wadsworth Athemeum, Hart- 
 ford, Conn. 
 
 “ Not surpassed by any similar 
 works in the last century, and thus far 
 stand alone in American historical 
 painting.” Ilarper^s Magazine. 
 
 Death of Queen Elizabeth. A 
 picture by Paul Delaroche (1797- 
 1856), the celebrated French his- 
 torical painter. 
 
 Death of St. Francis. A fresco 
 picture by Giotto di Bondone 
 (1276-1336). In the Church of 
 Santa Croce, Florence, Italy. 
 
DEA 
 
 136 
 
 DEI 
 
 Death of the Duke of Guise. An 
 
 admired picture by Paul Dela- 
 roche (171)7 - 1856), the eminent 
 French painter. 
 
 Death of the Virgin. A picture 
 by Jan Shoreel (1495-1562), the 
 Dutch painter, “ remarkable for 
 its intense reality and splendor 
 of color, and one of the great or- 
 naments of the Boisseree Gal- 
 lery.” At Munich, Bavaria. 
 There is an excellent and well- 
 known lithograph of this picture. 
 
 Death of the Virgin. A cele- 
 brated picture by Caravaggio 
 (1569-1609), formerly in the pos- 
 session of Charles I. of England, 
 and which has often been en- 
 graved. Now in the Louvre, 
 Paris. 
 
 Death of the Virgin. A picture 
 by Martin Scliongauer, commonly 
 called Martin Schon (b. 1420 ?), a 
 German painter, supposed to be 
 his earliest work. It is now in 
 the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Death of Warren. An historical 
 picture by John Trumbull (1756- 
 1843), the American painter. In 
 the Wadsworth Athenaeum, Hart- 
 fort, Conn. 
 
 Death of Webster. A painting 
 by Joseph Ames (1816-1872), an 
 American painter, of which there 
 is an engraving. 
 
 Death of Wolfe. A picture by 
 Benjamin W r est (1738-1820). In 
 the Grosvenor Gallery, London. 
 
 “Just before he [Lord Nelson] 
 went to sea for the last time, ... he 
 expressed his regret that he had not 
 acquired some taste for art. ‘ But,’ 
 said he, turning to West, ‘ there is one 
 picture whose power I do feel. I never 
 j)ass a paint-shop where your Death of 
 Wolfe is in the window without being 
 stopped by it.’. . . ‘ But, my lord [said 
 Mr. West], 1 fear your intrepidity will 
 furnish me such another scene; and, if 
 it should, I shall certainly avail myself 
 of it.’ — ‘ Will you? ’ said JSelson, ‘ then 
 I hope that I shall die in the next bat- 
 tle.” He sailed a few days after, and 
 the result was on the canvas before 
 us.’” Ticknor’s Letters. 
 
 Death on the Pale Horse. A pic- 
 ture by Benjamin West (1738- 
 1820). 
 
 Decadence de Home. [Decline of 
 Rome.] A noted picture by Hor- 
 ace Vernet (1789-1863). In the 
 palace of the Luxembourg, Paris. 
 
 “ In this picture is a most grand 
 and melancholy moral lesson. The 
 classical forms are evidently not intro- 
 duced because they are classic, but in 
 subservience to the expression of the 
 moral. Nothing could be more exqui- 
 site than the introduction of the busts 
 of the departed heroes of the old repub- 
 lic, looking down from their pedestals 
 on the scene cf debauchery below. It 
 is a noble picture, which I wish was 
 hung up in the Capitol of our nation to 
 teach our haughty people that as pride, 
 and fulness of bread, and laxness of 
 principle, brought down the old repub- 
 lics, so also ours may fall.” Beecher. 
 
 Decadence of the Romans. A 
 well-known picture by Thomas 
 Couture (b. 1815). In the Lux- 
 embourg, Paris. 
 
 Declaration of Independence. A 
 large picture by John Trumbull 
 (1756-1843), executed under com- 
 mission from Congress for the 
 rotunda of the Capitol at Wash- 
 ington. The picture is well 
 known by engravings. 
 
 Decree of Canopus. See Stone 
 of San. 
 
 Deer of Chillingham. See Wild 
 Deer of Chillingham. 
 
 Deer Pass. A picture by Sir Ed- 
 win Landseer (1803-1873). 
 
 Defence, The. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 April 24, 1861. 
 
 Deir, El. [The Convent.] A rock 
 monument well preserved, in Pe- 
 tra, Arabia, being a huge mono- 
 lith hewn out of the side of a cliff, 
 and facing Mount Hor. It is of 
 an order neither Greek nor Ro- 
 man, but with something like a 
 Doric frieze over a Corinthian 
 capital. 
 
 JGQr “ The fa$ade is nearly double 
 the size of the Khuzneh, being 150 feet 
 in length, by about the same in extreme 
 height, and is in admirable preserva- 
 tion. Some idea may be formed of its 
 massive proportions by the measure- 
 ment of its details. The lower columns 
 are seven feet in diameter, and over 50 
 in height, almost rivalling those of the 
 great temple at Ba’albek ; the interior 
 
DEL 
 
 137 
 
 DEP 
 
 is one vast ball, perfectly plain. . . . 
 The whole aspect of this singular and 
 beautiful edifice is undoubtedly that 
 of a heathen temple.” 
 
 Murray's Handbook. 
 
 Deligny. The celebrated Imperial 
 Swimming School, so called from 
 the name of its director, and situ- 
 ated on the Quai d’Orsay, Paris. 
 
 For instance, once on the boulevard a 
 friend tapped me on the shoulder, . . . 
 when after taking a plunge at Deligny’s , 
 ] came to the surface of the water blowing 
 like a porpoise. Tame , Trans. 
 
 Delilah. See Samson and Deli- 
 lah. 
 
 Deliverance of St. Peter. A fresco 
 by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), 
 representing the deliverance of 
 the apostle from prison. “Peter 
 sits asleep between his guards, 
 his chained hands still clasped 
 in prayer. The angel is about to 
 strike him on the side to wake 
 him. On the right the angel 
 leads him through the guards 
 who are sleeping on the steps. 
 In both these representations, 
 . . . the figures are illuminated 
 by the light proceeding from the 
 angel. On the left, the guards 
 are roused, and seem staggering- 
 half asleep : this group receives 
 its light from the moon and from 
 torches. This fresco is celebrated 
 for t he picturesque effect of these 
 lights. The subject is supposed 
 to contain an allusion to the cap- 
 tivity of Leo X., who had been 
 liberated only the year preceding 
 his elevation to the pontificate.” 
 This picture is in the Stanza of 
 the Heliodorus, in the Vatican, 
 Rome. 
 
 Deliverande, La. A small Nor- 
 man chapel in the neighborhood 
 of Caen, France. It contains a 
 shrine of the Virgin to which for 
 800 years the Norman sailors and 
 peasantry have resorted. The 
 image owes its reputation for 
 sanctity to the miracles alleged 
 to have been wrought by it in 
 behalf of sailors. 
 
 Delivering the Keys to St. Peter. 
 A well-known wall-painting by 
 Pietro Perugino (1440-1524). In 
 the Sistine Chapel, Rome. It is 
 considered one of his best works. 
 
 Della Crusca. [Academy of the 
 Sieve.] A celebrated literary as- 
 sociation in Florence, Italy, 
 founded by Cosimo I. for the pur- 
 pose of purifying and refining the 
 Italian language and style. It is 
 still in existence, and continues 
 to hold meetings. The name 
 Della Crusca is better known, 
 probably, to English readers, as 
 a designation applied to a class of 
 sentimental writers in England 
 during the last century, distin- 
 guished by their affected style of 
 expression. 
 
 Though Crusca's bards no more our jour- 
 nals fill, 
 
 Some stragglers skirmish round the col- 
 umns still. Byron. 
 
 Delmonico’s. A noted restaurant 
 on Fifth Avenue, New York. 
 
 Delphic Sibyl. One of the frescos 
 of Michael Angelo (1475-1564). In 
 the Sistine Chapel, Rome. 
 
 Deluge, The. One of the frescos 
 of Michael Angelo (1475-1564). In 
 the Sistine Chapel, Rome. 
 
 Deluge in Phrygia. A picture by 
 Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). 
 Now in the gallery of Vienna, 
 Austria. 
 
 Democritus. A picture by Salva- 
 tor Rosa (1615-1673). In tiie Gros- 
 venor Gallery. 
 
 Dendara, or Denderah. See Tem- 
 ple of Denderah and Zodiac 
 of Denderah. 
 
 Denis. See Porte St. Denis; St. 
 Denis; and St. Denis, Rue. 
 
 Denis du Marais. See St. Sacre- 
 ment. 
 
 Denizens of the Highlands. A 
 
 picture by Rosa Bonlieur (b. 1822), 
 the celebrated French painter of 
 animals. 
 
 Departure and the Return. A 
 
 picture by Thomas Cole (1801- 
 1848), the American painter, being 
 scenes from feudal times. In the 
 Corcoran Gallery, Washington. 
 
 Deposition from the Cross. 1. A 
 
 well-known picture by Giotto di 
 Bondone (1276-1336). In the Are- 
 na, at Padua, Italy. 
 
DER 
 
 138 
 
 DES 
 
 “ The Descent from the Cross 
 and the Deposition from the Cross are 
 two separate themes. . . . The Depo- 
 sition is properly that moment which 
 succeeds the Descent from the Cross ; 
 when the dead form of Christ is de- 
 posed or laid upon the ground, resting 
 upon the lap of his mother, and la- 
 mented by St. John, the Magdalene and 
 others.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 2. An admired picture by Tom- 
 maso di Stefano, called Giotti.no 
 (1324-1350), and considered “one 
 of the finest of the Giottesque 
 school.” In the Gallery of the 
 Uffizi, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Derby Day. A popular picture by 
 AY. P. Frith. In the National 
 Gallery, London. 
 
 Descent from the Cross. A very 
 common subject of representa- 
 tion by the great religious paint- 
 ers. Of the more celebrated or 
 familiar compositions upon this 
 subject, may be mentioned the 
 following: — 
 
 Descent from the Cross. A cele- 
 brated picture by Pietro Perugino 
 (144(3-1524). In the Pitti Gallery, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Descent from the Cross. A pic- 
 ture by Baccio della Porta, called 
 Fra Bartolommeo (14(59—1517). In 
 the Pitti Gallery, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Descent from the Cross. A pic- 
 ture by Antonio Allegri, sur- 
 oarned Correggio (1494-1534). In 
 the gallery at Parma, Italy. 
 
 Descent from the Cross. A pic- 
 ture by Roger van der Weyden 
 (d. 14(34), the Flemish painter; 
 described by Kugler as “a rich 
 composition, with heads of highly 
 pathetic expression and admir- 
 able execution.” It is now in 
 the gallery of the Hague, Hol- 
 land. 
 
 Descent from the Cross. A pic- 
 ture by Roger van der Weyden 
 the younger (d. 1529), the Flemish 
 painter, and his principal work, 
 originally executed for the 
 Church of Our Lady “ Darbuy- 
 ten ” at Louvain, now in the 
 sacristy of S. Lorenzo of the Es- 
 curial, in Spain. 
 
 Descent from the Cross. A cele- 
 brated altar-piece by Peter Paul 
 Rubens (1577-1C40), in the cathe- 
 
 dral at Antwerp, Belgium. It 
 “ represents the highest excel- 
 lence attained by this master in 
 ecclesiastical art.” 
 
 “In the famous ‘Descent’ at 
 Antwerp, the masterpiece of Rubens, 
 Mary stands, and supports the arm of 
 her Son as he is let down from the 
 cross. This is in accordance with the 
 ancient version, but her face and figure 
 are the least effective part of this tine 
 picture.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Descent from the Cross. A pic- 
 ture by Rembrandt van Ryn 
 (1(307—1(3(59), the Dutch painter, 
 and regarded as one of his most 
 admirable works. It is in the 
 gallery at Munich, Bavaria, and 
 there is a replica of the same in 
 the Hermitage at St. Petersburg, 
 Russia. There is also a picture 
 upon this subject by Rembrandt 
 in the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Descent from the Cross. A pic- 
 ture by Daniele da Volterra (1509- 
 1506), "the Italian painter, and his 
 best work, described as “ a grand 
 impassioned work, of powerful 
 action.” It is in the Church of 
 Trinita de’ Monti, at Rome. 
 
 jgQP “ In the famous ‘ Descent from 
 the Cross,’ — the masterpiece of Daniel 
 di Volterra, — the fainting form of the 
 Virgin, extended on the earth, and the 
 dying angxish in her face, have never 
 been exceeded, and are in fact the chief 
 merit of the picture.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Descent of the Holy Ghost. An 
 admired picture by Taddeo di 
 Bartolo (b. 1350?). in the Church 
 of S. Agostino, Perugia, Italy. 
 
 Destruction of Jerusalem. A 
 
 well-known painting by Wilhelm 
 von Kaulbach (1805-1874). In 
 
 the Museum at Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 “The destruction of Jerusalem 
 is dealt with in this picture as an epoch 
 in the history of the world, as a cir- 
 cumstance of more than a general his- 
 toric character. Thus Kaulbach has 
 comprehended it and represented it, 
 for he has gathered his materials from 
 the prophets and from Josephus. A. 
 the top of the picture we see, in the 
 clouds, the figures of Isaiah, Jeremiah, 
 Ezekiel, and Daniel, surrounded by a 
 glory : they prophesy the fall of Jeru- 
 salem. . . . We see the Jewish people’s 
 misery; the temple is in flames; the 
 city is taken. . . . To the right of the 
 
DES 
 
 139 
 
 DEV 
 
 picture, a Christian family is leaving 
 the city, accompanied by two angels; 
 to the left is seen the Wandering Jew, 
 chased out of the city by three demons ; 
 he is the representative of the present 
 oiidaism — a people without a home.” 
 Hans Christian Andersen. 
 
 Destruction of the Giants. A 
 fresco by Giulio Romano (1492- 
 1546) in the Palazzo del Te, Man- 
 tua, Italy. 
 
 Devil Tavern. A celebrated tav- 
 ern in London, between Temple 
 Bar and the Middle Temple gate, 
 much frequented in the time of 
 James I. Here met the famous 
 Apollo Club. The Devil Tavern 
 is no longer standing. Its site is 
 occupied by Child’s Banking- 
 house. See Apollo Club. 
 
 Hence to the Devil — 
 
 Thus to the place where Jonson sat we 
 climb. 
 
 Leaning on the same rail that guided him. 
 
 Prior and Montague. 
 
 46g=\A Young Devil Tavern was es- 
 tablished on the opposite side of the 
 street. 
 
 Devil’s Beef-tub. A singular nat- 
 ural curiosity in the vale of the 
 Annan, in Scotland, in the form 
 of a liollow or basin surrounded 
 by high hills, so deep and so se- 
 cluded as to serve in ancient 
 times as a hiding-place for stolen 
 cattle, whence its name. The 
 spot is alluded to in Sir Walter 
 Scott’s tales. 
 
 Devil’s Bridge. 1. A famous arch 
 of masonry constructed in the 
 twelfth century, and overhanging 
 at a height of 70 feet the river 
 Reuss, on the St. Gothard Pass, 
 in Switzerland, in a narrow and 
 dangerous gorge. The old bridge 
 has been superseded by a new 
 and secure structure, built in 
 1830. Here the Reuss leaps about 
 70 feet in a short space, while a 
 wind created by the fall blows 
 •vith such force as nearly to lift 
 one from his feet. 
 
 Plunge with the Reuss embrowned by ter- 
 ror’s breath, 
 
 Where danger roofs the narrow walks of 
 Death, 
 
 By floods that, thundering from their 
 dizzy height. 
 
 Swell more gigantic on the steadfast sight. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 2. A natural curiosity in Wales, 
 a few miles from Aberystwith. 
 A deep rocky cleft surmounted 
 by two arches, one above another, 
 the lower said to have been built 
 in the time of William Rufus, 
 beneath which the river Mvnacli 
 descends in terrific cascades. 
 
 How art thou named ? In search of what 
 strange land 
 
 From what huge height descending ? Can 
 such force 
 
 Of waters issue from a British source. 
 
 Or hath not Pindus fed thee, where the 
 band 
 
 Of patriots scoop their freedom out, with 
 hand 
 
 Desperate as thine ? Wordsworth. 
 
 3. See Puente del Diablo. 
 
 Devil’s Cave. See Peak Cavern. 
 
 Devil’s Dyke. A vast natural 
 amphitheatre in the hills near 
 Portslade, Sussex, England, a 
 favorite resort of visitors. 
 
 Devil’s Garden. A natural curi- 
 osity in Hardy County, W. Va. 
 
 jgfgf “This strange curiosity lies at 
 the head of what is called Trout Run, 
 . . . On the summit [of a dizzy preci- 
 pice] is a natural pavement of flat 
 rocks, and on the eastern edge stands a 
 gigantic bust in granite, the head, neck, 
 and shoulders clearly defined, and the 
 whole appearance savage and terrific. 
 Rear this figure formerly stood a square 
 granite pillar about two feet in diame- 
 ter and twelve feet high, but this has 
 been overthrown by some storm or 
 convulsion of the earth. . . . The most 
 singular part remains to be described. 
 About 100 feet below the stone bust, 
 an opening leads into deep caverns in 
 the rock. The explorer finds himself 
 in ail apartment with a level floor and 
 ceiling, and from this room a flight of 
 stone steps ascends to another apart- 
 ment still larger. A third flight gives 
 access to a third cavern, and so on, un- 
 til the twelfth apartment is reached by 
 the eleventh flight of steps just beneath 
 the pavement of the summit, through 
 fissures in which a dim light enters the 
 cavern. Such is the singular character 
 of this natural curiosity.” Kercheval. 
 
 DeviPs Glen. A singular and ro- 
 mantic ravine in Wicklow Coun- 
 ty, Ireland. 
 
 “ Nothing astonished us or grati- 
 fied us so much as the Devil’s Glen; 
 with its roaring river, its huge preci- 
 pices, its circuitous paths, and the 
 
DEV 
 
 140 
 
 DIA 
 
 noble and graceful fall that seems as a 
 crown of glory to its head.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 Devil’s Ladder. A rocky emi- 
 nence near Lorch on the Rhine, 
 crowned by a ruined castle. 
 
 Devil’s Pulpit. 1. A singular 
 granitic mass on the summit of 
 the Brocken, in the Harz Moun- 
 tains, in Germany. 
 
 2. A remarkable precipice on 
 an island in Tupper Lake, in the 
 Adirondack region of New York. 
 
 Devil’s Punch-Bowl. A curious 
 natural formation in Hampshire, 
 England. 
 
 Devil’s Slide. A remarkable nat- 
 ural curiosity in Weber Canon, 
 Utah Territory. It consists of 
 two parallel lines of rock extend- 
 ing from the base to the top of a 
 mountain. 
 
 “ Imagine a mountain 800 feet 
 high, composed of solid dark-red sand- 
 stone. . . . From the base of the im- 
 mense red mountain up to its entire 
 height of 800 feet is what is called the 
 ‘Devil’s Slide,’ composed of white 
 limestone. It consists of a smooth 
 white stone floor from base to summit, 
 about 15 feet wide, as straight and reg- 
 ular as if laid by a stone-mason, with 
 line and plummet. On either side of 
 this smooth white line, is what ap- 
 pears to the eye to be a well-laid white 
 stone wall, varying in height from 10 
 to 30 feet. This white spectacle on the 
 red mountain-side has all the appear- 
 ance of being made by man or devil as 
 a slide fromlhe top of the mountain to 
 the bed of Weber River.” 
 
 C. C. Fulton. 
 
 There is another very similar, 
 of the same name, in Montana. 
 
 ^“We are now within the wild 
 Weber Canon, and the scene is chan- 
 ging every moment. On the right we 
 pass a most wonderful sight, — the 
 Devil’s Slide. Two ridges of gray rock 
 stand some 10 feet out of the snow and 
 brushwood, and run parallel to each 
 other for about 150 feet right up the 
 mountain-side.” Smiles. 
 
 Devil’s Stone. A natural curiosi- 
 ty in the neighborhood of Diirk- 
 heim, Germany, in the shape of a 
 rock bearing the print of a huge 
 paw. It is said that the pagans 
 used this rock for an altar of sac- 
 rifice. 
 
 Devil’s Wall. 1. The old Roman 
 wall dividing England from Scot' 
 land, so called by those living in 
 the vicinity because they thought, 
 from its durability, that it must 
 have been built by the Devil. It 
 is said that the superstitious peas* 
 antry put pieces from this wall 
 into the foundations of their 
 dwellings to secure an equal per- 
 manence. 
 
 2. [Ger. Tevfelsmauer or Pfahl- 
 yraten.] A famous Roman ram- 
 part (now in ruins) begun by the 
 Emperor Probus, A.D. 277, ex- 
 tending from Ratisbon on the 
 Danube, across hills, valleys, riv- 
 ers, and morasses, as far as to 
 the Rhine, — a distance of nearly 
 200 miles. It was intended as a 
 bulwark against the inroads of 
 German invaders upon the soil of 
 the empire. 
 
 “ Within a few years after his 
 [Probus’s] death, it was overthrown by 
 the Alemanni. Its scattered ruins, 
 universally ascribed to the power of 
 the daemon, now serve only to excite 
 the wonder of the Swabian peasant.” 
 Gibbon. 
 
 Devonshire House. A mansion 
 built upon the site of Berkeley 
 House in Piccadilly, London, the 
 residence of the Duke of Devon- 
 shire. This house was famous, 
 towards the close of the last cen- 
 tury, as the headquarters of Whig 
 politics, and for the fascinations 
 of its beautiful duchess. It con- 
 tains many artistic and biblio- 
 graphical curiosities. 
 
 Diablo, Puente del. See Puente 
 del Diablo. 
 
 Diamond Necklace. A famous 
 piece of jewelry which was the 
 cause of the notorious affair of 
 the “ Diamond Necklace,” in the 
 latter part of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury. It was made of the most 
 beautiful diamonds, and was val- 
 ued at nearly £80,000. Louis XV. 
 commissioned the court jewellers 
 of France to make the necklace, 
 intending to give it to Madame 
 du Barry, but he died before it 
 was finisdied. A certain Madame 
 La Motte, in 1785, using a forged 
 signature of Marie Antoinette, 
 
DIA 
 
 141 
 
 DIG 
 
 persuaded the Cardinal de Rohan 
 to purchase the necklace, as if for 
 the queen. The affair created 
 a great deal of scandal. Madame 
 La Motte was sentenced to im- 
 prisonment for life, hut managed 
 to escape within a year, and went 
 to England, where she was killed 
 in trying to escape from a second- 
 story window when pursued for 
 debt. Cardinal de Rohan was 
 acquitted of intentional com- 
 plicity. The celebrated Count 
 Cagliostro was also implicated in 
 the affair. Carlyle has some 
 chapters upon the Diamond 
 Necklace, included in the collec- 
 tion of his “ Critical and Miscel- 
 laneous Essays.” 
 
 “ The great scandal of the Dia- 
 mond Necklace, which to the clear 
 vision of Goethe presaged the coming 
 Revolution, and in which the quick- 
 witted Talleyrand saw the overthrow 
 of the French throne, possesses an in- 
 terest akin to that of the French Revo- 
 lution itself. . . . The story is one of 
 which the world does not seem to tire, 
 for it has been told scores upon scores 
 of times, and more or less recently, by 
 historians, biographers, essayists, me- 
 moir-writers, anecdotists, novelists, 
 and dramatists, and in well-nigh every 
 European language. . . . Whatever 
 may have been the follies, or say the 
 crimes even, if you please, of which 
 Marie Antoinette was guilty, and which 
 she more than expiated by her cruel 
 death, complicity in any shape in this 
 contemptible Diamond Necklace fraud 
 is most certainly not one of them.” 
 
 II. Vizetelly. 
 
 Looks dreamy to me, not self-conscious, 
 though a black ribbon round her nee k sets 
 it off as a Marie Antoinette’s diamond 
 necklace could not do. Holmes. 
 
 Diana and Actseon. A mytholo- 
 gical picture of great beauty by 
 Titian ( 1477—1570). Now in the 
 Bridgewater Gallery, London. 
 
 Diana and Calisto. A mytholo- 
 gical picture by Titian (1477-1576). 
 Now in the Bridgewater collec- 
 tion, London. 
 
 Diana and her Nymphs. A pic- 
 ture by Domenico Zampieri, sur- 
 named Domenichino (1581-1641), 
 and considered one of his best 
 works. In the Borghese Gallery, 
 Rome, 
 
 Diana, Chase of. See Chase of 
 Diana. 
 
 Diana returning from the Chase. 
 
 A mythological picture by Anto- 
 nio Allegri, surnamed Correggio 
 (1494-1554). In the convent of S. 
 Paolo, Parma, Italy. 
 
 Diana’s Temple. See Temple of 
 Ephesus and Temple of Diana 
 [Nimes]. 
 
 Dice-players, The. A picture by 
 Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1618— 
 1682). In the Pinacothek, Mu- 
 nich, Bavaria. 
 
 Dickinson College. A collegiate 
 establishment in Carlisle, Penn. 
 It was founded in 1783. 
 
 Dick’s Coffee-house. An old house 
 in Fleet Street, London, at first 
 known as “Richard’s,” from the 
 Christian name of its lessee (Rich- 
 ard Torner, or Turner) in 1680. 
 Cowper at one time resorted to 
 Richard’s. It is no longer a cof- 
 fee-house. 
 
 Dido Building Carthage. A pic- 
 ture by Joseph Mallord William 
 Turner (1775-1851). 
 
 Dido’s Last Moments. A large 
 picture by Giovanni Francesco 
 Barbieri, surnamed Guercino 
 (1590-1666). In the Spada Gal- 
 lery, at Rome. 
 
 Dieu, Hotel. See Hotel Dieu. 
 
 Dighton Rock. A famous mass of 
 granite, with rude sculptures and 
 inscriptions upon it, near Digh- 
 ton, Mass. It is by some referred 
 to the Norsemen in the eleventh 
 century. 
 
 Or, if letters must be written, profitable 
 use might be made of the Dighton Rock 
 hieroglyphic or the cuneiform script, eve- 
 ry fresh decipherer of which is enabled to 
 educe a different meaning, whereby a 
 sculptured stone or two supplies us, and 
 will probably continue to supply poster- 
 ity. with a very vast and various body of 
 authentic history Lowell. 
 
 There are inscriptions on our hearts, 
 which, like that on Dighton Rock , are 
 never to be seen except at dead-low tide. 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 Dignity and Impudence. An ad- 
 mired picture of two dogs by Sir 
 Edwin Landseer (1802-1873). In 
 the National Gallery, London. 
 
DIG 
 
 142 
 
 DIO 
 
 Digue de Cherbourg. [The Break- 
 water of Cherbourg ] An im- 
 mense structure of masonry 
 stretching across the roadstead 
 of Cherbourg, in France. It was 
 more than 50 years in building, at 
 an expense of some $15,000,000, 
 and was finished in 1858. The 
 length of the breakwater is 4,120 
 yards, and its width at the base 
 510 feet. 
 
 Dilettanti. \ Literally, lovers of 
 the fine arts.] This society, es- 
 tablished in 1734, owes its origin 
 to some gentlemen who had trav- 
 elled in Italy, and who wished to 
 encourage a taste for the fine arts. 
 The society sent an expedition to 
 the East in 1764, the result of 
 which appeared in volumes of 
 “ Ionian Antiquities,” “ Chan- 
 dler’s Travels in Asia Minor,” 
 “ Chandler’s Travels in Greece,” 
 and a volume of Greek inscrip- 
 tions. Various other publications 
 have been issued by the society 
 at different times. Another ex- 
 pedition to the Levant was under- 
 taken in 1814. The Dilettanti 
 dine together on the first Sunday 
 of each month from February to 
 July. Until its removal, these 
 dinners were held at the Thatched 
 House Tavern, in London, in the 
 large room of which were por- 
 traits of the Dilettanti, including 
 three pictures by Sir Joshua Rey- 
 nolds. Friendly intercourse and 
 social enjoyment have always 
 formed an important part in the 
 scheme of the society. Walpole 
 said in 1743, that the ‘‘nominal 
 qualification [for membership] is 
 having been in Italy, and the real 
 one, being drunk.” Sir Joshua 
 Reynolds, Earl Fitzwilliam, C. J. 
 Fox, Hon. Stephen Fox (Lord 
 Holland), Charles Howard (Duke 
 of Norfolk), Lord Robert Spencer, 
 George Selwyn, Sir William 
 Hamilton, David Garrick, George 
 Colman, Joseph Windham, R. 
 Payne Knight, Sir George Beau- 
 mont, Towneley, Sir William 
 Gell, Henry Hallam, and many 
 others have been members. Any 
 use of the word Dilettanti as a 
 term of ridicule or disparagement 
 is comparatively recent. 
 
 JHGgp-“We, looking back out of a 
 graver time, can only judge from the un- 
 interrupted course of their festive gath- 
 erings, from the names of the states- 
 men, the wits, the scholars, the artists, 
 the amateurs, that fill the catalogue, 
 from the strange mixture of dignities 
 and accessions to wealth for which, by 
 the rules of the society, fines were 
 paid, — and, above all, by the pictures 
 which they possess, — how much of 
 the pleasantry and the hearty enjoy- 
 ment must have been mixed up with 
 the more solid pursuits of the mem- 
 bers.” Edinburgh Review . 
 
 Diocletian, Baths of. See Baths 
 of Diocletian. 
 
 Diocletian’s Palace. A splendid 
 retreat, constructed for himself 
 by the Emperor Diocletian on his 
 abdication of the throne, at Sa- 
 lona on the Adriatic. The mod- 
 ern Austrian town of Spalato is 
 chiefly built up out of the ruins 
 of this colossal palace, and takes 
 its name from it. 
 
 JdGg 3 * “It certainly gives us a most 
 exalted idea of what the splendor of 
 the imperial palace at Rome must have 
 been, when we find one emperor — cer- 
 tainly neither the richest, nor the most 
 powerful — building, for his retirement, 
 a villa in the country of almost exactly 
 the same dimensions as the Escurial in 
 Spain, and consequently surpassing in 
 size, as it did in magnificence, most of 
 the modern palaces of Europe. It is 
 uncertain how far it resembles or was 
 copied from that of Rome, more espe- 
 cially as it must be regarded as a forti- 
 fied palace, which there is no reason to 
 believe that at Rome was, while its 
 model would seem to have been the 
 praetorian camp rather than any habi- 
 tation built within the protection of the 
 city walls.” Fergusson. 
 
 “ Spalato ought properly to be 
 called Diocleziano. . . . Spalato is 
 founded on the ruins of Diocletian’s 
 palace, the walls of which still contain 
 the whole of the mediaeval city. Every 
 one has heard of Diocletian and his 
 imperial cabbages, but few know how 
 much of his imperial hermitage has 
 been spared by time.” Bayard Taylor . 
 
 Diogenes. A picture by Salvatoi 
 Rosa (1615-1673). In the Gros- 
 venor Gallery, Loudon. 
 
 Dionysiac Theatre. A ruined 
 building in Athens, Greece. 
 There is still much obscurity in 
 regard to these remains. The 
 
DIO 
 
 143 
 
 DOC 
 
 structure was not completed till 
 the time of the orator Lyc.urgus, 
 340 B.C.; but it is thought that 
 the general arrangement of the 
 completed theatre was substan- 
 tially the same as that of the 
 theatre in which the dramas of 
 xEseliylus, Sophocles, Euripides, 
 and Aristophanes were acted. 
 The ruins of this theatre have 
 but recently been laid bare. 
 
 Dionysius 5 Ear. See Ear of Dio- 
 nysius. 
 
 Dionysus. See Bacchus. 
 
 Discobolus. [Quoit-thrower.] A 
 celebrated statue by the Greek 
 sculptor Myron (b." 430 B.C. ?). 
 The original was in bronze, and 
 has perished, but there are sev- 
 eral copies in marble now exist- 
 ing. The best of these, discovered 
 on the Esquiline Hill in 1782, is 
 now in the Villa Messimi, in 
 Borne. There are other copies in 
 the Museums of the Vatican and 
 of the Capitol in Rome, and in 
 the British Museum, London. 
 
 “ The representation of a mo- 
 mentary action renders the ‘ Discobo- 
 lus’ wonderfully effective; and we feel 
 as if we must see the throw made, and 
 the tense muscles relaxed, before we 
 can leave it. It is an example of the 
 highest Greek art in the representation 
 of the physical frame and difficult ac- 
 tion, but it has no intellectual depth or 
 thought.” 
 
 Good plaster casts, about two feet high, 
 copi d from the antique, may now be pro- 
 cured for five or six shillings apiece; and 
 such figures as the Gladiator, the Discobo- 
 los , and the Antinous would, to my mind, 
 constitute a much better kk finish ” for the 
 t‘>p of a bookcase than the clumsy vases 
 and other objects usually sold for this pur- 
 po-e C. L. Eastlake. 
 
 We may allow that a certain number of 
 the clever children will die; but there 
 will be enough left to carve the Niobe and 
 the Discobolus. Grant Allen. 
 
 Dishonest Gamester. A picture 
 by Caravaggio (1569-1809), and 
 one of his best. In the Sciarra 
 Palace, Rome. There are many 
 repetitions of this picture. 
 
 Disputa della SS. Trinita. An 
 altar-piece by Andrea Vannucchi, 
 called Andrea del Sarto (1487- 
 1531), the Italian painter, and re- 
 garded as one of liis best works. 
 
 It is a “ Santa Conversazione,” 
 or discussion between six saints. 
 In the Pitti Palace. 
 
 Dispute of the Sacrament. [La 
 Disputa del Sacramento .] A cele- 
 brated fresco by Raphael Sanzio 
 (1483-1520), representing the Al- 
 mighty, the Saviour, the Virgin, 
 with Patriarchs, Apostles, and 
 Saints, in the glory of heaven. 
 Below these, an assembly of the 
 great Doctors of the Church, sur- 
 rounding an altar on which is the 
 Host. Farther off, “ groups of 
 youths and men who are pressing 
 forward to hear the revelation of 
 the holy mystery, some in atti- 
 tudes of enthusiastic devotion, 
 some yet doubting, and appar- 
 ently in dispute.” This picture is 
 one of the series of four, — The- 
 ology, Poetry, Philosophy, and 
 Jurisprudence, — which were in- 
 tended to exhibit the lofty sub- 
 jects of thought with which the 
 human mind is occupied. They 
 are in the Camera della Segna- 
 tura of the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 jggp “In the first of these [‘The- 
 ology’], commonly but erroneously 
 called La Disputa del Sacramento, 
 Raphael has combined into one great 
 scene the whole system of theology as 
 set forth by the Catholic Church : it is 
 a sort of concordance between heaven 
 and earth, between the celestial and 
 terrestrial witnesses of the truth.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson . 
 
 Dispute with the Doctors. A cele- 
 brated fresco by Bernardino Luini 
 (1480-1530). In Saronno, Italy. 
 It has been chromo-lithographed. 
 
 Distinguished Member of the 
 Humane Society. A picture by 
 Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), 
 the most celebrated painter of 
 animals. The subject is a fine 
 dog, carrying in his mouth a bas- 
 ket of very bright flowers. 
 
 Ditton Park. The fine seat of Lord 
 Montague, near Datchet, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Dixville Notch. A wild mountain 
 defile in Coos Co., N.H. 
 
 Dock Square. A well-known 
 square in Boston, Mass. 
 
 Doctors’ Commons. A college of 
 Doctors of Civil Law in London, 
 
DOG 
 
 144 
 
 DOL 
 
 near St. Paul’s Churchyard. It 
 includes the Court of Arches, 
 Probate Court, High Admiralty 
 Court, which hold, or held, their 
 sessions in the College Hall. 
 The name Doctors’ Commons is 
 derived from the fact that the 
 students and lawyers lived to- 
 gether in common after the colle- 
 giate fashion. The first building 
 was destroyed in the Great Fire 
 of London, and was rebuilt in 
 1672. 
 
 jg®=* “ Now, Doctors’ Commons be- 
 ing familiar by name to everybody, as 
 the place where they grant marriage- 
 licenses to love-sick couples, and 
 divorces to unfaithful ones ; register 
 the wills of people who have any prop- 
 erty to leave, and punish hasty gentle- 
 men who call ladies by unpleasant 
 names, — we no sooner discovered, that 
 we were really within its precincts, 
 than we felt a laudable desire to become 
 better acquainted therewith.” 
 
 Dickens. 
 
 “ It’s a little out-of-the-way place, 
 where they administer what is called 
 ecclesiastical law, and play all kinds 
 of tricks with obsolete old monsters of 
 acts of parliament, which three-fourths 
 of the world know nothing about, and 
 the other fourth supposes to have been 
 dug up in a fossil state, in the days of 
 the Edwards. It’s a place that has an 
 ancient monopoly in suits about peo- 
 ple’s wills and people’s marriages, and 
 disputes about ships and boats.” 
 
 Dickens . 
 
 The Farl of — isterisk — and Lady — 
 blank; 
 
 Sir — Sneh-a-one — with those of fashion’s 
 host. 
 
 For whos * blest surnames — vide “ Morn- 
 ing Post,"* 
 
 (Or if for that impartial print too late. 
 Search Doctors' Commons six months from 
 my date). Byron. 
 
 Doge’s Palace. [Ttal. Palazzo Du- 
 cale.] The famous and magnifi- 
 cent palace of the Doges or Dukes 
 of Venice, one of the oldest pal- 
 aces in Europe, and by some 
 regarded as, architecturally con- 
 sidered, the finest building in the 
 world The present edifice dates 
 from the early part of the eleventh 
 century. 
 
 4QjF* “ There are indeed few build- 
 ings of which it is so difficult to judge 
 calmly, situated as it is, attached to the 
 basilica of St. Mark, and looking on 
 the one hand into the piazza of St. 
 Mark’s, and on the other across the 
 
 water to the churches and palaces that 
 cover the islands. It is, in fact, the 
 centre of the most beautiful architec- 
 tural group that adorns any city of 
 Europe, or of the world, — richer than 
 almost any other building in historical 
 associations, and in a locality hallowed 
 especially to an Englishman by the 
 poetry of Shakespeare. All this 
 spreads a halo around and over the 
 building which may furnish an excuse 
 for those who blindly praise even its 
 deformities. But the soberer judgment 
 of the critic must not be led ash ay by 
 such feelings; and while giving credit 
 for the picturesque situation of this 
 building, and a certain grandeur in its 
 design, he is compelled wholly to con- 
 demn its execution. . . . One thing in 
 this palace is worth remarking, — that 
 almost all the beauty ascribed to its 
 upper story arises from the poly- 
 chromatic mode of decoration intro- 
 duced by disposing pieces of different 
 colored marbles in diaper patterns. 
 This is better done here than in Flor- 
 ence, inasmuch as the slabs are built 
 in, not stuck on. The admiration 
 which it excites is one more testimony 
 to the fact, that, when a building is 
 colored, ninety-nine people in a hundred 
 are widing to overlook all its faults, 
 and to extol that as beautiful, which, 
 without the adjunct of color, they 
 would have unanimously agreed in 
 condemning.” Fergusson. 
 
 “ The Ducal Palace is so exten- 
 sive a structure that the Church of St. 
 Mark’s seems nothing more than a 
 chapel appurtenant to it. Its vast and 
 desolate apartments, through which 
 the visitor is carried, serve as a stand- 
 ard by which the ancient greatness of 
 Venice itself may be measured. Men 
 who could build on so gigantic a scale 
 could have had no thought of decaying 
 fortune or declining power.” Hillard. 
 
 “ A palace more majestic and 
 magnificent in its old age than all the 
 buildings of the earth in the high prime 
 and fulness of their youth. Cloisters 
 and galleries; so light, they might be 
 the work of fairy hands; so strong 
 that centuries have battered them in 
 vain; wind round and round this pal- 
 ace, and enfold it with a cathedral, 
 gorgeous in the wild luxuriant fancies 
 of the East.” Dickens. 
 
 Dogs of St. Gothard. A picture 
 by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803- 
 1873). 
 
 Dolly’s. A well-known tavern in 
 Paternoster Row, London, dat- 
 ing from the time of Queen Anne, 
 and still in existence. 
 
DOL 
 
 145 
 
 DON 
 
 Dolmen of Bagneux. A huge 
 Celtic monument near Saumur, 
 France, consisting of a house or 
 chamber made of blocks of uncut 
 stone. Its origin and meaning 
 are wrapped in obscurity. It is 
 supposed to be connected with 
 the Druidic worship. 
 
 Dolphin, The. The ship in which 
 Juan Verrazano crossed the At- 
 lantic on his voyage of discovery 
 in 1524. He entered with her 
 Long Island Sound and New 
 York Bay, and afterward skirted 
 the coast of Massachusetts and 
 of Maine. 
 
 Dome of the Hock. See Mosque 
 of Omar. 
 
 Domes of the Yosemite. A paint- 
 ing by Albert Bierstadt (b. 1828). 
 In the Athenaeum at St. Jolins- 
 bury, Vt. 
 
 “ The ‘ Domes of the Yosemite ’ 
 is panoramic in size: it is a wildly 
 magnificent and unique scene, drawn 
 with singular fidelity from the solitary 
 heart of the Rocky Mountains. 1 * 
 
 Tucker man. 
 
 Domine Quo Vadis. A church 
 upon the Via Appia, Home, so 
 named from the tradition, that at 
 the time of the first persecution 
 of the Christians, after the burn- 
 ing of Rome, St. Peter, fleeing 
 from the city, was here met by a 
 vision of the Saviour on his way 
 to Rome St. Peter in astonish- 
 ment cried out, “ Lord, whither 
 goest thou?” ( Domine , quo va- 
 dis?), to which Christ replied, “ I 
 go to Rome to be crucified a sec- 
 ond time” ( Vcnio Ro?na?n iteruin 
 crucifir/i). Peter immediately ar- 
 rested his flight, and turned back 
 to the city. The church contains 
 a marble slab upon which is a 
 copy of the supposed footprint 
 of the Saviour as left upon the 
 pavement where he stood, the 
 original stone being preserved in 
 the basilica of S. Sebastiano. 
 
 “ On our way home we entered 
 the Church of Domine quo Vadis, and 
 looked at the old fragment of the Ap- 
 pian Way where our Saviour met St. 
 Peter, and left the impression of his 
 feet in one of the paving-stones. The 
 stone has been removed ; and there is 
 
 now only a facsimile engraved in a 
 block of marble, occupying the place 
 where Jesus stood. It is a great pity 
 they had not left the original stone ; for 
 then all its brother stones in the pave- 
 ment would have seemed to confirm the 
 truth of the legend.” Hawthorne. 
 
 Don Saltero’s Coffee-house. A 
 house, now a tavern, in Chelsea, 
 London, to which was formerly 
 attached a museum, containing a 
 collection of curiosities, the ab- 
 surdity of some of which is indi- 
 cated by the following remark of 
 Steele: “He shows you a straw 
 hat, which I know to be made by 
 Madge Peskad, within three miles 
 of Bedford; and tells you, ‘ It is 
 Pontius Pilate’s wife’s chamber- 
 maid’s sister’s hat.’ ” 
 
 When I came into the coffee-house, I 
 had not time to salute the company, be- 
 fore my eyes were diverted by ten thou- 
 sand gimcracks round the room and on 
 the ceiling. Steele 
 
 Don Saltero's Coffee-house still looks as 
 brisk as in Steele's time. Carlyle (1S34) 
 
 Donelson, Fort. See Fort Donel- 
 
 SON. 
 
 Doni, Agnolo. A well-known por- 
 trait by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520). Now in the Uffizi Gallery, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Donington Hall. The seat of the 
 Marquis of Hastings, near Asliby- 
 de-la-Zoucli, England. 
 
 Donnington Castle. A feudal for- 
 tress in England, near Speen, 
 celebrated for the resistance it 
 made to Parliament, and for hav- 
 ing been the residence of the 
 poet Chaucer during the latter 
 part of his life. 
 
 Donnybrook Fair. A famous fair 
 held annually in the village of 
 Donnybrook, now one of the sub- 
 urbs of Dublin, Ireland. The 
 importance of the fair has of late 
 years diminished. 
 
 JO® 13 “ Although the Irishman is no 
 longer there ‘in his glory,’ tents are 
 still annually pitched upon the sodden 
 sward, where they have been erected 
 for centuries; itinerant ‘play-actors’ 
 continue to gather there once a year; 
 the beggars yet make it a place of ren- 
 dezvous; lads and lasses assemble even 
 now to dance under roofs of canvas , 
 and the din of harsh music from the 
 
DOR 
 
 146 
 
 DOW 
 
 * shows,’ mingled with the almost 
 equally discordant squeakings of a score 
 or two of bagpipes, still keep alive the 
 memory of 
 
 ‘ Donnybrook capers, that bother’d the 
 vapors, 
 
 And drove away care.’ ” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs . Hall. 
 
 Dorchester House. A modern 
 mansion in London, built in 1851, 
 on the site of the old Dorchester 
 House, and noted for its elegance 
 and for its .fine collection of pic- 
 tures. 
 
 Doria Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Dona.] 
 A celebrated palace, once the 
 residence of Andrea Doria, in 
 Genoa, Italy. 
 
 This house was Andrea Doria's. Here he 
 lived — 
 
 — He left it for a better, and ’t is now 
 A house ol trade. Yet fallen as it is, 
 
 *Tis still the noblest dwelling, even in 
 Genoa! Rogers 
 
 The Dona s long pale palace striking out. 
 From green hills in advance of the white 
 town, 
 
 A marble finger dominant to ships, 
 
 Seen glimmering through the uncertain 
 gray of dawn Mrs Browning. 
 
 Doria - Pamphili Palace. [Ital. 
 Palazzo Doria-Pamphili .] A pal- 
 ace in Rome, of immense size, 
 having a facade upon the Corso, 
 and containing a fine and large 
 gallery of paintings. Among the 
 many works in the gallery are 
 some landscapes by Claude Lor- 
 raine, including his well-known 
 picture of “ The Mill ” {Molina). 
 
 Dorothea, The. A vessel under 
 command of Capt. Buchan, sent, 
 in company with the Trent under 
 Franklin, on an expedition to the 
 Arctic regions in 1818. 
 
 Dorothea. See Fornarina, La, 
 
 D’Orsay, Palais. See Orsay, Pa- 
 lais d’. 
 
 Dorset Gardens Theatre. A for- 
 mer theatre of London, situated 
 at the extremity of Salisbury 
 Court, Fleet Street, opened in 
 1(571 , and taken down about 1720. 
 
 Douglas Castle. An ancient ruined 
 fortress near the town of the same 
 name in Scotland. It is described 
 by Sir Walter Scott in his “ Cas- 
 tle Dangerous.” It, as well as 
 the modern mansion bearing the 
 
 same name, belongs to the Earl 
 of Home. 
 
 Doune Castle. An ancient baro- 
 nial edifice in Doune, Scotland, 
 associated with the romances of 
 Sir Walter Scott. The hero of 
 “Waverley” was imprisoned 
 here. 
 
 Dovedale. A remarkable and far- 
 famed chasm, in the neighbor- 
 hood of Ashbourne, England, 
 through which flows the river 
 Dove. The scenery is of the most 
 romantic description. 
 
 She dwelt among the untrodden ways 
 Beside the springs of Dove , 
 
 A maid whom there were none to praise. 
 And very few to love. Wordsworth. 
 
 Dover. A picture by Joseph Mal- 
 lord William Turner (1775-1851), 
 the celebrated English painter. 
 
 Dover Castle. The ancient and 
 now modernized and greatly 
 strengthened fortress of Dover, 
 England, on the summit of a cliff 
 over 300 feet in height. The 
 foundations of the fortress are 
 thought to be of Roman times. 
 Dover Castle embraces an area 
 of some 35 acres. 
 
 Dover House. A mansion in 
 Whitehall, London, formerly" be- 
 longing to the Duke of York. 
 
 Doves of Pliny. See Pliny’s 
 Doves. 
 
 Downing College. A foundation 
 of the University of Cambridge, 
 England. Established in 1800. 
 
 Downing Street. A street in Lon- 
 don, named from Sir George 
 Downing. The principal house 
 in this street was given by George 
 I. to Sir Robert Walpole, who 
 accepted it for his office of First 
 Lord of the Treasury. It has 
 since been the official residence 
 of successive prime ministers, 
 and has given celebrity to the 
 street in which it stands. 
 
 4Gi = ' “ From all corners of the wide 
 British Dominion there rises one com- 
 plaint against the ineffectuality of what 
 are nicknamed our ‘ red-tape ’ establish- 
 ments, our Government Offices, Colo- 
 nial Office, Foreign Office, and the 
 others, in Downing Street and the 
 neighborhood. To me individually 
 these branches of human business are 
 
DRA 
 
 147 
 
 DKU 
 
 little known ; but every British citizen 
 and reflective passer-by has occasion to 
 wonder much and inquire earnestly 
 concerning them. . . . And, secondly, 
 it is felt that ‘ reform ’ in that Downing- 
 street department of affairs is precisely 
 the reform which were worth all others ; 
 that those administrative establishments 
 in Downing Street are really the Gov- 
 ernment of this huge ungoverned Em- 
 pire.” Carlyle. 
 
 /Kip* “There is a fascination in the 
 air of this little cul-de-sac : an hour’s 
 inhalation of its atmosphere affects 
 some men with giddiness, others with 
 blindness, and very frequently with 
 the most oblivious boastfulness.” 
 
 Theodore Hook. 
 
 Let but a hand of violence be laid upon 
 an English subject, and the great British 
 lion which lies couchant in Downing Street 
 begins to utter menacing growls and shake 
 his invincible locks. Hillard. 
 
 To call upon any judge in such a mat- 
 ter wo dd be altogether out of place. . . . 
 He had in his head some hazy idea of for- 
 cing an answer from the officials in Down- 
 ing Street ; but in his heart he did not 
 believe he should be able to get beyond 
 the messengers. Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Suave mari magno , it is pleasant sitting 
 in the easy-chairs of Downing Street , to 
 sprinkle pepper on the raw wounds of a 
 kindred people struggling for life, and phil- 
 osophical to find in self-conceit the cause 
 of our instinctive resentment. Lowell. 
 
 Drachenfels. [Dragon Rock.] This 
 castle on a mountain of the same 
 name, 855 feet above the level of 
 the Rhine, was built early in the 
 twelfth century. It is about ten 
 miles from the city of Bonn. In 
 the Thirty Years War it was oc- 
 cupied by the Swedes, but was 
 taken and destroyed by the Duke 
 Ferdinand of Bavaria. The name 
 is said to be derived from the 
 dragon slain by the horned Sieg- 
 fried, who figures in the “ Niebel- 
 ungen Lied.” Stone was taken 
 from a quarry on the Drachenfels 
 to build the famed Cathedral of 
 Cologne. 
 
 The castled crag of Drachenfels 
 Frowns o’er the wild and winding Rhine, 
 Whose breast of waters broadly swells 
 Between the banks which bear the vine. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 ’Twas midnight as we scaled the mountain 
 height, — 
 
 Owls hooted, rattling sounds were heard 
 and groans ; 
 
 A furious north-wind blustered fitfully. 
 Such was the night, my friend, that 1 did 
 pass 
 
 On the high Drachenfels. Heine , Trans. 
 
 Drapers’ Hall. A well - known 
 hall in Throgmorton Street, Lon- 
 don, belonging to the great City 
 Company of Drapers. The old 
 edifice was destroyed in the great 
 fire, but was afterwards rebuilt. 
 
 Draught of Fishes. See Miracu- 
 lous Draught of Fishes. 
 
 Dreadnought, The. A celebrated 
 ship of the British navy which 
 fought at Trafalgar, and was 
 afterwards moored in the Thames 
 as a hospital for sick and diseased 
 seamen of all nations. 
 
 Drei Gleichen. [The Three Equals.] 
 A name given to three ruined cas- 
 tles of similar appearance, and 
 all of great antiquity, in the 
 neighborhood of Gotha, Germa- 
 ny- 
 
 Drei Mohren. [The Three Moors.] 
 A famous tavern in Augsburg, 
 Bavaria, which has existed as 
 such for more than 500 years, and 
 is also celebrated for its stores of 
 rare wines. 
 
 Dresden Madonna. See Madonna 
 di San Sisto. 
 
 Druid Hill. A beautiful and spa- 
 cious park just north of Balti- 
 more, Md. It comprises 675 acres. 
 The trees are very ancient, and 
 the grounds were to some extent 
 laid out before the Revolution. 
 
 Drummond Castle. The seat of 
 the Earls of Perth near Crieff, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Drunken Bacchus. A statue by 
 Michael Angelo Buonarotti (1175- 
 1561). It is in the Ufiizi Gallery, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 “ It is a figure as large as life, 
 of which Michael Angelo’s contempo- 
 raries speak with admiration, while 
 moderns do not accord with this un- 
 qualified appreciation.” 
 
 Grimm , Trans. 
 
 J §£§=* “ The arms are perfect in their 
 manly beauty; the frame is powerfully 
 modelled, and all the lines flow with 
 boldness and truth, one into the other. 
 As a work of art, unity alone is want- 
 ing. He should be Bacchus in every 
 thing.” Shelley. 
 
 J8®=* “ The Drunken Bacchus . . . 
 might pass for a relic of the palmiest 
 times of Grecian art. The face, amidst 
 its half-vacant, sensual expression. 
 
DRU 
 
 148 
 
 DRY 
 
 shows traces of its immortal origin, and 
 there is still an air of dignity preserved 
 in the swagger of his beautiful form.” 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Drunken Faun. An admired stat- 
 ue, a relic of ancient sculpture. 
 Now in the museum at Naples, 
 Italy. 
 
 Drury Court. A court in London, 
 formerly called May-pole Alley. 
 See May-pole and Drury Lane. 
 
 Drury Lane. A street in London, 
 so called from the town house of 
 the Drury family. It was an ar- 
 istocratic quarter till late in the 
 seventeenth century. The pres- 
 ent character of the place is im- 
 plied in the lines of Gay (1688- 
 1732), written after it had begun 
 to deteriorate. See Drury Lane 
 Theatre. 
 
 Oh. may thy virtue guard thee through the 
 roads 
 
 Of Drury 's mazy courts and dark abodes ! 
 
 Gay . 
 
 1st May, 1G6T. To Westminster, in the 
 way meeting many milkmaids with then- 
 garlands upon their pails, dancing with a 
 tiddler before them; and saw pretty Nelly 
 [Nell Gw.ynnej standing at her lodging- 
 door, in Drury lane, in her smock-sleeves 
 and bodice, looking upon one: she seemed 
 a mighty pretty creature Pepys. 
 
 Did you ever hear the like, 
 
 Or ever hear the fame, 
 
 Of five women barbers 
 That lived in Drury Lane ? 
 
 Ballad. 
 
 When Calvert’s butt and Parson’s black 
 champagne 
 
 Regale the drabs and bloods of Drury 
 Lane , 
 
 There in a lonely room, from bailiffs snug, 
 The Muse found Scruggen stretched be- 
 neath a rug. Goldsmith. 
 
 Drury Lane Theatre. The first 
 building of this name, situated 
 upon the same site with the pres- 
 ent edifice, was opened in 1663. 
 It was subsequently burned, and 
 was rebuilt from designs by Sir 
 Christopher Wren. It was re- 
 opened in 1674 with a prologue 
 and epilogue by Dryden. Many 
 eminent actors and playwrights 
 have at different times been con- 
 nected with this theatre. It was 
 again destroyed by fire in 1809, 
 and the present house was opened 
 in 1812 with a prologue by Lord 
 Byron. This opening in 1812 is 
 interesting from its connection 
 
 with the publication of the “ Re- 
 jected Addresses ” of James and 
 Horace Smith. The managers of 
 the theatre having advertised for 
 addresses, to be sent them, one of 
 which was to be spoken on the 
 first night, the brothers James 
 and Horace wrote and published 
 their collection of supposed Re- 
 jected Addresses consisting of hu- 
 morous imitations of different au- 
 thors. See Drury Lane. 
 
 This old doorway, if you are young, 
 reader, you may not know was the iden- 
 tical pit entrance to old Drury , — Garrick’s 
 Drury, — all of it that is left. [ never pass 
 it without shaking some forty years from 
 off my shoulders, recurring to the evening 
 when I passed through it to see my first 
 play Charles Lamb. 
 
 To him [Johnson] she was as beautiful 
 as the Gunnings, and witty as Lady Mary. 
 Her opinion of his writings was more im- 
 portant to him than the voice of the pit of 
 Drury Lane Theatre, ox the judgment of 
 the Monthly Review. Macaulay. 
 
 Then spare our stage, ye mothodistic men ! 
 Nor burn damn’d Drury if it rise again. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 For this world abounds in miraculous 
 combinations, far transcending any thing 
 they do at Drury Lane in the melodramat- 
 ic way. Carlyle. 
 
 Drusus, Arch of. See Arch of 
 Drusus. 
 
 Drusus, Tower of. A Roman ruin 
 at Mayence, Germany, regarded 
 by some as the tomb of Drusus, 
 the son-in-law of Augustus. Its 
 popular name is the Eichelstein . 
 
 Dryburgh Abbey. This ancient 
 abbey of Scotland is situated on 
 the Tweed, about 40 miles from 
 Edinburgh. It was founded in 
 1144 by Hugh de Morville, and 
 endowed by David I. and by sev- 
 eral churches. It has long been 
 in ruins. One of the transept 
 aisles remains, however, and here 
 Sir Walter Scott and his family 
 are buried. 
 
 JgGr 3 “ There is a part of the ruin that 
 stands most picturesquely by itself, as 
 if Old Time had intended it for a mon- 
 ument. It is the ruin of that part of 
 the chapel called St. Mary’s Aisle: it 
 stands surrounded by luxuriant thickets 
 of pine and other trees, a cluster of 
 beautiful G-othic arches supporting a 
 second tier of smaller and more fanci- 
 ful ones, one or two of which have that 
 light touch of the Moorish in their 
 form which gives such a singular a;nl 
 
DUB 
 
 149 
 
 DUM 
 
 poetic effect in many of the old Gothic 
 ruins. Out of these wild arches and 
 windows wave wreaths of ivy, and 
 slender harebells shake their blue pen- 
 dants. . . . Underneath these arches 
 lie [Scott] lies beside his wife; around 
 him the representation of the two 
 things he loved most, — the wild bloom 
 and beauty of nature, and the architec- 
 tural memorial of bygone history and 
 art.” Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 A solemn ruin, lovely in repose, 
 Dryburgh! tliine ivied walls were grayly 
 
 seen : 
 
 Thy court is now a garden, where the 
 flow r ers 
 
 Expand in silent beauty, and the bird 
 Flitting from arch to arch alone is heard 
 To cheer with song the melancholy 
 bowers. D. M. Moir. 
 
 Thou slumberest with the noble dead 
 In Dryburgh' s solemn pile, 
 
 Amid the peers and warriors bold, 
 
 And mitred abbots stern and old. 
 
 Who sleep in sculptured aisle. 
 
 L. 11. Sigourney. 
 
 Dublin Castle. The residence of 
 the Viceroy of Ireland, in Dublin. 
 It is an ancient stronghold, — 
 begun in 1205, situated on very 
 high ground nearly in the centre 
 of the city, — but it has under- 
 gone almost entire restoration 
 and renewal, and is now used for 
 government offices. 
 
 Ducal Palace. See Doge’s Palace. 
 
 Dudley House. A mansion in 
 London, the residence of Earl 
 Dudley, containing a fine collec- 
 tion of pictures. 
 
 Dudley Observatory. An astro- 
 nomical observatory in Albany, 
 N. Y. 
 
 Duff House. The seat of the Earl 
 of Fife, in the town of Bauff, Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Duke Humphrey’s Walk. A 
 name once popularly given to 
 the middle aisle of the nave in 
 St. Paul’s Church, London, in 
 which was the tomb of the duke, 
 son of Henry IV. The young 
 idlers of Elizabeth’s time were 
 often called “ Paul’s Walkers.” 
 
 “ An open question whether 
 1 dining with Duke Humphrey ’ alludes 
 to the report that he was starved to 
 death, or to the Elizabethan habit for 
 )oor gentility to beguile the dinner 
 lour by a promenade near his tomb 
 in old St. Paul’s.” Yonge. 
 
 Paul's Walk is the Land’s Epitome, or 
 you may call it the lesser lie of Great 
 Brittaine 
 
 Earle , Microcosmographia, 1629 
 
 — Do you dine with Sir Humphrey to-day ? 
 1 should think with Duke Humphrey was 
 more in your way. Byron , 
 
 Those who at Christmas do repine, 
 
 And would fain hence despatch him, 
 JVIay they with old Duke Humphrey dine. 
 Or else may Squire Ketch catch ’em. 
 
 Duke of Exeter’s Daughter. A 
 name given to the rack, which 
 was first introduced as an instru- 
 ment of torture into the Tower 
 of London by the Duke of Exeter 
 in 1147. 
 
 Duke of Guise. See Death of 
 the Duke of Guise. 
 
 Duke of York’s Column. A 
 
 Scotch granite column 124 feet 
 high, Carlton-House Gardens, 
 London, surmounted by a statue 
 of the Duke of York (d. 1827) in 
 whose memory it was erected. 
 
 Duke’s Theatre. A famous old 
 London theatre, built in 1660, 
 which took the place of the older 
 Salisbury Court Theatre. Kniglit 
 says of the Salisbury Court thea- 
 tre that it was in 1583 one of the 
 chief London playhouses. The 
 Duke’s Theatre was destroyed in 
 the great tire, and rebuilt by Sir 
 Christopher Wren in 1671. It 
 lasted down to the year 1720. 
 
 “ Like Nero’s palace shining all with 
 gold.” Dry den. 
 
 Dulwich College. An educational 
 establishment in the environs of 
 London, founded in 1613. The 
 present building is mostly mod- 
 ern. 
 
 Dulwich Gallery. A collection of 
 paintings, founded by Sir Francis 
 Bourgeois, now in Dulwich Col- 
 lege, in the environs of London. 
 It contains some fine specimens of 
 the Dutch school. 
 
 Dumbarton Castle. An ancient 
 and celebrated fortress on the 
 river Clyde, in Scotland. 
 
 “The rock is nearly 500 feet 
 high, and from its position and great 
 strength as a fortress has been called 
 the Gibralter of Scotland.” 
 
 Bayard Tavlor. 
 
DUN 
 
 150 
 
 DUN 
 
 “All the tears we shed over 
 Miss Porter’s William Wallace seem 
 to rise up like a many-colored mist 
 about it. The highest peak of the 
 rock is still called Wallace’s Seat, and 
 a part of the castle, Wallace’s Tower; 
 and in one of its apartments a huge 
 two-handed sword of the hero is still 
 shown. 1 suppose, in fact, Miss Por- 
 ter’s sentimental hero is about as much 
 like the real William Wallace as Dan- 
 iel Boone is like Sir Charles Grandison. 
 Many a young lady who has cried her- 
 self sick over Wallace in the novel, 
 would have been in perfect horror if 
 she could have seen the real man. Still 
 Dumbarton Castle is not a whit the less 
 picturesque for that.” 
 
 Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Dunamase, Rock of. See Rock of 
 Dunam ase. 
 
 Dunderberg. [Thunder Moun- 
 tain.] An eminence on the Hud- 
 son river at Caldwell’s Landing, 
 associated with romantic legends. 
 
 JUST* “ The captains of the river craft 
 talk of a little bulbous-bottomed Dutch 
 goblin, in trunk hose and sugar-loaf 
 hat, with a speaking-trumpet in his 
 hand, which they say keeps the Bonder 
 Berg. They declare that they have 
 heard him in stormy weather, in the 
 midst of the turmoil, giving orders in 
 Low Dutch for the piping up of a fresh 
 gust of wind, or the rattling off of 
 another thunder-clap. . . . Several 
 events of this kind having taken place, 
 the regular skippers of the river for a 
 long time did not venture to pass the 
 Bonder Berg without lowering their 
 peaks, out of homage to the Heer of 
 the mountains; and it was observed 
 that all such as paid this tribute of 
 respect were suffered to pass unmo- 
 lested.” Washington Irving. 
 
 Dundonald Castle. An ancient 
 feudal mansion, now in ruins, 
 near the town of Troon, in Scot- 
 land. King Robert II. of Scotland 
 lived here before his accession to 
 the throne. 
 
 JUSif* “Dr. Johnson, to irritate my 
 old Scottish enthusiasm, was very joc- 
 ular on the homely accommodation of 
 King Bob, and roared and laughed till 
 the ruins echoed.” Boswell. 
 
 Dundrennan Abbey. An ancient 
 and once celebrated monastic es- 
 tablishment near Kirkcubbright, 
 in Scotland, and near the sea. It 
 was built in 1140 by King David 
 for Cistercian monks from Rie- 
 vaulx. Queen Mary is said to 
 
 have slept there after the battle 
 of Langside. Only the front of 
 the building now remains. 
 
 Dun Edin’s Cross. An ancient 
 monument, consisting of a shaft 
 surmounted by a unicorn, stand- 
 ing within the enclosure of St. 
 Giles’s Church, Edinburgh, Scot- 
 land. It was taken down, and 
 for a time removed from the city, 
 but in 1866 was restored to its 
 original place. The base is mod- 
 ern. 
 
 Dun-EdiWs Cross . a pillared stouo, 
 
 Kose on a turret octagon. 
 
 (But now is razed that monument 
 Whence royal edict rang. 
 
 And voice of Scotland’s law was sent 
 In glorious trumpet clang); 
 
 Oh ! be his tomb as lead to lead 
 Upon its dull destroyer’s head ! — 
 
 A minstrel’s malison is said. Scott. 
 
 Dunfermline Abbey. A famous 
 burial-place of the Scottish kings. 
 The original edifice was founded 
 in the eleventh century. The 
 existing building is of the present 
 century. The Palace of Dun- 
 fermline was a favorite residence 
 of the kings of Scotland. 
 
 Dunloe Cave. A singular cave 
 near the entrance to the Gap of 
 Dunloe, in the county of Kerry, 
 Ireland. It is remarkable for 
 some ancient stones which it con- 
 tains, inscribed with the old Og- 
 ham characters, said to have 
 been used in Ireland long before 
 the era of Christianity. It is con- 
 jectured that this writing may be 
 a relic of the old Phoenician 
 writing introduced by a colony 
 into Ireland. 
 
 Dunloe Gap. A noted pass about 
 four miles in length, in the county 
 of Kerry, Ireland. 
 
 J “ The visitor is at once con- 
 vinced that he is about to visit a scene 
 rarely paralleled for wild grandeur and 
 stern magnificence; the singular char- 
 acter of the deep ravine would seem to 
 confirm the popular tradition that it 
 was produced by a stroke of the sword 
 of one of the giants of old, which 
 divided the mountains and left them 
 apart forever. Anywhere, and under 
 any circumstances, this rugged and 
 gloomy pass would be a most striking 
 object; but its interest and importance 
 are no doubt considerably enhanced by 
 
DUN 
 
 151 
 
 DUR 
 
 the position it occupies in the very cen- 
 tre of gentle and delicious beauty.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 Dunluce Castle. One of the most 
 interesting and remarkable ruins 
 in Ireland, in the county of 
 Antrim, the former seat of the 
 McDonnels. It stands on an in- 
 sulated rock a hundred feet above 
 the sea, while its base has been 
 formed by the action of the waves 
 into spacious and beautiful cav- 
 erns. 
 
 4®=- “ It was the most mournful and 
 desolate picture I ever beheld. ... In 
 front the breakers dashed into the en- 
 trance, flinging the spray half way to 
 the roof, while the sound rang up 
 through the arches like thunder. It 
 seemed to me the haunt of the old 
 Norsemen’s sea-gods.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Dunmore House. The seat of the 
 Earl of Dunmore, on the Firth of 
 Forth, Scotland. 
 
 Dunmore House. An ancient but 
 decaying mansion in Williams- 
 burg, Va., the former residence 
 of Lord Dunmore, the last of the 
 colonial governors of Virginia. 
 It is of brick, and was in its day 
 a house of vice-regal splendor. 
 
 Dunnottar Castle. A ruined for- 
 tress near Stonehaven, Scotland, 
 the seat of the Keiths, earls mar- 
 ischal of Scotland. It was taken 
 by Wallace in 1296, and was dis- 
 mantled in the early part of the 
 last century. It was at one time 
 a place of imprisonment of the 
 Scottish Covenanters. 
 
 4®=* “ Bare and desolate, surrounded 
 on all sides by the restless, moaning 
 waves; a place justly held accursed as 
 the scene of cruelties to the Covenant- 
 ers, so appalling and brutal as to make 
 the blood boil in the recital, even in 
 this late day.” Mrs. IT. B. Stowe. 
 
 Dunrobin Castle. The seat of the 
 Duke of Sutherland, a castel- 
 lated mansion, and one of the 
 finest residences in Scotland. It 
 is situated in the parish of Gols- 
 pie, in the county of Sutherland. 
 
 Dunroby Abbey. A beautiful ru- 
 ined monastery in the county of 
 Wexford, Ireland. It was found- 
 ed in 1182. 
 
 Dunsinane Hill. An eminence 
 about 1,100 feet in height, near 
 Errol, in Scotland, famous from 
 its associations with Shake- 
 speare’s tragedy of “ Macbeth,” 
 and as having been the site of 
 the castle mentioned in the play. 
 See Macbeth’s Cairn. 
 
 I pull in resolution, and begin 
 To doubt the equivocation of the fiend 
 That lies like truth: ‘Fear not till Bir 
 nam Wood 
 
 Do come to Dunsinane ; 1 and now a wood 
 Comes toward Dunsinane. Shakespeare. 
 
 Dunstan’s, St. See St. Dunstan’s. 
 
 Dunvegan Castle. An ancient 
 mansion in the North of Scotland, 
 the seat of Macleod of Macleod, 
 said to be the oldest inhabited 
 castle in the country. Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott composed one of his 
 poems here. 
 
 Duomo. For names beginning 
 with the word Duclmo (Italian for 
 cathedral) see the next promi- 
 nent word of the name; e.g., Du- 
 omo di Pisa, see Pisa, Cathedral 
 of. 
 
 Du Quesne, Fort. See Fort du 
 Quesne. 
 
 Durandal. The famous sword of 
 Roland the Brave, said to have 
 been brought with his body by 
 Charlemagne from Roncesvaux, 
 and interred in the citadel of 
 Blaye, on the Garonne, France. 
 
 Durazzo Palace. [Ital. Palazzo 
 Durazzo.] A splendid palace in 
 Genoa, Italy, containing some 
 fine pictures. 
 
 Diirer, Albert. See Albert Du- 
 rer. 
 
 Durgah, The. A famous tomb, 
 built for the Shekli Selim-Chisti, 
 at Futtehpore, about 22 miles 
 from Agra, in Hindostan. 
 
 4®"“ The tomb, as well as a canopy 
 six feet high which covers it, is made 
 of mother-of-pearl. The floor is of jas- 
 per, and the walls of white marble in- 
 laid with cornelian. A cloth of silk 
 and gold was spread over it like a pall, 
 and upon this were wreaths of fresh 
 and withered flowers. The screens of 
 marble surrounding the building are 
 the most beautiful in India. They are 
 single thin slabs about eight feet square, 
 and wrought into such intricate open 
 patterns that you would say they had 
 
DUB 
 
 152 
 
 DYI 
 
 been woven in a loom. Busharat Ali 
 informed me that the Durgah was 
 erected in one year, and that it cost 37 
 lacs of rupees, — $1,750,000.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Durham Castle. One of the noble 
 remains of antiquity in the North 
 of England, different portions of 
 which date back to different pe- 
 riods. A great part of it is sup- 
 posed to be no older than William 
 the Conqueror; but there must 
 have been a fortress before that 
 time. The old keep, which com- 
 mands beautiful views, is divided 
 into rooms which are occupied 
 by students of the university. 
 
 Gray towers of Durham ! there was once 
 a time 
 
 I viewed your battlements with such 
 vague hope 
 
 As brightens life in its first dawning 
 prime ; 
 
 Well yet I love thy mixed and massive 
 piles, 
 
 Half church of God, half castle ’gainst the 
 Scot, 
 
 And long to roam these venerable aisles, 
 With records stored of deeds long since 
 forgot. Scott. 
 
 Durham Cathedral. One of the 
 noblest ecclesiastical edifices in 
 England. It was founded in 
 1093; is 507 feet in length, 200 feet 
 in breadth, and has a tower 214 
 feet in height. It is of massive 
 Norman architecture. 
 
 Durham House. A noble man- 
 sion in London in former days, 
 situated on the Strand. It was 
 at one time in the possession of 
 Sir Walter Raleigh. A part of 
 the site is now occupied by the 
 Adelphi Terrace. 
 
 Durham Terrace. A terrace at 
 Quebec, Canada, 200 feet above 
 the river, and commanding a 
 magnificent view. The terrace, 
 which is a favorite promenade, 
 stands upon the platform and 
 buttresses where was formerly 
 the Chateau of St. Louis, built by 
 Champlain in 1620. 
 
 4®"” There is not in the world a 
 nobler outlook than that from the ter- 
 race at Quebec. You stand upon a 
 rock overhanging city and river, and 
 look down upon the guard-ships’ masts. 
 Acre upon acre of timber comes float- 
 
 ing down the stream above the city, the 
 Canadian boat-songs just reaching you 
 upon the heights.” Sir Charles Dilke. 
 
 Durrenstein. A famous ruined 
 castle on the Danube, near Linz, 
 once the prison of Richard Coeur 
 de Lion. 
 
 Diisseldorf Gallery. A gallery 
 of paintings in Diisseldorf, Ger- 
 many, founded at the beginning 
 of the eighteenth century. In 1805 
 all the finest pictures in the gal- 
 lery were taken to Munich by 
 Max. Joseph, king of Bavaria, 
 and are now in the Pinakothek. 
 The gallery, however, still con- 
 tains many valuable sketches and 
 drawings by celebrated artists. 
 
 Diisseldorf Madonna. A name 
 sometimes given to a picture of a 
 Holy Family by Raphael Sanzio 
 (1483-1520), formerly in Diissel- 
 dorf, but now in the Pinakothek 
 at Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 4®^ “Christ and St. John attending 
 to each other; the Virgin sitting on the 
 ground looking at St. John ; St. Joseph 
 behind with both hands on his staff . . . 
 altogether a very regular pyramid.” 
 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds. 
 
 Dutch Church. See Old Dutch 
 Church. 
 
 Dying Gladiator. A famous work 
 of ancient sculpture, representing 
 a Gaul dying, and supposed to 
 be one of a series of figures illus- 
 trating the incursion of the Gauls 
 into Greece. The best authori- 
 ties now regard this wonderful 
 statue as that of a dying Gaul, 
 and not a gladiator, though some 
 have looked upon it as either the 
 original work or a copy of a stat- 
 ue by Ctesilaus (Cresilas), a Gre- 
 cian sculptor, and contemporary 
 of Phidias. It is now preserved 
 in the museum of the Capitol at 
 Rome. The right arm of this 
 statue has been restored. It is 
 not positively known by whom 
 this restoration was made; but 
 the work has been credited to 
 Michael Angelo on the ground 
 that no one else could have done 
 it. See Borghp:se Gladiator 
 and Wounded Gladiator. 
 
DYI 
 
 153 
 
 DYI 
 
 Here is a real and not an ideal 
 statue : the figure, nevertheless, is beau- 
 tiful, because men of this class devoted 
 their lives to exercising naked.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 T must never forgot the famous statue 
 of the Gladiator spoken of by Pliny, so 
 much follow'd by all the rare artists, as 
 the many copies testify, dispersed through 
 almost all Europe, both in stone and 
 metal. John Evelyn, 1644. 
 
 I see before me the Gladiator lie: 
 
 He leans upon his hand — his manly brow 
 Consents to death, but conquers agony 
 Byron 
 
 It was that room, in the centre of which 
 reclines the noble and most pathetic fig- 
 ure of the Dying Gladiator , just sinking 
 into his death-swoon. Hawthorne. 
 
 Dying Magdalene. A well-known 
 work of sculpture by Antonio 
 Canova (1757-1822). 
 
EAR 
 
 154 
 
 E. 
 
 Ear of Dionysius. In the neigh- 
 borhood of Syracuse, in Sicily, is 
 a cave of great depth, which is 
 said to have been built by Dio- 
 nysius the Elder, a tyrant, or 
 usurper, who was born about B.C. 
 430, and died B.C. 367, in the sixty- 
 third year of his age, and the thir- 
 ty-ninth of his rule. This cave 
 was 250 feet long and 80 feet high. 
 It was fashioned in the form of 
 a human ear; and the faintest 
 sounds were carried from all parts 
 to a central chamber, which corre- 
 sponded to the tympanum, or 
 drum, of the ear. In this remark- 
 able whispering gal lery, Dionysius 
 imprisoned all who were the ob- 
 jects of his suspicions; while he 
 himself was in the habit of passing 
 entire days in the innermost cham- 
 ber, listening to the conversation 
 of his victims, in order that he 
 might ascertain for himself who 
 were really his enemies. Ancient 
 writers tell us that the workmen 
 who constructed the cavern were 
 put to death to prevent them 
 from divulging the use to which 
 it was to be put, and that whole 
 families were sometimes confined 
 in it at once. Modern travellers 
 relate that even at the present 
 day, notwithstanding the changes 
 which have been wrought by time, 
 the echo is such that the tearing 
 of a sheet of paper at the entrance 
 can be distinctly heard in the re- 
 motest part. Pieces of iron and 
 lead have been found in making 
 excavations, and they are thought 
 to be the remains of the chains 
 and staples by which the prison- 
 ers were confined. 
 
 This serpent in the wall is arranged for 
 hearing. It is an Ear of Dionysius. 
 
 George Sand, Trans. 
 
 Nevertheless, even in the height of his 
 glory, he [Voltaire] has a strange sensi- 
 tiveness to the judgment of the world: 
 could he have contrived a Dionysius' Ear , 
 in tli e Rue Traversiere, we should have 
 found him watching at it night and day. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 EAS 
 
 Earthly Love. An admired pic- 
 ture by Caravaggio (1569-1609). 
 In the Berlin Museum. 
 
 East India Docks. These docks, 
 in London, originally built for 
 the East India Company, have 
 been, since the opening of the 
 trade to India, the property of 
 the East and West India Compa- 
 nies. They were opened in 1806. 
 See West India Docks. 
 
 Captain Cuttle lived on the brink of a 
 little canal near the India Docks , w T here 
 there was a swivel bridge, which opened 
 now and then to let some wandering mon- 
 ster of a ship come roaming up the street 
 like a stranded leviathan. Dickens. 
 
 East India House. The house 
 of the East India Company, 
 “ the most celebrated commercial 
 association of ancient or mod- 
 ern times.” It was situated in 
 Leaden hall Street, London, and 
 was taken down in 1862, its cele- 
 brated museum having been re- 
 moved to Fife House, White- 
 hall. The museum is now at the 
 South Kensington Museum. 
 Hoole, the translator of Tasso, 
 Charles Lamb, and James Mill, 
 the historian of British India, 
 were clerks in the East India 
 House. 
 
 jgQ^^My printed works were my 
 recreations : my true works may be 
 found on the shelves in Leadenhall 
 Street, filling some hundred folios.” 
 
 Charles Lamb. 
 
 Scandinavian Thor, who once forged 
 his bolts in icy Hecla, and built galleys 
 by lonely fiords, in England, has ad- 
 vanced with the times, has shorn his 
 beard, enters Parliament, sits down at a 
 desk in the India House, and lends Mioll- 
 nir to Birmingham for a steam hammer. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 East India Marine Hall. A build- 
 ing in Salem, Mass., containing 
 collections of the Essex Institute 
 and of the East India Marine So- 
 ciety. The scientific cabinets of 
 the Essex Institute are extensive 
 and well-arranged, and the col- 
 lections of the Marine Society in- 
 
EAS 
 
 155 
 
 ECC 
 
 elude many curiosities from Ori- 
 ental countries and other distant 
 nations. 
 
 Among the numerous curiosi- 
 ties is a piece of wood-carving in the 
 form of two hemispheres 1| inches in 
 diameter, in the concavities of which 
 are carved representations on the one 
 hemisphere of heaven and on the 
 other of hell. There are 110 full- 
 length figures in the carving, and the 
 whole is very skilfully executed. It is 
 said to he the work of an Italian monk 
 of the fourteenth century. 
 
 East Room. A noted apartment 
 in the White House at Washing- 
 ton, being a richly-decorated hall 
 80 feet in length by 40 feet in 
 width, adorned with portraits of 
 the Presidents, and used for pub- 
 lic receptions. 
 
 Eagle’s Hest. A celebrated rock 
 about 1,200 feet in height, among 
 the Killarney lakes in the county 
 of Derry, Ireland. It is noted 
 for its wonderful and exciting 
 echoes. It derives its name 
 from the fact, that for centuries 
 it has been the favorite abode of 
 eagles. 
 
 4®=* “ It is impossible for language to 
 convey even a remote idea of the ex- 
 ceeding delight communicated by this 
 development of a most wonderful prop- 
 erty of nature. ... It is not only by 
 the louder sounds that the echoes of 
 the hills are awakened; the clapping of 
 a hand will call them forth ; almost a 
 whisper will be repeated, — far off, ceas- 
 ing, resuming, ceasing again.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Ilall. 
 
 4£gr “ It is scarcely in the power of 
 language to convey an idea of the ex- 
 traordinary effect of the echoes under 
 this cliff, whether they repeat the dul- 
 cet notes of music or the loud, discord- 
 ant report of a cannon.” Weld • 
 
 Eastcheap. An ancient thorough- 
 fare in London. It was the East 
 Cheap or market, in distinction 
 from Cheapside, which was the 
 West Cheap. Here was the fa- 
 mous Boar’s Head Tavern. Stowe 
 says that Eastcheap was always 
 famous for its “ convivial doings. 
 The cookes cried hot ribbes of beef 
 roasted, pies well baked, and other 
 victuals: there was clattering of 
 pewter pots, harpe, pipe, and 
 
 sawtrie. r ’ See Boar’s Head Tav- 
 ern. 
 
 Then I hyed me into Est-Chepe , 
 
 One cryes ribbes of befe and many a pye: 
 Pewter pottes they clattered on a heape. 
 
 Lydgate. 
 
 Eastcheap , that ancient region of wit 
 and wassail, where the very names of the 
 streets relished of good cheer, as Pudding- 
 Lane bears testimony e\ en at the present 
 day. Irving. 
 
 Age, care, -wisdom, reflection, begone ! 
 I give you to the winds. Let’s have t’oth- 
 er bottle : here’s to the memory of Shake- 
 speare, Falstaff, and all the merry men of 
 Eastcheap. Goldsmith. 
 
 Shakespeare knew . . . innumerable 
 things : what men are, and what the 
 world is, and how and w hat men aim at 
 there, from the Dame Quickly of modern 
 Eastcheap to the Caesar of ancient Rome, 
 over many countries, over many centu- 
 ries. Carlyle. 
 
 Eastnor Castle. The seat of the 
 Earl of Somers, near Ledbury, 
 England. 
 
 Eaton Hall. A noted mansion, 
 the seat of the Marquis of West- 
 minster, on the banks of the Dee, 
 near Chester, England. 
 
 Eaton Square. A well-known 
 public square in London. 
 
 Ebernburg. A ruined castle in 
 Bavaria, which, in the sixteenth 
 century, afforded shelter to many 
 of the early Reformers. 
 
 Ecce Homo. [Behold the Man.] 
 A favorite subject of representa- 
 tion by the religious painters of 
 the Middle Ages, in which Christ 
 is exhibited as presented to the 
 people, according to the account 
 in John xix. 5. 
 
 “ The Ecce Ilomo is a compara- 
 tively late subject. It did not occur in 
 the Greek Church, . . - it does notap- 
 pear in early ivories, nor in manu- 
 scripts. ... It was one of the aims in 
 the Roman Church from the fifteenth 
 century, to excite compassion for the 
 Saviour, — an aim which has always 
 tended to lower Art by lowering the 
 great idea she is bound to keep in view.” 
 Lady Eastlake. 
 
 On the freshly - stretched canvas of 
 American landscapes plenty of Ecce Ho- 
 mos breathe and live, who hide their 
 w ounds lest they fill the ey^s of behold- 
 ers with a mediaeval pity. John Weiss. 
 
 Of a great number of composi- 
 tions upon this subject , a few only 
 of the more celebrated or familiar 
 may be named. 
 
ECC 
 
 156 
 
 ECH 
 
 Ecce Homo. A picture by Fra 
 Bartolommeo (1469-1517). In the 
 Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Ecce Homo . A celebrated pic- 
 ture by Antonio Allegri, sur- 
 named Correggio (1494-1534). The 
 Virgin is represented in front 
 fainting — a unique incident. This 
 picture is considered a master- 
 work of Correggio. Now in the 
 National Gallery, London. There 
 is another picture by Correggio 
 upon the same subject, in the 
 Museum at Berlin. 
 
 4ST “ The Ecce Homo, by Correggio, 
 in our National Gallery, is treated in a 
 veiy peculiar manner in reference to 
 the Virgin, and is, in fact, another ver- 
 sion of Lo Spasimo [<y. ?\], the fourth 
 of her ineffable sorrows. Here Christ, 
 as exhibited to the people by Pilate, is 
 placed in the distance, and is in all re- 
 spects the least important part of the 
 picture, of which we have the real sub- 
 ject in the far more prominent figure of 
 the Virgin in the foreground.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 J “ Correggio’s picture in the Na- 
 tional Gallery is a master-work, on 
 which all praise is superfluous. The 
 fainting Virgin in front is a novel inci- 
 dent in this piece, and, far from adding 
 pathos, embarrasses the position of the 
 Saviour, whose attention would natural- 
 ly be concentrated on his mother.” 
 
 Lady Eastlake. 
 
 4ST* “ Lastly his [Correggio’s] Ecce 
 Homo in the Berlin Museum, a paint- 
 ing in which pain and sadness and 
 beauty are united into the most touch- 
 ing spectacle. Leonardo alone, beside 
 him, could have painted it.” 
 
 Grimm , Trans. 
 
 Ecce Homo. A picture by Lu- 
 dovico Cardi da Cigoli (1599-1613), 
 his chef d? oeuvre , and a work of 
 the highest order. It is in the 
 Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. 
 
 4SgT “ One of the most beautiful pic- 
 tures of this subject was reserved for 
 a comparatively late master to execute. 
 Cigoli’s large work in the Pitti . . . can 
 hardly fail to touch the heart. . . . All 
 is mournful, gentle, and loving; and the 
 very color of the robe adds to the sad- 
 ness.” Lady Eastlake. 
 
 Ecce Homo. A painting by Rem- 
 brandt van Ryn (1606-1669). 
 
 4G§“ “ That ‘inspired Dutchman,’ 
 as Mrs. Jameson has called Rembrandt, 
 threw all his grand and uncouth soul 
 
 into this subject [the Ecce Homo]. He 
 painted it once in chiaroscuro, and 
 treated it twice in an etching, each 
 time historically.” Lady Eastlake. 
 
 Ecce Homo . A jucture by Jan 
 van Mabuse (1499-1562 ?), a Flem- 
 ish painter. It is in the Museum 
 at Antwerp, Belgium. 
 
 Ecce Homo. A celebrated pic- 
 ture by Titian (1477-1576), which 
 includes portraits of the Emperor 
 Charles V. in armor, of the Sul- 
 tan Solyman, and of the painter 
 himself. The picture formerly 
 belonged to Charles I. of Eng- 
 land, and was sold by Oliver 
 Cromwell. Now in the Belvedere 
 Gallery at Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Ecce Homo. An admired pic- 
 ture by Francesco Barbieri, called 
 Guercino (1590-1666). In the Pa- 
 lazzo Corsini, Rome. 
 
 4®=* “ A painting which, notwith- 
 standing the painful nature of the sub- 
 ject and all its hackneyed representa- 
 tions, is full of such deep and powerful 
 expression, and so faultless in its exe- 
 cution, that it awakens our highest ad- 
 miration.” Eaton. 
 
 Eccentrics, The. A convivial club 
 in London, which first met about 
 1800 in a tavern in Chandos Street, 
 Covent Garden, and afterwards 
 removed to St. Martin’s Lane, 
 where they met till 1840. It was 
 an offshoot of The Brilliants. 
 
 4®=* “Amongst the members were 
 many celebrities of the literary and 
 political world, they were always 
 treated with indulgence by the authori- 
 ties. . . . From its commencement the 
 Eccentrics are said to have numbered 
 upwards of 40,000 members, many of 
 them holding high social position : 
 among others, Fox, Sheridan, Lord 
 Melbourne, and Lord Brougham. On 
 the same memorable night that Sheri- 
 dan and Lord Petersham were admitted, 
 Hook was also enrolled.” Timbs. 
 
 Echo Canon. A remarkable and 
 famous ravine forming a gateway 
 through the Wahsatcli range of 
 mountains in Utah Territory. It 
 is one of the most astonishing 
 natural spectacles to be found in 
 the West. The trains of the Un- 
 ion Pacific Railroad pass through 
 this gorge. 
 
 Echo Lake. A picturesque little 
 lake a short distance north of the 
 
ECH 
 
 15T 
 
 EGY 
 
 Profile House in the Franconia 
 Mountains, N.H., so named from 
 the remarkable echoes which can 
 he heard here. “ Franconia is 
 more fortunate in its little tarn 
 that is rimmed by the undis- 
 turbed wilderness, and watched 
 by the grizzly peak of Lafayette, 
 than in the Old Stone Face from 
 which it has gained so much 
 celebrity.” 
 
 Echo River. A partly subterra- 
 nean river in Kentucky. It flows 
 for three-quarters of a mile with- 
 in the Mammoth Cave, and finally 
 empties into Green River. 
 
 Ecluse. See Fort de l’Ecluse. 
 
 Ecole Polytechnique. [Polytech- 
 nic School.] A celebrated insti- 
 tution in Paris, founded in 1795. 
 The pupils are admitted only on 
 examination. The candidates 
 must be between 16 and 20 years 
 of age. The pupils are examined 
 at the end of the course, which 
 is two years in length, and are 
 assigned to various positions in 
 the public service, according to 
 their proficiency. They have 
 more than once shown themselves 
 ardent politicians. 
 
 Ecstasy of St. Francis. A picture 
 by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641). 
 In the gallery at Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Eddystone Light-house. The 
 
 “ Eddystone ” is the name of the 
 highest part of a perilous reef 
 about 14 miles south-west of the 
 harbor of Plymouth, England. 
 The first light-house upon this 
 dangerous rock was begun in 1696 
 by Henry Winstanley. Several 
 years after the completion of this 
 structure, which resembled a 
 “ Chinese pagoda, with open gal- 
 leries and fantastic projections,” 
 it was entirely carried away. 
 Another light-house, built of 
 stone and timber, was completed 
 by Mr. Rudyerd in 1709, and 
 burned in 1755. The third and 
 present light-house upon the Ed- 
 dystone rock was begun by John 
 Smeaton in 1756, and finished in 
 1759. It is built of stone, and the 
 separate stones are securely fas- 
 tened together (and the lower 
 
 courses to the ledge) by an ingen- 
 ious system of dovetailing. It is 
 100 feet in height and 26 feet in 
 diameter. Over the door of the 
 lantern is the inscription: “24th 
 Aug., 1759. Laus Deo.” 
 
 Eden Hall. The ancient seat of 
 the celebrated Border clan of the 
 Musgraves, near Penrith, in Cum- 
 berland, England. An interest- 
 ing legend is connected with a 
 curious drinking-cup, an heir- 
 loom in the family. See Luck 
 of Edenhall. 
 
 Eden Park. A pleasure-ground of 
 160 acres on an eminence east of 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Edgecumbe. See Mount Edge- 
 cumbe. 
 
 Edinburgh Castle. A celebrated 
 fortress in the form of an irregu- 
 lar pile of buildings on an emi- 
 nence in the city of Edinburgh, 
 Scotland. As a royal residence 
 it dates back to the twelfth cen- 
 tury. It was taken by Cromwell 
 after the battle of Dunbar. 
 
 Edouard, Enfans d\ See Enfans 
 d’ Edouard. 
 
 Edward the Confessor’s Chapel. 
 An ancient chapel in Westmin- 
 ster Abbey, London, in which are 
 the tombs of many of the early 
 kings and queens of England, 
 with their families. 
 
 Egeria. See Fountain of Egeria. 
 
 Eglinton Castle. The seat of the 
 Earl of Eglinton, near Irvine, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Egypt. See Flight into Egypt 
 and Repose in Egypt. 
 
 Egyptian Hall. 1. The principal 
 room in the Mansion House, Lon- 
 don, so named from being built 
 in accordance with the descrip- 
 tion of the Egyptian Hall given 
 by Vitruvius. 
 
 A playful fancy could have carried the 
 matter further, could have depicted the 
 feast in the Egyptian Mali , the ministers, 
 chief justices, and right reverend prelates 
 taking their seats round about liis lord.-h p, 
 the turtle and otner delicious viands. 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 2. An edifice known as Egyp- 
 tian Hall, and containing lecture- 
 
EGY 
 
 158 
 
 ELE 
 
 rooms, a bazaar, and gallery of 
 curiosities, is situated in Picca- 
 dilly, London 
 
 Egyptian Museum. The collec- 
 tion of this museum, in the Vati- 
 can, Rome, was begun by Pius 
 VII. 
 
 Ehrenberg. A fine relic of medi- 
 aeval times, situated on a rochy 
 height near the Moselle. It is 
 thought to surpass in beauty any 
 of the castles on the Rhine. 
 Ehrenbreitstein. [Broad Stone of 
 Honor.] This fortress, called the 
 Gibraltar of the Rhine, is situated 
 on a precipitous rock, 377 feet 
 above the river. During the 
 French Revolutionary War it was 
 besieged four times, and surren- 
 dered in 1799. The French sub- 
 sequently blew it up, and desert- 
 ed it in 1801. The fortress was 
 restored at great expense by the 
 Prussians, and is much admired. 
 The view from the summit is one 
 of the finest on the Rhine. Eh- 
 renbreitstein, at first a Roman 
 castrum, was a refuge for the 
 electors of Treves in mediaeval 
 times. 
 
 j “ Apart from its magnitude and 
 almost impregnable situation on a per- 
 pendicular rock, it is filled by the rec- 
 ollections of history, and hallowed by 
 the voice of poetry.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Here Ehrenbreitstein , with her shattered 
 wall 
 
 Black with the miner’s blast upon her 
 height, 
 
 Yet shows of what she w r as, when shell 
 and ball 
 
 Itebounding idly on herstrength did light : 
 A tower of victory ! from whence the 
 flight 
 
 Of baffled foes was watched along the 
 plain ; 
 
 But Peace destroyed what War could 
 never blight. 
 
 And laid those proud roofs bare to sum- 
 mer’s rain, 
 
 On which the iron shower for years had 
 poured in vain. Byron. 
 
 Ehrenfels. [Rock of Honor.] A 
 ruined castle of the thirteenth 
 century, near Bingen on the 
 Rhine. 
 
 Eiehelstein. [The Acorn.] The 
 popular name of the old Roman 
 structure at Mayence, otherwise 
 known as the Toiver of Drusus. 
 See Drusus, Tower of. 
 
 1807. A picture by Jean Louis 
 Ernest Meissonier (b, 1813). The 
 artist is said to have labored 15 
 years upon this picture, which 
 was purchased by the late A. T. 
 Stewart of New York for more 
 than 300,000 francs. 
 
 1814. A picture by Jean Louis 
 Ernest Meissonier (b. 1813), the 
 eminent French painter. 
 
 Eildon Hall. A seat of the Duke 
 of Buccleuch, near Newton St. 
 Boswells, Scotland. 
 
 Einsiedeln Abbey. A famous 
 Benedictine abbey in the town of 
 Einsiedeln, Switzerland, after Lo- 
 reto, in Italy, the most celebrated 
 resort for pilgrims in Europe. 
 It is estimated that more than 
 150,000 persons visit this shrine of 
 the Virgin annually on the 14tli 
 of September. 
 
 J0G8T* “ I was astonished at the splen- 
 dor of this church situated in a lonely 
 and unproductive Alpine valley. The 
 lofty arches of the ceiling, which are 
 covered with superb fresco-paintings, 
 rest on enormous pillars of granite, 
 and every image and shrine is richly 
 ornamented with gold. . . . Many of 
 the pilgrims came from a long dis- 
 tance.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Eiserne Jungfrau. See Iron Vir- 
 gin. 
 
 Eleanor Crosses. A popular name 
 of memorials, in the form of a 
 cross, erected to Queen Eleanor 
 of England by order of her hus- 
 band, King Edward, “ in every 
 place and town where the corpse 
 rested (on its way from Hardby 
 to Westminster).” Fifteen crosses 
 are believed to have been origi- 
 nally erected, of which only three 
 now remain, the principal and 
 best known being those at North- 
 ampton and at Waltham. See 
 Charing Cross. 
 
 Time must destroy those crosses 
 Raised by the Poet-King, 
 
 But as long as the blue sea tosses, 
 
 As long as the skylarks sing, 
 
 As long as London's river 
 Glides stately down to the Nore, 
 
 Men shall remember ever 
 How lie loved Queen Eleanore. 
 
 Mortimer Collins. 
 
 Electors of Treves, Castle of the. 
 A vast mediaeval palace (built 
 
ELE 
 
 159 
 
 ELL 
 
 1280) near Coblenz, on the Rhine. 
 It has been converted into a man- 
 ufactory. 
 
 Elephant, The. An old London 
 tavern in Fenchurch Street, of 
 earlier date than the Great Fire 
 of 1666, taken down in the first 
 part of this century and rebuilt. 
 
 Elephanta, Cave-temples of. 
 
 These celebrated remains are 
 situated upon the island of Ele- 
 phanta, about seven miles from 
 Bombay, in India. In one of the 
 caves is a colossal figure of the 
 Hindoo Trinity, called the Tri- 
 murti. The largest temple-cave 
 is 130 feet long by 123 feet in 
 breadth. 
 
 “ The Portuguese, in their zeal 
 for destroying heathen idols, planted 
 cannon before the entrance of the cave, 
 and destroyed many of the columns 
 and sculptured panels, but the faces of 
 the colossal Trinity have escaped mu- 
 tilation. This., the Trimurti, is a 
 grand and imposing piece of sculpture, 
 not unworthy of the best period of 
 Egyptian art. It is a triple bust, and 
 with the richly adorned mitres that 
 crown the heads, rises to the height of 
 twelve feet.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Elevation of the Cross. A colos- 
 sal picture by Peter Paul Rubens 
 (1577-1640). In the Cathedral of 
 Antwerp, Belgium. 
 
 J£g=* “Rubens stands forth in all his 
 Titanic greatness as the painter of vio- 
 lent and agitated scenes. The effect of 
 this picture [the Elevation of the Cross] 
 is something overpowering, but in all 
 other respects it bears no comparison 
 with the Descent from the Cross 
 Handbook of Painting. 
 
 This subject has been treated 
 by painters of the seventeenth and 
 eighteenth centuries, by Vandyck, Le- 
 brun, Largilliere, and others. 
 
 Elgin Cathedral. This ancient 
 cathedral, on the banks of the 
 Lassie, was founded in 1224. It 
 has been repeatedly injured by 
 fire, and plundered, and rebuilt. 
 Though not harmonious, different 
 portions being of different styles 
 of architecture, its remains are 
 on the whole the most magnificent 
 ecclesiastical ruins in Scotland. 
 
 Elgin Marbles. A collection of 
 sculptures brought from the Par- 
 thenon at Athens by the Earl of 
 Elgin, and now deposited in the 
 British Museum, London. In 
 1801 Lord Elgin, who had gone 
 to Athens for the purpose, re- 
 ceived permission from the Turk- 
 ish Government to take away any 
 stones that might be interesting 
 to him; and the result of his la- 
 bors was the collection which has 
 since borne his name. The mar- 
 bles were purchased by the Brit- 
 ish Government in 1816. 
 
 JgG§=-“Were the Elgin Marbles lost, 
 there would be as great a gap in art as 
 there would be in philosophy if Newton 
 had never existed.” Hay don. 
 
 4SP “ We possess in England the 
 most precious examples of Grecian 
 power in the sculpture of animals. The 
 horses of the frieze in the Elgin collec- 
 tion appear to live and move, to roll 
 their eyes, to gallop, prance, and cur- 
 vet ; the veins of their faces and legs 
 seem distended with circulation; in 
 them are distinguished the hardness 
 and decision of bony forms, from the 
 elasticity of tendon and the softness of 
 flesh.” Flaxman. 
 
 “ Lord Elgin, at Athens, saw 
 the imminent ruin of the Greek re- 
 mains, set up his scaffoldings, in spite 
 of epigrams, and, after five years’ labor 
 to collect them, got his marbles on ship- 
 board. The ship struck a rock, and 
 went to the bottom. He had them all 
 fished up, by divers, at a vast expense, 
 and brought to London ; not knowing 
 that Haydon, Fuseli, and Canova, and 
 all good heads in all the world, were to 
 be his applauders.” Emerson. 
 
 It is ’Change time, and I am strangely 
 among the Elgin Marbles. 
 
 Charles Lamb. 
 
 Elijah in the Wilderness. A 
 picture by Washington Allston 
 (1779-1843), the American paint- 
 er. Now in England. 
 
 Eliodoro, Stanza d\ See Stanze 
 of Raphael. 
 
 Elisius, St. See St. Elisius. 
 
 Elizabeth. See St. Elizabeth of 
 Hungary. 
 
 Ellen’s Isle. An island in Loch 
 Katrine, Scotland, celebrated in 
 the legendary history of Scotland, 
 and in Sir Walter Scott’s poena 
 
ELL 
 
 160 
 
 ELY 
 
 of “The Lady of the Lake,” as 
 the scene of the interview be- 
 tween Fitz James and the hero- 
 ine. 
 
 4Sr“It is a little island, but very 
 famous in Romance land ; for Ellen, as 
 almost everybody knows, was the 
 Lady of the Lake. ... A more poetic, 
 romantic retreat could hardly be ima- 
 gined : it is unique.” 
 
 J. F. Hunnewell. 
 u A beautiful little turquoise in 
 the silver setting of Loch Katrine.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Ellisland. A farm near Holywood 
 on the river Nith, in Scotland, 
 formerly rented by the poet 
 Burns, and where he wrote some 
 of his most-admired pieces, such 
 as “Tam O’Shanter,” and “ To 
 Mary in Heaven.” “On a win- 
 dow in the house may still be seen, 
 scratched by Burns upon the 
 glass, ‘ An honest man’s the no- 
 blest work of God.’ ” 
 
 Ellora, Cave-temples of. A series 
 of remarkable and celebrated 
 sculptured caverns or rock-tem- 
 ples at Ellora in the Deccan, In- 
 dia, which are classed among the 
 greatest wonders of architecture. 
 
 H® 5 * “ Their character is antique, but 
 their date is uncertain : all that can 
 be conjectured being that the more an- 
 cient portion of them belong to the 
 ages before Christ. They are conse- 
 crated to several divinities of the Brah- 
 minic Pantheon. The hills of Ellora 
 extend a length of two miles in the 
 form of a crescent. Their flanks are 
 pierced with subterranean galleries not 
 less than two leagues in extent. Here 
 is to be found a great hall, nearly 
 square, which is 180 feet long, 150 feet 
 broad, and 18 feet high. The roof is 
 supported by 28 columns. Certain of 
 the excavations disclose many stories 
 which communicate with each other.” 
 Lefevre , Trans. Donald. 
 
 Ellsworth, Fort. See Fort Ells- 
 worth. 
 
 Elmo, St. See St. Elmo. 
 
 Elmwood. An ancient colonial 
 house in Cambridge, Mass., near 
 Mount Auburn Cemetery, the 
 home of James Russell Lowell. 
 
 Eltham Castle. An ancient royal 
 palace in England, near London, 
 built by Edward IV. It was a 
 
 frequent residence of the English 
 sovereigns before Henry VIII., 
 and here they held their great 
 Christmas feasts. It is now a 
 ruin, and used only as a barn. 
 
 Ely Cathedral. The old convent- 
 ual church of Ely, near Cam- 
 bridge, England, was converted 
 into the present structure by 
 Henry VIII. Of the existing 
 edifice the oldest part was erected 
 in the reign of William Rufus. 
 Merrily sang the monks within Ely 
 When Canute the King rowed thereby; 
 (Row me, Knights, the shore along, 
 
 And listen to these monks’ song). 
 
 Old Ballad. 
 
 Ely House. An ancient palace in 
 London, where “ old John of 
 Gaunt, time-honored Lancaster,” 
 died. It is alluded to in the plays 
 of Shakespeare. 
 
 My lord of Ely, when I was last in IIol- 
 born, 
 
 I saw good strawberries in your garden 
 there; 
 
 I do beseech you send for some of them. 
 
 Richard III. 
 
 Elymas the Sorcerer struck with 
 Blindness. One of the famous 
 cartoons by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), from which the tapestries 
 in the Vatican were executed. 
 
 Elysee Bourbon. See Elysee, 
 Palais. 
 
 Elysees. See Champs Elysees. 
 
 Elysee Napoleon. See Elysee, 
 Palais. 
 
 Elysee, Palais. A celebrated his- 
 toric house, Rue du Faubourg 
 St. Honore, Paris, built in 1718. 
 Here at different times lived the 
 Duchess of Bourbon (from whom 
 it was called Elysee Bourbon ), 
 Murat, Napoleon i., the Duke of 
 Wellington, Napoleon III. Here 
 Napoleon I. signed his abdica- 
 tion, and here he passed his last 
 night in Paris. [It was also for- 
 merly called Elysee Napole'on .] 
 
 Elysian Fields. A region in the 
 neighborhood of Bai^e, in South- 
 ern Italy, covered with gardens 
 and vineyards, and which is 
 thought to correspond with the 
 description of Elysium given by 
 Virgil. See also Champs Ely- 
 sees. 
 
ELZ 
 
 161 
 
 END 
 
 Elz Castle. A fine relic of feudal 
 times near Carden in Rhenish 
 Prussia, pronounced “an almost 
 solitary example of a feudal resi- 
 dence spared by fire, war, and 
 time, and remaining in nearly the 
 same condition that it was two or 
 three centuries ago.” It is in- 
 habited, and contains a curious 
 collection of antiquities. 
 
 Elzevir Editions. A name applied 
 to certain carefully printed and 
 elegant editions of the works of 
 Latin and Greek authors, issued 
 by printers of the name of Elze- 
 vir in Amsterdam and Leyden, 
 Holland, and mostly published 
 between 1595 and 1680. 
 
 The old, dead authors thronged him round 
 about, 
 
 And Elzevir* s gray ghosts from leathern 
 graves looked out. Whittier. 
 
 Emancipation Proclamation. A 
 picture by Francis Bicknell Car- 
 penter (b. 1830), and well known 
 through the engraving by Ritchie. 
 This painting was purchased and 
 presented to Congress in 1877. It 
 is now in the House of Represent- 
 atives in the National Capitol, 
 Washington. 
 
 Emanuel. See Temple Emanuel. 
 
 Emanuel College. A foundation 
 of the University of Cambridge, 
 England. Established in 1584." 
 
 Embarkation of St. Ursula. A 
 
 picture by Vittore Carpaccio (1450- 
 1520?). In the Accademia della 
 Belle Arti at Venice, Italy. 
 
 Embarkation of the Pilgrims. A 
 picture in one of the panels of the 
 Rotunda in the Capitol at Wash- 
 ington, representing the depart- 
 ure of the pilgrims from Hol- 
 land. It was painted by Robert 
 Weir (b. 1803), and was completed 
 and placed in position during the 
 administration of President Polk. 
 The artist is considered to have 
 sacrificed historical truth in order 
 that he might produce a picture 
 full of strong effects. The sum 
 of ten thousand dollars was paid 
 for this work. Familiar from its 
 reproduction upon bills of the 
 national currency. 
 
 Embarkation of the Queen of 
 Sheba. A celebrated picture by 
 Claude Lorrain (1600-1682). In 
 the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Emma Mine. A mine of precious 
 ore in Utah Territory, south-east 
 of Salt Lake City. The sale of 
 this mine to a stock-company, 
 some years ago, most of the stock 
 being held in London, was a mat- 
 ter of great notoriety, and caused 
 much sensation. 
 
 Emperor of Bells. [Russian, Tzar 
 Kolokol.] A renowned bell pre- 
 served in the Kremlin at Mos- 
 cow, Russia, cast by order of the 
 Empress Anne in 1730. It was 
 broken a few years afterward by 
 the burning of the wooden tower 
 in which it was suspended. It is 
 said to be over 21 feet in height, 
 about 22 feet in diameter at the 
 bottom, to weigh between 100 and 
 200 tons, and to contain an 
 amount of gold, silver, and cop- 
 per, estimated to be worth $1,500,- 
 000. The “New Bell” of Mos- 
 cow is 21 feet in height, and 18 
 feet in diameter. 
 
 45^“ From the time of Herodotus, 
 the Scythians were great casters of 
 metal, and famous for their bells. The 
 specimens of casting of this sort in Rus- 
 sia reduce all the great bells of West- 
 ern Europe to comparative insignifi- 
 cance. It of course became necessary 
 to provide places in which to hang 
 these bells; and as nothing in Byzan- 
 tine or Armenian architecture afforded 
 a hint for amalgamating the belfry with 
 the church, they went to work in their 
 own way, and constructed towers whol- 
 ly independent of the churches.” 
 
 Fergus son. 
 
 Emperors, Hall of the. See Hall 
 of the Emperors. 
 
 Empire. See Course of Empire 
 and Star of Empire. 
 
 Endowment House. A building 
 in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, 
 in which many of the rites of 
 the Mormon worship, such as 
 “ sealings,” and baptisms for the 
 dead, are performed, and where 
 they claim to receive their “ en- 
 dowments ” from heaven. The 
 edifice is constructed of unburnt 
 brick. 
 
162 
 
 ENT 
 
 ENE 
 
 Enfans d’ Edouard. [Edward’s 
 Children.] A picture by Paul 
 Delaroche (1797-1856). 
 
 4®= “ The ‘ Enfans d’ Edouard ’ is 
 renowned over Europe, and has ap- 
 peared in a hundred different ways in 
 print. It is properly pathetic and 
 gloomy, and merits fully its high repu- 
 tation.” Thackeray. 
 
 Engelberg Abbey. A noted Ben- 
 edictine abbey near the town cf 
 the same name in Switzerland. 
 It was founded in the twelfth 
 century, but the present building 
 was erected in the early part of 
 the last century. There is a tra- 
 dition that angels chose the site 
 of the monastery. 
 
 Whose authentic lay 
 Sung from that heavenly ground in mid- 
 dle air, 
 
 Made known the spot where Piety should 
 raise 
 
 A holy structure to th’ Almighty’s praise. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Englanderhiibel. [English Hill- 
 ock.] A mound in Switzerland, 
 about 11 miles from Lucerne, 
 containing the bones of 3,000 
 Englishmen, followers of the 
 Duke of Bedford, who were de- 
 feated in battle while devastating 
 the Swiss cantons. 
 
 English Coasts. See Our English 
 Coasts. 
 
 English Opera House. See Ly- 
 ceum Theatre . 
 
 Enterprise, The. 1. An Arctic 
 exploring ship which sailed to the 
 Northern seas under Sir James 
 Boss in 1848. 
 
 2. An armor-plated ship of the 
 British navy, launched Feb. 9, 
 1864. 
 
 Entombment, The. A subject 
 very often treated by the great 
 religious painters of the Middle 
 Ages, exhibiting the burial of 
 Christ in accordance with the 
 Scriptural account of that event. 
 Of the great number of pictures 
 upon this subject, among the 
 more celebrated are those given 
 below. 
 
 Entombment , The. A picture 
 by Giotto di Bondone (1276-1336). 
 In the Chapel of the Arena, Pad- 
 ua, Italy. 
 
 Entombment , The . A magnifi- 
 cent picture by Taddeo Gaddi 
 (1300-1366 ?), executed for the 
 church of Or-San-Michele. Now 
 in the Academy at Florence, It- 
 aly. 
 
 Entombment , The. A picture 
 by Pietro Perugino (1446-1524). 
 In the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Entombment , The. A picture 
 by Jan Mostaert (1474-1555), the 
 Flemish painter. It is now in 
 the possession of Bev. Mr. Heath 
 at Enfield, England. 
 
 Entombment, The. A famous 
 picture by Titian (1477-1576), rep- 
 resenting this well-known sub- 
 ject. It is in the Louvre, Paris. 
 There is a copy in the Manfrin 
 Gallery, Venice, Italy. 
 
 4®" “ An instance of the manner in 
 which all subjects ministered to his 
 favorite forms of dignity and tranquil- 
 lity. The grief of such noble beings as 
 support the half-concealed body of the 
 Lord is one of the most dignified and 
 impressive things in this world. Though 
 all intent on the sacred object they 
 bear, the fact of their bearing it is a 
 fiction. Such strength and strain as 
 would actually have been needed, 
 would have overturned all the gravity 
 which was Titian’s chief aim, and the 
 cloth by which they sustain the great 
 weight of a well-developed body is not 
 even drawn tight beneath their grasp.” 
 Eastlake. 
 
 Entombment , The. A celebrated 
 altar-piece by Baphael Sanzio 
 (1483-1520), painted for the church 
 of S. Francesco at Perugia, Italy, 
 and now in the Borghese Gallery 
 at Borne. 
 
 4®=* “ This is the first of Raphael’s 
 compositions in which a historical sub- 
 ject is dramatically treated; and, as is 
 evident from the number of designs 
 and studies he made for the picture, it 
 tasked his powers to the utmost.” 
 
 Eastlake. 
 
 4®= “The Virgin Mother is always 
 introduced [in an “Entombment”]. 
 Either she swoons, which is the ancient 
 Greek conception, or she follows with 
 streaming eyes and clasped hands the 
 pious disciples who bear the dead form 
 of her Son, as in Raphael’s wonderful 
 picture in the Borghese Palace, and 
 Titian’s hardly less beautiful in the 
 Louvre.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
ENT 
 
 1G3 
 
 ERE 
 
 “ This picture belongs indisput- 
 ably among the chief works of Raphael ; 
 and we may even assign it the pre- 
 eminence over all the oil-paintings of 
 this master in Rome, not even excepting 
 the renowned Transfiguration and the 
 so-called Madonna di Foligno.” 
 
 Plainer , Trans. 
 
 “In Raphael’s Entombment of 
 Christ, we perceive the first traces of 
 Michael Angelo’s influence.” 
 
 Grimm , Trans. 
 
 Entombment , The. A picture 
 by Roger van der Weyden the 
 Younger (d. 1529). 
 
 j GOT “ The picture of the Entomb- 
 ment by him [van der Weyden], in the 
 National Gallery, is as much more sad 
 to the heart than the passionate Italian 
 conception, as a deep sigh sometimes, 
 than a flood of tears. No finer concep- 
 tion of manly sorrow, sternly repressed, 
 exists than in the heads of Nicodemus 
 and Joseph of Arimathea.” 
 
 Lady Eastlake. 
 
 Entombment , The. A picture by 
 Paul Veronese (1530-1588), and re- 
 garded as one of his chefs d'muvre. 
 In the Hermitage, St. Petersburg, 
 Russia. 
 
 Entombment, The. A picture 
 by Michelangelo Amerighi, sur- 
 named Caravaggio (1569-1609), 
 and his most famous work. In 
 the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 Entombment, The. A picture by 
 Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641). 
 In the Antwerp Museum. 
 
 Entresol, Societe d\ A French 
 club established by the Abbe 
 Alari at Paris in 1724. 
 
 Epiphany, The. A picture by 
 Gheerardt David (1484-1523), the 
 Flemish painter. Now at Mu- 
 nich, Bavaria. A replica of the 
 same in the gallery of Brussels, 
 Belgium. 
 
 Epping Forest. Formerly a very 
 large district, extending from Ep- 
 ping almost to London. It was 
 known under the name of Wal- 
 tham Forest. In the same neigh- 
 borhood was Hainault, which 
 contains more beautiful scenery 
 than any other forest in England. 
 Great inroads have been made 
 upon Epping Forest, and it now 
 contains not more than 4,000 acres. 
 It is much resorted to by the 
 
 inhabitants of London. In the 
 forest, about a mile from Epping, 
 is Queen Elizabeth’s “Hunting 
 Lodge,” which commands a beau- 
 tiful prospect. 
 
 The Cambridge scholars trembled [sev- 
 enteenth century] when they approached 
 Epping Forest , even in broad day. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Erasmus. 1. A portrait by Hans 
 Holbein the Younger (1498-1543), 
 and considered one of his most 
 admirable works. It is now in 
 the possession of Lord Radnor, 
 at Longford Castle, England. 
 This picture is said to have been 
 sent by Erasmus to Sir Thomas 
 More in 1525. There is also 
 another portrait of Erasmus by 
 Holbein in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 2. A bronze statue of the great 
 scholar in Rotterdam, where he 
 was born. 
 
 Erasmus. See Martyrdom of St. 
 Erasmus. 
 
 Erbach Castle. An old family 
 mansion at Erbach in the Oden- 
 wald, containing a rare collection 
 of antiquities. 
 
 Ercole Farnese. See Farnese 
 Hercules. 
 
 Erebus, The. An Arctic exploring 
 vessel which sailed from England 
 under Sir John Franklin in May, 
 1845, and never returned. A 
 document dated April 25, 1848, 
 was discovered in a cairn on the 
 shore of King William’s Land by 
 Capt. McClintock of the British 
 expedition sent out by Lady 
 Franklin, in which document it 
 was stated that Sir John Frank- 
 lin died June 11, 1847; that the 
 Erebus and her companion ship, 
 the Terror, were abandoned April 
 22, 1848; and that the survivors 
 had started for the Great Fish 
 River. 
 
 Ereehtheum. ['Epexfleum.] This, the 
 most yenerable of the sanctua- 
 ries of Greece, and closely linked 
 with the early legends of Attica, 
 was situated upon the Acropolis, 
 and was so called from being the 
 place of interment of Erechtheus, 
 who holds an important place in 
 the Athenian religion. The ori- 
 ginal Ereehtheum was burnt by 
 
ERE 
 
 164 
 
 ESB 
 
 the Persians ; but the new temple, 
 built upon the ancient site, was a 
 very beautiful structure, and one 
 of the chief works of Athenian 
 architecture. It was of the Ionic 
 order, and was situated to the 
 north of the Parthenon, and near 
 the northern wall of the Acrop- 
 olis. The appearance of the ex- 
 terior can be judged from the 
 existing ruins, but the interior 
 presents nothing but a heap of 
 confusing ruins. 
 
 4®=* “ It contained several objects of 
 the greatest interest to every Athenian. 
 Here was the most ancient statue of 
 Athena Polias, that is, Athena, the 
 guardian of the city. This statue was 
 made of olive-wood, and was said to 
 have fallen down from heaven. Here 
 was the sacred olive-tree, which Athena 
 called forth from the earth in her con- 
 test with Poseidon for the possession of 
 Attica ; lfere also was the well of salt 
 water which Poseidon produced by the 
 stroke of his trident, the impression of 
 which was seen upon the rock; and 
 here, lastly, was the tomb of Cecrops 
 as well as that of Erechtheus. . . . The 
 form of the Erechtheium differs from 
 every other known example of a Gre- 
 cian temple. Usually a Grecian tem- 
 ple was an oblong figure, with two 
 porticos, one at its eastern, and the 
 other at its western, end. The Erech- 
 theium, on the contrary, though oblong 
 in shape and having a portico at the 
 eastern front, had no portico at its west- 
 ern end ; but from either side of the 
 latter a portico projected to the north 
 and south, thus forming a kind of tran- 
 sept. Consequently, the temple had 
 three porticos.” Smith's Did. 
 
 4®=“ “ Nowhere did the exquisite 
 taste and skill of the Athenians show 
 themselves to greater advantage than 
 here ; for, though every detail of the 
 order may be traced back to Nineveh 
 or Persepolis, all are so purified, so im- 
 bued with purely Grecian taste and 
 feeling, that they have become essen- 
 tial parts of a far more beautiful order 
 than ever existed in the land in which 
 they had their origin. . . . Owing to 
 the Erechtheium having been convert- 
 ed into a Byzantine church during the 
 Middle Ages, almost all traces of its 
 original internal arrangements have 
 been obliterated; and this, with the 
 peculiar combination of three temples 
 in one, makes it more than usually diffi- 
 cult to restore.” Fergusson. 
 
 Erectheum, The. A London club, 
 founded in 1836, and afterwards 
 
 joined with the Parthenon Club. 
 See Parthenon. 
 
 Eremitage. A palace in Bayreuth, 
 Germany, erected by the mar- 
 graves, in the early part of the 
 last century. 
 
 Eremo, Sacro (or Santo). See Sa- 
 cro Eremo. 
 
 Ericsson, The. A vessel built by 
 John Ericsson (b. 1803), and 
 named after him. She was in- 
 tended to be propelled by hot air 
 instead of steam; but, after some 
 experimental trials, the caloric- 
 engine was taken out in 1855, and 
 ref3laced by steam-engines. 
 
 Erythraean Sibyl. A figure in one 
 of the frescos of the Sistine 
 Chapel, Rome, executed by Mi- 
 chael Angelo (1475-1564). 
 
 Esarhaddon’s Palace. A celebrat- 
 ed Assyrian palace, commonly 
 known as the South-West Palace 
 at Nimroud. It was destroyed 
 by fire; and the existing remains 
 consist of the entrance or south- 
 ern hall, the dimensions of which 
 are 165 feet in length by 62 feet in 
 width. It is the largest hall yet 
 discovered in Assyria. 
 
 Esbekeeyah, The. The great 
 square of Cairo, Egypt, contain- 
 ing about 450,000 square feet. On 
 it are the principal hotels and 
 other prominent buildings. It 
 was formerly inundated during 
 the annual rise of the Nile, and a 
 canal was cut around it to pre- 
 vent this disaster; but since 1866 
 this canal has been filled up, 
 some of the ancient houses have 
 been removed and replaced by 
 new ones, and a central space has 
 been enclosed as a public garden, 
 with cafes, theatres, etc. [Writ- 
 ten also Fzbekeyieh.] 
 
 4@" “ The great square of the Ezbe- 
 keeyeh is always gay on Sundays, 
 when the Franks walk there after 
 church, and the Mohammedans sit 
 smoking in groups to watch them. 
 
 . . . The Eastern and Western groups, 
 — the turbans and burnooses here, and 
 the French bonnets and mantles there,— 
 all among the dark acacias, or crossing 
 the gleams of bright sunshine, make a 
 strange picture, not to be likened to 
 any thing I saw afterwards.” 
 
 Miss Martineau. 
 
ESC 
 
 165 
 
 ESQ 
 
 Eschernheim Tower. A pictur- 
 esque and admired watch-tower 
 in Frankfort-on-tlie-Main. 
 
 Escorial. An immense pile of 
 buildings situated near Madrid, 
 Spain, which has sometimes been 
 called the eighth wonder of the 
 world. It was built by Philip II., 
 as a mausoleum, in accordance 
 with the will of his father, and 
 served at once many purposes, as 
 a palace, convent, treasury, tomb- 
 house, and museum. It was be- 
 gun by Juan Bautista de Toledo 
 in 1565, and finished in 1584. Its 
 name, according to some, is de- 
 rived from Escorioe , the dross of 
 iron-mines which still exist here. 
 The building was begun upon the 
 anniversary of St. Lawrence, and, 
 according to the tradition, was 
 made to assume the shape of a 
 gridiron, the instrument upon 
 which that saint is recorded to 
 have suffered martyrdom. This 
 story, however, is now believed 
 to be an invention of later date. 
 The huge and sombre structure, 
 standing at an elevation of 2,700 
 feet above the level of the sea, is 
 part and parcel of the mountain 
 out of which it has been con- 
 structed. It is built of granite in 
 the Doric order, and was till lately 
 the country palace and mauso- 
 leum of the Spanish sovereigns, 
 a part of the edifice being used 
 for educational purposes. It is 
 now, however, but a mere wreck, 
 and being deprived of its monks 
 and revenues, and exposed to the 
 mountain storms, is constantly 
 subject to injury. [Written also 
 Escurial.] 
 
 “ The Escorial is as vulgar a 
 name as the Tuileries. It signifies the 
 place where scoria are thrown ; and it 
 was so called because there was an iron 
 manufactory near that threw its scoria 
 on the spot. Its more just name is San 
 Lorenzo el Reale, since it is a royal 
 convent dedicated to St. Lorenzo. It 
 is a monument of the magnificence, the 
 splendor, the superstition, and perhaps 
 the personal fears, of Philip II. . . . 
 The convent itself is worthy of the 
 severest influences of the most monkish 
 ages. It is the only establishment I 
 have ever met that satisfied all the ideas 
 I had formed of the size of a monastery 
 
 such as Mrs. Radcliffe or Dennis Jas- 
 per Murphy describes, and which is 
 here so immense that, in the space oc- 
 cupied by its chief staircase alone, a 
 large house might be built.” 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 
 The romance of Tom Jones, that exqui- 
 site picture of human manners, will out- 
 live the palace of the Escurial ami the 
 imperial eagle of Austria. Gibbon. 
 
 It [Wolfert’s Roost] is said, in fact, to 
 have been modelled alter the cocked hat 
 of Peter the Headstrong, as the Escurial 
 was modelled after the gridiron of the 
 blessed St. Lawrence. Irving. 
 
 No house, though it were the Tuileries. 
 or the Escurial , is good for any tliii g with- 
 out a master. Emerson. 
 
 Set as a challenge at the mountain’s side, 
 Afar the dark Escurial is descried. 
 
 Three hundred feet from earth uplifting 
 thus 
 
 On its colossal shoulder firmly braced, 
 Huge elephant, the cupola defaced, 
 Granite debauch of Spain’s Tiberius. 
 
 T. Gautier, Trans. 
 
 Escurial. See Escorial. 
 
 Esher (or Asher) Place. A lovely 
 spot in one of the most pictur- 
 esque vales of the county of Sur- 
 rey, England, noted as having 
 been the residence of Cardinal 
 Wolsey after his fall and retire- 
 ment from court. An old brick 
 tower is still standing, which 
 formed part of the palace when 
 it belonged to the See of Win- 
 chester. The place is covered 
 with fine groves of fir and beech, 
 oaks and elms. 
 
 Esplanade, The. A magnificent 
 promenade in Calcutta, Hindos- 
 tan, being an open space of three 
 or four miles in length and nearly 
 a mile in breadth, extending 
 along the banks of the Hoogly, 
 lined with stately mansions, and 
 crowded with fine equipages. 
 
 Esquiline Hill. [Lat. Mons Esqvi - 
 limts.] One of the seven hills of 
 ancient Rome, of wide extent and 
 undefined form, and now covered 
 with ruins. It is less $ distinct 
 hill than a projection of the Cam- 
 pagna. The name is derived by 
 Varro from excvltus, because of 
 the ornamental groves which were 
 planted upon it. In the later 
 days of the republic and in the 
 time of the empire, the Esquiline 
 was a fashionable place for resi- 
 
ESS 
 
 166 
 
 ETO 
 
 dence. The section known as the 
 Carinaz was upon the slope of the 
 hill towards the Coliseum. Con- 
 suls and emperors lived upon the 
 Esquiline. There were the house 
 and gardens of Maecenas, and of 
 Virgil, and possibly of Horace, 
 a part of Kero’s Golden House, 
 the Baths of Titus, and many 
 other structures, now in ruins. 
 
 Suffice it now the Esquilian mount to 
 reach 
 
 With weary wing, and seek the sacred rests 
 Of Maro’s humble tenement. John Dyer. 
 
 Essex, The. A noted frigate of 
 the United States navy, in ser- 
 vice in the war of 1812. She was 
 built in 1812. The Essex surren- 
 dered to the British ships Phcebe 
 and Cherub, March 28, 1814. 
 
 Our Kogers on the President 
 Will burn, sink, and destroy; 
 
 The Congress on the Brazil coast 
 Your commerce will annoy. 
 
 The Essex on the South Sea 
 Will put out all your lights: 
 
 The flag she wears at mast-head 
 
 Is kk Free Trade and Sailors’ Rights.*’ 
 Old Song. 
 
 Essex Head. This club in London 
 was formed in 1783 by Dr. John- 
 son, who writes to Sir Joshua 
 Reynolds that “ the company is 
 numerous, and, as you will see 
 by the list, miscellaneous. The 
 terms are lax, and the expenses 
 light. . . . We meet twice a 
 week, and he who misses forfeits 
 twopence.” The club was con- 
 tinued for some time after Dr. 
 Johnson’s death. Boswell, de- 
 scribing the formation of the 
 club, says, that, notwithstanding 
 “ the complication of disorders 
 under which Johnson now la- 
 bored, he did not resign himself 
 to despondency and discontent, 
 but with wisdom and spirit en- 
 deavored to console and amuse 
 his mind with as many innocent 
 enjoyments as he could procure. 
 Sir John Hawkins has mentioned 
 the cordiality with which he in- 
 sisted that such of the members 
 of the old club in Ivy Lane as sur- 
 vived, should meet again and 
 dine together, which they did, 
 twice at a tavern, and once at his 
 house; and, in order to insure 
 himself in the evening for three 
 
 days in the week, Johnson insti- 
 tuted a club at the Essex Head, 
 in Essex Street. 
 
 ^©"“But, turning to Essex Street, 
 and not many doors down on the left, 
 at the corner of a little cross-passage 
 leading to the pretty Temple gate with 
 its light iron-work, we come on the 
 Essex Head Tavern, an old, mean pub- 
 lic house of well-grimed brick. It was 
 here, in his decay, that Johnson set 
 up a kind of superior club, the Ivy 
 Lane. Boswell is angry with Hawkins 
 for calling it an ale-house, as if in con- 
 tempt ; but certainly, while the Cheshire 
 Cheese, the Mitre, and the Cock are 
 taverns, this seems to have been more 
 within the category of an ale or public 
 house. It has been so re-arranged and 
 altered to suit the intentions and pur- 
 poses of the modern public, that there 
 is no tracing its former shape.” 
 
 Fitzgerald. 
 
 Essex House. A noble mansion 
 in London, of which only a few 
 relics now remain, the residence 
 of the Earl of Essex, the favor- 
 ite of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Next whereunto there standes a stately 
 place 
 
 Where oft I gayned giftes and goodly 
 grace 
 
 Of that great lord which therein w r ont to 
 dwell. Spenser. 
 
 Estes Park. A picture by Albert 
 Bierstadt (b. 1829). Now in pos- 
 session of the Earl of Dunraven. 
 
 Etienne, St. See St. Etienne. 
 
 Etoile, Arc de 1 *. See Anc de 
 l’Etoile. 
 
 Eton College. A famous educa- 
 tional establishment in the town 
 of Eton, England. It was found- 
 ed in 1440 by Henry VI. It has 
 long been a favorite place of edu- 
 cation for the sons of the nobility 
 and gentry. Among the great 
 men who have studied at Eton 
 may be mentioned Sir Robert 
 Walpole, the Earl of Chatham, 
 Gray, Walpole, West, Fox, Can- 
 ning, Hallam the historian, and 
 the Duke of Wellington. The 
 buildings form two quadrangles, 
 and consist of towers, cloisters, 
 and a fine Gothic chapel. 
 
 The habit of brag runs through all 
 classes, from the Times newspaper 
 through politicians and poets, through 
 Wordsworth, Carlyle, Mill, and Sydney 
 Smith, down to the boys of Eton. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
ETO 
 
 167 
 
 EVE 
 
 Ye distant spires, ye antique towers, 
 That crown the watery glade. 
 
 Where grateful Science still adores 
 Her Henry’s holy shade. Gray. 
 
 Eton Montem. A celebration held 
 annually at first, then biennially, 
 and at last triennially, by the 
 boys of the school at Eton, Eng- 
 land. They formed a procession, 
 and inarched, arrayed in military 
 costume, to Salt Hill or Mount, 
 where they dined, returning to 
 their school at evening. Some of 
 the boys, in fancy costumes, way- 
 laid travellers upon the roads, 
 and levied a tax for the benefit 
 of their captain. In return they 
 bestowed a small quantity of salt 
 upon each contributor. The fes- 
 tival was abolished in 1817. 
 
 Ettrick Forest. An ancient wood- 
 land, forming part of the great 
 Caledonian forest, situated on 
 the borders of the river Ettrick, 
 in Scotland. Only scanty rem- 
 nants of it are now left. See Cal- 
 edonian Foxiest. 
 
 Ettrick Forest is a fair forest, 
 
 In it grows many a seemly tree; 
 
 The hart, the hind, the doe, the roe, 
 And of all wild beasts great plentie. 
 
 On Ettrick Forest's mountains dun, 
 
 ’I is blithe to hear the sportsman’s gun, 
 And seek the heatli-frequenting brood 
 Far through the noonday solitude. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Ettrick House. A farm in the par- 
 ish of Ettrick, Scotland, the birth- 
 place of James Hogg,the “Ettrick 
 Shepherd.” 
 
 Etruscan Museum (Museo Grego- 
 riano). A splendid museum of 
 Etruscan antiquities, collected 
 by the efforts of Gregory XVI., 
 in the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 Euclid Avenue. A noted street in 
 Cleveland, Q., considered one of 
 the finest in the country. 
 
 I was going to compare the roads on 
 these islands [near St. Petersburg] to the 
 eastern part of Euclid Street in Cleveland, 
 0.; but tli 're the dwellings and grounds 
 are altogether of a more stately character. 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Eudoxian Basilica. See San Pie- 
 tro in Vincoli. 
 
 Eugubine Tables. Celebrated 
 bronze tablets, discovered in 1444, 
 bearing inscriptions which have 
 
 given rise to much antiquarian 
 dispute. They are preserved in 
 the town of Gubbio, Italy, near 
 which place they were discovered, 
 and whence they derive their 
 name. 
 
 Eulenspiegel. A famous engrav- 
 ing by Luc Jacobsz, commonly 
 called Lucas van Leyden (1494- 
 1533), the Flemish artist, cele- 
 brated in part for its great rarity. 
 It is said that “ not more than six 
 original impressions are in exist- 
 ence, though there are many 
 copies.” One of the originals is 
 in the British Museum. [Also 
 called The Peasants Travelling .] 
 
 Europa, Rape of. See Rape of 
 Europa. 
 
 Eustache, St. See St. Eustache. 
 
 Euston Square. A well-known 
 public square in London, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Evangelists. See Four Evangel- 
 ists. 
 
 Eve. A well-known statue by 
 Thorwaldsen (1770-1844). In Staf- 
 ford House, London. 
 
 Eve. A statue by Hiram Powers 
 (1805-1873). 
 
 J8@=-“His [Powers’s] Eve is un- 
 doubtedly his masterpiece among ideal 
 figures, although his ‘ Greek Slave ’ has 
 attained larger popularity simply from 
 being more widely known.” 
 
 Art Journal . 
 
 4SP - “ The essential character of the 
 Eve of Powers is that he so long ago 
 imagined and proposed to embody ; 
 that is, he represents the mother of our 
 race under the new-born sense of evil 
 and wrong, the disturbance of that 
 moral equilibrium that held her soul at 
 first in tranquil self-poise ... it is 
 Eve, beautiful, loving, grandly mater- 
 nal, tender, confiding, but tried and 
 tempted.” Tuckerman. 
 
 A faultless being from the marble sprung, 
 
 She stands in beauty there ! 
 
 As when the grace of Eden ’round her 
 clung,— 
 
 Fairest, where all was fair. 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Eve. See Repentant Eve. 
 
 Eve of St. Agnes. A noted pic- 
 ture by John E. Millais (b. 1829). 
 In London. 
 
EYE 
 
 168 
 
 EXP 
 
 j&iT’ “ In the Eve of St. Agnes of 
 Millais, a lady in a low-bodied evening- 
 dress is represented through the me- 
 dium of a studied effect of twilight as 
 having the appearance of a corpse-like 
 green ; and the chamber is of the same 
 hue.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Evening, The. [Ital. II Crepuscolo.] 
 One of four colossal figures exe- 
 cuted by Michael Angelo Buona- 
 rotti (1475-1561). In the church 
 of S. Lorenzo, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Evening School. A picture by 
 Gerhard Dow, or Douw (1613- 
 1680), and one of his best. In the 
 Museum of Amsterdam, Holland. 
 
 Event in the Forest. A picture 
 by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803- 
 1873), the most celebrated modern 
 painter of animals. 
 
 Exchange, Royal. See Royal 
 Exchange. 
 
 Exeter Cathedral. A noble church 
 edifice in Exeter, England. It is 
 of high antiquity, cruciform, 408 
 feet in length, and has one of the 
 most beautiful facades in Europe. 
 
 Exeter Change. Situated upon 
 the site of Exeter House, Lon- 
 don, built as a sort of bazaar, 
 afterwards occupied as a mena- 
 gerie, and taken down in 1829. 
 
 Exeter Hall. A large proprietary 
 establishment, situated on the 
 Strand, London, and originally 
 intended for religious and chari- 
 table societies, and their meet- 
 ings. From April to the end of 
 May, various religious societies 
 hold their anniversaries here. 
 The Great Hall is also used for 
 the Sacred Harmonic Society’s, 
 and other concerts. The works 
 of Handel, Haydn, and Mozart 
 are here given with great effect. 
 
 “The independent and mutu- 
 ally repelling bodies who congregate in 
 Exeter Hall are one in spirit with all 
 their differences. Without a pervading 
 organization they are a church.” 
 
 The Spectator. 
 
 The fanaticism and hypocrisy create 
 satire. Punch finds an inexhaustible ma- 
 terial. Dickens writes novels on Exeter- 
 Hall humanity. Thackeray exposes the 
 heartless high life. Emerson . 
 
 Exeter House. A noble mansion | 
 
 which formerly stood in the 
 Strand, London, the residence of 
 the celebrated Lord Burleigh. 
 
 Exeter Street. A street in Lon- 
 don, so named after Exeter House. 
 See Exeter House. 
 
 He [Johnson] enters quite quietly, with 
 some copper half-pence in his pocket; 
 creeps into lodgings in Exeter Street , 
 Strand; and has a Coronation Pontiff 
 also, of not less peculiar equipment, 
 whom, with all submissiveness, he must 
 wait upon, in his Vatican of St. Join "s 
 Gate. Carlyle. 
 
 Expulsion from Paradise. A pic- 
 ture by Masaccio ( Tommaso Guidi) 
 (1402-i429?). In the church of 
 S. M. del Carmine, Florence, It- 
 aly. 
 
 Expulsion from Paradise. See 
 Fall and Expulsion. 
 
 Expulsion of Hagar. A picture 
 by Francesco Barbieri, called 
 Guercino (1590-1666). In the Bre- 
 ra, at Milan, Italy. 
 
 Expulsion of Heliodorus. A cel- 
 ebrated fresco by Raphael Sanzio 
 (1483-1520), representing the ex- 
 pulsion of Heliodorus from the 
 Temple at Jerusalem, which he 
 had attempted to plunder, and 
 allegorically typifying the deliv- 
 erance of the States of the Church 
 from the enemies of the Pope. 
 “ The picture is a spirited devel- 
 opment of an extended action,” 
 and is considered, together with 
 the other works in the same 
 room, as perhaps the finest exam- 
 ple of the art of fresco-painting. 
 It is in the Stanza of the Heliodo- 
 rus (so called after this, the prin- 
 cipal picture in the room) in the 
 Vatican, Rome. 
 
 flStT “ The chastisement of Heliodo- 
 rus has given occasion to the sublimest 
 composition in which human genius 
 ever attempted to embody the concep- 
 tion of the supernatural, — Raphael’s 
 fresco in the Vatican.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 jgSIr’ “ In line pictures the head sheds 
 on the limbs the expression of the face. 
 In Raphael’s Angel driving Heliodorus 
 from the Temple, the crest of the hel- 
 met is so remarkable, that, but for the 
 extraordinary energy of the face, it 
 would draw the eye too much ; but the 
 countenance of the celestial messenger 
 subordinates it, and we see it not.” 
 
 Emerson. 
 
EXT 
 
 169 
 
 EZE 
 
 Exton Hall. The seat of the Earl 
 of Gainsborough near Stamford, 
 Lincolnshire, England. 
 
 Ezbekeyieh. See Esbekeeyah. 
 
 Ezekiel’s Tomb. A building near 
 Bagdad, in Asiatic Turkey, tra- 
 
 ditionally held to be the tomb of 
 the prophet. It is of much inter- 
 est, and is a very striking object; 
 but its date has not been satisfac- 
 torily determined. 
 
 Ezekiel, Vision of. See Vision of 
 Ezekiel. 
 
FAG 
 
 170 
 
 FAM 
 
 F. 
 
 Fagot, Le. A picture by Nikolaas 
 (or Claes Pietersz) Bergliem (1624- 
 1683), the Dutch painter, and re- 
 garded as one of his best. In the 
 collection of Lord Ashburton, 
 England. 
 
 Fair, The. A picture by Peter 
 Paul Rubens (1577-1640). * In the 
 Louvre at Paris. 
 
 Fair, The. A picture by David 
 Teniers the Younger (1610-1694), 
 the Belgian genre- painter. Of 
 numerous pictures upon this sub- 
 ject, perhaps the best specimen is 
 at Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Fair Oaks. A locality four miles 
 from Richmond, Va., where a se- 
 vere but indecisive battle took 
 place, May 31, 1862, between the 
 Union and Confederate forces. 
 
 Fairlop Oak. A famous tree in 
 Hainault Forest, in Essex, Eng- 
 land. It is said to have been 36 
 feet in circumference, and to have 
 had 17 branches, each as large 
 as an ordinary oak. For many 
 years an annual fair, or festival, 
 was held under and around this 
 tree, in July, which was attend- 
 ed by crowds of the country peo- 
 ple. 
 
 Fairmount Park. A vast and 
 noble pleasure-ground in Phila- 
 delphia, Penn. It includes near- 
 ly 3,000 acres, and is larger than 
 most, if not any, of the great parks 
 of Europe and America. It is 
 traversed by the river Schuylkill 
 and by the Wissahickon Creek. 
 In natural capabilities and in the 
 improvements made upon them, 
 this park must be ranked among 
 the finest in the world. The Cen- 
 tennial Exhibition of 1876 was 
 held here. 
 
 Falaise Castle. A grand old ruin 
 in Falaise, France, the ancient 
 seat of the dukes of Normandy, 
 and the birthplace of William 
 the Conqueror. 
 
 Falkenstein. 1. An imposing ruin 
 among the Taunus Mountains, in 
 Germany, not far from Frank- 
 fort. 
 
 2. A mediaeval fortress among 
 the Harz Mountains, in Germany. 
 
 Fall and Expulsion from Para- 
 dise. One of the frescos by Mi- 
 chael Angelo (1475-1564) in the 
 Sistine Chapel, Rome. 
 
 Fall of Adam and Eve. A picture 
 by Filippino Lippi (1460-1505). In 
 the church of Sta. Maria del 
 Carmine, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Fall of Schaffhausen. A picture 
 by Joseph Mallord William Tur- 
 ner (1775-1851), the English land- 
 scape painter, and regarded as 
 one of liis best. 
 
 Fall of the Angels. 1. A cele- 
 brated picture by Peter Paul Ru- 
 bens (1577-1640). In the gallery 
 at Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 “ Though this famous picture 
 is called the Fall of the Angels , I have 
 some doubts as to whether this was the 
 intention of the painter; whether he 
 did not mean to express the fall of sin- 
 ners, flung by the angel of judgment 
 into the abyss of wrath and perdition.” 
 Mrs. Jameson . 
 
 2 . A picture by Frans de 
 Vriendt, called Frans Floris 
 (1520-1570), a Flemish painter, 
 and considered his masterpiece. 
 It is in the Antwerp Museum. 
 
 Fall of the Damned. A celebrated 
 picture by Peter Paul Rubens 
 (1577-1640). In the Pinakothek, 
 Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 “ It is impossible to form an ade- 
 quate idea of the powers of Rubens 
 without having seen this picture.” 
 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds . 
 
 4®" “ The most surprising of Ru- 
 bens’s labors.” Wilkie . 
 
 Fallen Angels. See Fall of the 
 Damned. 
 
 Fame, Torre della. See Torre 
 della Fame. 
 
FAM 
 
 171 
 
 FAR 
 
 Family of Darius before Alexan- 
 der. A picture by Paul Veronese 
 (1530-1588), and liis grandest work. 
 Formerly in tlie Pisani Palace, 
 Venice, but purchased by the 
 British Government in 1857, and 
 now in the National Gallery, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Famine. See Seven Years of 
 Famine. 
 
 Faneuil Hall. A public edifice in 
 Boston, Mass., famous as the 
 place where the stirring speeches 
 of the Revolutionary orators were 
 made, which incited the people 
 to resist British oppression and 
 secure their independence. The 
 building was erected in 1742 by 
 Peter Faneuil, a Huguenot mer- 
 chant. It was destroyed by fire 
 in 1761, but rebuilt three years 
 later. During the siege of Boston 
 in 1775-76, it was converted into 
 a theatre. It has a capacious hall, 
 containing portraits of eminent 
 Americans. 
 
 They like to go to the theatre and be 
 made to weep; to Faneuil Hall , and be 
 taught by Otis, Webster, or Kossuth, or 
 Phillips, what great hearts they have, 
 wliat tears, what possible enlargements to 
 their narrow horizons. Emerson. 
 
 Athens and the Acropolis. Rome and 
 the Capitol, are not more associated ideas 
 than are Boston and Faneuil Hall. 
 
 G. S. Hillard. 
 
 The resistance to the Stamp Act was of 
 the same kind as the resistance to the ship- 
 money; and in our Revolutionary war 
 there' were as eloquent defences of our 
 principles and course heard in the British 
 Parliament as echoed in Fanueil Hall. 
 
 Mrs. H. B. Stowe. 
 
 Let the sounds of traffic die : 
 
 Shut the mill-gate. — leave the stall, — 
 Fling the axe and hammer by, — 
 
 Throng to Faneuil Hall. Whittier. 
 
 Forgets she how the Bay State, in answer 
 to the call 
 
 Of her old House of Burgesses, spoke out 
 from Faneuil Hall ? Whittier. 
 
 Farmyard, The. A celebrated pic- 
 ture by Paul Potter (1625-1654), 
 the Dutch painter. It was for- 
 merly in the gallery at Cassel, 
 Germany, but is now in that of 
 St. Petersburg, Russia. 
 
 Farnese Bull. [Ital. Toro Farnese.] 
 A celebrated work of ancient 
 sculpture, representing the pun- 
 ishment of Dirce. Now in the 
 
 Museo Borbonico at Naples, Italy. 
 It is described by Pliny as one of 
 the most remarkable monuments 
 of antiquity. It was found in 
 the Baths of Caracalla at Rome, 
 in the sixteenth century, and was 
 placed by Michael Angelo in the 
 inner court of the Farnese Palace, 
 whence its name. In 1786 it was 
 removed to Naples. It is sup- 
 posed to be the work of the 
 brothers Apollonius and Tauris- 
 cus, who probably fived in the 
 first century after Christ. 
 
 4®=* “The celebrated group of the 
 Farnese Bull is a noble work, in which 
 the intellectual conception of the artist 
 is not at all overlaid by the weight and 
 bulk of the material.” Ilillard. 
 
 Farnese Cup. See Tazza Far- 
 nese. 
 
 Farnese Flora. See Flora. 
 
 Farnese Hercules. A celebrated 
 ancient statue representing Her- 
 cules resting upon his club. At 
 the foot of the club is inscribed 
 the name of the Greek sculptor, 
 Glycon. This statue was found 
 at Rome in the Baths of Cara- 
 calla, in 1540, and subsequently 
 removed to Naples, Italy, where 
 it is now deposited in the Museum. 
 The right hand is modern. By 
 some this statue is supposed to 
 be a copy of the Hercules of Ly- 
 sippus. See Hercules. 
 
 4®^ “ The indication of nerves and 
 muscles, or their absolute suppression, 
 is what distinguishes a Hercules who is 
 destined to light monsters and brigands, 
 and still be far from the end of his 
 labors, from the Hercules who is puri- 
 fied of the grosser corporeal parts, and 
 admitted to the felicity of the immortal 
 gods. It is thus that we recognize the 
 man in the Farnese Hercules, and the 
 god in the Hercules of the Belvedere. 
 It may even be said that this last ap- 
 proaches nearer to the sublime period 
 in art than the Apollo itself.” 
 
 Winckelmann , Trans. 
 
 The tenor is a spasmodic buffoon, a sort 
 of ugly Farnese Hercules , wearing one of 
 those old chin-clasping casques which is 
 onlv met with amongst classic rubbish. 
 
 Taine, Trans. 
 
 Farnese Mercury. An ancient 
 statue, now in tlie British Mu- 
 seum, London. Purchased in 
 1865. 
 
FAR 
 
 172 
 
 FAT 
 
 Farnese Palace. [Ital. Palazzo 
 Farnese.'] A magnificent Roman 
 palace of immense size, begun 
 by Paul III., one of the Farnese 
 family. Michael Angelo was one 
 of its architects. The materials 
 were taken from the Coliseum 
 and other ruins of ancient Rome. 
 The great hall or gallery is paint- 
 ed in fresco by Caracci and his 
 scholars. The palace fell by de- 
 scent to the Bourbon kings of 
 Naples, and within the last few 
 years the exiled court have made 
 it their place of residence. The 
 Farnese gallery of sculpture was 
 formerly" celebrated; but the best 
 pieces have been removed, and 
 are now at Naples, Italy. 
 
 4®" “ The Palazzo Farnese, one of 
 the finest palaces in Rome, is a shame- 
 less receiver of stolen goods. . . . The 
 great hall, or gallery, is painted in fresco 
 by Annibale and Agostino Caracci, and 
 their scholars. . . . About half of Lem- 
 priere’s Classical Dictionary is painted 
 on the walls and ceiling of the hall.” 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 4®=* “ Of all these fossils, the grand- 
 est, noblest, most imposing and rigidly 
 magnificent, is, in my opinion, the Far- 
 nese Palace. Alone, in the middle of a 
 dark square, rises the enormous palace, 
 lofty and massive, like a fortress capa- 
 ble of giving and receiving the heaviest 
 ordnance. It belongs to the grand era. 
 It is indeed akin to the torsos of Mi- 
 chael Angelo. You feel in it the in- 
 spiration of the great pagan epoch.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Farnesina. A beautiful villa in 
 Rome, built in 1506 for Agostino 
 Chigi, a great banker and patron 
 of art. It contains some of the 
 most beautiful frescos of Raphael. 
 Chigi was famed for his display 
 of princely magnificence and lux- 
 ury. He gave here — the build- 
 ing is said to have been built 
 expressly for the purpose — most 
 extravagant entertainments. On 
 the occasion of a sumptuous ban- 
 quet to Leo X. and the cardinals, 
 three fish served upon the table 
 are said to have cost 250 crowns, 
 and the gold and silver plate to 
 have been thrown into the Tiber 
 as soon as used. 
 
 4SP “ The Palazzo Farnesina, the 
 splendid monument of the taste and 
 
 magnificence of Agostino Chigi, is a 
 pilgrim -shrine in art, because it con- 
 tains the finest expression of Raphael’s 
 genius, when manifesting itself in pure- 
 ly secular forms.” Hillard. 
 
 4®=* “ Peruzzi’s most beautiful build- 
 ing is the Farnesina. Vasari says just- 
 ly that it seems not formed by masonry, 
 but born out of the ground, so com- 
 plete does it stand therein its charming 
 solitariness. At the present day it is 
 forsaken, its open halls are walled up, 
 the paintings on the outer walls are 
 faded or fallen away with the mortar. 
 But by degrees, as we become absorbed 
 in the paintings, the feeling of transi- 
 toriness vanishes.” Grimm , Trans. 
 
 Note. — The Farnesina has been 
 recently restored to an elegant 
 and habitable condition. See 
 Galatea. 
 
 Farringdon Market. A market in 
 London, erected in place of Fleet 
 Market, opened in 1829. See 
 Fleet Market. 
 
 Fast Castle. This ancient fortress 
 in Scotland is the original of 
 “Wolf’s Crag,” in Scott’s novel 
 of the “Bride of Lammermoor.” 
 
 Fasti Consulares. Famous tablets 
 containing a list of all the consuls 
 and public officers of Rome to the 
 time of Augustus. They are still 
 legible, though much mutilated. 
 In the Hall of the Conservators, 
 Rome. 
 
 Fata Morgana. A singular atmos- 
 pheric phenomenon, quite similar 
 to the mirage, which, under cer- 
 tain conditions of the elements, 
 is observed in the Straits of Mes- 
 sina, between the coasts of Cala- 
 bria and Sicily, and which is some- 
 times, though rarely, seen upon 
 other coasts. It consists of mul- 
 tiplied images in the air of the 
 hills, groves, buildings, people, 
 and other objects on the sur- 
 rounding coasts. These images 
 are inverted, and the whole forms 
 a sort of moving spectacle. It is 
 popularly thought to be the work 
 of the fairy of the same name. 
 
 4£g=* “ On Calabria’s side lay Reggio, 
 which a few weeks previously had 
 suffered terribly from an earthquake. 
 Now every thing lay in a warm, smiling 
 sunlight ; yet the smile of the coast 
 here has in it something like witch- 
 craft. My thoughts were on the mil- 
 
FAT 
 
 FEA 
 
 1 
 
 l o 
 
 lions whose hearts have heat with the 
 fear of death and longing for life under 
 these coasts, the millions who have 
 sailed here, from the time Ulysses 
 sailed past the cavern of Polyphemus, 
 until now that our arrowy steamer 
 glided over the watery mirror, where 
 Fata Morgana shows her airy palace ; 
 but no colonnades of rays, no fantastic 
 cupola and Gothic towers, arose on the 
 blue waters. Yet the coast itself was a 
 Fata Morgana for the eye and thought.” 
 Hans Christian Andersen. 
 
 But what must he thought of the fe- 
 male dramatist, who, lor eighteen long 
 months, can exhibit the beautifullest Fata- 
 morgana to a flush cardinal, wide awake, 
 with fifty years on h s head; and so lap 
 him in her scenic illusion tint he never 
 doubts but it is all firm earth, and the 
 pasteboard coulisse-trees are producing 
 llesperides apples ? Carlyle. 
 
 Fates. See Three Fates. 
 
 Faubourg St. Antoine. A quarter 
 of Paris inhabited by the working- 
 classes, and famous in the Revo- 
 lution of 1789 as the source and 
 headquarters of the insurrection- 
 ary elements in the city. It has 
 been since the time of the Fronde 
 the seat of disturbances. From 
 1880 to 1851 many riots and bloody 
 fights gave a disagreeable charac- 
 ter to this quarter, but since 1851 
 a change lias taken place in this 
 respect. Here and in the vicinity 
 are some of the chief manufacto- 
 ries of the city. 
 
 Faubourg St. Germain. A fash- 
 ionable quarter of Paris in which 
 the ancient nobility resided. 
 Many of the houses of the old 
 noblesse are still standing. 
 
 Germain is full of these 
 princely, aristocratic mansions, mourn- 
 fully beautiful, desolately grand.” 
 
 C. Beecher. 
 
 Everybody knows something of a hand- 
 some and very elegant }’oung baron of the 
 Faubourg St. Germain , who, with small 
 fortune, very great taste, and greater 
 credit contrived to get on very swimming- 
 ly* as n i adorable roue and vaurien till 
 he was hard upon twenty-five. 
 
 N. P. Willis. 
 
 The microscopic Faubourg St. Germain 
 of the little place thought of raisi g the 
 quarantine f r Monsieur Madeleine, the 
 probable relative of a bishop. 
 
 Victor Hugo , Trans. 
 
 The strong men usually give some al- 
 lowance, even to the pctulancesoffashion, 
 for that affinity they find in it. Napoleon, 
 child of the revolution, destroyer of the 
 
 old noblesse, never ceased to court the 
 Faubourg St- Germain , doubtless with 
 the feeling that fashion is a homage to 
 men of Ills stamp Emerson 
 
 Faun, The [of Praxiteles]. A cele- 
 brated ancient statue. Now in 
 the Capitol, Rome. 
 
 “ It is the marble image of a 
 young man, leaning his right arm upon 
 the trunk or stump of a tree. ... It is 
 impossible to gaze long at this stone 
 image without conceiving a kindly sen- 
 timent towards it, as if its substance 
 were warm to the touch, and imbued 
 with actual life.” Hawthorne. 
 
 The shepherd asleep on a sheltered bank 
 under the rocks, is already a Faun of 
 Praxiteles , and might be a Theseus or a 
 l’erseus, Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Faun. See Barberini Faun, Dan- 
 cing Faun, Drunken Faun, Ron- 
 dinini Faun, Sleeping Faun, etc. 
 
 Favorite, The. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 July 5, 18G1. 
 
 Fawkes’s Cellar. See Guy 
 Fawkes’s Cellar. 
 
 Feast of Roses. A picture by Al- 
 bert Diirer (1471-1528). In the 
 monastery Stralioff at Prague, 
 Austria. 
 
 Feast of the Gods. A large fresco 
 in the Farnesina, Rome, repre- 
 senting the gods as deciding the 
 dispute between Venus and Cu- 
 pid, designed by Raphael (1483- 
 1520), but chiefly executed by liis 
 pupil Giulio Romano. 
 
 Feast of the Gods. A noted pic- 
 ture begun by Giovanni Bellini 
 (1426-1516), but completed by 
 Titian (1477-1570), now in the col- 
 lection of the Duke of Northum- 
 berland at Alnwick Castle, Eng- 
 land. There is a copy, thought 
 to he by Poussin, in the Scotch 
 Academy. 
 
 Feast of the King of the Beans. 
 A picture by Gabriel Metsu (b. 
 1630), a Dutch f/enre- painter. In 
 the Gallery of Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Feast of the Levite. A picture 
 of great size by Paul Veronese 
 (1530-1588). It was formerly in 
 the refectory of SS. Giovanni e 
 Paolo, now in the Accademia 
 delle Belle Arti, Venice, Italy. 
 
. FEC 
 
 174 
 
 FIE 
 
 Fecundidad, La. [Offering to the 
 Goddess of Fecundity.] An ad- 
 mired picture by Titian (1477- 
 1570). In the gallery at Madrid, 
 Spain. 
 
 Federal Hill. An eminence south 
 of the centre of the city of Balti- 
 more, Md. It was a place of 
 much interest during the civil 
 war, having been seized and oc- 
 cupied by Gen. Butler, and heav- 
 ily fortified to protect the city, 
 and to overawe internal sedi- 
 tion. 
 
 Feldmasser, Die. [The Land Sur- 
 veyors.] See Geometricians, 
 The. 
 
 Felix, The. An Arctic exploring 
 ship which sailed to the northern 
 seas under Sir John Ross in 
 1850. 
 
 Fellows Marbles. A collection of 
 sculptures in the British Museum, 
 London, brought from the ancient 
 city of Xantlius. 
 
 Fclsenmeer. [Sea of Rocks.] 1. 
 A remarkable accumulation of 
 syenitic rocks in the Odenwald, 
 not far from Darmstadt, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 2. A natural curiosity in the 
 form of an immense mass of de- 
 tached rocks, near Hemar, in 
 Y/estphalia, 
 
 Fenchurch Street. A street in 
 London, which derives its name 
 from a fen, or bog, caused by the 
 overflow of a small stream which 
 ran into the Thames. 
 
 Fernay. This chateau, four and 
 one-lialf miles north of Geneva, 
 was built by Voltaire, and be- 
 came his residence. He also 
 erected a church, and founded 
 the little village about it, by pro- 
 moting manufactures. 
 
 This and several subsequent appeals of 
 the sa ne sort are among the best points 
 in the conduct of the Philosopher of Fer- 
 nay. Spalding. 
 
 Fernihurst. A Scottish fortress of 
 the fifteenth century, near Jed- 
 burgh. 
 
 Ferrara Castle. A noted mediaeval 
 fortress in Ferrara, Italy, once 
 
 the residence of the dukes of 
 Ferrara. It is considered one 
 of the finest relics of feudal 
 times. 
 
 Ferriter’s Castle. An ancient ru- 
 ined stronghold, situated in a 
 wild spot, almost on the verge of 
 the Atlantic, in the county of 
 Kerry, Ireland. 
 
 Ferroniere, La Belle. See Belle 
 Ferroniere. 
 
 Festival of Venus in the Isle of 
 Cy there a. A picture by Peter 
 Paul Rubens (1577-1040). Now in 
 the Imperial Gallery at Vienna, 
 Austria. 
 
 Feuillant Club. A political asso- 
 ciation in Paris established dur- 
 ing the Revolution. It was origi- 
 nally called the Club of 1789. It 
 derived its name from the con- 
 vent of the Feuillants in which 
 its meetings were held. 
 
 Feuillants [Elglise des], A fine 
 church in Bordeaux, France. It 
 contains the tomb of Montaigne. 
 
 Field Lane. A street in London 
 which has now mostly disap- 
 peared. It was inhabited by a 
 wretched, criminal class. 
 
 “In its filthy shops are exposed 
 for sale huge bunches of second-hand 
 silk handkerchiefs of all sizes and pat- 
 terns ; for here reside the traders who 
 purchase them from the pickpockets. 
 Hundreds of these handkerchiefs hang 
 dangling from pegs outside the win- 
 dows, or flaunting from the door-posts ; 
 and the shelves within are piled with 
 them. Confined as the limits of Field 
 Lane are, it has its barber, its coffee- 
 shop, its beer-shop, and its fried-fish 
 warehouse. It is a commercial colony 
 of itself, the emporium of petty lar- 
 ceny.” Dickens . 
 
 Field of Blood. A tract in Italy, 
 now occupied by the village of 
 Canne, and still called “ Campo 
 di Sangue,” Field of Blood. It 
 is the site of the ancient battle- 
 field of Cannae, where Hannibal 
 gained a great victory over the 
 Romans, B.C. 216. 
 
 Field of Blood. See Aceldama. 
 
 Field of Flodden. See FloddeN 
 Field. 
 
FIE 
 
 175 
 
 FIJ 
 
 Field of Forty Footsteps. A re- 
 gion in Bloomsbury, London, for- 
 merly noted as a resort for low 
 characters, and famous as the 
 scene of a legendary conflict be- 
 tween two brothers, whose foot- 
 steps remained impressed in the 
 soil, and over which no grass 
 would grow. Upon this legend 
 Jane and Anna Maria Porter 
 based one of their popular ro- 
 mances. 
 
 “ The steps are of the size of a 
 large human foot, about three inches 
 deep. We counted only seventy-six, 
 but were not exact in counting. The 
 place where one or both of the brothers 
 is supposed to have fallen is still bare 
 of grass.” Southey. 
 
 June 16, 1800. Went into the fields at 
 the back of Montague House, and there 
 saw, for the first time, the forty footsteps; 
 the building materials are there ready to 
 cover them from the sight of man. 1 
 counted more than forty, but they might 
 be the footprints of the workmen. 
 
 Joseph Moser , Commonplace Book. 
 
 Field of March. See Champ de 
 Maks. 
 
 Field of Mars. See Campus Mar- 
 
 TIUS. 
 
 Field of Peterloo. The popular 
 name of St. Peter’s Field, near 
 Manchester, England, where, 
 Aug. 16, 1819, a riot occurred. 
 The name was derisively imitat- 
 ed from Waterloo. 
 
 Bridges of Lodi, retreats of Moscow, 
 Waterloos, Ptterloos , ten-pound fran- 
 chises, tar-barrels, and guillotines. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Field of Rakos. [Hung. Rakos 
 Mezo.] A celebrated plain in 
 the immediate neighborhood of 
 Pesth, Hungary, in which the 
 Diet, or great national assembly, 
 of the Hungarians, was formerly 
 held in the open air. 
 
 Field of the Cloth of Gold. A 
 
 celebrated plain near the town of 
 Ardres in Northern France. It 
 is known by this name in conse- 
 quence of the meeting on this 
 spot in 1520 between Henry VIII. 
 of England and Francis I. of 
 France with their retinues, and 
 the cloth of gold with which the 
 tents of the two sovereigns were 
 covered. 
 
 I supposed you must have served as a 
 yeoman of the guard since Bluff King 
 Henry's time, and expected to hear some- 
 thing from you about the Field of the Cloth 
 of Gold. Scott. 
 
 They [Petrarch's finer poems] differ 
 from them [his interior ones] as a May-day 
 procession of chimney-sweepers differs 
 from the Field of the doth of Gold. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Fifth Avenue. A famous street in 
 the city of New York, beginning 
 at Washington Square and ex- 
 pending to Central Park. It is 
 lined with costly edifices, the 
 homes of wealthy citizens, and 
 is the most splendid street of 
 residences in America, and one 
 of the finest in the world. 
 
 jgQjp “ Fifth Avenue is the Belgrave 
 Square, the Park Lane, and the Pall 
 Mall of New York. It is certainly a 
 very fine street. The houses in it are 
 magnificent, not having that aristocratic 
 look which some of our detached Lon- 
 don residences enjoy, but an air of com- 
 fortable luxury and commercial wealth 
 which is not excelled by the best houses 
 of any other town that I know.” 
 
 Anthony Trollope . 
 
 Fifth-Avenue Theatre. In New 
 York. A small but elegant place 
 of amusement. 
 
 Fighting Gladiator. A well- 
 known Greek statue in the Lou- 
 vre, Paris. 
 
 “There is a left arm again, 
 though; no,— -that is from the ‘ Fight- 
 ing Gladiator,’ — the ‘ Jeune Ileron 
 combatant’ of the Louvre; there is 
 the broad ring of the shield. . . . [The 
 separate casts of the ‘ Gladiator’s ’ arm 
 look immense ; but in its place the limb 
 looks light, almost slender, — such is 
 the perfection of that miraculous mar- 
 ble. I never felt as if I touched the 
 life of the old Greeks until I looked on 
 that statue].” Holmes. 
 
 Welcome, O Fighting Gladiator, and 
 Recumbent Cleopatra, and Dying Warrior, 
 whose classic outlines (reproduced in the 
 calcined mineral of Lutetia) crown my 
 loaded shelves ! Holmes. 
 
 Fighting Temeraire. A picture 
 by Joseph Maliord William Tur- 
 ner (1775-1851), the English land- 
 scape painter, and regarded one 
 of his best works. In the Na- 
 tional Gallery, London. 
 
 Fijah. A noted fountain in the 
 vicinity of Damascus, one of the 
 largest and most remarkable in 
 Syria. 
 
FIL 
 
 176 
 
 FIS 
 
 Filatrice, The. An admired statue 
 by Johann Gottfried Schadow 
 (1764-1850). 
 
 Filles du Calvaire, Boulevart des. 
 One of the Parisian boulevards, 
 so named from a convent. See 
 Boulevards. 
 
 Finchley Common. Formerly an 
 open tract in the county of Mid- 
 dlesex, England, much frequent- 
 ed by highwaymen. 
 
 His enemies affirmed . . . that he 
 [George Porter J sometimes got on horse- 
 back late in the evening, and stole out in 
 disguise, and that when he returned from 
 these mysterious excursions, his appear- 
 ance justified the suspicion that he had 
 been doing business on Hounslow Heath 
 or Finchley Common . Macaulay. 
 
 Finchley, March to. See March 
 to Finchley. 
 
 FingaPs Cave. A famous and ro- 
 mantic cavern in the island of 
 Staff a, Scotland. It is 227 feet 
 long, and 66 feet in height above 
 the water at mean tide. It is 
 composed of pentangular or hex- 
 agon columns of black basaltic 
 rock, erect, inclining, and curved, 
 and irregularly jointed. 
 
 There all unknown its columns rose 
 Where dark and undisturbed repose 
 The cormorant had found, 
 
 And the shy seal had quiet home, 
 
 And weltered in that wondrous dome; 
 Where, as to shame the temples decked 
 By skill of earthly architect, 
 
 Nature herself, it seemed, would raise 
 A minster to her Maker’s praise. Scott. 
 
 Ye sliadowv Beings, that have rights and 
 claims 
 
 In every cell of FingaVs mystic grot, 
 Where are ye ? Wordsworth. 
 
 Not Aladdin magian 
 Ever such a work began ; 
 
 Not the wizard of the Dee 
 Ever such a dream could see; 
 
 Not Saint John in Patinos’ isle, 
 
 In the passion of his toil. 
 
 When lie saw the churches seven, 
 Golden-aisled, built up in heaven, 
 Gazed at such a rugged wonder 
 
 Keats. 
 
 Finsbury. A now populous bor- 
 ough of London, including the 
 old district of Moorfields. Cun- 
 ningham says that Finsbury was 
 a popular place for Sunday walks 
 in the times of Queen Elizabeth 
 and James. Shadwell says that 
 you could here see “ Haberdash- 
 ers walking with their whole fire- 
 
 side.” According to tradition, the 
 name Finsbury is derived from 
 two daughters of one of the Cru- 
 saders, as expressed in the follow- 
 ing extract from an old ballad: — 
 
 Old Sir John Fines he had the name. 
 Being buried in that place, 
 
 Now, since then, called Finsbury , 
 
 To his renown and grace; 
 
 Which time to come shall not outwear, 
 Nor yet the same deface. 
 
 And likewise when those maidens died 
 They gave those pleasant fields 
 Unto our London citizens. 
 
 Which they most bravely hield; 
 
 And now they are made most pleasant 
 walks, 
 
 That great contentment yield. 
 
 Old Ballad . 
 
 4SP* “ Moorgate opens to the moor, 
 or fen, — hence the district name Fin , 
 or Fensbury.” Athenaeum. 
 
 And giv’st such sarcenet surety for thy 
 oaths. 
 
 As if thou never walk’st farther than Fins- 
 bury. Shakespeare. 
 
 Finsbury Park. A pleasure-ground 
 in London, opened in 1869. 
 
 Finstermiinz. A magnificent pass 
 or defile in the Tyrolese Alps, 
 second in point of grandeur only 
 to the Via Mala. 
 
 First Lesson. A picture by Sir 
 Edwin Landseer (1803-1873)" 
 
 Fish- Street Hill. In London. 
 Here is the monument built, from 
 designs by Wren, in commemora- 
 tion of the great fire of 1666. The 
 Black Prince had a palace on Fish- 
 street Hill. 
 
 A friend of mine, who was sitting un- 
 moved at one of the sentimental pieces, 
 was asked how he could be so indifferent. 
 “ Why, truly,” says he, “ as the hero is 
 but a tradesman, it is indifferent to me 
 whether he be turned ontof his counting- 
 house on Fish-street Hill , since he will 
 still have enough left to open shop in St. 
 Giles’s. Goldsmith. 
 
 I find myself before a fine picture in the 
 morning. Was it ever otherwise? What 
 is become of Fish Street Hill. 
 
 Charles Lamb. 
 
 Twelve columns like the monument on 
 Fish Street Hill might give the reader some 
 idea of the vastness of these pillars [in 
 the palace of Karnac]. Lefevre, Trans. 
 
 Fisher, Fort. See Fort Fisher. 
 
 Fisher Boy. A statue by Hiram 
 Powers (1805-1873). 
 
FIS 
 
 177 
 
 FLE 
 
 4dP “ Then came a lithe, graceful, im- 
 mature figure of the Fisher Boy, hold- 
 ing a shell to his ear; the expression, 
 the whole air and aspect, suggestive of 
 the mystery of life that connects its 
 outset with eternity.” Tuckerman. 
 
 Fisherman presenting the King 
 of St. Mark to the Doge of 
 Venice. A famous picture by 
 Paris Bordone (1500-1576). In 
 the Accademia delle Belle Arti, 
 Venice, Italy. 
 
 “ A grand piece of scenic deco- 
 ration. The numerous figures, the 
 vivid color, the luxuriant architec- 
 ture, remind us of Paul Veronese, with, 
 however, more delicacy, both in color 
 and execution.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Fishmongers’ Hall. A celebrated 
 hall in London, belonging to one 
 of the great city guilds, "or com- 
 panies, situated near London 
 Bridge. This company has num- 
 bered about 50 lord mayors, 
 and on July 10, 1864, had "been 
 incorporated 500 years. 
 
 Five Forks. A famous locality in 
 the neighborhood of Petersburg, 
 Va., where a last stand was made 
 by Gen. Lee’s troops, who being 
 repulsed at this point, Lee con- 
 cluded to evacuate the city of 
 Richmond, April 2, 1865. 
 
 Five Points. A district in the city 
 of New York near the Tombs, 
 and at the intersection of Baxter, 
 Park, and Worth streets, former- 
 ly noted as being one of the most 
 wretched and dangerous quarters 
 in the metropolis. Its character 
 has somewhat improved of late. 
 
 There are many by-streets (in New 
 York) almost as neutral in clean colors, 
 anti positive in dirty ones, as by-streets 
 in London; and there is one quarter, 
 commonly called the Five Points , which, 
 in respect of filth and wretchedness, may 
 be safely backed against Seven Dials, or 
 any other part of famed St. Giles’s. 
 
 Dickens. 
 
 Flagellation, The. A picture by 
 Giovanni Antonio Bazzi, called II 
 Sodoma (1479-1549). In the Insti- 
 tute of Fine Arts at Siena, Italy. 
 
 4®^ “ This hallowed work of genius 
 shows what pictorial art, devoutly ex- 
 ercised, might effect in behalf of reli- 
 gious truth.” Hawthorne . 
 
 4®" “At last we came to a picture 
 by Sodoma, the most illustrious repre- 
 
 sentative of the Sienese school. It 
 was a fresco, — Christ bound to the pil- 
 lar after having been scourged. 1 do 
 believe that painting has never done 
 any thing better, so far as expression is 
 concerned, than this figure. In all 
 these generations since it was painted, 
 it must have softened thousands of 
 hearts, drawn down rivers of tears, 
 been more effectual than a million of 
 sermons. Really it is a thingto stand and 
 weep at. No other painter has done 
 any thing that can deserve to be com- 
 pared with this.” Hawthorn ( . 
 
 Flagellation, Column of the. See 
 Column of the Flagellation. 
 
 Flaminia, Porta. See Porta Fla- 
 
 MINIA. 
 
 Flaminian Way. See Via Fla- 
 minia. 
 
 Flavian Amphitheatre. See Col- 
 iseum. 
 
 The Flavian Amphitheatre and the 
 Baths of Caracalla enable us to realize 
 imperial Rome more vividly than e\en 
 the glowing pages of Tacitus. 
 
 James Fergusson. 
 
 Fleece, The. Formerly a tavern 
 in Covent Garden, London, the 
 scene of numerous disorderly dis- 
 putes, and, as Aubrey expresses 
 it, “ very unfortunate for homi- 
 cides.” 
 
 Fleet, The. A famous prison in 
 London, named from the creek, or 
 stream, of the Fleet, upon the 
 bank of which it was erected. 
 After an existence of nearly eight 
 centuries, it was abolished, and 
 removed about 1845. It has been 
 tenanted by many distinguished 
 victims. Pope calls it the “ Haunt 
 of the Muses,” from the number 
 of poets who have been confined 
 here. The prisoners were sub- 
 jected in many cases to most 
 cruel and outrageous treatment. 
 The horrors of the Fleet were 
 brought to public notice in 1726 
 by the trial of the warden for 
 murder. The prison and its im- 
 mediate neighborhood were no- 
 torious for the so-called “ Fleet 
 Marriages,” which were per- 
 formed by clergymen imprisoned 
 for debt. Great numbers of these 
 marriages were solemnized, as 
 the clergymen could of course 
 defy the fine for performing clan- 
 
FLE 
 
 178 
 
 FLI 
 
 destine and irregular marriages. 
 The practice was put a stop to by 
 act of Parliament in 1754. The 
 day before this act went into 
 operation, 217 marriages were re- 
 corded in one register alone. 
 Dickens describes the latter days 
 of the Fleet in the “ Pickwick 
 Papers.” See Flex a. 
 
 Scarce had the coach discharged its trusty 
 fare. 
 
 But gaping crowds surround tli’ amorous 
 pair. 
 
 The busy plj r ers make a mighty stir, 
 
 And whispering, cry, ‘’D’ye want the 
 parson, sir ? ” 
 
 Humours of the Fleet. 
 Fleet Ditch. Formerly an open 
 ditch in London, between Hol- 
 born and the Thames, so called 
 from the Fleet River, the supply 
 of water from which being di- 
 verted, the ditch became stag- 
 nant, and a receptacle for all sorts 
 of offal and filth. Ben Jonson, 
 Pope, Swift, and Gay have with 
 minute detail described this pes- 
 tilential nuisance. It is now 
 arched over, and serves as the 
 Cloaca Maxima of London. 
 
 To where Fleet-ditch , with disemboguing 
 streams 
 
 Rolls the large tribute of dead dogs to 
 Thames, 
 
 The king of dykes! than whom no sluice 
 of mud 
 
 With deeper sable blots the silver flood. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Now from all parts the swelling kennels 
 flow, 
 
 And bear their trophies with them as they 
 
 go; 
 
 Filth of all hues and odors seem to tell 
 What street they sail’d from by their sight 
 and smell. 
 
 They, as each torrent drives its rapid 
 force. 
 
 From Smithfield to St. Tulchre’s shape 
 their course. 
 
 And, in huge confluence joined at Snowhill 
 ridge, 
 
 Fall from the Conduit prone to Holborn 
 Bridge; 
 
 Sweepings from butchers’ stalls, . . . 
 
 Dead cats, and turnip-tops, come tum- 
 bling down the flood. Swift. 
 
 By what methods, by what gifts of eye 
 and hand, does a heroic Samuel Johnson, 
 now when cast forth into that waste chaos 
 of authorship, maddest of things, a min- 
 gled Phlegethon and Fleet-ditch , with its 
 floating lumber, and sea-krakens, and mud- 
 spectres, — shape himself a voyage; of 
 the transient driftwood, and the enduring 
 iron, built him a seaworthy life-boat, and 
 sail therein, undrowned, unpolluted, 
 through the roaring “ mother of dead 
 dogs,” onwards to an eternal landmark, 
 and city that hath foundations ? Carlyle. 
 
 Fleet Market. A meat and vege- 
 table market in London, estab- 
 lished over Fleet Ditch in 1737. 
 Farringdon Market — occupying 
 nearly the same place and opened 
 in 1829 — now takes its place. 
 
 “ Fleet Market, at that time [No 
 Popery Riots], was a long irregular row 
 of wooden sheds and pent-houses, oc- 
 cupying the centre of what is now called 
 Farringdon Street. They were jumbled 
 together in a most unsightly fashion in 
 the middle of the road, to the great ob- 
 struction of the thoroughfare and the 
 annoyance of passengers, who were fain 
 to make their way as best they could 
 among carts, baskets, barrows, trucks, 
 casks, bulks, and benches, and to jostle 
 with porters, hucksters, waggoners, and 
 a motley crowd of buyers, sellers, pick- 
 pockets, vagrants, and idlers. ... It 
 was indispensable to most public con- 
 veniences in those days that they should 
 be public nuisances likewise, and Fleet 
 Market maintained the principle toad- 
 miration.” Dickens. 
 
 Fleet Street. An ancient and cele- 
 brated thoroughfare in London, 
 so called from the stream of the 
 same name. For centuries it has 
 been famous for its exhibitions 
 and processions, its printers and 
 booksellers, its coffee-houses and 
 taverns, and its banking-houses. 
 
 The foaming pots which the best tap of 
 Fleet St. supplies. T N. Talfourd. 
 
 Cheapside, the Strand, Fleet Street , and 
 Ludgate Hill, 
 
 Each name a very story in itself. 
 
 Robert Leighton. 
 
 Fleta. A Latinized appellation of 
 the noted Fleet prison, formerly 
 situated in London. John Sei- 
 den (1584-1654) published a work 
 entitled “ Fleta.” See Fleet, 
 The. 
 
 jgQjf* “In 1647 he [Selden] published 
 from a manuscript in the Cotton library 
 the valuable old law treatise entitled 
 ‘ Fleta,’ so named from being compiled 
 by its anonymous author while confined 
 in the Fleet prison, most probably in 
 the reign of Edward I.” Singer. 
 
 Fleurs, Chateau des. See Cha- 
 teau des Fleurs. 
 
 Flight into Egypt. [Ital. La Fu- 
 
 c/a in Egitto , Fr. La Fuite de la 
 Sainte Famille en Ecjypte ] Of the 
 compositions treating of this inci- 
 dent in the life of the infant Sa- 
 
FLO 
 
 179 
 
 FON 
 
 viour, the following are among 
 the better known. See also Re- 
 pose in Egypt. 
 
 Flight into Egypt. An admired 
 picture by Guadenzio Ferrari 
 (1484-1550). In the church of the 
 Minorites at Varallo, Italy. 
 
 Flight into Egypt. A beautiful 
 fresco by Bernardin Pinturicchio 
 (1454-1513). In the church of St. 
 Onofrio at Rome. 
 
 Flight into Egypt A picture 
 by Joachim Patenier ( — d. 1524), 
 a Flemish painter. It is now in 
 the museum at Antwerp, Bel- 
 gium. 
 
 Flight into Egypt. See Return 
 from the Flight into Egypt. 
 
 Flodden Field. A locality in Scot- 
 land, in the county of Northum- 
 berland, near Cornhill, where, on 
 the 9th of September, 1513, was 
 fought the famous battle between 
 the English and Scotch, which is 
 described in Sir Walter Scott’s 
 “ Marmion.” 
 
 Floors Castle. The seat of the 
 Duke of Roxburghe, near Kelso 
 in Scotland. 
 
 Flora. A famous colossal statue, 
 found in the Baths of Caracalla 
 at Rome, and regarded as a mas- 
 terpiece of art. It has been va- 
 riously considered as representing 
 a Venus, a Hebe, and Hope. By 
 Winckelmann it was thought to 
 be one of the Muses. Now in the 
 museum at Naples. [Also called 
 the Farnese Flora.] 
 
 “ I always returned to a colos- 
 sal Flora, standing in the middle of the 
 hall, draped so as to reveal her forms, 
 but of such an austere, dignified sim- 
 plicity. She is a veritable goddess.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Flora. A beautiful picture by Ti- 
 tian (1477-1576), or, as some think, 
 by Jacopo Palma, called Palma 
 Vecchio (1480-1528), representing 
 a woman in white, with flowing 
 hair, holding flowers. In the 
 Uffizi Gallery, Florence. 
 
 Flora. A statue by Thomas Craw- 
 ford (1814-1857). In Central Park, 
 New York. 
 
 Florida, The. A Confederate pri- 
 vateer, built by Laird of Liver- 
 
 pool, and commanded by John 
 Moffit. She was captured in San 
 Salvador Bay, Brazil, Oct. 6, 1864, 
 by the United States ship Wachu- 
 sett. 
 
 “ The Confederates, encouraged 
 by British favors, employed a British 
 ship builder (Mr. Laird, a member of 
 Parliament) to construct vessels for 
 them for privateering purposes. The 
 Oreto was sent to sea in disguise, sailed 
 for the British port of Nassau, and 
 early in September appeared off the 
 harbor of Mobile flying British colors. 
 She ran into Mobile Harbor, eluding 
 the blockading fleet, and escaped late 
 in December, when she bore the name 
 of Florida. She hovered most of the 
 time on the American coast, but was 
 closely watched by national vessels. 
 She managed to elude them. Finally 
 she ran into the Brazilian port of Ba- 
 hia or San Salvador, after capturing a 
 barque; and there she was captured 
 by the Wachusett , Capt. Collins. This 
 capture was a violation of neutrality, 
 and occasioned a good deal of excite- 
 ment. The captain and prize soon 
 after appeared in Hampton Roads, and 
 not long after the Florida was sunk 
 near Newport News.” Lossing. 
 
 Flume, The. A remarkable ravine 
 700 feet long iu the Franconia 
 mountains, N.H., through which 
 flows the Flume cascade. The 
 rocky walls which enclose the 
 canon are some 65 feet in height. 
 At one point, where the passage 
 is only ten feet in width, an 
 enormous granite bowlder is sus- 
 pended. 
 
 Foligno Madonna. See Madonna 
 di Foligno. 
 
 Fontaine des Innocents. A fa- 
 mous fountain in Paris, built in 
 1550 by Pierre Lescot, with stat- 
 ues and bas-reliefs by Jean Gou- 
 jon. 
 
 Fontaine Moliere. A public foun- 
 tain in Paris, in the Rue de 
 Richelieu, with the statue of Mo- 
 liere, and near the house where 
 that great dramatist died. 
 
 Fontainebleau. A vast and ir- 
 regularly shaped palace at Fon- 
 tainebleau [fountain of beautiful 
 water], France, about 37 miles 
 from Paris. It is one of the most 
 magnificent royal residences in 
 Europe, and associated with 
 
FON 
 
 180 
 
 FON 
 
 many historical events of in- 
 terest. The present palace was 
 chiefly the work of Francis I. 
 Large additions were made to it 
 by Henry IV. It was here that 
 Napoleon signed his abdication 
 in 1814. Under Louis Philippe 
 the palace was much improved, 
 and restored to something like 
 its early condition. It has a 
 magnificent park kept with great 
 care like a garden. The forest of 
 Fontainebleau covers 84 English 
 miles. 
 
 1644, 7 March. 1 went with some com- 
 pany toward^ Fontainebleau , a sumptuous 
 palace of the King’s, like ours of Hampton 
 Court, about 14 leagues from the city. 
 By the way, we pass through a forest so 
 prodigiously encompassed with hideous 
 rocks of whitish hard stone, heaped one 
 on another in mountainous heights; but 
 1 think the like is not to be found else- 
 where. It abounds with stags, wolves, 
 boars; and not long after a lynx, or ounce, 
 was killed amongst them, which had de- 
 voured some passengers. . . . This house 
 is nothing so stately and uniforme as 
 Hampton Court. John Evelyn , Diary 
 
 For such it was, when long ago 
 
 I sat in my leafy studio 
 
 In the dear old Forest of Fontainebleau. 
 
 C. F. Cranch. 
 
 In the h»ne brakes of Fontainebleau , 
 
 Or chalets near the Alpine snow. 
 
 Matthew Arnold. 
 
 Fontana della Barcaccia. A well- 
 known fountain in the Piazza di 
 Spagna, Rome, designed by Ber- 
 nini (1598-1880). It is in the form 
 of a boat (barcaccia), whence the 
 name. 
 
 Fontana di Trevi. [Fountain of 
 Trevi.] A large and celebrated 
 fountain in Rome, built by Clem- 
 ent XII., in 1735, from designs of 
 Niccolb Salvi, with a statue of 
 Neptune and other figures by Pi- 
 etro Bracchi. The fountain is 
 supplied by the aqueduct of the 
 Acqua Vergine. 
 
 4QP “The Fontana di Trevi is in 
 the heart of Rome. A mass of rocks 
 is tumbled together at the base of the 
 facade of an immense palace. In a 
 large niche in the centre of the fagade 
 is a statue of Neptune in his car, the 
 horses of which, with their attendant 
 Tritons, are pawing and sprawling 
 among the rocks. All this is in bad 
 taste, an incongruous blending of fact 
 and fable, chilled by the coldest of 
 allegories; but it sounds worse in de- 
 
 scription than it looks to the eye. The 
 water gushes up in sparkling and 
 copious masses from the crevices be- 
 tween the rocks, spouts from the nos- 
 trils of the horses and the conchs of 
 the Tritons, and gives to the whole 
 scene its own dancing and glittering 
 beauty. . . . As we look, we begin with 
 criticism; but we end with admira- 
 tion.” Hillard. 
 
 “ In the daytime there is hardly 
 a livelier scene in Rome than the neigh- 
 borhood of the fountain of Trevi ; . . . 
 for the water of Trevi is in request far 
 and wide as the most refreshing 
 draught for feverish lips, and the 
 wholesomest to drink that can any- 
 where be found. Tradition goes that a 
 parting draught at the fountain of Tre- 
 vi ensures a traveller’s return to Rome 
 whatever obstacles and improbabilities 
 may seem to beset him.” Hawthorne. 
 
 Till, Trajan's whispering forum passed, 
 We hear t lie waters, showering bright. 
 
 Of Trevi" s ancient fountain , cast 
 Tlieir woven music on tue night. 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Fontana Paolina. [The Pauline 
 Fountain.] One of the largest 
 and most imposing fountains in 
 Rome, on the Janiculum, and 
 built to resemble the facade of 
 a church. It was erected by 
 Pope Paul V. in 1612, and was de- 
 signed by Fontana; so that by 
 a whimsical coincidence both 
 names are perpetuated in that of 
 the fountain itself. 
 
 Fonthill Abbey. A showy monas- 
 tic building, erected at great ex- 
 pense, at the beginning of the 
 present century, near Salisbury, 
 Wilts, England, by William 
 Beckford, the celebrated author 
 of “ Vatliek.” The building was 
 constructed in fantastic style, in 
 the utmost haste and passion, 
 shrouded with great mystery, the 
 grounds being enclosed by a wall 
 12 feet high and seven miles long. 
 At one time 500 men were em- 
 ployed by day and night. A 
 wooden tower 400 feet high was 
 capriciously built, merely to see 
 the effect of such a structure, and, 
 being taken down, was replaced 
 by a tower of stone. Twent 3 T - 
 five years later, in 1825, this lat- 
 ter fell, owing to imperfect con- 
 struction; and the estate being 
 sold, the buildings were demob 
 
FOO 
 
 181 
 
 FOR 
 
 ished. In this mansion Mr. 
 Beckford resided for over 20 
 years. The property is said to 
 have brought £350,000 at the sale. 
 
 The mighty master waved his wand, and 
 lo ! 
 
 On the astonished eye the glorious show 
 Burst like a vision ! 
 
 Ascend the steps! the high and fretted 
 roof 
 
 Is woven by some elfin hand aloof : 
 
 Whilst from the painted windows’ long 
 array 
 
 A mellow light is shed, as not of day 
 How gorgeous ali ! W. L. Bowles. 
 
 Fools, Order of. See Order of 
 Fools. 
 
 Force, La. A noted prison in Par- 
 is, and the principal one in the 
 city. It is situated on the Bou- 
 levard MazaSv 
 
 “They are,” Mr Lorry whispered the 
 words, glancing fearfully round at the 
 locked room, k< murdering the prisoners. 
 If yo i are sure of what you say; if you 
 really have the power you think you 
 have, — as 1 believe you have, — make 
 yourself known to these devils, and get 
 taken to La Force.'* Dickens. 
 
 Ford’s. 1. Formerly a theatre in 
 Washington, and noted as the 
 building within which Presi- 
 dent Lincoln was assassinated, 
 April 19, 1865, by John Wilkes 
 Booth. The building was pur- 
 chased by the United-States Gov- 
 ernment, closed as a theatre, and 
 appropriated to the purposes of 
 an army medical museum, which 
 is said to be the finest of its kind 
 in the world. 
 
 2. A grand opera-house in Bal- 
 timore, Md. It has an elegant 
 auditorium, and accommodates 
 2,500 persons. 
 
 Forefathers’ Rock. See Plym- 
 outh Rock. 
 
 Forest Hills. A large cemetery in 
 the immediate vicinity of Boston, 
 Mass. It contains some fine mon- 
 uments. 
 
 Forester’s Family. A picture by 
 Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), 
 the most celebrated modern 
 painter of animals. 
 
 Forfarshire, The. A British steam- 
 er wrecked Sept. 6, 1838, on the 
 voyage from Hull to Dundee. 
 Nine persons were saved from 
 
 the wreck by the heroic exertions 
 of Grace Darling, daughter of the 
 lighthouse-keeper on one of the 
 Fame Islands, who rowed with 
 her father in a small boat through 
 the heavy sea to the sinking ship. 
 
 Forge of Vulcan. A drawing by 
 Annibale Caracci (1560-1609). In 
 the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Forge of Vulcan. A celebrated 
 picture by Diego Rodriguez de 
 Silva y Velasquez (1599-1660), the 
 Spanish painter. In the Museum 
 of Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Forge of Vulcan. A picture by 
 Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoret- 
 to (1512-1594). In the Ducal Pal- 
 ace, Venice, Italy. 
 
 Fornarina, La. The name given 
 to several portraits by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520). There is much 
 doubt, both as to the name itself, 
 and the person represented; but 
 the latter is generally considered 
 to have been Raphael’s mistress. 
 It has been surmised that the 
 name was invented to suit a story 
 of the painter’s having attached 
 himself to a potter’s daughter, 
 but there is no authentic evidence 
 in the case. The portrait bearing 
 this name, in the Barberini Pal- 
 ace, in Rome, is regarded as the 
 earlier work. There is another 
 somewhat resembling it in the 
 Pitti Palace, Florence, which is 
 thought to have served as a model 
 for the Sistine Madonna. There 
 is still another portrait, also called 
 La Fornarina, in the Tribune of 
 the Uffizi at Florence, which has 
 usually been ascribed to Raphael, 
 but is now supposed to be the 
 work of Sebastian del Piotnbo 
 (1485-1547), and has been various- 
 ly adjudged to represent either 
 the improvvisatrice Beatrice da 
 Ferrara, or Vittoria Colon na, 
 Marchesa di Pescara, Michael 
 Angelo’s friend. Besides the 
 foregoing, there are several oth- 
 er female portraits bearing the 
 name of La Fornarina. One in 
 particular, which is also called 
 Dorothea, dated 1512, and now 
 generally ascribed to Sebastian 
 del Piombo, is at Blenheim, Eng- 
 land. 
 
FOR 
 
 182 
 
 FOR 
 
 J0S® “ It is now no secret among con- 
 noisseurs that the so-called Fornarina 
 in the Tribune of the Uffizi, and a por- 
 trait named Dorothea, at Blenheim, 
 both supplemented with the title of 
 Raphael’s Mistress, are by the hand of 
 Sebastian.” 
 
 Eastlake , Hand-book of Painting. 
 
 “ The portrait of the young girl, 
 or woman, in the Barberini Palace, is 
 a wonderful painting. I call it so be- 
 cause it bears about it in a high degree 
 the character of mysterious unfathom- 
 ableness.” Grimm, Trans. 
 
 Foro Trajano. See Forum of 
 Trajan. 
 
 Forsyth Place. A well-known 
 public park in Savannah, Ga. 
 
 Fort Adams. One of the strongest 
 defences on the United-States 
 coast, near Newport, R.I. It 
 mounts 468 cannon, and requires 
 a garrison of 3,000 men. 
 
 Fort Albany. A ruined earthwork 
 south of Arlington, Va., one of 
 the great fortifications by which 
 Washington was defended during 
 the civil war 
 
 Fort Bowyer. A fortification near 
 Mobile, Ala., taken by the Brit- 
 ish, Feb. 11, 1815, and the scene 
 of the last encounter in the sec- 
 ond war between England and 
 the United States. 
 
 Fort Caroll. A strong United 
 States fortification on an artificial 
 island a few miles below Balti- 
 more, Md It commands the Pa- 
 tapsco River 
 
 Fort Caswell. A fortification of 
 brick on the Cape-Fear River, 
 N.C. It was seized by the Con- 
 federates in 1861, and destroyed 
 by them in 1865. 
 
 Fort Clinton. An old fortification 
 on the Hudson, a part of the de- 
 fences which were designed to 
 close the river against the British 
 fleet in 1777. 
 
 Fort Columbus. A United States 
 fortification on Governor's Island 
 in the harbor of New York 
 
 Fort Dearborn. A stockade fort 
 built by the United States Gov- 
 ernment in 1803 upon the site of 
 the present city of Chicago. It 
 was afterwards destroyed by the 
 Indians. 
 
 Fort de l’Ecluse. A celebrated 
 French fortress on the borders of 
 Switzerland, not far from Geneva. 
 
 Fort Donelson. A Confederate 
 stronghold in Kentucky during 
 the war of the Rebellion. It was 
 taken by Gen. Grant and Com- 
 modore Foote, Feb. 16, 1862. 
 
 The brave men who besieged Donelson , 
 and who, after fighting through the day 
 for three consecutive days, lay each night 
 on the ground without shelter’ exposed to 
 the rain and sleet, were chiefly Illinoisans. 
 It was there that rebellion received the 
 heavy blow which has staggered it ever 
 since. L. Trumbull. 
 
 An’ how, sence Fort Donelson. winnin’ the 
 day 
 
 Consists in triumphantly gittin away. 
 
 Lowell , Biglow Papers. 
 
 Fort du Quesne. An old French 
 fort and trading-post which for- 
 merly occupied the site where the 
 city of Pittsburg, Penn., now 
 stands. After falling into the 
 hands of the British, another fort 
 was built on the same spot, and 
 named Fort Pitt. 
 
 Fort Ellsworth. A ruined earth- 
 work near Alexandria, Ya. , one 
 of the great fortifications by 
 which Washington was defended 
 during the civil war. 
 
 Fort Fisher. A fortification on 
 the Cape-Fear River, and the 
 principal defence of Wilmington, 
 N.C ,, during the war of the Re- 
 bellion. It was taken by the 
 Federal troops under Gen. Terry, 
 Jan. 15, 1865. 
 
 Fort Frederick. A ruined fortifi- 
 cation near Martinsburg, Ya., 
 built by the province in 1755 as a 
 frontier fortress. It is a quadran- 
 gular structure of stone. 
 
 Fort George. A citadel in Inver- 
 ness-shire, Scotland, constructed 
 about the middle of the last cen- 
 tury, and considered the most 
 important fortress in Scotland. 
 
 Fort Griswold. A ruined fortifi- 
 cation near New London, Conn. 
 It was attacked and taken by the 
 British in September, 1781. 
 
 Fort Hamilton. A strong fortress 
 on the Narrows, protecting the 
 approaches to New York. 
 
FOR 
 
 183 
 
 FOR 
 
 Fort Hill. An eminence near Mys- 
 tic, Conn., the seat of Sassacus, 
 the sachem of the Pequot tribe of 
 Indians, who had here his royal 
 fort. 
 
 Fcrt Hill. An ancient fortifica- 
 tion near Geneva, N.Y., believed 
 to have been erected by the 
 “ mound-builders.” A hundred 
 years ago it was covered with 
 large and ancient trees. 
 
 Fort Hill. One of the historical 
 three hills upon which the city of 
 Boston (Trimountain), Mass., was 
 built. It is no longer in existence, 
 having been levelled for building 
 purposes. 
 
 Fort Independence. A strong 
 granite fort, but recently finished, 
 in the harbor of Boston, Mass. 
 The first fortifications on this site 
 were built in 1634. The battery 
 was called Castle William at the 
 time of the coronation of King 
 William. It was strengthened 
 by the British, who destroyed it 
 when they evacuated Boston ; but 
 it was afterwards repaired by the 
 Americans, and received its pres- 
 ent name in 1798. 
 
 Fort Lafayette. A strong fortifi- 
 cation on the Narrows, defending 
 the approaches to New York. It 
 was a famous prison for state 
 criminals in the war of the Re- 
 bellion. 
 
 Fort McHenry. A United States 
 fortification on Whetstone Point 
 near Baltimore, Md., and com- 
 manding the harbor approaches. 
 
 Fort Mifflin. A strong fortifica- 
 tion just below Philadelphia, and 
 guarding the approaches to the 
 city. 
 
 Fort Montgomery. An old forti- 
 fication on the Hudson, of which 
 some ruins still remain. It was 
 a part of the system of defences 
 designed to close the upper part 
 of the river against the approach 
 of the British fleet in 1777. 
 
 Fort Moultrie. A fortification on 
 Sullivan’s Island, protecting the 
 approaches to Charleston, S.C. 
 It stands on the site of an older 
 fortress of the same name, which 
 was built of palmetto logs, and 
 
 was celebrated for its successful 
 resistance to a British attack in 
 1776. 
 
 As from Moultrie , close at hand, 
 
 And the batteries on the land. 
 
 Round its taint but fearless band 
 Shot and shell 
 
 Raining hid the doubtful light. 
 
 R. H. Stoddard. 
 
 Fort Monroe. A strong United 
 States fortification at Old Point 
 Comfort, Va. It remained in the 
 possession of the Federal Govern- 
 ment at the time of the attempted 
 secessionof the State, and through 
 the war of the Rebellion. 
 
 Say, pilot, what this fort may be, 
 
 Whose sentinels look down 
 From moated walls that show the sea 
 Their deep embrasures’ frown ? 
 
 The rebel host claims all the coast; 
 
 But these are friends, we know. 
 
 Whose footprints spoil the “ sacred soil,” 
 And this is ? — Fort Monroe ! 
 
 0. W Holmes. 
 
 Fort Ontario. A strong fortifica- 
 tion at Oswego, N.Y., command- 
 ing the harbor. 
 
 Fort Pillow. 1 . A Confederate for- 
 tification on the Mississippi, in 
 the State of Tennessee, taken by 
 Federal gun-boats, June 4, 1862. 
 
 2. A Federal fortification in 
 Kentucky, garrisoned mainly by 
 negroes, taken by the Confeder- 
 ates, April 12, 1864. 
 
 Fort Pitt. See Fort du Quesne. 
 
 Fort Preble. A strong fortifica- 
 tion commanding the approaches 
 to the harbor of Portland, Me. 
 
 Fort Richmond. A strong fortifi- 
 cation on the Narrows, a part of 
 the system of defences which pro- 
 tect the approaches to New York. 
 
 Fort St. Marks. An old Spanish 
 fortress in St. Augustine, Fla. 
 According to an inscription over 
 the gateway it was finished in 
 1756, and is said to have been a 
 hundred years in building. With 
 its castellated battlements, its 
 portcullis and drawbridge, it was 
 more like a European mediaeval 
 stronghold than any other on this 
 continent. 
 
 Fort Schuyler. A strong fortifica- 
 tion commanding the entrance 
 to New York from Long Island 
 Sound. 
 
FOR 
 
 184 
 
 FOR 
 
 Fort Sumter. A brick fortress 
 begun in 1829, situated in the har- 
 bor of Charleston, S.C. Memor- 
 able as the scene of the first 
 encounter in the war of the Re- 
 bellion. 
 
 “ The first gun that spat its iron 
 insult at Fort Sumter, smote every loyal 
 American full in the face. As when 
 the foul witch used to torture her min- 
 iature image, the person it represented 
 suffered all that she inflicted on his 
 waxen counterpart, so every buffet that 
 fell on the smoking fortress was felt by 
 the sovereign nation of which that was 
 the representative. Robbery could go 
 no farther, for every loyal man of the 
 North was despoiled in that single act 
 as much as if a footpad had laid hands 
 upon him to take from him his father’s 
 staff and his mother’s Bible. Insult 
 could go no farther; for over those bat- 
 tered walls waved the precious symbol 
 of all we most value in the past and 
 hope for in the future, — the banner 
 under which we became a nation, and 
 which, next to the cross of the Redeem- 
 er, is the dearest object of love and 
 honor to all who toil or march or sail 
 beneath its waving folds of glory.” 
 
 0. W. Holmes. 
 
 For this blasted spot of earth 
 Where Rebellion had its birth 
 Is its tomb ! 
 
 And when Sumter sinks at last 
 From the heavens, that shrink aghast, 
 Hell shall rise in grim derision and make 
 room ! R. H. Stoddard. 
 
 What strange, glad voice is that which 
 calL 
 
 From VV agner’s grave and Sumter’s walls ? 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 Fort Ticonderoga. A ruined for- 
 tification standing on a peninsula 
 in Lake Champlain, memorable as 
 one of the historic battle-grounds 
 of North America. 
 
 Fort Trumbull. A strong fortifi- 
 cation on the Thames, near New 
 London, Conn. 
 
 Fort Wagner. One of the defences 
 of Charleston, S.C., during the 
 war of the Rebellion. It was sit- 
 uated on Morris Island. 
 
 Fort Warren. A modern fort 
 (1833-1850) in the harbor of Bos- 
 ton, Mass., built of Quincy gran- 
 ite. Many Confederates were 
 imprisoned here during the Re- 
 bellion. Here the noted Mason 
 «id Slidell were confined. 
 
 Fort Washington. 1. The princi- 
 pal eminence on Manhattan Is- 
 land, near High Bridge, and the 
 site of the ancient fort which was 
 taken by the British Nov. 16, 
 1776. The Americans lost 100 in 
 killed and wounded, and 2,600 
 taken prisoners. 
 
 2. An old stone fort on the Po- 
 tomac, a few miles below Wash- 
 ington. It was destroyed by the 
 British in the war of 1812. 
 
 Fort William. An immense fort- 
 ress about one mile from the city 
 of Calcutta, India. It was erect- 
 ed in 1757 by Lord Clive, and has 
 cost over $10,000,000. 
 
 Fort William Henry. A ruined 
 fortification on Lake George, in 
 the State of New York, near the 
 village of Caldwell. 
 
 Fort Wmthrop. A fortification 
 on Governor’s Island, in the har- 
 bor of Boston, Mass., forming one 
 of the defences of the city. 
 
 Fort Wooster. A ruined fort near 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Fortuna Virilis, Temple of. See 
 Temple of Fortuna Virilis. 
 
 Fortune. A picture by Guido 
 Reni (1575-1642), of which there 
 are numerous repetitions ; in the 
 gallery of the Capitol at Rome, at 
 Munich, in the Museum of Berlin, 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 Fortune Theatre. A former the- 
 atre of London, opened in 1601, 
 and so called from its sign. 
 
 The picture of Dame Fortune 
 Before the Fortune playhouse. 
 
 Heywood. 
 
 Fortune-teller, The. A picture 
 by Michelangelo Amerighi, sur- 
 named Caravaggio (1469-1609), 
 and one of his masterpieces. In 
 the gallery of the Capitol, Rome. 
 
 Forty Footsteps, Field of. See 
 Field of Forty Footsteps. 
 
 Forum of Trajan. [Ital. Foro Tra- 
 jano.] A magnificent forum of 
 ancient Rome, between the Capi- 
 toline and Quirinal hills, built by 
 the emperor Trajan after his re- 
 turn from the wars on the Dan- 
 ube. Apollodorus was the archi- 
 tect. A height of land connecting 
 
FOR 
 
 185 
 
 FOS 
 
 the two hills (the Capitoline and 
 Qnirinal) was cut away to the 
 depth of a little more than 100 
 Roman feet, and the forum was 
 placed in the valley thus formed. 
 Portions of the buried ruins of 
 this once magnificent, forum were 
 brought to light in the sixteenth 
 century by Paul III , and by the 
 French in 1812; but much stiil lies 
 buried beneath the streets and 
 houses which surround the pres- 
 ent area of excavation. The cel- 
 ebrated and beautiful Column of 
 Trajan still stands in the midst 
 of the ruins of the forum. See 
 Trajan’s Column. 
 
 4ST “ My feeble description can 
 scarcely give the faintest idea of the 
 unparalleled splendor of this forum. 
 Beside^ the famous equestrian statue of 
 Trajan in bronze, which excited the 
 envy and admiration of Constantine, 
 who, on viewing it, uttered the vain 
 wish “ that he had such a horse,” and 
 was told in return “ that he must first 
 build him such a stable,” it was 
 crowded with statues of marble, of 
 bronze, and of ivory, of the great and 
 the learned, of heroes and gods.” 
 
 Eaton. 
 
 4®" “The area was adorned with 
 numerous statues in which the figure 
 of Trajan was frequently repeated ; and 
 among its decorations were groups in 
 bronze or marble, representing his 
 most illustrious actions. Here stood 
 the great equestrian statue of the em- 
 peror, here was the triumphal arch 
 decreed him by the Senate, adorned 
 with sculpture, which Constantine, two 
 centuries later, transferred without a 
 blush to his own, a barbarous act of 
 this first Christian emperor, to which, 
 however, we probably owe their pres- 
 ervation to this day from more barbar- 
 ous spoliation.” Merivale. 
 
 1644, Feb 20. Ascending the hill, we 
 came to the Forum Trajanum , where his 
 column stands yet intire, wrought with 
 admirable basso-rilievo recording the Da- 
 cian war . The sculpture of this stu- 
 pendous pillar is thought to be the work 
 of Apollodorits , but what is very observ- 
 able is the descent to the plinth of the 
 pedestale. shewing how this ancient Citt.y 
 now lyes buried in her mines, this monu- 
 ment being at first set up on a rising 
 ground. John Evelyn. 
 
 Forum Romanum, [Roman Fo- 
 
 rum.] An area of irregular out- 
 line at the base of the Capitoline 
 and Palatine bills in Rome is the 
 site of the Roman Forum, now 
 the Campo Vaccino, q.v. The 
 
 greater part of the ancient Forum 
 is now covered by a deep accu- 
 mulation of soil; and the true 
 boundaries of the ground and the 
 true situation of the numerous 
 buildings said to have been erect- 
 ed there, have for centuries been 
 matters of dispute and uncer- 
 tainty among antiquaries. The 
 sites of many of the edifices seem 
 now, however, to be determined 
 with tolerable probability. 
 
 4®=* “ No spot on earth is more 
 imposing, for it is overshadowed with 
 the power and majesty of the Roman 
 people. . . Nothing gives a stronger 
 impression of the shattering blows 
 which have fallen upon the Eternal 
 City than the present condition of the 
 Forum. . . . Every foot of ground has 
 been the field of antiquarian contro- 
 versy. Every ruin has changed its 
 name two or three times. The reason 
 of this confusion and ignorance is to 
 be found in two circumstances : one 
 that the buildings were very numerous 
 in proportion to the small space which 
 they occupied ; and the other, that the 
 original space has been covered to the 
 depth of 12 or 15 feet by the accumu- 
 lated soil of Jfges, so that the founda- 
 tions of the structures are no longer to 
 be seen.” G. S. Hillard. 
 
 Yes; and in yon field below, 
 
 A thousand years of silenced factions 
 sleep, — 
 
 The Forum , where the immortal accents 
 glow. 
 
 And still the eloquent air breathes — burns 
 — with Cicero ! Byron. 
 
 It was once 
 
 And long, the centre of their Universe, 
 The Forum. — whence a mandate, eagle- 
 winged, 
 
 Went to the ends of the earth. Rogers. 
 
 Herds are feeding on the Forum, as in old 
 Evander's time ; 
 
 Tumbled from the steep Tarpeian all the 
 towers that sprang sublime. 
 
 T. W. Parsons. 
 
 The Capitol and the Forum impress us 
 with less awe than our own Westminster 
 Hall and Westminster Abbey, the place 
 where the great men of twentv genera- 
 tions have contended, the place where 
 they sleep together! Macaulay. 
 
 Foscari Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Fos- 
 cari .] A splendid palace situated 
 on the Grand Canal, in Venice, 
 Italy. It was erected near the 
 middle of the fifteenth century. 
 
 Fosse, The. An ancient Roman 
 road in Britain, extending from 
 the mouth of the Tyne to Wales. 
 [Also called Ryknield Street.] 
 
FOT 
 
 186 
 
 FOU 
 
 Fotheringay Castle. An ancient 
 castle in Northamptonshire, Eng- 
 land, belonging to the house of 
 York, and made memorable by 
 the confinement of Mar.y, Queen 
 of Scots, who ended her life here 
 in 1587. 
 
 Fouarre, Hue du. See Straw 
 Street. 
 
 Fount of Salvation. A celebrated 
 picture in the Museum of Madrid, 
 representing the Almighty with 
 the Immaculate Lamb at his feet, 
 “ whom he made an offering for 
 the sins of the world. Below, 
 this offering is seen in the form 
 of a stream of water, in which 
 the sacramental wafers are float- 
 ing, flowing into a little flower- 
 garden, where six angels are cele- 
 brating the glory of God on dif- 
 ferent instruments.” The mean- 
 ing of the stream of water is 
 indicated by an inscription in 
 Latin which refers to the passage 
 in the Song of Solomon (iv. 15), — 
 “A fountain of gardens, a well 
 of living waters.” There are 
 many other symbolic representa- 
 tions connected with the picture, 
 which has been attributed to one 
 of the two brothers van Eyck, 
 the distinguished Flemish paint- 
 ers. Dr. Waagen holds that it 
 is the production of the elder, 
 Hubert van Eyck (1366-1426); 
 but, it is asserted, the weight of 
 critical judgment is against this 
 opinion. It is also called “ The 
 Triumph of the Church.” 
 
 Fountain Court. A well-known 
 court in the Middle Temple, one 
 of the four Inns of Court in Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Coming through the Fountain Court , 
 he [Tom Pinch] was just to glance down 
 the steps leading into Garden Court, and 
 to look once all round him, and if Ruth 
 had come to meet him; there lie would 
 see her, not sauntering, you understand 
 (on account of the clerks), but coming 
 briskly up with the best little laugh on 
 her face that ever played in opposition to 
 the fountain, and beat it all to nothing. 
 
 Dickens. 
 
 It looks out upon a garden about the 
 size of Fountain Court. Thqckeray. 
 
 Fountain of Arethusa. Anciently 
 a famous fountain in Syracuse, 
 Sicily. Cicero speaks of it as “a 
 
 fountain of fresh water, which 
 bears the name of Arethusa, of 
 incredible magnitude, and full of 
 fish: this would be wholly over- 
 flowed and covered by the waves, 
 were it not separated from the 
 sea by a stronglv-built barrier of 
 stone.” Homer’s fountain of Are- 
 thusa is traditionally identified 
 with a never-failing reservoir on 
 the south-east part of the island 
 of Ithaca. 
 
 Far, far and wide along the Italian shores, 
 
 That holy joy extends ; 
 
 Sardinian mothers pav their vows ful- 
 filled; 
 
 And lwmns are heard beside thy banks, 
 O Fountain Arethuse! Southey. 
 
 Fountain of Castalia. A fountain 
 in Greece, falling from Parnassus 
 down the slope where Delphi 
 stood into the river Pleistus. A 
 small chapel has been erected 
 over the spring. According to 
 Murray’s Handbook, during the 
 earthquake of 1870 a fragment 
 of rock falling from the cliff above 
 completely crushed the basin, and 
 covered with rubbish and buried 
 from sight even the water. 
 
 “It still flows on, while the 
 Temple of Apollo, and the Council Hall 
 of the Amphictyons, the Treasure- 
 house of Croesus, and the three thou- 
 sand statues which crowded the build- 
 ings and streets of Delphi, even in the 
 time of Pliny, have all vanished as 
 though they had never been.” 
 
 C. Wordsworth. 
 
 Fountain of Egeria. A name given 
 to a vaulted chamber of brick- 
 work in the valley of the Almo, 
 about a mile from Rome. It de- 
 rives its fame from the belief that 
 it is the site of the grove and sa- 
 cred fountain where Numa held 
 his nightly meetings with the 
 nymph Egeria. Modern discov- 
 eries have, however, determined 
 that the nymplueum which has 
 so long been regarded as the 
 Grotto of Egeria is not the place 
 which Numa visited, and has 
 placed the true fountain and val- 
 ley within the present walls of 
 the city, near where the Via Ap- 
 pia crosses the Almo (Maranna), 
 not far from the ancient Porta 
 Capena. 
 
FOU 
 
 187 
 
 FOU 
 
 4ST “ About a mile from the Porta 
 San Sebastiano is a pretty pastoral val- 
 ley, or gorge, as quiet and secluded as 
 if in the heart of the Apennines. On 
 one side is a wooded hill, crowned with 
 the ruins of a temple of Bacchus ; and 
 on the other, at some distance, a gentle 
 elevation on which there is a graceful 
 structure which some call a temple, and 
 some a tomb. This is the valley of 
 Egcria, — the spot where Numa met 
 his shadowy counsellor. We must 
 draw near to it in the spirit of faith, 
 and let no clouds of doubt darken its 
 tranquil beauty. . . . The fountain, so 
 called, is a vaulted grotto scooped out 
 of the hill-side, lined and floored with 
 brick, with three niches on either side, 
 and a larger one at the extremity con- 
 taining a mutilated statue. At this 
 extremity the water flows through a 
 slender orifice, and is received into a 
 small shell-like basin, from which, fall- 
 ing upon the floor, it glides down into 
 the valley, and, swelled by tributes 
 from the moist soil, forms a rivulet, 
 takes the name of the Almo, and finally 
 mingles with the Tiber. . . . The le- 
 gend of Numa is one of the most genu- 
 ine flowers of poetry that ever started 
 from the hard rock of the Roman 
 mind.” Ilillard. 
 
 The mosses of thy fountain still are sprin- 
 kled 
 
 With thine Elysian water-drops; the 
 face 
 
 Of thy cave-guarded spring, with years 
 unwrinkled, 
 
 Reflects the meek-eyed genius of the 
 place. Byron. 
 
 Here didst thou dwell, in this enchanted 
 cover, 
 
 Egeria ! thy all-heavenly bosom beating 
 For the far footsteps of thy mortal lover. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 A goddess, who there deigned to meet 
 A mortal from Rome’s regal seat. 
 
 And, o’er the gushing of her fount. 
 Mysterious truths divine to earthly ear re- 
 count. William Sotheby. 
 
 The wonders of the outer world, the 
 Tagus with the mighty fleets of England 
 riding on its bosom, . . . the sweet Lake 
 of Leman, the dell of Egeria , with its 
 summer-birds and rustling lizards, the 
 shapeless ruins of Rome, . . . all were 
 mere accessories, the background to one 
 dark and melancholy figure. Macaulay. 
 
 Fountain of Life. A remarkable 
 picture by Hans Holbein the 
 Younger (1494-1513). In the pal- 
 ace of the King of Portugal at 
 Lisbon. 
 
 Fountain of the Virgin. A pic- 
 turesque fountain at Jerusalem, 
 issuing from a cave some 30 feet 
 
 in depth, and associated with 
 many legends of the Virgin. It 
 is an intermittent spring, and by 
 some it has been identified with 
 the pool of Betliesda. 
 
 Fountain of Trevi. See Fontana 
 
 di Trevi. 
 
 Fountain of Vaucluse. A cele- 
 brated fountain in the depart- 
 ment of the same name in South- 
 ern France. 
 
 4Si" “ The glen seems as if struck 
 into the mountain’s depths by one blow 
 of the enchanter’s wand; and just at 
 the end, where the rod might have 
 rested in its downward sweep, is the 
 fathomless well whose overbrimming 
 fulness gives birth to the Sorgues. It 
 was the most absolute solitude. The 
 rocks towered above to the height of 
 600 feet, and the gray walls of the wild 
 glen below shut out all appearance of 
 life. ... I never visted a place to which 
 the fancy clung more suddenly and 
 fondly.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 It would be the labor of a week to find 
 in all the vast mass of Mr. Southey’s poe- 
 try, a single passage indicating any sym 
 pathv with those feelings which have con- 
 secrated ihe shades of Vaucluse. 
 
 Macaulay . 
 
 Fountain Tavern. A former bouse 
 of entertainment in the Strand, 
 London. 
 
 Fountains Abbey. The venerable 
 remains of this abbey, said to be 
 the most perfect monastery in 
 England, are situated about three 
 miles from Ripon. It was founds 
 ed in 1204, and became one of the 
 wealthiest monastic institutions 
 in the kingdom. It originally 
 covered ten acres, of which the 
 ruins now occupy about two. 
 
 4^ “ Travellers who can visit but 
 one monastic relic in England .should 
 perhaps select this; for no other sur- 
 passes its combination of completeness, 
 size, beauty of position, and architec- 
 tural interest. In all Britain there is 
 probably now no religious or benevo- 
 lent institution, except the national hos- 
 pital at Greenwich, that could compare 
 in extent and grandeur with this abbey 
 as it was during the days of its glory.” 
 J. F. Hunnewell. 
 
 Abbey ! forever smiling pensively. 
 
 How like a thing of Nature dost thou rise. 
 Amid her loveliest works ! as if the. skies. 
 Clouded with grief, were arched thy roof 
 to be. 
 
 And the tall trees were copied' all from 
 thee. Ebenezer Elliott . 
 
FOG 
 
 188 
 
 FOU 
 
 Fountains of Moses. [Arab. 
 
 Ayoon Moosa , or, more commonly, 
 Ain Moosa.] These “Wells” in 
 Egypt are a collection of springs, 
 forming an oasis. They are 
 reached from the town of Suez. 
 There is a tradition that here 
 Moses and Miriam and the chil- 
 dren of Israel sang their song of 
 triumph. 
 
 And, like the Coptic monks b} r Mousa's 
 wells . 
 
 We dream of wonders past, 
 
 Vague as the tales the wandering Arab 
 tells 
 
 Each drowsier than the last. Whittier. 
 
 Four Elements. Celebrated pic- 
 tures by Francesco Albani (1578- 
 1600). In the Borghese palace at 
 Itome, and also at Turin, Italy. 
 
 Four Evangelists. A celebrated 
 picture by Peter Paul Bubens 
 (1577-1640). In the Grosvenor 
 Gallery, London. 
 
 “As a striking instance of this 
 mistaken style of treatment [too rigid 
 adherence to nature], we may turn to 
 the famous group of the Four Evange- 
 lists by Rubens, grand, colossal, stand- 
 ing, or rather moving figures, each with 
 his emblem, if emblems they can be 
 called, which are almost as full of 
 reality as nature itself.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Four-in-Hand Club. The most 
 prosperous days of this London 
 club were in the time of George 
 the Fourth (1820-1830). The noted 
 Lord Onslow was a member, — 
 ridiculed in the following epi- 
 gram : — 
 
 What can Tommy Onslow do ? 
 
 He can drive a coach and two. 
 
 Can Tommy Onslow do no more ? 
 
 lie can drive a coach and four. 
 
 4SP “ The vehicles of the Club which 
 were formerly used are described as of 
 a hybrid class, quite as elegant as pri- 
 vate carriages, and lighter than even 
 the mails. They were horsed with the 
 finest animals that money could secure. 
 . . . The master generally drove the 
 team, often a nobleman of high rank, 
 who commonly copied the dress of a 
 mail coachman. The company usually 
 rode outside; but two footmen in rich 
 liveries were indispensable on the back 
 seat, nor was it at all uncommon to see 
 some splendidly attired female on the 
 box. A rule of the Club was, that all 
 members should turn out three times a 
 
 week ; and the start was made at mid- 
 day, from the neighborhood of Picca- 
 dilly, through which they passed to 
 the Windsor-road, — the attendants of 
 each carriage playing on their silver 
 bugles. From 12 to 20 of these hand- 
 some vehicles often left London to- 
 gether.” Timbs . 
 
 Four Marys. An admired and 
 celebrated picture by Annibale 
 Caracci (1560-1609). " At Castle 
 Howard, England. 
 
 4®=* “ On comparing this with Ra- 
 phael’s conception, w r e find more of 
 common nature, quite as much pathos, 
 but in the forms less of that pure po- 
 etic grace which softens at once and 
 heightens the tragic effect.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson . 
 
 Four Philosophers. A celebrated 
 portrait-picture by Peter Paul 
 Bubens (1577-1640), in the Pitti 
 Palace, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Four Quarters of the World. A 
 
 picture by Peter Paul Bubens 
 (1577-1640), in the gallery of Vi- 
 enna, and considered one of his 
 most admirable works. 
 
 Four Seasons. 1. A well-known 
 picture by Francesco Albani (1578- 
 1660). In the Palazzo Borghese, 
 Borne. 
 
 “ The Seasons , by Francesco 
 Albani, were beyond all others my fa- 
 vorite pieces.” 
 
 Hans Christian Andersen. 
 
 2. A picture by Antoine Fran- 
 qois Callet (1741-1823). In the 
 Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Four Sibyls. A series of well- 
 known pictures by Raphael San- 
 zio (1483-1520), representing the 
 Sibyls, with angels holding tab- 
 lets. They were painted for the 
 Chigi Chapel in the church of S. 
 Maria della Pace, Borne. 
 
 “ These are among the most 
 perfect specimens of Raphael’s ma- 
 turer pencil, combining equal grandeur 
 and grace. An interesting comparison 
 may be instituted between this work 
 and the Sibyls of Michael Angelo. In 
 each we find the peculiar excellence 
 of the two great masters; for while 
 Michael Angelo’s figures are sublime, 
 profound, and entirely new, the fresco 
 of the Pace bears the impress of Ra- 
 phael’s more serene and sympathetic 
 grace.” Eastlake. 
 
FOU 
 
 189 
 
 FRA 
 
 ** Solemn, tranquil, elevated 
 like antique goddesses above human 
 action, they are truly superhuman 
 creations: theirs is not a diffused or 
 transitory being, but one ever existing 
 immutably in an eternal present” 
 
 Taine, Trans. 
 
 Four Temperaments. The name 
 sometimes given to pictures of 
 the four apostles, John and Pe- 
 ter, Paul and Mark, by Albert 
 Diirer (1471-1528). In the Pina- 
 kothek, at Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Fourth Street. 1. The fashion- 
 able promenade of Cincinnati, O. 
 
 2. The fashionable promenade 
 of St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Fox, The. An Arctic exploring 
 ship which sailed for the North- 
 ern seas, under the command of 
 Capt. M‘01intock, in the expe- 
 dition fitted out by Lady Frank- 
 lin in 1857 to discover traces of 
 her husband, Sir John Franklin, 
 the lost navigator. 
 
 Francesca da Rimini. A cele- 
 brated picture from Dante by 
 Ary Scheffer (1795-1858), widely 
 known through reproductions. 
 
 Francesco, San. See San Fran- 
 cesco. 
 
 Franchimont. A ruined castle 
 near Liege in Belgium, associated 
 with legendary traditions. 
 
 The towers of Franchimont, 
 Which, like an eagle’s nest in air, 
 
 Hang o’er the stream and hamlet fair. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Francis, St. See St. Francis. 
 
 Francois I., Maison de. See Mai- 
 son de Francois I. 
 
 Franconia Notch. A picturesque 
 and beautiful valley, or pass, in 
 the Franconia Mountains (White 
 Mountain range), New Hamp- 
 shire. Near the head of this 
 Notch is the famous Profile, or 
 Old Man of the Mountain. See 
 Notch, The, and also Profile, 
 The. 
 
 “ The narrow district thus en- 
 closed contains more objects of interest 
 to the mass of travellers than any other 
 region of equal extent within the com- 
 pass of the usual White-Mountain tour. 
 In the way of rock-sculpture and water- 
 falls it is a huge mass of curiosities.” 
 Starr King. 
 
 Frankenberg. A ruined ivy-cov- 
 ered castle near Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 Rhenish Prussia, in which, ac- 
 cording to tradition, Fastrada, 
 the wife of Charlemagne, died 
 and was buried. 
 
 Franklin, The. A noted Boston 
 privateer during the war of the 
 Revolution. In May, 1776, she 
 was grounded on Point Shirley, 
 and attacked by 13 British man- 
 of-war boats, but finally es- 
 caped. 
 
 Franzenburg. A modern castle, 
 built in imitation of a mediaeval 
 fortress, containing a museum of 
 antiquities, situated in the park 
 of the Palace of Laxenburg, near 
 Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Frari, Santa Maria Gloriosa dei. 
 A noted church of the thirteenth 
 century in Venice, Italy. 
 
 jgGgp’ “ The internal effect of the 
 church is much finer than its west front 
 would lead one to expect. . . . The 
 nave and aisles measure about 230 feet 
 by 104, and the transept 160 feet by 48, 
 — magnificent dimensions, undoubted- 
 ly. The columns are simple, cylindri- 
 cal, and very lofty.” Street. 
 
 “ It always causes a sensation 
 to walk from the blazing sun and la- 
 boring life into these solemn enclos- 
 ures. Here are the tombs of the doges 
 resting from their rule. They seem 
 pondering still as they lie carved in 
 stately marble death, contemplating 
 the past with their calm brows and 
 their hooked noses. The great church 
 is piled arch upon arch, tomb upon 
 tomb; some of these monuments hang 
 in the nave high over the heads of the 
 people as they kneel, above the city 
 and its cries and its circling life, and 
 the steps of the easy-going Venetians.” 
 Miss Thackeray. 
 
 Frascati. A house in Paris at the 
 corner of the Rue de Rivoli. The 
 boulevard was called by this 
 name until gaming was forbid- 
 den in 1837. It was the most ar- 
 istocratic gambling-house of the 
 time in Paris, Women were ad- 
 mitted to it. 
 
 46^=“ About half-past ten I went 
 with a couple of friends to the great 
 gambling-house which passes under the 
 name of Frascati. It was the first time 
 in my life I was ever in a large estab- 
 lishment of this sort, or, indeed, at 
 
FRA 
 
 190 
 
 FRI 
 
 any, except such as are seen at water- 
 ing-places ; and I shall probably never 
 see another; for it is one of the good 
 deeds of Louis Philippe’s government, 
 that, after having abolished lotteries, it 
 has now ordered all public gaming- 
 houses to be closed from Jan. 1, 1838, — 
 that is, in two days. This evening we 
 found the rooms full, but not crowded.” 
 George Ticknor. 
 
 4®= “As we drove from the court, my 
 companion, pulling the cordon, ordered 
 to Frascati's. This, you know, of 
 course, is the fashionable place of 
 ruin ; and here the heroes of all novels, 
 and the rakes of all comedies, mar or 
 make their fortunes. An evening dress 
 and the look of a gentleman are the 
 only required passport. Four large 
 rooms, plainly but handsomely fur- 
 nished, opened into each other, three 
 of which were devoted to play and 
 crowded with players.” F P. Willis . 
 
 Frauenkirehe, Die. [The Church 
 of Our Lady.] A noted church 
 in Dresden, Saxony. Its stone 
 dome withstood the heaviest 
 bomhs during the war with Fred- 
 erick the Great. 
 
 Frederick, Fort. See Fort Fred- 
 erick. 
 
 Frederick the Great. An eques- 
 trian statue in bronze, modelled 
 by Christian Rauch (1777-1857), 
 and upon which he was employed 
 10 years. It was erected in the 
 Unter den Linden, Berlin, in 
 1851. The statue is 17 feet in 
 height upon a pedestal of 25 feet 
 in height, and upon the four sides 
 of this pedestal are 31 portrait- 
 figures of the size of life. This 
 statue is regarded as one of the 
 iinest monuments in Europe. 
 
 Freemasons’ Tavern. A noted 
 tavern in London, used among 
 other purposes for public meet- 
 ings. 
 
 What Act of Parliament, debate at St. 
 Stephen’s, on the hustings or elsewhere, 
 was it that brought this Shakespeare into 
 being? Us dining at Freemasons' Tavern , 
 opening subscription-lists, selling of 
 shares, and infinite other jangling, and 
 true or f.dse endeavoring ! Carlyle. 
 
 Freiburg Minster. One of the 
 noblest Gothic churches in Ger- 
 many. It is a grand and gloomy 
 pile, dating from the eleventh 
 century, with a tower of beauti- 
 ful fretwork, rising to the height 
 of 395 feet. 
 
 French Academy. See Academie 
 
 Fraxcaise. 
 
 Freshwater Cave. A romantic 
 and curious cavern on the Isle 
 of Wight, much frequented by 
 tourists. 
 
 Friar Bacon’s Brazen Head. The 
 most famous of all brazen heads 
 was that of Roger Bacon, a monk 
 of the thirteenth century. Ac- 
 cording to the legend, Bacon was 
 occupied for seven years in con- 
 structing such a head; and he 
 expected to be told by it how 
 he could make a wall of brass 
 around the whole island of. Great 
 Britain. The head was war- 
 ranted to speak within a month 
 after it was finished, but no par- 
 ticular time was named for its 
 doing so. Bacon’s man was 
 therefore set to watch, with 
 orders to call his master if the 
 head should speak. At the end 
 of half an hour after the man 
 was left alone with the head, he 
 heard it say, “Time is;” at the 
 expiration of another half-hour, 
 “ Time was; ” and at the end of 
 a third half-hour, “ Time’s past,” 
 when it fell down with a loud 
 crash, and was shivered to pieces; 
 but the stupid servant neglected 
 to awake his master, thinking 
 that he would be very angry to 
 be disturbed for such trifles; and 
 so the wall of brass has never 
 been built. 
 
 4®=- In the Middle Ages there was 
 a pretty wide-spread belief in the ex- 
 istence of a talking brazen head, the 
 invention of which was variously as- 
 cribed to persons living at different 
 times and in different countries. Wil- 
 liam of Malmesbury, an old monkish 
 historian, says that Gerbert, a famous 
 French ecclesiastic, made such a head, 
 which would speak when spoken to, and 
 would give oracular answers to what- 
 ever questions were propounded to it. 
 He relates, moreover, that Gerbert in- 
 quired of it whether be would ever be 
 pope, and that the head told him he 
 would. The prediction happened to 
 prove true ; for Gerbert afterwards be- 
 came pope, under the name of Silvester 
 the Second. In another instance, how- 
 ever, the oracle made a most unfortu- 
 nate blunder; for it foretold that Sil- 
 vester should not die until he had sung 
 mass in Jerusalem, whereas he actually 
 
FBI 
 
 191 
 
 FUR 
 
 died in Rome, with the prophecy un- 
 fulfilled. Albertus Magnus, one of the 
 greatest of the old schoolmen, is alleged 
 to have made an entire man out of 
 brass, which not only answered ques- 
 tions very readily and correctly, but 
 was so loquacious that Thomas Aqui- 
 nas, a reserved and contemplative per- 
 son, — at that time a pupil to Albertus 
 Magnus, and subsequently an illus- 
 trious doctor of the church, — knocked 
 the image to pieces merely to stop its 
 talking. 
 
 But the thing we meant to enforce, was 
 this comfortable fact, that no known 
 Head was so wooden, but there might be 
 other heads to which it were a genius and 
 Friar Bacon's Oracle. Carlyle. 
 
 Friedrich Strasse. [Frederick 
 Street.] An important street and 
 thoroughfare in Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Frog-Pond. A small basin of 
 water in Boston Common, re- 
 garded by the inhabitants with 
 an esteem disproportioned to its 
 size. 
 
 4®=- “ There are those who speak 
 lightly of this small aqueous expanse, 
 the eye of the sacred enclosure, which 
 has looked unwinking on the happy 
 faces of so many natives and the curi- 
 ous features of so many strangers. The 
 music of its twilight minstrels has long 
 ceased, but their memory lingers like 
 an echo in the name it bears. . . . For 
 art thou not the Palladium of our Troy ? 
 Didst thou not, like the Divine image 
 which was the safeguard of Ilium, fall 
 from the skies, and if the Trojan could 
 look with pride upon the heaven-de- 
 scended form of the Goddess of 'Wis- 
 dom, cannot he who dwells by thy 
 shining oval look in that mirror and 
 contemplate Himself, — the Native of 
 Boston ? ” Holmes. 
 
 After a man begins to attack the State- 
 House, when he gets bitter about the 
 Frog-pond, you may be sure there is not 
 much left of him. Holmes. 
 
 Frogmore. A favorite residence 
 of members of the royal family 
 near Windsor, England. 
 
 Frolic, The. A British war-sloop 
 taken by the American sloop-of- 
 war, the Wasp, under the com- 
 mand of Capt. Jacob Jones, in 
 1812. This victory of the latter 
 caused great exultation through- 
 out the United States. Congress 
 voted Jones the thanks of the 
 nation and a gold medal. 
 
 Frugal Meal. An admired picture 
 by John Frederick Herring (1794- 
 1865). In the National Gallery, 
 London. 
 
 Fruit-venders, The. A picture 
 by Bartolome Esteban Murillo 
 (1618-1682). In the Pinakothek, 
 Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Fuentes. A ruined fort on a rocky 
 eminence at the head of Lake 
 Como, Italy. 
 
 Fuentes once harbored the good and the 
 brave, 
 
 Nor to her was the dance of soft pleasure 
 unknown ; 
 
 Her banners for festal enjoyment did wave 
 While the thrill of her fifes through the 
 mountains Avas bloAvn. 
 
 Wordsworth . 
 
 Fuite de Jacob. [Jacob’s Flight.] 
 A picture by Adrian van derYelde 
 (1639-1672), the Dutch painter. 
 In Sir R. Wallace’s collection, at 
 Bethnal Green, London. 
 
 Fulham Palace. An ancient man- 
 sion, the residence of the bishops 
 of London. 
 
 Fuller’s Field. A locality in Je- 
 rusalem mentioned in the Scrip- 
 tures (Isa. vii. 3; 2 Kings, xviii. 17), 
 and which is believed to be iden- 
 tified with a road, or tract, lying 
 along the pool now called by the 
 Arabs B irket-el-M amilla. 
 
 Fulton Street. The main thor- 
 oughfare of Brooklyn, N.Y. 
 
 Fulton’s Folly. See Clermont. 
 
 Furculae Caudinse. See Caudine 
 Forks. 
 
 Furlo Pass. A celebrated pass in 
 the Apennines, in the neighbor- 
 hood of Urbino, Italy. 
 
 Furness Abbey. A beautiful 
 ruined monastery, near Ulver- 
 ston, in the “Lake District” of 
 England. It was founded by 
 King Stephen in 1127. The re- 
 mains of this once magnificent 
 abbey are now the property of 
 the Duke of Devonshire. 
 
 God, Avith a mighty and an outstretched 
 hand, 
 
 Stays thee from sinking, and ordains to be 
 Hi** witness lifted ’twixt the Irish Sea 
 And that still beauteous, once faiih-hal- 
 loAved land. 
 
 Stand as a sign, monastic prophet stand ! 
 
 Aubrey de Vere. 
 
run 
 
 192 
 
 FYV 
 
 Furnival’s Inn. Formerly an Inn 
 of Chancery in London, so called 
 from Sir William Furnival, a for- 
 mer owner of the land. This Inn 
 of Chancery was attached to Lin- 
 coln’s Inn. It was rebuilt in 1818. 
 Sir Thomas More was a “ reader ” 
 here. Dickens began the “ Pick- 
 wick Papers ” in chambers at 
 Furnival’s Inn. 
 
 Fury, The. An Arctic exploring 
 ship which sailed from England 
 in 1821 under the command of 
 Sir William Edward Parry (1790- 
 1855). She was wrecked in the 
 northern seas. 
 
 Fyvie Castle. An ancient and in- 
 teresting mansion, with many his- 
 torical associations, near Fyvie, 
 in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. 
 
GAD 
 
 193 
 
 GAL 
 
 Gh 
 
 Gadshill. The residence of the late 
 Charles Dickens (1812-1870), and 
 the scene of FalstafPs famous ex- 
 ploit, at a town of the same name 
 near Rochester, England, 
 
 Seamen who had just been paid off at 
 Chatham were often compelled to deliver 
 their purses on Gadshill , celebrated near a 
 hundred years earlier by the greatest of 
 poets as the scene of the depredations of 
 Poinsand Falstaff. Macaulay . 
 
 Gaillard. The famous castle of 
 Richard Coeur de Lion, situated 
 on a high rock on the hank of the 
 Seine, near Gaillon in France. 
 It is now an imposing ruin. 
 
 45^=* “This magnificent ruin of the 
 favorite castle of Richard I. is on the 
 banks of the Seine, near Les Andelys, 
 the birthplace of Poussin, and the re- 
 treat of Thomas Corneille. A single 
 year sufficed to form its immense fosses, 
 and to raise those walls which might 
 seem to be the structure of a lifetime. 
 When Cceur de Lion saw it finished, he 
 is said to have exclaimed with exulta- 
 tion, ‘ How beautiful she is, this daugh- 
 ter of a year ! ’ ” 
 
 Longfellow’s Poems of Places . 
 The two long years had passed away, 
 
 When castle Gaillard rose, 
 
 As built at once by elfin hands, 
 
 And scorning time or foes. 
 
 It might be thought that Merlin’s imps 
 Were tasked to raise the wall, 
 
 Th it unheard axes fell the woods, 
 
 While unseen hammers fall. 
 
 W L- Bowles. 
 
 Galatea. A beautiful fresco in 
 the Farnesina, Rome, by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520), representing 
 the goddess borne over the waves 
 in a shell drawn by dolphins, 
 with tritons and nymphs playing 
 around her. 
 
 “ This is one of the most beau- 
 tiful compositions that art has pro- 
 duced, imbued with a sense of life and 
 enjoyment that is perfectly enchant- 
 ing.” Eastlake , Handbook of Painting . 
 
 4®=* “ His * Galatea’ is a work which 
 explains the diversity between Michael 
 Angelo and Raphael, manifesting the 
 exquisite refinement of the latter, and 
 his tendency toward that pure, noble, 
 graceful manner which constituted the 
 beau-ideal of the ancient Greeks.” 
 
 Quatremere de Quincy, i 
 
 4®=* “ Raphael net only designed but 
 executed this fresco ; and faded as is its 
 coloring, the mind must be dead to the 
 highest beauties of painting that can 
 contemplate it without admiration. 
 The spirit and beauty of the composi- 
 tion, the pure and perfect design, the 
 flowing outline, the soft and graceful 
 contours, and the sentiment and sweet- 
 ness of the expression, all remain un- 
 changed; for time, till it totally oblit- 
 erates, has no power to injure them.” 
 C. A. Eaton. 
 
 Galatea is an image of beaut}' of soul 
 united to that of the body. It is indeed a 
 sort of glorified human nature, or rather 
 a goddess clad in human form. Passavant. 
 
 I must not omit that incomparable ta- 
 ble of Galatea (so I remember) carefully 
 preserved to protect it from the air, being 
 a most lively painting. John Evelyn . 1644. 
 
 On the maternal side I inherit the love- 
 liest silver-mounted tobacco-stopper you 
 ever saw. It is a little box-w T ood Triton, 
 carved with charming liveliness and truth. 
 1 have often compared it to a figure in 
 Raphael’s Triumph of Galatea. Holmes. 
 
 Galerie d’ Apollon. A magnificent 
 and profusely decorated gallery 
 in the Louvre, Paris. It was first 
 built by Charles IX., burnt in the 
 time of Louis XIV., afterwards 
 rebuilt, and finally completed by 
 Napoleon III. in 1851. Here is 
 the collection of the Musee des 
 Bijoux. 
 
 Galerie de la Colonnade. Three 
 fine halls in the east wing of the 
 Louvre, Paris. Here are placed 
 the paintings of the Musee Na- 
 poleon III., bought by the Gov- 
 ernment from the Marquis Cam- 
 pana. 
 
 Galerie des Glaces. [ Grand Gal- 
 erie de Louis XIVJ\ An elegant 
 room — one of the most magnifi- 
 cent in the world — in the centre 
 of the palace of V ersailles, France. 
 It is 239 feet long, 33 feet wide, 23 
 feet high, and is profusely orna- 
 mented. Upon the walls are 
 paintings in honor of the glory of 
 Louis XIV. Balls and fetes were 
 held here until the Revolution, 
 and on great occasions the throne 
 
GAL 
 
 194 
 
 GAR 
 
 was moved into this room. The 
 last hall given here was opened 
 by Queen Victoria (in whose 
 honor it was held) and the empe- 
 ror, in August, 1855. 
 
 4Kg=* “ ‘ Look at this Galerie des Gla- 
 ces,’ cries Monsieur Vatout, staggering 
 with surprise at the appearance of the 
 room, two hundred and forty-two feet 
 long, and forty high. ‘ Here it was 
 that Louis displayed all the grandeur 
 of royalty ; and such was the splendor 
 of his court, and the luxury of the 
 times, that this immense room could 
 hardly contain the crowd of courtiers 
 that pressed around the monarch. 
 Wonderful! wonderful! Eight thou- 
 sand four hundred and sixty square 
 feet of courtiers ! Give a square yard 
 to each, and you have a matter of three 
 thousand of them. Think of three 
 thousand courtiers per day, and all the 
 chopping and changing of them for 
 near forty years; some dying, some 
 getting their wishes and retiring to 
 their provinces to enjoy their plunder, 
 some disgraced and going home to 
 pine away out of the light of the sun ; 
 new ones perpetually arriving, — push- 
 ing, squeezing, for their place in the 
 crowded Galerie des Glaces.’ ” 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Galilee Porch. The name given 
 to an entrance vestibule of the 
 Cathedral of Durham in England, 
 regarded as one of the archaeo- 
 logical and art treasures of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 J 0^=* “ This unusual apartment, the 
 Lady Chapel practically, was built es- 
 pecially as a place of worship for wo- 
 men, who were not admitted into the 
 main church, on account of a violent 
 antipathy for the sex felt by its patron 
 saint, the reputed Anthony-like-tempt- 
 cd Cuthbert.” J. F. Hunnewell. 
 
 Galileo’s Tower. [Ital. Torre del 
 Gcdlo.] A structure in the neigh- 
 borhood of Florence, Italy, 
 thought to have been the tow- 
 er from which Galileo made as- 
 tronomical observations. 
 
 The towering Campanile's height 
 Where Galileo found his starry chair. 
 
 J. E. Reade. 
 
 Galla Placidia, Mausoleum of. 
 See Mausoleum of Galla Pla- 
 cidia. 
 
 Galleria Lapidaria. [Lapidary 
 Gallery, or Gallery of Inscrip- 
 tions.] A corridor in the Vati- 
 can Palace, Rome, of great length, 
 
 the sides of which are covered 
 with pagan and with early Chris- 
 tian inscriptions. The walls of 
 this corridor are also lined with 
 sarcophagi, funeral urns, and oth- 
 er ornaments. 
 
 Galleria Vittorio Emanuele. A 
 
 beautiful and costly edifice in 
 Milan, Italy. Used for purposes 
 of trade. 
 
 Gallery of Gondo. This gallery, 
 or tunnel, on the Simplon road 
 through the Alps, is cut through 
 a solid rock. The work was ac- 
 complished by 18 months of un- 
 intermitted labor, day and night. 
 The gallery is 683 feet in length, 
 and bears the inscription “ Aere 
 Italo 1805 Nap. Imp,” 
 
 Gallienus, Palace of. A ruined 
 palace, and relic of Roman times, 
 in Bordeaux, France. 
 
 Gallows Hill. A hill near Salem, 
 Mass., where 19 of the so-called 
 witches were put to death in the 
 time of the witchcraft delusion in 
 1692. 
 
 Ganymede and the Eagle. An 
 admired relic of ancient sculp- 
 ture. In the Museum at Naples, 
 Italy. 
 
 Ganymede, Rape of. See Rape 
 of Ganymede. 
 
 Garaye. A picturesque ruined 
 chateau in the environs of Dinan, 
 France. The Hon. Mrs. Nor- 
 ton has an admired poem, en- 
 titled “ The Lady of Garaye,” 
 the story of which is associated 
 with these ruins. 
 
 Garden of Love. A picture by 
 Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), 
 now in the gallery at Madrid, 
 “ representing various couples, 
 elegantly dressed, and enjoying 
 the pleasures of music and dalli- 
 ance in the open air.” There is 
 a copy of this picture in the Dres- 
 den Gallery. 
 
 Garden of Plants. See Jardin 
 des Pl-antes. 
 
 Garden Reach. A celebrated 
 promenade in Calcutta, India. 
 It is laid out like a park, with 
 fine trees and tropical plants, and 
 is occupied by the Europeans. 
 
GAR 
 
 195 
 
 GAT 
 
 Gardens of Sallust, Ruins of. See 
 
 Sallust’s House and Gardens. 
 
 Garisenda, La. A noted leaning 
 tower in Bologna, Italy, which 
 derives its name from that of its 
 builders, the brothers Garisendi. 
 The height of this tower is 130 
 feet, and the deviation from the 
 perpendicular is eight feet to- 
 wards the south and three feet 
 towards the east. There is a 
 companion tower called the Torre 
 degli Asinelli. The cause of the 
 inclination of these towers has 
 been a subject in dispute, as in 
 the case of the more celebrated 
 Leaning Tower of Pisa. Eustace 
 remarks of these in Bologna that 
 they are “remarkable only for 
 their unmeaning elevation and 
 dangerous deviation from the 
 perpendicular.” See Torre de- 
 gli Asinelli. 
 
 As seems the Garisenda , to behold 
 Beneath the leaning side, when goes a 
 cloud 
 
 Above it so that opposite it hangs; 
 
 Such did Antaeus seem to me. 
 
 Dante , Inferno , Longfellow’ s Trans. 
 
 Garraway’s. A noted coffee-house 
 in Change Alley, Cornhill, Lon- 
 don. Here tea was first sold in 
 England. Garraway’s was much 
 resorted to during the time of 
 the South-Sea Bubble, and was 
 at all times a scene of great 
 mercantile transactions. It was 
 taken down in 1866. 
 
 Meanwhile, secure on Garway’s cliffs, 
 
 A savage race by shipwrecks fed, 
 
 Lie waiting for the founder’d skiffs, 
 
 And strip the bodies of the dead. 
 
 Swift ( Ballad on the South-Sea Scheme ). 
 
 The Cits met to discuss the rise and fall 
 of stocks, and to settle the rate of insur- 
 ances, at Garraway's or Jonathan’s. 
 
 National Review. 
 
 Doctor John Radcliffe, who in the year 
 1685 rose to the largest practice in Lon- 
 don. came daily, at the hour when the 
 Exchange was f ail, from bis house in Bow 
 Street, then a fashionable part of the 
 capital, to Garraway’s, and was to be 
 found surrounded hy surgeons and apothe- 
 caries, at a particular table. Macaulay. 
 
 Let me read the first: “ Garraway's , 
 twelve o'clock. Dear Mrs. B., — Chops 
 and tomato sauce. Yours, Pickwick.” 
 Gentlemen, what does this mean ? Chops 
 and tomato sauce. Yours, Pickwick! 
 Chons! Gracious heavens ! and tomato 
 sauce ! Gentlemen, is the happiness of a 
 sensitive and confiding female to be 
 trifled away by such shallow artifices as 
 these ? Dickens. 
 
 Garrick Club. A famous club in Co- 
 vent Garden, London, founded in 
 1831, with the object “ of bringing 
 together the patrons of the drama 
 and its professors, and also for 
 offering literary men a rendez- 
 vous.” The club derived its 
 name from that of the distin- 
 guished actor ; and many noted 
 men, from James Smith (“Re- 
 jected Addresses”) to Thackeray, 
 have made it a favorite resort. 
 The club has an interesting col- 
 lection of theatrical portraits. 
 
 J 8®^ “ Among my great pleasures at 
 the Garrick Club was the sight of the 
 large and very interesting collection 
 of dramatic portraits that has accumu- 
 lated there in the course of many years. 
 Almost every thing fine of this sort has 
 gravitated there lately, as if by the 
 operation of natural law.” 
 
 Richard Grant White, 
 
 Garry Castle. A striking ruin in 
 Kings County, Ireland. 
 
 Garter, The. An old English inn 
 which figures in Shakespeare’s 
 comedy of “ The Merry Wives 
 of Windsor,” and in which is laid 
 the scene of the third act of that 
 play. 
 
 Falstaff. Mine host of the Garter. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Gaspee, The. A British sloop-of- 
 war captured and burned by a 
 band of men from Providence, 
 R. I., on the night of June 17, 
 1772. 
 
 Gaston de Foix. A portrait, with 
 mirrors repeating the figure, by 
 Girolamo Savoldo, a Brescian 
 painter. This picture is in the 
 Louvre, Paris; and there is an 
 original repetition of it in Hamp- 
 ton Court. 
 
 Gate of Alcala. See Puerta de 
 Alcala. 
 
 Gate of the Lions. A celebrated 
 gateway in the w r all of the citadel 
 of Mykeme, Greece. The ruins 
 have recently been entirely re- 
 moved from around this gate- 
 way. 
 
 Pausanias says, “Among other parts 
 of the enclosure which still remain, a 
 gate is perceived with lions standing 
 on it; and they report these were the 
 works of the Cyclops, who also mad© 
 for Proetus the walls of Tiryns.” 
 
GAT 
 
 196 
 
 GET. 
 
 4^ “ The blocks forming this [Gate 
 of Lions] are enormous in size, quad- 
 rangular, and horizontal. They are 15 
 feet high and 9 feet broad; and the 
 opening is surmounted by a huge lintel, 
 of which the three dimensions are 15 
 feet long, 6 feet broad, and 3 feet thick. 
 A bas-relief, 7 feet high, and 10 feet 
 broad at the base, forms a sort of tri- 
 angular pediment at the gate, within 
 which are sculptured two lions stand- 
 ing on their hind-feet, resting their 
 fore-paws upon a pillar placed between 
 them so as to face each other. Their 
 heads, which have been broken, former- 
 ly reached the height of the capital of 
 the pillar. This pillar increases gradu- 
 ally in diameter from base to summit; 
 and its capital is supported upon four 
 disks, which are supposed to represent 
 the billets of wood meant to maintain 
 the sacred tire. The Gate of Lions 
 formed the chief entrance to the Acro- 
 polis.” Lefevre, Trans. 
 
 Gate of the Sun. See Puerta 
 del Sol. 
 
 Gates, Iron. See Iron Gates. 
 
 Gates of Calais. A well-known 
 picture by William Hogartli (1697- 
 1764). 
 
 Gates of Paradise. See Bronze 
 Gates, etc. 
 
 Generalife. A beautiful Moorish 
 palace, surrounded with foun- 
 tains and gardens, in Granada, 
 Spain. 
 
 Genevieve, St. See Pantheon (2). 
 
 Genius of the Vatican. A cele- 
 brated half-figure in Parian mar- 
 ble, bearing this name, in the 
 Vatican, Home. It is supposed 
 to be the Cupid of Praxiteles. It 
 was found on the Via Labicana, 
 outside of the Porta Maggiore. 
 
 We’ll take, say, that most perfect of an- 
 tiques, 
 
 They call the Genius of the Vatican , 
 
 Which seems too beauteous to endure it- 
 self 
 
 In this mixed world, and fasten it for once 
 Upon the torso of the Drunken Faun 
 (Who might limp surely, if he did not 
 dance) 
 
 Instead of Buonarroti's mask : what then ? 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Geometricians, The. A celebrated 
 allegorical picture by Giorgio 
 Barbarelli, called Giorgione (1477— 
 1511), the exact signification of 
 which has been a matter of dis- 
 pute. In the Belvedere Gallery, 
 
 Vienna. [Called also sometimes 
 The Astrologers , or The Philoso- 
 phers.] 
 
 4QP “I have myself no doubt that 
 this beautiful picture represents the 
 ‘ Three wise men of the East,’ watch- 
 ing on the Chaldean hills the appear- 
 ance of the miraculous star, and that 
 the light breaking in the far horizon, 
 called in the German description the 
 rising sun, is intended to express the 
 rising of the Star of Jacob.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Geometry. A picture by Caravag- 
 gio (1569-1609), representing a 
 ragged girl playing with a pair of 
 compasses. In the Spada palace, 
 Rome. 
 
 George d’Amboise. A famous bell 
 which formerly hung in the tower 
 of the Cathedral of Rouen. It 
 was taken down and melted in 
 the time of the Revolution. 
 
 George, Fort. See Fort George. 
 
 George Square. A fine park and 
 pleasure-ground in Glasgow, Scot- 
 land, surrounded by the finest 
 buildings in the city. 
 
 George’s. 1 . An old London Club. 
 It was accustomed to meet on St. 
 George’s Day, April 23. 
 
 2. A coffee-house in the Strand, 
 London, famous and much fre- 
 quented in this and the last cen- 
 tury. 
 
 A certain young fellow at George's , 
 whenever he had occasion to ask his friend 
 for a guinea, used to preclude his request 
 as if he wanted 200, and talked so famil- 
 iarly of large sums, that none could ever 
 think he wanted a small one. Goldsmith. 
 
 George, St. See St. George. 
 
 George’s, St. See St. George’s. 
 
 Georgia Augusta. The name 
 given to the University of Got- 
 tingen, Germany, from its found- 
 er, George II. of England, who 
 established it in 1737. 
 
 Germain des Pres, St. See St. 
 
 Germain des Pres. 
 
 Germain 1’ Auxerrois, St. See St. 
 Germain l’Auxerrois. 
 
 Germanicus. An ancient statue 
 called by this name, but repre- 
 senting a Roman orator, and sup- 
 
GEE 
 
 197 
 
 GTA 
 
 posed to be the work of the Greek 
 sculptor Cleomenes. It is in the 
 Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Gervais, St. See St. Gervais. 
 
 Gethsemane. A small square en- 
 closure of about 200 feet, sur- 
 rounded by a high wall, a little 
 way out of Jerusalem, below St. 
 Stephen’s Gate, and near the foot 
 of the Mount of Olives. It is 
 traditionally identified with the 
 scene of the closing events in the 
 life of Jesus as recorded in Matt, 
 xxvi. 30-50, Mark xiv. 20-52, 
 Luke xxii. 39-53, and John xviii. 
 1-14. There is no intrinsic im- 
 probability in the monastic tradi- 
 tions concerning it. It is now a 
 desolate spot, containing a few 
 very old and shattered olive-trees, 
 the trunks of which are supported 
 by stones, though some of the 
 branches are flourishing. The 
 garden belongs to the Latin Chris- 
 tians, and the Greek Church has 
 fixed upon another locality as the 
 true site of Gethsemane. 
 
 Gettysburg, Battle of. See Bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg. 
 
 Gezeereh, Palace of. A modern 
 palace at Cairo, Egypt, so called 
 from the ground which it occu- 
 pies having been formerly an is- 
 land (gezeereh) between branches 
 of the Nile. 
 
 Gherardesca, Villa. See Villa 
 Gherardesca. 
 
 Ghetto. [Jews’ Quarter.] An en- 
 closure in Borne formerly set 
 apart for the residence of the 
 Jews. They have, until recent- 
 ly, been confined to this crowded 
 and dirty section since the time 
 of Pope Paul IV., who first com- 
 pelled them to live within the 
 walls of the Ghetto, and forbade 
 their appearance outside of that 
 quarter, unless the men were dis- 
 tinguished from the Christians 
 by a yellow hat, and the women 
 by a veil of the same color. The 
 Jews suffered much persecution, 
 and were governed by many ar- 
 bitrary regulations while confined 
 to this crowded region; but now 
 the limits of the Ghetto are re- 
 moved, and the oppressive regu- 
 
 lations revoked. The name Ghet- 
 to is derived by some from the 
 Hebrew word chat, meaning “ bro- 
 ken ” or “ destroyed.” The pres- 
 ent population of the Ghetto is 
 estimated at 3,800. 
 
 JgQr’ “ The Ghetto, from its appear- 
 ance, its filthy and narrow streets, 
 would seem to be the very hot-bed of 
 disease. Here we should expect to 
 find all the plagues and pestilences 
 which have desolated the earth in for- 
 mer ages preserved as in a morbid 
 museum. But the reverse is the fact. 
 It is in some respects the healthiest 
 part of the city.” Hillard. 
 
 I went to the Ghetto , where the Jews 
 dwell, as in a suburb by themselves, being 
 invited by a Jew of my acquaintance. 
 Being invironed by walls, they are locked 
 up every night. In tlys place remains yet 
 part of a stately fabric, which my Jew 
 told me had been a palace of theirs for 
 the ambassador of their nation, when 
 their country was subject to the Romans. 
 
 John Evelyn , 1644. 
 ’Tis called the Ghetto ; and the pious towns- 
 man 
 
 Shuns it, unless his piety lie deep 
 Enough to teach him not to turn aside 
 From any form of human brotherhood: 
 Hard by the muddy Tiber’s idle flow, 
 Beyond the shadow of the Vatican, 
 
 Yet within sound, almost, of choirs that 
 chant 
 
 Morning and evening to a Christian organ. 
 Its prison-like ai.d ragged houses rise. 
 
 Parsons. 
 
 Ghirlandina, La. [The Garland.] 
 A noted tower in Modena, Italy, 
 forming the campanile, or bell- 
 tower, of the cathedral. It de- 
 rives its name from the encircling 
 sculptures which adorn it. See 
 Secchia Rapita. 
 
 Giant’s Castle. A famous struc- 
 ture on the summit of a mountain 
 near Cassel, Germany. On the 
 top of the castle is a pyramid 96 
 feet high, supporting a statue of 
 Hercules (a copy of the Farnese) 
 31 feet in height. This castle in- 
 cludes a system of water-works 
 connected with the grounds of 
 Wilhelmshohe, which is, perhaps, 
 unequalled. The fountain sup- 
 plied by these water-works rises 
 in a column 12 inches in diameter 
 to the height of 190 feet. 
 
 Giant’s Causeway. A celebrated 
 mass of basaltic columns, of all 
 forms from triangular to octago- 
 nal, on the northern coast of Ire- 
 land, extending into the sea. 
 
GIA 
 
 198 
 
 GIN 
 
 jgSi=“Iwas somewhat disappointed 
 at first, having supposed the causeway 
 to be of great height; but I found the 
 Giant’s Loom, which is the highest part 
 of it, to be about 50 feet from the water. 
 The singular appearance of the columns, 
 and the many strange forms which they 
 assume, render it, nevertheless, an ob- 
 ject of the greatest interest.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor . 
 
 Giant’s Colonnade. An interest- 
 ing natural curiosity, not far from 
 Fingal’s Cave in Scotland, being 
 a cluster of columns placed upon 
 a row of curved pillars, and form- 
 ing a little island about 30 feet 
 high. 
 
 Giant’s Column. A massive block 
 of granite in the Odenwald, Ger- 
 many, 32 feet long, and 3 or 4 
 feet in diameter. It still bears 
 the mark of the chisel. 
 
 4®= “ When or by whom it was 
 made, remains a mystery. Some have 
 supposed it was intended to be erected 
 for the worship of the sun by the wild 
 Teutonic tribes who inhabited this for- 
 est; it is more probably the work of 
 the Romans. A project was once start- 
 ed to erect it as a monument on the 
 battle-field of Leipsic, but it was found 
 too difficult to carry into execution.” 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Giants, Destruction of the. See 
 Destruction of the Giants. 
 
 Giant’s Organ. The name given, 
 from its very striking resem- 
 blance to that instrument, to a 
 magnificent colonnade of basaltic 
 pillars in the Giant’s Causeway, 
 Ireland. See Giant’s Causeway. 
 
 Giant’s Staircase. [Ital. Scala del 
 Giganti.] 1. A celebrated stair- 
 case in the Doge’s Palace at Ven- 
 ice, so called after two statues of 
 the Greek gods, Mars and Nep- 
 tune, which are of immense size. 
 
 J&gr’* 1 Touching the Giant’s Stairs in 
 the court of the palace, the inexorable 
 dates would not permit me to rest in 
 the delusion that the head of Marin Fa- 
 lier had once bloodily stained them as 
 it rolled to the ground, — at the end 
 of Lord Byron’s tragedy.” 
 
 IF. D. Ilowells. 
 
 As doge, clad in tlie ducal robes and cap, 
 Thou sbalt be led hence' to the Giants' 
 Staircase , 
 
 Where thou and all our princes are in- 
 vested; 
 
 And there, the ducal crown being first 
 resumed 
 
 Upon the spot where it was first assumed, 
 Thy head shall be struck off. Byron. 
 
 He [Xicolo Tron] might have been pres- 
 ent, with a countenance of pity, when 
 Foscari, with feeble and tottering steps, 
 descended the Giant's Staircase , and 
 fainted at the sound of the bell which an- 
 nounced the election of a successor. 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 A poet on thy Giant Stair to-day 
 
 Lingers beside each wondrous balcony, 
 
 His tribute of a fruitless tear to pay. 
 
 Graf von Platen , Trans. 
 
 2. A singular freak of nature 
 near Cork, Ireland. Fifteen or 
 16 huge knobs of rock rise one 
 above another up the face of a 
 very steep ascent, with nearly 
 the regularity of a flight of steps. 
 
 Giant’s Tower. An ancient circu- 
 lar building of Cyclopean archi- 
 tecture at Gozo, one of the Mal- 
 tese islands. Human bones have 
 been found in and about it. “ Its 
 history is lost in the mist of an- 
 tiquity.” 
 
 Giaour, The. A picture by Ary 
 Scheffer (1795-1858). 
 
 Gibbon’s Tennis-Court Theatre. 
 
 A former theatre of London, in 
 Gibbon’s Court, Clare Market. 
 Pepys, in 1660, wrote, “It is the 
 finest play-house, I believe, that 
 ever was in England.” 
 
 Gibraltar. See Rock of Gibral- 
 tar, and Sortie from Gibral- 
 tar. 
 
 Giebichenstein. A ruined castle 
 near Halle, Germany, once a 
 state prison of the German Em- 
 perors. 
 
 Giessbach, The. A noted water- 
 fall near Brienz in Switzerland. 
 
 Giles’s St. See St. Giles’s. 
 
 C-iltspur Street Compter. A Lon- 
 don prison, or City House of Cor- 
 rection, built in 1791, closed in 
 1854, and since removed. About 
 6,000 persons were yearly impris- 
 oned there. 
 
 Ginger- Cake Rock. A natural 
 curiosity in Burke County, N.C. 
 It is an inverted stone pyramid 
 about 30 feet in height, seeming 
 just ready to fall, but in reality 
 perfectly secure. 
 
GIO 
 
 199 
 
 GIR 
 
 Giorgio, San. See San Giorgio. 
 
 Giorno, II. See Day and St. Je- 
 rome. 
 
 Giotto’s Campanile. The famous 
 and admired bell-tower of the 
 cathedral, or Duomo, of Florence, 
 Italy. It was erected by Giotto 
 (1276-1336), about the middle of 
 the fourteenth century. 
 
 4®=- “ The characteristics of Power 
 and Beauty occur more or less in dif- 
 ferent buildings, some in one and some 
 in another. But all together, and all in 
 their highest possible relative degrees, 
 they exist, as far as I know, only in one 
 building of the world, the Campanile of 
 Giotto. . . . Not within the walls of 
 Florence, but among the far-away fields 
 of her lilies, was the child trained who 
 was to raise that head-stone of Beauty 
 above her towers of watch and war.” 
 Buskin. 
 
 The mountains from without 
 Listen in silence for the word said next, 
 (What word will men say?) here where 
 Giotto planted 
 
 His campanile , like an unperplexed 
 Question to Heaven, concerning the things 
 granted 
 
 To a great people, who, being greatly vexed 
 In act, in aspiration keep undaunted ! 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 In the old Tuscan town stands Giotto's 
 tower , 
 
 The lily of Florence blossoming in stone, — 
 A vi-ion, a delight, and a desire,— 
 r l liebuilder’s perfect andcentennialflower, 
 ’\ hat in the night of ages bloomed alone, 
 But wanting still the glory of the spire. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 But behold 
 
 The graceful tower of Giotto there, 
 
 And Duomo’s cross of freshened gold. 
 
 W. S. Landor. 
 
 Tbit fall [Niagara] is more graceful 
 than Giotto's tower , more noble than the 
 Apollo. Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Giotto’s Chapel. See Arena 
 Chapel. 
 
 Giovanni, San. See San Giovan- 
 ni, Baptistery of San Giovan- 
 ni, and Porta San Giovanni. 
 
 Giralda, La. The tower of the 
 Cathedral of Seville, Spain, so 
 called from its vane que girci 
 (which turns round). It is an old 
 Moorish minaret, built in 1196, 
 and held in great veneration. 
 
 4®" “ This is a more massive tower 
 than is, as I believe, to be found any- 
 where else as the work of a Moslem 
 architect. ... It contrasts pleasingly 
 
 with the contemporary campanile at 
 Venice, which, though very nearly of 
 the same dimensions, is lean and bald 
 compared with this tower at Seville. 
 So, indeed, are most of the Italian towers 
 of the same age. All these towers 
 seem to have been erected for very 
 analogous purposes; for the Giralda 
 can never have been meant as the min- 
 aret of a mosque, to be used for the call 
 to prayer : nor can we admit the dis- 
 tinction sometimes ascribed to it by 
 those who surmise that it may have 
 been merely meant for an observatory. 
 Most probably it was a pillar of victory, 
 or a tower symbolical of dominion and 
 power, like many others. Indeed, the 
 tradition is, that it was built by King 
 Yousouf to celebrate his famous victory 
 of Alarcos, gained in the year 1129, in 
 which its construction was commenced. 
 As such, it is superior to most of those 
 constructed in the Middle Ages.” 
 
 Fergusson. 
 
 Girandola. Celebrated fireworks 
 formerly exhibited from the Cas- 
 tle of San Angelo, Rome, at East- 
 er and at the Festival of St. Peter. 
 This magnificent display, consid- 
 ered the grandest exhibition of 
 fireworks in the world, and only 
 surpassed by the illumination of 
 St. Peter’s, is now made upon the 
 Monte Pincio. 
 
 4®=* “ The show began with a tre- 
 mendous discharge of cannon ; and 
 then, for twenty minutes or half an 
 hour, the whole castle was one inces- 
 sant sheet of fire, and labyrinth of 
 blazing wheels of every color, size, and 
 speed; while rockets streamed into the 
 sky, not by ones or twos or scores, but 
 hundreds at a time. The concluding 
 burst — the Girandola — was like the 
 blowing up into the air of the whole 
 massive castle without smoke or dust.” 
 Dickens. 
 
 4®" “ We did not, however, drive to 
 the Trinita de Monti till after the exhi- 
 bition of the Girandola, or great fire- 
 works from the Castle of St. Angelo, 
 which commenced by a tremendous 
 explosion, which represented the raging 
 eruption of a volcano. This was fol- 
 lowed by an incessant and complicated 
 display of every device that imagina- 
 tion could figure, one changed into 
 another, and the beauty of the first 
 effaced by that of the last. Hundreds 
 of immense wheels turned rpund with 
 a velocity that almost seemed as if de- 
 mons were whirling them, letting fall 
 thousands of hissing dragons and scor- 
 pions and fiery snakes, whose long con 
 
GIR 
 
 200 
 
 GLA 
 
 volutions, darting forward as far as the 
 eye could reach in every direction, at 
 length vanished into air. Fountains 
 and jets of lire threw up their blazing 
 cascades into the sky. The whole vault 
 of heaven shone with the vivid fires.” 
 Eaton. 
 
 Girard College. A grand and im- 
 posing building in Philadelphia, 
 Penn. It is constructed of white 
 marble in the Corinthian style 
 of architecture. Adjoining the 
 main building are other marble 
 buildings used as dormitories, re- 
 fectories, etc. The college was 
 founded by Stephen Girard (1750- 
 1831), a Philadelphia merchant, 
 who left $2,000,000 and 45 acres 
 for “ the endowment of a college 
 for poor white male children 
 without fathers and between six 
 and ten years of age.” The 
 course of instruction continues 
 eight years. By the terms of the 
 will, clergymen of every denomi- 
 nation are forbidden to enter the 
 college grounds. 
 
 Girondists in Prison. An admired 
 picture by Paul Delaroche (1797- 
 185(5), the celebrated French his- 
 torical painter. 
 
 Giudecca, La. A broad canal in 
 Venice which separates the prin- 
 cipal island from the rest of the 
 city. The island is also itself 
 known by this name. See also 
 Canal of the Giudecca. 
 
 “ The islands near Venice are all 
 small, except the Giudecca (which is 
 properly a part of the city), the Lido, 
 and Murano. The Giudecca, from being 
 anciently the bounds in which certain 
 factious nobles were confined, was 
 later laid out in pleasure-gardens and 
 built up with summer palaces. The 
 gardens still remain to some extent, 
 but they are now chiefly turned to 
 practical account in raising vegetables 
 and fruits for the Venetian market ; and 
 the palaces have been converted into 
 warehouses and factories.” 
 
 W. D. Howells. 
 
 Giulio Romano. A portrait of 
 himself by the painter (1492- 
 1546). In the collection of auto- 
 graph portraits in the Ufifizi, 
 ^Florence, Italy. 
 
 Giustiniani Palace. [Ital. Palazzo 
 Giustiniani.] A noted palace in 
 Genoa, Italy. 
 
 Glaces, Galerie des. See Galerie 
 des Glaces. 
 
 Glacier de Boisson. A well-known 
 Alpine glacier in the vicinity of 
 Chamouni, Savoy. 
 
 Gladiator. See Borghese Gladia- 
 tor, Dying Gladiator, Wound- 
 ed Gladiator. 
 
 Gladiators, The. A picture by 
 Jean Leon Gcrome (b. 1827), the 
 French painter. 
 
 Glamis Castle. The seat of the 
 Earl of Strathmore, near the 
 town of the same name in Scot- 
 land, considered one of the finest 
 existing specimens of the old 
 Scottish baronial castles. It is es- 
 pecially interesting from its asso- 
 ciations with Shakespeare’s play 
 of “Macbeth,” the “Thane of 
 Glamis.” The scene of Duncan’s 
 murder is pointed out in a room 
 of the castle. 
 
 “ It is still an inhabited dwell- 
 ing; though, much to the regret of anti- 
 quarians and. lovers of the picturesque, 
 the characteristic outworks and de- 
 fences of the feudal ages which sur- 
 rounded it have been levelled, and 
 velvet lawns and gravel-walks carried 
 to the very door. Scott, who passed a 
 night there in 1793, while it was yet in 
 its pristine condition, comments on the 
 change mournfully, as undoubtedly a 
 true lover of the past would. . . . Scott 
 says in his ‘Demonology,’ that he never 
 came anywhere near to being over- 
 come with a superstitious feeling, ex- 
 cept twice in his life, and one was on 
 the night when he slept in Glamis 
 Castle. . . . Scarcely ever a man had 
 so much relish for the supernatural, 
 and so little faith in it. One must con- 
 fess, however, that the most sceptical 
 might have been overcome at Glamis 
 Castle; for its appearance, by all ac- 
 counts, is weird and strange, and ghost- 
 ly enough to start the dullest imagina- 
 tion.” Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Glasgow Cathedral. An ancient 
 church, dating from the twelfth 
 century, and considered the finest 
 Gothic church in Scotland. 
 
 46 gr* “ A brave kirk, — a’ solid, wcel- 
 jointed mason wark, that will stand as 
 lang as the world, keep hands and gun- 
 powther aff it.” Scott. 
 
 Glastonbury Abbey. A famous 
 ruined monastery in the town of 
 that name in England, formerly 
 
GLA 
 
 201 
 
 GLO 
 
 one of the richest and most pow- 
 erful institutions of the kind in 
 the kingdom. The ashes of King 
 Arthur, King Edgar, and many 
 distinguished nobles are said to 
 be contained in the ruins of this 
 abbey. It is thought to stand on 
 the spot where the first Christian 
 church in England was erected. 
 
 Glastonbury Thorn. A famous 
 hawthorn tree which once grew 
 at Glastonbury, Somerset, Eng- 
 land, fabled to have sprung from 
 the staff which Joseph of Arima- 
 thea stuck into the ground. The 
 tradition is, that it blossomed 
 every Christmas Day ; and so 
 highly prized were the blossoms 
 that they were exported by the 
 merchants of Bristol to foreign 
 parts. In the time of Queen Eli- 
 zabeth one trunk of the double- 
 bodied tree was cut down by 
 some Puritans, and in the reign 
 of Charles I. the other was de- 
 stroyed, but slips from the tree 
 are still flourishing. It is said 
 to be the fact, that the shrub blos- 
 soms some months earlier than 
 elsewhere, and occasionally as 
 early as Christmas; which circum- 
 stance is explained by some on 
 the supposition that the monks 
 of Glastonbury brought the tree 
 from Palestine, and that in its 
 adopted soil it retained the hab- 
 its of its native place. 
 
 It is the winter deep, and all 
 The glittering fields that morn 
 In Avalon’s isle were ovtrsnowed 
 The day the Lord was born; 
 
 And as they cross the northward brow, 
 See white, but not with snow, 
 
 The mystic thorn beside their path 
 Its holy blossoms show. Henry Alford. 
 
 Glen, The. The name by which is 
 familiarly known an interesting 
 spot in the White-Mountain re- 
 gion, New Hampshire, a favorite 
 resort of tourists. It is situated 
 at the very base of Mount Wash- 
 ington, with Adams, Jefferson, 
 Clay, and Madison in full and 
 unobstructed view. It is the 
 point from which the carriage- 
 road up Mount Washington be- 
 gins its ascent. 
 
 Glen Almond. A lovely glen on 
 the river Almond in Scotland, | 
 
 and supposed to be the burial* 
 place of Ossian. 
 
 In this still place, remote from men, 
 Sleeps Ossian in the narrow glen. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Glen-Ellis Pall. A picturesque 
 cataract in the White Mountains, 
 New Hampshire, not far from 
 the “Glen” and the base of 
 Mount Washington. It is re- 
 garded as the finest cascade in 
 the whole region. 
 
 Glen Gnoko. A mountain ravine 
 near Mauch Chunk, Penn., with 
 attractive rock and forest scenery 
 and many cascades. It is a place 
 of much resort. 
 
 Glenarm Castle. The seat of the 
 Earl of Antrim, in the county of 
 Antrim, Ireland. 
 
 Glencoe. A celebrated glen, or 
 pass, in the county of Argyle, 
 Scotland. 
 
 “ In the Gaelic tongue, Glencoe 
 signifies the Glen of Weeping; and, 
 in truth, that pass is the most dreary 
 and melancholy of all the Scottish pass- 
 es, — the very Valley of the Shadow 
 of Death. Mists and storms brood 
 over it through the greater part of the 
 finest summer. Huge precipices of na- 
 ked stone frown on both sides. Mile 
 after mile the only sound that indicates 
 life is the faint cry of a bird of prey. 
 The progress of civilization, which has 
 turned so many wastes into fields yel- 
 low with harvest or gay with apple- 
 blossoms, has only made Glencoe more 
 desolate.” Macaulay. 
 
 Globe, The. 1. A noted theatre in 
 Southwark, London, built in the 
 reign of Elizabeth, burnt in 1613, 
 and rebuilt the following year. 
 A patent was granted by James 
 I. to Shakespeare and his com- 
 panions to play “ as within their 
 then usuall house, called the 
 Globe, in the county of Surry, as 
 elsewhere.” It is represented in 
 an old print as resembling a high 
 martello tower, with very narrow 
 windows, and surmounted by a 
 turret and a flag. Ben Jonson 
 speaks of the Globe as the “ glory 
 of the Bank, and the fort of the 
 whole parish.” The exterior was 
 hexagonal in shape, and the inte- 
 rior circular, with an open roof. 
 
GLO 
 
 202 
 
 GOE 
 
 It was burned down by the acci- 
 dental lighting of the thatch, oc- 
 casioned by the discharge of a 
 piece of ordnance during the rep- 
 resentation of the play of Henry 
 VIII., June 29, 1613. It was re- 
 built during the reign of King 
 James, and was finally taken 
 down April 15, 1644. 
 
 Alas ! Shakespeare had to write for the 
 Globe Playhouse, — his great soul had to 
 crush itself, as it could, into that and no 
 other mould. It was with him then, as 
 it is with us all. No man works save un- 
 der conditions. Carlyle. 
 
 2. A theatre in Boston, Mass. 
 
 Globe Tavern. A house of enter- 
 tainment, now closed, in Fleet 
 Street, London, frequented in 
 the last century. 
 
 Gloom. See Castle Campbell. 
 
 Gloriette. An open pillared hall, 
 300 feet long, and commanding a 
 magnificent view, in the gardens 
 of Schonbrunn, near Vienna. 
 
 Gloucester Cathedral. One of the 
 finest ecclesiastical structures in 
 England, in Gloucester, the capi- 
 tal of the county of the same 
 name. It was built in 1047, and 
 was formerly a rich Benedictine 
 abbey. 
 
 Gloucester House. A noble house 
 in Piccadilly, London, belonging 
 to the Duke of Cambridge. 
 
 Glyptothek. [Gr. y\vnr6s, carved, 
 0^77, collection.] A famous gal- 
 lery of sculpture in Munich, Ba- 
 varia, regarded as the finest col- 
 lection, with the exception of 
 that in the British Museum, north 
 of the Alps. The building, which 
 forms a hollow square, lighted 
 entirely from the inner side, with 
 an Ionic portico of white marble, 
 was finished by Klenze in 1830. 
 
 fggr “ The Glyptothek — an affect- 
 ed name for a statue-gallery — is, on the 
 whole, the most beautiful, merely beau- 
 tiful building 1 ever saw; and there is 
 a school of painting there, which for 
 the wideness and boldness of its range, 
 and the number of artists attached to 
 it, is a. phenomenon the world has not 
 seen since the days of Raffaelle and 
 Michael Angelo.” Georye Tidcnor. 
 
 4^ “ In the Glyptothek we wander 
 amongst the most beautiful produc- 
 tions of art, brought together from the 
 
 four corners of the world. In the Glyp* 
 tothek stand the immortal figures by 
 Scopas, Thorwaldsen, and Canova ; and 
 the walls are resplendent with colors 
 that will tell posterity of Cornelius, 
 Zimmermann, and Schlotthauer.” 
 
 Hans Christian Andersen. 
 
 Nowhere, not even on a gala-day in the 
 Pope's Cliurdh of St. Peter, is there such 
 an explosion of intolerable hypocrisy, on 
 the part of poor mankind, as when you 
 admit them into their Royal Picture gal- 
 lery, Glyptothek , museum, or other divine 
 temple of the fine arts. Carlyle. 
 
 Gobelins. A famous carpet man- 
 ufactory in Paris, so called from 
 its founder, Jean Gobelin (1450). 
 The state purchased the present 
 site in 1662. Here are executed 
 with the needle splendid speci- 
 mens of carpets and tapestry. 
 Some of the pieces of work have 
 cost as much as £6,000, requiring 
 the labor of 5 or 10 years. The 
 building, looms, and many pieces 
 of tapestry were destroyed by the 
 Commune in 1871. Here were 
 made the tapestries and carpets 
 which adorn the various palaces, 
 or have been presented to royal 
 foreigners. 
 
 “ The famous manufactory of 
 the Gobelins was established by Louis 
 XIV., who purchased the premises of 
 some clever dyers of that name (Gobe- 
 lin) about 1666; and the productions 
 of the Hotel Royal des Gobelins are 
 said to have attained the highest degree 
 of perfection in the time of Louis’s 
 great minister, Colbert, and his suc- 
 cessor, Louvois.” L . Jewitt. 
 
 God appearing to Noah. A fres- 
 co by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). 
 In tiie Stanza of the Heliodorus, 
 in the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 Godolphin Park. The seat of the 
 Duke of Leeds, near St. Breague, 
 England. 
 
 Gods, Feast of the. See Feast 
 of the Gods. 
 
 God’s Gift. A name given to Dul- 
 wich College, in England. The 
 college was founded by Edward 
 Alleyne, an actor in the age of 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Goethe Monument. A magnifi- 
 cent bronze monument to the 
 poet, modelled by the sculptor 
 Schwantlialer (1802-1848), and 
 standing in an open square in the 
 
GOG 
 
 203 
 
 GOL 
 
 city of Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
 The Lronze pedestal contains 
 bas-reliefs representing scenes in 
 Goethe’s poems. 
 
 Gog and Magog. Names applied 
 to two huge figures of wood, about 
 14 feet in height, in the Guild- 
 hall, London. These celebrated 
 statues are thought to be con- 
 nected with the Gotmagot and 
 Corinseus of the Armorican chron- 
 icle which Geoffrey of Monmouth 
 quotes, from the former of which 
 names both the modern appella- 
 tions are supposed to be derived. 
 Hawthorne says that they look 
 like enormous playthings for the 
 children of giants. Mother Ship- 
 ton has a prophecy that when 
 these statues fall, London will 
 also fall. 
 
 J “ Our Guildhall giants boast of 
 almost as high an antiquity as the Gog 
 and Magog of the Scriptures; as they, 
 or their living prototypes, are said to 
 have been found in Britain by Brute, a 
 younger son of Anthenor of Troy, who 
 invaded Albion, and founded the city 
 of London (at first called Troy-novant), 
 3,000 years ago. However the fact may 
 have been, the two giants have been 
 the pride of London from time imme- 
 morial. . . . There can be little doubt 
 that these civic giants are exaggerated 
 representatives of real persons and 
 events.” Chambers. 
 
 4®^ “These absurd monsters look 
 like painted and gilded toys, made to 
 please the boys of Brobdignag. Words 
 can hardly express their gigantic child- 
 ishness. Why they are retained in 
 their present position, and how they 
 ever came there, seem to be beyond 
 conjecture. They have not even the 
 glamour of antiquity upon them. . . . 
 They stand there, wonderful and ridic- 
 ulous witnesses to the immobility of 
 British Philistinism.” 
 
 Richard Grant White. 
 
 Nor had Fancy fed 
 
 With less delight upon that other class 
 Of marvels, broad-day wonders perma- 
 nent: 
 
 The river proudly bridged; the dizzy top 
 And Whispering Gallery of St. Paul’s; the 
 tombs 
 
 Of Westminster; the giants of Guildhall. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Going to Market. A large land- 
 scape picture, so called, by Peter 
 Paul Rubens (1577-1640), now in 
 Windsor Castle, England. 
 
 Golden Gate. An ancient gate 
 in Constantinople (Byzantium), 
 much celebrated by the Byzan- 
 tine writers, but which is now 
 “sought for in vain; though a 
 gate, now wholly blocked up, 
 with two mean pillars supporting 
 a low arch, is sometimes shown 
 to travellers for it.” 
 
 Golden Gate. An ancient portal 
 bearing this name, in the Hararn 
 at Jerusalem occupying the site 
 of the Jewish Temple. 
 
 Golden Gate. A portal in the 
 Mosque of Omar at Jerusalem. 
 
 4®=* “Well walled up, and constant- 
 ly guarded; the Mohammedans having 
 a tradition that if ever they are driven 
 out from possession, it will be by the 
 Jews or Christians entering at this 
 gate.” Miss Martineau. 
 
 Golden Gate. A celebrated strait 
 connecting the harbor of San 
 Francisco, Cal., with the ocean. 
 
 Up the long western steppes the blighting 
 steals; 
 
 Down t lie Pacific slope the evil Fate 
 Glides like a shadow t<> the Golden Gate: 
 From sea to sea the drear eclipse is thrown. 
 
 fyhit lie*'. 
 
 The air is chill, and the da3 r grows late, 
 And the clouds come in through the Gold- 
 en Gate: 
 
 Phantom fleets they seem to me. 
 
 From a shoreless and unsounded se<t. 
 
 E. Polloci* 
 
 Within this Golden Gate , the noblest, 
 surely. 
 
 Of all the entrances of all the seas, 
 
 The Asian barks-of-hope float in securely. 
 
 And furl their lateen sails, and ride at 
 ease. 11. Morford. 
 
 A truce to moralizing, for we are ap- 
 proaching the Golden Gate. Smiles. 
 
 Golden Grove. The seat of the 
 Earl of Cawdor in Caermarthen- 
 sliire, W r ales. The present build- 
 ing is modern; but the former 
 house was memorable from its 
 associations with Jeremy Taylor, 
 who resided here for a time, and 
 composed some of his chief works, 
 one of which was entitled the 
 “Golden Grove.” 
 
 Golden Hind. The vessel in which 
 Sir Francis Drake (1540?-1595) 
 circumnavigated the globe, reach- 
 ing home in 1579. 
 
GO L 
 
 204 
 
 GOL 
 
 Golden Horn. A famous inlet of 
 the Bosporus at Constantinople, 
 Turkey. The city lies between 
 the Sea of Marmora and the Bos- 
 porus on the south and east, and 
 the Golden Horn on the north. 
 
 We swept around the Golden Horn, . . . 
 and now lay in the harbor which extends 
 into tlie sweet v, aters. 
 
 Hans Christian Andersen. 
 
 Golden House. [Lat. Aiirect Da- 
 mns .] The celebrated palace of 
 Nero upon the Palatine, Esqui- 
 line, and Coelian Hills, at Rome. 
 Merivale says that it was the 
 old mansion of Augustus and the 
 house of Maecenas, connected by 
 a long series of arches and col- 
 umns. Titus and Trajan erected 
 baths upon a part of the same 
 site, and the ruins of these and 
 other buildings are now mingled 
 in inextricable confusion. We 
 are told by Suetonius and others 
 of the great magnificence of Ne- 
 ro’s palace: that its whole inte- 
 rior was covered with gold and 
 with gems; that it was adorned 
 with the finest paintings and 
 statues the world could furnish; 
 that it had triple porticos a mile 
 in length, and a circular banquet- 
 hall which perpetually revolved 
 in imitation of the motion of the 
 sun. We read, also, of vaulted 
 ivory ceilings which opened and 
 scattered flowers upon the guests, 
 and of golden pipes that poured 
 over them showers of soft per- 
 fumes. It is related that when 
 Nero surveyed its costliness and 
 immense extent he declared that 
 he should now “ be lodged like a 
 man.” See Palace of the Cae- 
 sars. 
 
 “ To give an idea of the extent 
 and beauty of this edifice, it is sufficient 
 to mention that in its vestibule was 
 placed his [Nero’s] colossal statue, one 
 hundred and twenty feet in height. It 
 has a triple portico, supported by a 
 thousand columns, with a lake like a 
 little sea, surrounded by buildings 
 which resemble cities. It contained 
 pasture-grounds and groves in which 
 were all descriptions of animals, wild 
 and tame.” Suetonius , Trans . 
 
 Without it, proud Versailles! tliy glory 
 falls ; 
 
 And Nero's terraces desert their walls. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Hark ! the owlet’s crv. 
 That, like a muttering sibyl, makes her 
 cell 
 
 Mid Nero's house of gold , with clustering 
 bats 
 
 And gliding lizards. L. II. Sigourney. 
 
 Golden Rose. In former times 
 the golden rose was sent annual- 
 ly from Rome by the popes to 
 sovereign princes. The conse- 
 cration of it took place in the Ba- 
 silica of Sta. Croce in Gerusa- 
 lemine, Rome. It was regarded 
 as a gift of peculiar mystery and 
 sanctity, “ representing by its 
 gold, its odor, and its balm, the 
 godhead, the body and the soul 
 of the Redeemer, and was only 
 bestowed by the popes upon sov- 
 ereigns who were the most loyal 
 servants of the church . ’ ’ Leo the 
 Ninth, who was elected pope in 
 1048, is said to have entered into 
 a compact with the monastery of 
 Sainte Croix in Alsace, by which 
 the monastery was bound to send 
 a golden rose every year to the 
 head of the Roman Church. The 
 ceremony of the benediction of 
 the rose takes place on the fourth 
 Sunday in Lent. 
 
 Golden Square. A district in Lon- 
 don made famous by Charles 
 Dickens in his novel of “Nicho- 
 las Nickleby.” 
 
 “ It is one of the squares that 
 have been, — a quarter of the town that 
 has gone down in the world, and taken 
 to letting lodgings.” Dickens . 
 
 Golden Staircase. [Ital. Scald 
 cVOro.] A celebrated staircase 
 in the Doge’s Palace, Venice, It- 
 aly. It derives its name from the 
 elaborate way in which it is 
 adorned. 
 
 Golden Tree. See Albero d’Oro. 
 
 Goldene Aue. [The Golden Mead- 
 ow.] A beautiful valley, so 
 called, not far from Nordhau- 
 sen in Germany. It is watered 
 by the river Helme. 
 
 Goldsmiths’ Hall. A building in 
 Cheapside, London, belonging to 
 the Company of Goldsmiths, one 
 of the ancient city guilds. It was 
 built after a design by Philip 
 Hardwick, and was opened for 
 use in July, 1835. 
 
GOI 
 
 205 
 
 GOU 
 
 Golgotha. See Calvary. 
 
 Goliath’s Castle. The foundations 
 of a ruined tower in Jerusalem, 
 now called Kul’ at-el-Jalud, the 
 castle of Goliath. 
 
 Gondo. See Gallery of Gondo 
 and Gorge of Gondo. 
 
 Good Samaritan. A picture by 
 Rembrandt van Ryn (1606-1669), 
 the Dutch painter. It is now in 
 the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Goodman’s Fields Theatre. A 
 theatre in London, first opened 
 in 1729, and taken down about 
 1746. Garrick first appeared in 
 London at this theatre, in 1741, as 
 Richard III. 
 
 Did I tell you about Mr. Garrick, that 
 the town are horn mad after? There are 
 a dozen dukes of a night in Goodman's 
 Fields sometimes. Gray. 
 
 His [Johnson’s] pupil, David Garrick, 
 had, in 1741, made his appearance on a 
 humble stage in Goodman's Fields , had at 
 once risen to the first place among actors, 
 and was now. after several years of al- 
 most uninterrupted success, manager of 
 Drury Lane Theatre. Macaulay. 
 
 Goodwood. The splendid. seat of 
 the Duke of Richmond, near Chi- 
 chester, England. 
 
 Goosetree’s Club. See Almack’s 
 Club. 
 
 Gordon Castle. The seat of the 
 Duke of Richmond, near Focha- 
 bers, Scotland. It is the chief 
 mansion in that part of the coun- 
 try. 
 
 Gore Hall. A granite building 
 containing the library of Harvard 
 University, Cambridge, Mass. It 
 was designed to be a copy of the 
 famous King’s College Chapel in 
 Cambridge, England ; but the 
 recent addition of a wing, for the 
 purpose of increasing the capacity 
 of the building, has impaired the 
 resemblance. 
 
 Gorge of Gondo. On the route of 
 the Simplon pass, Switzerland. 
 This is one of the wildest and 
 grandest ravines among the Alps. 
 Its precipitous walls completely 
 overhang the road. 
 
 46gp “ Few scenes in Europe are 
 more impressive than the Gorge of 
 Gondo. The dizzy plunge of the 
 snow-white torrent, the steep, dark 
 
 rocks of slate, crested with trees, and 
 the thread-like stream winding away 
 far below over its pebbly bed, derive 
 new beauty and significance from the 
 work of human skill which enables the 
 traveller to observe them so safely and 
 so completely.” Hillard. 
 
 Gorge of Pfaffers. An extraordi- 
 nary chasm or ravine near Ra- 
 gatz, Switzerland. 
 
 Gorges du Trient. A remarkable 
 chasm in the neighborhood of 
 Martigny, Switzerland, some- 
 what resembling the Gorge of 
 Pfaffers. 
 
 Gorner Glacier. A famous Alpine 
 glacier in Switzerland. This gla- 
 cier is more extensive than the 
 Mer de Glace at Cliamouni, and 
 is joined in its course by ten other 
 glaciers. 
 
 Gorner Grat. A rocky ridge in 
 Switzerland. It commands a most 
 magnificent prospect. Monte Ro- 
 sa and the Matterhorn are in full 
 view, and the spectator is sur- 
 rounded by glaciers and snow- 
 peaks. 
 
 Gosford House. The seat of the 
 Earl of Wemyss, near Berwick, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Goswell Street. A street in Lon- 
 don. Dickens, in the “ Pickwick 
 Papers,” places here the house 
 of Mrs. Bardell. 
 
 Goswell Street was at his [Pickwick’s] 
 feet, Goswell Street was on his right hand, 
 as far as the eye could reach Goswell Street 
 extended on bis left, and the opposite side 
 of Goswell Street was over the way. 
 
 Dickens. 
 
 With this little bo} r , the only pledge of 
 her departed exciseman, Mrs. Bardell 
 shrunk from the world, and courted the 
 retirement and tranquillity of Goswell 
 Street ; and here she placed in her front- 
 parlor window a written placard, bearing 
 this inscription, “Apartments furnished 
 for a single gentleman. Enquire within.” 
 Dickens. 
 
 Gothard. See Dogs of St. Goth- 
 ard, and Hospice of the St. 
 Gothard. . 
 
 Gough Square. See note under 
 Johnson’s Court. 
 
 jgGif’ “ It is, perhaps, Gough Square, 
 to Vvdiich one of the little passages out 
 of Fleet Street leads, that most faith- 
 fully preserves the memory of John- 
 son. It is rather a court than a square; 
 
GOU 
 
 206 
 
 GBA 
 
 so small is it that carriages could never 
 have entered, and it is surrounded with 
 good old brick houses that in their day 
 were of some pretensions. A worthy 
 society has fixed a tablet in the wall, 
 recording that here lived Samuel 
 Johnson. There is a pleasant flavor 
 of grave old fashion and retirement 
 about the place ; and little has, as yet, 
 been touched or pulled down. John- 
 son’s house faces us, and is about the 
 most conspicuous. He had, of course, 
 merely rooms; as it is a rather large 
 mansion, a little shaken and awry, 
 queerly shaped about the upper story, 
 but snug and compact.” Fitzgerald. 
 
 Gouxnont. See Hougoumont. 
 
 Government Street. The principal 
 avenue and favorite promenade 
 in Mobile, Ala. 
 
 Graben. A noted street in Vienna, 
 Austria. 
 
 Grace Church. This church, with 
 its rectory, on Broadway, New 
 York, is built of marble in a florid 
 Gothic style. It has a tall and 
 graceful spire. 
 
 Grace, Val de. See Val de Grace. 
 
 Graces. See Three Graces. 
 
 Grafenburg. A castle in Bhenisli 
 Prussia, near Trarbach, once one 
 of the strongest fortresses on the 
 Moselle. 
 
 Grafton House. An ancient ma- 
 nor house, and historically one 
 of the most interesting of the 
 English halls; the seat of the 
 Duke of Grafton, near Toweester. 
 
 Graham’s Dike. The name popu- 
 larly given in Scotland to the re- 
 mains of the old Eoman Wall of 
 Antoninus. See Wall of An- 
 toninus. 
 
 Gran Duca, Piazza del. See Pi- 
 
 azza DELLA SlGNORIA. 
 
 Granary, The. An ancient burial- 
 ground in Boston, Mass., situated 
 on Tremont Street, adjoining 
 Park-street Church. Here are 
 buried Peter Faneuil, Paul Be- 
 vere, Chief Justice Sewall, John 
 Hancock, and Samuel Adams, as 
 well as several of the old colonial 
 governors of Massachusetts. On 
 the street bordering this ceme- 
 tery formerly stood the Paddock 
 
 elms, transplanted from England 
 and placed here in 1762, but late- 
 ly removed. 
 
 Grand Canal. [Ital. Can cde Grande.] 
 The principal canal and main 
 water- thoroughfare of Venice, 
 Italy. 
 
 4®" “ Nay, what potenter magic 
 needs my Venice to revivify her past 
 whenever she will, than the serpent 
 cunning of her Grand Canal. Launched 
 upon this great S, have I not seen hard- 
 ened travellers grow sentimental, and 
 has not this prodigious sibilant, in my 
 hearing, inspired white-haired Puritan 
 ministers of the gospel to quote out of 
 the guide-book ‘that line from Byron.’ 
 For myself I must count as half-lost 
 the year spent in Venice before I took 
 a house upon the Grand Canal. There 
 alone can existence have the perfect 
 local flavor. But by what witchery 
 touched, one’s being suffers the com- 
 mon sea-change till life at last seems to 
 ebb and flow with the tide in that 
 wonder-avenue of palaces, it would be 
 idle to attempt to tell.” W. D. Howells. 
 
 4®" “ As we are borne along the 
 Grand Canal the attention is every mo- 
 ment attracted by the splendid show 
 on either side. The long wave which 
 the prow turns over is dashed against 
 a wall of marble-fronted palaces, the 
 names of which, carelessly mentioned 
 by the gondolier, awaken trails of 
 golden memories in the mind.” 
 
 Ilillard. 
 
 4SP* “We procured four or five 
 gondoliers, and, embarking just at dark, 
 rowed down the Grand Canal towards 
 the Lagune. As soon as we were fair- 
 ly in motion they began to sing. They 
 took at first Tasso, and began in a sort 
 of recitative, and in their soft Venetian 
 dialect to chant the Episode of Armida. 
 At first it did not produce much effect; 
 but the recurrence of the same melody 
 in the recitative soon got the command 
 of our feelings, and it became striking. 
 Wordsworth, who was with us, enjoyed 
 it very much.” George Ticknor. 
 
 Grand Canal at Venice. A fine 
 picture by Antonio Canaletto 
 (1697-1768). Now in the Soane 
 Museum, London. 
 
 Grand Canon of the Yellowstone. 
 A picture by Thomas Moran (b. 
 1837). Purchased by Congress, 
 and now in the Capitol at Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 Grand Galerie de Louis XIV. 
 See Galerie des Graces. 
 
GRA 
 
 207 
 
 GRA 
 
 Grand Trianon. A charming res- 
 idence near the palace of Ver- 
 sailles, built in 1688 by Louis 
 
 XIV. It contains valuable paint- 
 ings and portraits of several of 
 the kings and queens of France. 
 It has been occupied by Madame 
 de Maintenon, Louis XIV., Louis 
 
 XV. , and Louis XVI , and by 
 Napoleon. It is like an Italian 
 palace, with the rooms all on one 
 floor. There was also another 
 chateau in the park of Versailles, 
 called Trianon de porcelaine. This 
 was demolished in 1687. See Pe- 
 tit Trianon. 
 
 “ The Grand Trianon built for 
 Madame Maintenon is a very lovely spot, 
 made more interesting by the prefer- 
 ence given to it over all other places by 
 Marie Antoinette. Here she amused 
 herself with her Swiss village. The 
 cottages and artificial ‘ mountains ’ (10 
 feet high, perhaps) are exceedingly 
 pretty models in miniature, and proba- 
 bly illustrate very fairly the ideas of a 
 palace-bred fancy upon natural scenery. 
 There are glens and grottos and rocky 
 beds for brooks that run at Will (‘ les 
 rivieres a volonte’, the guide calls 
 them), and trees set out upon the crags 
 at most uncomfortable angles, and ev- 
 ery contrivance to make a lovely lawn 
 as inconveniently like nature as pos- 
 sible. The Swiss families, however, 
 must have been very amusing. Brought 
 fresh from their wild country, and set 
 down in these pretty mock cottages 
 with orders to live just as they did in 
 their own mountains, they must have 
 been charmingly puzzled.” 
 
 V. P. Willis. 
 
 Behold him [Rohan] even, with his red 
 stockings, at dusk, in the Garden of Tria- 
 non: lie has bribed the. Concierge; will see 
 her Majesty in spite of Etiquette and Fate; 
 perad vent ure. pitying his long sad king’s- 
 evil, she will touch him, and heal him. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 She [Marie Antoinette] indeed discarded 
 Et quette; once, when her carriage broke 
 down, she even entered a hackney-coach. 
 She would w; Ik. too, at Trianon, in mere 
 straw hat, and, perhaps, muslin gown ! 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Grande Chartreuse. A celebrated 
 monastery, founded in 1137, situ- 
 ated in a wild mountain region 
 on the borders of Savoy. The 
 buildings consist of an immense 
 mass of masonry, towers, and 
 roofs, surrounded by a wall ex- 
 tending more than a mile in cir- 
 
 cumference. The monks are of 
 the order of La Trappe, and the 
 discipline which enjoins silence 
 is of the severest kind. 
 
 4ST “ On my way from the Pyrenees 
 to Germany, I turned aside from the 
 Rhone highway of travel to make ac. 
 quaintance with a place of which every- 
 body has heard, yet which seems to 
 have been partly dropped from the 
 rapid itineraries which have come into 
 fashion with railways. This is the cele- 
 brated monastery called the ‘ Grande 
 Chartreuse. 5 . . . During the last cen- 
 tury, when Gray and Horace Walpole 
 penetrated into those solitudes, it was 
 a well-known point of interest in the 
 ‘grand tour; 5 but it seems to have 
 been neglected duiing and since the 
 great upheaval of the French Revolu- 
 tion and the Napoleonic empire. The 
 name, however, is kept alive on the 
 tongues of gourmands by a certain 
 greenish, pungent, perfumed liquor, 
 which comes upon their tables at the 
 end of dinner. 55 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 And now, emerging from the forest’s 
 gloom, 
 
 I greet thee, Chartreuse , while I mourn 
 thy doom. 
 
 Whither is fled that power whose frown 
 severe 
 
 Awed sober Reason till she crouched in 
 fear? Wordsworth. 
 
 Grandes Reliques. [The Grand 
 Relics.] A name of general ap- 
 plication, but commonly and fa- 
 miliarly applied to the sacred 
 relics preserved in the treasury, or 
 sacristy, of the Cathedral of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle, in Rhenish Prussia. 
 These relics are publicly exhib- 
 ited once in seven years. So great 
 is the curiosity to see them that 
 it is said more than 180,000 visi- 
 tors flocked to the spot in a single 
 year. They comprise, among 
 other things, the skull of Charle- 
 magne, and his hunting-horn, the 
 leathern girdle of Christ, a nail 
 of the cross, the sponge that was 
 dipped in vinegar, the cotton robe 
 worn by the Virgin Mary at the 
 Nativity, the swaddling-clothes 
 of the infant Saviour, the cloth 
 on which the head of John the 
 Baptist was laid, and so forth. 
 These relics, with the exception 
 of the first two, are said to have 
 been presented to Charlemagne 
 by the Patriarch of Jerusalem 
 and by the celebrated Haroun-al- 
 Raschid . 
 
GRA 
 
 208 
 
 GEE 
 
 Grands Mulets. The name given 
 to a mass of black rocks on the 
 side of Mont Blanc, well known 
 to A I [due travellers, who, when 
 making the ascent of the moun- 
 tain, are accustomed to pass the 
 night here. 
 
 Granja, La. [The Grange.] A 
 royal palace in Spain, near Ma- 
 drid, built by Philip V. in the 
 style of a French chateau. It 
 stands at an elevation of 3,840 
 feet above the level of the sea, 
 amid wild mountain scenery. It 
 derives its name from a grange, 
 or farmhouse, of monks which 
 formerly occupied the site. [Also 
 called San Ilclefonso.] 
 
 “ St. Ildefonso, or, as it is com- 
 monly called here, La Granja, is situ- 
 ated where no other monarch’s palace 
 is, in the region of the clouds; since it 
 is higher up than the crater of Vesu- 
 vius, and precisely at that elevation 
 where the great clouds are commonly 
 formed in summer. . . . Philip was a 
 Frenchman, who knew of nothing and 
 conceived of nothing more beautiful 
 than Versailles. La Granja, therefore, 
 is its miniature.” George Ticknor. 
 
 And in tbe vale below, 
 Where yonder steeples flash like lifted 
 halberds, 
 
 San Ildefonso, from its noisy belfries, 
 Sends up a salutation to the morn. 
 
 As if an armv smote their brazen shields, 
 And shouted victory ! Longfellow. 
 
 Grange, The. An old mansion — 
 the home of Alexander Hamilton 
 — near High Bridge, on the Har- 
 lem River, N.Y. Near the house 
 is a cluster of thirteen trees which 
 he planted, and named after the 
 thirteen original States. It is said 
 that the South-Carolina tree is 
 the only one that grew up crook- 
 ed. 
 
 Grange, New. See New Grange. 
 
 Granville, Grotto of. See Grotto 
 of Granville. 
 
 Gray’s Inn. One of the Inns of 
 Court in London. Lord Bacon 
 was a member of Gray’s Inn, and 
 here sketched his great work, the 
 “ Orgarmm,” though law was his 
 principal study. He dedicated 
 his essays “ from my chamber at 
 Graie’s inn, this 30 of Januarie, 
 1597.” This inn, which Stow says 
 
 has been “a goodly house since 
 Edward III.’s time,” was so 
 (idled from Edmund, Lord Gray 
 » ' Wilton (time of Henry VII ). 
 The Hail was finished in 1510. 
 The men of Gray’s Inn had their 
 revels, masques, and interludes. 
 The Society of Gray’s Inn drink 
 publicly only one toast, — “ to the 
 glorious, pious, and immortal 
 memory of Queen Elizabeth ” 
 Dickens, in his “Uncommercial 
 Traveller,” gives a description of 
 Gray’s Inn. See Inner Temple. 
 
 MOT “ Gray’s Inn is a great quiet 
 domain, quadrangle beyond quadran- 
 gle, close beside llolborn, and a large 
 space of greensward enclosed within 
 it. . . . Nothing else in London is so 
 like the effect of a spell, as to pass un- 
 der one of these archways, and find 
 yourself transported from the jumble, 
 rush, tumult, uproar, as of an age of 
 week-days condensed into the present 
 hour, into what seems an eternal Sab- 
 bath.” Hawthorne * 
 
 Gray’s-Inn Gardens. A fashion- 
 able promenade in London in the 
 time of Charles II. Lord Bacon 
 originally planted the trees in 
 Gray’s-Inn Gardens, though the 
 same trees are not now standing. 
 
 When church was done, my wife and 
 I walked to Graye's Inne, to observe the 
 fashions of the ladies, because of my wife’s 
 making some clothes. Pepys, May , 1662. 
 
 Gray's Inn for walks, Lincoln’s Inn for 
 wall, 
 
 The Inner Temple for a garden, and the 
 Middle for a hall. 
 
 Grazie, Ponte alle. See Ponte 
 alle Grazie. 
 
 Great Bed of Ware. In Shake- 
 speare’s comedy of “ Twelfth 
 Night,” the jolly Sir Toby Belch 
 says to that charming simpleton 
 Sir Andrew Ague-cheek, who is 
 about t<5 write a challenge, “ As 
 many lies as will lie in thy sheet 
 of paper, although the sheet were 
 big enough for the bed of Ware in 
 England, set ’em down.” The 
 piece of furniture here alluded 
 to is a very curious, carved, 
 oaken bedstead, still preserved 
 in an inn called the “ Saracen’s 
 Head,” at Ware. It bears the 
 date 1460, but is said by antiqua- 
 rians to be not older than the 
 
GKE 
 
 209 
 
 GKE 
 
 time of Queen Elizabeth (1558— 
 1608); so that it must have been 
 comparatively new in 1601, when 
 Shakespeare is supposed to have 
 written the “ Twelfth Night.” 
 It measures twelve feet square, 
 and is surmounted by a heavy 
 roof, or canopy, supported by a 
 very high head-board, and by 
 elaborately turned and carved 
 posts at the foot. A few years 
 ago it was put up for sale by auc- 
 tion, and Charles Dickens offered 
 100 guineas ($500) for it; but it 
 was valued at a higher sum, and 
 was consequently bid in by the 
 owner. 
 
 Great Bell of Moscow. See Em- 
 peror of Bells. 
 
 Great Bell of St. Paul’s. This 
 bell of London is only used at the 
 death and funeral of members of 
 the royal family, the bishop of 
 the diocese, the dean of the ca- 
 thedral, and the lord-mayor of 
 London (while holding office). 
 It was cast in 1716, weighs 5 
 tons 4 cwt., and is 6 feet 10J 
 inches in diameter at the inoutln 
 
 Little P.ritain has its long catalogue of 
 city wonders, which its inhabitants con- 
 sider the wonders of the wor d; such as 
 the Great Bell of St. Paul's , which sours 
 all the beer when it tolls. Irving. 
 
 Great Comstock Lode. See Com- 
 stock Lode. 
 
 Great Conception of Seville. A 
 celebrated picture by Bartolome 
 Esteban Murillo (1617-1682), rep- 
 resenting the Immaculate Con- 
 ception of the Virgin, called “ the 
 Great Conception,” from its co- 
 lossal size. In the gallery at Se- 
 ville, Spain. 
 
 Great Eastern. A well-known 
 mammoth steamship, without 
 doubt the largest vessel ever 
 built, originally designed for the 
 Australian trade around the Cape 
 of Good Hope. The vessel was 
 intended to transport 1,000 pas- 
 sengers, 5,000 tons of merchan- 
 dise, and 15,000 tons of coal for 
 fuel. She was several years 
 building, and was launched in 
 1857-58 with the broadside 
 toward the river, but not un- 
 til after various unsuccessful 
 
 efforts had been made, with an 
 expenditure of some $800,000. 
 For a year she plied between 
 England and the United States, 
 but without earning sufficient to 
 pay the running expenses. In 
 1861 she was employed to convey 
 2,000 troops from England to 
 Canada. In 1864 she was em- 
 ployed to lay the Atlantic cable, 
 and has since been repeatedly 
 used for the same purpose. For 
 ordinary traffic she has proved an 
 expensive luxury, having cost, 
 so far, it is said, some $25,000,000, 
 including repairs, and has never 
 returned a quarter of that sum. 
 
 What, must be the natural excellence of 
 the harbor of Portland will be understood 
 when it is borne in mind that the Great 
 Eastern can enter it at all times, and that 
 it can la} r along the wharves at any hour 
 of the tide. Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Great Gun of Moscow. A famous 
 piece of ordnance preserved in 
 the Kremlin at Moscow, Russia, 
 and popularly called the “ pocket- 
 piece ” of the Empress Anne. 
 The diameter of the bore is three 
 feet, but the gun is said never to 
 have been used. 
 
 Great Harry. This was the first 
 double-decked vessel, and the 
 first war-vessel of any size, built 
 in England. She was construct- 
 ed in 1509, by order of King Hen- 
 ry the Seventh, in honor of whom 
 she was named. She was of 1,000 
 tons’ burden, measured 188 feet 
 in length and 88 feet in breadth, 
 from outside to outside, carried 
 80 guns, and cost upwards of 
 £14,000. Her stem and stern 
 were very lofty; and she carried 
 four masts, according to the fash- 
 ion of the time. She had three 
 Hush-decks, a forecastle, half- 
 deck, quarter-deck, and round- 
 house. Down to the year 1545, 
 the Great Barry was the only 
 vessel of her kind in the British 
 service. She was accidentally 
 burned at Woolwich in 1558, in 
 her forty-fifth year. 
 
 And above them all, and strangest of all. 
 Towered the Great Harry , crank and tail, 
 Whose picture was hanging on the wall, 
 With bows and stein raised high in air, 
 And balconies hanging here and there, 
 
GRE 
 
 210 
 
 GRE 
 
 And signal-lanterns and flags afloat, 
 
 And eight round towers, like those that 
 frown 
 
 From some old castle, looking down 
 Upon the drawbridge and the moat. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Great Mogul, Court of the. See 
 
 Court of the Great Mogul. 
 
 Great Peter. 1. The oldest of the 
 existing great hells in England is 
 Great Peter of Exeter. Its pre- 
 decessor was of the date of 1184. 
 The present bell was cast in 1676, 
 weighs 6 tons 5 cwt., and is 6 
 feet 4 inches in diameter at the 
 mouth. 
 
 2. Great “ Peter of York ” was 
 cast in 1845, weighs 12 tons 10 
 cwt., and is 8 feet 4 inches in 
 diameter at the mouth. 
 
 Great Pyramid. This oldest monu- 
 ment of Egypt and of the world, 
 near Gheezeh and Cairo, was 
 founded about 5,000 years ago by 
 Cheops, or Suphis, who is said 
 to have employed 100,000 men at 
 a time on the work, who were re- 
 lieved by the same number every 
 three months. The work occu- 
 pied twenty years, besides ten 
 for constructing the causeway 
 by which the immense stones 
 were conveyed from the Arabian 
 hills. It was undoubtedly de- 
 signed for a tomb as well as for 
 astronomical purposes. It cov- 
 ers an area of 577,600 square feet, 
 and is 484 feet in perpendicular 
 height. The view from the sum- 
 mit is extensive and interesting, 
 including as it does the Nile, the 
 minarets of Cairo, the pyramids 
 of Abooseer, Sakkara and Das- 
 lioor, and a wide expanse of des- 
 ert. The principal apartment in 
 the pyramid is called the King’s 
 Chamber: in it is a sarcophagus, 
 which is without sculptures or 
 hieroglyphics. There are also 
 many other apartments, one of 
 which is called the Queen’s 
 Chamber. It is said that the 
 pyramid was first opened by the 
 Caliph Mamoon, about the year 
 820 A.D.; but it is quite probable 
 that it had been previously 
 opened. Arab historians relate 
 that a statue enclosing a body 
 supposed to be that of the king, 
 
 was found in the sarcophagus; 
 but this statement is not wholly 
 trustworthy. The second pyra- 
 mid, as it is called, near the Great 
 Pyramid, contains one main 
 chamber in which is a sarcopha- 
 gus. The third pyramid, though 
 much smaller than the others, 
 excels them by having a coating 
 of beautiful red granite from 
 Syene. 
 
 4®= “ The area of the Great Pyra- 
 mid is more than twice the extent of 
 that at St. Peter’s at Rome, or of any 
 other building in the world. Its height 
 is equal to the highest spire of any 
 cathedral in Europe ; for though it has 
 been attempted to erect higher build- 
 ings, in no instance has this yet been 
 successfully achieved. Even the third 
 pyramid covers more ground than any 
 Gothic cathedral, and the mass of ma- 
 terials it contains far surpasses that of 
 any erection we possess in Europe.” 
 
 Fergusson. 
 
 4®"* “ Profound as is the impression 
 created at the foot of the pyramid, — 
 where the spectator, face to face with 
 the enormous mass, loses the full view 
 of the angles and the summit, — it :s 
 only after ascending to the top that he 
 obtains a just idea of the whole, and 
 finds expectation eclipsed by reality. 
 From the summit the eye might traverse 
 a distance of 36 miles were the human 
 vision capable of distinguishing ob- 
 jects so far away. A stone thrown 
 with the greatest possible force does 
 not clear the base, but usually falls 
 upon some of the lower steps. Owing 
 to a common optical illusion, he who 
 casts the stone imagines that he has 
 sent his missile to a great distance : but 
 as the eye follows it, the stone seems 
 to turn back; and it falls only at the 
 foot of the vast structure.” 
 
 Lefevre , Trans. 
 
 A man shall sit down with his friend at 
 the foot of tin' Great Pyramid ; and they 
 will take up the question they had been 
 talking about under “ the great elm,” and 
 forget all about Egypt. Holmes. 
 
 At last, our short noon-shadows hid 
 The top-stone, bare and brown, 
 
 Fmm whence, like Gizeh's pyramid. 
 
 The rough mass slanted down. 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 Great Seal (of England). A pair 
 of dies made of silver into which, 
 when closed, melted wax is 
 poured. “ The impression of the 
 seal is six inches in diameter and 
 three-quarters of an inch thick. 
 
GRE 
 
 211 
 
 GRE 
 
 On every accession to the throne 
 a new seal is struck; and the old 
 one is cut into four pieces, and de- 
 posited in the Tower of London.” 
 
 Nav, more; I can say and will say, 
 t liar, as a Peer of Parliament, as a Speaker 
 of this right honorable House, as Keeper 
 of the Great Seal , as Guardian of bis Maj- 
 esty’s conscience, as Lord High Chancel- 
 lor of England, — nay, even in that char- 
 acter alone, in which the noble Duke 
 would think it an affront to be considered, 
 but which character none can deny me, — 
 as a man, — I am, at this moment, as re- 
 spectable— I beg leave to add, 1 am as 
 much respected— as the proudest, peer 1 
 now look down upon. Lord Thurlow. 
 
 Great Square. See Place Mehe- 
 met Ali and Plaza Mayor. 
 
 Great Stone Face. See Profile, 
 The. 
 
 Great Tom. 1. A famous hell in 
 the tower of Christ Church Col- 
 lege, Oxford, England. It was 
 cast in 1681, weighs 17,000 pounds, 
 and is seven feet in diameter at 
 the mouth. The original hell be- 
 longed to Osney Abbey, and was 
 inscribed, “ In Thomse laude 
 res on o Bim Bom sine fraude.” 
 
 One hundred and one times the mighty 
 sound, 
 
 Such as when Vulcan forged the war- 
 god’s shield, 
 
 Startled the Lemnian shepherd in his 
 field, 
 
 Hath Christ-church giant bell swung out 
 around, 
 
 And the night songster’s voice melodious 
 drowned. J. B. Norton. 
 
 2. A famous bell, formerly in 
 'Westminster Palace, London, 
 afterwards given or sold by Wil- 
 liam III. to dean and chapter of 
 St. Paul’s, and then broken and 
 recast. See Big Ben. 
 
 46^** There was formerly a * Great 
 Tom of Westminster,’ which was sold 
 for St. Paul’s Cathedral in 1698; but, as 
 though he determined never to give 
 out a sound of his voice away from his 
 own place, as he was being conveyed 
 by Temple Bar — the boundary of 
 Westminster and London — he rolled 
 off the carriage and was broken. In 
 1708 he was recast by Philip Wight- 
 man.” L.Jeivitt. 
 
 3. [of Lincoln.] The celebrat- 
 ed bell of this name was cast, 
 with additional material, from a 
 still older bell, in 1610. This 
 “ Tom ” was the predecessor of 
 
 the present bell, which was cast 
 in 1834, weighs 5 tons 8 cwt., and 
 is 6 feet 10^ inches in diameter at 
 the mouthT 
 
 4. A celebrated bell in the 
 tower of St. Peter’s Cathedral, 
 in Exeter, England. This bell 
 weighs 12,500 pounds. 
 
 Great Tun of Heidelberg. See 
 
 Tun of Heidelberg. 
 
 Great Wall of China. A famous 
 structure traversing the northern 
 boundary of the Chinese empire, 
 carried over hills, valleys, and 
 rivers. Its length is over 1,200 
 miles, its height 20 feet, its thick- 
 ness 25 feet at the base, and 15 
 feet at the top. At intervals of 
 100 feet are towers. For a good 
 part of its length, the wall is now 
 but a heap of rubbish. This great 
 structure was built about 200 
 B.C. as a defence against the 
 Tartars. 
 
 There standetli a building which ages have 
 tried: 
 
 It is not a dwelling, it is not a fane. 
 
 A hundred days round it the rider may 
 ride, 
 
 And ride, if to compass its measure, in 
 vain ; 
 
 And years told in hundreds against it have 
 striven. 
 
 By time never sapped, and by storm 
 never bowed, 
 
 Still sublimely it stands in the rainbow of 
 heaven, 
 
 Reaching now to the ocean and now to 
 the cloud. 
 
 Not constructed a boast to vainglory to 
 yield, 
 
 It serves as defender, to save and to 
 shield ; 
 
 And nowhere its like on the earth is sur- 
 veyed ; 
 
 And yet by the labors of man it was 
 made ! Schiller , Trans. 
 
 Mr. Hue, I think it is, who tells us some 
 very good stories about the wav in which 
 two Chinese gentlemen contrive to keep 
 up a long talk without saying a word 
 which has any meaning in it. Something 
 like this is occasionally heard on this side 
 of the Great Wall. Holmes. 
 
 Great Western. One of the early 
 steam-propelled vessels of the 
 British merchant- marine. She 
 left Bristol April 7, 1838, and 
 reached New York in 15 days. 
 
 Greater and the Lesser Passion. 
 
 See Passion, etc. 
 
 Grecian, The. A former coffee- 
 house of London, in Devereux 
 
GRE 
 
 212 
 
 GRE 
 
 Court, Strand, so called after the 
 “ Grecian ” (one Constantine) by 
 whom it was kept. The Grecian 
 figures in “The Tatler” and 
 “ Spectator,” and was resorted 
 to by Goldsmith, Foote, and by 
 Fellows of the Royal Society. It 
 was closed in 1843. 
 
 The coffee-house was the Londoner’s 
 house; and those who wished to tind a 
 gentleman, commonly asked, not whether 
 he lived in Fleet Street or Chancery 
 Lane, but whether he frequented “the 
 Grecian ” or ** the Rainbow. ” Macaulay. 
 
 Grecian Theatre. A theatre near 
 the garden of the Eagle Tavern, 
 City Road, London, devoted to 
 the melo-drama, farce, and ballet. 
 Greek Cross, Hall of the. See 
 Sala a Croce Greca. 
 
 Greek Slave. A celebrated statue 
 by Hiram Powers (1805-1873). It 
 was finished in 1873, and several 
 copies came from the artist’s stu- 
 dio. One is now in the gallery of 
 the Duke of Cleveland, England, 
 another in the Corcoran Gallery, 
 Washington, a third in the pos- 
 session of Earl Dudley, and oth- 
 ers elsewhere. 
 
 They say Ideal Beauty cannot enter 
 The house of anguish. On the threshold 
 stands 
 
 An alien Image with the shackled hands, 
 Called the Greek Slave: as if the artist 
 meant In r 
 
 (That passionless perfection which he 
 lent her, 
 
 Shadowed, not darkened, where the sill 
 expands) 
 
 To so confront man’s crimes in different 
 lands 
 
 With man’s ideal sense. Tierce to the 
 centre, 
 
 Art’s fiery finger! — and break up ere 
 long 
 
 The serfdom of this world ! Appeal, fair 
 stone, 
 
 From God’s pure heights of beauty, against 
 man's wrong ! 
 
 Catch up in thy divine face, not alone 
 East griefs but west, and strike and 
 shame the strong. 
 
 By thunders oi white silence overthrown. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 I mean no disrespect to Gibson or Pow- 
 ers; . . . but I think the world would be 
 all the richer if their Yenuses, tlieir Greek 
 Slaves, their Eves, were burnt into quick- 
 lime, leaving us only this statue [the 
 Venus de Aiedici] as our image of the 
 beautiful. Hawthorne. 
 
 Green, The. A central square in 
 the city of New Haven, Conn., 
 generally known by this name. 
 
 It was laid out in 1G38 by John 
 Davenport of London, the found- 
 er of the city and colony. 
 
 Green Gallery. [Ger. Das grilne 
 Geivolbe.] A collection of jew- 
 els and costly articles in the pal- 
 ace of the elector of Saxony, at 
 Dresden, Germany. This collec- 
 tion is unsurpassed in Europe. 
 
 Green Grotto. A celebrated cav- 
 ern in the isle of Capri, near Na- 
 ples. 
 
 Under these amazing crags, 
 over a smooth, sunny sea, we sped 
 along towards a point where the boat- 
 man said we should find the Green 
 Grotto. It lies inside a short project- 
 ing cape of the perpendicular shore, 
 and our approach to it was denoted by 
 a streak of emerald fire flashing along 
 the shaded water at the base of the 
 rocks. A few more strokes on the 
 oars carried us under an arch twenty 
 feet high, which opened into a rocky 
 cave beyond. The water being shallow, 
 the white bottom shone like silver; and 
 the pure green hue of the waves, filled 
 and flooded with the splendor of the 
 sun, was thrown upon the interior fa- 
 cings of the rocks, making the cavern 
 gleam like transparent glass. It was a 
 marvellous surprise. . . . The bright- 
 ness of the day increased the illusion, 
 and made the incredible beauty of the 
 cavern all the more startling, because 
 devoid of gloom and mystery. It was 
 an idyl of the sea, born of the god-lore 
 of Greece.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 jgSgp “ The so-called Green Grotto 
 has the beauty of moss-agate in its 
 liquid floor; . . . and where there is no 
 other charm to notice, endless beauty 
 maybe found in the play of sunlight 
 upon roofs of limestone . . . mossed 
 over, hung with fern, and catching tones 
 of blue or green from the still deeps 
 beneath.” J. A. Symonds. 
 
 Green Park. An area of 60 acres 
 in London, situated between Pic- 
 cadilly and St. James’s Park, Con- 
 stitution Hill, and the houses of 
 Arlington Street and St James’s 
 Place. It was formerly called 
 Little St. James’s Park. Stafford 
 House, Bridgewater House, and 
 Spencer House are upon the east 
 side of the park. 
 
 Greenmount. A cemetery near 
 Baltimore, Md., established in 
 1838. The grounds are laid out 
 with much taste and skill, and 
 contain many fine monuments. 
 
GRE 
 
 213 
 
 GRE 
 
 Greenway Court. A decayed man- 
 sion near Berry ville, Va., once 
 the residence of Lord Fairfax. 
 
 Greenwich Hospital. An asylum 
 for old and disabled seamen on 
 the Thames, a few miles below 
 London. It was opened in 1705. 
 
 Macaulay says in liis sketch 
 of the death of Mary II., “ The affec- 
 tion with which her husband cherished 
 her memory was attested by a monu- 
 ment the most superb that was ever 
 erected to any sovereign. No scheme 
 had been so much her own, none had 
 been so near her heart, as that of con- 
 verting the palace at Greenwich into a 
 retreat for seamen. It had occurred to 
 her when she had found it difficult to 
 provide good shelter and good attend- 
 ance for the thousands of brave men 
 who had come back to England wound- 
 ed after the battle of La Hogue. While 
 she lived, scarcely any step was taken 
 towards the accomplishing of her favor- 
 ite design. But it should seem, that, 
 as soon as her husband had lost her, he 
 began to reproach himself for having 
 neglected her wishes. No time was 
 lost. A plan was furnished by Wren; 
 and soon an edifice, surpassing that 
 asylum which the magnificent Lewis 
 had provided for his soldiers, rose on 
 the margin of the Thames. . . . Few 
 of those who now gaze on the noblest 
 of European hospitals, are aware that 
 it is a memorial of the virtues of the 
 good Queen Mary, of the love and sor- 
 row of William, and of the great victory 
 of La Hogue.” 
 
 Greenwich Park. A royal de- 
 mesne at Greenwich, near Lon- 
 don, much resorted to by the in- 
 habitants of the metropolis. It 
 was enclosed as a park by Duke 
 Humphrey of Gloucester in the 
 reign of Hemy VI. 
 
 Greenwood. A beautiful cemetery 
 three miles from Fulton Ferry, 
 Brooklyn, N.Y., containing 242 
 acres of land, and ornamented 
 with winding paths, forests, and 
 lakes. 
 
 Gregorio, San. See San Grego- 
 rio. 
 
 Greifenstein. A picturesque med- 
 iaeval stronghold, now in ruins, 
 near Rudolstadt in Germany. 
 
 Grenan, Temple of. See Temple 
 of Grenan. 
 
 Gresham College. This institu- 
 tion in London stood on Bishops- 
 gate Street, and was so called 
 after Sir Thomas Gresham, in 
 whose honor it was established. 
 The Royal Society originated here 
 in 1645. After 1710 the college 
 fell into decay, and in 1768 the 
 building was sold. A handsome 
 stone structure, Basinghall Street, 
 was opened in 1843 for the Gresh- 
 am Lectures. 
 
 Greta Hall. The former residence 
 of the poet Southey, situated on 
 a slight eminence near the town 
 of Keswick, in what is called the 
 Lake District of England. 
 
 Gretna Green. A little village in 
 Scotland much resorted to for- 
 merly by runaway couples from 
 England. Marriages were here 
 celebrated with very little cere- 
 mony, but of late they have been 
 prohibited by Act of Parliament. 
 
 Once in my life I married a wife, 
 
 And where do you think I found her? 
 
 On Gretna Green, in a velvet sheen, 
 
 And I took up a stick to pound her. 
 
 She jumped over a barberry bush, 
 
 Arid 1 jumped over a timber; 
 
 I showed her a gay gold ring, 
 
 And she sliowea me her finger. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 Greve, Place de. See Place de 
 l’ Hotel de Ville. 
 
 Grey Abbey. A picturesque ru- 
 ined monastery in the county of 
 Down, Ireland. 
 
 Grey Friars. This important mon- 
 astery in London was established 
 by the early Franciscans who 
 came to England in the time of 
 Henry III. It was a favorite 
 place of interment for royal per- 
 sonages. Nothing but a few 
 arches now remains of the monas- 
 tery, upon the site of which was 
 founded Christ’s Hospital. 
 
 How often have I seen the casual passer 
 through the cloisters stand still, entrain ed 
 with admiration . . . to hear thee [Coler- 
 idge] unfold, in thy deep and sweet into- 
 nations, the mysteries of Jamblicus or 
 T loti nus, . . . while the walls ot the old 
 Grey Friars re-echoed to the accents of 
 the inspired charity boy ! Charles Lamb. 
 
 Grey Mare’s Tail. A cataract is- 
 suing from the Loch Skene in 
 Scotland. It is one of the loftiest 
 cascades in the country. 
 
GRI 
 
 214 
 
 GRO 
 
 Whore deep, deep down, and far within, 
 Toils with the rocks the roaring linn ; 
 
 Then issuing forth one foaming wave. 
 
 And wheeling round the Giant’s Grave 
 White as ihe snowy charger’s tail, 
 
 Drives down the pass of Moffatdale. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 46^“ A rather narrow stream, whit- 
 ened in plunges over rough rocks, pours, 
 in one broad broken sheet, over a pre- 
 cipitous crag of jagged, eccentrically 
 stratified, gray rock. . . . The entire 
 height of the fall is about 350 feet. It is 
 part of a capital example of peculiarly 
 Scottish scenery.” J. F. Hunnewell. 
 
 Grillo, Torre del. See Torre del 
 Grillo. 
 
 Grimani Breviary. A celebrated 
 illuminated service-book, con- 
 taining beautiful miniatures. In 
 the library of the Ducal Palace, 
 Venice. 
 
 Grimani Palace. [Ital. Palazzo 
 Grimani. ~\ A noble palace in 
 Venice, Italy, fronting on the 
 Grand Canal. It was built in the 
 sixteenth century, and is now 
 used as the post-office. It was 
 formerly decorated with frescos 
 of Tintoretto which have disap- 
 peared. 
 
 4®=* “ San Mieheli’s masterpiece is 
 the design of the Grimani Palace. The 
 proportions of the whole fagade are 
 good, and its dimensions give it a dig- 
 nity which renders it one of the most 
 striking facades on the Grand Canal; 
 while the judgment displayed in the 
 design elevates it into being one of the 
 best buildings of the age in which it 
 was erected.” Fergusaori. 
 
 Grimes’s Dike. See Graham’s 
 Dike. 
 
 Grimsel. See Hospice of the 
 Grimsel. 
 
 Griper, The. An Arctic explor- 
 ing ship which sailed from Eng- 
 land under Commander Lyon in 
 1824. 
 
 Griswold, Fort. See Fort Gris- 
 wold. 
 
 Grizzly Giant. A famous tree in 
 Mariposa County, Cal., the lar- 
 gest of a remarkable grove of 
 trees of the Sequoia gig ante a spe- 
 cies. This tree is 107 feet in cir- 
 cumference, and in one place is 
 34 feet in diameter. It reaches a 
 
 height of 200 feet before throwing 
 out a branch, and the first branch 
 is eight feet in diameter. 
 
 Grocers’ Hall. A building in Lon- 
 don belonging to the Company of 
 Grocers, one of the great city 
 guilds. The original hall was 
 built in 1427, but was seriously 
 damaged by the great fire of 1006. 
 It was restored in 1668-09, but in 
 1681 was again in ruins. The 
 present building was erected in 
 1802, and repaired in 1827. 
 
 Gros Bourdon. The largest bell 
 in America, hung in one of the 
 towers of the church of Notre 
 Dame at Montreal, Canada. Its 
 weight is nearly fifteen tons. 
 
 Grosse Garten. [The Great Gar- 
 den.] A fine public park in the 
 neighborhood of Dresden, Ger- 
 many. It is five miles in circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Grosvenor Gallery. See Grosve- 
 nor House. 
 
 Grosvenor House. The city resi- 
 dence of the Marquis of West- 
 minster, London. Formerly, as 
 Gloucester House, it was inhab- 
 ited by the Duke of Gloucester, 
 brother of George III. It con- 
 tains a fine collection of paint- 
 ings, — the celebrated Grosvenor 
 Gallery, — including some of the 
 best works of Claude and Ru- 
 bens. 
 
 Grosvenor Square. An area of 
 six acres in London, built 1723- 
 1730, and so called from Sir Rich- 
 ard Grosvenor (d. 1732). One of 
 the most aristocratic quarters in 
 London. 
 
 They [certain writers] conceived oi 
 liberty as monks conceive of love, as 
 cockneys conceive of the happiness and 
 innocence of rural life, as novel-reading 
 sempstresses conceive of Almack’s and 
 Grosvenor Square, accomplished marquess- 
 es and handsome colonels of the Guards. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Let Stott, Carlisle, Matilda, and the rest 
 Of Grub Street, and of Grosvenor-place 
 the best, 
 
 Scrawl on, ’till death release us from the 
 strain, 
 
 Or Common Sense assert her rights again. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Grotta Azzura. See Blue Grotto. 
 
GEO 
 
 215 
 
 GEO 
 
 Grotta del Cane. [Grotto of the 
 Dog.] A celebrated but small 
 cave at the base of a rocky hill 
 on the southern bank of the Lake 
 Agnano near Naples. The cav- 
 ern is constantly emitting from 
 its sides and floor quantities of 
 vapor mingled with carbonic-acid 
 gas. The latter, being the heav- 
 ier, accumulates at the bottom, 
 leaving the upper part of the 
 cave free from gas. The cave 
 derives its name from the com- 
 mon experiment of subjecting a 
 dog to the effects of the gas, and 
 afterwards restoring him by ex- 
 posure to the air. 
 
 We tried the old experiment of a dog in 
 the Grotto del Cane, or Charon’s Cave; it 
 is not above three or four paces deepe, and 
 about the height of a man, nor very broad. 
 Whatever having life enters it presently 
 expires. . . . This experiment has been 
 tried on men, as on that poor creature 
 whom Peter of Toledo caus'd to go in ; 
 likewise on some Turkish slaves, two sol- 
 diers, and other foole-hardy persons, who 
 all perished, and could never be recovered 
 by the water of the lake, as are doggs; for 
 which many learned reasons have been 
 offered, as Simon Majolus in his booke of 
 the Canicular days has mentioned. 
 
 John Evelyn , 1644. 
 
 Grotta della Sibylla. See Sibyl’s 
 Cave. 
 
 Grotta di Posilipo. [Grotto of Po- 
 silipo.] An excavation in the vol- 
 canic soil near Naples, at the ex- 
 tremity of the street called the 
 Chiaja. The earliest mention of 
 it was in the time of Nero. It 
 was enlarged in the fifteenth cen- 
 tury by Alfonso I. In the centre 
 of the tunnel is a recess, forming 
 the chapel of the Virgin, before 
 which a lamp is always burning. 
 Near the top of the east entrance 
 to the grotto is the Roman colum- 
 barium, or sepulchre, known as 
 the tomb of Virgil. See Virgil’s 
 Tomb. 
 
 4®=“ Above the grotto are the re- 
 mains of a columbarium, which, time 
 out of mind, has enjoyed the honor of 
 being called the tomb of Virgil. Nor 
 is it by any means impossible that it is 
 so, though it must be admitted that the 
 weight of evidence is against the claim. 
 But there is quite enough of interest 
 clinging round it from the fact that a 
 long line of poets and scholars, begin- 
 ning with Petrarch and Boccaccio, have 
 
 visited the spot more in the spirit of 
 faith than of scepticism. There is 
 nothing at all remarkable in the struc- 
 ture itself, which is of brick, shattered 
 by time, and overgrown with myrtle, 
 wild vines, and grass. Whether Vir- 
 gil were really buried here or not, it is 
 certainly a spot which a poet might 
 well choose for his last repose.” 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 Ah ! precious every drape of myrtle 
 bloom 
 
 And leaf of laurel crowning Virgil's tomb ! 
 
 Through the steep 
 
 Is hewn Posilipo’s most marvellous grot ; 
 And to the prince of Roman bards, whose 
 sleep 
 
 Is in this singular and lonely spot, 
 
 Doth a wild rumor give a wizard’s name, 
 Linking a tunnelled road to Maro’s fame ! 
 
 W. Gibson. 
 
 Grotto de la Vierge. [Grotto of 
 the Virgin.] A noted place of pil- 
 grimage in the present century at 
 Lourdes, France. Its celebrity be- 
 gan in 1858 through the declara- 
 tions of a girl who affirmed that 
 the Holy Virgin had appeared to 
 her. In the following year over 
 200,000 persons visited the spot. 
 In the cavern is a spring which 
 is believed to possess miraculous 
 properties of healing. 
 
 Grotto of Adelsberg. A celebrat- 
 ed grotto, or cave, in the lime- 
 stone rock near Adelsberg in 
 Styria, Southern Austria. It is 
 one of the most interesting and 
 extensive in the world, and is 
 hung with the most beautiful sta- 
 lactites. 
 
 Grotto of Antiparos. A celebrat- 
 ed stalactitic cavern on the isl- 
 and of Oliaros (Antiparo), in the 
 Aegean Sea. 
 
 Grotto of Egeria. See Fountain 
 of Egeria. 
 
 Grotto of Granville. A natural 
 curiosity in Southern France, 
 near Le Bugue. It is a cavern 
 extending a mile in a straight 
 line, and, with its branches, meas- 
 uring some two or three miles. 
 
 Grotto of Jeremiah. A spacious 
 cave near the Damascus Gate of 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Grotto of St. John. A cavern, or 
 grotto, belonging to the monas- 
 tery of St. John in the island of 
 
GRO 
 
 216 
 
 GUE 
 
 Patmos, off the west coast of 
 Asia Minor. It is the supposed 
 abode of the apostle John, who 
 had been banished to this island, 
 A.D. 94, by the Roman emperor, 
 Domitian, and who is reported 
 to here have had the visions re- 
 corded in the Book of Revelation. 
 
 Grottos of Beni Hassan. See 
 Beni Hassan. 
 
 Growler, The. A United States 
 vessel of war captured by the 
 British, June 3, 1813. 
 
 Grub Street. The former title of 
 Milton Street, Cripplegate, Lon- 
 don, which was once the resi- 
 dence of authors of the less fortu- 
 nate class, and the jest of the 
 more favored. From its being 
 inhabited by these literary hacks, 
 the name was familiarly used to 
 characterize any worthless author 
 or any poor production. This 
 character it seems to have ob- 
 tained as far back as the time of 
 Cromwell, when the street con- 
 sisted of low and mean houses, 
 which were let out in lodgings, 
 in many instances to persons 
 whose occupation was publishing 
 anonymously what were then 
 deemed libellous or treasonable 
 works. John Foxe the martyr- 
 ologist, Speed the historian, and 
 other authors, resided in Grub 
 Street. Memoirs of the Society of 
 Grub Street appeared in 1737. Its 
 name was changed to Milton 
 Street in 1830. The name Grub 
 Street, as a term of reproach or 
 contempt, is said to have been first 
 used with reference to the works 
 of Foxe. The present designa- 
 tion of the street is taken from 
 the name of one Milton, a build- 
 er, and not, as might naturally be 
 conjectured, from that of the poet. 
 
 J “ Pope’s arrows are so sharp, 
 and his slaughter so wholesale, that 
 the reader’s sympathies are often en- 
 listed on the side of the devoted inhab- 
 itants of Grub Street. He it was who 
 brought the notion of a vile Grub 
 Street before the minds of the general 
 public; he it was who created such as- 
 sociations as author and rags, author 
 and dirt, author ami gin. The occupa- 
 tion of authorship became ignoble 
 through his graphic description of mis- 
 
 ery, and the literary profession was 
 for a long time destroyed.” 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Our theatres are now' open, and all Grub- 
 street is preparing its advice to the man- 
 agers. We shall undoubtedly hear learn- 
 ed disquisitions on the structure of one 
 actor's legs, and another’s eyebrow's. Y\ e 
 shall be told much of enunciations, tones, 
 and attitudes, and shall have our lighten 
 pleasures commented upon bv cidmtic 
 dulness. 'Goldsmith 
 
 When w r e first visited Grub-strtet ami 
 with bared head did reverence to tin 
 genius of the place, with a “ Salvo, mag- 
 na parens! ” we were astonished to 1 am. 
 on inquiry, that the authors did not dw ell 
 there now, but had all removed, % a < 
 ago, to a sort of “ High Life below Stairs. " 
 far in the w'est. Carlyle. 
 
 Let Bud gel charge low Grub-street with 
 his quill. 
 
 And write whate’er he please, — except 
 my w ill. Pope. 
 
 Not with less glory mighty Dulness 
 crown’d, 
 
 Shall take through Grub-street her tri- 
 umphant round. 
 
 And her Parnassus glancing o’er at once, 
 Behold a hundred sons, and each a dunce. 
 
 Pope . 
 
 I’d sooner ballads write, and Grub-street 
 lays. Gay. 
 
 Grime Gewolbe. See Green Gal- 
 lery. 
 
 Grlitli. A meadow on the shore of 
 the Lake of Lucerne, Switzer- 
 land, famous as the meeting- place 
 of the three mythical heroes of 
 Switzerland, Werner Stauffacher, 
 Erni of Melchthal, and Walter 
 Fiirst of Uri, who are said to 
 have assembled here in the night, 
 and formed plans for the deliver- 
 ance of their country from the 
 Austrian yoke. This spot is now 
 the property of the Swiss Repub- 
 lic, having been purchased in 1859 
 by subscriptions. 
 
 Guards. See Horse Guards. 
 
 Guards’ Club. A London club, 
 founded in 1810, and confined to 
 officers of the regiments of Foot- 
 Guards who distinguished them- 
 selves at Waterloo and in the 
 Crimea. The club-house is in 
 Pall Mall. 
 
 Guelfa, Torre. See Torre Guel- 
 fa. 
 
 Guernica, Oak of. See Oak of 
 Guernica. 
 
GUE 
 
 217 
 
 GUY 
 
 Guerri&re, La. A British frigate 
 captured during the war of 1812 
 by the United States vessel Con- 
 stitution. 
 
 Long the tyrant of our coast 
 Reigned the famous Guerriere. 
 
 Our little navy she defied, 
 
 Public ship and privateer. 
 
 On her sails in letters red 
 To our captains were displayed 
 
 Words of warning, words of dread, — 
 
 “ All who meet me have a care, 
 
 I am England’s Guerriere .” 
 
 Old Song. 
 
 “The wand of British invincibility was 
 broken when the flag of the Guerriere 
 came down. That one event was worth 
 more to the Republic than all the money 
 which has ever been expended for the 
 navy. R. F. Stockton. 
 
 Guildhall, The. A name of gen- 
 eral application, hut specially 
 used to designate the Town-Hall 
 of the city of London, where the 
 principal corporation business is 
 transacted, and its hospitality 
 exercised. The Guildhall will 
 contain between 8,000 and 7,000 
 persons. The inauguration din- 
 ners of the lord-mayors have 
 been held here since 1501. It is 
 magnificently decorated upon the 
 occasion of royal entertainments. 
 The present, or third Guildhall, 
 was first built in 1411, though but 
 little more than the walls of the 
 original building now remain. 
 See Gog and Magog. 
 
 4®=- “ The building itself is a strange 
 architectural medley. . . . The great 
 hall, however, has the grandeur which, 
 in architecture, is always given, in a 
 certain degree, by size. It is 150 feet 
 long. The building has its name from 
 the fact that it was erected by the united 
 efforts of the various guilds of the city, 
 — associations, or rather trading and 
 social institutions, of which the very 
 germ seems not to have crossed the 
 ocean.” Richard Grant White. 
 
 Our great, fault with writers used to be, 
 not that they were intrinsically more or 
 less completed Dolts, with no eye or ear 
 for the “open secret” of the world, or for 
 any thing save the “ open display ” of the 
 world, — for its gilt ceilings, marketable 
 pleasures, war-chariots, and all manner, 
 to the highest manner, of Lord-Mayor 
 shows and Guildhall dinner-*, and their 
 own small part and lot therein: but the 
 head and front of their offence lay in this, 
 that they had not “frequented the society 
 of the upper classes.” Carlyle. 
 
 Gloster. Go after, after, Cousin Buck* 
 mgham. 
 
 The Mayor towards Guildhall hies him in 
 all post : 
 
 There, at your meetest vantage of the time, 
 infer the bastardy of Edward's children: 
 Tell them how Edward put to death a cit- 
 izen, 
 
 Only for saying he would make his son 
 Heir to the crown; meaning, indeed, his 
 house, 
 
 Which, by the sign thereof, was termed so- 
 
 Buck. I go; and, towards three or four 
 o'clock, 
 
 Look for the news that the Guildhall af- 
 fords. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Gutenberg. A bronze statue of 
 the inventor, modelled by Albert 
 Bertel Thorwaldsen (1770-1844), 
 erected in 1837 at Mayence, the 
 expense being defrayed by sub- 
 scriptions from all parts of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Gutenfels. A well-known stately 
 castle on the banks of the Rhine, 
 near the town of Caub. It is al- 
 luded to as early as 1257. In 1504 
 it was besieged for six weeks by 
 the Landgrave William of Hes- 
 sen, but without success. It re- 
 mained in a habitable condition 
 till the beginning of the present 
 century, when, in 1805, it was de- 
 molished by order of Napoleon, 
 and is now but a picturesque ruin. 
 
 Guy Fawkes’s Cellar. An under- 
 ground apartment, which former- 
 ly served as a kitchen, in the old 
 palace at Westminster, and into 
 which the conspirators obtained 
 entrance from an adjoining house. 
 The Parliament chamber above 
 this vault was taken down about 
 the year 1823. 
 
 Guy’s Cliff. A noted spot, the re- 
 treat of the famous Earl Guy of 
 Warwick, where he and his coun- 
 tess are supposed to be buried, 
 about a mile from Warwick Cas- 
 tle, in England. It has a fine 
 mansion and a romantic cavern, 
 and is one of the places generally 
 visited by tourists. 
 
 Guy’s Hospital. An institution 
 for the sick and lame, near Lon- 
 don Bridge, in Southwark, Lon- 
 don, founded by Thomas Guv (b 
 1645). 
 
GYM 
 
 218 
 
 GYZ 
 
 Gymnasium of Ptolemy, or Stoa 
 of Attains. A marble building 
 in ancient Athens. Pausanias 
 says, that in the Gymnasium, 
 “ which is not far from the Ago- 
 ra, and is called Ptolemseum from 
 him who built it, are Herrnse of 
 
 stone worth inspection.” See 
 Hermje. 
 
 Gyzen George. A remarkable por- 
 trait by Hans Holbein the Young- 
 er (1498 ?— 1543), pronounced by 
 Ruskin “ inexhaustible.” Now 
 in Berlin, Prussia. 
 
HAB 
 
 219 
 
 HAD 
 
 H. 
 
 Habsburg Castle. [Habichtsburg, 
 Hawk’s Castle.] An ancient 
 ruined castle of which little now 
 remains, the old seat of the Im- 
 perial House of Austria, near 
 Brugg, in Switzerland. 
 
 Hackney. A thickly populated 
 district in London. 
 
 4®" Hackney coaches were not so 
 called, as sometimes stated, after this 
 district. 
 
 Haddon Hall. An ancient man- 
 sion, the seat of the Duke of 
 Rutland, near Ashbourne and 
 Bakewell, in Derbyshire, Eng- 
 land. The various portions are of 
 different orders of architecture, — 
 pointed Gothic, Tudor, and Eliza- 
 bethan. No part of the building 
 is of later date than the sixteenth 
 century. It is in good preserva- 
 tion, and is one of the curiosities 
 of the Peak Country. 
 
 Not fond displays of cost, nor pampered 
 train 
 
 Of idle menials, me so much delight. 
 
 As these time-honored walls crowning the 
 plain 
 
 With their gray battlements ; within be- 
 dight 
 
 With ancient trophies of baronial might. 
 
 Henry Alford . 
 
 Hadrian’s Gate, or Arch. See 
 Arch of Hadrian. 
 
 Hadrian’s Mausoleum (Mole, or 
 Tomb). See St. Angelo. 
 
 The highest part [of a monument at St. 
 RdmiJ is a circular colonnade, a miniature 
 copy of that which we know to have once 
 encircled Hadrian's Mole. Fergusson. 
 
 Hadrian’s Villa. [Ital. Villa Adri- 
 ana .] A famous and wonderful 
 relic of imperial times on a plain 
 at the foot of the hill of Tivoli, 
 in the neighborhood of Rome. 
 The emperor Hadrian having re- 
 solved to reproduce all the most 
 striking objects which he had 
 seen in his extensive travels, 
 chose for the purpose a spot 
 singularly favorable by its natu- 
 ral advantages; and in a short 
 
 time, with the immense resources 
 at his command, he covered the 
 ground with a vast number of 
 costly and extensive structures. 
 He is said to have enclosed in 
 this way a space eight or ten 
 miles in circuit. At the present 
 day the ruins present the appear- 
 ance of a confused mass of build- 
 ings going to decay. "Within 
 seventy years after the death of 
 Hadrian, many of the precious 
 marbles used in the construction 
 of these buildings were carried 
 by Caracal la to Rome to deco- 
 rate the Baths which he had then 
 begun. 
 
 4®" “ It rather resembled a city in 
 itself than a single mansion. . . . 
 These proud imperial ruins are now 
 lost among thick olive-groves; their 
 floors, instead of being paved with 
 pictured mosaics, are overgrown with 
 grass; their once magnificent halls are 
 filled with thickets of aged ilex; yet 
 enough still remains to attest their 
 former extent and splendor.” Eaton. 
 
 4®" “ Before quitting the Villa Adri- 
 ana, I filled my pockets with bits of 
 porphyry, alabaster, verd antique, and 
 pieces of stucco and mosaic, all which 
 I afterwards threw away. Many trav- 
 ellers who have gone before me have 
 written their names on the marbles of 
 the Villa Adriana. They have hoped 
 to prolong their existence by attaching 
 a memorial of their fleeting presence 
 to celebrated spots; but they have 
 been deceived. While I was attempt- 
 ing to decipher a name newly written 
 in pencil, a bird started from a tuft of 
 ivy, and a few drops of the recent 
 shower were shaken from its leaves, 
 and, falling upon the name, blotted it 
 out forever. Chateaubriand , Trans. 
 
 Hadrian’s Wall. This wall ex- 
 tended from Bowness ( Tunno - 
 celuw) on the Solway Firth, a 
 distance of nearly 70 miles, to 
 Wallsend {Segedmium) on the 
 Tyne. There were 23 towns on 
 its line; and between these towns, 
 at intervals of a Roman mile, 
 were fortresses, or “ mile-cas- 
 tles.” The common opinion 
 
HAG 
 
 220 
 
 HAL 
 
 tends to the belief that Hadri- 
 an built (A. D. 121) an earthen 
 rampart, and that Severus, to 
 strengthen it, constructed a stone 
 wall (A.D. 208). [Also called the 
 Piets’ Wall.] 
 
 4£§=“ “ Of the wall itself (which was 
 a huge work of masonry varying from 
 18 to 20 feet in height, and from 6 to 10 
 feet in thickness, with fosse and vallum 
 on either side), and of these towers, 
 etc., extensive and wonderful remains 
 exist at the present day, and have, from 
 the inscribed stones and other relics 
 they have furnished, proved a rich 
 storehouse of valuable knowledge.” 
 
 L. Jewitt. 
 
 Hagar and Ishmael. A picture 
 by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, 
 surnamed Guercino (1590-1666). 
 In the Brera at Milan, Italy. 
 
 45T “ The severity of the patriarch, 
 the half-concealed triumph of Sarah, 
 and the broken-hearted expression of 
 the beautiful victim, produce altogether 
 an effect which places it among the 
 very first pictures in the world.” 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 
 “ The famous Guercino is at Milan, 
 however, the ‘ Ilagar ’ which Byron 
 talks of so enthusiastically*. The pic- 
 ture catches your eye on your first en- 
 trance. There is that harmony and 
 effect in the color that mark a master- 
 piece even in a passing glance. It is a 
 piece of powerful and passionate po- 
 etry. The eyes get warm and the 
 heart beats quick ; and, as you walk 
 away, you feel as if a load of oppres- 
 sive sympathy was lifting from your 
 heart.” iV. P. Willis. 
 
 Hagar, Expulsion of. See Expul- 
 sion of Hagar. 
 
 Hagley Park. A noble mansion, 
 the seat of Lord Lyttelton, in 
 Worcestershire, England. It is 
 especially memorable as having 
 been the favorite resort of the 
 English poets, Thomson, Shen- 
 stone, and Pope. 
 
 Courting the Muse, through Hagley Parle 
 you stray : 
 
 Thy British Tempe ! there along the dale. 
 With woods o’erhung, and shagged with 
 mossy rocks 
 
 Whence on each hand the gushing waters 
 play. 
 
 And down the rough cascade white-dash- 
 ing fall. 
 
 You silent steal. James Thomson. 
 
 Hakem. See Mosque of Sultan 
 el Hakf.m. 
 
 Half-Moon, The. The ship in 
 which Henry Hudson sailed for 
 America in the service of the 
 Dutch East India Company, in 
 1609. In this ship he began to 
 explore the coast of New Eng- 
 land for an open channel to the 
 South Sea, and ascended the river 
 afterwards called by his name. 
 
 4®=* “In the ever-memorable year 
 of our Lord, 1609, on a Saturday morn- 
 ing, the five-and-twentieth day of 
 March, old style, did that ‘ worthy and 
 irrecoverable discoverer (as he has 
 justly been called), Master Henry Hud- 
 son,’ set sail from Holland in a stout 
 vessel called the Half -Moon, being em- 
 ployed by the Dutch East India Com- 
 pany, to seek a north-west passage to 
 China.” Irving. 
 
 While drinking in the scene, 
 
 My mind goes back upon the tide of years. 
 And lo, a vision ! On its upward path 
 Tne Half-Moon glides. A. B. Street. 
 
 Others held that it was Hendrick Hud- 
 son and the shadowy crew of the Half- 
 Moon sailing to their weird revels in the 
 Catskills. Washington Irving. 
 
 Half-Moon Tavern. See Shake- 
 speare’s House. 
 
 Halidon Hill. An eminence near 
 Berwick, in Scotland, memorable 
 for a sanguinary battle between 
 the English and Scotch forces in 
 1333, when the former, under 
 Edward III., defeated the Scotch 
 army under the regent Archibald 
 Douglas. Sir Waiter Scott pub- 
 lished in 1822 a dramatic tale 
 called “ Halidon Hill.” 
 
 Aye, but King Edward sent a haughty 
 
 message. 
 
 Defying us to battle on this field, 
 
 This very hill of Halidon. Scott. 
 
 Halifax Gibbet, See Maiden. 
 
 Hall of Animals. See Sala DEGLr 
 Animali. 
 
 Hall of Columns. A magnificent 
 colonnade in the palace of Kar- 
 nac, on the Nile, Egypt. 
 
 4®=* “ A symmetrical forest of oaks 
 and beeches ten centuries old would 
 not give an adequate idea of its thirty 
 parallel ranks of columns. No tree, for 
 instance, could attain the diameter, or 
 the height even, of the twelve great 
 columns that form the axis of the hall. 
 . . . The enormous monolith capitals 
 — heavy enough, one would think, to 
 
HAL 
 
 221 
 
 HAM 
 
 crush any pillar — oppress the imagina- 
 tion with their size. A hundred men 
 could stand on one of them without 
 crowding. Never have greater masses 
 of stone been laid than these. . . . The 
 hall itself is 422 feet long by 165 feet 
 broad. The stones of the ceiling rest 
 upon architraves supported by 134 col- 
 umns which are still standing, and of 
 which the largest measures 10 feet in 
 diameter, and more than 72 feet in 
 height. Sesostris and his two prede- 
 cessors constructed the hall of columns, 
 and the date of its construction was 
 about the fourteenth and thirteenth 
 centuries before Christ.” 
 
 Ltfevre , Trans. Donald. 
 
 Hall of Fame, The Bavarian. 
 [Ger. Die baierisclie BvhmesJialle.] 
 A famous structure in the imme- 
 diate neighborhood of Munich, 
 the capital of Bavaria, consisting 
 of “ a Doric portico forming three 
 sides of a quadrangle, in the cen- 
 tre of whose open side rises the 
 colossal statue of Bavaria,” q.v. 
 The building contains the statues 
 of distinguished Bavarians. 
 
 Hall of the Biga. See Sala della 
 Big a. 
 
 Hall of the Emperors. A hall in 
 the Museum of the Capitol, Rome, 
 so called because around the room 
 is arranged a very valuable col- 
 lection of 83 busts of Roman em- 
 perors, their wives and relations. 
 
 Hall of the Greek Cross. See Sa- 
 la a Croce Greca. 
 
 Hall of the Vase. An apartment 
 in the Museum of the Capitol, 
 Rome, so called from a fine vase 
 of white marble in the middle of 
 the room. 
 
 Hall of Xerxes. See Xerxes. 
 
 Halles, Les. A building of the 
 fourteenth century in the market- 
 place of Bruges, Belgium, with a 
 lofty belfry-tower containing the 
 finest chimes in Europe, which 
 are played four times an hour by 
 machinery. 
 
 In the market-place of Bruges stands the 
 belfry old and brown, 
 
 Thrice consumed and thrice rebuilded, still 
 it watches o’er the town. 
 
 m Longfellow . 
 
 Halloren, The. A name applied 
 to a cluster of families, some fifty 
 in number, in Halle, Germany, 
 
 who herd together, and gain a 
 poor subsistence in the salt- 
 mines by teaching swimming 
 and by catching larks. They are 
 curious as being probably the 
 last remnant of the ancient 
 Wendish people, who have re- 
 tained their peculiar dress and 
 customs from the time of Charle- 
 magne to the present. 
 
 Ham Citadel. A celebrated politi- 
 cal prison in the little town of 
 Ham, France. It was built in 
 1470. The central tower is 100 
 feet high, and the walls are 36 
 feet thick. Many noted prisoners 
 have been confined here, among 
 others Louis Napoleon, who, after 
 his failure at Boulogne in 1840, 
 remained here for six years until 
 he succeeded in making his es- 
 cape. 
 
 Even now% w'hen the other accusations 
 against her [Marie Antoinette] have sunk 
 down to oblivion and the Father of Lies, 
 this of wanting etiquette survives her. 
 In the Castle of Ham , at this hour [1831], 
 M de Polignac and Company may be 
 wringing their hands, not without an ob- 
 lique glance at her for bringing them 
 thither Carlyle. 
 
 Ham House. The seat of the Earl 
 of Dysart. A residence of the 
 time of James I. at Twickenham 
 near London, where the “ Cabal” 
 ministers of Charles II. used to 
 meet. 
 
 The more than Italian luxury of Ham , 
 with its busts, fountains, and aviaiies, 
 were among the many signs which indi- 
 cated what was the shortest road to 
 boundless wealth. Macaulay. 
 
 Hambye. A beautiful ruined mon- 
 astery near Coutances, France. 
 It was founded in 1145. 
 
 Hamilton, Fort. See Fort Ham- 
 ilton. 
 
 Hamilton Palace. An old feudal 
 mansion of much historic inter- 
 est, the seat of the Duke of Ham- 
 ilton, in the town of the same 
 name in Scotland. The old pal- 
 ace was rebuilt in the seventeenth 
 century, and has received large 
 additions in the present century. 
 It contains one of the most valu- 
 able private collections of paint- 
 ings and other works of art in 
 Great Britain. 
 
HAM 
 
 222 
 
 HAR 
 
 Hamlet and Ophelia. A picture 
 by Benjamin West (1738-1820). 
 In the collection of Mr. Long- 
 worth, at Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Hampton Court Palace. The re- 
 nowned palace built in the parish 
 of Hampton, near London, by 
 Cardinal Wolsev, and by him re- 
 signed to his sovereign, Henry 
 VIII. Two of the original quad- 
 rangles still remain. The later 
 buildings erected by Sir Christo- 
 pher Wren for William III. con- 
 tain the famous state-rooms, por- 
 trait-galleries, and cartoons of 
 Raphael. 
 
 46§T “ Hampton Court is a large gar- 
 den in the French style, laid out in the 
 time of William III. Our style was 
 then the reigning one in Europe.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Ttwas idle to expect that old sailors, 
 familiar with the hurricanes ot the trop- 
 ics and with the icebergs of the Arctic 
 Circle, would pay prompt and respectful 
 obedience to a chief who knew no more 
 ot winds and waves than could be learned 
 in a gilded barge between Whitehall Stairs 
 and Hampton Court. Macaulay. 
 
 For ever curs'd be this detested day, 
 Which snatch’d my best, my favourite 
 curl away: 
 
 Happy ! ah ten times happy had I been. 
 
 If Hampton Court these eyes had never 
 seen ! * Pope. 
 
 Hancock House. A famous old 
 mansion which stood until within 
 a few years in Boston, Mass. It 
 was erected in 1787, and was the 
 residence of Governor John Han- 
 cock (1787-1793). The governors 
 of Massachusetts with the coun- 
 cil were for a long period of years 
 in the habit of dining in this man- 
 sion annually on Election Day. 
 It was taken down in 18G3. 
 
 Haram, The. [Arab, el Hctram 
 es/i-Sherif.] A pile of walls and 
 buildings occupying the site of 
 the ancient Temple on Mount 
 Moriah in Jerusalem, and extend- 
 ing beyond the ancient limits. 
 In extent it is almost equal to a 
 quarter part of the city. It con- 
 tains the celebrated mosques el- 
 Aksa, and Kubbet es-Sukhrah. 
 The interior of the enclosure, 
 with its green grass, its olive- 
 trees and cypresses, and marble 
 fountains, is beautiful The Ha- 
 
 ram is of an oblong shape, meas- 
 uring on its eastern side 1,580 feet, 
 and on its southern 920 feet. 
 
 Harcourt House. The city resi- 
 dence of the Duke of Portland, 
 London. It was originally called 
 Bingley House, from its builder, 
 Lord Bingley. 
 
 Hardwick Hall. An Elizabethan 
 mansion, a seat of the Duke of 
 Devonshire, near Glapwell, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Harleian Library. A collection of 
 manuscripts made by Mr. Har- 
 ley, subsequently theEarl of Ox- 
 ford (d. 1724). “ The collection 
 was purchased by the Govern- 
 ment, and is now in the British 
 Museum. The most important 
 documents in this collection have 
 appeared in the publication 
 known as the Harleian Miscel- 
 lany, the first edition of which 
 came out in 1744. 
 
 Harlot’s Progress. A series of 
 famous dramatic and satirical 
 pictures by William Hogarth 
 (1697-1784). 
 
 “ It would be suppressing the 
 merits of his heart to consider him only 
 a promoter of laughter. . . . Mirth 
 colored his pictures, but benevolence 
 designed them. He smiled like Socra- 
 tes, that men might not be offended at 
 his lectures, and might learn to laugh 
 at their own follies.” Lord Orford. 
 
 Harpers’ Tomb, The. This tomb 
 of Rameses III. at Thebes, Egypt, 
 is commonly known as The Harp- 
 ers’ Tomb, from a picture in one 
 of the chambers, or as Bruce’s 
 Tomb, from its discoverer. It 
 contains some interesting sculp- 
 tures. 
 
 “One of the most celebrated is 
 the Harpers’ Tomb, first mentioned by 
 Bruce, and therefore often called by 
 his name. This is the work of two of 
 the Rameses; and a vast work it is, — 
 extending 405 feet into the hill.” 
 
 Miss Martine.au. 
 
 Harrow. A famous grammar- 
 school in the town of the same 
 name, in the county of Middle- 
 sex, England. The school was 
 ! founded by John Lyon in 1571- 
 
HAR 
 
 223 
 
 HAW 
 
 Harry, The Great. See Great 
 Harry. 
 
 Hart, White. See White Hart. 
 
 Hartford, The. The flagship of 
 Admiral Farragut in the attack 
 upon the defences of New Or- 
 leans, in April, 1862, and subse- 
 quently in the attack upon Mo- 
 bile. 
 
 /Kir* “ On the evening of the 23d, 
 Farragut was ready for his perilous 
 forward movement. The mortar-ves- 
 sels covered the advance by a terrible 
 shower of shells. Farragut in the 
 forechains of the Hartford watched 
 the movements with intense interest 
 through his night-glass. Just at the 
 waning moon, when he was a mile from 
 Fort Jackson, that fortress opened a 
 heavy tire upon the Hartford with 
 great precision. Very soon she re- 
 turned such a tremendous broadside 
 of grape and canister that the garrison 
 were driven from their barbette guns. 
 Before the fleet had fairly passed the 
 forts, the Confederate gunboats and 
 rams took part in the conflict. The 
 scene was awful and grand. The noise 
 of 20 mortars and 26o great guns afloat 
 and ashore was ter rifle. And all this 
 noise and destructive energy — blazing 
 fire-rafts; floating volcanoes, belching 
 out fire and smoke with bolts of death; 
 the fierce rams pushing here and there 
 with deadly force, and the thundering 
 forts — were all crowded in the dark- 
 ness, within the space of a narrow 
 river.” Lossing. 
 
 Came the word of our grand old chief, — 
 
 “ (lo on ! ” ’twas all he said. . 
 
 Our helm was put to the starboard, 
 
 And the Hartford passed ahead. 
 
 H. H. Brownell 
 
 Harvard College. The oldest and 
 most richly endowed institution 
 of learning in the United States, 
 situated in Cambridge, Mass. It 
 was founded in 1638, and named 
 after Rev. John Harvard, who 
 bequeathed it a legacy of £780. 
 The university comprises some 
 28 buildings, three of which are 
 in Boston. 
 
 Hassan, Mosque of Sultan. See 
 
 Mosque of Sultan Hassan. 
 
 Hastings. „ A picture by Joseph 
 Mai lord William Turner (1775- 
 1851), the celebrated English 
 painter. 
 
 Hatfield House. A palace in the 
 county of Hertford, England, 
 
 celebrated as being the place of 
 Elizabeth. Tudor’s imprisonment 
 previous to her accession to the 
 throne of England. It is one of 
 the noblest old places in the 
 country. The hall of the old pal- 
 ace remains; and an old oak is 
 still standing under which Eliza- 
 beth was sitting when the news 
 of Queen Mary’s death arrived, 
 and she was saluted as queen. 
 The river Lea runs through the 
 park. The present building was 
 erected at the beginning of the 
 seventeenth century, and was 
 partially destroyed by fire in 
 1835. Charles I. was a prisoner 
 here. Hatfield House is the seat 
 of the Marquis of Salisbury, and 
 is extremely interesting for its 
 historical documents, pictures, 
 and other valuable relics. The 
 castle has been restored to its 
 original magnificence. It is with- 
 in 20 miles of London. 
 
 1643. 11 March. I went to see my Lord 
 of Salisbury’s palace at Hatfield , where 
 the most c msiderabb rarity besi ie the 
 house was the garden and vineyard. 
 
 John Evelyn, Diary, 
 
 Hattin. See Horns of Hattin. 
 
 Haussman, Boulevart de. A 
 splendid avenue in Paris. It is 
 one of the mo lern boulevards of 
 the city, and has a number of 
 palatial residences. See Boule- 
 vards. 
 
 Haute Vieille Tour. A 'singular 
 old edifice in Rouen, France, sup- 
 posed to be a part of the ancient 
 palace in which King John mur- 
 dered his nephew Prince Arthur. 
 
 Hawk’s Nest. See Marshall’s 
 Pillar. 
 
 Hawthornden. An ancient cottage 
 on the banks of the Esk near Dal- 
 keith, where the poet Drummond 
 once lived. 
 
 J@@=* “I know in my childhood I 
 often used to wish that I could live in n 
 ruined castle; and this Hawthornden 
 would be the very beau-ideal of one as 
 a romantic dwelling-place. It is an old 
 castellated house, perched on the airy 
 verge of a precipice, directly over the 
 beautiful river Esk, looking down one 
 of the most romantic glens in Scotland. 
 The house itself, with its quaint high 
 gables and gray antique walls, appears 
 
HAY 
 
 224 
 
 HEI 
 
 old enough to take you back to the times 
 of William Wallace.” 
 
 Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Who knows not Melville's beechy grove, 
 And Koslin’s rocky glen, 
 
 Dalkeith, which all the virtues love. 
 
 And classic Hawthomden ? Scott. 
 
 — here’s the hawthorn-broidered nook. 
 Where Drummond, nut in vain, 
 
 Awaited his inspiring muse, 
 
 Arid wooed her dulcet strain. 
 
 And there's the oak, beneath whose shade 
 He welcomed tuneful Ben ; 
 
 And still the memory of their words 
 Is nursed in Hawthomden. 
 
 L. II. Sigourney. 
 
 Haymarket, The. “ A very spa- 
 cious ami public street [in Lon- 
 don], where is a great market for 
 hay and straw” (Hatton, 1708). 
 Here are situated the “ Hay mar- 
 ket Theatre,” and “ Her Majes- 
 ty’s Theatre,” or the “ Italian 
 Opera House.” The market was 
 not finally abolished until 1830. 
 Addison wrote his poem “The 
 Campaign” in the Haymarket 
 where he then lived. 
 
 Haymarket Theatre. A celebrated 
 playhouse in London devoted to 
 the regular drama. The first 
 building was opened to the public 
 in 1720, and was called the New 
 French Theatre. This was taken 
 down, and the present theatre 
 was opened July 14, 1821. 
 
 Calculate how far it is from Sophocles 
 and vEsehylus to Knowles and Scribe; 
 how Homer has gradually changed into 
 Sir Harris Nicolas; or what roads the hu- 
 man species must have travelled before a 
 Psalm oi David could become an Opera at 
 the Haymarket. Carlyle. 
 
 Healing of the Lame Man. See 
 Petek and John at the Beau- 
 tiful Gate of the Temple. 
 
 Heart of Mid-Lothian. See Tol- 
 BOOTH. 
 
 Heart of the Andes. A picture 
 by Frederick E. Church (b. 1826). 
 
 “In the Heart of the Andes, 
 philosophically as well as poetically so 
 called, the characteristics of their fertile 
 belt are, as it were, condensed; it is at 
 once descriptive and dramatic; all the 
 tints of tropical atmosphere and all the 
 traits of tropical vegetation combine ‘ to 
 conform the show of things to the de- 
 sire of the mind,’ and to place before 
 it the spectacle of a phase of nature 
 which to northern vision is full of en- 
 chantment.” Tuckerman. 
 
 Hecla, The. An Arctic exploring 
 ship which sailed from England 
 under Sir James Parry in 1824. 
 
 Hector, The. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 Sept. 26, 1862. 
 
 Heidelberg. A picture by Joseph 
 Mai lord William Turner (1775™ 
 1851), the celebrated English paint- 
 er. 
 
 Heidelberg Castle. An imposing 
 ruin on a height adjacent to the 
 city of Heidelberg, Germany. It 
 was both a palace (of the Elec- 
 tor’s Palatine) and a fortress. In 
 the last century it had been re- 
 stored to something like its for- 
 mer splendor; but, having been 
 struck by lightning in 176a and 
 burned, it has never been rebuilt. 
 The fortress was built in the thir- 
 teenth century. 
 
 JKg" “ Some idea of the strength of 
 the castle may be obtained when 1 state 
 that the walls of this tower [one of the 
 round towers] are twenty-two feet 
 thick.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 j&ip “ Heidelberg Castle is of vast 
 extent and various architecture; parts 
 of it, a guide-book says, were designed 
 by Michael Angelo. Over one door 
 was a Hebrew inscription. Marshalled 
 in niches in the wall stood statues of 
 electors and knights in armor, — silent, 
 lonely. The effect was quite different 
 from the old Gothic ruins I had seen. 
 This spoke of courts, of princes; and 
 the pride and grandeur of the past con- 
 trasted with the silence and desertion, 
 reminded me of the fable of the city of 
 enchantment, where king and court 
 were smitten to stone as they stood.” 
 
 C. Beecher. 
 
 Heidelberg Tun. See Tun of 
 Heidelberg. 
 
 Heidenmauer. [Pagan’s Wall.] 
 An old Roman relic, on a height 
 near the town of Diirkheim, in 
 Rhenish Bavaria, consisting of a 
 rampart, said to have been built 
 as a defence against the barbari- 
 ans, and enclosing a space some 
 two miles in circuit. Attila the 
 Hun is said to have wintered 
 here ; and James Fenimore 
 Cooper, the novelist, has taken 
 from it the title of one of his 
 stories, the scene of which he 
 lays in the Vosges mountains in 
 the Middle Ages. 
 
HEI 
 
 225 
 
 hex 
 
 Heights of Abraham. See Abra- 
 ham. 
 
 Helena’s Tomb. A remarkable 
 catacomb at Jerusalem. It is 
 alluded to by Josephus, and by 
 Pausanias, the Greek historian ; 
 and by the latter it is coupled 
 with the tomb of Mausolus in 
 Caria as deserving of special ad- 
 miration. The locality is thought 
 to be identified beyond doubt, 
 and some curious features of the 
 mechanism of the tomb corre- 
 spond closely with the descrip- 
 tion of Pausanias. [Called also 
 Tomb oj the Kings.] 
 
 Helen’s, St. See St. Helen’s. 
 
 Heliodorus. See Expulsion of 
 Heliodorus and Stanze of Ra- 
 phael. 
 
 Heliopolis, Obelisk of. See Obe- 
 lisk of Heliopolis. 
 
 Hell. See Inferno. 
 
 Hell Gate. A part of the East 
 River, about a mile from Central 
 Park, New York, which formerly 
 abounded in rocks very danger- 
 ous to navigation; but these have 
 for the most part been removed. 
 
 46iC “ It is certain, however, that to 
 the accounts of Oloffe and his followers 
 may be traced the various traditions 
 handed down of this marvellous strait: 
 as how the devil has been seen there, 
 sitting astride of the Hog’s Back and 
 playing on the fiddle; how he broils 
 fish there before a storm ; and many 
 other stories in which we must be 
 cautious of putting too much faith. In 
 consequence of all these terrific cir- 
 cumstances, the Pavonian commander 
 gave this pass the name of Ildle-gat , 
 or, as it has been interpreted, Hell- 
 Gate; which it continues to bear at the 
 present day.” Irving's Knickerbocker. 
 
 Hurl-Gate is at least as terrible as this 
 fabled monster [Chary bdis]. T. Chase. 
 
 Hemicycle, The. A picture by 
 Paul Delaroche (1797-1856). “ It 
 
 contains 75 life-size figures, and 
 employed him three years. It 
 represents the arts of different 
 countries and times by groups of 
 portraits of the artists of those 
 times and nations.” In the the- 
 atre of L’Ecole des Beaux Arts 
 at Paris. 
 
 Henham Oak. A noted tree in 
 Suffolk County, England, of great- 
 age and size. It is still standing, 
 though shorn of much of its 
 beauty. 
 
 “The oak was a noted resort 
 for select Jacobite meetings of a con- 
 vivial nature, when Sir Robert Rous 
 and two or three stanch adherents of 
 the exiled house of Stuart were accus- 
 tomed to drink deep healths ‘ to the 
 king, over the water,’ on bended 
 knees.” Agnes Strickland. 
 
 Henrietta, The. A noted yacht 
 which crossed the Atlantic in 14 
 days, 4 hours, reaching Cowes, 
 England, Dec. 25, 1866, and win- 
 ning a prize of $90,000 for supe- 
 rior speed. 
 
 Henry-Grace-a-Dieu. A noted 
 man-of-war belonging to the 
 British navy, built by Henrv 
 VIII in 1515. 
 
 Henry VII. ’s Chapel. A chapel 
 in Westminster Abbe3 T , London, 
 richly ornamened with panelling, 
 its entrance-gates overlaid with 
 brass, gilt, wrought into various 
 devices, and containing many 
 monuments and tombs of royal 
 and distinguished persons. 
 
 JSSr “ The Chapel of Henry VII. is 
 indeed well called by his name, for it 
 breathes of himself through every part. 
 It is the most signal example of the 
 contrast between his closeness in life 
 and his magnificence in the structures 
 lie hath left to posterity, — King’s Col- 
 lege Chapel, the Savoy, Westminster.” 
 Dean Stanley. 
 
 “The Chapel of Henry VII. is 
 one of the most elaborate specimens of 
 Gothic workmanship in the world. If 
 the first idea of the Gothic arch sprung 
 from observing the forms of trees, this 
 chapel must resemble the first concep- 
 tions of that order; for the fluted col- 
 umns rise up like tall trees, branching 
 out at the top into spreading capitals 
 covered with leaves and supporting 
 arches of the ceiling resembling a leafy 
 roof.” Bayard Taylor 
 
 4£gr “The very walls are wroughr 
 into universal ornament, incrusted with 
 tracery, and scooped into niches 
 crowded with statues of saints and 
 martyrs.” Washington Irving. 
 
 I may mention the frieze of angels m 
 Henry the Seventh's Chapel, merely as an 
 example at hand, and which can lie re- 
 ferred to at any moment Mis Jameson 
 
HEP 
 
 226 
 
 HER 
 
 In the Chapel of Henry the Seventh , 
 
 Where the sculptured ceilings rare 
 Show the conquered stone-work, hanging 
 Like cobweb-films in air, 
 
 There are held two shrines in keeping. 
 Whose memories closely press,— 
 
 The tomb of the Rose of Scotland, 
 
 And that of stout Queen Bess. 
 
 Henry Morford. 
 
 The gentle queen [Mary II.] sleeps 
 among her illustrious kindred in the south- 
 ern isle of the Chapel of Henry the Sev- 
 enth. Macaulay 
 
 Heptastadium. The grand cause- 
 way which connected the island 
 of Pharos with Alexandria, in 
 Egypt. It was so called from its 
 length, which was seven stadia, 
 or about three-fourths of a mile. 
 It now forms the base of a por- 
 tion of the modern city; but, ow- 
 ing to the ruins of ancient, and 
 the encroachments of modern, 
 buildings, its precise position can 
 hardly be discerned. 
 
 Heraclean Tables. Two bronze 
 plates of an oblong shape discov- 
 ered in 1832 on the site of the 
 ancient cicy of Heracleia, in Ca- 
 labria, Italy, and now preserved 
 in the Museum at Naples. These 
 plates contain interesting inscrip- 
 tions in Greek. 
 
 Heralds’ College. An edifice in 
 Doctors’ Commons, now removed 
 to Queen Victoria Street, Lon- 
 don, erected by Sir Christopher 
 Wren in 1683, belonging to the 
 institution of the same name 
 which was incorporated by let- 
 Ters-patent of Richard III. The 
 college consists of three kings-at- 
 arms, namely, “ Garter,” “ Cla- 
 reneieux,” and “ Norroy,” and 
 also includes six heralds and four 
 pursuivants. 
 
 Few things illustrate more strikingly 
 the peculiar character of the English Gov- 
 ernment and people than the circumstance 
 that the House of Commons, a popular 
 assembly, should, even in a moment of 
 joyous enthusiasm, have adhered to an- 
 cient forms with the punctilious accuracy 
 > 1 a College of Heralds. Macaulay 
 
 Bob has done more to set the public 
 right on this important point of blazonry 
 than the whole College of Heralds. 
 
 Charles Lamb. 
 
 Hercules. An ancient statue in 
 the British Museum, London. 
 It is supposed by some to be the 
 work of Lysippus, the Greek 
 sculptor. 
 
 Hercules. A colossal statue, made 
 of copper, in the grounds of the 
 famous palace of Wilhelmshohe, 
 Germany. “ Eight persons can 
 stand at a time in the hollow of 
 the club, and out of a little win- 
 dow formed in it enjoy a prospect 
 extending nearly as far as the 
 Brocken.” See Wilhelmshohe. 
 
 Hercules killing Cacus. A well- 
 known marble group by Baccio 
 Bandinelli (1487-1559). Near the 
 entrance of the Palazzo Vecchio, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Hercules. See Farnese Hercu- 
 les and Torso. 
 
 Hercules and Nessus. A group 
 of statuary by Giovanni da Bo- 
 logna, called II Fiammingo ( 1530?- 
 1608). In the Loggia de’ Lanzi, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Hercules and the Centaurs. See 
 Battle of Hercules with the 
 Centaurs. 
 
 Hercules, Apotheosis of. See 
 Apotheosis of Hercules. 
 
 Hercules attacking the Harpies. 
 A painting in distemper by Al- 
 bert Diirer (1471-1528). In the 
 collection of the Landauer Brii- 
 derhaus, at Nuremberg, Bava- 
 ria. 
 
 Hercules’ Pillars. An ancient 
 tavern which was situated in 
 Fleet Street, London. 
 
 After the play was done . we all 
 supped at Hercules Pdlars ; and there I 
 did give the best supper I could, and 
 pretty merry; and so home between 
 eleven and twelve at irght Pepys. 
 
 Another house of the same name 
 was at Hyde-park Corner, London. 
 
 Hercules strangling the Serpents. 
 
 See Infant Hercules. 
 
 Hermae. The name given in an- 
 cient Athens, as a technical term, 
 to any four-cornered posts ter- 
 minating in a head or bust, such 
 as were very common in the pub- 
 lic places of that city. The name 
 is derived from the Greek 'E p/urj?, 
 Mercury. 
 
 Hermannsdenkmal. [Monument 
 to Hermann, or Axminius.] A stat- 
 ue of colossal size, erected in the 
 
HER 
 
 227 
 
 HEK 
 
 present century by general sub- 
 scription throughout Germany, 
 on the Grotenberg, the highest 
 peak in the Teutoburger Forest, 
 Germany, to the memory of the 
 old German hero, Hermann, who 
 defeated the Roman army under 
 Varus, as it is supposed, upon 
 this spot, A.D. 9. 
 
 Hermes. See Mercury. 
 
 Hermin Street. An old Roman 
 road extending from Pevensey, 
 England, to the south-east of 
 Scotland. It derives its name 
 from one of the Saxon divinities. 
 
 Hermitage, The. An imperial 
 palace in St. Petersburg, Russia, 
 connected with the Winter Pal- 
 ace by covered galleries, and 
 forming a sort of continuation of 
 that vast building. It was built 
 by the Empress Catherine in 1804, 
 as a sort of Sans Sonci, and a place 
 of escape from the fatigue of 
 court-life. The principal fa£ade 
 of the palace faces the Neva. It 
 contains a renowned gallery of 
 paintings, embracing some of the 
 choicest productions of the vari- 
 ous schools. 
 
 4®=- “ The name seems to have been 
 jestingly or ironically given. Who 
 would not be a hermit in this immense 
 pile, whose walls are of marble, blaz- 
 ing with gold, whose floors are of the 
 choicest inlaid woods, and whose fur- 
 niture is of the rarest and most costly 
 workmanship in porphyry, jasper, la- 
 pis-lazuli, and malachite. Such splen- 
 dor is now out of place since the palace 
 has been given up to the arts. The 
 vast collection of pictures accumulated 
 by the Russian emperors is here dis- 
 played, together with a gallery of 
 sculpture, one of the finest assortments 
 of antique gems in the world, a collec- 
 tion of Grecian and Etruscan antiqui- 
 ties, and a library of rare books and 
 manuscripts. The picture-gallery is 
 particularly rich in the works of Ru- 
 bens, Vandyke, Rembrandt, Murillo, 
 and the Dutch school.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Hermitage, The. A picturesque 
 garden and fashionable resort in 
 Moscow, Russia. 
 
 4SP “ It lies upon the side of a hill, 
 at the foot of which is a little lake em- 
 bowered in trees. Beyond the water 
 rise massive zigzag walls, the fortifica- 
 
 tions of a Tartar city, whose peaked 
 roofs climb an opposite hill, and stretch 
 far away into the distance; and yet the 
 whole thing is a scenic illusion. Three 
 canvas frames, not a hundred yards from 
 your eye, contain the whole of it. Thou- 
 sands of crimson lamps illuminate tho 
 embowered walks, and on tho top ot 
 the hill is a spacious auditorium, en- 
 closed by lamp-lit arches.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor . 
 
 Hermitage, The. A palace in the 
 neighborhood of Baireuth, Bava- 
 ria, once occupied by Frederick 
 the Great. 
 
 Hermitage, The. A venerable 
 retreat at Warkworth, Northum- 
 berland, England, the most per- 
 fect work of its kind in the king- 
 dom. It is a romantic solitude 
 excavated out of the solid rock. 
 
 The lonely cavern, like a chapel carved. 
 
 Is situate amid the lonely hills. 
 
 The scutcheon, cross, and altar hewn in 
 rock, 
 
 And by the altar is a cenotaph. . . . 
 
 Such must have been his history, who 
 first 
 
 Cut this sad hermitage within the rock. 
 Some spirit-broken and world-weary man. 
 
 Anonymous 
 
 Hermitage, The. The residence 
 of a hermit of the seventh cen- 
 tury on St. Herbert’s Island, in 
 Derwent-Water, near Keswick, 
 England. The ruins are still vis- 
 ible. 
 
 Stranger! not unmoved 
 Wilt thou behold this shapeless heap of 
 stones, 
 
 The desolate ruins of St. Herbert’s cell. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Hermitage, The. An interesting 
 Border mansion in Scotland, near 
 the town of Castelton, a strong- 
 hold of the Douglas family, sup- 
 posed to have been built 1244, and 
 regarded as the oldest baronial 
 edifice in Scotland. 
 
 Hermitage, The. A mansion near 
 Nashville, Tenn., the home for 
 many years of Andrew Jackson, 
 the seventh President of the 
 United States. 
 
 Hermitage. See Sacro Eremo 
 and San Francesco. 
 
 Herne’s Oak. A famous tree in 
 Windsor Park, near London, im- 
 mortalized by Shakespeare. 
 
HER 
 
 228 
 
 HIR 
 
 There is an old tale goes, that Herne the 
 hunter. 
 
 Sometime a keeper here in Windsor For- 
 est. 
 
 Doth all the wintertime, at still midnight. 
 Walk round about an oak, with great 
 ragg’d horns ; 
 
 And there he blasts the tree, and takes the 
 cattle; 
 
 And makes milch-kine yield blood, and 
 shakes a chain 
 
 In a most hideous and dreadful manner. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 And, ’neath Herne's oak , for Shakespeare's 
 sight. 
 
 Strewed moss and grass with diamonds 
 bright. Lowell. 
 
 Herod’s Temple. The old temple 
 at Jerusalem, rebuilt by Herod 
 the Great (b. 72 B.C.) on a mag- 
 nificent scale in the first century 
 before Christ. 
 
 J&S" “ In the last Temple we have a 
 perfect illustration of the mode in 
 which the architectural enterprises of 
 that country [Judea] were carried out. 
 The priests restored the Temple itself, 
 not venturing to alter a single one of 
 its sacred dimensions, only adding 
 wings to the faQade. At this period, 
 however, Judea was under the sway of 
 the Romans and under the influence of 
 their ideas; and the outer courts were 
 added with a magnificence of which 
 former builders had no conception, but 
 bore strongly the impress of the archi 
 tectural magnificence of the Romans. 
 An area, measuring 600 feet each way, 
 was enclosed by terraced walls of the 
 utmost lithic grandeur. On these were 
 erected porticos unsurpassed by any 
 we know of. One, the Stoa Basilica, 
 had a section equal to that of our lar- 
 gest cathedrals, and surpassed them all 
 in length; and within this colonnaded 
 enclosure were 10 gateways, two of 
 which were of surpassing magnificence ; 
 the whole making up a rich and varied 
 pile worthy of the Roman love of ar- 
 chitectural display, but in singular con- 
 trast with the modest aspirations of a 
 purely Semitic people.” Fergusson. 
 
 Herrenhausen. A royal palace in 
 Hanover, Prussia, once a favorite 
 residence of George I. and George 
 II. of England. 
 
 Hertford House. A city residence 
 built by the Marquis of Hertford, 
 Piccadilly, London, now occupied 
 by Sir Richard Wallace. It con- 
 tains a picture-gallery. 
 
 Hertha See. ["The lake of Hertha, 
 the Scandinavian goddess.] A 
 small lake in the island of Iliigen, I 
 
 in the Baltic, held in veneration 
 by the inhabitants from its asso- 
 ciations with the old Norse reli- 
 gion and mythology. 
 
 Hever Castle. An historical man- 
 sion and private fortress in Kent, 
 England, interesting from its as- 
 sociations with Anne Boleyn, of 
 whom it was the ancestral abode. 
 
 High Bridge. The structure which 
 serves to carry the Croton Aque- 
 duct across Harlem River at New 
 York City. It is built of granite, 
 cost $900,000, and is 1,450 feet 
 long and 114 feet high, with 14 
 piers. 
 
 High Life. See Low Life and 
 High Life. 
 
 High Street. The main avenue 
 and thoroughfare of the Old 
 Town of Edinburgh, Scotland. 
 In some parts of its course it is 
 called by other names. See Can- 
 
 ONGATE. 
 
 But neither the ignominious procession 
 up the High Street , nor the near view of 
 death, had power to disturb the gentle and 
 majestic patience of Argyle. Macaulay. 
 
 Highland Music. A picture by 
 Sir Edwin Landseer (1802-1873). 
 In the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Highland Shepherd’s Home. A 
 picture by Sir Edwin Landseer 
 (1802-1873), the most celebrated 
 modern painter of animals. 
 
 Hilda’s Tower. See Torre della 
 SCIMIA. 
 
 Hills of Rome. See Seven Hills 
 [of Rome]. 
 
 Hinnom. A valley near Jerusa- 
 lem, Palestine, beginning on the 
 west side of the city. It is re- 
 ferred to in the Hebrew and 
 Christian scriptures. Its present 
 name is Wady Jehennam. 
 
 Hippicus. See Tower of David. 
 
 Hippolitus. See Martyrdom of 
 St. Hippolitus. 
 
 Hiram’s Tomb. A remarkable 
 and quite perfect sepulchral 
 monument in Northern Pales- 
 tine, not far from ancient Tyre, 
 and believed, not without good 
 reason, to be the mausoleum of 
 Hiram, the friend and ally of 
 
HIS 
 
 229 
 
 HOL 
 
 Solomon. It is a colossal sarco- 
 phagus with a cover, and rests 
 upon a massive pedestal. 
 
 History of Painting. A well- 
 known picture by Peter von Cor- 
 nelius (1787-18(16). In the Pina- 
 kotliek, at Munich, Bavaria 
 
 Hockley in the Hole. A region in 
 London, of ill-repute a hundred 
 years ago, but which has now 
 passed out of existence. It is al- 
 luded to by Fielding and by Gay. 
 
 You should go to Hoc kley-m-the- Hole to 
 learn valor. Gay. 
 
 Hogue, La. A British frigate, 
 which, in the war of 1812, com- 
 mitted great havoc on Long Isl- 
 and Sound, and in Connecticut, 
 destroying many vessels. 
 
 Hohen-Rhoetien. This is the old- 
 est castle in Switzerland, sup- 
 posed to have been founded 587 
 years before Christ. 
 
 Hohenschwangau. A famous toy- 
 castle built in 1809 by the King 
 of Bavaria on the top of a high 
 hill, near Fiissen, in Bavaria. 
 
 Hohenstein. A feudal stronghold 
 near Schwalbach, Nassau, Ger- 
 many. It is now an imposing 
 ruin. 
 
 Hohenzoliern. A celebrated cas- 
 tle near Hecliingen in Germany, 
 the “ cradle of the royal family 
 of Prussia.” It has been almost 
 completed rebuilt in this cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Holborn. A thoroughfare m Lon- 
 don of varying widths. It was 
 anciently called Old-bourne, from 
 being built on the side of a 
 brook, or bourne (Old bourne or 
 Hilbourne), which emptied into 
 Fleet Ditch. By this road crimi- 
 nals were formerly conveyed 
 from Newgate and the Tower to 
 the gallows at St. Giles’s and Ty- 
 burn. Milton lived in Holborn 
 in 1617-49. 
 
 As clever Tom Clinch, while the rabble 
 was bawling. 
 
 Rode stately through Holborn to die of his 
 calling. 
 
 He stopped at the George for a bottle of 
 sack. 
 
 And promised to pay for it when he came 
 back. Swift. 
 
 Methinks I see him already in the cart, 
 sweeter and more lovely than the nose- 
 gay in his hand ! . . . What volleys of 
 sighs are sent from the windows of llol- 
 born that so comely a youth should be 
 brought to the sack ! 
 
 Gay ( Beggar's Opera). 
 
 An old counsellor in Holborn used 
 every execution-day to turn out his clerks 
 with th s compliment : Go, ye young 
 rogues; go to school and improve. 
 
 Tom Brown. 
 
 My Lord of Ely, when 1 was last in Hol- 
 born. 
 
 1 saw good strawberries in your garden 
 there. 
 
 I do beseech you send for some of them. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Holdernesse House. The city 
 residence of Earl Vane in Lon- 
 don. It contains a fine sculpture- 
 gallery, in which are several 
 works by Canova and other 
 great; sculptors. 
 
 Holkham Half. A splendid pile of 
 buildings in the county of Nor- 
 folk, England, situated near the 
 sea-coast, built by the Earl of 
 Leicester in the middle of the 
 last century. It contains a rare 
 and celebrated collection of pic- 
 tures and statues, and also some 
 ancient and valuable manu- 
 scripts. 
 
 I-Ioiiand House. A picturesque 
 Elizabethan mansion about two 
 miles from London. It was built 
 in 1607, and descended to Henry 
 Rich, first Earl of Holland, 
 whence it was named Holland 
 House. It was next occupied by 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax, the Parlia- 
 mentary General. Subsequently 
 the estate passed to Addison the 
 essayist, who died here. About 
 1762 it was sold to Henry Fox, 
 the first Lord Holland of that 
 name, whose second son, Charles 
 James Fox, passed his early years 
 here, and whose descendants still 
 hold the estate. Holland House 
 for nearly two centuries and a 
 half was the favorite resort of 
 wits and beauties, of painters 
 and poets, of scholars, philoso- 
 phers, and statesmen. It can 
 boast, says Macaulay, of a greater 
 number of inmates distinguished 
 in political and literary history 
 than any other private dwelling 
 in England. 
 
HOL 
 
 230 
 
 HOL 
 
 “ Two circles of rare social en- 
 joyment — differing as widely as pos- 
 sible in all external circumstances, but 
 each superior in its kind to all others 
 — may without offence be placed side 
 by side in grateful recollection: they 
 are the dinners at Holland House, and 
 the suppers of ‘ the Lambs ’ at the 
 Temple, Great Russell Street, and Isl- 
 ington.” T. N. Talfourd. 
 
 “ In what language shall we 
 speak of that house, once celebrated 
 for its rare attractions to the farthest 
 ends of the civilized world. . . . The 
 wonderful city . . . may soon displace 
 those turrets and gardens which are 
 associated with so much that is inter- 
 esting and noble, with the courtly 
 magnificence of Rich, with the loves of 
 Ormond, with the counsels of Crom- 
 well, with the death of Addison. . . . 
 They [the last survivors of Macaulay’s 
 generation] will recollect how many 
 men who have guided the politics of 
 Europe, who have moved great assem- 
 blies by reason and eloquence, who 
 have put life into bronze and canvas, 
 or who have left to posterity things 
 so written as it shall not willingly let 
 them die, were there mixed with all 
 that was loveliest and gayest in the so- 
 ciety of the most splendid of capitals. 
 These will remember the peculiar char 
 acter which belonged to that circle, in 
 which every talent and accomplish- 
 ment, every art and science, had its 
 place. They will remember how the 
 last debate was discussed in one corner, 
 and the last comedy of Scribe in an- 
 other, while Wilkie gazed with mod- 
 est admiration on Sir Joshua’s Baretti ; 
 while Mackintosh turned over Thomas 
 Aquinas to verify a quotation; while 
 Talleyrand related his conversations 
 with Barras at the Luxembourg, or his 
 ride with Lannes over the field of Aus- 
 terlitz. They will remember, above 
 all, the grace, arid the kindness, far 
 more admirable than grace, with which 
 the princely hospitality of that ancient 
 mansion was dispensed.” Macaulay. 
 
 Thou hill, whose brow the antique struc- 
 tures grace. 
 
 Reared by bold chiefs of Warwick’s noble 
 race, 
 
 How sweet were once thy prospects fresh 
 and fair, 
 
 Thy sloping walks and unpolluted air ! 
 Ilow sweet the glooms beneath thy aged 
 trees, 
 
 Tliy noontide shadow and the evening 
 breeze ! Tickell. 
 
 Blest be the banquets spread at Holland 
 House , 
 
 Where Scotchmen feed, and critics may 
 carouse! Byron. 
 
 Hollenthal. [Valley of Hell.] A 
 
 name given to several glens in 
 North and South Germany. The 
 most celebrated is near Glogg- 
 nitz, in Austria, being a deep and 
 gloomy ravine surrounded with 
 scenery of the wildest character. 
 There is another near Freiburg. 
 
 Hollywood. A cemetery in Rich- 
 mond, Va., a place of much nat- 
 ural beauty, and containing the 
 monuments of many persons of 
 note. 
 
 Holof ernes. See Judith and Hol- 
 of ernes. 
 
 Holy and Apostolical Crown. The 
 ancient crown of the Hungarian 
 kings. It is surmounted by two 
 ribs of gold, which belonged to a 
 crown presented by Pope Sylves- 
 ter II. to St. Stephen in the year 
 1000, and believed by the faithful 
 to have been made by angels. It 
 is kept in the royal palace at 
 Buda, Hungary. 
 
 Holy Coat (of Treves). A famous 
 relic preserved in the church of 
 St. Peter and St Helen in Treves, 
 in Germany, devoutly believed 
 by Catholics to be the coat with- 
 out seam worn by the Saviour. 
 In 1844, within the space of eight 
 weeks, over one million pilgrims 
 visited this church to behold this 
 relic. It is mentioned as far back 
 as 1190. 
 
 Holy Cross. An imposing Roman 
 Catholic church-edifice in Boston, 
 Mass. It is larger than very 
 many of the Old-World cathe- 
 drals, and there are but two in 
 America (those at New York and 
 Montreal) which can be compared 
 with it. It covers more than an 
 acre of ground, and is to have two 
 spires, respectively 300 and 200 
 feet in height. Also a Catholic 
 college of this name in Worcester, 
 Mass. 
 
 Holy Cross. See Vision of the 
 Holy Cross. 
 
 Holy-Cross Abbey. A noted and 
 picturesque ruin in Tipperary 
 County, Ireland. 
 
 /&§=* “ As a monastic ruin, the abbey 
 of Holy Cross ranks in popular esteem 
 as one of the first, if not the very first, 
 in Ireland.” Petrie. 
 
HOL 
 
 231 
 
 HOL 
 
 Holy Family, The. [Ital. Sacra 
 Famif/lia .] A name applied to a 
 numerous class of compositions 
 by the great mediaeval painters of 
 Europe, in which are portrayed 
 the domestic life of the Virgin 
 and the infancy of the Saviour. 
 Of the great number of pictures 
 winch are designated by this title, 
 apart from those generally called 
 by the name Madonna, or the 
 French equivalent La Vierc/e, the 
 following may be mentioned as 
 among the more celebrated and 
 familiar. See also Madonna and 
 Virgin. 
 
 4®=* “It is towards the end of the 
 fifteenth century, or a little later, that 
 we first meet with that charming domes 
 tic group called the Holy Family , after- 
 wards so popular, so widely diffused, 
 and treated with such an infinite vari- 
 ety.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Holy Family. A picture by Fra 
 Bartolommeo (1469-1517), regard- 
 ed as a fine specimen of this ar- 
 tist’s work. 
 
 Holy Family. A picture by Rem- 
 brandt van Ryn (1606-1669), the 
 Dutch painter. Now in the Lou- 
 vre, Paris. There is another upon 
 the same subject at the Hermi- 
 tage in St. Petersburg. 
 
 Holy Family. A celebrated 
 painting by Michael Angelo 
 (1474-1564), in the Tribune of 
 the Uflizi, Florence. It is the 
 only finished picture by his hand 
 - known to be in existence. 
 
 4®" “ The composition by Michael 
 Angelo, styled a ‘ Holy Family,’ is, 
 though singular in treatment, certainly 
 devotional in character. The grand, 
 mannered, symmetrical treatment is 
 very remarkable and characteristic.. 
 There are many engravings of this cele- 
 brated composition.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 4®" “ The picture altogether is a 
 work which we study with admiration, 
 rather than one which irresistibly at- 
 tracts and fascinates us.” 
 
 Grimm , Trans. 
 
 Holy Family. A picture by 
 Michael Angelo Amerighi, sur- 
 named Caravaggio (1569-1609). In 
 the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. 
 
 Holy Family. A picture by Pe- 
 ter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). In 
 the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. 
 
 4®=* “Mary, seated on the ground, 
 holds the Child with a charming mater- 
 nal expression a little from her, gazing 
 on him with rapturous earnestness, 
 while he looks up with responsive ten- 
 derness in her face. . . . Wonderful for 
 the intensely natural and domestic ex- 
 pression and the beauty of execution.” 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Holy Family. A picture by Pe- 
 ter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), rep- 
 resenting the Virgin holding the 
 Infant, who is adored by St. John, 
 with Elizabeth and Joseph. This 
 picture was formerly in the gal- 
 lery of Vienna, afterwards in the 
 collection of the Marquis of Hert- 
 ford, and is now in the Bethnai- 
 Green Museum, London. 
 
 Holy Family. A picture by An- 
 drea del Sarto (1488-1530). In 
 the Louvre, Paris. There is 
 another upon the same subject in 
 the National Gallery, London, 
 and a third in the collection of 
 Lord Lansdowne. In the Pitti 
 Gallery, Florence, Italy, is a pic- 
 ture upon the same subject by 
 this artist, and another still is in 
 the Pinakothek, Munich, Bava- 
 ria. 
 
 Holy Family. A picture by 
 Giulio Romano (1492-1546), the 
 pupil of Raphael, and often as- 
 cribed to that master, represent- 
 ing the Virgin as preparing to 
 wash the child, who is standing 
 in a vase, while the little St. John 
 is pouring in the water. In the 
 Dresden Gallery. 
 
 Holy Family. A noted pic- 
 ture by Bernardino Pinturicchio 
 (1454-1513). In the Academy at 
 Siena. 
 
 4®" “Mary and Joseph are seated 
 together; near them are some loaves 
 and a small cask of wine. More in 
 front the two children, Jesus and St. 
 John, are walking arm in arm. Jesus 
 holds a book, and John a pitcher, as if 
 they were going to a well.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Holy Family. A picture by An- 
 thony van Dyck (1599-1641). In 
 the Pinakothek at Munich, Ba- 
 varia. 
 
 Holy Family. A noted picture 
 by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), 
 “in which St. Anna is seated on 
 a sort of chair; and the Virgin on 
 
HOL 
 
 232 
 
 hot 
 
 her knees bends down toward the 
 infant Christ, who is sporting 
 with a lamb.” Tn the gallery of 
 the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Holy Family. A celebrated pic- 
 ture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520). " See Bridgewater Ma- 
 donna. 
 
 Holy Family under the Oak. A 
 picture executed chiefly by Giulio 
 Romano (1492-1546), but in parts, 
 it is supposed, by Raphael, and 
 deriving its name from the oak 
 under which the figures are stand- 
 ing. It is in the Museum at Ma- 
 drid. There is a copy in the Pitti 
 Palace, Florence, which is known 
 as the Madonna della Lucertola , 
 q.v. 
 
 Holy Family icith the Palm-tree. 
 A circular picture by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520), representing 
 the Virgin seated under a palm, 
 holding the Child in her lap; 
 while Joseph, kneeling, presents 
 flowers to him. This picture was 
 formerly in the Orleans collec- 
 tion, but is now' in the collection 
 of the Earl of Ellesmere, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 “ The following anecdote of this 
 picture was related to the Marquis of 
 Stafford by the Duke of Orleans when 
 on a visit to England. It happened 
 once . . . that this picture fell to the 
 portion of two old maids. Both having 
 an equal right, and neither choosing to 
 yield, they compromised the matter by 
 cutting it in two. In this state the 
 two halves were sold to one purchaser, 
 who tacked them together as well as 
 he could, and sent them further into 
 the world. The transfer from canvas 
 to wood has obliterated every trace by 
 which the truth of this tale might be 
 corroborated.” Passavant. 
 
 Holy Ghost, Descent of the. See 
 Descent of the Holy Ghost. 
 
 Holy Grotto. A sacred shrine in 
 the Latin Convent of Nazareth, 
 in Northern Palestine, believed 
 to be the spot in which the an- 
 nunciation by the angel to the 
 Virgin Mary took place. Over 
 the vestibule in front of this 
 grotto once stood, according to 
 the Catholic legends, the famous 
 house in which Mary was born, 
 and which was afterwards mirac- 
 
 ulously transported to Loreto in 
 Italy. See Santa Casa. 
 
 Holy Island Castle. A fortress 
 upon the so-called Holy Island, 
 on the coast of Northumberland, 
 England, the scene of much 
 legendary and poetical narrative. 
 
 Holy Mountain. See Mount 
 Athos. 
 
 “ In the Temple, the only light 
 that could penetrate to the Holy of 
 Holies was from the front; and though 
 the holy place was partially lighted 
 from the sides, its principal source of 
 light must have been through the east- 
 ern facade.” Fergus son. 
 
 The spirit of Mammon has a wide em- 
 pire; but it cannot, and must not, be 
 worshipped in the Holy of Holies. 
 
 Carlyle . 
 
 Holy Oil. [Mir.] The oil of bap- 
 tism with which all Russian chil- 
 dren throughout the whole extent 
 of the empire are anointed. It 
 is preserved in 33 jars of massive 
 silver in the Kremlin, Moscow; 
 and it is said that about two gal- 
 lons a year are necessary to sup- 
 ply Russia. 
 
 Holy Pillar. See Capella della 
 Colonna Santa. 
 
 Holy Sepulchre. This church of 
 Jerusalem purports to be built, 
 as the name indicates, over the 
 garden-tomb of Jesus. It is 
 showy and gorgeous, and con- 
 tains chapels for Latins, Greeks, 
 and Armenians. The visitor is 
 shown the tomb, the place of the 
 cross, the pillar of scourging, and 
 various other sacred places, whose 
 genuineness is, however, more 
 than questionable. The church 
 is a Byzantine edifice, and was 
 erected by the Empress Helena, 
 mother of Constantine the Great. 
 The Holy Sepulchre stands in the 
 centre of the rotunda of the 
 church. 
 
 Holy Staircase. See Santa Scala. 
 
 Holy of Holies. The name given 
 to the innermost apartment in 
 the Temple at Jerusalem, which 
 was held peculiarly sacred, and 
 into which the high priest only 
 was allowed to enter once a year. 
 See Sancta Sanctorum. 
 
HOT, 
 
 233 
 
 HOR 
 
 Holy Stone. A famous stone pre- 
 served at Ardmore, in the county 
 of Waterford, Ireland, sacred to 
 St. Patrick, and believed to have 
 floated over the ocean from Rome 
 with the vestments of the saint, 
 a bell for his tower, and a lighted 
 candle for the celebration of mass. 
 
 The people crowd to the Holy 
 Stone, and, having gone on their bare 
 knees several times round it, creep un- 
 der it, lying flat. The painful contor- 
 tions of some of these poor people it is 
 distressing to witness, as they force 
 themselves through the narrow pas- 
 sage. It is only at low water that this 
 part of the ceremony can be performed. 
 The stone, which weighs perhaps four 
 or five tons, rests upon two small rocks, 
 leaving a passage under it.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 Holy Synod, House of the. A 
 celebrated structure in the Krem- 
 lin, Moscow, Russia. It derives 
 its name from the council-hall of 
 the Holy Synod, which is in the 
 building. It contains the robes 
 worn by the Russian patriarchs 
 during the last 600 years, as well 
 as the silver jars containing the 
 holy oil of baptism used through- 
 out the whole empire. 
 
 Holyrood Abbey, [i. e., Abbey of 
 the Holy Rood or Cross.] A ru- 
 ined monastery in Edinburgh, 
 Scotland, the foundation of which 
 dates from the twelfth century. 
 At the time of the Reformation 
 the church was plundered and 
 burned. Attempts were made 
 
 * to restore it in the last century, 
 but the undertaking was relin- 
 quished. 
 
 Holyrood Palace. An ancient and 
 famous royal palace in Edin- 
 burgh, Scotland. It stands on 
 the summit of a huge rock, 443 
 feet above the sea, and is built in 
 the shape of a quadrangle, with a 
 court in the centre. The palace 
 was begun in the reign of James 
 IV., was nearly destroyed by the 
 soldiers of Cromwell in 1650, and 
 was rebuilt in the reign of Charles 
 II. The apartments occupied by 
 Mary Queen of Scots are pre- 
 served almost in tlieir' original 
 condition. The palace has in 
 recent times been very seldom 
 used as a place of residence. 
 
 J8ST* “ Dark old Holyrood, where 
 the memory of lovely Mary lingers 
 like a stray beam in her cold halls, and 
 the fair, boyish face of Rizzio looks 
 down from the canvas on the armor 
 of his murderer.” Bayard Taylor . 
 
 The truth of the record has been called 
 in question, but I regarded it with the 
 same determined faith with which 1 con- 
 templated the stains of Ilizzio’s blood on 
 the floor of the palace of Holyrood. 
 
 Irving. 
 
 Old Holyrood rung merrily 
 That night with wassail, mirth, and glee: 
 King James, within her princely bower, 
 Feasted the chief of Scotland’s power 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Or should some cankered biting shower 
 The day at d a* her sweets deflower. 
 
 To Holyrood - house let me stray, 
 
 And gie to musing a’ the day. 
 
 Robert Fergusson. 
 
 Homer and the Greeks. A pic- 
 ture by Wilhelm Kaulbach (b. 
 1805), the eminent German paint- 
 er. 
 
 Honors, Rue St. See St. Honore. 
 
 Hope, The. One of the principal 
 theatres in London in Shake- 
 speare’s time. 
 
 Scenery, dresses, and decorations such 
 as would now be thought mean and ab- 
 surd, but such as would have been es- 
 teemed incredibly magnificent by those 
 who, early in the seventeenth century, 
 sate on the filthy benches of the Hope , or 
 under the thatched roof of the Rose, 
 dazzled the eyes of the multitude 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Hope House. A modern mansion 
 in London, built in 1849, and 
 noted for its rich and elaborate 
 ornamentation, and collections of 
 art. 
 
 Hope, Mount. See Mount Hope. 
 
 Hore Abbey. An interesting and 
 well-preserved ruined monastery 
 in Tipperary County, Ireland. 
 
 Hornberg. A castle on the Neckar 
 in Germany, once the fortress of 
 Goetz of the Iron Hand His 
 armor is kept here, and the castle 
 was inhabited nearly to the be- 
 ginning of the present century. 
 
 Hornet, The. An American war- 
 ship, which, under Capt. James 
 Lawrence, captured, in January, 
 1813, the British ship Peacock. 
 
 Horns of Hattin. A singularly 
 shaped hill in Northern Palestine, 
 not far from Nazareth. Accord- 
 
HOR 
 
 234 
 
 HOS 
 
 ing to the tradition of the Latin 
 Church, thi^ is the Hill of the 
 Beatitudes from which the “ Ser- 
 mon on the Mount” was de- 
 livered. According to the tradi- 
 tion of the Greek Church, it is 
 the scene of the miracle of the 
 multiplication of the loaves and 
 the fishes (Matt. xiv. 15 et seq.). 
 In the neighborhood of this hill 
 took place the great battle in 
 which Salad in overthrew the 
 Christian power in Syria. 
 
 Horologe of Petrus Lombardus. 
 [Ital. Torre del Oroloc/io.] A cele- 
 brated clock-tower in Venice, 
 Italy, erected 1466. It has a blue- 
 and-gold dial, and is surmounted 
 by two Moorish figures in bronze, 
 which, swinging round, strike the 
 hours upon a bell with a hammer. 
 
 4®=* “Over this Porch stands that 
 admirable Clock celebrated next to that 
 of Strasburg for its many movements; 
 amongst which, about 12 and 6, which 
 are their hours of Ave Maria, when all 
 the towne are on their knees, come 
 forth the three kings led by a starr, and, 
 passing by the image of Christ in his 
 Mother’s arms, do their reverence, and 
 enter into the clock by another door. 
 At the top of this turret another auto- 
 maton strikes the quarters. An honest 
 merchant told me, that one day, walking 
 in the Piazza, he saw the fellow who 
 kept the Clock struck with this ham- 
 mer so forceably as he was stooping his 
 head neere the bell to mend something 
 amisse at the minute of striking, that, 
 being stunn’d, he reel’d over the battle- 
 ments and broke his neck.” 
 
 John Evelyn , 1645. 
 
 Horse Armory. A celebrated 
 collection of equestrian figures 
 clothed in the armor of various 
 reigns from the time of Edward 
 I. to James II., contained in a 
 gallery of the Tower of London. 
 
 Horse-fair, The. A well-known 
 picture by Rosa Bonheur (b. 1822). 
 
 Horse Guards. A building used 
 for military purposes in London, 
 and comprising the offices of the 
 sec retary-at- war, the co mm ander- 
 in-cliief, the adjutant-general, and 
 quartermaster-general. In the 
 rear is a parade-ground for the 
 inspection of troops. In two 
 stone alcoves, banking the gates, 
 
 is stationed a guard of two 
 mounted cavalry soldiers from 
 ten to four o’clock, relieved every 
 two hours. Orders concerning 
 all the guards are given out by 
 the field-officer on duty. The 
 inarching and countermarching of 
 the Guards, who are considered 
 the finest “Household Troops” 
 in Europe, make one of the most 
 picturesque sights of London. 
 
 Let no man despair of Govi nmiuits 
 who looks on these two sentries a* the 
 Horse-Guards , and our United Servo e 
 Clubs ! Curly] . 
 
 Horse of Berkshire. See White 
 House of Berkshire. 
 
 Horse-Shoe Bend. A celebrated 
 curve on the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road, near Kittanning Point. The 
 curve is so short that the front of 
 the train may be seen going in a 
 direction just opposite to that of 
 the rear portion. 
 
 Horse-Shoe Fall. This fall at Ni- 
 agara is 158 feet in height and 
 nearly 2,400 feet in width. The 
 river is divided above the falls 
 into two branches by Goat Isl- 
 and ; and the larger volume of 
 water, which flows on the Cana- 
 da side, forms the Horse- Shoe 
 Fall. [Called also the Canadian 
 Fall.] 
 
 Horses, Bronze. See Bronze 
 Horses. 
 
 Horticultural Hall. 1. A fine edi- 
 fice in Boston, Mass., of composite 
 architecture, designed for floral 
 exhibitions, fairs, and other pur- 
 poses. 
 
 2. A building on Broad Street, 
 Philadelphia, Penn., devoted to 
 exhibitions of flowers and fruit. 
 
 Hospice of St. Bernard. A cele- 
 brated stone building, serving 
 both as a monastery and as an 
 inn for the accommodation of 
 travellers, at the summit of the 
 St. Bernard Pass, in Switzerland. 
 It is supposed to have been 
 founded by St. Bernard in 962, 
 hence the name of both Hospice 
 and Pass. Everybody has heard 
 of the St. Bernard dogs which 
 render such efficient aid to travel- 
 lers: their number has now be- 
 
HOS 
 
 235 
 
 HOT 
 
 come very small. This is the 
 highest winter habitation in the 
 Alps. 
 
 Hospice of the Grimsel. A cele- 
 brated inn, once a monastery, 
 near the summit of the Grimsel 
 pass in Switzerland. 
 
 Hospice of the St. Gothard. A 
 well-known inn near the summit 
 of the St. Gothard pass in Swit- 
 zerland. 
 
 Hotel Chmy. This beautiful build- 
 ing in Paris derives its name from 
 the Abbe of Cluny, who bought 
 an ancient palace which stood on 
 the spot now occupied by the 
 present one. This was built in 
 1490. It was once used as a thea- 
 tre, afterwards as a convent, and 
 during the Revolution Marat held 
 his meetings there. Subsequent- 
 ly it became a museum, and passed 
 into the hands of the govern- 
 ment. It contains many treasures 
 of art, jnosaics, reliefs, stained 
 glass windows, ivory cabinets, 
 vases, and paintings. The build- 
 ing itself is much admired for the 
 grace and delicacy of its sculp- 
 tures. See Palais des Thermes. 
 
 Hotel de Pimodan. A noted man- 
 sion in Paris of the time of Louis 
 XIV. 
 
 Hotel de Rambouillet. A palace 
 in Paris — the residence of the 
 Marquis de Rambouillet — very 
 famous in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury, and subsequently, as the 
 centre of a literary and political 
 coterie . According to Roederer, 
 the opening of the salon of the 
 Hotel de Rambouillet took place 
 in the year 1(>00, under the reign 
 of Henry IV. The marquis was 
 an enemy of Sully; and his house 
 became the headquarters of the 
 opposition party, where the bar- 
 barism and immoralities of the 
 court were offset by purity of lan- 
 guage and of manners. The most 
 celebrated wits of the period, and 
 the finest ladies of the realm, 
 sought admission to these re'- 
 anions. Through the indifference 
 to literature manifested by Louis 
 XIII. and the various ministries 
 which succeeded each other down 
 
 to the time of Richelieu, the Ho- 
 tel de Rambouillet soon had the 
 exclusive patronage and direction 
 of letters, and exerted an influ- 
 ence which was for a long time 
 without a rival. But notwith- 
 standing the excellence of its mo- 
 tives, it could not escape the law 
 which governs all literary cote- 
 ries. In time it engendered man- 
 nerism and affectation. The dis- 
 cussions turned upon idle and 
 frivolous questions, upon the 
 merits of roundelays, madrigals, 
 enigmas, and acrostics. The wo- 
 men who frequented the Hotel 
 de Rambouillet took the name of 
 Precieuses. It was a title of honor 
 and a sort of diploma of talent 
 and purity; but when pedantry 
 and affectation had begun to 
 draw down upon them the shafts 
 of the satirists, it lost its original 
 meaning, the epithet ridicules was 
 appended to it, and Moliere, with 
 his pungent irony, gave the fatal 
 blow to the literary fame of the 
 celebrated salon by holding it 
 up to public laughter in his 
 “ Precieuses Ridicules ” and his 
 “ Femmes Savantes.” The name 
 Hotel de Rambouillet is at pres- 
 ent only a derisive sobriquet. 
 
 The house of Mile, do L'Enclos was a 
 branch establishment of the Hotel de Ram - 
 bomllet. J damn. 
 
 The great comedienne [Contat] bad her 
 court and her Hotel Rambouillet 
 
 Roger de Beauvoir. 
 
 Hotel de Ville. [City-Hall.] A 
 general term applied in France 
 and Belgium to the buildings 
 used for municipal offices, some 
 of which are among the finest ex- 
 isting specimens of architecture. 
 See infra. 
 
 Hotel de Ville. A large and beau- 
 tiful building in Paris, the official 
 residence of the Prefect of the 
 Seine. It contained also rooms 
 for the public festivals of the city, 
 the sittings of the council, and 
 meetings of learned and scien- 
 tific societies. It was adorned 
 by sculptures which were chiefly 
 from the hand of Jean Goujon. 
 The building had many interest- 
 ing historical associations; the 
 
HOT 
 
 236 
 
 HOT 
 
 insurrection of the Maillotins, in 
 1358, broke out here; here met so- 
 cieties of the Fronde; here Robe- 
 spierre held his council; and here 
 Louis Philippe was presented to 
 the French nation by La Fayette 
 in 1830. The Hotel de Ville was 
 destroyed by the leaders of the 
 Commune prior to the entrance 
 of the German army, May 28, 1871, 
 and has not been rebuilt. Among 
 the finer examples of architec- 
 ture bearing this name may be 
 mentioned the town-halls of Brus- 
 sels, Bruges, Louvain, Ypres, etc. 
 
 And for about four months all France, 
 and to a groat degree a! Europe, rough- 
 ridden by every species of delirium, ex- 
 cept happily the murderous for most part, 
 was a weltering mob, presided over by M. 
 de Lamartine at the Hotel de Ville. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Hotel de Ville. [Bruges.] The 
 municipal building of Bruges, 
 Belgium, the oldest edifice of the 
 kind in the country, having been 
 erected in 1377. 
 
 ©£§=> “It is a small building, being 
 only 88 feet in front by 65 in depth, and 
 of a singularly pure and elegant design. 
 . . . The belfry is one of the most pic- 
 turesque towers in the country.” 
 
 Fergusson . 
 
 Hotel de Ville. [Brussels.] A 
 noble Gothic edifice, the munici- 
 pal hall of Brussels, Belgium. In 
 the grand hall of this building 
 the abdication of Charles V. took 
 place in 1555. It is considered 
 the finest of the town-halls of 
 Belgium. It was begun in 1401, 
 and finished in 1455. It has a 
 spire of open stone-work 364 feet 
 in height. 
 
 4®=* “ The spire that surmounts its 
 centre is unrivalled for beauty of out- 
 line and design by any spire in Bel- 
 gium, and is entitled to take rank 
 amongst the noblest examples of its 
 class in Europe.” Fergusson. 
 
 Hotel de Ville. [Louvain.] A 
 splendid edifice in Louvain, Bel- 
 gium, used for municipal pur- 
 poses, and one of the finest Gothic 
 buildings in the world. 
 
 “The well known and beauti- 
 ful town-hall at Louvain is certainly 
 the most elaborately decorated piece 
 of Gothic architecture in existence. 
 Though perhaps a little overdone in 
 
 some parts, the whole is so consistent, 
 and the outline and general scheme of 
 decoration so good, that little fault can 
 be found with it. In design it follows 
 very closely the hall at Bruges, but 
 wants the tower which gives such dig- 
 nity to those at Brussels and at Ypres.” 
 Fergusson. 
 
 Hotel de Ville. [Ypres.] A noted 
 building in Ypres, Belgium, re- 
 stored in I860, and now used for 
 municipal purposes. It was origi- 
 nally called the Halle, or Cloth- 
 Hall, cloth having been the great 
 staple manufacture of Belgium 
 during the Middle Ages. 
 
 ©2r “ The cloth-hall at Ypres is by 
 far the most magnificent and beautiful 
 of these [trade-halls], as also the earli- 
 est. The foundation-stone was laid in 
 1200 by Baldwin of Constantinople, but 
 it was not finished till 104 years after- 
 wards. The facade is 440 feet in length, 
 and of the simplest possible design, 
 being perfectly straight and unbroken 
 from end to end. ... Its height is va- 
 ried by the noble belfry which rises 
 from its centre, and by a bo[d and beau- 
 tiful pinnacle at each end. The whole 
 is of the pure architecture of the thir- 
 teenth century, and is one of the most 
 majestic edifices of its class to be seen 
 anywhere.” Fergusson. 
 
 Hotel de Ville, Place de 1\ See 
 Place de l’ Hotel de Ville. 
 
 Hotel des Xnvalides. See Inva- 
 lides. 
 
 Hotel des Monnaies. A handsome 
 classical edifice near the Pont 
 Neuf, Paris, built in 1775. The 
 mint of Paris is the principal one 
 in France. The rate at which 
 coins can be struck off is about 
 1,500,000 per day. In the Mu- 
 seum are interesting collections 
 of coins, medals, models, etc. 
 The establishment also contains, 
 besides the workshops for coin- 
 ing, laboratories for assaying. 
 
 Hotel Dieu. A magnificent hos- 
 pital in Paris, on the river Seine. 
 Its wards are on both sides of 
 the river. It was established as 
 early as the seventh century, and 
 has been richly endowed by va- 
 rious kings, nobles, and wealthy 
 men. All the arrangements are 
 on the most liberal scale. This 
 name is given to the chief liospb 
 tal of many places. 
 
HOT 
 
 237 
 
 HR A 
 
 Hotel Lambert. A handsome 
 structure on the lie St. Louis, 
 Paris, of the style of architecture 
 under Louis XI Y. Voltaire lived 
 here; and here, in 1815, Napoleon 
 held one of his last conferences. 
 
 Hotel St. Aignan. An old aristo- 
 cratic hotel of Paris, where lived 
 the Due d’ Avaux, and later the 
 Due de St. Aignan. The gateway 
 and court, with Corinthian pilas- 
 ters, are left. 
 
 Hotel St. Paul. A former palace 
 of Paris, built by Charles V. 
 about 1364. Nothing now re- 
 mains of it. 
 
 Hotoie, La. A fine promenade in 
 the city of Amiens, France. It 
 covers 52 acres. 
 
 Houghton Hall. A splendid man- 
 sion in the county of Norfolk, 
 England, formerly the residence 
 of Sir Robert Walpole, and fa- 
 mous for the rare collection of 
 pictures which it contained. Most 
 of the pictures are now dispersed ; 
 the greater part, having been sold 
 to the Empress of Russia, are 
 now at St. Petersburg. The es- 
 tate now belongs to the Marquis 
 of Cholmondeiey. 
 
 Hougoumont. A mansion in the 
 neighborhood of Waterloo, noted 
 for its importance in connection 
 with the battle upon that field. 
 [Written also Goumont.] 
 
 Nor wood, nor tree, nor bush, are there, 
 Her course to intercept or scare. 
 
 Nor fosse nor fence are found, 
 
 Save where, from out her shatter’d bow- 
 ers. 
 
 Rise Ilougoumont's dismantled towers. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Hounsditchor Houndsditch. This 
 is the centre of the Jews’ quarter 
 in London, so called from the 
 ancient foss around the city, once 
 a receptacle for dead dogs. 
 
 4®=* “ From Aldgate, north-west to 
 Bishopsgate, lieth the ditch of the city, 
 called Houndsditeh ; for that in old 
 
 „ time, when the same lay open, much 
 filth (conveyed from the city), espe- 
 cially dead dogs, were there laid or 
 cast.” Stow. 
 
 More knavery and usury. 
 
 And foolery and tricktrv , than bogsditch. 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 
 If L please Heaven, we shall all yet 
 make our Exodus from Houndsditeh , and 
 bid the sordid continents, of once rich ap- 
 parel now grown poisonous Ou-clo\ a 
 mud farewell ! Carlyle. 
 
 Hounslow Heath. A region once 
 open and infested by highway- 
 men, but now enclosed, adjacent 
 to Hounslow, in Middlesex Coun- 
 ty, England. 
 
 4®" “ The waste tracts which lay on 
 the great routes near London were es- 
 pecially haunted by plunderers of this 
 class. Hounslow Heath, on the great 
 Western road, and Finchley Common, 
 on the great Northern road, were per- 
 haps the most celebrated of these 
 spots.” Macaulay. 
 
 House. For names beginning with 
 House, see the next prominent 
 word. See also infra. 
 
 House of Commons. One of 
 the houses of Parliament in the 
 New Palace at Westminster, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 4®"* “ The principal chamber of the 
 manufactory of statute law.” 
 
 Quarterly Review. 
 
 House of Lords, or House of 
 Peers. One of the houses of 
 Parliament, magnificently and 
 richly fitted up, in the New Pal- 
 ace at Westminster, London. 
 
 Houses of Parliament. See West- 
 minster Palace. 
 
 Howard. See Castle Howard. 
 
 Howe’s Cave. A natural curiosity 
 in Schoharie County, N Y. The 
 cave has been penetrated a dis- 
 tance of eight or ten miles, and 
 visitors usually go as far as three 
 or four miles. It was discovered 
 in 1842, and is thought to be hard- 
 ly surpassed by any cavern ex- 
 cept the Mammoth Cave in Ken- 
 tucky. [Sometimes called also 
 the Otsgaragee Cavern.] 
 
 Hoy, Old Man of. See Old Man 
 of Hoy. 
 
 Hradschin, The. The ancient pal- 
 ace of the Bohemian kings, in 
 Prague, Austria. This imposing 
 pile was begun in 1541, but not 
 completed till 200 years later. 
 There are said to be 440 ap»*t- 
 ments in it. It commands a nohJe 
 view. 
 
HUG 
 
 238 
 
 HYD 
 
 Aloft on tlie mountain, with prospect 
 over city, river, and wood-grown isles, his 
 old Hradschin beaming in the -un 
 
 Hans Christian Andersen. 
 
 Huguenot, The. A well-known 
 picture by J. E. Millais (b. 1829). 
 
 j &§* “ The incident of the ‘ Hugue- 
 not’ picture is founded on the order of 
 the Due de Guise, that each good 
 Catholic should, on the eve of St. Bar- 
 tholomew, bind a strip of white linen 
 round his arm, as a badge to be known 
 by.” Sarah Tytler. 
 
 Huis in ’t Bosch. [House in the 
 Wood.] A palace in a wooded 
 park in the environs of the 
 Hague, Holland. 
 
 Human Life. See Representa- 
 tion of Human Life. 
 
 Humane Society. See Distin- 
 guished Member of the Hu- 
 mane Society. 
 
 Hume Castle. A picturesque 
 ruined castle near Kelso in Scot- 
 land, once the residence of the 
 Earls of Home. 
 
 Humphrey’s Walk. See Duke 
 Humphrey’s Walk. 
 
 Hungerford Market. A well- 
 known London market. 
 
 He [Charles Dickens] informed me as 
 be walked through it, that he knew' 
 H anger io rd market well. Payne Collier. 
 
 Hunnengraber. [Graves of the 
 Huns.] Curious sepulchral 
 mounds and stone monuments in 
 which ashes and bones have been 
 found, in the island of Riigen in 
 the Baltic. 
 
 Hunnenschlacht. See Battle of 
 the Huns. 
 
 Hunted Stag. A picture by Sir 
 Edwin Landseer (1802 1873). In 
 the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Huss before the Council of Con- 
 stance. A noted and elaborately 
 finished picture by Karl Fried- 
 rich Lessing (b. 1808). In the 
 Stiidel Institute at Frankfort-on- 
 th e-Main, Germany. 
 
 “ It is said that this picture has 
 had a great effect upon Catholics who 
 have seen it, in softening the bigotry 
 
 with which they regarded the early re- 
 formers; and if so, it is a triumphant 
 proof how much art can effect in the 
 cause of truth and humanity.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 4®" “ A most glorious picture here. 
 The Trial of John Huss before the 
 Council of Constance, by Lessing. . . . 
 The painter has arrayed with consum- 
 mate ability in the foreground a repre- 
 sentation of the religious respectability 
 of the age : Italian cardinals in their 
 scarlet robes . . . men whom it were no 
 play to meet in an argument, — all that 
 expressed the stateliness and grandeur 
 of what Huss had been educated to 
 consider the true church. In the midst 
 of them stands Huss in a simple dark 
 robe : his sharpened features tell of 
 prison and of suffering. He is defend- 
 ing himself, and there is a trembling 
 earnestness in the manner with which 
 his hand grasps the Bible. With a 
 passionate agony he seems to say, Am 
 
 I not right? Does not this Word say 
 it? and is it not the word of God ? ” 
 
 Beecher . 
 
 Hyde Park. A large pleasure- 
 ground in London, extending 
 from Piccadilly westward to 
 Kensington Gardens. It is the 
 site of the ancient manor of 
 Hyde. For nearly two centuries 
 it has been the scene of military 
 reviews and spectacles. Hyde 
 Park was enclosed about the 
 middle of the sixteenth century. 
 It was opened to the public dur- 
 ing the time of Charles I. Re- 
 form meetings and other turbu- 
 lent gatherings have frequently 
 been held here, which have been 
 sometimes attended with vio- 
 lence. 
 
 Jg6§=* “In this Park, in the London 
 season, from May to August (between 
 
 II and 1, and and 7), may be seen 
 all the wealth and fashion and splendid 
 equipages of the nobility and gentry of 
 Great Britain. As many as 800 eques- 
 trians, including the Knot at the music, 
 have been seen assembled at Hyde 
 Park in the height of the season.” 
 
 Murray's Handbook. 
 
 4®=* “ Hyde Park . . . with its small 
 rivulet, its wide greensward, its sheep, 
 its shady walks, resembling a pleasure- 
 park suddenly transported to the centre 
 of a capital.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Now. at Hyde Park , if fair it be, 
 
 A show of ladies you may see. 
 
 Poor Robin's Almanack (May, 1698). 
 
 At fourscore he [the Duke of Schom- 
 berg] retained a strong relish for innocent 
 
HYD 
 
 239 
 
 HYD 
 
 pleasures: he conversed with great cour- 
 tesy and sprightliness; nothing could be 
 in better taste than his equipages and his 
 tabh ; and every cornet of cavalry envied 
 the grace and' dignity with which the 
 veteran appeared in Hyde Park on his 
 charger at the head of his regiment. 
 
 Macaulay . 
 
 Sooner shall grass in IJyde-park circus 
 grow, 
 
 And wits take lodgings m the sound of 
 Bow 1 
 
 Sooner let air, earth, sea, to chaos fall. 
 Men, monkeys, lap-dogs, parrots, perish 
 all ! Pope 
 
 2. A public pleasure-ground in 
 St Louis, Mo 
 
 Hyder Ali. A vessel belonging to 
 the State of Pennsylvania, which, 
 in 1782, captured tlie British ship 
 General Monk, in Delaware Bay, 
 an exploit pronounced by Cooper 
 “one of the most brilliant ac- 
 tions that ever occurred under 
 the American flag.” See Monk, 
 The. 
 
IBB 
 
 240 
 
 IDL 
 
 I. 
 
 Iberian Madonna. The name giv- 
 en to a miraculous picture of the 
 Virgin and Child, placed in a 
 niche lighted with silver lamps, 
 in the Kremlin at Moscow, Rus- 
 sia. The picture was originally 
 brought from Mt. Athos. 
 
 “ For the last 200 years, the pro- 
 tectress of the Muscovites. Her aid is 
 invoked by high and low, in all the cir- 
 cumstances of life ; and I doubt whether 
 any other shrine in the world is the 
 witness of such general and so much 
 real devotion.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Ice Palace. The Empress Anne 
 of Russia, who reigned from 1730 
 to 1740, took into her head a 
 “ most magnificent and mighty 
 freak.” One of her nobles, Prince 
 Galitzin, having changed his re- 
 ligion, was punished by being 
 made a court page and buffoon. 
 His wife being dead, the empress 
 required him to marry again, 
 agreeing to defray the expense 
 of the wedding herself. The 
 prince, true to his new charac- 
 ter, selected a girl of low birth. 
 This was in the winter of 1739-40, 
 which was one of extraordinary 
 severity. By her majesty’s com- 
 mand, a house was built entirely 
 of ice. It consisted of two rooms; 
 and all the furniture, even to the ' 
 bedstead, was made of the same 
 material. Four small cannons 
 and two mortars, also of ice, were 
 placed in front of the house, and 
 were fired several times without 
 bursting, small wooden grenades 
 being thrown from the mortars. 
 On the wedding-day a procession 
 was formed, composed of more 
 than 300 persons of both sexes, 
 whom the empress — desirous of 
 of seeing how many different 
 kinds of inhabitants there were 
 in her vast dominions — had 
 caused the governors of the vari- 
 ous provinces to send to St. Pe- 
 tersburg, The bride and bride- 
 groom were conspicuously placed ‘ 
 
 in a great iron cage on the back 
 of an elephant. Of the guests 
 (all of whom were dressed in the 
 costume of their respective coun- 
 tries), some were mounted on 
 camels; others were in sledges 
 — a man and a woman in each — 
 drawn by beasts of all descrip- 
 tions, as reindeer, oxen, goats, 
 dogs, hogs, and the like. After 
 passing before the imperial pal- 
 ace, and marching through the 
 principal streets of the city, the 
 motley cavalcade proceeded to 
 the Duke of Courland’s riding- 
 house, where dinner was served 
 to each after the manner of cook- 
 ery in his own country. The 
 feast over, there was a ball, those 
 from each nation having their 
 own music and their own style of 
 dancing. AY hen the ball was 
 ended, the newly-married pair 
 were conducted to their palace of 
 ice, and guards were stationed at 
 the door to prevent their going 
 out until morning. The building 
 is said to have lasted uninjured, 
 in that cold climate, for several 
 months. 
 
 No forest fell 
 
 When thou wouldst build, no quarry sent 
 its stores 
 
 To enrich th.v walls; but thou didst hew 
 the floods. 
 
 And make thy marble of the glassy wave. 
 
 Coivper. 
 
 Icebergs, The. A noted picture 
 by Frederic Edwin Church (b. 
 1826), the American landscape 
 painter. 
 
 Idle and Industrious Appren- 
 tices. A series of pictures by 
 William Flogarth (1697-1764). 
 
 “ What a living and breathing 
 gallery of old English life we have in 
 Hogarth’s series of the ‘ Idle and In- 
 dustrious Apprentices,’ and how per- 
 fect it is as far as it goes. It is com- 
 plete and self-consistent, from the first 
 picture where the ill-conditioned, ill- 
 looking lad sits dozing, neglecting his 
 
IDL 
 
 241 
 
 IMM 
 
 work, with the evil ballad of ‘ Moll 
 Flanders’ hungup on his loom; while 
 the pleasant, comely-faced youth is 
 sedulously minding his business, with 
 the volume of the ‘ Apprentices’ Guide ’ 
 lying open before him, through each 
 intervening stage of the rise and fall 
 ... on to the noble pathos of the last 
 meeting of the early companions, when 
 the justice on the bench hides his face 
 after pronouncing condemnation on the 
 felon at the bar.” Sarah Tytler. 
 
 Idle Servant Maid. A picture by 
 Nicolas Maas (1632-1693), the 
 Dutch genre- painter, and one of 
 his principal works. In the Na- 
 tional Gallery, London. 
 
 Idlewild. An estate on the Hud- 
 son River, near the village of 
 Cornwall, N. Y., formerly the 
 home of N. P. Willis. 
 
 Idolino, L’. [The Little Image.] 
 An ancient statue. Now in the 
 Uffizi, Florence, Italy. 
 
 If. A famous castle, used as a 
 state prison in part for political 
 offenders, situated upon a small 
 island of the same name in the 
 Mediterranean, near Marseilles. 
 The name is said to signify a yew- 
 tree. 
 
 Happily, the old marquis himself, in 
 periods of leisure, or forced leisure, where- 
 of he had many, drew up certain “ unpub- 
 lished memoirs ” of his father and progen- 
 itors; out of which memoirs young Mira- 
 beau, also in forced leisure (still more 
 forced, in the Castle of If !), redacted one 
 memoir of a very readable sort: by the 
 light of this latter, so far as it will last, 
 we walk wkh convenience. Carlyle. 
 
 Igel Saule. [The Igel-column.] 
 A monumental structure of Ro- 
 man times near Treves, in Rhen- 
 ish Prussia. It is a sandstone 
 obelisk, 70 feet in height, with 
 inscriptions and bas-reliefs. It 
 is of uncertain date and origin. 
 
 Ikenild Street. An ancient Ro- 
 man road in Britain. It extend- 
 ed from the coast of Norfolk to 
 the south-west of Cornwall. The 
 name is of uncertain origin. 
 
 Ildefonso Group, The. A cele- 
 brated marble group in the Mu- 
 seum at Madrid, Spain. 
 
 4®=* “ F. Tieck, the sculptor and 
 brother of the poet, was the first to 
 suggest that we have here Antinous, 
 the Genius of Hadrian, and Persephone. 
 
 . . . Charles Botticher started a new 
 solution of the principal problem. Ac- 
 cording to him it was executed in the 
 lifetime of Antinous, and it represents 
 ... a sacrilice of fidelity on the part 
 of the two friends Hadrian and Anti- 
 nous, who have met together before 
 Persephone to ratify a vow of love till 
 death. . . . After all is said, the Ilde- 
 fonso marble, like the legend of Anti- 
 nous, remains a mystery.” 
 
 J. A. Symonds. 
 
 Ildefonso, San. See Granja, La. 
 
 He de la Cite. [Island of the City.] 
 An island, in Paris, which, pre- 
 vious to 1608, was divided into 
 two parts. On this island, which 
 is formed by two arms of the 
 Seine, are situated Sainte Clia- 
 pelle, Notre Dame, the Palais de 
 Justice, the Prefecture de Police, 
 the Tribunal de Commerce, the 
 Morgue, Caserne de Gendarm- 
 erie, the Hotel Dieu. Here is 
 the legal quarter of Paris, — the 
 civil, criminal, and commercial 
 law-courts. Here was the prin- 
 cipal part of mediaeval Paris. 
 
 From the centre of the Tont Neuf we 
 could see lor a long distance up and down 
 the river. The different bridges traced 
 on either side a dozen starry lines through 
 the dark air, and a continued blaze lighted 
 the two shores in their whole length, re- 
 vealing the outline of the hied e la Cite. 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 He de Paix. [Isle of Peace.] A 
 little island in Lake Geneva, 
 commanding a lovely view. It is 
 referred to by Byron in the 
 “ Prisoner of Chillon.” 
 
 And then there was a little isle, 
 
 Which in my very lace did smile. 
 
 The only one in view. 
 
 He St. Louis. An island in the 
 Seine at Paris, France. 
 
 Ilioneus. An admired antique 
 kneeling figure in the Glyptothek, 
 or gallery of sculptures, at Mu- 
 nich, Bavaria. 
 
 4®" “ The head and arms are want- 
 ing; but the supplicatory expression of 
 the attitude, the turn of the body, the 
 bloom of adolescence, which seems abso- 
 lutely shed over the cold marble, the 
 unequalled delicacy and elegance of the 
 whole, touched me deeply.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Immaculate Conception [of the 
 Virgin Mary]. A picture by Giu- 
 
IMM 
 
 242 
 
 IND 
 
 seppe Ribera, called Lo Spagno- 
 letto (1588-1656), and one of his 
 chief works. In the gallery of 
 Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Immaculate Conception. See 
 Great Conception of Seville. 
 
 Inarime. A ruined castle at Is- 
 chia, once occupied by Yittoria 
 Colonna. 
 
 High o’er the sea-surge and the sands, 
 Like a great galleon wrecked and cast 
 Ashore by storms, thy castle stands 
 A mouldering landmark of the Past. 
 
 Inarime ! Inarime ! 
 
 r ihy castle on the crags above 
 In dust shall crumble and decay, 
 
 But not the memoiy cf her love. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Incendio del Eorgo. [Burning of 
 the Borgo.] A celebrated fresco 
 by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), 
 representing the fire in the Borgo, 
 or suburb, of Rome, which was 
 miraculously extinguished by the 
 Pope. It is in a chamber of the 
 Vatican, Rome, called, after this 
 picture, the Stanza del Incendio. 
 
 Incendio del Borgo. See Stanze 
 of Raphael. 
 
 Inclicape, or Bell Rock. The cele- 
 brated and dangerous sunken reef 
 known as the Inch Cape, or Bell 
 Rock, is in the German Ocean, on 
 the northern side of the entrance 
 of the Firth of Forth, and about 
 twelve miles from land. An abbot 
 of Aberbrothoek (Arbroath) is 
 said to have placed a bell here, as 
 a warning to sailors, which was 
 cut loose by a Dutch rover, who, as 
 a retribution for this mischievous 
 act, was subsequently wrecked 
 upon the very same rock. This 
 story, which is an old tradition, 
 is told by Southey in his well- 
 known ballad of “ The Inclicape 
 Rock.” See Bell Rock Light- 
 house. 
 
 4®=- “ In old times upon the saide 
 rock there was a bell fixed upon a 
 timber, which rang continually, being 
 moved by the sea, giving notice to say- 
 lers of the danger. This bell was put 
 there and maintained by the abbot of 
 Aberbrothoek; but, being taken down 
 by a sea-pirate, a yeare thereafter he 
 perished upon the same rocke, with 
 ship and goodes,in the righteous judge- 
 ment of God.” 
 
 ^ toddart , Remarks on Scotland. 
 
 The Abbot of Aberbrothoek 
 Had placed that bell on the Inclicape rock. 
 On a buoy in the storm it floated and swung, 
 And over the waves its warning rung. 
 When the rock vras hid by the surge’s 
 swell 
 
 The mariners heard the warning bell; 
 
 And then they knew the perilous rock, 
 And blessed the Abbot of Aberbrothoek. 
 
 Southey. 
 
 Incredulity of St. Thomas. A 
 picture by Giovanni Battista Ci- 
 ma, called le Conegliano (b. about 
 1460). Now in the National Gal- 
 lery, London. There is another 
 work of a similar character in 
 the Brera, Milan, Italy. 
 
 Incredulity of St. Thomas. A 
 distinguished picture by Giovanni 
 Francesco Bar bier i, surnamed 
 Guereino (1590-1666). In the Vat- 
 ican, Rome. 
 
 Independence, Fort. See Fort 
 Independence. 
 
 Independence Hall. A building 
 on Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, 
 rich in historical associations, and 
 regarded as the birthplace of the 
 American Republic. Here the 
 Continental Congress assembled. 
 Here in June, 1775, George Wash- 
 ington was chosen commander of 
 the American forces. Here on 
 July 4, 1776, the Declaration of 
 Independence was adopted by 
 Congress, and read to a great 
 multitude assembled in front of 
 the building amidst the ringing 
 of bells and prodigious enthusi- 
 asm. It is from this circumstance 
 that the edifice derived its name. 
 The halls are now used as a mu- 
 seum and a receptacle for curiosi- 
 ties and relics connected with the 
 history of the country. It con- 
 tains portraits of the Revolution- 
 ary patriots, specimens of old 
 furniture, autographs, and other 
 souvenirs of the past, including 
 the famous Liberty Bell. 
 
 Independence Square. A public 
 ground in Philadelphia, Penn., 
 contiguous to Independence Hall, 
 from which the Declaration of 
 Independence was read to the 
 people assembled in the square. 
 
 India Docks. See East India 
 Docks and West India Docks. 
 
IND 
 
 243 
 
 INN 
 
 India House. See East India 
 House. 
 
 India Museum. A celebrated col- 
 lection of curiosities formerly in 
 the East India House iq.v.), after- 
 wards in Fife House, Whitehall, 
 and now at the South Kensington 
 Museum. Large additions have 
 been made to the old collection, 
 exhibiting the riches and re- 
 sources of British India. It con- 
 tains, besides historical relics 
 and antiquities, specimens of the 
 natural productions, arts, manu- 
 factures, etc., of India. 
 
 Indian Chief. A statue by Thomas 
 Crawford (1818-1857). In the hall 
 of the New York Historical Soci- 
 ety. 
 
 Indian Hill. An old mansion near 
 Newbury port, Mass., the resi- 
 dence of Ben : Perley Poore. It is 
 noted for the historical curiosities 
 which it contains. 
 
 Indianola, The. A powerful iron- 
 clad steamer of the United States 
 navy in the civil war in 1861- 
 65. She ran safely the batteries 
 at Vicksburg, but was finally cap- 
 tured by a Confederate “ ram.” 
 
 Industrie, Palais de P. See Pa- 
 lais de e’Industrie. 
 
 Infant Hercules strangling the 
 Serpents. A mythological pic- 
 ture by Sir Joshua Reynolds 
 (1723-1792), the celebrated Eng- 
 lish portrait-painter. It was 
 painted for the Empress of Rus- 
 sia, and is regarded as one of his 
 best works. 
 
 Inferno. [Hell.] A celebrated 
 fresco by Andrea di Cioni, called 
 Orcagna ( 1325 ?-l 385?)'. In the 
 
 Campo Santo, Pisa, Italy. 
 
 Influence of Christianity in the 
 Arts. A large and noted picture 
 by Friedrich Overbeck (1789-1869). 
 In the Stadel Institut, Frankfort- 
 on-tlie-Main. 
 
 4S§ => “ Among the oil-paintings by 
 Overbeck, the Triumph of Religion in 
 the Arts, one of the choicest treasures 
 in the Stadel Institute, is certainly the 
 most elaborate and ambitious. This 
 grand composition, which may be lik- 
 ened in its intent to Raphael’s ‘ School 
 of Athens,* or to the ‘ Hemicycle ’ by 
 
 Delaroche, has been aptly termed by 
 German critics the ‘ Christian Parnas- 
 sus,’ the dawn of light in Europe.” 
 
 I . B. Atkinson. 
 
 Inghirami, Fedra. A portrait by 
 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). In 
 the Pitti palace, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Iniscealtra. [Holy Island.] An 
 islet in the Shannon, in the coun- 
 ty of Clare, Ireland, famous from 
 very early ages for its reputed 
 sanctity. 
 
 4®=* “ It possesses structures belong- 
 ing to the Pagan as well as Christian 
 periods, — a round tower, and seven 
 small churches, or rather cells, or ora- 
 tories. The round tower is about 70 
 feet high, and is in good preservation. 
 . . . Holy Island continues a favorite 
 burial-place with the peasantry; and 
 although its religious establishments 
 are ruined and desecrated, the ancient 
 sanctity of its character still endures, 
 and pilgrims from remote distances 
 seek its shores. On the patron, or fes- 
 tival, day of St. Camin (12th of March), 
 the crowd of these devotees is very 
 great.” Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 Inner Temple. One of the four 
 Inns of Court in London which 
 have the exclusive privilege of 
 conferring the degree of bar- 
 rister-at-law requisite for practis- 
 ing as an advocate or counsel in 
 the superior courts. The gentle- 
 men of the Inner Temple were of 
 old famed for their plays, masques, 
 revels, and other sumptuous en- 
 tertainments. Among the emi- 
 nent members were Littleton 
 and Coke, Sir Christopher Hat- 
 ton, Selden, Judge Jeffreys, and 
 the poets Beaumont and Cowper. 
 The Inns of Court have always 
 been celebrated for the beauty of 
 their gardens. In the “Temple 
 Garden,” Shakespeare has laid 
 the scene of the origin of the red 
 and white roses as the cogni- 
 zances of the houses of York and 
 Lancaster. The red and white 
 Provence rose no longer blossoms 
 here; but the gardens are careful- 
 ly kept, and are very attractive. 
 
 In signal of my love to thee, 
 
 Against proud Somerset and William. 
 Poole, 
 
 Will I upon thy party wear this rose: 
 
 And here I prophesy, —this brawl to-day. 
 Grown to this faction, in the Temple Gar - 
 den , 
 
INN 
 
 244 
 
 INT 
 
 Shall send, between the red rose and the 
 white. 
 
 A thousand souls to death and deadly 
 night. 
 
 Shakespeare , Henry VI.. PL 1. 
 
 JKif’ “ I was born, and passed the 
 first seven years of my life, in the 
 Temple. Its church, its halls, its 
 gardens, its fountain, its river I had 
 almost said, — for in those young years, 
 what was this king of rivers to me but 
 a stream that watered our pleasant 
 places? — these are of my oldest recol- 
 lections. I repeat, to this day, no 
 verses to myself more frequently, or 
 with kindlier emotion, than those of 
 Spenser, where he speaks of this 
 spot. 
 
 There when they came, whereas those 
 bricky towers, 
 
 The which on Tliemmes brode aged back 
 doth ride, 
 
 Where now the studious lawyers have 
 their towers. 
 
 There wh.\ lome wont the Templer knights 
 to bole 
 
 Till they decayed through pride. 
 
 Indeed, it is the most elegant spot in 
 the metropolis. What a transition for 
 a countryman visiting London for the 
 first time, — the passingfrom the crowd- 
 ed Strand or Fleet Street, by unex- 
 pected avenues, into its ample squares, 
 its classic green recesses! What a 
 cheerful, liberal look hath that portion 
 of it which, from three sides, over- 
 looks the greater garden ; 
 
 That goodie pile 
 
 Of building strong, albeit of Paper hight, 
 confronting, with massy contrast, 
 the lighter, older, more fantastically 
 shrouded one, named of Harcourt, with 
 the cheerful Crown-office Row (place 
 of my kindly engendure), right oppo- 
 site the stately stream which washes 
 the garden-foot with her yet scarcely 
 trade-polluted waters, and seems but 
 just weaned from her Twickenham 
 Naiads! a man would give something 
 to have been born in such places.” 
 
 Charles Lamb . 
 Innocents. See Fontaine des In- 
 nocents and Massacre of the 
 Innocents. 
 
 Inns of Court. The name given 
 to the celebrated law-colleges in 
 London, known respectively as 
 the Inner Temple, Middle Tem- 
 ple, Lincoln’s Inn, and Gray’s 
 Inn. The Inns of Court were so 
 called because the students of 
 the law belonged to the “ King’s 
 Court.” James I. is said to have 
 declared that there were only 
 three classes of persons who had 
 
 any right to settle in London, — 
 “ the courtiers, the citizens, and 
 the gentlemen of the Inns of 
 Court.” The lawyers were un- 
 popular in the time of Jack Cade’s 
 rebellion; and Shakespeare, in 
 “Henry VI.,” represents Jack 
 Cade as saying, “ Now go some 
 and pull down the Savoy ; others 
 the Inns of Court ; down with 
 them all ! ” See Inner Temple, 
 Middle Temple, Lincoln’s Inn, 
 and Gray’s Inn. 
 
 “ The Inns of Court are interesting 
 to others besides lawyers, for they are 
 the last working institutions in the na- 
 ture of the old trade-guilds. It is no 
 longer necessary that a shoemaker 
 should be approved by the company of 
 the craft before he can apply himself 
 to making shoes for his customers; and 
 a man may keep an oyster-stall with- 
 out being forced to serve an apprentice- 
 ship, and be admitted to the Livery of 
 the great Whig Company; but the law- 
 yers’ guilds guard the entrance to the 
 law, and prescribe the rules under 
 which it shall be practised.” 
 
 Times Journal. 
 
 The lawyers discussed law or literature, 
 criticised the last new plaj', or retailed the 
 freshest Westminster 1 1 a ! 1 “ bite” at Nan- 
 do’s or tlie Grecian, both close on the pur- 
 lieus of the Temple. Here the young 
 bloods of the Inns of Court paraded their 
 Indian gowns and lace caps of a morning, 
 and swaggered in their la> e coats and 
 Mechlin rutiles at night, after the theatre. 
 
 National Review. 
 
 They [Christ-Churchmen] were domi- 
 nant at Oxford, powerful in the Inns of 
 Court and in the College of Physicians, 
 conspicuous in parliament and in the 
 literary and fashionable circles of London. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Institut, Palais de lb See Palais 
 de l ’Institut. 
 
 Insurgente, LL [The Insurgent.] 
 A famous French frigate of 40 
 guns, captured by tlie United 
 States vessel of war Constellation , 
 in 1798. The Insurgente was at 
 that time one of the fastest sail- 
 ing vessels in the world. 
 
 Intermontium. The ancient Latin 
 name of the place in Rome now 
 occupied by the Piazza del Cam- 
 pidoglio. See Piazza del Cam- 
 pidoglio. 
 
 Intrepid, The. 1. A famous vessel, 
 originally a Tripolitan ketch, 
 captured by Stephen Decatur, 
 
INV 
 
 245 
 
 IKE 
 
 and in which he accomplished 
 his brilliant naval exploit of de- 
 stroying- A r essels in the harbor of 
 Tripoli, Feb. 16, 1804. Later, the 
 Intrepid was used as a floating 
 mine to destroy the Tripolitan 
 cruisers in the harbor. The ship 
 was exploded with a terrible con- 
 cussion, but the brave men who 
 went on the expedition never re- 
 turned. 
 
 “ Nearly fourscore years their 
 fate lias been an impenetrable secret. 
 At the front of the midshipmen’s quar- 
 ters at Annapolis [Md.] stands a fine 
 monument erected to their memory, 
 and of those who perished on the 7th 
 of August, by the officers of the navy. 
 The monument is of white marble, and 
 is about 40 feet in height.” Lossing. 
 
 2. An Arctic exploring ship 
 which set sail from England 
 under Commander Austin in 
 1850. 
 
 Invalides, Hotel des. One of the 
 chief public monuments of Paris. 
 It was begun by Louis XIV. in 
 1671, as an asylum for the soldiers 
 wounded and maimed in his nu- 
 merous wars. At the revolution 
 of 1703 it was called the Temple 
 of Humanity; under the reign of 
 Napoleon, the Temple of Mars. 
 The building is capable of con- 
 taining 5,000 persons. Its library 
 and council chamber contain 
 some interesting objects, but the 
 church is the most attractive part 
 of the institution. The portico 
 and dome are exceedingly beauti- 
 ful, as is also the interior of the 
 church. It contains the grand 
 mausoleum of Napoleon, and his 
 remains as they were brought 
 from St. Helena. Bertrand and 
 Duroc, the near friends and com- 
 panions of Napoleon, lie on each 
 side of the entrance of the crypt 
 that leads to his tomb. 
 
 JtKlT “ In the afternoon we went to 
 the Hotel des Invalides, which contains 
 3,000 old soldiers. Those who were 
 wounded in the Crimean campaign are, 
 however, nearly all sent to their own 
 homes with an allowance of six hun- 
 dred francs.” Count Moltke , Trans. 
 
 i 6®=- “ The dome of the Invalides 
 rises upon the eye from all parts of 
 Paris, a perfect model of proportion 
 
 and beauty. It was this which Bona, 
 parte ordered to be gilded, to divert 
 the people from thinking too much 
 upon his defeat. . . . The interior of 
 the dome is vast, and of a splendid style 
 of architecture ; and out from one of its 
 sides extends a superb chapel hung all 
 round with the tattered flags taken in 
 his victories alone.” N. P. Willis. 
 
 The Lion [of St. Mark’s] has lost noth- 
 ing by his journey to the Invalides but the 
 Gospel which supported the paw that is 
 now on a level with the other foot. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 The beautiful sarcophagus of Scipio, the 
 silent soldier of the Invalides , yet speaks 
 in graceful epitaphs. 11. T. Tuckerman. 
 I walked the day out, listening to the 
 chink 
 
 Of the first Napoleon’s dry bones, as they 
 lay 
 
 In his second grave beneath the golden 
 dome 
 
 That caps all Paris like a bubble. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Inverary Castle. A baronial man- 
 sion near Inverary, Scotland, the 
 seat of the Duke of Argvle. 
 
 Inverleithen. A watering-place 
 at the junction of the Leitlien 
 Water and Tweed, somewhat cel- 
 ebrated for its mineral springs. 
 This spot is the scene of “ St. 
 Eonan’s Well.” 
 
 Inverna. The name given in some 
 parts of Italy to a wind blowing 
 from the south. 
 
 Investigator, The. An Arctic ex- 
 ploring ship, the companion ship 
 to the Enterprise , in Sir James 
 Ross’s expedition, set sail from 
 England in 1848. 
 
 Invincible Armada. See Arma- 
 da, The Invincible. 
 
 Io and Jupiter. A picture by An- 
 tonio Allegri, surnamed Correg- 
 gio (1494-1534). In the Museum 
 of Berlin, Prussia. The head of 
 this picture, which was formerly 
 in the Orleans Gallery, was cut 
 out by the son of its owner, the 
 Duke of Orleans, “ because it 
 was too voluptuous in expres- 
 sion.” Another was substituted 
 by Prud’hon. A replica of this 
 picture, or what is believed to be 
 such, is in the gallery at Vienna, 
 Austria. 
 
 Ireland Vard. A locality in Lon- 
 don, England. So called from 
 
IRQ 
 
 246 
 
 ISA 
 
 one William Ireland. His name 
 occurs in a deed by which a house 
 on this site was conveyed to 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Iron Crown (of Lombardy). A 
 famous crown, consisting of “a 
 broad fillet of gold, within which 
 runs a thin circlet or hoop of iron, 
 formed of one of the nails of the 
 Holy Cross beaten out.” It is 
 said to have been brought from 
 the Holy Land by the Empress 
 Helena. As many as 34 kings, 
 including the emperors Charles 
 Y. and Napoleon Bonaparte, have 
 been crowned with it. Until the 
 year 1859 it was kept in the Chap- 
 el of the Holy Nail (Santo Cliio- 
 do) in the Cathedral of St. John, 
 in Monza, Italy; but it is now 
 preserved in the Belvedere Mu- 
 seum at Vienna, Austria, the 
 model alone being shown at 
 Monza. 
 
 Iron Gates. A celebrated pass on 
 the Lower Danube, near Gladova, 
 where a spur of the Transylva- 
 nian Alps nearly barricades the 
 river. 
 
 46^ “A mile and a half of slow, 
 trembling, exciting progress, and we 
 have mounted the heaviest grade ; but 
 six hours of the same tremendous scen- 
 ery awaits us. We pierce yet sub- 
 limcr solitudes, and look on pictures of 
 precipice and piled rock, of cavern and 
 yawning gorge, and mountain walls, al- 
 most shutting out the day, such as no 
 other river in Europe can show.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Iron Mask. A black mask, not of 
 iron, as the popular name would 
 imply, but of black velvet, stif- 
 fened with whalebone, and fas- 
 tened behind the head with a 
 padlock or by steel springs. It 
 owes its celebrity to the fact that 
 in the reign of Louis XIV. it 
 served to conceal the features of 
 the mysterious state prisoner of 
 France, known in consequence 
 as the Man with the Iron Mask 
 (L’Homme an Masque de Fer), 
 about whom there has been much 
 difference of opinion, and whose 
 identity has never been satisfac- 
 torily determined. He was se- 
 cretly conveyed, about 1679, wear- 
 
 ing this mask as a disguise, to the 
 castle of Pignerol. In 1686 he 
 was removed to the isle of Sainte 
 Marguerite, and in 1698 was car- 
 ried to the Bastille, where he died 
 in 1703. He was always treated 
 with great respect and courtesy, 
 but was continually watched, and 
 during all these years of im- 
 prisonment was never seen with- 
 out the concealment of the Iron 
 Mask. 
 
 4Qr* He has been variously conjec- 
 tured to have been a son of Anne of 
 Austria and Cardinal Mazarin (Gib- 
 bon argues in favor of this theory) ; a 
 twin brother of Louis XIV. (Voltaire, 
 among others, adopts this view) ; the 
 Duke of Monmouth ; and Fouquet. 
 Among these and other suppositions, 
 the one now generally received is, that 
 the disguised prisoner was a Count 
 Matthioli, a minister of Charles III., 
 Duke of Mantua. Delort and Lord 
 Dover adopted this explanation, which 
 is favored in Topin’s “ Man with the 
 Iron Mask,” 1869, but disputed b} T other 
 recent writers. Another theory is, that 
 he was a conspirator against Louis 
 XIV., known as Lefroid. lung holds 
 this view in his “ La Verite sur le 
 Masque de Fer,” Paris, 1873; but the 
 whole matter is involved in entire un- 
 certainty. Dumas has a story concern- 
 ing this famous prisoner, entitled “ The 
 Iron Mask.” 
 
 It varied, till I don't think his own mother 
 (If that he had a mother) would her son 
 Have known, he shifted so from one to 
 t’other; 
 
 Till guessing from a pleasure grew a task, 
 At this epistolary “ Iron Mask.” Byron. 
 
 Iron Virgin. [Ger. Lie Eiserne 
 Jungfrau.] A famous instrument 
 of torture, of a kind not uncom- 
 mon in the Middle Ages, still ex- 
 isting in Nuremberg, Germany. 
 It represents a girl of the fif- 
 teenth century. The front, when 
 opened by a spring, discloses the 
 interior lined with pointed spikes 
 which pierced the victim who 
 was forced into it. Beneath is a 
 trap-door into which the body 
 fell. 
 
 Ironmongers’ Hall. The building 
 of the Ironmongers’ Company, 
 one of the old London city com- 
 panies. In Fenchurch Street. 
 
 Isaac of York. A painting by 
 Washington Allston (1779-1843). 
 
ISA 
 
 247 
 
 ISO 
 
 Now in the Museum of Fine Arts, 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Isaac, Sacrifice of. See Sacrifice 
 of Isaac. 
 
 Isabella. A portrait of Isabella, 
 Governess of the Low Countries, 
 by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641). 
 There are several portraits of this 
 princess by this painter, the best 
 being the one now in the Vienna 
 Gallery. 
 
 Isaiah. A picture of the prophet 
 on a pillar of the church of S. 
 Augustine, Rome. 
 
 4®= “ In the church of the Augus- 
 tines is Raphael’s inimitable fresco of 
 Isaiah, — a work sufficient of itself to 
 have crowned his name with immortal- 
 ity. The tire and fervor of the prophet 
 beam from that inspired and holy coun- 
 tenance. Even in force and sublimity 
 it will bear a comparison with the 
 Prophets and Sibyls which Michael 
 Angelo has left in the Sistine Chapel.” 
 Eaton. 
 
 Isaiah’s Tree. An ancient and 
 venerable mulberry tree in Jeru- 
 salem, its trunk propped up by a 
 pile of stones, and deriving its 
 name from the circumstance that 
 it, according to tradition, marks 
 the spot where Manasseli caused 
 the prophet Isaiah to be sawn in 
 two. 
 
 Isis, Temple of. See Temple of 
 Isis. 
 
 Isle of Dogs. An island — former- 
 ly a peninsula, but made an island 
 by a canal cut in 1800 — lying in 
 the river Thames, and constitut- 
 ing a part of London. The name 
 is said by some to be a corruption 
 from the Isle of Ducks, from the 
 numbers of wild fowl formerly 
 upon it. 
 
 Granted, the ship comes into harbor 
 with shrouds and tackle damaged; and 
 the pilot is therefore blame-worthy, for 
 he has not been all-wise and all-powerful: 
 but to know how blameworthy, tell us first 
 whether his voyage has been round the 
 Glo e, or only to Ramsgate and the Isle of 
 Dogs. Carlyle. 
 
 Isle. See Ile. 
 
 Islington. Now a part of London, 
 but originally two miles north of 
 the town. Said to be so called 
 
 from Isheldun, the Lower For- 
 tress. Before the reign of James 
 I. it was a favorite place for the 
 practise of archery. Macaulay, 
 speaking of this now populated 
 district, says, that in the time 
 of Charles I. Islington was al- 
 most a solitude; and poets loved 
 to contrast its silence and repose 
 with the din and turmoil of the 
 monster London. [Also called 
 Iseldon, Yseldon, Eyseldon, Ison - 
 don, Isendune.] 
 
 Hogsdone, Islington , and Tothnam Court, 
 For cakes and creame had then no small 
 resort. Wither ( 1628). 
 
 Let but thy wicked men from out thee 
 [London] go, 
 
 And all the fools that crowd thee so, 
 Ev’n thou, who dost thy millions coast, 
 
 A village less than Islington will grow, 
 A solitude almost. Cowley. 
 
 London has got a great way from the 
 streame. 
 
 I think she means to go to Islington . 
 
 To eat a dish of strawberries and ereame. 
 Thomas Freeman's Epigrams ( 1614). 
 
 “It used to be called Merry Islington 
 once upon a time. Perhaps it’s merry 
 now, if so. it’s all the better.*’— Tom 
 Finch. Dickens. 
 
 Tom, Tom. of Islington, 
 
 Married a wife on Sunday; 
 
 Brought her home on Monday; 
 
 Hired a house on Tuesday: 
 
 Fed her well on Wednesday; 
 
 Sick was she on Thursday; 
 
 Dead was she on Friday ;' 
 
 Sad was Tom on Saturday, 
 
 To bury his wife on Sunday. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 Isly, Battle of. See Battle of 
 Isly. 
 
 Isnah, Temple of. See Temple 
 of Isnah. 
 
 Isola Bella. [Tlie beautiful isl- 
 and.] An island (one of the so- 
 called Borromean Isles) upon 
 Lago Maggiore, famed for its 
 beauty. 
 
 O fairy island of a fairy sea. 
 
 Wherein Calypso might have spelled the 
 Greek, 
 
 Or Flora piled her fragrant treasury. 
 
 Lord Lytton. 
 
 Isola Bella, Palace and Gardens 
 of. A famous show- palace, with 
 a delightful prospect and elabo- 
 rate pleasure-grounds, on the isl- 
 and of Isola Bella (one of the so- 
 called Borromean Isles) in Lago 
 Maggiore, Italy. 
 
ISO 
 
 248 
 
 IZA 
 
 40=* “ Isola, Bella looks like a gentle- 
 man’s villa afloat. A boy would throw 
 a stone entirely over it in any direction. 
 It strikes you as a kind of toy, as you 
 look at it from a distance : and, getting 
 nearer, the illusion scarcely dissipates; 
 for, from the water’s edge, the orange- 
 laden terraces are piled, one above an- 
 other, like a pyramidal fruit-basket, the 
 villa itself peers above like a sugar 
 castle; and it scarce seems real enough 
 to land upon.” A. P. Willis. 
 
 Isola Madre. [The Mother Isl- 
 and.] A celebrated island in the 
 Lago Maggiore, one of the four 
 called the Borromean Islands. 
 
 Issus, Battle of the. See Battle 
 of the Issus. 
 
 Italiens, Boulevart des. The gay- 
 est and most frequented of the 
 boulevards of Paris. A modern 
 enthusiast of Paris says, “ France 
 is the centre of civilized nations, 
 Paris is the centre of France, the 
 boulevard des Italiens is the centre 
 of Paris.” See Boulevards. 
 
 Italy. See Ancient Italy and 
 Modern Italy. 
 
 Itaska, The. A noted vessel of 
 the United States Navy in the 
 civil war of 1861-65. She was 
 one of Admiral Farragut’s flotilla 
 at the attack upon the defences 
 of Mobile, Aug. 5, 1861. 
 
 Ivan Veliki. [Tower of John the 
 Great.] A famous tower in the 
 Kremlin at Moscow, Russia. This 
 tower rises to the height of 209 
 feet, and is surmounted by a 
 gided dome. 
 
 “ Before us rises the tower of 
 Ivan Veliki, whose massive sturdy walls 
 seem to groan under its load of mon- 
 ster bells. At the foot of the tower 
 stands on a granite pedestal the Tzar 
 KolokoU or Emperor of Bells, whose re- 
 nown is world-wide. [See Emperor 
 or Bells.] In one of the lower stories 
 of the tower hangs another bell cast 
 more than a century before the Tzar 
 Kolokol, and weighing 64 tons. Its 
 iron tongue is swung from side to side 
 by the united exertions of three men. 
 It is only rung thrice a year; and when 
 it speaks, all other bells are silent. To 
 those who stand near the tower, the 
 vibration of the air is said to be like 
 
 that which follows the simultaneous 
 discharge of a hundred cannon. In 
 the other stories hang at least 40 cr 
 50 bells, varying in weight from 36 
 tons to 1,000 pounds: some of them 
 are one-third silver. When they all 
 sound at once, as on an Easter morn, 
 the very tower must rock on its foun- 
 dation.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Ivy-Lane Club. This London 
 club, founded by Dr. Johnson 
 in 1749, met on Tuesday even- 
 ings at the King’s Head, Ivy 
 Lane, Paternoster Row. See 
 Essex-Head Club. 
 
 I remember to have read in some philo- 
 sopher, — I believein Tom Brown’s works, 
 
 — that, lei a man’s character, sentiments, 
 or complexion be what they will, he can 
 And company in London to match them. 
 ... If he be phlegmatic, he may sit in 
 silence in the lium-drum club in Ivy-Lane ; 
 and if actually mad, he may find very 
 good company in Moorfields, either at 
 Bedlam or the Foundery, ready to culti- 
 vate a nearer acquaintance. Goldsmith. 
 
 Izaak Church. A church in St. 
 Petersburg, Russia, begun by the 
 Empress Catherine, and com- 
 pleted by Nicholas I. It is a 
 magnificent structure, with a 
 gilded dome, and one of the most 
 remarkable sights of the Russian 
 capital. The foundation alone, 
 of piles, is said to have cost 
 $ 1 , 000 , 000 . 
 
 4®=* “ The finest building in Russia 
 
 — in all Northern Europe, indeed — is 
 the Cathedral of St. Izaak. Thirty- 
 two years of uninterrupted labor, 
 backed by the unlimited resources of 
 the Empire, were required to complete 
 this gigantic work. Its cost is esti- 
 mated at 90,000,000 rubles, or $67,500,- 
 000. The design is simple and majestic ; 
 and the various parts are so nicely 
 balanced and harmonized, that at first 
 sight the cathedral appears smaller 
 than is really the case. It grows upon 
 the eye with each visit. . . . Crowning 
 this sublime pile is the golden hemi- 
 sphere of the dome, which so flashes 
 in the sunlight that the eye can scarce- 
 ly bear its splendor. Far out over the 
 Gulf of Finland, it glitters over the 
 evening horizon like a rising star.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor . 
 
 See ! From the Finland marshes there 
 ’Tis proud St. Isaac's rears in air. 
 
 Pillar on pillar, that shining dome ! 
 
 E. D. Proctor. 
 
JAC 
 
 249 
 
 JAM 
 
 J. 
 
 Jacinto, San. See San Jacinto. 
 
 Jackson Square. A well-known 
 public square and pleasure resort 
 in New Orleans, La. Formerly 
 called the Place d’ Arines. 
 
 Jacob and Rachel. A well-known 
 picture ascribed to Giorgio Bar- 
 barelli, commonly called Giorgi- 
 one (1477-1511), in the Dresden 
 Gallery. This picture has also 
 been attributed to Palma Vec- 
 chio, and of late, by some, to Ca- 
 riani, of Bergamo, Italy. 
 
 Jacob blessing the Sons of Jo- 
 seph. A picture by Rembrandt 
 van Ryn (1606-1669), the Dutch 
 painter. It bears date 1656, and 
 is now in the gallery of Cassel, 
 Germany. 
 
 Jacob. See Fltite de Jacob and 
 Vision of Jacob. 
 
 Jacobin Club. A famous political 
 association organized in Paris, 
 France, shortly before the Revo- 
 lution of 1789. It derives its 
 name from the monastery of Jac- 
 obin friars, where its meetings 
 were held. 
 
 Jacob’s Dream. A fresco by Ra- 
 phael Sanzio (1483-1520). in the 
 Stanza of the Heliodorus, in the 
 Vatican, Rome. 
 
 Jacob’s Dream. A picture by Rem- 
 brandt van Ryn (1606-1669), the 
 Dutch painter. Now in the Dul- 
 wich Gallery, England. 
 
 “ Strange to say, the most po- 
 etical painter of angels in the seven- 
 teenth century is that inspired Dutch- 
 man, Rembrandt. For instance, look 
 at his Jacob’s Dream, at Dulwich.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Jacob’s Dream. A picture by 
 Washington Allston (1779-1843), 
 the American painter. Now at 
 Petworth, England. 
 
 Jacob’s Flight. See Fuite de Ja- 
 cob. 
 
 Jacob’s Ladder. A picture by 
 Giuseppe Ribera, called Lo Spag- 
 noletto (1588-1656), and one of his 
 best. In the gallery of Madrid, 
 Spain. 
 
 Jacob’s Well. A rock-hewn well, 
 9 feet in diameter, 75 feet or more 
 “ deep,” at the foot of Mount 
 Gerizim in Northern Palestine, 
 traditionally held to be the an- 
 cient well of the patriarch Jacob, 
 and the same by which Jesus sat 
 wearied at noon, and conversed 
 with the woman of Samaria. 
 Over this well a church was built 
 in very ancient times. It is al- 
 luded to by Jerome in the fourth 
 century; and, though destroyed 
 during the wars of the Crusades, 
 the ruins are still traceable. All 
 circumstances concur with the 
 universal tradition shared in by 
 Jews and Samaritans, by Mo- 
 hammedans and Christians, to 
 identify this well as the one 
 spoken of in the sacred history. 
 The water in it is at present quite 
 variable, sometimes there being 
 a depth of several feet, and at an- 
 other time the well being entire- 
 ly dry. 
 
 “No scene of these ancient in- 
 cidents is more clear and interesting 
 than this. It is impossible not to see 
 his very gestures when he spoke of 
 ‘this mountain,’ — the Gerizim which 
 rose above him, — and when he bade his 
 hearers lift up their eyes and look on 
 the fields, already * white unto the har- 
 vest,’ the tilled lands of Jacob’s plain 
 which stretched before him.” 
 
 Miss Martineau . 
 
 Jacques, St. See St. Jacques. 
 
 Jama (Gama) Tooloon. See 
 Mosque of Ahmed ebn Tooloon. 
 
 James, Shrine of St. See Shrine. 
 
 James the Apostle. A picture 
 by Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the 
 German painter. Presented by 
 the Emperor Ferdinand III. to 
 the Duke of Tuscany, Now in 
 
JAM 
 
 250 
 
 JAR 
 
 the Uffizi Gallery, in Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 James’s, St. See St. James’s 
 
 Janieulum, o?*_ Janiculan, The. 
 [Lat. Mo ns Jamculus.] A hill 
 rising abruptly on the west bank 
 of the Tiber, at Rome. It derives 
 its name, according to the tradi- 
 tion generally believed by the 
 ancients, from Janus, the sun- 
 god of the Latins. Nurna Poin- 
 pilius is said to have been buried 
 upon Mons Janiculus. Ancus 
 Martins, fourth king of Rome, 
 fortified the Janiculan, and con- 
 nected it with the city by the 
 first bridge of Rome, the Pons 
 Sublicius, celebrated in the old 
 Roman lays as the bridge which 
 Horatius Codes defended against 
 the whole Etruscan army under 
 Porsena. The Janiculan is con- 
 nected with numerous other sto- 
 ries of early Roman history, — 
 with that of Cains Mucius Scse- 
 vola, the young Roman patri- 
 cian, who, having made his way 
 into the camp of Porsena, with 
 the purpose of killing him, and 
 his intention being discovered, 
 burned off his own right hand, to 
 show that he feared neither tor- 
 ture nor death, — with that of the 
 hostage Clcelia, who escaped from 
 the power of Porsena by swim- 
 ming across the Tiber. 
 
 Januarius, Blood of St. See 
 Blood of St. Januarius. 
 
 Janus, Arch of. See Arch of 
 
 Janus. 
 
 J apanese Palace. See Augusteum. 
 
 Jardin, Le. [The Garden.] A 
 well-known spot in the Alps, on 
 the Glacier de Talefre, near Cha- 
 monix. 
 
 Jardin des Plantes. [Garden of 
 Plants.] This garden in Paris 
 was established by Louis XIII. 
 in 1635. Buffon was made super- 
 intendent of it in 1729, and great- 
 ly enriched it, besides establish- 
 ing its museums, galleries, and 
 hot-houses. It has been greatly 
 improved under recent govern- 
 ments ; and almost every known 
 flower, shrub, or tree may be seen 
 
 here, besides a great variety of 
 birds, beasts, and fishes. Much 
 damage was done to it during the 
 bombardment of 1871 by the 
 Prussians. 
 
 JgQjp “ This establishment combines 
 large botanical and zoological gardens, 
 connected with which are most inter- 
 esting collections of natural history in 
 every department, and comparative 
 anatomy. The botanical garden is not 
 to be compared to that at Kew, either 
 in arrangement, number, or luxuriant 
 growth of the plants; and the zoologi- 
 cal one is far surpassed by that in the 
 Regent’s Park.” Murray’s Handbook. 
 
 He [Diderot] cannot work; he hopes to 
 dissipate his melancholy by a walk; goes 
 to the Invalides, to the "Courts, to the 
 Bibliotheque du Roi, to the Jardin des 
 Plantes Mademoiselle Diderot . 
 
 These people all look like the doleful 
 birds of the Jardin des Plantes , begilded, 
 striped, befeathered, and sad, but roosting 
 on a suitable perch. Taine , Trans. 
 
 J ardin Mabille. A famous garden 
 in Paris (Avenue Montaigne, 
 Champs Elysees), which is open 
 in the evening, brilliantly illu- 
 minated, and much frequented 
 by the populace for dancing and 
 other amusements. It is much 
 resorted to by “ strangers and the 
 women of the demi-monde.” The 
 Chateau des Fleurs is now com- 
 bined with this garden. 
 
 4ST “At Mabille. How often I had 
 heard it spoken of ! Young men dream 
 of it. Strangers take their wives to 
 see it. Historians will some day speak 
 of it. . . . At ten o’clock in the even- 
 ing, I go to Mabille. It is a grand ball- 
 night. . . . The men are said to be 
 hired; the women exhibit themselves 
 gratis, though they feel that they are 
 despised. ... A great moving circle 
 floats around the dancers.” 
 
 Taine , Trans . 
 
 XtGir “ There are bowers and refresh- 
 ment-rooms around it, and a large sa- 
 loon for wet weather; in fact, it is a 
 Parisian Cremorne without the fire- 
 works and amusements; smaller, but 
 brighter and gayer. This is the best 
 appointed and best attended of all the 
 summer balls.” Murray’s Handbook. 
 
 T was never more surprised in my life 
 than to see that staid, solemn, meditative, 
 melancholy beast suddenly perk up both 
 liis long ears, and hop about over the steep 
 paths like a goat. Not more surprised 
 should I be to see some venerable I).D. of 
 Princeton leading off a dance in the Jar- 
 din Mabille. Beecher. 
 
JAR 
 
 251 
 
 JER 
 
 Whether they inhabit princely houses 
 in fashionable streets (which they often 
 do), or not; whether their sons have grad- 
 uated at the Jardm Mabille. or have been 
 taken from their father's shops. 
 
 G. W. Curtis. 
 
 Jardiniere, La Belle. See Bejlle 
 Jardiniere. 
 
 Jarvis Gallery. A collection of 
 early Italian pictures in the Art 
 School of Yale College, New 
 Haven, Conn. 
 
 Jason. A statue by Albert Bertel 
 Thorwaldsen (1770-1844), the Dan- 
 ish sculptor. 
 
 Jasper Park. A public square in 
 Savannah, Ga., named after Ser- 
 geant Jasper, a hero of the war of 
 the Revolution. 
 
 Java, The. A British frigate cap- 
 tured during the war of 1812 by 
 the United States frigate Consti- 
 tution. 
 
 Jean Arnolfini. Portrait of, and 
 of Jeanne de Chenany his wife, 
 by the Flemish painter, Jan van 
 Eyck (1870-1441). It is related 
 that the Princess Mary, sister of 
 Charles V., bestowed a post of 
 100 guldens a year upon the bar- 
 ber to whom it belonged. The 
 picture is now in the National 
 Gallery, London. 
 
 Jeanne de Chenany. See Jean 
 Arnolfini. 
 
 Jebel-er-Bahm. A sacred hill in 
 Arabia, not far from Mecca, and 
 a famous resort of Mohammedan 
 pilgrims. The tradition is that 
 it is the place where Adam re- 
 ceived his wife after their expul- 
 sion from Paradise, and a sepa- 
 ration of 120 years. 
 
 Jedburgh Abbey. A well-known 
 ruined monastery in the town of 
 Jedburgh, Scotland. 
 
 4ST “The abbey churches of Kelso 
 and Jedburgh, as we now find them, 
 belong eitner to the very end of the 
 twelfth, or the beginning of the thir- 
 teenth, century. They display all the 
 rude magnificence of the Norman pe- 
 riod used in this instance not experi- 
 mentally, as was too often the case in 
 England, but as a well-understood style, 
 whose features were fully perfected. 
 The whole was used with a Doric sim- 
 plicity and boldness which is very re- 
 markable.” Fergus son. 
 
 Jehoshaphat. See Valley of Je- 
 
 HOSHAPHAT. 
 
 Jenny’s Whim. A noted place of 
 entertainment in London, said to 
 have been established in the 
 time of George I., and character- 
 ized in 1775 as the Vauxhall of 
 the lower class of people. It is 
 no longer in existence. 
 
 Jephthah and his Daughter. A 
 work of sculpture by Hezekiah 
 Augur (1791-1858). At Yale Col- 
 lege, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Jeremiah. A picture by Washing- 
 ton Allston (1779-1843). Now in 
 the possession of Yale College, 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Jeremiah’s Cave. See Cave of 
 Jeremiah. 
 
 Jerome Park. A park in the neigh- 
 borhood of the city of New York, 
 a mile from Fordham, “ the most 
 aristocratic race-course in Amer- 
 ica.” 
 
 Jerome, St. See St, Jerome and 
 Communion of St. Jerome. 
 
 J erpoint Abbey. An ancient and 
 impressive ruined monastery near 
 Kilkenny, in the county of Lein- 
 ster, Ireland. It was founded in 
 1180. 
 
 I gaze where Jerpoint's venerable pile 
 
 Majestic in its ruins o’er me lowers. 
 
 S. C. Hall. 
 
 J ersey, The. A vessel of the Brit- 
 ish navy used as a prison-ship, in 
 which many Americans were con- 
 fined during the Revolutionary 
 war. 
 
 Jerusalem Chamber. An apart- 
 ment in the cloisters of Westmin- 
 ster Abbey, London, in which 
 the upper House of Convocation 
 meets, and where King Henry 
 IV. died. It is said to have de- 
 rived its name from having been 
 hung with tapestries representing 
 the history of Jerusalem. 
 
 King Henry. Doth any name particular 
 belong 
 
 Unto t-lie lodging where T first did swoon? 
 
 Warwick. 'Tis called .Jerusalem, nw 
 noble lord. 
 
 King Henry. Laud be to God! even 
 there in.y life must end. 
 
 It hath been prophesied to me many years, 
 I should not die but in Jerusalem; 
 
 Which vainly 1 supposed the Holy Land ; 
 
JER 
 
 252 
 
 JOH 
 
 But bc-ar me to that chamber; there I'll 
 lie; 
 
 In that Jerusalem shall Harry die. 
 
 Shakespeare , King llenry IV., Part II 
 
 jg@=* “ Out of these walls came the 
 Directory, the Longer and Shorter 
 Catechism, and that famous Confession 
 of Faith which, alone within these 
 islands, was imposed by law on the 
 whole kingdom.” Dean Stanley. 
 
 Jerusalem Coffee-house. An old 
 house in Cornhill, London, re- 
 sorted to by captains and mer- 
 chants interested in eastern com- 
 merce. 
 
 J erusalem Delivered. A series of 
 five large frescos, taken from Tas- 
 so’s poem “ La Gerusalemme 
 Ljberata,” by Friedrich Over- 
 beck (1789-1869). In the Villa 
 Massimi, Rome. 
 
 Jerusalem, Destruction of. See 
 Destruction of Jerusalem. 
 
 Jerusalem Road. A road leading 
 from Nantasket to Cohasset, 
 Mass., following the line of the 
 coast, with grand ocean scenery, 
 and adorned with many fine vil- 
 las. 
 
 Jerusalem Taverns. Houses in 
 Clerkenwell, London, so called 
 from the ancient priory of the 
 Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. 
 
 Jesus College. A foundation of 
 the University of Cambridge, 
 England. Established in 1496. 
 
 Jeux Floraux, Soeiete des. A so- 
 ciety in Toulouse, France, claim- 
 ing to be the oldest literary insti- 
 tution in Europe, founded in the 
 fourteenth century, and to be de- 
 rived from the ancient trouba- 
 dours. It distributes annually 
 prizes of golden and silver flow- 
 ers for the best essays in prose 
 and verse upon prescribed sub- 
 jects. 
 
 Jewish Cemetery. A picture by 
 Jacob Ruysdael (1625 ?-1682), the 
 Dutch landscape painter. In the 
 Dresden Gallery. 
 
 Jewry, Old. See Old Jewry. 
 
 Jews’ Quarter. See Ghetto and 
 
 Ju DEN STADT. 
 
 In the Middle Ages the Jews 
 were commonly confined to a certain 
 prescribed quarter of the cities in 
 
 which they lived, and, as a rule, were 
 locked in at night. Among better 
 known districts occupied by them in 
 European cities are the famous “ Jews’ 
 Quarter ” in Rome and that in Prague. 
 
 Joachim, St. See St. Joseph and 
 St. Joachim. 
 
 J oan of Arc. An admired picture 
 by Paul Delaroclie (1797-1856), 
 the celebrated French historical 
 painter. 
 
 Joanna of Aragon. A portrait 
 of this famous beauty, who was 
 the wife of Ferdinand of Ara- 
 gon, by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), of which there are numer- 
 ous repetitions. One is in the 
 collection of Baron Speck, of 
 Lutschena, near Leipzig; another 
 in Warwick Castle; another in 
 the Louvre Gallery, Paris. The 
 larger part of this last picture is 
 said to have been executed by 
 Giulio Romano. There is a copy 
 which has sometimes been as- 
 cribed, but wrongly, to Leonardo 
 da Vinci, in the Palazzo Doria, 
 Rome. There are still other ex- 
 isting copies. 
 
 Job, Misfortunes of. A well- 
 known fresco by Francesco da 
 Volterra in the Campo Santo, 
 Pisa, Italy. 
 
 Joconde, La. See Belle Joconde. 
 
 Johanneum, The. An institution 
 in Gratz, Styria, the “pride of 
 Styria,” founded in 1812, and 
 containing fine collections of art, 
 and museums of antiquities and 
 of natural science. 
 
 John and Peter. A picture of the 
 two apostles, the figures the 
 size of life, by Albert Diirer 
 (1471-1528), the German painter 
 and engraver. Another picture 
 corresponding with this repre- 
 sents the apostles Mark and Paul. 
 These are considered to be the 
 grandest works of this master, 
 and the last executed by him. 
 They are now in the Munich Gal- 
 lery. 
 
 4®* “ These pictures are the fruit of 
 the deepest thought which then stirred 
 the mind of Albert Diirer, and are ex- 
 ecuted with overpowering force. Fin- 
 ished as they are, they form the first 
 complete work of art produced by 
 
JOH 
 
 253 
 
 JON 
 
 Protestantism. Well might the artist 
 now close his eyes. He had in this 
 picture attained the summit of art : 
 here he stands side by side with the 
 greatest masters known in history.” 
 
 Kugler. Handbook of Painting . 
 
 John Brown’s Farm. An estate 
 near North Elba, in Essex Coun- 
 ty, N.Y., the former home of the 
 famous abolitionist John Brown 
 (1800-1859), the invader of Vir- 
 ginia, and leader of the expedition 
 against the national arsenal at 
 Harper’s Ferry. The house and 
 farm are now the property of an 
 association organized for its pur- 
 chase. 
 
 J ohn O’ Groat’s House. This house 
 is celebrated as having been con- 
 
 N sidered the most northerly dwell- 
 ing in Great Britain. Nothing 
 remains of it but a turf-covered 
 mound. It is related that John 
 O’ Groat and his cousins used to 
 meet here once a year to cele- 
 brate the memory of their ances- 
 tor De Groot, a Dutchman who 
 had settled here long previous. 
 They fell into a dispute as to 
 which should preside at table; 
 and John settled the difficulty 
 by building a room with as many 
 sides as there were cousins, and 
 with a corresponding number of 
 doors, and sides to the table, so 
 that each, or neither, might be 
 considered as presiding. 
 
 Hear, land o’ cakes, and blither Scots, 
 Frac Maidenkirk to John o' Groat’s , 
 
 If there’s a hole in a’ your coats, 
 
 I rede ye tent it : 
 
 A chiel’s am mg you fakin' notes, 
 
 And, faith, he’ll prent it. Burns. 
 
 I was with a commercial friend at the 
 hour of the mid-day meal ; and he proposed 
 luncheon, adding, Let’s go to Crosby 
 Hall.” 1 did not quite apprehend his 
 meaning. It was much as if he had pro- 
 posed to me to take luncheon with him in 
 Stonehenge or John O' Groat's house. 
 
 Richard Grant White. 
 
 John, St. See St. John. 
 
 J ohn the Baptist. An altar-piece 
 representing three scenes in his 
 life, by the Flemish painter Ro- 
 ger van der Weyden (d. 1464). 
 These pictures -were formerly in 
 Spain, but are now in the Mu- 
 seum of Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 John the Baptist in the Wilder- 
 ness. A well-known picture by 
 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), in the 
 Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy. 
 It is supposed that this picture 
 was executed in part by other 
 hands. Similar pictures" in the 
 Louvre, Paris, at Bologna, and 
 elsewhere, are thought to have 
 been taken from it. 
 
 John the Baptist. See Behead- 
 ing of St. John. 
 
 John’s, St. See St. John’s. 
 
 Johnson’s Court. A place in Lon- 
 don near Fleet Street, known as 
 one of the residences of Dr. John- 
 son. It did not, however, derive 
 its name from him. 
 
 We ourselves, not without labor and 
 risk, lately discovered Gough Square, be- 
 tween Fleet Street and Ilolborn (adjoin- 
 ing both to Bolt Court and Johnson’s 
 Court), and on the second day of search 
 the very house there, wherein the English 
 Dictionary was composed. Carlyle. 
 
 J onah. A statue executed by Ra- 
 phael (1483-1520), the Italian 
 painter, and pronounced “a re- 
 markable work of sculpture.” 
 It is in the Chigi Chapel, S. Ma- 
 ria Novella, Florence, Italy. 
 
 4G1P “Raphael, who handled the 
 myth of Cupid and Psyche so magnifi- 
 cently in the Villa Farnesina of his 
 patron Agostino Chigi, dedicated a 
 statue of Antinous, — the only statue 
 he ever executed in marble, — under 
 the title of a Hebrew prophet in a 
 Christian sanctuary. The fact is no less 
 significant than strange. During the 
 early centuries of Christianity . . . 
 Jonah symbolized self-sacrifice and im- 
 mortality. During those same centu- 
 ries Antinous represented those same 
 ideas, however inadequately, and for the 
 unlettered laity of Paganism. It could 
 scarcely have been by accident, or by 
 mere admiration for the features of 
 Antinous, that Raphael, in his marble, 
 blent the Christian and the Pagan tra- 
 ditions. To unify and to transcend 
 the double views of Christianity and 
 Paganism in a work of pure art was 
 Raphael’s instinctive, if not his con- 
 scious, aim.” J. A. Symonds. 
 
 Jonathan’s. A former coffee- 
 
 house and resort of stock-jobbers 
 in Change Alley, London. 
 
 The Cits met to discuss the rise and fall 
 of stocks, and to settle the rate of insur- 
 ance, at Garraway’s or Jonathan's. 
 
 National Review. 
 
JOS 
 
 254 
 
 JUD 
 
 Joseph. See St. Joseph and 
 Potiphar’s Wife accusing Jo- 
 seph. 
 
 Joseph sold into Captivity. A 
 fresco-painting by Friedrich Over- 
 beck (1789-1869). Executed for 
 the villa of the consul-general 
 Bartholdy, in Rome. 
 
 Joseph’s Coat. A celebrated pic- 
 ture by Diego Rodriguez de Silva 
 y Velasquez (1599-1660), the Span- 
 ish painter. In the Museum of 
 Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Joseph’s Tomb. A burial-place 
 near Mount Gerizim and Jacob’s 
 Well in Northern Palestine, tra- 
 ditionally held to be the tomb of 
 the patriarch Joseph. It is 
 believed to be genuine. 
 
 Joseph’s Well. A well of a total 
 depth of 290 feet on the citadel 
 hill at Cairo, Egypt, supposed to 
 be so called from Yoosef, the 
 other name of Saladin, by whom 
 it was cleared of the sand which 
 had filled it. It is thought to 
 have been cut in the rock by the 
 ancient Egyptians. It is built in 
 two stages, the water being raised 
 from the bottom to the first stage 
 by donkeys or bullocks, and from 
 the first stage to the top in the 
 same manner. 
 
 Joux, Chateau de. A noted cas- 
 tle near Pontarlier in France, 
 situated on a lofty hill, and mem- 
 orable as having been the place 
 of confinement of Toussaint L’ 
 Ouverture, who died here, and 
 also of Mirabeau. 
 
 Solely by way of variation, not of alle- 
 viation (especially as the If Cerberus too 
 has been bewitched), he has this sinner 
 [Mirabeau] removed in May next, after 
 some nine months space, to the Castle of 
 Joux ; an “old Owl’s nest, with a few 
 invalids,” among the Jura Mountains. 
 
 Carlyle . 
 
 Joux, Colonne de. See Colonne 
 de Joux. 
 
 Joyeuse, La. The sword of Char- 
 lemagne. It was found lying by 
 the side of the emperor when his 
 tomb at Aix-la-Chapelle was 
 opened in 997 by Otho III. Most 
 of the relics there found were 
 subsequently removed to Vienna, 
 Austria. 
 
 Joys and Sorrows of the Virgin. 
 
 See Virgin. 
 
 Judenstadt. [Jews’-town]. A fa- 
 mous quarter in Prague, Bohemia, 
 occupied by Jews, and one of the 
 most widely known Ghettos, or 
 Jews’ quarters, of those existing 
 in any city. The Jews were 
 formerly confined here, and the 
 gates locked at eight o’clock in 
 the evening; but all restrictions 
 are now removed. In this close 
 quarter of narrow labyrinthine 
 streets are huddled together some 
 8,000 Jews. It is supposed to be 
 the oldest Jewish settlement in 
 Europe, the colony having ex- 
 isted, according to tradition, be- 
 fore the downfall of Jerusalem. 
 In another quarter of the city is a 
 celebrated Jewish cemetery of 
 great antiquity, but no longer 
 used. 
 
 Judge’s Cave. A cleft in a group 
 of rocks near New Haven, Conn., 
 where the famous regicides Goffe 
 and Whalley were secreted for a 
 time in 1661. 
 
 Judgment, Last. See Last Judg- 
 ment. 
 
 Judgment of Paris. A picture by 
 Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), It 
 is in the National Gallery in Lon- 
 don. 
 
 2. A picture by Angelica Kauff- 
 man (1741-1807). 
 
 Judgment of Solomon. 1. A 
 picture by Giorgio Barbarelli, 
 commonly called Giorgione (1477- 
 1511). In the Uffizi Palace, Flor- 
 ence, Italy. 
 
 2. A noted picture by Benja- 
 min Robert Haydon (1786-1846). 
 
 J udgment of the Gods. See Feast 
 of the Gods. 
 
 Judith and Holofernes. A well- 
 
 known bronze statue by Donato 
 di Betto Bardi, called Donatello 
 (1383-1466). In the Loggia de’ 
 Lanzi, Florence, Italy. 
 
 “ The Judith — a strange rather 
 than an attractive work — was removed 
 from the Medici Palace in the year 
 1495, and set up at the entrance of the 
 palace of the Government.” 
 
 Qrimm , Trans. 
 
JUD 
 
 255 
 
 JUN 
 
 Judith and Holofernes. A picture 
 by Andrea Mantegna (1430-1506)* 
 In the Museum at Florence, Italy. 
 
 Judith and Holofernes. One of 
 
 the frescos of Michael Angelo 
 (1474-1564). In the Sistine Chap- 
 el, Rome. 
 
 Judith and Holofernes. An ad- 
 mired picture by Cristofano 
 Allori (1577-1621). In the Pitti 
 Palace, Florence, Italy. There 
 are repetitions of this picture, one 
 in the Belvedere, Vienna, another 
 in the Uffizi, Florence. 
 
 Juggernaut. A celebrated temple 
 at Juggernaut, in India. It is 
 the most famous place of pilgrim- 
 age in Hindostan. The name 
 Juggernaut signifies the Lord of 
 the World. In this temple is 
 an image gorgeously decorated, 
 which is carried on festal days 
 upon a car moving upon wheels, 
 and is drawn by people. The 
 old belief, that while this car was 
 moving along the crowded streets 
 numbers of devout worshippers 
 would throw themselves upon 
 the ground in order to be crushed 
 by the wheels, as an act of sac- 
 rifice to the idol deity, is now 
 understood to be a gross exaggera- 
 tion, the loss of life which occa- 
 sionally attends the moving ve- 
 hicle being the result of accident 
 rather than intention. [Written 
 also Juggernaut .] 
 
 4®= “ The Asiatic Society has pre- 
 sented the French Government with 
 a model of the temple and the proces- 
 sional car of Juggernaut. This pre- 
 cious specimen of art of the Middle 
 Ages (1198) is placed in the Louvre, at 
 Paris.” Lefewe. Tr . Donald. 
 
 A thousand pilgrims strain 
 Arm, shoulder, breast, and thigh, with 
 might and main. 
 
 To drag that sacred wain, 
 
 And scarce can draw along the enormous 
 load 
 
 Prone fall the frantic votaries in its road, 
 And, calling on the god, 
 
 Their self-devoted bodies there they lay 
 To pave his chariot-way. 
 
 On Jaga-Naut t hey call, 
 
 The ponderous car rolls on, and crushes 
 all. 
 
 Through flesh and bones it ploughs its 
 dreadful path. 
 
 Groans rise unheard; the dying cry, 
 And death and agony 
 
 Are trodden under foot by yon mad throng 
 Who follow close, and thrust the deadb’- 
 wheels along. Southey. 
 
 Juillet, Colonne de. See Colonne 
 de Juillet. 
 
 Julian, St. See St. Julian. 
 
 Julius Caesar. See Death of Ju- 
 lius Caesar and Triumphs of 
 Julius Cass ad. 
 
 Julius II. A celebrated portrait of 
 this pope by Raphael Sanzio 
 (1483-1520), representing him as 
 seated in an arm-chair, wrapt in 
 meditation. It is adjudged one of 
 Raphael’s best portraits. Among 
 the well-known copies of this 
 picture are one in the Uffizi Gal- 
 lery, Florence, one in the Nation- 
 al Gallery, London, and another 
 in the Berlin Museum. 
 
 Jumma Musjeed. A famous Mo- 
 hammedan temple or mosque at 
 Delhi, Hindostan. It is built of 
 sandstone and white marble. 
 
 Jungfernstieg. [The Maiden’s 
 Walk.] A fashionable prome- 
 nade in the city of Hamburg, 
 Germany. It is a broad walk 
 around the sides of a basin of 
 water formed by damming up 
 the small river Alster. It is a 
 scene of much animation on sum- 
 mer evenings when the surface of 
 the water is covered with gayly- 
 painted boats. 
 
 Junior United Service Club. A 
 London club, founded in 1826. 
 See United Service Club. 
 
 Some of our party . . . made choice of 
 the club-house in Commercial Square 
 [Gibraltar], . . . rather, perhaps, resem- 
 bling the Junior United Service Club in 
 Charles Street, by which every Londoner 
 has passed ere this with respectful pleas- 
 ure, catching glimpses of magnificent 
 blazing candelabras, under which sit neat 
 half-pay officers, drinking half-pints of 
 port. Thackeray. 
 
 Juno. A celebrated head of the 
 goddess in the Villa Ludovisi, 
 Rome, and hence generally known 
 as the Ludovisi Juno. It has been 
 ascribed to the Greek sculptor, 
 Polycleitus the Elder (452 ?-412 ? 
 B.C.). See Barberini Juno. 
 
 4ST“ There is a head of ‘Juno, 
 Queen,’ possessing a grandeur and se- 
 riousness altogether sublime. I do not 
 believe there is any thing superior to it 
 
 I in Rome.” Taine , Trans. 
 
JITN 
 
 256 
 
 JUV 
 
 Juno. See Jupiter and Juno. 
 
 Jupiter [of Phidias]. See Olym- 
 pian Jupiter. 
 
 Jupiter and Antiope. A well- 
 known picture by Antonio Alle- 
 gri, surnamed Correggio (1494- 
 1584), pronounced “ the chef cV ten- 
 ure of the master in the mytho- 
 logical class” of subjects. It is 
 now in the tribune of the Louvre, 
 Paris. 
 
 Jupiter and Io. See Io and Jupi- 
 ter. 
 
 Jupiter and Juno. A fresco by 
 Annibale Caracci (1560-1609). In 
 the Farnese Palace, Pome. 
 
 Jupiter, Education of. A picture 
 by Giulio Romano (1492-1546). 
 Now in the National Gallery, 
 London. 
 
 Jupiter Latialis. See Temple of 
 Jupitkr Latialis. 
 
 Jupiter Stator, Temple of. See 
 Temple of Jupiter Stator. 
 
 J uriaprudence. A celebrated fres- 
 co by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), 
 
 representing the science of juris- 
 prudence in its two divisions of 
 ecclesiastical and civil law, with 
 female figures personifying Pru- 
 dence, Fortitude, and Temper- 
 ance, and the figures of Pope 
 Gregory XI., and the Emperor 
 Justinian. This picture forms 
 one of the series of four, entitled 
 respectively, Theology, Poetry, 
 Philosophy, and Jurisprudence, 
 which were intended to exhibit 
 the lofty subjects of thought with 
 which the human mind is occu- 
 pied. They are all in the Came- 
 ra della Segnatura of the Vati- 
 can, Rome. 
 
 Justice and Divine Vengeance 
 pursuing Crime. An admired 
 picture by Pierre Prud’hon (1758- 
 1823). In the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Justice. See Bed of Justice and 
 Palais de Justice. 
 
 Justina, St. See St. Justina and 
 the Duke of Ferrara. 
 
 J uvenis Adorans. See Boy pray- 
 ing. 
 
KAA 
 
 257 
 
 KEN 
 
 K. 
 
 Kaabah. See Caaba. 
 
 Kailasa. A famous cave-temple at 
 Elora, in the Deccan, India. 
 
 “A magnificent jewel in stone, 
 as large as the Royal Exchange of Lon- 
 don, made of a single isolated rock, 
 hollowed within and magnificently 
 carved without. Nothing is wanting 
 to render its proportions, its grace, and 
 its beauty perfect. The hand o-f a 
 master must have fashioned this gor- 
 geous structure which comprises chap- 
 els, porticos, colonnades supported by 
 figures of elephants, two basilisks 39 
 feet high, a pagoda 100 feet high, flights 
 of stairs, and galleries made solemn 
 with a dim and almost a religious light. 
 The whole structure covers a space of 
 340 feet in length by 190 feet in breadth, 
 and the exterior walls are separated 
 from the cliff to which the rock origi- 
 nally belonged by an excavated passage 
 26 to 32 feet in width; so that this 
 wonderful rock-temple is completely 
 isolated in the centre of a court hol- 
 lowed out in the flank of the hill. 
 Time, passing over the walls covered 
 with innumerable statues, has black- 
 ened them ; but in robbing them of 
 much it lias also imparted to them a 
 real beauty. And here it may be re- 
 marked that the strange sculptures of 
 Elora are only to be compared to the 
 shapeless works of our middle ages; 
 and though they arc wanting in the re- 
 pose of the Egyptian sculptures, they 
 seem to live and breathe with a mon- 
 strous life. 1 ” Lefevre , Tr. Donald. 
 
 Kaiserstuhl. [Cfesar’s Seat.] An 
 eminence rising above Heidel- 
 berg, in Germany, and affording 
 a magnificent view. 
 
 Karlstein. [Charles’s Stone.] A 
 famous feudal castle, the resi- 
 dence of the Bohemian kings, 
 built in the middle of the four- 
 teenth century, and still in a 
 good state of preservation, not 
 far from Prague. 
 
 Karnak, Temple of. See Temple 
 of Karnak. 
 
 Kasr. A ruin in ancient Babylon 
 on the supposed site of the palace 
 of Nebuchadnezzar. 
 
 Katherine Docks. See St. Kath- 
 erine Docks. 
 
 Kazan Cathedral. The metro- 
 politan church of St. Petersburg, 
 dedicated to our Lady of Kazan, 
 standing upon the Nevskoi Pros- 
 pekt. It is built of gray' Fin- 
 land granite, and was intended 
 to be a copy of St. Peter’s at 
 Home, having a circular colon- 
 nade in front like the latter, but 
 is, however, only a feeble imita- 
 tion of it. 
 
 Where are our shallow fords ? and where 
 The power of Kazan with its fourfold 
 gates ? 
 
 From the prison windows our maidens fair 
 Talk of us still through the iron grates. 
 
 Longfellow , Adaptation. 
 Kazan looks down from the Volga wall, 
 Bright in the darkest weather; 
 
 And the Christian chime and the Moslem 
 call 
 
 Sound from her towers together. 
 
 E. D. Proctor. 
 
 Kazan, Defile of. An extraordi- 
 nary pass in the Lower Danube, 
 through which the river rushes. 
 A road is carried along the bank 
 by tunnelling through the per- 
 pendicular cliffs. 
 
 Kearsarge, The. A Union ship of 
 war, commanded by Capt Wins- 
 low, which, on the 19tli of June, 
 1864, destroyed the Confederate 
 privateer Alabama, off the coast 
 of France, near Cherbourg. 
 
 Kelso Abbey. An ancient ruined 
 monastery in the town of Kelso, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Kenilworth Castle. A magnifi- 
 cent ruined mansion, one of the 
 most interesting and picturesque 
 feudal remains in England, at 
 Kenilworth, near Leamington. 
 It is familiar to readers through 
 the description of Sir W alter 
 Scott in his novel of the same 
 name. Kenilworth Castle was 
 one of the strongholds of Simon 
 de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, ru 
 his insurrection against Henry 
 
KEN 
 
 258 
 
 KEN 
 
 III. John of Gaunt, coming into 
 possession of the castle, enlarged 
 it hy magnificent buildings. 
 Queen Elizabeth bestowed it 
 upon Robert Dudley, Earl of 
 Leicester, who also made impor- 
 tant additions. It was disman- 
 tled after the civil war of Charles 
 I. 
 
 Jgcgr* “ Of this lordly palace, where 
 princes feasted and heroes fought, now 
 in the bloody earnest of storm and 
 siege, now in the games of chivalry, 
 where beauty dealt the prize which 
 valor won, all is now desolate. The 
 massy ruins of the castle only serve to 
 show what their splendor once was, 
 and to impress on the musing visitor 
 the transitory value of human posses- 
 sions.” Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 X&" “ Some of the ivy that mantles 
 this building has a trunk as large as a 
 man’s body, and throws out number- 
 less strong arms, which, interweaving, 
 embrace and interlace half-falling tow- 
 ers, and hold them up in a living, grow- 
 ing mass of green. The walls of one 
 of the oldest towers are sixteen feet 
 thick. The former moat presents only 
 a grassy hollow. What was formerly 
 the gate-house is still inhabited by the 
 family who have the care of the build- 
 ing. The land around is choicely and 
 carefully laid out.” Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Heards’t thou what the Ivy sighed, 
 
 Waving where all else hath died, 
 
 In the place of regal mirth, 
 
 Now the silent Kenilworth. 
 
 Felicia llemans. 
 
 Kennedy. See Castle Kennedy. 
 
 Kennington Common. An en- 
 closure (comprising some 20 
 acres) in Lambeth, London, once 
 celebrated as a place of gathering 
 for pugilists and also itinerant 
 preachers, and memorable as the 
 scene of the great Chartist meet- 
 ing in 1818. It has now been con- 
 verted into a park. Whitefield 
 used to preach here to great 
 crowds of people. 
 
 41®** “ Sunday, May 6, 1731. At six 
 in the evening went and preached at 
 Kennington, but such a sight I never 
 saw before. Some supposed there 
 were above 30,000 or 40,000 people, and 
 near fourscore coaches, besides great 
 numbers of horses; and there was such 
 an awful silence amongst them, and 
 the word of God came with such 
 power, that all seemed pleasingly sur- 
 
 prised. I continued my discourse for 
 an hour and a half.” 
 
 George Whitefield'' s Diary. 
 
 Kennington Park. A modern 
 park in London, formerly known 
 as Kennington Common. See 
 supra. 
 
 Kensal-Green Cemetery. On the 
 Harrow Road, two and a half 
 miles beyond Paddington, Lon- 
 don. It occupies eighteen acres. 
 
 Kensington. A parish of London, 
 containing several hamlets. The 
 palace of Kensington is in St. 
 Margaret’s parish, Westminster. 
 
 Kensington Gardens. Extensive 
 pleasure-grounds attached to Ken- 
 sington Palace, London, England, 
 much frequented during the Lon- 
 don season. The gardens were 
 laid out in the time of William 
 III., and at first consisted of only 
 26 acres. 
 
 Where Kensington high o’er the neighbor- 
 ing lands 
 
 Midst greens and sweets a regal fabric 
 stands, 
 
 And sees each spring, luxuriant in her 
 bowers, 
 
 A snow of blossoms and a wild of flowers, 
 The dames of Britain oft in crowds repair 
 To groves and lawns and unpolluted air. 
 
 Thomas Tie hell. 
 
 Wise and Loudon are our heroic poets; 
 and if, as a critic, I may single out *ny 
 passage of their works to eon mend, I 
 shall take notice of that part in the upper 
 garden at Kensington , which at first was 
 nothing but a gravel-pit. Spectator. 
 
 Here in Kensington are some of the most 
 poetical bits of tree and stump and sunny 
 brown and green glen, and tawny earth. 
 
 llaydon. 
 
 Kensington Museum. See South 
 Kensington Museum. 
 
 Kensington Palace. A royal resi- 
 dence of the English sovereigns, 
 situated about two miles west of 
 London. William and Mary lived 
 here, and here Mary died in 1694, 
 and William in 1702. After the 
 death of William III., Anne and 
 Prince George of Denmark lived 
 at Kensington Palace, the latter 
 dying here in 1708, and the for- 
 mer in 1714. Queen Victoria was 
 born here May 24, 1819. It for- 
 merly contained the collection of 
 pictures known as the Kensing- 
 ton Collection. 
 
KEN 
 
 259 
 
 KXL 
 
 Kent’s Hole. A cavern near Tor- 
 quay, England, celebrated for its 
 ossiferous remains. 
 
 Kevin’s Kitchen. See St. Kev- 
 in’s Kitchen. 
 
 Kew Botanical Gardens. An en- 
 closure, 270 acres in extent, at 
 Kew, near London, containing 
 the plants, dowers, and vegetable 
 curiosities of all countries. 
 
 Keyne’s Well. See St. Keyne’s 
 Well. 
 
 Keys of St. Peter. See Deliver- 
 ing the Keys. 
 
 Khasne, The. The great temple 
 of Petra, occupying an unrivalled 
 situation opposite the opening of 
 the Sik, and in full view of every 
 one entering the city. Almost the 
 entire structure is hewn in the 
 rock ; and the age, and even 
 the purpose of the monument, are 
 matters of controversy. Its name, 
 meaning “the Treasure,” was 
 given to it by the Arabs, who 
 have a tradition that vast treas- 
 ures of jewels and money were 
 once placed in the urn upon the 
 top of the facade, where they are 
 still carefully guarded by jealous 
 genii. 
 
 4®=* “ With consummate skill have 
 the architects of Petra availed them- 
 selves of remarkable natural formation 
 to dazzle the stranger, as he emerges 
 from an all but subterranean defile, by 
 the enchanting prospect of one of their 
 noblest monuments. Most fortunate, 
 too, were they in the material out of 
 which it is hewn ; for the rosy tint of 
 the portico, sculptured pediment, and 
 statues overhead, contrasts finely with 
 the darker masses of rugged cliff above 
 and around, and the deep green of the 
 vegetation at its base. The monument 
 is in wonderful preservation ; some of 
 the most delicate details of the carv- 
 ing are as fresh and sharp as if exe- 
 cuted yesterday.” 
 
 Murray's Handbook. 
 
 46^ “ Its position is wonderfully 
 fine, and its material and preservation 
 very striking; but it is inconceivable 
 how any one can praise its architecture. 
 This temple, called by the Arabs ‘ Pha- 
 raoh’s Treasury,’ is absolutely set in a 
 niche.” Miss Martineau. 
 
 4®=* “ One of the most elegant re- 
 mains of antiquity existing in Syria.” 
 Burckhardt. 
 
 4^ “The typical and most beauti- 
 ful tomb of this place [Petra] is that 
 called the Khasne, or Treasury of Pha- 
 raoh. . . . Though all the forms of the 
 architecture are Roman, the details are 
 so elegant and generally so well de- 
 signed, that there must have been some 
 Grecian influence brought to bear upon 
 the work.” Fergusson. 
 
 Khuttub Minar. A famous pillar 
 in the neighborhood of Delhi, 
 India. It is of a circular form, 
 240 feet in height, with a base of 
 35 feet, diminishing to less than 
 10 feet at the top. It consists of 
 live stories, the three lower being 
 of red sandstone, and the two 
 upper of white marble. 
 
 “ As I stood a short distance from 
 the base, my gaze travelling slowly 
 from bottom to top, and from top to 
 bottom, Mr. Place declared it to be the 
 finest single tower in the world, and 
 asked me whether I did not think so. 
 I said ‘ no,’ for just then I had Giotto’s 
 Florentine Campanile and the Giralda 
 of Seville in mind, and could not ven- 
 ture to place it above them ; but the 
 longer I looked, the more its beauty 
 grew upon me ; and after spending three 
 or four hours in its vicinity, 1 no lon- 
 ger doubted. It is, beyond question, 
 the finest shaft in the world.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor . 
 
 Kidron. A brook in the vicinity 
 of Jerusalem, Palestine, alluded 
 to in the Bible, and associated 
 with the later scenes in the life 
 of Christ. 
 
 Kieran’s Chair. See St. Kieiian’s 
 Chair. 
 
 Kilehurn Castle. A massive 
 stronghold of the fifteenth cen- 
 tury near Dalmally, Argyle, Scot- 
 land. It is now an imposing ruin. 
 
 Abandoned by thy rugged sire 
 Nor by soft peace adopted, though in place 
 And in dimension such that thou might’st 
 seem 
 
 But a mere footstool to yon sovereign 
 lord. 
 
 Huge Cruachan. Wordsworth. 
 
 Kildare, Curragh of. See Cur- 
 
 ragh of Kildare. 
 
 Kilkenny Castle. The seat of the 
 Marquis of Ormonde in Kilken- 
 ny, Leinster County, Ireland. It 
 dates from the twelfth century. 
 
 Kileoleman. A picturesque ruined 
 castle in the county of Cork, Ire- 
 
KIL 
 
 260 
 
 KIN 
 
 land. It was once the home of 
 Edmund Spenser, the poet. 
 
 4Ggr “ Four years of happy tranquil- 
 lity here passed away, bearing for the 
 world the glorious fruit of the first 
 three books of the Fairy Queen. These 
 he conveyed to London in company 
 with his friend, Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 and there published them. ... A 
 dreadful calamity now awaited him. 
 The Tyrone rebellion broke out (in 
 1598); his estate was plundered; Kil- 
 coleman was burned by the Irish; in 
 the flames his youngest child perished; 
 and he was driven into England with 
 his wife and remaining children, — a 
 poor and wretched exile. From this 
 affliction he never recovered, dying 
 a year after in an obscure lodging in 
 London in extreme indigence.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 Kilcrea. A beautiful ruined friary 
 or abbey in the county of Cork, 
 Ireland. 
 
 Kilmallock Abbey. An interest- 
 ing monastic abbey in the county 
 of Limerick, Ireland. 
 
 Kimbolton Castle. The seat of 
 the Duke of Manchester, near 
 Huntingdon, England. 
 
 4®=- “ Though pulled about, and re- 
 built by Sir John Vanbrugh, the castle 
 has still a grand antique and feudal 
 air. The memories which hang about 
 it are in the last degree romantic and 
 imposing. There Queen Katherine of 
 Aragon died. There the Civil Wars 
 took shape. . . . Kimbolton is perhaps 
 the only house now left in England in 
 which you still live and move, distin- 
 guished as the scene of an act in one of 
 Shakespeare’s plays. . . . For a genu- 
 ine Shakesperian house, in which men 
 still live and love, still dress and dine, 
 to which guests come and go, in which 
 children frisk and sport, where shall 
 we look beyond the walls of Kimbolton 
 Castle? ” Ilepworth Dixon. 
 
 King Arthur’s Palace. The name 
 given to the vast intrenchments 
 of an ancient Roman or British 
 camp, still existing in a ruined 
 state, in the ancient Camelot, or, 
 as it is now called, Queen’s Cam- 
 el, England. 
 
 King Arthur’s Round Table. A 
 
 singular and very ancient circu- 
 lar area, surrounded by a fosse 
 and mound, and supposed to have 
 been intended for the practice of 
 
 the feats of chivalry, near Penrith , 
 in the county of Cumberland, 
 England. 
 
 He passed red Penrith’s Table Round 
 For feats of chivalry renowned. 
 
 Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 43P* “A circular intrenchment, about 
 half a mile from Penrith, is thus popu- 
 larly termed. The circle within the 
 ditch is about 160 paces in circumfer- 
 ence, with openings, or approaches, di- 
 rectly opposite to each other. As the 
 ditch is on the inner side, it could not 
 be intended for the purpose of defence ; 
 and it has reasonably been conjectured 
 that the enclosure was designed for the 
 solemn exercise of feats of chivalry, 
 and the embankment around for the 
 convenience of the spectators.” Scott. 
 
 King Arthur’s Round Table. See 
 Round Table. 
 
 King Club, or Club of Kings. A 
 
 club which was in existence in 
 London in the time of Charles II. 
 (1660-1685). The name of “ King ” 
 was applied to all the members, 
 and Charles was himself an hon- 
 orary member. 
 
 King John’s Castle. 1. This for- 
 tress, built in the thirteenth cen- 
 tury upon a rock overlooking the 
 sea, in the town of Carlingford, 
 Ireland, commands charming 
 views of the Mourne Mountains. 
 Near this castle is an ancient ab- 
 bey, now in ruins, which was 
 built in the fourteenth century. 
 
 2. An ancient royal residence 
 and fortress at Limerick, Ireland. 
 
 4Gg^ “ The castle has endured for 
 above six centuries; in all the ‘bat- 
 tles, sieges, fortunes,’ that have since 
 occurred, it has been the object most 
 coveted, perhaps, in Ireland, by the 
 contending parties; and it still frowns, 
 a dark mass, upon the waters of the 
 mighty Shannon.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Ilall. 
 
 King of Clubs. A club in London, 
 founded about 1801, and at first 
 composed of a few lawyers and 
 literary men. The meetings of 
 the club were held at the Crown 
 and Anchor Tavern, in the 
 Strand. Richard Sharp (“ Con- 
 versation Sharp ”) was regarded 
 as the first of the club; and the 
 poet Rogers, Sir James Mackin- 
 tosh, Lady Mackintosh, and oth- 
 ers were frequent attendants. 
 
KIN 
 
 261 
 
 KIN 
 
 Kins of the Beans. See Feast of 
 the King of the Beans. 
 
 Kins of the Forest. A picture by 
 Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), 
 the most celebrated modern 
 painter of animals. 
 
 Kings, Adoration of the. See Ad- 
 
 oration of the Magi 
 
 King’s Bench and Queen’s Bench. 
 An old prison in London, more 
 recently known as the Queen’s 
 Prison, Southwark. Stow relates 
 that the rebels under Wat Tyler 
 “ brake down the houses of the 
 Marshalsey and King’s Bench, in 
 South warke.” The Prince of 
 
 Wales, afterwards Henry V., was 
 committed to this prison. It was 
 known as the Upper Bench Pris- 
 on during the Commonwealth. 
 The King’s Bench Prison figures 
 in the works of Dickens. 
 
 Micawber. — “ And this is the Bench ! 
 Where for the first time in many revolv- 
 ing years the overwhelming pressure of 
 pecuniary liabilities was not proclaimed 
 from day to day by importunate voices 
 declining to vacate the passage; where 
 there was no knocker on the door for any 
 creditor to appeal to; where personal ser- 
 vice of process was not required, and de- 
 tainers were merely lodged at the gate ! ” 
 Dickens. 
 
 King’s Cave. A cavern near Tor- 
 more, in Scotland. It derives its 
 name from the tradition that it 
 was occupied by Fingal, Bruce, 
 and other Scottish heroes. The 
 interior is carved with rude de- 
 vices. This cave, the largest of a 
 line of caves on the Scottish coast, 
 is hollowed out under the cliffs, 
 and is supported partly by a 
 natural pillar that divides the 
 upper portion into two chambers. 
 
 King’s Chapel. A religious edifice 
 on Tremont Street, Boston, Mass. 
 It was built in 1754 on the site of 
 an older church edifice. During 
 the war of the Revolution it was 
 for a time forsaken by its loyalist 
 congregation. In the adjacent 
 burial-ground, which has been 
 used from 1630, many of the early 
 Puritans, including Gov. Win- 
 tlirop, are interred. 
 
 MSF “ The edifice, its records and 
 the worshippers in it, are illustrative 
 of the court-epoch of life in Boston, 
 under the royal governors. A state 
 
 pew, with canopy and drapery, was 
 fitted up in the chapel for the Earl of 
 Bellomont ; and the royal governor 
 and his deputy were always to be of 
 the vestry. When Joseph Dudley 
 came home as governor, he seems, at 
 least in part, to have turned his back 
 upon his own place for worship and 
 communion. His own armorial bear- 
 ings and escutcheon were hung on one 
 of the pillars of the chapel, as were 
 those of other gentry. Gov. Hutchin- 
 son after him did the same. The 
 edifice, in fact, and all that was done 
 within its walls, and its objects and 
 purposes, was a type and obtrusion of 
 royal interference with the usages, 
 the traditions, and the dearest attach- 
 ments of the people. Men of note sat 
 and worshipped in that first royal 
 chapel. Among its worshippers were 
 true Episcopalians by birth and con- 
 viction, and others who, without any 
 special convictions, might reasonably 
 seek there a substitute for that espion- 
 age and unwelcome form of religious 
 dispensation found in the meeting- 
 houses. Suspended from the pillars 
 were the escutcheons of Sir Edmund 
 Andros, Francis Nicholson, Capt. Ham- 
 ilton, and Govs. Dudley, Shute, Burnet, 
 Belcher, and Shirley. The altar-piece, 
 with the gilded Gforia, the Creed, the 
 Commandments, the Lord’s Prayer, the 
 organ, the surpliced priest, and, above 
 all, the green boughs of Christmas, 
 composed altogether a sight which 
 some young Puritan eyes longed, and 
 some older ones were shocked, to see.” 
 George E. Ellis. 
 
 The Chapel , last of sublunarv things 
 That shocks our echoes with the name of 
 Kings , 
 
 Whose boll, just glistening from the font 
 and forge, 
 
 Boiled its proud requiem for the second 
 George, 
 
 Solemn and swelling, as of old it rang, 
 Flings to the wind its deep, sonorous 
 clang. Holmes. 
 
 King’s Coffee-house. A rude 
 structure in Covent Garden, Lon- 
 don, formerly much frequented 
 by persons from various ranks of 
 society. 
 
 What rake is ignorant of King's Coffee- 
 house ? Fielding. 
 
 King’s College. 1. An ancient 
 college in Cambridge, England, 
 one of the 13 colleges of the uni- 
 versity, founded in 1441, enjoying 
 some peculiar privileges, and 
 noted for its beautiful chapel. 
 
 The groves of Granta, and her gothic halls, 
 King's Coll.. Cam’s stream, stain'd win- 
 dows, and old walls. Byron 
 
KIN 
 
 262 
 
 KIN 
 
 2. An ancient college in Aber- 
 deen, Scotland, founded in 1494, 
 by a bull of Pope Alexander VI. 
 The building is noticeable for the 
 line carving in the chapel and 
 library. The college now forms 
 a part of the new University of 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 HOT “ The tower of it [King’s Col- 
 lege] is surmounted by a massive stone 
 crown, which forms a very singular 
 feature in every view of Aberdeen, and 
 is said to be a perfectly unique speci- 
 men of architecture.” 
 
 3Irs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 3. A college in London, founded 
 in 1828, and occupying the east 
 wing of Somerset House. 
 
 King’s College Chapel. A mag- 
 nificent pile, connected with 
 King’s College, Cambridge, Eng- 
 land. It is regarded as one of 
 the finest specimens in existence 
 of the perpendicular Gothic. 
 
 “ The interior is imposing from 
 its great height, from the solemn beauty 
 and splendor of the stained glass, and 
 from the magnificent fan-tracery of the 
 vaulting, which extends, bay after bay, 
 in unbroken and unchanged succession, 
 from one end of the chapel to the 
 other.” Fergusson. 
 
 — nothing cheered our way till first 
 we saw 
 
 The long-roofed chapel of King’s College 
 lift 
 
 Turrets and pinnacles in answering flies, 
 Extended high above a dusky prove. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Tax not the royal saint with vain expense, 
 With ill-matched aims the architect who 
 planned — 
 
 Albe ; t laboring for a scanty band 
 Of white- robed scholars only — this im- 
 mense 
 
 And glorious work of fine intelligence ! 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 King’s College Hospital. Estab- 
 lished in London for the sick 
 poor, to afford instruction to the 
 students of King’s College, in 
 1839. The first stone of the pres- 
 ent building was laid in 1852. 
 
 King’s Head. A club in London, 
 of the time of Charles II., also 
 known as the Green-Ribbon Club, 
 from the distinguishing mark of 
 a green ribbon to be worn in the 
 hat, founded by Lord Shaftes- 
 bury, with the object of affording 
 support to the court and govern- 
 ment, and of influencing Protes- 
 
 tant zeal. The members, who 
 were popularly known as “ hogs 
 in armour,” from the peculiar 
 dress which they wore, carried 
 the weapon known as the Protes- 
 tant Flail. According to Roger 
 North, at the time of the pope- 
 burning procession of November, 
 1680, “ the Rabble first changed 
 their title, and were called the 
 Mob in the assemblies of this 
 club. It was their Beast of 
 Burden, and called first mobile 
 vulc/us , but fell naturally into the 
 contraction of one syllable, and 
 ever since is become proper Eng- 
 lish.” The club declined after 
 these celebrations were sup- 
 pressed in 1683. 
 
 HSi"* “ The gentlemen of that worthy 
 society held their evening sessions con- 
 tinually at the King’s Head Tavern, 
 over against the Inner Temple Gate. 
 . . . They admitted all strangers that 
 were confidingly introduced; for it 
 was a main end of their institution to 
 make proselytes, especially of the raw 
 estated 'youth, newly come to town. 
 This copious society were to the fac- 
 tion in and about London a sort of 
 executive power, and, by correspond- 
 ence, all over England. The resolves 
 of the more retired councils of the 
 ministry of the Faction were brought 
 in here, and orally insinuated to the 
 company, whether it were lyes, defa- 
 mations, commendations, projects, etc., 
 and so, like water diffused, spread all 
 over the town ; whereby that which 
 was digested at the club over night, 
 was, like nourishment, at every assem- 
 bly, male and female, the next day; 
 and thus the younglings tasted of politi- 
 cal administration, and took themselves 
 for notable counsellors.” 
 
 Roger North. 
 
 King’s Head. A tavern, now 
 closed, in the Poultry, London. 
 It was burnt in the great fire of 
 1666, and rebuilt. It was at first 
 known by the sign of the Rose. 
 Also a King's Head in Fenchurch 
 Street, London, and many other 
 public houses of this name, which 
 was a common appellation. 
 
 King’s Market. [Dan. Kongen's 
 JVytorv.] The principal square 
 in Copenhagen, Denmark. 
 
 Kings of Cologne. See Shrine of 
 the Three Kings of Cologne 
 
kih 
 
 263 
 
 KNO 
 
 Kings, Tombs of the. See Tombs 
 of the Kings. 
 
 Kirkconnell. A ruined church in 
 Scotland, near Kirkpatrick. The 
 adjoining churchyard is the scene 
 of the ballad of “Fair Helen of 
 Kirkconnell.” 
 
 I wish I were where Helen lies ! 
 
 Night nnd day on me she cries. 
 
 Oh that I were where Helen lies 
 
 On fair Kirkconnell Lee ! 
 
 Kit-Kat Club. A celebrated asso- 
 ciation in London, founded about 
 the year 1700, and said to have 
 derived its name from a certain 
 Christopher Katt, a mutton-pie- 
 man or pastry-cook, at whose 
 house in Shire Lane the meetings 
 of the club are supposed to have 
 been first held. It was the chief 
 society for the leaders among the 
 Whigs, and originally consisted 
 of 39 noblemen and gentlemen 
 known for their warm attach- 
 ment to the house of Hanover. 
 The Duke of Marlborough, Sir 
 Robert Walpole, Addison, Steele, 
 and many other noted men of the 
 time were members; and the rep- 
 utation of the club is literary and 
 artistic as well as political. Here 
 “ used to meet many of the finest 
 gentlemen and choicest wits of the 
 days r of Queen Anne and the first 
 George. Halifax lias conversed 
 and Somers unbent, Addison 
 mellowed over a bottle, Congreve 
 flashed his wit, Vanbrugh let 
 loose his easy humor, Garth talked 
 and rhymed.” Ward, who claims 
 that the pieman was named Chris- 
 topher, and that he lived at the 
 sign of the Cat and Fiddle, in 
 Gray’s-Inn Lane, says, “the cook’s 
 name being Christopher, for brev- 
 ity called Kit, and his sign being 
 the Cat and Fiddle, they very 
 merrily derived a quaint denom- 
 ination from puss and her mas- 
 ter, and from thence called them- 
 selves of the Kit-Kat Club.” 
 Others say that the club derived 
 its name from the pie itself and 
 not from the maker of the pie, 
 the pies being a regular dish at 
 the suppers of the club. 
 
 Whence deathless Kit-Kat took his name, 
 Few critics can unriddle ; 
 
 Some say from pastry-cook it came, 
 
 And some from Cat and Fiddle. 
 
 From no trim beaus its name it boasts, 
 Gray statesmen or green wits, 
 
 But from this pell-mell pack of toasts 
 Of old Kats and young Kits. 
 
 Arbuthnot. 
 
 Kits Coity- House. A famous 
 cromlech near Aylesford, Kent, 
 England. By some thought to 
 have been a sepulchral monu- 
 ment to the memory of Catigern, 
 who, with Horsa, was killed here 
 in battle A.D. 455. The monu- 
 ment is now destroyed. 
 
 Knife-grinder. See Arrotino, L’. 
 
 Knight, Death, and the Devil. A 
 celebrated engraving by Albert 
 Diirer (1471-1528), the German 
 painter and engraver. It has 
 been pronounced “ the most im- 
 portant work which the fantastic 
 spirit of German art has ever pro- 
 duced. ... We see a solitary 
 knight riding through a dark 
 glen; two demons rise up before 
 him, . . . the horrible figure of 
 Death on the lame horse, and the 
 bewildering apparition of the 
 Devil. But the knight, prepared 
 for combat wherever resistance 
 can avail, . . . looks steadily for- 
 ward on the path he has chosen, 
 and allows these creations of a 
 delusive dream to sink again into 
 their visionary kingdom. The 
 masterly execution of the engrav- 
 ing is well known.” The print 
 bears date 1513. 
 
 Knight. See Vision of a Knight. 
 
 Knockgraffon, Moat of. See Moat 
 of Knockgraffon. 
 
 Knowle Park. A fine old castel- 
 lated mansion near London, in 
 the county of Kent. 
 
 “ Parts of it date from the time 
 of King John, and none of it is more 
 recent than the time of Henry VIII. 
 It is very extensive, few old castles be- 
 ing so large; and it has an awful hard, 
 grim, feudal look, so slight have been 
 the changes made in it.” 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 
 Knowsley Hall (Park). A splen- 
 did baronial mansion, the seat of 
 the Earl of Derby, in Lancashire, 
 England. It contains some cele- 
 brated art-treasures. 
 
KOH 
 
 264 
 
 KRE 
 
 Kohinoor, The. [Mountain of 
 Light.] A celebrated diamond 
 found in the mines of Golconda, 
 India. Its original weight was 
 793 . carats, which by unskilful 
 cutting was reduced to 186. Hav- 
 ing been recut in Amsterdam, 
 1852, it was still further reduced 
 to 106-nr carats, which is its pres- 
 ent weight. This diamond, which 
 for a long time was a chief 
 feature in the treasury of Delhi, 
 passed into the hands of the Brit- 
 ish in 1849, and was presented to 
 Queen Victoria, June 3, 1850. 
 
 More than the diamond Koh-i-noor , 
 which glitters among their crown -jew- 
 els, they [the English] prize that dull peb- 
 ble which is wiser than a man, whose 
 poles turn themselves to the poles of the 
 world, and whose axis is parallel to the 
 axis of the world. Emerson. 
 
 To have and to hold for one’s own prop- 
 erty one of the largest diamonds ever dis- 
 covered, is no doubt a magnificent pos- 
 session ; but in a purely artistic sense 1 
 prefer the original Koh-i-noor, worn on 
 the arm of Runjeet Sing as he sat kk cross- 
 legged in his golden chair, dressed in sim- 
 ple white, with a single string of huge 
 pearls round his waist,” to the Koh-i-noor 
 cut and pared down to mathematical sym- 
 metry by English lapidaries, with a loss of 
 one-third of its weight. C. L. Eastlake. 
 
 Cracking up Boston folks, —said the 
 gentleman with the diamond- pin, whom, 
 for convenience’ sake, 1 shaii hereafter 
 call the Koh-i-noor. Holmes. 
 
 Kohlmarkt, The. [The Cabbage 
 Market.] A well-known and fine 
 street in Vienna, Austria. 
 
 The Toledo of Naples, the Corso of 
 Rome, the Kohl-market of Vienna, the 
 Rue de la Paix and Boulevards of Paris, 
 have each impressed me strongly with 
 their magnificence; but they are renlly 
 nothing to Regent Street. N. P. Willis. 
 
 Koniggratz Strasse. [Koniggratz 
 Street.] A well-known street in 
 Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Xonigsbau. See New Palace. 
 
 Xonigsstuhl. [King’s Seat.] A 
 vaulted hall near the town of 
 Bhense on the Rhine, once the 
 place of assembly for the electors 
 of the German empire. The build- 
 ing now standing is chiefly mod- 
 ern. 
 
 Konigsstein. [King’s Stone.] 1. 
 A celebrated fortress in Saxony, 
 situated at a height of about 780 
 feet above the river Elbe. It has 
 been regarded as impregnable, 
 
 both on account of its isolated 
 position with regard to other com- 
 manding heights (the Lilienstein 
 and Pfaffenstein are about lj 
 miles distant), and from the ex- 
 treme steepness of the escarp- 
 ments by which it is surrounded. 
 It is approached by a sloping path 
 cut in the rock, and by a slanting 
 wooden bridge which can be re- 
 moved in time of war. Water 
 for the fortress is obtained from 
 a well 613 feet deep, cut in the 
 solid rock. The valuable works 
 of art of Saxony owe their pres- 
 ervation to the fortress of Konig- 
 stein, and treasures of various 
 kinds have often been placed here 
 for safe keeping. Frederick Au- 
 gustus II. made the fortress a 
 retreat in the time of the Seven 
 Years’ War. 
 
 2. A ruined fortress which 
 stands high above the banks of the 
 Rhine. The castle was demol- 
 ished by the French in 1796. 
 
 Kratzer, Nicholas. A picture by 
 Hans Holbein the Younger (1498- 
 1543), the German painter. It is 
 in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Kremlin, The. A hill and quarter 
 in Moscow, Russia, containing ail 
 imposing collection of buildings, 
 palaces, churches, and towers, 
 surrounded by a wall sixty feet 
 in height and nearly a mile in cir- 
 cumference. Among the princi- 
 pal buildings are the old and new 
 palaces of the czars, the Cathe- 
 dral of St. Michael, the Church 
 of the Assumption, the tower of 
 Ivan Veliki, and the Church of 
 St. Basil. The old palace of the 
 czars, the Terema, or balcony, 
 forms the rear wing of the new 
 palace [Granovitaya Palata]. The 
 former was mainly destroyed in 
 the fire of 1812 during the French 
 occupation of the city, the latter 
 was built in 1816. See Ivan Ve- 
 liki, St. Basil, etc. 
 
 jgSir* “ If Moscow is the Mecca of the 
 Russians, the Kremlin is its Kaaba. 
 Within its ancient walls is gathered all 
 that is holiest in religion or most cher- 
 ished in historical tradition. ... Its 
 very gates are protected by miracles, 
 and the peasant from a distant province 
 enters them with much the same feeling 
 
KUB 
 
 265 
 
 KYF 
 
 as a Jewish pilgrim enters the long- 
 lust city of Zion.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 JUQtT “ Every city in Russia had its 
 Kremlin, as every one in Spain had its 
 Alcazar; and all were adorned with 
 walls deeply machicolated, and inter- 
 spersed with towers. Within were 
 enclosed live-domed churches and bel- 
 fries, just as at Moscow, though on a 
 scale proportionate to the importance 
 of the city.” Fergusson. 
 
 Mind that I gild thelnvalides 
 To match the Kremlin Dome. 
 
 Walter Tliornbury. 
 
 The bells that rock the Kremlin tower 
 Like a strong wind, to and fro, — 
 Silver sweet in its topmost bower, 
 
 And the thunder’s boom below. 
 
 E. D. Proctor. 
 
 Kubbet es Sukhrah. [The Dome 
 of the Rock.] See Mosque of 
 Omar. 
 
 Kuhstall. A remarkable natural 
 arch through a rocky wall or 
 rampart 150 feet thick, in the re- 
 gion known as the Saxon Switzer- 
 land, near its capital, Schandau. 
 The place is said to derive its 
 name from having been used by 
 the mountaineers as a hiding- 
 place for their cattle in time of 
 war. 
 
 Kyburg Castle. An ancient Aus- 
 trian stronghold near Winter- 
 thur, Switzerland. The regalia 
 of the empire was formerly kept 
 here. 
 
 Kyffhauser, The. A famous ru- 
 ined castle, crowning an eminence 
 in Thuringia, underneath which, 
 in a vault, the Emperor Frederic 
 Barbarossa is fabled to lie en- 
 chanted 
 
 The ancient Barbarossa, 
 
 Friedrich, the Kaiser great, 
 
 Within the castle-cavern 
 Sits in enchanted state. 
 
 He did not die; but over 
 Waits in the chamber deep, 
 
 Where, hidden under the castle, 
 
 He sat himself, to sleep. 
 
 The splendor of the empire 
 He took with him away, 
 
 And back to earth will bring it 
 When dawns the chosen day. 
 
 Iiuckerty Trans. 
 
 Far within the lone Kyffhauser , 
 
 With a lamp red glimmering by, 
 
 Sits the aged Emperor Frederick, 
 
 At a marble table nigh. 
 
 Emanuel Geibel , Trans. 
 Full darkly loomed Kyffhauser 
 Through' fog which slowly broke, 
 When first the spellbound Kaiser 
 From his long sleep awoke. 
 
 Ferdinand Freiligrath , Trans. 
 
LAB 
 
 266 
 
 LAD 
 
 L. 
 
 Labourage TsTivernais. See 
 
 Ploughing in Nivernais. 
 
 Labyrinth. 1. One of the most 
 remarkable and mysterious mon- 
 uments of ancient Egypt, near 
 Lake Mceris. According to Ma- 
 netho, the Egyptian historian, it 
 was built by Mceris as a sepul- 
 chre for himself. In 1843 the site 
 of this monument was excavated 
 and explored by a Prussian expe- 
 dition under Lepsius, but without 
 fully satisfactory results. It was 
 described and greatly admired by 
 Herodotus, who says that it sur- 
 passed the Pyramids, and con- 
 sisted of 3,000 chambers, half of 
 which were below ground, and 
 contained “ the sepulchres of the 
 kings who built the Labyrinth; 
 and also those of the sacred croco- 
 diles.” Ancient authors differ as 
 to the founder of this Labyrinth; 
 but the earliest name discovered 
 among the ruins is that of Ame- 
 nemha III., of the twelfth dy- 
 nasty, and it is thought that he 
 was the builder of the Labyrinth, 
 as well as of Lake Mceris. 
 
 “ I visited this place, and found it 
 to surpass description ; for if all the 
 walls and other great works of the 
 Greeks were put together in one, they 
 would not equal, either for labor or 
 expense, this Labyrinth.” Herodotus . 
 
 IW “ From such data as have been 
 given to the public, we learn that the 
 Labyrinth was a building measuring 
 about 1,150 feet cast and west, by 850 
 feet north and south, surrounding three 
 sides of a court-yard. . . . In the Lab- 
 yrinth itself a number of small cham- 
 bers were found, two stories in height, 
 as the account of Herodotus leads us 
 to expect, but so small, being only four 
 feet in width at most, that we cannot 
 understand the admiration they excited 
 in his mind. As there are no hiero- 
 glyphics upon them, it is difficult to 
 determine whether they belong to the 
 old Labyrinth, or to that which Hero- 
 dotus writes of as erected by Psamme- 
 ticus and the kings of his day.” 
 
 Fcrgusson. I 
 
 — within the brazen doors 
 Of the great Labyrinth , slept both boy and 
 beast, 
 
 Tired with the pomp of their Osirian feast. 
 
 Shelley. 
 
 2. Daedalus is said to have built 
 a Labyrinth near Cnossus in 
 Crete, for the confinement of the 
 fabled monster the Minotaur, but 
 nothing of this structure can be 
 found. Remains of a labyrinth 
 were extant in the time of Pliny 
 on the isle of Lemnos. Others, 
 the existence of which is doubt- 
 ful, are said to have been built 
 on the island of Samos, and in 
 Clusium, near Etruria. A re- 
 markable example of a natural 
 labyrinth is found in the Aders- 
 bach Rocks. 
 
 Mausolus worke w r ill be the Carians glorie 
 And Crete will boast the Labyrinth , now r 
 raced. Spenser. 
 
 Lackawanna, The. A noted iron- 
 clad of the Confederate navy in 
 the civil war of 1861-65. 
 
 The great Lackawana came dowm 
 Full tilt for another blow : 
 
 We were forging ahead, 
 
 She reversed ; but, for all our pains. 
 Rammed the old Hartford instead, 
 
 Just for’ard the mizzen-chains ! 
 
 II. II. Brownell. 
 
 Lacryma Christi. [The Tear of 
 Christ.] A celebrated wine, dis- 
 tinguished for the delicacy of its 
 flavor, produced upon the slopes 
 of Mount Vesuvius, Italy. 
 
 Lady Franklin. An Arctic ex- 
 ploring ship which sailed from 
 England under Capt. Penny in 
 1850. 
 
 Lady of Aboshek. This smaller 
 temple at Aboo-Simbil, Egypt, 
 dedicated to Athor, who is called 
 the “ Lady of Aboshek,” “ Lady 
 of the West,” etc., is like the 
 other, very old, having been exca- 
 vated from the solid rock in the 
 time of Raineses the Great, 1400 
 B.C. The temple is 90 feet in 
 depth. It contains statues of 
 Athor and of other deities. See 
 Temple of Aboo-Simbel. 
 
LAD 
 
 267 
 
 LAK 
 
 4®= “ The smaller temple of * the 
 Lady of Aboshek,’ — Athor, — beside 
 the large one, is very striking, as seen 
 from the river. The six statues on the 
 fagade stand out boldly between but- 
 tresses; and their reclining backwards 
 against the rock has a curious effect.” 
 Miss Martineau. 
 
 Lady with the Lute. An admired 
 picture in Alnwick Castle, Eng- 
 land . It was formerly ascribed to 
 Giorgione, but is now attributed 
 to Jacopo Palma, called Palma 
 Vecchio (1480-1528). 
 
 Lafayette. A well-known bust of 
 the marquis, executed by the 
 French sculptor Jean Antoine 
 Houdon (1741-1828) for the Capi- 
 tol at Richmond, Va. 
 
 Lafayette College. A collegiate 
 establishment in Easton, Penn. 
 It was founded in 1826, and is 
 well endowed. 
 
 Lafayette, Fort. See Fort La- 
 fayette. 
 
 Lafayette Park. A public square 
 in St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Lafayette Square. A beautiful 
 park in Washington. It contains 
 a colossal equestrian statue of 
 Gen. Jackson. 
 
 Lafitte. A farmhouse or small 
 chateau in the vine district of 
 Medoc, on the Garonne, below 
 Bordeaux. Here is produced the 
 celebrated wine known as Cha- 
 teau Lafitte , which is sometimes 
 sold as high as $25 a bottle. The 
 estate is the property of Baron 
 Rothschild. The annual yield of 
 the vineyard does not exceed 400 
 hogsheads. 
 
 Lafitte, Rue. A street in Paris, 
 so called from M. Lafitte, once a 
 well-known banker and poli- 
 tician. It was formerly known 
 as the Rue (F Artois. Here some 
 of the richest bankers live; and 
 here the Rothschilds have two 
 hotels, which are among the finest 
 private residences in the city. 
 
 Lahneck. A well-known ruined 
 fortress of mediaeval times in the 
 neighborhood of Coblenz, on the 
 Rhine. The poet Goethe has 
 commemorated it in his “ Geister 
 Gruss. 5 ’ 
 
 Lais Corinthiaca. [The Corinthian 
 Lais.] A picture by Hans Hol- 
 bein the Younger (1498-1548), the 
 German painter, representing a 
 beautiful young girl in elegant 
 dress, professedly' the portrait of 
 a member of the Offenburg fam- 
 ily. It is in the Basle Gallery. 
 
 Lake Country or District. The 
 general name by which the coun- 
 ties of Cumberland and West- 
 moreland in England are often 
 known from the picturesque lakes 
 with which they are interspersed, 
 and also familiar from their asso- 
 ciation with the so-called Lake 
 School of poets and writers, of 
 which Wordsworth, Southey, 
 Coleridge, Lamb, and Wilson 
 may be taken as representatives. 
 
 Those who travel much in the “ Lake 
 District" can readily trace the course of 
 the chivalrous Baroii. J. F. Humnewell. 
 
 Lake Mceris. A celebrated reser- 
 voir which was situated in the 
 centre of the plateau of the Fy« 
 oom, Egypt, serving to store up 
 the water of the Nile during the 
 inundation, and to afterwards 
 distribute it through canals over 
 the land during the dry season. 
 
 4®=* Herodotus, who speaks of it as 
 being “ in the neighborhood of Croco- 
 dilopolis,” says : “ Wonderful as is the 
 labyrinth, the work called the Lake of 
 Mceris, which is close by the labyrinth, 
 is yet more astonishing. The measure 
 of its circumference is 3,600 furlongs, 
 which is equal to the entire length of 
 Egypt along the sea-coast. The lake 
 stretches in its longest direction from 
 north to south, and in its deepest parts 
 is of the depth of 50 fathoms. It is 
 manifestly an artificial excavation ; for 
 nearly in the centre stand two pyra- 
 mids, rising to the height of 300 feet 
 above the surface of the water, and 
 extending as far beneath, each crowned 
 with a colossal statue sitting upon a 
 throne. The water of the lake does 
 not come out of the ground, which is 
 here excessively dry, but is introduced 
 by a canal from the Nile. The current 
 sets for six months into the lake from 
 the river, and for the next six months 
 into the river from the lake.” This 
 great work was built by Amenemha 
 III. of the twelfth dynasty, who is 
 thought to have also built the laby- 
 rinth. Lake Mceris is not to be con- 
 founded with the natural lake Birket el 
 Korn, with which it probably commu- 
 nicated during the inundation. 
 
LAM 
 
 268 
 
 LAN 
 
 By Moeris and the Mareotid lakes, 
 
 Strewn with faint blooms like bridal- 
 chamber floors; 
 
 Where naked boys bridling tame water- 
 snakes, 
 
 Or charioteering ghastly alligators. 
 
 Had lett on the sweet waters mighty wakes 
 Of those huge forms. Shelley. 
 
 He lifts his head and roars amain ; 
 
 So wild and hollow is the strain, 
 
 It booms along the desert sand. 
 
 And shakes the flood on Moeris ' strand. 
 
 F. Freiligrath , Trans. 
 
 Lamb, Adoration of the. See 
 Adoration of the Lamb. 
 
 Lambert, Hotel. See Hotel Lam- 
 bert. 
 
 Lambeth, A metropolitan bor- 
 ough of London. The name of 
 this now densely populated dis- 
 trict, once a swamp, is said, but 
 not with certainty, to be derived 
 from Lamb-hithe, that is, a land- 
 ing-place for sheep. 
 
 Yonder fish-wipe 
 
 Will not away. And there’s your giantess. 
 The bawd of Lambeth. Ben Jonson, 
 
 Lambeth Bridge. An iron-wire 
 suspension bridge across the 
 Thames at London. 
 
 Lambeth Palace. An episcopal 
 mansion in London, and for six 
 and a half centuries the residence 
 of the Archbishops of Canterbury. 
 Lambeth House has at various 
 times proved an asylum for learn- 
 ed foreigners who have been com- 
 pelled to flee from the intolerance 
 of their countrymen. 
 
 “ Lambeth is a stately pile of 
 quaint antique buildings, rising most 
 magnificently on the banks of the 
 Thames. It is surrounded by beauti- 
 ful grounds laid out with choice gar- 
 dening.” Mrs. IT. B. Stowe. 
 
 Such Lambeth , envy of each band and 
 gown. Pope. 
 
 The grand hospitalities of Lambeth have 
 perished, but its charities live. 
 
 Douglas Jerrold. 
 
 Landing of Columbus. A picture 
 in one of the panels of the Ro- 
 tunda in the Capitol at Washing- 
 ton, representing the debarkation 
 of the great discoverer with his 
 companions upon the soil of the 
 New World in 1492. This paint- 
 ing was executed under commis- 
 sion from Congress by John Van- 
 derlyn (1776-1852), who employed 
 
 a French artist to do a good part 
 of the work. It has been severe- 
 ly criticised for its inaccuracy 
 and marks of haste; in proof of 
 which, among other things, it is 
 noted that the three flags borne 
 by the three vessels of the origr 
 nal discoverers are represented 
 in the picture as blown outward 
 in three different directions. This 
 work of art has become very fa- 
 miliar to the general public by 
 its reproduction in the form of an 
 engraving upon the back of the 
 five-dollar notes of the national 
 currency. 
 
 Landing of the Pilgrims. A well- 
 known painting by Sargent, in 
 the Pilgrim Hall at Plymouth, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Landing of Venus at Cytherea. 
 A picture by Francesco Albani 
 (1578-1660), and one of his best 
 works. In the Chigi Palace, 
 Rome. 
 
 Landore, Villa. See Villa Ghe- 
 
 RARDESCA. 
 
 Land’s End. The famous head- 
 land in which the western coast 
 of England terminates at the 
 extremity of the county of Corn- 
 wall. 
 
 Let any social or physical convulsion 
 visit the United States, and England 
 would feel the shock from Land's End to 
 John o’ Groat’s. Charles Dickens. 
 
 Langton Elm. A famous elm of 
 great age in what was Sherwood 
 Forest. It was for a long time so 
 remarkable as to liave a special 
 keeper. 
 
 Lanleff Temple. A remarkable 
 structure of unknown origin and 
 anticpiity, near St. Briene, in 
 France. It is thought by some 
 to be a pagan temple, but is prob- 
 ably a Christian church of the 
 eleventh or twelfth century. It 
 is of a circular form, like some of 
 the English and Dutch churches, 
 and built in imitation of the 
 Church of the Holy Sepulchre. 
 
 Lansdowne. A noted house, for- 
 merly standing in what is now 
 Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. 
 It was the residence of Joseph 
 
LAN 
 
 269 
 
 LAS 
 
 Bonaparte, and later of Lord 
 Ashburton. It was destroyed by 
 tire in 1854. 
 
 Lansdowne House. A noble house 
 in London, situated on the south 
 side of Berkeley Square, original- 
 ly built for the Marquis of Bute, 
 and subsequently sold to the Mar- 
 quis of Lansdowne. It contains 
 a gallery of paintings and sculp- 
 tures. 
 
 Lantern of Diogenes. A popular 
 name for the Choragic Monument 
 of Lysierates at Athens. A struc- 
 ture in imitation of the Greek 
 monument formerly stood at 
 St. Cloud [France], but was de- 
 stroyed in 1870 by the Prussians. 
 [Also called the Lantern of De- 
 mosthenes.] See Choragic Mon- 
 ument of Lysicrates. 
 
 A littie monument, formerly 
 known under the name of the Lantern 
 of Demosthenes, and of which a copy 
 occupies at St. Cloud [France] the sum- 
 mit of a tower well known to the Pa- 
 risians, deserves attention as one of the 
 rare specimens of the Corinthian order 
 to be seen in Greece. It formed one of 
 those small houses which were used to 
 contain the tripods received by the vic- 
 tors in the scenic games.” 
 
 Lefevre , Trans. 
 
 Lantern of Ireland. The popular 
 name of the beautiful ruined Pri- 
 ory of St. John, in Kilkenny, 
 Ireland. It is so called from the 
 number of its windows. 
 
 /IQf* “ For about fifty-four feet of the 
 south side of the choir, it seems to be 
 almost one window.” Grose. 
 
 Lanti Vase. An antique vase 
 brought from England by Lord 
 Cawdor, and now in Woburn 
 Abbey, the seat of the Duke of 
 Bedford. 
 
 Lanzi, Loggia de’. See Loggia 
 
 de’ Lanzi. 
 
 Laocoon, The. A celebrated work 
 of sculpture, now in the Belvi- 
 dere of the Vatican at Rome, dis- 
 covered in 1506. It represents 
 the death of Laocoon, a mythical 
 priest of Apollo or of Neptune, 
 and his two sons, who are crushed 
 in the folds of two monstrous 
 serpents. The group is probably 
 
 the same as that referred to by 
 Pliny as standing in the palace 
 of the Emperor Titus. Virgil 
 gives a vivid description of the 
 death of Laocoon in the second 
 book of the JEneid (line 268 et 
 seq.). 
 
 “ The fame of many sculptors is 
 less diffused, because the number em 
 ployed upon great works prevented 
 their celebrity; for there is no one 
 artist to receive the honor of the work, 
 and, where there are more than one, 
 they cannot all obtain an equal fame. 
 Of this the Laocoon is an example, 
 which stands in the palace of the Em- 
 peror Titus, — a work which may be 
 considered superior to all others, both 
 in painting and statuary. The whole 
 group — the father, the boys, and the 
 awful folds of the serpents — were 
 formed out of a single block, in accord- 
 ance with a vote of the Senate, by Age- 
 sander, Polydorus, and Athenodorus, 
 Rhodian sculptors of the highest 
 merit.” Pliny , Trans. 
 
 “ I felt the Laocoon very power- 
 fully, though very quietly ; an immor- 
 tal agony, with a strange calmness dif- 
 fused through it, so that it resembles 
 the vast rage of the sea, calm on ac- 
 count of its immensity, or the tumult 
 of Niagara, which does not seem to be 
 tumult, because it keeps pouring on 
 for ever and ever. It is a type of hu- 
 man beings struggling with an inexplic- 
 able trouble, and entangled in a com- 
 plication which they cannot free them- 
 selves from by their own efforts, and 
 out of which Heaven alone can help 
 them.” Hawthorne. 
 
 “This work is a compromise 
 between two styles and two epochs, 
 similar to one of Euripides’ tragedies. 
 . . . Aristophanes would say of this 
 group, as he said of the Hippolytus or 
 Iphigeniaof Euripides, that it makes us 
 weep and does not fortify us ; instead 
 of changing women into men, it trans- 
 forms men into women.” 
 
 Taine, Trans. 
 
 Turning to the Vatican, go see 
 Laocoon’s torture dignifying pain — 
 
 A father’s love and mortal’s agony 
 With an immortal’s patience blending. 
 
 Lord Byron. 
 
 Lapidary Gallery. See Galleria 
 Lapidaria. 
 
 Larissa. See Acropolis [of Ar- 
 gos]. 
 
 Last Judgment. A favorite sub- 
 ject of representation by the great 
 religious painters of the Middle 
 
LAS 
 
 270 
 
 LAS 
 
 Ages, Of the many compositions 
 upon this theme, a few of the more 
 celebrated and familiar examples 
 are mentioned below. Concern- 
 ing the treatment of this subject, 
 Lady Eastlake writes : “ The 
 * Last Judgment’ has tested the 
 powers of some of the greatest 
 and most opposite masters, both 
 north and south of the Alps. 
 Giotto appropriately led the way 
 with the now ruined wall-paint- 
 ing in the Chapel of the Arena at 
 Padua. The solemn Orcagna fol- 
 lowed in the Campo Santo. . . . 
 Fra Angelico has left several 
 versions of the subject. . . . Mi- 
 chael Angelo stands alone here, 
 as in every subject on which he 
 set the stamp of his paganized 
 time, and his maniera terribile. 
 Roger van der Weyden, the 
 mournful painter of Brussels, 
 treated the subject with great dig- 
 nity and reticence; . . . while 
 Rubens, like Michael Angelo, has 
 made the subject rather an occa- 
 sion for displaying his peculiar 
 powers, than an illustration of 
 the most awful chapter in Chris- 
 tian art.” 
 
 Last Judfjment. An admired 
 picture by Fra Angelico (1387- 
 1455). In the Academy at Flor- 
 ence, Italy. 
 
 Last Judgment and Hell. A cel- 
 ebrated fresco in the Campo San- 
 to, Pisa, Italy, which has usually 
 been ascribed to Andrea Orcagna 
 (d. 1389), but has of late been re- 
 ferred by some to the Sienese 
 painter, Pietro Lorenzetti. 
 
 4®" “ In the Last Judgment of Or- 
 cagna, in the Campo Santo at Pisa, the 
 Seven Angels [archangels] are impor- 
 tant personages. They have the garb 
 of princes and warriors, with breast- 
 plates of gold, jewelled sword-belts and 
 tiaras, . . . while other angels hover 
 above, bearing the instruments of the 
 Passion.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Last Judgment. A celebrated 
 picture by the Flemish painter, 
 Roger van der Weyden (d. 1484). 
 It was executed for the Burgun- 
 dian Chancellor Rollin, between 
 1443 and 1447. and is now. in the 
 Hospital of Beaune, France. It 
 is pronounced by Kugler the 
 
 most comprehensive example of 
 this master that is left to us. 
 
 iMst Judgment. A picture by 
 the Flemish painter, Petrus Cris- 
 tus, executed (1452) for a convent 
 at Burgos. Now in the Museum 
 of Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Last Judgment. A celebrated 
 altar-picture by Hans Mending 
 (d. 1495), the Flemish painter, and 
 pronounced not only his most im- 
 portant work, but one of the 
 chefs-d'oeuvre of the whole Flem- 
 ish school. From an inscription 
 upon the picture, it is probable 
 that it was painted in 1487. It is 
 now in the Church of Our Lady 
 at Dantzic, Prussia. 
 
 jgQP’ “ In Memling’s Last Judgment 
 the redeemed are passing into a regular 
 church, with angel musicians hymning 
 their welcome from seats in the archi- 
 tecture above the porch.” 
 
 Lady Eastlake. 
 
 Last Judgment. A fresco by 
 Fra Bartolommeo (1477-1517), the 
 Italian painter. In the Church of 
 S. Maria Novella, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Last Judgment. A picture by 
 Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). 
 Now in the gallery of Munich, 
 Bavaria. 
 
 Last Judgment. A fresco paint- 
 ing of great size, 60 feet high by 30 
 feet broad, occupying the end wall 
 opposite to the entrance of the 
 Sistine Chapel, in the Vatican Pal- 
 ace at Rome. It is the work of 
 Michael Angelo (1475-1564), who 
 designed it in his sixtieth year, 
 and completed it after eight years 
 of labor, in 1541. It comprises 
 nearly 300 figures, and presents 
 “a confused mass of naked bodies 
 in the most violent attitudes and 
 most admired disorder, and ex- 
 cels chiefly in energy of expres- 
 sion.” This picture is seen now 
 under many disadvantages, hav- 
 ing suffered from neglect and 
 from alterations, and being ob- 
 scured by the dampness, the 
 smoke of candles and incense, 
 but is still regarded as a mas- 
 terpiece in painting of the great 
 artist. It was undertaken by 
 desire of Pope Clement VII., and 
 finished in the pontificate of Paul 
 III, A copy on a small scale by 
 
LAS 
 
 271 
 
 LAS 
 
 Marcello Vennsti, seven and a 
 half feet high, is in the Gallery 
 at Naples, and another by Siga- 
 lon in the Beaux Arts at Paris. 
 
 4QP “Many fresco paintings be- 
 longing to the sixteenth century are at 
 the present day in a sad state; few, 
 however, have been more cruelly trifled 
 with than the Last Judgment of Mi- 
 chael Angelo. The smoke of the altar- 
 candles has had a fatal effect in the 
 course of centuries. The lower part 
 of the painting is most damaged. . . . 
 The greatest evil, however, has been 
 intentionally done to the work; the 
 nakedness of the ligures has been con- 
 sidered offensive ; and they have been 
 covered with painted, and often glar- 
 ingly bright, drapery. . . . From all 
 this, the work appears in such a con- 
 dition, that only after long study is it 
 possible to form an idea of what it was 
 in the year 1541.” Grimm , Trans. 
 
 MST “ While in Raphael’s angels we 
 do not feel the want of wings, we feel, 
 while looking at those of Michael An 
 gelo, that not even the ‘ sail broad vans ’ 
 with which Satan labored through the 
 surging abyss of Chaos could suffice to 
 lift those Titanic forms from earth, and 
 sustain them in mid-air. The group of 
 angels over the Last Judgment, fling- 
 ing their mighty limbs about, . . . may 
 be referred to as characteristic ex 
 amples.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Or hues of Hell be by his pencil pour d 
 Over the damn’d before the Judgment 
 throne. 
 
 Such as I saw them, such as all shall see. 
 
 Byron 
 
 Last Judgment. A picture by 
 Luca Signorelli (1441-1523?), and 
 liis masterpiece. In the Cathe- 
 dral of Orvieto, Italy. 
 
 Last Judgment. A picture by 
 Hieronymus van Aeken, com- 
 monly known as Jerom Boscli 
 (1460-1516), the Flemish painter. 
 It is now in the Museum at Ber- 
 lin, Prussia. 
 
 Last Judgment. A picture by 
 Luc Jacobsz, called Lucas van 
 Leyden (1494-1533), a Flemish 
 painter, and one of his most im- 
 portant works. It is now in the 
 Town-house of Leyden, Holland. 
 
 Last Judgment. A famous fres- 
 co painting by Peter von Corne- 
 lius (1787-1867). In the Ludwig’s 
 Kirclie, Munich, Bavaria. It 
 occupies the whole end of the 
 church behind the high altar, and 
 is perhaps the largest painting in 
 
 the world. The circular dome in 
 the centre contains groups of 
 martyrs, prophets, and saints, 
 painted in fresco on a ground of 
 gold. 
 
 Last Supper. [Ital. II Cenacolo , or 
 La Ceua ; Fr. La Cene .] A fa- 
 vorite subject of representation 
 by the great painters of the Mid- 
 dle Ages. This incident in the 
 life of Christ is depicted both 
 historically and as a religious 
 mystery. Among the more noted 
 and familiar paintings which 
 illustrate this theme, the follow- 
 ing may be mentioned. 
 
 Last Supper . A picture by Gi- 
 otto di Bordone (1276-1336) In 
 the refectory of the convent of 
 Santa Croce at Florence, Italy. 
 The earliest representation of 
 this subject in Western art. 
 
 4®=* “ The arrangement of the table 
 and figures, so peculiarly fitted for a 
 refectory, has been generally adopted 
 since the time of Giotto in pictures 
 painted for this especial purpose.” 
 
 JIrs. Jameson. 
 
 Last Supper. A fresco painting 
 by Cosimo Rosselli (1439-1506). In 
 the Sistine Chapel, Rome. 
 
 Last Supper. A composition by 
 Ghirlandaio (1449-1494). Exe- 
 cuted for the refectory of San 
 Marco in Florence, Itaiy. “The 
 arrangement is ingenious : the 
 table is what we call of the horse- 
 shoe form, which allows all the 
 figures to face the spectator.” 
 
 Last Supper. A fresco dis- 
 covered in 1845, in what was 
 formerly the refectory of the con- 
 vent of S. Onofrio, Florence, 
 Italy. It bears in one place the 
 name of Raphael and the date 
 1505, which circumstance has 
 given rise to much discussion 
 concerning its authorship. It is 
 now generally agreed that it is 
 the work of some other painter — 
 perhaps Pinturiccliio. 
 
 “The authenticity of this pic- 
 ture has been vehemently disputed; 
 for myself — as far as my opinion is 
 worth any thing — I never, after the 
 first five minutes, had a doubt on the 
 subject.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Last Supper. A picture by An- 
 
LAS 
 
 272 
 
 LAT 
 
 drea del Sarto (1487-1531), gen- 
 erally considered as taking rank 
 next after the representations of 
 this subject by Leonardo da Vin- 
 ci and Raphael. In the convent 
 of the Salvi, near Florence, Italy. 
 
 Last Supper. A famous picture 
 by Hans Holbein (1494-1543). At 
 Basle, Switzerland. There is an- 
 other and smaller work on this 
 subject by the same artist in the 
 Louvre at Paris. 
 
 Last Sapper. A famous picture 
 by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1520), 
 painted by order of the Duke of 
 Milan, Ludovico Sforza, on the 
 walls of the refectory in the Do- 
 minican convent of the Madonna 
 delle Grazie. The figures, being 
 above the eye, and to be viewed 
 from a distance, are colossal. The 
 picture is now in a state of great 
 decay, but it is very familiar 
 through the engraving of Raphael 
 Morghen. There are many good 
 old copies of this celebrated pic- 
 ture ; one of the best being by 
 Marco d’Oggione, about 1510, and 
 now in the Royal Academy, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 J&5T “When Leonardo da Vinci, the 
 greatest thinker as well as the greatest 
 painter of his age. brought all the re- 
 sources of his mind to bear on the sub- 
 ject, there sprang forth a creation so 
 consummate, that since that time it has 
 been at once the wonder and the de- 
 spair of those who have followed in the 
 same path. True, the work of his 
 hand is perishing — will soon have per- 
 ished utterly. Fortunately for us, mul- 
 tiplied copies have preserved, at least 
 the intention of the artist in his work.” 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 “ It is probably the most cele- 
 brated picture in the world; that is, the 
 most talked of and written about, . . . 
 a work full of melancholy interest, — a 
 picture in ruins; and the imagination 
 peoples the denuded walls with forms 
 not inferior to those which time has 
 effaced.” G. S. Hillard. 
 
 45T “ At the present day, when the 
 work has almost disappeared, it still 
 produces an irresistible effect from the 
 attitude of the figures and the art with 
 which they are formed into groups. . . . 
 It is certainly the earliest work of that 
 magnificent new style in which Michael 
 Angelo and Raphael subsequently 
 painted.” Grimm , Trans. 
 
 Though searching damps and many an 
 envious flaw 
 
 Have marr'd this work, the calm, ethereal 
 grace, 
 
 The love deep seated in the Saviour’s face, 
 The mercy, goodness, have not failed to 
 awe 
 
 The elements; as they do melt and thaw 
 The heart of the beholder — and erase 
 (At least for one rapt moment) every trace 
 Of disobedience to the primal law. 
 
 The annunciation of the dreadful truth 
 Made to the twelve survives; the brow, 
 the cheek. 
 
 And hand reposing on the board in ruth 
 Of what it litters, while the unguilty seek 
 Unquestionable meanings, still bespeak 
 A labor worthy of eternal youth. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Time hath done 
 
 His work on this fair picture; hut that face 
 His outrage awes. Stranger! the mist of 
 years 
 
 Between thee hung and half its heavenly 
 grace, 
 
 Hangstnere, a fitting veil ; nor that alone — 
 Gaze on it also through a veil of tears ! 
 
 Aubrey de Vere. 
 
 Last Supper. A picture by Do- 
 menico Ghirlandajo (1449-1498?). 
 In the museum of St. Mark, Flor- 
 ence, Italy. 
 
 Last Supper. A picture by Ja- 
 copo Robusti, called II Tintoretto 
 (1512-1594). 
 
 Last Supper. An altar-piece by 
 Dierick Steuerbout (d 1475). the 
 Flemish painter. In the Church 
 of St. Peter’s at Louvain, Bel- 
 gium. 
 
 Lateran, Palace of the. The old 
 palace was the residence of the 
 popes in Rome for nearly a thou- 
 sand years, from the time of Con- 
 stantine to the return of the Holy 
 See from Avignon. It was finally 
 destroyed by Sixtus V. The pri- 
 vate chapel of the popes, and a 
 portion of the dining-hall, are all 
 that now remain of this famous 
 building. The new or modern 
 Palace of the Lateran was built by 
 Sixtus V. In 1693 it was turned 
 into a hospital; in 1843 it was con- 
 verted by Gregory XVI. into a 
 museum; and it is now the prin- 
 cipal depository for antiquities 
 found at Rome within the last 
 few years. 
 
 Lateran. See Obelisk of the 
 Lateran and St. John Lateran. 
 
 Latin Convent, Nazareth. This 
 convent is the largest building 
 
LAT 
 
 273 
 
 LEA 
 
 in Nazareth, and contains the 
 Church of the Annunciation. 
 This church is built, according 
 to tradition, over the grottos 
 which formed the lower part of 
 the house of Joseph and Mary. 
 The church is plain but hand- 
 some, and the music is very fine. 
 The monks show the granite pil- 
 lars which stand where the angel 
 Gabriel and Mary stood at the 
 annunciation, the workshop of 
 Joseph, the house where “ Jesus 
 gave a supper to his friends be- 
 fore and after his resurrection, 
 and the table 4 Mensa Christi,’ 
 which they seem to value most 
 of all.” 
 
 Latin Quarter. See Quartier 
 Latin. 
 
 Latin School [of Boston]. An 
 ancient school foundation in Bos- 
 ton, Mass., the oldest institution 
 of the kind in America. It ori- 
 ginated in 1634. Benjamin Frank- 
 lin, Sam Adams, John Hancock, 
 Cotton Mather, Sir William Pep- 
 pered, and other celebrities of 
 early days, as well as many emi- 
 nent men of later times, have been 
 pupils of this school. The school 
 building was originally on School 
 Street, to which it gave its name. 
 
 Latour. A farmhouse, or small 
 chateau, in the wine district of 
 Medoc, on the Garonne, below 
 Bordeaux, France. Here is pro- 
 duced the celebrated wine known 
 as the Chateau Latour. 
 
 Laurel Hill. A large and beauti- 
 ful cemetery adjoining Fairmount 
 Park, Philadelphia. It has fine 
 views of the Schuylkill, and 
 noted collections of trees, includ- 
 ing some cedars of Lebanon. 
 
 Laval University. An institution 
 of learning, with fine buildings, 
 a library, museum, etc., in Que- 
 bec, Can. 
 
 Lawrence, The. The flag-ship of 
 Commodore Perry’s squadron on 
 Lake Erie in 1813. 
 
 Laxenburg. A palace near Vienna, 
 which has been a favorite resi- 
 dence of the royal house of Aus- 
 
 tria. It is generally known as 
 the Blue House. 
 
 Laying down the Law. A pic- 
 ture by Sir Edwin Landseer 
 (1803-1873), the most celebrated 
 modern painter of animals. 
 
 Lazare, St. See St. Lazare. 
 
 Lazarus, Raising of. See Raising 
 of Lazarus. 
 
 Leadenhall Market. The largest 
 and best poultry-market in Lon- 
 don, formerly celebrated for its 
 beef. It derives its name from 
 the manor-house of Sir PI ugh 
 Neville. 
 
 Wouldst thou with mighty beef augment 
 thy meal, 
 
 Seek Leadenhall. Gay. 
 
 Leadenhall Street. A well-known 
 street in London, formerly a 
 great meat-market. The East 
 India House stood in this street. 
 
 Further on, through Leadenhall Street 
 and Fleet Street — what a world ! Here 
 come the ever- thronging, ever-rolling 
 waves of life, pressing and whirling on in 
 their tumultuous career. 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Leads, The. [Ital. I Piombi.] The 
 celebrated prison -cells in the 
 Doge’s Palace, Venice, Italy, so 
 called from their situation under 
 the roof. 
 
 But let us to the roof, 
 
 And when thou hast survej r ed the sea, the 
 land. 
 
 Visit the narrow cells that cluster there. 
 As in a place of tombs. There burning 
 suns 
 
 Bay after day, beat unrelentingly; 
 Turning all things to dust, and scorching 
 up 
 
 The brain, till Reason fled, and the wild 
 yell 
 
 And wilder laugh burst out on every side. 
 Answering each other as in mockery ! 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 1 have betray’d myself; 
 
 But there's no torture in the mystic wells 
 Which undermine your palace, nor in 
 those 
 
 Not less appalling cells, the “ leaden 
 roofs,” 
 
 To force a single name from me of others. 
 The Pozzi and the Piombi were in yain ; 
 They might wring blood from me, but 
 treachery never. Byron. 
 
 League House. See Union League 
 House. 
 
 Leander’s Tower. An ancient 
 structure near the Golden Horn 
 
LEA 
 
 274 
 
 LED 
 
 at Constantinople, so called after 
 the Leander of classic story, a 
 youth of Abydos, who swam 
 nightly across the Hellespont to 
 visit his love. Hero, a priestess of 
 Sestos. The Turks call this tower 
 the “ Maiden’s Tower,” and con- 
 nect with it a story of a Greek 
 princess, who was kept impris- 
 oned here by her father, but was 
 liberated by the Arabian hero 
 Heschan. It is now used as a 
 light-house. 
 
 We swept round the Golden Horn, past 
 Leander' s tower , and now lay in the har- 
 bor which extends into the sweet waters. 
 
 Ilans Christian Andersen. 
 
 Leaning Tower [of Pisa]. The 
 name by which the Campanile, 
 or Bell-tower, of the Cathedral 
 of Pisa, Italy, is popularly desig- 
 nated. The deviation of about 
 13 feet from the perpendicular is 
 doubtless owing to an imperfect 
 foundation. The same peculiar- 
 ity is observed in many other 
 Italian towers, but nowhere to 
 the same extent as here. That 
 the inclination of the tower was 
 not intentional, but the result of 
 a defective foundation, is said by 
 competent judges to be very evi- 
 dent. It was begun in 1174, is 
 built of white marble, and is 178 
 feet in height, and 50 feet in di- 
 ameter. See Campanile. 
 
 4®= “ Sismondi compares the Tower 
 to the usual pictorial representations 
 in children’s books of the Tower of 
 Babel. It is a happy simile, and con- 
 veys a better idea of the building than 
 chapters of labored description. Noth- 
 ing can exceed the grace and lightness 
 of the structure; nothing can be more 
 remarkable than its general appear- 
 ance. In the course of the ascent to 
 the top (which is by an easy staircase), 
 the inclination is not very apparent; 
 but at the summit it becomes so, and 
 gives one the sensation of being in a 
 ship that has heeled over, through the 
 action of an ebb-tide. The effect upon 
 Vie low side , so to speak, — looking 
 over from the gallery, and seeing the 
 shaft recede to its base, — is very start- 
 ling; and I saw a nervous traveller 
 hold on to the Tower involuntarily, 
 after glancing down, as if he had some 
 idea of propping it up. The view with- 
 in, from the ground, — looking up, as 
 through a slanted tube, — is also very 
 curious. It certainly inclines as much as 
 
 the most sanguine tourist could desire. 
 The natural impulse of ninety-nine 
 people out of a hundred, who were 
 about to recline upon the grass below 
 it, to rest, and contemplate the adjacent 
 buildings, would probably be, not to 
 take up their position under the lean- 
 ing side; it is so very much aslant.” 
 
 Dickens. 
 
 4®"“ This piece of architectural 
 eccentricity was, and I suppose is, one 
 of the commonplaces of geography, and 
 is put in the same educational state- 
 room with the Wall of China, the Great 
 Tun of Heidelberg, and the Natural 
 Bridge of Virginia. . . . This singular 
 structure is simply a campanile, or 
 bell-tower, appurtenant to the cathe- 
 dral, as is the general custom in Italy. 
 It is not merely quaint, but beautiful; 
 that is, take away the quaintness, and 
 the beauty will remain. It is built of 
 white marble, wonderfully fresh and 
 pure when we remember that near- 
 ly seven centuries have swept over it.” 
 Hillard. 
 
 4SP “ In any event, there are other 
 leaning towers in Italy, at Bologna for 
 example : voluntarily, or involuntarily, 
 this feeling for oddness, this love of 
 paradox, this yielding to fancy, is one 
 of the characteristics of the Middle 
 Ages.” Tahie , Trans. 
 
 4QP “ The Tower of Pisa may claim 
 to be the noblest tower of Southern 
 Romanesque. The round form doubt- 
 less comes from Ravenna; but the Pi- 
 san tower is a Ravenna tower glori- 
 fied.” Freeman . 
 
 The well-curb had a Chinese roof ; 
 
 And even the long sweep, high aloof, 
 
 In its slant splendor, seemed to tell 
 
 Of Pisa's leaning miracle. Whittier. 
 
 Lear. A picture by Benjamin 
 West (1738-1820). Now in the 
 Boston Athenaeum. 
 
 Leda. 1. A mythological picture 
 by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), 
 sometimes called a Carita, or 
 Charity. It is in the possession 
 of Prince Frederic of Holland, at 
 the Hague. A picture by Mi- 
 chael Angelo (1475-1564) upon 
 this subject, executed for the 
 Duke of Ferrara, is lost; but an 
 early copy — a cartoon — is in 
 the Royal Academy, London. 
 
 2. A picture by Antonio Alle- 
 gri, surnamed Correggio (1494- 
 1534). In the Museum at Berlin* 
 Prussia. 
 
LEE 
 
 275 
 
 LEV 
 
 Leeds Castle. An ancient ruined 
 fortress near Maidstone, Kent, 
 England. 
 
 Lehigh University. A collegiate 
 establishment in Bethlehem, 
 Penn., founded in 18(35 by Asa 
 Packer. 
 
 Leicester House. A mansion built 
 about 1050 in Leicester Square, 
 London, for the Earl of Leices- 
 ter. It was occupied at various 
 times by royal personages, among 
 others by Elizabeth, Queen of 
 Bohemia, who lived there, and 
 died there in 1002. George II. 
 resided in Leicester House from 
 1717 to 1720. 
 
 Leicester Square. A well-known 
 square in London, built between 
 1600 and 1731, noted as a resort 
 and place of residence for for- 
 eigners. 
 
 “ Come through this narrow lane 
 into Leicester Square. You cross here 
 the first limit of the fashionable quar- 
 ter. This is the home of that most 
 miserable fish out of water — a French- 
 man in London.” JV. P. Willis. 
 
 They dined at a miserable cheap French 
 restaurateur in the neighborhood of Leices- 
 ter Square , where they were served with 
 a caricature of French cookery. Irving. 
 
 Lemon Hill. An eminence in Fair- 
 mount Park, Philadelphia, sur- 
 mounted by an old mansion, once 
 the residence of Robert Morris, 
 the great financier of the Revo- 
 lution. 
 
 Lenox Library. A marble build- 
 ing in New York City, fronting 
 on Central Park, built at a cost 
 of $500,000, to contain a museum, 
 art-gallery, library, and lecture- 
 hall. It derives its name from 
 its founder, James Lenox, a 
 wealthy citizen of New York. 
 
 Leo X. A celebrated portrait of 
 this Pope by Raphael Sanzio 
 (1483-1520), representing him as 
 seated at a table, with the Cardi- 
 nals de’ Medici and de’ Rossi be- 
 hind him on each side. This is 
 regarded as one of Raphael’s best 
 portraits. It is now in the Pitti 
 Palace, Florence, Italy. There is 
 a repetition of this picture by 
 
 Andrea del Sarto (1488-1530), who 
 was employed by Ottaviano de’ 
 Medici, the possessor of it, to 
 copy it for the Duke of Mantua. 
 This repetition is so well executed 
 that it deceived even Giulio Ro- 
 mano, who had taken part in the 
 execution of the original. This 
 copy is in the Gallery of Naples, 
 and there has been much discus- 
 sion as to which was the original 
 picture. 
 
 Leonardo da Vinci. A portrait of 
 himself by the painter (1452-1520). 
 In the collection of autograph 
 portraits of the painters, in the 
 Ufiizi, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Leonard’s Crags. See St. Leo- 
 nard’s Crags. 
 
 Leonine City. [Ital. Citta Leo - 
 nina.] The northern district or 
 quarter of modern Rome, founded 
 in the ninth century by Leo IV., 
 who enclosed it in Avails to pro- 
 tect it from the devastation of 
 the Moorish pirates. It is the 
 most interesting quarter of the 
 modern city, as it includes the 
 Castle of St. Angelo, the Vatican, 
 and St. Peter’s. At the Italian 
 invasion of September, 1870, it 
 AA r as promised to the Pope, as the 
 sanctuary of the Ploly See, the last 
 relic of its temporal sovereignty. 
 This quarter of the city is known 
 as the Borgo. Dyer says, that, 
 when it was enclosed by Leo IV., 
 it obtained the name of Borgo 
 from the Saxon settlement called 
 “ Burgus Saxonum.” 
 
 Leopard, The. A British ship of 
 war which attacked and captured 
 the American \ T essel Chesapeake , 
 in a naval duel in 1813. 
 
 Lepanto, Battle of. See Battle 
 of Lepanto. 
 
 Lethe Lake. A well-known sub- 
 terranean lake in the Mammoth 
 Cave, Kentucky. It is crossed in 
 boats. 
 
 Levant, The. A A^essel of the 
 United States navy. See Ports- 
 mouth, The. 
 
 Levee, The. A famous dike or 
 
LEV 
 
 276 
 
 LIB 
 
 embankment of earth constructed 
 for a great distance along the 
 Mississippi River at and near 
 New Orleans, La. It is 15 feet 
 wide and four feet high, and is 
 used in the fall and winter as a 
 promenade. Crevasses have fre- 
 quently occurred to damage it, 
 but it "has been much strength- 
 ened of late. The scene of bustle 
 and activity which the levee 
 presents at times is unequalled in 
 America. 
 
 Levit3, Feast of the. See Feast 
 
 OF THE LEVITE. 
 
 Lia Fail. A singular pillar-stone 
 on the summit of the Hill of Tara, 
 in the county of Meath, Ireland. 
 
 4^ “ This is the celebrated ‘ coro- 
 nation stone * of the ancient Irish kings. 
 It is composed of granular limestone, 
 and is at present about six feet above 
 ground, but its real height is said to be 
 12 feet. At its base it is, perhaps, four 
 feet in circumference; but it tapers 
 somewhat towards the top, not unlike 
 the Round Towers.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Ilall. 
 
 See Hill of Tara and also 
 Stone of Scone. 
 
 Libby Prison. In Richmond, Va. 
 A noted and notorious place of 
 confinement for military prison- 
 ers during the war of the Rebel- 
 lion. Here the Federal soldiers 
 were subjected to the greatest 
 cruelty and hardships. The build- 
 ing was simply a warehouse con- 
 verted to the purposes of a jail. 
 
 Liber Studioruxn. [Book of Stud- 
 ies.] A famous series of prints 
 or drawings by Joseph Mallord 
 William Turner (1775-1851), the 
 English landscape-painter. 
 
 Liber Veritatis. [Book of Truth.] 
 A book of original drawings by 
 Claude Lorraine (1600-1682), the 
 French landscape-painter, kept 
 to identify his pictures which 
 were being constantly imitated 
 by other artists. There are six 
 copies of this work, one of which 
 is at Chats worth, England. 
 
 Liberian Basilica. See Santa 
 Maria Maggiore. 
 
 Liberties, The. A district of Dub- 
 lin, Ireland, in the most elevated 
 and airy part of the city, so called 
 from certain privileges and im- 
 munities possessed by the inhab- 
 itants, having manor courts of 
 their own with seneschals to pre- 
 side over them. Some 40 streets 
 and lanes, containing a popula- 
 tion estimated at 40,000 souls, are 
 embraced within its precincts. 
 
 4^" “ The present state of this once 
 flourishing region forms a strong con- 
 trast to its former, but it still retains 
 many evidences of what it has been. 
 In passing along its desolate streets, 
 large houses of costly structure every- 
 where present themselves. Lofty fa- 
 cades adorned with architraves, and 
 mouldings to windows, and door-cases 
 of sculptured stone or marble; grand 
 staircases with carved and gilded balus- 
 trades; panelled doors opening into 
 spacious suits of corniced and stuccoed 
 apartments — all attest the opulence of 
 its former inhabitants. They are now 
 the abode only of the most miserable.” 
 Mr. and Mrs. Ilall. 
 
 Liberty. A colossal statue de- 
 signed by Thomas Crawford (1814- 
 57), surmounting the dome of the 
 Capitol at Washington. It is un- 
 doubtedly the best known of his 
 works. The statue is executed 
 in bronze, and is 19| feet in 
 height. It was cast at Bladens- 
 burg, Md., by Clark Mills. 
 
 Liberty Bell. A famous bell now 
 preserved in Independence Hall, 
 Philadelphia, Penn. It was origi- 
 nally cast in London in 1752, and 
 bore the motto, “ Proclaim lib- 
 erty throughout the land unto all 
 the inhabitants thereof.” It was 
 subsequently re-cast in Phila- 
 delphia, retaining the same in- 
 scription, and was rung on the 
 occasion of the adoption by Con- 
 gress of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 4®=* “ The bell which rang out the 
 Declaration of Independence has found 
 at last a voice articulate, to ‘ proclaim 
 liberty throughout all the land unto 
 all the inhabitants thereof.’ It has 
 been heard across oceans, and has 
 modified the sentiments of cabinets 
 and kings. The people of the Old 
 World have heard it, and their hearts 
 stop to catch the last whisper of its 
 echoes. The poor slave has heard it, 
 
LIB 
 
 277 
 
 LIN 
 
 and with bounding joy, tempered by 
 the mystery of religion, he worships 
 and adores. The waiting Continent 
 has heard it, and already foresees the 
 fulfilled prophecy, when she will sit 
 ‘ redeemed, regenerated, and disin- 
 thralled by the irresistible Genius of 
 Universal Emancipation.’ ” 
 
 J. A. Andrew. 
 
 Liberty-Cap. This symbol of lib- 
 erty is very ancient. According 
 to the Roman legend, when Sa- 
 turninus seized the Capitol at 
 Rome, in the first century before 
 Christ, he raised a cap on the 
 point of a spear as a sign of free- 
 dom to all slaves who should join 
 him. A similar expedient was 
 often adopted subsequently, and 
 in modern times the crowning of 
 a liberty-pole with a cap is a 
 relic of the old custom. 
 
 Liberty Club. See Rump-Steak 
 Club. 
 
 Liberty Tree. A large elm in Bos- 
 ton, Mass., used to hang effigies 
 of obnoxious persons upon at the 
 time of the disturbances caused 
 by the Stamp Act. The site of 
 this tree is commemorated by a 
 device upon the building which 
 now occupies its place upon 
 Washington Street. Lafayette 
 said, “The world should never 
 forget the spot where once stood 
 Liberty Tree .” 
 
 Libyan Sibyl. A statue by W. W. 
 Story (b. 1819). 
 
 46^ “ The two conceptions, ‘ Cleo- 
 patra' and the ‘Libyan Sibyl,’ have 
 placed Mr. Story in European estima- 
 tion at the head of American sculp- 
 tors.” Jcirves. 
 
 Lichfield Cathedral. One of the 
 most interesting ecclesiastical 
 structures in England, in the town 
 of Lichfield. It was erected in 
 the twelfth and thirteenth cen- 
 turies. 
 
 Lichtenstein. A mimic castle 
 near Reutlingen, Germany, on 
 the summit of a lofty rock, with 
 precipices of 800 feet, and acces- 
 sible only by a drawbridge. Built 
 in 1842. 
 
 Lido, The. The name by which 
 
 the sea-shore in the immediate 
 neighborhood of Venice is com- 
 monly known, and still as form- 
 erly a favorite resort and bath- 
 ing-place. 
 
 4SP* “ Thither in more cheerful days 
 the Venetians used to resort in great 
 numbers on certain holidays, called 
 the Mondays of the Lido, to enjoy the 
 sea-breeze and the country scenery, 
 and to lunch upon the flat tombs of the 
 Hebrews, buried there in exile from 
 the consecrated Christian ground.” 
 
 W. D. Howells. 
 
 Through all the music ringing in my ears 
 A knell was sounding as distinct and clear. 
 Though low and far, as e’er the Adrian 
 wave 
 
 Rose o’er the city’s murmur in the night. 
 Hashing against the outward Lido's bul- 
 wark. Byron. 
 
 Liebenstein. A well-known ruined 
 castle on the Rhine, near St. Goar. 
 It is one of two which go by the 
 name of the Brothers, and which 
 are associated with a romantic 
 legend. 
 
 Liechtenstein, Das alte Schloss. 
 An ancient castle, now in ruins, 
 in the neighborhood of Vienna, 
 Austria. 
 
 Life, Fountain of. See Fountain 
 of Life. 
 
 Life of the Virgin. See Virgin. 
 
 Light of the World. A picture 
 by William Holman Hunt (b. 
 1827), and regarded as one of his 
 masterpieces. It is a symbolic 
 figure of Christ. 
 
 4®=- “ Hunt’s Light of the World is, 
 I believe, the most perfect instance of 
 expressional purpose with technical 
 power which the world has yet pro- 
 duced ” Luskin : Modern Painters. 
 
 Wsp “Christ the Light of the World 
 is set in a greenish-yellow atmosphere, 
 resembling that perceived on ascend- 
 ing to the surface of turbid water after 
 a plunge.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Limbo, The. A picture by Angiolo 
 Bronzino (1502-1572). In the Uffi- 
 zi, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Lincei, Aecademia deb A scientific 
 society, the oldest of the kind in 
 Italy,' founded in 1603 by a num- 
 ber of philosophers, including 
 Galileo. It was re-organized in 
 
LIK 
 
 278 
 
 LIO 
 
 1849 by Pius IX. Its meetings 
 are held on Sunday in the Palace 
 of the Senator at Rome. Its 
 name is taken from its symbol, 
 the lynx, the emblem of watch- 
 fulness. 
 
 Lincluden Abbey. An ancient 
 and picturesque ruined monas- 
 tery near Dumfries, Scotland. 
 
 Ye holy walls, that, still sublime. 
 
 Resist the crumbling touch of Time, 
 
 How strongly, still your form displays 
 The piety of ancient days ! 
 
 As through your ruins, hoar and gray — 
 Ruins yet beauteous in decay — 
 
 The silvery moonbeams trembling fly. 
 
 Barns. 
 
 Lincoln College. One of the col- 
 leges included in the University 
 of Oxford, England. It was 
 founded about 1427. 
 
 Lincoln Park. 1. A public pleas- 
 ure-ground in Chicago, 111., laid 
 out on the lake-shore. It includes 
 250 acres. 
 
 2. A public pleasure-ground in 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Lincoln’s Inn. One of the four 
 Inns of Court, London, built upon 
 the site of the town-house of 
 Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln 
 (d. 1312), from whom its name is 
 derived. See Inns of Court, In- 
 ner Temple, Middle Temple, 
 Gray’s Inn. 
 
 Will any man, for instance, tell us which 
 bricks it was in Lincoln's Inn Buildings , 
 that Ben Jonson’s hand and trowel laid? 
 No man. it is to be feared, — and also 
 grumbled at. Carlyle. 
 
 Lincoln’s Inn Fields. A fine 
 square in London, laid out by 
 Inigo Jones, and built in 1619-3(5. 
 Lincoln’s Inn Fields were long 
 the resort of vagrants. Gay in 
 his “ Trivia ” says: — 
 
 Where Lincoln Inn’s wide space is rail’d 
 around. 
 
 Cross not with vcnt’rous step; there oft 
 is found 
 
 The lurking thief, who, while the daylight 
 shone. 
 
 Made the walls echo with his begging 
 tone : 
 
 That wretch, which late compassion 
 moved, shall wound 
 
 Thy bleeding head, and fell thee to the 
 ground. 
 
 Perhaps he remembered that one of 
 them [the Pyramids] was as big as Lin- 
 coln's Inn Fields. Thackeray. 
 
 Linden, Unter den. See Unter 
 den Linden. 
 
 Lindenwald. The country-seat of 
 Martin Van Buren (1782-1862), 
 the eighth president of the United 
 States, situated near Kinderhook, 
 N.Y. 
 
 Lindsey House. A noble mansion 
 on the west of Lincoln’s Inn 
 Fields in London, built by the 
 Earl of Lindsey, the general of 
 Charles I. Afterwards called 
 Ancaster House. 
 
 Linlithgow Palace. One of the 
 most ancient royal residences in 
 Scotland, situated in the town of 
 Linlithgow. The present build- 
 ing was begun by Edward I., 
 about the year 1300, and is mem- 
 orable as having been the birth- 
 place of Mary Queen of Scots. It 
 is now a magnificent ruin. The 
 situation is remarkably lovely. 
 
 Of all the palaces so fair, 
 
 Built for the royal dwelling, 
 
 In Scotland, far beyond compare, 
 Linlithgow is excelling. Scott. 
 
 “ The castle has a very sad and 
 romantic appearance, standing there 
 all alone as it does, looking down into 
 the quiet lake. It is said that the in- 
 ternal architectural decorations are ex- 
 ceedingly rich and beautiful, and a re- 
 semblance has been traced between its 
 style of ornament and that of Heidel- 
 berg Castle, which has been accounted 
 for by the fact that the princess Eliza- 
 beth, who was the sovereign lady of 
 Heidelberg, spent many of the earlier 
 years of her life in this place.” 
 
 Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Lion House. A building in Salt 
 Lake City, Utah Territory, used 
 as a sort of seraglio of the Mor- 
 mon leaders. It derives its name 
 from the image of a lion over the 
 entrance. 
 
 Lion Hunt. A noted picture by 
 Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), 
 and one of his finest works. In 
 the Pinakotliek at Munich, Bava- 
 ria. Also at Dresden, Saxony. 
 
 Lion [of Bastia]. The. A natural 
 curiosity at the entrance of the 
 harbor of Bastia in Corsica. It 
 is a rock bearing an extraordi- 
 nary likeness to a lion couchant, 
 
LIO 
 
 279 
 
 LIT 
 
 the resemblance being striking in 
 all details even to the bushy 
 mane, which is formed by a 
 growth of creeping plants. 
 
 Lion of Lucerne. A celebrated 
 work of sculpture at Lucerne, 
 Switzerland, modelled by Albert 
 Bertel Thorwaldsen (1770-1844). 
 It was erected in 1821, in memory 
 of 21 officers and about 760 sol- 
 diers of the Swiss guard, who 
 were slain in defending the Tuil- 
 eries on Aug. 10, 1792. The lion, 
 which is of colossal size, is repre- 
 sented as dying, a broken spear 
 transfixes his body, and with his 
 paw he tries to protect the Bour- 
 bon lily. The figure is of sand- 
 stone rock, 28 feet long and 18 
 high, and upon it are inscribed 
 the names of the officers. 
 
 “ In a sequestered spot the rocky 
 hill-side is cut away, and in the living- 
 strata is sculptured the colossal figure 
 of a dying lion. A spear is broken off 
 in his side, but in his last struggle he 
 still defends a shield marked with the 
 fleur-de-lis of France. Below are in- 
 scribed in red letters, as if charactered 
 in blood, the names of the brave offi- 
 cers of that devoted band.” Beecher . 
 
 Lion of St. Mark. A winged lion, 
 the heraldic device of the ancient 
 republic of Venice, whose patron 
 saint is St. Mark. One of the 
 noted columns in the Piazzetta at 
 Venice is surmounted by the im- 
 age of a winged lion. 
 
 And every monument the stranger meets, 
 Church, palace, pillar, as a mourner 
 greets ; 
 
 And even the Lion all subdued appears. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Lone seated on the strand, - 
 Uplifts the lion grand 
 His foot of bronze on high 
 Against the sky. 
 
 Alfred de Musset, Trans. 
 
 Sullen old lion of grand St. Mark 
 Lordeth and lifteth his front from the dark. 
 
 Joaquin Miller. 
 
 Lions. See Court of Lions and 
 Gate of the Lions. 
 
 Lion’s Mouth. [Ital. Boccci di 
 Leone.] A famous hole or open- 
 ing in the wall, in the ante-cliam- 
 ber of the Great Council, in the 
 Doge’s Palace, Venice, through 
 which anonymous accusations 
 were passed in against individu- 
 
 als who had incurred suspicion 
 or enmity. 
 
 And in the palace of St. Mark 
 Unnamed accusers in the dark 
 Within the “ Lion's mouth ” had placed 
 A charge against him uneffaced. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Liparata, Santa. See Santa Ma- 
 ria del Fiore. 
 
 Lippi, Fra Filippo. A portrait of 
 himself by the painter (1412-1469). 
 In the Museum at Berlin, Prus- 
 sia. 
 
 Lismore Castle. A seat of the 
 Duke of Devonshire in the coun- 
 ty of Waterford, Ireland. 
 
 Lit de Justice. See Bed of Jus- 
 tice. 
 
 Literary Club. See Club, The. 
 
 Literary Fund. A society estab- 
 lished in London, in 1790, by Da- 
 vid Williams, the object of which 
 is to furnish aid to authors who 
 may be in distress, and to render 
 assistance to their widows and 
 children. 
 
 42T “ Some of the brightest names 
 in contemporary literature have been 
 beholden to the bounty of this institu- 
 tion, and in numerous instances its in- 
 terference has shielded friendless merit 
 from utter ruin.” Quarterly Review. 
 
 4®=* The permanent fund of the Lit- 
 erary Fund on the 1st of January, 1880, 
 consisted of £6,200 in consols. The 
 actual number of grants paid by the 
 society from its foundation up to 1880 
 was 3,796, amounting to £90,617. 
 
 Little Bengal. A name applied to 
 Cavendish and Portman Squares, 
 and adjoining streets, in London, 
 — a district inhabited by retired 
 Indians. 
 
 Little Britain. This quarter in 
 London, so called from having 
 been in old times the residence 
 of the Dukes of Brittany, was, in 
 the reigns of the Stuarts, remark- 
 able as a great centre for book- 
 sellers — a sort of Paternoster 
 Bow. 
 
 “ Little Britain was a plentiful and 
 perpetual emporium of learned au- 
 thors, and men went thither as to a 
 market. . . . But now this emporium 
 has vanished, and the trade contracted 
 into the hands of two or three per- 
 sons.” Roger North. 
 
LIT 
 
 280 
 
 LOG 
 
 J 8®=- “In the centre of the great City 
 of London lies a small neighborhood, 
 consisting of a cluster of narrow streets 
 and courts, of very venerable and de- 
 bilitated houses, which goes by name 
 of Little Britain. Little Britain may 
 truly be called the heart’s core of the 
 city, the stronghold of true John Bull- 
 ism. It is a fragment of London as it 
 was in its better days, with its anti- 
 quated folks and fashions.” Irving. 
 
 The race of booksellers in Little Britain 
 is now [1731] almost extinct. 
 
 Gentleman's Magazine. 
 
 Little Messenger, The. An ad- 
 mired picture by Jean Louis Er- 
 nest Meissonier (b. 1811). 
 
 Little Hound Top. A rugged emi- 
 nence in the vicinity of Gettys- 
 burg, Penn., famous as the scene 
 of a desperate struggle between 
 the Union forces and the Con- 
 federate troops on the 2d of July, 
 1863, which led to the greater 
 battle of Cemetery Hill on the 
 next day. 
 
 Little Trianon. See Petit Tri- 
 anon. 
 
 Lizard Point. A famous headland, 
 the southernmost promontory of 
 England, — the Ocrimtm of Ptole- 
 my, the ancient geographer. 
 There are two large light-houses 
 here. 
 
 May never saw dismember thee, 
 
 Nor wielded axe disjoint; 
 
 Thou art the fairest spoken tree 
 From here to Lizard Point. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Lloyd’s. The name given to a series 
 of rooms in the Royal Exchange, 
 London, — the rendezvous of the 
 most eminent merchants, ship- 
 owners (and those who seek ship- 
 ping news), underwriters, insur- 
 ance, stock and exchange brok- 
 ers, etc. The name originated 
 with one Lloyd, a coffee-house 
 keeper in Lombard Street, at 
 whose house merchants were in 
 the habit of congregating in 
 the early part of the eighteenth 
 century for the transaction of the 
 business. The subscribers to 
 Lloyd’s represent the greater 
 part of the mercantile wealth of 
 England. A similar institution 
 was established at Trieste, Aus- 
 tria, in 1833, and is known as the 
 Austrian-Lloyds. 
 
 Loch Inch Castle. The seat of 
 the Earl of Stair, near Stranraer, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Lochleven Castle. An ancient 
 castle on an island in the lake of 
 Lochleven, Scotland, memorable 
 as the scene of the imprisonment 
 of Mary Queen of Scots. Her 
 escape from this fortress is re- 
 lated in Sir Walter Scott’s novel 
 entitled “ The Abbot.” 
 
 Put off, put off, and row with speed. 
 
 For now’s the time and the hour of need ! 
 To oars, to oars, and trim the hark, 
 
 Nor Scotland's queen be a warder’s mark ! 
 Those ponderous keys shall the kelpies 
 keep. 
 
 And lodge in their caverns dark and deep; 
 Nor shall Lochleven' s towers or hall 
 Hold thee, our lovely lady, in thrall. 
 
 Robert Allan. 
 
 Locum Abbey. A fine monastic 
 ruin near Wunstorf in Prussia. 
 The abbey dates from the thir- 
 teenth century. 
 
 Lodi, Bridge of. See Bridge of 
 Lodi. 
 
 Lodore. A noted waterfall in the 
 lake district of England, near 
 Keswick. The effect of the cas- 
 cade is dependent in a good 
 measure upon the state of the 
 weather, and the quantity of 
 water. 
 
 How does the water 
 Come down at Lodore ? 
 
 All at once and all o'er, with a mighty up- 
 roar; 
 
 And this way the water comes down at 
 Lodore. Southey. 
 
 Logan Stone. A famous rock- 
 ing-stone near the Gap of Dun- 
 Loe in the county of Kerry, Ire- 
 land. It is thought to be a 
 Druidical remain of remote antiq- 
 uity. The poet Moore likens it 
 to the poet’s heart, which 
 
 “ The slightest touch alone sets moving, 
 But all earth’s power could not shake 
 from its base.” 
 
 Loggia de’ Lanzi. A well-known 
 arcade in Florence, Italy, built 
 in the fourteenth century, and 
 containing famous works of sculp- 
 ture. The name is derived from 
 the Swiss lancers in the employ 
 of Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464). 
 
 No ! the people sought no wings 
 From Perseus in the Loggia , nor implored 
 An inspiration in the place beside, 
 
LOG 
 
 281 
 
 LON 
 
 From that dim bust of Brutus, jagged and 
 grand. 
 
 Where Buonarotti passionately tried 
 Out of the clenched marble to demand 
 'jlic head of Home s Miblimest homicide. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Loggie of Raphael. A celebrated 
 portico (the Loggie form a series 
 of three corridors, or a triple 
 portico, round three sides of an 
 open court) in the Vatican Pal- 
 ace at Rome, deriving its name 
 from the frescos of that master 
 and his pupils which it contains. 
 
 “ From the Sis tine Chapel we 
 went to Raphael’s Loggie , and 1 hardly 
 venture to say that we could scarcely 
 bear to look at them. The eye was so 
 educated and so enlarged by those 
 grand forms and the glorious complete- 
 ness of all their parts, that it could 
 take no pleasure in the imaginative 
 play of arabesques, and the scenes 
 from Scripture, beautiful as they are, 
 had lost their charm. To see these 
 works often alternately, and to compare 
 them at leisure and without prejudice, 
 must be a great pleasure ; but all sym- 
 pathy is at first one-sided.” 
 
 Goethe , Trans. 
 
 Lollards’ Prison. A celebrated 
 prison-room in the tower of Lam- 
 beth Palace, London, in which 
 many followers of Wickliffe 
 (known as Lollards), as well as 
 others, were confined. The apart- 
 ment is some 12 feet square and 
 8 feet high. The walls, ceiling, 
 and floor are laid with rough- 
 hewn boards upon which are nu- 
 merous fragments of inscriptions, 
 and notches to mark the passage 
 of time, cut by those imprisoned 
 here. 
 
 4SP “ In order to get to the tower, 
 we had to go through a great many 
 apartments, passages, and corridors, 
 and terminate all by climbing a wind- 
 ing staircase, steeper and narrower 
 than w r as at all desirable for any but 
 wicked heretics. The room is 33 feet 
 by 12, and about 8 feet high, wain- 
 scoted with oak, which is scrawled 
 over with names and inscriptions. 
 There are eight large iron rings in the 
 wall, to which the prisoners were 
 chained; for aught we know, Wickliffe 
 himself may have been one. . . . We 
 all agreed, however, that, considering 
 the very beautiful prospect this tower 
 commands up and down the Thames, 
 the poor Lollards in some respects 
 might have been worse lodged.” 
 
 Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Lollards’ Tower. A famous tower 
 in London. See Lollards’ Pris- 
 on. 
 
 Lombard Street. A celebrated 
 street in London, the centre of 
 the “ banking world.” It derives 
 its name from the Longobards, a 
 family of whom, in early times, 
 settled here, and established a 
 bank. The poet Pope w'as born 
 in this street. 
 
 “ Lombard Street and Thread- 
 needle Street are merely places where 
 men toil and accumulate. They go 
 elsewhere to enjoy and to expend.” 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 London Bridge. The last bridge 
 on the Thames, or the one near- 
 est the sea, built of granite, and 
 first opened to the public by Wil- 
 liam IV., Aug. 1, 1831. It was 
 built at an outlay of £2,566,2(18, 
 from designs of John Rennie 
 and his sons John and George. 
 In Saxon times there was a bridge 
 at this spot, and in 1176 the first 
 stone bridge was built here. The 
 old London Bridge had houses 
 upon each side. At one time it 
 was noted for its booksellers’ 
 shops, and at a later period was 
 famous for its many pin-makers. 
 Pennant says that the street on 
 Old London Bridge was “ nar- 
 row, darksome, and dangerous 
 to passengers from the multitude 
 of carriages; frequent arches of 
 strong timbers crossing the street 
 from the tops of the houses, to 
 keep them together and from fall- 
 ing into the river. Nothing but 
 use could preserve the repose of 
 the inmates, who soon grew deaf 
 to the noise of falling waters, the 
 clamors of watermen, or the fre- 
 quent shrieks of drowning wretch- 
 es.” London Bridge, in the time 
 of Shakespeare and for years af- 
 terwards, was built of wood and 
 lined with houses on either side. 
 In the second part of King Henry 
 VI., Cade says, “ Come, then, 
 let’s go light with them. But, 
 first, go and set London-bridfje on 
 fire; and, if you can, burn down 
 the Tower too.” 
 
 4®=* “ It has been ascertained that 
 the number of carriages of all descrip- 
 tions, and equestrians, who daily pass 
 
LON 
 
 282 
 
 LON 
 
 along London Bridge in the course of 
 24 hours, exceeds 20,000 ; and that the 
 number of pedestrians who pass across 
 the bridge daily during the same space 
 of time is no fewer than 107,000.” 
 
 Murray's Handbook. 
 
 “ Such who only see it [the old 
 bridge] beneath , where it is a bridge, 
 cannot suspect that it should be a street ; 
 and such who behold it above, where 
 it is a street, cannot believe it is a 
 bridge.” Fuller. 
 
 Stopp’d by the houses of that wondrous 
 street, 
 
 Which rides o’er the broad river like a 
 fleet. Cowley. 
 
 London bridge is broken down, 
 
 Dance o’er my lady Lee ; 
 
 London bridge is broken down, 
 
 With a gay lady. Mother Goose. 
 
 As I was going o’er London Bridge , 
 
 And peeped through a nick, 
 
 I saw four and twenty ladies 
 hiding on a stick! Mother Goose. 
 
 London Coffee-house. 1. Former- 
 ly an establishment on Liulgate 
 Hill, London, now a tavern. It 
 was opened before 1731. 
 
 Yesterday morning I came early to 
 Bath, . . . and at five in the evcnii g took 
 my seat in the mail-coach, which, th s 
 morning at eight, landed me safely in the 
 London Coffee-House , Ludgate Hill. 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 
 2. A noted old building in Phil- 
 adelphia, Penn., on Market Street, 
 erected in 1702, and a place of 
 much resort before the Revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 London Docks. An immense es- 
 tablishment, in London, on the 
 left bank of the Thames, covering 
 an area of 90 acres, and including 
 20 warehouses, 18 sheds, 17 vaults, 
 and six quays. The first dock 
 was opened in 1805. The West- 
 ern and Eastern Docks embrace 
 respectively 20 and 7 acres; and 
 the Wapping Basin, 3 acres. The 
 cost of the whole structure has 
 exceeded £4,000,000, and the 
 number of laborers employed to 
 carry on the business of the docks 
 varies from 1.000 to 3,000. 
 
 “ As you enter the dock, the 
 sight of the forest of masts in the dis- 
 tance and the tall chimneys vomiting 
 clouds of black smoke, and the many- 
 colored flags flying in the air, has a 
 most peculiar effect; while the sheds, 
 with the monster wheels arching 
 
 through the roofs, look like paddle- 
 boxes of huge steamers.” 
 
 Henry May hew . 
 
 JOGgr* “ These docks are prodigious, 
 overpowering. . . . There are ships 
 everywhere, and ships upon ships in 
 rows show their heads and their swell- 
 ing bosoms, like beautiful flsli under 
 their cuirass of copper.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 London House. Once the town 
 residence of the Bishop of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 London Monument. See Monu- 
 ment, The. 
 
 London Stone. An ancient relic, 
 supposed to be a fragment of the 
 milliarium , or mile-stone of the 
 Romans, now preserved in Can- 
 non Street, London. There is 
 evidence that it was placed there 
 a thousand years ago; and Cam- 
 den considers it to have been 
 the great central mile-stone, from 
 which the British high roads radi- 
 ated, similar to that in the Forum 
 at Rome. Tradition declares that 
 the stone was brought from Troy 
 by Brutus, and laid by his own 
 hand as the foundation-stone of 
 London, and its palladium. It 
 is referred to in the ancient Sax- 
 on charters as a local mark of 
 immemorial antiquity. The stone 
 before the Great Fire [1G6(>] was 
 much worn away: it was then 
 cased over with new stone, ad- 
 mitting the ancient stone to be 
 seen through a large aperture at 
 the top. It is now placed against 
 the south wall of St. Swithin’s 
 Church. It has been from the 
 earliest ages jealously guarded 
 and embedded, perhaps from a 
 superstitious belief in the identity 
 of the fate of London with it's 
 palladium. Jack Cade struck 
 London Stone, exclaiming, “ Now 
 is Mortimer lord of this cjty.” 
 
 jgQf 3 “ On the south side of this high 
 street, neere unto the channell, is 
 pitched upright a great stone, called 
 London Stone, fixed in the ground very 
 deep, fastened with bars of iron, and 
 otherwise so stronglie set that if cartes 
 do runne against it through negligence, 
 the wheeles be broken and the stone it- 
 selfe unshaken. The cause why this 
 stone was there set, the verie time 
 
LON 
 
 283 
 
 LON 
 
 when, or other memory hereof, is there 
 none; but that the same hath long con- 
 tinued there, is manifest, namely since, 
 or rather before the time of the Con- 
 quest.” Stow. 
 
 Cade. And here, sitting upon London 
 Stone , I charge and command, that, of the 
 city’s cost, the conduit run nothing but 
 claret wine this first year of our reign. 
 
 King Henry VI., Part II. 
 
 Jack Straw at London Stone with all his 
 rout 
 
 Struck not the city with so loud a shout. 
 
 Dry den. 
 
 London Stone Tavern. A house 
 near the famous London Stone, 
 in London, which has been incor- 
 rectly called the oldest tavern in 
 the metropolis. The celebrated 
 Robin Hood society originated 
 here. 
 
 London Tavern. A well-known 
 place of entertainment in Lon- 
 don, where are held many meet- 
 ings, banquets, and other gather- 
 ings. It is situated in Bishops- 
 gate Street Within. Dickens in 
 “Nicholas Nickleby ” describes 
 a meeting of the “ United Metro- 
 politan Improved Hot Muffin and 
 Crumpet Baking and Punctual 
 Delivery Company,” holden at 
 the London Tavern. 
 
 London University. The Univer- 
 sity of London, Burlington Gar- 
 dens, was established in 1837 for 
 the sole purpose of examining 
 candidates for academical honors, 
 and for conferring degrees on 
 college graduates, previously 
 matriculated at this university. 
 The university has nothing to do 
 with the ordinary business of ed- 
 ucation, and the board of exam- 
 iners is paid by Government. 
 
 London Wall. This name is now 
 applied to a street in London, the 
 north side of which occupies the 
 site of part of the old City wall. 
 The wall, thought to be the work 
 of the later Roman period, ex- 
 tended “ from the Tower through 
 the Minories to Aldgate, Hounds- 
 ditch, Bishopsgate, along London 
 Wall to Fore-street, through Crip- 
 plegate and Castle-street "to Ald- 
 ersgate, and so through Christ’s 
 Hospital by Newgate and Ludgate 
 towards the Thames ” ( Timbs ). 
 
 And when we come to London Wall, 
 
 A pleasant sight to view, 
 
 Come forth ! come forth, ye cowards all. 
 Here's men as good as you. 
 
 R. S. Hawker . 
 
 Lone Mountain. A well-known 
 cemetery, or cluster of cemeteries, 
 in the neighborhood of San Fran- 
 cisco, Cal. Around the conical 
 peak called the Lone Mountain 
 a number of burial-places have 
 been laid out. 
 
 Long Acre. A well-known street 
 in London, between Co vent Gar- 
 den and St. Giles’s. 
 
 Dick Swiveller. This dinner to-day 
 closes Long Acre . . . There’s only one 
 avenue to the Strand left open now, and I 
 shall have to stop up that to-night with a 
 pair of gloves. Dickens . 
 
 Make his acquaintance by chance, and 
 he takes you home to supper in a plain 
 chariot on the best springs Long Acre c«n 
 turn out. JV. P. Willis. 
 
 Long Bridge. A structure about 
 a mile in length, crossing the Po- 
 tomac River at Washington. This 
 bridge was famous during the 
 civil war, being strongly fortified, 
 and the great thoroughfare for 
 troops and supplies, and the main 
 avenue of communication with 
 the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 Long Meg. A singular relic, sup- 
 posed to be a part of a Druidical 
 temple, near Penrith, in the 
 county of Cumberland, England. 
 It is a square unhewn column of 
 red freestone, 15 feet in circum- 
 ference, and 18 feet high. Sixty- 
 seven stones arranged in a circle 
 near by are known as Long Meg’s 
 Daughters. 
 
 “When I first saw this monu- 
 ment, as I came upon it by surprise, I 
 might overrate its importance as an 
 object; but, though it will not bear a 
 comparison with Stonehenge, I have not 
 seen any other relic of those dark ages 
 which can pretend to rival it in singu- 
 larity and dignity of appearance.” 
 
 Wordsworth . 
 
 A weight of awe, not easy to be borne, 
 
 Fell suddenly upon my spirit — 
 
 When first I saw that family forlorn — 
 That sisterhood, in hieroglyphic round. 
 
 Wordsworth 
 
 Long Walk. A famous avenue 
 in Windsor Park, near London, 
 nearly three miles in length, in a 
 
LON 
 
 284 
 
 LOR 
 
 perfectly straight line, lined with 
 trees, and terminated by the co- 
 lossal equestrian statue of George 
 III., in bronze, by Westmacott 
 (1775-1856). It is considered the 
 finest avenue of the kind in 
 Europe. 
 
 Long Walls. The name given to 
 the walls which in ancient times 
 connected Athens with the sea. 
 There were three “ Long Walls; ” 
 but the name appears to have 
 been applied to those two which 
 connected the city with the Pi- 
 rams, that leading to Phalerum 
 being called the Plialerian Wall. 
 These two walls (to the Piraeus) 
 were but a short distance apart. 
 The foundations of the Long 
 Walls may still be traced in part, 
 though they were in ruins in the 
 time of Pausanias. They were 
 built during the administrations 
 of Tliemistocles and of Pericles, 
 in the fifth century B.C. A rail- 
 way seven miles in length now 
 extends from Athens to Piraeus, 
 and follows the course of one of 
 these famous walls. 
 
 Longford Castle. The seat of the 
 Earl of Radnor, near Salisbury, 
 England. The mansion contains 
 a fine collection of pictures. 
 
 Longleat. The seat of the Mar- 
 quis of Bath, on the borders of 
 Wiltshire, England. A beautiful 
 mansion of the Elizabethan age. 
 
 We should see the keeps where nobles, 
 insecure themselves, spread insecurity 
 around them, giving place to the halls of 
 peaceful opulence, to the oriels of Longleat , 
 and the stately pinnacles of Burleigh. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 O’e Longleat’s towers, o’er Cranbourne’s 
 oaks. 
 
 The fi- ry herald flew; 
 
 He roused the shepherds of Stonehenge. 
 
 The rangers of Beaulieu. Macaulay. 
 
 Longwood. Napoleon Bonaparte’s 
 villa, on the island of St. Helena, 
 occupied by the emperor during 
 his exile. It was here that he 
 died May 5, 1821. 
 
 Our age lias indeed been fruitful of 
 warnings to the eminent, and of conso’a- 
 tion to the obscure. Two men have died 
 within our recollection, who, at a time of 
 life at which few people have completed 
 their education, have raised themselves, 
 
 each in his own department, to the height, 
 of glory. One of them died at Longwood ; 
 the otlier at Missolonghi. Macaulay. 
 
 Lord Clyde. An armor-plated ship 
 of the British navy, launched 
 Oct 13, 1861. 
 
 Lord Mayor’s Coach. The car- 
 riage in which, on state occasions, 
 the Lord Mayor of London rides 
 forth. It is a great lumbering 
 vehicle, carved and gilded, said 
 to have been designed and paint- 
 ed by Cipriani in 1757, built at an 
 original cost of £1,065, and kept 
 in repair at an annual expediture 
 of £100. See Coronation Coach. 
 
 J Kg" “ It seemed to me that a man of 
 any sense must be very glad to get out 
 of such a vehicular gimcrack as that. 
 . . . Nothing could be more out of place, 
 more incongruous, than this childish 
 masquerading seemed to be with Eng- 
 lish common-sense, and with the so- 
 briety and true dignity befitting such 
 an official person as the mayor of the 
 city of London.” 
 
 Richard Grant White. 
 
 Lord Warden. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 May 27, 1865. 
 
 Lords, House of. See House of 
 Lords. 
 
 Lorelei, The. [Ger. Lurleiberg .] 
 Rugged and precipitous rocks, 
 rising 420 feet from the river 
 Rhine. The old legend of a 
 siren who lived on the summit of 
 the rock, and enticed sailors and 
 fishermen to their destruction in 
 the rapids at the base of the rock, 
 has formed a subject for poets 
 and painters. Goethe’s pretty 
 little ballad is perhaps most fa- 
 miliar. Heinrich Heine, the 
 German poet (1799?-! 856), has a 
 well-known lyric entitled the 
 “ Lorelei.” [Written also Lurlei 
 and Loreley.\ 
 
 Yonder we see it from the steamer’s deck, 
 The haunted mountain of the Lorelei. 
 
 The o’erhanging crags sharp-cut against 
 a sky 
 
 Clear as a sapphire without flaw or rack. 
 
 T. B. Aldrich. 
 
 Loreley. A popular picture illus- 
 trating the well-known legend 
 upon the subject of the Loreley, 
 by W. Kray. The same subject 
 
LOR 
 
 285 
 
 LOU 
 
 has also been treated by others. 
 See Lorelei. 
 
 Lorenzo de’ Medici. A famous 
 statue by Michael Angelo Buo- 
 narotti (1475-1564). In the Church 
 of S. Lorenzo, Florence, Italy. 
 Called “ II Pensoso,” “ the think- 
 er.” 
 
 “ From its character of profound 
 reflection, the figure of Lorenzo has 
 acquired the distinctive appellation of 
 ‘ La Pensee de Michel Ange.’ It is, in 
 fact, the personification of contempla- 
 tive thought.” J. S. Harford. 
 
 “ Of a still higher order of art is 
 the statue of Lorenzo. . . . The air of 
 the figure is thoughtful and contempla- 
 tive. It is that of a man meditating 
 dnd absorbed by some great design, and 
 not without a dash of the formidable. 
 There is something dangerous in that 
 deep, solemn stillness and intense self- 
 involution. Deadly will be the spring 
 that follows the uncoiling of those 
 folds. I recall no work in marble 
 wdiich leaves the same impression as 
 this remarkable statue. Its power is 
 like that of a magician’s spell, . . . 
 such a work as would have been pro- 
 nounced impossible to be executed in 
 marble, had it not been done.” 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 “ I observe that the costume of 
 the figure, instead of being mediaeval, 
 is Roman ; but, be it what it may, the 
 grand and simple character of the fig- 
 ure imbues the robes with its individ- 
 ual propriety. I still think it the 
 greatest miracle ever wrought in mar- 
 ble.” Hawthorne. 
 
 4ST “ It really is not worthy of Mr. 
 Powers to say that the whole effect of 
 this mighty statue depends, not on the 
 positive efforts of Michael Angelo’s 
 chisel, but on the absence of light in 
 the space of a few inches. He wrought 
 the whole statue in harmony with that 
 small part of it which he leaves to the 
 spectator’s imagination, and, if he had 
 erred at any point, the miracle Avould 
 have been a failure; so that, working 
 in marble, he has positively reached a 
 degree of excellence above the capabil- 
 ity of marble, sculpturing his highest 
 touches upon air and duskiness.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 Lorenzo, San. See San Lorenzo. 
 Loreto. See Santa Casa. 
 
 Lorsch, Abbey of. A ruined mon- 
 astery near Bensheim, Germany. 
 It is considered one of the oldest 
 Gothic edifices in Germany, parts 
 
 of the existing building dating 
 from the year 774. 
 
 Lost Pleiad. An admired picture 
 by Thomas Buchanan Read (1822- 
 1872). 
 
 Lost River. A natural curiosity 
 in Hampshire County, W.Va. A 
 stream disappears abruptly at 
 the base of a mountain, through 
 which it finds its way by under- 
 ground channels. 
 
 Lothbury. A district in London 
 where live many candlestick- 
 makers and pewterers. Accord- 
 ing to Stow the name is derived 
 from the loathsome noise proceed- 
 ing from the shops of these metal- 
 workers. 
 
 And, early in the morning, will I send 
 To all the plumbers and the pewterers, 
 And buy their tin and lead up; and to 
 Lothbury 
 
 For all the copper. Ben Jonson . 
 
 Tis a note of enchantment; what ails 
 her ? she sees 
 
 A mountain ascending, a vision of trees; 
 bright volumes of vapor through Loth- 
 bury glide, 
 
 And a river flows on through the vale of 
 Cheapside. Wordsworth. 
 
 Lot’s Wife. The name given to a 
 pillar covered with asphaltum, 
 which stands in a region adjacent 
 to the Dead Sea, Palestine. The 
 allusion is to the account given 
 in Gen. xix. 26. 
 
 Lottatori, I. See Wrestlers, The. 
 
 Loudon Castle. An ancient feudal 
 mansion near Galston, Scotland, 
 belonging to Lord Bute, who pur- 
 chased it in 1868 for $o00,000. 
 
 Loudon Park. A fine cemetery 
 near Baltimore, Md. The grounds 
 cover 100 acres. 
 
 Louis-le-Grand, College. A fa- 
 mous school of the seventeenth 
 century, in Paris. It was the great 
 school, the Eton, of France, at- 
 tended by thousands of the chil- 
 dren of the most distinguished 
 families in the kingdom. Vol- 
 taire was at one time a member 
 of this school. It was under the 
 control of the Jesuits, and was 
 originally known as the College 
 of Clermont, but was afterwards 
 named in honor of Louis XIV, 
 
LOU 
 
 286 
 
 LOU 
 
 The school still exists upon its 
 old site in Paris. 
 
 Louis, St. See St. Louis. 
 
 Louisa, Queen of Prussia. A work 
 of sculpture by Christian Rauch 
 (1777-1857), and regarded as one 
 of his masterpieces. At Charlot- 
 tenburg, Prussia. 
 
 Louise Home. A fine building in 
 Washington, erected by W. W. 
 Corcoran, and intended as a home 
 for indigent ladies of culture. 
 
 Louisiana, The. 1. A gunboat 
 of the United States navy during 
 the war of the Rebellion. Hav- 
 ing been laden with 250 tons of 
 powder, she was towed close un- 
 der the walls of Fort Fisher, in 
 North Carolina, when the pow- 
 der was exploded on the 24tli of 
 December, 1804, but without do- 
 ing any serious injury to the for- 
 tifications. 
 
 4®=- “ A capital feature in the plan 
 of the expedition was the explosion of 
 an enormous floating-mine as near the 
 fort as possible, with the intention of 
 demolishing the work, or so paralyz- 
 ing the garrison that the seizure of the 
 fort might be an easy task for the 
 troops that were to debark immedi- 
 ately after the explosion. A captured 
 blockade-runner was converted into a 
 monster torpedo, charged with 430,000 
 pounds of gunpowder, and placed un- 
 der command of Capt. Rhind. The 
 powder was in barrels and bags, and 
 penetrated by Gomez fuses for igni- 
 tion. It was intended to have her 
 towed near the fort by a tug, in which 
 the crew, after firing combustibles 
 which were placed on board the tor- 
 pedo-vessel, might escape. . . . Before 
 their [the transports’] return with the 
 troops that were to play an important 
 part with the torpedo-vessel, Porter 
 had exploded that mine without any 
 visible effect on the fort or garrison.” 
 Lossing. 
 
 2. A Confederate steam-bat- 
 tery used in the defence of the 
 approaches to New Orleans, La. 
 She was destroyed by the vessels 
 of Admiral Farragut’s fleet, April 
 24, 18(12. 
 
 Lourdes, Virgin of. See Grotto 
 DE LA VlERGE. 
 
 Louvre, The. This palace in Paris, 
 
 France, is connected with the 
 Tuileries by a long gallery which 
 contains the French national col- 
 lection of pictures. On the site 
 of the present palace once stood 
 a castle, the hunting-seat of King 
 Dagobert, which was called Lou- 
 veterie, or wolf-hunting establish- 
 ment, whence the name Louvre 
 is said to be derived. The build- 
 ing was completed by Napoleon 
 250 years after the first founda- 
 tions were laid. It was occupied 
 as a residence by several mon- 
 archs of France, but since the time 
 of Louis XV. it has been devoted 
 to the exhibition of works of art. 
 Its galleries are filled with paint- 
 ings by the best masters, such as 
 Raphael, Murillo, Guido, Dome- 
 nichino, and others, also splendid 
 vases, mosaics, and sculptures, 
 with many valuable and magnifi- 
 cent reliques of the kings and 
 queens of France. 
 
 4®" “ I must confess that the vast 
 and beautiful edifice struck me far 
 more than the pictures, sculpture, and 
 curiosities which it contains, — the shell 
 more than the kernel inside; such no- 
 ble suites of rooms and halls were 
 those through which we first passed, 
 containing Egyptian, and, farther on- 
 ward, Greek and Roman antiquities; 
 the walls cased in variegated marbles, 
 the ceilings glowing with beautiful fres- 
 cos; the whole extended into infinite 
 vistas by mirrors that seemed like va. 
 cancy, and multiplied every thing for- 
 ever. . . . From the pictures we went 
 into a suite of rooms where are pre- 
 served many relics of the ancient and 
 later kings of France. ... If each 
 monarch could have been summoned 
 from Hades to claim his own relics, we 
 should have had the halls full of the 
 old Childerics, Charleses, Bourbons 
 and Capets, Henrys and Louises, 
 snatching with ghostly hands at scep- 
 tres, swords, armor, and mantles; and 
 Napoleon would have seen, apparently, 
 almost every thing that personally be- 
 longed to him, — his coat, his cocked 
 hats, his camp-desk, his field-bed, his 
 knives, forks, and plates, and even a 
 lock of his hair.” Hawthorne. 
 
 4®" “ What a paradise this gallery 
 is for French students, or foreigners 
 who sojourn in the capital ! It is hardly 
 necessary to say that the brethren of 
 the brush are not usually supplied by 
 Fortune with any extraordinary wealth 
 or means of enjoying the luxuries with 
 
LOU 
 
 287 
 
 LUC 
 
 which Paris, more than any other city, 
 abounds. But here they have a luxury 
 which surpasses all others, and spend 
 their days in a palace which all the 
 money of all the Rothschilds could not 
 buy. They sleep, perhaps, in a garret, 
 and dine in a cellar; but no grandee 
 in Europe has such a drawing-room. 
 Kings’ houses have at best but damask 
 hangings and gilt cornices. What are 
 those to a wall covered with canvas by 
 Paul Veronese, or a hundred yards of 
 Rubens? . . . Here is a room half a 
 mile long, with as many windows as 
 Aladdin’s palace, open from sunrise till 
 evening, and free to all manners and 
 varieties of study.” Thackeray. 
 
 The next day I went to see the Louvre 
 with more attention, its severall courts 
 and Pavilf ns. One of the quadrangles, 
 begun by Hen. IV. and finished by his 
 son and grandson, is a superb but mix’d 
 structure. The cornices, mouldings, and 
 compartments, with the insertion of sev- 
 eral colored marbles have been of great 
 ex pence. We went through the long gal- 
 lery, pav’d with white and black marble, 
 richly fretted and painted afresca. I he 
 front looking to the river, tho' of rare 
 work for the carving, a et wants of that 
 magnificence which a plan er and truer 
 designe would have contributed to it. 
 
 John Evelyn , Diary , 3 Feb., 1644. 
 
 Tt was th v Pleasure House, thy Palace 
 of Dainty Devices; thy Louvre . , or thy 
 White-Hall. Charles Lamb. 
 
 Louvre, Musee du. See Musee 
 du Louvre. 
 
 Love. See Earthly Love, Gar- 
 den of Love, and Sacred and 
 Profane Love. 
 
 LoveiPs Pond. See Lovewell’s 
 Pond. 
 
 Lovers’ Leap. See Sappho’s Leap. 
 
 LovewelPs Pond. A small lake 
 near the village of Fryeburg, in 
 Maine, noted as being the scene 
 of a desperate fight with the In- 
 dians in the old colonial days. It 
 was one of the most fierce and 
 sanguinary of the many encoun- 
 ters between the early settlers 
 and the savages; and the fame of 
 the heroism there displayed by 
 the brave colonists, under the 
 lead of Capt. John Lovewell 
 (from whom the pond takes its 
 name), still survives in ballad and 
 tradition. [Also Lovell's Pond.] 
 
 “ What, time the noble Lovewell came 
 With fifty men from Dunstable, 
 
 The cruel Pequot tribe to tame, 
 
 With arms and bloodshed terrible. 
 
 With footsteps low shall travellers go 
 Where Lovewell' s Pond shines clear and 
 bright, 
 
 And mark the place where those are laid 
 Who fell in Lovewell’s blood}' fight. ’ 
 
 Loving Cup. The name given to 
 a goblet, usually of silver, which 
 on ceremonial occasions, like the 
 Lord Mayor’s feast, is passed from 
 one guest to another at the table, 
 each raising it to his lips and 
 tasting of its contents. 
 
 A playful fancy could have carried the 
 matter farther, could have depicted the 
 feast in the Egyptian Hall, . . . and Mr. 
 Tcole behind the central throne, bawling 
 out to the assembled guests and dignita- 
 ries : “ My Lord So-and-so, my Lord What- 
 c’ye-call-Tm, my Lord Etcaetera, the 
 Lord Mayor pledges you all in a Loving - 
 Cup.” Thackeray. 
 
 Low Life and High Life. A pic- 
 ture of two dogs by Sir Edwin 
 Landseer (1802-1873). In the Na- 
 tional Gallery, London. The sub- 
 ject of High Life is a slender and 
 delicate deerhound, long suppos- 
 ed to have been a portrait of Sir 
 Walter Scott’s “ Maida,” at home 
 in the luxurious chamber of its 
 master. The picture was painted 
 in 1829. The subject of Low Life 
 is a massive bull-dog, sitting in a 
 rude doorway, keeping guard 
 with one eye over the liat, boots, 
 and pint-pot of his master the 
 butcher, and with the other lazily 
 blinking in the warm sunshine. 
 
 Lowenburg. An artificial ruined 
 c as tl e n e ar C ass el , G e r m an y , li tted 
 in every respect to correspond 
 with the description of a Middle- 
 Age fortress, “ with moat, draw- 
 bridge, chapel, and garden of 
 pyramidal trees.” 
 
 Lowendenkmal. See Lion of Lu- 
 
 . CERNE. 
 
 Lowther Arcades. One of the 
 principal arcades in London. 
 
 Lowther Castle. The seat of Ihe 
 Earl of Lonsdale, near Carlisle, 
 England. 
 
 Luca, Accademia di San. See St. 
 
 Luke. 
 
 Luccombe Chine. A curious and 
 celebrated ravine on the Isle of 
 Wight, not far from Yentnor, 
 much visited by tourists. 
 
LUC 
 
 288 
 
 LUD 
 
 Lucerne, Lion of. See Lion of 
 Lucerne. 
 
 Luchsberg. [Lynx Mountain.] A 
 remarkable natural curiosity in 
 the shape of a disintegrated and 
 phosphorescent mountain near 
 Alexandersbad, on the route be- 
 tween Frankfurt and Carlsbad in 
 Germany. The phenomenon is 
 probably owing either to an 
 earthquake, or to the peculiar 
 structure of the rocks, and the 
 action of the atmosphere upon 
 them. 
 
 Luck of Edenhall. This name is 
 given to a drinking-vessel long 
 and carefully preserved at Eden- 
 hall, in Cumberland, England. 
 It is traditionally said to have 
 been stolen from the elves at one 
 of their banquets, by a member 
 of the ancient family of Mus- 
 grave, or, according to some ac- 
 counts, by one of their domestics. 
 The fortunes of the house are, or 
 at least were, believed to depend 
 upon its preservation. 
 
 “ If that glass do break or fall. 
 
 Farewell to the luck of Edenhall.” 
 
 It is described as a tall enam- 
 elled glass, apparently of Vene- 
 tian workmanship of the tenth 
 century; and it is supposed to 
 have been a chalice belonging to 
 St. Cuthbert’s ruined chapel, in 
 the neighborhood of the hall. 
 Longfellow has translated from 
 the German poet Uhland a pretty 
 ballad about the “ Luck of Eden- 
 hall.” 
 
 Xfeit'One legend connected with this 
 curious heirloom relates that the but- 
 ler having gone to the well of St. Cuth- 
 bert found there a group of fairies, 
 and this remarkable goblet standing 
 on the brink of the well. He seized it; 
 and the fairies, having tried in vain to 
 recover it, fled, exclaiming, — 
 
 “ If this glass do break or fall, 
 
 Farewell the luck of Edenhall.” 
 
 The letters I. H. S. are inscribed on 
 the case containing the cup, hence the 
 surmise that if was originally a chal- 
 ice. 
 
 For its keeper takes a race of might, 
 
 The fragile goblet of crystal tall ; 
 
 It has lasted longer than is right; 
 
 Kling ! klang ! — with a harder blow than 
 all 
 
 Will I try the Luck of Edenliall ! 
 
 As the goblet ringing flies apart, 
 
 Suddenly cracks the vaulted hall ; 
 
 And through the rift, the wild flames 
 start; 
 
 The guests in dust are scattered all, 
 
 With the breaking Luck of Edenliall ! 
 
 Lucretia. A picture by Albert 
 Diirer (1471-1528), the "German 
 painter. In the Gallery of Mu- 
 nich, Bavaria. 
 
 Lucretia. A picture by Jacopo 
 Palma, called Palma Vecchio 
 (1480 ?-1548 ?). In the Belvedere 
 Gallery, Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Lucretia. A picture by Bembrandt 
 van Byn (1607-1669), the Dutch 
 painter. Now in possession of 
 Mrs. Butler Johnstone, London. 
 
 Ludgate. Anciently one of the 
 principal gates of the city of Lon- 
 don. Its traditional name is de- 
 rived from the mythical British 
 king Lud (66 B.C.), who is said 
 by Geoffrey of Monmouth to have 
 built it. Ludgate Hill is the 
 name of the great street, one of 
 the most crowded thoroughfares 
 in London, extending from Bridge 
 Street to St. Paul’s. 
 
 Ludgate Hill. See Ludgate. 
 
 Clieapside, the Strand, Fleet Street, and 
 Ludgate Hill , 
 
 Each name a very story in itself. 
 
 Robert Leighton. 
 
 Ludgate Prison. A celebrated 
 prison for poor debtors in Lon- 
 don, taken down in 1760-62. 
 
 Ludlow Castle. An ancient castle 
 in Ludlow, county of Salop, Eng- 
 land, of which fine remains exist. 
 
 4®^“ Sir Philip Sidney, the preux 
 chevalier of his age, the poet, and lov- 
 er of letters and men of letters, was 
 no doubt a frequent resident in Ludlow 
 Castle, and probably there collected 
 at times around him the Spensers and 
 the Raleighs and the other literary 
 stars of the day.” Thomas Wright. 
 
 I must hold Ludlow Castle an honest 
 house, for which Milton’s “ Comus” was 
 written, and the company nobly bred, 
 which performed it with knowledge and 
 sympatlw. Emerson. 
 
 Ludovisi Juno. See Juno, and 
 also Villa Ludovisi. 
 
 Ludovisi, Villa. See Villa Lu- 
 dovisi. 
 
LUD 
 
 289 
 
 LYC 
 
 \ 
 
 Ludwigstrasse. [Louis Street.] A 
 noted street in Munich, Bavaria, 
 with magnificent buildings. 
 
 Lueg Castle. A remarkable castle 
 constructed in a cavern near the 
 grotto of Adelsberg, in Southern 
 Austria. It was built in 1570. 
 It can only be approached by 
 steps cut in the rock, by ladders 
 and drawbridges. It has served 
 as a mysterious place of retreat 
 for centuries. 
 
 Luke, St. See St. Luke. 
 
 Lumley Castle. A seat of the 
 Earl of Scarborough, near Dur- 
 ham, England. 
 
 Lundy’s Lane. A locality in the 
 province of Ontario, Canada. It 
 was the scene of a battle between 
 the United States forces and the 
 British in 1814, resulting in the 
 defeat of the latter. 
 
 The courage which girls exhibit is like 
 a battle of Lundy's Lane , or a sea- light. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 Lung’ Arno. [Along the Arno.] 
 The celebrated street and thor- 
 oughfare of Florence, Italy, ex- 
 tending along the right bank of 
 the river, the Arno, which divides 
 the city. Also the principal 
 street in Pisa, Italy. 
 
 Who, that remembers Florence, does 
 not remember well the San Miniato in 
 .Monte, towering on its lofty eminence 
 above the city, and visible along the 
 Lung ’ Arno from the Ponte alle Grazie to 
 the Ponte alia Carraja? Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Lurlei. See Lorelei. 
 
 Lute Player. A picture by Michel- 
 angelo Amerighi, called Caravag- 
 gio (1569-1609). In the Lichten- 
 stein Collection, Vienna, Austria. 
 See Lady with the Lute. 
 
 Luther’s Beech. A magnificent 
 tree which formerly stood near 
 Liebenstein, Germany, on the 
 borders of the Tlmringian forest, 
 and was celebrated as the tree 
 under which the reformer was 
 seized on his return from Worms, 
 and carried to the prison of the 
 W artburg. 
 
 Luther’s Cell. A room in the Au- 
 gustine convent in Erfurt, Ger- 
 
 many, memorable as the apart- 
 ment in which the great reformer 
 lived whilq a monk, and which 
 contains his Bible and other in- 
 teresting relics. 
 
 Luther’s Elm Tree. A tree near 
 Worms, Germany, famous from 
 the tradition that the great re- 
 former rested under it on his 
 memorable journey to the city. 
 
 Luther’s House. A mansion in 
 Wittenberg, Germany, where the 
 reformer lived after his mar- 
 riage, and which is carefully jire- 
 served in an almost unaltered 
 condition. It contains various 
 interesting relics. 
 
 Luton-Hoo. Formerly the seat of 
 the Marquis of Bute, near Bed- 
 ford, England. It was destroyed 
 by fire in 1843. 
 
 “ This is one of the places I do not 
 regret having come to see. It is a very 
 stately palace indeed. The dignity of 
 the rooms is very great, and the quanti- 
 ty of the pictures is beyond expectation 
 — beyond hope.” Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Luxembourg. See Musee du Lux- 
 embourg and Palais de Luxem- 
 bourg. 
 
 Luxor. See Obelisk of Luxor 
 and Temple of Luxor. 
 
 Lycabettus. A rocky conical hill 
 of considerable height, about one 
 mile north-east of the Acropolis, 
 and forming a striking feature in 
 the scenery of Athens, Greece. 
 This hill is said to have been 
 dropped here, that it might serve 
 as a bulwark of Athens, by Pal- 
 las Minerva, who, at the birth of 
 Ericlithonius, the ancient king of 
 Attica, came from her temple at 
 Pallene, and bore this hill through 
 the air in her arms as a birthday 
 gift. It is now known as the 
 mountain of St. George. 
 
 Jg®=* “ This hill is to the Grecian 
 capital what Vesuvius is to Naples, or 
 Arthur’s Seat to Edinburgh ; from its 
 summit Athens and its neighborhood 
 lie unrolled before the eye as in a map.” 
 Murray. 
 
 Lyceum. A famous school in an- 
 cient Athens, where the philos- 
 
LYC 
 
 290 
 
 LYY 
 
 opher Aristotle taught his pupils 
 while walking about with them, 
 from which circumstance his 
 school is known as the Peripa- 
 tetic (from Gr. TrepiTrareb, to Walk 
 about). The Lyceum derived its 
 name from Lyceius, a surname of 
 Apollo to whom it was dedicated, 
 and lias bequeathed the name to 
 similar modern institutions of 
 learning. 
 
 The schools of ancient sages ; his who bred 
 Great Alexander to subdue the world, 
 Lyceum there, and painted Stoa next. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Lyceum Theatre. The Royal Ly- 
 ceum Theatre, Strand, London, 
 was built in 1834, and so called 
 from a former academy or ex- 
 hibition-room, which was con- 
 verted into a theatre in 1790, and 
 burnt in 1830. 
 
 Lycian Gallery. A collection of 
 Greek works of sculpture, con- 
 sisting of reliefs, tombs, and sar- 
 cophagi brought to England by 
 
 Sir Charles Fellows from Xan- 
 thus, in Lycia, Asia Minor, in 
 1841, and now deposited in a room 
 specially devoted to the purpose 
 in the British Museum, London. 
 [Called also the Lycian Marbles . J 
 
 Lyon’s Inn. A seminary of legal 
 learning in London— one of the 
 nine inns of chancery. Lyon’s 
 Inn, once a hostelry, was de- 
 stroyed in 1863. 
 
 They cut liis throat from ear to ear, 
 
 His brains they battered in; 
 
 His name was Mr. William Weare, 
 
 He dwelt in Lyon's Inn. 
 
 Lysicrates. See Choragic Monu- 
 ment of Lysicrates. 
 
 Lyversberg Passion. A painting 
 of the Passion, or suffering of 
 Christ, attributed to Israel von 
 Meckenen (1440-1503), but really 
 by an unknown master. It de- 
 rives its name from having been 
 owned by Herr Lyversberg. At 
 Cologne, Germany. 
 
MAB 
 
 291 
 
 MAD 
 
 M. 
 
 Mabille. See Jardin Mabille. 
 
 Macaroni Club. A company of 
 eccentric fops who flourished in 
 England in the eighteenth cen- 
 tury. They dressed in the most 
 fantastic manner. One of their 
 most noticeable peculiarities was 
 wearing a large knot of hair upon 
 the back of the head. Their 
 name was derived from their hav- 
 ing always upon the dinner-table 
 a dish of macaroni, then a novelty 
 in England. For a time these 
 eccentric young men were the 
 leaders of fashion in London. 
 Every thing, from the costume of 
 the clergy to the music at public 
 entertainments, was a la Maca- 
 roni. 
 
 “A winter without politics — 
 even our Macaronis entertain the town 
 with nothing hut new dresses, and the 
 size of their nosegays. They have 
 lost all their money, and exhausted 
 their credit, and can no longer game 
 for £20,000 a night.” Horace Walpole. 
 
 Macbeth’s Cairn. This is sup- 
 posed to be on the spot where 
 Macbeth, flying from his castle 
 at Dunsinane, was slain by Mac- 
 duff. See Dunsinane Hile. 
 
 Macedonian, The. A British frig- 
 ate captured in the war of 1812 
 by the United States frigate Con- 
 stitution. 
 
 McGill Street. A main thorough- 
 fare in Montreal, Can. 
 
 McHenry, Fort. See Fort Mc- 
 Henry. 
 
 M { Swine’s Gun. A natural curi- 
 osity in the county of Donegal, 
 Ireland. It is a prodigious cavity 
 into which the tide rushes with 
 such force as to produce a sound 
 capable, it is said, of being heard 
 distinctly a distance of between 
 20 and 30 miles, and shooting up 
 a shaft of water some hundreds of 
 feet into the air. 
 
 “ Altogether, perhaps, so ex- 
 traordinary a natural marvel does not 
 exist in the British dominions.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 Machpelah, Cave of. See Cave 
 of Machpelah. 
 
 Mad Margery. [Dutch, Dc dvlle 
 Griete.] An enormous piece of 
 ordnance preserved at Ghent, 
 Belgium. It is made of wrought 
 iron, and was used by the citizens 
 of Ghent at the siege of Oude- 
 narde in 1382. 
 
 Madam a, Villa. See Villa Ma- 
 dam a. 
 
 Madame Tussaud’s Exhibition. 
 A famous exhibition of waxwork 
 figures in London. It is situated 
 in Baker Street. 
 
 “ Many of these, especially 
 those relating to the French Revolution, 
 were modelled from life, or death, by 
 Madame Tussaud, who was herself im- 
 prisoned and in danger of the guillo- 
 tine, with Madame Beauharnais and 
 her child Ilortense as her associates.” 
 Hare. 
 
 Madeleine, The. This church is 
 one of the most beautiful build- 
 ings in Paris. It was begun by 
 Louis XV., and completed in the 
 reign of Louis Philippe. It is of 
 Grecian architecture. The prin- 
 cipal fa 9 ade looks upon the Rue 
 Royale and the Place de la Con- 
 corde, and is very magnificent. 
 The interior of the church is rich- 
 ly decorated in gilt and marble. 
 It contains many paintings and 
 sculptures illustrative of the life 
 of the Magdalene. In May, 1871, 
 300 insurgents were driven by the 
 Versailles troops into this church 
 and there killed. 
 
 “ The most sumptuous fane ever 
 erected to her [the Magdalen’s] special 
 honor is that which, of late years, has 
 arisen in the city of Paris. The church, 
 or rather temple, of La Madeleine 
 stands an excelling monument, if not 
 
MAD 
 
 292 
 
 MAD 
 
 of modern piety at least of modern art. 
 That which is now the temple of the 
 lowly penitent was, a few years ago, 
 Le Temple de la Gloire .” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 jggg** “A Grecian temple requires to 
 be seen against the sky, and loses all 
 its dignity when surrounded by lofty 
 buildings.” Ferg assort. 
 
 The Attic temple whose majestic room 
 Contained the presence of Olympian Jove, 
 With smooth Hymettus round it and 
 above 
 
 Softening the splendor by a sober bloom, 
 Is yielding fast to Time’s irreverent doom ; 
 While on the then barbarian banks of 
 Seine 
 
 That nobler ty pe is realized again 
 In perfect form, and dedicate — * to whom ? 
 To a poor Syrian girl of lowest name, 
 
 A hapless creature, pitiful and frail 
 As ever wore her life in sin and shame ; 
 
 Of whom all history has this single tale, — 
 “ She loved the Christ, she wept beside 
 his grave, 
 
 And He. for that love’s sake, all else for- 
 gave. 1 1 Lord Houghton. 
 
 Madeleine, Boulevart de la. One 
 of the boulevards of Paris, ex- 
 tending only about GOO feet from 
 the church of the Madeleine. See 
 Boulevards. 
 
 Madem’s Well. See St. Madem’s 
 Well. 
 
 Madison Square. A fashionable 
 park in the city of New York, 
 some six acres in extent, three 
 miles from the Battery. It is 
 bordered by magnificent hotels, 
 and contains a monument erected 
 to the memory of Gen. Worth. 
 
 Miss Flora M‘Flimsey, of Madison Square. 
 
 IF. A. Butler. 
 
 Madison’s Cave. A. natural curi- 
 osity in Augusta County, Ya. 
 
 4®=* “ It extends into the earth about 
 300 feet, branching into subordinate 
 caverns, and at length terminates in 
 two different places at basins of water 
 of unknown extent. The vault of this 
 cave is of solid limestone from *20 to 40 
 or 50 feet high, through which water 
 is continually percolating. This trick- 
 ling down the sides of the cave has 
 incrusted them over in the form of ele- 
 gant drapery.” Jefferson. 
 
 Madness. One of two celebrated 
 statues by Cains Gabriel Cibber 
 (d. 1700?), which formerly adorned 
 the principal gate of the old Beth- 
 lehem Hospital, London, and are 
 now in the entrance-hall of the 
 
 new Bethlem Hospital. The com- 
 panion figure is called Melan- 
 choly. See Melancholy. 
 
 4£iP “ These are the earliest indica- 
 tions of the appearance of a distinct 
 and natural spirit in sculpture. . . . 
 Those who see them for the first time 
 are fixed to the spot with terror and 
 awe. . . . From the degradation of the 
 actual madhouse we turn overpowered 
 and disgusted, but from these magnifi- 
 cent creations we retire in mingled awe 
 and admiration.” Gunning ham. 
 
 Madonna. [My Lady, i.e. the Vir- 
 gin Mary.] The favorite subject 
 of pictorial representation by the 
 great religious painters of the 
 Middle Ages. 
 
 4@" “ Of the pictures in our galler- 
 ies, public or private, . . . the largest 
 and most beautiful portion have refer- 
 ence to the Madonna, — her character, 
 her person, her history. It was a theme 
 which never tired her votaries, whether, 
 as in the hands of great and sincere 
 artists, it became one of the noblest and 
 loveliest, or, as in the hands of super- 
 ficial, unbelieving, time-serving artists, 
 one of the most degraded. All that 
 human genius, inspired by faith, could 
 achieve of best ; all that fanaticism, 
 sensualism, atheism, could perpetrate 
 of worst, — do we find in the cycle of 
 those representations which have been 
 dedicated to the glory of the Virgin.” 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Of the almost innumerable com- 
 positions upon this theme, a few 
 of the more celebrated and famil- 
 iar, especially those which bear a 
 distinctive title, are given below. 
 See also, for pictures relating to 
 this subject, Holy Family and 
 Virgin. 
 
 Madonna. An altar-piece by Gio- 
 vanni Cimabue (1240-1302?) In 
 the church of S. Maria Novella, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 4QT “In spite of its colossal size, 
 and formal attitude and severe style, 
 the face of this Madonna is very strik- 
 ing, and has been well described as 
 ‘sweet and unearthly, reminding you 
 of a sibyl.’” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 4®= “ It happened that this work 
 was so much an object of admiration to 
 the people of that day, they having 
 then never seen any thing better, that 
 it was carried in solemn procession, 
 with the sound of trumpets and other 
 festal demonstrations, from the house of 
 
MAD 
 
 293 
 
 MAD 
 
 Cimabue to the church. . . . All the 
 men and women of Florence hastened 
 in crowds to admire it, making all pos- 
 sible demonstrations of delight.” 
 
 Vasari, Trans. 
 
 4®" “ We next saw the famous pic- 
 ture of the Virgin by Cimabue, which 
 was deemed a miracle in its day, and 
 still brightens the sombre walls with 
 the lustre of its gold ground.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 Bright and brave, 
 
 That picture was accounted, mark, of old ! 
 
 A king >tood bare before its sovran grace; 
 A reverent people shouted to behold 
 The picture, not the king; and even the 
 place 
 
 Containing such a miracle, grew bold. 
 Named the glad Borgo from that beau- 
 teous lace. 
 
 A noble picture ! worthy of the shout 
 Wherewith along the streets the people 
 bore 
 
 Its cherub faces, which the sun threw out 
 Until they stooped and entered the 
 church door! Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Madonna. A marble statue of the 
 Virgin by Michael Angelo Buona- 
 rotti (1474-1564). In the Church 
 of Notre Dame at Bruges, Bel- 
 gium. 
 
 4®" “ This Madonna is one of Mi- 
 chael Angelo’s finest works. She is 
 looking straight forward; a handker- 
 chief is placed across her hair, and falls 
 softly, on both sides, on her neck and 
 shoulders. In her countenance, in her 
 look, there is a wonderful majesty, a 
 queenly gravity, as if she felt the thou- 
 sand pious glances of the people who 
 look up to her on the altar.” 
 
 Grimm , Trans. 
 
 Madonna Aldobrandini. A well- 
 known picture of the Virgin and 
 Child by Raphael Sanzio (1488- 
 1520), representing her as “ seated 
 upon a bench, and bending ten- 
 derly toward the little St. John, 
 her left arm around him; he 
 reaches up playfully for a flower 
 offered to him by the Infant 
 Christ who rests on his mother’s 
 lain” This picture is now in the 
 National Gallery, London. 
 
 Madonna Ancajani. A picture of 
 the Holy Family by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520), so called from 
 a family of that name at Spoleto, 
 Italy, to whom it formerly be- 
 longed. It is said to be the lar- 
 gest picture by Raphael in Ger- 
 many, after the Sistine Madonna, 
 
 but it has suffered much from in- 
 jury. In the Museum at Berlin, 
 Prussia. 
 
 Madonna and Child with a Lily. 
 
 An admired picture by Carlo 
 Dolce (1616-1686), one of his best 
 works. In the Pinakothek at 
 Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Madonna and Child with S. Anne. 
 
 A group of figures executed by 
 Andrea Sansovino (1460-1529), the 
 Italian sculptor, for the church 
 of S. Agostino, Florence, Italy. 
 
 4®=* “ One of the most beautiful de- 
 tached groups of modern art.” 
 
 Lubke, Trans. 
 
 Madonna at the Well. A picture 
 by Giuliano Bugiardini (1481- 
 1556). Formerly attributed to 
 Raphael. In the Uffizi, Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Madonna col Divino Amore. [Ma- 
 donna with the Divine Love.] A 
 picture of the Holy Family by 
 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), or, 
 as some think, by Giulio Romano 
 (1492-1546). Now in the Museum 
 of Naples, Italy. 
 
 Madonna dei Ansidei. A picture 
 by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). 
 Now at Blenheim, England. 
 
 Madonna del Bacino. [Madonna 
 of the Basin.] A well-known 
 picture by Giulio Romano (1492- 
 1546). In the gallery at Dresden, 
 Saxon y. 
 
 4®" “ The Child stands in a basin, 
 and the young St. John pours water 
 upon him from a vase, while Mary 
 washes him. St. Elisabeth stands by, 
 holding a napkin; St. Joseph behind is 
 looking on. Notwithstanding the home- 
 liness of the action, there is here a reli- 
 gious and mysterious significance, pre- 
 figuring the Baptism.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Madonna del Baldacchino. [Ma- 
 donna of the Canopy.] 1. A 
 celebrated altar-piece by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520), in which the 
 Virgin and the Child are repre- 
 sented as seated on a throne over 
 which is a canopy (baldacchino), 
 the curtains of which are held by 
 two angels. This picture was 
 left unfinished by Raphael. It is 
 
MAD 
 
 294 
 
 MAD 
 
 in the Pitti Palace, Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 4®=° “ The picture is not deficient 
 in the solemnity suited to a church 
 subject, ... in other respects, how- 
 ever, the taste of the naturalisti pre- 
 vails, and the heads are in general de- 
 void of nobleness and real dignity.” 
 
 Eastlake. 
 
 2. A large picture by Fra Bar- 
 tolommeo (1469-1517), the Italian 
 painter. In the Pitti Palace, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Madonna del Cardellino. [Ma- 
 donna of the Goldfinch.] A beau- 
 tiful painting of the Virgin by 
 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). Now 
 in the Tribune of the Uffizi Pal- 
 ace in Florence, Italy. The lit- 
 tle St. John is represented as 
 offering a goldfinch to the Infant 
 Christ, whence the name of the 
 picture. 
 
 4®" “ The form and countenance of 
 the Madonna are here of the purest 
 beauty; the little Baptist also is ex- 
 tremely sweet ; but the conception of 
 the Infant Christ does not fulfil the mas- 
 ter’s intention, which appears to have 
 been to represent the dignity of a di- 
 vine being in a childlike form; both 
 the figure and expression are rather 
 stiff and affected.” Eastlake. 
 
 “ Perhaps the most perfect ex- 
 ample [of the domestic style of treat- 
 ment] which could be cited from the 
 whole range of art is Raphael’s Ma- 
 donna del Cardellino .” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 4SP “ The divine goodness expressed 
 in the countenance of the Child Jesus 
 whilst he holds his hands over the lit- 
 tle bird, and seems to say, ‘ Not one of 
 these is forgotten by my Father,’ is be- 
 yond all description.” 
 
 Frederika Bremer. 
 
 Madonna del Donatore. See Ma- 
 donna di Foligno. 
 
 Madonna del Giglio. [Madonna 
 of the Lily.] A picture by Ra- 
 phael Sanzio (1483-1520). In the 
 collection of Lord Garvagli. 
 
 Madonna del Gran Duca [of the 
 Grand Duke]. A well-known 
 picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), representing the Mother 
 holding the Child tranquilly in 
 her arms, and looking down in 
 deep thought. In the Palazzo 
 Pitti, Florence, Italy. 
 
 40^ “The Madonna Gran Duca 
 marks the growing transition from the 
 first to the second manner of Raphael.” 
 J. S. Harford. 
 
 Madonna del Orto. A celebrated 
 church of the fourteenth century 
 in Venice, Italy. It contains 
 among other pictures the famous 
 Last Judgment of Tintoretto. 
 
 Madonna del Passegio. [Madon- 
 na of the Walking-place.] A pic- 
 ture of the Holy Family, consist- 
 ing of four figures, — the Virgin, 
 the Child, the infant St. John, 
 with St. Joseph standing by, — 
 commonly attributed to Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520), but which 
 some suppose to have been paint- 
 ed by Francesco Penni. It was 
 formerly in the Orleans Gallery, 
 but is now in the Bridgewater 
 Collection, in London. Copies of 
 this picture are in the Museum of 
 Naples, and elsewhere. 
 
 4®^“ In a Holy Family of four fig- 
 ures, we have frequently the Virgin, 
 the Child, and the infant St. John, 
 with St. Joseph standing by. Rapha- 
 el’s Madonna del Passegio is an exam- 
 ple.” Mrs. Jameson . 
 
 Madonna del Pesce. [Madonna 
 of the Fish.] A celebrated pic- 
 ture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), representing the Virgin 
 and Child enthroned, with St. 
 Jerome on one side, and on the 
 other an archangel with the 
 young Tobit who carries a fish. 
 The picture derives its name 
 from this last circumstance. It 
 is considered one of the finest of 
 Raphael’s Madonnas. This pic- 
 ture is now in the Gallery of 
 Madrid, Spain. 
 
 4ST “ Tobias with the fish was an 
 early type of baptism. In Raphael’s 
 Madonna dell’ Pesce, he is introduced 
 as the patron saint of the painter, but 
 not without a reference to a more 
 sacred meaning, that of the guardian 
 spirit of all humanity.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Madonna del Pozzo. [Madonna 
 of the Well.] A picture attrib- 
 uted to Raphael (1483-1520), but 
 thought by some to be the work 
 of Giulio Romano (1492-1546). In 
 the Tribune of the Uffizi, Flor- 
 ence, Italy. 
 
MAD 
 
 295 
 
 MAD 
 
 Madonna del Rosario. [Madonna 
 of the Rosary.] A picture of the 
 Virgin and Child by Giovanni 
 Battista Salvi, sur named Sasso- 
 ferrato (1605-1685), and his most 
 celebrated work. In the church 
 of S. Sabina, at Rome. 
 
 4SP “ When the Virgin or the Child 
 holds the rosary, it [the picture] is 
 then a Madonna del Rosario, and paint- 
 ed for the Dominicans.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 jggp “ Domenichino, who died of a 
 broken heart at Rome, because his pro- 
 ductions were neglected, is a painter 
 who always touches one nearly. His 
 Madonna del Rosario is crowded with 
 beauty. Such children I never saw in 
 painting, — the very ideals of infantine 
 grace and innocence.” N. P. Willis. 
 
 Madonna del Sacco. [Madonna 
 of the Sack.] A picture by An- 
 drea Vanucchi, called Andrea 
 del Sarto (1487-1531), the Italian 
 painter, and regarded as one of 
 his masterpieces. “A lunette 
 fresco, known and praised the 
 world over.” It derives its name 
 from the sack on which Joseph 
 leans. It is painted over a door 
 in the court of the Convent of SS. 
 Annunziata, Florence, Italy. 
 
 4ST “ 1645, 21 May. We went to 
 see the famous piece of Andrea del 
 Sarto in the Annunciata; the storie is 
 that the Painter in a time of dearth bor- 
 row’d a sack of corne of the religious of 
 that convent, and repayment being de- 
 manded, he wrought it out in this pic- 
 ture, which represents Joseph sitting 
 on a sack of corne, and reading to the 
 B. Virgin ; a piece infinitely valued.” . 
 
 John Evelyn. 
 
 4SP “ Michael Angelo and Raphael 
 are said to have ‘ gazed at it unceas- 
 ingly.’ It is much defaced, and pre- 
 serves only its graceful drawing. The 
 countenance of Mary has the beau reste 
 of singular loveliness.” IV. P. Willis. 
 
 Madonna del Tempi. A well- 
 known picture of the Virgin and 
 Child by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), so called from the Palazzo 
 Tempi at Florence, Italy, where 
 it was formerly situated. It is 
 now in the Pinakothek, at Mu- 
 nich, Bavaria. 
 
 Madonna del Trono. [Madonna 
 of the Throne.] A famous pic- 
 ture by Fra Bartolommeo (1469- 
 
 1517). In the Uffizi Gallery, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 “ The perfect architectonic idea is 
 not only everywhere set forth in a live- 
 ly manner, but also filled with the no- 
 blest individual life.” Burckhardt. 
 
 Madonna del Viaggio. See Ma- 
 donna del Git an Duca. 
 
 Madonna della Candelabra. [Ma- 
 donna of the Candlestick.] A 
 well-known circular picture of 
 the Virgin and Child by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520), in which the 
 Madonna is represented seated, 
 with an angel on each side bear- 
 ing a torch. This picture is now 
 the property of Hon. II. Butler 
 Johnstone, England. [Called also 
 La Vierge aux Candelabres.] 
 
 Madonna della Casa Colonna. A 
 picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520). In the Museum at Berlin, 
 Prussia. 
 
 Madonna della Casa d’ Alba. [Ma- 
 donna of the House of Alva, 
 called also Madonna della Fa- 
 miglia d’Alva.] A beautiful and 
 well-known circular picture of 
 the Virgin and Child by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520), representing 
 the Madonna, ** a full-length fig- 
 ure seated in a quiet landscape; 
 the Child on her lap, she holds a 
 book in her hand; the little St. 
 John, kneeling before his divine 
 companion, offers him a cross, 
 which he receives with looks of 
 unutterable love.” This picture, 
 which was formerly in London, 
 is now in the Hermitage, St. 
 Petersburg. There is a copy of 
 it in the Palazzo della Torre, 
 Ravenna, Italy. 
 
 Madonna della Casa Tempi. A 
 picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), in which the Virgin is rep- 
 resented standing and pressing 
 the Child closely to her. This 
 picture was formerly in Florence, 
 Italy, but is now in the Gallery 
 of Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Madonna della Cintola. [Madon- 
 na of the Girdle.] A legendary 
 subject frequently treated by the 
 Middle-Age artists. 
 
 4ST “The legend relates that when 
 
MAD 
 
 296 
 
 MAD 
 
 the Madonna ascended into heaven, in 
 the sight of the apostles, Thomas was 
 absent; but after three days he re- 
 turned, and, doubting the truth of her 
 glorious translation, he desired that her 
 tomb should be opened, which was 
 done, and lo! it was found empty. 
 Then the Virgin, taking pity on his 
 weakness and want of faith, threw 
 down to him her girdle, that this tan- 
 gible proof might remove all doubts for- 
 ever from his mind. Hence, in many 
 pictures, St. Thomas is seen below, 
 holding the girdle in liis hand.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Madonna della Famiglia Benti- 
 voglio. [Madonna of the Benti- 
 voglio Family.] A picture of the 
 Virgin and Child, by Lorenzo 
 
 Costa ( 1530?). It was painted 
 
 for Giovanni II., lord of Bologna 
 from 1462 to 1506. In the church 
 of San Giacomo at Bologna, Italy. 
 
 Madonna della Famiglia d’Alva. 
 See Madonna della Casa d’ Al- 
 ba. 
 
 Madonna della Famiglia Pesaro. 
 A picture by Titian (1477-1576). 
 In the church of S. Maria dei 
 Frari, at Venice, Italy. 
 
 Madonna della Gatta. [Madonna 
 of the Cat.] A picture of the 
 Holy Family, much resembling 
 the so-called “Pearl” by Ra- 
 phael, executed by Giulio Ro- 
 mano (1402-1546). The picture, 
 which derives its name from a 
 cat that appears in it, crouching 
 in a corner, is in the Museum at 
 Naples, Italy. 
 
 4ST There is another picture bear- 
 ing this name, the work of Federigo 
 Baroccio (1528-1612). In the National 
 Gallery, London. 
 
 Madonna dell’ Impannata [of the 
 Paper Window]. A well-known 
 picture of the Virgin and Child 
 by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), 
 deriving its name from the oiled- 
 paper window in the background. 
 It is in the Pitti Palace, in Flor- 
 ence, Italy. 
 
 j@6g=* “The incident is most charm- 
 ing. Two women have brought the 
 Child, and hand it to the Mother; and 
 while the boy turns, still laughing, 
 after them, he takes fast hold of the 
 Mother’s dress, who seems to say, 
 
 ‘ Look, he likes best to come to me.’ ” 
 Burckhardt. 
 
 Madonna dell’ Xmpruneta. A 
 
 celebrated church and pilgrim- 
 shrine in the neighborhood of 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Madonna della Lucertola. [Ma- 
 donna of the Lizard.] A copy in 
 the Pitti Palace, Florence, of a 
 Holy Family now in the gallery 
 at Madrid, Spain. This copy de- 
 rives its name from the lizard 
 which appears in the picture. 
 See Holy Family under the 
 Oak. 
 
 Madonna della Misericordia. A 
 celebrated picture by Fra Bar- 
 tolommeo (1469-1517), the Italian 
 painter; his largest, and by many 
 considered his most important, 
 work. It has suffered from in- 
 juries and restorations. It is in 
 the church of S. Romano, Lucca, 
 Italy. 
 
 Madonna della Rosa. [Madonna 
 with the Rose.] A well-known 
 picture by Francesco Maria Maz- 
 zuoli, called II Parmigiano (1503- 
 1540). In the Gallery of Dresden, 
 Germany. 
 
 Madonna della Scodella. [Madon- 
 na of the Cup.] A picture of the 
 Holy Family by Antonio Allegri, 
 surnamed Correggio (1494-1534), 
 representing the Virgin as hold- 
 ing in her hand a cup (whence 
 the name), and Joseph as bend- 
 ing down the branches of a palm- 
 tree to gather dates. This Ma- 
 donna belongs to the class of 
 pictures called II Biposo, or the 
 Repose in Egypt, q.v. This pic- 
 ture is in the Gallery of Parma, 
 Italy. 
 
 “ This entirely realistic compo- 
 sition,-— the infant Saviour is dressed 
 like a little Italian boy, — though much 
 injured, is still one of the most trans- 
 parently beautiful of his [Correggio’s] 
 works.” 
 
 Bastlake, Handbook of Painting. 
 
 Madonna della Sedia. [Madonna 
 of the Chair.] See Madonna 
 
 DELLA SEGGIOLA. 
 
 Madonna della Seggiola [of the 
 low Chair]. A celebrated picture 
 of the Virgin and Child by Ra- 
 phael Sanzio (1483-1520), and per- 
 
MAD 
 
 297 
 
 MAD 
 
 haps the most familiar of all his 
 Madonnas from the numerous en- 
 gravings and other reproductions 
 of it. It is a circular picture, 
 representing the Mother seated 
 on a low chair, holding the Child 
 in her arms. The little St. John 
 stands by her side with folded 
 hands. “ The Madonna wears a 
 gay striped handkerchief on her 
 shoulders, and another on her 
 head, after the manner of the 
 Italian women. She appears as a 
 beautiful and blooming woman, 
 looking out of the picture in the 
 tranquil enjoyment of maternal 
 love; the Child, full and strong 
 in form, has an ingenuous and 
 grand expression.” The picture 
 is in the Pitti Palace, Florence, 
 Itay. It is well known through 
 the engravings of Raphael Mor- 
 ghen (1758-1833) and John Gott- 
 fried Muller (1717-1830). 
 
 j “ The most beautiful picture in 
 the world, I am convinced, is the Ma- 
 donna della Seggiola. I was familiar 
 with it in a hundred engravings and 
 copies, and therefore it shone upon me 
 as with a familiar beauty, though in- 
 finitely more divine than I had ever 
 
 seen it before. . . . Miss , whom I 
 
 met in the gallery, told me that to copy 
 the ‘Madonna della Seggiola,’ appli- 
 cation must be made five years before- 
 hand, so many are the artists who 
 aspire to copy it.” Hawthorne. 
 
 The crowned Queen-Yirgin of Perugino 
 sank into a simple Italian mother in llaf- 
 laelle’s “ Madonna of the Chair." Ruskin. 
 
 Created by Raphael in one of his poeti- 
 cal inspirations, it is of magical and fas- 
 cinating beauty. Perhaps no picture has 
 ever been rendered so popular by copies 
 and imitations of every sort. Passavant. 
 
 Madonna della Stella. [Madonna 
 of the Star.] A picture by Gio- 
 vanni da Fiesole, called Fra An- 
 gelico (1387-1455). In the Museum 
 of St. Mark, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Madonna della Tenda. [Madonna 
 of the Curtain.] A picture of the 
 Virgin and Child by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520), somewhat re- 
 sembling the celebrated Madonna 
 della Seggiola, of the Pitti in 
 Florence. The picture derives 
 its name from a curtain in the 
 background. Now at Munich, 
 Bavaria. There is a repetition of 
 
 this picture, also said to be an 
 original, at Turin, Italy. 
 
 Madonna della Vittoria. [Ma- 
 donna of the Victory.] A large 
 altar-piece by Andrea Mantegna 
 (1431-1503), the Italian painter. 
 It was painted in commemoration 
 of a victory supposed to have 
 been obtained by Gonzaga over 
 Charles VIII. of France. It is 
 now .in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 4®" “ Another class of votive pic- 
 tures are especial acts of thanksgiving; 
 first, for victory, as La Madonna della 
 Vittoria, Notre Dame des Victoires. 
 The Virgin on her throne is then at- 
 tended by one or more of the warrior 
 saints, together with the patron or pat- 
 roness of the victors. She is then Our 
 Lady of Victory. A very perfect ex- 
 ample of these victorious Madonnas 
 exists in a celebrated picture by An- 
 drea Mantegna.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 He [St. Maurice] stands on the left of 
 the Madorna in Mantegna's famous Ma- 
 donna della Vittoria, in the Louvre. 
 
 Mrs . Jameson. 
 
 Madonna delPLungo Collo. [Ma- 
 donna of the Long Neck.] A 
 well-known picture by Francesco 
 Maria Mazzuoli, called II Parmi- 
 giano (1503-1540). In the Palazzo 
 Pitti, Florence, Italy. 
 
 /ISP* “ The Madonna dell’Lungo Collo 
 of Parmigiano might be cited as a favor- 
 able example of artificial and wholly 
 mistaken grace.” Mrs. Jameson . 
 
 Madonna dello Spasimo. See 
 
 Spasimo, Lo. 
 
 Madonna di Foligno. A noted 
 altar-picture by Raphael Sanzio 
 (1483-1520), in the Vatican Gal- 
 lery at Rome, originally painted 
 for the Church of Ara Cceli. In 
 1565 it was removed to Foligno, 
 and later to Paris where it was 
 transferred to canvas from the 
 wood on which it was originally 
 painted. It derives its name 
 from the city of Foligno, which is 
 represented in the background 
 with a bomb falling upon it — in 
 allusion probably to its escape 
 from some calamity. A tablet 
 in the foreground gives color to 
 the supposition that this was de- 
 signed to be a votive picture. 
 [Called also La Viercje an Bona- 
 taire.] 
 
MAD 
 
 298 
 
 MAD 
 
 J 0®* “The whole picture glows 
 throughout with life and beauty, hal- 
 lowed by that profound religious senti- 
 ment which suggested the offering, and 
 which the sympathetic artist seems to 
 have caught from the grateful donor.” 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Madonna di Loreto. A picture by 
 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), rep- 
 resenting the Virgin as lifting the 
 veil from the Child who is just, 
 waking. The original of this pic- 
 ture is thought to be lost ; but 
 there is a picture at Florence, be- 
 longing to Mr. Lawrie, which is 
 pronounced by Sir Charles East- 
 lake “the best of the many edi- 
 tions of the Loreto Raphael,” and 
 “ partly by his hand.” 
 
 Madonna di Lucca. A picture 
 by the Flemish painter Jan van 
 Eyck (1370-1441), representing 
 the Virgin enthroned, giving her 
 breast to the Child. It was so 
 called from having been in the 
 possession of the Duke of Luc- 
 ca, but is now in the Stiidel In- 
 stitute in Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
 Germany. 
 
 Madonna di Misericordia.. [Ma- 
 donna of Mercy.] A common 
 subject of representation by the 
 great mediaeval painters. As an 
 example, see Misericordia di 
 Lucca. 
 
 Madonna di San Brizio. An old 
 Greek representation of the Vir- 
 gin and Child, “venerated as 
 miraculous, and to which is at- 
 tributed a fabulous antiquity.” 
 In the cathedral of Orvieto, 
 Italy. 
 
 Madonna di San Francesco. [Ma- 
 donna of St. Francis.] A pic- 
 ture by Andrea Vanucchi, called 
 Andrea del Sarto (1487-1531), 
 the Italian painter, and regard- 
 ed as one of his most beautiful 
 compositions. It is in the Tri- 
 bune of the Uffizi at Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 j@Sg=* “ Andrea del Sarto has placed 
 harpies at the corner of the pedestal of 
 the throne, in his famous Madonna di 
 San Francesco, — a gross fault in that 
 otherwise grand and faultless picture.” 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Madonna di San Giorgio. [Ma- 
 donna of St. George.] A cele- 
 brated picture by Antonio Alle- 
 gri, called Correggio (1494-1534). 
 In the Gallery of Dresden, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 “ The Madonna di San Giorgio 
 of Correggio is a votive altar-piece ded- 
 icated on the occasion of a great inun- 
 dation of the river Secchia. The Vir- 
 gin is seated on her throne, and the 
 Child looks down on her worshippers 
 and votaries. St. George stands in 
 front victorious, his foot on the head of 
 the dragon.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Madonna di San Sebastiano. See 
 St. Sebastian. 
 
 Madonna di San Sisto. A large 
 altar-picture of the Virgin and 
 Child by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), perhaps the most widely 
 known of all his works through 
 the numerous reproductions of 
 it, and universally regarded as 
 one of the supreme and most 
 wonderful works of art. Vasari 
 relates that Raphael painted this 
 picture for the church of St. 
 Sixtus at Piacenza. It is now 
 in the Gallery of Dresden, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 “ The Madonna, in a glory of 
 cherubim, standing on the clouds, with 
 the eternal Son in her arms, appears 
 truly as the Queen of Heaven ; St. Six- 
 tus and St. Barbara kneel at the sides. 
 These two figures help to connect the 
 composition with the real spectators. A 
 curtain drawn back encloses the picture 
 on each side; below is a light parapet 
 on which two beautiful boy angels lean. 
 The Madonna is one of the most won- 
 derful creations of Raphael’s pencil. 
 . . . The Child rests naturally, but not 
 listlessly, in her arms, and looks down 
 upon the world with the grandest ex- 
 pression. Never has the loveliness of 
 childhood been blended so marvellous- 
 ly with the solemn consciousness of a 
 high calling, as in the features and 
 countenance of this Child.” 
 
 Eastlake , Handbook of Painting. 
 
 This picture is entirely by the hand 
 of Raphael. It was painted upon wood, 
 and has been transferred to canvas. 
 The best engraving is that by Steinla 
 (1791-1858). There is also one by 
 Christian Friedrich von Muller (1783- 
 181G) . 
 
 “For myself, I have seen my 
 ideal once and only once attained, there 
 
MAD 
 
 299 
 
 MAD 
 
 where Raphael — inspired if ever a 
 painter was inspired — projected on the 
 space before him that wonderful crea- 
 tion which we style the Madonna di 
 San Si* to.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 4^ “The head of the Virgin is 
 perhaps nearer the perfection of female 
 beauty and elegance than any thing in 
 painting.” Wilkie. 
 
 Madonna di Terranuova. A pic- 
 ture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520). In the Museum at Berlin, 
 Prussia. 
 
 Madonna Enthroned. A picture 
 by Fra Bartolommeo ( Della Porta) 
 (1469-1517). At Lucca, Italy. 
 
 Madonna Incoronata. [The Vir- 
 gin Crowned.] A picture by 
 Sandro Botticelli (1448-1505). In 
 the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Madonna, Diisseldorf. See Dtis- 
 seldorf Madonna. 
 
 Madonna, Iberian. See Iberian 
 Madonna. 
 
 Madonna Litta. A picture by Leo- 
 nardo da Vinci (1452-1519). In 
 the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. 
 
 Madonna, Medica. See Medici 
 Madonna. 
 
 Madonna of Francis I. A picture 
 of the Holy Family by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520), painted by 
 him for the Duke of Urbino as 
 a present from the latter to 
 Francis I. Parts of this picture 
 were executed by Giulio Ro- 
 mano. It is now in the Louvre, 
 Paris. 
 
 46^ “Mary, a noble queenly crea- 
 ture, is seated, and bends towards her 
 Child, who is springing from his cra- 
 dle to meet her embrace. Elizabeth 
 presents St. John, and Joseph, lean- 
 ing on his hand, contemplates the 
 group ; two beautiful angels scatter 
 flowers from above.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Madonna of Mercy. See Madon- 
 na di Misericordia. 
 
 Madonna of the Basin. See Ma- 
 donna del Bacino. 
 
 Madonna of the Bridgewater 
 Gallery. A picture of the Vir- 
 gin and Child by Raphael Sanzio 
 (1483-1520), belonging to Lord 
 
 Ellesmere, and forming part of 
 the Bridgewater Gallery. Cop- 
 ies of this picture are in the mu- 
 seums at Berlin, Naples, and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Madonna of the Burgomaster 
 Meyer. A celebrated picture by 
 Hans Plolbein the Younger (1498- 
 1543). In the Gallery of Dresden, 
 Germany. It was painted for the 
 burgomaster, Jacob Meyer, of 
 Basle. There is another beauti- 
 ful picture in the possession of 
 Princess Charles of Hesse at 
 Darmstadt, very similar to this, 
 respecting the priority of which 
 there has been much discussion, 
 many inclining to the opinion 
 that the Darmstadt Madonna is 
 the original, and the Dresden pic- 
 ture a copy. The engraving of 
 this picture by Steinla is very 
 celebrated. 
 
 4SP* “ In purity, dignity, humility, 
 and intellectual grace, this exquisite 
 Madonna has never been surpassed, 
 not even by Raphael; the face once 
 seen haunts the memory.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson . 
 
 Madonna of the Candlestick. See 
 Madonna della Candelabra. 
 
 Madonna of the Canopy. See 
 Madonna del Baldacchino. 
 
 Madonna of the Cat. See Madon- 
 na del Gatta. 
 
 Madonna of the Certosa at Pa- 
 via. A celebrated picture by Pie- 
 tro Perugino (1446-1524), the Ital- 
 ian painter, and regarded as his 
 masterpiece. It is now in the 
 National Gallery, London. 
 
 Madonna of the Chair. See Ma- 
 donna DELLA SEGGIOLA. 
 
 Madonna of the Cup. See Ma- 
 donna DELLA SCODELLA. 
 
 Madonna of the Curtain. See 
 Madonna della Tend a. 
 
 Madonna of the Fish. See Ma- 
 donna del Pesce. 
 
 Madonna of the Girdle. See 
 Madonna della Cintola. 
 
 Madonna of the Goldfinch. See 
 Madonna del Cardellino. 
 
MAD 
 
 800 
 
 MAG 
 
 Madonna of the Grand Duke. 
 See Madonna del Gran Duca. 
 
 Madonna of the Lily. See Ma- 
 donna del Giglio and Madonna 
 and Child with a Lily. 
 
 Madonna of the Lizard. See 
 Madonna della Lucertola. 
 
 Madonna of the Long ITeek. See 
 Madonna dell’ Lungo Collo. 
 
 Madonna of the Meadow. A pic- 
 ture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520). In Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Madonna of the Hapkin. See 
 Viugen de la Serviletta. 
 
 Madonna of the Paper Window. 
 See Madonna dell’ Impannata. 
 
 Madonna of the Pearl. See Pearl, 
 The. 
 
 Madonna of the Pose. See Ma- 
 donna della Rosa. 
 
 Madonna of the Rosary. See 
 Madonna del Rosario. 
 
 Madonna of the Sack. See Ma- 
 donna del Sacco. 
 
 Madonna of the Star. See Ma- 
 donna della Stella. 
 
 Madonna of the Tempi Family. 
 See Madonna della Casa Tempi. 
 
 Madonna of the Victory. See 
 Madonna della Vittoria. 
 
 Madonna of the Walking Place. 
 See Madonna del Passegio. 
 
 Madonna of the Well. See Ma- 
 donna del Pozzo. 
 
 Madonna, Staffa. See Staffa 
 Madonna. 
 
 Madonna with the Pink. A pic- 
 ture representing the Virgin with 
 the Child in her lap, who is reach- 
 ing gayly towards the pink which 
 she is giving him. The original 
 of this picture is unknown. There 
 is a repetition of it, said to be 
 probably by Sassoferrato, at 
 Basle. 
 
 Madracen. A remarkable and 
 elegant Mauritanian sepulchral 
 monument in Algeria. It has a 
 Doric peristyle, surmounted by an 
 Egyptian cornice, and is undoubt- 
 
 edly a work of ante-Christian 
 times. 
 
 Mafra Palaco and Convent. A 
 superb pile of buildings at Mafra, 
 near Lisbon, Portugal, built in 
 1717 by John V., in imitation of 
 the Escurial at Madrid. 
 
 But here the Babylonian whore hath 
 built 
 
 A dome, where flaunts she in such glori- 
 ous sheen, 
 
 That men forget the blood which she hath 
 spilt, 
 
 And bow the knee to Pomp that loves to 
 varnish guilt. Byron. 
 
 Magdalene, The. A famous statue 
 carved in wood by Donatello 
 (1383-1466). In the Baptistery at 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Magdalen, The. A celebrated pic- 
 ture by Titian (1477-1576), so fa- 
 mous in its day that he painted 
 five or six copies of it, and there 
 have been since numerous copies 
 and engravings. It is said that 
 his model for this picture was “ a 
 young girl, who being fatigued 
 with long standing, the tears ran 
 down her face.” 
 
 Magdalen, The. A picture by Ti- 
 tian (1477-1576). In the Manfrini 
 Palace, Venice, representing the 
 Magdalen as standing at the en- 
 trance of her cave. 
 
 “ I do not know why this lovely 
 Manfrini picture should be so much 
 less celebrated than the Dresden Mag- 
 dalen.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Magdalen, The. A picture by 
 Titian (1477-1576). In the Palazzo 
 Pitti, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Magdalen, The. A famous and 
 often-repeated picture by Anto- 
 nio Allegri, surnamed Correggio 
 (1494-1534), representing the Mag- 
 dalene as penitent, reclining, and 
 reading from a book. It is in the 
 gallery at Dresden, Germany, 
 having been purchased by Au- 
 gustus III., the Elector of Sax- 
 ony, from the Duke of Modena, 
 in 1745. Tli is picture was paint- 
 ed on copper over a wash of gold 
 in 1533. It was formerly kept in 
 the Golden Chamber of the Castle 
 of Modena, in a costly silver 
 frame ornamented with precious 
 stones. 
 
MAG 
 
 301 
 
 MAG 
 
 4gp“The earliest, example I can 
 remember of the Penitent Magdalene, 
 dramatically treated, remains as yet 
 unsurpassed, — the Reading Magda- 
 lene of Correggio, in the Dresden Gal- 
 lery. This lovely creation has only 
 one fault, — the virginal beauty is that 
 of a Psyche or a seraph. In Oelen- 
 schlager’s drama of ‘ Correggio ’ there 
 is a beautiful description of this far- 
 famed picture : he calls it ‘ Die Gotti nn 
 des Waldes Frommigkeit,’ — the god- 
 dess of the religious solitude. And, in 
 truth, if we could imagine Diana read- 
 ing instead of hunting, she might have 
 looked thus.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 “ Correggio’s other pictures are 
 excellent, but this one is wonderful.” 
 Mengs. 
 
 Magdalen. A picture by Jacopo 
 Robusti Tintoretto (1512-1594). 
 In the Museum of the Capitol, 
 Rome. 
 
 46^ “A * Magdalen ’ by Tintoretto, 
 on a heap of straw, dark, haggard, with 
 hair dishevelled, and profoundly peni- 
 tent. . . . Through the entrance of the 
 cavern gleams the mournful crescent 
 moon; that glimpse of the desert, with 
 the terrors of night above the poor sob- 
 bing creature, is heart-rending.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Magdalen. A noted picture by 
 Francesco Barbieri Guercino 
 (1590-1666), representing the Mag- 
 dalen in prayer. In the Museum 
 at Naples, Italy. 
 
 “ His [Guercino’s] charming 
 Magdalen. How remote from the sim- 
 plicity {)nd vigor of the preceding age. 
 The reign of pastorals, sigisbes, and 
 devout sentimentality, has commenced ; 
 this Magdalen is related to the Hermi- 
 nias and Sophronias and the gentle 
 heroines of Tasso, and, with them, is 
 born out of the Jesuitical reformation.” 
 Taine, Trans. 
 
 Magdalen. A picture by Carlo 
 Dolce (1616-1686). In the Uffizi, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Magdalen. An admired picture by 
 Pompeo Girolamo Batoni (1708- 
 1787). In the Gallery of Dres- 
 den, Germany. 
 
 Magdalen clinging to the foot of 
 the Cross. A picture by Ary 
 Scheffer (1795-1858). Very famil- 
 iar by reproductions. 
 
 Magdalen College. A noted col- 
 lege in Oxford, England, one of 
 the nineteen colleges included in 
 
 the university. Founded in the 
 year 1457. 
 
 4®=- “A walk in Magdalen College. 
 I never weary with admiring these old 
 edifices festooned with ivy and black- 
 ened by age; . . . above all these vast 
 square courts, of which the arcades 
 form a promenade like the Italian con- 
 vents.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Greek erudition exists on the Isis mid 
 Cam, whether the Maud man or the Bra- 
 sen Nose man be properly tanked or not; 
 the atmosphere is loaded with Greek learn- 
 ing; the whole river has reached a certain 
 height, ami kills all that growth of weeds, 
 which this Castalian water kills. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 My chums will burn their Indian weeds 
 '1 he very night I pass away, 
 
 And cloud propelling puff and puff, 
 
 As white the thin smoke melts away; 
 Then Jones of Wadham, eyes half closed, 
 Rubbing the ten hairs on his chin, 
 
 Will say, “This very pipe I use 
 Was poor old Smith’s of Maudlin 
 
 Walter Thornbury. 
 
 Magdalene College. A founda- 
 tion of the University of Cam- 
 bridge, England. Established in 
 1519. 
 
 Magdalen, Dance of the. See 
 
 Dance of tiie Magdalen. 
 
 Magdalene, Dying. See Dying 
 Magdalene. 
 
 Magdalen Hospital. A hospital 
 in London, instituted in 1758. 
 The building in Leigham Court 
 Road, Streatham, was opened in 
 1869. 
 
 Magdalen, Penitent. See Peni- 
 tent Magdalen. 
 
 Magdalen washing the feet of 
 Christ. A picture by Paolo 
 Cagliari, called Paul Veronese 
 (1540 ?-1588). In the Louvre, 
 Paris. 
 
 Magdalenen-Grotto. A celebrated 
 cavern in the limestone rock, near 
 the Grotto of Adelsberg, in South- 
 ern Austria. 
 
 Magenta, Boulevard de. A fine 
 avenue in Paris, France. See 
 Boulevards. 
 
 Magi, Adoration of the. See Ad- 
 
 oration of the Magi. 
 
 Magliabecchian Library. A cele- 
 brated library in Florence, Italy, 
 so-called after its founder, Anto- 
 nio Magliabecchia (d. 1714). It is 
 
MAG 
 
 302 
 
 MAI 
 
 now incorporated with the Na- 
 tional Library. 
 
 Magna Charta Island. An island 
 in the river Thames, near Egham, 
 England, on which the Great 
 Charter was signed in 1215. 
 
 Magnolia. A well-known ceme- 
 tery in Charleston, S.C. 
 
 Magog. See Gog and Magog. 
 
 Maid and the Magpie. A picture 
 by Sir Edwin Landseer (1802- 
 1873). In the National Gallery, 
 London. 
 
 Maid of the Mist. A little steamer 
 formerly accustomed to ply on 
 the Niagara River below the falls, 
 and used to take adventurous 
 tourists up amid the spray as near 
 to the cataract as possible. She 
 is celebrated for having “shot” 
 the famous Whirlpool Rapids, 
 June 15, 1867, with only slight 
 injury, successfully reaching the 
 calm water below Lewiston. It 
 is said that the chances are fifty 
 to one against any vessel which 
 should undertake to repeat this 
 marvellous and unprecedented 
 adventure. See Whiulpool Rap- 
 ids. 
 
 “ The story of that wondrous 
 voyage was as follows. . . . The Maid 
 of the Mist got into debt, or her owner 
 had embarked in other and less profit- 
 able speculations : at any rate, he be- 
 came subject to the law, and tidings 
 reached him that the sheriff would seize 
 the Maid. . . . There was but a mile 
 or two on which she could ply : the 
 sheriff’s prey, therefore, was easy, and 
 the Maid was doomed. . . . He [the 
 captain] concluded to run the rapids, 
 and he procured two others to accom- 
 pany him in the risk. ... I was told 
 by a man who saw the boat pass under 
 the bridge, that she made one long leap 
 down as she came thither ; that her fun- 
 nel was at once knocked flat on the 
 deck by the force of the blow; that the 
 wafers covered her from stem to stern ; 
 and that then she rose again, and skim- 
 med into the whirlpool a mile below. 
 When there she rode with comparative 
 ease upon the waters, and took the 
 sharp turn round into the river below 
 without a struggle. The feat was done, 
 and the Maid was rescued from the 
 sheriff.” Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Maidan. A magnificent bazaar in 
 Ispahan, Persia. It was built by 
 
 Shah Abbas the Great (1585-1629), 
 whose great works rendered Is- 
 pahan one of the most splendid 
 cities of the East. 
 
 J&g** “ The Maidan Shah, and its ac- 
 companying gates and mosques, — the 
 whole the work of one king and on 
 one design, — present a scene of gor- 
 geous, though it may be somewhat bar- 
 barous, splendor, almost unequalled in 
 the whole world. Even now in its 
 premature decay, it strikes almost ev- 
 ery traveller with astonishment, though 
 the style is not one that looks well in 
 ruin, owing to the perishable nature of 
 the materials employed, and the taw- 
 dry effect of glazed tiles when atten- 
 tion is drawn to the fact that they are 
 a mere surface ornament to the walls.” 
 Fergusson. 
 
 Maiden, Halifax Gibbet, or Wid- 
 ow. An ancient instrument of 
 execution, similar to the guillo- 
 tine, used in both England and 
 Scotland during the Middle 
 Ages. 
 
 He [Argyle] mounted the scaffold, 
 where the rude old guillotine ot Scotland, 
 called the Maiden , awaited him, and ad- 
 dressed the people in a speech, tinctured 
 with the peculiar phraseology of his sect, 
 but breathing the spirit of serene piety. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Maiden Bower. An ancient Brit- 
 ish fortification near Dunstable, 
 England. 
 
 Maiden Castle. A famous earth- 
 work near Monkton, in England, 
 of great antiquity, supposed to 
 belong to a period earlier even 
 than that of the Britons and Ro- 
 mans. The works are a mile in 
 extent, and in some portions 60 
 feet high. It had four stone gate- 
 ways, and occupied the summit 
 of a hill. 
 
 Maiden Lane. Situated to the 
 south of Covent Garden, London. 
 Here Turner, the artist, was born 
 in 1775. 
 
 Maiden Stone. A curious sculp- 
 tured stone near Inveramsay, 
 Scotland, supposed to be an early 
 Christian monument, 
 
 Maids of Honor. [Span. Las Me- 
 ninas.] A celebrated picture by 
 Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Ve- 
 lasquez (1599-1660), the Spanish 
 painter. In the Museum of Ma- 
 
MAI 
 
 303 
 
 MAL 
 
 drid, Spain. “ This wonderful 
 picture is alike a masterpiece in 
 local color and in aerial lineal 
 perfection.” 
 
 Maison Anseatic. [Hanseatic 
 House.] A public building in 
 Antwerp, Belgium. 
 
 Maison Carree. [Square House.] 
 A celebrated Roman ruin at 
 Nimes, in Southern France. 
 
 4SP* “ France, which was under the 
 dominion of Rome for mor&' than 500 
 years, still preserves some antique tem- 
 ples reared under the influence of the 
 Romans. Undoubtedly the best pre- 
 served and most important of these 
 ancient structures which have escaped 
 the devastations of barbarians and the 
 hostile zeal of early Christians, is situ- 
 ated at Nimes. It is called the Maison 
 Carree, owing doubtless to its rectan- 
 gular form. At the present day its 
 interior is used as a museum. This 
 beautiful edifice was attributed to Au- 
 gustus ; but the exaggerated richness 
 of the frieze and the Corinthian cor- 
 nices, and an inscription on the facade, 
 fix the period of its construction in the 
 time of the Antonines.” 
 
 Lefevre , Trans. 
 
 4QP “ The finest specimen [of the 
 pseudo-peripteral temples] now re- 
 maing to us is the so-called Maison 
 Carree at Nimes, which is indeed one of 
 the most elegant temples of the Roman 
 world, owing probably a great deal of 
 its beauty to the taste of the Grecian 
 colonists long settled in the neighbor- 
 hood. . . . The temple is small, only 
 45 by 85 feet; but such is the beauty of 
 its proportions and the elegance of its 
 details that it strikes every beholder 
 with admiration. The date of this 
 temple has not been satisfactorily as- 
 certained. From the nail-holes of the 
 inscription on the frieze, it has been 
 attempted to make out the names of 
 Caius and Julius Caesar, and there is 
 nothing in the style of architecture to 
 contradict this hypothesis. . . . But 
 for their evidence we might almost be 
 inclined to fancy its style represented 
 the age of Trajan.” Fergusson. 
 
 Remains of giant old whose magnitude 
 Can show the scale of Nimes as once she 
 stood, 
 
 The stranger’s being thrills wfith feeling 
 deep. 
 
 When thy vast outlines stretch before his 
 eyes ; 
 
 No stirring reveries in me arise. 
 
 For here did boyhood sleep. 
 
 Jean Reboul, Trans. 
 
 Maison de Francois I. [House 
 of Francis I.] A house in Paris, 
 
 copied from one built in 1520 for 
 his sister by Francis I. at Moret 
 near Fontainebleau, and orna- 
 mented with sculptured work by 
 Jean Goujon, removed from Mo- 
 ret. 
 
 Maison Dor^e. [The Golden 
 House.] One of the most cele- 
 brated cafes in Paris, on the 
 Boulevard des Italiens. Its ar- 
 chitecture is very fine, and it is 
 highly ornamented with gold. 
 
 Maison Pompeian. [Pompeian 
 House.] This building in Paris 
 was built for Prince Napoleon, 
 and is profusely ornamented with 
 statues and paintings. 
 
 4Sf* “ An imitation of a Pompeian 
 house, familiar to our readers from 
 that at the Crystal Palace.” 
 
 Murray’s Handbook. 
 
 Majorat’s Haus. A grand palace 
 in Vienna, Austria, the residence 
 of Prince Liechtenstein. 
 
 Mala, Via. See Via Mala. 
 
 Malahide. One of the most vener- 
 able and interesting castles of 
 Ireland, in the neighborhood of 
 Dublin, the ancient fortified man- 
 sion of the “ Talbots,” and still 
 held by that family. 
 
 4®"“ The hall is perhaps one of the 
 purest examples of Norman architec- 
 ture to be found in the kingdom. The 
 mansion is beautifully furnished, and 
 the collection of paintings, though not 
 extensive, is unsurpassed in value. 
 Among them are choice specimens of 
 the old Butch and Italian masters in 
 excellent preservation.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 Malakhoff. A stone tower forming 
 one of the defences of Sebastopol 
 in the Crimea, during the war 
 between the Russians and the 
 Allies in 1851. It was of immense 
 strength, and believed to be im- 
 pregnable, but was taken by as- 
 sault, Sept. 8, 1855, by the com- 
 bined French and Sardinian 
 forces. 
 
 Malesherbes, Boulevart de. A 
 splendid street in Paris, one of 
 the new boulevards, lined with 
 grand hotels, extending from the 
 Church of the Madeleine to the 
 
MAL 
 
 304 
 
 MAM 
 
 Pari: of Mor^eau. See Boule- 
 vards. 
 
 Malick 6 Meidan. An immense 
 piece of ordnance cast in 1686 at 
 Bejapore, India, to commemorate 
 the capture of the city in that 
 year by Aurungzebe. It is said 
 to be the largest brass cannon in 
 existence, sending a shot weigh- 
 ing 1,G00 pounds. 
 
 Mall, The. 1. A well-known 
 promenade, and once the most 
 fashionable public resort in Lon- 
 don, in St. James’s Park. For 
 the origin of the name see Pall 
 Mall. 
 
 The ladies, gayly drest, the Mall adorn 
 With various dyes, and paint the sunny 
 morn. Gay. 
 
 When late their miry sides stage-coaches 
 show. 
 
 And their stiff horses through the town 
 move slow; 
 
 When all the Mall in leafy ruin lies, 
 
 And damsels first renew tueir oyster- 
 cries. Gay. 
 
 2. A beautiful esplanade in 
 Central Park, New York, orna- 
 mented with line groups of stat- 
 uary. It is over 1,200 feet in length 
 and some SCO feet in width, lined 
 with trees. It is one of the prin- 
 cipal attractions of the park. 
 
 Malmaiscn. A noted villa or cha- 
 teau in France, the favorite resi- 
 dence of the Empress Josephine, 
 wife of Napoleon I., near Paris, 
 on the road to St. Germain. It 
 was owned for a time by Queen 
 Christina of Spain, but purchased 
 by Napoleon III. in 1861, and 
 partially restored by the Em- 
 press. The attractions of the 
 place are due to art rather than 
 to nature. 
 
 At last he [Napoleon] spoke, and 
 slowly turned 
 (A moisture in his eyes), — 
 
 Massena gave a shrug that showed 
 A cynical surprise: 
 
 “ Long ears ago, at Malmaison, 
 
 When all unknown of men, 
 
 I hoard just such a laughing peal, 
 
 And I was happy then.” 
 
 Walter Thorribury. 
 
 Malvern, The. A vessel of war 
 of the United States navy in the 
 Civil War in 1861-1865. She was 
 the flag-ship of Admiral Porter. 
 It was on this vessel that on the 
 4th of April, 1865, President Lin- 
 
 coln went up to Bichmond from 
 City Point. 
 
 Malvern Hill. A hill about 11 
 miles from Richmond, Va., and 
 one mile from the James River, 
 where on the 1st of July, 1862, 
 took place a severe battle be- 
 tween the Union and Confeder- 
 ate troops, resulting in the defeat 
 of the latter. 
 
 Mamelon. A fortified hill forming 
 one of the defences of Sebastopol. 
 It was captured by the French, 
 June 8, 1855. 
 
 Mamertine Prisons. A celebrated 
 state prison on the slope of the 
 Capitoline in Rome. It is one of 
 the few remaining works of the 
 time of the kings, begun, accord- 
 ing to tradition, by Ancus Mar- 
 tius, and said to have been en- 
 larged by Servius Tullius, from 
 whom (or from a spring, tullius , 
 issuing from the floor of the dun- 
 geon) it took the name of Tullian. 
 Here Jugurtha is said to have 
 been starved to death, the accom- 
 plices of Catiline strangled by 
 command of Cicero, and Sejanus, 
 the minister and favorite of Tibe- 
 rius, executed. According to the 
 tradition of the Church, this 
 prison has been consecrated as 
 the place where St. Peter and St. 
 Paul were confined by order of 
 Nero. It is entered through the 
 Clmrcli of San Pietro in Car- 
 cere. 
 
 “ The Mnmertine Prison is a 
 hideous vault divided into an upper 
 and lower portion, scooped out of the 
 solid rock . . . and lined with massive 
 blocks in. the Etruscan style of archi- 
 tecture. A more heart-breaking place 
 of confinement it is not easy to imagine. 
 According to the traditions of the 
 Church, St. Peter was imprisoned here 
 by order of Nero; and the pillar to 
 which he was bound, and a fountain 
 which sprang up miraculously to fur- 
 nish the water of baptism to his jailers 
 whom he converted, are shown to the 
 visitor. There is no reason to doubt 
 that Jugurtha was starved to death in 
 these pitiless vaults. . . . Here, too, 
 the companions of Catiline were stran- 
 gled. It is a curious fact that the 
 chances of literature and history should 
 have carved two such names as those 
 of Sallust and Cicero on these Cyclo- 
 pean walls.” G. S. Hillard. 
 
MAM 
 
 305 
 
 MAN 
 
 Mammoth Cave. A celebrated 
 cavern in Kentucky, near Green 
 River, about 28 miles from Bowl- 
 ing Green. It is unequalled, prob- 
 ably, in the world, in point of 
 extent, and in the variety of in- 
 teresting objects. It has been 
 explored a distance of more than 
 10 miles, and is thought to in- 
 clude as many as 40 miles of tor- 
 tuous passages. It comprises 
 large and lofty galleries and halls, 
 with curious limestone forma- 
 tions in the shape of huge stalac- 
 tites and stalagmites; and also 
 streams and ponds inhabited by 
 sightless fishes. One room in 
 this cavern is said to occupy two 
 acres, and to be surmounted by 
 a dome of solid rock 120 feet in 
 height. This natural curiosity is 
 a great resort of tourists. 
 
 In the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, the 
 torches which each traveller carries 
 make a dismal funeral procession, and 
 serve no purpose but to see the ground. 
 
 . . . But the guide kindled a Roman can- 
 dle, and held it here and there, shooting 
 its fireballs successively into each crypt of 
 the groined roof, disclosing its starry 
 splendor, and showing for the first time 
 what that plaything was good for. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 Then, again, some kinds of thoughts 
 breed in the dark of one’s mind like the 
 blind fishes in the Mammoth Cave. 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 Mammoth Mound. A noted In- 
 dian relic in Marshall County, 
 Ya. The mound is 75 feet in 
 height, and is thought to be a 
 sepulchral monument to some 
 personage of high rank among 
 the aborigines. 
 
 Mammoth Trees of % California. 
 See Calaveras. 
 
 Man with the Pinks. The por- 
 trait of a beardless and weather- 
 beaten old man by the Flemish 
 painter Jan van Eyck (1370-1441). 
 It is now in the Suermondt Col- 
 lection, at Aix-la-Chapelle, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Manassas, The. A powerful Con- 
 federate iron-plated ram, used in 
 the defence of the approaches to 
 New Orleans. She was destroyed 
 by the vessels of Admiral Farra- 
 gut’s fleet, who forced the passage I 
 of the river, April 24, 1802. I 
 
 Manchester House. The city 
 mansion of Sir Richard Wallace 
 in London, recently belonging to 
 the late Marquis of Hertford, and 
 containing one of the finest col- 
 lections of paintings in the city. 
 
 Manchester Square. A well- 
 known square in London. 
 
 < Mi. who will repair to Manchester Square. 
 And see if tne lovely Marchesa be there ? 
 
 Moore. 
 
 Manco Capac’s House. An an- 
 cient ruin in Peru, situated on 
 an island in Lake Titicaca, and 
 believed to be the oldest building 
 of the Incas. 
 
 45^ “ At about that period [three or 
 four centuries before the Spanish con- 
 quest], it is fabled that a godlike man, 
 Manco Capac, appeared with a divine 
 consort, on an island in the Lake of 
 Titicaca, journeying from whence they 
 taught the rude and uncivilized in- 
 habitants of the country to till the 
 ground, to build houses and towns, 
 and to live together in communities. 
 Like the Indian Bacchus, Manco Capac 
 was after his death reverenced as a 
 god, and his descendants, the Incas, 
 were considered as of divine origin, 
 and worshipped as children of the Sun, 
 which was the great object of Peruvian 
 adoration.” Fergusson. 
 
 Manfrini Palace. [Ital. Palazzo 
 Manfrini.\ A noted palace of 
 the seventeenth century in Ven- 
 ice, Italy. It contains a gallery 
 of pictures. 
 
 And when you to Manfrini* s Palace go, 
 That picture (howsoever fine the rest) 
 is loveliest, to my mind, of ail the show. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Manse, The Old. See Old Manse. 
 
 Mansion House. The official resi- 
 dence of the Lord Mayor of Lon- 
 don, built in 1739-41. It occupies 
 the site of the Stocks Market, 
 nearly facing the Royal Ex- 
 change. The grand banquet- 
 room is called the Egyptian Hall. 
 Here the Lord Mayor gives his 
 state banquets. 
 
 Cornhill is accustomed to grandeur and 
 greatness, and has witnessed every 9th of 
 November, for I don’t knowhow many 
 centuries, a prodigious annual pageant, 
 chariot, progress, and flourish of trum- 
 petry, and. being so very near the Mansion 
 House, I am sure the reader will under- 
 stand how the idea of pageant and pro- 
 cession came naturally to my mind. 
 
 Thackeray 
 
MAR 
 
 306 
 
 MAR 
 
 Mar Saba. See Santa Saba. 
 
 Marbles, JEgina. See Angina 
 Marbles; and for Arundelian 
 Marbles, Elgin Marbles, and 
 the like, see the various adjec- 
 tives Arundelian, Elgin, etc. 
 
 Marcellus, Theatre of. See Thea- 
 tre of Marcellus. 
 
 March Club. See October Club. 
 
 March, to Finchley. A celebrated 
 picture by William Hogarth ( 1697- 
 1764). Now in the Foundling 
 Hospital, London. 
 
 Marco, San. See San Marco and 
 St. Mark’s Square. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius. A celebrated 
 bronze equestrian statue now in 
 the centre of the Piazza del Cam- 
 pidoglio upon the Capitoline Hill, 
 Rome. It is the only entire 
 bronze equestrian statue which 
 has come down to us from an- 
 tiquity, and is regarded as a mag- 
 nificent specimen of ancient art. 
 Michael Angelo had great admi- 
 ration for this work, and is said 
 to have exclaimed to the horse, 
 ‘‘ Cammina ! ” “ Go along ! ” 
 
 46^ “ It is the most majestic repre- 
 sentation of the kingly character that 
 the world has ever seen. A sight of 
 the old heathen emperor is enough to 
 create an evanescent sentiment of loy- 
 alty, even in a democratic bosom, so 
 august does he look, so fit to rule.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 46^ “ The proportions of the horse 
 are not such as would satisfy a New- 
 market jockey; but the animation and 
 spirit of the attitude, and the air of 
 life which informs the limbs and seems 
 actually to distend the nostrils, cannot 
 be too much praised. The face and 
 figure of the rider are worthy of the 
 noble animal on which he is seated, and 
 worthy of the good name which he has 
 left in history.” G. S. Hillard. 
 
 4®=* “ The attitude is perfectly easy 
 and natural : he is making a sign with 
 his right hand, a simple action, that 
 leaves him calm, while it gives life to 
 the entire person. He is going to ad- 
 dress his soldiery, and certainly be- 
 cause he has something important to 
 say to them. He does not parade him- 
 self, he is not a riding-master like most 
 of our modern equestrian figures, nor a 
 prince in state, displaying his rank: 
 the .'intique is always simple.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Col- 
 umn of. See Antonine Column. 
 
 Maremma. A pestilential and fa- 
 tal tract of country in Western 
 Italy in the southern part of Tus- 
 cany. 
 
 “ Farther south is the Maremma, a 
 region, which, though now worse than 
 a desert, is supposed to have been an- 
 ciently both fertile and healthy. The 
 Maremma certainly formed part of that 
 Etruria which was called from its har- 
 vests the annonaria. ... Yet both 
 nature and man seem to have con- 
 spired against it.” Forsyth . 
 
 Marforio. A colossal recumbent 
 statue of Oceanus, or some river- 
 god, but now known by the name 
 of Marforio, probably from its 
 having stood in the Forum of 
 Mars, and famous for the witty 
 and caustic replies to the satire 
 of Pasquino, which were affixed 
 to it. This statue formerly stood 
 near the entrance to the Museo 
 Capitolino, in Rome, but has late- 
 ly been placed in the Capitol. See 
 Pasquino. 
 
 Margaret at Church. A picture 
 by Ary Scheffer (1795-1858). 
 
 Margaret at the Spinning-wheel. 
 A picture by Ary Scheffer (1795- 
 1858). 
 
 Margaret, St. See St. Margaret. 
 
 Margaux. An Italian villa on 
 the Garonne below Bordeaux, 
 France, in the midst of vine- 
 yards noted for the wine they 
 produce, called the Chateau Mar- 
 gaux. 
 
 Marguerite. A well-known pic- 
 ture by Alexandre Cabanel (b. 
 1823), a French painter. 
 
 Marguerite, St. See St. Margue- 
 rite. 
 
 Marguerites, The. A picture by 
 William Morris Hunt. There is 
 a popular lithograph of this pic- 
 ture. 
 
 4SIP “A beautiful girl slowly testing 
 her love, by nipping leaf after leaf from 
 the flower of that name, — simple in 
 action, but naively true.” Tmkerman. 
 
 Maria, Santa. See Santa Maria. 
 
 Marie de Medicis. A series of 
 twenty-one large pictures, repre- 
 
MAR 
 
 307 
 
 MAR 
 
 senting scenes in the life of Mary 
 of Medicis, by Peter Paul Ru- 
 bens (1577-1640). They are in the 
 Louvre Gallery in Paris. 
 
 Marienburg. A ruined fortress on 
 the Moselle, near the village of 
 Punderich. 
 
 Mario, Monte. See Monte Mario. 
 
 Mariposa. See Calaveras Pines. 
 
 Marischal College. A fine build- 
 ing in Aberdeen, Scotland. The 
 college, which was founded in 
 1595, now forms a part of the new 
 University of Aberdeen. 
 
 The general idea of the character [Du- 
 gald Dalgetty] is familiar to our comic 
 dramatists after the Restoration, and may 
 be said in some measure to be compounded 
 of Captain Fluellen and Bobad 1; but the 
 ludicrous combination of the soldado with 
 the divinity student of Marischal College 
 is entirely original. Jeffrey. 
 
 Marjelen See. A small mountain 
 lake in Switzerland, bordering on 
 the Aletscli glacier, formed by 
 the drainage from the moun- 
 tains in the summer. 
 
 Mark and Paul. A picture of the 
 two apostles, the figures the size 
 of life, by Albert Dtirer (1471- 
 1528), the German painter and en- 
 graver, and considered to be one 
 of his grandest works. It is now 
 in the gallery at Munich, Bava- 
 ria. A companion picture to this 
 is that of John and Peter ( q.v .), 
 which is also in the same gallery. 
 
 Mark-Lane. A street in London 
 which is widely known as the 
 seat of the great Corn Market, 
 and a scene of busy traffic. It 
 was originally called “ Mart Lane 
 from the privilege of fair accorded 
 by Edward I. to Sir Thomas Ross 
 of Hamlake.” 
 
 Mark, St. See St. Mark. 
 
 Market Street. A great thorough- 
 fare in Philadelphia, Penn. It is 
 100 feet wide. 
 
 Marksbnrg. An imposing ruin on 
 the Rhine near Boppart. The 
 emperor Henry IY. was impris- 
 oned in this castle. 
 
 Marlborough House. A palace in 
 
 London, built by Wren in 1709-10 
 for the great Duke of Marlbor- 
 ough. It was purchased in 1817 
 by the Crown, and has been since 
 enlarged and fitted up for the res- 
 idence of the Prince and Princess 
 of Wales. 
 
 Playing the part of artists they prompt 
 the setting up of drawing schools, provide 
 masters and models, and at Marlborough 
 House enact what shall be considered good 
 taste and what bad. Herbert Spencer. 
 
 Marriage a la Mode. A famous 
 dramatic and satirical picture by 
 William Hogarth (1697-1764). In 
 the National Gallery, London. 
 
 “If catching the manners and 
 follies of an age ... be comedy, Ho- 
 garth composed comedies as much as 
 Moliere ; in his Marriage d la Mode 
 there is even an intrigue carried on 
 throughout the piece. Hogarth had no 
 model to follow and improve upon. He 
 created his art, and used colors instead 
 of language.” Walpole. 
 
 46^ “ His [Hogarth’s] series of six- 
 scenes known as ‘ Marriage a la Mode ’ 
 were sold by auction in 1750, when the 
 painter was at the height of his power, 
 in his forty-seventh year; but only one 
 bidder appeared, and the whole series 
 were knocked down to him at a hun- 
 dred and ten guineas, while the frames 
 alone had cost the painter twenty -four 
 guineas.” Sarah Tytler. 
 
 4®=* “ Note in the Marriage a la 
 Mode the sorrowing gesture of the old 
 steward who foresees the ruin of the 
 house, and deprecates with uplifted 
 hands the gross and sensual folly of the 
 bridegroom.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Marriage at Cana. [Ital. Le Nozze 
 di Cana , Fr. Les Noces de Cana.] 
 A very frequent subject of repre- 
 sentation by the mediaeval paint- 
 ers. Of the more celebrated pic- 
 tures treating of this theme, the 
 following may be named. 
 
 Marriage at Cana. A colossal 
 picture, 30 feet wide by 20 feet 
 high, executed by Paul Veronese 
 (1530?-1588). It was formerly in 
 the refectory of S. Giorgio Mag- 
 giore, at Venice, Italy, but is now 
 in the gallery of the Louvre, at 
 Paris. “The most remarkable 
 feature is a group of musicians 
 in the centre, in front, round a 
 table; also portraits, — Paul Ver- 
 onese himself is playing the vio- 
 loncello, Tintoret a similar instru- 
 
MAR 
 
 308 
 
 MAR 
 
 ment, the gray-haired Titian, in 
 a red-damask robe, the contra- 
 bass.” There is a smaller repeti- 
 tion of this picture in the Brera 
 at Milan, and another in the 
 Dresden Gallery. 
 
 46^ “ The chief action to he repre- 
 sented, the astonishing miracle per- 
 formed by him at whose command ‘ the 
 fountain blushed into wine,’ is here 
 quite a secondary matter ; and the value 
 of the picture lies in its magnitude and 
 variety as a composition, and the por- 
 traits of the historical characters and 
 remarkable personages introduced.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Marriac/e at Cana. A fine pic- 
 ture by Jacopo Robusti, called II 
 Tintoretto (1512-1594), in the 
 church of Della Salute in Venice, 
 Italy. 
 
 4®" “ Taken as a whole, the picture 
 is perhaps the most perfect example 
 which human art has produced of the 
 utmost possible force and sharpness of 
 shadow united with richness of local 
 color. This picture unites color as rich 
 as Titian’s with light and shade as for- 
 cible as Rembrandt’s, and far more de- 
 cisive.” Ruskin. 
 
 Marriage at Cana . A picture 
 by Gheerardt David (1484-1523), 
 the Flemish painter. It was for- 
 merly in the church of St. Basile 
 at Bruges, Belgium, but is now 
 in the Louvre at Paris. 
 
 Marriage of Alexander and Rox- 
 ana. A celebrated picture by the 
 Greek painter Aetion, the precise 
 date of whose life is unknown. 
 The picture was carried to Rome, 
 and has been described by Lu- 
 cian. 
 
 Marriage of Alexander and Rox- 
 ana. A mythological fresco de- 
 signed by Raphael, but executed 
 by one of his scholars, probably 
 Peri no del Vaga. Now in the 
 Borghese Palace, Rome. 
 
 Marriage of Alexander and Rox- 
 ana. A fresco painting by Gian- 
 antonio Bazzi, called II Sodo- 
 rna (1479-1554). In the Farnesina, 
 Rome. 
 
 Marriage of Cupid and Psyche. 
 
 A large fresco in the Farnesina, 
 Rome, designed by Raphael, but 
 executed wholly or chiefly by his 
 pupil Giulio Romano (1492-1546). 
 
 Marriage of St. Catherine. A 
 
 celebrated and often repeated 
 picture by Antonio Allegri, sur- 
 named Correggio (1494-1534), rep- 
 resenting the saint as betrothed 
 to the infant Saviour in the pres- 
 ence of the Virgin and St. Sebas- 
 tian. It is supposed to be con- 
 nected with “ a domestic incident 
 in the life of the painter, viz., the 
 marriage of his sister, Caterina 
 Allegri, in 1519, for whom it was 
 painted.” The picture is now in 
 the gallery of the Louvre, Paris. 
 There is another upon the same 
 subject, but different in some par- 
 ticulars, at Naples, Italy. Other 
 early copies are now at St. Peters- 
 burg, Russia, in the Capitol at 
 Rome, and elsewhere. 
 
 4SP “ St. Catherine bends down 
 with the softest, meekest tenderness 
 and submission, and the Virgin unites 
 her hand to that of the infant Christ, 
 who looks up in his mother’s face with 
 a divine yet infantine expression. St. 
 Sebastian stands by holding his arrows. 
 It is of this picture that Vasari truly 
 says that the heads appeared to have 
 been painted in Paradise.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Marriage of St. Catherine. A 
 
 picture by Fra Bartolommeo 
 (1469-1517). Now in the Louvre, 
 Paris. 
 
 Marriage of St. Catherine. A 
 
 picture by Bartolome Esteban 
 Murillo (1618-1682). In the Vati- 
 can, Rome. 
 
 Marriage of St. Catherine. A 
 
 picture by Jacopo Robusti, called 
 Tintoretto (1512-1594). In the Du- 
 cal Palace, Venice, Italy. 
 
 Marriage of St. Catherine. A 
 
 picture by Bartolome Esteban 
 Murillo (1618-1682), the Spanish 
 painter. Now at Cadiz, Spain. 
 
 Marriage of St. Catherine. A 
 
 picture by Hans Memling (d. 
 1495), the Flemish painter, in 
 the Gallery of Strasburg. This 
 picture was destroyed by fire dur- 
 ing the bombardment of Stras- 
 burg in 1870. There is another 
 upon the same subject by this 
 artist in St. John’s Hospital at 
 Bruges, Belgium. 
 
 Marriage of the two SS. Catherine. 
 A picture by Fra Bartolommeo 
 (1469-1517), the Italian painter, 
 
MAR 
 
 309 
 
 MAR 
 
 and regarded as his grandest 
 work. It is now in the Pitti Pal- 
 ace, Florence, Italy. He was as- 
 sisted in the composition of this 
 picture by Mariotto. 
 
 Marriage of the Virgin. [Ital. 
 
 Lo Sposalizio.] A celebrated pic- 
 ture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), well known by the engrav- 
 ing of Longlii. The painting has 
 undergone, within a few years, a 
 very careful restoration, which 
 will insure its continuance for a 
 long time. It is now in the Bre- 
 ra at Milan, Ital}’. 
 
 “Every one knows the famous 
 Sposalizio of the Brera. It was painted 
 by Raphael in his twenty-first year, for 
 the church of S. Francesco, in Citta di 
 Castello, and though he has closely fol- 
 lowed the conception of his master, it 
 is modified by that ethereal grace which 
 even then distinguished him. ... In 
 fact, the whole scene is here idealized; 
 it is like a lyric poem.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 “ Raphael’s * Sposalizio ’ leaves 
 no recollections but those of unmingled 
 pleasure. It is well known by engrav- 
 ings, and, as its prominent merits are 
 in the drawing and expression, it loses 
 little in this interpretation. It was an 
 old friend in a richer and more becom- 
 ing costume.” G. S. Hillard. 
 
 Marriage of the Virgin. A cele- 
 brated fresco by Bernardin Luini 
 ( — aft. 1530). In Saronno, Italy, 
 it lias been chromo-lithographed. 
 
 Mars, Field of. See Campus Mar- 
 tius. 
 
 Mars Hill. See Areopagus. 
 
 Mars Ultor, Temple of. See Tem- 
 ple of Mars Ultor. 
 
 Marshall’s Pillar. An imposing 
 mass of rock rising in columnar 
 form to a height of 1 ,000 feet. It is 
 situated in Fayette county, Va., 
 and is regarded as a striking nat- 
 ural curiosity. 
 
 Marshalsea, The. An old prison 
 in London, so called, as “ pertain- 
 ing to the Marshalles of Eng- 
 land.” It is not now standing. 
 Here were imprisoned many of 
 the martyrs who were persecuted 
 for their religion in the bloody 
 reign of Mary. George Wither 
 
 was here imprisoned for writing 
 his “ Abuses Stript and Whipt,” 
 and while confined here wrote 
 his “ Shepheard’s Hunting.” The 
 Marshalsea figures prominently 
 in Dickens’s novel of “ Littfe 
 Dorrit.” 
 
 Marston Moor. A place in the 
 county of York, England, famous 
 for the battle fought in 1044, in 
 which King Charles I. was de- 
 feated. 
 
 Martin, St. See St. Martin, 
 Porte St. Martin, and St. Mar- 
 tin Rue. 
 
 Martinella. A famous bell which, 
 in the old days of Florence, was 
 used to signalize the outbreak of 
 war. 
 
 liGgT “ Besides the Caroccio, the Flor- 
 entine army was accompanied by a 
 great bell called Martinella, or Carapa- 
 na degli Asini, which, for thirty days 
 before hostilities began, tolled continu- 
 ally day and night from the arch of 
 Porta Santa Maria, as a public declara- 
 tion of war, and, as the ancient chroni- 
 cle hath it, ‘ for greatness of mind that 
 the enemy might have full time to pre- 
 pare himself.’ ” Napier. 
 
 See Caroccio. 
 
 Martin’s, St. See St. Martin’s in 
 the Fields, St. Martin’s le 
 Grand, St. Martin’s Ludgate. 
 
 Martyrdom of St. Agnes. A well- 
 known picture by Domenichino 
 (1581-1641), and reckoned among 
 the most celebrated productions 
 of the Bologna school. Now in 
 the gallery at Bologna, Italy. See 
 St. Agnes. 
 
 Martyrdom of St. Catherine. 1. 
 A picture by Giuliano Bugiar- 
 dini (1480-1552), and his most 
 important work. In the Capella 
 Rucelai, in S. Maria Novella, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 4®" “ The subject usually called the 
 Martyrdom of St. Catherine , her ex- 
 posure to the torture of the wheels, 
 should rather be called the Deliver- 
 ance of St. Catherine. It is one of the 
 most frequent subjects in early art.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 2. A grand picture by Gau- 
 denzio Ferrari (1484-1550). " In the 
 Brera at Milan, Italy. 
 
MAB 
 
 310 
 
 MAB 
 
 Martyrdom of St. Erasmus. An 
 
 altar-piece by Dierick Stuerbout 
 (d. 1475), a Flemish painter. In the 
 church of St. Peter’s at Louvain, 
 Belgium. 
 
 Martyrdom of St. Hippolitus. An 
 altar-piece by Dierick Stuerbout 
 (d. 1475), a Flemish painter. In 
 the cathedral of Bruges, Belgium. 
 
 Martyrdom of St. Sebastian. 1. 
 A picture by Hans Holbein the 
 Younger (1498?-1543). In thePina- 
 kotliek at Munich, Bavaria. See 
 also St. Sebastian. 
 
 2. A picture by II Sodoma 
 (1479-1554). In the Uffizi Palace, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Martyrdom of St. Stephen. 1. 
 An altar-piece by Giulio Romano 
 (1492-1546), the pupil of Raphael, 
 and painted immediately after 
 the death of the latter, for the 
 church of S. Stephano at Genoa, 
 Italy. 
 
 2. A picture by Giorgio Barba- 
 relli, called Giorgione (1477-1511). 
 In Verona, Italy. 
 
 Martyrdom of San Lorenzo. A 
 celebrated picture by Titian (1477- 
 1576). In the Jesuits’ church at 
 Venice, Italy. 
 
 Martyrdom of San Placido and 
 Santa Flavia. A picture by An- 
 tonio Allegri, surnamed Correg- 
 gio (1494-1534). In the Gallery of 
 Parma, Italy. 
 
 Martyrdom of Santa Felicita. A 
 fresco by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), or by one of his best pupils, 
 painted for the chapel of the cas- 
 tle of La Magliana, a residence of 
 Leo X. It has been transferred 
 to canvas, and is now in the 
 Monte di Pieta, Rome. 
 
 /£&=* “There can be no doubt that 
 we have here the death of St. Cecilia, 
 and not the death of St. Felicitas ; that 
 this was the subject designed by Ra- 
 phael, probably about the time that he 
 painted the St. Cecilia at Bologna, and 
 that the print was afterwards mis- 
 named.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Martyrdom of Santa Petronilla. 
 A mosaic in St. Peter’s Church, 
 Rome. The work of Francesco 
 Barbieri, called Guercino (1590- I 
 
 1666). It is a copy of the picture 
 by the same master in the Muse- 
 um of the Capitol. 
 
 jggr “ The finest mosaic in St. Pe- 
 ter’s (and consequently in the world), 
 is generally, and I think justly, said 
 to be G-uercino’s famous Martyrdom of 
 Santa Petronilla ; though why called a 
 martyrdom, I cannot imagine, since it 
 only represents below the lifeless body 
 of the saint raised from the grave at 
 the request of her mourning lover, and 
 found to be miraculously preserved in 
 all the charms of youth and beauty.” 
 Eaton. 
 
 Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand 
 Saints. A picture by Albert Dii- 
 rer (1471-1528), the celebrated 
 German painter and engraver. 
 It bears the date of 1508, and was 
 painted for Duke Frederic of 
 Saxony. It is now in the Belve- 
 dere Gallery at Vienna, Austria. 
 There is also a copy in the 
 Schleissheim Gallery. 
 
 Martyrs. See Christian Mar- 
 tyrs (in the Coliseum). 
 
 Mary and Elizabeth, Meeting of. 
 A picture by Domenico Gliir- 
 landajo (1449-1498?). In the gal- 
 lery of the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Mary. See Seven Joys of Mary. 
 
 Mary Rose. A British man-of-war 
 which sunk off the coast of France 
 in 1545, owing to the weight of 
 the artillery she carried. It is 
 said that breech-loading cannon 
 have been recovered from the 
 wreck. 
 
 Maryland Avenue. One of the 
 principal streets in Washington, 
 leading from the Capitol to the 
 Long Bridge. 
 
 Maryland Institute. A large build- 
 ing in Baltimore, Md., erected in 
 1854, used for a market, indus- 
 trial exhibitions, etc., with a li- 
 brary and school of art. In the 
 hall of the Institute, which is 
 capable of holding 5,000 persons, 
 the Southern Democratic Con- 
 vention held its sessions in 1860. 
 
 Mary-le-Bow, St. See Bow 
 
 Church. 
 
 Mary-le-Strand, St. See St. Ma- 
 ry-le-Strand. 
 
MAR 
 
 311 
 
 MAS 
 
 Marylebone. A parliamentary bor- 
 ough of London, originally called 
 Tyburn, or Ty bourne. See Ty- 
 burn. 
 
 Marylebone Gardens. A popular 
 place of resort in the north-west 
 part of London. It was famous 
 for its bowling-alleys, and for its 
 illuminations, balls, and concerts. 
 The poet Gay alludes to it more 
 than once in his “ Beggar’s 
 Opera.” 
 
 At the Groom-porter’s batter’d bullies 
 play, 
 
 Some dukes at Marybone bowl time away. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Marys. See Four Marys and 
 Three Marys. 
 
 Marzocco. The name given to a 
 celebrated statue of a recumbent 
 lion, the work of Donatello (1383- 
 1466), standing at the corner of 
 the Palazzo Veccliio in Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Masaccio, Tommaso Guidi. (1402- 
 1443.) A portrait of himself by 
 the painter in the collection of 
 autograph portraits in the Uffizi, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Masada. A remarkable desert for- 
 tress in Palestine, now in ruins. 
 It was placed upon a rock which 
 overlooks the Dead Sea, was sur- 
 rounded by very deep valleys, 
 and was only accessible by two 
 paths hewn in the rock. It was 
 first built by Jonathan Macca- 
 beus in the second century B.C., 
 and afterwards enlarged and 
 strengthened by Herod the Great. 
 Before the siege of Jerusalem by 
 Titus, the Sicarii obtained posses- 
 sion of Masada and its treasures. 
 These Jews, who loved freedom 
 and their country, used every 
 means to revenge themselves for 
 their wrongs against the Romans, 
 and became a terror to the whole 
 country. The fortress of Masada 
 held out against the Romans after 
 the destruction of Jerusalem and 
 was only taken after a fierce siege. 
 The garrison, consisting of 967 
 men, women, and children, find- 
 ing defence hopeless, resolved to 
 perish by their own hands rather 
 than be taken by the Romans; 
 
 and when the latter, making the 
 final attack and expecting fierce 
 resistance, reached the summit, 
 they found only two women and 
 a few children alive to tell the 
 story of the tragedy. All trace 
 of this ancient fortress was for a 
 long period lost; but within the 
 present century its site has been 
 discovered and identified by the 
 American traveller, Dr. Robin- 
 son. 
 
 Maschere, Stanza delle. See 
 Stanza delle Maschere. 
 
 Mashita, Palace of. A celebrated 
 ruined palace of the Sassamian 
 kings in Mesopotamia. 
 
 4QP “The great defect of the pal- 
 ace at Mashita as an illustration of Sas- 
 samian art arises from the fact, that, as 
 a matter of course, Chosroes did not 
 bring with him architects or sculptors 
 to erect this building. He employed 
 the artists of Antioch, or Damascus, or 
 those of Syria, as he found them. He 
 traced the form and design of what he 
 wanted, and left them to execute it, and 
 they introduced the vine and other de- 
 tails of Byzantine art with which Jus- 
 tinian had made them familiar. . . . 
 Though it stands thus alone, the dis- 
 covery of this palace fills a gap in our 
 history such as no other building oc- 
 cupies up to the present time. ... Its 
 greatest interest, however, lies in the 
 fact that all the Persian and Indian 
 mosques were derived from buildings 
 of this class.” Fergusson. 
 
 Mason and Dixon’s Line. A cele- 
 brated boundary line between the 
 State of Pennsjdvania and the 
 States of Maryland and Virginia. 
 It was so called after the survey- 
 ors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah 
 Dixon, by whom it was mainly 
 run, about the year 1765. The 
 name acquired great celebrity 
 through the speeches of John 
 Randolph of Virginia, who in 
 the Congressional debates in the 
 year 1820, in regard to the exclu- 
 sion of slavery from the Territo- 
 ries, made frequent reference to 
 it, Penns 3 dvania being a free 
 State, and Maryland and Virginia 
 at that time slave States. Though 
 the name has lost its old impor- 
 tance and significance, it is still 
 often alluded to. The line was 
 originally over 300 miles long, 
 
MAS 
 
 312 
 
 MAU 
 
 and was marked by stone posts 
 at intervals of one mile. 
 
 Mason and Dixon's line , of which we hear 
 so often, and which was first established 
 as the division between slave soil and free 
 soil, runs between Pennsylvania and Ma- 
 ryland. Anthony Trollope. 
 
 He [Davis] is a wise man. He knows 
 what he wants, and he wants it with a 
 will, like Julius Caesar of old. He has 
 gathered every dollar and every missile 
 south of Mason and Dixon's line to hurl 
 a thunderbolt that shall serve his purpose. 
 
 W. Phillips. 
 
 Mass of Bolsena. A well-known 
 fresco by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), representing a miracle 
 wrought in 1203, by which a priest 
 who doubted the doctrine of tran- 
 substantiation was convinced by 
 the blood which flowed from the 
 Host he was consecrating. It is 
 in the stanza of the Heliodorus, 
 in the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 Massachusetts, The. A royal frig- 
 ate which took part in the attack 
 upon Louisbourg in 1745, captur- 
 ing the French frigate Vigilant. 
 
 Massachusetts Avenue. One of 
 the principal streets and thor- 
 oughfares in the city of Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 Massacre of Scio. A picture by 
 Ferdinand Victor Eugene Dela- 
 croix (1799-1863), the celebrated 
 French historical painter. 
 
 Massacre of the Innocents. A 
 celebrated picture by Guido Reni 
 (1575-1642). In the Gallery of Bo- 
 logna, Italy. 
 
 jggjp “ Guido’s celebrated picture of 
 the Massacre of the Innocents is a pow- 
 erful and painful thing. The marvel 
 of it to me is the simplicity with which 
 its wonderful effects are produced, both 
 of expression and color. The kneeling 
 mother in the foreground, with her 
 dead children before her, is the most 
 intense representation of agony I ever 
 saw. Yet the face is calm,* her eyes 
 thrown up to heaven, but her lips un- 
 distorted. It is the look of a soul over- 
 whelmed, — that has ceased to struggle 
 because it is full.” JST. P. Willis . 
 
 Massacre of the Innocents. A 
 celebrated picture by Daniele da 
 Volterra (1509-1566), the Italian 
 painter, containing more than 70 
 figures. It is now in the Tribune 
 of the Uffizi, at Florence, Italy. 
 
 Massacre of the Innocents. A 
 picture by Giotto di Bondone 
 (1276-1336). In the Arena Chap- 
 el, Padua, Italy. 
 
 Massacre of the Mamelukes. A 
 noted picture by Horace Vernet 
 (1789-1863). In the Luxembourg, 
 Paris. 
 
 Massimo delle Colonne Palace. 
 [Ital. Palazzo Massimo delle Co - 
 lonne.] A well-known palace in 
 Rome, begun in 1526, and con- 
 taining the celebrated Discobolus 
 found upon the Esquiline Hill. 
 
 Massimo, Villa. See Villa Mas- 
 simo. 
 
 Mater Dolorosa. [The Mourning 
 Mother; Ital. La Madre di Dolore, 
 L' Addolorata ; Fr. Notre Dame de 
 Pitie'.] A very familiar subject 
 of representation by the great 
 painters of the Middle Ages, 
 exhibiting the Virgin in the char- 
 acter of the mother of the cruci- 
 fied Redeemer, and “queen of 
 martyrs.” See also Pieta, La. 
 Among the more celebrated pic- 
 tures which treat of this subject 
 the following may be named. 
 
 Mater Dolorosa. A picture by 
 Jan Mostaert (1499-1555), a Flem- 
 ish painter, and regarded as his 
 most important work. It is now 
 in the church of Notre Dame at 
 Bruges, Belgium. 
 
 Mater Dolorosa. A picture by 
 Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the Ger- 
 man painter and engraver. Now 
 in the gallery at Munich, Bava- 
 ria. 
 
 Maud. See Magdalen College. 
 
 Maurice, St. See St. Maurice 
 and Conversion of St. Maurice 
 by Erasmus. 
 
 Mausethurm. See Mouse Tower. 
 
 Mausoleum, The (of Halicarnas- 
 sus). A famous edifice, built of 
 marble, erected as a monument 
 or mausoleum to the memory of 
 her husband by Artemisia, the 
 Princess of Caria, frequently al- 
 luded to by Greek and Latin 
 writers, and reckoned one of the 
 seven wonders of the world. 
 It gave its name to all monu- 
 
MAU 
 
 MAY 
 
 312 
 
 mental structures of the same 
 kind. Some of the relics of 
 this celebrated monument were 
 brought to England in 184fi, and 
 are now preserved in the British 
 Museum, in a room devoted to 
 the purpose. 
 
 jggf* “Till Mr. Newton’s visit to 
 Halicarnassus in 1856, the very site of 
 this seventh wonder of the world was 
 a matter of dispute. We now know 
 enough to be able to restore the prin- 
 cipal parts with absolute certainty, 
 and to ascertain its dimensions and 
 general appearance within very insig- 
 nificant limits of error. . . . The 
 building consisted internally of two 
 chambers, superimposed the one on 
 the other. . . . Though its height was 
 unusually great for a Greek building, 
 its other dimensions were small. It 
 covered only 13,230 feet. The admira- 
 tion, therefore, which the Greeks ex- 
 pressed regarding it must have arisen, 
 first, from the unusual nature of the 
 design, and of the purpose to which it 
 was applied, or perhaps still more 
 from the extent and richness of its 
 sculptured decorations, of the beauty 
 of which we are now enabled to judge, 
 and can fully share with them in ad- 
 miring.” Fergusson. 
 
 Mausolus worke will be the Carians 
 glorie. Spenser . 
 
 Her power, her fame, 
 
 Thus pass away, a shade, a name ! 
 
 Tim Mausoleum murmured as 1 spoke; 
 
 A spectre seemed to rise, like towering 
 smoke; 
 
 It answered not, but pointed as it fled 
 To the black carcass of the sightless dead. 
 
 W. 2 . Bowles. 
 
 Mausoleum of Augustus. A 
 
 magnificent structure, now a 
 ruin, erected on the hanks of the 
 Tiber, in the Campus Martius, 
 Borne. This huge circular monu- 
 ment built by the Emperor Au- 
 gustus, was designed to contain 
 his own ashes and those of the 
 whole imperial family and de- 
 pendents. The first member of 
 the family buried here was Mar- 
 cellus; and the mausoleum is 
 alluded to by Virgil in these 
 famous lines : — 
 
 What groans of men shall fill the Martian 
 fiel d ! 
 
 How fierce a blaze his flaming pile shall 
 yield ! 
 
 YVhat fun’ral pomp shall floating Tyber 
 see, 
 
 When, rising from his bed, he views the 
 sad solemnity ! 
 
 No youth shall equal hopes of glory give, 
 No youth afford so great a cause to grieve, 
 The Trojan honor and the Roman boast, 
 Admir’d when living, and ador'd when 
 lost ! 
 
 Mirror of ancient faith in earlv youth ! 
 Undaunted worth, inviolable truth! 
 
 Ah! could’st thou break through Fate’s 
 severe decree, 
 
 A new r Marcellas shall arise in thee ! 
 
 JEneidty VI. {Dry den's Translation). 
 
 4®" “ In the centre of that massive 
 mound, the great founder of the em- 
 pire was to sleep his last sleep; while 
 his statue was ordained to rise con- 
 spicuous on its summit, and satiate its 
 everlasting gaze with the view of his 
 beloved city.” Merivule. 
 
 Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. A 
 celebrated sepulchral monument 
 in Bavenna, Italy, erected to the 
 memory of the Empress Gallia 
 Placidia, daughter of Theodosius 
 the Great. This tomb is interest- 
 ing on account of its architecture 
 and mosaics, and rich decoration. 
 
 Mausoleum of Hadrian. See St. 
 
 Angelo. 
 
 Maximilian. A portrait of the 
 emperor by Albert Diirer ( 1471— 
 1528), the German painter. It is 
 in the gallery of the Belvedere in 
 Vienna, Austria. A replica of 
 the same was in the collection of 
 Lord Northwick at Tliirlestain 
 Hall, England. 
 
 Maximilian’s Triumphal Car. A 
 
 series of wood-cuts by Albert 
 Diirer (1471-1528), the celebrated 
 German painter and engraver. 
 They are in the British Museum. 
 
 Max- Joseph-Platz. A large pub- 
 lic square in Munich, Bavaria, 
 one of the finest in Europe. 
 
 May Pair. A district in London 
 so called from the fair which was 
 formerly held there in the month 
 of May. 
 
 4®= “ May Fair ! What a name for 
 the core of dissipated and exclusive Lon- 
 don ! A name that brings with it only 
 the scent of crushed flowers in a green 
 field, of a pole wreathed with roses, 
 booths crowded with dancing peasant- 
 girls, and nature in its holyday ! This 
 — to express the costly, the court-like, 
 the so called ‘heartless’ precinct of 
 fashion and art in their most authentic 
 and envied perfection. Metis les ex- 
 tremes se touchent ; and perhaps there 
 
MAY 
 
 314 
 
 MED 
 
 is more nature in May Fair than in 
 Rose Cottage or Honeysuckle Lodge.” 
 A. P. Willis. 
 
 But the ordinary residences of fashion- 
 able life — the mansions of Belgravia. Ty- 
 burnia, and May fair — ar e mere shells of 
 brick and stucco, which present such a 
 dreary appearance outside that one is sur- 
 prised sometimes to find them palace^ of 
 comfort within. C. L. Eastlake. 
 
 She puts off her patched petticoat to- 
 day, 
 
 And puts on May-fair manners, so be- 
 gins 
 
 By setting us to wait. Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Mayflower, The. A famous ves- 
 sel of 180 tons, chartered by the 
 “Pilgrim Fathers,” or first set- 
 tlers of Massachusetts, and in 
 which a portion of them embarked 
 in the summer of 1020 for the 
 New World. The Mayflower set 
 sail from Southampton, England, 
 in company with the Speedwell, 
 on the 5tli of August; but, the 
 courage of the captain and crew 
 of the latter failing, both vessels 
 put back to port. Finally, on the 
 0th of September, the Mayflower 
 again spread her sails, and with 
 41 men and their families (101 in 
 all) crossed the Atlantic, reach- 
 ing anchorage within Cape Cod 
 after a stormy passage of 03 days. 
 
 Metliinks I pee it now, that one, soli- 
 tary. adventurous vessel, the Mayflower , 
 of a forlorn hope, freighted with the pros- 
 pects of a future state, and bound across 
 the unknown sea. . . . Suns rise and set, 
 and weeks and months pass, and winter 
 surprises them on the deep, but brings 
 them not the sight of the wished for shore. 
 ... I see them, escaped from these perils, 
 pursuing their all but desperate undertak- 
 ing, and landed at last after a five months’ 
 passage on the ice-clad rocks of Plymouth, 
 weak and weary from the voyage, poorly 
 armed, . . . without shelter, without 
 means, surrounded by hostile tribes. 
 
 Edward Everett. 
 
 Give a thing time, — if it can succeed, 
 it is it right thing. Look now at American 
 Saxondom; and at, that little Fact of the 
 sailing of the Mayflower , two hundred 
 years ago, from Delft Haven in Holland! 
 Were we of open sense as the Greeks were, 
 we had found a Poem here; one of Na- 
 ture’s own Poems, such as she writes in 
 broad facts over great continents. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Or if we shrink, better remount our ships, 
 And, fleeing God’s express design, trace 
 back 
 
 The hero-freighted Mayflower's prophet- 
 track 
 
 To Europe, entering her blood-red eclipse. 
 
 Lowell. 
 
 Sad Mayflower ! watched by winter stars, 
 And nursed by winter gales. 
 
 With petals of the sleeted spars, 
 
 And leaves of frozen sails ! Whittier. 
 
 O Mother State, how quenched thy Sinai 
 fires ! 
 
 Is there none left of thy stanch Mayflower 
 breed ? Lowell. 
 
 Mayor’s Coach. See Lord May- 
 or’s Coach. 
 
 Maypole, The. A famous {tole 134 
 feet high, which formerly stood 
 in the Strand, London, was taken 
 down in the time of Cromwell as 
 “ a last remnant of vile heathen- 
 ism, an idol of the people,” re- 
 erected with great ceremony 
 under Charles II., and finally 
 taken down in 1717 and presented 
 to Sir Isaac Newton. 
 
 Amidst that area wide they took their 
 stand, 
 
 Where the tall Maypole once o’erlooked 
 the Strand. Pope. 
 
 Mazarin Library. See Biblio- 
 theque Mazarine. 
 
 Mazas. A prison and house of de- 
 tention in the Boulevard de' 
 l’Hopital, Paris. Here on the 
 night of Dec. 2, 1851, Napoleon 
 III. imprisoned for two days 18 
 deputies, including MM. Thiers, 
 Baze, Roger Charras, Greppo, 
 Miot, Lagrange, and Gens. Chan- 
 garnier, Lamorieiere, Cavaignac, 
 etc., with (30 chiefs of barricades. 
 
 My neighbor said to a vulgar creature 
 who was dancing : “ Has the Saltpetrien* 
 come down to the bal du Trone to-da\ ? ” 
 “ No ; but Mazas has emptied itself to-day 
 into the bal du Trone.” A distinction is 
 made between them. Taine, Trans. 
 
 Meadows, The. A large public 
 park and pleasure-ground in 
 Edinburgh, Scotland. 
 
 Meal, The. See Frugal Meal. 
 
 Medard, St. See St. Medard. 
 
 Medea. A picture by Ferdinand 
 Victor Eugene Delacroix (1799- 
 1863), the celebrated French his- 
 torical painter. 
 
 1!®=’ “ Delacroix is a man of a very 
 different genius, and his ‘Medea’ is a 
 genuine creation of a noble fancy.” 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Medicean Venus. See Venus de ? 
 Medici. 
 
MED 
 
 315 
 
 MEL 
 
 Mediceo-Laurentian Library. A 
 famous library in Florence, Italy, 
 containing many rare and pre- 
 cious manuscripts and early cop- 
 ies of books. 
 
 Medici Chapel. 1. A chapel in the 
 church of Santa Croce in Flor- 
 ence, Italy. It contains some 
 fine works of Luca della Robbia. 
 
 2. A chapel built as a mauso- 
 leum in the church of S. Lorenzo, 
 Florence. It contains the ceno- 
 taphs of the Medici family. 
 
 Medici, Lorenzo de’. See Loren- 
 zo de’ Medici. 
 
 Medici Madonna. The name some- 
 times given to a picture of the 
 Virgin and Child by Roger van 
 der Weyden ( — d. 1464), the Flem- 
 ish painter. Now in the Stadel 
 Institute in Frankfort, Germany. 
 
 Medici, Tombs of. See San Lo- 
 renzo. 
 
 Medici, Villa. See Villa Medici. 
 
 Medicis. See Marie de Medicis. 
 
 Medora. An admired statue bj^ 
 Horatio Greenougli (1805-1852). 
 
 46^ “Among the beautiful ideal 
 works he [Greeriough] executed, with- 
 in the few succeeding years, was Me- 
 dora — illustrative of Byron’s memor- 
 able description of the Corsair’s bride 
 after death, of which the greatest 
 praise is to say that the marble em- 
 bodies the verse.” Tuckerman. 
 
 Medusa. A celebrated painting by 
 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). 
 In the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, 
 Italy. Grimm says, “Leonardo 
 collected a brood of venomous 
 swelling toads; he put them in 
 his house, provoked them to rage, 
 and observed them until his im- 
 agination had absorbed enough 
 for his painting. When com- 
 pleted, he brought the picture 
 into a darkened room, cut a hole 
 in the window-shutter, so that 
 the ray of light exactly fell upon 
 the head of the Medusa, and 
 beamed upon it with lustrous 
 brightness. With this the curi- 
 ous, who were mysteriously 
 brought in, were filled with 
 fright.” 
 
 4Sf* “ The Medusa's I/e ad, by Leo. 
 mrdo da Vinci, is a very curious work, 
 elaborately painted, as all his pictures 
 were, and attracting the gaze by a 
 strange species of fascination. . . . 
 What could have induced a man of 
 such various and wonderful powers, 
 with an organization so sensitive to 
 beauty and all pleasurable sensations, 
 to give so much time to a picture 
 which we are afraid to look at steadily, 
 lest it should start into life in our next 
 troubled dream.” Hillard . 
 
 Upon its lips and eyelids seems to lie 
 Loveliness like a shadow, from which 
 shine 
 
 Fiery and lurid, struggling underneath, 
 The agonies of anguish and of death. 
 
 Shelley. 
 
 Medusa. See Rondinini Medusa. 
 
 Meduse, La. See Shipwreck of 
 the Medusa. 
 
 Meg. See Long Meg, Mons Meg., 
 Roaring Meg. 
 
 Megaspelion. A picturesque and 
 irregular structure of large size 
 upon a steep and narrow ridge at 
 the mouth of a large cavern, in 
 which much of the building is 
 contained. It is overhung by a 
 precipice several hundred feet in 
 height rising above the cavern. 
 The present front is modern, but 
 the convent is traditionally one 
 of the oldest monastic founda- 
 tions in Greece. [Correctly Me- 
 gaspelceon Gr. ^/leyaairr^kaiov .] 
 
 Meier Madonna. See Madonna 
 of the Burgomaster Meyer. 
 
 Melancholy. One of two cele- 
 brated statues by Cains Gabriel 
 Cibber (d. 1700?), which formerly 
 adorned the principal gate of old 
 Bethlehem Hospital, London, 
 and are now in the entrance hall 
 of the new Bethlem Hospital. 
 The companion figure is called 
 Madness. See Madness. 
 
 4®= “Cibber, whose pathetic em- 
 blems of Fury and Melancholy still 
 adorn Bedlam, was a Dane.” 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Where o’er the gates by his famed father’s 
 hand, 
 
 Great Cibber’s brazen brainless brothers 
 stand. Pope. 
 
 Bedlam, and those carved maniacs at the 
 gates, 
 
 Perpetually recumbent. Wordsworth 
 
MEL 
 
 816 
 
 MEL 
 
 Melancholy. See Melencolia. 
 
 Meleager, A celebrated Greek 
 statue of Meleager with boar’s 
 head and dog, now in the Vati- 
 can, Koine. It was found near 
 the Porta Portese in a nearly per- 
 fect state, the left hand, which is 
 supposed to have held a spear, 
 being alone wanting. 
 
 MOT “ This is simply a body, but 
 one of the finest I ever saw. The 
 head, almost square, modelled in solid 
 sections, like that of Napoleon, has 
 only a mediocre brow, and the expres- 
 sion seems to be that of an obstinate 
 man. The beauty of the figure con- 
 sists in a powerful neck and a torso 
 admirably continued by the thigh. He 
 is a hunter and nothing more.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Melencolia. A celebrated print 
 by Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the 
 German painter and engraver. 
 
 “ In the seated figure of this 
 grand winged woman, absorbed in 
 thought, he has expressed, in a highly 
 original and intellectual manner, the 
 insufficiency of the human reason, 
 either to explore the secrets of life, 
 fortune, and science, or to unravel 
 those of the past. Symbolical allu- 
 sions of various kinds lie around, in 
 the shape of the sphere, the book, the 
 crystal polygon, the crucible, the bell, 
 the hour-glass, etc., with many imple- 
 ments of human activity, such as the 
 plane, the hammer, and the rule. The 
 intention of the plate is greatly en- 
 hanced by the grandly melancholy 
 character of the landscape back- 
 ground.” 
 
 Kngler's Handbook of Painting. 
 
 Mellifont. A beautiful ruined 
 monastery on tlie river Mattock, 
 near the banks of the Boyne, on 
 the borders of Meath County, 
 Ireland, regarded as one of the 
 finest architectural remains in 
 the island. 
 
 Melon-Eaters, The. A picture 
 by Bartolome Esteban Murillo 
 (H)18-l()82). In the Pinakotliek, 
 Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Melrose Abbey. A beautiful and 
 far-famed ruined monastery in 
 the little town of the same name 
 in Scotland. The existing ruin is 
 the relic of the third building 
 which has occupied the site. 
 
 There is probably no part of the 
 present structure older than the 
 year 1400. It is greatly admired 
 for its picturesque beauty, and 
 the fine tracery of its windows. 
 This venerablebuilding is similar, 
 in the stone of which it is built, 
 and in the style of its archi- 
 tecture and ornament, to Stras- 
 burg Cathedral. It has been 
 twice rebuilt, once by Robert 
 Bruce. In the chancel is an 
 exquisitely beautiful window, 
 which Sir Walter Scott thus de- 
 scribes, — 
 
 “ The moon on the east oriel shore 
 
 Through slender shafts of shapely stone, 
 
 By foliaged tracery combined; 
 
 1 hou wouldst have thought some fairy’s 
 hand 
 
 ’ 1'wixt poplars straight the osier wand 
 
 In many a treakish knot had twined; 
 
 Then framed a spell when the work was 
 done. 
 
 And changed the willow wreaths to 
 swne.” 
 
 The scene of Scott’s novel of 
 “ The Monastery ” is laid at Mel- 
 rose Abbey, in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 4®=* “ The most beautiful not only of 
 the Scottish Second Pointed churches, 
 but of all the northern fanes of what- 
 ever age. The splendor of middle-age 
 romance which Scott has thrown 
 around the place has almost obliterated 
 its oider and holier renown, when it 
 was described by Bede as the home of 
 tlie meek Eata, the prophetic Boisil, the 
 austere Cuthbert ; when ... it was 
 the lamp of that Anglo-Saxon Lothian, 
 which, deriving its own faith from 
 Iona, sped the glad gift to many an 
 English province, and even sent a mis- 
 sionary across the seas to become the 
 apostle of the Austrasian tribes on the 
 Meuse, the Waal, and the Rhine.” 
 
 Quarterly Review. 
 
 4Gir “ Melrose is the finest remaining 
 specimen of Gothic architecture in 
 Scotland. . . . The heart of Bruce is 
 supposed to have been buried beneath 
 the high altar. The chancel is all open 
 to the sky, and rooks build their nests 
 among the wild ivy that climbs over 
 the crumbling arches.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 4@=- “ Here is this Melrose, now, 
 which has been berhymed, bedraggled 
 through infinite guide-books, and been 
 gaped at and smoked at by dandies, and 
 been called a ‘ dear love ’ by pretty 
 young ladies, and been hawked about 
 as a trade article in all neighboring 
 
MEM 
 
 317 
 
 MEM 
 
 shops, and you know perfectly well 
 that all your raptures are spoken for 
 and expected at the door, and your 
 going off in ecstacy is a regular part of 
 the programme: and yet, after all, the 
 sad, wild, sweet beauty of the thing 
 comes down on one like a cloud; even 
 for the sake of being original you could 
 not in conscience declare you did not 
 admire it.” Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Oh, the monks of Melrose , they made good 
 ka 1 
 
 On Fridays when they fasted ; 
 
 They never wanted beef or ale 
 As long as their neighbors 1 lasted. 
 
 Ballad. 
 
 If thou wouldst view fair Melrose aright, 
 Go visit it bv the pah* moonlight; 
 
 For the gay beams of lightsome day 
 Gild but to flout the ruins gray; 
 
 When toe broken arches are black in night, 
 And each shafted oriel glimmers white; 
 When the cold light’s uncertain shower 
 Streams on the ruin’s central tower, 
 
 Then go, — but go alone the while,— 
 
 Then view St. David's ruined pile; 
 
 And, home returning, soothly swear, 
 
 Was never scene so sad and fair. Scott. 
 So perished Albion’s “ glammarye,” 
 
 With him in Melrose Abbey sleeping. 
 
 His charmed torch beside his knee, 
 
 That even the dead himsell might see 
 The magic scroll within his keeping. 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 Member of the Humane Society. 
 
 See Distinguished Member of 
 the Humane Society. 
 
 Memnon. This celebrated vocal 
 statue at Thebes, in Egypt, is of 
 great antiquity, and is supposed 
 to have uttered at sunrise a sound 
 like a metallic ring or the break- 
 ing of a harp-string. It was 
 greatly shattered, probably by 
 Cambyses or by the earthquake 
 of 27 B C., but has been repaired. 
 This and the companion colossus 
 (called “ The Pair”) are about 60 
 feet in height, sitting with their 
 hands on their knees, apparently 
 looking across the river. They 
 are inexpressibly grand and im- 
 pressive. 
 
 4®=* “ No record exists of the sound 
 which made the statue so famous hav- 
 ing been heard while it was entire. 
 Strabo, who visited it with HClius Gal- 
 lus, the governor of Egypt, speaks of 
 the ‘ upper part’ having been ‘ broken 
 and hurled down,’ as he was told, ‘by 
 the shock of an earthquake,’ and says 
 that he heard the sound, but could ‘ not 
 affirm whether it proceeded from the 
 pedestal or from the statue itself, or 
 
 even from some of those who stood 
 near its base;’ and it appears, from 
 his not mentioning the name of Mem- 
 non, that it was not yet supposed to be 
 the statue of that doubtful personage. 
 But it was not long before the Roman 
 visitors ascribed it to the ‘ Son of Ti- 
 thonus,’ and a multitude of inscrip- 
 tions, the earliest in the reign of Nero, 
 and the most recent in the reign of 
 SeptimiusSeverus, testify to his miracu- 
 lous powers, and the credulity of the 
 writers. Pliny calls it the statue of 
 Memnon; and Juvenal thus refers to 
 it . — 
 
 ‘Dimidio magicae resonant ubi Memnone 
 chordae.’ 
 
 Various opinions exist among modern 
 critics as to whether the sound this 
 statue was said to emit, and which is 
 described as resembling either the 
 breaking of a harp-string or the ring of 
 metal, was the result of a natural phe- 
 nomenon or of priestly craft. Some 
 say that the action of the rising sun upon 
 the cracks in the stone moist with dew 
 caused the peculiar sound produced ; 
 while others declare that it was a trick 
 of the priests, one of whom hid himself 
 in the statue, and struck a metallic- 
 sounding stone there concealed. The 
 chief arguments in favor of this last 
 view are, that such a stone still exists 
 in the lap of the statue, with a recess 
 cut in the block immediately behind it, 
 capable of holding a person completely 
 screened from view below; and, above 
 all, the suspicious circumstance that 
 the sound was heard twice or thrice by 
 important personages, like the Emper- 
 or Hadrian, — ‘ Xaipujv kcu tpltou a\ov 
 iri,’ rejoicing (at the presence of the 
 emperor), it ‘uttered a sound a third 
 time,’ — while ordinary people only 
 heard it once, and that sometimes not 
 until after two or three visits.” 
 
 Murray’s Handbook for Egypt. 
 
 45^=* “And next appeared — and my 
 heart stood still at the sight — the Pair. 
 There they sat, together yet apart, in 
 the midst of the plain, serene and vigi- 
 lant, still keeping their untired watch 
 over the lapse of ages and the eclipse 
 of Egypt. I can never believe that 
 any thing else so majestic as this Pair 
 lias been conceived of by the imagina- 
 tion of Art. Nothing even in nature 
 certainly ever affected me so unspeaka- 
 bly; no thunder-storm in my child- 
 hood, nor any aspect of Niagara, or the 
 Great Lakes of America, or the Alps, 
 or the Desert, in my later years.” 
 
 Miss Martineau. 
 
 46g=* “ The impression of sublime 
 tranquillity which they convey when 
 seen from distant points is confirmed by 
 
MEM 
 
 318 
 
 MER 
 
 a near approach. There they sit, keep- 
 ing watch, — hands on knees, gazing 
 straight forward, seeming, though so 
 much of the faces is gone, to be looking 
 over to the monumental piles on the 
 other side of the river, which became 
 gorgeous temples after these throne 
 seats were placed here — the most im- 
 movable thrones that have ever been 
 established on this earth.” 
 
 Miss Martineau. 
 Then -ay, what secret melody was hidden 
 In Memnon’s statue , which at sunrise 
 played ? 
 
 Perhaps thou wert a priest: if so, my 
 struggles 
 
 Are vain, for priestcraft never owns its 
 juggles! Horace Smith. 
 
 I thank no one for enlightening my cre- 
 dulity on points of poetical belief. It is 
 like robbing the statue of Memnon of its 
 mysterious music. Washington Irving. 
 
 But what is the song they sing? Is it a 
 tone of the Memnon Statue, breathing mu- 
 sic as the light first touches it? a “liquid 
 wisdom,” disclosing to our sense the deep, 
 infinite harmonies of Nature and man’s 
 soul ? Carlyle 
 
 Of a more glorious sunrise than of old 
 Drew wondrous melodies from Memnon 
 huge. 
 
 Yea, draws them still, though now he sits 
 waist-deep 
 
 In the ingulfing flood of whirling sand. 
 
 Lowell. 
 
 Twas close bes’de him there. 
 
 Sunrise whose Memnon is the soul of man. 
 
 Lowell. 
 
 And morning-smitten Memnon , singing, 
 wakes ; 
 
 And, listening by his Nile, 
 
 O’er Ammon's grave and awful visage 
 breaks 
 
 A sweet and human smile. Whittier. 
 
 Memnonium. See Ramaseum. 
 
 Memorial Hall. An imposing col- 
 legiate building, connected with 
 Harvard University, in Cam- 
 bridge, Mass. It contains a din- 
 ing-hall, a theatre, and a monu- 
 mental hall in memory of the 
 graduates who fell in the war of 
 the Rebellion. The dining-hall, 
 which is one of the largest uni- 
 versity halls in the world, will 
 seat 1,000 persons, and is adorned 
 with portraits and busts of emi- 
 nent men and benefactors of the 
 college. The building is of brick 
 and stone, over 300 feet in length, 
 with a lofty tower. It was dedi- 
 cated in 1874. 
 
 Menage du Menuisier. [The Join- 
 er’s House.] A famous picture 
 
 by Rembrandt van Ryn (1607- 
 1669), exhibiting a rustic interior; 
 the Virgin, seated with the vol- 
 ume of the Scriptures open on 
 her knees, contemplates the In- 
 fant asleep; in the background 
 Joseph is seen at his work, while 
 angels hover above keeping watch 
 over the Holy Family. Exqui- 
 site for the homely natural senti- 
 ment and the depth of the color 
 and chiaroscuro. Now in the 
 gallery at St. Petersburg, Russia. 
 
 Menai Bridge. A famous suspen- 
 sion bridge across Menai Strait, 
 which separates the island of 
 Anglesea from Wales. It was 
 erected at a cost of over £200,000. 
 
 Menelaus, The. A British frigate 
 which blockaded the Chesapeake 
 in 1814, and landed an attacking 
 force. 
 
 Menhir of Lochmariaker. A large 
 Druidic or ante-Druidic monu- 
 ment of unknown antiquity, in the 
 Department of Morbihan, France. 
 Its origin and purpose are in- 
 volved in complete obscurity. 
 
 Menhir of Plonarzel. A lofty 
 Celtic monument of unknown 
 antiquity about ten miles from 
 Brest, France. It stands on an 
 elevation in the midst of a wild 
 region, and is regarded with su- 
 perstitious awe by the peasantry. 
 
 Menihas, Las. See Maids of 
 Honor. 
 
 Menuisier. See Menage du Me- 
 nuisier. 
 
 Mephistopheles appearing to 
 Faust. A picture by Ferdinand 
 Victor Eugene Delacroix (1799- 
 1863), the celebrated French 
 historical painter. 
 
 Mer de Glace. [Ger. Eismeer, The 
 Sea of Ice.] A general name for 
 a glacier, but more particularly 
 applied to an immense sea of ice, 
 which fills the highest gorges of 
 the chain of Mont Blanc, and 
 extends over a distance of 12 
 miles into the valley of Chamou- 
 ni. From the lower part of this 
 glacier springs the river Arvei- 
 ron. De Saussure says that its 
 
MER 
 
 319 
 
 MER 
 
 surface resembles that of “ a sea 
 which has become suddenly 
 frozen, not in the moment of a 
 tempest, but at the instant when 
 the wind has calmed, and the 
 waves, although very high, have 
 become blunted and rounded.” 
 There are other seas of ice among 
 the Alps, but this is the Mer de 
 Glace pur eminence. 
 
 Merceria. A street of busy traffic 
 in Venice, Italy, leading out of 
 the Piazza of S. Mark. 
 
 4SF* “ Hence I passed thro’ the 
 Merceria, which is one of the most 
 delicious streets in the world for the 
 sweetnesse of it, and is all the way on 
 both sides tapistred as it were with 
 cloth of gold, rich damasks and other 
 silks, which the shops expose and 
 hang before their houses from the first 
 floorc, and with that varietie that for 
 neere halfe the yeare spente chiefly in 
 this Citty, I hardly remember to have 
 seen the same piece twice exposed ; 
 to this add the perfumes, the apothe- 
 caries’ shops, and innumerable cages 
 of nightingales which they keepe that 
 cntertaine you with their melodic, so 
 that shutting your eyes you would im- 
 agine yourselfe in the countrie, when 
 indeed you are in the middle of the 
 Sea. This street paved with brick and 
 exceedingly cleane brought us thro’ an 
 arch into the famous piazza of St. 
 Mark.” John Evelyn , 1645. 
 
 Mercers’ Hall. A building situ- 
 ated in Cheapside, London, be- 
 longing to the Company of Mer- 
 cers, the oldest of the great City 
 guilds or companies. 
 
 Merchant Taylors’ Hall. In 
 Threadneedle Street, London, 
 built after the Great Fire. It is 
 the largest of the companies’ 
 halls. The Merchant Taylors’ 
 Company, the great Tory com- 
 pany, was incorporated in 1466, 
 and has counted among its mem- 
 bers several kings of England, 
 and many of the nobility. 
 
 Merchants’ Tables. A celebrated 
 dolmen or burial grotto at Loch- 
 mariaker, in the little island of 
 Gavrinnis, France. Upon the 
 stones the form of a hatchet or 
 mason’s trowel can still be dis- 
 tinctly traced. This was a very 
 common symbol in ancient times, 
 intended to indicate that the 
 
 monument was still under the 
 trowel, that is, devoted to the 
 purposes of a tomb; this device, 
 it is supposed, being had recourse 
 to in order to protect the empty 
 tombs from mutilation. 
 
 Mercury. A well-known and ad- 
 mired statue by Giovanni da Bo- 
 logna, called II Fiammingo (1524- 
 1608). In the Bargello, Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 “ Who does not know the Mer- 
 cury of Gian Bologna, that airy youth 
 with winged feet and cap, who, with 
 the caduceus in his hand, and borne 
 aloft upon a head of AColus, seems 
 bound upon some Jove-commissioned 
 errand? Who has not admired its 
 lightness and truth of momentary ac- 
 tion, . . . since, Mercury-like, it has 
 winged its way to the museums and 
 
 v houses of every quarter of the globe? ” 
 Perkins's Tuscan Sculptors. 
 
 “The unrivalled Mercury of 
 John of Bologna — aerial, spirited, de- 
 signing, full of art and purpose — quick 
 in intellect, invention, and rare device 
 — it is Hermes himself, the winged 
 messenger of the gods. Ilis foot rests 
 on the head of a Zephyr — a beautiful, 
 poetic thought. . . . This exquisite 
 statue is excelled only by a few master- 
 pieces of ancient art.” Eaton. 
 
 “ The first object that attracted 
 us w 7 as John of Bologna’s Mercury , 
 poising himself on tiptoe, and looking 
 not merely buoyant enough to float, 
 but as if he x>°ssessed more than the 
 eagle’s power of lofty flight. . . . No 
 bolder work was ever achieved ; nothing 
 so full of life has been done since.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 Mercury. A beautiful work of 
 ancient sculpture. Now in Lans- 
 downe House, London. 
 
 Mercury. See Antinous, The. 
 
 Mercury and Argus. A picture 
 by Joseph Mallord William Tur- 
 ner (1775-1851), the eminent Eng- 
 lish painter. 
 
 Mercury teaching Cupid. A 
 noted picture by Antonio Allegri, 
 called Correggio (1493-1534). In 
 the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Mercy. See Seven Works of 
 Mercy. 
 
 Mercy’s Dream. A picture by 
 Daniel Huntington (b. 1816). In 
 the Corcoran Gallery, Washing- 
 ton. 
 
MER 
 
 320 
 
 HER 
 
 Merlin’s Hill. A noted eminence 
 near Caermarthen, Wales. Upon 
 it is a natural seat called Merlin’s 
 Chair, where the famous prophet 
 is reputed to have sat when he 
 uttered his prophecies. 
 
 Mermaid, The. (Tavern and Club.) 
 A celebrated tavern formerly sit- 
 uated in Bread Street, London, 
 the favorite resort of actors and 
 literary men in the time of Eliza- 
 beth. The famous Mermaid Club, 
 said to have been founded by Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, and including as 
 members Jonson, Beaumont, 
 Fletcher, Selden, Carew, Donne, 
 and probably Shakespeare, met 
 here for social and convivial en- 
 joyment. Fuller makes this tav- 
 ern the scene of the wit combats 
 between Shakespeare and Jonson ; 
 although there is no positive evi- 
 dence that Shakespeare was one 
 of the club, or that he frequented 
 the Mermaid , our confidence that 
 this was the case resting, as has 
 been said, “upon the moral im- 
 possibility that he should have 
 been absent.” Knight remarks, 
 that the circumstance that Fuller 
 was only eight years old when 
 Shakespeare died appears to have 
 been' forgotten by some who have 
 written of these matters. Mr. 
 Burn, in reference to the situa- 
 tion of the Mermaid Tavern (de- 
 stroyed in the Great Fire), where 
 the meetings of this famous club 
 were held, says, “The Mermaid 
 in Bread Street, the Mermaid in 
 Friday Street, and the Mermaid 
 in Cheap, were all one and the 
 same. The tavern, situated be- 
 lli mb had a way to it from these 
 thoroughfares, but was nearer to 
 Bread Street than Friday Street.” 
 Ben Jonson also writes, — 
 
 At Bread-street' s Mermaid having dined 
 and merry, 
 
 Proposed to go to Holborn in a wherry. 
 
 The origin of the Mermaid Club 
 is traditionally ascribed to Sir 
 Walter Raleigh. Gifford says: 
 “Sir Walter Raleigh, previously 
 to his unfortunate engagement 
 with the wretched Cobliam and 
 others, had instituted a meeting 
 of beaux esprits at the Mermaid, a 
 
 celebrated tavern in Friday 
 Street. Of this club, which com- 
 bined more talent and genius 
 than ever met together before or 
 since, our author [Jonson] was a 
 member; and here for many years 
 he regularly repaired, with Shake- 
 speare, Beaumont, Fletcher, Sel- 
 den, Cotton, Carew, Martin, 
 Donne, and many others, whose 
 names, even at this distant pe- 
 riod, call up a mingled feeling of 
 reverence and respect.” But 
 whether Raleigh really founded 
 the club must be considered a 
 matter of doubt. 
 
 What things have we seen 
 Done at the Mermaid ! heard words that 
 have been 
 
 So nimble, and so full of subtle flame. 
 
 As if that every one from whom they 
 came 
 
 Had meant to put his whole wit in a jest, 
 And had resolved to live a fool the rest 
 Of his dull life. 
 
 Beaumont , Letter to Ben Jonson. 
 
 Souls of poets dead and gone. 
 
 What Elysium have ye known, 
 
 Happy field or mossy cavern. 
 
 Choicer than the Mermaid Tavern ? 
 Have ye tippled drink more fine 
 Than mine lio*t\s canary wine? 
 
 Or are fruits of Paradise 
 Sweeter than those dainty pies 
 Of venison? 
 
 Keats , Lines on the Mermaid Tavern. 
 
 The poet only is not bound, when it is 
 inconvenient, to what may be called the 
 accidents of facts. It was enough for 
 Shakespeare to know that Prince Hal in 
 his youth had lived among loose compan- 
 ions, and the tavern in Eastcheap came in 
 to fill out his picture; although Mrs. 
 Quickly and Falstaff and Poms and Bar- 
 dolph were more likely to have been fallen 
 in with by Shakespeare himself at the Mer- 
 maid than to have been comrades of the 
 true Prince Henry. Froude. 
 
 There were other Mermaid 
 Taverns, one in Cheapside and another 
 in Cornhill. 
 
 Merode Castle. An ancient, now 
 ruined, stronghold in Rhenish 
 Prussia, once the residence of a 
 family one of whose members is 
 said to have been conspicuous in 
 the Thirty Years’ War as a free- 
 booter, and interesting from the 
 fact that this circumstance, to- 
 gether with the name of the castle, 
 has, according to some authori- 
 ties, given to our language the 
 term marauder. There are, how- 
 ever, other etymologies of the 
 word. 
 
MER 
 
 321 
 
 MET 
 
 Merri, St. See St. Merri. 
 
 Merrimack, The. A noted vessel 
 of the Confederate navy during 
 the Civil War. When the rebels 
 seized the United States navy- 
 yard at Norfolk, they had sunk 
 this vessel, which was formerly a 
 fine ship of war, in the harbor; 
 but on reflection they concluded 
 to raise her. After so doing, they 
 covered the deck with a shelving 
 iron roof, plated the sides with 
 iron to below the water-level, and 
 fitted up on her bow a pointed 
 “beak” of oak and iron, thus 
 converting the vessel into a most 
 formidable ram. Thus armed, 
 on the 8tli of March, 1862, she 
 bore down upon the Cumberland 
 and the Congress , lying in Hamp- 
 ton Roads, and destroyed them 
 both. The following day she en- 
 countered the iron-clad Monitor , 
 just built in New York by John 
 Ericsson, and was compelled to 
 retire, leaving the victory to the 
 latter. 
 
 4QP “ Before sunrise the dreaded 
 Merriraac was seen coming down from 
 Norfolk with attendants to renew her 
 savage work on the Minnesota. As she 
 approached, the latter opened her stern 
 guns on the assailant, when the Moni- 
 tor , to the astonishment of friend and 
 foe, ran out and placed herself along- 
 side the giant warrior, — a little David 
 defying a lofty Goliath. The faith of 
 her commander in her strength and in- 
 vulnerability was amply justified. The 
 turret of the Monitor began to move, 
 and from her guns were hurled pon- 
 derous shots in quick succession. The 
 Merrimac responded with two-hundred- 
 pound shots, moving at the rate of two 
 thousand feet in a second. These, with 
 solid round shots and conical bolts, 
 glanced from the deck and citadel of 
 the Monitor like pebbles, scarcely leav- 
 ing a mark behind. Neither of these 
 mailed gladiators was much bruised in 
 this terrible encounter. . . . The Mer- 
 rimac now [later] was more injured 
 than her antagonist, and after a short 
 and sharp combat they both withdrew. 
 The commander of the former was so 
 impressed with profound respect for 
 the Monitor that he did not again in- 
 vite his little antagonist to combat.” 
 
 Lossing. 
 
 A frown came over Morris’s face ; 
 
 The strange, dark craft lie knew: 
 
 “ That is the iron Merrimac , 
 
 Manned by a rebel crew.” 
 
 C. II. Boher. 
 
 Merry Maidens. A Druidieal cir- 
 cle, so called, near Penzance, 
 Cornwall, England. 
 
 Merry Mount. A district which 
 in the early colonial days of New 
 England bore this name was sit- 
 uated in the neighborhood of 
 what is now the town of Quincy, 
 Mass. It was occupied by a party 
 of Churcli-of-England men, who 
 paid little respect to the rigid and 
 austere habits of the Puritans, 
 whom they greatly offended by 
 the laxity of their manners. An 
 attack was made upon this settle- 
 ment by the forces of the Ply- 
 mouth colony in 1630. John 
 Lothrop Motley, the American 
 historian, produced in 1849 a ro- 
 mance entitled “ Merry Mount.” 
 
 Merton College. A noted college 
 in Oxford, England; founded 
 about 1264, one of the 19 colleges 
 included in the university. Its 
 chapel is much admired, and its 
 library is the oldest in Great 
 Britain. 
 
 My new friends showed me their clois- 
 ters,' the -Bodleian Librarv. the Randolph 
 Gallery, Merton Hall , and the rest. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 Mesjid Shah. The great mosque 
 at Ispahan, Persia. It is a rect- 
 angular building surmounted by 
 a dome, the external height of 
 which is 165 feet. 
 
 4^ “ On three sides the mosque is 
 surrounded by court-yards, richly or- 
 namented and containing fountains and 
 basins of water for the ablutions of the 
 faithful. The principal court, sur- 
 rounded as it is on all sides by facades 
 in the richest style of Persian poly- 
 chromatic decoration, in the brilliancy 
 of its architectural effect, is almost un- 
 rivalled by any other example of its 
 class.” Fergusson. 
 
 Meta Sudans. A famous fountain, 
 now a ruin, near the Coliseum, in 
 Rome. It was built in a conical 
 form, of brick, was placed in the 
 centre of a basin, also of brick, 
 75 feet in diameter, and is sup- 
 posed to have been used by the 
 gladiators after their contests in 
 the amphitheatre. In one of Sen- 
 eca’s epistles he speaks of the 
 noise made by a showman blow- 
 ing his trumpet in the vicinity of 
 this fountain. 
 
MET 
 
 322 
 
 MIL 
 
 Metella, Tomb of Cecilia. See 
 Tomb of Cecilia Metella. 
 
 Meteora, Monasteries of. A group 
 of monastic establishments in 
 Greece, formerly 24 in number, 
 but of which only ten now re- 
 main. They derive their name 
 from their situation “ high up in 
 
 the air ” (Td Merecopa, SC. Mo vacrTr/pea, 
 
 i.e., the Meteor-Monasteries), 
 being placed upon the summit of 
 a cluster of detached rocks di- 
 vided by deep chasms. The 
 mode of communication between 
 this abode 
 
 “ Of tlie monastic brotherhood upon rock 
 Aerial ” — 
 
 and the earth 300 feet below is by 
 a suspended rope. The person 
 wishing to visit the monastery 
 takes his seat in a net fastened 
 to the end of a rope lowered from 
 the rock, and, after an ascent 
 lasting about four minutes and 
 a half, reaches the landing-place 
 of the monastery. The ascent 
 can also lie made by suspended 
 ladders. 
 
 J0® 8 * “ They [the monks] cast their 
 net into the world below; sometimes 
 these monastic fishermen draw tip an 
 inquisitive traveller, sometimes a 
 brother Coenobite from Mount Athos, 
 sometimes a Neophyte, yearning for 
 ascetic solitude : once they received in 
 this manner an Emperor, who came 
 here, as is said, to exchange the purple 
 of Constantine for the cowl of St. Ba- 
 sil.” C. Wordsworth. 
 
 Metropolitan Museum. A build- 
 ing near Union Square, in the 
 city of New York, containing a 
 picture-gallery, and gallery of 
 statuary, and valuable collec- 
 tions of manuscripts, Egyptian 
 and Greek antiquities, etc. 
 
 Michael Angelo. A portrait of 
 himself by the painter (1474-1564). 
 In the collection of autograph 
 portraits in the Uffizi, Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Michael Angelo’s House. In the 
 Via Ghibellina, Florence, Italy. 
 It remains in the possession of 
 the sculptor’s family, and is ex- 
 hibited to visitors. 
 
 Michael, St. See St. Michael, 
 
 St. Michael’s Chair, St. Mi- 
 chael’s Mount, etc. 
 
 Michele, San. See San Michele 
 and Or San Michele. 
 
 Michigan Avenue. A well-known 
 street in Chicago, 111. 
 
 Middle Temple. One of the Inns 
 of Court in London. The poet 
 Chaucer was a student here ; and 
 here lived Blackstone, the lawyer, 
 and also Oliver Goldsmith, who 
 died here in 1774. See Inns of 
 Court, Inner Temple, Lin- 
 coln’s Inn, Gray’s Inn. 
 
 1636, 13 Feb. I was admitted into the 
 Middle Temple, London, though absent 
 and yet at sclioole. John Evelyn , Diary. 
 
 Middle Temple Hall. An Eliza- 
 bethan structure of the Temple, 
 London. “ Twelfth Night ” was 
 performed here in 1601. 
 
 “ Truly it is a most magnificent 
 apartment; very lofty, so lofty, indeed, 
 that the antique oak roof is quite hid- 
 den, as regards all its details, in the 
 sombre gloom that broods under its 
 rafters.” Hawthorne . 
 
 Mid-Lothian, Heart of. See Tol- 
 
 booth. 
 
 Mifflin, Fort. See Fort Mifflin. 
 
 Mignon. A picture by Ary Scheffer 
 (1785-1858), which is well known 
 through reproductions. 
 
 Milan Cathedral. A magnificent 
 and celebrated marble church. 
 Its erection was begun in the lat- 
 ter part of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 40^ “ The stranger in Milan natur- 
 ally hurries to the cathedral, a struc- 
 ture the merits and demerits of which 
 require an architectural eye to compre- 
 hend and interpret. I can only say 
 that its exterior was somewhat disap- 
 pointing. . . . The interior, always ex- 
 cepting the disingenuous trick of the 
 painted ceiling, called forth unqualified 
 admiration. . . . The most striking 
 part of the Milan Cathedral is the out- 
 side of the roof. The great extent of 
 the building is more justly estimated 
 there than from any part of the in- 
 terior, and the eye and mind are over- 
 powered by the multitude of architec- 
 tural details, the rich ornaments, the 
 delicately carved flying buttresses, the 
 wilderness of pinnacles.” Hillard . 
 
MIL 
 
 MIN 
 
 J f&g=- “ The design of the Duomo is 
 said to be taken from Monte Rosa, one 
 of the loftiest peaks of the Alps. Its 
 hundred of sculptured pinnacles rising 
 from every part of the body of the 
 church certainly bear a striking re- 
 semblance to the splintered ice-crags 
 of Savoy. Thus we see how Art, 
 mighty and endless in her forms 
 though she be, is in every thing but 
 the child of Nature.” Bayard Taylor . 
 
 J&gr “ Gothic art attains at once its 
 triumph and its extravagance. Never 
 had it been so pointed, so highly em- 
 broidered, so complex, so overcharged, 
 so strongly resembling a piece of jew- 
 elry ; and as, instead of course and life- 
 less stone, it here takes for its material 
 the beautiful lustrous Italian marble, it 
 becomes a pure chased gem, as pre- 
 cious through its substance as through 
 the labor bestowed on it.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 O Milan , 0 the chanting quires. 
 
 The giant windows’ blazoned fires, 
 
 The height, the space, the gloom, the 
 glory ! 
 
 A mount of marble, a hundred spires ! 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 O peerless church of old Milan, 
 
 How brightly thou com’st back to me, 
 With all 'thy' minarets and towers, 
 
 And sculptured marbles fair to see ! 
 
 Henry G. Bell. 
 
 Mile End. A locality in London, 
 England, at the head of White- 
 chapel Road. 
 
 I remember at Mile-end green (when I 
 lay at Clement’s Inn). I was then Sir 
 liagonet in Arthur’s show. Shakespeare. 
 
 He fou nd Wat holding his ragged court 
 at Mile End. The king, despairing of im- 
 mediate assistance, had conceded every 
 request that was presented to him. 
 
 J. A. Froude. 
 
 Military Academy. See United 
 States Military Academy. 
 
 Milk Grotto. A cave, or grotto, in 
 the neighborhood of Bethlehem, 
 in which, according to monastic 
 legend, Mary and the Child se- 
 creted themselves from the rage 
 of Herod before they took their 
 flight to Egypt. The spot is a 
 great resort of pious pilgrims, 
 drawn hither by the superstitious 
 belief that the stone of which the 
 cave is composed has the miracu- 
 lous power of increasing woman’s 
 milk. It is stated to be a fact, 
 that portions of this stone are 
 continually broken off by the 
 pilgrims, and sent all over Eu- 
 
 rope and the East, wherever a 
 belief in its efficacy prevails. 
 
 Milking-time at Dort. An ad- 
 mired picture by Albert Cuyp 
 (1605-1691). In the National Gal- 
 lery, London. 
 
 Mill, The. A celebrated picture 
 by Claude Lorraine (1600-1682). 
 In the Palazzo Doria, Rome. 
 
 4ST “A fair example of what is 
 called an ‘ ideal ’ landscape, i.e., a group 
 of the artist’s studies from nature indi- 
 vidually spoiled, selected with such op- 
 position of character as may insure 
 their neutralizing each other’s effect 
 and producing a general sensation of 
 the impossible.” Raskin. 
 
 Millbank Prison. A prison in the 
 parish of Westminster, London, 
 and said to be “ the largest penal 
 establishment in England.” It 
 was begun in 1812, and has some- 
 times been called the English 
 Bastille. 
 
 Milliarium Aureum. [The Golden 
 Mile-stone.] A mile-stone of an- 
 cient Rome, in the Forum, and 
 said to have been set up by 
 Augustus, upon which distances, 
 beyond the walls of the city, upon 
 the great Roman roads, were in- 
 scribed. The Milliarium Aureum 
 formed one extremity of a semi- 
 circular wall, which terminated 
 at the other end in a conical 
 pyramid, called Umbilicus Romse, 
 upon which were inscribed all 
 distances within the walls. 
 
 Milton at Home. An admired pic- 
 ture by Emanuel Leutze (1816- 
 1868). In the Corcoran Gallery, 
 Washington. 
 
 Milvian Bridge. See Ponte 
 Molle. 
 
 Mincing Lane. A street in Lon- 
 don, so called from buildings 
 which formerly belonged to the 
 Mincliuns or nuns of St. Helen’s. 
 Mincing Lane figures in Dickens’s 
 novel of “ Our Mutual Friend.” 
 
 Stones of old Mincing Lane , which T 
 have worn with my daily pilgrimage fir 
 six-and-thirty years, to the footsteps of 
 v hat toil-worn clerk are your everlasting 
 flints now vocal ? Charles Lamb 
 
min 
 
 324 
 
 MIR 
 
 Minerva. A famous statue of an- 
 tiquity, executed by Phidias (500 
 B.G.?), the Greek sculptor, for 
 the Parthenon at Athens. 
 
 Minerva Medica. A celebrated 
 Greek statue which derives its 
 name from the Temple of Miner- 
 va Medica, where it was dis- 
 covered. Now in the Vatican, 
 Rome. 
 
 “In tlie Giustiniani palace [since 
 removed] is a statue of Minerva which 
 fills me with admiration. Winckel- 
 mann scarcely thinks any thing of it, 
 or at any rate does not give it its proper 
 position, but I cannot praise it suffi- 
 ciently.” Goethe , Trans. 
 
 That’s you, Miss Leigh : I've watched you 
 half an hour, 
 
 Precisely as I watched the statue called 
 A Pallas in the Vatican. Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Minerva Medica, Temple of. See 
 
 Temple of Minerva Medica. 
 
 Minerva Press. The name applied 
 to a printing-house inLeadenhall 
 Street, London. In the latter 
 part of the eighteenth century 
 and the early part of the nine- 
 teenth century, numbers of popu- 
 lar but trashy novels were issued 
 from this establishment. Lamb 
 speaks of these works, which 
 had a wide circulation, as hav- 
 ing heroes which are neither 
 of this nor of any conceivable 
 world. 
 
 Hesperus and Titan themselves, though 
 in form nothing more than “novels of 
 real life,” as the Minerva Press would say, 
 have solid metal enough in them to fur- 
 nidi whole circulating libraries, were it 
 beaten into tlie usual tiligree. Carlyle. 
 
 In t u is respect, Burns, though not per- 
 il! ps absolutely a great poet, better mani- 
 fests his capability, better proves the truth 
 of his genius, than if he had, by liis own 
 strength, kept tlie whole Minerva Press 
 going, to the end of liis literary course. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Miniato, San. See San Miniato 
 al Monte. 
 
 Minories, The. A parish in Lon- 
 don, named from the Sorores Mi- 
 nores, or nuns of the order of St. 
 Clare, founded 1293, whose con- 
 vent stood in this street. The 
 street has long been noted for its 
 gunsmiths. 
 
 The Mulcibers who in tlie Minories sweat. 
 
 Congreve. 
 
 Minotaur, The. A very formid- 
 able iron-clad ship of the British 
 navy, launched Dec. 12, 1863. 
 
 Minot’s Ledge Light. A well- 
 known light-house on Cohasset 
 reefs, in Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 Tlie lonely ledge of Minot , 
 
 Where the watchman tends his light, 
 And sets his perilous beacon, 
 
 A star in tlie stormiest night. 
 
 Mary Clemmcr. 
 
 And naked in tlie howling night 
 The red-eyed light-liouse lit ts its form. 
 
 The waves with slippery lingers clutch 
 The massive tower, and climb and fall. 
 And, mutterinc, growl with b tiled rage 
 Their curses on tlie sturdy wall. 
 
 Fitz James O'Brien. 
 
 Mir. See Holy Oil. 
 
 Miracle of Bolsena. See Mass of 
 Bolsena. 
 
 Miracle of Roses of St. Francis. 
 A large fresco-painting by Fried- 
 rich Overbeck (1789- 1869), and 
 considered his masterpiece in 
 that department of art. At As- 
 sisi, Italy. 
 
 Miracle of St. Mark. A cele- 
 brated picture attributed to Gior- 
 gio Barbarelli, called Giorgione 
 (1477-1511), based upon a famous 
 legend connected with the his- 
 tory of Venice. In the Accade- 
 mia delle Belle Arti, in Venice, 
 Italy. 
 
 JOST “No painting, in my judgment, 
 surpasses or perhaps equals his [Tin- 
 toret’s] St. Mark. No one, save Ru- 
 bens, lias so caught the instantaneous- 
 ness of motion, the fury of flight; 
 alongside of this vehemence and this 
 truthfulness, classic figures seem stiff, 
 as if copied after Academy models 
 whose arms are upheld by strings: 
 we are borne along with him, and fol- 
 low him to the ground, as yet un- 
 reached.” Taine, Trans. 
 
 Miracle of the Cross. A picture 
 by Gentile Bellini (1421-1507). In 
 the Accademia delle Belle Arti, 
 at Venice, Italy. 
 
 Miraculous Draught of Fishes. 
 The subject of one of the famous 
 cartoons of Raphael Sanzio(1483- 
 1520), from which the tapestries 
 in the Vatican at Rome were exe- 
 cuted . 
 
 “ The composition of Raphael 
 [the cartoon of the Miraculous Draught 
 
MIL 
 
 325 
 
 MIT 
 
 of Fishes] is just what we should seek 
 for in Raphael, a masterpiece of dra- 
 matic expression — the significant, the 
 poetical, the miraculous predominat- 
 ing.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Miraculous Wafers. A Catholic 
 holy relic preserved in the chapel 
 of St. Sacrament des Miracles in 
 the Cathedral of Brussels, Bel- 
 gium. The wafers when scoff- 
 ingly pierced with knives by 
 Jews, who in the fourteenth 
 century had stolen them from 
 the altar, are said to have emitted 
 jets of blood. The miracle is the 
 occasion of an annual religious 
 ceremony. 
 
 Miramar. A well-known Gothic 
 castle on a point of land ex- 
 tending into the sea, near 
 Trieste, Austria. It was the 
 residence of Maximilian, the Em- 
 peror of Mexico, and Carlotta, 
 liis wife. 
 
 Miriam singing the Song of Tri- 
 umph. A picture by Washington 
 Allston (17 70-1813). Formerly in 
 possession of lion. David Sears, 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Miscricordia di Lucca. A cele- 
 brated picture by Baccio del Por- 
 ta, called Fra Bartolommeo (1469- 
 1517), and his most important 
 work. At Lucca, Italy. 
 
 f£ST “ Famous in the history of art. 
 The expression in the heads, the dig- 
 nified beneficence of the Virgin, the 
 dramatic feeling in the groups, par- 
 ticularly the women and children, 
 justify the fame of this picture as one 
 of the greatest of the productions of 
 mind.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Misers, The. See Two Misebs. 
 
 Misfortunes of Job. See Job. 
 
 Miss Kelley’s Theatre. See Soho 
 Theatiie. 
 
 Mission Dolores. An interesting 
 old Spanish mission station and 
 church about three miles from 
 San Francisco, Cal. It was 
 founded by Jesuit missionaries 
 upwards of a hundred years ago. 
 The church has been partly en- 
 closed with wood in order to pre- 
 serve it. 
 
 Mitre, The. 1. A noted tavern in 
 Fleet Street, London, deriving 
 
 its fame chiefly from the fact 
 that it was a favorite resort of 
 Dr. Johnson. It is no longer 
 standing. Here Johnson and 
 Boswell determined to make a 
 tour to the Hebrides. 
 
 “ The Mitre Tavern still stands 
 in Fleet Street; but where now is its 
 scot-and-lot paying, beef-and-ale lov- 
 ing, cocked-liatted, pot-bellied Land- 
 lord; its rosy-faced, assiduous Land- 
 lady, with all her shining brass pans, 
 waxed tables, well-filled larder-shelves ; 
 her cooks, and bootjacks, and errand- 
 boys, and watery-mouthed hangers-on ? 
 Gone ! G one ! The becking waiter, 
 that with wreathed smiles, wont to 
 spread for Samuel and Bozzy their 
 ‘ supper of the gods,’ has long since 
 pocketed his last sixpence; and van- 
 ished, sixpences and ail, like a ghost at 
 cock-crowing. The Bottles they drank 
 out of are all broken, the Chairs they 
 sat on all rotted and burnt; the very 
 Knives and Forks they ate with have 
 rusted to the heart.” Carlyle. 
 
 “ The orthodox high-church 
 sound of The Mitre — the figure and 
 manner of the celebrated Samuel John- 
 son — the extraordinary power and 
 precision of his conversation, and the 
 pride arising from finding myself ad- 
 mitted as liis companion, produced a 
 variety of sensations and a pleasing 
 elevation of mind, beyond what I had 
 ever experienced.” Boswell. 
 
 “ On the other side of Fleet 
 Street we can see the ‘ Mitre Tavern,* 
 closing up the end of a court — but not 
 the old original ‘ Mitre ’ where Johnson 
 sat with Boswell. It was pulled down 
 within living memory, and with it the 
 corner in which the sage used to sit, 
 and which was religiously marked by 
 his bust. Yet even as it stands in its 
 restoration, there is something quaint 
 in the feeling, as you enter through a 
 low covered passage from Fleet Street, 
 and see its cheerful open door at the 
 end. The passage to the ‘ Mitre ’ is as 
 it was in Johnson’s day, and his eyes 
 must have been often raised to the old 
 beams that support its roof. Even in 
 its modern shape, it retains much that 
 is old-fashioned and rococo.” 
 
 Fitzgerald. 
 
 2. A London tavern, in Wool 
 Street, destroyed in the Great 
 Fire of 1666, and spoken of by 
 Pepys a few years before that 
 time as being “ a house of the 
 greatest note in London.” 
 
 3. An old London tavern in 
 Fenchurcli Street, destroyed in 
 
MOA 
 
 326 
 
 MON 
 
 the Great Fire (1666), but soon 
 afterwards rebuilt. 
 
 Moat of Knockgraffon. A very 
 singular artificial mound in Tip- 
 perary county, Ireland, built, ac- 
 cording to tradition, in 1108, and 
 invested with much legendary 
 lore. 
 
 Mock Election. A noted picture 
 by Beniamin Robert Haydon 
 (1786-1846). 
 
 Modern Italy. A picture by J o- 
 seph Mallord William Turner 
 (1775-1853), the celebrated Eng- 
 lish painter. 
 
 Modesty and Vanity. A cele- 
 brated picture by Leonardo da 
 Vinci (1452-1519). In the Palazzo 
 Sciarra, Rome. 
 
 4®=* “ One of Leonardo’s most beau- 
 tiful pictures, . . . remarkably power- 
 ful in coloring and wonderfully fin- 
 ished.” Kugler. 
 
 JOSiP “ ‘ Mary Magdalene rebuked by 
 her sister Martha for her vanity and 
 luxury.’ I believe I am the first to 
 suggest that the famous picture in the 
 Sciarra Palace, by Leonardo da Vinci, 
 known as ‘ Modesty and Vanity ,’ is a 
 version of this subject.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 4®=* “ One of the masterpieces of 
 this gallery [in the Sciarra Palace], and 
 perhaps the greatest, I find to be the 
 Modesty and Vanity of Leonardo da 
 Vinci. It is simply two female figures 
 on a dark background. . . . The ex- 
 pression of the face representing Van- 
 ity is extraordinary. We can never 
 know the research, the combinations, 
 the internal spontaneous reflective la- 
 bor, the ground traversed by his spirit 
 and intellect in order to evolve a head 
 like this. She is much more delicately 
 formed and more noble and elegant 
 than Mona Lisa. The luxuriance and 
 taste of the coiffure are remarkable. 
 She has a strange, melancholy smile, 
 one peculiar to Da Vinci, combining 
 the sadness and irony of a superior 
 nature.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Moeris, Lake. See Lake Mceris. 
 
 Mogul. See Court of the Great 
 Mogul. 
 
 Mohammed Ali, Mosque of. See 
 
 Mosque of Mohammed Alt. 
 
 Mohocks, The. A name under 
 which ruffians and villians com- 
 
 mitted dastardly assaults and va- 
 rious cruelties in London. This 
 fraternity assembled in the time 
 of Queen Anne, and was not 
 broken up till nearly the end of 
 George the First’s reign. A 
 royal proclamation was issued 
 against them in 1712, but with 
 little result. 
 
 4®=* “ Here is the devil and all to do 
 with these Mohocks. Grub-street pa- 
 pers about them fly like lightning, and 
 a list printed of near eighty put into 
 several prisons, and all a lie; and I 
 begin to think there is no truth, or very 
 little, in the whole story. . . . My man 
 tells me that one of the lodgers heard 
 in a coffee-house, publicly, that one 
 design of the Mohocks was upon me, 
 if they could catch me ; and though I 
 believe nothing of it, I forbear walking 
 late.” 
 
 Dean Swift ( Journal to Stella , 1712). 
 Who has not trembled at the Mohock's 
 name ? 
 
 Was there a watchman took his hourly 
 rounds 
 
 Safe from their blows or new-invented 
 wounds ? 
 
 I pass their desperate deeds and mischiefs, 
 done 
 
 Where from Snow-hill black steepy tor- 
 rents run ; 
 
 IIow matrons, hooped within the hogs- 
 head’s womb, 
 
 Were tumbled furious thence; the rolling 
 tomb 
 
 O’er the stones thunders, bounds from side 
 to side : 
 
 So Ilegulus, to save his country, died. 
 
 Gay. 
 
 Moliere, Fontaine. See Fontaine 
 
 Moliere. 
 
 Molle, Ponte. See Ponte Molle. 
 
 Momba Devi. A famous Hindoo 
 temple in Bombay, India. 
 
 Mona Lisa. See Belle Joconde. 
 
 “ Monaco di Leonardo.” A pic- 
 ture by Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 
 1519). " In the Palazzo Pitti, Flor- 
 ence, Italy. 
 
 Monadnock, The. A formidable 
 armor-plated vessel of the United 
 States navy in the Civil War of 
 1861-65. She was one of the ves- 
 sels of Admiral Porter’s flotilla 
 in the attack upon Fort Fisher, 
 Dec. 14, 1864. 
 
 Monarch of the Glen. A well- 
 known picture by Sir Edwin 
 Landseer (1805-1873), the most 
 
MON 
 
 327 
 
 MON 
 
 celebrated modern painter of ani- 
 mals. 
 
 Monastery, The. A picture by 
 Jacob Ruysdael (16252-1681), and 
 considered one of his master- 
 pieces. In the Dresden Gal- 
 lery. 
 
 Monboddo. A country-seat in 
 Scotland, near Fordoun, former- 
 ly the seat of Lord Monboddo, 
 distinguished for the remarkable 
 speculations upon the origin of 
 man, contained in his “ Disserta- 
 tions upon the Origin and Prog- 
 ress of Language.” 
 
 Monceaux, Parc de. A prome- 
 nade and garden in Paris, taste- 
 fully laid out, containing flowers, 
 shrubs, some fine ancient trees, 
 and various artificial adornments. 
 Here is a small lake surrounded 
 by a partly ruined portico of Cor- 
 inthian columns. It was origi- 
 nally laid out in 1778 with grot- 
 tos, bowers, fountains, etc., by 
 Carmontel, for Philippe Egalite'. 
 It is now the property of the 
 municipality of Paris, and is 
 open to the public. 
 
 Monitor, The. A novel American 
 gunboat, built in New York by 
 John Ericsson (b. 1803), a Swedish 
 engineer, during the war of the 
 Rebellion. Her first engagement 
 was with the Confederate ram 
 Merrimack, in Hampton Roads, 
 on the 9th of March, 1862. The 
 Merrimack was quickly put to 
 flight. The Monitor was a sort of 
 flat iron raft with a heavy-plated 
 revolving turret containing two 
 powerful guns. The name Moni- 
 tor has since been applied to iron- 
 clad vessels of similar construc- 
 tion. 
 
 4SP “ The Monitor was built almost 
 wholly of three-inch iron, pointed at 
 both ends like a whale-boat, her deck 
 only a few inches above the water. It 
 was 124 feet in length, 34 in width, and 
 six in depth, with a flat bottom. Over 
 this hull was another that extended 
 over the lower one three feet all round, 
 excepting at the ends, where the pro- 
 jection was 25 feet, for the protection 
 of the anchor, propeller, and rudder. 
 On her deck was a revolving turret 
 made of eight thicknesses of one-inch 
 wrought-iron plates, round, 20 feet in 
 
 diameter, and 10 feet high. The smoke- 
 stack was telescopic in construction, so 
 so as to be lowered in battle. Within 
 this revolving turret or citadel (which 
 was easily turned by a contrivance) 
 were two heavy Dahlgren cannons. 
 By turning the turret these * bull-dogs ’ 
 might look straight into the face of an 
 attacking enemy, wherever he might 
 be, without changing the position of 
 the vessel. The Monitor was propelled 
 by a powerful steam-engine.” 
 
 Los sing. 
 
 Monmouth Street. A well-known 
 London street, called by Dickens, 
 from its shops for old clothes, 
 “the burial-place of the fash- 
 ions.” It is now Dudley Street. 
 
 “ If Field Lane, with its long 
 fluttering rows of yellow handker- 
 chiefs, be a Dionysius’ Ear, where, in 
 stifled jarring hubbub, we hear the 
 Indictment which Poverty and Vice 
 bring against lazy Wealth, that it has 
 left them there cast-out and trodden 
 under foot of Want, Darkness, and the 
 Devil, — then is Monmouth Street a 
 Mirza’s Hill, where, in motley vision, 
 the whole Pageant of Existence passes 
 awfully before us; with its wail and 
 jubilee, mad loves and mad hatreds, 
 church-bells and gallows-ropes, farce- 
 tragedy, beast-godhood, — the Bedlam 
 of Creation ! ” 
 
 Carlyle {Sartor Re sartus). 
 
 The long tables had disappeared, and, 
 in place of the sage magi, 1 beheld a 
 ragged, threadbare throng, such as may 
 be seen paying about the great repository 
 of cast-oiT clothes, Monmouth Street. 
 
 Irving. 
 
 With awe-struck heart T walk through 
 that Monmouth Street, with its empty 
 Suits, as through a Sanhedrim of stainless 
 Ghosts. Carlyle. 
 
 Monongahela, The. A noted ves- 
 sel of the United States navy, in 
 service in the War of the Rebel- 
 lion, 1861-65. 
 
 Quickly breasting the wave, 
 
 Eager the prize to win, 
 
 First of us all the brave 
 Monongahela went in, 
 
 Under full head of steam. 
 
 11. II. Brownell. 
 
 Mons Aventinus. See Aventine 
 Mount; and for Mons Capitoli- 
 nus, Mons Ccelius, Mons Esqui- 
 linus, Mons Palatines, Mons 
 Quirinus, Mons Viminalis, and 
 the like names, see Capitoline 
 Hill, Ccelian Hill, Esquiline 
 Hill, Palatine Mount, Quiri- 
 nal Hill, Viminal Hill, etc. 
 
MON 
 
 328 
 
 MON 
 
 Mons Meg. A famous piece of 
 ancient ordnance in Edinburgh 
 Castle, Scotland, supposed to 
 have been forged at Mons, in 
 Flanders, in the fifteenth century. 
 
 Mons Sacer. [Ital. Monte Scicro , 
 The Sacred Mount.] A hill three 
 miles from Rome, and beyond 
 the Anio, to which the plebeians 
 withdrew at the time of their 
 famous secession under Me nenius 
 Agrippa, B.O. 494. A second se- 
 cession took place, after the death 
 of Virginia, when the plebeians 
 revolted against Appius Claudius, 
 and retired again to Mons Sacer. 
 The epithet Sacer is derived, ac- 
 cording to Dionysius, from an 
 altar erected to Zeu? Ae^ano?. 
 According to others it was from 
 the Lex Scicrata decreed upon the 
 occasion of the first secession. 
 
 Monserrat. [From Mons Serratus , 
 the jagged mountain.] This fa- 
 mous Benedictine convent, near 
 Barcelona, Spain, was founded 
 A.D. 976. It owes its origin, ac- 
 cording to the Catholic legend, 
 to the miraculous image of the 
 Virgin, which was brought to 
 Barcelona by St. Peter himself, 
 A.D. 50. Upon reaching the 
 summit of the Mons Serratus, 
 where the convent now stands, 
 the Virgin refused to proceed any 
 farther ; upon which a chapel 
 with a cross was built over her, 
 where she remained 100 years. 
 It is said that not less than 100,- 
 000 persons, including tourists 
 and pilgrims, visit this convent 
 yearly. 
 
 Mont Brilliant. A royal country 
 residence, with a fine picture-gal- 
 lery, near Hanover, Germany. 
 
 Mont de Piete. The great pawn- 
 broking concern of Paris, estab- 
 lished in 1777. 
 
 The name Mons Pietatis came 
 with the invention from Italy. In the 
 first century of the Christian era, free 
 gifts were collected, and preserved in 
 churches, to defray the expenses of di- 
 vine service, and for the relief of the 
 poor. The collections thus made were 
 called Montes or Mounts , a name origi- 
 nally applied to all moneys procured 
 or heaped together; and it has ap- 
 
 peared that the inventor added the 
 word Pietas to give to his institution a 
 sacred or religious character, and to 
 procure for it universal approbation 
 and support. In Italy their establish- 
 ment is of very early date, and in the 
 fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the 
 plan had spread to nearly all the cities. 
 In 1777 a Mont de Piete was estab- 
 lished in Paris by a royal ordinance of 
 Louis XVI.” Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 4SIT “ Pawnbroking in France, as in 
 most parts of the Continent, is a mu- 
 nicipal monopoly. It was established 
 in 1777, but is now regulated by the 
 law of June, 1851, and the necessary 
 capital taken from the general hospital 
 fund, which also receives the net prof- 
 its for charitable purposes. About 
 1,000,000/. is usually lent out. The 
 average of articles pledged is 17/. ; the 
 lowest value rate of interest is about 
 six percent. The articles pledged, if not 
 redeemed, are sold at the expiration of 
 14 months; and the surplus money, if 
 any, is paid to the owner if application 
 is made within three years. There 
 are two large branch establishments in 
 the Rue Bonaparte and Rut' de la Ro- 
 quette, and about 20 branches ( Commis- 
 sionaires ) in different parts of Paris. 
 The profit annually to the institution is 
 about 233,000/.” Murray's Handbook. 
 
 I must own, however, that al- 
 though the interior of the Mont de Piete 
 was repulsive to witness, I left its cen- 
 tral office with an impression which 
 reflection has strengthened rather than 
 removed. — that that portion of the 
 community of any country, whose ne- 
 cessities force them occasionally to 
 pawn their effects, have infinitely less 
 to fear from an establishment guided 
 by fixed principles, and open every 
 day from nine till four to the public, 
 than they would be, — and in England 
 are, — in transacting the same business 
 in private, cooped with an individual 
 who, to say the least, may encourage 
 the act which nothing but cruel neces- 
 sity can authorize.” 
 
 Sir Francis B. Head. 
 
 Mont Parnasse, Boulevard du. 
 
 This quarter of Paris is said to 
 have been so called because the 
 students were accustomed to de- 
 claim verses here. 
 
 Mont Valerien. [Mount Vale'nen.\ 
 An eminence near Paris, rising 
 343 feet above the Seine, on the 
 route to St. Germain, converted 
 into a citadel, which is consid- 
 ered one of the strongest of the 
 fortifications of Paris. 
 
MON 
 
 329 
 
 MON 
 
 In Mount Valerien’s chestnut wood 
 The Chapel of the Hermits stood; 
 
 And thither at the close of day 
 Came two old pilgrims, worn and gray. 
 
 Forth from the city’s noise and throng. 
 
 Its pomp and shame, its sin and wrong, 
 Tim tw ain that summer day had strayed 
 To Mount Valerien’s chestnut shade. 
 
 W hittier. 
 
 Montague House. 1. The city res- 
 idence of the Duke of Buccleuch, 
 London, who inherits it from the 
 family of Montague. The man- 
 sion contains some fine pictures 
 by Vandyke, and a valuable col- 
 lection of historical miniatures. 
 The present house is modern. 
 
 2. A former mansion situated 
 in Bloomsbury, London. Its site 
 is now occupied by the British 
 Museum. 
 
 3. A London mansion, noted 
 as the residence of Mrs. Eliza- 
 beth Montague. 
 
 Montauk. A noted armor-plated 
 vessel of the United States navy 
 — of the “Monitor ” class — in the 
 Civil War of 1861-65. She was 
 commanded by Capt. Worden, 
 and among other achievements 
 captured the Confederate steamer 
 Naslicille. 
 
 Monte Beni. A hill in t lie imme- 
 diate neighborhood of Florence, 
 Italy. Hawthorne has made its 
 scenery familiar in his “ Romance 
 of Monte Beni.” 
 
 Monte Caprino. [Goat Hill.] A 
 hill in Rome, being the south- 
 eastern summit of the Capitoline. 
 In a garden on this hill maybe 
 seen what remains of the Tarpe- 
 ian Rock. 
 
 Monte Casino. A famous monas- 
 tic establishment, of the Bene- 
 dictine order, near San Germano, 
 on the route between Rome and 
 Naples, Italy. The monastery 
 
 was founded by St. Benedict in 
 529, and is the parent of all the 
 greatest Benedictine monasteries 
 in the world. It was rebuilt 
 
 towards the end of the sixteenth 
 century. The interior of the ab- 
 bey church is one of the most 
 splendid in Europe. 
 
 “ There is scarcely a Pope or 
 Emperor of importance who has not 
 
 been personally connected with its his- 
 tory. From its mountain crag it has 
 seen Goths, Lombards, Saracens, Nor- 
 mans, Frenchmen, Spaniards, Germans, 
 scour and devastate the land which, 
 through all modern history, has at- 
 tracted every invader.” 
 
 London Daily News, 1866. 
 
 “From this centre monastic 
 life spread over barbarous Europe in 
 the darkest period of the Middle Ages. 
 Whatever remained of ancient civiliza- 
 tion reposed thus in remote corners, 
 within a monastic shell, like a chrysalis 
 within its covering. You have every 
 thing here, not only the arts and the 
 sciences, but the grand spectacles of na- 
 ture. This is what the old feudal and 
 religious society provided for its pen- 
 sive, solitary spirits; for minds which, 
 repelled' by the bitterness of life, re- 
 verted to speculation and self-culture. 
 The race still subsists: only they no 
 longer possess an asylum ; they live in 
 Paris and in Berlin in garrets. I know 
 of many that are dead, of others sad- 
 dened and chilled, others again worn 
 out and disgusted. Will science ever 
 do for its faithful servants what religion 
 has done for hers? Will there ever be 
 a laic Monte Casino ? ” Taine, Trans. 
 That mountain on whose slope Cassino 
 stands 
 
 Was frequented of old upon its summit 
 By a deluded folk and iil-di.-posed ; 
 
 And I am he n ho first up thither bore 
 '1 lie name of Him who brought upon the 
 earth 
 
 The truth that so much sublimateth us. 
 
 Dante. 
 
 And there, uplifted, like a passing cloud 
 That pauses on a mountain summit high, 
 Monte Cassino’s convent rears its proud 
 And venerable walls against the sky. 
 
 Longfellow . 
 
 Monte Cavallo, and Piazza di 
 Monte Cavallo. See Quirinal 
 Hill. See also Obelisk of the 
 Monte Cavallo. 
 
 Monte Mario. [Mount Mario ] 
 An eminence in the neighborhood 
 of Rome, deriving its name from 
 Mario Mellini, who owned it in 
 the time of Sixtus V. In ancient 
 times it was called Clivus Ciirnce, 
 the hill of Cinna. In the Middle 
 Ages it was known as Monte 
 Malo. It is crowned with cy- 
 presses, and commands a beauti- 
 ful and extensive view. 
 
 4®= “The Monte Mario, like Coop- 
 er’s Hill, is the highest, boldest, and 
 most prominent part of the line; it is 
 about the height and steepness, too, of 
 Cooper’s Hill, and has the Tiber at the 
 
MON 
 
 330 
 
 MON 
 
 foot of it, like the Thames at Anchor- 
 wick. Here we stood, on a most deli- 
 cious evening, and before our eyes all 
 that one has read of in Roman history, 
 — the course of the Tiber between the 
 hills that bound it, . . . beyond the 
 Apennines, the distant and higher sum- 
 mits still white with snow; in front 
 the Alban Hills; on the light, the Cam- 
 pagna to the sea; and just beneath us 
 the whole length of Rome, ancient and 
 modern. . . . One may safely say that 
 the world cannot contain many views 
 of such mingled beauty and interest as 
 this.” Arnold. 
 
 The purple day 
 
 O’er Monte. Mcirio dies from off the dome, 
 And, lo ! the first star leads us into Rome. 
 
 T. B. Read. 
 
 Monte Oliveto. 1. An ancient and 
 celebrated Benedictine monas- 
 tery in Naples, Italy. It was 
 founded in the early part of the 
 fifteenth century, it is now oc- 
 cupied for city offices. 
 
 2. A celebrated monastic es- 
 tablishment in the neighborhood 
 of Siena, Italy. It contains some 
 fine frescos. 
 
 Monte Pincio. See Pincian PIill. 
 
 Monte Sacro. [The sacred moun- 
 tain.] A celebrated hill and sanc- 
 tuary — the latter called La Nuo- 
 va Gerusalemme — near Varallo, 
 in Piedmont. The hill is covered 
 with some 50 chapels, containing 
 groups of life-sized figures repre- 
 senting the chief scenes in the 
 histor}^ of Christ. This sanctu- 
 ary was founded in the fifteenth 
 century, and was much extended 
 and enriched in the following 
 century. 
 
 Monte Sacro. See Mons Sager. 
 
 Monte Testaccio. An eminence, 
 160 feet in height, just outside the 
 walls of Rome. It is composed 
 entirely of broken pieces of pot- 
 tery, and its extraordinary for- 
 mation has never been satisfac- 
 torily explained. 
 
 “ From its loose and porous 
 composition it acts, as if formed by 
 Wedgwood, for a great wine-cooler, 
 and serves as the cellar of all Rome. 
 The wine-merchants have excavated 
 vaults in it to keep their stores cool, 
 and every morning a quantity sufficient 
 for the daily demand is brought into 
 the city.” Eaton. 
 
 Montereggione. A picturesque 
 old castle on an eminence near 
 Siena, Italy. 
 
 J “ This fortress, as the commen- 
 tators say, was furnished with towers 
 all round about, and had none in the 
 centre. In its present state it is still 
 very faithfully described by the verse 
 [of Dante], — 
 
 k Montereggion di torri si corona.’ ” 
 
 Ampere, 
 
 Montfaucon. A slight eminence 
 in the northern suburbs of Paris. 
 Here in 885 A.D. the Normans 
 were defeated, and 20,000 of their 
 number killed. Here was the 
 gibbet ( Fourchcs Pcitibulaires), 
 where criminals were executed. 
 Montfaucon was afterwards the 
 central station for the slaughter 
 of horses, dogs, etc. A Protes- 
 tant church for poor Germans, to 
 which ragged and infant schools 
 are attached, now occupies the 
 summit. 
 
 Montgomery. See Fort Mont- 
 gomery, Death of Montgomery, 
 and Tour de Montgomery. 
 
 Montgomery Street. The leading 
 thoroughfare of San Francisco, 
 Cal. 
 
 The money-brokers’ shops are very nu- 
 merous in the two finest streets, — Mont- 
 gomery and California Streets. Nearly 
 every shop there belongs to a money- 
 broker or money-changer. Samuel Smiles . 
 
 Monticello. The country-seat of 
 Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), the 
 third president of the United 
 States, near Charlottesville, Al- 
 bemarle County, Va. It has a 
 beautiful situation, with an ex- 
 tensive prospect. 
 
 J66tr= “ He [Jefferson] lives, you 
 know, on a mountain, which he has 
 named Monticello , and which, perhaps 
 you do not know, is a synonyme for 
 Carter’s Mountain. The ascent of this 
 steep, savage hill, was as pensive and 
 slow as Satan’s ascent to Paradise. We 
 were obliged to wind two-thirds round 
 its sides before we reached the artifi- 
 cial lawn on which the house stands; 
 and, when we had arrived there, we 
 were about 600 feet, I understand, 
 above the stream which flows at its 
 foot. ... In the centre of the lawn, 
 and facing the south-east, Mr. J offer, 
 son has placed his house, which is of 
 brick, two stories high in the wings, 
 
MON 
 
 331 
 
 MON 
 
 with a piazza in front of a receding 
 centre.” George Ticknor ( in 1815). 
 
 “ This venerated mansion is yet 
 standing, though somewhat dilapidat- 
 ed, and deprived of its former beauty 
 by neglect. The furniture of the dis- 
 tinguished owner is nearly all gone, 
 except a few pictures and mirrors ; 
 otherwise the interior of the house is 
 the same as when Jefferson died. It 
 is upon an eminence, with many aspen 
 trees around it, and commands a view 
 of the Blue Ridge for 150 miles on one 
 side, and on the other one of the most 
 beautiful and extensive landscapes in 
 the world.” Lossing. 
 
 As from the grave where Henry sleeps, 
 From Vernon's weeping willow, 
 
 And from the grassy pall which hides 
 The Sage of Monticello. Whittier. 
 
 The nursling growth of Monticello' s crest 
 Is now the glory of the free North-west. 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 Montmartre. A hill on the north 
 of Paris, rising 320 feet above the 
 Seine, and said to have been so 
 called because St. Denis suffered 
 martyrdom here. A nunnery was 
 formerly situated on the summit; 
 and here was the Cliapelle des 
 Martyrs, where in 1534 Ignatius 
 Loyola and followers took the 
 vow in which the Order of the 
 Jesuits had its origin. The cem- 
 etery on the south slope of the 
 hill is the oldest in Paris, though 
 smaller and less important than 
 Pere-la-Chaise. The outbreak 
 and civil war of 1871 took its rise 
 at Montmartre. Gypsum, or plas- 
 ter of Paris, has long been quar- 
 ried at Montmartre. 
 
 Through Paris lay my readiest course; 
 and there 
 
 Sojourning a few days, I visited 
 In liaste, each spot of old or recent fame, 
 The latter chiefly, from the field of Mars 
 Down to the suburbs of St. Antony, 
 
 And from Mont Martyr southward to the 
 dome 
 
 Of Genevieve. Wordsworth. 
 
 Disputed foot by foot, till treason, still 
 His only victor, from Montmartre' s hill 
 Look’d down o’er trampled Paris ! 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Montmartre, Boulevard de. A 
 well-known avenue in Paris, 
 France. See Boulevards. 
 
 Montrouge Club. A political club 
 in Paris at the time of the French 
 Revolution of 1789, of which Mi- 
 rabeau and other noted men were 
 members. It was named from 
 
 the place, near Paris, where its 
 meetings were held. 
 
 Montserrat. See Monserrat. 
 
 Monument, The. A stone column, 
 202 feet in height, Fish Street 
 Hill, London, erected by Sir 
 Christopher Wren (107 1-1080) to 
 commemorate the Great Fire of 
 1006, and the rebuilding of the 
 city. The following inscription, 
 now effaced, was cut in 1681 upon 
 the pedestal: “ This pillar was 
 set up in perpetual remembrance 
 of that most dreadful burning of 
 this Protestant city, begun and 
 carried on by ye treachery and 
 malice of ye popish factio, in ye 
 beginning of Septem, in ye year 
 of our Lord 1666, in order to ye 
 carrying on of their horrid plott 
 for extirpating the Protestant re- 
 ligion and old English liberty, 
 and the introducing popery and 
 slavery.” 
 
 “ Six persons have thrown 
 themselves off the Monument. This 
 kind of death becoming popular, it was 
 deemed advisable to encage and disfig- 
 ure the Monument as we now see it.” 
 Murray's Handbook. 
 Where London’s c olumn, pointing at the 
 skies, 
 
 Like a tall bully, lifts the head and lies. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Electricity cannot be made fast, mor- 
 tared up and ended, like London Monu- 
 ment , or the Tower, so that you shall 
 know where to find it, and keep it fixed, 
 as the English do with their things, for- 
 evermore. Emerson. 
 
 Nor had Fancy fed 
 
 With less delight upon that other class 
 Of marvels, broad-day wonders perma- 
 nent : 
 
 The Monument , and that chamber of the 
 Tower, 
 
 Where England’s sovereigns sit in long 
 array. 
 
 Their steeds bestriding. Wordsworth. 
 
 Ahove the wilderness of buildings stood 
 a dim, gigantic dome in the sky. . . . And 
 the tall pillar that stood near it — I did 
 not need a second glance to recognize the 
 Monument. Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Monumental Church. A religious 
 edifice in Richmond, Va., erected 
 on the site of the old Richmond 
 Theatre, and built to commemo- 
 rate the destruction of the latter 
 by fire in 1811, on which occasion 
 the Governor of Virginia and 
 over 60 persons, including many 
 
MOO 
 
 332 
 
 MOR 
 
 of the most eminent men and 
 women in the State, lost their 
 lives. 
 
 Moonrise at Madeira. A picture 
 by Ferdinand T. Hildebrandt 
 (b. 1804). In the Corcoran Gal- 
 lery, Washington. 
 
 Moorfields. A part of old London, 
 now covered by Finsbury Square 
 and adjoining streets, so called 
 from the great fen or moor which 
 bordered the walls of the city on 
 the north side. It was a place for 
 walking and recreation. See 
 Finsbury. 
 
 Through famed Moorfields extends a spa- 
 cious seat. Gay. 
 
 Moors, Three. See Drei Mohren. 
 
 Moot of Urr. A curious monu- 
 ment of antiquity, near Dalbe- 
 attie, Scotland, in the form of a 
 circular mound enclosed by a 
 moat. It is supposed to have 
 been used as a council-place and 
 tribunal of justice by the Celts 
 in ancient times. 
 
 Moothill, An eminence near 
 Scone, Scotland, where the Scot- 
 tish kings sat to hold parliaments 
 and law courts. 
 
 Mora Stone. [Momstena.] A place 
 about one mile from the city of 
 Upsala, in Sweden, celebrated as 
 the spot where the Swedish kings 
 were formerly elected, and where 
 they received the homage of their 
 subjects. The Mora Stone is 
 composed, in fact, of eleven stones 
 of various sizes, bearing the 
 names and dates of the kings 
 elected here. A house was built 
 by Gustavus III., in 1780, to en- 
 close this interesting national 
 monument. 
 
 “ Morett,” The. A celebrated por- 
 trait by Hans Holbein the Young- 
 er (1498-1548), in the Gallery of 
 Dresden, Saxony, and regarded 
 as one of the finest of his works. 
 “ It is not known whom it repre- 
 sents. Thomas Morett was a dis- 
 tinguished jeweller who served 
 Henry VIII. , and was a friend of 
 Holbein.” 
 
 Morgue. [Fr. La Morgue.'] In 
 Paris and other cities of France 
 a place where dead bodies that 
 have been found are deposited 
 for purposes of recognition by 
 the relatives or friends of the 
 deceased. The name is also used 
 in other countries. The morgue 
 in Paris is a small, low building, 
 within which the bodies are laid 
 upon a stone platform until they 
 are identified or claimed by 
 friends. Strange as it may seem, 
 it is visited by crowds of peo- 
 ple. 
 
 “On the whole, I left my posi- 
 tion in the corner impressed with an 
 opinion, since strengthened by reflec- 
 tion, that La Morgue at Paris is a 
 plague-spot that must inevitably, more 
 or less, demoralize every person who 
 views it.” Sir Francis B. Head. 
 
 Only the Doric little Morgue , 
 
 The dead-house where you show your 
 drowned, 
 
 Petrarch’s Vaucluse makes proud the 
 Sorgue, 
 
 Your Morgue has made the Seine re- 
 nowned. Robert Browning. 
 
 Moriah. A hill in Jerusalem, Pal- 
 estine, the position of which is 
 beyond dispute. It was the site 
 of the great Jewish Temple, and 
 is associated with many sacred 
 events in the history of the He- 
 brew nation. Upon this hill now 
 stands the great structure of the 
 Haram, with its mosques. See 
 Haram. 
 
 Mormon Temple. 1. A building 
 of polished limestone, about 180 
 feet in length, by 90 feet in 
 breadth, which formerly stood in 
 Nauvoo City, 111. It was the 
 chief religious edifice of the Mor- 
 mons, who had settled in the 
 place in 1840, and was built at a 
 cost of over $500,000. In the 
 basement was a huge stone bap- 
 tistery or basin, resting upon 
 12 oxen of colossal size. The 
 Mormons afterwards made 
 tlieir way to Utah, and settled 
 there. The building is now in 
 ruins. 
 
 2. An unfinished building in 
 Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. 
 It is designed to be the magnifi- 
 
MOR 
 
 MQS 
 
 333 
 
 cent seat of Mormon worship. 
 The foundation was laid some 25 
 years ago, and immense sums of 
 money have been raised to de- 
 fray the cost of its erection ; but 
 whether it will ever be completed, 
 is extremely doubtful. 
 
 Morning, The. One of four colos- 
 sal figures executed by Michael 
 Angelo Buonarotti (1475-1564). 
 In the church of S. Lorenzo, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 “ This figure [The Morning] is 
 the most beautiful of all. It is also the 
 most finished. Whilst in the others 
 the heads arc only roughly designed, 
 every line of the face in this possesses 
 a spiritual meaning.” Grimm , Trans. 
 
 Morning. A picture by Sir Edwin 
 Landseer (1803-1873), the eminent 
 English painter. 
 
 Morrin College. A collegiate es- 
 tablishment in Quebec, Canada. 
 
 Morris House. An old colonial 
 mansion near High Bridge, N.Y. 
 It was the headquarters of Wash- 
 ington in 1776. 
 
 Morrison’s Cove. A valley in 
 Pennsylvania, near Petersburgh, 
 settled about the middle of the 
 last century by a peculiar Ger- 
 man sect called the Dunkards, 
 who professed the principles of 
 non-resistance. When in 1777 
 the community was attacked by 
 the Indians, the settlers faith- 
 fully carried out their doctrine 
 in practice, and most of them 
 were put to death. 
 
 Morton Castle. A feudal mansion, 
 said to have been founded in the 
 eleventh century, near Thorn- 
 hill, Scotland, now belonging to 
 the Duke of Buccleuch. 
 
 Moses. A celebrated statue by 
 Michael Angelo, in the church of 
 San Pietro in Yincoli in Rome, — 
 intended to form a part of the 
 unfinished monument of Julius 
 II. “ This statue, as is well 
 known, has the hair so disposed 
 in front as to resemble horns pro- 
 jecting from the top of the fore- 
 head. This was a common rep- 
 resentation of Moses in early and 
 mediaeval art, and was founded 
 
 upon an erroneous translation in 
 the Vulgate Bible of the twenty- 
 ninth verse of the thirty-fourth 
 chapter of Exodus. In the Vul- 
 gate it reads, 4 Ignorabat quod cor- 
 nuta esset facies sua,’ 4 He knew 
 not that his face was horned.’ 
 The received version, 4 He wist 
 not that the skin of his face 
 shone,’ is the correct translation 
 of the passage.” 
 
 44 The eye does not know where 
 to rest in this, the masterpiece of sculp- 
 ture since the time of the Greeks. . . . 
 Yes ! there is something infinite which 
 lies in the Moses of Michael Angelo. 
 . . . This statue might take its place in 
 the cell of a colossal temple, as that of 
 Jupiter Ammon ; but the tomb where it 
 is placed is so little suited to it that re- 
 garded even only as its frame it is too 
 small.” Gregorovius. 
 
 “Whoever has once seen this 
 statue must retain the impression of it 
 forever. The Moses is the crown of 
 modern sculpture, not only in idea, but 
 also with regard to the work. All the 
 power which Michael Angelo possessed, 
 and which the world did not under- 
 stand, was exhibited in those limbs, 
 and the demon-like, passionate violence 
 of the pope [Julius II.] in that counte- 
 nance.” Grimm , Trans. 
 
 JgStP* “ Here sits the Moses of Michael 
 Angelo, frowning with the terrific eye- 
 brows of Olympian Jove. Much wit 
 has been levelled of late at his flowing 
 beard and flaming horns. But the true 
 sublime resists all ridicule ; the offended 
 lawgiver frowns on un repressed, and 
 awes you with inherent authority.” 
 
 Forsyth. 
 
 “ We went as far as San Pietro 
 in Yincoli to see the ‘ Moses ’ of Michael 
 Angelo. The first sight of the statue 
 is less surprising than one would sup- 
 pose. We are familiar with it en- 
 graved and reduced; the imagination, 
 as is always the case, has exaggerated 
 it ; moreover, it is polished and finished 
 with extreme perfection. It is in a 
 brilliantly decorated church, and is 
 framed in by a handsome chapel. As 
 you dwell on it, however, the colossal 
 mass produces its effect. You feel the 
 imperious will, the ascendancy, the 
 tragic energy, of the legislator and ex- 
 terminator; his heroic muscles and 
 virile beard indicate the primitive bar- 
 barian, the subduer of men, while the 
 long head and the projections of the 
 temple denote the ascetic. Were he to 
 arise, what action and what a lion’s 
 voice ! ” Taine , Trans. 
 
MOS 
 
 334 
 
 MOS 
 
 There is Hie Moses, the grandest figure 
 that was ever carved in stone. It has 
 abo .tit something frightfully majestic, if 
 one may so spe^k. Thackeray. 
 
 Moses. A fresco by Francesco 
 Mazzuoli, surnamed II Parmigia- 
 no (1503-1540). In the church of 
 Della Steccata, Parma, Italy. 
 
 Moses and the Burning Bush. A 
 fresco by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 
 1520) . In the Stanza of the Heli- 
 odorus, in the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 Moses and the Israelites. A fresco 
 painting by Cosimo Rosselli (1439- 
 1506). In the Sistine Chapel, 
 
 Rome. 
 
 Moses and Zipporah. A fresco by 
 Luca Signorelli (da Cortona) (1441- 
 
 1521) . In the Sistine Chapel, 
 
 Rome. 
 
 Moses, Choice of. A picture by 
 Giorgio Barbarelli, commonly 
 called Giorgione (1477-1511). In 
 the Uffizi Palace, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Moses, Fountains of. See Foun- 
 tains of Moses. 
 
 Moses Striking the Bock. A pic- 
 ture by Bartolome Esteban Mu- 
 rillo (1618-1682), considered one 
 of his masterpieces. In Seville, 
 Spain. 
 
 43^“ “ Ho man ever stood before the 
 works of Murillo here [in Seville], . . . 
 his Moses opening the Rock, — and yet 
 could be guilty of breathing a single 
 regret at the recollections of Italy. 
 The wonderful genius of Murillo can 
 be studied and felt nowhere but at Se- 
 ville, where he lived and died, and 
 whose cathedral, convents and houses 
 are full of his works.” 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 
 Mosque el- Alisa. This structure, 
 situated within the enclosure of 
 the Haram at Jerusalem, is sup- 
 posed to be of the same outline 
 and to occupy the same site as a 
 magnificent basilica built in the 
 sixth century in honor of the Vir- 
 gin by the emperor Justinian. 
 De Vogue says that the present 
 edifice is of Arabian construc- 
 tion, built upon the ruins of a 
 Christian church as substructure. 
 Mr. Fergusson declares that it is 
 entirely a Mohammedan struc- 
 ture, and not the Mary Church of 
 Justinian. This mosque is in the 
 
 form of a basilica, consisting of 
 seven aisles, and covering in all 
 an area of about 50,000 square 
 feet. 
 
 Mosque of Ahmed ebn Tooloon. 
 This mosque, usually called the 
 Jama (Gama) Tooloon, is the old- 
 est in Cairo, Egypt, dating from 
 879 AD. It is architecturally 
 interesting because it shows that 
 the pointed arch was used in 
 Egypt about 300 years before it 
 was introduced into Europe. 
 
 Mosque of Amer. An interesting 
 mosque at Old Cairo, Egypt, now 
 in a state of partial decay. 
 
 Mosque of Azhar. A large mosque 
 at Cairo, Egypt, founded about 
 970, and afterwards rebuilt and 
 enlarged. Here is the chief uni- 
 versity of the East, containing 
 about 300 professors, and nearly 
 10,000 students. 
 
 Mosque {or Cathedral) of Cordo- 
 va. A grand church, formerly a 
 Moorish mosque, in Cordova, 
 Spain. It was begun by Abder- 
 rahman I. in 786, and until 1528 
 remained precisely as the Moors 
 left it; and even now the altera- 
 tions are inconsiderable. It is still 
 called the Mezquita, the mosque. 
 It is now converted into the Cath- 
 olic church of the city. 
 
 “ The grandest of all the monu- 
 ments of Arabic architecture, for be- 
 tween Bagdad and the Pillars of Hercu- 
 les nothing to be compared to it is to 
 be found. It is one of the largest 
 churches in the world. The coup 
 Woeil on entering is magnificent. Noth- 
 ing but St. Peter’s equals it; not even 
 the vast Gothic churches of the North, 
 or the Cathedral of Milan, besides that 
 it has the charm of entire novelty in its 
 form, style, and tone.” 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 
 4SiP “ As far as the history of archi- 
 tecture is concerned, by far the most 
 interesting building in Spain is this 
 Mosque of Cordoba. It was the first 
 important building commenced by the 
 Moors, and was enlarged and orna- 
 mented by successive rulers, so that it 
 contains specimens of all the styles cur- 
 rent in Spain from the earliest times 
 till the building of the Alhambra, which 
 was in the latest age of Moorish art. 
 This celebrated mosque was com 
 
MOS 
 
 335 
 
 MOS 
 
 menced by Caliph Abd-el-Rahman, in 
 the year 786, and completed by his son 
 Ilesham, who died 796. ... It covers 
 157,500 square feet, being a larger 
 superficies than that of any Christian 
 church except that of St. Peter’s at 
 Rome. It is, however, sadly deficient 
 in height, being only about 30 feet high 
 to the roofs, and also wants subordi- 
 nation of parts.” Fergusson. 
 
 In Cordova's grand cathedral 
 
 Stand the pillars thirteen hundred ; 
 
 Thirteen hundred giant pillars 
 
 Bear the cupola, — ihat wonder. 
 
 Moorish monaivhs once erected 
 
 This fair pile to Allah’s glory ; 
 
 But in the wild, dark whirl of ages 
 
 Many a change has stolen o’er it. 
 
 Heine , Trans. 
 
 And in whose mosque Almanzor hung 
 As lamps the bells that once had rung 
 At Compostella’s shrine. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Mosque of Kaitbey. A beautiful 
 Mohammedan temple in Cairo, 
 Egypt. 
 
 4®" “ Looked at externally or inter- 
 nally, nothing can exceed the grace of 
 every part of this building. Its small 
 dimensions exclude it from any claim 
 to grandeur, nor does it pretend to the 
 purity of the Greek and some other 
 styles; but as a perfect model of the 
 elegance we generally associate with 
 the architecture of this people, it is 
 perhaps unrivalled by any thing in 
 Egypt, and far surpasses the Alham- 
 bra or the other western buildings of 
 its age.” Fergusson. 
 
 Mosque of Mohammed Ali. This 
 mosque at Cairo, Egypt, was be- 
 gun by Mohammed Ali, and fin- 
 ished after his death. It is not 
 admired for its architecture ; but 
 a good effect is however produced 
 by the richness of the materials 
 used, and by the vast size of the 
 structure. It is of Oriental ala- 
 baster, with the exception of the 
 outer walls. A fine view can be 
 obtained from this mosque. 
 
 46^* Miss Martineau says of the 
 view from the mosque : “ In the evening 
 the beauty is beyond description. The 
 vastness of the city, as it lies stretched 
 below, surprises every one.” After 
 speaking of the more distant objects 
 to be seen — the Pyramids, etc., — she 
 adds : “ This view is the great sight of 
 Cairo, and that which the stranger con- 
 trives to bring into his plan for almost 
 every day.” 
 
 The great lion of the place. ... It is 
 built of alabaster of a fair white, with a 
 delicate blushing tinjje; but the orna- 
 ments are European— i be noble, fantas- 
 tic, beautiful Oriental art is torpotten. 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Mosque of Omar. This mosque 
 (Kubbet es-Sukhrah, “ the Dome 
 of the Rock ”) covers the site 
 long occupied by the great Jew- 
 ish temples on the heights of 
 Mount Moriah, in Jerusalem. It 
 is very beautiful, being built of 
 variegated marbles, with a splen- 
 did dome, fine arches and ar- 
 cades, surrounded by green 
 lawns dotted by cypress- trees. 
 On the Mohammedan Sabbath it 
 presents a very cheerful specta- 
 cle, worshippers being at prayers 
 under the cypress-trees, women, 
 Mohammedan nuns, sitting about 
 the lawns, and children sitting 
 upon the grass. Any Christian 
 who should enter even the outer- 
 most court of the mosque would 
 be liable to immediate death by 
 stoning, and even an approach to 
 it subjects him to insult. The 
 Caliph Omar built this mosque, 
 according to the common tradi- 
 tion, over the celebrated rock es- 
 Sukhrah. The Arab historians 
 say, however, that the mosque 
 was rebuilt by the Caliph Abd 
 el-Melek, the work being begun 
 in 686 A.D. Upon the sacred 
 rock, directly under the dome, is 
 shown the “ Footprint of Mo- 
 hammed,” where the foot of that 
 prophet left the earth on his jour- 
 ney to heaven; and near by the 
 “ Handprint of Gabriel,” where 
 that angel seized the rock and 
 held it down when it was rising 
 with Mohammed. 
 
 “ According to the treaty of ca- 
 pitulation, in virtue of which the city 
 [Jerusalem] was ceded to the Moslems 
 . . . it was agreed that a spot of ground 
 should be ceded to Omar, in which he 
 might establish a place of prayer. For 
 this purpose the site of the old Temple 
 of the Jews was assigned him, that 
 spot being considered sacred by the 
 Moslems on account of the nocturnal 
 visit of the prophet, and because they 
 then wished to conciliate the Jews, 
 while at the same time the spot was 
 held accursed by the Christians on ac- 
 count of the Lord’s denunciation, and 
 
MOS 
 
 336 
 
 MOTT 
 
 Julian’s attempt to rebuild it. Here 
 Omar built a small mosque which still 
 exists, but all the traditions of the place 
 have become so confused by subse- 
 quent interchanges between the Chris- 
 tians and themselves that it is difficult 
 to say whether it is the chamber bear- 
 ing the name on the east of the Mosque 
 of the Monegrins, or to the west. As 
 might be expected from the simplicity 
 of Omar’s character, his poverty, and 
 his hatred of every thing like ostenta- 
 tion, his mosque is a very simple build- 
 ing.” Fergusson. 
 
 4QP“The Dome of the Rock, now 
 known to European travellers as the 
 ‘Mosque of Omar,* — which was un- 
 doubtedly the church which Constan- 
 tine erected over what he believed to 
 have been the sepulchre of Christ, — 
 was throughout the twelfth century 
 considered equal in sanctity with the 
 Church of the Sepulchre; and the ven- 
 eration with which it was regarded 
 had, no doubt, considerable influence 
 upon the architecture of the age.” 
 
 Fergusson . 
 
 The Mosque of Omar is the St. Peter’s 
 of Turkey. Sir Frederick Henniktr. 
 
 Mosque of Sultan el Hakem. The 
 
 oldest mosque hut one at Cairo, 
 Egypt. It affords an example of 
 the early use of the pointed arch 
 in Saracenic buildings, the time 
 of its erection being nearly two 
 centuries earlier than the general 
 adoption of that style of architec- 
 ture in England. 
 
 Mosque of Sultan Hassan. [Jd- 
 
 ma-t-es Soltdn Hassan.] This 
 mosque at Cairo, Egypt, the finest 
 in the city, was begun in 1357, 
 and finished three years later. 
 It is much admired for its archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 Motee Musjeed. See Pearl 
 
 Mosque. 
 
 Moultrie, Port. See Fort Moul- 
 trie. 
 
 Mount Athos, Monasteries of. 
 
 The sides of this mountain, Mount 
 Athos, in Turkey, are occupied by 
 22 convents, together with many 
 cells, grottos, etc., affording a 
 habitation to more than 3,000 
 monks. Most of these convents 
 were founded in the time of the 
 Byzantine Empire, some in the 
 time of Constantine the Great. 
 From the multitude of these as- 
 
 cetic retreats, Mount Athos, to- 
 gether with the peninsula upon 
 which it stands, is known in the 
 Levant as the Holy Mountain 
 (' Ay lov r/ Opo 5 , Monto Santo). 
 
 Mount Auburn. An extensive 
 and beautiful cemetery in Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., the first of the 
 large country cemeteries of the 
 United States. It was conse- 
 crated in 1831. The grounds are 
 laid out with great taste, and 
 contain many fine and costly 
 monuments. The place was 
 formerly known as “ Sweet Au- 
 burn.” 
 
 4®" “ What parent, as he conducts 
 his son to Mount Auburn or to Bunker 
 Hill, will not, as he pauses before their 
 monumental statues, seek to heighten 
 his reverence for virtue, for patriotism, 
 for science, for learning, for devotion 
 to the public good, as he bids him con- 
 template the form of that grave and 
 venerable Winthrop, who left his pleas- 
 ant home in England to come and found 
 anew republic in this untrodden wilder- 
 ness; of that ardent and intrepid Otis, 
 who first struck out the spark of Ameri- 
 can independence ; of that noble Adams, 
 its most eloquent champion on the floor 
 of Congress; of that martyr Warren, 
 who laid down his life in its defence; 
 of that self-taught Bowditch, who, 
 without a guide, threaded the starry 
 mazes of the heavens; of that Story, 
 honored at home and abroad as one of 
 the brightest luminaries of the law, 
 and by a felicity of which I believe 
 there is no other example, admirably 
 portrayed in marble by his son ? ” 
 
 Edward Everett . 
 
 I thought of a mound in sweet Auburn , 
 Where a little headstone stood ; 
 
 How the flakes were folding it gently, 
 
 As did robins the babes in the wood. 
 
 Lowell . 
 
 Mount Calvary. See Calvary. 
 
 Mount Carmel, Convent of. A 
 
 noble monastic establishment, be- 
 longing to the order of Carmelites, 
 on Mount Carmel, in northern 
 Palestine. The spot is associated 
 with many interesting events, not 
 only in sacred story, but in mod- 
 ern history. During the siege of 
 Acre by Napoleon, the convent 
 was used as a hospital for 
 French soldiers. The buildings 
 were afterwards burned by the 
 Turks, but have been rebuilt in 
 
MOU 
 
 337 
 
 MOU 
 
 this century, and are the finest 
 of the kind in Palestine. 
 
 Mount Edgecumbe. A castellated 
 mansion, dating from the time 
 of Henry VI IL, the seat of the 
 Edgecumbe family, near Plym- 
 outh, England. The grounds are 
 famous for their beautiful views 
 of land and sea. 
 
 Forthwith, a guard at every gun 
 Was placed along the wall ; 
 
 The beacon blazed upon the roof 
 Of Edgecombe's Hfty hall. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Mount Holyoke Seminary. A 
 
 well-known school for young 
 women, founded in 1836. It is 
 situated in South Hadley, Mass. 
 
 Mount Hood. A well-known pic- 
 ture by Albert Bierstadt(b. 1829). 
 
 Mount Hope. An eminence in 
 Bristol County, ft. I., nearly op- 
 posite what is now called Fall 
 ftiver, Mass., and celebrated as 
 the residence of King Philip, the 
 chief of the Indian tribe of the 
 Wampanoags, who carried on 
 the long and destructive war 
 with the early settlers of New 
 England, which broke out in 
 1675, and is known as “ King 
 Philip’s War.” 
 
 “ Near the brow of the hill, 
 Philip fixed his wigwam and held his 
 dusky court. He has had Irving for 
 his biographer, Southey for his bard, 
 and Forrest for his ideal representa- 
 tive. In his own time he was the pub- 
 lic enemy whom any should slay : in 
 ours he is considered a martyr to the 
 idea of liberty — his idea of liberty not 
 differing from that of Tell and Tous- 
 saint, whom we call heroes.” Drake. 
 
 “ As Philip looked down from 
 his seat on Mount Hope, that glorious 
 eminence, that — 
 
 — * throne of royal state, which far 
 Outshone the wealth of Ormusand of Ind, 
 Or where the gorgeous East, with richest 
 hand, 
 
 Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and 
 gold,’ — 
 
 as he looked down, and beheld the 
 lovely scene which spread beneath, at 
 a summer sunset, the distant hill-tops 
 glittering as with fire, the slanting 
 beams streaming across the waters, the 
 broad plains, the island groups, the 
 majestic forest, — could he be blamed 
 if his heart burned within him, as he 
 
 beheld it all passing, by no tardy pro- 
 cess, from beneath his control, into the 
 hands of the stranger? ” 
 
 Edward Everett. 
 
 Mount Lander. A well-known 
 picture by Albert Bierstadt (b. 
 1829). 
 
 Mount Mario. See Monte Mario. 
 
 Mount of Precipitation. A lo- 
 cality fixed upon by monastic 
 tradition in the immediate vi- 
 cinity of Nazaretli in northern 
 Palestine, as the spot to which 
 Jesus was taken by the Jews, 
 with a design to cast him down 
 “ from the brow of the hill.” 
 
 Mount Pleasant. An old colonial 
 house in what is now Fairrnount 
 Park, Philadelphia, Penn. It 
 was built in 1761, and was owned 
 for a time by Benedict Arnold, 
 having been confiscated after his 
 act of treason. 
 
 Mount St. Michael. A renowned 
 castle-convent, situated upon the 
 summit of a picturesque isolated 
 rock of the same name rising out 
 of a wide expanse of sands in 
 Normandy, France. This shrine 
 of the Archangel Michael has 
 been for centuries the resort of 
 thousands of pious worshippers 
 including many royal pilgrims. 
 The convent bore the name of 
 the Marvel, from the immense 
 size and strength of its walls. 
 During the Revolution it was 
 turned into a prison. St. Mich- 
 ael’s Mount in Cornwall was a 
 dependency of this monastery. 
 
 From various letters which my friend 
 had written me from this proud eminence, 
 I had formed a very distinct idea of the 
 place. I had imagined a hill not unlike 
 Mount St. Michel , my friend's house an- 
 swering to the monastery on the top. 
 
 Harper's Magazine. 
 
 Mount Sinai (Convent). See Ct. 
 Catherine. 
 
 Mount Valerien. See Mont Va- 
 lerien. 
 
 Mount Vernon. The estate and 
 home of George Washington, in 
 Fairfax County, Va., about 15 
 miles below the city of Washing- 
 ton. It was named after Admiral 
 
MOU 
 
 338 
 
 MUG 
 
 Vernon of the British navy. The 
 mansion contains many interest- 
 ing relics connected with Wash- 
 ington, and among others the key 
 of the Bastille which was pre- 
 sented to him by Lafayette. In 
 1850 the house with six acres of 
 land was purchased by the Ladies’ 
 Mount Vernon Association, and 
 is now the property of the 
 nation. 
 
 Tell me, ye wlio make your pious pil- 
 grimage to the shades of Vernon , is Wash- 
 ington indeed shut up in that cold and 
 narrow house? That which made these 
 men, and men like these, cannot die. 
 
 Edward Everett. 
 
 The tree who=e branches in your north 
 winds wave 
 
 Dropped its young blossoms on Mount Ver- 
 non's grave. Whittier. 
 
 As from the grave where Henry sleeps, 
 From Vernon 's weeping willow, 
 
 A v d from the grassy pall which hides 
 The Sage < f Mon'icello. Whittier. 
 
 Mount Zion. The chief and most 
 interesting of the hills upon 
 which Jerusalem is built. It is 
 the oldest part of the city, the 
 first upon which buildings were 
 erected. 
 
 Sing, heavenly Muse, that on the secret 
 top 
 
 Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire 
 That shepherd, who first taught the chosen 
 seed 
 
 In the beginning how the heavens and 
 eart li 
 
 Rose out of Chaos; or if Sion hill 
 Delight thee more, and Siloa’s brook, that 
 flowed 
 
 Fast by the oracle of God, I thence 
 Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Mountain of Light. See Kohi- 
 
 xoor. 
 
 Mourning Bush. An ancient and 
 celebrated tavern in Aldersgate, 
 London. 
 
 Mousa Castle. A Pictish castle on 
 one of the Orkney Islands, said 
 to be “ perhaps the most perfect 
 Teutonic fortress now extant in 
 Europe.” 
 
 Mouse-tower, The. [Ger. Mouse- 
 thurm .] A tower on an island 
 in the Rhine, supposed to have 
 been erected in the Middle Ages 
 by some of the robber-kniglits of 
 the Rhine. The ruins have been 
 covered with stucco, and con- 
 
 verted into a watch-tower. It 
 derives its name from the legend 
 of the cruel Archbishop Hatto of 
 Mayence. According to the story, 
 as told by Southey in his familiar 
 ballad, the Bishop, having burned 
 alive a barnful of starving poor 
 in order to rid himself of their 
 importunities for food from his 
 well - furnished granaries, was 
 punished for his cruel act by be- 
 ing devoured by a whole army of 
 rats in his tower on the Rhine, to 
 which he had fled for safety. 
 
 “ Fly ! my Lord Bishop, fly,” quotli he, 
 
 ” Ten thousand rats are coming this 
 way — 
 
 The Lord forgive you for yesterday ! ” 
 
 ” I’ll go to my tower on the Rhine,” re- 
 plied he, 
 
 “ Tis tbe safest place in Germany; 
 
 The walls are high, and the shores are 
 steep, 
 
 And the stream is strong, and the water 
 deep!” Southey. 
 
 4ST “ It appears to have been built 
 in the thirteenth century by a Bishop 
 Siegfried (full 200 years after the death 
 of Bishop Hatto), along with the oppo- 
 site castle of Ehrenfels, as a watch- 
 tower and toll-house for collecting the 
 duties upon all goods which passed the 
 spot. The word mans is probably only 
 an older form of manth , duty or toll : 
 and this name, together with the very 
 unpopular object for which the tower 
 was erected, perhaps gave rise to the 
 dolorous story of Bishop Hatto and the 
 rats.” Murray's Handbook . 
 
 From my study I see in the lamp-light. 
 Descending the broad hall stair. 
 
 Grave Alice, and laughing Allegra, 
 
 And Edith with golden hair. 
 
 They almost devour me with kisses; 
 
 Their arms about me intwine, 
 
 Till I think of the Bishop of Bingen 
 In his Mouse-Tower on the Rhine. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Moyamensing Prison. A massive 
 prison in Philadelphia, Penn. 
 
 Mozart Hall. A building in Cin- 
 cinnati, O., devoted to lectures 
 and concerts. 
 
 Mozzi, Villa. See Villa Mozzi. 
 
 Mueross Abbey. A beautiful and 
 famed monastery, now in ruins, 
 situated in the county of Kerry, 
 Ireland. It is of the fourteenth 
 century. The best-preserved por- 
 tion is the cloister, which consists 
 of 22 arches. The whole area is 
 
MITE 
 
 339 
 
 MUS 
 
 covered by a magnificent yew- 
 tree of a growth of centuries. 
 
 Muezzin, The. A picture by Jean 
 Loon Gerome (b. 1824), the French 
 painter. 
 
 Mug-house Clubs. The Mug-house 
 club was one of the most popular 
 clubs in London early in the eigh- 
 teenth century. The house in 
 Long Acre derived its name from 
 the fact that each member drank 
 his ale from a separate mug. 
 After a time other similar clubs 
 were formed, and they became 
 intimately connected with politi- 
 cal events. Their tumults and 
 struggles with the Jacobites cul- 
 minated in the serious Mug-house 
 riots of the year 1716. The Mug- 
 house club in Long Acre, though 
 subsequently a political rendez- 
 vous, was not such at first, and is 
 said to have consisted of gentle- 
 men, lawyers, and statesmen. 
 The Club in its early days is thus 
 described: ‘’They have a grave 
 old Gentleman, in his own gray 
 Hairs, now within a few months 
 of Ninety years old, who is their 
 President, and sits in an arm’d 
 chair some steps higher than the 
 rest of the company to keep the 
 whole Loom in order. A Harp 
 plays all the time at the lower 
 end of the Room; and every now 
 and then one or other of the Com- 
 pany rises and entertains the rest 
 with a song, and (by the by) some 
 are good Masters. Here is noth- 
 ing drunk but ale; and every 
 Gentleman hath his separate 
 Mug, which he chalks on the Ta- 
 ble where he sits as it is brought 
 in; and every one retires when 
 he pleases as from a Coffee-house. 
 The Room is always so diverted 
 with Songs, and drinking from 
 one Table to another to one 
 another’s Healths, that there is 
 no room for Politicks, or any 
 thing that can sow’r conversa- 
 tion.” 
 
 Mulberry Garden. A celebrated 
 place of resort and entertainment 
 in London in the seventeenth 
 century, now included in the gar- 
 dens of Buckingham Palace. 
 
 Muleteer, The. A picture by An- 
 tonio Allegri, surnamed Correg- 
 gio (1494-1534). In the gallery of 
 Stafford House, London. 
 
 Mulets, Grands. See Grands Mu- 
 lets. 
 
 Mulino, II. See Mill, The. 
 
 Mungret Priory. An interesting 
 monastic ruin in the county of 
 Limerick, Ireland. It is said to 
 have been founded by St. Pat- 
 rick, and is undoubtedly of high 
 antiquity. 
 
 Munster Congress. A picture by 
 Gerard Ter burg (1608-1681), the 
 Dutch (/ermj-painter, and consid- 
 ered one of his masterpieces. It 
 was sold at the Demidoff sale for 
 182,000 francs, and is now in the 
 National Gallery, London. 
 
 Murder of the Innocents. See 
 Massacre of the Innocents. 
 
 Muro Torto. A piece of broken 
 wall in the garden of the Pincian 
 
 Hill. 
 
 4®=“ “ At the farthest point of the 
 Pincio you look down from the parapet 
 upon the Muro Torto , a massive frag- 
 ment of the oldest Roman wall, which 
 juts over, as if ready to tumble down 
 by its own weight, yet seems still the 
 most indestructible piece of work that 
 men’s hands have ever piled together.” 
 Hawthorne , The Marble Faun . 
 
 Hence turning to the right out of the 
 Porto del Popolo, we came to Justinian’s 
 garden neere the Muro Torto , so promi- 
 nently built as threatening every moment 
 to fall, yet standing so for theselhou sand 
 years. John Evelyn , 1644. 
 
 4®=*“ Vainly have the antiquaries 
 puzzled themselves to conceive them 
 with what intention, or by whom, this 
 piece of deformity was made, wheth- 
 er originally built in this strange shape, 
 or whether fallen into it by time or ac- 
 cident.” Eaton. 
 
 Musee du Louvre. Avast collec- 
 tion of works of art in Paris, oc- 
 cupying almost the whole of the 
 Louvre Palace and Louvre Gal- 
 lery. See Louvre. 
 
 4®= “ As a whole it is perhaps the 
 finest, and as regards numbers the lar- 
 gest in Europe, although it must yield 
 in Italian art to those of the Vatican 
 and Florence ; in Dutch, to those of the 
 
MUS 
 
 340 
 
 MUS 
 
 Hague, Amsterdam, and Antwerp ; in 
 Roman antiquities, to the Museums of 
 the Capitol and Vatican at Rome, and 
 to that of Naples; and in Greek sculp- 
 ture, to the British Museum. Most of 
 the objects are set out and exhibited to 
 the best advantage in splendid rooms. 
 Under Napoleon III. the whole was 
 re-arranged, whilst very great additions 
 were made in every department, espe- 
 cially in the Egyptian, Assyrian, and 
 Etruscan, — among them the magnifi- 
 cent collections of the Marquis Oam- 
 pana, of Rome, purchased in 1861 for 
 nearly 200,000/., which form the most 
 important portion of the Musee Napo- 
 leon HI.” Murray's Handbook. 
 
 Musee du Luxembourg. [Mu- 
 seum of the Luxembourg.] A 
 gallery of paintings in the Lux- 
 embourg Palace, Paris. 
 
 MSS" “ This gallery contains what 
 are considered to be the best works of 
 living French painters; at the expira- 
 tion of ten years from the death of an 
 artist, his works may be transferred to 
 the Louvre. This gallery dates from 
 1818, and the works have been mostly 
 purchased after the annual exhibitions 
 under the selection of a jury composed 
 chiefly of members of the Institute. 
 Until lately the pictures selected were 
 almost entirely of the school of the 
 Empire and Restoration — enormous 
 classical or academic subjects. Of late, 
 however, this system has been departed 
 from, and the collection is now a fairer 
 representation of the French school of 
 the day.” Murray's Handbook. 
 
 Museo, El. [The Museum.] The 
 royal picture-gallery of Madrid, 
 Spain, and one of the richest col- 
 lections in the world. Of the 
 building, Fergusson says, “ If not 
 quite successful in design, it has 
 so many good points about it as 
 to be well worthy of study.” The 
 gallery contains a vast number 
 of pictures by Spanish and Italian 
 artists. 
 
 Museo Borbonieo. [Bourbon Mu- 
 seum.] A celebrated museum of 
 antiquities, sculptures, paintings, 
 gems, etc., in Naples, Italy. It 
 received its name from Ferdinand 
 I., in 1816, who placed in it the 
 royal collections of antiquities and 
 pictures. The greater part of the 
 relics found at Herculaneum and 
 Pompeii are deposited here. This 
 museum is now called Museo Na- 
 zionale. 
 
 Museo Capitolino. [Capitoline 
 Museum.] A gallery of sculp- 
 ture, — the Museum of the Capi- 
 tol, — at Rome. It was begun by 
 Pope Clement XII., and, though 
 not so extensive as that of the 
 Vatican, is a most interesting col- 
 lection. 
 
 Museo Chiaramonti. An apart- 
 ment in the Vatican, Rome, filled 
 with sculptures, arranged by 
 Canova. It was founded by Pope 
 Pius VIII., and derives its name 
 from that of his family. 
 
 4^“ Here are some seven hundred 
 pieces of sculpture, — all worthy of ex- 
 amination, many of them curious, and 
 some of them of great merit.” 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 Museo Gregoriano. See Etrus- 
 can Museum. 
 
 Museo Nazionale. See Museo 
 Borbonico. 
 
 Museo Pio-Clementino. A mu- 
 seum in the Vatican Palace at 
 Rome, so called from the two 
 popes Clement XIV. and Pius 
 VI., who made large donations 
 to it. It contains the most mag- 
 nificent collection of ancient 
 sculpture in the world, among 
 which may be mentioned the 
 Torso Belvedere, the Meleager, 
 the Antinous, the Laocoon, and 
 the Apollo Belvedere. 
 
 46g=- “ This is by far the most exten- 
 sive collection in the Vatican. Besides 
 the Cortile of the Belvidere ... it 
 comprises the Hall of Animals, the 
 Gallery of the Muses, the Circular 
 Hall, the Hall of the Greek Cross, the 
 Hall of the Biga, and the Grand Stair- 
 case. In point of architecture, these 
 are the most splendid portions of the 
 whole Vatican, and the visitor knows 
 not which most to admire, the innu- 
 merable works of art which solicit his 
 attention, or the spacious courts, and 
 the noble apartments around and in 
 which they are distributed.” 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 Museum, The. 1. This renowned 
 institution at Alexandria, Egypt, 
 was founded by Ptolemy Soter. 
 Alexandria was a famous seat of 
 learning, where fora long time 
 flourished literature, science, and 
 all branches of philosphy. Ac- 
 
MUS 
 
 341 
 
 MYR 
 
 cording to Strabo, the Museum 
 was a large structure surrounded 
 by a corridor, and the famous Li- 
 brary of Alexandria was attached 
 to it. 
 
 2. A hill in Athens, Greece, 
 south-west of the Acropolis. 
 
 3. A well-known edifice on Tre- 
 mont Street, Boston, Mass., used 
 for theatrical purposes, and con- 
 taining a museum of curiosities 
 and antiquities. 
 
 Tickets to the Mdseum , — said the land- 
 lady. —There is them that’s glad enough 
 to go to the Museum , when tickets is given 
 ’em: but some of ’em lia’n't had a ticket 
 sence Oenderiila was played. Holmes. 
 
 4. See British Museum, In- 
 dia Museum, Sloane Museum, 
 Soane Museum, etc. 
 
 Music Hall. A plain edifice in 
 Boston, Mass., containing a noble 
 hall, used for concerts and other 
 
 purposes, and the largest organ 
 in America. 
 
 Music Master. A picture by Jan 
 Steen (1626-1679), the Dutch (jenre 
 painter. In the National Gailery, 
 London. 
 
 Musidora. An admired picture by 
 Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788). 
 In the National Gallery, London. 
 
 J OGtf “ Ilis [Gainsborough’s] Musi- 
 dora has such delicate feet and so in- 
 telligent a head that she is ho simple 
 girl bathing, but a lady.” 
 
 Taine y Trans. 
 
 Myrtle Grove. A mansion near 
 Youghall, Ireland, near Cork, 
 once the home of Sir Walter Ra- 
 leigh. It derives its name from 
 the luxuriant growth of the myr- 
 tles by which it is nearly covered, 
 and some of which are nearly 30 
 feet high. 
 
NAG 
 
 342 
 
 NAT 
 
 N. 
 
 Nag’s Head. A former tavern in 
 London. 
 
 Namur, Siege of. See Siege of 
 Namur. 
 
 Nando’s. A coffee-house in Fleet 
 Street, London, formerly much 
 frequented by professional loun- 
 gers. It is no longer a coffee- 
 house. 
 
 jgQp* “ The lawyers discussed law or 
 literature ; criticised the last new play, 
 or retailed the freshest Westminster 
 Hall ‘ bite ’ at Nando's or the Grecian, 
 both close on the purlieus of the Tem- 
 ple. Here the young bloods of the 
 Inns-of-Court paraded their Indian 
 gowns and lace caps of a morning; 
 and swaggered in their lace coats and 
 Mechlin ruffles at night, after the the- 
 atre.” National Review. 
 
 Napoleon at Fontainebleau. A 
 picture by Paul Delaroche (1797- 
 1856), the eminent French his- 
 torical painter. 
 
 Napoleon at St. Helena. An ad- 
 mired picture by Benjamin Rob- 
 ert Hay don (1786-1846). 
 
 Narcissus. An ancient marble 
 statue supposed to be the copy of 
 a work by Praxiteles, the Greek 
 sculptor (b. 392? B.C.). It is in 
 the Museum at Naples, Italy. 
 [Called also Pai i, and Bacchus.] 
 
 Narcissus and Echo. A picture 
 by Joseph Mallord William Turn- 
 er (1775—1851), the English land- 
 scape-painter, and regarded one 
 of his best works. 
 
 Narragansett Fort. A ruined In- 
 dian fortress near Kingston, R.I., 
 the scene of one of the most 
 desperate conflicts between the 
 early colonists of New England 
 and the Indian tribes during 
 “ King Philip’s War.” The fort, 
 of which a few remains still ex- 
 ist. was taken by the Massachu- 
 setts and Connecticut men in De- 
 cember, 1675. 
 
 Nashville, The. A noted priva- 
 teer of the Confederate navy in 
 the war of the Rebellion. She 
 was one of the most active and 
 formidable vessels afloat, but 
 was finally destroyed by the 
 Mont auk, under command of 
 Capt. Worden. 
 
 Nassau, John, Duke of, and his 
 Family. A family picture by 
 Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641), 
 and one of his grandest compo- 
 sitions. Now at Panshanger. 
 
 National Academy of Design. A 
 fine building on Fourth Ave- 
 nue, New York, devoted to the 
 exhibition of works of American 
 art. 
 
 National Cemetery. A national 
 burying- ground in Arlington, 
 Va., containing the bodies of 16,- 
 000 soldiers, who fell in the war 
 of the Rebellion. 
 
 National Gallery. A collection of 
 paintings and works of art in 
 London. It originated under the 
 auspices of the British gov- 
 ernment, and was founded in 
 1824. The building of the Na- 
 tional Gallery was erected 1832- 
 38. 
 
 “It possesses windows without 
 glass, a cupola without size, a portico 
 without height, pepper-boxes without 
 pepper, and the finest site in Europe, 
 without any thing to show upon it.” 
 
 All the Year Round. 
 
 National Gallery of Statuary. A 
 semicircular chamber in the Capi- 
 tol at Washington, formerly the 
 hall of the House of Representa- 
 tives, in which that body sat for 
 32 years. In 1864 the room was 
 set apart as a hall of statuary. 
 It contains statues of some of the 
 most eminent men of the re- 
 public, and of the colonial period, 
 contributed by the different 
 States. 
 
NAT 
 
 343 
 
 NAT 
 
 National Monument. A memo- 
 rial structure in Edinburgh , Scot- 
 land, begun in 1822, in honor of 
 those British soldiers who fell 
 in the Napoleonic wars. It was 
 designed to be a copy of the Par- 
 thenon at Athens, but for want 
 of funds the building is still in 
 an unfinished state. 
 
 National Monument. An impos- 
 ing memorial structure of gran- 
 ite, erected on Cemetery Hill, 
 Gettysburg, Penn., in honor of 
 the Union soldiers who gave their 
 lives for their country at this 
 place in the great battle of July 
 3, 1863. It stands in the centre 
 of the enclosure, which contains 
 the bodies of some 3,500 soldiers, 
 representing eighteen Northern 
 States. The monument bears 
 upon its base the famous words 
 ol President Lincoln, delivered 
 at the consecration of the ceme- 
 tery in November, 1863. 
 
 National Portrait Gallery. An 
 interesting gallery in the South 
 Kensington Museum, London, 
 founded in 1858. 
 
 National Hoad. An ancient na- 
 tional highway, established by 
 Thomas Jefferson, and once a 
 great thoroughfare. It extended 
 from Baltimore, Md., through 
 Frederick, Cumberland, and 
 Wheeling, to Columbus, O. 
 Sometimes called the old Cum- 
 berland Road. 
 
 Nativity, The. [Ital. 17 Presepio, 
 Fr. La Nativite .] A very com- 
 mon subject of representation by 
 the great mediaeval painters, ex- 
 hibiting, under various aspects 
 and circumstances, the birth of 
 Christ. Of the numerous pic- 
 tures treating of this subject, the 
 following may be mentioned as 
 among the more noted. 
 
 But for the occasion and the appellation 
 it would be quite impossible to distinguish 
 the loves that sport round Venus and 
 Adonis from the Cherubim, so called, that 
 hover above a Nativity , or a Riposo. 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Nativity, The. A celebrated 
 picture by Correggio. See Notte, 
 
 La. 
 
 Nativity, The. • An admired pic- 
 ture by Mariotto Albertinelli 
 (1474-1515). In the Pitti Gallery, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Nativity, The. A well-known 
 picture by Giulio Romano (1492- 
 1546), which formerly belonged 
 to Charles I. of England. Now 
 in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Nativity, The. A picture by 
 Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the 
 German painter and engraver, 
 erroneously ascribed to Herri de 
 Bles. It is in the collection of 
 the Marquis of Exeter at Bur- 
 leigh House, England. 
 
 Nativity, The. An altar-piece 
 with wings, executed by Hugo 
 van der Goes (d. 1482), the Flem- 
 ish painter, for the church of the 
 Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova 
 at Florence, Italy, where it is still 
 preserved. 
 
 Nativity, The. A small triptych 
 altar-piece, representing the Na- 
 tivity, a Dead Christ in the lap of 
 the Virgin, and Christ appearing 
 to his mother after the Resurrec- 
 tion, by Roger van der Weyden, 
 (d. 1464). It was presented by 
 Pope Martin V. to the King of 
 Spain, afterwards was brought to 
 France, and is now in the Berlin 
 Museum. 
 
 Nativity, The. A wall-paint- 
 ing by Nabor Martin (1404-1453), 
 a Flemish painter. In the 
 “Grande Bouclierie ” at Ghent, 
 Belgium. 
 
 Nativity, The. A picture by 
 Gheerardt David (1484-1523), a 
 Flemish painter. Now in the 
 National Gallery at Madrid, 
 Spain. 
 
 Nativity, Cave of the. See Cave 
 of the Nativity. 
 
 Nativity, Church of the. This 
 splendid basilica at Bethlehem, 
 the oldest specimen of Christian 
 architecture in the world, was 
 built by the Empress Helena in 
 327 A.B. In consequence of its 
 being used by all sects alike, the 
 church is now in a state of neg- 
 lect. Connected with it is a 
 chamber which was formerly the 
 study of Jerome. In the church 
 is an altar reputed to be upon the 
 
NAT 
 
 344 
 
 NEL 
 
 spot where were buried the 20,000 
 children massacred by order of 
 Herod. There is also here a low 
 vault known as the Chapel of the 
 Nativity, within which is a marble 
 slab bearing the inscription, “ Hie 
 de Virgin e Maria Jesus Cliristus 
 natus est ” (“ Here Jesus Christ 
 was born of the Virgin Mary ”). 
 Here is also the small chapel of 
 the Prcesepium, or “ Manger,” the 
 manger being represented by a 
 marble trough. Attached to the 
 church are large convents belong- 
 ing to Roman Catholics, the 
 Greek Church, and the Arme- 
 nians. 
 
 Natural Bridge. 1. A remarkable 
 natural curiosity near the James 
 River in Virginia, about 125 miles 
 west of Richmond. It is an arch 
 more than 200 feet in height span- 
 ning Cedar Creek. 
 
 This scene [the passage of the Potomac 
 through the valley of the Blue Ridge] is 
 worth a journey across the Atlantic; yet 
 here, as in the neighborhood of the Nat- 
 ural Bridge , are people who have passed 
 their lives within a dozen miles, and have 
 never been to survey these monuments of 
 a war between rivers and mountains, 
 which must have shaken the earth itself 
 to its centre. Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 2. A curiosity of nature in 
 Walker County, Ala., considered 
 by many as remarkable as the 
 celebrated bridge in Virginia. • 
 
 Naval Academy. See United 
 States Naval Academy. 
 
 Naval Club. See Royal Naval 
 Club. 
 
 N avicella, La. [The boat or barge.] 
 A celebrated mosaic now in the 
 vestibule of St. Peter’s Church 
 in Rome, executed by Giotto 
 (1276-1336), with the help of his 
 pupil Pietro Cavallini, and repre- 
 senting a ship (symbolizing the 
 Church) with the disciples upon 
 an agitated sea, and the Saviour 
 raising Peter from the waves. On 
 the shore opposite is a fisherman. 
 Several figures of Fathers are 
 seen in the sky manifesting sym- 
 pathy with those in the ship. 
 The winds are represented below 
 on each side in the form of a 
 
 demon. The picture has under- 
 gone such injuries and repairs as 
 to make any critical estimate 
 difficult. 
 
 “ ‘Christ walking on the Sea’ 
 is a familiar and picturesque subject, 
 not to be mistaken. The most ancient 
 and most ^celebrated representation is 
 Giotto’s mosaic (A.D. 1298), now placed 
 in the portico of St. Peter’s over the 
 arch opposite to the principal door. 
 The sentiment in the composition of 
 this subject is, generally, ‘ Lord, help 
 me; or I perish.’ St. Peter is sinking, 
 and Christ is stretching out his hand 
 to save him. It is considered as a type 
 of the Church in danger, assailed by 
 enemies, and saved by the miraculous 
 interposition of the Redeemer; and in 
 this sense must the frequent represen- 
 tations in churches be understood.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Navona, Piazza. See Piazza Na- 
 vona. 
 
 Na worth Castle. The seat of the 
 Earl of Carlisle, near Gilsland, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Nazionale, Villa. SeeViLLAREALE. 
 
 Necessidades. A palace of vast 
 size in Lisbon, Portugal, used for 
 the meetings of the Cortes. 
 
 “ Hence we were driven to the 
 huge palace of Necessidades, which is 
 but a wing of a building that no King 
 of Portugal ought ever to be rich 
 enough to complete, and which, if per- 
 fect, might outvie the Tower of Babel. 
 The mines of Brazil must have been 
 productive of gold and silver indeed 
 when the founder imagined this enor- 
 mous edifice. . . . Although the palace 
 has not attained any thing like its full 
 growth, yet what exists is quite big 
 enough for the monarch of such a 
 little country. . . . The Necessidades 
 are only used for grand galas, recep- 
 tions of ambassadors, and ceremonies 
 of state. ... Of all the undignified 
 objects in the world, a palace out at 
 elbows is surely the meanest.” 
 
 Thackeray . 
 
 Necklace, The Diamond. See 
 Diamond Necklace. 
 
 N egroni, Villa. See V ill A Massi- 
 mo. 
 
 Nelson Column. A monument 
 erected in 1843 to the memory of 
 Lord Nelson in Trafalgar Square, 
 London, and supporting a statue 
 of that great admiral. 
 
NEL 
 
 345 
 
 NEW 
 
 I wish they would offer the Trafalgar- 
 square Pillar to the Egyptians; and that 
 both of the huge, ugly monsters -were 
 lying in the dirt there [Egypt], side by 
 side. Thackeray. 
 
 Nelson’s Pillar. A fine Ionic col- 
 umn in Sackville Street, Dublin, 
 Ireland. It is 131 feet in height, 
 and is surmounted by a statue of 
 Lord Nelson, leaning upon the 
 capstan of a ship. The pillar 
 commands a fine view of the 
 city. 
 
 Nepomuck. See St. John Nepo- 
 muck and Shrine of St. John 
 Nepomuck. 
 
 Neptune, Temple of. See Temple 
 of Neptune. 
 
 Nero’s Golden House. See Gold- 
 en House. 
 
 Nesle, Tour de. See Tour de 
 Nesle. 
 
 Neutral Ground. 1. The name 
 given to a space near the north- 
 ern extremity of the isthmus 
 which connects the fortress of 
 Gibraltar with the mainland. It 
 is between the “Spanish lines” 
 and the English “ Rock ” of Gib- 
 raltar. 
 
 2. A name formerly applied to 
 Westchester County, N.Y., which 
 was for five years or more during 
 the Revolutionary War the scene 
 of constant skirmishing between 
 the Loyalists and Queen’s Ran- 
 gers on the one side, and the pa- 
 triot soldiery of New York and 
 New England on the other. 
 Cooper’s well-known “ Spy ” is a 
 “ Tale of the Neutral Ground.” 
 
 Nevskoi Prospekt. [The New 
 Prospect.] The principal street 
 and public promenade in St. 
 Petersburg, Russia. It is four 
 miles in length, nearly in a right 
 line, and 150 feet in breadth, with 
 a double carriage-way. The 
 houses facing upon it are mag- 
 nificent, and some of the finest 
 churches in the city are here lo- 
 cated. In winter the display of 
 sledges and costumes which 
 crowd this street affords one of 
 the finest spectacles to be seen in 
 Europe. 
 
 A walk in Broadwny or Fifth Avenue 
 will show you damsels and dames who 
 will remind you of those you have met in 
 Piccadilly or the Boulevards ... in the 
 Prater or Nevskoi Prospekt. Galaxy. 
 
 The days came and went; fashionable 
 equipages forsook their summer ground of 
 the Islands and crowded the Nevskoi Pros- 
 pekt ; the nights were cold and >aw, ilie 
 sun’s lessening declination was visible 
 from day to day, and still Winter deiavi d 
 To make his appearance. Bayard Taylor. 
 
 New Abbey. An interesting ru- 
 ined monastery, founded in the 
 thirteenth century, near Dum- 
 fries, Scotland. Its last abbot is 
 said to have been the original of 
 Sir Walter Scott’s Abbot of St. 
 Mary’s. 
 
 New Forest. A large tract of 
 woodland, the greater part of 
 which belongs to the Crown, 
 in the neighborhood of South- 
 ampton, England, about 50 miles 
 in circumference, originally set 
 apart by William the Conquer- 
 or, and of much historical in- 
 terest. 
 
 This is the place where William's kingly 
 power 
 
 Did from their poor and peac< ful homes 
 expel, 
 
 Unfriended, desolate, and shelterless. 
 
 The inhabitants of all the fertile tract 
 Far as these wilds extend. 
 
 Robert Southey. 
 
 I have read somewhere that the lineal 
 descendants of the man who carted off 
 the body cf William Rufus, with Walter 
 TyrrePs arrow sticking in it, have driven 
 acart (not absolutelv the same one, I 
 suppose) in the New Forest , from that day 
 to this. Holmes. 
 
 New Grange. A remarkable Dru- 
 idical tumulus on the banks of the 
 Boyne, between Drogheda and 
 Slane, Ireland. One or two oth- 
 ers of a similar character are in 
 the neighborhood. The interior 
 was first explored in 1699. A 
 long gallery opens into a wonder- 
 ful cave or sacrificial chamber, 
 where more than 2,000 years ago 
 the Druids held their solemn 
 meetings. 
 
 4®^ “ Of their Druidical character 
 no one can entertain the remotest 
 doubt; they would carry conviction 
 to the most sceptical, even if ample 
 corroborative testimony did not exist.” 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hall . 
 
 New Hall. An historical mansion 
 near Chelmsford, England, once 
 
NEW 
 
 346 
 
 NEW 
 
 belonging to the Duke of Buck- 
 ingham, and the scene of many 
 interesting incidents. Only a 
 part of the building now re- 
 mains. 
 
 New Harmony. A celebrated so- 
 cialist community established in 
 1825, in a place bearing this name 
 in Indiana, purchased by Robert 
 Owen (1771-1858) for the purpose 
 of testing his theory of society. 
 The experiment proved entirely 
 unsuccessful. 
 
 New Inn. A law seminary in 
 London, one of the inns of Chan- 
 cery. 
 
 New Ironsides. A noted vessel 
 in the United States navy in the 
 Civil War of 1861-65. She was 
 the flag-ship of Admiral Dupont’s 
 flotilla in the attack upon the de- 
 fences of Charleston, S.C. 
 
 New Palace. [Ger. der Kdnir/s- 
 bctu.] A splendid palace in Mu- 
 nich, Bavaria, imitated in part 
 from the Palazzo Pitti in Flor- 
 ence, Italy, built in 1835. 
 
 4Q?p “ The New Residence is not 
 only one of the wonders of Munich, 
 but of the world.” Bayard Taylor . 
 
 New Palace (at Westminster). See 
 Westminster Palace. 
 
 New Place. The name of the 
 house which Shakespeare pur- 
 chased at Stratford-on-Avon, af- 
 ter his return to his native town, 
 and in which he died. The 
 foundations of the house are all 
 that now remain. The site, pur- 
 chased by public subscription, has 
 been converted into a pleasure- 
 ground. 
 
 4®=* “It cost Shakespeare sixty 
 pounds sterling (equal to about $1,500) ; 
 a small outlay for the dwelling of a 
 man of its new possessor’s means and 
 capacity of enjoyment. No represen- 
 tation of the house as it was in Shake- 
 speare’s time is known to exist, it hav- 
 ing been altered after his death; yet 
 its size was not enlarged, and an exist- 
 ing representation of it in its last con 
 dition shows that it was a goodly man- 
 sion.” Richard Grant White. 
 
 4®= “After that we were taken to 
 see New Place. ‘ And what is New 
 
 Place,’ you say, — ‘the house where 
 Shakespeare lived? ’ Not exactly, but 
 a house built where his house was. . . . 
 We went out into Shakespeare’s gar- 
 den, where we were shown his mul- 
 berry, — not the one that he planted, 
 though, but a veritable mulberry plant- 
 ed on the same spot.” 
 
 Mrs. II. B. Stowe . 
 
 New York University. See Uni- 
 versity of the City of New 
 York. 
 
 Newark Castle. This Scottish 
 castle on the river Yarrow was 
 formerly a royal residence. The 
 Duchess of Buccleuch is supposed 
 to have been here, listening to 
 the “ Lay of the Last Minstrel,” 
 who 
 
 “ Passed where Newark’s stately tower 
 Looks out from Yarrow’s birken bower.” 
 Rising from those lofty groves. 
 
 Behold a ruin hoary. 
 
 The shattered front of Newark's tower , 
 Ilenown’d in Border story. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Newbattle Abbey. The seat of 
 the Marquis of Midlothian, near 
 Dalliousie, Scotland. 
 
 Newcastle House. A famous man- 
 sion in London, the residence 
 of the Duke of Newcastle. It 
 is no longer standing, its site 
 being occupied by Newcastle 
 Place. 
 
 Newgate. A celebrated prison in 
 London, and the oldest in the 
 city, formerly used for felons and 
 debtors, now as a jail for the con- 
 finement of prisoners before and 
 after trial at the Old Bailey. 
 Many distinguished persons have 
 been imprisoned within the walls 
 of Newgate, and many famous 
 criminals have here been execut- 
 ed. It was rebuilt in 1770-80. 
 Among those who have been 
 imprisoned here are, Sackville 
 the poet, George Wither, Penn, 
 De Foe, Jack Sheppard, Dr. 
 Dodd, Lord George Gordon. 
 Newgate prison had its origin in 
 the gate-house of New-Gate, 
 which was one of the principal 
 gates of the City. The execu- 
 tions which formerly were car- 
 ried out at Tyburn now take place 
 here. 
 
NEW 
 
 347 
 
 NIC 
 
 “ It has a most imposing exte- 
 rior, which is perhaps its greatest use 
 as a deterrer from crime, and the worst 
 possible interior.” Capt. Williams. 
 
 jggp “ There, at the very core of 
 London, in the heart of its business and 
 animation, in the midst of a whirl of 
 noise and motion : stemming, as it 
 
 were, the giant currents of life that 
 flow ceaselessly on from different quar- 
 ters, and meet beneath its walls, stands 
 Newgate.” Dickens. 
 
 Newgate, though only a prison, 
 and pretending to be nothing else, is 
 still one of the best public buildings in 
 the metropolis. . . . There is nothing 
 in it but two great windowless blocks, 
 each 90 feet square, and between them 
 a very commonplace gaoler’s resi- 
 dence.” Fergusson. 
 
 Newgate he builded faire 
 For prisoners to live in; 
 Christs-church he did repaire 
 Christian love for to win. 
 
 Many more such like deedes 
 Were done by Whittington; 
 
 Which joy and comfort breedes, 
 
 To such as looke thereon. 
 
 Anonymous . 
 
 For what is history, in fact, but a kind 
 of Newgate calendar, a register of the 
 crimes and miseries that man has infh'ct- 
 ed on his fellow-man ? Irving. 
 
 Nay, look at Newgate: do not the off- 
 scourings of Creation, when condemned 
 to the gallows, as if they were not men 
 but vermin, walk thither with decency, 
 and even to the scowls and hootings of 
 the whole Universe give their stern good- 
 night in silence ? Carlyle. 
 
 The drop on the stones, of the- blind man’s 
 staff, 
 
 As he trades in his own grief's sacredness; 
 The brothel’s shriek, and the Newgate 
 laugh. Mrs . Browning. 
 
 Newstead Abbey. An antique 
 building near Nottingham, Eng- 
 land, originally a monastery, 
 founded by Henry II., celebrated 
 as having been once the residence 
 of Lord Byron, and in which nu- 
 merous relics of the poet are still 
 preserved. The building is now 
 the property of Col. Wildman. 
 
 “ Newstead Abbey is one of the 
 finest specimens in existence of those 
 quaint and romantic piles, half castle, 
 half convent, which remain as monu- 
 ments of the olden times of England. 
 It stands, too, in the midst of a legend- 
 ary neighborhood; being in the heart 
 of Sherwood Forest, and surrounded 
 by the haunts of Robin Hood and his 
 band of outlaws, so famous in ancient 
 ballad and nursery tale.” Irving . 
 
 Newstead! fast falling, once resplendent 
 dome ! 
 
 Religion’s shrine ! repentant Henry’s 
 pride! Byron. 
 
 Through thy battlements, Newstead , the 
 hollow winds w hist.le ; 
 
 Thou, the hall of my fathers, art gone to 
 decay; 
 
 In thy once smiling garden the hemlock 
 and thistle 
 
 Have choked up the rose which late 
 bloomed in the way. Ibid. 
 
 What made my heart, at Newstead , fuile t 
 swell ? 
 
 ’Twas not the thought of Byron, of his 
 cry 
 
 Stormily sweet, his Titan agony. 
 
 Matthew Arnold. 
 
 Newtown Abbey. A picturesque 
 ruined monastery near Trim, in 
 the county of Meath, Ireland. 
 
 Niagara. A picture by Frederick 
 E. Church (b. 1826), well known 
 through frequent reproductions. 
 Now in the Corcoran Gallery, 
 Washington. 
 
 “ Church’s Niagara was imme- 
 diately recognized as the first satisfac- 
 tory delineation by art of one of the 
 greatest natural wonders of the Western 
 world, and this is in itself extraordinary 
 praise.” Tuckerman. 
 
 41®=- “ Mr. Ruskin, when looking at 
 Church’s ‘Niagara,’ pointed out an 
 effect of light upon water, which he 
 declared he had often seen in nature, 
 especially among the Swiss waterfalls, 
 but never before on canvas.” 
 
 Tuckerman. 
 
 Niagara, The. 1. A ship of Com- 
 modore Perry’s squadron, which 
 did great service in the naval 
 battle with the British on Lake 
 Erie in 1813. 
 
 2. An American man-of-war 
 employed, in connection with the 
 English steamer Agamemnon , in 
 laying the first Atlantic cable in 
 1857 and 1858. 
 
 Niblo’s Garden. A theatre on 
 Broadway, New York, chiefly 
 used for spectacular plays. 
 
 Nickajack Cave. A natural curi- 
 osity in Alabama on the borders 
 of Georgia. The name is a cor- 
 ruption" or improvement upon 
 “ Nigger Jack,” the leader of a 
 band of negroes who frequented 
 this cave. 
 
 Nicolas des Champs, See St. 
 
 Nicolas des Champs. 
 
NIC 
 
 348 
 
 NIN 
 
 Nicolas du Chardonnet. A church 
 in Paris, rebuilt in 1656-1709 in 
 the Italian style of that time. 
 
 Niddrie Castle. A ruined feudal 
 stronghold in Scotland not far 
 from Linlithgow. Here Mary 
 Queen of Scots tarried for a time 
 after her escape from Lochleven. 
 
 Niederwald. The name given to 
 a series of heights and also to a 
 forest near Bingen on the Rhine. 
 
 Night, The. One of four colossal 
 figures executed by Michael An- 
 gelo Bnonarotti (1175-1564). In 
 the church of S. Lorenzo, Flor- 
 ence, Italy. 
 
 “ The famous statue of the 
 Night, La Notte di Michelagnolo , that 
 work known by name to all who have 
 heard of Michael Angelo. Of none can 
 it be asserted with so much justice that 
 he alone could have produced it.” 
 
 Grimm, Trans. 
 
 Michel’s Night and Day 
 And Dawn and Twilight wait in marble 
 scorn. Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Night, The. A celebrated bas- 
 relief by Albert Bertel Thor- 
 waldsen (1770-1844), the Danish 
 sculptor. It is well known by 
 engravings. 
 
 Night. A picture by Sir Edwin 
 Landseer (1803-1873), the cele- 
 brated English painter. 
 
 Night-Watch, The. A celebrated 
 picture by Bembrandt van Byn 
 (1607-1669), the Dutch painter, the 
 largest he ever painted, and re- 
 garded as his chief work, It is 
 in the Amsterdam Gallery. 
 
 Nile, The. A colossal marble sta- 
 tue discovered during the pontifi- 
 cate of Leo X., and now in the 
 Vatican, Borne. 
 
 “ A grand reclining statue called 
 ‘The Nile,’ a copy of which is in the 
 Tuileries. Nothing could be more 
 graceful, more fluid, than these infantile 
 diminutive creatures playing around 
 this large body; nothing could better 
 express the fulness, the repose, the in- 
 definable, the almost divine life of a 
 river.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Kilometer. [Arab. McJckccas.] This 
 celebrated structure, situated on 
 the island of Boda, near Cairo, 
 
 Egypt, serves, as its name indi- 
 cates, to measure the height of 
 the water in the Nile. It con- 
 sists of a square well or chamber, 
 within which is a pillar graduated 
 into cubits (each 21 7-16 inches 
 long), those in the upper part of 
 the pillar being subdivided into 
 24 digits each. Every day dur- 
 ing the period of the inunda- 
 tion criers proclaim through the 
 streets of Cairo the height to 
 which the water has risen, as in- 
 dicated by the Nilometer; and 
 when it has reached a certain 
 height the canals are opened, and 
 the water flows over the land. 
 The usual height to which the 
 water rises (during the inunda- 
 tion) at Cairo is from 24 to 26 feet. 
 The date of construction of the 
 Nilometer at Boda is assigned to 
 the ninth century. 
 
 Among other Nilometers was 
 one at Memphis in the time of the 
 Pharaohs, one at Ilithyia in the time of 
 the Ptolemies, and one at Elephantine 
 during the reigns of the early Roman 
 emperors. 
 
 Xggf “ We crossed by a ferry-boat 
 to the island of Roda, to sec the Nilo- 
 meter, which I was surprised to find a 
 very pretty place; a damp, dim cham- 
 ber, tufted with water-weeds, steep 
 stairs down into it, and a green pool 
 and mud at the bottom ; in the centre, a 
 graduated pillar ; in the four sides of 
 the chamber, four pointed arches, — 
 one filled in with an elegant grating; 
 round the cornice, and over the arches, 
 Cufic inscriptions; and in two of the 
 niches, within the arches, similar in- 
 scriptions. The crypt-like aspect, of 
 the chamber, with its aquatic adorn- 
 ments of weeds and mosses, — so per- 
 fectly in accordance with its purpose, 
 — was charming.” Miss Martineau. 
 
 Nimes Arena. See Arena. 
 
 Nina, The. One of the three ves- 
 sels with which Columbus set 
 sail for America from Palos, 
 Spain, on the 3d of August, 1492. 
 The Nina was commanded by 
 Vincente Yanez Pinzon. 
 
 Nine Ladies. The name given to 
 a so-called Druidical circle at 
 Stanton Moor, England. It is 
 formed of a circular mound cf 
 earth, about 36 feet in diameter, 
 on which the upright stones are 
 
NIO 
 
 349 
 
 NON 
 
 placed at irregular distances. In 
 the centre are the remains of a 
 sepulchral mound. 
 
 Niobe. A celebrated group of an- 
 cient sculpture, now in the gal- 
 lery of the Uffizi Palace in Flor- 
 ence, Italy, representing Niobe 
 mourning the death of her chil- 
 dren slain by Apollo and Diana. 
 It was found at Home in 1583. 
 
 41®=* “ I saw nothing here so grand 
 as the group of Niobe ; if statues 
 which are now disjointed and placed 
 cqui-distantly round a room may be so 
 called. Niobe herself, clasped by the 
 arm of her terrified child, is certainly 
 a group, and, whether the head be 
 original or not, the contrast of passion, 
 ' of beauty, and even of dress, is admir- 
 able.” Forsyth. 
 
 “ The Niobe of nations ! there she stands, 
 Childless and crownless in Icr voiceless 
 woe.” Byron (on Rome). 
 
 4®=* “Niobe ... is true tragedy. 
 She is bending over her youngest child, 
 who clings to her knees; and while in 
 an agony of maternal love she en- 
 circles with her arm the most helpless 
 of her devoted progeny, conscious de- 
 spairing inability to save is expressed 
 in every lineament of the living marble. 
 The powerful pathos, and the deep- 
 seated expression of agonizing grief, 
 which speaks in her countenance and 
 gesture, find their way at once to the 
 heart.” Eaton. 
 
 45T* “ I seemed to be in the presence 
 of a touching domestic tragedy, told in 
 marble. The artist appeared to be 
 swallowed up in his work. . . . The 
 majesty of the subject seemed to brood 
 over the chisel and guide its edge. . . . 
 The grief of Niobe is feminine, deep, 
 overwhelming, and hopeless, but not 
 fierce or struggling. This exquisite 
 group is not very happily placed : the 
 figures are arranged in the form of an 
 oval, the Niobe making the central 
 point of interest, — a disposition which 
 seems formal and unnatural.” 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 4®=* “ No wonder the strength of 
 that woe depicted on her countenance 
 should change her into stone. One of 
 her sons — a beautiful, boyish form — 
 is lying on his back, just expiring, with 
 the chill languor of death creeping 
 over his limbs. We seem to hear the 
 quick whistling of the arrows, and 
 look involuntarily into the air to see 
 the hovering figure of the avenging 
 god.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Nivernais Ploughing;* See 
 Ploughing in Nivernais. 
 
 Noli me tangere. [Touch me not.] 
 These words of Christ, spoken in 
 the garden to Mary Magdalene 
 (John xx. 17), make the subject 
 of many pictures by the great 
 painters of the Middle Ages. Of 
 these compositions it will be 
 sufficient to name as among the 
 more celebrated, the following. 
 
 Noli me tangere. A great altar- 
 piece by Federigo Baroccio (1528- 
 1612), once very celebrated and 
 well-known from the fine engrav- 
 ing by Raphael Morghen. Now 
 in England. 
 
 Noli me tangere . A picture by 
 Titian (1477-1576), representing 
 the Magdalene as kneeling, and 
 bending forward with one hand 
 extended to toucli the Saviour, 
 who, “ drawing his linen garment 
 round him, shrinks back from her 
 touch — yet with the softest ex- 
 pression of pity.” Formerly in 
 the collection of Rogers, the poet. 
 Now in the National Gallery, 
 London. 
 
 Noli me tangere. A picture by 
 Rembrandt (1607-1669). In the 
 Queen’s Gallery, London. 
 
 Noli me tangere. A small pic- 
 ture by Mariotto Albertinelli 
 (1474-1515), the Italian painter, 
 and long attributed to Perugino. 
 It is in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Nonantum Hill. An eminence — 
 so called in colonial times — near 
 Newton Corner, Mass. Here the 
 Apostle Eliot preached to the In- 
 dians. 
 
 Nonnenwerth. An old Benedict- 
 ine nunnery on an island of the 
 same name in the Rhine. 
 
 Nonsuch House. A curious build- 
 ing that once stood upon London 
 Bridge. According to Timbs, it 
 was “so called because it was 
 constructed in Holland entirely 
 of wood, and, being brought over 
 in pieces, was erected in this 
 place with wooden pegs only, 
 not a single nail being used in 
 the whole structure. Its situa- 
 tion is even yet pointed out by 
 the seventh and eighth arches of 
 the bridge being still called the 
 Draw Lock and the Nonsuch 
 Lock.” 
 
NON 
 
 350 
 
 NOT 
 
 Nonsuch Palace. A royal mansion 
 erected by Henry VIII. in a lit- 
 tle place called Codintone. The 
 palace was so named in conse- 
 quence of its then unequalled 
 beauty. It was taken down in 
 the seventeenth century. 
 
 Norfolk House. A noble house in 
 St. James’s Square, London, so 
 called from the seventh Duke of 
 Norfolk, who died here in 1701. 
 George III. was born here in 
 1738. 
 
 Norfolk Street. A London street 
 associated with Sir Roger de Cov- 
 erley, and in which William Penn 
 formerly lived. 
 
 Norman’s Woe. A mass of rocks 
 near the entrance of the harbor 
 of Gloucester, Mass., familiar to 
 many through Longfellow’s bal- 
 lad of “The Wreck of the Hes- 
 perus.” 
 
 It was the schooner Hesperus 
 That sailed the wintry sea. 
 
 And fast through the midnight dark and 
 drear. 
 
 Through the whistling sleet and snow, 
 Like a sheeted ghost tile vessel swept 
 Towards the reef of Norman's Woe. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 North Star. An Arctic exploring 
 ship employed in the expedition 
 of Capt. Saunders in 1849, and in 
 that of Capt. Pullen in 1852-54. 
 
 Northumberland House. The 
 
 city residence of the Duke of 
 Northumberland, Strand, Lon- 
 don. It was built by Henry 
 Howard, the Earl of Northamp- 
 ton, who left it in 1G14 to his 
 nephew, Thomas Howard, Earl 
 of Suffolk, when it received the 
 name of Suffolk House. It was 
 afterwards bought by Algernon 
 Percy, Earl of Northumberland, 
 from whom it received its present 
 name. This mansion, called the 
 finest great historical house in 
 London, “ commenced by a How- 
 ard, continued by a Percy, and 
 completed by a Seymour,” has 
 been recently destroyed. 
 
 4ST* “ One only of the great Strand 
 palaces has survived entire to our own 
 time. We have all of us seen and 
 mourned over Northumberland House, 
 
 one of the noblest Jacobean buildings 
 in England, and the most picturesque 
 feature of London. ... Of all the bar- 
 barous and ridiculous injuries by which 
 London has been wantonly mutilated 
 within the last few years, the destruc- 
 tion of Northumberland House has 
 been the greatest.” Hare. 
 
 Notch, The. [Known also as the 
 Crawford Notch in distinction 
 from the Pinkham and Franconia 
 Notches.] A grand and impres- 
 sive valley between Willey Moun- 
 tain and Mount Webster in the 
 White Mountains, New Hamp- 
 shire. It contains the famous 
 Willey House. Bayard Taylor, 
 speaking of the view looking 
 down upon the tremendous gulf 
 of the Notch from the top of 
 Mount Willard (at the head of 
 the Notch), says, “As a simple 
 mountain pass, seen from above, 
 it cannot be surpassed in Switzer- 
 land. Something like it I have 
 seen in the Taurus, otherwise I 
 can recall no view with which 
 to compare it.” See Willey 
 House. 
 
 “ I know nothing on the Rhine 
 equal to the view from Mount Willard 
 down the mountain pass called the 
 Notch.” Anthony Trollope. 
 
 He hears the echoes of a horn in a hill 
 country, in the Notch mountains, for ex- 
 ample, which converts the mountains 
 into an iEolian harp, and this supernatu- 
 ral tiralira restores to him ihe Dorian 
 mythology, Apollo, Diana, and all divine 
 hunters and huntresses. R. W. Emerson. 
 
 Notre Dame. [Our Lady.] A name 
 commonly applied in France to 
 churches dedicated to the Virgin 
 Mary. When the name is used 
 in literature, unaccompanied by 
 any designation of place, refer- 
 ence is usually intended to the 
 metropolitan cathedral of Paris. 
 See infra. 
 
 Notre Dame. [Our Lady.] The 
 most celebrated church in Paris. 
 It was begun by Pope Alexander 
 the Third, but was not completed 
 for nearly 300 years (not until 
 1420). It is built in the form of 
 a Latin cross. The exterior is 
 more imposing than the interior. 
 The principal entrance is orna- 
 mented by bas-reliefs illustrative 
 of the resurrection, and the seven 
 
NOT 
 
 351 
 
 NOT 
 
 cardinal virtues with their oppo- 
 site vices. The interior is richly 
 adorned with bas-reliefs, paint- 
 ings, and sculptures, and magnifi- 
 cent rose-windows of stained 
 glass, illustrating sacred history. 
 The church is surrounded by 
 24 chapels. In one of the towers 
 is a famous bell, weighing 32,000 
 pounds, which is rung only on 
 very great occasions. This church 
 has been often referred to of late 
 years in connection with Pere Ply- 
 acinthe, the distinguished monk 
 and preacher, whose eloquence 
 drew crowds within its walls un- 
 til his independence and freedom 
 of speech brought upon him the 
 interdict of his superiors. The 
 church has suffered from various 
 alterations, and, in the time of 
 the Revolution, from wanton des- 
 ecration. It has, however, since 
 1845, been restored as nearly as 
 possible in accordance with the 
 old design. 
 
 jgQjp' “ We bad been much disap- 
 pointed at first by the apparently nar- 
 row limits of the interior of this famous 
 church ; but now, as we made our way 
 round the choir, gazing into chapel 
 after chapel, each with its painted win- 
 dow, its crucifix, its pictures, its con- 
 fessional, and afterwards came back 
 into the nave, where arch rises above 
 arch to the lofty roof, we came to the 
 conclusion that it was very sump- 
 tuous.” Hawthorne. 
 
 “ The cathedral of Paris was 
 designed at a time when the architects 
 had not obtained that confidence in 
 their own skill which made them after- 
 wards complete masters of the con- 
 structive difficulties of the design. . . . 
 The cathedral has not internally the 
 same grandeur as the other three [those 
 at Amiens, Chartres, and Rheims], 
 though externally there is a very noble 
 simplicity of outline and appearance 
 of solidity in the whole design.” 
 
 Fergus son. 
 
 On Christmas day I went to see the 
 Catliedrall of Notre Dame. . . This is the 
 
 prime church of France for dignity, hav- 
 ing Archdeacons, Vicars, Canons, Priests, 
 and Chaplai es in good store to the num- 
 ber of 127. It is also the palace of the 
 Archbishop. The young king (Louis XIV.) 
 was there with a great and martial guard, 
 who entered the Nave of the Church with 
 drums and fifes, at the ceasing of which 
 I was entertained with the church musiq. 
 
 John Evelyn, Diary. 
 
 In these far climes it was my lot 
 To meet the wondrous Michael Scott; 
 
 A wizard of such dreaded fame 
 That when, in Salamanca’s cave, 
 
 Him listed his magic wand to wave, 
 
 The bells would ring in Notre Dame ! 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Next year as I, poor soul, by chance, 
 Through Paris strolled one day, 
 
 I saw him go to Notre Dame , 
 
 With all his court so gay. 
 
 Ber anger, Trans. 
 
 And when the morning sun was bright, 
 When wind and wave wer^ calm, 
 
 And flamed in thousand tinted light 
 The rose of Notre Dame. Holmes. 
 
 The very youth of the schools gave up 
 their pipes and billiard* for some time and 
 flocked in crowd > to Notre Dame. 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Notre Dame [(P Amiens]. A mag- 
 nificent Gothic church in Amiens, 
 France, one of the finest church 
 edifices in Europe. It was found- 
 ed in 1220. It is larger than any 
 cathedral in Europe except St. 
 Peter’s and Cologne. Its length 
 is 469 feet, and the height of its 
 spire 422 feet. It is dedicated to 
 the Virgin. 
 
 “ The interior is one of the most 
 magnificent spectacles that architectur- 
 al skill can ever have produced. The 
 mind is filled and elevated by its enor- 
 mous height, its lofty and many-col- 
 ored clerestory, its grand proportions, 
 its noble simplicity. . . . Such terms 
 will not be considered extravagant 
 when it is recollected that the vault is 
 half as high again as Westminster 
 Abbey.” Whewell. 
 
 Notre Dame [de Rouen]. A fine 
 Gothic church of the thirteenth 
 century, in Rouen, France, dedi- 
 cated to the Virgin. It abounds 
 in profuse and elaborate orna- 
 mentation. 
 
 Notre Dame. An immense church 
 in Montreal, Can., the largest in 
 America. It was built in 1824. 
 It is 255 feet long and 145 feet 
 wide, with a seating capacity of 
 10,000. It has two towers, in one 
 of which hangs the largest bell 
 on the continent. See Guos Boun- 
 
 DON. 
 
 Notre Dame de Lorette. A gor- 
 geously decorated modern church 
 in Paris, begun in 1823, and built 
 in imitation of the smaller Ro- 
 man basilicas., 
 
NOT 
 
 352 
 
 NYM 
 
 Notre Dame du Spasme [o?* du 
 Pamoison]. See Spasimo, Lo. 
 
 Notre Dame des Victoires. [or 
 Church of Petits Peres.] A church 
 of the Austin friars in Paris, com- 
 pleted in 1739. 
 
 Notre Dame, Parvis. See Parvis 
 Notre Dame. 
 
 Notte, La. [The Night ] A cele- 
 brated picture of the Nativity by 
 Antonio Allegri, surnamed Cor- 
 reggio (1494-1534), remarkable for 
 the striking effect produced by 
 the light proceeding from the in- 
 fant Saviour. This picture is in 
 the Dresden Gallery. 
 
 “ Correggio has been much ad- 
 mired for representing in his famous 
 Nativity the whole picture as lighted 
 by the glory which proceeds from the 
 divine Infant, as if the idea had been 
 new and original. It occurs frequently 
 before and since his time, and is found- 
 ed upon the legendary story . . . 
 which describes the cave or stable filled 
 with dazzling and supernatural light.” 
 Mrs . Jameson. 
 
 jgGIr’ “All the powers of art are 
 here united to make a perfect work. 
 Here the simplicity of the drawing of 
 the Virgin and Child is shown in con- 
 trast with the foreshortening of the 
 group of angels. The emitting the 
 light from the body of the child, though 
 a supernatural illusion, is eminently 
 successful. The matchless beauty of 
 the Virgin and Child, the group of 
 angels overhead, the daybreak in the 
 
 sky, and the whole arrangement of 
 light and shade, give it a right to be 
 considered, in conception at least, the 
 greatest of his [Correggio’s] works. 
 ... I consider it one of the first works 
 the art of painting has to boast of.” 
 
 Wilkie . 
 
 Nozze Aldobrandini. See Aldo- 
 
 brandini Marriage. 
 
 Nozze di Cana. See Marriage 
 at Cana. 
 
 Nuova Gerusalemme. See Monte 
 Sacro. 
 
 Nuremberg Eggs. The name by 
 which are known two curious old 
 watches in the Green Vault 
 (Grime Gewolbe) in Dresden. 
 They are so called from their 
 form and from the place in which 
 they were made, in 1500. 
 
 Nursery, The. A building in 
 Golding Lane, London, erected 
 during the reign of Charles II. 
 as a school for the training of 
 children for the stage. It was 
 standing till the present century. 
 Near these a Nursery erects its head, 
 Where queens arc formed, and future he- 
 roes bred. 
 
 Where unfledged actors learn to laugh 
 and cr3 r . 
 
 Where infant punks their tender voices 
 try, 
 
 And little JMaximins the gods defy. 
 
 Dry den. 
 
 Nymphenburg. A royal palace in 
 the immediate neighborhood of 
 Munich, Bavaria. 
 
OAK 
 
 353 
 
 OBE 
 
 o. 
 
 Oak Hill. A beautiful cemetery in 
 Georgetown, D.C. It contains 
 the tombs of many eminent men. 
 
 Oak of Guernica. A venerable 
 tree of Guernica, Spain, cut down 
 by the French in 1808. Accord- 
 ing to Laborde, it was a very an- 
 cient natural monument. Under 
 this oak Ferdinand and Isabella, 
 in 1470, swore to maintain the 
 municipal laws (fueros) of the 
 Biscayans. 
 
 Oak of Guernica ! Tree of holier power 
 Than that which in Dodona did enshrine 
 (So faith too fondly deemed) a voice di- 
 vine, 
 
 Heard from the depths of its aerial bower, 
 How canst thou flourish at this blighting 
 hour? Wordsworth. 
 
 Oak of Reformation. A tree in 
 Norfolk County, England, associ- 
 ated with an insurrection in 1549, 
 called Kett’s Rebellion. Kett 
 held a court, and assemblies of 
 his adherents, around this tree; 
 and after the rebellion was finally 
 subdued, many of the insurgents 
 were hung upon its branches. 
 
 Oatlands. An ancient royal resi- 
 dence near Hampton Court, in 
 England. It was built by Henry 
 VIII., but is no longer standing. 
 
 Obelisk of Axum. A remarkable 
 monument at Axum in Nubia, 
 Africa. It is the only one now 
 standing of a group said to have 
 consisted of 55. 
 
 4®" “ The most exceptional monu- 
 ments in the world, — the obelisks at 
 Axum. . . . Its height [that of the one 
 now standing] is 60 feet, its width at 
 base nearly 10, and it is of one stone. 
 The idea is evidently Egyptian, but 
 the details are Indian. It is, in fact, an 
 Indian nine-storied pagoda, translated 
 in Egyptian in the first century of the 
 Christian era ! ” Fergusson. 
 
 Obelisk of Heliopolis. This obe- 
 lisk — the oldest in Egypt — which 
 with some mounds is about all 
 that remains of Heliopolis (that 
 
 great seat of learning where Plato 
 and Eudoxus lived and studied', 
 is between 60 and TOfeet in height. 
 Tradition speaks of another simi- 
 lar obelisk which stood opposite 
 this, according to the Egyptian 
 custom of placing them in pairs 
 at the entrances of their temples. 
 
 4ST “A class of monuments almost 
 exclusively Egyptian, are the obelisks, 
 which form such striking objects in 
 front of almost all the old temples of 
 the country. . . . The two finest known 
 to exist are, that now in the piazza of 
 the Lateran, originally set up by Thot- 
 mes III., 105 feet in height, and that 
 still existing at Karnac, erected by 
 Thotmes I., 93 feet. Those of Luxor, 
 erected by Rhamses the Great, one of 
 which is now in Paris, are above 77 feet 
 in height; and there are two others in 
 Rome, each above 80 feet. Rome, in- 
 deed, has 12 of these monuments within 
 her walls, — a greater number than 
 exist, erect at least, in the country 
 whence they came. Their use seems 
 to have been wholly that of monument- 
 al pillars recording the style and title 
 of the king who erected them, his piety, 
 and the proof he gave of it in dedicat- 
 ing these monoliths to the deity whom 
 he especially wished to honor. With 
 scarcely an exception all the pyramids 
 are on the west side of the Nile, all the 
 obelisks on the east. With regard to 
 the former, this probably arose from a 
 law of their existence, the western side 
 of the Nile being in all ages preferred 
 for sepulture; but with regard to the 
 latter it seems to be accidental.” 
 
 Fergusson . 
 
 Obelisk of Luxor. A magnificent 
 monolith of red Egyptian granite 
 in the Place de la Concorde, 
 Paris. It was one of two obe- 
 lisks of the same shape and size, 
 erected in 1350 B.C., by Rameses 
 the Great, at the entrance of the 
 temple of Thebes (now Luxor). 
 It was a gift to the French Gov- 
 ernment from Mohammed Ali, 
 Pasha of Egypt ; was removed 
 with much difficulty, at a great 
 cost; and was raised in its present 
 position in 1836, by a very skilful 
 
OBE 
 
 354 
 
 OCT 
 
 feat of engineering, in the pres- 
 ence of Louis Philippe and 150,000 
 persons. The removal of this 
 obelisk, which is 74 feet high and 
 weighs 500,000 pounds, employed 
 800 men, and cost, including its 
 elevation, £80,000. It was brought 
 to France in a vessel especially 
 built for the purpose. 
 
 Obelisk of Orsotasen. One of 
 the earliest and finest of the 
 Egyptian obelisks, still standing 
 at Heliopolis. It is inscribed 
 with the name of Orsotasen, one 
 of the greatest rulers of the 
 twelfth dynasty. 
 
 “ It is 67 feet 4 inches in height, 
 without the pyramiilion which crowns 
 it, and is a splendid block of granite, 
 weighing 217 tons. It must have re- 
 quired immense skill to quarry it, to 
 transport it from Syene, and finally, 
 after finishing it, to erect it where it 
 now stands and has stood for 4,500 
 years.” Fergusson. 
 
 Obelisk of St. Peter’s, or of the 
 V atican. A celebrated Egyptian 
 column of red granite, brought 
 from Heliopolis to Rome by the 
 Emperor Caligula, and now stand- 
 ing in front of St. Peter’s Church. 
 It is 1 32 feet in height, and its 
 weight is 360 tons. Pliny says 
 that the ship which brought the 
 obelisk from Heliopolis was al- 
 most as long as “ the left side of 
 the port of Ostia.” It was suc- 
 cessfully set up in its present 
 position by Domenico Fontana, 
 and it is about the raising of this 
 obelisk that the following familiar 
 story is told. The ceremony hav- 
 ing been preceded by high mass 
 in St. Peter’s, and solemn bene- 
 diction having been pronounced 
 upon Fontana and the workmen, 
 the Pope ordered that no one 
 should speak, under penalty of 
 death, while the obelisk was be- 
 ing raised. But, owing to the 
 stretching of the ropes, the im- 
 mense mass did not quite reach 
 the required position, and the 
 operation would have failed, had 
 not a man in the crowd broken 
 over the order of the Pope, and 
 called to the workmen to “ wet 
 the ropes.” This suggestion was 
 immediately acted upon, and the 
 
 huge column slowly rose to its 
 destined place. This story is not 
 found in affy writer of that period ; 
 and it is, according to Platner, 
 one of those inventions which 
 spring from a wish to disparage 
 the triumphs of genius, and to 
 lower its claims. 
 
 Obelisk of the Lateran. An 
 Egyptian monument of red gran- 
 ite, nearly 150 feet in height, 
 originally belonging to the Tem- 
 ple of the Sun at Pleliopolis, 
 removed thence to Alexandria 
 by Constantine, and subsequent- 
 ly brought to Rome, where it now 
 stands in the centre of the Piazza 
 di San Giovanni. It is the oldest 
 object in Rome, being referred by 
 antiquaries to the year 1740 B.C., 
 when it was erected to the memo- 
 ry of Thotmes IV. 
 
 Obelisk of the Monte Cavallo. 
 
 A famous Egyptian monument 
 of red granite, being a plain 
 shaft without hieroglyphics, 
 which formerly stood in front 
 of the Mausoleum of Augustus, 
 and is now in the Piazza di 
 Monte Cavallo, Rome. It was 
 brought from Egypt by the Em- 
 peror Claudius, A D. 57. 
 
 Obelisk of the Piazza del Popolo. 
 
 An ancient Egyptian column, 
 brought from Heiiopolis to Rome 
 by the Emperor Augustus, and 
 set up in the Piazza of the People 
 in 1589. It is of the age of Moses. 
 
 4®= “ This red granite obelisk, old- 
 est of things even in Rome, . . . with 
 hardly a trace of decay upon it, is the 
 first thing the traveller sees after enter- 
 ing the Flaminian Gate.” Hawthorne. 
 
 Obelisk of the Vatican. See 
 Obelisk of St. Peter’s. 
 
 Ocean, The. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 March 19, 1863. 
 
 Ocean Monarch. An American 
 emigrant ship, burned off Liver- 
 pool, Aug. 24, 1848, with a loss of 
 nearly 200 lives. 
 
 October Club. A Parliamentary 
 club in London, first formed 
 about 1690, in the reign of Wil- 
 
ODE 
 
 355 
 
 OLD 
 
 liam ITT. and Mary. Its meet- 
 ings were first held at the Bell 
 Tavern, and afterwards at the 
 Crown, in King Street, Westmin- 
 ster. The influence of Swift had 
 much to do with the final break- 
 ing up of the October Club; the 
 more violent Jacobites seceding, 
 and forming the “March Club.” 
 A writer in “The National Re- 
 view” thus describes the Octo- 
 ber Club: “ The high-flying Tory 
 country gentleman and country 
 member drank the health of the 
 king, — sometimes over the wa- 
 ter-decanter, — and flustered him- 
 self with bumpers in honor of 
 Dr. Sacheverell and the Church 
 of England, with true-blue spirits 
 of his own kidney, at the October 
 Club, which, like the Beef-Steak 
 Club, was named after the cheer 
 for which it was famed, — Octo- 
 ber ale ; or rather, on account of 
 the quantities of the ale which 
 the members drank. The 150 
 squires, Tories to the backbone, 
 who, under the above name, met 
 at the Bell Tavern in King Street, 
 Westminster, were of opinion 
 that the party to which they be- 
 longed were too backward in 
 punishing and turning out the 
 Whigs; and they gave infinite 
 trouble to the Tory administra- 
 tion which came into office under 
 the leadership of Harley, St. 
 John, and Harcourt, in 1710. 
 The Administration were for pro- 
 ceeding moderately with their 
 rivals, and for generally repla- 
 cing opponents with partisans. 
 The October Club were for im- 
 mediately impeaching every 
 member of the Whig party, and 
 for turning out, without a day’s 
 grace, every placeman who did 
 not wear their colors, and shout 
 their cries.” 
 
 “We are plagued here with an 
 October Club ; that is, a set of above a 
 hundred Parliament men of the coun- 
 try, who drink October beer at home, 
 and meet every evening at a tavern near 
 the Parliament, to consult affairs, and 
 drive things on to extremes against the 
 Whigs, to call the old ministry to ac- 
 count, and get off five or six heads.” 
 Swift {to Stella , February, 1710-11). 
 
 Odeon, Ii’. A well-known theatre 
 
 in Paris, originally intended, as 
 the name indicates, for music 
 only, but used for regular dra- 
 matic performances. It has been 
 several times destroyed by fire. 
 Beaumarchais’ “ Marriage of 
 Figaro” (Manage de Figaro) was 
 first produced here in 1784. 
 
 Odeum. A structure in ancient 
 Athens, Greece, built by Pericles, 
 and designed (as the name im- 
 plies, a >8r)) for musical perform- 
 ances. It was surmounted by a 
 circular roof, constructed with 
 the masts and yards of the Per- 
 sian ships which were captured 
 at Salamis. Nothing remains of 
 the Odeum, but it has given its 
 name to buildings in modern 
 times designed for similar uses. 
 
 CEil de Boeuf. A famous ante- 
 room in the palace at Versailles, 
 the scene of many quarrels, in- 
 trigues, bon mots. Here waited 
 the courtiers in attendance upon 
 Louis XIV. % 
 
 Versailles, the CEil de Boeuf , ancl all men 
 and things, are drowned in a sea of Light; 
 Monseigheur and that high beckoning 
 Hoad are alone, with each other, in the 
 universe, Carlyle. 
 
 As experience in the river is indBp ns- 
 able to the ferryman, so is knowledge of 
 his Parliament to the British Peel or 
 Chatham; so was knowledge of the (Eil - 
 d e- Boeuf to the French Choiseul. Ibid. 
 
 CEnone. A life-size statue by 
 Harriet Hosmer (b. 1881). In the 
 Mercantile Library building, St. 
 Louis, Mo. 
 
 Olave’s, St. See St. Olave’s. 
 
 Old Bailey, The. 1. A street in 
 London extending from Ludgate- 
 hill to Newgate Street. It has 
 been the scene of many memora- 
 ble executions. 
 
 2. The Old Bailey Sessions 
 Court, or Central Criminal Court, 
 at the bar of which upwards of 
 2,000 persons are annually tried, 
 is located here, immediately ad- 
 joining the prison called New- 
 gate. 
 
 4®= “ But the jail was a vile place, 
 in which most kinds of debauchery and 
 villany were practised, and where dire 
 diseases were bred, that came into 
 court with the prisoners, and some- 
 times rushed straight from the dock at 
 
OLD 
 
 356 
 
 OLD 
 
 my Lord Chief Justice himself, and 
 pulled him off the bench. . . . For 
 the rest, the Old Bailey was famous as 
 a kind of deadly inn-yard, from which 
 pale travellers set out continually, in 
 carts and coaches, on a violent passage 
 into the other world : traversing some 
 two miles and a half of public street 
 and road, and shaming few good citi- 
 zens, if any. ... It was famous, too, 
 for the pillory, a wise old institution, 
 that inflicted a punishment of which 
 no one could foresee the extent; also, 
 for the whipping-post, another dear 
 old institution, very humanizing and 
 softening to behold in action; also, for 
 extensive transactions in blood-money, 
 another fragment of ancestral wisdom, 
 systematically leading to the most 
 frightful mercenary crimes that could 
 be committed under Heaven. . . . For, 
 people then paid to see the play at the 
 Old Bailey, just as they paid to see the 
 play in Bedlam — only the former en- 
 tertainment was much the dearer. 
 Therefore, all the Old Bailey doors 
 were well guarded — except, indeed, 
 the social doors by which the criminals 
 got there, and they were always left 
 wide open.” Dickens. 
 
 In short, Jane Rouse was accused of 
 witchcraft; and though she made the 
 best defence she could, it was all to no 
 purpose: she was taken from her own 
 bar to the bar of the Old Bailey , con- 
 demned and executed accordingly. These 
 were times, indeed, when even women 
 could not scold in safety. Goldsmith. 
 
 When will you pay me ? 
 
 Say the bells at Old Bailey. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 Old Cumberland Hoad. See 
 
 National Road. 
 
 Old Dutch Church. An ancient 
 church-edifice in New York City, 
 built in 1723. It seiwed as a 
 prison for Americans during the 
 British occupation of the city in 
 the Revolution, and was used by 
 the British cavalry as a riding- 
 school. 
 
 Old Elm, The. A venerable tree 
 which stood on the Common in 
 Boston, Mass., until Feb. 15, 1876, 
 when it was overthrown by a 
 high wind. It is believed to have 
 been standing before the settle- 
 ment of the town. It is supposed 
 to have been the oldest tree in 
 New England. It was laid down 
 upon a map engraved in 1722, 
 and a computation of the rings of 
 the branch broken off in 1860 
 
 would carry the age of that limb 
 to 1670. 
 
 Old Ironsides. See Constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 Old Jewry. A street in London 
 so named from the Jews who 
 dwelt in and near it. 
 
 I am sent for this morning by a friend 
 in the Old Jewry to come to him. 
 
 Ben Jon son. 
 
 Old Lady of Threadneedle 
 Street. See Bank of England. 
 
 Old Man of Hoy. A natural curi- 
 osity in the Orkney Islands, in 
 the shape of a solitary pillar, ris- 
 ing perpendicularly to the height 
 of 300 feet, and bearing the like- 
 ness of the human form. 
 
 “ See Hoy’s Old Man whose summit bare 
 Pierces the dark blue fields of air; 
 Based in the sea, his fearful form 
 Glows like the spirit of the storm.'” 
 
 Old Man of Storr. A natural 
 curiosity in the North of Scotland, 
 near the town of Portree. It con- 
 sists of a solitary black pillar of 
 trap rock, 160 feet in height. 
 
 Old Man of the Mountain. See 
 
 Profile, The. 
 
 Old Manse. An ancient house in 
 Concord, Mass., built before the 
 Revolution, which derives its 
 present name from the celebrity 
 given to it by Hawthorne's tales, 
 the “ Mosses from an Old Manse.” 
 Here he lived and wrote, and in 
 this house also Emerson was born 
 and lived. 
 
 Old Protestant Cemetery. See 
 
 Protestant Cemetery. 
 
 Old Shepherd’s Chief Mourner. 
 
 A picture bv Sir Edwin Landseer 
 (1804-1873). 
 
 jgg§=* “ One of the most perfect po- 
 ems or pictures (I use the words as 
 synonymous) which modern times 
 have seen. The close pressure of the 
 dog’s breast against the wood, the con- 
 vulsive clinging of the paws, which has 
 dragged the blanket oft' the trestle, the 
 total powerlessness of the head, laid 
 close and motionless upon its folds, the 
 fixed and tearful fall of the eye in its 
 utter hopelessness; . . . these are all 
 thoughts by which the picture is sepa- 
 rated at once from hundreds of equal 
 merit, so far as mere painting goes, by 
 
OLD 
 
 857 
 
 OLD 
 
 which it ranks as a work of high art, 
 and stamps its author not as the neat 
 imitator of the texture of a skin, or the 
 fold of a drapery, but as the Man of 
 Mind.” Ruskin. 
 
 Old South. An historic church in 
 Boston, Mass., identified with 
 the early struggles for indepen- 
 dence, and associated with many 
 interesting persons and events. 
 The present edifice was built in 
 1729 on the site of an older church, 
 in which Benjamin Franklin had 
 been baptized. The famous as- 
 semblage of citizens known as 
 the Boston Tea Party marched 
 from this church to the attack 
 upon the ships in the harbor. 
 During the British occupation of 
 Boston, in 1775, the pews were 
 removed, and the church was 
 turned into a riding-school for 
 the cavalry. In 187(i the church 
 was sold, and passed into the 
 hands of an association which 
 aims to preserve it as an histori- 
 cal relic, and has converted it 
 into a museum of antiquities and 
 curiosities. The society upon 
 leaving their former place of wor- 
 ship built a new and fine church 
 edifice at the corner of Boylston 
 and Dartmouth Streets, costing 
 about $500,000. 
 
 So long as Boston shall Boston be, 
 
 And her bay-tides rise and fall. 
 
 Shall freedom stand in the Old South 
 Church, 
 
 And plead for the rights of all. 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 On the cross-beam under the Old South 
 bell, 
 
 The nest of a pigeon is builded well. 
 
 In slimmer and winter that bird is there. 
 Out and in with the morning air. 
 
 N. P. Willis. 
 
 And while from mouth to mouth 
 Spread the tidings of dismay, 
 
 I stood in the Old South , 
 
 Saying humbly, Let us pray ! ” 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Old State House. An ancient edi- 
 fice in Boston, Mass., originally 
 used for the sessions of the colo- 
 nial legislature. It was built in 
 1748. In 1770 occurred the affair 
 between the British guard sta- 
 tioned in this building and the 
 citizens, which is known as the 
 “ Boston Massacre.” The build- 
 ing is now used for business pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Old Stone Face. See Profile. 
 
 Old Stone Mill. A circular stone 
 tower at Newport, R.I., support- 
 ed on round arches and over- 
 grown with ivy. There has been 
 much dispute among antiquarians 
 with regard to the origin and pur- 
 pose of this ancient tower. Some 
 think it was built in the eleventh 
 century by the Norsemen; oth- 
 ers, that it was erected for a wind- 
 mill, in the seventeenth century, 
 by some colonial governor. It 
 is not mentioned by Verrazzani, 
 who, in 1524, spent 15 days in the 
 harbor, and explored the land. 
 It is, on the other hand, different 
 in architecture and construction 
 from other works of the early 
 colonists. Gov. Benedict Arnold 
 (d. 1878) bequeathed the struc- 
 ture in his will, calling it “my 
 stone-built windmill.” Cooper 
 has laid the opening scenes of 
 “The Spy” in this vicinity, and 
 Longfellow has connected with 
 it his poem of “The Skeleton in 
 Armor.” 
 
 jgcg^'On the ancient structure in 
 Newport there are no ornaments re- 
 maining, which might possibly have • 
 served to guide us in assigning the 
 probable date of its erection. . . . From 
 such characteristics as remain, how- 
 ever, we can scarcely form any other 
 inference than one in which 1 am per- 
 suaded that all who are familiar with 
 old Northern architecture will concur, 
 — that this building was erected at a pe- 
 riod decidedly not later than the twelfth 
 century. . . . That this building could 
 not have been erected for a windmill, is 
 what an architect will easily discern.” 
 Professor Rafn. 
 
 J0®=*“Some thirty-five years ago, 
 Professor Rafn, of the Royal Society 
 of Northern Antiquaries at Copenha- 
 gen, published a book showing that 
 the Northmen, or Scandinavians, un- 
 doubtedly visited the shores of North 
 America about A.D. 1000, and that 
 they probably entered Narragansett 
 Bay. It then occurred to some 
 American antiquaries that this old 
 building at Newport might have been 
 erected by those early voyagers. . . . 
 As for the Old Stone Mill, it is found 
 to be very much like some still stand- 
 ing in that very county of England 
 from which G-ov. Arnold came. So 
 it is not at all likely that any of these 
 memorials could date back as far as 
 
OLD 
 
 858 
 
 OK 
 
 the time of the Northmen ; and yet it 
 is altogether probable that the North- 
 men visited America at a very early 
 time.” T. W. Iligginson . 
 
 will not enter into a dis- 
 cussion of the point. It is sufficiently 
 well established for the purpose of a 
 ballad ; though doubtless many an 
 honest citizen of Newport, who has 
 passed his days within sight of the 
 Round Tower, will be ready to exclaim 
 with Sancho, ‘ God bless me ! did 1 not 
 warn you to have a care of what you 
 were doing, for that it was nothing but 
 a windmill; and nobody could mistake 
 it, but one who had the like in his 
 head.’ ” Longfellow. 
 
 And who has not seen, ’mid the summer’s 
 $^ay crowd, 
 
 That oid pillared tower of their fortalice 
 proud. 
 
 How it stands solid proof of the sea chief- 
 tains’ reign 
 
 Ere came with Columbus those galleys of 
 Spain? A. C. Coze. 
 
 Old Swan. An old London tavern, 
 Thames Street, in existence as 
 early as 1323, burnt in the Great 
 Fire of 1G66, and afterwards re- 
 built. 
 
 Old Swedes’ Church. An ancient 
 and quaint church edifice in Wil- 
 mington, Del., founded in 1698, 
 with contributions from William 
 Penn, Queen Anne, and others. 
 
 Old Swedes’ Church. An ancient 
 and venerable church edifice in 
 Philadelphia, Penn. It was built 
 in 1700, occupying the site of a 
 still older log church, and was 
 the place of worship of the Swedes 
 prior ' to the arrival of William 
 Penn. 
 
 Old Temeraire. See Fighting Te- 
 meraire. 
 
 Old Wagon. See United States. 
 
 Old Witch House. See Witch 
 House. 
 
 Oliveto, Monte. See Monte Oli- 
 vet o. 
 
 Oltr’ Arno. A quarter in Flor- 
 ence, Italy, on the southern side 
 of the river, the Arno, which di- 
 vides the city. 
 
 Olympian Jupiter. A famous 
 statue of antiquity, executed by 
 Phidias (500 B.C. ?), the Greek 
 
 sculptor, for the Temple of Jupi- 
 ter at Elis. 
 
 Olympic, The. 1. A theatre near 
 the Strand, London. 
 
 2. A vaudeville and varieties 
 theatre in New York City. 
 
 Olympieum. A magnificent tem- 
 ple to the Olympian Zeus in 
 Athens, Greece. The Athenians 
 began this temple in the first pe- 
 riod of their greatness, the Greek 
 princes of Asia continued it, Au- 
 gustus left it unfinished, and, 650 
 years after it was begun, Hadrian 
 completed and dedicated it. Dur- 
 ing the Dark Ages it served as a 
 quarry of building-stone for the 
 Athenians. Fifteen lofty Corinth- 
 ian columns of Pentelic marble, 
 rising to a height of more than 60 
 feet, are now standing as the re- 
 mains of this colossal temple. 
 Livy speaks of this temple as the 
 only one in the world undertaken 
 “ upon a scale commensurate with 
 the majesty of the god.” 
 
 jggp “The charm of this stately 
 group of columns is all their own, for 
 they boast no such fascinating associa- 
 tions as those which cluster around the 
 ruins on the Acropolis. Begun by the 
 tyrant Pisistratus, and finished 700 
 years afterwards by the Roman Em- 
 peror Hadrian, the Olympieum, though 
 one of the grandest temples in the 
 world, seems hardly a part of the glory 
 of Athens, — breathes not her peculiar 
 spirit, nor is redolent with the aroma 
 of her soil.” T. Chase. 
 
 Onoko, Glen. See Glen Onoko. 
 
 Ontario, Fort. See Fort Onta- 
 rio. 
 
 Ophelia. A picture by John Ever- 
 ett Millais (b. 1827), the English 
 painter. 
 
 Or San Michele. A celebrated 
 church in Florence, Italy, erected 
 towards the close of the four- 
 teenth century. The name is 
 derived from the Horreum, or 
 granary of St. Michael, the first 
 building on the site having been 
 used as a storehouse for corn. 
 
 /KIT “ Or San Michele would have 
 been a world’s wonder, had it stood 
 alone, and not been companioned with 
 such wondrous rivals that its own ex- 
 
ORA 
 
 359 
 
 ORS 
 
 cecding beauty scarce ever receives full 
 justice. Surely that square-set strength, 
 as of a fortress towering against the 
 clouds, and catching the last light al- 
 ways on its fretted parapet, and every- 
 where embossed and enriched with 
 foliage and tracery and figures of saints, 
 and the shadows of vast arches, and 
 the light of niches gold-starred and 
 filled with divine forms, is a gift so per- 
 fect to the whole world, that, passing 
 'it, one should need say a prayer for 
 the great Taddeo’s soul.” 
 
 Pascarel, Trans. 
 
 Here and there an unmistakable anti- 
 quity stands in its own impressive shadow ; 
 the church ot Or San Michele , for instance, 
 once a market, but which grew to be a 
 church by some inherent fitness and inevi- 
 table consecration. Hawthorne. 
 
 Oratoire. A French Protestant 
 church in the Rue St. Honore and 
 Rue de Rivoli, Paris, originally 
 erected in 1630 for the priests of 
 the Oratory. 
 
 Order of Fools. An association 
 founded in 1381 by Adolphus, 
 Count of Cleves. It consisted of 
 gentlemen of the highest rank 
 and character, and their object 
 was the promotion of benevo- 
 lence and charity. 
 
 Ordinance, The. A picture by 
 Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier (b. 
 1811), the French painter. 
 
 Ordre, Tour d\ See Tocjr d’Or- 
 dre. 
 
 Oread, The. A seminary in 
 Worcester, Mass. The buildings 
 are of stone. 
 
 Oriel College. A noted college in 
 Oxford, England, founded about 
 1326, one of the 19 colleges in- 
 cluded in the University. 
 
 Orient, Lb A French vessel, the 
 blowing-up of which formed a 
 decisive point in the Battle of the 
 Nile. An incident connected 
 with the destruction of the ves- 
 sel is commemorated by Mrs. 
 Hemans in her well-known poem 
 of “ Casabianca,” which be- 
 gins : — 
 
 “ The boy stood on the burning deck.” 
 
 Young Casabianca, a boy 13 
 years old, son of the commander, 
 remained at his post after the 
 
 ship had taken fire and all the 
 guns had been abandoned, and 
 was blown up with the vessel 
 when the flames reached the 
 magazine. 
 
 Oriental Club. A London club, 
 established in 1824 by Sir John 
 Malcolm. The Alfred Club joined 
 the Oriental in 1855. 
 
 Oriente, Plaza de. See Plaza de 
 Oriente. 
 
 Orleans House. The former resi- 
 dence of Louis Philippe, and 
 afterwards of his son, the Due 
 d’Aumale, at Twickenham, near 
 London. 
 
 Orloff Diamond. This great dia- 
 mond of the sceptre of Russia is 
 said to weigh 193 carats. It was 
 once the eye of an Indian idol. 
 Catherine II. bought it, in 1775, 
 for £90,000, with the addition of 
 an annuity of £4,000, and a pat- 
 ent of nobility. 
 
 “ For a time supposed to be the 
 largest in the world. It turns out to 
 be smaller than the Koh-i-nor, though 
 (to my eyes at least) of a purer water.” 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Eye of a god was this blazing stone, 
 Beyond the snows of the Himalaya. 
 
 E. D. Proctor. 
 
 Orpheus. A statue by Thomas 
 Crawford (1814-1857). In the Mu- 
 seum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Orpheus, The. A British steam 
 corvette which foundered off the 
 coast of New Zealand, Feb. 7, 
 1863, with a loss of nearly two 
 hundred lives. 
 
 Orpheus charming the Animal 
 World. A picture by Paul Pot- 
 ter (1625-1654), the Dutch painter, 
 and one of his most admired 
 works. It is now in the Amster- 
 dam Museum. 
 
 Orr’s Island. A small island in 
 Casco Bay, near Harpswell, Me., 
 made familiar by Mrs. H. B. 
 Stowe’s story, “The Pearl of Orr’s 
 Island.” 
 
 Orsay, Palais db This palace, op- 
 posite the Tuileries Gardens, one 
 of the most imposing in Paris, 
 was begun by Napoleon I., and 
 
ORS 
 
 360 
 
 OXF 
 
 completed by Louis Philippe. It 
 cost more than half a million 
 sterling, and the interior is 
 adorned with beautiful frescos 
 and paintings. The building was 
 designed for exhibiting the works 
 of industry of France, but under 
 the Republic it was used for the 
 sittings of the Cours des Comptes 
 and the Conseil d’Etat. 
 
 Orsotasen. See Obelisk of Orso- 
 tasen. 
 
 Orto del Paradiso. [Garden of 
 Paradise.] A chapel, so called 
 from its remarkable splendor, in 
 the Church of Santa Prassede in 
 Rome. It contains the famous 
 relic — one of chief objects of pil- 
 grimage in Rome — the column 
 to which the Saviour is said to 
 have been bound. The column, 
 which is of blood jasper, is said 
 to have been obtained from the 
 Saracens by Giovanni Colonna, 
 cardinal of this church. The 
 present name of the chapel (Col- 
 onna Santa) is derived from this 
 relic. 
 
 Osborne House. The sea-shore 
 residence of Queen Victoria, situ- 
 ated in the Isle of Wight, in the 
 immediate neighborhood of East 
 Cowes.. At the corner of the 
 palace is a massive tower which 
 is a conspicuous object for miles 
 around, and affords a magnificent 
 view. 
 
 Osgoode Hall. A fine structure in 
 Toronto, the capital of Ontario, 
 Can. It contains the superior 
 law courts of the province. 
 
 4QP “ The Osgoode Hall is to Upper 
 Canada what the Four Courts are to 
 Ireland. The law courts are all held 
 there.” Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Ostiensis, Porta. See Porta Os- 
 
 TIENSIS. 
 
 Otsego Hall. The old mansion of 
 the Cooper family in Coopers- 
 town, N.Y. It was destroyed by 
 fire in 1854. 
 
 Otsgaragee Cavern. See Howe’s 
 Cave. 
 
 Ouen, St. See St. Ouen. 
 
 Our English Coasts. A picture 
 by William Holman Hunt (b. 
 1827), and regarded as one of his 
 master-pieces. Painted in 1853. 
 
 Our Lady of Loreto. See Santa 
 
 Casa. 
 
 Our Lady of Walsingham. See 
 Shrine of Our Lady of Wal- 
 singham. 
 
 Outer House. The name by which 
 the Parliament House in Edin- 
 burgh, Scotland, is now known. 
 See Parliament House. 
 
 Overland Route. A name fre- 
 quently applied to the new and 
 shorter route between England 
 and India via the Suez Canal. A 
 mail-route by the way of the Isth- 
 mus of Suez was established by 
 Lieut. Waghorn, in 1847, effecting 
 a saving in time of 13 days. The 
 term was also formerly applied 
 to the direct route from the East- 
 ern States to California. 
 
 Oxford and Cambridge Club. A 
 
 club in London, for members of 
 these two universities. The club- 
 house in Pall Mall was finished 
 in 1838. There are 500 members 
 from each university. 
 
 Oxford Arms. A quaint and cel- 
 ebrated old London inn in War- 
 wick Lane. It was destroyed in 
 1877. 
 
 These are to notify that Edward Bart- 
 lett . . has removed his inn in London 
 
 ... to the Oxford, Arms , in Warwick 
 Lane, where lie did inn before tlie Fire. 
 
 London Gazette , 1672-73. 
 
 Oxford Marbles. See Arunde- 
 lian Marbles. 
 
 Oxford Street. A well-known 
 street in London, a mile and a 
 half in length, and extending 
 westward to Hyde Park corner. 
 
 “ It is the longest, broadest, and 
 in a certain sense the most important 
 thoroughfare in London. ... It is, 
 however, really the continuation of a 
 great street, which runs very directly 
 through London from east to west, and 
 which is called successively, beginning 
 at the east, Mile End, Whitechapel 
 Road, Aldgate High Street, Leaden- 
 hall Street, Cornhill, Cheapside, New- 
 
OXF 
 
 361 
 
 ozi 
 
 gate Street, Skinner Street, Ilolborn, 
 Oxford Street.” 
 
 Richard Grant White. 
 
 “ The various, shifting, motley 
 group that belong to Oxford Street, and 
 to Oxford Street alone ! What thor- 
 oughfares equal thee in the variety of 
 human specimens! in the choice of ob- 
 jects for remark, satire, admiration ! 
 Besides, the other streets seem chalked 
 out for a sect, narrow-minded and de- 
 voted to a coterie. Thou alone art 
 catholic — all receiving.” N. P. Willis. 
 
 My good people, I hardly see you. You 
 
 no more interest me than a dozen orange- 
 women in Covent Garden, or a shop book- 
 keeper in Oxford Street. Thackeray . 
 
 Yet my creature said 
 She saw her stop to speak in Oxford 
 Street 
 
 To one ... no matter ! Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Ozinda’s. A coffee-house which 
 was situated in St. James’s Street, 
 London. 
 
 A Whig will no more go to the Cocoa- 
 tree or Ozinda's than a Tory will be seen 
 at the Coffee-house, St. James’s. 
 
 Journey through England , 1714. 
 
PAC 
 
 362 
 
 PAL 
 
 P. 
 
 Pacific, The. A steamer belong- 
 ing to the Collins line, plying be- 
 tween New York and Liverpool. 
 She left the latter port Jan. 23, 
 1856, with nearly 200 persons on 
 board, and was never heard from 
 afterwards. 
 
 Paddington. A now populous dis- 
 trict of London. 
 
 Pitt is to Addington, 
 
 As London is to Paddington. 
 
 Canning. 
 
 Paddock Elms. A row of stately 
 elms which, until recently, stood 
 before the Old Granary Burying- 
 ground in Boston, Mass, they 
 were brought from England and 
 planted by Capt. Adino Paddock, 
 a loyalist, about 1762. During 
 the British occupation of the city 
 they were well cared for and pro- 
 tected, but within a few years 
 have been cut down. 
 
 We walked under Mr. Paddock’s row 
 of English elms. The gray squirrels 
 were out looking for their breakfasts; and 
 one of them came toward us in light, soft, 
 intermittent leaps, until he was close to 
 the rail of the burial-ground. Holmes. 
 
 Paestum, Roses of. See Roses of 
 ILestum. 
 
 Painted Chamber. A room of his- 
 torical interest in the Old Palace 
 at Westminster, so called from 
 its having been painted by order 
 of Henry III. It was hung with 
 tapestries representing the siege 
 of Troy. In this room Parlia- 
 ment sat for a time. The build- 
 ing was taken down in 1852. 
 
 Painter in his Studio. An ad- 
 mired picture by Jean Louis Er- 
 nest Meissonier (b. 1811). 
 
 Painting. See History of Paint- 
 ing. 
 
 Pair, The. See Memnon. 
 
 Paix, lie de. See Ile de Paix. 
 
 Paix, Rue de la. One of the prin- 
 
 cipal streets of Paris, extending 
 from the Place Vendome to the 
 Boulevart des Capucines. Here 
 are some of the most elegant 
 shops in Paris, over which are 
 fashionable residences and ho- 
 tels. 
 
 Nay, it was said that his victories were 
 not confined to the left bank of the Seine ; 
 reports did occasionally come to us of 
 fabulous adventures by him, accomplished 
 in the far regions of the Rue de la Paix. 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 There is a little Jewess hanging about 
 the Louvre, who begs with her dark eyes 
 very eloquently ; and in the Rue de la Paix 
 there may be found at all hours a melan- 
 choly, sick-looking, Italian boy, with bis 
 hand in Iris bosom, whose native language 
 and picture-like face are a diurnal pleasure 
 to me. JV. P. Willis. 
 
 Palace of Augustus. See Palace 
 
 OF THE CiESARS. 
 
 Palace of Justice. See Palais de 
 
 Justice. 
 
 Palace of the Caesars. A mass of 
 ruins upon the Palatine Hill, in 
 Rome, being all that now remains 
 of the extensive buildings erected 
 by Augustus Caesar and succeed- 
 ing emperors for the imperial res- 
 idence. The palace of Augustus, 
 built upon the site of the houses 
 of Hortensius, Cicero, Catiline, 
 and Claudius, was the first Pal- 
 ace of the Caesars. It was en- 
 larged in different directions by 
 Tiberius and by Caligula, and tha 
 Golden House of Nero with its 
 grounds spread over the Esqui- 
 line and Ccelian hills, as well as 
 the Palatine. Vespasian after- 
 ward contracted the limits of 
 the immense edifice, and Titus 
 made use of part of the founda- 
 tions upon the Esquiline in build- 
 ing his Baths. The Palace of the 
 Caesars was repeatedly altered 
 and rebuilt by the different suc- 
 ceeding emperors, and these va- 
 rious changes have all combined 
 to make a most confused mass of 
 ruins. See Golden House. 
 
PAL 
 
 363 
 
 PAL 
 
 “ In Rome itself no ancient 
 house — indeed, no trace of a domes- 
 tic edifice — exists, except the Palace 
 of the Csesars on the Palatine Mount ; 
 and this, even, is now merely a con- 
 geries of shapeless ruins, so complete- 
 ly destroyed as to have defied even the 
 most imaginative of restorers to make 
 much of it except a vehicle for the dis- 
 play of his own ingenuity. The extent 
 of these ruins, coupled with the de- 
 scriptions that have been preserved, 
 suffice to convince us that of all the 
 palaces ever built, either in the East 
 or the West, this was probably the most 
 magnificent and the most gorgeously 
 adorned. Never in the world’s history 
 does it appear that so much wealth 
 and power were at the command of one 
 man as was the case with the Caesars, 
 and never could the world’s wealth 
 have fallen into the hands of men more 
 inclined to lavish it for their own per- 
 sonal gratification than those emperors 
 were. They could, moreover, ransack 
 the whole world for plunder to adorn 
 their dwellings, and could command 
 the best artists of Greece, and of all 
 the subject kingdoms, to assist in ren- 
 dering their golden palaces the most 
 gorgeous that the world had then seen, 
 or is likely soon to see again. The 
 whole area of the palace may roughly 
 be described as a square platform, 
 measuring 1,500 feet east and west, 
 with a mean breadth of 1,300 feet in the 
 opposite direction. Owing, however, 
 to its deeply-indented and irregular 
 outline, it hardly covers more ground 
 than the Baths of Caracalla. . . . Not- 
 withstanding all its splendor, this 
 palace was probably, as an architec- 
 tural object, inferior to the Thermae. 
 In its glory the Palace of the Caesars 
 must have been the world’s wonder; 
 but as a ruin, deprived of its furniture 
 and ephemeral splendor, it loses much 
 that would tend to make it either pleas- 
 ing or instructive.” Fergnsson. 
 
 4®= “ Imagine a hill, upwards of a 
 mile in circuit, and less than 200 feet 
 high, strewn with shapeless ruins and 
 yawning with excavations to such an 
 extent that the original soil is almost 
 displaced by fragments of brick and 
 mortar ; intersperse it with kitchen 
 gardens for the growing of such matter- 
 of-fact vegetables as cauliflower, arti- 
 chokes, and lettuce ; throw in occa- 
 sionally the vine, the laurel, the 
 cypress, and the ivy; overshadow it 
 with here and there a stately oak; 
 crown the whole with a smart modern 
 villa, — and you will have some notion 
 of the Palace of the Caesars.” 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 Where the Caesars dwelt, 
 
 And dwell the timeless birds of night, 
 amidst 
 
 A grove which springs through leveled 
 battlements. 
 
 And twines its roots with the imperial 
 hearths, 
 
 Ivv usurps the laurel’s place of growth; 
 But the gladiators’ bloody Circus stands, 
 A noble wreck in ruinous perfect ion ! 
 While Caesar’s chamber.-*, and the Au- 
 gustan halls, 
 
 Grovel on earth in indistinct decaj' 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Palace of the Conservators. See 
 
 Piazza del Campidoglio. 
 
 Palace of the Lateran. See Lat- 
 ekan, Palace of the. 
 
 Palace of the Luxembourg. See 
 
 Palais de Luxembourg. 
 
 Palace of the Senator. See Piaz- 
 za del Campidoglio. 
 
 Palace. For names beginning with 
 the word Palace, see the next 
 prominent word of the title. See 
 also supra. 
 
 Palais Bourbon. See Palais du 
 Corps Legislatif. 
 
 Palais de Justice. This ancient 
 palace in Paris is very interest- 
 ing from its associations. It was 
 built by one of the Capets, and 
 was the residence of several of 
 the ancient kings. It was origi- 
 nally small, but has been enlarged 
 at various times, and of late has 
 been greatly improved and 
 adorned. The square tower, 
 known as the “Tour de l’Hor- 
 loge,” was built in the time of 
 Philippe Augustus. This tower 
 contains a famous clock which 
 was made by a German and pre- 
 sented to Charles V. The tocsin, 
 or alarm-bell, which was rung at 
 the death of a king or the birth 
 of a dauphin, hung in this tower. 
 This bell also, in response to the 
 alarm from the bell of St. Ger- 
 main l’Auxerrois, sounded the 
 death-signal for the massacre of 
 the Huguenots. The steps ap- 
 proaching the palace are adorned 
 by figures representing Justice, 
 Prudence, and Force. Since the 
 reign of Charles V. the palace 
 has served for the Parliament of 
 Paris, courts of justice, and a 
 prison. A Roman jialace or cas- 
 
PAL 
 
 364 
 
 PAL 
 
 tie is supposed to have been built 
 upon this site. The Sainte Cha- 
 pelle, the clock-tower, the kitchen 
 of St. Louis, two circular towers, 
 and some vaults, are all that re- 
 main of the ancient palace, the 
 rest 1 laving been destroyed by 
 lire. Here is the famous Con- 
 ciergerie, or ancient prison, where 
 so many victims were confined 
 during the Reign of Terror. 
 
 Palais de Plndustrie. A building 
 of stone and glass in the Champs 
 Elysees, Paris, built in 18512 for 
 the exhibition of objects of na- 
 tional industry. Here was held 
 the exhibition of 1855, for the ac- 
 commodation of which extensive 
 additions were made to the per- 
 manent building. 
 
 Palais de PInstitut. A massive 
 classical structure on the south 
 bank of the Seine, opposite the 
 Louvre, Paris. It was begun in 
 1062, and since 1795 has been oc- 
 cupied by the Institut and the 
 Bibliotheque Mazarine. See In- 
 stitut and also Bibliotheque 
 Mazarine. 
 
 Palais de Luxembourg, or du Se- 
 ll at. [Palace of Luxembourg, or 
 of the Senate ] A magnificent 
 palace in Paris, whose architec- 
 ture is particularly admired. It 
 was built by Marie de Medicis, 
 occupied successively by several 
 Dukes of France, and during the 
 Revolution it was converted into 
 a prison. Bonaparte made it the 
 Palace of the Senate, afterwards 
 the peers of the realm met there, 
 and after the restoration the Sen- 
 ate again held its meetings there. 
 It contains a very valuable libra- 
 ry, and fine works of art, paint- 
 ings, sculptures, Gobelin tapestry, 
 etc. A palace was begun on the 
 same site in the fifteenth century, 
 and completed by the Duke de 
 Luxembourg, hence the name of 
 the present palace. 
 
 He had Versailles and St. Cloud for his 
 country resorts, and the shady alleys of 
 the Tuileries and the Luxembourg for his 
 town recreation. Irving. 
 
 Sir, — said he, — I am proud to say, that 
 Nature has so far enriched me, that I can- 
 
 not own so much as a duck without seeing 
 in it as pretty a swan as ever swam the 
 basin in the garden of the Luxembourg. 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 Palais des Tournelles. A former 
 large castle or palace of Paris, 
 enlarged by the recent Duke of 
 Bedford, inhabited by Charles 
 VII. and a number of his success- 
 ors. Nothing is now left of this 
 palace, the destruction of which 
 was begun by Catherine de Medi- 
 cis. Its site is now occupied by 
 the Place Royale and adjoining 
 streets extending to the Rue St. 
 Antoine. 
 
 Palais des Beaux Arts. A build- 
 ing in Paris, France, devoted to 
 the Fine Arts. 
 
 46 gf= “ A word for the building of 
 the Palais des Beaux Arts. It is beau- 
 tiful and as well finished and conven- 
 ient as beautiful. With its light and 
 elegant fabric, its pretty fountain, its 
 archway of the Renaissance and frag- 
 ments of sculpture, you can hardly 
 see, on a fine day, a place more riant 
 and pleasing.” Thackeray . 
 
 Palais des Thermes. Ruins near 
 the Hotel de Cluny, Paris, the 
 chief part of which is thought to 
 have belonged to the baths built 
 by the Emperor Constantius Clilo- 
 rus (250 ?-306). 
 
 Palais d’ Or say. See Orsay, Pa- 
 lais d’. 
 
 Palais du Corps L£gislatif. [Pal- 
 ace of the Legislative Assembly.] 
 A handsome building in Paris, 
 begun in 1622 by the Duchess de 
 Bourbon, completed in 1789 by 
 the Prince of Conde, and called 
 at that time Palais Bourbon. 
 Here the Council of Five Hun- 
 dred held their sittings, after the 
 confiscation of the building in 
 1792. Part of the palace was 
 afterwards used by Napoleon’s 
 Corps Legislatif. The palace was 
 restored to the Prince de Conde 
 at the Restoration, but finally be- 
 came the property of the state. 
 Here sat the Chamber of Depu- 
 ties (1814 to 1848), the Constituent 
 Assembly of 1848, the Corps Le- 
 gislatif of the Second Empire. A 
 fine portico was added to the 
 building in 1807. The halls within 
 
PAL 
 
 365 
 
 PAL 
 
 are adorned with paintings and 
 statuary. 
 
 In vain wilt thou g > to Scliofibrunn, to 
 Downing Street, to the Palais Bourbon: 
 thou iindest nothing there but brick or 
 stone houses, and some bundles of Papers 
 tied with tape. Carlyle. 
 
 Palais Elysee. See Elysee, Pa- 
 lais. 
 
 Palais Royal. This palace, in 
 Paris, was built by Cardinal 
 Richelieu. It is associated with 
 the political intrigues of France 
 from the time of its founder down 
 to the accession of Louis Philippe. 
 Many of the most dramatic scenes 
 of the party of the Fronde oc- 
 curred here. Here many of the 
 extreme measures of the Red Re- 
 publicans were taken. In a cafe 
 of the gardens belonging to the 
 palace the Dantonists met, and 
 in another the Girondists. It is 
 now used as a royal residence. 
 The gardens are prettily orna- 
 mented, and much frequented by 
 men, women, and children during 
 the warm weather. The Boule- 
 vards have now diminished the 
 attractions of the Palais Royal — 
 once the centre of life, gayety, 
 and splendor in Paris. 
 
 From that first necessary assertion of 
 Luther's, “ You, self-styled Papa , you are 
 no Father in God at all; you are — a Chi- 
 mera, wh<>m I know not how to name in 
 polite language ! ” — from that onwards to 
 the shout which rose round Camille Des- 
 moulins in the Palais -Royal, “ Aux 
 armes! ” when the people had burst up 
 against all manner of Chimeras, — I find a 
 natural historical sequence. Carlyle. 
 John to the Palais-Royal came. 
 
 Its splendor almost struck him dumb. 
 
 “ I say, whose house is that there here ? ” 
 “House! Je vous n’entends pas, Mon- 
 sieur/’ C. Dibdin. 
 
 Palais Royal. A small theatre, 
 noted for its light comedy and 
 farces, in the Montpensier Gal- 
 lery of the Palais Royal, Paris. 
 It was opened in 1831, and has 
 been called “ la Parapluie des 
 dineurs du Palais Royal. ” 
 
 Twice a week he goes to the theatre; 
 he prefers the Palais Royal ; perhaps 
 twice more he takes upon his arm one of 
 the figurantes of the Theatre Lyrique. 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Palais Royal, Place du. See Place 
 du Palais Royal. 
 
 Palatine Library. A celebrated 
 collection of ancient books and 
 manuscripts, formerly in Heidel- 
 berg, Germany, afterwards car- 
 ried to Rome and deposited in 
 the Vatican, and during the pres- 
 ent century in part restored to 
 its original place. 
 
 Palatine Mount or Hill. [Lat. Mans 
 Pcilatinus.] One of the original 
 seven hills of Rome, and the seat 
 of the earliest settlement of the 
 city. It is now covered with the 
 ruins of the Palace of the Cae- 
 sars. The history of the Palatine 
 is an epitome of that of Rome. 
 From the time when Romulus 
 encircled it with a furrow, and 
 raised his straw-roofed cottage, 
 it was the site of the mansions 
 of the highest nobility. These 
 structures and palaces became 
 successively more and more 
 splendid and luxurious till they 
 reached their limit of magnifi- 
 cence in the Golden House of 
 Nero. From that time the build- 
 ings of the Palatine have de- 
 generated to their present state 
 of ruin. 
 
 4®" “The Palatine formed a tra- 
 pezium of solid rock, two sides of 
 which were about 300 yards in length, 
 and others about 400; the area of its 
 summit, to compare it with a familiar 
 object, was nearly equal to the space 
 between Pall-Mall and Piccadilly in 
 London. . . . After the Etruscan fash- 
 ion, he [Romulus] traced round the 
 foot of the hill with a plough drawn by 
 a bull and heifer, the furrow being 
 carefully made to fall inwards, and the 
 heifer yoked to the near side, to signify 
 that strength and courage were required 
 without, obedience and fertility within, 
 the city. . . . The locality thus en- 
 closed was reserved for the temples of 
 the gods, and the residence of the rul- 
 ing class, the class of patricians or 
 burghers, as Niebuhr has taught us to 
 entitle them, which predominated over 
 the dependent commons, and only 
 suffered them to crouch for security 
 under the walls of Romulus. The 
 Palatine was never occupied by the 
 plebs. In the last age of the republic, 
 long after the removal of this partition, 
 or of the civil distinction between the 
 great classes of the state, here was 
 still the chosen site of the mansions of 
 the highest nobility.” Merivale. 
 
 “Every step we tread here is 
 
PAL 
 
 3 66 
 
 PAL 
 
 big with recollections — for it was the 
 scene of early glory, the spot where 
 Rome gr«w into greatness and fell into 
 decay. . . . That spot which once com- 
 prised the whole of Rome; which, till 
 the extinction of the republic, con- 
 tained the dwellings of her senators 
 and the temples of her gods, but which, 
 during the Empire, was found to be 
 too circumscribed for the wants of one 
 individual, — is now heaped with the 
 wide-spreading ruins of that magnifi- 
 cent edifice, which was the abode of her 
 tyrants, and the tomb of her liberties. 
 Over the wide expanse of the Palatine, 
 no human dwelling or habitation is now 
 to be seen, except where one solitary 
 convent shelters a few barefooted friars, 
 and where, amid the ruined arches and 
 buried halls of the Palace of the Caesars, 
 the laborers of the vineyards and cab- 
 bage-gardens that now flourish over 
 them have made their wretched 
 abodes.” C. A. Eaton. 
 
 The Palatine , proud Rome’s imperial seat, 
 (An awful pile !) stands venerably great; 
 Thither the kingdoms and the nations 
 come. 
 
 In supplicating crowds to learn their 
 doom : 
 
 To Delphi less th’ inquiring worlds repair, 
 Nor does a greater god inhabit there; 
 
 This sure the pompous mansion was de- 
 sign’d 
 
 To please the mighty rulers of mankind; 
 Inferior temples rise on either hand, 
 
 And on the borders of the palace stand, 
 
 V hi le o’er the rest her head She proudly 
 rears. 
 
 And lodged amidst her guardian gods ap- 
 peals. 
 
 Claudian (Addison's Translation). 
 Cypress and ivy, weed and wall-flower 
 grown 
 
 Matted and mass’d together, hillocks 
 heap’d 
 
 On what were chambers, arch crush’d, 
 columns strewn 
 
 In fragments, ehoked-up vaults, and fres- 
 cos steep’d 
 
 In subterranean damps, where the owl 
 peep’d. 
 
 Deeming it midnight : — 
 
 Temples, baths, or halls? 
 Pronounce who can ; for all that Learning 
 reap’d 
 
 From her research has been that these 
 are walls. 
 
 Behold the Imperial Mount! ’Tis thus 
 the mighty falls. Byron. 
 
 There the Capitol thou seest, 
 
 Above the rest lifting his stately head 
 On the Tarpeian rock, her citadel 
 Impregnable; and there Mount Palatine , 
 The imperial palace, compass huge, and 
 high 
 
 The structure, skill of noblest architects, 
 With gil ted battlements conspicuous far, 
 Turrets, and terraces, and glittering soires. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Palazzo. For most names begin- 
 
 ning with Palazzo, see the next 
 
 prominent word. For example, 
 Palazzo Pitti, see Pitti Palace; 
 Palazzo degli Uffizi, see Uffi- 
 zi, etc. See also infra. 
 
 Palazzo del Podesta. See Bar- 
 
 gello. 
 
 Palazzo della Signoria. See Pa- 
 lazzo Vecchio. 
 
 Palazzo Ducale. See Doge’s Pal- 
 ace. 
 
 Palazzo Rosso. See Brignole 
 Sale Palace. 
 
 Palazzo Vecchio (della Signoria). 
 [The Old Palace (of the Signory).] 
 The ancient residence of the 
 Gonfaloniere, or superior magis- 
 tracy of Florence, now used for 
 government offices, and contain- 
 ing many works of art. It was 
 erected in 1298. 
 
 4®= “ The prominent and central ob- 
 ject is the Palazzo Vecchio, a massive 
 and imposing structure, with enor- 
 mous projecting battlements, and a 
 lofty bell-tower stuck upon the walls 
 in defiance of proportion, partly over- 
 hanging them, and disturbing the pass- 
 ers-by with a constant sense of inse- 
 curity.” Hillard . 
 
 Palisades, The. A lofty columnar 
 mass of basalt or trap-rock, near- 
 ly 500 feet in height and some 18 
 miles in length, extending along 
 the right or western bank of the 
 Hudson River in New York and 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Pall Mall. A street in London, 
 named from the French game of 
 paiUe - maille , formerly played 
 there. During the last century it 
 contained many taverns, which 
 are now replaced by club-houses. 
 The street, at one time known as 
 Catherine Street, was enclosed 
 about 1690, and was a fashionable 
 promenade. Palle-malle (from 
 Pallet, a ball, and Maglia, a mal- 
 let) is still played in old Italian 
 cities. 
 
 We went to Wood’s at the Pell Mell 
 (our old house for clubbing), and there we 
 spent till ten at night. 
 
 Pepys (26 July, 1660). 
 
 0 bear me to the paths of fair Pall Main 
 Safe are thy pavements, grateful is thy 
 smell ! 
 
PAL 
 
 367 
 
 PAN 
 
 At distance rolls along tlie gilded coach, 
 
 Is or sturdy carmen on thy walks encroach; 
 No lets would bar thy waj^s w r ere chairs 
 deny’d. 
 
 The soft supports of laziness and pride ; 
 Shops breathe perfumes, through sashes 
 ribbons glow, 
 
 The mutual arms of ladies and the beau. 
 
 Gay. 
 
 In town let me live, then, in town let me 
 die; 
 
 For in truth I can’t relish the country, 
 not I. 
 
 If one must have a villa in summer to 
 dwell, 
 
 Oh I give me the sweet shady side of Pall 
 Mall. Charles Morris. 
 
 I am lodged in the street called Pall 
 Mall , the ordinary residence of all stran- 
 gers, because of its vicinity to the Queen’s 
 Palace, the Park, the Parliament House, 
 the Theatres, and the Chocolate and Cot- 
 fee-houses, where the best company fre- 
 quent. Journey through England , 1714. 
 
 I indent the gayer flags of Pall Mall. 
 It is ’change time, and I am strangely 
 among the Elgin marbles. Charles Lamb. 
 
 Have society, Pall Mall clubs, and a 
 habit of sneering, so withered up our or- 
 gans of veneration that we can admire no 
 more ? Thackeray. 
 
 My little friend, so small and neat, 
 Whom years ago I used to meet 
 In Pall Mall daily ; 
 
 IIow cheerily you tript away 
 To work — it might have been to play, 
 You tript so gayly. Frederick Locker. 
 
 Palladium. A celebrated statue 
 of antiquity representing the god- 
 dess Pallas as seated, holding in 
 one hand a spear, in the other a 
 distaff. This statue, which was 
 said to have fallen from heaven 
 on the plain of Troy, was be- 
 lieved to have been the guardian 
 or preserving genius of the city. 
 Hence the modern signification 
 of the word as a security or pro- 
 tection. 
 
 Pallas, The. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 March 14, 1865. 
 
 Pallas. See Minerva. 
 
 Pallione, II. [The Church Stand- 
 ard.] A celebrated votive pic- 
 ture by Guido Beni (1575-1642), 
 painted by command of the Senate 
 of Bologna after the cessation of 
 the plague in 1630. It represents 
 “ the Madonna in a glory of an- 
 gels, with the patron saints of 
 Bologna underneath.” The pic- 
 ture derives its name from having 
 been originally used in proces- 
 
 sions. Now in the Gallery of 
 Bologna, Italy. 
 
 jgGiT “ Guido, it is said, had no time 
 to prepare a canvas or cartoons, and 
 painted the whole on a piece of white 
 silk. It was carried in grand proces- 
 sion, and solemnly dedicated by the 
 Senate, whence it obtained the title by 
 which it is celebrated in the history of 
 art, * II Pallione del Voto.’ ” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Palsgrave Head. A former noted 
 tavern near Temple Bar, London. 
 But now at Piccadilly they arrive, 
 
 And taking coach, t' wards Temple Bar 
 they drive, 
 
 But at St. Clement’s eat out the back, 
 And slipping through the Palsgrave , bilkt 
 poor hack. Prior and Montague. 
 
 Pamfili-Doria, Villa. See Villa 
 Pamfili-Doria. 
 
 Pamfili Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Pam - 
 Jili.] A palace built in 1650 for 
 Innocent X., in Piazza Navona, 
 Home. Plere lived Olimpia Mal- 
 dalchini Pamfili, notorious for her 
 ambition, vices, and political in- 
 fluence. 
 
 Pan. See Narcissus. 
 
 Panathenaic Frieze. The name 
 often given to the frieze of the 
 Parthenon at Athens, now among 
 the Elgin marbles in the British 
 Museum, London. It is so called 
 from the subject represented, 
 which is the procession which 
 took place every five years in 
 honor of the goddess Minerva, 
 to whom the temple was dedi- 
 cated, and which was partici- 
 pated in by all the Athenian colo- 
 nies. 
 
 “We possess in England the 
 most precious examples of Athenian 
 power in the sculpture of animals. The 
 horses of the frieze, in the Elgin collec- 
 tion, appear to live and move, to roll 
 their eyes, to gallop, prance, and cur- 
 vet; the veins of their faces and legs 
 seem distended with circulation; in 
 them are distinguished the hardness 
 and decision of bony forms from the 
 elasticity of tendon and the softness of 
 flesh. The beholder is charmed with 
 the deer-like lightness and elegance of 
 their make, and although the relief is 
 not above an inch from the background, 
 and they are so much smaller than na- 
 ture, we can scarcely suffer reason to 
 persuade us they are not alive.” 
 
 Flaxman. 
 
PAN 
 
 368 
 
 PAN 
 
 Pancras, St. See St. Pancras. 
 
 Pancrazio, San. See San Pancra- 
 zio. 
 
 Panshanger House. The seat of 
 Earl Cowper, in the county of 
 Hertford, England. It contains 
 a fine collection of paintings. 
 
 Pantheon. 1. [La Rotonda , Santa 
 Maria di Rotonda, Santa Maria ad 
 Martyres.] The best preserved 
 monument of ancient Koine. It 
 was built by Marcus Agrippa, 
 B.C. 27, as shown by the inscrip- 
 tion upon the frieze. In A.D. 
 608 it was consecrated as a Chris- 
 tian church by Pope Boniface IV. 
 under the name of Santa Maria, 
 ad Martyres. The proportions of 
 the beautiful portico have long 
 been regarded as faultless. The 
 interior is a rotunda surmounted 
 by a dome, and lighted by a cir- 
 cular opening 28 feet in diameter 
 in the centre of the dome. The 
 inside diameter of the rotunda is 
 142 feet. The Pantheon has been 
 used as the burial-place of paint- 
 ers, Raphael, Annibale Caracci, 
 and others being interred here 
 beneath the pavement. 
 
 40^“ The world has nothing else 
 like the Pantheon. So grand it is, that 
 the pasteboard statues over the lofty 
 cornice do not disturb the effect, any 
 more than the tin crowns and hearts, 
 the dusty artificial flowers, and all 
 manner of trumpery gewgaws hang- 
 ing at the saintly shrines. The rust 
 and dinginess that have dimmed the 
 precious marbles on the walls ; the 
 pavement, with its great squares and 
 rounds of porphyry and granite, 
 cracked crosswise, and in a hundred 
 directions, showing how roughly the 
 troublesome ages have trampled here; 
 the gray dome above, with its opening 
 to the sky, as if heaven were looking 
 down into the interior of this place of 
 worship ; ... all these things make 
 an impression of solemnity which St. 
 Peter’s itself fails to produce.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 “ Though plundered of all its 
 brass, except the ring which was ne- 
 cessary to preserve the aperture above ; 
 though exposed to repeated fires; 
 though sometimes flooded by the river, 
 and always open to the rain, no monu- 
 ment of equal antiquity is so well pre- 
 served as this rotunda. It passed with 
 
 little alteration from the Pagan into 
 the present worship; and so conven- 
 ient were its niches for the Christian 
 altar, that Michael Angelo, ever studi- 
 ous of ancient beauty, introduced their 
 design as a model in the Catholic 
 church.” Forsyth'* Italy. 
 
 46^ “Our Pantheon [at Paris] com- 
 pared with this seems mean ; and when, 
 after a half-hour’s contemplation of it, 
 you abstract its mouldiness and degra- 
 dation, and divorce it from its modern 
 dilapidated surroundings, when the 
 imagination pictures to itself the white 
 glittering edifice with its fresh marble, 
 as it appeared in the time of Agrip- 
 pa, when, after the establishment of 
 universal peace, he dedicated it to all 
 the gods, then do you figure to your- 
 self with admiration the triumph of 
 Augustus which this fete completed, a 
 reconciled, submissive universe, the 
 splendor of a perfected empire.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 J&ST “The preservation and embel- 
 lishment of the Pantheon have seemed 
 to be dear to every mind of genius in 
 every age. Raphael bequeathed a sum 
 of money for its repair; so did Anni- 
 bal Caracci, and many other distin- 
 guished artists; but it appears to have 
 all gone to the Madonna and the mar- 
 tyrs, to priests and masses.” 
 
 C. A. Eaton. 
 
 4®=* “ The character of the architec- 
 ture, and the sense of satisfaction which 
 it leaves upon the mind, are proofs of 
 the enduring charm of simplicity. . . . 
 This charm is the result of form and 
 proportion, and cannot be lost except 
 by entire destruction.” Hillard. 
 
 Simple, erect, severe, austere, sublime — 
 Shrine of all saints and temple of all gods 
 From Jove to Jesus — spared and bless’d 
 by time, 
 
 Looking tranquillity, while falls or nods 
 Arch, empire, each thing round thee, and 
 man plods 
 
 His w 7 ay through thorns to ashes — glori- 
 ous dome ! 
 
 Shait thou not last? Time’s scythe and 
 tyrants’ rods 
 
 Shiver upon thee, — sanctuary and home 
 Of art and piet y, — Pantheon ! pride of 
 Rome ! 
 
 Relic of nobler days, and noblest arts ! 
 Despoil’d 3*et perfect, with thy circle 
 spreads 
 
 A holiness appealing to all hearts — 
 
 To art a model; and to him who treads 
 Rome for the sake of ages. Glory s ; eds 
 Her light through thy sole aperture; to 
 those 
 
 Who worship, here are altars for their 
 
 And they who feel for genius may repose 
 Their eyes on honor’d forms, whose busts 
 around them close. Byron . 
 
PAN 
 
 369 
 
 PAO 
 
 Well speed thy mission, bold Iconoclast ! 
 
 Yet all unworthy of its trust thou art. 
 
 If, with dry eye, and cold, unloving 
 heart, 
 
 Thou tread’st the solemn Pantheon of the 
 past, 
 
 By the great Future’s dazzling hope made 
 blind 
 
 To all the beauty, power, and truth be- 
 hind. Whittier'. 
 
 No, great Dome of Agrippa, thou art not 
 Christian. Canst not, 
 
 Strip and replaster and daub and do what 
 they will with thee, be so. Clough. 
 
 2. A church in Paris now called 
 St. Genevieve. The corner-stone 
 of this building was laid by Louis 
 XV. in 1764. In 1791 the Assem- 
 bly decreed that it should be used 
 as a place of sepulture for the 
 illustrious dead of France. Mi- 
 rabeau, Voltaire, and Rousseau 
 were interred here, and also many 
 distinguished generals of Napo- 
 leon’s army. In 1851 the temple 
 was presented to the Roman 
 Catholic Church. The church is 
 in the form of a Greek cross, and 
 is very imposing from its great 
 size and the magnificence of its 
 dome It is adorned with stat- 
 ues and paintings of the great 
 kings and queens, military he- 
 roes, and literary men of France. 
 It is situated on the south of the 
 river, upon the highest ground 
 in Paris. It is called the largest 
 and finest church of the Italian 
 style in the city. It was changed 
 into a pantheon, in 1792, inscribed 
 “ Aux Grands Hommes la Patrie 
 reconnaissante,” restored to a 
 church in 1822, in 1831 again 
 changed to a pantheon, and in 
 1853 re-converted into a church. 
 
 4^ “The object of this splendid 
 pile — for it is not a church — is suffi- 
 ciently explained by a series of figures 
 in relief by David, representing, on 
 the triangular pediment of the portico, 
 France, a figure 15 feet high, attended 
 by Liberty and History, surrounded 
 by, and dispensing honor to, Voltaire, 
 Lafayette, Fenelon, Rousseau, Mira- 
 beau, Manuel, Carnot, David, and, of 
 course, Napoleon, and the principal he- 
 roes of the republican and imperial 
 armies.” Sir Francis B. Head. 
 
 4®" “ Begun as a church, in the 
 Revolution its destination was altered, 
 and it was to be a temple to the manes 
 of great men ; and accordingly Rous- 
 seau, Voltaire, and many more arc 
 
 buried here. Well, after the Revolu- 
 tion, the Bourbons said it should not 
 be a temple for great men, it should be 
 a church. The next popular upset 
 tipped it back to the great men, and 
 it stayed under their jurisdiction until 
 Louis Napoleon, who is very pious, 
 restored it to the Church. . . . This 
 Pantheon is, as one might suppose 
 from its history, a hybrid between a 
 church and a theatre, and of course 
 good for neither — purposeless and 
 aimless.” C. Beecher. 
 
 4®“ “ The present superb church of 
 St. Genevieve was the Pantheon of the 
 Revolution. The painting of the dome, 
 which is in the worst possible taste, 
 represents St. Genevieve in glory, re- 
 ceiving the homage of Clovis, Charle- 
 magne, St. Louis, and Louis XVIII. 
 Au reste, the classic magnificence of 
 the whole structure is as little in har- 
 mony with the character of the peasant 
 patroness, as the church of the Made- 
 leine with that of the Syrian penitent 
 and castaway.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 4®=* “On arriving at the object of 
 our ambition — the small balustrade 
 surrounding the lantern which forms 
 the summit of the Pantheon — there 
 burst upon us all a magnificent pano- 
 rama it would be utterly impossible to 
 describe. The whole of Paris — every 
 window, every chimney, were distin- 
 guishable.” Sir Francis B. Head. 
 
 The church < f St. Genevieve is a place 
 of greate devotion, dedicate to another of 
 their Amazons sayd to have delivered the 
 Citty from the English, for which she is 
 esteemed the tutelary saint of Paris. It 
 stands on a steepe eminence, having a 
 very high spire, and is governed by Can- 
 ons Regular. 
 
 John Evelyn , Diary , Feb. 7, 1644. 
 Alike the better-seeing shade will smile 
 On the rude cavern of the rocky isle, 
 
 As if his ashes found their late st home 
 In Rome’s Pantheon or Gaul’s mimic 
 dome. Byron. 
 
 3. A well-known building in 
 London, at first built for a the- 
 atre and public promenade, and 
 opened in 1772. The Pantheon 
 was burned in 1792, and rebuilt; 
 afterwards taken down and re- 
 constructed in 1812, and in 1834 
 turned into a bazaar. 
 
 I saw Hood once as a young man, at a 
 dinner which seems alrm st as ghostly 
 now as that masquerade at the Pantheon 
 of which we were speaking anon. 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Paoli, San. See San Paoui fuoiii 
 le Mura. 
 
 Paoline Chapel. See Capella 
 Paolina. 
 
PAO 
 
 370 
 
 PAR 
 
 Paolo, San. See Porta di San 
 Paolo. 
 
 Paraclete. This celebrated abbey, 
 founded by Abelard, stood at the 
 village of St. Aubin, on the stream 
 Ardusson, in France. Here was 
 the retreat of Helo'ise, and her 
 final resting-place as well as that 
 of Abelard. 
 
 Sometimes I grieve for the loss of the 
 house of Paraclete , and wish to see it 
 again. Ah, Philintus, does not the love 
 of Iloloise still burn in mv heart? 
 
 Abelard , Letters of Abelard and Iieloise. 
 To the gray walls of fallen Paraclete , 
 
 To J uliet’s urn, 
 
 Fair Arno and Sorrento's orange-grove, 
 Where Tasso sang, let young Romance 
 and Love 
 
 Like brother pilgrims turn. Whittier. 
 God’s love, — unchanging, pure, and 
 true, — 
 
 The Paraclete white-shining through 
 His peace, — the fall of Hermon’s dew ! 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 With all my sorrows trembling still, 
 
 Fate, vainly lenient, bade us meet, 
 ResMle^s victims of its will ! 
 
 And led my steps to Paraclete. 
 
 L. S. Costello. 
 
 Paradiso, II. A famous picture 
 by Jacopo Robusti, called II Tin- 
 toretto (1512-1594). It is an oil- 
 painting, 84 feet long and 34 feet 
 high. In the Doge’s Palace, at 
 Venice, Italy. 
 
 “In the Paradise of Tintoret, 
 the angel is seen in the distance driv- 
 ing Adam and Eve out of the Garden. 
 . . . Full speed they fly, the angel and 
 the human creatures ; the angel wrapt 
 in an orb of light floats on, and does 
 not touch the ground; the chastised 
 creatures rush before him in abandoned 
 terror. All this might have been in- 
 vented by another, . . . but one cir- 
 cumstance which completes the story 
 could have been thought of by none 
 but Tintoret. The angel casts a shadow 
 before him towards Adam and Eve.” 
 Ruskin ( Modern Painters). 
 jgtir “ At first this Paradise of Tin- 
 toret is so strange that no wonder the 
 lovely world outside, the beautiful 
 court-yard, the flying birds, and drift- 
 ing Venetians seem more like Heaven 
 to those who are basking in their sweet- 
 ness. But it is well worth while by 
 degrees, with some pain and self-denial, 
 to climb in spirit to that strange crowd- 
 ed place towards which old Tintoret’s 
 mighty soul was bent.” 
 
 Miss Thackeray. 
 
 Paradiso, Orto del. See Orto 
 del Paradiso. 
 
 Parcs3. See Three Fates. 
 
 Parc-aux-Cerfs. [Deer-park.] A 
 park or preserve at Versailles, 
 France. 
 
 The true conduct and position for a 
 French Sovereign towards French Litera- 
 ture, in that country, might have been, 
 though perhaps of all things the most im- 
 portant, one of the most difficult to dis- 
 cover and accomplish. What chance was 
 there that a thick-blooded Louis Quinze, 
 from his Parc aux Cerfs , should discover 
 it, should have the faintest inkling of it? 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Meanwhile Louis the well-beloved has 
 left (forever) his Parc-aux-cerfs, and, 
 amid the scare-suppressed hootings of the 
 world, taken up his last lodging at St. 
 Denis. Carlyle. 
 
 Parian Chronicle. One of the so- 
 called Arundelian marbles at Ox- 
 ford, England. It is a chrono- 
 logical register or compendium 
 of the history of Greece from 
 B.C. 1582 to B.C. 355. It is so 
 called because thought to have 
 been made in the island of 
 Paros. See Arundelian Mar- 
 bles. 
 
 Paris Garden. A region in Lon- 
 don, so called from Robert de 
 Paris, who had a house and 
 grounds there in the reign of 
 Richard II., now built upon and 
 occupied with public works. 
 
 Paris, Judgment of. See Judg- 
 ment of Paris. 
 
 Park Lane. A street of aristo- 
 cratic residences in London, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Fifth Avenue is the Belgrave Square, 
 the Park Lane, and the Pall Mall of New 
 York. Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Park Square. A well-known pub- 
 lic square in London, England. 
 
 Park- Street Church. A well- 
 known religious edifice in Bos- 
 ton, Mass. It has a lofty spire. 
 
 I tell you what, — the idea of the pro- 
 fessions’ digging a moat round their close 
 corporations, like that Japanese one at 
 Jeddo, which you could put Park-Street 
 Church on the bottom of and look over 
 the vane from its side, and try to stretch 
 another such spire across it without span- 
 ning the chasm, — that idea, I say, is pret- 
 ty nearly worn out. Holmes. 
 
 Parliament House. 1. A build- 
 ing in Edinburgh, Scotland, of 
 the Italian style of architecture, 
 
PAR 
 
 371 
 
 PAR 
 
 used for Courts of Justice. The 
 old Parliament House, of which 
 only a portion remains, is used 
 by lawyers and their clients. 
 
 2. An imposing pile of build- 
 ings in Ottawa, Can., containing 
 the halls of Parliament of the 
 Dominion of Canada, and the 
 Department offices. It was be- 
 gun in 1800. 
 
 Parliament Houses. See West- 
 minster Palace. 
 
 Parliament Oak. An ancient and 
 famous tree in what was once 
 Sherwood. Forest. It derived its 
 name from the tradition of a par- 
 liament having been held there 
 by Edward the First. 
 
 Parnasse, Boulevard du Mont. 
 
 See Mont Parnasse. 
 
 Parnassus. A celebrated fresco 
 by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), 
 representing Apollo and the 
 Muses, under laurel-trees, on the 
 heights of Parnassus. On either 
 side and below are ranged the 
 poets of antiquity and of modern 
 Italy. This picture is one of the 
 series of four, entitled respective- 
 ly, Theology, Poetry (or the Par- 
 nassus), Philosophy, and Juris- 
 prudence, which were intended 
 to exhibit the lofty subjects of 
 thought with which the human 
 mind is occupied. They are all 
 in the Camera della Segnatura of 
 the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 Parnassus. An allegorical picture 
 by Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), 
 the Italian painter. In the Gal- 
 lery of the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Parnassus. A celebrated fresco in 
 the Villa Albani, Rome, by Anton 
 Rafael Mengs (1728-1779). It has 
 been engraved by Raphael Mor- 
 ghen. [Called also Apollo and the 
 Muses.] 
 
 Parthenon, The. This structure, 
 — the glory of the Acropolis at 
 Athens, Greece, — “ the finest ed- 
 ifice on the finest site in the world, 
 hallowed by the noblest recollec- 
 tions that can stimulate the hu- 
 man heart,” — was so called from 
 
 being the temple of Athena Par- 
 thenos (’A0^va li dpOevo?). The time 
 at which the Parthenon was be- 
 gun is not definitely known; but 
 it was built under the adminis- 
 tration of Pericles, and finished 
 438 B.C. The architects were Ic- 
 tinus and Callicrates, and the 
 general supervision of the work 
 was intrusted to Phidias. This 
 most perfect product of Grecian 
 architecture was of the Doric or- 
 der, was built of Pentelic marble, 
 and stood upon the highest part 
 of the Acropolis. The Parthenon 
 was beautifully adorned, both 
 without and within, with exqui- 
 site works of sculpture, some of 
 which have been removed and 
 deposited in the British Museum. 
 The Parthenon was sometimes 
 called Hecatompedos or Hecatom- 
 pedon (i.e., the Temple of One 
 Hundred Feet), a name derived 
 from its breadth. This temple 
 beautifully illustrates the archi- 
 tectural principle known to the 
 ancient Greeks by which they 
 prevented the apparent sagging 
 of horizontal and the bending of 
 perpendicular lines in a structure. 
 By substituting very slight and 
 delicate curves for the ordinary 
 right lines, this common optical 
 illusion was entirely avoided. 
 The perpendicular lines also 
 slightly incline inwards, thus pre- 
 venting any appearance — as for 
 example in the columns, which 
 incline three inches in their height 
 — of leaning outwards. The 
 most celebrated of the sculptures 
 of the Parthenon was a colossal 
 statue of the Virgin Goddess, by 
 Phidias. It was made of ivory 
 for the undraped parts, while solid 
 gold was used for the dress and 
 ornaments, — a kind of work 
 which the Greeks called chrys- 
 elephantine. The Parthenon was 
 turned into a Greek church dexli- 
 cated to the Virgin Mother, prob- 
 ably in the sixth century. It was 
 badly damaged by a shell during 
 the siege of Athens by the Vene- 
 tians in 1687, and also received 
 additional injury during the 
 bombardment of the city in 
 1827. 
 
PAR 
 
 372 
 
 PAR 
 
 jgQr^Such was the simple struc- 
 ture of this magnificent building, which, 
 by its united excellences of materials, 
 design, and decorations, was the most 
 perfect ever executed. Its dimensions 
 of 22S feet by 101, with a height of 66 
 feet to the top of the pediment, were 
 sufficiently great to give an appearance 
 of grandeur and sublimity; and this 
 impression was not disturbed by any 
 obtrusive subdivision of parts, such as 
 is found to diminish the effect of many 
 larger modern buildings, where the 
 same singleness of design is not ap- 
 parent. In the Parthenon there was 
 nothing to divert the spectator’s con- 
 templation from the simplicity and 
 majesty of mass and outline, which 
 forms the first and most remarkable 
 object of admiration in a Greek 
 temple.” Leake. 
 
 4£gf* “ Down to the year 1637, the 
 Parthenon remained entire. The Chris- 
 tians converted it first into a church, 
 and the Turks, jealous of the Chris- 
 tians, afterward converted it into a 
 mosque. Then came the Venetians in 
 the highly civilized seventeenth cen- 
 tury, and cannonaded the monuments 
 of Pericles. They shot their balls 
 upon the Propylaeum and the Temple of 
 Minerva; a bomb sunk into the roof 
 set fire to a number of barrels of gun- 
 powder inside, and demolished in part 
 a building that did less honor to the 
 false gods of Greece than to the genius 
 of man. The town being taken, Mo- 
 rosini, with the design of embellishing 
 Venice with the spoils of Athens, 
 wished to take down the statues of the 
 pediment of the Parthenon, and broke 
 them. A modern succeeded in achieving 
 (in the interest of the arts) the destruc- 
 tion which the Venetians had begun. 
 Lord Elgin lost the merits of his com- 
 mendable enterprises in ravaging the 
 Parthenon. He wished to take away the 
 bassi-relievi of the frieze; in order to 
 do so, he employed Turkish workmen, 
 who broke the architrave, threw down 
 the capitals, and smashed the cornice.” 
 Chateaubriand , Trans. 
 
 HOP “The last of the portals is 
 passed : you are on the summit alone 
 with the Parthenon. Over heaps of 
 ruin, over a plain buried under huge 
 fragments of hewn and sculptured 
 marble — drums of pillars, pedestals, 
 capitals, cornices, friezes, triglyphs, 
 and sunken panel-work — a wilderness 
 of mutilated art — it rises between you 
 and the sky, which forms its only back- 
 ground, and against which every scar 
 left by the infidel generations shows its 
 gash. Broken down in the middle, like 
 a ship which has struck and parted, 
 with the roof, cornices, and friezes most- 
 
 ly gone, and not a column unmutilated, 
 and yet with the tawny gold of 2,000 
 years staining its once spotless marble, 
 sparkling with snow-white marks of 
 shot and shell, and with its soaring 
 pillars embedded in the dark-blue ether 
 (and here the sky seems blue only be- 
 cause they need such a background), 
 you doubt for a moment whether the 
 melancholy of its ruin, or the perfect 
 and majestic loveliness which shines 
 through that ruin, is the most power- 
 ful.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 The appearance of the Parthe- 
 non testifies more loudly than history 
 itself to the greatness of this people 
 [the Greeks]. Pericles will never die. 
 What a civilization was that which 
 found a great man to decree, an archi- 
 tect to conceive, a sculptor to adorn, 
 statuaries to execute, workmen to 
 carve, and a people to pay for and 
 maintain, such an edifice ! In the midst 
 of the ruins which once were Athens, 
 and which the cannon of the Greeks 
 and Turks have pulverized and scat- 
 tered throughout the valley, and upon 
 the two hills upon which extends the 
 city of Minerva, a mountain is seen 
 towering up perpendicularly upon all 
 sides. Enormous ramparts surround 
 it; built at their base with fragments 
 of white marble, higher up with the 
 debris of friezes and antique columns, 
 they terminate in some parts with Ve- 
 netian battlements. This mountain 
 seems to be a magnificent pedestal 
 cut by the gods themselves whereon 
 to seat their altars.” 
 
 Lamartine , Trans. 
 
 jg@^“Of all the great temples, the 
 best and most celebrated is the Parthe- 
 non, the only octastyle Doric temple 
 in Greece, and in its own class un- 
 doubtedly the most beautiful building 
 in the world. It is true, it has neither 
 the dimensions nor the wondrous ex- 
 pression of power and eternity inher- 
 ent in Egyptian temples, nor has it the 
 variety and poetry of the Gothic cathe- 
 dral ; but for intellectual beauty, for 
 perfection of proportion, for beauty of 
 detail, and for the exquisite perception 
 of the highest and most recondite prin- 
 ciples of art ever applied to architec- 
 ture, it stands utterly and entirely 
 alone and unrivalled — the glory of 
 Greece and a reproach to the rest of 
 the world.” Fergus son. 
 
 Earth proudly wears the Parthenon, 
 
 As the best gem upon her zone. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 Parthenon, The. A London club, 
 dissolved in 1862. The Erecthe- 
 um Club was joined with it in 
 1854. 
 
PAR 
 
 373 
 
 PAT 
 
 Parvis Notre Dame. This name, 
 a corruption of Paradisus, is ap- 
 plied to the open space in front 
 of the cathedral of Notre Dame, 
 Paris. 
 
 Pas Perdus, Salle des. A large 
 hall, from which open different 
 law-courts, in the Palais de Jus- 
 tice, Paris. 
 
 Pasquino. A celebrated mutilated 
 statue in Rome, so called from a 
 witty tailor of that name who 
 kept a shop near by, and was 
 given to entertaining his custom- 
 ers with the gossip and scandal 
 of the day. Upon the pedestal of 
 this statue were affixed pungent 
 criticisms on passing events, 
 squibs, and sarcasms, from which 
 the term Pasquinade is derived. 
 
 >0®=* “The public opinion of Rome 
 has only one traditional organ. It is 
 that mutilated block of marble called 
 Pas-quin’s statue, on which are mys- 
 teriously affixed by unknown hands 
 the frequent squibs of Roman motlier- 
 wit on the events of the day.” 
 
 The Times, 1870. 
 
 Passaic, The. A United States 
 monitor in the war of the Rebel- 
 lion (1861-65). She took part, 
 in connection with the land bat- 
 teries, in the attack upon Fort 
 Sumter, July 11, 1863. On the 
 24th, Gen Gilmore wrote to Gen. 
 Halleck, “ Fort Sumter is to-day 
 a shapeless mass of ruins.” 
 
 Passion, The. A picture by Hans 
 Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish 
 painter, representing all the 
 scenes of the Passion of Christ 
 in a number of separate groups 
 with figures of small size. It is 
 now in the Royal Gallery at Tu- 
 rin, Italy. 
 
 Passion, The Greater and the 
 Lesser. A series of wood-cuts 
 by Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the 
 German painter and engraver, 
 and considered to be among the 
 best of his works which have de- 
 scended to us. 
 
 Passion. See Lyveksburg Pas- 
 sion. 
 
 Passion Play. See Passionspiel. 
 
 Passionspiel. [Passion Play.] A 
 famous dramatic representation 
 of the scenes of the Passion and 
 Death of Christ, exhibited at the 
 village of Ober-Ammergau, in 
 Bavaria. The acting takes place 
 in the day-time, and under the 
 open sky The play was first 
 performed in 1633, under a re- 
 ligious vow offered by the in- 
 habitants of the village, that they 
 would enact it at regular periods, 
 if delivered from the infliction of 
 the plague. 
 
 “ The decadal period was chosen 
 for 1680, and the Passion Play has been 
 enacted, with various interruptions, 
 every tenth year since that time. The 
 Passion Play is, however, of much 
 older date than this. It is not probable 
 that simple villagers would make a vow 
 to perform a play totally unknown to 
 them, and, even in its rudest form, de- 
 manding such capacity and preparatory 
 study. The vow speaks of the Passion 
 Tragedy as something already well 
 known ; only the period of performing 
 the play every ten years is positively 
 stated. The oldest known text-book 
 of the play bears the date 1662, and it 
 refers to a still older book. Since the 
 year 1634 the Passion Play has under- 
 gone great change and improvements. 
 Such figures as Lucifer, Prince of Hell, 
 who, with his retinue used to play a 
 great part in the Ammergau perform- 
 ance, have been banished. Up to the 
 year 1830, the play was performed in 
 the village churchyard in the open air. 
 In the first decades of the present cen- 
 tury the text of the play was thorough- 
 ly revised by Father Ottmar Weiss of 
 Jesewang (d. 1843), who removed un- 
 suitable and inharmonious passages, 
 substituting prose for doggerel verse. 
 The improvements then commenced 
 have been carried on up to the present 
 time by the former pastor of the vil- 
 lage, the Geistlicher - Rath Daisen- 
 berger, who is still active in promoting 
 the success of the play.” 
 
 J. P. Jackson. 
 
 Patapsco, The. A United States 
 monitor in the war of the Rebel- 
 lion (1861-65). She took part, in 
 connection with the land bat- 
 teries, in the attack upon Fort 
 Sumter, July 11, 1863, and with- 
 in a few days it was reduced to a 
 shapeless mass of ruins. 
 
 Paternoster Row. A street in 
 London said to be so named from 
 
PAT 
 
 374 
 
 PEA 
 
 I 
 
 the turners of rosaries, or Pater 
 Nosters, who formerly dwelt 
 there. It is noted as the locality 
 of stationers, printers, and book- 
 sellerfc. 
 
 “ Paternoster Row was for many 
 years sacred to publishers. It is a nar- 
 row flagged street, lying under the 
 shadow of St. Paul’s; at each end 
 there are posts placed, so as to prevent 
 the passage of carriages, and thus pre- 
 serve a solemn silence for the delibera- 
 tions of the ‘ fathers of the Row.’ The 
 dull warehouses on each side are mostly 
 occupied at present by wholesale sta- 
 tioners; if they be publishers’ shops, 
 they show no attractive front to the 
 dark and narrow street.” 
 
 Mrs. Gaskell {in 1848). 
 
 I have been told of a critic who was 
 crucified at the command of another to 
 the reputation of Ilomer. That, no doubt, 
 was more than poetical justice, and I shall 
 be perfectly content if those who criticise 
 me are only clapped in the pillory^, kept 
 fifteen days upon bread and water, and 
 obliged to run the gantlope through Pa- 
 ternoster-row. Goldsmith. 
 
 At the time of Johnson’s appearance, 
 there were still two ways, on which an 
 Author might attempt proceeding : these 
 were the Maecenases proper in the West 
 End of London; and the Maecenases vir- 
 tual of St. John’s Gate and Paternoster 
 Row. Carlyle. 
 
 For him reviews shall smile, for him o'er- 
 tlow 
 
 The patronage of Paternoster-row. Byron. 
 
 Fraught with invective they ne’er go 
 
 To folks at Paternoster-row. Goldsmith. 
 
 Having a little “ Grub-street *’ business, 
 I made my way to the purlieus of publish- 
 ers, Paternoster Row. N. P. Willis. 
 
 Patrick’s, St. See St. Patrick’s. 
 
 Paul and Barnabas at Lystra. 
 One of the famous cartoons by 
 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), from 
 which the tapestries in the Vati- 
 can at Rome were executed. 
 
 Paul in the Prison at Philippi. 
 
 The subject of a tapestry picture 
 in the Vatican, Rq*ne, after a car- 
 toon by Raphael. This cartoon 
 is no longer in existence. 
 
 Paul preaching at Athens. One 
 of the famous cartoons by Ra- 
 phael Sanzio (1483-1520), from 
 which the tapestries in the Vati- 
 can, at Rome, were executed. 
 
 “In Raphael’s cartoon of Paul 
 'preaching at Athens, the figure of the 
 man in front, who, as Sir Joshua says, 
 
 ‘appears to be thinking all over,’ is 
 probably Dionysus.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Pauline Borghese. See Venus 
 Viotrix. 
 
 Pauline Chapel. See Capella 
 Paolina. 
 
 Pauline Fountain. See Fontana 
 Paolina. 
 
 Paulovsk. A palace and summer 
 residence of the imperial family 
 of Russia, near St. Petersburg 
 The park is of great extent, the 
 estimated aggregate length of the 
 walks being 100 miles. It is at 
 all times open to the public, and 
 a favorite pleasure resort of the 
 inhabitants of the capital. 
 
 Paul’s Walk. See Duke Hum- 
 phrey’s Walk. 
 
 Pavilion. A royal palace in Bright- 
 on, England, built in the Orient- 
 al style by George IV. 
 
 Pays Latin. See Quartier Latin. 
 
 Peabody Institute. 1. A marble 
 building in Baltimore, Md., con- 
 taining a library, a gallery of art, 
 a conservatory of music, and a 
 fine lecture-hall. The Institute 
 was founded by George Peabody 
 (1795-1869), the London banker, 
 and is designed for the promotion 
 of education, and the diffusion of 
 useful knowledge among the 
 masses. 
 
 2. A building in Peabody, 
 Mass., provided with a library 
 and lecture-room, founded and 
 endowed by the well-known Lon- 
 don banker of the same name. 
 See supra. 
 
 Peabody Museum. A large Gothic 
 building connected with Yale 
 College, New Haven, Conn., con- 
 taining large collections in nat- 
 ural history, mineralogy, etc. It 
 was built with proceeds of the 
 endowment made by George Pea- 
 body of London. See supra. 
 
 Peacock, The. A British war- 
 ship captured in 1813 by the 
 American ship Hornet . 
 
 Paul, St. See St. Paul. 
 
 Paul’s, St. See St. Paul’s. 
 
PEA 
 
 875 
 
 PEN 
 
 Peacock Island. [Ger. Pfauen-In- 
 seJ.] A small island in the river 
 Havel, near Potsdam, Germany. 
 It has been at times the favorite 
 resort of the royal family of Prus- 
 sia, and contains a summer-house, 
 menagerie, palm-house, and pleas- 
 ure-grounds. 
 
 Peak Cavern. A series of subter- 
 ranean chambers near Castleton, 
 England, forming the largest cave 
 in Britain. [Called also the Dev- 
 il's Cave.'] 
 
 Pearl, The. A celebrated picture 
 by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), 
 parts of which are supposed to 
 have been executed by Giulio 
 Romano (1492-1540). “This pic- 
 ture has derived a fictitious im- 
 portance from the supposed words 
 of Philip IV. of Spain, who, hav- 
 ing purchased the picture from 
 the gallery of Charles I., is said 
 to have exclaimed on seeing it, 
 
 ‘ This is my pearl ! * ” It is now 
 in the Gallery at Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Pearl Mosque. [ Motee Musjeed.] 
 A famous Mohammedan temple 
 or mosque in the city of Agra, 
 Hindostan. It is a small but 
 very perfect building. It has 
 three domes of white marble with 
 gilded spires. 
 
 fDdif “ The Motee Musjeed can be 
 compared to no other edifice that I 
 have ever seen. To my eye, it is a 
 perfect type of its class. While its ar- 
 chitecture is the purest Saracenic, which 
 some suppose cannot exist without or- 
 nament, it shows the severe simplicity 
 of Doric art. It has, in fact, nothing 
 which can properly be termed orna- 
 ment. It is a sanctuary so pure and 
 stainless, revealing so exalted a spirit 
 of worship, that I felt humbled as a 
 Christian, to think that our nobler reli- 
 gion has so rarely inspired architects 
 to surpass this temple to God and Mo- 
 hammed.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Peasant Feast. A picture by 
 David Teniers the Younger (1610- 
 1694), the Belgian genre- painter. 
 In the Louvre, at Paris. 
 
 Peasant Wedding. A picture by 
 David Teniers the Younger (1610- 
 1694), the Belgian genre- painter. 
 In the Gallery of Munich, Bava- 
 ria. There is another upon the 
 same subject at Vienna, Austria. I 
 
 Peasants Travelling. See Eulen- 
 
 SPIEGEL. 
 
 Peele Castle. A venerable and 
 famous fortress on the Isle of 
 Man, familiar to the readers of 
 Scott by having been the place 
 where some of the most interest- 
 ing scenes in “ Peverii of the 
 Peak ” are laid. It was formerly 
 used as a place of confinement 
 for prisoners of state. 
 
 I was thy neighbor once, thou rugged 
 pile ! 
 
 Four summer weeks I dwelt in sight of 
 thee: 
 
 I saw thee every day; and all the while 
 Thy form was sleeping on a glassy sea. 
 
 Wordsworth (.Elegiac Stanzas , suggested 
 by a picture of Peele Castle in a storm, 
 painted by Sir George Beaumont). 
 
 Pembroke College. A foundation 
 of the University of Cambridge, 
 England. Established in 1347. 
 
 Pembroke Family. A grand fam- 
 ily picture, including ten figures, 
 by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641), 
 and regarded as one of his prin- 
 cipal works. In Wilton House, 
 England. 
 
 Pendennis Castle. An ancient 
 fortress at Falmouth, England. 
 
 Penitent Magdalen. A well- 
 known work of sculpture by 
 Antonio Canova (1757-1828). 
 
 Penn Cottage. An old and inter- 
 esting house in Philadelphia, 
 Penn., on Letitia Street, occu- 
 pied by William Penn in 1682, 
 and said to be the first brick 
 building erected in the town. 
 
 Pennsylvania Avenue. The chief 
 thoroughfare of the city of Wash- 
 ington. It extends from the Cap- 
 itol across the level tract where 
 it was intended the city should 
 be built towards Georgetown. 
 On the line of its course are the 
 Treasury building, the Executive 
 Mansion or White House, and 
 the building of the Department 
 of State. 
 
 Penseroso, II. A statue by Hiram 
 Powers (1805-1873). In the Lenox 
 Library, New York. 
 
 Penshurst Place and Oak. A not- 
 ed mansion near Tunbridge, Eng- 
 
PEN 
 
 376 
 
 PER 
 
 land, in which Sir Philip and 
 Algernon Sidney were horn. It 
 is now in possession of Lord de 
 Lisle and Dudley, one of their 
 descendants. Near by is the fa- 
 mous oak which was planted at 
 the birth of Sir Philip Sidney. 
 It is now 22 feet in girth. 
 
 Thou art not, Penshurst, built to envious 
 show 
 
 Of touch or marble; nor canst boast a 
 row 
 
 Of polish’d pillars or a rocfe of gold ; 
 
 Thou hast no lantherne, whereof tales are 
 told ; 
 
 Or stayrc, or courts ; but standst an an- 
 cient pile, 
 
 And these grudged at, art reverenc’d the 
 while. 
 
 Thou joy’bt in better marks, of soile, of 
 ayre, 
 
 Of wood, of water: therein thou art faire. 
 
 Ben Jonson. 
 
 Genius of Penshurst old ! 
 
 Who saw’st the birth of each immortal 
 oak, 
 
 Here sacred from the stroke ; 
 
 Where Sidney his Arcadian landscape 
 drew, 
 
 Genuine from thy Doric view ! 
 
 And patriot Algernon unshaken rose 
 Above insulting foes; 
 
 And Sacharissa nursed her angel charms. 
 
 Francis Coventry. 
 Penshurst still shines for us, and its 
 Christmas revels, “where logs not burn, 
 batmen.” Emerson. 
 
 That tall tree, too, which of a nut was set, 
 At his great birth, where all the Muses 
 met. Ben Jonson. 
 
 Go, boy, and carve this passion on the 
 bark 
 
 Of yonder tree, which stands the sacred 
 mark 
 
 Of noble Sidney’s birth. Waller. 
 
 Pensoso, II. See Lorenzo de’ 
 Medici. 
 
 Pentinger Tables. An ancient 
 itinerary discovered at Spires in 
 1508. A copy was published by 
 Pentinger in 1591, and since then 
 many editions of the original have 
 appeared. The tablet is a map of 
 the world as known to the an- 
 cients, and is about 20 feet in 
 length by a foot in breadth. 
 
 Pepysian Library. The valuable 
 collection of manuscripts and 
 early English books belonging to 
 Samuel Pepys (1632-1703), the cel- 
 brated gossip and diarist. It is 
 now in Magdalen College, Cam- 
 bridge, England. 
 
 Pequot Hill. An elevation near 
 
 Mystic, Conn., the scene of one of 
 the most desperate and sanguin- 
 ary engagements between the 
 Indian tribe of the Pequots and 
 the New England colonists, in 
 May, 1637. 
 
 Pere-la-Chaise. A cemetery near 
 Paris, so called because that on 
 the ground it occupies formerly 
 stood the dwelling of Pere-la- 
 Cliaise, the confessor of Louis 
 XIV. It was consecrated in 1804, 
 and now covers more than 200 
 acres. It is laid out and orna- 
 mented with much taste and ele- 
 gance, and commands a fine view 
 of Paris and the surrounding 
 country. One of the principal 
 objects of interest is the tomb of 
 Abelard and Heloise, which con- 
 sists of a chapel built of materi- 
 als brought from the Abbey of 
 the Holy Ghost, which Abelard 
 founded, and of which Heloise was 
 abbess. Pere-la-Chaise was made 
 a final place of refuge for the in- 
 surgents of the Commune in 1871, 
 and here were two graves, in one 
 of which were thrown 200 bodies 
 of Communists, and in the other 
 more than 700. About 50 burials 
 a day take place here. There are 
 about 16,000 stone monuments, 
 which have cost nearly £5,000,000. 
 
 The dead of distant lands 
 Are gathered here. In pomp of sculpture 
 sleeps 
 
 The Russian Demidoff, and Britain’s sons 
 Have crossed the foaming sea, to leave 
 their dust 
 
 In a strange soil. Yea, from my own far 
 land 
 
 They’ve wandered here, to die. 
 
 Mrs. L. II. Sigourney. 
 I see grand tombs to France’s lesser dead; 
 Colossal steeds, white pyramids, still red 
 At base with blood, still torn with shot 
 and shell. 
 
 To testify that here the Commune fell ; 
 And yet I turn once more from all of these, 
 And stand before the tomb of Eloise. 
 
 Joaquin Miller. 
 When years have clothed the line in moss 
 That tells thy name and days, 
 
 And withered, on thy simple cross, 
 
 The wreaths of Pere-la-Chaise ! 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 Perla, La. See Peare, The. 
 
 Perseus, The. A well-known 
 bronze statue by Benvenuto Cel- 
 lini (1500-1570), and his chef 
 cT oeuvre. In the Loggia de’ 
 Lanzi, Florence. 
 
PEJi 
 
 377 
 
 PET 
 
 4tH =I “ When one recalls the details 
 of its casting, the intrepidity with 
 which the artist, exhausted with fa- 
 tigue, devoured by fever, leaped from 
 his bed to hasten the liquidation of the 
 bronze into which he cast all the pew- 
 ter vessels of his house, his fervent and 
 devout prayers, his sudden recovery, 
 and his joyous meal with his family and 
 friends, this statue becomes a sort of 
 action which paints the manners of the 
 time and the character of the extraor- 
 dinary man who executed it.” 
 
 Valery , Trans. 
 
 In the Loggia ? where is set 
 Cellini’s god-like Perseus , bronze — or 
 gold - 
 
 (How name the metal, when the statue 
 flings 
 
 Its soul so in your eyes ?) with brow and 
 sword 
 
 Superbly calm, as all opposing things 
 Slain with the Gorgon, were no more ab- 
 horred 
 
 Since ended? Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Perseus and Andromeda. A pic- 
 ture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577- 
 1640). In Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Perseus with the Head of Me- 
 dusa. A statue by Antonio Ca- 
 n ova (1757-1822). In the Vatican, 
 Rome. 
 
 4®= “ During the absence of the 
 Apollo [Belvidere] in Paris, under the 
 rule of Napoleon, the Perseus was 
 placed on its pedestal; an honor of 
 which it was hardly w T orthy, as it is 
 rather a fine than a beautiful statue, 
 and is deficient in beauty and expres- 
 sion.” Hillard. 
 
 Persian Sibyl. A noted picture by 
 Guido Reni (1575-1642). In the 
 Museum of the Capitol, Rome. 
 
 4S^ “His [Guercino’s] Sibyl Per- 
 sica , under her peculiar head-dress, is 
 already quite modern. She has one of 
 those pensive, complicated, indefinable 
 expressions which pleases us so great- 
 ly, a spirit of infinite delicacy, whose 
 mysterious fascinations will never end.” 
 Taine, Trans. 
 
 There is another picture known 
 by this name, by Guido Reni 
 (1575-1642). In the Uffizi Gal- 
 lery, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Perte du Rhone. A remarkable 
 spot not far from Geneva, Switz- 
 erland, where the river Rhone 
 plunges into a mass of broken 
 rocks, and disappears completely 
 from sight for a space of 120 yards. 
 
 Pesaro Palace. [Ital Palazzo Pe- 
 
 saro.] A fine palace of the sev- 
 enteenth century in Venice, Italy. 
 
 Peter. See Great Peter and 
 John and Peter. 
 
 Peter and John at the Beautiful 
 Gate of the Temple. One of 
 the famous cartoons by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520), from which 
 the tapestries in the Vatican at 
 Rome were executed. 
 
 Peter and Paul in Discussion 
 about the Gentiles. A picture 
 by Guido Reni (1575-1642). In 
 the Brera at Milan, Italy. 
 
 4®" “ A grand picture, full of deep 
 meaning.” Ticknor. 
 
 Peter denying Christ. A picture 
 by David Teniers the Younger 
 (1610-1694), the Belgian c/eirre- 
 painter. It is now in the Louvre, 
 in Paris. 
 
 Peter, St. See St. Peter. 
 
 Peter the Great teaching the art 
 of Ship-building. A picture by 
 Sir William Allan (1782-1850). 
 In the Winter Palace, St. Peters- 
 burg, Russia. 
 
 Peterhouse. The most ancient 
 collegiate foundation in the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge, England. 
 It was founded near the close of 
 the thirteenth century. 
 
 Peterloo, Field of. See Field of 
 Peterloo. 
 
 Peter’s Chains. See San Pietro 
 in Vincoli. 
 
 Peter’s Chair. See Chair of St. 
 Peter. 
 
 Peter’s College, St. See West- 
 minster School. 
 
 Peter’s, St. See St. Peter’s. 
 
 Petit Chateau. [The Little Cas- 
 tle.] A castle in Chantilly, 
 France, built by the Montmoren- 
 cys, and considered one of the 
 most beautiful monuments of the 
 Renaissance style of architecture 
 in France. The estate, which be- 
 longed to the Orleans family, was 
 confiscated by Napoleon lit., and 
 sold in 1853 to the English bank- 
 ers Coutts & Co. 
 
PET 
 
 378 
 
 PEV 
 
 Petit Trianon. [The Little Tria- 
 non.] A pleasant little residence 
 near the royal palace of Ver- 
 sailles, France, which was occu- 
 pied by the Duchess of Orleans. 
 It is exquisitely fitted up, and 
 embellished by paintings. Petit 
 Trianon was built in 1766 by 
 Louis XV. for Madame Dubarry. 
 Louis XVI. gave it to Marie An- 
 toinette, who laid out the gardens 
 with rock-work, lakes, Swiss cot- 
 tages, etc., and who here with 
 her court played at shepherds and 
 shepherdesses. See Grand Tri- 
 anon. 
 
 jgSP “A walk to the Little Trianon 
 is both pleasing and moral : no doubt 
 the reader has seen the pretty fantasti- 
 cal gardens which environ it ; the groves 
 and temples, the streams and caverns, 
 (whither, as the guide tells you, during 
 the heat of summer, it was the custom 
 of Marie Antoinette to retire with her 
 favorite, Madame de Lamballe) ; the 
 lake and Swiss village are pretty little 
 toys, moreover; and the cicerone of 
 the place does not fail to point out the 
 different cottages which surround the 
 piece of water, and tell the names of 
 the royal masqueraders who inhabited 
 each. . . . Yonder is the pretty little 
 dairy which was under the charge of 
 the fair Marie Antoinette herself.” 
 
 Thackeray . 
 
 “ The little marble palace, 
 called ‘ Petit Trianon,’ built for Ma- 
 dame Pompadour in the garden grounds, 
 is a beautiful affair, full of what some- 
 body calls ‘ affectionate-looking rooms.’ 
 ... It was in the litttle palace of Tria- 
 non that Napoleon signed his divorce 
 from Josephine.” JV. J\ Willis. 
 
 Petits Peres. See Notre Dame 
 DES VlCTOIRES. 
 
 Petrarch’s House and Tomb. At 
 Arqua, Italy. Both are still pre- 
 served. The latter is of marble. 
 There is a tomb in Arqua; rear’d in air, 
 Pillar’d in their sarcophagus, repose 
 The bones of Laura’s lover. Byron. 
 
 JKIr* “ On the little square before the 
 church door, where the peasants con- 
 gregate at mass time, . . . is Petrarch’s 
 sepulchre. Fit resting-place of what 
 remains to earth of such a poet’s clay. 
 ... A simple rectilinear coffin, of 
 smooth Verona mandorlato, raised on 
 four thick columns, and closed by a 
 heavy cippus-cover. Without emblems, 
 allegories, lamenting genii, this tomb 
 of the great poet, the great awakener 
 of Europe from mental lethargy, en- 
 
 circled by the hills, beneath the canopy 
 of heaven is impressive beyond the 
 power of words.” J. A. Symonds . 
 
 Petrella. A noted fortress, now in 
 ruins, in the village of the same 
 name in Southern Italy, cele- 
 brated by its connection with the 
 tragic history of the Cenci family. 
 
 That savage rock, the castle of Petrella , 
 ’Tis safely wall’d, and moated round 
 about: 
 
 Its dungeons underground and its thick 
 towers 
 
 Never told tales; though they have heard 
 and seen 
 
 What might make dumb things speak. 
 
 Shelley. 
 
 Petrified Forest. A collection of 
 petrified fragments of trees, scat- 
 tered about in the sand at a dis- 
 tance of three or four hours’ jour- 
 ney from Cairo, Egypt. These 
 fragments of silicified wood are 
 said not to correspond with any 
 vegetation now existing in Egypt. 
 
 Petrified Forest. A natural curi- 
 osity in California, situated about 
 five miles from Calistoga Hot 
 Springs. It was discovered in 
 July, 1870. 
 
 4®=* ** All the trees discovered were 
 prostrate, and most of them after their 
 petrifaction had been broken trans- 
 versely into several sections. ... All 
 the fossil wood observed was silicified, 
 probably by means of hot alkaline 
 waters containing silica in solution, a 
 natural result of volcanic action, es- 
 pecially when occurring in connection 
 with water, as was evidently the case 
 in the present instance.” 
 
 G. II. Denison. 
 
 Petroffskoi. A famous palace in 
 the immediate neighborhood of 
 Moscow, Bussia, built after a 
 fantastic style, apparently bor- 
 rowed from that of the Kremlin. 
 After the burning of Moscow, 
 Napoleon took up his ' residence 
 here. The park is always open 
 to the public, and is a great popu- 
 lar resort. 
 
 Petronilla, Santa. See Santa 
 Petronilla. 
 
 Petrus Lombardus, Horologe of. 
 
 See Horologe of Petrus Lom- 
 bardus. 
 
 Pevensey Castle. A very ancient 
 Homan castle in the town of 
 
PEA 
 
 379 
 
 PHA 
 
 Pevensey, Sussex, England, fa- 
 mous as having been occupied by 
 William, Duke of Normandy, 
 when he invaded England. It 
 is now in ruins. Its walls were 
 of great strength, and resisted 
 many attacks. It remained a 
 fortress till the reign of Elizabeth. 
 The castle is now in the posses- 
 sion of the Cavendish family. 
 
 Pfaffers, Gorge of. See Gorge of 
 Pfaffers. 
 
 Pfalz, Die. [The Palatinate.] A 
 castle on an island in the Rhine, 
 opposite the village of Caub, a 
 familiar object to travellers. It 
 dates from the early part of the 
 fourteenth century. 
 
 Ffauen-Insel. See Peacock Isl- 
 and. 
 
 Phalaris, Bull of. See Bull of 
 Piialaris. 
 
 Pharaoh’s Bed. A liypsethral 
 temple at Pliilse, built by the 
 Ptolemies and Caesars. It seems 
 to have been designed with 
 special reference to its appear- 
 ance from the river, which is fine 
 and impressive. 
 
 Pharaoh’s Palace. One of the two 
 remaining edifices in Petra, the 
 ruined city of Arabia Petraea. 
 
 “ The only remaining edifice in 
 Petra is that called Pharaoh’s Palace, — 
 a rather vulgar building, Roman in its 
 style, and adorned with stucco gar- 
 lands. It is cracked and mouldering, 
 and will not last long.” 
 
 Miss Martineau. 
 
 Pharos [ or Pharos of Ptolemy]. 
 This tower or light-house, one of 
 the seven wonders of the world, 
 stood on a rock at the north-east 
 extremity of the island of the 
 same name, opposite Alexandria, 
 in Egypt. It was a square build- 
 ing of white marble and very 
 costly, surmounted by a fire or 
 lantern which was kept burning 
 continually, and which could be 
 seen for many miles at sea, and 
 along the coast. It is supposed 
 to have been built by order of 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus, and the 
 name Pharos has been applied 
 to light-houses ever since. The 
 
 structure was several stories in 
 height, each diminishing in size 
 towards the top. No remains of 
 the Pharos can now be found, 
 though according to Arabian rec- 
 ords it was in existence in the 
 thirteenth century. Its site is 
 still occupied by the more modern 
 light-house of Alexandria. Sos- 
 trates, the architect of the Pha- 
 ros, according to an anecdote of 
 very doubtful authenticity, im- 
 mortalized his name in the fol- 
 lowing manner. He caused this 
 inscription to be cut in the wall 
 of the tower: “ Sostrates of Cni- 
 dos, son of Dexiphanes, to the 
 Gods who Protect those who are 
 upon the Sea.” Then, thinking 
 it would not do to ignore Ptole- 
 mjeus in such a manner, he cov- 
 ered over the inscription with a 
 coating of cement, upon which 
 he carved the name of Ptole- 
 mseus. The cement, with the 
 name upon it, disappeared after 
 some years, leaving only the 
 original inscription, which gave 
 all the credit to Sostrates. An- 
 other story is that Ptolemteus, 
 out of modesty, per f erred to per- 
 petuate the name of the architect 
 rather than his own. Extraordi- 
 nary statements, undoubtedly fic- 
 titious, have been made of the 
 distance at which the light could 
 be seen. Even Josephus, who 
 perhaps makes the most reason- 
 able assertion, states that it 
 could be discerned for 34 English 
 miles, which, it is said, would 
 require a height of about 500 feet. 
 It is not certain whether the light 
 was from a common fire or from 
 some more complete system of 
 illuminating apparatus. 
 
 4G?F “ This pharos has not its like in 
 the world for skill of construction or 
 for its solidity; since, to say nothing 
 of the fact that it is built of excellent 
 stone of the kind called kedav, the 
 laj T ers of these stones are united by 
 molten lead, and the joints are so ad- 
 herent that the whole is indissoluble, 
 though the waves of the sea from the 
 north incessantly beat against it. From 
 the ground to the middle gallery or 
 stage the measurement is exactly 70 
 fathoms, and from this gallery to the 
 summit, 26. We ascend to the sum- 
 mit by a staircase constructed in the 
 
PHI 
 
 380 
 
 PHI 
 
 interior, which is as broad as those 
 ordinarily erected in towers. This 
 staircase terminates at about half-way, 
 and thence the building becomes much 
 narrower. In the interior, and under 
 the staircase, some chambers have been 
 built. Starting from the gallery, the 
 pharos rises to its summit with a con- 
 tinually increasing contraction, until at 
 last it may be folded round by a man’s 
 arms. From this same gallery we re- 
 commence our ascent by a flight of 
 steps of much narrower dimensions 
 than the lower staircase: in every part 
 it is pierced with windows to give light 
 to persons making use of it, and to 
 assist them in gaining a proper footing 
 as they ascend. This edifice is singu- 
 larly remarkable, as much on account 
 of its height as of its massiveness; it 
 is of exceeding utility, because its fire 
 burns night and day for the guidance 
 of navigators : they are well acquainted 
 with the fire, and steer their course by 
 it, for it is visible at the distance of a 
 day’s sail. During the night it shines 
 like a star; by day you may distinguish 
 its smoke.” 
 
 Edrini {the Arabian geographer , 
 who lived in the twelfth century). 
 
 Phi Beta Kappa. [ B K.] A well- 
 known literary society founded in 
 1776 at the College of William and 
 Mary in Virginia. Chapters were 
 afterwards chartered at Harvard, 
 Yale, and other prominent col- 
 leges. It was originally a secret 
 fraternity; but of late its exist- 
 ence as a society has been merely 
 nominal, though meetings are 
 still held at the various colleges 
 about Commencement time. Elec- 
 tion to the 4> B K is a mark of 
 scholarship, the students of high- 
 est rank in each class being 
 elected as a matter of course. 
 The total membership at the 
 present time is thought to be be- 
 tween 0,000 and 7,000. 
 
 Phidian Jove. See Olympian Ju- 
 piter. 
 
 Phigalian Marbles. A collection 
 of groups of sculpture found in 
 the ruins of a temple of Apollo 
 near Phigalia, in Arcadia, Greece, 
 and now deposited in the British 
 Museum, London. 
 
 Philadelphia. An American ship 
 captured by the Algerine pirates, 
 and carried to Tripoli, where she 
 was surprised and burned by Ste- 
 
 phen Decatur, an officer on Com- 
 modore Preble’s ship, who vol- 
 unteered to destroy her that she 
 might not be used by the pirates 
 in the war against the United 
 States. 
 
 Philae. An island in the Nile, 
 about seven miles from the first 
 cataract. It is the “ Holy Island ” 
 of the Egyptians, since they be- 
 lieved their god Osiris to be bur- 
 ied there. It contains very in- 
 teresting ruins. The principal 
 building here is the Temple of 
 Isis. See Temple of Isis. 
 
 Philharmonic Hall. A concert- 
 hall of colossal dimensions in 
 Liverpool, England, one of the 
 finest structures of the kind in 
 the world. 
 
 Philip IV. A grand bronze eques- 
 trian statue, regarded as one of 
 the finest in the world, now in 
 the Plaza de Oriente, Madrid, 
 Spain. It was formerly in the 
 Buen Betiro gardens, but was 
 moved to its present location in 
 1844. It was cast at Florence, 
 Italy, in 1640. The statue is 10 
 feet in height, and weighs 180 
 cwt. The means by which the 
 equilibrium in the figure of the 
 prancing horse is preserved are 
 said to have been suggested by 
 Galileo. 
 
 Philip IV. A picture by Diego 
 Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez 
 (1599-1660), pronounced “ the fin- 
 est equestrian portrait in the 
 world.” In the Gallery at Ma- 
 drid, Spain. 
 
 Philip the Apostle. A picture by 
 Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the Ger- 
 man painter. Presented by the 
 Emperor Ferdinand III. to the 
 Duke of Tuscany. Now in the 
 Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. 
 
 Philippe, St. See St. Philippe. 
 
 Philipse Manor-House. A stone 
 mansion in Yonkers, N.Y., a 
 part of which was built in 1682, 
 and the remainder in 1745. It is 
 an interesting relic by reason of 
 its wide halls and antique wains- 
 coting, and its associations with 
 
PHI 
 
 381 
 
 PIA 
 
 Mary Pliilipse, the first love of 
 George Washington. 
 
 Phillips Academy. 1. A well- 
 known school at Exeter, N.IL, 
 founded in 1781 by John Phil- 
 lips, and richly endowed. Some 
 of the most distinguished men in 
 the country have received a pre- 
 paratory education here. 
 
 2. A school in Andover, Mass., 
 endowed by the Phillips family 
 in 1778. 
 
 Philosophers, The. See Geome- 
 tricians, Two Philosophers, 
 and Four Philosophers. 
 
 Philosophy. See School of Ath- 
 ens. 
 
 Phocas, Column of. A column in 
 the Forum, Rome, and the one 
 referred to by Byron as 
 
 “ The nameless column with the buried 
 base.” 
 
 The earth which had accumulat- 
 ed around the pedestal was re- 
 moved in 1813, when the inscrip- 
 tion showed that the column was 
 raised to the Emperor Phocas, in 
 008, by the Exarch Smaragdus. 
 
 ■ “ Has not the column lost some- 
 thing of its charm ? Before, there was 
 a beauty and a mystery around it — it 
 was a voice that sounded from a dim 
 and distant past, and therefore all the 
 more impressive. But now the ideal 
 light has vanished, and the column 
 loses half its grace, since it speaks to 
 us of the wickedness of tyrants and the 
 weakness of slaves.” G . S. Hillard. 
 
 Tully was not so eloquent as thou, 
 
 Thou nameless column with the buried 
 base ! Byron. 
 
 Phoebus and Aurora. See Au- 
 rora. 
 
 Phoenix, The. An Arctic explor- 
 ing ship which sailed from Eng- 
 land under the command of Capt. 
 Inglefield, May 19, 1853. 
 
 Phoenix Park. A fine pleasure- 
 ground and favorite resort in 
 Dublin, Ireland. 
 
 Phoenix Theatre. See Cockpit. 
 
 Phoul-a-Phouka. A beautiful and 
 noted waterfall in the county of 
 Wicklow, Ireland. 
 
 Phthah. See Temple of Phthah. 
 
 Physicians, College of. See Col- 
 lege of Physicians. 
 
 Pianto di Maria. See Spasimo, 
 Lo. 
 
 Piazetta. [The Small Square.] A 
 public square in Venice, connect- 
 ing with the Piazza di San Marco, 
 and opening out upon the water 
 of the harbor. At the foot of this 
 enclosure are the two columns oi 
 St. Mark and St. Theodore. 
 
 The splendid approach to the Piazetta ; 
 the transfer to the gondola and its soft 
 motion; the swift and still glide beneath 
 the balconies of palaces — made up alto- 
 gether a moment of high happiness. 
 
 iV. P Willis 
 
 Piazza, The. A name given to a 
 row of lofty houses in Covent 
 Garden, London, built by Inigo 
 Jones, from the resemblance it 
 bore to the arcades common in 
 Italian towns. The popularity of 
 this odd name may be inferred 
 from the frequency in the baptis- 
 mal registers of the time of such 
 names as Paul Piazza, Mary Pi- 
 azza, etc. 
 
 Unfortunately f>r tlm fishmongers of 
 London, the Dory only resides in the Dev- 
 onshire seas^ for could any of this company 
 only convey one to the Temple of luxury 
 under the Piazza, where Mecklin, the 
 high priest, daily serves up his rich offer- 
 ings, great would be the reward of that 
 fishmonger. Fielding. 
 
 And even in I tale such places are 
 With prettier name in softer accent* spoke. 
 For, bating Covent Garden, 1 c n hit on 
 No place that’s called ” Piazza ” in Great 
 Britain. Byron. 
 
 Piazza, The, A coffee-house, no 
 longer standing, in Covent Gar- 
 den, London. Sheridan often vis- 
 ited the Piazza. 
 
 4®=* “ ’Twas when the cup was 
 sparkling before us, and heaven gave a 
 portion of its blue, boys, blue, that I 
 remember the song of Roland at the 
 Old Piazza Coffee House. And now 
 where is the Old Piazza Coffee House? 
 Where is Thebes? Where is Troy?” 
 Thackeray . 
 
 Piazza Barberini. [Barberini 
 Square.] A well-known public 
 square in Rome, Italy, near the 
 Via Felice. 
 
 “ Whoever has been in Rome is 
 well acquainted with the Piazza Bar • 
 
PI A 
 
 382 
 
 PIA 
 
 bcrini , in the great square, with the 
 beautiful fountain where the Tritons 
 empty the spouting conch-shell, from 
 which the water springs upwards many 
 feet.” II. C. Andersen , Trans. 
 
 4QP “ The Piazza Barberini, where 
 I lodge, is like a catafalque of stone 
 with a few forgotten tapers burning on 
 it; the feeble little lights seem to be 
 swallowed up in a lugubrious shroud 
 of shadow, and the indistinct murmur 
 of the fountain in the silence is like the 
 rustling of phantoms.” Tdine , Trans. 
 
 Piazza Colonna. A square, facing 
 the Corso, in Rome, and having 
 in its centre the Antonine Coi- 
 umn. 
 
 Piazza del Campidoglio. [Square 
 of the Capitol.] A square upon 
 the Capitoline Hill, Rome, hav- 
 ing upon one side the Palace of 
 the Conservators, upon the other 
 the Museum of the Capitol, at 
 the hack the Palace of the Sena- 
 tor, and in the centre the bronze 
 equestrian statue of Marcus Au- 
 relius. This square, with the 
 group of buildings upon it, taken 
 collectively, is often referred to 
 as the Capitol. See also Capito- 
 line Hill. 
 
 ufvt* “ The central building in front 
 is called the Palace of the Senator; for 
 there is still a Roman Senator, a harm 
 less puppet created by the pope, and 
 resembling one of his namesakes of 
 antiquity as a chattering cicerone re- 
 sembles Cicero. The palace is not his 
 residence, but a place where he some- 
 times comes to amuse himself and the 
 public by holding a court.” Hillard. 
 
 4®=“ “ The building on the south 
 side of the square to the right as we 
 face the Palace of the Senator is called 
 the Palace of the Conservatori. . . . 
 The Conservatori were originally ad- 
 ministrative officers, the senator being 
 a judicial magistrate. Their functions 
 have long since become merely nomi- 
 nal.” Hillard. 
 
 4G§p* ** Who has not silently won- 
 dered on thinking of the Capitol ? 
 This mighty word agitates you before- 
 hand, and you are disappointed on find- 
 ing a moderately grand square flanked 
 by three palaces not at all grand. Nev- 
 ertheless, it is imposing : a grand stone 
 staircase leading up to it gives it a mon- 
 umental entrance. Tame , Trans. 
 
 Then none have I offended. I have 
 done no more to Caesar than you shall do 
 
 to Brutus. The question of his death is 
 enrolled in the Capitol ; liis glory not ex 
 tenuated, wherein he was worthy; noi 
 his offences enforced, for which he suffered 
 death. Shakespeare. 
 
 Ages on ages shall your fate admire. 
 
 No future day shall see your names ex 
 pire, 
 
 While stands the Capitol , immortal dome ! 
 
 Byron 
 
 Piazza del Duomo. [The Cathe- 
 dral Square.] A well-known pub- 
 lic square in Florence, Italy, in 
 which some of the most interest- 
 ing events in the history of the 
 city have taken place. 
 
 Piazza del Gran Duca. See Piaz- 
 za DELLA SiGNORIA. 
 
 Piazza del Popolo. [Square of the 
 People.] A square, near the Por- 
 ta del Popolo, in Rome, from 
 which three streets radiate into 
 the city — the Babuino, the Corso, 
 and the Ripetta. See Obelisk 
 of the Piazza del Popolo. 
 
 Piazza della Annunziata. [Square 
 of the Annunziata.] A well- 
 known public square in Florence, 
 Italy. It is surrounded by ar- 
 cades and adorned with an eques- 
 trian statue, fountains, and busts 
 of the Medici family. 
 
 Piazza della Signoria. [Square of 
 the Signory.] The great public 
 square of Florence, Italy, and the 
 scene of all the principal events 
 in its history. It was long called 
 the Piazza di Gran Duca, Square 
 of the Grand Duke [of Tuscany], 
 but now bears again the still more 
 ancient name of the Piazza della 
 Signoria. 
 
 4®"* “ One of the first places which 
 a traveller visits in Florence is the Pi- 
 azza del Gran Duca, a place not impos- 
 ing from its size, but interesting from 
 its historical associations, and the 
 works of art which are here assem- 
 bled.” Hillard. 
 
 Piazza di Gran Duca. See Piazza 
 della Signoria. 
 
 Piazza di Spagna. [Spanish 
 Square.] A square of a triangu- 
 lar form in Rome, so called from 
 the residence (Palazzo di Spagna) 
 of the Spanish ambassador which 
 is situated upon it. The square 
 
PIA 
 
 383 
 
 PIC 
 
 is terminated at one end by the 
 buildings of the Propaganda, and 
 above it, and connected by a 
 magnificent flight of .steps, is the 
 church of La Trinita de’ Monti. 
 
 4®=* “ This flight of steps leads from 
 the Piazza di Spagnaio the promenade 
 on the Pincio, and, crowned as it is with 
 the facade of the church of the Trin- 
 ita de’ Monti, and the Egyptian obelisk 
 in front of the church, it forms one of 
 the noblest architectural combinations 
 to be seen in Rome or anywhere else.” 
 Hillard . 
 
 And, veiling thus my discontent, 
 
 This missive o’er the main 
 Unto my friend at Rome I sent, 
 
 In the sunny “ Square of Spain.'" 
 
 T. W. Parsons. 
 
 Piazza RTavona. A large square 
 in Rome, ornamented with three 
 fountains. It has served as a 
 market since 1147. 
 
 HOP “ The Piazza Navona is an ir- 
 regular area of an oblong shape about 
 850 feet in length and 180 in breadth. 
 The most conspicuous object in it is an 
 immense fountain in the centre, which 
 is one of the heaviest sins against good 
 taste that was ever laid upon the much- 
 enduring earth. . . . On Saturdays and 
 Sundays in the month of August, the 
 sluices which carry off the waters of the 
 great fountain are stopped, and all the 
 central portions of the Piazza are over- 
 flowed to the depth of one or two feet. 
 The populace then, obeying that im- 
 pulse which draws all living things 
 towards water in hot weather, rush to 
 the temporary lake in eager crowds. 
 Horses, Oxen, and donkeys are driven 
 into the cooling water ; vehicles of all 
 kinds, from the stately coach of a Ro- 
 man principe to the clumsy wagon of a 
 contadino, roll through them. . . . On 
 these occasions the outer margin of the 
 Piazza not reached by the water, and 
 especially the capacious steps of the 
 church of St. Agnes, are occupied by 
 crowds of idlers. . . . And the whole 
 spectacle is described by those who 
 have witnessed it as one of the most 
 agreeable in Rome.” 
 
 T went (as was my usual costome) and 
 spent an ahernoone in Piazza Navona , as 
 well to see what antiquitieo I could pur- 
 chase among the people who held mereat 
 there, as to heave the mmitebanks prate 
 and distribute their medicines. This was 
 formerly the Circus or Agonales , dedicated 
 to sports and pastimes, and is now the 
 greatest mereat of the Citty, having three 
 most noble fountaines, and the stately 
 palaces of the Pamfilij, to which add two 
 convents for friars and nuns all Spanish. 
 
 John Evelyn , 1614. 
 
 Piazza S. Marco. See St. Mark’s 
 Square. 
 
 Picador. A picture by Jean Leon 
 Gerome (b. 1824), tlie French 
 painter. 
 
 Piccadilly. A leading street in 
 London, consisting of shops and 
 fashionable dwelling-houses, said 
 to be so called from the ruffs, or 
 “pickadils,” worn by the gal- 
 lants of James I. and Charles I., 
 the stiffened points of which re- 
 sembled spear-heads or picar- 
 dills, a diminutive of pica, the 
 Italian and Spanish name for 
 spear. “ Piccadille ” is however 
 referred to some years before the 
 introduction of these collars, and 
 it is surmised by Jesse that the 
 collar may have been so called 
 from being worn by the fre- 
 quenters of Piccadilla House, 
 which in turn may have taken 
 its name from the Spanish pecca- 
 dillo (a venial fault). 
 
 Will spear, or sword-stick, thrust at 
 him [the Sieur de Lamotte], (or supposed 
 to be thrust), through window 7 of hackney- 
 coach. in Piccadilly of the Babylon of 
 Fog, where he jolts disconsolate, not let 
 out the imprisoned animal existence ? 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 I returned on foot to Piccadilly ; again 
 the London weather begins — the small 
 and constant rain, the dissolving mud. 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Picpus, Rue de. A street near the 
 Barriere du Trone, Paris. 
 
 Piets’ Wall. See Hadrian’s Wall. 
 
 Pictured Rocks. A series of sand- 
 stone bluffs extending for about 
 five miles along the shore of Lake 
 Superior, and rising vertically 
 from the water to a height of from 
 50 to nearly 200 feet. They derive 
 their name from the very curious 
 manner in which large portions 
 of the surface have been colored 
 by bands of brilliant hues. The 
 French voyageurs call these cliffs 
 Les Portails, from the strange 
 forms into which they have been 
 excavated and worn by the surf 
 which the lake has for centuries 
 dashed against their base. 
 
 Westward by the Big-Sea-Water, 
 
 Came unto the rocky headlands, 
 
 To the Pictured Rocks of sanestone, 
 Looking over lake and landscape. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
PIE 
 
 384 
 
 PIE 
 
 He's whittling by St. Mary's Falls, 
 
 Upon his loaded wain ; 
 
 He’s measuring o’er the Pictured Rocks , 
 With eager eyes of gain. Whittier. 
 
 Pierre aux Dames. A remarkable 
 stone block with female figures 
 in relief, thought to be of Celtic 
 origin, formerly standing on a 
 little hill near Geneva, Switzer- 
 land, but now transferred to the 
 city. [Called also Pierre aux 
 Fees.] 
 
 Pierre de San. See Stone of San. 
 
 Pierre Levee. A Druidic monu- 
 ment near Poitiers, France, con- 
 sisting of several blocks of sand- 
 stone. It is alluded to by Rab- 
 elais, who ascribes the erection 
 of it to Pantagruel. 
 
 Pieta, La. [Pity, compassionate 
 sorrow.] A very common sub- 
 ject of representation by the 
 great artists of the Middle Ages, 
 in which the Virgin as the Mourn- 
 ing Mother (Mater Dolorosa) is 
 exhibited holding her dead Son 
 in her arms, or in her lap, or ly- 
 ing at her feet, and lamenting 
 over him. 
 
 “ This incident has no mention 
 in the Gospels; but Art would have 
 been cold in feeling and barren in in- 
 vention if she had not perceived a va- 
 cant place here, waiting to be tilled 
 with one of the most touching scenes 
 that Nature presents. For it was the 
 old as it is the ever-new story, that 
 Lamentation over the Dead. . . . Thus 
 the Pieta, to those who consider some 
 of its finest examples, has a twofold 
 sense, — the sorrow of a mother weep- 
 ing for her son, and also the last strong 
 cry of our humanity. . . . Yet natural 
 as this subject appears, it was not of 
 early invention. The very word Pieta 
 would have found no place in early 
 art, where Faith and not Pity was the 
 paramount object. It may be doubted 
 whether this subject arose in Italy be- 
 fore the thirteenth century, when Art 
 and Nature began to recognize what 
 each could do for the other; and it 
 would be difficult to determine whether 
 the pen of the the writer or the pencil 
 of the painter took the initiative.” 
 
 Lady East lake. 
 
 Of the numerous compositions 
 upon this theme, the following 
 may be named as among the 
 more celebrated and better 
 known. 
 
 Pieta . A small picture by An- 
 thony van Dyck (1599-1641), and 
 one of his admired works. In 
 the Munich Gallery. There is 
 also a larger picture upon this 
 subject by the same painter in 
 the Museum of Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Pieta. A picture by Giovanni 
 Bellini (1426-1516). In the Brera 
 at Milan, Italy. Other examples 
 of this subject by this master are 
 in the Lochis-Carrara Gallery, 
 Bergamo, in the Vatican, at To- 
 ledo, in the Stuttgardt Gallery, 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 Pieta. A picture ascribed to 
 Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), the 
 Italian painter. Now in the Ber- 
 lin Museum. 
 
 Pieta. A picture by Antonio 
 Allegri, surnained Correggio 
 
 (1494-1534). In the Gallery of 
 Parma, Italy. 
 
 Pieta. A celebrated marble 
 
 group by Michael Angelo (1474- 
 1564) in one of the chapels of St. 
 Peter’s, at Rome, representing 
 the Virgin with the dead body of 
 Christ upon her knees. It was 
 one of Michael Angelo's earliest 
 works, executed in his 24th year, 
 and said to be the only one upon 
 which he has inscribed his name. 
 
 “ Michael Angelo’s principal 
 work, however, — that work by which 
 he suddenly passed from being an es- 
 teemed artist to be the most famous 
 sculptor in Italy, — is at the present 
 day as good as veiled; the mourning 
 Mary with her dead Son in her lap, — 
 Ta Pieta,’ as the Italians call the 
 group. Placed at first in a side chapel 
 in the old Basilica of St. Peter, it re- 
 ceived another place on the rebuilding 
 of the church, and now again stands in 
 a side chapel of St. Peter’s, so high, 
 however, and in such a fatal light, that 
 it is for the most part impossible to 
 obtain a sight of it, either near or at a 
 distance.” Grimm , Trans. 
 
 4^ “In none of his works has he 
 displayed more perfect knowledge of 
 design and anatomy, or more profound 
 truth of expression.” Ernest Breton. 
 
 jgGgr’ “ Ilis [Michael Angelo’s] Vir- 
 gin’s head, generally of an unsympa- 
 thetic type, is here appropriate in its 
 grandly abstract and solemn character, 
 a grief locked within, stony as the ma- 
 terial in which it is rendered. . . . The 
 curious flatness of the Saviour’s face is 
 
PIE 
 
 885 
 
 PIG 
 
 supposed to have been owing to a mis- 
 calculation of the size of the marble.” 
 Lady Eastlake. 
 
 Pieta. A picture by Fra Bar- 
 tolommeo (1469-1517). In the 
 Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Pieta. An admired picture by 
 Francesco Francia (1450-1518). 
 Now in the National Gallery, 
 London. 
 
 Pieta. An admired picture by 
 Pietro Perugino (1446-1524). In 
 the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. 
 
 j “ Pcrugino’s exquisite picture 
 in the Pitti, a work in which there are 
 more beautiful heads than perhaps in 
 any other in the world.” 
 
 Lady Eastlake. 
 
 Pieta. A picture by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520), usually styled 
 a Pieta, but properly a “ Deposi- 
 tion from the Cross.” 
 
 “ This wonderful drawing (there 
 is no finished picture) was in the col- 
 lection of Count Fries, and then be- 
 longed to Sir T. Lawrence. There is a 
 good engraving.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Pieta. A picture by Andrea 
 Vannucchi, called Andrea del 
 Sarto (1487-1531), the Italian 
 painter, and considered one of 
 liis best works. In the Belve- 
 dere Gallery, Vienna, Austria. 
 There is another upon the same 
 subject in the Pitti Palace, Flor- 
 ence, Italy. 
 
 Pieta. A celebrated picture by 
 Guido Beni (1575-1642), represent- 
 ing the body of Christ on a bier, 
 with the weeping mother and 
 two angels at the sides, and be- 
 low the patron saints of Bologna. 
 In the Gallery at Bologna, Italy. 
 
 Jt£gr “ This wonderful picture was 
 dedicated as an act of penance and 
 piety, by the magistrates of Bologna, 
 161G, and placed in their chapel in the 
 church of the ‘ Mendicanti,’ otherwise 
 S. Maria-della-Pieta. It hung there 
 for two centuries for the consolation 
 of the afflicted. It is now placed in 
 the Academy of Bologna for the admi- 
 ration of connoisseurs.” 
 
 3Irs. Jameson. 
 
 Pieta. A small altar-piece by 
 Hans Memling (d. 1495), the 
 
 Flemish painter. Now in the St. 
 John’s Hospital at Bruges, Bel- 
 gium . 
 
 Piete, Mont de. See Mont de 
 Piet£. 
 
 Pietra del Bando. [Stone of Proc- 
 lamation.] A porphyry pillar 
 standing near St. Mark’s Church 
 in Venice, Italy, from which, ac- 
 cording to tradition, the ancient 
 laws of the Republic of Venice 
 were proclaimed. 
 
 Pietro, San. See San Pietro in 
 Montorio and San Pietro in 
 Vincoli. 
 
 Pigna. A gigantic finial, in imi- 
 tation of a hr-cone, which once 
 crowned the summit of Hadrian’s 
 Mausoleum. Now in the garden 
 of the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 JKgr' “ This pine cone, of bronze, was 
 set originally upon the summit of the 
 Mausoleum of Hadrian. After this im- 
 perial sepulchre had undergone many 
 evil fates, and as its ornaments were 
 stripped one by one from it, the cone 
 was in the sixth century taken down 
 and carried off to adorn a fountain, 
 which had been constructed for the 
 use of dusty and thirsty pilgrims, in a 
 pillared enclosure, called the Paradiso , 
 in front of the old basilica of St. Peter. 
 Here it remained for centuries; and 
 when the old church gave way to the 
 new, it was put where it now stands, 
 useless and out of place, in the trim and 
 formal gardens of the Papal Palace. 
 ... At the present day it serves the 
 bronze-workers of Rome as a model 
 for an inkstand, such as is seen in the 
 shop windows every winter, and is sold 
 to travellers, few of whom know the 
 history and poetry belonging to the 
 original.” C. E. Norton. 
 
 ^SP^I have looked daily over the 
 lonely, sunny gardens, where the wide 
 sweeping orange-walks end in some 
 distant view of the sad and distant 
 Campagna; . . . and where the huge 
 bronze pine by which Dante measured 
 his great giant yet stands in the midst 
 of graceful vases and bas-reliefs 
 wrought in former ages, and the more 
 graceful blossoms blown within the 
 very hour.” Mrs. Kemble. 
 
 His face appeared to me as Ion" and l;.r •* 
 As is at Rome the pine cone of St. I'eterV, 
 And in proportion were tlio other benes. 
 
 Dante , Inferno , XXXI.. Longfellow's 
 Translation. 
 
 Pigott Diamond. A diamond, 
 weighing 49 carats, and estimat- 
 ed to be worth £40,000, brought 
 to England by Earl Pigott, and 
 sold in 1801. 
 
PIL 
 
 886 
 
 PIN 
 
 Pilate’s House. See Rienzi’s 
 House. 
 
 Pilgrim Hall. An edifice in Plym- 
 outh, Mass., containing many in- 
 teresting relics of the Pilgrim 
 Fathers and of the old colonial 
 days. Among the more noted 
 curiosities here preserved are the 
 chair of Gov. Carver, the sword 
 of Miles Standish, the gun-barrel 
 with which King Philip, the 
 brave chief of the Wampanoags, 
 was killed, and many original 
 documents of the Plymouth colo- 
 ny- 
 
 pilgrim Oak. A tree in front of 
 Newstead Park, England, known 
 throughout that region of coun- 
 try as the Pilgrim Oak. 
 
 J (JSr “ It is a venerable tree, of great 
 size, overshadowing a wide area of 
 the road. Under its shade the rustics 
 of the neighborhood have been accus- 
 tomed to assemble on certain holidays, 
 and celebrate their rural festivals. 
 This custom had been handed down 
 from father to son for several genera- 
 tions, until the oak had acquired a 
 kind of sacred character. The ‘ old 
 Lord Byron,’ however, in whose eyes 
 nothing' was sacred, when he laid his 
 desolating hand on the groves and for- 
 ests of Newstead, doomed likewise 
 this traditional tree to the axe. Fortu- 
 tunately the good people of Notting- 
 ham heard of the danger of their fa- 
 vorite oak, and hastened to ransom it 
 from destruction. They afterwards 
 made a present of it to the poet, when 
 he came to the estate.” Irving . 
 
 Pilgrims. See Embarkation of 
 the Pilgrims, Landing of the 
 Pilgrims, and Supper at Em- 
 maus. 
 
 Pillar of Trajan. See Trajan’s 
 Column. 
 
 Pillars of Hercules. The name 
 given in ancient times to the 
 mountains of Calpe and Abyla, 
 standing opposite to each other, 
 the one on the European, the other 
 on the African, shore of the straits 
 which connect the Mediterranean 
 with the Atlantic. The present 
 names of these mountains are the 
 Rock of Gibraltar and J ebel 
 Zatout. 
 
 Pillow, Fort. See Fort Pillow. 
 
 Pilot Butte. A natural curiosity 
 in Wyoming Territory, being a 
 mound, of rock and earth stand- 
 ing on the level plain, one of the 
 more celebrated of the huge mon- 
 umental and often fantastically 
 shaped mountains which are 
 found along the line of the Union 
 Pacific Railroad in this part of its 
 course. 
 
 Pimento, Aecademia del. A Flor- 
 entine academy founded in 1657. 
 
 Pimlico. A district in London, 
 formerly noted for its public gar- 
 dens, which were often mentioned 
 by the early English dramatists. 
 
 Gallants, men and women, 
 
 And of all sorts, tag-rag, been seen to flock 
 here 
 
 In threaves, these ten weeks, as to a sec- 
 ond Hogsden, 
 
 In days of Pimlico . and Eye-bright. 
 
 Ben Jon son. 
 
 Of course the people came in uncompelh d, 
 Lame, blind, and worse, — sick, sorrowful, 
 and worse, 
 
 The humors of the peccant social wound 
 All pressed out, poured out upon Pimlico. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Pin, Society of the. See Society 
 of the Pin. 
 
 Pinacotheca. [Gr. Pu/a/co#^, a col- 
 lection of pictures.] 1. The name 
 given to a gallery of paintings in 
 the Vatican at Rome, which, 
 though not containing more than 
 50 pictures, includes some of the 
 richest treasures of art, among 
 which are the Transfiguration, 
 the Madonna di Foligno, and the 
 Communion of St. Jerome. The 
 name is also applied to other pic- 
 ture galleries, notably to the fine 
 collection in Munich. See Pina- 
 kothek. 
 
 2. A chamber of the Propyliea, 
 at Athens, so called from its walls 
 being covered with paintings. 
 
 Pinakothek. [Gr. t nTa£, a picture, 
 Onicr), a collection.] A celebrated 
 picture-gallery in Munich, Bava- 
 ria. It is a magnificent building 
 of yellow sandstone, 530 feet long, 
 containing a very fine collection 
 of pictures. Above the cornice 
 on the southern side of the build- 
 ing stand 25 colossal statues of 
 painters by Schwanthaler. The 
 name Pinacotheca is also some- 
 
PIN 
 
 887 
 
 PIN 
 
 times applied to other galleries of 
 paintings, in particular to the col- 
 lection in the Vatican, Rome. 
 See supra. 
 
 “ The Pinakothek, with its ele- 
 vated windows in the roof, has from 
 the spot on which I am standing the 
 appearance of a large hot-house or con- 
 servatory, and such it is. In the Pin- 
 akothek are all the varieties of glowing 
 plants, and the saloons are equally as 
 gorgeous as the flowers.” 
 
 Ilans Christian Andersen. 
 
 Pincian Hill. [Ital. Monte Pincio, 
 Lat. Coll is Hortalorum , the hill of 
 pleasure-grounds.] A celebrated 
 eminence at Rome, and the fav- 
 orite promenade of the modern 
 inhabitants of the city. It is not 
 one of the original seven hills. 
 The Pincian was once covered 
 with the villas and gardens of 
 Roman citizens. 
 
 4®=* The Monte Pincio itself is a 
 space of only a few acres in extent, 
 planted with trees and shrubbery. . . . 
 The charm of this promenade consists 
 in the splendid prospects which it com- 
 mands on every side. On the north 
 and east it overlooks the varied and 
 undulating grounds of the Villa Bor- 
 gliese, with their fountains, their pic- 
 turesque edifices, and the walks that 
 wind and turn under broad canopies of 
 oaks and pines. Beyond these a su- 
 perb panorama of the Campagna and 
 the Sabine and Aiban hills is embraced 
 at a glance. On the west . . . the view 
 comprises the greater part of the mod- 
 ern city, including the Janiculum, the 
 Vatican, St. Peter’s, and the regular 
 outline of Monte Mario, crowned with 
 its dark line of cypresses. . . . No- 
 where in the world is seen a greater 
 ariety of equipages than on the Pincio 
 n a fine winter’s afternoon.” 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 “ The Pincian Hill is the favor- 
 ite promenade of the Roman aristocra- 
 cy. At the present day, however, like 
 most other Roman possessions, it be- 
 longs less to the native inhabitants than 
 to the barbarians from Gaul, Great 
 Britain, and beyond the sea, who have 
 established a peaceful usurpation over 
 all that is enjoyable or memorable in 
 the Eternal City.” % Hawthorne. 
 
 Pincio. See Pincian Hill. 
 
 Pineta, La. [The pine-grove.] A 
 very celebrated pine-forest near 
 the city of Ravenna in Italy. It 
 was a favorite resort of Dante, 
 
 of Byron, and of many other 
 poets. Covino says, “ Here grows 
 a spacious pine forest, which 
 stretches along the sea between 
 Ravenna and Cervia.” 
 
 A softly-breathing air, that no mutation 
 Had in itself, upon ihe forehead smote me 
 Mo heavier tdow than of a gentle wind, 
 Whereat the branches lightly tremulous. 
 Did all of them bow dov lfward toward 
 that side 
 
 Where its first-shadow casts the Iloly 
 Mountain ; 
 
 Yet not from their upright direction 
 swayed, 
 
 So that tlie little birds upon their tops 
 Should leave the practice of each art of 
 theirs; 
 
 But with full ravishment the hours of 
 prime, 
 
 Singing, received they in the midst i f 
 leaves 
 
 That ever bore a burden to their rhymes. 
 Such as from branch to branch goes gath- 
 ering on 
 
 Through the pine forest on the shore of 
 Chiassi, 
 
 When Eolus unlooses the Sirocco. 
 
 Dante , Purgatorio, XXVIII., Longfel- 
 low's Translation. 
 
 Sweet hour of twilight, — in the solitude 
 Of the pine-forest, and the silent shore 
 Which bounds Ravenna’s immemorial 
 wood, 
 
 Rooted where once the Adrian wave flow’d 
 o’er, 
 
 To where the last Cesarean fortress stood, 
 Evergreen forest ! which Boccaccio’s lore 
 And Dryden’s lay made haunted ground 
 to me, 
 
 How have I loved the twilight hour and 
 thee ! Byron. 
 
 It [the basilica of St. Apollinaris-in- 
 classe] is still seen standing in the midst 
 of a solitary marshy plain near Ravenna, 
 surrounded with rice-grounds, and on the 
 verge of that vast melancholy pine-forest 
 made famous in the w orks of Boccaccio, 
 Dante, and Byron. Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Pinkham Notch. A mountain pass 
 in the White Mountain region in 
 New Hampshire, in the township 
 of Jackson. It was named after 
 Capt. Daniel, who, about 171)0, 
 built a road through the notch. 
 
 Pinta, The. One of the three lit- 
 tle vessels with which Columbus 
 set sail for America from Palos, 
 Spain, on the 3d of August, 1492. 
 The Pinta was commanded by 
 Alonzo Pinzon, a famous Spanish 
 navigator. 
 
 As early voyagers over untried realms 
 of waste, we have already observed the 
 signs of land, 'l’lie green” twig and fresh 
 red berry have floated by our bark; the 
 odors of the shore fan our faces; nay, we 
 may seem to descry the distant gleam of 
 light, and hear from the more earnest ob- 
 
PIO 
 
 388 
 
 PLA 
 
 servers, as Columbus heard, after mid- 
 night, from the mast-head of the Pinta , 
 t lie j fat cry of Land l Land! and lo! a 
 new world broke upon his early morning 
 gaze. C Sumner. 
 
 Pio-Clementino, Museo. See Mu- 
 sed Pio-Clementino. 
 
 Piombi. See Leads, The. 
 
 Pioneer, The. An Arctic explor- 
 ing sliip which sailed from Eng- 
 land under Capt. Belcher in 1852. 
 
 Pisa, Baptistery of. See Baptist- 
 ery of Pisa. 
 
 Pisa Cathedral. [Ital. Duomo di 
 Pisa.] A beautiful and noted 
 church, making one of the famous 
 group of marble buildings in 
 Pisa, the Cathedral, the Baptist- 
 ery, the Leaning Tower, and the 
 Campo Santo. It was erected in 
 the eleventh century. 
 
 Pisa, Leaning Tower of. See 
 Leaning Tower. 
 
 Pisani Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Pi- 
 sani.] A splendid fifteenth-cen- 
 tury palace in Venice, Italy. 
 
 Pisaro Family. A celebrated pic- 
 ture by Titian (1477-1576), repre- 
 senting the members of that 
 family engaged in adoring the 
 Madonna and Child. In the 
 church of S. Maria Gloriosa de’ 
 Frari, Venice, Italy. 
 
 Pitt Diamond. This stone, which 
 is regarded as one of the most 
 perfect diamonds in the world, 
 was brought from India by Mr. 
 Pitt (grandfather of William 
 Pitt), and by him sold to the Re- 
 gent of Orleans, in 1717, for £135,- 
 000. It was placed among the 
 crown jewels of France, was set 
 in the handle of Bonaparte’s 
 sword of state, and was shown 
 in the Paris Exhibition of 1855. 
 The weight of the Pitt diamond 
 is 137 carats. It is also known 
 as the Regent Diamond. 
 
 The grand Pitt diamond , — the Queen’s 
 own star of the garter, — a sample of otto 
 of roses at a guinea a drop, would not be 
 handled more curiously, or more respect- 
 fully, than this porcelain card of the 
 Baroness. Thackeray. 
 
 Lifting the green v 11, to see what in- 
 valuable it hid, they descried there, amid 
 
 down and rich white wrappages, no Pitt 
 Diamond or llapsburg Regalia, but, in 
 the softest sleep, a little red-colored in- 
 fant ! Carlyle. 
 
 Pitt, Fort. See Fort du Quesne. 
 
 Pitti Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Pitti.] 
 A royal palace in Florence, Italy. 
 It was begun by Luca Pitti, the 
 opponent of the Medici family, 
 about the year 1435, and contains 
 a very rich and noted collection 
 of paintings. It is of immense 
 size, the front being 460 feet in 
 length, three stories (of 40 feet 
 each) high in the centre, and with 
 the centres of its windows 24 feet 
 apart. 
 
 jgggf* “ There is no palace in Europe 
 to compare it to for grandeur, though 
 many may surpass it in elegance. The 
 design is said to have been by Brunel- 
 leschi, but it is doubtful how far this is 
 the case, or, at all events, how much 
 may be due to Michelozzi,* who cer- 
 tainly assisted in its erection, or to 
 Ammanati, who continued the build- 
 ing, left incomplete at Brunelleschi’s 
 death, in 1444.” Fergusson. 
 
 “ I doubt if there is a more im- 
 posing palace in Europe; I have not 
 seen one which leaves so grand and 
 simple an impression.” 
 
 Taine , Tran s. 
 And when the face was finished, throat 
 and hands, 
 
 Her cameriera carried him, in hate 
 Of the English-fashioned shroud, the last 
 brocade 
 
 She dressed in at the Pitti. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 Some gas-lights tremble along squares 
 and streets; 
 
 The PittTs palace-f font is drawn in tire. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Such conditions are not exactly lit t d 
 for ordinary treatment of design; yet the 
 shop-front architect delights in ignoring 
 them altogether, and in loading Iris upper 
 stories with pediments, columns, niches, 
 and cornices, just as if they stood on a 
 basement as so id as that of the Pitti 
 Palace. C. L. Eastlake. 
 
 Pius III. A remarkable portrait 
 by Titian (1477-1576), of which 
 there are many replicas and cop- 
 ies. In the Hermitage, St. Peters- 
 burg, Russia. 
 
 Place Dauphine. A place in Paris 
 which was designed by Henry 
 IV. in 1608, and so named in 
 commemoration of the birth of 
 his son, the Dauphin Louis 
 XIII. 
 
PLA 
 
 389 
 
 PLA 
 
 Place de Greve. See Place de 
 l ; Hotel de Ville. 
 
 Place de la Bastille. This place 
 in Paris was the scene of some of 
 the fiercest struggles in June, 
 1848. The largest barricade was 
 thrown up here, at the end of the 
 Rue St. Antoine; and here Gen. 
 Negrier and the Archbishop of 
 Paris were struck down. Here 
 stood the famous prison known 
 as the Bastille. Here ends the 
 line of the original boulevards, 
 and here begins" the Faubourg St. 
 Antoine See Bastille. 
 
 Foiscd in thy beauty o’er the vaults of 
 doom. 
 
 Time was ere thy bright presence bathed 
 the “ Place ” 
 
 In borrowed sunshine, when the Bastille 
 towers 
 
 Frowned on the passer-by. 
 
 George Gordon McCrae. 
 
 Place de la Concorde. A square 
 in Paris, of peculiar interest, as 
 connected with scenes of the Rev- 
 olution. It has been called also 
 Place Louis XV., and Place de la 
 Revolution. In the centre stands 
 the Obelisk de Luxor, which once 
 stood in front of the temple of 
 Thebes, as long ago as the reign 
 of Sesostris, 1550 (?) years before 
 Christ. It stands on the spot 
 where the guillotine was erected 
 in the “ reign of terror,” after 
 the death of Louis XVI. Here 
 the signal was given for the at- 
 tack on the Bastille in 1789. In 
 1793, Louis XVI. and Marie An- 
 toinette were beheaded here; and 
 in 1848 the proclamation of the 
 Republic was celebrated here 
 with much rejoicing. It is one of 
 the grandest and most imposing 
 squares in Paris or in any city. 
 See Obelisk of Luxor. 
 
 “What is there in Europe — 
 nay, in the world — equal to this? In 
 the centre the mighty obelisk of red 
 granite pierces the sky ; on either 
 hand showers of silver spray are thrown 
 up from splendid bronze fountains; 
 statues and pillars of gilded bronze 
 sweep in a grand circle round the 
 square ; and on each side magnificent 
 vistas lead the eye off, and combine the 
 distant with the near, to complete this 
 unparalleled view.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 JdxsT “ The Place de la Concorde is a 
 
 most splendid square, large enough for 
 a nation to erect trophies in of all its 
 triumphs; and on one side of it is 
 the Tuileries, on the opposite side the 
 Champs Elysees, and, on a third, the 
 Seine, adown which we saw large cakes 
 of ice floating, beneath the arches of a 
 bridge.” llawthoyne. 
 
 Place de la Pucelle. [Place of the 
 Maid.] A place in Rouen, France, 
 named in memory of Jeanne 
 d’Arc, the Maid of Orleans, and 
 serving to mark the spot where 
 she was burned in 1431. 
 
 Here blooms the legend, fed by Time and 
 Chance, 
 
 Fresh as the morning, though with cen- 
 turies old. 
 
 The whitest lily on the shield of France, 
 With heart of virgin gold. 
 
 Maria Lowell. 
 
 Place de P Hotel de Ville. The 
 large square in front of the Hotel 
 de Ville, Paris. Here was for- 
 merly the Place de Greve, the 
 scene of many executions, and 
 of some of the chief events in the 
 revolutions of 1830, 1848, and 1872. 
 
 jgGiP “ The Place de Greve is, in the 
 history of Paris, one of the most re- 
 volting localities the stranger could be 
 induced to visit. For many centuries 
 it was the spot on which criminals 
 were executed; and, besides having 
 been thus appropriated to scenes of 
 horror, its pavement has been stained 
 with the blood of the victims of almost 
 every revolution that has occurred. 
 On the 17th of March, 1848, it was the 
 scene of a frightful mutiny in favor of 
 the Provisional Government; and on 
 the 16th of the following month an at- 
 tempt to overturn that Government 
 was foiled here by the steady attitude 
 of the National Guard.” 
 
 Sir Francis B. Head. 
 
 Place des Consuls. See Place 
 Mehemet Ali. 
 
 Place des Victoires. A circular 
 space in Paris built in 1(186 by 
 Mansard, and surrounded by 
 houses. A statue of Louis, XIV., 
 in the centre, raised by the Due 
 de la Feuillade, was destroyed 
 during the Revolution. Its place 
 is now taken by another of the 
 same monarch. 
 
 Place du Carrousel. A large pub- 
 lic square in Paris, near the Tui- 
 leries, which derives its name 
 from a tournament held here by 
 
PLA 
 
 390 
 
 PLA 
 
 Louis XIV. in 1662. A portion of 
 the place is called the Court of the 
 Tuileries, and at the entrance of 
 this court stands a triumphal arch 
 erected by Napoleon in 1806. The 
 long gallery of French pictures, 
 which connects the Louvre with 
 the Tuileries, is on the south side 
 of this square. The Revolution- 
 ary guillotine was first set up 
 here. Until the beginning of the 
 present century the space occu- 
 pied by this square was covered 
 with houses, churches, etc.; and 
 the work of clearing the land 
 between the Tuileries and the 
 Louvre was begun by Napoleon 
 I., and continued by Louis Phi- 
 lippe. Napoleon III., before the 
 close of the year 1858, removed 
 the remaining houses, finished 
 the palatial structures, and car- 
 ried out the whole plan for the 
 magnificent Place du Carrousel, 
 at an expense of £1,600,000. See 
 Anc du Carrousel. 
 
 Place du Palais Royal. On the 
 south front of the Palais Royal, 
 Paris. Here was a small square 
 which was the scene of a severe 
 conflict between some of the Mu- 
 nicipal Guard and the insurgents 
 in 1848. 
 
 Place du Trone. A large space in 
 Paris at the end of the Rue St. 
 Antoine. Here was the guillotine 
 (afterwards removed to the Place 
 de la Concorde) from June 9 to 
 July 27, 1794; and here 1,270 per- 
 sons were executed by that in- 
 strument. 
 
 Place Mehemet Ali. A large 
 square in Alexandria, Egypt, for- 
 merly called Place des Consuls, 
 but usually known among Eng- 
 lish-speaking people as the Great 
 Square. It is the European cen- 
 tre of the city. Here are the 
 chief shops, business offices, and 
 hotels, while the interior of the 
 square forms an agreeable prom- 
 enade. 
 
 Place of Wailing of the Jews. 
 A famous spot in Jerusalem, be- 
 ing a narrow enclosed space near 
 the Mosque of Omar. It is a sec- 
 tion of the ancient wall of the 
 
 Haram, which includes the site of 
 the old temple on Mount Moriah, 
 and is believed to be the only 
 part remaining of Solomon’s tem- 
 ple wall. To this place the Jews 
 have for centuries come once a 
 week, every Friday, to mourn 
 over the desolation of Israel. 
 Men, women, and children may 
 be seen there in every variety of 
 attitude indicative of grief and 
 despondency, bewailing their dis- 
 honored sanctuary. 
 
 “ I have said how proud and 
 prosperous looked the Mosque of Omar, 
 with its marble buildings, its green 
 lawns, the merry children, and gay in- 
 mates making holiday ; all these ready 
 and eager to stone to death on the in- 
 stant any Jew or Christian who should 
 dare to bring his homage to the sacred 
 spot. This is what we saw within the 
 walls. We next went round the out- 
 side, till we came, by a narrow, crooked 
 passage, to a desolate spot, occupied by 
 desolate people. Under a high, mas- 
 sive, very ancient wall, was a dusty, 
 narrow, enclosed space, where we saw 
 the most mournful groups I ever en- 
 countered. This high ancient wall, 
 where weeds are springing from the 
 crevices of the stones, is believed to be 
 a part, and the only part remaining, of 
 Solomon’s temple wall ; and here the 
 Jews come, every Friday, to their 
 Place of Wailing as it is called, to 
 mourn over the fall of their Beautiful 
 House, and pray for its restoration. 
 What a contrast did these humbled 
 people present to the proud Mohamme- 
 dans within ! The women were sitting 
 in the dust, — some wailing aloud, some 
 repeating prayers with moving lips, 
 and others reading them from books on 
 their knees. A few children were at 
 play on the ground; and some aged 
 men sat silent, their heads drooped on 
 their breasts. Several younger men 
 were leaning against the wall, pressing 
 their foreheads against the stones, and 
 resting their books on their clasped 
 hands in the crevices. With some, 
 this wailing is no form ; for I saw tears 
 on their cheeks.” Mias Martinectu . 
 
 Place Roy ale. A square in Paris, 
 built in the beginning of the sev- 
 enteenth century, on part of the 
 site of the Palais des Tournelles. 
 
 Place St. Sulpice. A place in Paris 
 which has lately been ornament- 
 ed with trees, and in which a 
 flower-market is held. In its cen- 
 tre stands a beautiful fountain 
 
PLA 
 
 391 
 
 PLI 
 
 erected by Napoleon the First. 
 This fountain is in the form of 
 a pavilion, and is adorned with 
 figures of Fenelon, Bossuet, Fic- 
 chier, and Massillon. 
 
 Place Vendome. This square in 
 Paris was designed by Louis 
 XIV., who began it to contain 
 public buildings, such as the 
 Mint, Boyal Library, etc. This 
 design was, however, abandoned 
 except so far as the formation of 
 a square was concerned. In 1806 
 a grand triumphal column was 
 erected by Napoleon in honor of 
 the victories achieved by the 
 French armies. This column is 
 constructed from the metal of 
 cannon taken from the Austrians 
 and Prussians, and is 140 feet in 
 height. It is surmounted by a 
 statue of Napoleon, and is orna- 
 mented by bas-reliefs of some of 
 the principal scenes in the cam- 
 paign of 1805; also with helmets, 
 cannon, and military implements 
 of various kinds. See Colonne 
 Vendome. 
 
 The sun unveiled himself in beauty bright. 
 The eyes i f all beamed gladness and de- 
 light. 
 
 When, with unruffled visage, thou didst 
 come, 
 
 Hero of France ! unto the Place Vendome 
 To mark thy column towering from the 
 ground, 
 
 And the four eagles ranged the base 
 around. Victor Hugo, Trans. 
 
 Placentia. A place on the Hud- 
 son, near Poughkeepsie, formerly 
 the home of James K. Paulding 
 (1779-1860). 
 
 Placidia. See Mausoleum of 
 Galla Placidia. 
 
 Plaine-des-BeccIlets. A fine pub- 
 lic square in Ghent. Belgium. 
 
 Plains of Abraham. See Abka- 
 
 II AM. 
 
 Plains of Chalmette. A level tract 
 about live miles from New Or- 
 leans, La., bordering on the Mis- 
 sissippi Biver, and surrounded 
 by cypress-swamps. It is the 
 site of the engagement known as 
 the “ Battle of New Orleans,” 
 Jan. 8, 1815, between the Ameri- 
 can forces under Gen. Jackson 
 and the British under Paken- 
 
 ham, in which the latter were 
 defeated. A marble monument 
 has been erected on the spot. 
 
 Plantes, Jardin des. See Jardin 
 des Plantes. 
 
 Playford Hall. An ancient coun- 
 try mansion in England, for 
 many years the residence of 
 Thomas Clarkson (1760-1846), the 
 philanthropist. It is said to be 
 the oldest fortified house of the 
 kind in England, and the only 
 one that has water in the moat 
 by which it is surrounded. 
 
 “ The place [Playford Hall] is 
 a specimen of a sort of thing which 
 does not exist in America. It is one 
 of those significant landmarks which 
 unite the present with the past, and for 
 which we must return to the country 
 of our origin.” Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Plaza de las Cortes. A well- 
 known public square in Madrid, 
 Spain, in front of the Spanish 
 House of Commons. In this en- 
 closure is a statue of Miguel de 
 Cervantes. 
 
 Plaza de Oriente. A well-known 
 public square in Madrid, Spain. 
 It is of an oval form, and is sur- 
 rounded with 44 colossal statues. 
 
 Plaza Mayor. [The Great Square.] 
 The chief square in Madrid, 
 Spain, on which, in former times, 
 executions, autos-da-fe, and royal 
 bull- fights were celebrated. The 
 elevation of this square above 
 the level of the sea is some 2,450 
 feet. 
 
 Pleiad. See Lost Pleiad. 
 
 Pleissenburg Castle. An ancient 
 citadel of historic interest in Leip- 
 sic, Germany. 
 
 Plessis les Tours. A famous cas- 
 tle in the commune of La Bielm, 
 near Tours, France, once the 
 royal residence of Louis XI. 
 Portions only of the origin n l 
 building are now standing. Sir 
 Walter Scott, in his novel of 
 “ Quentin Durward,” has given a 
 graphic description of this castle. 
 
 Pliny’s Doves. A mosaic, per- 
 haps the most celebrated in the 
 world, now in the Museum of 
 
PLO 
 
 392 
 
 POE 
 
 the Capitol, Pome, representing 
 doves drinking from a basin sur- 
 rounded by a border. It derives 
 its name from the supposition 
 that it is a work described by 
 Pliny, in the 35th book of his 
 Natural History, who says that 
 at Pergamos there is a wonderful 
 mosaic, by Sosus, of a dove drink- 
 ing, and casting the shadow of 
 her head upon the water, while 
 others are pluming themselves 
 upon the lip of the vessel. 
 
 Ploughing inNivernais. [Labou- 
 rat/e Niveniais.] A noted pic- 
 ture by Rosa Bonheur (b. 1822), 
 and esteemed her masterpiece. 
 In the Gallery of the Luxem- 
 bourg, Paris. 
 
 jg®=- “ I hear as I write the cry of the 
 ox-drivers — incessant, musical, mo- 
 notonous. I hear it not in imagina- 
 tion, but coming to my open window 
 from the fields ; . . . white oxen of the 
 noble Charolais breed, sleek, powerful 
 beasts, whose moving muscles show 
 under their skins like the muscles of 
 trained athletes. When the gleams of 
 sunshine fall on these changing groups, 
 I see in nature that picture of Rosa 
 Bonheur’s, ‘ Ploughing in the Niver- 
 nois.’ ” Hamerton. 
 
 Plover, The. An Arctic explor- 
 ing ship which sailed from Eng- 
 land in the expedition of Capt. 
 Maguire in 1852. 
 
 Plummer Hall. A fine building 
 in Salem, Mass., containing sev- 
 eral libraries, and an elegant hall 
 adorned with portraits of distin- 
 guished men of the colonial pe- 
 riod. 
 
 Plymouth Church. A large plain 
 church edifice in Brooklyn, N.Y., 
 noted as that in which Henry 
 Ward Beecher preaches. 
 
 Plymouth Rock. The famous 
 rock or ledge on which the Pil- 
 grims are believed to have land- 
 ed when they first stepped from 
 their boats in the harbor of what 
 is now Plymouth, Mass. The 
 main rock is on Water Street, 
 and is surmounted by a stone 
 canopy. A portion of the rock 
 was removed in 1775 to the vicin- 
 ity of Pilgrim Hall, but has been 
 
 recently restored to its original 
 place, and is now under the can- 
 opy- 
 
 This rock has become an object of ven- 
 eration in the United States. 
 
 De Tocqueville. 
 But if he [Davis] bar New Emdand out 
 in the cold, what then? She is still there. 
 And, give it only the fulcrum of Plymouth 
 Rock, an idea will upheave the continent. 
 
 W. Phillips. 
 
 From the dt ck of the Mayflower, from 
 the landing at Plymouth Rock , to the Sen- 
 ate of the United States, is a mighty con- 
 tra t, covt ring whole spaces of hist or/ 
 — hardly less than from the wolf that 
 suckled Komulus and Remus to that 
 Roman Senate, wh ch, on curule chairs, 
 swayed Italy and the world. 
 
 Charles Sumner. 
 An’ then they bust out in a kind of a 
 raptur 
 
 About their own vaitoo, an’ folks’s stone- 
 blindness 
 
 To the men that ’ould actilly do ’em a 
 kindness, — 
 
 The American eagle, — the Pilgrims thet 
 landed, — 
 
 Till on ole Plymouth Rock they g't finallv 
 stranded. Lowell, Biglow Papers. 
 For well she keeps her ancient stock, 
 
 1 he stubborn strength of Pilgrim Rock ; 
 And still maintains, with milder laws. 
 And clearer light, the Good Old Cause ! 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 Pnyx, The. A place of public as- 
 sembly for the citizens of ancient 
 Athens. It was cut out of a hill 
 about a quarter of a mile from 
 the Acropolis, and was of a semi- 
 circular form like a theatre. 
 
 Where stands the vane of Theseus, there 
 she dwells, 
 
 Within the shadow of Minerva’s shrine. 
 The cavern dungeon where old Socrates 
 The hemlock drank; the azure-vaulted 
 Pnyx , 
 
 Where great Demosthenes the state con- 
 trolled 
 
 With matchless eloquence, are near the 
 spot 
 
 Wherein she dwells. 
 
 S. G. W. Benjamin. 
 Pocahontas, Baptism of. See 
 Baptism of Pocahontas. 
 
 Poetry. See Parnassus. 
 
 Poets’ Corner. An angle in the 
 south transept of Westminster 
 Abbey, London, popularly so 
 called from the fact that it con- 
 tains the tombs of Chaucer, Spen- 
 ser, and other eminent English 
 poets, and memorial tablets, 
 busts, statues, or monuments, to 
 many who are buried in other 
 I places. Addison says that here 
 
POG 
 
 393 
 
 POM 
 
 there are “ many poets who have 
 no monuments, and many mon- 
 uments which have no poets.” 
 The name is first mentioned by 
 Goldsmith. 
 
 J8^=* “ I passed some time in Poets’ 
 Corner, which occupies an end of one 
 of the transepts or cross aisles of the 
 abbey. The monuments are generally 
 simple, for the lives of literary men 
 afford no striking themes for the sculp- 
 tor. Shakespeare and Addison have 
 statues erected to their memories; but 
 the greater part have busts, medallions, 
 and sometimes mere inscriptions. Not- 
 withstanding the simplicity of these 
 memorials, i have always observed that 
 the visitors to the abbey remained 
 longest about them.” Irving. 
 
 While we surveyed the Poets ’ Corner , I 
 said to him [Goldsmith], “Fcsitan et 
 nostrum nomen miscebitur istis.” When 
 we got to Temple liar, he stopped me, 
 pointed to the heads upon it, and slyly 
 whimpered, “ Forsitan et nostrum nomen 
 miscebitur istis.” Dr. Johnson. 
 
 And over him the kindred dust was 
 strewed 
 
 Of Poets' Corner. O misnomer strange ! 
 The poet’s confine is the amplitude 
 ( )f the whole earth’s illimitable range 
 O'er which his spirit wings its flight, 
 Shedding an intellectual light, 
 
 A sun that never sets, a moon that knows 
 no change. Horace Smith. 
 
 O World, what have your poets while 
 the} 7 live 
 
 But sorrow and the finger of the scorner ? 
 And, dead, the highest honor you can give 
 Is burial in a corner. 
 
 Here in Westminster’s sanctuary, where 
 Some two-three kings usurp one-half 
 the Abbey, 
 
 Whole generations of the poets share 
 This nook so dim and shabby. 
 
 So when we come to see Westminster’s 
 lions. 
 
 The needy vergers of the Abbey wait us; 
 And while we pay to s 7 e the royal scions. 
 We see the poets gratis. 
 
 Robert Leighton. 
 
 Poggia Re ale. A favorite prome- 
 nade of the lower classes of Na- 
 ples, Italy, in the neighborhood 
 of that city. A palace with ex- 
 tensive gardens formerly stood 
 on the spot. 
 
 Pola, Amphitheatre of. A cele- 
 brated Roman ruin in the town 
 of Pola, Austria. 
 
 Polaris, The. An Arctic explor- 
 ing vessel which sailed for the 
 Northern seas under Commander 
 Hall, in 1870. By travelling on 
 the ice on a sledge, Capt. Hall 
 
 penetrated as far as to lat. 82° 
 16' N. 
 
 Pole, Cardinal. A portrait by 
 Sebastian del Piombo (1485- 
 1547), pronounced “a magnifi- 
 cent work.” It is now in the 
 Hermitage at St. Petersburg, 
 Russia. 
 
 Pollice Verso. A picture by Jean 
 Leon Gerome (b. 1824), the French 
 painter. 
 
 Pollux. See Castor and Pollux. 
 
 Polyphemus. A picture by Nico- 
 las Poussin (1594-1G65), the cele- 
 brated French painter. 
 
 Poussin’s magnificent “ Polyphemus ” 
 (I only know a print of that marvellous 
 composition) has perhaps suggested the 
 first-named picture [one by Gudin]. 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Poly technique, Ecole. See Ecole 
 Polytechnique. 
 
 Pompeian, Maison. See Maison 
 Pompeian. 
 
 Pompey’s Pillar. This pillar, 
 which presents a fine appearance 
 to one approaching Alexandria, 
 in Egypt, from the sea, stands on 
 a lonely eminence about a third 
 of a mile south of the present 
 walls of the city. It is 98 feet 9 
 inches in height. There is an in- 
 scription upon it purporting that 
 it was erected by Publius in honor 
 of Diocletian, Abdallatif, the 
 ancient scholar and traveller, as- 
 serts that this column was called 
 by the Arabs “the pillar of the 
 colonnades,” and that he himself 
 had seen more than 400 similar 
 ones on the seashore. He says 
 also that these pillars had evi- 
 dently supported a roof ; and he 
 believes them to be the remains 
 of the famous Serapeum built by 
 Alexander, and in the stoa or 
 portico of which Aristotle taught. 
 
 “ Pompey’s Pillar is by no 
 means so big as the Charing Cross 
 trophy. This venerable column has not 
 escaped ill treatment either. Number- 
 less ships’ companies, travelling cock- 
 neys, etc., have affixed their rude 
 marks upon it. Some daring ruffian 
 even painted the name of ‘ Warren’s 
 blacking’ upon it, effacing other in- 
 scriptions — one, Wilkinson says, ‘of 
 the second Psammetichus.’ ” 
 
 Thackeray, Corn hill to Cairo. 
 
POM 
 
 894 
 
 PON 
 
 When Victory’s Gallic column shall but 
 rise, 
 
 Like Pompey' s Pillar , i 1 a desert’s skies, 
 The rocky isle that holds or held his dust 
 Shall crown the Atlantic like the hero's 
 bust. Byron. 
 
 Is Pompey's Pillar really a misnomer? 
 Had Thebes a hundred gates, as sung by 
 Homer ? Horace Smith. 
 
 Pillar of Pompey! gazing o'er the sea, 
 
 In solemn pride, and mournful majesty ! 
 When oil thy grace ful shaft, and towering 
 head, 
 
 In quivering crimson, day’s last beams are 
 shed, 
 
 Thou look’st a thing some spell with life 
 supplies, 
 
 Or a rich flame ascending to the skies. 
 
 Nicholas Michell. 
 
 Pompey’s Statue. [Otherwise 
 , called the Spada Pompey .] A 
 colossal figure of Parian marble, 
 discovered in 1553, and now in 
 the Spada Palace at Rome. It is 
 generally considered to be the 
 identical statue which once stood 
 in the Curia of Pompey, and the 
 one at the base of which “ great 
 Cflesar fell,” although this has 
 been a subject of dispute among 
 antiquaries. This statue nar- 
 rowly escaped destruction during 
 the siege of Rome by the French 
 in 1849, shots from their batteries 
 having penetrated the building 
 where it stands, but it escaped 
 unharmed. 
 
 JG®=- “I saw in the Palazzo Spada 
 the statue of Pompey, — the statue at 
 whose base Caesar fell. A stern, tre- 
 mendous figure! I imagined one of 
 greater finish, of the last refinement, 
 full of delicate touches, losing its dis- 
 tinctness in the giddy eyes of one 
 whose blood was ebbing before it, and 
 settling into some such rigid majesty 
 as this, as Death came creeping over 
 the upturned face.” Dickens . 
 
 jggp “ Every one knows that it was 
 found below the foundation walls of 
 two houses, in a lane near the site of 
 the Curia of Pompey — that the pro- 
 prietors, unable to settle to which of 
 them it belonged, the head being under 
 one house and the feet under the other, 
 imitated the judgment of Solomon, and 
 resolved to cut it in two, and that a 
 cunning cardinal, hearing of this, per- 
 suaded the Pope to buy it, and to make 
 him a present of it.” Eaton. 
 
 4®= “In a more civilized age this 
 statue was exposed to an actual opera- 
 tion ; for the French, who acted the 
 Brutus of Voltaire in the Coliseum, 
 resolved that their Caesar should fall at 
 
 the base of that Pompey which was 
 supposed to have been sprinkled with 
 the blood of the original dictator. The 
 nine-foot hero was therefore removed 
 to the arena of the amphitheatre, and, 
 to facilitate its transport, suffered the 
 temporary amputation of its right arm. 
 The republican tragedians had to plead 
 that the arm was a restoration ; but their 
 accusers do not believe that the integ- 
 rity of the statue would have protected 
 it.” Byron. 
 
 This was the unkindest cut of all ; 
 
 For when the noble Caesar saw him stab. 
 
 Ingratitude, more strong than traitors’ 
 arms. 
 
 Quite vanquished him; then burst his 
 mighty heart; 
 
 And in his mantle muffling up his face, 
 
 Even at the base of Pompey’s statua, 
 
 Which all the while ran blood, great 
 Caesar fell. Shakespeare. 
 
 And thou, dread statue ! yet existent in 
 The austerest form of naked majesty, 
 Thou who beheldest, ’mid the assassin’s 
 din, 
 
 At thy bathed base the bloody Caesar lie, 
 Folding his robe in dying dignity, 
 
 An offering to thine altar from the queen 
 Of gods and men, great Nemesis ! 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Pons Elms (gElius). See Bridge 
 of St. Angelo. 
 
 Pont du Gard. A magnificent 
 aqueduct, a grand relic of Roman 
 times, at Nimes, in Southern 
 France. 
 
 4®- “ The famous Pont du Gard 
 served the double purpose of a bridge 
 and an aqueduct. It crossed the river 
 Gardon between two mountains some 
 leagues from Nimes. Three ranges of 
 arcades, superposed, decreasing in size 
 from the lowest range, and constructed 
 of hewn stone lain without mortar or 
 cement, constituted this marvellous 
 work. Rain has not been able to pene- 
 trate the seams of this uncemented 
 structure, nor has time been able to 
 dislocate its joints. The Pont du Gard 
 is in the style of the best Roman epoch. 
 It is attributed to Agrippa, who came 
 to Nimes in A.D. 19, and who had the 
 superintendence of the waters at Rome. 
 No Roman monument is more ad- 
 mired.” Lefevre , Tr. Donald. 
 
 4® “ Such confidence had they [the 
 Romans] in the stability of their em- 
 pire, that they provided for the day 
 when repairs might be necessary for 
 the Pont du Gard ! ” 
 
 Merimee , Trans. 
 
 jg® “ The sound of my footsteps in 
 these immense vaults made me fane}’ 
 that I heard the loud voice of those who 
 
PON 
 
 395 
 
 PON 
 
 had built them. I felt lost like an in- 
 sect in this immensity.” 
 
 Rousseau , Trans. 
 
 Rousseau came out of one of his sad 
 self- torturing fits, as he cast his eye on the 
 arches of the old Roman aqueduct, the 
 Pont da Gard. Holmes. 
 
 Here it [the r>ridge of Alcantara] ex- 
 ceeds every tiling I have seen, even the 
 Pont da Card , which is more remarkable 
 than the aqueducts about Rome. 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 
 As the arches of the Pont da Gard , sus- 
 pended in their power amidst that soli- 
 tude, produce an overmastering feeling of 
 awe; so the huge fabric of the Lucretian 
 system, hung across the void of Nihilism, 
 inspires a sense of terror, not so much on 
 its own account, as for the Roman stern- 
 ness of mind that made it. J. A. Symonds. 
 
 Pont Neuf. [The New Bridge.] 
 This bridge is one of the most 
 important in Paris, as it connects 
 the bank of the Seine with the 
 island of the city, and is fre- 
 quented by crowds of people. It 
 was finished by Henry IV., of 
 whom a statue was erected in the 
 open space between the two 
 bridges in 1818. An older statue 
 of that ruler on the same spot 
 was melted to make cannon in 
 1792; and to form the present 
 statue the statues of Napoleon 
 from the Place Vendome and the 
 column of Boulogne-sur-Mer, and 
 of Desaix from the Place des Vic- 
 toires, were likewise melted down. 
 This, the longest bridge of Paris, 
 was the second built over the 
 Seine. 
 
 1643, Dec. 24. Over the Seine is a state- 
 ly bridge called Pont Neuf , begun by 
 Henry III. in 1578, finished by Henry IV., 
 his successor. It is all of hewn free-stone, 
 found under the streets, but more plenti- 
 fully at Mont- Marty re, and consists of 12 
 arches, in the midst of which ends the 
 poynt of an island on which are built 
 handsome artificers houses. There is one 
 large passage for coaches and two for foot 
 passengers three or four feet higher and of 
 convenient breadth for eight or ten to go 
 abreast. John Evelyn , Diary. 
 
 His [Lulli's] drowsy pieces are played 
 still to the most sprightly audience that 
 can be conceived; and even though Ra- 
 meau, who is at once a musician and a 
 philosopher, has shown, both by precept 
 and example, what improvements French 
 music may still admit of, yet his coun- 
 trymen seem little convinced by his rea- 
 sonings; and the Pont-neuf taste, as it is 
 called, still prevails in their best perform- 
 ances. Goldsmith. 
 
 When I was in full training as a flaneur , 
 I could stand on the Pont Neuf with the 
 other experts in the great science of pass- 
 
 ive cerebration, and look at the river for 
 half an hour with so little mental articu- 
 lation, that when I moved on it seemed as 
 if my thinking-marrow had been asleep 
 and was just waking up refreshed after its 
 nap. Holmes. 
 
 Pontack’s. A tavern in Abchureh 
 Lane, London, erected after the 
 Great Fire of 1666. It was re- 
 sorted to by Swift. 
 
 Ponte alle Grazie. A well-known 
 bridge in Florence, Italy, erected 
 in the middle of the thirteenth 
 century, and taking its name 
 from a neighboring shrine of the 
 Madonna. 
 
 Ponte dei Sospiri. See Bridge of 
 Sighs. 
 
 Ponte di Rialto. See Rialto. 
 
 Ponte Molle. A bridge across the 
 Tiber in Rome, built by Pope 
 Pius VII. in 1815. It is the site 
 of the old Roman bridge called 
 the Pons Milvius, after M. Emil- 
 ius Scaurus by whom it was 
 built. The golden candlestick 
 from the Temple of Jerusalem is 
 believed to have been thrown 
 into the river from this bridge. 
 
 I have stood upon the Ponte Molle to 
 enjoy the sublime spectacle of the close 
 of'day. The summits of the Sabine Hills 
 appeared of lapis lazuli and gold, while 
 their bases and sides were bathed in va- 
 pors of violet or purple. This rich deco- 
 ration does not vanish so quickly as in our 
 climate. Chateaubriand , Trans. 
 
 I should like to live long enough to see 
 the course of the Tiber turned, and the 
 bottom of the river thoroughly dredged. 
 I wonder if they would find the seven- 
 branched golden candlestick, brought 
 from Jerusalem by Titus, and said to 
 have been dropped from the Milvian 
 bridge. Holmes. 
 
 We crossed the Ponte Molle , looking 
 back often to the dome of St. Peter’s, and 
 the castle of St. Angelo, as we caught 
 glimpses of them between the villas and 
 over the hills. George Ticknor. 
 
 Ponte Rotto. [The Broken Bridge.] 
 A bridge over the Tiber at Rome, 
 built upon the site of the ancient 
 Pons A£milius. The modern 
 bridge has been several times 
 rebuilt. Two of its arches were 
 carried away in 1598, their place 
 being since supplied by a suspen- 
 sion span. The derivation of the 
 modern name from the condi- 
 tion of the stone structure is ob- 
 vious. 
 
PON 
 
 396 
 
 POO 
 
 “ In constructing a suspension 
 bridge the piles of the Ponte Potto 
 were used as a foundation, which last 
 structure was erected in the Middle 
 Ages upon the foundations of the Pons 
 Palatinus, finished under the censor- 
 ship of Scipio Africanus. Scipio Afri- 
 canus and a suspension bridge, such 
 are the contrasts which can be found 
 nowhere but in Rome.” 
 
 Ampere , Trans. 
 
 Ponte San Angelo, See Bridge 
 of St. Angelo. 
 
 Ponte SS. Trinita. A well-known 
 bridge in Florence, Italy, con- 
 structed in the fourteenth cen- 
 tury, but more than once re- 
 stored. 
 
 Ponte Vecchio. [The Old Bridge,] 
 A celebrated bridge across the 
 Arno in Florence, Italy, built in 
 the fourteenth century, and, like 
 the Rialto in Venice, a street of 
 shops, appropriated to jewellers, 
 goldsmiths, and other workers in 
 metal. 
 
 JUS®* “The space of one house, in the 
 centre, being left open, the view be- 
 yond is shown as in a frame ; and that 
 precious glimpse of sky, and water, 
 and rich buildings, shining so quietly 
 among the huddled roofs and gables on 
 the bridge, is exquisite. Above it, the 
 Gallery of the Grand Duke crosses the 
 river. It was built to connect the two 
 great palaces by a secret passage ; 
 and it takes its jealous course among 
 the streets and houses, with true des- 
 potism : going where it lists, and spurn- 
 ing every obstacle away, before it.” 
 
 Dickens. 
 
 J gStP* “ I returned homeward over the 
 Ponte Vecchio, which is a continuous 
 street of ancient houses, except over 
 the central arch, so that a stranger 
 might easily cross the river without 
 knowing it.” Hawthorne. 
 
 Taddeo Gaddi built me. I am old — 
 
 Five centuries old. I plant my foot of 
 stone 
 
 Upon the Arno, as St. Michael’s own 
 Was planted on the dragon. 
 
 I can remember when the Medici 
 Were driven from Florence; longer still 
 ago 
 
 The final wars of Ghibelline and Guelf. 
 Florence adorns me with her jewelry; 
 And when I think that Michael Angelo 
 Hath leaned on me, I glory in myself. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Pontine Marshes. This is a name 
 given to a marshy plain in the 
 Papal States, about 21 miles long 
 
 by 10 broad, infected with mias- 
 mata, which for ages have given 
 rise to malarial fevers. Many 
 attempts have been made to drain 
 these marshes. The tract is sup- 
 posed to have been at one time 
 a gulf of the sea; and within the 
 historical period it was a fertile 
 neighborhood, containing towns 
 and a considerable population. 
 
 Pool, The. A name given to a part 
 of the river Thames, just below 
 London Bridge, where the stream 
 is divided into two channels by 
 the rows of vessels anchored in it. 
 
 Pool of Bethesda. A fountain in 
 Jerusalem alluded to in the Bible 
 (John v. 2-7). Its situation is 
 not established beyond question, 
 but it is by Dr. Robinson and 
 others identified with the inter- 
 mittent spring called the Foun- 
 tain of the Virgin. See Fountain 
 of the Virgin. 
 
 4®^ “ I could not but wish that it 
 might have been Bethesda ; but it can- 
 not be reasonably supposed so.” 
 
 Miss Martineau. 
 
 Pool of Siloam. This celebrated 
 pool is near the Valley of Jehosli- 
 apliat at Jerusalem. It is a rect- 
 angular reservoir of stone, which 
 is now crumbling, and overrun 
 by a weedy growth, which adds 
 beauty and grace to the scene. 
 It is fed from a fountain high up 
 in the rock. Its waters, once sa- 
 cred to the Temple, are now used 
 to irrigate the neighboring val- 
 leys. It is only three times re- 
 ferred to in the Scriptures. 
 
 The waters of Siloah that flow softly. 
 
 Isa. viii. 6. 
 
 The wall of the pool of Siloah by the 
 king’s garden. Neh. iii. 15. 
 
 Go wash in th e pool of Siloam. . . . He 
 went his wa}% therefore, and washed and 
 came seeing. John ix. 17. 
 
 or if Sion hill 
 
 Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that 
 flowed 
 
 Fast 1 v the oracle ( f God, I thence 
 Invoke thy aid to my advent’rous son?. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 By cool Si loam's shady rill 
 How sweet tlv lily grows ! 
 
 Ileber . 
 
 Pools of Solomon. Three reser- 
 voirs in Palestine, receiving their 
 
POP 
 
 397 
 
 POR 
 
 supply from a subterranean foun- 
 tain which furnished water for 
 the Holy City, the “ Pools of Sol- 
 omon ” serving to render the sup- 
 ply of water constant. 
 
 Pope’s Head. A noted tavern in 
 London, in existence as early as 
 1464, and still standing in 1756. 
 
 Popolo. See Piazza del Popolo 
 and Porta del Popolo. 
 
 Porcelain Tower. A celebrated 
 tower in the city of Nanking, 
 China. It was built the ninth 
 century before Christ by King 
 A-yon, was rebuilt in the fourth 
 century of the Christian era, and, 
 having been again destroyed, 
 was rebuilt for the last time in 
 1413 by Hoang-li-Tai. The edi- 
 fice, which was the most splen- 
 did of its kind in China, was 
 octagonal in shape and 261 feet 
 high. It was made of white 
 brick, and the cost of the edifice 
 is said to have been between $35- 
 000,000 and $40,000,000. This su- 
 perb tower was destroyed during 
 the Tae Ping occupation of the 
 city in 1853. 
 
 jgSiP’ “ When the introduction of 
 Buddhism into the country necessitated 
 the use of high towers, the Chinese 
 achieved marvels in this kind of struc- 
 ture. The Great Porcelain Tower at 
 Nankin attains a height of 350 feet. 
 Originally eight chains of iron, falling 
 from the summit at each of the eight 
 angles, sustained 72 brass bells. Eighty 
 other bells hung from the roofs of the 
 nine stories, which were ornamented 
 also with 128 lamps. From the sum- 
 mit rose a great mast, surrounded with 
 a spiral cage in open-work, and crowned 
 with a globe of an extraordinary size. 
 This Porcelain Tower is so named be- 
 cause of the brilliant porcelain orna- 
 ments with which its walls and roofs 
 are decked.” Lefevre , Tr. Donald. 
 
 The Tower of Porcelam , strange and old, 
 Uplifting to the astonished skies 
 Itsninefol i painted balconies, 
 
 With balustrades of twining leaves, 
 
 And roofs of tile, beneath whose eaves 
 Hang porcelain bells that all the time 
 Ring with a soft, melodious chime; 
 
 While the whole fabric is ablaze 
 With varied tints, all fused in one 
 Great mass of color, like a maze 
 Of flowers ihumined by the sun. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Porch, The. See Stoa. 
 
 Porchester Castle. An ancient 
 fortress in the harbor of Ports- 
 mouth, England. Its origin is 
 referred by some to the time of 
 the Roman occupation. 
 
 Port Coon Cave. A natural curi- 
 osity in the county of Antrim, 
 Ireland. It is an extraordinary 
 excavation in the basaltic rocks 
 into which boats may row a long 
 distance. 
 
 Port Royal des Champs. A fa- 
 mous abbey, now in ruins, about 
 eight miles from Versailles in 
 France, the headquarters of the 
 Jansenists. It was destroyed in 
 1709 through the influence of the 
 Jesuits. In the seventeenth cen- 
 tury a society of learned men 
 gathered here for purposes of 
 study, and published many works. 
 From their place of residence 
 they are known in history as the 
 Port Royalists. 
 
 “ France has many a lovelier 
 prospect, though this is not without its 
 beauty, and many a field of more-heart- 
 stirring interest, though this, too, has 
 been ennobled by heroic daring; but 
 through the length and breadth of that 
 land of chivalry and song, the traveller 
 will in vain seek a spot so sacred to 
 genius, to piety, and to virtue. The 
 round tower of the dove-cote and the 
 bases of the piers of the abbey chapel 
 are all that remain of the once crowded 
 monastery of Port Royal. In those 
 woods Racine first learned the language 
 of poetry. Under the roof of that hum- 
 ble farm-house, Pascal, Arnauld, Ni- 
 cole, De Sacy, and Tillcmont meditated 
 those works which as long as civiliza- 
 tion and Christianity survive will retain 
 their hold on the gratitude and rever- 
 ence of mankind. . . . To this seclu- 
 sion retired the heroine of the Fronde, 
 Ann Genevieve, Duchess of Longue- 
 ville, to seek the peace the world could 
 not give. Madame de Sevigne discov- 
 ered here a place ‘ tout propre a in- 
 spire!* le desir de faire son salut.’ From 
 Versailles there came hitherto worship 
 God many a courtier and many a beau- 
 ty, heart-broken or jaded with the very 
 vanity of vanities — the idolatry of their 
 fellow-mortals. Survey French society 
 in the seventeenth century from what 
 aspect you may, at Port Royal will be 
 found the most illustrious examples of 
 whatever imparted to that motley as- 
 semblage any real dignity or permanent 
 regard.’ Stephen . 
 
POR 
 
 398 
 
 POP 
 
 Porta Aurea. See Arch of Tra- 
 jan. 
 
 Porta del Popolo. [Gate of the 
 People.] A gate of Rome, upon 
 the north, and not far from the 
 site of the ancient Porta Flaminia, 
 which was the entrance of the 
 old Flaminian Way. The Porta 
 del Popolo was built in 1561 from 
 designs by Michael Angelo. 
 
 “ The first entrance of Rome is 
 prodigiously striking. It is by a noble 
 gate designed by Michael Angelo and 
 adorned with statues; this brings you 
 into a large square, in the midst of 
 which is a large obelisk of granite, and 
 in the front you have at one view two 
 churches of a handsome architecture, 
 and so much alike that they are called 
 the twins, with three streets, the mid- 
 dlemost of which is one of the largest 
 in Rome.” Addison. 
 
 Hence turning on the right out of the 
 Porto del Popolo we came to Justinian’s 
 gardens neere the Muro torto, so promi- 
 nently built as threatening every moment 
 to fall, yet standing so for these thousand 
 yeares. John Evelyn , 1644. 
 
 Porta di San Giovanni. [Gate of 
 St. John.] A modern gate of 
 Rome, built by Gregory XIII. in 
 the sixteenth century. It is near 
 the ancient Porta Asinaria, which 
 is now walled up, but which is 
 the best preserved of those of the 
 Aurelian wall, and is the one 
 through which Belisarius first en- 
 tered the city, and through which 
 the treachery of the Isaurians al- 
 lowed Totila to pass. 
 
 Porta di San Paolo. [Gate of St. 
 Paul.] A celebrated ancient gate 
 in Rome, and one of the most 
 picturesque entrances to the city. 
 It was rebuilt by Belisarius, and 
 a portion of it is thought to be 
 older than his time. 
 
 Porta di San Sebastiano. [Gate 
 of St. Sebastian.] One of the 
 ancient gateways of Rome. 
 
 Porta Flaminia. [The Flaminian 
 Gate.] One of the ancient gates 
 of Rome, the place of which is 
 now supplied by the Porta del 
 Popolo. See Porta del Popolo. 
 
 Porta Maggiore. [The Greater 
 Gate.] The finest of the city 
 gates of Rome, and a noble mon- 
 
 ument of ancient architecture. 
 It was originally an arch of the 
 aqueduct of Claudius. 
 
 Porta Nigra. [The Black Gate.] 
 A noted ruin and relic of Roman 
 times . at Treves, in Rhenish 
 Prussia. It was a provincial gate 
 of justice. 
 
 4SP “ It is the only example of its 
 class which we possess in any thing 
 like its original state. Notwithstand- 
 ing its defects of detail, there is a vari- 
 ety in the outline of this building and a 
 boldness of profile that render it an ex- 
 tremely pleasing example of the style 
 adopted, and, though exhibiting many 
 of the faults incidental to the design of 
 the Colosseum, it possesses all that 
 repetition of parts and Gothic feeling 
 of design which gives value to such di- 
 mensions.” Fergusson. 
 
 Porta Ostiensis. [The Ostian 
 Gate.] One of the old Roman 
 gates, leading to the seaport Os- 
 tia. Its place is now occupied 
 by the Porta San Paolo. See 
 Porta di San Paolo. 
 
 Porta Santa. [The Holy Gate.] 
 A door adjoining the main en- 
 trance to St. Peter’s in Rome, 
 which is walled up and marked 
 by a cross in the middle. It is 
 pulled down by the pope in per- 
 son on the Christmas-eve of the 
 Jubilee which has taken place at 
 the expiration of every period of 
 25 years (except 1850) since the 
 time of Sixtus IV. The pope 
 himself begins the destruction of 
 the door by striking it with a sil- 
 ver hammer. The dates of the 
 two preceding jubilees are after- 
 wards placed over the entrance. 
 There are three other basilicas in 
 Rome, besides St. Peter’s, viz.: 
 St. John Lateran, Sta. Maria Mag- 
 giore, and St. Paolo fuori le Mura, 
 which enjoy the dignity of a 
 Porta Santa . 
 
 “ These holy years and doors 
 were originally invented by Boniface 
 VIII., at the termination of the thir- 
 teenth century, who proclaimed a jubi- 
 lee throughout the Christian world, 
 with plenary indulgence and remission 
 of sjns to all who in the course of that 
 year should visit the shrines of the 
 apostles and martyrs of Christianity at 
 Rome ; and commanded this festival to 
 be held for evermore at the expiration 
 
POR 
 
 399 
 
 POS 
 
 of every century. . . . But it was 
 found so lucrative to the Holy See from 
 the heaps of gold the piety of wealthy 
 pilgrims poured on the altars, that in- 
 stead of one the number was gradually 
 multiplied to four jubilees or holy 
 years in every age. Thus after the 
 holy doors have been walled up, and 
 the brazen cross upon them devoutly 
 pressed by the lips and rubbed by the 
 foreheads and chins of the pious for 
 live and twenty years, they are thrown 
 open, and the Pope, followed by ev- 
 ery good Christian, walks into the 
 four churches through them, but al- 
 ways walks out by some door not 
 holy.” Eaton . 
 
 4SP “ After preliminary prayers 
 from Scripture, singularly apt, the 
 pope goes down from his throne, and, 
 armed with a silver hammer, strikes 
 the wall in the doorway, which, hav- 
 ing been cut round from its jambs 
 and lintel, falls at once inwards, and is 
 cleared away in a moment by the San 
 Pietrini. The pope then, bareheaded 
 and torch in hand, first enters the door, 
 and is followed by his cardinals and 
 other attendants to the high altar, 
 where the first vespers of Christmas 
 Day are chanted as usual. The other 
 doors of the church are then flung open, 
 and the great queen of churches is 
 filled.” Cardinal Wiseman. 
 
 Porta Westphalica. [The West- 
 phalian Gate.] A pass in the 
 mountain range called the Wie- 
 hengebirge near Minden, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Portage Bridge. A famous wooden 
 bridge at Portage, N.Y., 800 feet 
 long, and 234 feet high. It is said 
 to have been the largest wooden 
 structure of the kind in the 
 world. It is now replaced by an 
 iron structure. 
 
 Portamento della Croce. [Bear- 
 ing of the Cross.] A fine picture 
 by Gaudenzio Ferrari (1484-1550). 
 
 Porte St. Denis. A triumphal 
 arch, 76 feet in height, in Paris, 
 built in 1672 in honor of the vic- 
 tories of Louis XIY. The walls 
 ot Paris at that time ran where 
 the Boulevards now are, and this 
 arch was one of the gates of the 
 city. The tops of this arch and of 
 the Porte St. Martin were occu- 
 pied and held by the insurgents 
 in 1830. 
 
 4^ “ It commemorates some of the 
 
 wonderful feats of arms of Ludovicus 
 Magnus, and abounds in ponderous 
 allegories — nymphs and river-gods, 
 and pyramids crowned with fleurs-de- 
 lis; Louis passing over the Rhine in 
 triumph, and the Dutch lion giving up 
 the ghost, in the year of our Lord 
 1672.” Thackeray . 
 
 lie [Voltaire] is properly their god, — 
 such god as they are fit for.* Accordingly 
 all persons, from tne Queen Antoinette to 
 the Douanier at the Porte St. Penis, do 
 they not worship him ? Carlyle. 
 
 Porte St. Martin. A triumphal 
 arch in Paris, 57 feet high and 57 
 feet wide, erected in 1675 in 
 honor of the victories of Louis 
 XIY. See Porte St. Denis. 
 
 Portland Vase. This beautiful 
 work of art was found in a sar- 
 cophagus in a sepulchre near 
 Rome about the year 1560. It 
 was formerly the principal orna- 
 ment of the Barberini palace in 
 Rome, but afterwards became the 
 property of the Duchess of Port- 
 land, and after her death was de- 
 posited in the British Museum. It 
 is composed of glass and enamel, 
 out of which figures are cut in the 
 manner of a cameo. There are 
 different opinions as to the designs 
 of these figures, but all agree as 
 to the value and beauty "of the 
 work. Copies of it were execut- 
 ed by Wedgwood, one of which 
 may be seen in the British Mu- 
 seum. The original vase was 
 broken in 1845, but the pieces 
 were so skilfully put together 
 that scarcely a blemish can be 
 detected. It is kept in the medal- 
 room of the museum. 
 
 Portman Square. A well-known 
 public square in London. 
 
 Portsmouth, The. A vessel of 
 the United States navy, with 
 which, aided by the Levant, Ad- 
 miral Foote attacked and took 
 the four Barrier-forts in Canton, 
 China, in 1856. 
 
 Portugal Street. A street in Lon- 
 don which has acquired consider- 
 able notoriety from the court for 
 the relief of insolvent debtors 
 being held there. 
 
 Posilipo, Grotta di. See Grotta 
 di Posilipo. 
 
POT 
 
 400 
 
 PRA 
 
 Potiphar’s Wife accusing Joseph. 
 A picture by Rembrandt van Ryn 
 (1607-1639), the Dutch painter. It 
 is now in the Hermitage at St. 
 Petersburg, Russia. 
 
 Potomac, The. A noted frigate of 
 the United States navy, in service 
 in the war of 1812. She was built 
 at Washington. 
 
 Potter’s Field. An ancient burial 
 place for strangers at Jerusalem. 
 It is on a hill overlooking the 
 Valley of Hinnorn. 
 
 Poulterer’s Shop. A picture by 
 Gerard Dow (1613-1680), the 
 Dutch r/em’c-painter. In the Na- 
 tional Gallery, London. 
 
 Poultry. A well-known street in 
 London anciently occupied by 
 poulterers, whence the name. 
 
 Poverty. A picture by Hans Hol- 
 bein the Younger (1498? -1513), 
 well known by engravings. The 
 original perished at Whitehall in 
 1G98. 
 
 Powderham Castle. A noble 
 mansion, the seat of the Earl 
 of Devon, near Kenton, England. 
 
 Pozzi. See Wells, The. 
 
 Praca do Commercio. A large 
 and handsome public square in 
 Lisbon, Portugal. 
 
 Prado, EL [The Meadow.] The 
 grandboulevard of Madrid, Spain, 
 converted by Charles III. from a 
 meadow, as the name indicates, 
 into a delightful promenade. 
 
 j GOr* “ The interior of the city of 
 Madrid, taken as a whole, is far from 
 handsome. It should not, however, 
 be forgotten that no city in Europe can 
 boast within its walls so fine a walk as 
 the Prado.” George Ticknor. 
 
 /Kip’ “To me the Prado is an inex- 
 haustible source of amusement. In 
 the first place, it is in itself the finest 
 public walk I have ever seen within 
 the walls of any city. . . . Anciently 
 it was an uneven meadow of little 
 beauty, but famous for being the scene 
 of the plots, murders, duels, and in- 
 trigues of the city and court. It was 
 not, however, until the middle of the 
 last century that Charles III. levelled 
 it, and made it the beautiful wall: it 
 
 now is. . . . During the forenoon, and 
 nearly all the afternoon, no part of the 
 city in summer is so silent and deserted 
 as this. At five o’clock the whole 
 Prado is watered, to prevent the dust 
 which would otherwise be intolerable. 
 Just before sundown the carriages and 
 crowd begin to appear, and about half 
 an hour the exhibition is in its greatest 
 splendor. On your left hand are two 
 rows of carriages slowly moving up 
 and down on each side, while the king 
 and the infantas dash up and down in 
 the middle with all the privileges of 
 royalty, and compel everybody on foot 
 to take off his hat as he passes, and 
 everybody in a carriage to stop and 
 stand up. Every time I see this singu- 
 larly picturesque crowd mingled with 
 the great number of the officers of the 
 guard that are always there in splendid 
 uniforms, and contrasted with the still 
 greater number of priests and monks 
 in their dark, severe costumes, I feel 
 persuaded anew that it is the most 
 striking moving panorama the world 
 can afford.” George Ticknor . 
 
 Prairie Avenue. A well-known 
 and prominent street in Chicago, 
 111 . 
 
 Prarie de Lacken. A landscape 
 picture by Peter Paul Rubens 
 (1577-1640), now in Buckingham 
 Palace, London. 
 
 Prater, The. A celebrated prom- 
 enade in Vienna, Austria, con- 
 sisting of avenues nearly four 
 miles in length, and greatly fre- 
 quented. 
 
 JdQf “ In the afternoon we drove out 
 to the Prater — the famous Prater. It 
 is a great public garden and drive, in- 
 tersected with many pleasant walks 
 and roads, ornamented with fine old 
 trees, and parts of it enlivened with 
 large numbers of deer, while other 
 parts are rendered still more lively 
 with coffee-houses, puppet-shows, and 
 shows of animals. But we enjoyed 
 very much the drive into the more pic- 
 turesque parts, where the deer were 
 browsing undisturbed, and oaks a thou- 
 sand years old cast their shade upon 
 us, as they had perchance in their 
 youth upon the court of Charlemagne.” 
 George Ticknor . 
 
 Prato della Valle. A well-known 
 public square in Padua, Italy, 
 containing a large number of 
 colossal statues. 
 
 Pratt Street. A street in Balti- 
 more, Md. It was while passing 
 
PEA 
 
 401 
 
 PEI 
 
 along this street on the 19th of 
 April, 1861, that the 6tli Massa- 
 chusetts regiment was attacked, 
 having three of their number 
 killed, and eighteen wounded. 
 
 Praxiteles, Faun of. See Faun. 
 
 Praying Boy. See Boy Praying. 
 
 Pro aux Clercs. A district near 
 St. Germain des Pres, Paris, now 
 occupied by houses, but once, 
 owing to the disputed ownership 
 of the land, a place for lawless- 
 ness and debauchery, rioting and 
 duels. 
 
 Pre Catelan. A prettily-laid-out 
 garden in the Bois de Boulogne, 
 Paris. The Pre Catelan is "pat- 
 ronized by the upper classes, 
 and concerts are given here sev- 
 eral times a week. 
 
 Prebisehthor. A remarkable nat- 
 ural arch, 90 feet high, in the re- 
 gion known as the Saxon Switz- 
 erland. 
 
 Preble, Fort. See Fort Preble. 
 
 Presentation of the Virgin. [Ital. 
 
 La Presentazione.] A favorite 
 subject of representation by the 
 great painters of the Middle 
 Ages, based upon a legendary in- 
 cident, in which the Virgin, as 
 a child, is consecrated to the ser- 
 vice of the Temple. Among the 
 more noted compositions which 
 treat of this subject the follow- 
 ing may be mentioned: — ~ 
 
 Presentation of the Virgin. A 
 picture by Ghirlandaio (1449- 
 1498), “ a composition full of life 
 and character, . . . with luxury 
 of accessories and accompani- 
 ments.” In the church of S. 
 Maria Novella, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Presentation in the Temple. A 
 picture by Bembrandt van Byn 
 (1606-1669), the Dutch painter. In 
 the Gallery of the Hague, Hol- 
 land. 
 
 Presentation of the Virgin. A 
 picture by Guido Beni (1574?- 
 1642). In the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Presentation of the Virgin. A 
 picture by Titian (1477-1576). In 
 the Accademia delle Belle Arti, 
 Venice, Italy. 
 
 Presentation in the Temple. A 
 picture by Jacopo Bobusti, called 
 Tintoretto (1512-1594). In the 
 church of S. Maria del Orto, Ven- 
 ice, Italy. 
 
 Presentation in the Temple. A 
 picture by Fra Bartolommeo 
 (1469-1517), the Italian painter. 
 Now at Venice, Italy. 
 
 Presentation in the Temple. A 
 picture by Stephan Lochner, 
 called Meister Stephan (d. 1451), 
 a German painter of rare merit. 
 It is now in the Museum at Darm- 
 stadt, Germany. 
 
 Presentation of the Virgin. A 
 large altar-picture by Titian (1477— 
 1576). It is now in the Accademia 
 delle Belle Arti, in Venice, Italy. 
 
 1$®=“ “ This famous picture is so 
 well known through the numerous en- 
 gravings that I have not thought it 
 necessary to reproduce it here. In the 
 general arrangement Titian seems to 
 have been indebted to Carpaccio, but 
 all that is simple and poetical in the 
 latter becomes in Titian’s version 
 sumptuous and dramatic. The number 
 of portrait-heads adds to the value and 
 interest of the picture.” 
 
 3Irs. Jameson. 
 
 Presentation of the Virgin. A 
 picture by Taddeo Gaddi (1300- 
 1352 ?). In the church of Santa 
 Croce, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Presepio, II. [The Manger.] A 
 chapel in the church of Ara-Coeli 
 at Borne, which contains the fa- 
 mous image of the Bambino. See 
 Bambino. 
 
 President, The. 1. A war-vessel of 
 the old United States navy. She 
 was built in 1794 at New York, 
 and carried 44 guns. 
 
 So off he goes and tells his crew : 
 
 The sails were quickly bei t, sir; 
 
 A better ship you never knew. 
 
 She’s called the Presi-dent , sir. 
 
 Old Song. 
 
 2. An American steamer which 
 left New York for Liverpool in 
 April, 1841. She was never heard 
 from afterwards. 
 
 There is another passenger vcrj’ much 
 wrapped up, who has been frowned d< v. n 
 by the rest, and morally trampled upon 
 and crushed, for presuming to inquire 
 with a timid interest how long it is since 
 the poor President went down. Dickens. 
 
 Primrose Hill. An elevation near 
 
PRI 
 
 402 
 
 PRO 
 
 Regent’s Park, London, which 
 has been converted into a public 
 garden, and commands an exten- 
 sive view. It is so called from 
 the primroses which once grew 
 upon it in great abundance. 
 
 As I wns going up Primrose Hill , — 
 Primrose Ilill was dirty, — 
 
 There 1 met a pretty miss, 
 
 And she dropped mo a courtesy. 
 
 Little miss, pretty miss, 
 
 Blessings light‘upon you ! 
 
 If I had half-a-crown a day, 
 
 I'd spend it all upon you. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 I shall not omit 1 1 speak of one genius, 
 in drab breeches and gaiters, and an Arca- 
 dian hat, who had a violent propensity to 
 the pastoral, but whose rural wanderings 
 had been confined to the classic haunts of 
 Primrose ITill and the solitudes of the 
 Regent’s Park. Irving. 
 
 Prince Adolphus. See Samson 
 
 THREATENING HIS FATHER. 
 
 Prince Albert. 1. An Arctic ex- 
 ploring ship which sailed from 
 England under Commander Ken- 
 nedy, in 1851, Lady Franklin 
 having equipped the expedition. 
 
 2. An armor-plated ship of the 
 British navy, launched May 23, 
 1864. 
 
 Prince Consort. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 June 26, 1862. 
 
 Prince Eugene, Boulevart de. 
 See Voltaire, Boulevart de. 
 
 Prince of Orange landing at Tor- 
 bay. A pieturfe by Joseph Mal- 
 lord William Turner (1775-1851). 
 In the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Prince of Wales’s Theatre. A 
 well-known place of entertain- 
 ment in London, formerly known 
 as the Queen’s Theatre. 
 
 Princes Street. A noted street in 
 the New Town of Edinburgh, 
 Scotland, regarded as almost un- 
 rivalled for the magnificent view 
 it commands of the Old Town 
 (the street being only built upon 
 on the north side), and constitut- 
 ing one of the finest promenades 
 to be found in any city. 
 
 Princess’s Theatre. A theatre in 
 Oxford Street, London, celebrat- 
 ed for the reproduction, under 
 
 the management of Mr. Charles 
 Kean, of Shakespeare’s historic 
 plays. It was opened to the pub- 
 lic Sept. 30, 1841. 
 
 Princeton, The. A United States 
 frigate. By the bursting of a gun 
 during an experimental firing, 
 while a distinguished party of 
 visitors were on board, the Sec- 
 retary of State, A. P. Upshur, 
 and others, were killed, in Feb- 
 ruary, 1844. 
 
 Printing House Square. 1. A re- 
 tired court in London. It derives 
 its name from the office of the 
 King’s Printer, which stood here 
 till nearly the close of the last 
 century, and was marked by the 
 royal arms over the doorway. 
 
 I went one day with a good friend to 
 the “ Times *’ office, which was entered 
 through a pretty garden-yard, in Printing- 
 House Square. Emerson. 
 
 2. A noted square in the city 
 of New York, the centre of the 
 great news-purveying industry of 
 the United States, where are as- 
 sembled the offices of the chief 
 metropolitan journals, the Trib- 
 une, , the Herald, the Times, the 
 World, the Sun, and others, some 
 of which occupy costly and im- 
 posing buildings. 
 
 Prison of Socrates. This name is 
 applied to one of three chambers 
 hewn in the rock at the base of 
 the hill Museum, at Athens, 
 Greece. The dome of the inner 
 chamber is funnel-shaped, with 
 an aperture to let in the light 
 from the top. These excavations 
 are sometimes called ancient 
 baths. 
 
 Prisoner of Chillon. A picture by 
 Ferdinand Victor Eugene Dela- 
 croix (1799-1863), the celebrated 
 French historical painter. 
 
 Procuratie Nuove. The new or 
 modern palace of the Procurators. 
 In Venice, Italy, fronting on the 
 Piazza of St. Mark. 
 
 Procuratie Vecchie. The ancient 
 palace of the Procurators. In 
 Venice, Italy, fronting upon the 
 Square of St. Mark. 
 
 Prodigal Son. A noted picture by 
 
PRO 
 
 403 
 
 PRO 
 
 Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1618- 
 1682). Now in the Gallery of 
 Stafford House, London. 
 
 Prodigal Son. A picture by David 
 Teniers the Younger (1610-1694 ?), 
 the Belgian genre- painter. It is 
 now in the Louvre, in Paris. 
 
 Profile, The. A huge and very in- 
 teresting rock-conformation upon 
 the side of Profile Mountain in the 
 Franconia range (White Moun- 
 tains), New Hampshire. From a 
 certain point of view at a distance, 
 it bears a wonderful resemblance 
 to the outline of a human face. 
 This remarkably complete and 
 distinct profile is nearly 1,500 feet 
 above the little lake below it, and 
 is from 60 to 80 feet in length. It 
 is also popularly known as the 
 Old Man of the Mountain. 
 Hawthorne refers to it in “ The 
 Great Stone Face.” 
 
 Beyond them, like a sun-rimmed cloud, 
 The great Notch mountains shone, 
 Watched overby the solemn-browed 
 And awful face of stone ! Whittier 
 
 Tis the musical Pemigewasset, 
 
 That sings to the hemlock-trees 
 Of the pines on the Profile Mountain, 
 
 Of the stony Face that sees, 
 
 Far down in the vast rock-hollows 
 The waterfall of the Flume. 
 
 Lucy Larcom. 
 
 Propaganda. [Ital. Collegio di 
 Propaganda Fede .] A religious 
 establishment at Rome, founded 
 by Gregory XY. in 1622, to edu- 
 cate young foreigners from heret- 
 ical countries, in order that they 
 might afterward return as mis- 
 sionaries and spread the Catholic 
 faith among the people of their 
 different nations. The annual 
 examination of the pupils takes 
 place in January. At the time of 
 the French Revolution, the name 
 Propaganda was given to the se- 
 cret societies which aimed to dis- 
 seminate democratic ideas, and it 
 is often used at the present day 
 to denote any institution or or- 
 ganization which seeks to pro- 
 mote special schemes either in 
 politics or religion. 
 
 “ The origin of the Propaganda 
 is properly to be sought in an edict of 
 Gregory XIII., by which the direction 
 of Eastern missions was confided to a 
 certain number of cardinals, who were 
 
 commanded to promote the printing of 
 catechisms in the less-known tongues. 
 ... It was at the suggestion of the 
 great preacher Girolamo da Narni that 
 the idea was first conceived of extend- 
 ing the above-named institution. At 
 his suggestion a congregation was es- 
 tablished in all due form, and by this 
 body regular meetings were to be held 
 for the guidance and conduct of mis- 
 sions in every part of the world.” 
 
 Ranke. 
 
 4®= “We may with equal justice 
 call Propaganda an universal academy, 
 or a Noah’s Ark, just as we feel dis- 
 posed. Young men from all parts of 
 the world are educated here for mis- 
 sionaries. Here are children from Cali- 
 fornia to China, from Ireland to the 
 Cape of Good Hope : every one of them 
 repeats a poem by rote in his native 
 tongue. But a man must be a Mezzo- 
 fanti to profit by this Babel-iike an- 
 thology. . . . The less the audience [at 
 the Feast of Languages in the Propa- 
 ganda] understand of these poems, the 
 more they applaud : it was so at least 
 on this occasion, when I heard them 
 cheer loudest an Ethiopian and two 
 Chinese, their languages sounding most 
 like gibberish and awaking the loudest 
 laughter.” Hans Christian Andersen. 
 
 Propylaea. This structure, at Ath- 
 ens, Greece, the Vestibule of the 
 citadel, built of Pentelic marble, 
 was begun in the year 437 B.C., 
 and was completed by the archi- 
 tect Mnesicles five years later, or 
 about the time of the beginning 
 of the Peloponnesian war. It 
 covered the whole of the western 
 end of the Acropolis. The Greeks 
 admired the Propylaea more than 
 any other of their buildings. 
 Some walls and a few columns 
 are still standing, and the en- 
 trance has been recently cleared. 
 
 46iP“ The grand flight of the Propy- 
 laeum is on the right. A high rampart 
 serves as the basement for the little 
 temple of the Wingless Victory, de- 
 molished in 1687 by the Turks, and 
 afterward built up again, stone by 
 stone, by two German architects. Ath- 
 ens dedicated it to her divine protect- 
 ress Athena. The friezes represented 
 the combats in which this goddess as- 
 sured victory to her people, and upon 
 the balustrade, the Victories, her 
 winged messengers, seemed to await 
 her orders.” Lefevre , Trans. 
 
 4ST “ The Propylaea still form a 
 portal which divides two worlds. You 
 leave modern and mediaeval associa- 
 
PRO 
 
 404 
 
 PSY 
 
 tions behind you, and are alone with 
 the Past.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Proserpine. A well-known ideal 
 bust by PXiram Powers (b. 1805), 
 the American sculptor. 
 
 “ The popularity of this work 
 has caused its incessant reproduction; 
 few modern works of the chisel are 
 more exquisitely and gracefully orna- 
 mental to boudoir, salon, or library.” 
 Tucker man. 
 
 Proserpine, Rape of. See Rape 
 of Proserpine. 
 
 Prospect Park. A fine pleasure- 
 ground in Brooklyn, N.Y., cov- 
 ering nearly 600 acres, including 
 hills, meadows, and groves, and 
 a beautiful lake. The park was 
 begun in 1866, and is said to have 
 cost, together with two boule- 
 vards connected with it, nearly 
 # 12 , 000 , 000 . 
 
 Protestant Cemetery. [At Rome.] 
 The Protestant Burial-ground in 
 Rome, near the Pyramid of Caius 
 Cestius, containing the graves of 
 many English and American 
 travellers and other foreign resi- 
 dents at Rome. The Old Protes- 
 tant Cemetery, now closed, con- 
 tains the grave of Keats, and in 
 the New Burial-ground is a mon- 
 ument to Shelley. 
 
 It would almost make one in 
 love with death to be buried in so sweet 
 a place.” Percy Bysshe Shelley. 
 
 Protomoteca. The name given to 
 a suite of seven rooms in the Cap- 
 itol of Rome, presented to the 
 Arcadian Academy by Leo XII. 
 They contain many busts of illus- 
 trious men, including some which 
 were formerly in the Pantheon. 
 
 Province House. A noted man- 
 sion of colonial times, which for- 
 merly stood on Washington 
 Street, Boston, Mass. It had a 
 fine lawn in front. The building 
 was of brick, three stories in 
 height, with stone steps. It was 
 erected in 1679. In 1715 it was 
 purchased by the Province as a 
 residence for the governors, who 
 from a portico in front were in 
 . the habit of addressing the citi- 
 zens. In the early part of the 
 
 present century it became pri- 
 vate property, and a block of 
 stores was erected in front of it, 
 the old building degenerating 
 into a hall for negro concerts. It 
 was destroyed by fire in 1864, but 
 the walls remain, and have been 
 used as the exterior of a new 
 building. Nathaniel Hawthorne 
 has given a description of the 
 Province House in his “Twice- 
 Told Tales.” 
 
 O my- God! — for tliat free spirit, wliich 
 of old in Boston town 
 Smote the Province House with terror, 
 struck the crest of Andros down ! 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 Prytaneum. [Gr. t rpvraveiov, the 
 President’s Hall, or Town Hall.] 
 
 A public building in ancient 
 Greek cities. In Athens, the 
 hall in which the magistrates 
 had their meals, and where they 
 entertained at the public cost for- 
 eign ambassadors. Citizens also 
 of high public merit, and the 
 children of those who fell in bat- 
 tle, were often rewarded by a seat 
 at this public table. Socrates, 
 on his trial, when asked to name 
 his punishment, adjudged him- 
 self entitled to be supported in 
 the Prytaneum. 
 
 What, then, is suitable to a poor man, a 
 benefactor, and who has need of leisure in 
 order to give you good advice? There is 
 nothing so suitable, O Athenians, as that 
 such a man should be maintained in the 
 Prytaneum. ... If, therefore, I must 
 award sentence according to my just de- 
 serts, I award this, maintenance in the 
 Prytaneum. 
 
 Plato , Apology of Socrates. 
 
 Psyche. A beautiful relic of an- 
 cient sculpture, now in the mu- 
 seum at Naples, Italy, well 
 known by the numerous re pro- • 
 
 ductions of it in marble and plas- 
 ter. It apparently represents her 
 listening to a Cupid who may be 
 supposed to stand on her right. 
 
 This figure was found in the am- 
 phitheatre at Capua. 
 
 The charming Naples Psyche. 
 
 This refined youthful torso, with its 
 delicate distingue head, is likewise not 
 of the great epoch of sculpture.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Psyche and the Butterfly. See 
 Cupid catching a Butterfly. 
 
PTA 
 
 405 
 
 PUT 
 
 Ptarmigan Hill. A picture by Sir 
 Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), the 
 most celebrated modern painter 
 of animals. 
 
 Pucelle, Place de la. See Place 
 de la Pucelle. 
 
 Puck. 1. An admired picture by 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792). 
 
 2. A work of sculpture by Har- 
 riet G. Hosmer (b. 1830). 
 
 Pudding Lane. A narrow street 
 or lane in London. It was here 
 that the Great Fire of 1666 began. 
 
 Puente de Alcantara. [The Bridge 
 of Alcantara.] An interesting 
 and impressive Roman ruin in 
 the town of Alcantara, Spain. 
 The bridge, built of immense 
 stones, which here spans the Ta- 
 gus, was built for the Emperor 
 Trajan, A.D. 105. It consists of 
 six arches, the central span being 
 110 feet. The bridge is about 670 
 feet in length, and 210 in height, 
 and is constructed of granite 
 without cement. 
 
 46^ “One of the most remarkable 
 of these [bridges] is that which Trajan 
 erected at Alcantara in Spain. The 
 roadway is perfectly level, as is gener- 
 ally the case in Roman bridges, though 
 the mode by which this is attained, of 
 springing the arches from different 
 levels, is perhaps not the most pleas- 
 ing. To us, at least, it is unfamiliar, 
 and has never, I think, been adopted in 
 modern times. ” Fergusson. 
 
 Puente del Diablo. [The Devil’s 
 Bridge.] A famous old Roman 
 aqueduct — called by the Span- 
 iards el Puente, the bridge— at 
 Segovia in Spain. 
 
 43P “ The first thing we went to see 
 was the cathedral; . . . the next, the 
 RomanAqueduct, called by the people 
 ‘ Puente del Diabolo,’ for they have no 
 idea such a stupendous work could be 
 achieved by a personage of less author- 
 ity and power. ... It begins outside 
 of the city, and traverses the valley on 
 159 arches in the upper row, but not 
 quite so many below. It is built of 
 square-hewn stones, without cement or 
 clamps, and is nevertheless so perfect- 
 ly preserved, that it still serves the 
 purpose for which it was built as well 
 as when it was new. ... It is cer- 
 tainly one of the most solid and mag- 
 
 nificent monuments that have come 
 down to us from antiquity.” 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 
 Puerta de Alcala. [Gate of Al- 
 cala.] A grand triumphal gate 
 affording an entrance to the city 
 of Madrid, Spain, on the east. It 
 consists of live arches, and was 
 erected by Charles III. to com- 
 memorate his entrance to Madrid. 
 
 “ It should not be forgotten that 
 no city in Europe can boast within its 
 walls so fine a w a lk as the Prado, that 
 Rome alone, so far as I know, has an 
 entrance equal to that by the Gate ot 
 Alcala .” George Ticknor. 
 
 Puerta del Sol. [Gate of the Sun.] 
 A celebrated public square in 
 Madrid, Spain. It is now in the 
 middle of the capital, although 
 it was once the east gate on which 
 the rising sun shone. It is the 
 centre of the busy life of the city, 
 and at all times a crowded ren- 
 dezvous of idlers. 
 
 Pullins, The. A natural curiosity 
 in the county of Donegal, Ireland. 
 It is an extraordinary ravine, pre- 
 senting in succession a series of 
 cascades, caves, wild cliffs, with 
 a foaming river and a natural 
 bridge. 
 
 4®=* “ A description can but faintly 
 convey the extraordinary character of 
 these lovely scenes.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 Pulpit [of Nicholas of Pisa]. In 
 the cathedral of Siena, Italy. A 
 celebrated and very elaborate 
 work of sculpture. Another by 
 the same artist, very similar, in 
 the Duomo at Pisa. 
 
 4®" “ I have no words to express 
 the originality and richness of invention 
 displayed in this pulpit. It is as pe- 
 culiar as it is beautiful. ... On the 
 panels a labyrinth of crowded figuia s 
 — a long octagonal procession, the Na- 
 tivity, the Passion, the Last Judgment 
 - — envelops the marble with a marble 
 covering.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Purgatory, St. Patrick’s. See St. 
 Patrick’s Cave and Purgatory. 
 
 Puritans going to Church. A 
 picture by George H. Boughton, 
 a painter of landscapes and genre . 
 
 Puttina, La. [The Girl.] An ad- 
 
PYL 
 
 406 
 
 PYR 
 
 mired portrait by Titian (1477- 
 1576). In the Palazzo Strozzi, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Pylades and Orestes. A picture 
 by Benjamin West (1738-1820). 
 In the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Pyramids, The. A general name 
 for the sepulchral monuments of 
 ancient Egypt, in ail about 60, 
 but specially applied to the Pyra- 
 mids of Gheezeh, about 12 miles 
 from Cairo, consisting of two 
 large and several smaller pyra- 
 mids. 
 
 4®" “ Let us now turn to the Pyra- 
 mids — the oldest, largest, and most 
 mysterious of all the monuments of 
 man’s art now existing. All those in 
 Egypt are situated on the left bank of 
 the Nile, just beyond the cultivated 
 ground, and on the edge of the desert, 
 and all the principal examples within 
 what may fairly be called the Necrop- 
 olis of Memphis. Sixty or seventy 
 of these have been discovered and ex- 
 plored, all of which appear to be royal 
 sepulchres. This alone, if true, would 
 suffice to justify us in assigning a dura- 
 tion of 1,000 years at least to the dynas- 
 ties of the pyramid builders. . . . The 
 three great pyramids of Gizeh are the 
 best known and the most remarkable 
 of all those in Egypt. Of these the 
 first, erected by Cheops, or as he is 
 now more correctly named, Suphis, is 
 the largest ; but the next by Chepheren, 
 his successor, is scarcely inferior in 
 dimensions ; the third, that of Myceri- 
 nus, is very much smaller. . . . All 
 the pyramids (with one exception) face 
 exactly north, and have their entrance 
 on that side. . . . The small residuum 
 we get from all these pyramid discus- 
 sions is, that they were built by the 
 kings of the early dynasties of the 
 old kingdom of Egypt as their tombs. 
 The leading idea that governed their 
 forms was that of durability. By 
 concealment of the entrance, the diffi- 
 culties of the passages, and the com- 
 plicated but most ingenious arrange- 
 ment of portcullises, these ancient 
 kings hoped to be allowed to rest in 
 undisturbed security for at least 3,000 
 years. Perhaps they were successful, 
 though their tombs have been since 
 so shamefully profaned.” Fergusson. 
 
 4£3P “ Nothing can express the vari- 
 ety of sensations which they provoke. 
 The height of their summit, the steep- 
 ness of their slope, the vastness of their 
 surface, their tremendous weight, the 
 memory of the times they have out- 
 lived, and above all the reflection that 
 
 these mountains of masonry have been 
 reared by petty and insignificant man 
 who creeps at their feet — all impress 
 the beholder, and fill at once the heart 
 and the mind with astonishment, terror, 
 humiliation, admiration, and respect.” 
 Volney. 
 
 The Pyramids themselves, doting with 
 age, have forgotten the names of their 
 founders. Thomas Fuller . 
 
 And Morning opes with haste her lids, 
 
 To gaze upon the Pyramids. Emerson. 
 
 Pyramid of Abooroash. A ruined 
 pyramid about five miles distant 
 from the Pyramids of Gheezeh in 
 Egypt. 
 
 Pyramids of Abooseer. A group 
 of four pyramids, a few miles dis- 
 tant from the Pyramids of Ghee- 
 zeh, in Egypt. 
 
 Pyramid of Caius Cestius. A 
 sepulchral pyramid — the only 
 one in Rome —situated near the 
 Porta di San Paolo, and immedi- 
 ately adjoining the Protestant 
 Burial-ground. It was erected 
 to Caius Cestius, a tribune of the 
 people. The pyramid is over 100 
 feet in height, and contains in 
 the centre a small sepulchral 
 chamber. 
 
 4S§=* “ This pyramid, of more than 
 100 feet in height, is entirely built of 
 marble, but time has changed its color 
 and defaced its polish. The gray 
 lichen has crept over it, and wild ever- 
 greens hang from its crevices. But 
 what it has lost in splendor, it has gained 
 in picturesque beauty ; and there are few 
 remains of antiquity within the bounds 
 of the Eternal City, that the eye rests 
 upon with such unweaiying admiration, 
 as this gray pyramid.” Eaton. 
 
 4®= “ It is the most imperishable of 
 the antiquities, a beautiful pyramid, 113 
 feet high, built into the ancient wall of 
 Rome, as perfect after 1,800 years as if 
 it were built but yesterday.” 
 
 N. P. Willis. 
 
 4®= “ From one part of the city, 
 looking out beyond the walls, a squat 
 and stunted pyramid (the burial-place 
 of Caius Cestius) makes an opaque tri- 
 angle in the moonlight. But, to an 
 English traveller, it serves to mark the 
 grave of Shelley too, whose ashes lie 
 beneath a little garden near it. Nearer 
 still, almost within its shadow, lie the 
 bones of Keats, ‘ whose name is writ 
 in water,’ that shines brightly in the 
 landscape of a calm Italian night.” 
 
 Dickens , 
 
PYR 
 
 407 
 
 PYR 
 
 J8&* “ When I am inclined to be seri- 
 ous I love to wander up and down be- 
 fore the tomb of Caius Cestius. The 
 Protestant burial-ground is there. . . . 
 It is a quiet and sheltered nook, . . . 
 and the pyramid that overshadows it 
 gives it a classic and singularly solemn 
 air.” Rogers. 
 
 Eastward hence, 
 
 Nigh where the Cestian pyramid divides 
 The mouldering wall, behold yon fabric 
 huge. John Dyer. 
 
 Within the shadow of the Pyramid 
 Of Caius Oestius was the Daisy found, 
 White as the soul of Keats in Paradise. 
 
 T. B. Aldrich. 
 
 Pyramid of Cheops. See Great 
 Pyramid. 
 
 Pyramid of Cholula. A celebrated 
 
 ruined pyramid constructed of 
 clay and brick, at Cholula, an 
 Indian town, near Pueblo, in 
 Mexico. It was built by the an- 
 cient inhabitants of Mexico. It 
 is over 1,400 feet square at the 
 base, and 177 feet in height, and is 
 ascended by a flight of steps, 120 
 in number. On the summit is a 
 chapel erected by the Spaniards. 
 
 The fact teaches him how Belus was 
 worshipped, and how the Pyramids were 
 built, better than the discovery by Cham- 
 pollion of the names of all the workmen 
 and the cost of every tile. He finds Assy- 
 ria and the Mounds of Cholula at his door, 
 and himself has laid the courses. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
QUA 
 
 408 
 
 QUE 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quadrant, The. See Regent St. 
 
 You will observe a town dandy getting 
 fidgetty after his second turn in the Quad- 
 rant , while you will meet the same 
 Frenchman there from noon till dusk, 
 bounding his walk by those columns, as 
 if they were the bars of a cage. 
 
 N P. Willis. 
 
 Quarr Abbey. A famous monastic 
 establishment upon the Isle of 
 Wight, erected in the twelfth 
 century, of which the ruins only 
 now remain. 
 
 Quarters of the World. See Four 
 Quarters of the World. 
 
 Quartier Latin. [Latin Quarter.] 
 A large district in Paris, on the 
 south of the Seine. Here the 
 principal colleges and schools 
 have been situated for many cen- 
 turies, and here the numerous 
 students have lived; whence this 
 quarter derives its name. 
 
 JUSf “ Though the colleges are now 
 converted into private houses or into 
 public schools, the Pays Latin is still 
 inhabited by many thousand students 
 in letters, science, law, and medicine, 
 leading a life of gayety and freedom 
 from restraint which is hardly to be 
 understood by an Englishman. They 
 and their associates, male and female, 
 form the staple of a large portion of 
 the well-known novels of Paul de 
 Kock.” Murray's Handbook. 
 
 “ The life of the young artist 
 here is the easiest, merriest, dirtiest 
 existence possible. He comes to Paris, 
 probably at sixteen, from his province; 
 his parents settle forty pounds a year 
 on him, and pay his master; he estab- 
 lishes himself in the Pays Latin; . . . 
 he arrives at his atelier at a tolerably 
 early hour, and labors among a score 
 of companions as merry and as poor as 
 himself.” Thackeray. 
 
 Quatre Fils Aymon. A ruined 
 castle near Spa in Belgium, asso- 
 ciated with historic and romantic 
 traditions. 
 
 Quebec Citadel. A vast fortress, 
 from its lofty commanding situa- 
 tion one of the strongest in the 
 
 world, is the principal defence of 
 the city of Quebec, Can. It cov- 
 ers 40 acres. 
 
 Queen Anne’s Farthing. The 
 belief generally obtains in Eng- 
 land that a Queen Anne’s far- 
 thing is a very rare possession: 
 indeed, it is supposed that there 
 are but three, of which two are 
 in the public keeping, and that 
 one which is missing would bring 
 a fabulous price ; but the fact is, 
 that it is no more rare than any 
 other coinage of the mint of equal 
 antiquity, and that the poor coun- 
 try people who occasionally take 
 long journeys to London to dis- 
 pose of so great a curiosity which 
 has fallen into their hands, find 
 that the numismatist to whom 
 they apply is already the posses- 
 sor of several. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth. See Death of 
 Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth’s Pocket Pistol. 
 The popular name of an ancient 
 piece of brass ordnance, 24 feet 
 in length, cast in 1514, and pre- 
 sented by the States General of 
 Holland to Queen Elizabeth. It 
 is preserved in Dover Castle. 
 
 Queen of Sheba. See Embarka- 
 tion of the Queen of Sheba. * 
 
 Queen of the West. A powerful 
 United States “ ram,” in the War 
 of the Rebellion. She was sent 
 down the Mississippi, and, run- 
 ning the batteries at Vicksburg, 
 destroyed several transport ves- 
 sels on the Lower Mississippi and 
 on the Red River, but was finally 
 lost on the latter river through 
 the treachery of a pilot. 
 
 Queen’s Arms. A tavern in St. 
 Paul’s Churchyard, London. 
 
 Queen’s Bench. See King’s Bench 
 and Queen’s Bench. 
 
QUE 
 
 409 
 
 QUO 
 
 Queen’s College. A foundation 
 of the University of Cambridge, 
 England. Established in 1448. 
 
 Queen’s Head. A noted hostelry 
 in the olden time in Islington, 
 London. 
 
 The Queen’s Head and Crown in Islington 
 town 
 
 Bore, for its brewing, the highest renown. 
 
 Queen’s Prison. See King’s 
 Bench and Queen’s Bench. 
 
 Queen’s State Coach. See Coro- 
 nation Coach. 
 
 Queen’s Theatre. See Prince of 
 Wales’s Theatre. 
 
 Queensberry House. The seat of 
 the Duke of Buccleuch, near 
 Richmond, England. 
 
 Quinze Vingts. A hospital for the 
 blind, in the Faubourg St. An- 
 toine, Paris. 
 
 Quirinal Hill. [Lat. Mons Quiri- 
 nus.] One of the original seven 
 hills of Borne, now covered with 
 palaces and churches, among 
 which the most noticeable is the 
 Palace of the Pope on the Monte 
 Cavallo, the summit of the hill. 
 The modern name, Monte Cavallo, 
 is derived from the marble groups 
 of Castor and Pollux with their 
 horses, discovered in the Baths 
 of Constantine, which now stand 
 before the obelisk in the Piazza 
 di Monte Cavallo. 
 
 Hence we went to Monte Cavallo , here- 
 tofore called Mons Quirinalis, where wc 
 saw those two rare horses, the worke of the 
 
 rivals Phidias and Praxitiles, as they were 
 sent as a present to Nero out of Armenia. 
 They were placed on pedestals of white 
 marble by Sixtus V., by whom I suppose 
 their injuries are repair’d. They are gov- 
 ern’d by 4 naked slaves like those at the 
 foot of the Capitol. 
 
 John Evelyn , 1644. 
 
 Quirinal Palace. The papal pal- 
 ace on Monte Cavallo, Quirinal 
 Hill, Borne. The present struc- 
 ture was begun by Gregory XIII. 
 in 1574, and continued and en- 
 larged by succeeding popes. The 
 meeting of the conclave for the 
 election of the popes takes place 
 in the Quirinal Palace, and from 
 the balcony opening upon the 
 Piazza di Monte Cavallo the name 
 of the new pope is proclaimed to 
 the people. 
 
 “ That palace-building, ruin- 
 destroying Pope, Paul III., began to 
 erect the enormous palace on the Quiri- 
 nal Hill, and the prolongation of his 
 labors by a long series of successive 
 pontiffs has macie it one of the largest' 
 and ugliest buildings extant.” 
 
 C. A. Eaton . 
 
 What is most charming here is what 
 you encounter on the way unexpectedly ; 
 now the Quirinal Palace on the summit of 
 a hill entirely detached in the gray atmos- 
 phere, and, in front, its horses ? nd colossi 
 of marble. Taine , Trans. 
 
 Nor herd those blood stains on the wall. 
 
 Not Tiber's flood c an wash away, 
 Where, in thy stately Quirinal , 
 
 Thy mangled victims lay ! Whittier. 
 I have climbed Trajan's column, and saw 
 thence 
 
 The Quirinal here, and there the Vatican. 
 
 Theodore Auhanel, Trans. 
 
 Quoit-Thrower, The. See Disco 
 
 BOLUS. 
 
EAB 
 
 410 
 
 RAI 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabenstein. [Ravenstone.] An 
 ancient feudal castle, of late par- 
 tially restored, near Streitberg, 
 in Franconia, Germany. 
 
 Raboteur, Le. [The Planer.] A 
 picture by Annibale Caracci 
 ( 15(>0—1G00), representing Joseph 
 “ planing a board, while Jesus, a 
 lovely boy about six or seven 
 years old , stands by watching the 
 progress of the work. Mary is 
 seated on one side plying her nee- 
 dle.” This picture is in the col- 
 lection of the Earl of Suffolk at 
 Charlton, England. 
 
 4SP* “ The great fault of this picture 
 is the subordinate and commonplace 
 character given to the Virgin Mary; 
 otherwise it is a very suggestive and 
 dramatic subject, and one which might 
 be usefully engraved in a cheap form 
 for distribution.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Baby Castle. One of the finest 
 and best-preserved of the ancient 
 northern castles of England, the 
 seat of the Duke of Cleveland. 
 King Canute presented it with 
 other offerings at the shrine of 
 St. Cuthbert, but it passed out of 
 the hands of the monks in 1131. 
 Portions of the older building are 
 so skilfully incorporated with the 
 new that it seems a perfect speci- 
 men of a castle of the fourteenth 
 century. The castle is of great 
 size and strength, and the walls 
 surrounding it occupy about two 
 acres of ground. The pleasure- 
 grounds and park are of a magnifi- 
 cence commensurate with that of 
 the castle itself, and command 
 lovely prospects. 
 
 Rachel. See Jacob and Rachel. 
 
 Rachel’s Tomb. A small struc- 
 ture near Bethlehem is known 
 as the “sepulchre of Rachel.” 
 Jews, Moslems, and Christians 
 unite in affirming the authenti- 
 city of this sepulchre, although 
 the building is modern. 
 
 They journeyed from Bethel, and there 
 was but a little way to come to Ephrath. 
 . . . And Rachel died, and was buried on 
 the way to Ephrath, which is Bethlehem. 
 
 Gen. xxxv. 16-19. 
 
 Radcliffe Library. An imposing 
 library . building connected with 
 the University of Oxford, found- 
 ed by Dr. John Radcliffe (d. 
 1714). 
 
 Radical Road. The name given 
 to a promenade under the cliff 
 called Salisbury Crags in Edin- 
 burgh, Scotland. The name is 
 derived from the circumstance 
 that the road was built in 1819 by 
 disaffected people who were out 
 of employment. 
 
 Rainbow, The. According to Au- 
 brey, the Rainbow, in Fleet 
 Street, the second coffee-house 
 established in London, was 
 opened about 1656. It is now a 
 tavern, and the old coffee-room 
 has been destroyed. 
 
 The coffee house was the Londoner’s 
 house; and those who wished to find a 
 gentleman commonly asked, not wheth- 
 er he lived in Fleet Street or Chancery 
 Lane, but whether he frequented “the 
 Grecian ” or “ the Rainbow .” Macaulay. 
 
 Rainbow Falls. A beautiful cas- 
 cade in the Adirondack region of 
 New York, near the foot of the 
 Ausable Ponds. 
 
 Rainbow Landscape. The name 
 given to a celebrated picture by 
 Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). 
 Now in the Bethnal Green Mu- 
 seum, London. 
 
 Rainy Season in the Tropics. A 
 noted picture by Frederic Edwin 
 Church (b. 1826), the American 
 landscape-painter. 
 
 Raising of Lazarus. A picture by 
 Sebastian del Piombo (1485-1547), 
 and considered one of the most 
 important works of the sixteenth 
 century, executed for Giulio de’ 
 Medici, afterward Pope Leo X. 
 
RAI 
 
 411 
 
 RAN 
 
 It is now in the National Gallery, 
 London. 
 
 This is in many respects one 
 of the noblest pictures existing, — a 
 dramatic combination and pictorial 
 completeness which few would now 
 hesitate to prefer to the Transfigura- 
 tion by Raphael.” 
 
 Eastlake , Handbook of Painting . 
 
 Raising of Lazarus. An admired 
 painting by Benjamin West 
 (1738-1820), serving as an altar- 
 piece in Winchester Cathedral, 
 England. 
 
 Raising of Lazarus. A picture by 
 Benjamin Robert Hay don (1786- 
 1846). In the National Gallery, 
 London. 
 
 Raising the Body of St. Hubert 
 of Li£ge. An altar-piece, as- 
 cribed to Gerard van Meire, the 
 Flemish painter, but which has 
 also been ascribed to Dierick 
 Bouts and to other painters. It 
 is in the National Gallery of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Rake’s Progress. A famous dra- 
 matic and satirical picture by 
 William Hogarth (1697-1764). 
 
 4®= “ It would be suppressing the 
 merits of his heart to consider him only 
 a promoter of laughter. . . . Mirth 
 colored his pictures, but benevolence 
 designed them. He smiled, like Socra- 
 tes, that men might not be offended at 
 his lectures, and might learn to laugh 
 at their own follies.” Lord Orford. 
 
 Rakos, Field of. [Rakos Mezo.] 
 See Field of Rakos. 
 
 Raleigh’s House. See Myrtle 
 Grove. 
 
 Ramaseum [or Memnonium]. An 
 ancient Egyptian palace and tem- 
 ple at Thebes, the residence of 
 Rhamses the Great. It is now a 
 wreck, but the ruins indicate 
 that it was of immense size. 
 Within the palace are the re- 
 mains of the statue of Rhamses, 
 the largest found in Egypt. The 
 walls are covered with wonderful 
 sculptures, illustrating the adven- 
 tures and victories of the great 
 king, and his offerings to the 
 gods. [Written also Bhamession.] 
 4@" “ The Rhamession was built 
 
 wholly by the great Rhamses, in the 
 fifteenth century B.C. ; . . . and it may 
 be considered as a typical example of 
 what an Egyptian temple of this age 
 was intended to have been. Its la$ade 
 is formed by two great pylons, or pyr- 
 amidal masses of masonry, which, like 
 the two western towers of a Gothic 
 cathedral, are the most imposing part 
 of the structure externally. . . . They 
 [the palace-temples] do not seem to 
 have been appropriated to the worship 
 of any particular god, but rather for 
 the great ceremonials of royalty, of 
 kingly sacrifice to the gods for the peo- 
 ple, and of worship of the king him- 
 self by the people.” Fergusson. 
 
 And thou hast walked about — how 
 strange a story ! 
 
 In Thebes’s streets, three thousand years 
 ago; 
 
 When the Memnonium was in all its glory, 
 And time had not begun to overthrow 
 Those temples, palaces, and piles stupen- 
 dous, 
 
 Of which the very ruins are tremendous. 
 
 Horace Smith. 
 
 Rambla. A beautiful promenade 
 in Barcelona, Spain. The name 
 is derived from the Arabic, and 
 signifies a river-bed, which in 
 Spain, being often dry in summer, 
 is used as a road. It is the cen- 
 tre of fashion and amusement. 
 
 Ramble, The. A lovely region in 
 Central Park, in the city of New 
 York, with labyrinthinefoot-paths 
 winding through acres of woody 
 hills, bordered by a lake. 
 
 Rambouillet. See Hotel de Ram- 
 bouillet. 
 
 Raineses III., Tomb of. See Harp- 
 ers’ Tomb. 
 
 Ranelagh Gardens. A place of 
 amusement in London, no longer 
 in existence, but very popular 
 from its opening in 1742 till the 
 beginning of the present century. 
 Ranelagh, spoken of by Smollett 
 as being like the “ enchanted pal- 
 ace of genii,” was a sort of rival 
 to Vauxhall. 
 
 46i" “ The prince, princess, duke, 
 much nobility, and much mob besides, 
 were there.” Walpole ( in 1742). 
 
 4^ “ Ranelagh has totally beat 
 Vauxhall. Nobody goes anywhere 
 else — everybody goes there.” 
 
 Walpole ( in 1744). 
 
 4^* “ Ranelagh was a very pleasing 
 
HAP 
 
 412 
 
 RAT 
 
 place of amusement. There persons 
 of inferior rank mingled with the high- 
 est nobility of Britain.” 
 
 Samuel Rogers. 
 
 Accordingly, Mr. Stryver inaugurated 
 the Long Vacation with a formal proposal 
 to take Miss Manette to Vauxhall Gar- 
 dens; that failing, to Ranelagh ; that un- 
 accountably failing too, it behooved him to 
 present himself in Soho, and there declare 
 liis noble mind. Dickens. 
 
 Vauxhall and Ranelagh ! I then had heard 
 Of your green groves, and wilderness of 
 lamps 
 
 Dimming the stars, and fireworks magical, 
 And gorgeous ladies, under splendid 
 domes, 
 
 Floating in dance, or warbling high in air 
 The song of spirits. Wordsworth. 
 
 Rape of Europa. A picture by 
 Paul Veronese (15302-1588). In 
 the Doge’s Palace, Venice. 
 
 Rape of Ganymede. 1. The mas- 
 terpiece of the Athenian sculptor 
 Leochares (fl. 372-338 B.C.) Cop- 
 ies in marble of the bronze origi- 
 nal abound. One, and perhaps 
 the best existing, is in the Museo 
 Pio-Clementino, of the Vatican, 
 Rome. There is another copy in 
 the Library of St. Mark’s, Ven- 
 ice. 
 
 2. A well-known picture by 
 Rembrandt van Ryn (1606-1689), 
 the Dutch painter. Now in the 
 Dresden Gallery. 
 
 Rape of Proserpine. A picture by 
 Francesco Primaticcio (1490-1570), 
 the pupil of Raphael. Now in 
 the Stafford House Gallery. 
 
 Rape of Proserpine. A picture, 
 “ with a rich, fantastically lighted 
 landscape,” by Niccolo dell’ Ab- 
 bate, called also Niccolo da Mo- 
 dena (1512-1571). In the gallery 
 of Stafford House. 
 
 Rape of Proserpine. A picture by 
 Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). 
 Now at Blenheim, England. 
 
 Rape of the Sabines. A celebrated 
 group in marble by Giovanni da 
 Bologna (1524-1608), and regard- 
 ed as his masterpiece. In the 
 Loggia de’ Lanzi, Florence, Italy. 
 
 “John of Bologna, after he 
 had finished a group of a young man, 
 holding up a young woman in his arms, 
 with an old man at his feet, called his 
 friends together to tell him what name 
 
 he should give it, and it was agreed to 
 call it the Rape of the Sabines.” 
 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds. 
 
 Raphael and his Fencing Master. 
 A picture in the Louvre, Paris, 
 by some attributed to Pontormo. 
 
 Raphael and Michael Angelo. A 
 noted picture by Horace Vernet 
 (1789-1863), the French painter. 
 
 jgST' “ As clever a picture as can he, 
 — clever is just the word, — the groups 
 and drawing excellent, the coloring 
 pleasantly bright and gaudy; and the 
 French students study it incessantly : 
 there are a dozen who copy it for one 
 who copies Delacroix.” Thackeray . 
 
 Raphael Sanzio. A celebrated 
 portrait of himself by the paint- 
 er. In the collection of auto- 
 graph portraits in the Uffizi Gal- 
 lery, Florence, Italy. There is 
 another in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Raphael, Stanze of. See Stanze 
 of Raphael. 
 
 Raphael’s Cartoons. See Cak- 
 toons of Raphael. 
 
 Raphael’s Loggia. See Loggia of 
 Raphael. 
 
 Raphael’s House. [Ital. Casa da 
 Raffaello .] A well-known house 
 in Florence, Italy, in which Ra- 
 phael was born and lived. 
 
 Ras-et-Teen, Palace of. This pal- 
 ace, built by Mohammed Ali, is 
 situated at the western end of 
 the peninsula of the same name, 
 near Alexandria, Egypt. 
 
 Ratcliffe Highway. A famous 
 London thoroughfare, now called 
 St. George’s Street, noted from 
 its association in former times 
 with murders and robberies. 
 
 4®= “ Many can remember the ter- 
 ror which was on every face, the care- 
 ful barring of doors, the providing of 
 blunderbusses and watchmen’s rattles.” 
 Macaulay. 
 
 4^ “ Look at a marine-store deal- 
 er’s, in that reservoir of dirt, drunken- 
 ness, and drabs : thieves, oysters, baked 
 potatoes, and pickled salmon, — Rat- 
 cliff Highway.” Dickens. 
 
 Rattler, The. The first naval ves- 
 sel propelled by a screw. She 
 was built by the English Admi- 
 
RAY 
 
 413 
 
 REG 
 
 ralty, and launched at Sheerness 
 in 1843. 
 
 Ravenseraig Castle. A ruined 
 fortress near Kirkcaldy, in Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Moor, moor the barge, ye gallant crew, 
 And, gentle lady, deign to stay ! 
 
 Rest thee in Castle Ravensheugh, 
 
 Mor tempt the stormy Firth to-day. 
 
 Old Ballad of Rosabelle. 
 Yon’s Ravenseraig, wi’ riven ha’, 
 
 A thousand winters shook its wa 1 — 
 
 Tired Time let scythe an’ san’-glass fa’, 
 To breathe awhile at Cgie. 
 
 William Thom. 
 
 Reading Magdalen. See Magda- 
 
 LEX. 
 
 Reale, Villa. See Villa Re ale. 
 
 Rebecca. A picture by Horace 
 Vernet (1789-1863), the French 
 painter. 
 
 JK IP* “ His [Vernet’s] ‘ Rebecca ’ is 
 most pleasing; and not the less so for 
 a little pretty affectation of attitude 
 and needless singularity of costume.” 
 Thackei'ay . 
 
 Red Bull. An old London theatre 
 referred to by Knight as being in 
 1583 one of the chief London the- 
 atres. 
 
 J&g* “ I have seen the Red Bull play- 
 house, which was a large one, so full, 
 that as many went back for want of 
 room as had entered; and, as meanly 
 as you now think of these drolls, they 
 were then acted by the best comedi- 
 ans.” Kirkman , 1672. 
 
 Red Convent. An ancient monas- 
 tery of Coptic Christians in Upper 
 Egypt. 
 
 Red Deer of Chillingham. A pic- 
 ture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803- 
 1873), the most celebrated modern 
 painter of animals. 
 
 Red Horse. See Vale of the 
 Red Horse. 
 
 Redentore, II. [The Redeemer.] 
 A grand and noted church of the 
 sixteenth century in Venice, 
 Italy. 
 
 Redwood Library. A Doric build- 
 ing in Newport, R.I., erected in 
 1750, containing a small but 
 choice collection of books, with 
 some works of art. Some of the 
 volumes in this library were pre- I 
 
 sented by the King of England, 
 and others by Bishop Berkeley. 
 
 Reform Club. 1. A fine building in 
 Pall Mall, London, is owned and 
 occupied by the Reform Club, 
 which was founded by Liberal 
 members of the British Parlia- 
 ment, about the time the Reform 
 Bill was passed, 1830-32. The 
 club is composed of 1,000 mem- 
 bers, not including those belong- 
 ing to Parli?.ment. 
 
 J 0®=* “ Let all strangers who come to 
 London for business, or pleasure, or 
 curiosity, or for whatever cause, not 
 fail to visit the Reform Club. In an 
 age of utilitarianism, and of the search 
 for the comfortable, like ours, there is 
 more to be learned here than in the 
 ruins of the Coliseum, of the Parthe- 
 non, or of Memphis.” 
 
 Viscountess de Malleville. 
 
 No Carlton Clubs, Reform Clubs . nor 
 any sort of clubs or creatures or of ac- 
 credited opinions or practices, can make a 
 Lie Truth, can make Bribery a Propriety 
 Carlyle. 
 
 2. A marble club-house in 
 Philadelphia, Penn. 
 
 Reformation, The. A well-known 
 picture by Wilhelm Kaulbach 
 (1805-1874), the eminent German 
 painter. [Called also the Epoch 
 of the Reformation .] 
 
 Reformation, Oak of. See Oak of 
 Reformation. 
 
 Regalia. A general term, usually 
 applied to a valuable collection 
 of jewels and plate kept in the 
 Tower, London. That portion of 
 the Tower where the regalia is 
 now kept is called the Wakefield 
 Tower. A desperate but unsuc- 
 cessful attempt was made in the 
 reign of Charles II., by the ruf- 
 fian Blood, to carry off the crown 
 jewels. Blo<^l, though captured, 
 contrived by his great audacity 
 to secure his own release, and 
 even frightened the king into 
 granting him a pension of £500 a 
 year. 
 
 Regent Diamond. See Pitt Dia- 
 mond. 
 
 Regent Street. A street in Lon- 
 don, nearly a mile in length, de- 
 signed by John Nash in 1813, and 
 
REG 
 
 414 
 
 REP 
 
 named from his patron the Prince 
 Regent. The street trends north- 
 west by a Quadrant , giving a 
 very ornamental appearance by 
 its elegant shop-fronts. 
 
 Regent Street has appeared to 
 me the greatest and most oppressive 
 solitude in the world. . . . Here, it is 
 wealth beyond competition, exclusive- 
 ness and indifference perfectly unap- 
 proachable.” JST. P. Willis. 
 
 The gay old boys are paunchy old men 
 in the disguise of young ones, who fre- 
 quent tee Quadrant and Regent Street m 
 the daytime. Dickens. 
 
 King Arthur’s self 
 
 Was commonplace to Lady Guenever: 
 And Camelot to minstrels seemed as flat, 
 As Regent Street to poets. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Regents, The. A picture by Fer- 
 dinand Bol (1(111-1680), the Dutch 
 painter, and considered his best 
 work. It is in the “ Leprosen- 
 huys ” at Amsterdam, Holland. 
 
 Regent’s Park. An extensive 
 common or pleasure-ground in 
 London, comprising 472 acres. 
 It contains within its boundaries 
 several handsome private resi- 
 dences. 
 
 E&t'" Regent’s Park is larger than 
 the Jardin des Plantes and the Luxem- 
 bourg put together.” Taine . ’, Trans. 
 
 He only left Bombay yesterday morn- 
 ing, was seen in the Red Sea on Tuesday, 
 is engaged to dinner this afternoon in the 
 Regent s Park , and (as it is about two 
 minutes since I saw him in the court-yard) 
 I make no doubt he is by this time at Al- 
 exandria or .Malta. 1'hackeray. 
 
 Regicides’ Cave. A cavern in a 
 rock near New Haven, Conn., 
 where the “ regicides ” Edward 
 Whalley and William Goffe, two 
 of the judges who had con- 
 demned Charles I. to death, and 
 afterwards on the restoration of 
 the Stuarts had escaped from 
 England, were seCteted and lived 
 for some time. 
 
 Reichenberg Castle. An inter- 
 esting ruined castle overlooking 
 the Rhine, near Goarshausen. It 
 was built in 1284. 
 
 Reiehsveste. An ancient imperial 
 castle at Nuremberg, Germany. 
 
 Relay House. The name formerly 
 given to what is now called 
 
 Washington Junction, a station 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road, nine miles from Baltimore, 
 Md. It was noted in the Civil 
 War as the spot seized by Gen. 
 Butler, and from which he pushed 
 on with the Massachusetts and 
 New York troops to the occupa- 
 tion of Baltimore on the night of 
 May 13, 1861. 
 
 Religion and Philosophy. A not- 
 ed picture by Taddeo Gaddi 
 (1300-1352?). In the church of 
 Sta. Maria Novella, Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Reliquary of St. Ursula. A cele- 
 brated shrine in the chapel of St. 
 John’s Hospital at Bruges, about 
 four feet in length, the whole ex- 
 terior of which is covered with 
 miniature designs in oil by Hans 
 Memling (d. 1465), the Flemish 
 painter, representing scenes in 
 the life of St. Ursula. These lit- 
 tle pictures are described as 
 among the best productions of 
 the Flemish school. 
 
 Reliques, Grandes. See Grandes 
 Reliques. 
 
 Rendezvous de Chasse. A pic- 
 ture by Adrian van de Velde 
 (1639-1672), the Dutch painter. In 
 the possession of Mr. Baring, 
 London. 
 
 Repentance Tower. A monu- 
 ment near Ecelefechan, Scotland, 
 which has a singular history. Ac- 
 cording to the account in the 
 “ Minstrelsy of the Scottish Bor- 
 der,” it was built by a certain 
 Lord Herries as an act of pen- 
 ance for having on a voyage from 
 England thrown overboard a 
 number of prisoners. It bears 
 the inscription “Repentance” 
 over the door, with a serpent on 
 one side and a dove on the other. 
 
 Repentant Eve. A work of sculp- 
 ture by Edward S. Bartholomew 
 (b. 1822). In possession of Joseph 
 Harrison, Philadelphia. 
 
 Reply to Hayne. See Webster’s 
 Reply to Hayne. 
 
 Repose in Egypt. A very com- 
 mon and most pleasing subject of 
 
REP 
 
 416 
 
 RES 
 
 representation by the mediaeval 
 painters, exhibiting the Holy 
 Family as resting on their jour- 
 ney, or at the close of their jour- 
 ney, and seated in a landscape. 
 Of numerous compositions upon 
 this subject, greatly varying in 
 details, the following may be 
 named as among the more impor- 
 tant and better known. 
 
 Repose in Egypt. A picture by 
 Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641). 
 In the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Repose in Egypt. A beautiful 
 picture by Sir Anthony A r an Dyck 
 (1599-1641), often copied and en- 
 graved. Now in the Grosvenor 
 Gallery. 
 
 Repose i n Egyp t . A well-known 
 picture by Correggio. See Ma- 
 donna DELLA SCODELLA. 
 
 Repose in Egypt. A picture by 
 Domenico Zampieri, called Do- 
 menichino (1581-1641). In the 
 Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Repose in Egypt. A picture by 
 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), rep- 
 resenting the Virgin “ kneeling 
 and holding the Child in her 
 arms; St. John also kneels, and 
 presents fruits; Joseph leading 
 an ass by the bridle is in the act 
 of raising St. John.” This picture 
 is now in the Imperial Gallery in 
 Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Repose in Egypt. A picture by 
 Antonio Allegri, surnamed Cor- 
 reggio (1494-1534). In the gallery 
 at Parma, Italy. Called also 
 La Zingarella (the Gypsy), q.v. 
 
 Repose in Egypt. A picture by 
 Lucas Cranach (1472-1553), a Ger- 
 man painter. It is now in the 
 Sciarra Colonna palace at Rome. 
 
 “ In a singular and charming Ri- 
 poso by Lucas Cranach, the Virgin and 
 Child are seated under a tree; to the 
 left of the group is a fountain, where a 
 number of little angels appear to be 
 washing linen ; to the right Joseph ap- 
 proaches, leading the ass, and in the 
 act of reverently removing his cap.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Representation of Human Xiife. 
 A noted picture by Jan Steen 
 (1636-1689), the Dutch genre- paint- 
 er. In the Museum of the Hague. 
 
 Rescue, The. A group of statua- 
 
 ry by Horatio Greenough (1805- 
 1852), “ intended to illustrate the 
 struggle between the Anglo-Sax- 
 on races and the aborigines.” 
 At the Capitol, Washington. 
 
 Rescue, The. An American ex- 
 ploring ship in the expedition of 
 De Haven and Kane to the Arc- 
 tic regions in 1850-51. 
 
 Research, The. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 Aug. 15, 1863. 
 
 Resignation of Washington at 
 Annapolis. A large picture by 
 John Trumbull (1756-1843), exe- 
 cuted under commission from 
 Congress, for the Rotunda of the 
 Capitol at Washington. It is 
 well known by engravings. 
 
 Resistance, The. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy. She was 
 launched April 11, 1861. 
 
 Resolute, The. An Arctic explor- 
 ing ship which sailed from Eng- 
 land, April 15, 1852, in Sir Ed- 
 ward Belcher’s expedition. On 
 the 25th of August in the same 
 year she was abandoned in the 
 ice. On the 10th of September, 
 1855, she was found drifting on 
 the high seas by Capt. Budding- 
 ton of the American whaling ship 
 George Henry. All claim to the 
 Resolute having been relin- 
 quished by the British govern- 
 ment, the vessel was purchased 
 by Congress for the sum of $40,- 
 000, and sent to Queen Victoria, 
 as a present, and was formally 
 presented to her by Capt. Hart- 
 stein of the United States navy, 
 Dec. 16, 1856. 
 
 Resurrection, The. A noted fres- 
 co by Giotto di Bondone (1276- 
 1336). In the Arena Chapel, 
 Padua, Italy. 
 
 Resurrection, The. A fresco 
 painting by Luca Signorelli (da 
 Cortona) (1439-1521). In the Ca- 
 thedral of Orvieto, Italy. 
 
 Resurrection, The. A picture by 
 Francesco Albani (1578-1660). In 
 the S. Maria de Galeria, Bologna, 
 Italy. 
 
RET 
 
 416 
 
 RIC 
 
 Retable de Poissy. An altar-piece, 
 now in the Louvre, Paris, which 
 represents in the centre scenes in 
 the Passion of the Saviour, and 
 on the sides events which took 
 place in the lives of St. John the 
 Evangelist and St. John the Bap- 
 tist. Jean de France, Due de 
 Berry, brother of Charles VI., 
 and his wife, gave it to the church 
 of Poissy. 
 
 Return from the Plight into 
 Egypt. A picture by Peter Paul 
 Rubens (1577-1640). Now at Blen- 
 heim, England. 
 
 Revelation, Book of. See Book 
 of Revelation. 
 
 Rex Tibicen. A picture by Jean 
 Leon Gerome (b. 1824), the French 
 painter. 
 
 Rheinfels. [The Rock of the 
 Rhine.] This fortress is consid- 
 ered one of the most beautiful 
 ruins on the banks of the Rhine. 
 It was founded in 1245, and be- 
 longed alternately to the Hessians 
 and the French, until in 1794 it 
 fell into the hands of the French 
 revolutionary army, and three 
 years later it was blown up. It 
 now belongs to the Emperor of 
 Germany. It is the most exten- 
 sive ruin on the Rhine, and was 
 originally built partly as a strong- 
 hold where toll could be collected 
 upon merchandise passing on the 
 Rhine. An increase in the duties 
 levied led to an unsuccessful siege 
 of the castle for 15 months by the 
 neighboring burghers. From this 
 and other circumstances origi- 
 nated the union of 60 German 
 andRhenish cities, which resulted 
 in the breaking-up of this and 
 many other robber strongholds 
 upon the Rhine. 
 
 Rheinstein. [The Stone of the 
 Rhine.] A conspicuous castle on 
 the Rhine. The original castle 
 was of great antiquity. It was re- 
 built by Frederic of Prussia in 
 1825-29, and a chapel has since 
 been added. 
 
 Rhodian Colossus. See Colossus 
 of Rhodes. 
 
 Rhymer’s Glen. A locality near 
 Abbotsford in Scotland, so named 
 because of legendary traditions 
 connected with Thomas of Ercil- 
 doune (Thomas the Rhymer). 
 
 Rialto, The. [Ital. Ponte di Rial- 
 to .] A famous bridge over the 
 Grand Canal in Venice, deriving 
 its name from the quarter of the 
 city in which it is situated. This 
 section — so called from Rivo-alto 
 — is one of the islands upon 
 which Venice is built, and gave 
 its name first to the Exchange 
 which was built upon it, and later 
 to the bridge by which it was 
 reached. The Rialto was long 
 the centre of trade and commer- 
 cial life in the city. The bridge, 
 which has shops upon it, was be- 
 gun in 1588. 
 
 4®=* “ The Venice of modern fiction 
 and drama is a thing of yesterday, a 
 mere efflorescence of decay, a stage- 
 drama, which the first ray of daylight 
 must dissipate into dust. No great 
 merchant of Venice ever saw that Ri- 
 alto under which the traveller now 
 pauses with breathless interest.” 
 
 Ruskin. 
 
 Shy. Signior x\ntonio, many a time and 
 oft, 
 
 In the Rialto, you have rated me 
 About my moneys, and my usances : 
 
 Still have I borne it with a patient shrug; 
 For suffrance is the badge of all our tribe. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 [This allusion is probably to the Ex- 
 change, though it might be taken to refer 
 to the island, but hardly to the bridge.] 
 Ours is a trophy which will not decay 
 With the Rialto ; Shylock and the Moor, 
 And Pierre, cannot be swept or worn away. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Soprano, basso, even the contra-alto 
 Wished him five fathom under the Rialto. 
 
 Byron , 
 
 Shylock still darkens the Rialto with 
 his frown; the lordly form of Othello yet 
 stalks across the piazza of St. Mark’s, 
 and everv veil that flutters in the breeze 
 shrouds the roguish black eyes of Jes ica. 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 The soul’s Rialto hath its merchandise: 
 
 I barter curl for curl upon that mart. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Pisa’s patron saint hath hallowed to him- 
 self the joyful day. 
 
 Never on the thronged Rialto showed the 
 Carnival more gay. T W. Parsons. 
 
 Riccardi Palace. [Ital. Palazzo 
 Riccardi.] A celebrated palace 
 in Florence, erected in the iif- 
 
me 
 
 417 
 
 RIP 
 
 fceenth century. The chapel con- 
 tains some fine frescos. 
 
 4®= “ The Riccardi Palace is at the 
 corner of the Via Larga. It was built 
 by the first Cosmo di Medici, the old 
 banker, more than four centuries ago. 
 ... It looks fit to be still the home of 
 a princely race, being nowise dilapi- 
 dated nor decayed externally, nor like- 
 ly to be so. . . . This mansion gives 
 the visitor a stately notion of the life of 
 a commercial man in the days when 
 merchants were princes. ... It must 
 have been, in some sense, a great man 
 who thought of founding a homestead 
 like this, and was capable of filling it 
 with his personality, as the hand fills 
 a glove.” Hawthorne. 
 
 Richelieu, Rue. A well-known 
 street in Paris. In this street is 
 the house where Moliere died. 
 
 Those two splendidly dressed ladies are 
 milliners from the Rue Richelieu , who 
 have just brought over, and disposed of, 
 their cargo of summer fashions. 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Riches. A picture by Hans Hol- 
 bein the Younger (1498 ?-1543), well 
 known by engravings. The origi- 
 nal perished at Whitehall in 1098. 
 There is a drawing of this picture 
 in the British Museum. See Tri- 
 umph of Riches. 
 
 Richmond, The. A noted vessel 
 of the United States navy, one 
 of the vessels of Commodore Far- 
 ragut’s flotilla, which ran the 
 gauntlet of the forts of Mississip- 
 pi on the 24th April, 1852, and led 
 to the taking of New Orleans. 
 
 Richmond, Fort. See Fort Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Richmond Palace. An ancient 
 and celebrated royal residence at 
 Richmond, on the Thames, ten 
 miles from London. The palace, 
 of which only the ruins are now 
 standing, was also called Shene 
 (shining), from its beautiful situa- 
 tion. 
 
 Richmond Park. An ancient and 
 famous park or pleasure-ground 
 of the royal manor of Richmond, 
 about nine miles from London, 
 overlooking the Thames, and 
 comprising fine forest scenery. 
 It is eight miles in circumference, 
 and is the most beautiful of the 
 
 royal parks in the vicinity of the 
 metropolis. It is a favorite re- 
 sort of Londoners. 
 
 Rideau Hall. The official resi- 
 dence of the.Governor-General of 
 Canada, in New Edinburgh, On- 
 tario. 
 
 Riegersburg. A remarkable me- 
 diaeval stronghold, now fallen 
 into ruin, on an eminence near 
 Feldbaeh, in Southern Austria. 
 
 Rienzi’s House. A noted build- 
 ing in Rome, built of brick, and 
 thought to have been the house 
 in which “The Last of the Tri- 
 bunes” may have lived. It has 
 been called also, without appar- 
 ent reason, the House of Pilate. 
 
 4®" “ By what inexplicable absurd- 
 ity it has obtained the name of the 
 House of Pilate, it is impossible to con- 
 ceive, unless, from the cruel and iniqui- 
 tous judgments that disgraced the con- 
 clusion of Rienzi’s reign, he may 
 himself have acquired that nickname 
 among the people of Rome.” 
 
 G. A. Eaton. 
 
 Riesenburg. A remarkable nat- 
 ural curiosity, — a sort of cave 
 with the top taken off, — near 
 Streitberg, in the region known 
 as the Franconian Switzerland. 
 
 Rigi, Spectre of the. See Spec- 
 tre of the Rigi. 
 
 Rimini. See Francesca da Ri- 
 mini. 
 
 Ring of Brogarth. A remarkable 
 monument of antiquity at Sten- 
 niss, in the Orkneys, consisting 
 of a great circle of erect and 
 prostrate stones, of unknown 
 origin and use. Allusion is made 
 to one of them in Scott’s novel of 
 “ The Pirate.” 
 
 Rinuccini Palace. [Palazzo Ri- 
 nuccini.] A palace in Florence, 
 Italy, built in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury by Luigi Cardi Cigoli. It 
 contains some fine pictures. 
 
 Ripetta, Via. See Via Ripetta. 
 
 Riposo, II. [The Repose (in 
 Egypt).] See Repose in Egypt. 
 
 4®=“ “ The subject generally styled 
 a Riposo is one of the most graceful 
 and most attractive in the whole range 
 of Christian art.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
RIP 
 
 418 
 
 ROC 
 
 But for the occasion and the appella- 
 tion, it would be quite impossible to dis- 
 tinguish the Loves that sport round 
 Venus and Adonis, from the Cherubim, 
 so called, that hover above a Nativity or 
 a Riposo ; and the little angels, in his 
 [Aibano’s] Crucifixion, cry so like naughty 
 little boys, that one longs to put them in 
 a corner. Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Ripresa dei Barberi. The end of 
 the Corso, Rome, and the place 
 where, in the races of the carni- 
 val, the horses are stopped by a 
 piece of cloth suspended across 
 the street. It derives its name 
 from the Barbary horses which 
 were the original racers. 
 
 Rising. See Castle Rising. 
 
 Rittenhouse Square. A public 
 park in Philadelphia, Penn., sur- 
 rounded by handsome mansions. 
 
 Riva dei Schiavoni. A street or 
 promenade in Venice, Italy, fa- 
 cing the harbor. 
 
 ’Twas so 
 
 When I came here. The galley floats 
 within 
 
 A bow-shot of the "Riva di Schiavoni.” 
 Byron. 
 
 Riviera. [Bank or shore.] A name 
 of general application, but fre- 
 quently given in particular to the 
 Mediterranean coast in the neigh- 
 borhood of Genoa, Italy. 
 
 Riviera di Chiaia. See Chiaja. 
 
 Rivoli, Rue de. One of the finest 
 streets in Paris. Napoleon I. be- 
 gan the Rue de Rivoli. 
 
 This ostentatious architecture, which 
 arrived in Judea by cargoes, these hun- 
 dreds of columns all of the same diameter, 
 the ornament of .some insipid Rue de Ri- 
 voli, such is Avhat he called ‘ k the kingdoms 
 of the Avorld and all their glory.** 
 
 Renan. 
 
 In our black, orderless, zigzag streets, 
 we can show nothing to compare with 
 the magnificent array of the Rue de Ri- 
 voli. Thackeray . 
 
 Roaring Meg. A celebrated piece 
 of ordnance preserved in London- 
 derry, Ireland. It was presented 
 to the city by the Fishmongers’ 
 Company of London. 
 
 4SP* “ In the yard of the court-house 
 is the far-famed ‘ Roaring Meg,’ so 
 called from the loudness of her voice, 
 which is said hourly to have cheered 
 the hearts of the besieged, and ap- 
 palled those of the besiegers.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 Rob Roy’s Cave. A cavern in a 
 rock near Inversnaid, Scotland, 
 sometimes called also Bruce’s 
 cave, because Bruce lay hid there 
 for a night. 
 
 Robin Hood Society. A debat- 
 ing club which met, in the time 
 of George II., in Essex Street, 
 Strand, London. Here was heard 
 some of Burke’s earliest elo- 
 quence. Goldsmith was an occa- 
 sional visitor. 
 
 Bobuste, La. An ancient piece of 
 ordnance captured at San Juan 
 d’Ulloa, now preserved as a tro- 
 phy in the United States Navy- 
 yard, Brooklyn, N.Y. 
 
 Rocco, San. See San Rocco. 
 
 Roch, St. See St. Roch. 
 
 Roche. See Castle Roche. 
 
 Roche Guyon, La. A large and 
 imposing chateau on the banks 
 of the Seine, in France, near Bon- 
 nieres. It dates from the twelfth 
 century, and is the property of 
 the Rochefoucauld family. 
 
 Rocher Perce, Le. [The pierced 
 rock.] A natural curiosity near 
 Gaspe, in the Province of Que- 
 bec, Canada. It is a remarkable 
 promontory, rising 280 feet above 
 the water, with an opening or 
 archway through which fishing- 
 smacks can pass. 
 
 Rochester Castle. The venerable 
 fortress in the Medway, at Roch- 
 ester, England, one of the most 
 interesting remains of feudal ar- 
 chitecture in the kingdom. 
 
 Rocio, The. A fine public square 
 in Lisbon, Portugal. 
 
 Rock of Abooseer. An almost 
 perpendicular crag, 200 feet high, 
 on the shore of the Nile, com- 
 manding a fine view of the sec- 
 ond cataract, and of the desert 
 and Arabian hills. 
 
 Jgggr’ “ I doubt whether a more strik- 
 ing scene than this, to English eyes, 
 can be anywhere found. It is thor- 
 oughly African, thoroughly tropical, 
 very beautiful, — most majestic, and 
 most desolate.” Miss Martineau. 
 
ROC 
 
 419 
 
 ROC 
 
 “ This is the ultima Thule of 
 Egyptian travellers.” 
 
 Murray's Handbook* 
 
 Rock of Cashel. A famous hill 
 in Tipperary County, Ireland, 
 surmounted by the most interest- 
 ing and impressive ruins in the 
 island. 
 
 “ The rock, rising above the 
 adjacent country, is seen from a very 
 long distance and from every direction 
 by which it is approached; its summit 
 crowned by the venerable remains 
 that have excited the wonder and ad- 
 miration of ages, and will continue to 
 do for ages yet to come.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 “That noble ruin, an emblem 
 as well as a memorial of Ireland, — at 
 once a temple and a fortress, the seat 
 of religion and nationality; where 
 councils were held; where princes as- 
 sembled; the scene of courts and of 
 synods; and on which it is impossible 
 to look without feeling the heart at 
 once elevated and touched by the no- 
 blest as well as the most solemn recol- 
 lections.” R. L. Shiel. 
 
 Roy;d and saintly Cashel! I would gaze 
 Upon the wreck of thy departed powers, 
 Not in the dewy light of matin hours, 
 
 Nor the meridian pomp of summer’s 
 blaze, 
 
 But at the close of dim autumnal days. 
 
 At such a time, methinks 
 
 There breathes from thy lone courts and 
 voiceless aisles 
 
 A melancholy moral ; such as sinks 
 On the lone traveller’s heart, amid the 
 piles 
 
 Of vast Persepolis on her mountain stand, 
 Or Thebes half-buried in the desert sand. 
 
 Sir Aubrey de Vere. 
 
 Rock of Dunamase. One of the 
 most striking and interesting 
 objects in Ireland, situated in 
 Queen’s County. It is a solitary 
 rock in the midst of a fertile plain, 
 covered from base to top with the 
 ruins of an ancient and powerful 
 fortress. 
 
 4®°* “ Although from its great natu- 
 ral strength the castle would seem im- 
 pregnable, it was several times taken 
 and retaken by the ‘ ferocious Irish,’ 
 and the English invaders.” 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 Rock (and Fortress) of Gibral- 
 tar. A fortification of immense 
 strength, at the southern extrem- 
 ity of Spain, in Andalusia. It 
 belongs to England, and is re- 
 garded as an impregnable strong- 
 hold. Vast sums of money have 
 
 been spent in adding to the nat- 
 ural defences of the situation. 
 Numerous caverns and galleries 
 several miles in length have been 
 cut in the solid rock. The chief 
 defences are upon the western 
 side. 
 
 4®" “ The vast Rock rises on one 
 side with its interminable works of de- 
 fence; and Gibraltar Bay is shining on 
 the other, out on which from the ter- 
 races immense cannon are perpetually 
 looking, surrounded by plantations of 
 cannon-balls and beds of bomb-shells, 
 sufficient, one would think, to blow 
 away the whole Peninsula. ... So 
 we took leave of this famous Rock, — 
 this great blunderbuss, — which we 
 seized out of the hands of the natural 
 owners 140 years ago, and which we 
 have kept ever since tremendously 
 loaded and cleaned and ready for use.” 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Rock of Horeb. A large granite 
 block in the neighborhood of 
 Mount Sinai, in Arabia Petrtea, 
 pointed out as the rock which 
 Moses smote with his rod, and 
 from which water poured forth. 
 There are several seams in the 
 rock, which by the faithful are 
 believed to be the impressions of 
 the rod. 
 
 Rocket, The. A locomotive en- 
 gine produced by the two Ste- 
 phensons, and the first which 
 proved a practical success. In 
 October, 1829, the Rocket gained 
 the prize offered by the directors 
 of the Liverpool and Manchester 
 Railroad, and settled the ques- 
 tion as to the superiority of the 
 locomotive steam-engine as a 
 motive-power. 
 
 Rocks of Fontainebleau. A pic- 
 ture by Rosa Bonheur (b. 1822), 
 the celebrated French painter of 
 animals. 
 
 Rocky Mountains. A picture hv 
 Albert Bierstadt (b. 1829), and 
 considered one of his best works. 
 In possession of Mr. James Mc- 
 Henry. 
 
 jgEgP “ No more genuine and grand 
 American work has been produced 
 than Bierstadt’s Rocky Mountains .” 
 
 Tuckerman. 
 
 4®= “ Bierstadt’s great picture of 
 the Rocky Mountains represents a vast 
 
HOD 
 
 420 
 
 RQS 
 
 plain, over which groups of Indians in | 
 their primitive condition, and their 
 wigwams, are scattered; huge cotton- 
 wood trees, oaks and pines, occupy a 
 portion of the foreground ; beyond 
 flows a river, on the opposite shore of 
 which rise beetling cliffs, and lofty 
 snow-crowned mountains, — the high- 
 est peak Mount Lander. The picture 
 made a great impression.” 
 
 Sarah Tytler. 
 
 Rodenstein. A ruined fortress of 
 the Middle Ages, near Erbach in 
 Germany, famous as being the 
 seat of the legend of the Wild 
 Huntsman. 
 
 Roderberg. An eminence over- 
 looking the Rhine near Mehlem. 
 It is an extinct volcano, with a 
 crater 100 feet in depth. 
 
 Roger de Coverley. See Sir 
 Roger de Coverley going to 
 Church. 
 
 Rokeby. A place on the Hudson, 
 near Rhinebeck, belonging to the 
 Astor family. 
 
 Roland. A famous tocsin-bell in 
 the ancient 13 el fry - tower of 
 Ghent, Belgium. Its tolling 
 called the citizens together to 
 arms or for debate. It bears the 
 following inscription in Dutch: 
 44 Mynen naem is Roelant, als ick 
 clippe dan ist brandt; als ick 
 luyde, dan ist Storm im Vlaen- 
 derlandt.” 
 
 Toll ! Roland , toll ! 
 
 Bell never yet was hung. 
 
 Between whose lips there swung 
 So grand a tongue ! T. Tilton. 
 
 Roland’s Breach. See Brechede 
 Roland. 
 
 Rolandseck Castle. A well- 
 known ruined castle on the Rhine, 
 near Oberwinter. It is associated 
 with a legendary story which 
 Schiller has made the subject of 
 his ballad of 44 The Knight of 
 Toggenburg.” 
 
 Rolls Chapel. A chapel in Lon- 
 don, first erected in the time of 
 Henry III., and rebuilt in 1617 by 
 Inigo Jones. Bishops Atterbury, 
 Butler, and Burnet were preach- 
 ers here. The chapel contains a 
 noble and beautiful tomb by Tor- 
 regiano. 
 
 Roman Forum. See Forum Ro- 
 man ivvi. 
 
 Roman Wall. See Hadrian’s 
 Wall. 
 
 Romans of the Decadence. A 
 well-known picture by Thomas 
 Couture (b. 1815). In the Lux- 
 embourg, Paris. 
 
 Rome. See Siege of Rome under 
 Porsenna. 
 
 Romeo and Juliet. A picture by 
 Wilhelm Kaulbach (1805-1874), 
 the eminent German painter. 
 
 Romer. An ancient and cele- 
 brated building in Frankfort-on- 
 tlie-Main, Germany. It is the 
 guild-hall, or town-house, of the 
 city, and contains the room in 
 which the electors met to choose 
 a new emperor, and that in which 
 he gave his first banquet. The 
 building is thought to have de- 
 rived its name from the Italians, 
 commonly called Romer (Ro- 
 mans), who at the great fairs of 
 the town lodged their goods in it. 
 
 Romerberg, The. A celebrated 
 public square in Frankfort-on-the 
 Main, where formerly the em- 
 perors were crowned. In this 
 square is situated the ancient 
 structure called the Romer or 
 town-house. 
 
 Rondinini Faun. A relic of Greek 
 sculpture formerly in the Ron- 
 dinini Palace at Rome. Now in 
 the British Museum, London. 
 See Barberini Faun, Faun, etc. 
 
 Rondinini Medusa. A celebrated 
 work of ancient sculpture, so 
 named after its former possessors, 
 and now in the Glyptothek at 
 Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Rosamund’s Tower (or Bower). 
 In the park of Blenheim, Eng- 
 land, near the place where the 
 ancient palace of Woodstock was 
 built. It was a concealed laby- 
 rinth built by Henry IT. as a resi- 
 dence for Rosamund, adaughterof 
 Walter de Clifford, that she might 
 escape the observation of his wife 
 Queen Eleanor. It consisted of 
 subterranean vaults of brick and 
 
ros 
 
 421 
 
 nos 
 
 stone. According to Holinshed, 
 “ the Queene found liir [Rosa- 
 mond] out by a silken thridde 
 which the King had drawne after 
 him out of hir chamber with his 
 foote, and dealt with her in such 
 sharpe and cruell wise that she 
 lived not long after.” 
 
 “ Rosamond’s Labyrinth, whose 
 ruins, together with her Well, being 
 paved with square stones in the bot- 
 tom, and also her Bower, from which 
 the Labyrinth did run, are yet remain- 
 ing, being vaults arched and walled 
 with stone and brick, almost inextrica- 
 bly wound within one another, by 
 which, if at any time her lodging were 
 laid about by the Queen, she might eas- 
 ily avoid peril imminent, and, if need 
 be, by secret issues, take the air abroad, 
 many furlongs about Woodstock, in 
 Oxfordshire.” Michael Drayton. 
 
 Yea Rosamondc, fair Rosamonde, 
 
 Her name was called so, 
 
 To whom our queene, dame Ellinor, 
 
 Was known a deadly e foe. 
 
 The king therefore, for her defence 
 Against the furious queene. 
 
 At Woodstocke builded such a bower, 
 The like was never seene. 
 
 Most curiously that bower was built 
 Of stone and timber strong, 
 
 An hundered and fifty doors 
 Did to this bower belong: 
 
 And they so cunninglye contriv’d 
 With turnings round about. 
 
 That none but with a clue of threat 1 . 
 Could enter in or out. Percy's Reliques. 
 
 Roscommon Castle. An ancient 
 fortress in Ireland, and one of 
 the finest in the kingdom. 
 
 Rose, The. A celebrated cask, 
 filled with fine hock, some of it a 
 century and a half old, in the 
 cellars underneath the Rathhaus 
 in Bremen, Germany. A com- 
 panion cask is called the Twelve 
 Apostles. 
 
 This is the Rose of roses : 
 
 The older she grows, the sweeter she blos- 
 soms, 
 
 And her heavenly perfume has made me 
 happy, 
 
 It has inspired me, — has made me tipsy; 
 And were I not held by the shoulder fast 
 Bv the Town-Cellar Master of Bremen, 
 
 I had gone rolling over ! 
 
 Henricli Heine , Trans. 
 
 Rose, The. A famous tavern in 
 Co vent Garden, London, fre- 
 quented, in the seventeenth and 
 eighteenth centuries, by persons 
 from various classes of society. 
 
 It was near the Drury Lane The- 
 atre, and was resorted to by 
 dramatists, poets, courtiers, and 
 persons of doubtful character. 
 
 Some sing Molly Mogg of the Rose , 
 
 And call her the Oakingliam pclle; 
 Whilst others does farces compose, 
 
 On peautiful Mollo Lepellc. 
 
 Welsh ballad. 
 
 Rose, The. An old tavern which 
 was situated in Marylebone, Lon- 
 don, and was formerly much fre- 
 quented. There was a Rose tav- 
 ern in Tower Street before the 
 Great Fire. 
 
 Rose, The. A place of amuse- 
 ment referred to by Knight as 
 being, in 1853, one of the chief 
 London theatres. 
 
 Scenery, dresses, and decorations such 
 as would now be thought mean and ab- 
 surd, but such as would have been 
 thought incredibly magnificent by those 
 who, early in t'ie seventeenth century, 
 sat on the filthy benches of the Hope, or 
 under the thatched roof of the Rose, daz- 
 zled the eyes of the multitude. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Rose, Golden. See Golden Rose. 
 
 Rosemary Lane. A street in Lon- 
 don. 
 
 You must understand that I have been 
 these sixteen y r cars Merry Andrew to a 
 puppet show: last Bartholomew Fair my 
 master and I quarrelled, beat each other 
 and parted; he to sell his puppets to the 
 pincushion-makers in Rosemary Lane, and 
 1 to starve in St. James’s Bark. Goldsmith. 
 
 Rosenborg. [Castle of the Roses.] 
 A royal palace in Copenhagen, 
 Denmark. Llere are kept the re- 
 galia of the Danish kings. 
 
 Roseneath, A beautiful peninsula 
 stretching out into the Clyde, 
 Scotland. The Duke of Argyle 
 has an elegant Italian mansion 
 upon it, also called Roseneath. 
 
 Roses. See Feast of Roses and 
 Miracle of Roses of St. Fran 
 
 CIS. 
 
 Roses of Psestum. The roses of 
 Pnestum (an ancietit city in 
 Southern Italy, now in ruins) 
 were much celebrated by the 
 Latin poets Virgil, Propertius, 
 Ausonius, and others, for their 
 beauty and fragrance. These 
 roses have disappeared, though 
 
 I it is said a few may be found 
 
ROS 
 
 422 
 
 ROS 
 
 flowering in May near the ruins 
 of the temples. The violets of 
 Psestum , lauded by Martial, were 
 nearly as celebrated as its roses. 
 
 4SS" “ I suppose no one who has read 
 his 'Virgil at school crosses the plain 
 between Salerno and P£estum without 
 those words of the Georgies ringing 
 in his ears : biferique rosaria Pcesti. 
 
 . . . The poets of Rome seem to have 
 felt the magic of this phrase; for Ovid 
 has imitated the line in his Meta- 
 morphoses; Martial sings of Pcestane 
 rosce. . . . Even Ausonius, at the very 
 end of Latin literature, draws from the 
 rosaries of Psestum a pretty picture of 
 beauty doomed to a premature decline. 
 
 ‘ Vidi Psestano guadere rosaria cnltu 
 
 Exoriente nova roscida Lucifero.’ 
 
 ( ‘ I have watched the rose-beds that lux- 
 uriate on Passtum’s well-tilled soil, all 
 dewy in the young light of the rising 
 dawn-star.’) 
 
 “ What a place this was, indeed, for 
 a rose-garden, spreading far and wide 
 along the fertile plain, with its deep 
 loam reclaimed from swamps, and irri- 
 gated by the passing of perpetual 
 streams! But where are the roses 
 now? As well ask, oil sont lea neiges 
 c Vantcint ” John A. Symonds. 
 
 Rosetta Gate. The eastern en- 
 trance to a large circuit, near the 
 modern town of Alexandria, 
 Egypt, the walls of which en- 
 close an area about 10,000 feet in 
 length, and from 1,000 to 3,200 
 feet in breadth. This space, till 
 recently uninhabited, is now be- 
 ing settled, and may be regarded 
 as again a part of Alexandria. 
 
 Rosetta Stone. A piece of black 
 basalt, the most valuable exist- 
 ing relic of Egyptian history, in- 
 scribed in hieroglyphics and in 
 Greek. It was found by Bous- 
 sard, a French officer, near Ro- 
 setta, in Egypt, in 1799. It is 
 now in the British Museum, Lon- 
 don. The stone is a trilingual 
 slab or tablet, bearing an inscrip- 
 tion in honor of one of the Ptole- 
 mies, written in Greek, hiero- 
 glyphic, and demotic characters. 
 A comparison of the Greek let- 
 ters with the other characters 
 upon the stone enabled Dr. 
 Young and Champollion to read 
 the whole inscription, thus giv- 
 ing the clew to the deciphering 
 of the ancient sacred writings of 
 
 the Egyptians. The Rosetta 
 Stone is fragmentary. 
 
 Rosewell. A fine old mansion, 
 now deserted, near the York Riv- 
 er, above Yorktown, Va., once 
 the country-seat of Gov. Page, 
 said to be the largest private 
 house in the Old Dominion. Its 
 materials were imported from 
 England, and the cost of its erec- 
 tion ruined the owner. 
 
 Roslin Castle. An ancient ruined 
 castle near Edinburgh, Scotland. 
 It has under it a set of curious 
 excavations, similar to those at 
 Hawthornden. It was the seat 
 of the St. Clair family, Lords of 
 Roslin. 
 
 O’er Roslin, all that dreary night 
 A wondrous blaze was seen lo gleam: 
 ’Twas broader than the watchfirc’s light, 
 And redder than the bright moonbeam. 
 
 It glared on Roslin’s castled rock, 
 
 It ruddied all the copsew'ood glen; 
 
 ’Twas seen from Dcydtn’s groves of oak, 
 And seen from cavcrned Ilawthorndcn. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Roslin Chapel. A beautiful ruin 
 near Edinburgh, Scotland. The 
 chapel was built by William St. 
 Clair in 1446, and was the burial- 
 place of the Barons of Roslin, 
 who were all laid here in their 
 armor, as described by Sir Walter 
 Scott in his poem. It is noted 
 for the profuseness of its decora- 
 tions. 
 
 4®=- “ This little gem of florid archi- 
 tecture is scarcely a ruin, so perfect 
 are its arches and pillars, its fretted 
 cornices and its painted windows.” 
 
 A. P. Willis. 
 
 4^ “ It is the rival of Melrose, but 
 more elaborate : in fact, it is a perfect 
 cataract of architectural vivacity and 
 ingenuity, as defiant of any rules of 
 criticism and art as the leaf-embowered 
 arcades and arches of our American 
 forest cathedrals.” Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 August and hoary, < ’er the sloping dale 
 The Gothic abbey rears its sculptured 
 towers ; 
 
 Dull through the roofs resounds the -whist- 
 ling gale ; 
 
 Dark solitude among the pillars lowers. 
 
 Mickle. 
 
 Rospigliosi Aurora. See Aurora. 
 
 Rospigliosi Palace, fltal. Palazzo 
 Eospicjliosi.] A palace in Rome, 
 built in 1603, chiefly remarkable 
 
ROS 
 
 423 
 
 ROU 
 
 as possessing the celebrated fres- 
 co of Aurora by Guido. 
 
 Ross Castle. An interesting ruin 
 in the county of Kerry, Ireland, 
 situated on a peninsula in the 
 Lower Lake of Ki Harney. It is 
 a tall, square embattled building, 
 with machieolated defences, and 
 is a very conspicuous object in 
 the landscape. It is celebrated 
 for its exquisite views. 
 
 Rossmarkt, The. A public square 
 in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Ger- 
 many. It contains a monument 
 to Guttenberg, the inventor of 
 printing. 
 
 Rosso Palace. See Brignole 
 Sale Palace. 
 
 Rostellan. The seat of the Mar- 
 quis of Thomond, near Cloyne, 
 Ireland. 
 
 Rota, The. A political club in 
 London, founded in 1659, and so 
 called from a project for annually 
 changing by rotation a certain 
 number of members of Parlia- 
 ment. The Rota (or Coffee Club) 
 was a sort of debating club for 
 the spread of republican ideas. 
 Aubrey, who became a member 
 in 1659, says that here Milton and 
 Marvell, Cyriac Skinner, Har- 
 rington (the author of “Oce- 
 ana”), Nevill, and their friends, 
 discussed abstract political ques- 
 tions, and that they had “ a bal- 
 loting box, and balloted how 
 things should be carried, by way 
 of Tentamens. The room was 
 every evening as full as it could 
 be crammed.” The Rota broke 
 up after the Restoration. 
 
 But Sidrophel, as full of tricks 
 As Rota - men of politics. Butler. 
 
 Rotello del Fieo. A famous pic- 
 ture by Leonardo da Yinci (1452- 
 1519), representing a horrid mon- 
 ster, said to have been composed 
 by him after having collected ser- 
 pents, lizards, and other obnox- 
 ious animals, with a view to pro- 
 ducing the most horrid image 
 possible. 
 
 Rotherhithe. A district in Lon- 
 don, the headquarters of sailors. 
 
 Rotten Row. A road in Hyde 
 Park, London, used only by 
 equestrians, and greatly fre- 
 quented by them during the Lon- 
 don season. Its name is said by 
 some to be derived from rotteran , 
 to muster; but others pronounce 
 it a corruption of Route de Roi, 
 King’s Drive. 
 
 But yesterday a nakpd sod. 
 
 The dandies sneered from Rotten Row , 
 And sauntered o'er it to and fro. 
 
 And see 1 tis done ! Thackeray. 
 
 Rotten Row , this half-mile to which the 
 fashion of London confines itself as if the 
 remainder of the bright green Park were 
 forbidden ground, is now fuller than ever. 
 
 A. P. Willis. 
 
 I hope I’m fond of much that’s good, 
 
 As well as much that’s gay : 
 
 I’d like the country if I could, 
 
 I like the Park in May; 
 
 And when I ride in Rotten Row , 
 
 1 wonder why they called it so. 
 
 Frederick Locker . 
 
 Rotto, Ponte. See Ponte Rotto. 
 
 Rotonda, La. See Pantheon. 
 
 Rotunda, The. A circular hall in 
 the centre of the Capitol at Wash- 
 ington. It is 96 feet in diameter, 
 and 180 feet high, and is over- 
 arched by the great dome. The 
 rotunda contains eight large his- 
 torical paintings. 
 
 Rotunda, The. A public enclos- 
 ure and favorite resort in Dub- 
 lin, Ireland. 
 
 Rotzberg Castle. An old fortress 
 in Switzerland, on the shore of 
 the Alpnach lake. It is the sub- 
 ject of legendary song. 
 
 Rouen Cathedral. See Notre 
 Dame [de Rouen]. 
 
 Round Hill School. A famous 
 but short-lived classical school 
 on a beautiful hill near North- 
 ampton, Mass., established in 
 1823 by George Bancroft and J. 
 G. Cogswell. 
 
 4SP* “ They aimed to found a pri- 
 vate school with the character of a 
 great public school, without any public 
 foundation, and to supply its wants 
 from its annual receipts. It was a ro- 
 mantic enterprise, and carried on in a 
 quixotic or poetical spirit ; and it is 
 even remarkable that the school sur- 
 vived its first lustre. There never was 
 before, and probably never will be 
 again, such a school in America, or 
 
ROU 
 
 424 
 
 ROU 
 
 perhaps in the world. It was composed, 
 as to pupils, almost exclusively of the 
 sons of rich men ; and they came from 
 the cities of the North and the South, 
 many being children of men well known 
 in public life, or of historical families. 
 . . . Probably no American college had 
 at the time so large, varied, well-paid, 
 and gifted a faculty as the Round 
 Hill School. It outnumbered Harvard 
 and Yale in the corps of its teachers, 
 and put a complete circle about them 
 in the comprehensiveness of its scheme 
 of education. The first gymnasium in 
 the country was set up in its play- 
 ground, under Dr. Follen, who after- 
 wards planted a similar one in the Delta 
 at Cambridge. The school had a regu- 
 lar professor of manners, a Custos Mo- 
 7‘um, who spent his time with the boys 
 in their play-hours, with special pur- 
 pose to correct ill-speech or violence or 
 ungentlemanliness.” H. W. Bellows. 
 
 About the first of Aupust we wei t to 
 Round Hill and Hanover, but that is all. 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 
 Round Robin. This name is giv- 
 en to a written petition or pro- 
 test, signed by a numbei of per- 
 sons, in a circular form, so that 
 it may not appear who signed it 
 first. Sometimes the names are 
 written around a ring or circle 
 enclosing the memorial or re- 
 monstrance, and sometimes they 
 are appended to it, arranged 
 within a circle of their own, from 
 the centre of which they radiate 
 as the spokes of a wheei do from 
 the nave. It has been said that 
 the officers of the French govern- 
 ment first used the Round Robin 
 as a means of making known 
 their grievances; but this is 
 doubtless a mistake, as the same 
 device seems to have been in use 
 among the ancient Romans, and 
 also among the Greeks, with 
 whom it perhaps originated. The 
 most celebrated Round Robin 
 ever written was addressed to 
 Dr. Johnson by several friends 
 of Oliver Goldsmith, for whose 
 monument in Westminster Ab- 
 bey Johnson had written a Latin 
 inscription. The following is a 
 copy of this famous paper: — 
 
 We, the circumsubscribers, having 
 read with great pleasure an intended 
 epitaph for the monument of Dr. Gold- 
 smith. which, considered abstractedly, 
 appears to be, for elegant composition 
 and masterly Style, in every respect 
 
 worthy of the pen of its learned author, 
 are yet of opinion that the character of 
 the deceased as a writer, particularly 
 as a poet, is, perhaps, not delineated 
 with all the exactness which Dr. John- 
 son is capable of giving it. We, there- 
 fore, with deference to his superior 
 judgment, humbly request that he 
 would at least take the trouble of re- 
 vising it, and of making such additions 
 and alterations as he shall think proper 
 on a further perusal. But, if we might 
 venture to express our wishes, they 
 would lead us to request that he would 
 write the epitaph in English rather 
 than in Latin ; as we think the mem- 
 ory of so eminent an English writer 
 ought to be perpetuated in the language 
 to which his works are likely to be so 
 lasting an ornament, which we also 
 known to have been the opinion of the 
 late doctor himself. 
 
 Jos. Warton. J. Reynolds. 
 
 Edm. Burke. W. Forbes. 
 
 Thos. Franklin. T. Barnard. 
 
 Ant. Chanyier. R. B. Sheridan. 
 Geo. Colman. P. Metcalfe. 
 
 Wm. Vachell. E. Gibbon, 
 
 [These names were signed 
 around a circle enclosing the pe- 
 tition.] 
 
 JgG§=* The term Round Robin is of 
 uncertain derivation. Some say it 
 comes from the French words rond , 
 round, and ruban, a ribbon; but this is 
 mere assertion, and lacks even plausi 
 bility to support it. In some parts of 
 England a pancake is called a Round 
 Robin; and it may, fairly enough, be 
 conjectured that the circular form of 
 petition, which is also so called, was 
 named from its resemblance to a pan- 
 cake. But the question then arises, 
 Why was the pancake so called? This 
 is not easily answered. It may even 
 have happened that the pancake was 
 named from its resemblance to the peti- 
 tion. Robin is an old and familiar form 
 of Robert (Robin Redbreast, by the by, 
 means Robert Redbreast) ; and it would 
 not be strange if some forgotten person 
 of that name, who proposed to his asso- 
 ciates this ingenious method of declar- 
 ing their wishes or sentiments, was the 
 occasion of the designation. Or he 
 may have been the happy inventor of the 
 pancake, and have left no memorial of 
 himself except that useful article of 
 food and its provincial name. There 
 is, however, another conjecture, which, 
 as it has greater probability, deserves 
 to be mentioned. The small pieces of 
 spun-yarn or marline which are used 
 to confine the upper edge of a sail to 
 the yard or gaff, are called rope-bands , 
 — corrupted by sailors to robands, or 
 robbins. Now, a robbin of this sort 
 
ROU 
 
 425 
 
 BOY 
 
 encircling a yard bears an easily rec- 
 ognizable, though rather fanciful, re- 
 semblance to a ring enclosing a petition, 
 or other writing. As Round Robins 
 are frequently made use of by British 
 sailors, it is quite possible that this is 
 the true origin of the name. 
 
 No tound robin signed by the whole 
 main-deck ol the Academy or the Porch. 
 
 JJeQuincey. 
 
 Round Table [of King Arthur], 
 An ancient painted oaken table 
 of a circular form, in the County 
 Hall of Winchester, England. 
 The tradition is, that this table is 
 the same around which King 
 Arthur and his knights used to 
 assemble. This table was ex- 
 hibited in 1522 to the Emperor 
 Charles V. of Germany. It is 
 described as “a circle divided 
 into 25 green and white compart- 
 ments radiating from the centre, 
 which is a large double rose. . . . 
 Resting upon the rose, is a cano- 
 pied niche, in which is painted a 
 royal figure, bearing the orb and 
 sword, and wearing the royal 
 crown.” 
 
 For his own part,” he said, ” and in 
 the land where he was bred, men would as 
 soon take for their mark King Arthur’s 
 Round Table, which held sixty knights 
 around it.” Scott. 
 
 Where Vmta’s Norman castle still up- 
 rears 
 
 Its raftered hall,— 
 
 High hung remains, the pride of warlike 
 years, 
 
 Old Arthur’s board; — on the capacious 
 round 
 
 Some British pen has sketched the names 
 renowned. 
 
 In marks obscure, of his immortal peers. 
 Though joined b} r magic skill with many 
 a rhyme 
 
 The Druid frame, unhonored, falls a prey 
 To the slow vengeance of the wizard 'l ime, 
 And fade the British characters away ; 
 Yet Spenser’s page, that chants inverse 
 sublime 
 
 Those chiefs, shall live, unconscious of de- 
 cay. Thomas Warton. 
 
 Full fifteen years and more were sped. 
 Each brought new wreaths to Arthur’s 
 head. 
 
 And wide were through the world re- 
 nown'd 
 
 The glories of his Table Round. Scott. 
 
 Round Table. See King Ar- 
 thur’s Round Table. 
 
 Round Top. See Little Round 
 Top. 
 
 Round Tower. See Old Stone 
 Mill. 
 
 Rousseau’s House. On the Grand 
 Rue, Geneva, Switzerland. In 
 this house Jean Jacques was born, 
 and spent his early life. 
 
 Rowallan Castle. A feudal man- 
 sion of great antiquity near Kil- 
 marnock, Scotland. 
 
 Roxburgh Castle. An ancient 
 fortress, made a royal palace by 
 David I. in 1124, near Teviot 
 Bridge, over the Tweed, in Scot- 
 land. It is now in ruins. In a 
 churchyard adjoining is the grave 
 of Edie Ochiltree, a character in 
 Scott’s novel of “ The Anti- 
 quary.” His real name was An- 
 drew Gemmel. In the same 
 neighborhood is a monument to 
 the memory of the poet Thom- 
 son, the author of “ The Seasons,” 
 who was born here. 
 
 Roxburgh ! how fallen, since first in Gothic 
 pride, 
 
 Thy lrowning battlements the war defied. 
 
 Leyden. 
 
 Roxburghe Club. This club in 
 London derives its foundation 
 from the sale, in 1812, of the li- 
 brary of John, third Duke of Rox- 
 burghe (died 1804), after whom 
 it is named. It was avowedly in- 
 stituted for the reprinting of rare 
 and old specimens of ancient 
 literature; each member to “re- 
 print a scarce piece of ancient 
 lore, to be given to the members, 
 one copy being on vellum for the 
 chairman, and only as many 
 copies as members.” The Rox- 
 burghe Club gave elaborate din- 
 ners. It is still in existence. 
 
 Royal Academy. A Society of 
 Artists in London, organized in 
 1768, of which Sir Joshua Rey- 
 nolds was the first president. 
 The Academy occupied rooms for 
 a time in Somerset House, but in 
 1838 removed to the National 
 Gallery. 
 
 Royal Academy of Music. An 
 
 academy in London, for teaching 
 all branches of music, founded in 
 1822 by the late Earl of Westmore- 
 land. 
 
 Royal Adelaide. A British steam- 
 er wrecked off Margate, March 
 30, 1850, with a loss of 200 lives. 
 
ROY 
 
 426 
 
 ROY 
 
 Royal Alfred. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 Oct. 15, 1864. 
 
 Royal Charter. A British steam- 
 er, bound from Australia to Liv- 
 erpool, wrecked on the English 
 coast, Oct. 25, 1859, with a loss of 
 459 lives and nearly $4,000,000 
 worth of gold. A good part of 
 the latter was recovered. 
 
 Royal Exchange. A building 
 erected for the use of merchants 
 and bankers in London, opened 
 by Queen Victoria in 1844. The 
 hour of ’Change — the busy pe- 
 riod — is from 3^ to 4^ p.m. Tues- 
 day and Friday are the principal 
 days on ’Change. Lloyd’s is sit- 
 uated in the Royal Exchange. 
 Sir Thomas Gresham (sixteenth 
 century) built the first Royal Ex- 
 change, which was destroyed in 
 the Great Fire of 1666. It was 
 rebuilt, and again burnt in 1838. 
 
 Proclaim through every high street of the 
 city, 
 
 This place be no longer called a Burse; 
 But since the building’s stately, fair, and 
 strange. 
 
 Be it forever called — the Royal Exchange. 
 
 Ileywood. 
 
 Observe the humors of th’ Exchange , 
 That universal mart. Tom Brown. 
 
 Royal George. One of the finest 
 ships in the British navy, com- 
 manded by Admiral Kempen- 
 feldt. Requiring repairs near the 
 keel, she was careened at Ports- 
 mouth ; but, being turned over too 
 much, she filled and went down 
 with all on board. Nearly 900 
 lives were lost. 
 
 4®=- “ The Royal George, of 108 
 guns, whilst undergoing a partial ca- 
 reening in Portsmouth Harbor, was 
 overset about 10, a.m. Aug. 29, 1782. 
 The total loss was believed to be near 
 1,000 souls.” Palgrave . 
 
 Toll for the brave ! the brave that are no 
 more ! 
 
 All sunk beneath the wave, fast by their 
 native shore ! 
 
 Eight hundred of the brave, whose cour- 
 age well was tried. 
 
 Had made the vessel heel, and laid her on 
 her side. 
 
 A land-breeze shook the shrouds, and she 
 was overset ; 
 
 Down went the Royal George , with all 
 her crew complete ! 
 
 Weigh the vessel up, once dreaded by our 
 
 foes, 
 
 And mingle with our cup the tear that 
 England owes ! 
 
 Her timbers yet are sound, and she may 
 float again. 
 
 Full charged with England’s thunder, and 
 plough the distant main. 
 
 But Kempenfeldt is gone, his victories are 
 o’er; 
 
 And he and his eight hundred shall plough 
 the waves no more. Cowper . 
 
 Royal Institution of Great Brit- 
 ain. A society formed in Lon- 
 don in 1799 for the pursuit of nat- 
 ural science. It has been called 
 “ the workshop of the Royal So- 
 ciety.” In the laboratorj^of the 
 Institution Sir Humphry Davy 
 and Professor Faraday made some 
 of their most brilliant discoveries. 
 
 Royal Naval Club. This club in 
 London, formed in 1765, num- 
 bered among its members Bos- 
 cawen, Rodney, Sir Philip Dur- 
 ham, and was a favorite resort c.f 
 William IV. when Duke of Clar- 
 ence. The precursor of this club 
 was the Naval Club, founded 
 about 1674. The Royal Naval 
 Club was confined to members 
 of the naval service. The club 
 dined at the Thatched House, on 
 the anniversaries of the battle of 
 the Nile. 
 
 Royal Oak. A famous pollard oak 
 on the borders of Worcestershire, 
 England, in which, according to 
 tradition, King Charles II. secret- 
 ed himself from his pursuers, 
 who passed around and under 
 the tree without discovering him. 
 On account of the king’s escape, 
 it became a custom to wear oak 
 on the anniversary of the king’s 
 birthday. At the Restoration 
 the oak was destroyed, through 
 the eagerness to obtain relics of 
 the king’s hiding-place; but an- 
 other tree, which grew from one 
 of its acorns, is still standing It 
 is said that the king planted two 
 acorns from the old tree in Hyde 
 Park, and that the tree which 
 sprang from one of them is now 
 flourishing. 
 
 There is no need that the personages on 
 the scene be a King ami Clown; that the 
 scene be the Forest of the Royal Oak , “ on 
 the borders of Staffordshire:” need only 
 that the scene lie on this old firm Earth of 
 
ROY 
 
 427 
 
 RUF 
 
 ours, where we aLo have so surprisingly 
 arrived ; that the personages be men, and 
 seen with the eyes of a man. Carlyle. 
 
 And I will work in prose and rhyme, 
 And praise thee more in both 
 
 Than bard has honored beech or lime, 
 Ur that Thessalian growth 
 
 I i which the swarthy ringdove sat, 
 And mystic sentence spoke; 
 
 And more than England honors that, 
 Thy famous brother-oak, 
 
 Win rein the younger Charles abode 
 Till all the paths were dun, 
 
 And far below the Roundhead rode, 
 And hummed a surly hymn. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Royal Oak. An armor-plated ship 
 of the British navy, launched 
 Sept. 10, 1862. 
 
 Royal Society. A society estab- 
 lished in London for the study of 
 natural science, about the year 
 1645, and said to be the oldest so- 
 ciety of its kind in Europe, with 
 the exception of the Lincean 
 Academy in Rome, of which Gal- 
 ileo was a member. Sir Isaac 
 Newton was one of the presidents 
 of the society. The greater part 
 of its collections have been trans- 
 ferred to the British Museum. 
 
 Royal Society Club. This club in 
 London is said to have been 
 founded about 1743 as the Club 
 of Royal Philosophers, which 
 name it bore until 1786. It was 
 established “ for the convenience 
 of certain members [of the Royal 
 Society] who lived in various 
 parts, that they might assemble 
 and dine together on the days 
 when the Society held its even- 
 ing meetings.” Many distin- 
 guished persons have been guests 
 of the club. Ward, in 1709, hu- 
 morously refers to the “ Virtuo- 
 so’s Club ” as first established by 
 some of the principal members of 
 the Royal Society, and says its 
 chief design “ was to propagate 
 new whims, advance mechanical 
 exercises, and to promote useless 
 as well as useful experiments.” 
 The Royal Society Club has 
 changed its place for dining sev- 
 eral times: in 1857 they removed 
 to the Thatched House, where 
 they remained until that tavern 
 was taken down. 
 
 Royal Sovereign. An armor-plat- 
 ed ship of the British navy, 
 launched March 8, 1864. 
 
 Rubens, The Two Sons of. A 
 
 picture of his two sons by Peter 
 Paul Rubens (1577-1640), and con- 
 sidered one of his masterpieces. 
 It is in the collection of Prince 
 Lichtenstein at Vienna. 
 
 Rubicon, The. The ancient name 
 of a little stream which divided 
 Italy from Cisalpine Gaul. It is 
 at the present time identified with 
 the Uso. Julius Caesar’s passage 
 of this stream in the year 49 is 
 famous as being the initiative act 
 of civil war; and from this cir- 
 cumstance to “ pass the Rubicon ” 
 became a proverb, signifying the 
 entrance upon any undertaking 
 from which there can be no re- 
 treat. 
 
 Now near the banks of Rubicon he stood ; 
 "When lo ! as he surveyed the narrow flood, 
 Amidst the dusky horrors of the night, 
 
 A wondrous vision stood contest to sight. 
 Her awful head Rome’s reverend image 
 reared, 
 
 Trembling and sad the matron form ap- 
 peared ; 
 
 A tow’ry crown her hoary temples bound, 
 And her torn tresses rudely hung around. 
 
 Lucan , Trans. 
 
 j&ip “ Caesar paused upon the brink 
 of the Rubicon. What was the Rubi- 
 con? The boundary of Caesar’s prov- 
 ince. From what did it separate his 
 province? From his country. Was 
 that country a desert? No : it was 
 cultivated and fertile; rich and popu- 
 lous ! . . . What was Caesar, that stood 
 upon the brink of that stream? A 
 traitor, bringing war and pestilence 
 into the heart of that country ! No 
 wonder that he paused ! No wonder if, 
 in his imagination, wrought upon by 
 his conscience, he had beheld blood in- 
 stead of water, and heard groans in- 
 stead of murmurs. No wonder if some 
 Gorgon horror had turned him into 
 stone upon the spot. But, no ! he cried, 
 ‘The die is cast!’ He plunged! he 
 crossed! and Rome was free no more.” 
 J. S. Knowles. 
 
 Alas ! why pass'd he, too, the Rubicon , — 
 The Rubicon of man’s awaken’d rights, 
 
 To herd with vulgar kings and parasites ? 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Rue [Street]. For names begin- 
 ning with Rue, see the next 
 prominent word. 
 
 Rufus’s Oak. See Rufus’s Stone. 
 
RUF 
 
 428 
 
 RYK 
 
 Rufus’s Stone (and Oak). A trian- 
 gular stone erected in the New 
 Forest, near Southampton, Eng- 
 land, on the spot where formerly 
 stood the famous oak, on which, 
 according to the inscription, “ an 
 arrow shot by Sir Walter Tyrrel 
 at a stag, glanced and struck 
 King William II., named Rufus, 
 in the breast, of which he in- 
 stantly died, on the 2d of August, 
 A. D. 1100.” The spot is visited 
 by great numbers of people every 
 year. 
 
 O’er the New Forest’s heath-hills bare, 
 Down steep ra\ ine, by shaggy wood, 
 
 A pilgrim wandered, questing where 
 The relic-tree of Rufus stood. 
 
 Some monument he found, which spoke 
 What erst had happened on the spot; 
 
 But for that old avenging oak, 
 
 Decayed long since, he found it not. 
 
 John Kenyon. 
 
 Rugby. A famous school in the 
 town of the same name in the 
 county of Warwick, England. It 
 is noted as the scene of Dr. Ar- 
 nold’s life and labors. The school 
 was founded in the reign of Eliz- 
 abeth, and has line cloistered 
 buildings. 
 
 Ruhmeshalle, Die Baierisehe. 
 
 See Hall of Fame. 
 
 Rump Steak, or Liberty Club. 
 This political club, in opposition 
 to Sir Robert Walpole, was in 
 existence in 1733-4. See Beef- 
 Steak Society [Club]. 
 
 Russell Square. A well-known 
 public square in London, upon 
 the site of the old palace of the 
 Dukes of Bedford. 
 
 Rutgers College. A collegiate es- 
 tablishment in New Brunswick, 
 N. J. It was founded in 1770. 
 
 Ruth and Naomi. A picture by 
 Ary Scheffer (1795-1858). 
 
 Ruthwell Cross. A remarkable 
 Runic monument in the parish of 
 Ruthwell, near Dumfries, Scot- 
 land. It is a stone cross, bearing 
 
 an inscription in Runic and in 
 Latin characters. This stone is 
 said to have been broken in two 
 in the last century by direction 
 of the General Assembly, as be- 
 ing an object of superstitious ven- 
 eration, and to have been after- 
 wards put together. 
 
 Rutland House. A noble mansion 
 which formerly stood in Charter- 
 house Square, London. 
 
 Rydal Mount. The picturesque and 
 celebrated residence of the poet 
 Wordsworth, standing on the 
 projection of a hill near the little 
 village of Rydal, near Ambleside, 
 in the “Lake District” of Eng- 
 land. Wordsworth’s dwelling 
 commanded a line view, embra- 
 cing the lake of Rydal and a part 
 of Windermere. The poet is 
 sometimes called the “ Bard of 
 Rydal Mount.” 
 
 4QP “ A lovely cottage-like building, 
 almost hidden by a profusion of roses 
 and ivy.” Mrs. Hemans. 
 
 This dav without its record may not pass, 
 In which I lirst have seen the lowly roof 
 That shelters Wordsworth's age. 
 
 Fitting place 1 found 
 
 Blest with rare beauty, set in deepest 
 calm ; 
 
 Looking upon still waters, whose expanse 
 Might tranquillize all thought, and bor- 
 dered round 
 
 By mountains. Henry Alford. 
 
 Of him whose whitened locks on Rydal 
 Mount 
 
 Are lifted yet by morning breezes blowing 
 From the green hills, immortal in his lays. 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 Rye House. A frequent resort of 
 anglers from London, and the 
 scene, according to some author- 
 ities, of the celebrated alleged 
 conspiracy of 1683, known as the 
 Rye House Plot. It is situated 
 between London and Newmar- 
 ket. By other authorities the 
 scene of the plot is referred to an 
 ancient mansion, called the Rye 
 House, in the parish of Stanstead, 
 Hertfordshire. 
 
 Ryknield St. See Fosse, The. 
 
SAB 
 
 429 
 
 SAG 
 
 s. 
 
 Sabines, Rape of the. See Rape 
 
 of the Sabines. 
 
 Sacer, Mons. See Mons Sager. 
 
 Sachem’s Plain. A locality near 
 Norwich, Conn., noted as the 
 scene of a battle between the 
 Narragansetts and Mohegans in 
 1642. A granite monument to the 
 memory of Miantonomoh, the 
 Narragansett chief who fell in 
 the action, was erected on this 
 battlefield in 1841. 
 
 Sackville Street. A noble street 
 in Dublin, Ireland, the principal 
 thoroughfare of the city, midway 
 in which is Nelson’s Pillar. 
 
 4ST “The street is exceedingly 
 broad and handsome. Even in this, 
 the great street of the town, there is 
 scarcely any one ; and it is as vacant 
 and listless as Pall Mall in October.” 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Sacra Conversazione. [Holy Con- 
 versation.] The name given by 
 the Italians to pictures of the 
 Holy Family in which the sacred 
 persons are represented as a de- 
 votional group, in distinction from 
 a merely domestic or historical 
 group. For examples see under 
 Holy Family. 
 
 Sacra Famiglia. See Holy Fam- 
 ily. 
 
 Sacra, Via. See Via Sacra. 
 
 Sacrament. See Dispute of the 
 Sacrament. 
 
 Sacraments. See Seven Sacra- 
 ments. 
 
 Sacred and Profane Love. A 
 well-known picture by Titian 
 (1477-1576). In the Palazzo Bor- 
 ghese, Rome. 
 
 4®=* “ Out of Venice, there is nothing 
 of Titian’s to compare to his Sacred and 
 Profane Love. Description can give no 
 idea of the consummate beauty "of this 
 composition.” Eaton. 
 
 JO® 3 “ The Sacred and Profane Love 
 by Titian is still another masterpiece 
 of the same spirit. A beautiful wo- 
 man dressed appears by the side of 
 another naked. By their side is a sculp- 
 tured fountain, and behind them a 
 broad landscape of a blue tone with 
 warm patches of earth intersected by 
 the darks of sombre forests, and in the 
 distance the sea; two cavaliers are vis- 
 ible in the background, also a spire 
 and a town. . . . The eye passes from 
 the simple tones of that ample and 
 healthy flesh to the rich subdued tints 
 of the landscape, as the ear passes from 
 a melody to its accompaniment.” 
 
 Taine, Trans . 
 
 Sacred College. A name given to 
 the body of cardinals or princes 
 of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 It is the Sacred College assem- 
 bling in conclave, which elects a 
 new pope whenever a vacancy 
 occurs in the holy see. 
 
 Sacred Mount. See Mons Sacer 
 and Monte Sacro. 
 
 Sacred Way. See Via Sacra. 
 
 Sacrement, St. See St. Sacre- 
 ment. 
 
 Sacrifice of Isaac. 1. A fresco 
 by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), 
 in the Stanza of the Heliodorus, 
 in the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 2. A picture by David Teniers 
 the Younger (1610-1694 ?), the Bel- 
 gian genre- painter. 
 
 Sacro (or Santo) Eremo. A col- 
 lection of 24 hermitages, estab- 
 lished by Saint Romualdo near 
 the convent of Camaldoli in Italy. 
 The rules and observances of the 
 hermitage are strict and severe. 
 
 4®=“ “ Here [at Camaldoli] we passed 
 the night, and next morning rode up by 
 the steep traverses to the Santo Eremo, 
 where Saint Romualdo lived and estab- 
 lished 
 
 de’ tacenti cenobiti il eoro, 
 L’arcane penitenze, ed i digiuni 
 A1 Camaldoli suo. 
 
 The Eremo is a city of hermits, 
 
SAC 
 
 430 
 
 SAI 
 
 wailed round, and divided into streets 
 of low detached cells. Each cell 
 consists of two or three naked rooms, 
 built exactly on the plan of the Saint’s 
 own tenement, which remains just 
 as Romualdo left it 800 years ago, 
 now too sacred and too damp for a 
 mortal tenant. The unfeeling Saint 
 has here established a rule which an- 
 ticipates the pains of Purgatory. No 
 stranger can behold without emotion a 
 number of noble, interesting young 
 men bound to stand erect chanting at 
 choir for eight hours a day ; their faces 
 pale, their heads shaven, their beards 
 shaggy, their backs raw, their legs 
 swollen, and their feet bare. . . . The 
 sickly novice is cut off in one or two 
 winters, the rest are subject to dropsy, 
 and few arrive at old age.” Forsyth. 
 
 At Casentino’s foot 
 A river crosses named Arcliiano, born 
 Above the Hermitage in Apennine. 
 
 Dante , Purgatono , Longfellow' s Trans. 
 
 Sacro, Monte. See Monte Sacro 
 and Mons Sacer. 
 
 Sadler’s Wells. A place of 
 amusement for the populace, on 
 the hanks of the New River near 
 Islington, England. It contains 
 a medicinal spring, of much re- 
 pute in old times. The public- 
 house on the place is represented 
 in the background of Hogarth’s 
 print of “ Evening.” The site is 
 now occupied by a theatre. See 
 Sadler's Wells Theatre. 
 
 Sadler’s Wells Theatre. One of 
 the oldest theatres in London, 
 named from a mineral spring in 
 the neighborhood. The present 
 house was erected in 1 704, and 
 rebuilt in 1876-77. See Sadler’s 
 Wells. 
 
 Her [Mademoiselle Clairon’s) hands are 
 not alternately stretched out, and then 
 drawn in acain. as with the singing wo- 
 rn* nat Sadler's- Wells : they are employed 
 with graceful variety, and every moment 
 please with new and unexpected elo- 
 quence. Goldsmith. 
 
 Is it the skilfullest Anatomist that cuts 
 the best figure at Sadler's Wells ? or does 
 the Boxer hit better for knowing that he 
 has a flexor longus and a flexor brevis ? 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Sages, The Chaldean. See Chal- 
 dean Sages. 
 
 Saidnaya. A convent of great an- 
 tiquity in Northern Palestine, in 
 the neighborhood of Damascus, 
 containing a shrine of the Virgin 
 
 which is a favorite resort of pil- 
 grims belonging to the Greek 
 Church. 
 
 St. Agnes. A well-known picture 
 by Andrea del Sarto (1488-1530). 
 In the cathedral at Pisa, Italy. 
 See also Eve of St. Agnes and 
 Martyrdom of St. Agnes. 
 
 St. Aignan, Hotel. See Hotel St. 
 Aignan. 
 
 St. Alban’s Abbey. An ancient 
 monastic establishment in the 
 vicinity of St. Albans, in Hert- 
 fordshire, England. It was once 
 the wealthiest and most brilliant 
 of all the religious houses of 
 Great Britain. It is now restored, 
 and is one of the finest cathedral- 
 churches in England. 
 
 45^ “ The surviving ruins convey a 
 more imposing sense of the ancient 
 magnificence than Melrose, or Foun- 
 tains, or Glastonbury.” Fronde. 
 
 St. Angelo. The celebrated for- 
 tress of Papal Rome, anciently 
 the mausoleum of Pladrian, erect- 
 ed by him as his family tomb, the 
 last imperial niche in the mauso- 
 leum of Augustus having been 
 occupied by the ashes of Nerva. 
 It derives its present name from 
 the Church tradition, that while 
 Gregory the Great was leading a 
 procession to St. Peter’s with the 
 object of offering up a solemn 
 service to avert the plague which 
 followed the inundation of 589, 
 there appeared to him a vision of 
 the Archangel Michael standing 
 on the summit of the mausoleum 
 in the act of sheathing his bloody 
 sword, to indicate that the pesti- 
 lence was stayed. The pope, in 
 memory of this vision, built a 
 chapel on the summit; but this 
 was afterwards replaced by a 
 statue of the archangel. The his- 
 tory of this fortress during the 
 Middle Ages is almost the history 
 of the city itself during that pe- 
 riod. It has suffered much from 
 siege and mutilations, and is now 
 but the skeleton of the ancient 
 mausoleum of the emperors. The 
 tomb of Hadrian is thought to 
 have been first turned into a for- 
 tress about A.D. 423, — in the time 
 
SAT 
 
 431 
 
 SAI 
 
 of Honorius. Merivale speaks of 
 the effort of imagination required 
 to transform the present scarred 
 and shapeless hulk into the 
 “ graceful pile which rose col- 
 umn upon column, surmounted 
 by a gilded dome of span almost 
 unrivalled ; ” and Procopius says 
 of the original mausoleum, in 
 the sixth century, that it was 
 built of Parian marble, the square 
 blocks fitting closely without 
 cement; that it had four equal 
 sides, each a stone’s throw in 
 length, and rising above the 
 walls of the city, while on the 
 summit were statues of men and 
 horses, of admirable workman- 
 ship. The castle of St. Angelo 
 has often served as a prison, and 
 part of it is now so used. Ben- 
 venuto Cellini was confined here, 
 and the pretended cell of Beatrice 
 Cenci is shown by the custode. 
 For an account of the celebrated 
 display of fireworks formerly ex- 
 hibited from the castle at Easter, 
 see Girandola. See Bridge of 
 St. Angelo. 
 
 4®" “ No building in the world has 
 probably lived through a more eventful 
 existence, and none, if there were 
 tongues in stones, could tell a tale of 
 more varied interest.” 
 
 George S. Hillard. 
 
 4®=*“This proud fabric is an in- 
 stance now completely vanity defeats 
 its own ends. It was destined by Ha- 
 drian to hold his remains forever. Had 
 he chosen a more humble monument, 
 his imperial dust might probably still 
 have remained undisturbed. As it is, 
 his ashes are long since scattered, his 
 very name has passed away, and the 
 place which was destined to be sacred 
 to the greatest of the dead now serves 
 for the punishment of the vilest of the 
 living.” C. A . Eaton. 
 
 Turn to the mole which Hadrian rear’d 
 on high, 
 
 Imperial mimic of old Egypt’s piles, 
 Colossal copyist of deformity, 
 
 Whose traveled phantasy from the far 
 Nile’s 
 
 Enormous model, doom’d the artist’s toils 
 To build for giants, and for liis vain earth, 
 His shrunken ashes, raise this dome ! llow 
 smiles 
 
 The gazer’s eye with philosophic mirth, 
 To view the huge design which sprung 
 from such a birth ! Byron. 
 
 Think also whether thou hast known no 
 Public Quacks, on far higher scale than 
 this, whom a Castle of St. Angelo could 
 
 never get hold of ; and how, as Emperors, 
 Chancellors (having found much fitter 
 machinery), they could run tin ir Quacks 
 career; and make whole kingdoms, whole 
 continents, into one huge Egypu.u Lodge, 
 and squeeze supplies, of 11101103 or bloo 1, 
 from it at discretion ? Carlyle. 
 
 The cannon of St. Angelo , 
 
 And chanting priest and clanging bell, 
 And beat of drum and bugle blow, 
 
 Shall greet thy coming well ! 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 St. Angelo, Bridge of. See Bridge 
 of St. Angelo. 
 
 St. Anna. A picture by Bartholo- 
 mew Zeitblom (b. 1410-1450), a 
 German painter. It is now in 
 the museum at Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 St. Anna (and the Virgin). A well- 
 known picture by Leonardo da 
 Vinci (1452-1520), in the Louvre, 
 at Paris. It is thought by some 
 to have been only executed from 
 a cartoon by Leonardo. 
 
 St. Anne’s. Of several churches 
 of this name in London, one of 
 the oldest and most noted is that 
 in Soho, finished in 1680. 
 
 Kettles and pans, 
 
 Say the belts at St. Ann's. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 St. Anthony. See Temptation 
 of St. Anthony. 
 
 St. Antoine, Hue. A street in 
 Paris which has been closely con- 
 nected with every revolution. 
 This wide and irregular street 
 leads from the Hotel de Ville, 
 forms a continuation of the Rue 
 de Rivoli to the Place de la Bas- 
 tille, where the Bastille formerly 
 stood, beyond which it continues 
 as the Rue du Faubourg St. An- 
 toine. 
 
 St. Antoine. See Faubourg St. 
 Antoine. 
 
 St. Antony. An ancient Coptic 
 monastery in the Eastern Desert 
 of Egypt /and the principal one in 
 the country. 
 
 St. Augustine and his Mother. 
 A picture bv Ary Scheffer (1795- 
 1858). 
 
 St. Barbara. A grand altar-piece by 
 Jacopo Palma, called Palma Vec- 
 chio (14807-1548?), in the church 
 
SAI 
 
 432 
 
 SAI 
 
 of Santa Maria Formosa at Ven- 
 ice, Italy. 
 
 4®= “ She is no saint, but a bloom- 
 ing young girl, the most attractive and 
 lovable that one can imagine.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. The 
 first institution of the kind in 
 London. It is in Smithfield, and 
 was originally part of the Priory 
 of St. Bartholomew, founded in 
 1102 by Rahere. The hospital es- 
 caped the Great Fire in 1666, and 
 since that time has been much 
 enlarged. St. Bartholomew’s en- 
 joys an excellent reputation as a 
 medical school. 
 
 St. Basil. A famous church in 
 Moscow, Russia, built during the 
 reign of Ivan the Terrible. It 
 consists of an agglomeration of 
 towers each enclosing a chapel, 
 so that as many as a dozen or 
 fifteen saints have their shrines 
 under one roof. 
 
 4®=- “ What is it? A church, a pa- 
 vilion, or an immense toy? All the 
 colors of the rainbow, all the forms 
 and combinations which straight and 
 curved lines can produce, are here 
 compounded. It seems to be the prod- 
 uct of some architectural kaleidoscope, 
 in which the most incongruous things 
 assume a certain order and system, for 
 surely such another bewildering pile 
 does not exist. It is not beautiful ; for 
 beauty requires at least a suggestion 
 of symmetry, and here the idea of pro- 
 portion or adaptation is wholly lost. 
 Neither is it offensive; because the 
 maze of colors, in which red, green, 
 and gold predominate, attracts and ca- 
 joles the eye. ... I cannot better de- 
 scribe this singular structure than by 
 calling it the Apotheosis of Chimneys.” 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 St. Bavon. A cathedral in Ghent, 
 Belgium, one of the finest Gothic 
 churches, containing celebrated 
 works of art ; in particular, the 
 “ Adoration of the Lamb,” by 
 Hubert and John Van Eyck. 
 
 Toll! Roland, toll! 
 
 In old St. Bavon's tower. 
 
 At midnight hour, 
 
 The great hell Roland spoke ! 
 
 Toll ! Roland, toll ! 
 
 Not now in old St. Bavon's tower — 
 
 Not now a midnight hour — 
 
 Not now from River Scheldt toZuyderZee, 
 
 But here, — this side the sea ! 
 
 T. Tilton. 
 
 St. Bernard. See Hospice of St. 
 Bernard and V ision of St . Ber- 
 nard. 
 
 St. Botolph’s. A well-known 
 church in Aldersgate, London. 
 
 At Saint Botulphe , and Saint Anne of 
 Buckstone; 
 
 Praying to them to pray for me 
 
 Unto the blessed Trinitie. Iley wood. 
 
 St. Bride’s. A church at the foot 
 of Fleet Street, London. It was 
 rebuilt by Wren, after the Great 
 Fire of 1666. Dwellers in London 
 are fond of the hells of St. Bride’s. 
 The old church contained the 
 graves of Wynkin de Worde, 
 Sackville the poet, Lovelace, Sir 
 Richard Baker. John Milton 
 lodged in the churchyard of St. 
 Bride, and here wrote several of 
 his treatises, and in defence of 
 the house in which he lived com- 
 posed his sonnet beginning, — 
 
 “ Captain, or colonel, or knight in arms.” 
 
 Richardson the novelist was bur- 
 ied in the present church. 
 
 St. Calixtus, Catacomb cf. See 
 
 Catacomb ot St. Calixtus. 
 
 St. Catherine. A Greek convent 
 situated on the slope of one of the 
 peaks of Mount Sinai in Arabia. 
 It is said to have been founded 
 by the Emperor Justinian, and 
 contains interesting MS. and oth- 
 er relics. 
 
 4Qf=- “ Though the interior presents 
 a scene of the most hopeless confusion 
 when looked down upon from the 
 guest-chambers, there is not wanting a 
 certain quaint picturesqueness and 
 charm, which is heightened in spring 
 by the bright green of the trellised 
 vines. Two tiers of loopholes are still 
 visible in the west wall; and some few 
 of the vaults and arches within remain 
 intact, but they are for the most part 
 broken down, and tilled with all man- 
 ner of tilth. Over, above, and within 
 them are the buildings of after ages, 
 mosques, chapels, bakeries, distiller- 
 ies, and stables, some themselves gone 
 to ruin, and serving as foundations for 
 still later erections of mud and sun- 
 dried bricks, which are daily adding 
 their mite to the general confusion. The 
 quadrangle is now completely filled 
 with buildings; and through them, 
 turning and twisting in every direction f 
 
SAI 
 
 433 
 
 now ascending, now descending, ex- 
 posed to the full force of the sun, or 
 passing through dark tunnels, is a pei\ 
 feet labyrinth of narrow passages.” 
 
 C. IF. Wilson . 
 
 Jt&t “ M. Seetzen has fallen into a 
 mistake in calling the convent by the 
 name of St. Catherine. It is dedicated 
 to the Transfiguration, or, as the 
 Greeks call it, the Metamorphosis, and 
 not to St. Catherine, whose relics are 
 only preserved here.” Burckhardt. 
 
 {fczf “ Before we went, we called 
 tin# the Convent of St. Catherine, as 
 everybody does. Wo had read of it 
 under that name, and seen that name 
 under every print of the place that had 
 come before our eyes. Our surprise 
 was therefore great when a monk, who 
 had taken the vows twenty years before, 
 declared that he did not know it by 
 that name. Being asked whether the 
 convent had nothing to do with St. 
 Catherine, he replied, only by the 
 bones of a hermitess named Catherine, 
 having been found on the mountain 
 above the convent which bears her 
 name. Perplexed by this, I was yet 
 more surprised when I observed a little 
 Catherine-wheel rudely carved over 
 one of the posterns; and a picture of 
 the saint, leaning on her wheel, in the 
 library, with her name at length. In 
 the chapel also her relics lie in state, 
 — those bones which were found on 
 the mountain-top, and were brought 
 hither by the monks a few years after 
 the establishment of the convent. The 
 monk, however, stuck to his declara- 
 tion that the convent had no connec- 
 tion with St. Catherine.” 
 
 Miss Martineau. 
 
 St. Catherine. 1. A picture by 
 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). In 
 the National Gallery, London. 
 See also Martyrdom of St. 
 Catherine and Marriage of 
 St. Catherine. 
 
 2. A picture by Heinrich Karl 
 Anton Miicke (b. 1806), which lias 
 become popular through engrav- 
 ings. It represents the saint 
 borne by four angels over sea and 
 land to Mount Sinai. 
 
 4G!P“The floating onward move- 
 ment of the group is very beautifully 
 expressed.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 St. Catherine’s House. A house 
 still standing in Sienna, Italy, 
 and distinguished as the resi- 
 dence of St. Catherine of Sienna 
 (1347-1380), remarkable for her 
 fervent charity and devotion. 
 
 SAI 
 
 Over the doorway is inscribed in 
 gold, “ Sposte Christi Katliarime 
 dornus ” (the house of Catherine 
 the bride of Christ). 
 
 4®=* “ Her fame was universal 
 throughout Italy before her death ; 
 and the house from which she went 
 forth to preach, and heal the sick, 
 and comfort plague-stricken wretches 
 whom kith and kin had left alone to 
 die, was known and well-beloved by 
 all her citizens. From the moment of 
 her death, it became, and has continued 
 to be, the object of gTjperstjtifmg vener 
 ation to thousands.” Symonds. 
 
 And the house midway hanging see 
 That saw Saint Catherine bodily. 
 
 Felt on its floors her sweet feet move. 
 And the live light of fiery love 
 Bum from her beautiful, strange face, 
 Swinburne. 
 
 St. Cecilia. A picture by Dome- 
 nico Zampieri, called Domeniclii- 
 no (1581-1641). In the Louvre, 
 Paris. Another upon the same 
 subject by this painter, formerly 
 in the Palazzo Borghese, Rome, 
 is now in Lansdowne House, 
 London. 
 
 St. Cecilia. A picture by Carlo 
 Dolce (1616-1686). In the Dres- 
 den Gallery. There are several 
 repetitions of this picture in oth- 
 er places. 
 
 St. Cecilia. A. celebrated altar- 
 picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), representing St. Cecilia, as 
 patroness of music, standing in 
 the centre, with two saints on 
 each side, instruments of secular 
 music, the pipe, the flute, etc., 
 lying broken and scattered at 
 her feet, she herself raising her 
 eyes to the angels in the clouds 
 above, and apparently listening 
 to the heavenly song. This pic- 
 ture was originally painted for 
 the church of San Giovanni-in- 
 Monte, near Bologna, Italy, and 
 is now in the gallery of that city 
 Raphael’s original drawing for 
 this picture, engraved by Marc 
 Antonio, is highly admired. 
 
 jgGiP' “ The most celebrated of the 
 modern representations of St. Cecilia, 
 as patroness of music, is the picture by 
 Raphael, painted by him for the altar- 
 piece of her chapel in the church of 
 San Giovanni -in-Monte, near Bologna. 
 She stands in the centre, habited in a 
 
SAI 
 
 434 
 
 SAI 
 
 rich robe of golden tint, and her hair 
 confined by a band of jewels. In her 
 hand she bears a small organ, — but 
 seems about to drop it as she looks up, 
 listening with ecstatic expression to a 
 group of angels, who are singing above. 
 Scattered and broken at her feet, lie 
 the instruments of secular music, the 
 pipe, flute, tabor, etc. To the right of 
 St. Cecilia stands St. Paul, leaning on 
 his sword; behind him is St. John the 
 Evangelist, with the eagle at his feet; 
 to the left, in front, the Magdalene, as 
 already described ; and behind her St. 
 Augustine. . . . Sir Joshua Reynolds 
 lias given us. a parody of this famous 
 picture, in his portrait of Mrs. Billing- 
 ton ; but, instead of the organ, he has 
 placed a music-book in her hands, a 
 change which showed both his taste 
 and his judgment, and lent to the bor- 
 rowed figure an original significance. 
 It gave occasion also to the happy com- 
 pliment paid to the singer by Haydn. 
 ‘ What have you done? ’ said he to Sir 
 Joshua : ‘ you have made her listening 
 to the angels : you should have repre- 
 sented the angels listening to her l ’ ” 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 There are five saints there, side by side, 
 who in no wise concern us, but whose ex- 
 istence is so perfect that we wisli the pic- 
 ture could continue forever 
 
 Goetlie , Trans. 
 
 St. Cecilia. A picture by Van Eyck 
 (1366-1426). In the museum at 
 Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 St. Christopher. A large altar- 
 piece by Hans Mem ling (d. 1495), 
 the Flemish painter, executed for 
 'Willem Moreel, and bearing date 
 1484. It is in the collection of 
 the Academy at Bruges, Belgium. 
 
 St. Christopher. A picture by Hans 
 Memling ( d. 1495), the Flemish 
 painter. Erroneously called Al- 
 bert Diirer. It is now at the 
 Duke of Devonshire’s seat, Hol- 
 ker Hall, Lancashire. 
 
 St. Christopher. A gigantesque 
 fresco painting by Mateo Perez 
 de Alesio (d. 1600). “ The figure 
 of the saint is 33 feet high, and 
 his leg is three feet across the 
 calf.” In the cathedral of Seville, 
 Spain. 
 
 St. Chrysostom. An altar-picture 
 by Sebastian del Piombo (1485- 
 1547). In the church of S. Gio- 
 vanni Crisostomo, at Venice, 
 Italy. 
 
 St. Clement-Danes. A church in 
 London, built under the super- 
 vision of Sir Christopher Wren 
 (1632-1723). Strype derives the 
 name of St. Clement Danes from 
 the account that when the Danish 
 people were expelled by Alfred 
 in 886, those who had married 
 English women were allowed to 
 remain here. Stow, however, 
 tells how the body of Harold, the 
 illegitimate son of King Canute, 
 was exhumed from Westminster 
 by the legitimate Hardicanute, 
 and cast into the Thames, and 
 how it was afterwards recovered 
 by a fisherman, and buried upon 
 this spot. 
 
 “ We pass from the open Place 
 where St. Clement-Danes stands, — one 
 of the most Dutch-like spots in London, 
 to which idea the quaint and rather ele- 
 gant tower lends itself. To hear its 
 chimes, not at midnight, but on some 
 December evening, when the steeple is 
 projected on a cold blue background, 
 while you x can see the shadows of the 
 ringers in the bell-tower, is a pictur- 
 esque feeling. They fling out their 
 janglings more wildly than any peal in 
 London : they are nearer the ground, 
 and the hurly-burly is melodious 
 enough. Those tones the Doctor often 
 heard in Gough Square and Bolt Court; 
 and inside he had his favorite seat, to 
 this day reverently marked by a plate 
 and inscription. Yet St. Clement’s is 
 in a precarious condition, and when the 
 Law Courts are completed its fate will 
 be decided.” Fitzgerald. 
 
 jfeif “ The church of St. Clement , 
 in the Strand, is dedicated to this saint 
 [St. Clement]. The device of the par- 
 ish is an anchor, which the beadles and 
 other officials wear on their buttons, 
 etc., and which also surmounts the 
 weathercock on the steeple. To choose 
 the anchor — the symbol of stability — 
 for a weathercock, appears strangely 
 absurd till we know the reason. There 
 are in England 47 churches dedicated 
 to St. Clement.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 That Church of St. Clement Danes , 
 where Johnson still worshipped in the era 
 of Voltaire, is to me a venerable place. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 How Samuel Johnson in the era of Vol- 
 taire, can purify and fortify his soul, and 
 hold real communion with the Highest, 
 “in the Church of St. Clement Danes:" 
 this too stands all unfolded in his Biogra- 
 phy, and is among the most touching and 
 memorable things there. Carlyle. 
 
SAI 
 
 435 
 
 SAI 
 
 Where the fair columns of St. Clement 
 stand. 
 
 Whose straitened hounds encroach upon 
 the Strand. Gay. 
 
 Oranges and lemons, 
 
 Sa}- the bells of St. Clement's. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 St. Clement’s Well. This holy 
 well in the Strand, London, was 
 much resorted to by the youth 
 of the city in the reign of Henry 
 II. A pump now stands on the 
 spot. 
 
 St. Cloud. A magnificent royal 
 residence in France, on the south- 
 ern slope of a hill overlooking the 
 Seine. The chateau contains 
 several suites of rooms, which 
 are highly ornamented with Gob- 
 elin tapestry, paintings, statues, 
 and mosaics. Its history is close- 
 ly connected with that of the 
 French monarclis. It derives its 
 name from Cleodald, a grandson 
 of Clovis, who escaped assassin- 
 ation by concealing himself in a 
 hermitage in the woods on the 
 summit of the hill. The palace 
 commands a most lovely pros- 
 pect, and the adjoining park is 
 celebrated for its beauty. St. 
 Cloud was the favorite residence 
 of Napoleon I. In October, 1870, 
 the French destroyed it by shells 
 from Mont Valerien, that it might 
 not serve to shelter the Prussians. 
 
 Tney resembled those loathsome slan- 
 ders which Goldsmith, and other abject 
 libellers of the same class, were in the 
 hab t of publishing about Bonaparte, how 
 he hin d a grenadier to shoot Dessaix at 
 Marengo, how he filled St. Cloud with all 
 the pollutions of Capreae. Macaulay. 
 
 Soft spread the southern summer night 
 Iler veil of darksome blue; 
 
 Ten thousand stars combined to light 
 The terrace of St. Cloud. 
 
 The evening breezes gently sighed, 
 
 Like breath of lover true, 
 
 Bewailing the deserted pride 
 
 And wreck of sweet St. Cloud . Scott. 
 
 St. Cuthbert’s Beads. These 
 beads are portions of the fossil- 
 ized remains of animals, called 
 crenoids. They consist of a series 
 of flat plates with a hole in the 
 centre of each piece, through 
 which they may be strung like a 
 rosary. They are found on the 
 shore of the island of Lindisfarne; 
 and the legend is, that in violent 
 
 storms, on dark nights, St. Cuth- 
 bert used to sit on a rock in the 
 spray and mist, and with another 
 rock forge these beads; and after 
 the storm the shore was found to 
 be strewn with them. 
 
 On a rock, by Lindisfarno, 
 
 St. Cuthbert sits, and toils to frame 
 The sea-born beads that bear his name; 
 Such tales had Whitby’s fishers told, 
 
 And said they might liis shape behold, 
 And hear his anvil sound ; 
 
 A deadened clang, — a huge dim form, 
 Seen but, and heard, when gatherin 
 storm 
 
 And night were closing round. 
 
 Scott's Marmion. 
 
 St. Cuthbert’s Shrine. See 
 Shrine of St. Cuthbert. 
 
 St. Denis, Abbey Church of. A 
 religious edifice in St. Denis, 
 France, rich in historical associa- 
 tions, and celebrated as the burial- 
 place of the monarchs of France 
 from the earliest times. It has 
 suffered much from the revolu- 
 tions and wars which have swept 
 over France, but the restorations 
 which it has recently undergone 
 entitle it to rank among the most 
 splendid Gothic edifices in the 
 world. The present church dates 
 from the twelfth century. Ac- 
 cording to tradition here was the 
 burial-place of St. Denis, and 
 here in very early times a Bene- 
 dictine abbey was founded. 
 
 St. Denis du Marais. See St. 
 Sacrement. 
 
 St. Denis, Porte. See Porte St. 
 Denis. 
 
 St. Denis, Hue. One of the ancient 
 streets of Paris. According to 
 tradition, St. Denis frequently 
 passed over the old chciassee, and 
 the street is supposed to have 
 been so named in liis memory. 
 
 4^=* “Thence we turned into the 
 Rue St. Denis, which is one of the old- 
 est streets in Paris, and is said to have 
 been first marked out by the track of 
 the saint’s footsteps, where, after his 
 martyrdom, he walked along it, with 
 his head under his arm, in quest of a 
 burial-place. This legend may account 
 for any crookedness of the street; for 
 it could not reasonably be asked of a 
 headless man that he should walk 
 straight.” Ilaiothorne. 
 
SAI 
 
 436 
 
 SAI 
 
 “ The street which we enter, that 
 of the Faubourg St. Denis, presents a 
 strange contrast to the dark uniformity 
 of a London street, where every thing, 
 in the dingy and smoky atmosphere, 
 looks as though it were painted in 
 India-ink. Here, on the contrary, is a 
 thousand times more life and color. 
 Before you, shining in the sun, is a 
 long glistening line of gutter , — not a 
 very pleasing object in a city, but in 
 a picture invaluable. On each side are 
 houses of all dimensions and hues; 
 some but of one story, some as high as 
 the Tower of Babel. From these the 
 haberdashers (and this is their favorite 
 street) flaunt long strips of gaudy cali- 
 coes, which give a strange air of rude 
 gayety to the street. Gay wine-shops, 
 painted red, and smartly decorated 
 with vines and gilded railings, are 
 filled with workmen taking their morn- 
 ing’s draught. That gloomy-looking 
 prison on 3 'our right is a prison for 
 women.” Thackeray. 
 
 St. Dolough. A famous wonder- 
 working well and pilgrim-resort 
 in the county of Waterford, Ire- 
 land. 
 
 St. Dunstan’s. Two churches in 
 London of this name, one known 
 as St. Dunstan’s-in-the-East, the 
 other as St. Dunstan’s-in-the- 
 West. Both the existingcliurches 
 are of modern construction. The 
 clock of the old church of St. 
 Dunstan’s-in-the-West was one of 
 the sights of London. Above 
 the dial were two wooden figures 
 of savages as large as life, and 
 each striking with a club the 
 quarter-hours upon a bell, at the 
 same time moving his head. 
 
 When labor and when dulness, club in 
 hand, 
 
 Like the two figures at >67. Dunstan's 
 stand. Cowper . 
 
 St. Elisiu3. A picture by the 
 
 Flemish painter, Petrus Cristus, 
 painted (1449) for the Goldsmiths’ 
 Guildhall, Antwerp, Belgium. 
 Now in the Oppenheim Collec- 
 tion at Cologne, Germany. 
 
 St. Elizabeth of Hungary. A 
 piece of sculpture by Benjamin 
 Akers, called also Paul Akers, 
 the American sculptor (1825-18G2), 
 which has been admired and 
 often repeated. 
 
 St. Elmo. A well-known hill in 
 
 Naples, Italy, on the summit of 
 which is the celebrated Castel 
 Sant’ Elmo. 
 
 St. Elmo. [Ital. Castel Sant ’ Elmo.] 
 The great fortress of Naples, 
 Italy, built, in its present form, 
 in the sixteenth century, by Pe- 
 dro de Toledo. It was in former 
 times a fortification of great 
 strength, but is incapable of re- 
 sisting the weapons of attack 
 used in modern warfare. 
 
 The morrow after our arrival, in the 
 afternoone, we hired a coach to carry 11 s 
 about the town. First we went to the 
 Castle of /St. Elmo, built on a very high 
 rock, whence we had an intiro prospect 
 of the whole Citty. which lyes in the 
 shape of a theatre upon the sea brinke, 
 with all the circumjacent islands. This 
 Fort is the bridle of'thc whole Citty, and 
 was well stor’d and garrisoned with na- 
 tive Spanyards. John Evelyn. 1644. 
 
 Naples, thou white sun-lit city ! The 
 swarms of beings with song and shout 
 flow like streaming lava ilirougli thy 
 streets; we hear the sounds, town after 
 town winds like a serpent about the bay, 
 Naples is this serpent’s head, and St. Elmo 
 the crown it bears. 
 
 Hans Christian Andersen. 
 
 St. Erasmus. See Martyrdom of 
 St. Erasmus. 
 
 St. Etienne. A monastic church 
 in Caen, France, founded by 
 William tlie Conqueror, and 
 dedicated by him in 1077. It 
 contains the grave of the king, 
 which lias been several times 
 despoiled. [Called also Abbaye 
 aax TIommes.] 
 
 St. Etienne du Mont. [St. Ste- 
 phen of the Mount.] A noted 
 church in Paris, France, situated 
 in the square of the name, near 
 the Pantheon. The present build- 
 ing was begun in 1517, and com- 
 pleted in 1626. The style is a 
 union of Gothic and Renaissance. 
 This church is celebrated for its 
 choir, pulpit, and the grave of 
 St. Genoveva. 
 
 I wandered through the haunts of men, 
 From Boulevard to Quai, 
 
 Till frowning o’er St. Etienne , 
 
 The Pantheon’s shadow lay. Holmes. 
 
 I used very often, ■when coming home 
 from my morning’s work at one cf the 
 public institutions of Paris, to. step in at 
 the dear old church of St. Etienne da 
 Mont. Holmes. 
 
SAI 
 
 437 
 
 SAT 
 
 St. Eustaclic. A noted church, in 
 Paris, France, in the Rue Trainee. 
 It is second only in size to Notre 
 Dame, and belongs to one of the 
 richest parishes in the city. The 
 building was begun in 1532, and 
 finished in 1011. The style is 
 Gothic in the general arrange- 
 ment, but Renaissance in the de- 
 tails. A fa£ade was added on 
 the western side in 1752. 
 
 St. Francis. A large altar-picture 
 painted about 1514 for the Fran- 
 ciscan convent at Carpi by Anto- 
 nio Allegri, surnamed Correggio 
 (1494-1534), representing the Ma- 
 donna enthroned with St. Fran- 
 cis and St. Anthony of Padua on 
 the left, and on the right St. 
 John the Baptist and St. Cath- 
 erine. In the Dresden Gallery. 
 
 St. Francis. See Communion of 
 St. Francis, Death of St. 
 Fuancis, Ecstasy of St. Fran- 
 cis, Miracle of Roses of St. 
 Francis. 
 
 St. Francis receiving the Stig- 
 mata. A small picture by Jan 
 van Eyck (1370-1441). Now in 
 the possession of Lord Heytes- 
 bury. 
 
 St. Francis wedded to Poverty. 
 A fresco painting by Giotto di 
 Bondone (1270-1336), the early 
 Italian painter. In the lower 
 church of S. Francesco, Assisi, 
 Italy. 
 
 St. Felicitas. See Martyrdom of 
 Santa Felicita. 
 
 St. Genevieve. See Pantheon (2). 
 
 St. George. 1. A picture by Ra- 
 phael Sanzio (1483-1520), repre- 
 senting the saint attacking the 
 dragon with his sword, having 
 already pierced him with a lance. 
 This picture has suffered some- 
 what from injuries. It is now in 
 the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 HGIT “As for St. George and the 
 Dragon — from the St. George of the 
 Louvre, — Raphael’s, — who sits his 
 horse with the elegant tranquillity of 
 one assured of celestial aid, down to 
 him who ‘ swings on a sign -post at mine 
 hostess’s door’ — he is our familiar ac- 
 quaintance.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 2. There is another St. George 
 by Raphael, in which the dragon 
 is killed by the spear alone. It 
 was executed for the Duke of 
 Urbino, and intended by him as a 
 present for Henry VII. of Eng- 
 land. It is considered one of the 
 most finished works of Raphael. 
 Now in the Hermitage at St. Pe- 
 tersburg. 
 
 St. George. A picture by Antonio 
 Allegri, surnamed Correggio 
 (1494-1534), representing the Ma- 
 donna enthroned, with St. George 
 and other saints at the sides. 
 This picture is noteworthy, like 
 the St. Jerome ( q . v.), on account 
 of the bright daylight diffused 
 through it. In the Dresden Gal- 
 lery. 
 
 St. George’s. A London church, 
 situated in Hanover Square, fa- 
 mous for the number of aristo- 
 cratic weddings which have taken 
 place in it. It is stated that up- 
 wards of a thousand marriages 
 have been solemnized here within 
 a single year. 
 
 St. George’s Fields. A district be- 
 tween Lambeth and Southwark 
 in London, formerly occupied for 
 political meetings and low amuse- 
 ments. 
 
 St. George’s Hall. A noted build- 
 ing in Liverpool, England, of the 
 Corinthian order, and including 
 a large concert-room. 
 
 St. George’s Hospital. At Hyde 
 Park Corner, London. It was 
 originated in 1733, and was re- 
 built in 1831. This hospital, built 
 on the site of Lanesborougli 
 House, is supported by voluntary 
 contributions as a hospital for 
 sick and lame persons. 
 
 St. Germain des Pres. One of the 
 oldest churches in Paris. King 
 Childebert, A.D. 550, founded the 
 abbey to which this church was 
 joined. St. Germanus is said to 
 have advised Childebert to found 
 this abbey in the meadows {pres) 
 along the left bank of the Seine, 
 whence the name. Only the 
 church and part of the abbot’s 
 house remain of this celebrated 
 
SAI 
 
 438 
 
 SAI 
 
 establishment, the church being 
 the only building of size in the 
 Romanesque style now standing 
 in Paris. Only a few fragments 
 remain of the original edifice of 
 Childebert, in fact, nothing earlier 
 than the first of the twelfth cen- 
 tury. Externally the church is 
 plain and simple, but it has been 
 decorated in a style not in sym- 
 pathy with the original architec- 
 ture. 
 
 4®" “ Most of the Merovingian mon- 
 arch s of France in the sixth and sev- 
 enth centuries were buried in the 
 church of St. Germain; but their tombs 
 were rifled at the Revolution, and a few 
 only of their monuments are now pre- 
 served in the church of St. Denis.” 
 
 Murray's Handbook. 
 
 St. Germain PAuxerrois. This 
 church, situated in the place of 
 the same name, opposite the east- 
 ern facade of the Louvre, in 
 Paris, was commenced in the 
 fourteenth century. It is re- 
 markable for the beauty of its 
 architecture, its richly painted 
 windows, and the magnificence 
 of its decorations. It was the 
 bell of this church that tolled the 
 signal for the commencement of 
 the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 
 Aug. 24, 1572. Members of the 
 royal family were generally bap- 
 tized in this church. It has un- 
 dergone numerous additions and 
 restorations. 
 
 St. Gervais. A fine Gothic church 
 in Paris, finished in 1820. A clas- 
 sical facade was added to the 
 original structure in 1610. In the 
 windows of this church is what 
 is still the finest glass in Paris, by 
 Cousin and Pinaigrier. Scarron, 
 the husband of Madame de Main- 
 tenon, Crebillon, and other celeb- 
 rities of the seventeenth century, 
 were buried here. 
 
 St. Giles’s. A celebrated locality 
 in London, once the resort of the 
 most degraded and abandoned 
 portion of the populace. It has 
 undergone great changes within 
 a few years; churches, schools, 
 and reformatory institutions of 
 every class having been erected. 
 
 4QT 3 “ St. Giles has been especially 
 venerated in England and Scotland. In 
 
 1117, Matilda, wife of Henry I., founded 
 an hospital for lepers outside the city 
 of London, which she dedicated to St. 
 Giles, and which has since given its 
 name to an extensive parish.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 46^ “ It is noteworthy that places 
 dedicated to this saint, ‘ abbot and mar- 
 tyr,’ were almost always outside some 
 great town. This was because St. 
 Giles (St. Egidius) was the patron 
 saint of lepers, and where a place was 
 called by his name a lazar-house al- 
 ways existed.” Hare. 
 
 4@" “ The Puritans made stout ef- 
 forts to reform its morals; and, as the 
 parish books attest, ‘ oppressed tip- 
 plers ’ were fined for drinking on the 
 Lord’s day, and vintners for permitting 
 them; fines were levied for swearing 
 oaths, travelling and brewing on a fast- 
 day, etc. Again, St. Giles’s was a ref- 
 uge for the persecuted tipplers and 
 ragamuffins of London and Westmin- 
 ster in those days ; and its blackguard- 
 ism was increased by harsh treatment. 
 It next became the abode of knots of 
 disaffected foreigners, chiefly French- 
 men, of whom a club was held in Seven 
 Dials. Smollett speaks, in 1740, of 
 ‘ two tatterdemalions from the purlieus 
 of St. Giles’s, and between them both 
 there was but one shirt and a pair of 
 breeches.’ Hogarth painted his mo- 
 ralities from St. Giles’s. . . . Here 
 were often scenes of bloody fray, riot, 
 and chance-medley ; for in this wretched 
 district were grouped herds of men but 
 little removed from savagery.” 
 
 Timbs. 
 
 A friend of mine who was sitting un- 
 moved at one of the sentimental pieces 
 was asked how lie could be so indifferent. 
 “Why, truly,” says he, “as tne hero is 
 but a tradesman, it is indifferent to me 
 whether he be turned out of liis counting- 
 house on Fish-street hill, since he will still 
 have enough left to open shop in St. 
 Giles's Goldsmith. 
 
 Be all the bruisers cull'd from all St. 
 Giles ' , 
 
 That art and nature may compare their 
 styles ; 
 
 While brawny brutes in stupid wonder 
 stare, 
 
 And marvel at his lordship’s “ stone shop” 
 there. Byron . 
 
 St. Giles’s. 1. One of the oldest 
 and most venerable churches in 
 London (Cripplegate). Plere Mil- 
 ton was buried, and Oliver Crom- 
 well was married. The church 
 was built in 1545. Its bells are 
 celebrated. 
 
 Brickbats and tiles, 
 
 Say the bells of St. Giles'. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
SAI 
 
 439 
 
 SAI 
 
 2. A noted church in the High 
 Street of the Old Town of Edin- 
 burgh, Scotland, memorable from 
 its associations with some of the 
 most important events in the re- 
 ligious history of Scotland. 
 
 4QT“The parish church of Edin- 
 burgh existed under the invocation of 
 St. Giles, as early as 1359.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson . 
 
 4®=*“ There are 146 churches in 
 England dedicated to St. Giles. They 
 are frequently near the outskirts of a 
 city or town; St. Giles, Cripplegate, 
 St. Giles-in-the-Fields, St. Giles, Cam- 
 berwell, were all on the outside of Lon- 
 don as it existed when these churches 
 wore erected, and there are other ex- 
 amples at Oxford, Cambridge, etc.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 St. Giles’s Hospital. A hospital 
 for lepers, St. Giles’s, London, 
 built about 1118, and dissolved at 
 the Reformation. The church of 
 St. Giles-in-the-Fields commemo- 
 rates the hospital and vicinity. 
 
 St. Giles in the Fields. A church 
 in London, built in 1730-34. An- 
 drew Marvel was buried here ; 
 here is a tomb to George Chap- 
 man; and in the churchyard are 
 buried Lord Herbert of Cherbury, 
 Shirley the dramatist, George 
 Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, 
 and others. 
 
 St. Gothard. See Dogs of St. 
 Gothard and Hospice of St. 
 Gothard. 
 
 St. Helen’s. An old and noted 
 church in Bishopsgate, London, 
 restored in 1866. 
 
 You owe me ten shillings, 
 
 Saj' the bells at St. Helen’s. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 St. Hippolitus. See Martyrdom 
 of St. Hippolitus. 
 
 St. Honor©, Hue. One of the 
 principal streets of Paris. This 
 long and irregular street reaches 
 from the Marche des Innocens to 
 the Rue Royal, beyond which it 
 further continues as the Rue du 
 Faubourg St. Honore'. 
 
 4®" “We issued forth at about 
 eleven,^ and went down the Rue St. 
 Honore, which is narrow, and has 
 houses of live or six stories on either 
 side, between which run the streets 
 
 like a gully in a rock. . . . As we went 
 down the Rue St. Honore, it grew 
 more and more thronged, and with a 
 meaner class of people. The houses 
 still were high, and without the shab- 
 biness of exterior that distinguishes the 
 old part of London, being of light-col- 
 ored stone ; but I never saw any thing 
 that so much came up to ray idea of a 
 swarming city as this narrow, crowd- 
 ed, and rambling street.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 “ This Rue St. Honore is one of 
 the old streets in Paris, and is that in 
 which Henry IV. was assassinated.” 
 
 Hawthorne . 
 
 If the banker in Lombard Street emer- 
 ges from the twilight of Ins counting-house 
 to make a morning call, he steps into a 
 Piccadilly omnibus, in a claret-colored 
 frock of the last fashion at Crockford’s, a 
 fresh hat, and (if he is young) a pair of 
 cherished boots from the Rue St. ITonore. 
 
 N. P. Willis . 
 
 St. Hubert of Li&ge. See Rais- 
 ing the Body of St. Hubert 
 of Liege. 
 
 St. Ildefonso. See Granja, La. 
 
 St. Isaac’s. See Izak Church. 
 
 St. Jacques. A noted church in 
 Antwerp, Belgium. The altar- 
 piece is a Holy Family by Ru- 
 bens. 
 
 St. Jacques la Boucherie. A 
 Gothic bell-tower in Paris, 187 
 feet in height, begun in 1508 and 
 completed in 1522. The church 
 to which it belonged was pulled 
 down in 1797. The region around 
 the tower has been cleared : the 
 tower itself has been restored, 
 and now forms one of the most 
 picturesque and beautiful monu- 
 ments of Paris. 
 
 St. James [of Compostella]. See 
 Shrine of St. James. 
 
 St. James Baptizing. A picture 
 by Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506). 
 In the Eremitani Chapel, Padua, 
 Italy. 
 
 St. James’s. This was once a part 
 of the parish of St. Martins-in-the 
 Fields, London. The phrase, 
 “ The Court of St. James’s,” is 
 said to date from the burning of 
 Whitehall in the reign of William 
 III., when St. James’s became 
 the royal residence. “In the 
 
SAI 
 
 440 
 
 SAI 
 
 reign of Queen Anne it had ac- 
 quired the distinction of the Court 
 quarter.” 
 
 The inhabitants of St. James's, notwith- 
 standing they live under the same laws 
 and speak the same language, are a dis- 
 tinct people from those ot Clieapside, who 
 are likewise removed lrom those of the 
 Temple on one side, and those of Smith- 
 field on the other, b}*- several climates and 
 degrees in their way of thinking and con- 
 versing together. Addison , Spectator 
 
 J&g 3 * St. James’s Street and St. 
 James’s Place are familiar localities 
 near the Palace of St. James, and have 
 been the residence of many eminent 
 men in past times. 
 
 Half St. Giles in frieze 
 Was bidden to meet St- James in cloth of 
 gold, 
 
 And, after contract at the altar, pass 
 To eat a man iage-feast on Hampstead 
 Heath. Mrs. Browning. 
 
 St. James’s Coffee-house. A 
 Whig coffee-house in St. James’s 
 Street, London, famous from the 
 reign of Queen Anne till the 
 early part of the present century. 
 It was closed, according to Mr. 
 Cunningham, about 1806. It was 
 frequented by Swift, Goldsmith, 
 Garrick, and many others. 
 
 That I might begin as near the 
 fountain-head as possible, I first of all 
 called in at St. James’s, where I found 
 the whole outward room in a buzz of 
 politics; the speculations were but 
 very indifferent towards the door, but 
 grew finer as you advanced to the 
 upper end of the room, and were so 
 much improved by a knot of theorists, 
 who sat in the inner room, within the 
 steams of the coffee-pot, that I there 
 heard the whole Spanish monarchy dis- 
 posed of, and all the line of Bourbons 
 provided for in less than a quarter of 
 an hour.” Addison , Spectator. 
 
 If it be fine weather, we take a turn in- 
 to the Park till two, when we go to dinner ; 
 and if it be dirty, you are entertained at 
 piquet or basset at White’s, or you may 
 talk politics at the Smyrna or St. James's. 
 
 Journey through England , 1714. 
 
 He [Thomas Wharton] was quite as 
 dexterous a canvasser among the em- 
 broidered coats at the St. James's Coffee- 
 house , as among the leathern apron's at 
 Wycombe and Aylesbury. Macaulay. 
 
 St. James’s Court. SeeST. James’s. 
 
 St. James’s Hall. A modern build- 
 ing in London, fronting upon Pic- 
 cadilly and Regent Street, con- 
 taining a large hall and two 
 
 smaller halls, used for concerts 
 and lectures. 
 
 St. James’s Palace. A royal pal- 
 ace in London, formerly the resi- 
 dence of the sovereigns, very 
 interesting from its historical as- 
 sociations. It was built upon the 
 site of a hospital dedicated to St. 
 James. After the burning of 
 Whitehall in 1697, the palace was 
 used for state ceremonies, whence 
 dates the Court of St. James. 
 Since the accession of Queen Vic- 
 toria, the palace has only been 
 used for levees, drawing-rooms, 
 and state-balls. 
 
 Thus this palace [of the Ceesars] w t rs, 
 as it were, the St. James's of Rome. Hare. 
 
 St. James’s Park. An ancient 
 common or pleasure-ground in 
 London, contiguous to St. James’s 
 Palace. It comprises 91 acres. 
 Since the time of Charles II. 
 the park has been open to the 
 public. 
 
 “ St. James’s is far the prettiest 
 of the London parks, and the most fre- 
 quented by the lower orders. On Sun- 
 days they come by thousands to sit 
 upon the seats, . . . and they bring 
 bread to feed the water-fowl, which 
 are the direct descendants of those in- 
 troduced and fed by Charles II. . . . 
 Till the present century, the Mall con- 
 tinued to be the most fashionable 
 promenade of London ; but the trees 
 were then ancient and picturesquely 
 grouped, and the company did not ap- 
 pear as they do now by Rotten Row, 
 for the ladies were in full dress, and 
 the gentlemen carried their bats under 
 their arms.” Hare. 
 
 4®=* “ St. James's Park is a genuine 
 piece of country, and of English coun- 
 try.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 I remember to have read in some philos- 
 opher — I believe in Tom Brown’s works 
 — that let a man’s character, sentiments, 
 or complexion be what they will, he can 
 find company in London to match them. 
 If he be splenetic, he may every day 
 meet companions on the seats in St. 
 James's Park , with whose groans he may 
 mix his own, and pathetically talk of the 
 weather. Goldsmith. 
 
 I fancy it was a merrier England, that 
 of our ancestors, than that which we 
 inhabit. . . . They played all sor.s of 
 games, which, with the exception of 
 cricket and tennis, have quite gone out 
 of our manners now. In the old prints of 
 St. James's Park you still see the marks 
 
SAI 
 
 441 
 
 SAI 
 
 along the walk to note the balls when the 
 Court played at mall. Thackeray. 
 
 A nymph of quality admires our knight; 
 He marries, bows at court, and grows po- 
 lite ; 
 
 Leaves the dull cits, and joins (to please 
 the fair) 
 
 The well-bred cuckolds in St. James's air. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 St. J ames’s Street. A well-known 
 street in London, noted for its 
 club-houses. In this street lived 
 Waller the poet, Pope, Lord By- 
 ron; and here Gibbon died. 
 
 The Campus Martins of St. James' s-street, 
 Wln ro the beaux cavalry pace to and fro. 
 Before they take the field in Rotten Row. 
 
 R B. Sheridan. 
 
 If our Government is to be a No-Gov- 
 ernment, what is the matter who adminis- 
 ters it.-' Fling an orange-skin into St 
 James's Street; let the man it hits be your 
 man. Carlyle. 
 
 Come, and once more together let us greet 
 The long-lost pleasures of St. James's- 
 street. Tickell. 
 
 St. James's Street , of classic fame ! 
 
 The finest people throng it ! 
 
 St. James's Street ? I know the name ! 
 
 1 think I’ve passed along it! 
 
 Why, that’s where Sacharissa sighed 
 When Waller read his ditty; 
 
 Where Byron lived, and Gibbon died, 
 And Alvanley was witty. 
 
 Frederick Locker 
 
 St. James’s. A small theatre in 
 King Street, St. James’s, London, 
 well patronized in the height of 
 the London season. 
 
 St. Januarius, Blood of. See 
 
 Blood of St. Januarius. 
 
 St. Jerome. A noted picture by 
 Titian (1477-1576). In the Brera, 
 at Milan, Italy. Vandyke is said 
 to have derived some of his high- 
 est inspirations from the study of 
 this picture. 
 
 St. Jerome. A picture by George 
 Pencz (1500 7-1554?), a German 
 painter. In the chapel of St. 
 Maurice at Nuremberg, Germany. 
 
 St. Jerome. A well-known pic- 
 ture by Antonio Allegri, sur- 
 named Correggio (1494-1534), rep- 
 resenting the Virgin and Child 
 together with St. Jerome and 
 Mary Magdalen. Sometimes 
 called “ The Day” (II Giorno), 
 in contrast with La Notte, or the 
 “Adoration of the Shepherds,” 
 at Dresden. This picture is in 
 the gallery of Parma, Italy. 
 
 4^ “The pure light of day is dif- 
 fused over the picture; the figures 
 seem surrounded, as it were, by a ra- 
 diant atmosphere. The Magdalen is 
 equally the perfection of female beau- 
 ty and of Correggio’s art; other por- 
 tions, however, are not quite free from 
 affectation.” 
 
 Eastlake, Handbook of Painting. 
 
 4®=- “ In the celebrated St. Jerome 
 of Correggio, she [the Magdalen] is on 
 the left of the Madonna, bending down 
 with an expression of the deepest ado- 
 ration to kiss the feet of the infant 
 Christ, while an angel behind holds up 
 the vase of ointment.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson . 
 
 St. Jerome. See Communion of 
 St. Jerome, 
 
 St. Jerome in his Study. A cele- 
 brated and well-known print by 
 Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the Ger- 
 man painter and engraver. It is 
 familiar through photographic 
 and heliotype reproductions. 
 
 4®=-“ A perfect contrast to the Mel- 
 ancholy [see Melencolia] is to be found 
 in its contemporary print of St. Jerome 
 in his Study. There, too, we see the 
 figure of a man sunk in deep thought, 
 and a chamber filled with various appa- 
 ratus. The whole is arranged with the 
 most ingenious fancy, but pervaded by 
 a serenity and grace which keep aloof 
 all the dreams and visionary forms cre- 
 ated by the imagination, and bring be- 
 fore us the simple reality of homely 
 life in its most pleasing form. Gerard 
 Dow, the most feeling of the Dutch 
 <?eftre-painters, has produced nothing 
 so pleasing and touching as this print, 
 which even in the most trifling acces- 
 sories bears the impress of a lofty and 
 gentle nature.” 
 
 Kugler , Handbook of Painting. 
 
 4GgP“ Very celebrated is an engrav- 
 ing of this subject [St. Jerome] by Al- 
 bert Diirer. The scene is the interior 
 of a cell at Bethlehem ; two windows 
 on the left pour across the picture a 
 stream of sunshine. St. Jerome is seen 
 in the background, seated at a desk, 
 most intently writing his translation of 
 the Scriptures. In front the lion is 
 crouching, and a fox is seen asleep. 
 The execution of this print is a miracle 
 of art, and it is very rare.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 St. Joachim. See St. Joseph and 
 St. Joachim. 
 
 St. John, Grotto of. See Grotto 
 
 of St. John, 
 
SAI 
 
 442 
 
 SAI 
 
 St. John Lateran. [Ital. S. Gio- 
 vanni in Laterano.] A celebrated 
 basilica in Rome, dedicated to St. 
 Jolm the Baptist, and long re- 
 garded as the first of Christian 
 churches. It derives its name of 
 I Alter an from a rich patrician 
 family. The present building is 
 the fourth which has been erect- 
 ed, and has itself undergone 
 many alterations. The first ba- 
 silica was built in 321 by Constan- 
 tine; the present one by Urban 
 Y. (1362-70). The west front 
 bears the inscription, “ Sacro- 
 sancta Lateranensis ecclesia, om- 
 nium urbis et orbis Ecclesiarum 
 Mater et Caput.” The Chapter 
 of the Lateran takes precedence 
 even over that of St. Peter’s, and 
 the coronation of each newly- 
 elected pope takes place here. 
 This basilica owes its chief celeb- 
 rity to the five General Councils 
 held in it, known as the Lateran 
 Councils, the last of which oc- 
 curred May 3, 1512. St. John 
 Lateran is one of the four basili- 
 cas which enjoy the distinction 
 of having a “ Porta Santa,” 
 
 ^^“The basilica of St. John Lat- 
 eran is held in peculiar reverence from 
 its venerable antiquity and from its 
 having long been regarded as the moth- 
 er church of Christendom. ... As 
 there has never been a total demolition 
 and destruction, the chain of associa- 
 tion remains unbroken ; and the rever- 
 end form of the first Christian Empe- 
 ror, whose statue stands in the vesti- 
 bule, is still the presiding genius of the 
 place. The interior is rich and impos- 
 ing, though not in the purest taste.” 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 The next day there was much ceremo- 
 ny at St. John de Laterally so as the whole 
 week was spent in running from church 
 to church, all the town in busie devotion, 
 greate silence, and unimaginable super- 
 stition. John Evelyn , 1644. 
 
 St. John Nepomuck. A famous 
 bronze statue upon the Carls- 
 briicke, a bridge over the Mol- 
 dau in Prague, Austria. St. John 
 Nepomuck is the patron saint of 
 bridges. 
 
 “ He was a priest many centu- 
 ries ago, whom one of the kings threw 
 from the bridge into the Moldau, be- 
 cause he refused to reveal to him what 
 the queen confessed. The legend says 
 
 the body swam for some time on the 
 river with five stars around its head.” 
 Bayard Taylor . 
 
 The story of the saint hav- 
 ing been thrown from the bridge 
 is now proved to be an inven- 
 tion. 
 
 St. John Nepomuck, Shrine of. 
 See Shrine of St. John Nepo- 
 muck. 
 
 St. John the Baptist. A small 
 but delicately executed picture 
 by Hans Memling (d. 1495), the 
 Flemish painter. Formerly in 
 possession of Cardinal Bembo, 
 but now in the Pinakothek at 
 Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 St. John the Baptist. A picture 
 by Titian (1477-1576). In the 
 Academy at Venice, Italy. 
 
 St. John the Baptist. A picture 
 by Salvator Rosa (1615-1673). In 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 St. John the Baptist. See Be- 
 heading of St. John. 
 
 St. John the Divine, Monastery 
 of. This celebrated monastery, 
 on the island of Patmos, off the 
 west coast of Asia Minor, was 
 built in the twelfth century by 
 the Byzantine emperors. The 
 building has the appearance of a 
 Middle Age fortress. Not far 
 distant is the famous cavern or 
 grotto where the Apocalypse is 
 said to have been written by St. 
 John. 
 
 St. John the Evangelist. A pic- 
 ture attributed to Raphael San- 
 zio (1483-1520), representing him 
 mounted on the back of an eagle 
 and soaring heavenward, holding 
 in one hand a tablet, in the other 
 a pen. In the Museum at Mar- 
 seilles, France. 
 
 St. John the Evangelist. A pic- 
 ture by Antonio Allegri, sur- 
 named Correggio (1494-1534). One 
 of the series of the Evangel- 
 ists in the Cathedral at Parma, 
 Italy. 
 
 St. John the Evangelist. A half- 
 length portrait by Domenico Zam- 
 pieri, surnamed Domenichino 
 (1581-1641), well-known by Mill- 
 
SAT 
 
 443 
 
 SAI 
 
 ler’s engraving of it. In the col- 
 lection of Prince Narischkin, at 
 St. Petersburg. There is a repe- 
 tition of the same at Castle How- 
 ard, England. 
 
 St. John the Evangelist. A pic- 
 ture by Carlo Dolce (1C16— 168(>), 
 and one of his best works. In 
 the Museum at Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 St. John in the Wilderness. A 
 noted picture by Raphael Sanzio 
 (1183-1520). In the Uffizi Gallery 
 in Florence, Italy. 
 
 4®" “ His glorious form in the fail- 
 proportions of ripening boyhood, the 
 grace of his attitude, with the arm 
 lifted eloquently on high, the divine in- 
 spiration which illumines his young 
 features, chain the step irresistibly be- 
 fore it. It is one of those triumphs of 
 the pencil which few but Raphael have 
 accomplished, — the painting of spirit 
 in its loftiest and purest form.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 St. John’s. A church in Clerken- 
 well, London. It was in the 
 crypt of this church that the in- 
 vestigation was made in regard 
 to the so-called Cock-Lane Ghost. 
 See Cock Lane. 
 
 Pokers and tongs, 
 
 Say the bells at St. John's. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 St. John’s. An interesting church 
 edifice in Richmond, Va., built 
 before the Revolution, and con- 
 nected with many historical 
 events. In 1775 the Virginia 
 Convention held its sessions here, 
 during which Patrick Henry 
 made his famous address. The 
 Convention for ratifying the Fed- 
 eral Constitution also assembled 
 in this church. 
 
 St. John’s Gate. A relic of the 
 old and splendid monastery of 
 the Knights of St. John of Jeru- 
 salem, in London. In 1845 it 
 underwent repairs and restora- 
 tions. The first number of the 
 “Gentleman’s Magazine” was 
 printed in an office established 
 here, the magazine still bearing 
 the Gate as a vignette. 
 
 How he [Johnson] sits there, in his 
 rough-hewn, amorphous bulk, in that 
 upper room at St. John's Gate, and trun- 
 dles off sheet after sheet of those Senate- 
 of Lilliput Debates, to the clamorous 
 
 Printer’s Devils waiting for them, with 
 insatiable throat, down stairs; himself 
 perhaps impransus all the while. ... If 
 to Johnson himself, then much more to 
 us, may that St. John's Gate be a place 
 we can “ never pass without veneration.” 
 Carlyle. 
 
 At the time of Johnson’s appearance, 
 there were still two ways on which an 
 author might attempt proceeding: there 
 were the Maecenases proper in the West 
 End of London; and the Maecenases vir- 
 tual of St. John's Gate and Paternoster 
 Row. Carlyle. 
 
 St. John’s Wood. A district in 
 London, situated to the west of 
 Regent’s Park. 
 
 St. Joseph and St. Joachim. A 
 picture by Albert Diirer (1471- 
 1528), the German painter and 
 engraver. In the Gallery of Mu- 
 nich, Bavaria. 
 
 St. Julian. A picture by Cristo- 
 foro Allori (1577-1619). In the 
 Pitti, Florence, Italy. 
 
 St. Just. See Yuste. 
 
 St. Justina and the Duke of 
 Ferrara. A noted picture by 
 Alessandro Bonvicino, called II 
 Moretto di Brescia (1514-1564). 
 In the Belvedere, Vienna, Aus- 
 tria. 
 
 4£g= “ Every one who has been at 
 Vienna will probably remember the 
 St. Justina of the Belvedere, so long 
 attributed to Pordenone, but now 
 known to be the production of a much 
 greater man, Bonvicino of Brescia (II 
 Moretto).” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 St. Katherine Docks. Well- 
 known docks in London, opened 
 for use in 1828. It is said that 
 over 1,200 houses were pulled 
 down, and more than 11,000 in- 
 habitants were removed, to clear 
 the ground for this great under- 
 taking. The cost was £1,700,000. 
 These docks were united in 1863 
 with the London Docks ( q.v.), 
 under one management. 
 
 This London City, with all its houses, 
 palaces, steam-engines, cathedrals, and 
 huge immeasurable traffic and tumult, 
 what is it but a Thought, but millions of 
 Thoughts made into One, — a huge im- 
 measurable Spirit of a Thought, embodied 
 in brick, in iron, smoke, dust. Palaces, 
 Parliaments. Hackney Coaches, Katherine 
 Docks, and the rest of ; t ! Carlyle. 
 
 St. Kevin’s Kitchen. A noted 
 ruin in the county of Wicklow, 
 
SAI 
 
 444 
 
 SAI 
 
 Ireland, being an ancient church 
 invested with much legendary 
 lore. 
 
 St. Keyne’s Well. A celebrated 
 well in Cornwall, England, which 
 is described in the following 
 rhymes : — 
 
 In name, in shape, in quality, 
 
 This well is very quaint; 
 
 The name to lot of Keyne befell, 
 
 No over-holy saint. 
 
 The shape — four trees of clivers kind, 
 Withy, oak, elm, and ash, 
 
 Make with their roots an arched roof, 
 Whose fl »or the spring doth wash. 
 
 The quali y — that man and wife, 
 
 Wno-e chance or choice attains, 
 
 First #f this sacred stream to drink. 
 Thereby the mastery gains. Carew. 
 
 You drank of the well, I warrant, betimes ? 
 
 He to the Corni-liman said ; 
 
 But the Cornisliman smil d as the stran- 
 ger spake. 
 
 And sheepishly shook his head. 
 
 I hastened as soon as the wedding was 
 done, 
 
 And left mv wife in the porch; 
 
 But i’ faith she had been wiser than me, 
 
 For she took a bottle to church ! 
 
 Southey. 
 
 St. Kieran’s Chair. A very an- 
 cient and venerated stone chair in 
 Kilkenny, Ireland, reputed to be 
 the seat of the saint who preceded 
 St. Patrick in his mission by thirty 
 years, and who was the first to 
 preach Christianity in Ireland. 
 
 St. Lazare. A house of detention 
 and correction for disorderly 
 women in the Faubourg St. Denis, 
 Paris. Here was formerly a cele- 
 brated convent. 
 
 Well, let us take a look at this guin- 
 guette [at the bal Perron at the Barriere 
 du Tronej; a hundred low grisettes, and 
 fifty women of the town whose acquaint- 
 ance with St. Lazare and the Prefecture 
 of Police you recognize at once. 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 St. Leonard’s Crags. The popular 
 name of a cottage in Edinburgh, 
 Scotland, once the home of Effie 
 Deans, the heroine of Scott’s tale 
 of “ The Heart of Mid-Lothian.” 
 
 St. Louis. A noted frigate of the 
 United States navy, in service in 
 the war of 1812. She was built 
 at Washington. 
 
 St. Luke. [Ital. Accademici di San 
 Lara.] An academy of fine arts 
 in Rome, founded in the last part 
 of the sixteenth century, and 
 
 composed of painters, sculptors, 
 and architects. It occupies part 
 of the site of the Forum of Julius 
 Csesar, and contains, besides nu- 
 merous designs and models, a 
 collection of pictures by various 
 artists. Among these works is 
 St. Luke painting the portrait of 
 the Virgin and Cliild, ascribed to 
 Raphael, of which Mrs. Jameson 
 says that it is the most famous of 
 all pictures upon this favorite sub- 
 ject. The skull of Raphael was 
 for a long time thought to be 
 among the treasures of the Acade- 
 my, until the discovery of the 
 genuine one in the Pantheon. 
 
 St. Luke. A statue by Giovanni 
 da Bologna, called II Fiammingo 
 (1524-1608). In the church of Or 
 S. Michele, Florence, Italy. 
 
 St. Luke. 1. A famous picture 
 by Raphael Sanzio (1488-1520), 
 representing St. Luke as kneeling 
 on a footstool before an easel, and 
 painting the Virgin and Child, 
 who appear to him in the clouds 
 of heaven. Behind St. Luke, Ra- 
 phael stands looking on. In the 
 Academy of St. Luke at Rome. 
 
 2. There is another picture, 
 usually ascribed to Raphael, upon 
 the same subject, in the Grosvenor 
 Gallery, London. 
 
 St. Luke. A picture by Roger van 
 der Weyden (d. 1464), the Flem- 
 ish painter. It was originally 
 placed on the altar of the Guild, 
 of St Luke at Brussels, Belgium, 
 but is now in the Gallery of Mu- 
 nich, Bavaria. 
 
 St. Madem’s Well. A holy well 
 in Cornwall, England. It was in 
 Catholic times a favorite resort for 
 invalids, who attempted to propi- 
 tiate the saint by offerings of 
 pins and pebbles. Since the sev- 
 enteenth century it has been 
 little visited. 
 
 St. Margaret. A famous picture 
 of this saint by Raphael Sanzio 
 (1483-1520), painted for Francis 
 I. in compliment to his sister 
 Margaret of Navarre. Now in 
 the Louvre at Paris. 
 
 St. Margaret (and the Dragon). 
 
SAI 
 
 445 
 
 SAI 
 
 An altar-picture attributed to Ra- 
 phael Sanzio (1483-1520), but prob- 
 ably by his pupil Giulio Romano, 
 (1492-1546), representing the saint 
 “ issuing from a cave, with the 
 monster crouching around her, 
 while she raises the crucifix 
 against him.” This picture is in 
 the Gallery of Vienna, Austria. 
 
 St. Margaret’s. An old and cele- 
 brated church in the parish of 
 Westminster, London. It was 
 repaired at the expense of Par- 
 liament in 1735. 
 
 Bull’s eves and targets, 
 
 Say the bells of St. Marg'ret’s . 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 St. Marguerite. A church in the 
 Rue St. Bernard, Faubourg St. 
 Antoine, Paris. It is built in the 
 Italian style. 
 
 St. Mark. A celebrated colossal 
 figure of the apostle by Fra Bar- 
 tolommeo (1469-1517), the Italian 
 painter. In the Pitti Palace, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 “Among the devotional pic- 
 tures of St. Mark, one of the most fa- 
 mous is that of Fra Bartolommeo, in the 
 Palazzo Pitti. He is represented as a 
 man in the prime of life, with bushy 
 hair, and a short reddish beard, throned 
 in a niche, and holding in one hand the 
 Gospel, in the other a pen.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 St. Mark. See Miracle of St. 
 Mark. 
 
 St. Mark preaching in Alexan- 
 dria. A picture by Gentile Bel- 
 lini (1421-1501). In the Brera, 
 Milan, Italy. 
 
 St. Mark’s. The cathedral church 
 of Venice, Italy, and one of the 
 most celebrated and interesting 
 buildings in the world. The ori- 
 ginal church edifice was destroyed 
 by fire in 976. The present build- 
 ing was dedicated to St. Mark, 
 the patron saint of Venice, in 
 1085. 
 
 J&ST “ The church is lost in a dim 
 twilight, to which the eye must be ac- 
 customed for some moments before the 
 form of the building can be traced ; and 
 then there opens before us a vast cave, 
 hewn out into the form of a cross, and 
 divided into shadowy aisles by many 
 pillars. Round the domes of its roof 
 
 the light enters only through narrow 
 apertures like large stars ; and here and 
 there a ray or two from some far-away 
 casement wanders into the darkness, 
 and casts a narrow phosphoric stream 
 upon the waves of marble that heave 
 and fall in a thousand colors along the 
 the floor.” Ruskin . 
 
 “ It is impossible to find fault 
 with plain surfaces when they are cov- 
 ered with such exquisite gold mosaics 
 as those of St. Mark’s, or with the 
 want of accentuation in the lines of the 
 roof, when every part of it is more 
 richly adorned in this manner than any 
 other church of the Western world. 
 Then, too, the rood-screen, the pulpit, 
 the pala d’oro, the whole furniture of 
 the choir, are so rich, so venerable, and 
 on the whole so beautiful, and seen in 
 so exquisitely subdued a light, that it is 
 impossible to deny that it is perhaps 
 the most impressive interior in Western 
 Europe.” Fergusson. 
 
 jgSr* “ This singular edifice can 
 neither be described nor forgotten. It 
 is a strange jumble of architectural 
 styles; partly Christian and partly Sar- 
 acenic, in form a Greek cross, crowned 
 with the domes and minarets of a 
 mosque. . . . And yet in spite of ar- 
 chitectural defects, this church is one 
 of the most interesting buildings in the 
 world. It is a vast museum, filled with 
 curious objects collected with religious 
 zeal, and preserved with religious care.* 
 It is the open lap of Venice into which 
 the spoils of the East have been 
 poured.” Hillard. 
 
 4®= “ The church, which the mighty 
 bell-tower and the lofty height of the 
 palace-lines make to look low, is in no 
 wise humbled by the contrast, but is 
 like a queen enthroned amid upright 
 reverence. The religious sentiment is 
 deeply appealed to, I think, in the in- 
 terior of St. Mark’s ; but if its interior 
 is heaven’s, its exterior, like a good 
 man’s daily life, is earth’s; and it is 
 this winning loveliness of earth that 
 first attracts you to it, and when you 
 emerge from its portals, you enter upon 
 spaces of such sunny length and 
 breadth, set round with such exquisite 
 architecture, that it makes you glad to 
 be living in this world.” 
 
 IF. D. Howell*. 
 
 “ St. Mark’s of Venice is a St. 
 Sophia in miniature, a reduction on the 
 scale of an inch to the foot of the im- 
 mense structure of Justinian. Its ar- 
 chitects had the advantage of seeing 
 St. Sophia in all its integrity and splen- 
 dor before it had been profaned by Ma- 
 homet II. in the year 1453.” 
 
 Theophile Gautier. 
 
SAI 
 
 446 
 
 SAI 
 
 Before St. Mark still glow his steeds of 
 brass, 
 
 Their gilded collars glittering in the sun ; 
 But is not Doria’s menace come to pass ? 
 Are they not bridled ? Byron. 
 
 Fair as the palace builded for Aladdin, 
 Yonder St. Mark uplifts its sculptured 
 splendor, — 
 
 Intricate fretwork, Byzantine mosaic, 
 Color on color, column on column, 
 Barbaric, wonderful, a thing to kneel to ! 
 
 T. B. Aldrich. 
 
 St. Mark’s. See Fort St. Mark’s. 
 
 St. Mark’s Campanile. The great 
 belfry tower of the Cathedral of 
 Venice. It was begun in 888, but 
 not completed till the beginning 
 of the sixteenth century. It is a 
 very conspicuous object in any 
 view of the city; and from its 
 summit, which is ascended by 
 an easy incline, without steps, a 
 magnificent prospect is obtained. 
 
 Between those pillars [at the entrance 
 of t e Piazza of St. Mark], there opens a 
 great light; and in the midst of it, as we 
 advance slowly, the va-t tower of S. Mark 
 seems to lift itself visibly forth from the 
 level field of chequered stones. Ruskin. 
 
 At the corner of the new Procuratie, a 
 little distant from the church, stands the 
 steeple of St. Mark. This is a quadrangu- 
 lar tower, about aOO feet in height. I am 
 told that it is 1 ot uncommon in Italy for 
 the church and steeple to be in this state 
 of disunion. This shocked a clergyman of 
 my acquaintance very much. . . . dhe 
 gentleman was clearly of the opinion that 
 church and steeple ought to be as insepa- 
 ble as man and wife, that every church 
 ought to consider its steeple as mortar of 
 its mortar, and stone of its stone. An old 
 captain of a ship, who was present, de- 
 clared himself of the same way of think- 
 ing, and swore that a church, divorced 
 from its steeple, appeared to him as ridicu- 
 lous as a ship without a mast. 
 
 Dr. John Moore. 
 
 St. Mark’s Column. A famous 
 granite pillar in Venice, Italy, on 
 the summit of which rests the 
 Lion of St. Mark. It was brought 
 from the Holy Land in the 
 twelfth century. 
 
 St. Mark’s Square or Place. [Ital. 
 
 Piazza S. Marco.] The famous 
 piazza, or square, in Venice, near 
 or around which are grouped all 
 the more celebrated edifices, — 
 the Doge’s Palace, the Church of 
 St. Mark with its Campanile or 
 bell-tower, the Horologe of Pe- 
 trus Lombardus, and the other 
 structures which have given to 
 the city its great renown. 
 
 4®=* ‘‘St. Mark’s Place is the heart 
 of Venice. The life which has fled 
 from the extremities still beats strong- 
 ly here. Apart from all associations, 
 it is one of the most imposing architec- 
 tural objects in Europe.” Hillard. 
 
 “Of all the open spaces in the 
 city, that before the Church of St. 
 Mark alone bears the name of Piazza, 
 and the rest are merely called Camjpi , 
 or fields. But if the company of the 
 noblest architecture can give honor, 
 the Piazza San Marco merits its dis- 
 tinction, not in Venice only, but in the 
 whole world; for I fancy that no other 
 place in the world is set in such goodly 
 bounds.” W. D. Howells. 
 
 St. Mark yet sees his lion w here he stood 
 Stand, but in mockery of his wither’d 
 power, 
 
 Over the proud Place where an emperor 
 sued, 
 
 And monarclis gazed and envied in the 
 hour 
 
 When Venice was a queen with an un- 
 cquall’d dower. Byron. 
 
 Were Genoa’s galleys riding in ti e port, 
 Were civil fury raging in St. Mark's, 
 
 You are not to be wrought on, but would 
 fall, 
 
 As you have risen, with an unalter’d brow. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Not a stone 
 
 In the broad pavement, but to him w ho 
 
 has 
 
 An eye, an ear, for the inanimate world, 
 Tells of past ages. Samuel Rogers. 
 
 Hushed is the music, hushed the hum of 
 voices; 
 
 Gone is the crowd of dusky promenaders, 
 Slender-waisted, almond-eyed Venetians, 
 Princes and paupers. Fot a single foot- 
 fall 
 
 Sounds in the arches of the Procuratie. 
 One after one, like sparks in cindered 
 paper, 
 
 Faded the lights out in the goldsmiths’ 
 windows. 
 
 Drenched wdtli the moonlight lies the still 
 Piazza. T. B. Aldrich. 
 
 St. Martin. 1. A picture by An- 
 thony van Dyck (1599-1641), in 
 the church of Savelthem near 
 Brussels, Belgium, representing 
 the saint as dividing his mantle 
 with a beggar. 
 
 2. Also a picture upon the 
 same subject, by the same paint- 
 er, now at Windsor Castle. 
 
 St. Martin, Boulevard. A fine ave- 
 nue in Paris, France. 
 
 St. Martin de Tours. A famous 
 abbey church in Tours, France, 
 of which at present only two tow- 
 ers remain, the rest of the build- 
 ing having been destroyed in the 
 
SAT 
 
 447 
 
 SAX 
 
 Revolution of 1790. Tlie existing 
 portions are of the twelfth cen- 
 tury. This celebrated shrine was 
 a place of great resort for ages. 
 It possessed immense treasures 
 in gold and silver, which were 
 plundered by the Huguenots in 
 15 62. 
 
 St. Martin, Porte. See Porte 
 St. Martin. 
 
 St. Martin, Rue. A long narrow 
 street in Paris, running from the 
 river to the boulevards, and con- 
 tinuing under the name of Rue 
 du Faubourg St. Martin, to the 
 Barriere de la Villette on the 
 north of the city. The Boule- 
 vart de Sebastopol has deprived it 
 of much of its importance as a 
 thoroughfare. 
 
 St. Martin’s in the Fields. A 
 church on the east side of Trafal- 
 gar Square, London, built in 
 1721-26, and having for its best 
 feature a Greek portico. There 
 was a church upon this spot as 
 earl}" as 1222. 
 
 land, founded by William of 
 Wykeham. The building, which 
 is architecturally line, was begun 
 in 1387 and finished in 1393. 
 
 St. Maurice. A noted abbey, said 
 to be the most ancient monastic 
 establishment among the Alps, 
 in the town of the same name in 
 Switzerland. 
 
 St. Maurice. See Conversion of 
 St. Maurice by Erasmus. 
 
 St. Medard. A church in Paris, 
 the nave and choir of which date 
 from the end of the sixteenth 
 century, though the latter was 
 altered in the latter part of the 
 eighteenth century. 
 
 St. Merri. A large church in Paris, 
 begun in 1520 and completed in 
 1612. It has suffered some inju- 
 dicious alterations. It is in the 
 Flamboyant style. 
 
 St. Michael. A picture by Giovan- 
 ni da Fiesole, called Fra Angeli- 
 co (1387-1455). In the Uffizi Pal- 
 ace, Florence, Italy. 
 
 St. Martin’s Ludgate. An old 
 and noted church in Ludgate 
 Street, London, rebuilt after the 
 Great Fire by Sir Christopher 
 Wren. An epitaph in the old 
 church, bearing date 1590, has be- 
 come very celebrated. 
 
 Earth goes to f As mold to mold 
 
 Earth treads on ! j (U ttering in gold 
 
 Earth as to f a 1 1 Return here should 
 
 Earth shall to J l.Uoe ere he -would 
 
 Earth upon 
 Earth goes to 
 Earth though on 
 Earth shall from 
 
 1 f Consider may 
 
 V Forth J Passed away 
 j J1,art S i s s tout and gay 
 j LPasse poor away. 
 
 Half-pence and farthings. 
 
 Say the bells of St. Martin's. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 St, Martin’s le Grand. A well- 
 known street in London. The 
 general post-office is situated on 
 this street. 
 
 St. Mary -le- Bow. See Bow 
 
 Church. 
 
 St. Mary-le-Strand. An interest- 
 ing old church in the Strand, 
 London. 
 
 St. Mary’s College. A celebrated 
 institution in Winchester, Eng- 
 
 St. Michael. A celebrated picture 
 by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), 
 representing the archangel tread- 
 ing on the neck of the dragon, 
 and attacking him with a sword. 
 It is in the Louvre at Paris. 
 
 “St. Michael — not standing, 
 but hovering on his poised wings, and 
 grasping his lance in both hands — sets 
 one foot lightly on the shoulder of the 
 demon, who, prostrate, writhes up, as 
 it were, and tries to lift his head and 
 turn it on his conqueror with one last 
 gaze of malignant rage and despair. 
 The archangel looks down upon him 
 with a brow calm and serious : in his 
 beautiful face is neither vengeance nor 
 disdain, in his attitude no effort. . . . 
 The form of the demon is human, but 
 vulgar in its proportions ; but, from 
 the attitude into which he is thrown, 
 the monstrous form is so fore-shortened 
 that it does not disgust, and the ma- 
 jestic figure of the archangel fills up 
 nearly the whole space, — fills the eye 
 — fills the soul — with its victorious 
 beauty.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 St. Michael. A picture by Guido 
 Reni ( 15742-1642 ). In the church 
 of the Cappucini, Rome. 
 
 4QT “ It seems agreed that as a work 
 
SAI 
 
 448 
 
 SAI 
 
 of art there is only the St. Michael of 
 Guido which can be compared with 
 that of Raphael.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 4£3P “Like the Belvedere god, the 
 archangel breathes that dignified ven- 
 geance which animates without dis- 
 torting, while the very devil derives 
 importance from his august adversary, 
 and escapes the laugh which his figure 
 usually provokes.” Forsyth. 
 
 St. Michael's. 1. A famous church 
 on the hill of the Kremlin in 
 Moscow, Russia. It contains the 
 sarcophagi of the early Tzars 
 from Ivan I. to Alexis, father of 
 Peter the Great, and a splendid 
 silver coffin, enclosing the body 
 of a boy, believed to be that of 
 the last prince of the house of 
 Ruric. This body is worshipped 
 as a holy relic. 
 
 2. The finest old church now 
 remaining in Scotland, in point 
 of size and architecture. It was 
 a royal chapel at Linlithgow, 
 founded by David I. 
 
 St. Michael’s Chair. The vulgar 
 designation of a stone lantern on 
 a tower at St. Michael’s Mount, 
 Cornwall, England, just large 
 enough to admit of one person 
 being seated in it. The attempt 
 to sit in it is attended with danger 
 on account of its exposed position, 
 and the popular superstition is 
 that, of a married couple, which- 
 ever party first succeeds in occu- 
 pying it, thereby acquires marital 
 sovereignty. 
 
 Rebecca bis wife had often wished 
 To sit in St. MichaeVs Chair ; 
 
 For she should be the mistress then, 
 
 If she had once sat there. 
 
 Southey. 
 
 St. Michael’s Mount. A cele- 
 brated rocky eminence near Pen- 
 zance in Cornwall, England. It 
 is surmounted by a chapel, found- 
 ed in the fifth century, and is 
 associated with much romantic 
 legend. It is asserted that the 
 archangel Michael appeared to 
 some hermits upon one of its 
 crags, to which tradition has 
 given the name of St. Michael’s 
 Chair. At high tide the rock is 
 surrounded by the sea. 
 
 Or whether thou to our moist vows deny ’d, 
 Sleep’st by the fable of Bellerus old. 
 Where the great vision of the guarded 
 Mount 
 
 Looks towards Namancos and Bayona’s 
 hold, 
 
 Look homeward, angel, now, and melt 
 with ruth. 
 
 And, O ye dolphins, waft the hapless 
 youth. Milton. 
 
 If we had the Spaniards established at 
 Land’s End, with impregnable Spanish 
 fortifications on St. MichaeVs Mount , we 
 should perhaps come to the same conclu- 
 sion. Thackeray. 
 
 St. Nicolas des Champs. A 
 florid Gothic church of the fif- 
 teenth and sixteenth centuries, 
 in the Rue St. Martin, Paris. 
 Here were buried Gassendi and 
 Mdlle. de Scudery. 
 
 St. Olave’s. An old and interest- 
 ing church in Hart Street, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 St. Ouen. [Fr. Ec/Use de St. Oaen . ] 
 A fine Gothic church in Rouen, 
 France, and one of the few an- 
 cient ecclesiastical monuments of 
 the Continent which are com- 
 pleted. It is named after the 
 Archbishop of Rouen, who died 
 in 678. 
 
 St. Pancras. One of the parishes 
 of London, and the most popu- 
 lous. 
 
 St. Pancras - in - the -Fields. An 
 old and noted church in London, 
 said to have been the last church 
 in England whose bell tolled for 
 mass, and in which the Roman 
 Catholic rites were celebrated 
 before the Reformation. This 
 church was restored and enlarged 
 in 1858. 
 
 In passingand returning by St. Pancras 
 church, he [Dr. Johnson] fell into prayer, 
 and mentioned, upon Dr. Brocklesby in- 
 quiring why the Catholics chose that spot 
 for their burial-place, that some Catholics 
 in Queen Elizabeth's time had been burnt 
 there. Windham’s Diary. 
 
 St. Patrick’s. A cathedral in 
 Dublin, Ireland. It is in the 
 minds of many associated with 
 Jonathan Swift, the English sat- 
 irist, who was appointed to the 
 deanery in 1713, and retained it 
 till his death, being known as the 
 Dean of St. Patrick’s. 
 
SAI 
 
 449 
 
 SAI 
 
 St, Patrick’s. The Roman Catho- 
 lic cathedral in the city of New 
 York. It is an imposing edifice 
 of white marble, of the decorated 
 Gothic order, with two marble 
 spires each over 325 feet in height. 
 It was begun in 1858, and is situ- 
 ated upon the highest point of 
 Fifth Avenue. 
 
 St. Patrick’s Cave [and Purga- 
 tory]. A locality in Ireland, 
 upon a small island in Lough 
 Derg, famous throughout Europe 
 in the Middle Ages by reason of 
 the legendary associations con- 
 nected with the saint, who is 
 here supposed to have opened a 
 descent into purgatory for living 
 sinners who wished to undergo 
 expiation for their misdeeds. 
 
 46^ “ St. Patrick’s Purgatory has 
 been famous from a very early period. 
 The lake upon which it is situated is 
 about six miles in length by four in 
 breadth. The ‘ holy islands ’ it con- 
 tains are little more than bare rocks. 
 The one to which the pilgrims resort, 
 ‘ Station Island,’ is about half a mile 
 from the shore, and rises very little 
 above the surface of the lake; a ferry- 
 boat carries them across, and of course 
 a considerable income is derived from 
 this source. The station commences 
 on the 1st of June, and continues till 
 the 15th of August ; and we learn that 
 the whole number of pilgrims visiting 
 the Lough would amount during the 
 season to above 19,000, the great ma- 
 jority being women ; and many of them 
 will have travelled a distance of 200 
 miles to arrive at the scene of their de- 
 votions, this too at a season of the year 
 when labor is particularly needful and 
 profitable. There are few intelligent 
 persons of any creed who will not re- 
 joice that ‘ St. Patrick’s Purgatory ’ 
 has fallen from its high estate, and that 
 the gross superstitions connected with 
 it are becoming every year more and 
 more a mere record of by-gone degra- 
 dations.” Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 
 
 4QP “ Who has not heard of St. 
 Patrick's Purgatory , of its mysterious 
 wonders, and of the crowds of devotees 
 who have for ages been attracted by its 
 reputed sanctity? There it stands, 
 with its chapels and its toll-houses; 
 and thither repair yearly crowds of 
 pious pilgrims, who would wash away 
 at once, by a visit to these holy shores, 
 the accumulated sins of their iiv s.” 
 
 Wright. 
 
 Patrick. This cave, Egerio, which 3*ou 
 see, concealeth 
 
 Many mysteries of life and death, 
 
 Not tor him whose hardened bosom feeletli 
 Nought of true repentance or true faith. 
 But he who treely enters, who revealetli 
 All his sins with penitential breath, 
 
 Shall endure his purgatory then, 
 
 And return forgiven back again. 
 
 Calderon , Trans. 
 
 St. Paul. See Beheading of St. 
 Paul, Conversion of St. Paul, 
 and Paul and Barnabas. 
 
 St. Paul and St. Anthony. A 
 striking picture by Guido Reni 
 ( 15742-1642). In the Museum at 
 Berlin. 
 
 St. Paul preaching at Athens. 
 
 See Paul preaching at Athens. 
 
 St. Paul visiting St. Peter in 
 Prison. A picture by Filippino 
 Lippi (1460-1505). In the church 
 of S. M. del Carmine, Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 St. Paul’s. 1. The metropolitan 
 church of London, and the third 
 cathedral dedicated to that saint, 
 built upon very nearly the same 
 site as its predecessors. The first 
 church was founded, according 
 to Bede, about A.D. 610, by Eth- 
 elbert, King of Kent, but de- 
 stroyed by fire in 1087. The sec- 
 ond church, “Old St. Paul’s,” 
 was destroyed in the Great Fire, 
 1666. The corner-stone of the 
 present building was laid June 
 21, 1675. It was finished in 35 
 years under one architect, Sir 
 Christopher Wren (1632-1723). 
 It is in the form of a Latin cross. 
 Wren was buried in the crypt of 
 St. Paul’s, where is a tablet to 
 his memory, bearing the inscrip- 
 tion, “ Si monumentum requiris, 
 circumspice.” 
 
 4S§=“ “ Other edifices may crowd close 
 to its foundation, and people may 
 tramp as they like about it; but still 
 the great cathedral is as quiet and 
 serene as if it stood in the middle 
 of Salisbury Plain. There cannot be 
 any thing else in its way sy good in 
 the world as just this effect of St. 
 Paul’s in the very heart and densest 
 tumult of London.” Hawthorne. 
 
 “ The whole cost, £747,954 2s. 
 9 d., was paid by a tax on every chal- 
 dron of coal brought into the port of 
 
SAI 
 
 450 
 
 SAI 
 
 London, on which account it is said 
 that the cathedral has a special claim 
 of its own to its smoky exterior.” 
 
 Hare. 
 
 4Sg=-“The roof from which the 
 dome springs is itself as high as the 
 spires of most other churches ; black- 
 ened for two hundred years with the 
 coal smoke of London, it stands like a 
 relic of the giant architecture of the 
 early world.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 He sette not his benefice to lrnyre. 
 
 And lefte liis scheep eneombred in the 
 my re, 
 
 And ran to Londone, unto seynte Poules, 
 To seeken him a cliaunterie for soules. 
 
 Chaucer , Prologue. 
 
 We're all in the dumps, 
 
 For diamonds are trumps. 
 
 The kittens are gone to St. Paul's ! 
 
 The babies are bit, 
 
 The moon’s in a fit, 
 
 And the houses are built without walls. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 As I was walking o’er little Moorfields, 
 
 I saw St. Paul's a- running on wheels, 
 With a fee, fo, fum. 
 
 Then for further frolics I’ll go to France, 
 While Jack shall sing and his wife shall 
 dance. 
 
 With a fee, fo, fum. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 light down by smok} r Paul's they bore, 
 Till, where the street grows straitcr, 
 One fixed forever at the door, 
 
 And one became head-waiter. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 St. Paul's high dome amidst the vassal 
 bands 
 
 Of neighboring spires, a regal chieftain 
 stands. Joanna Baillie. 
 
 2. An interesting and impor- 
 tant church, though architectur- 
 ally plain, situated in Covent 
 Garden, London, built by Inigo 
 Jones, and the first Protestant 
 church of consequence erected in 
 England. The interior was most- 
 ly destroyed by fire in 1795. 
 
 St. Paul’s. See San Paolo. 
 
 St. Paul’s Churchyard. An irreg- 
 ular circle of houses enclosing St. 
 Paul’s Church and burial-ground, 
 in London. 
 
 No place so sacred from such fops is 
 barr’d, 
 
 Nor is Paul’s church more safe than 
 Paul's churchyard. Pope. 
 
 St. Paul’s Cross. A canopied 
 cross, rising from stone steps, in 
 the graveyard of St. Paul’s, Lon- 
 don. Before the time of the Com- 
 monwealth, sermons were deliv- 
 ered here on Sunday afternoons. 
 
 It was destroyed by order of Par- 
 liament in 1643. 
 
 4®=-“ Paul’s Cross was the pulpit 
 not only of the cathedral : it might al- 
 most be said, as preaching became 
 more popular, and began more and 
 more to rule the public mind, to have 
 become that of the Church of England. 
 . . . Paul’s Cross was not only the 
 great scene for the display of eloquence 
 by distinguished preachers : it was 
 
 that of many public acts, some relating 
 to ecclesiastical affairs, some of min- 
 gled cast, some simply political. Here 
 Papal Bulls were promulgated; here 
 excommunications were thundered 
 out; here sinners of high position did 
 penance; here heretics knelt, and read 
 their recantations, or, if obstinate, 
 were marched off to Smithfield.” 
 
 Bean Milman. 
 
 St. Paul’s, Great Bell of. See 
 
 Great Bell of St. Paul’s. 
 
 St. Paul’s School. An establish- 
 ment near St. Paul’s Cathedral, 
 London, founded in 1514 by Dean 
 Colet. It was designed for 153 
 poor children, the number corre- 
 sponding to that of the fishes 
 taken by St. Peter. John Million 
 went to school here between the 
 ages of 11 and 16. 
 
 4®=* “ In 1877 the Mercers’ Company 
 purchased 16 acres of ground in Ham- 
 mersmith, whither it is intended to re- 
 move the school.” Hare . 
 
 St. Paul, Hotel. See Hotel St. 
 Paul. 
 
 St. Peter. A well-known bronze 
 statue of St. Peter in the basilica 
 of St. Peter’s, Rome, having' one 
 foot extended, the toe of which 
 is reverently kissed by devout 
 Catholics. By some antiquaries 
 it is thought to have been cast by 
 St. Leo from the bronze statue of 
 Jupiter Capitolinus; others main- 
 tain that it is the identical statue 
 of Jupiter, transformed into that 
 of the Apostle. It is probable, 
 however, that it is not a work of 
 classical times, but belongs to the 
 early ages of Christianity. 
 
 4SP “ Long since would that toe 
 have been kissed away, had it not been 
 guarded by a sort of brass slipper ; for 
 no good Roman Catholic, from the popG 
 to the beggar, ever enters the church 
 without fervently pressing his lips to 
 
SAI 
 
 451 
 
 SAT 
 
 it, and then applying his forehead and 
 chin to its consecrated tip.” 
 
 C. A. Eaton . . 
 
 St. Peter. See Crucifixion of St. 
 Peter and Deliverance of St. 
 Peter. 
 
 St. Peter and St. John curing the 
 Lame Man at the Beautiful 
 Gate of the Temple. See Peter 
 and John at the Beautiful 
 Gate. 
 
 St. Peter and St. Paul. An im- 
 posing Roman Catholic church 
 edifice, built of red sandstone, in 
 Philadelphia, Penn. It has a 
 dome over 200 feet in height. 
 
 St. Peter delivered from Prison. 
 A picture by Filippino Lippi 
 (1460-1505). In the church of Sta. 
 Maria del Carmine, Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 St. Peter liberated by an Angel. 
 A picture by Washington Allston 
 (1779-1843). Now in the church 
 of Asliby-de-la-Zouch, England. 
 
 St. Peter Martyr. A noted pic- 
 ture by Titian (1477-1576), in 
 which his greatest qualities as a 
 figure and landscape painter were 
 displayed. It was formerly in 
 the church of SS. Giovanni e Pa- 
 olo, in Venice, but was destroyed 
 by fire in 1866. 
 
 St. Peter’s. 1. [Ital. S. Pietro in 
 Vciticano .] The chief metropoli- 
 tan church of Rome, and the 
 most magnificent of Christian 
 temples. As early as A D. 90, 
 an oratory was built on the site 
 of the present building to mark 
 the spot where, according to tra- 
 dition, the Apostle Peter was in- 
 terred, and where many of the 
 early Christian martyrs had suf- 
 ferred. In 306 Constantine the 
 Great built a basilica on the same 
 spot. The present edifice was 
 dedicated by Urban VIII. in 1626. 
 St. Peter’s is one of the seven 
 basilicas in Rome, of which four 
 are within the walls, and three 
 without. The} 7 derive their name 
 from the Bcisiliece or Courts of 
 Justice of the later period of the 
 empire, upon the plan of which, 
 find often upon the sites of which, 
 
 the first Christian churches were 
 built. The space covered by the 
 buildings of St. Peter’s is said to 
 be 240,000 square feet, or about 
 5^ English acres. Its facade is 
 357 feet in length, and 144 feet in 
 height. A line upon the pave- 
 ment marks the size of the other 
 great Christian churches, accord- 
 ing to which the length of St. 
 Peter’s is 613| feet; St. Paul’s, 
 London, 520| feet; Milan Cathe- 
 dral, 443 feet. It is only by de- 
 grees that one receives the im- 
 pression of its vast size. The 
 dome, which is double, was be- 
 gun by Michael Angelo, and was 
 completed when he died in 1563. 
 
 4^ “A work so vast and various 
 must be approached in the spirit of 
 knowledge and docility. Most build- 
 ings have an unity of plan ; and their 
 different parts, and the successive 
 changes in structure and detail, are 
 like variations upon one musical theme. 
 Not so with St. Peter’s. It awakens 
 no ideas of unity or simplicity. It is a 
 great representative structure, which 
 gathers within itself the convergent 
 rays of innumerable lights. It is a 
 temple, a museum, a gallery of art, and 
 a mausoleum. If a fanciful compari- 
 son may be pardoned, other churches 
 are gardens, but St. Peter’s is a land- 
 scape. Its growth and history em- 
 brace nearly three hundre d and fifty 
 years. ... Its foundation was nearly 
 coeval with the invention of printing; 
 before the sacristy was completed, the 
 splendid researches of Watt had been 
 crowned with success; and in the in- 
 terval had occurred the discovery of 
 America, and the Reformation. Reli- 
 gion, politics, literature, art, and man- 
 ners had gone through whole cycles of 
 mutation, and the web of society had 
 been unravelled and re-woven. All 
 these considerations should be borne in 
 mind by him who would form a true 
 judgment of this unique building. It 
 should be examined in that historical 
 spirit in which we study the Roman 
 law or the English constitution.” 
 
 Hillard . 
 
 “ The building of St. Peter’s 
 surpasses all powers of description. 
 It appears to me like some great work 
 of nature, a forest, a mass of rocks, or 
 something similar, for I never can real- 
 ize the idea that it is the work of man.” 
 Mende Issohn , Tra n -s 1 . 
 
 4®= “ No architecture ever surpassed 
 in effect the interior of this pile when 
 illuminated at Easter by a single cross 
 
SAI 
 
 452 
 
 SAI 
 
 of lamps. The immediate focus of 
 glory — all the gradations of light and 
 darkness — the sombre of the deep 
 perspectives — the multitude kneeling 
 round the Pope — the groups in the 
 distant aisles — what a world of pic- 
 tures for men of art to copy or com- 
 bine! What fancy was ever so dull or 
 so disciplined or so worn as to resist 
 the enthusiasm of such a scene? ” 
 
 Forsyth . 
 
 4ST “ St. Peter’s surpasses all other 
 churches not more in magnitude than 
 in magnificence. . . . The treasures 
 and the taste of the world seem to have 
 been exhausted in its embellishment.” 
 0. A. Eaton. 
 4®* “ I have been twice to St. Pe- 
 ter’s, and was impressed more than at 
 any former visit by a sense of breadth 
 and loftiness, and, as it were, a vision- 
 ary splendor and magnificence.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 But thou, of temples old, or altars new, 
 Standest alone, with nothing like to thee, 
 W orthiest of God, the holy and the true. 
 Since Zion’s desolation, when that lie 
 Forsook his former city, wliat could be 
 Of earthly structures, in his honor piled, 
 Of a sublimer aspect ? Majesty, 
 
 Power, glory, strength, and beauty, all 
 arc aisled 
 
 In this eternal ark of worship undefiled. 
 
 Enter: its crandeur overwhelms thee not ; 
 And why? It is not lessened; but thy 
 mind, 
 
 Expanded by the genius of the spot, 
 
 Has grown colossal. Byron. 
 
 And while still stands 
 The austere Pantheon, into heaven shall 
 soar 
 
 A dome [St. Peter’s ], its image, while the 
 base expands 
 
 Into a fane surpassing all before, 
 
 Such as all flesh shall flock to kneel in. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 The hand that rounded Peter’s dome , 
 
 And groined the aisl s of Christian Rome, 
 Wrought in a sad sincerity. 
 
 Himself from God he could not free : 
 
 He builded better than he knew; 
 
 The conscious stone to beauty grew. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 A spiritual empire there embodied stood; 
 The Roman Church there met me face to 
 face; 
 
 Ages, sealed up, of evil and of good, 
 
 Slept in that circling colonnade’s embrace. 
 
 Aubrey de Vere. 
 And mark ! our church hath its own at- 
 mosphere, 
 
 That varies not with seasons of the year, 
 But ever keeps its even, temperate air, 
 And soft, large light without offensive 
 glare. W. W. Story. 
 
 2. A number of churches of 
 this name in London. That in 
 Cornhill, rebuilt by Sir Christo- 
 pher Wren (1632-1723) after the 
 
 Great Fire, is one of the oldest 
 and best known. 
 
 Pancakes and fritters, 
 
 Say the bells of St. Peter’s. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 St. Peter’s Chains. See San Pie- 
 tro in Vincoli. 
 
 St. Peter’s Chair. See Chair of 
 St. Peter. 
 
 St. Peter’s College. A foundation 
 of the University of Cambridge, 
 England. Established in 1257. 
 [Called also Peterhouse.] 
 
 St. Peter’s College. See West- 
 minster School. 
 
 St. Peter’s, Obelisk of. See Obe- 
 lisk of St. Peter’s. 
 
 St. Petronia. A picture by Fran- 
 cesco Barbieri, called Guercino 
 (1590-1666). In the Museum of 
 the Capitol, Borne. See also 
 Martyrdom of S. Petronilla. 
 
 4®=* “The body is being taken out 
 of the ground while the soul is received 
 into Paradise. This is a composite 
 work; the artist, according to the prac- 
 tice of schools not primitive, having 
 assembled together three or four kinds 
 of effect. . . . The entire subject — 
 death, cold and lugubrious, contrasted 
 with a happy triumphant resurrection 
 — serves to arrest the attention of the 
 multitude, and excite its emotion. 
 Painting thus regarded leaves its natu- 
 ral limits, and approaches literature.” 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 St. Petronilla. See Santa Petro- 
 nilla. 
 
 St. Philippe. The parish church 
 of the Faubourg St. Honore, 
 Paris, built in 1784. 
 
 St. Boch. A large and fashion- 
 able church in Paris, in the Bue 
 St. Honore'. Here were buried 
 Corneille, Descartes, and the 
 Abbe de l’Epee. The chapels 
 contain numerous paintings and 
 sculptures of the last century, 
 and the church shows the change 
 from the style of architecture of 
 the time of Louis XIV. to that 
 of Louis XV. 
 
 Then and there Napoleon ascended his 
 throne; and the next day, from the steps 
 of St. Roche, thundered forth the cannon 
 which taught the mob of Paris, for the 
 
SAI 
 
 453 
 
 SAI 
 
 first time, that it had a master. That was 
 the commencement of the Empire. So 
 the Anti-slavery movement commenced 
 unheeded in that “ obscure hole” which 
 Mayor Otis could not find, occupied by a 
 printer and a black boy. W. Phillips. 
 
 St. Roch distributing Alms. A 
 
 picture by Annibale Caracci 
 (1550-1001-)), and regarded as one 
 of his chief works. In the Gallery 
 at Dresden, Germany. 
 
 St. Sacrement. A modern Italian 
 church in Paris, also known as 
 St. Denis du Marais. 
 
 St. Saviour (Southwark). A church 
 in London, near London Bridge, a 
 remnant of the priory of St. Mary 
 Overy, but known as St. Sav- 
 iour’s before 1510. The choir 
 and Lady Chapel remain excel- 
 lent specimens of early English 
 church architecture. In the for- 
 mer are the graves of Philip 
 Massinger, John Fletcher, and 
 Edward Dyer the poet; and here 
 is the tomb of John Gower (Moral 
 Gower). 
 
 St. Sebaldus. See Shrine of St. 
 Sebaldus. 
 
 St. Sebastian. 1. A celebrated 
 picture in the church of S. Maria 
 degli Angeli, at Rome. 
 
 2. A picture by Domenico Zam- 
 pieri, surnamed Domenichino 
 (1581-1641). In the Stadel Insti- 
 tut, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 “ Visitors to picture and sculp- 
 ture galleries are haunted by the forms 
 of two handsome young men, — Sebas- 
 tian and Antinous. Both were saints : 
 the one of decadent Paganism, the 
 other of mythologizing Christianity. 
 According to the popular beliefs to 
 Which they owed their canonization, 
 both suffered death in the bloom of 
 earliest manhood for the faith that 
 burned in them. There is, however, 
 this difference between the two : that, 
 whereas Sebastian is a shadowy crea- 
 ture of the pious fancy, Antinous pre- 
 serves a marked and unmistakable per- 
 sonality. . . . The pictures of Sebastian 
 vary according to the ideal of adoles- 
 cent beauty conceived by each succes- 
 sive artist. In the frescos of Perugi.no 
 and Luini he shines with the pale pure 
 light of saintliness. On the canvas of 
 Sodoma he reproduces the voluptuous 
 charm of youthful Bacchus, with so 
 
 much of anguish in his martyred fea. 
 tures as may serve to heighten his dae- 
 monic fascination. . . . Under Guido’s 
 hand he is a model of mere carnai 
 comeliness. And so forth through the 
 whole range of the Italian painters.” 
 
 J. A'. Symonds. 
 
 St. Sebastian. A series of pictures 
 representing the history of the 
 saint, by Paul Veronese (1530?- 
 1588). In the sacristy of the 
 church of S. Sebastiano, Venice, 
 Italy. 
 
 j “ Paul Veronese’s ‘ St. Sebas- 
 tian ’ . . . appeared to me when last I 
 saw it one of the finest dramatic pic- 
 tures I had ever beheld. It struck me 
 as a magnificent scene played before 
 me with such a glow of light and life 
 and movement and color, . . . that I felt 
 as if in a theatre, . . . and inclined to 
 clap my hands and cry ‘ Bravo ! ’” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 St. Sebastian. A picture by Guido 
 Reni (1574 ?-1642). In the Capitol, 
 Rome. 
 
 St. Sebastian. A celebrated votive 
 picture by Antonio Allegri, sur- 
 named Correggio (1494-1534), rep- 
 resenting the Virgin and Child 
 “enthroned on clouds and sur- 
 rounded by a circle of infant an- 
 gels ; below are St. Sebastian, 
 St. Geminianus, and St. Roch.” 
 This picture is in the Gallery at 
 Dresden, Germany. 
 
 4®=* “ The figure of St. Sebastian is 
 one of the most, beautiful by Correggio, 
 and the picture is thought to represent 
 the most perfect period of the master.” 
 Pastlake, Handbook of Painting. 
 
 St. Sebastian. A noted and ad- 
 mired picture by Giovanni Anto- 
 nio Cavaliere Razzi, called II 
 Sodoma (1479 ?-1550 ?). In the 
 Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy. 
 
 St. Sebastian. See also Cata- 
 comb of St. Sebastian and 
 Martyrdom of St. Sebastian. 
 
 St. Sepulchre’s. A well-known 
 church in London, near Newgate, 
 containing one of the oldest and 
 largest organs in the city. By a 
 legacy left to this church in 1605, 
 a person was employed to toll a 
 hand-bell before the cells of those 
 prisoners at Newgate who were 
 condemned to death, on the night 
 
SAT 
 
 454 
 
 SAT 
 
 Tiefore their execution, reciting 
 these lines : — 
 
 All you that in the condemned hole do lie, 
 1 re pare you, for to-morrow you shall die; 
 
 And. when St. Sepulchre's bell to-morrow 
 tolls. 
 
 The Lord have mercy on your souls ! 
 
 Unreasonable people are as hird to rec- 
 oncile as the vanes ot Si. Sepulchre's 
 tower, which never looked all four upon 
 one point in the heavens, Howell. 
 
 St. Sernin. An ancient church of 
 the Romanesque order in Tou- 
 louse, France. It was dedicated 
 in 1(M) by Pope Urban II. 
 
 St. Severin. A fine Gothic church 
 in Paris, in the form of a central 
 nave and two aisles, and rows of 
 chapels on either side. This 
 church, on the site of an older 
 structure of the eleventh century, 
 was begun as early as 1489. 
 
 St. Simeon the Prophet. [S, Sim- 
 eone Prof eta.] A noted statue by 
 Marco Romano. In the church 
 cf S. Simeone Grande, Venice, 
 Italy. 
 
 St. Simon’s Pillar. The famous 
 column upon the summit of 
 which St. Simon Stylites (b. 388), 
 the Eastern hermit, lived for 
 37 years. After his death, his 
 admirers built a church upon the 
 spot, enclosing the pillar on which 
 he had so long lived. The pedes- 
 tal upon which this column stood 
 is still remaining among the 
 ruins of Kul’at Sim’an, between 
 Antioch and Aleppo, in Syria. 
 
 St. Sophia. A mosque in Con- 
 stantinople, Turkey, and the 
 principal place of Mohammedan 
 worship in the world. It is a 
 very fine example of Byzantine 
 architecture. The mosque was 
 originally a Christian church 
 built by the Emperor Justinian 
 in 531, and was converted into a 
 Moslem temple by Mohammed 
 II. in 1453. The building is in 
 the form of a Greek cross, and is 
 surmounted by a lofty dome with 
 several lesser domes and mina- 
 rets. The building is of brick, 
 but is lined in the interior with 
 costly marbles. Many of the tem- 
 
 ples of Greece and Egypt were 
 pillaged to enrich this mosque. 
 
 JbfT’ “ When Justinian exclaimed, 
 
 ‘ I have surpassed thee, O Solomon,’ 
 lie took an exaggerated view of the 
 work of his predecessor, and did not 
 realize the extent to which his build- 
 ing excelled the Jewish temple. The 
 latter was only equal to a small church, 
 with a wooden roof, supported by 
 wooden posts, and covering some 7,200 
 square feet. Sta. Sophia covers ten 
 times that area, is built of durable ma- 
 terials throughout, and far more artis- 
 tically ornamented than the temple of 
 the Jews ever could have been. But 
 Justinian did more than accomplish 
 this easy victory. Neither the Panthe- 
 on nor any of the vaulted halls at Rome 
 equal the nave of Sta. Sophia in extent, 
 or in cleverness of construction, or in 
 beauty of design. Nor was there any 
 thing erected during the ten centuries 
 which elapsed from the transference of 
 the capital to Byzantium till the build- 
 ing of the great mediaeval cathedrals, 
 which can be compared with it. In- 
 deed, it remains even now an open 
 question whether a Christian church 
 exists anywhere, of any age, whose in- 
 terior is so beautiful as that of this 
 marvellous creation of old Byzantine 
 art.” Fergus son. 
 
 4@=*“It is certain that no domical 
 building of modern times can at all ap- 
 proach Sta. Sophia's, either for appro- 
 priateness or beauty. If we regard it 
 with a view to the purposes of Protes- 
 tant worship, it affords an infinitely 
 better model for imitation than any 
 thing our own mediaeval architects ever 
 produced.” Fergus son. 
 
 jgGaP “ Its immense dome is said to 
 be more wonderful than St. Peter’s; 
 but it's dirt is much more wonderful 
 than its dome, though they never men- 
 tion it.” Mark Twain . 
 
 I have beheld Sophia's bright roofs swoT 
 Tlieir glittering mass i’ the sun, and have 
 surveyed 
 
 Its sanctuary the while the usurping Mos- 
 lem prayed. Byron. 
 
 Toor child 1 I would have mended it with 
 gold, 
 
 Until it gleamed like St. Sophia's dome 
 When all the faithful troop to morning 
 prayer. Mrs. Browning . 
 
 0, Stamboul! once the empress of their 
 reign ? 
 
 Though turbans now pollute Sophia's 
 shrine, 
 
 And Greece her very altars eyes in vain. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 St. Stephen. The name by which 
 the great hell in Westminster 
 
SAI 
 
 455 
 
 SAI 
 
 Palace, London, is known. The 
 weight of this bell is llj tons. 
 
 St. Stepnen. See Martyrdom of 
 St. Stephen. 
 
 St. Stephen’s. 1. The cathedral 
 of Vienna, Austria. One of the 
 most imposing specimens of 
 Gothic architecture in the world. 
 It was begun in 1359 and finished 
 in 1480. 
 
 JGSgp* “ St. Stephen’s Cathedral in the 
 centre of the old city is one of the fin- 
 est specimens of Gothic architecture in 
 Germany. Its unrivalled tower, which 
 rises to the height of 428 feet, is visible 
 from every part of Vienna. It is en- 
 tirely of stone, most elaborately orna- 
 mented, and is supposed to be the 
 strongest in Europe. The inside is 
 solemn and grand, but the effect is in- 
 jured by the number of small chapels 
 and shrines.” Bayard Taylor . 
 
 “ No one with a trace of poetry 
 in his composition can stand under the 
 great cavernous western porch [of St. 
 Stephen’s], and not feel that he has 
 before him one of the most beautiful 
 and impressive buildings in Europe. 
 A good deal of this may be owing to 
 the color. The time-stain in the nave 
 is untouched, the painted glass perfect, 
 and the whole has a venerable look, 
 now too rare. The choir is being 
 smartened up, and its poetry is gone. 
 Meanwhile no building can stand in 
 more absolute contrast with the cathe- 
 dral at Cologne, than this one at Vien- 
 na. The former fails, because it is so 
 coldly perfect : this impresses, though 
 offending against all rules, because it 
 was designed by a poet.” Fergusson. 
 
 2. An admired church, in the 
 rear of the Mansion House, Lon- 
 don, the work of Sir Christopher 
 Wren (1632-1723). 
 
 JKSf- “ If the material had been as 
 lasting, and the size as great, as St. 
 Paul’s, this church would liave been a 
 greater monument to Wren than the 
 cathedral.” Fergusson. 
 
 St. Stephen’s Chapel. In the Old 
 
 Palace at Westminster, London. 
 See St. Stephen’s Hall. 
 
 “ St. Stephen’s Chapel was a 
 beautiful specimen of rich Decorated 
 Gothic, its inner walls being covered 
 with ancient frescos relating to the Old 
 and New Testament history : it was 
 used as the House of Commons from 
 1547 till 1834; and its walls resounded 
 to the eloquence of Chatham, Pitt, Fox, 
 Burke, Grattan, and Canning.” Hare. 
 
 St. Stephen’s Court. The English 
 
 Exchequer. 
 
 That cupboard, where the mice disport- 
 1 liken to St. Stephen's Court. 
 
 Matt. Prior ( Erie Robert's Mice). 
 
 St. Stephen’s Hall. A room in 
 the New Palace at W T estminster, 
 London, leading from Westmin- 
 ster Hall. It derives its name 
 from occupying the same space 
 as St. Stephen’s Chapel of the old 
 palace, and is lined by twelve 
 statues of eminent parliamentary 
 statesmen and orators. See St. 
 Stephen’s Chapel. 
 
 What is the good of men collected, with 
 effort, to debate on the benches of St. 
 Stephen’s , now when there is a Times 
 Newspaper? Not the discussion of ques- 
 tions; only the ultimate voting of them 
 (a very brief process, 1 should think !) re- 
 quires to go on, or can veritably go on, in 
 St. Stephen's now. Carlyle. 
 
 St. Sulpice. This church, on the 
 Place St. Sulpice in Paris, was 
 commenced by Anne of Austria 
 in 1646, but was not completed 
 until 1745. It is in the form of a 
 Latin cross. The exterior is very 
 fine, and within, the high altar 
 surrounded by statues of the 
 Twelve Apostles is very impos- 
 ing. 
 
 St. Sulpice. See Place St. Sul- 
 pice. 
 
 St. Theodore’s Column. A well- 
 known pillar of granite in Ven- 
 ice, Italy, on the summit of which 
 is a statue of St. Theodore resting 
 upon a crocodile. It was brought 
 from the Holy Land in the early 
 part of the twelfth century. St. 
 Theodore was the first patron 
 of Venice; but he was deposed, 
 and St. Mark adopted, when the 
 bones of the latter were brought 
 from Alexandria. 
 
 St. Theresa delivering St. Bernar- 
 dino de Mendoza from Purgatory. 
 A picture by Peter Paul Rubens 
 (1577-1640). It is in the Museum 
 of Antwerp, Belgium. 
 
 St. Theresa. A statue by Giovan- 
 ni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). 
 In the church of Santa Maria 
 della Vittoria, in Rome. 
 
 4®=“ “ She is adorable. In a swoon 
 of ecstatic happiness lies the saint, 
 
SAI 
 
 456 
 
 SAT 
 
 with pendant hands, naked feet, and 
 half-closed eyes, fallen in transports of 
 blissful love. Her features are emaci- 
 ated, but how noble ! Words cannot 
 render the sentiment of this affecting 
 rapturous attitude.” Taine> Trans. 
 
 St. Thomas. See Incredulity of 
 St. Thomas. 
 
 St. Thomas d’Aquin. A fashion- 
 able church in the most aristo- 
 cratic quarter of the Faubourg 
 St. Germain, Paris. It formerly 
 belonged to a Dominican convent. 
 Here, among other modern pic- 
 tures, is one by Ary Scheffer, of 
 St. Thomas calming the waves in 
 a tempest. 
 
 St. Thomas’s Hospital. A hospital 
 in London, originally founded in 
 1213 as an almshouse. Queen 
 Victoria laid the first stone of the 
 present building in 1868. 
 
 St. Ursula. A well-known church 
 in Cologne, Germany, containing 
 the famous relics of the saint and 
 of the 11,000 virgins. 
 
 “ The whole church is full of 
 virgins. The altar-piece is a vast pic- 
 ture of the slaughter, not badly painted. 
 Through various glass openings you 
 perceive that the walls are full of the 
 bones and skulls. Did the worship of 
 Egypt ever sink lower in horrible and 
 loathsome idolatry? ” Charles Beecher. 
 
 St. Ursula. A picture by the dis- 
 tinguished Flemish painter Jan 
 van Eyck (1370-1441), represent- 
 ing St. Ursula seated before a rich 
 Gothic tower — her attribute. 
 The picture bears the date 1437, 
 and is in the Museum at Ant- 
 werp, Belgium. 
 
 St. Ursula. See Reliquary of 
 St. Ursula. 
 
 St. Veronica. A picture by Roger 
 van der Weyden (d. 1464), the 
 Flemish painter, and one of his 
 later works. It represents the 
 saint with the Sudarium on which 
 the countenance of Christ is im- 
 pressed. The picture is now in 
 the Stadel Institut at Frankfort- 
 on-the-Main, Germany. 
 
 St. Winifred’s Well. This was 
 once the most celebrated holy 
 well in Great Britain. It was 
 
 situated in Holywell in the coun- 
 ty of Flint, England. In the 
 Middle Ages it was regarded with 
 great veneration. It is said to 
 derive its name from the follow- 
 ing legend: “Winifred, a noble 
 British maiden of the seventh 
 century, was beloved f>y a certain 
 Prince Cradocus. She repulsed 
 his suit, and he in revenge cut 
 off her head. The prince was 
 immediately struck dead, and the 
 earth opening swallowed him up. 
 Winifred’s head rolled down the 
 hill, and from the spot where it 
 rested a spring gushed forth. St. 
 Bueno picked up the head, and 
 re-united it to the body, so that 
 Winifred lived for many years a 
 life of great sanctity; and the 
 spring to which her name was 
 given became famous for its cura- 
 tive powers.” The Countess of 
 Richmond, mother of Henry VII., 
 built a court-house over this cele- 
 brated well. In the seventeenth 
 century it was visited by thou- 
 sands, but has since fallen into 
 comparative neglect. 
 
 St. Zaccaria. An admired church 
 in Venice, Italy, built in the mid- 
 dle of the fifteenth century. Its 
 facade is regarded by Fergusson 
 as one of the finest in Italy. 
 
 St. Zenobius, Burial of. A picture 
 by Ridolfo Ghirlandajo (1482— 
 1560), the Italian painter, and con- 
 sidered one of his chefs-d’wuvre. 
 In the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 St. Zenobius raising a dead child. 
 
 A picture by Ridolfo Ghirlandajo 
 (1482-1560), the Italian painter, 
 and considered his masterpiece. 
 It is in the Louvre in Paris. 
 
 Sainte Chapelle. [Holy Chapel.] 
 A small but beautiful religious 
 edifice in the courtyard of the 
 Palais de Justice in Paris, former- 
 ly the royal chapel. It was begun 
 in 1244, and finished in 1248. It 
 is in two stories, to correspond 
 with the floors of the ancient 
 palace. The upper chapel was 
 for the royal family, and the 
 lower for the servants. This chap- 
 el is attractive from its historical 
 associations as well as from the 
 
SAI 
 
 457 
 
 SAL 
 
 delicacy and beauty of its archi- 
 tecture, which is Gothic, and one 
 of the most exquisite specimens 
 existing of that style. It was 
 built by St. Louis for the recep- 
 tion of reliques of the Saviour, — 
 the crown of thorns, a piece of 
 the true cross, and the spear- 
 head which pierced our Saviour’s 
 side. The stained-glass windows 
 of the chapel are very splendid : 
 four of them are illustrative of 
 the principal events in the life of 
 St. Louis and his two crusades. 
 St. Chapelle is said to now pre- 
 sent “ the completest, perhaps 
 the finest, example of the reli- 
 gious architecture of the middle 
 of the thirteenth century.” 
 
 4®^ “It only wants increased di- 
 mensions to merit the title of a sub- 
 lime specimen of Gothic art.” 
 
 Fergus son. 
 
 ■Mabille at the present day is so well 
 known, both in France and in other coun- 
 tries, it is so frequented by people of fash- 
 ion, by princes even, who in their pas- 
 sage through the city visit it with as 
 much interest as Notre Dame and the 
 Sainte Chapelle , and give it renown, that 
 to call the Chateau dcs Fleurs its brother 
 is to confi r upon it the highest eulogy. 
 
 Larousse , Trans. 
 
 Sainte Clotilde. The chief mod- 
 ern Gothic church in Paris. It 
 was begun in 1846, and is said to 
 have cost £320,000. The style is 
 that of the fourteenth century. 
 It has two conspicuous spires, 
 and is richly ornamented. 
 
 Sainte Gudule. A cathedral 
 church in Brussels, Belgium. It 
 was built in 1273, and is famous 
 for its painted windows, statues, 
 and pulpit. 
 
 Sainte Trinite. A n ancient mo- 
 nastic establishment in Caen, 
 France, founded and consecrated 
 by Matilda, wife of William the 
 Conqueror, 1066. [Also called 
 Abbaye mix Dames.] 
 
 Sakkarah, Tablet of. See Tablet 
 of Sakkarah. 
 
 Sala a Croce Greca. [Hall of the 
 Greek Cross.] A noble aj)art- 
 ment in the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 4®" “ Whoever would seek for the 
 luxury of architecture in its highest 
 perfection will find it in the Hall of the 
 
 Greek Cross. The finest materials are 
 used to embellish the noblest propor- 
 tions. . . . Every thing is rich, airy, and 
 exhilarating.” Hillard. 
 
 Sala del Cambio. [Exchange 
 Hall.] A building in Perugia, 
 Italy, once an exchange, but now 
 no longer used for that purpose. 
 It is noted for its fine frescos by 
 Perugino (1446-1524). 
 
 This is still more apparent in the Cam- 
 bio , a kind of exchange or guildhall of the 
 merchants. Perugino was intrusted with 
 its decoration in the year 1500 
 
 Taine, Trans. 
 
 Sala degli Animali. [Hall of Ani- 
 mals.] An apartment in the Vati- 
 can, at Rome, containing repre- 
 sentations of animals in marble 
 and alabaster. 
 
 “ The Hall of Animals is a fresh 
 revelation of the resources of Greek 
 sculpture. Here is a motionless me- 
 nagerie in marble, — horses, dogs, cen- 
 taurs, crocodiles, wild boars, lions, 
 bulls, and serpents. In some cases the 
 colors of life are attempted, . . . the 
 general effect of each type is given with 
 nice discrimination.” Hillard 
 
 Sala della Biga. [Hall of the Biga ] 
 A well-known apartment in the 
 Vatican, Rome. 
 
 4SP “ The Hall of the Biga is a cir- 
 cular chamber in Avhich is preserved a 
 representation in white marble of an 
 ancient Biga, or chariot, with two 
 wheels. Very little of the original 
 work remains; but it has been restored 
 with great taste and skill, and forms a 
 curious and interesting object.” 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 Sala di Constantino. [Hall of Con- 
 stantine.] A hall in the Vatican 
 Palace, Rome, adorned with fres- 
 cos by the pupils of Raphael, 
 after designs by that master. 
 
 Sala Ducale. [Ducal Hall.] A 
 room in the Vatican Palace, in 
 Rome, in which the popes for- 
 merly gave audience to foreign 
 princes. 
 
 Sala Regia. [Royal Hall.] A room 
 in the Palace of the Vatican, 
 Rome, used as a hall of audience 
 for ambassadors. 
 
 Salisbury Cathedral. A famous 
 church, the most elegant of its 
 kind in England, at Salisbury, 
 
SAL 
 
 458 
 
 SAL 
 
 the capital of Wiltshire. It was 
 erected in the thirteenth century. 
 The spire, which is greatly ad- 
 mired for its beauty, is more than 
 400 feet in height. 
 
 Salisbury Court Theatre. See 
 
 Duke’s Theatre. 
 
 Salisbury Crags. The foremost, 
 but not the highest, of a precipi- 
 tous range of hills on the eastern 
 side of Edinburgh, and south of 
 Holyrood Palace. They are said 
 to derive their name from the 
 Earl of Salisbury, who was with 
 Edward III. in his expedition to 
 the north. The rocks, with the 
 buildings upon them, give to the 
 city its imposing appearance. 
 See Arthur’s Seat and C Alton 
 Hill. 
 
 4SP* “ Those Salisbury Crags which 
 overlook Edinburgh have a very pe- 
 culiar outline : they resemble an im- 
 mense elephant crouching down.” 
 
 Mrs. //. B. Stowe. 
 
 Salisbury Plain. A bare, barren 
 tract, affording pasturage for 
 sheep, about eight miles north 
 of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. 
 It contains the druidical remains 
 of Stonehenge, and is associated 
 also with the hero of Hannah 
 More’s popular story of the 
 “ Shepherd of Salisbury Plain.” 
 
 “ After dinner, we walked to 
 Salisbury Plain. On the broad downs, 
 under the gray sky, not a house was 
 visible, nothing but Stonehenge, which 
 looked like a group of brown dwarfs 
 in the wide expanse. Far and wide 
 a few shepherds with their flocks 
 sprinkled the plain.” R. W. Emerson. 
 
 Other edifices may crowd close to its 
 foundation, and people may tramp as the}' 
 like about it; but still the' great cathedral 
 [St. Paul’s] is as quiet and serene as if it 
 stood in the middle of Salisbury Plain. 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 Sallust’s House and Gardens. 
 [Lat. Horti Pretiosissimi.] Cele- 
 brated palace and pleasure- 
 grounds in ancient Pome, once 
 belonging to the historian Sallust 
 (86-34 B C.), and after his death 
 purchased for the emperors. 
 They were the favorite retreat of 
 Vespasian, Nerva, and Aurelian. 
 Many line buildings once stood 
 here, which were destroyed when 
 
 Pome was taken by Alaric, A.D. 
 410, and only a few ruins now re- 
 main. 
 
 Salon, El. See Saloon, The. 
 
 Salon Carre. In the Louvre, 
 Paris. Here are the finest paint- 
 ings of the Italian, Flemish, 
 Spanish, and French schools. 
 
 Saloon, The. [Span. El Salon.] A 
 well-known promenade in the 
 Prado, at Madrid, Spain. It is 
 1,450 feet in length, and 250 feet 
 broad. 
 
 4®=*“ As you enter it [the Prado], 
 you find yourself in a superb wide 
 opening called the Saloon ; on your 
 right hand a double walk, and on your 
 left first the place where carriages pa- 
 rade, and afterwards another double 
 walk, the whole ornamented with foun- 
 tains and trees and statues.” 
 
 George Tieknor. 
 
 Salt Pond. A natural curiosity in 
 Giles County, Va. It is described 
 as a lake of “ fresh water sunk in 
 the mountain [Salt Pond Moun- 
 tain] at an elevation of 4,500 feet 
 above the level of the sea, and is 
 fed by no visible stream. . . . 
 The lake is said to have been 
 gradually enlarging instead of 
 diminishing since 1804, when it 
 was first discovered. It is with- 
 out fish; and, though some were 
 placed in it, they have disap- 
 peared. Among its mysterious 
 attractions is the singular fact 
 that its depth is unfathomable, — 
 a line 300 feet in depth touched 
 no bottom. . . . The origin of 
 this singular lake is undiscov- 
 ered.” 
 
 Saltero’s, Don. See Don Salte- 
 
 RO’S. 
 
 Salpetriere. A house of refuge 
 and hospital for poor, insane, 
 aged, and incurable women, Bou- 
 levard de 1’ Hopital, Paris. It 
 was founded under Louis XIV. 
 
 4£g=-“This magnificent hospital, 
 commonly called ‘La Salpetriere,’ — 
 from its standing on ground formerly 
 occupied as a saltpetre manufactory, — 
 and which in the year 1662 contained 
 nearly 10,000 poor, is 120 yards more 
 than a quarter of a mile in length, by 
 36 yards more than the fifth of a mile 
 in breadth.” Sir Francis B. Head. 
 
SAL 
 
 459 
 
 SAN 
 
 My neighbor said to a vulgar creature 
 who was dancing: “'Has the Salpetriere 
 come down to the bal da Trone to-day f ” 
 — “ No, but Mazas has emptied itself to- 
 day into the bal du Trone.” A distinc- 
 tion is made between them. 
 
 Taine, Trans. 
 
 Saltram Gallery. An interesting 
 collection of paintings formed 
 chiefly by Sir Joslina Reynolds, 
 in the possession of the Earl of 
 Morley at his country seat, Sal- 
 tram, in Devonshire, England. 
 
 Saltram House. The seat of the 
 Earl of Morley, near Lyneham, 
 England. 
 
 Salutation, The. A picture by Ma- 
 riotto Albertinelli (1475?-1520?), 
 and considered his chef cV oeuvre. 
 In the Ufflzi Gallery,* Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Salutation. A tavern of this name, 
 well known in the eighteenth 
 century, was situated in Tavi- 
 stock Street, Covent Garden, 
 London. The name Salutation 
 was not confined to this tavern. 
 See Salutation and Cat. 
 
 There hath been great sale and utterance 
 of Wine, 
 
 Besides Beere, and Ale, and Ipocras fine, 
 In every country, region, and nation. 
 
 But chiefly in Billingsgate, at the Salu- 
 tation. 
 
 New es from Bartholomew Fay re. 
 
 Salutation and Cat. A tavern in 
 Newgate Street, London, resorted 
 to in the last century. Lamb and 
 Coleridge met here. See Salu- 
 tation. 
 
 For me, I’m much concerned I cannot 
 meet 
 
 “ At Salutation Tavern , Newgate-street,” 
 Your notice, like your verse, so sweet and 
 short ! 
 
 If longer, I’d sincerely thank you for it. 
 
 Samuel Richa?'dson. 
 
 Salvation. See Fount of Salva- 
 tion. 
 
 Salvator Mundi. [The Saviour of 
 the World.] A picture bearing 
 this name, by Fra Bartolommeo 
 (1469-1517), the Italian painter. 
 In the Pitti Palace at Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Salvator Mundi. A head of Christ, 
 represented as the Saviour of the 
 world, by Jan van Eyck (1370- 
 1441), the Flemish painter. It 
 
 bears date 1438, and is in the 
 Museum at Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Samaritan. See Good Samaritan. 
 
 Samaritan Synagogue. This little 
 chapel, in which the few remain- 
 ing Samaritans meet to worship, 
 is on Mount Gerizim, not far 
 from Jerusalem. The priests 
 exhibit, but do not allow the 
 visitor to touch, a very valuable 
 copy of the Pentateuch which 
 they believe to be 3,500 years 
 old. 
 
 Samian Sibyl. A picture by Fran- 
 cesco Barbieri, called Guercino 
 (1590-1666). In the Tribune of 
 the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. 
 
 4®" “It is a glorious work. With 
 her hands clasped over her volume, 
 she is looking up with a face full of 
 deep and expressive sadness. A pic- 
 tux esque turban is twined around her 
 head, and bands of pearls gleam amidst 
 her rich dark brown tresses. Her 
 face bears the softness of dawning 
 womanhood.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Samson and Delilah. 1. A pic- 
 ture by Anthony van Dyck (1599- 
 1641), and considered by some 
 one of his finest works. It is in 
 the Gallery of Vienna, Austria. 
 
 2. A picture by Lucas Cra- 
 nach (1472-1553), a German paint- 
 er. It is now in the Royal Gal- 
 lery at Augsburg, Bavaria. 
 
 Samson blinded by the Philis- 
 tines. A picture by Rembrandt 
 van Ryn (1606-1669), the Dutch 
 painter. In the collection of 
 Count Schonborn at Vienna, 
 Austria. 
 
 Samson threatening his Father- 
 in-law. A picture by Rembrandt 
 van Ryn (1607-1669), the Dutch 
 painter. In the Museum at Ber- 
 lin, Prussia. [Sometimes called 
 Prince Adolphus of Gueldres threat - 
 ening his imprisoned father.'] 
 
 San Agostino. [St. Augustine ] 
 A well-known church at Rome 
 in the piazza of the same name. 
 
 4QP “It [San Agostino] is a transi- 
 tional specimen between the pillared 
 styles, which were then struggling 
 for the mastery. It may either be 
 regarded as the last of the old race, 
 
SAN 
 
 460 
 
 SAN 
 
 or the first of the new style which 
 was so soon destined to revolutionize 
 the architectural world.” 
 
 Fergusson. 
 
 San Carlo. [St. Charles.] A fa- 
 mous opera-house in Naples, and 
 one of the largest in Europe. 
 It was first opened in 1737. Hav- 
 ing been burned down in the year 
 1(316, it was rebuilt in the original 
 form. Some of the chief master- 
 pieces of music were first brought 
 out on this stage. 
 
 4£§ “There are six rows of boxes 
 in this theatre : the house is magnifi- 
 cent, the light is not strong, not daz- 
 zling. The science of humoring the 
 eye, and indeed all the senses, is well 
 understood here. They do not heap 
 the audience together, as at the ‘ Grand 
 Opera,’ or at the ‘ Italiens ’ in Paris.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 San Francesco. 1. A beautiful 
 and remarkable building of Assi- 
 si , Italy, so called from St. Francis 
 of Assisi (1182-1226), the founder 
 of one of the four orders of men- 
 dicant monks, called Francis- 
 cans. This interesting convent 
 is now suppressed. 
 
 Worn with travel, tired and lame, 
 
 To Assisi’s walls I came: 
 
 Sad, and full of homesick fancies, 
 
 1 addressed me to St. Francis. 
 
 T. W. Parsons. 
 
 2. The hermitage of San Fran- 
 cesco, situated in a picturesque 
 gorge near the convent of San 
 Francesco at Assisi, Italy, and 
 remarkable as the solitary re- 
 treat of St. Francis. 
 
 San Giorgio. An important and 
 noted church of the sixteenth 
 century in Venice, Italy. 
 
 San Giorgio-in-Velabro. A church 
 in Home, founded in the fourth 
 century after Christ, and which 
 has been several times rebuilt. 
 For the origin of the name see 
 Vela brum. 
 
 4^ “ St. George and the dragon, 
 and his martyrdom, are the usual sub- 
 jects in the many churches dedicated to 
 this snint. His church at Rome, at the 
 foot of the Palatine, called from its 
 situation San Giorgio-in-Velabro, was 
 built by Leo II. in 682. In a casket 
 under the altar is preserved, as a pre- 
 cious relic, a fragment of his banner; 
 
 and on the vault of the apsis is an an- 
 cient painting, the copy of a more an- 
 cient mosaic, which once existed there. 
 In the centre stands the Redeemer be- 
 tween the Virgin and St. Peter; on 
 one side, St. George on horseback with 
 his palm as martyr, and his standard 
 as the ‘Red-cross Knight;’ on the 
 other side, St. Sebastian standing, 
 bearded, and with one long arrow.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson . 
 
 San Giovanni, Baptistery of. See 
 Baptistery of San Giovanni. 
 
 San Giovanni e San Paolo. A 
 noted church in Venice, erected 
 in the thirteenth century. 
 
 4ST* “ Their famous church at Ven- 
 ice, the SS. Giovanni e Paolo, can never 
 be forgotten by those who have lin 
 gered around its wondrous and pre- 
 cious monuments.” Mrs. Jameson . 
 
 San Giovanni, Porta. See Porta 
 San Giovanni. 
 
 San Gregorio. A church in Rome, 
 founded in the seventh century, 
 and so named from Gregory the 
 Great, who was for many years a 
 monk in the adjoining monastery. 
 The church contains in one of its 
 chapels the two celebrated rival 
 frescos by Guido and Domeni- 
 chino, of which Annibal Caracci 
 said that the work of Guido was 
 that of the master, but the pic- 
 ture of Domenichino the work 
 of the scholar who knew more 
 than the master. 
 
 San Ildefonso. See Granja, La. 
 
 San Jacinto. A frigate of the 
 United States navy, noted as be- 
 ing the vessel into which Mason 
 and Slidell, the Confederate emis- 
 saries, were forcibly taken by 
 her commander, Capt. Wilkes, 
 from the British mail steamer 
 Trent , on the 8th of November, 
 1861. 
 
 San Juan d’Ulloa. A famous for- 
 tress now more than 250 years 
 old, commanding the harbor of 
 Vera Cruz, Mexico. 
 
 San Lorenzo. A famous church 
 in Florence, Italy, consecrated 
 by St. Ambrose in 373, rebuilt 
 by Brunelleschi and Antonio Ma- 
 netti. This church contains the 
 famous monuments of the Medi- 
 
SAN 
 
 461 
 
 SAN 
 
 cis, executed by Michael An- 
 gelo. 
 
 “No church can he freer from 
 had taste than this one ; and there is 
 no false construction, nor any thing to 
 offend the most fastidious.” 
 
 Fergusson. 
 
 San Lorenzo. See Martyrdom 
 of Sax Lorexzo. 
 
 San Lorenzo fuori le Mura. [St. 
 Laurence without the Walls.] 
 One of the seven basilicas of 
 Rome, situated a short distance 
 from the city, on the way to Ti- 
 voli. The basilica is now almost 
 swallowed up in the burial- 
 ground of San Lorenzo, the 
 great modern public cemetery of 
 Kome. 
 
 San Lorenzo in Lueina, A well- 
 known church, situated on the 
 Corso, Rome. 
 
 San Luca, Aecademia di. See 
 St. Luke. 
 
 San Marco. A well-known mo- 
 nastic establishment in Florence, 
 Italy, now used as a museum, 
 and containing some fine fres- 
 cos. 
 
 San Marco, Piazza. See St. 
 
 Mark’s Square. 
 
 San Michele. A famous monas- 
 tery crowning an eminence in 
 the neighborhood of Turin, Italy. 
 See also Or Sax Michele. 
 
 San Miniato al Monte. A cele- 
 brated and beautiful church near 
 Florence, Italy, so named after 
 the Florentine St. Miniato (or S. 
 Minias), who, according to the 
 legend, served in the Roman 
 army under Decius, and suffered 
 martyrdom in the year 254. The 
 place now serves as a burial- 
 ground — a Florentine Campo 
 Santo. 
 
 J86g=*“ A mass of buildings conspicu- 
 ous from their position and castellated 
 appearance. The church, parts of 
 which belong to the eleventh century, 
 is an imposing structure, and is, to a 
 considerable extent, built of the frag- 
 ments of ancient Roman edifices, which, 
 when we compare their original desti- 
 nation with their present position, re- 
 
 mind us of a palimpsest manuscript, 
 from which a hymn to Apollo has been 
 expunged, and a holy legend written 
 in its place.” Ilillard. 
 
 Who, that remembers Florence, does 
 not remember well the San Miniato-in- 
 Monte towering on its lofty eminence 
 above the city, and visible ah mg the 
 Lung* Arno from the Ponte alle Grazie to 
 the Ponte alia Car raj a ? Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Fired with the patriots’ zeal, 
 Where San Miniato' s glow 
 Smiled down upon the foe, 
 
 Till Treason won the gates that mocked 
 the invader’s steel. C. P. Crunch. 
 
 San Pancrazio. [St. Pancras.] An 
 ancient church in Rome, Italy. 
 It adjoins the grounds of the 
 Villa Pamphili. The church was 
 founded in the sixth century, and 
 restored in the seventeenth, and 
 has been the scene of many in- 
 teresting events. In the siege of 
 Rome in 1849 by the French, the 
 building was taken by storm. 
 
 As they passed 
 
 The gate of San Pancrazio , human blood 
 Flowed ankle-liigh about them, and dead 
 men 
 
 Choked the long street with gashed and 
 gory piles. Whittier : 
 
 San Paolo fuori le Mura. [St. 
 Paul's without the Walls.] One 
 of the great churches of Rome. 
 The original temple, which was 
 one of the most interesting mon- 
 uments of the early Church, hav- 
 ing been founded by the Empe- 
 ror Theodosius in 386 to com- 
 memorate the martyrdom of St. 
 Paul, and in which Christian 
 worship had been performed un- 
 interruptedly for 1,500 years, was 
 destroyed by fire, July 16, 1824. 
 A splendid edifice, though far in- 
 ferior to its predecessor, has since 
 been built upon the same site, 
 which is pointed out as the burial- 
 place of St. Paul. It was opened 
 by Pius IX., in 1854. 
 
 “ The very abandonment of this 
 huge pile standing in solitary grandeur 
 on the banks of the Tiber was one 
 source of its value. ... It remained 
 genuine, though bare, as S. Apollinare 
 in Classe, at Ttavenna, the city emi- 
 nently of unspoiled basilicas.” 
 
 Cardinal Wiseman . 
 
 4Ggp “ The church of San Paolo fuori 
 le Mura was almost an exact counter- 
 part of St. Peter’s, both in design and 
 dimensions. The only important vari* 
 
SAN 
 
 462 
 
 SAN 
 
 atlons were, that the transept was made 
 of the same width as the central nave, 
 and that the pillars separating the nave 
 from the side aisles were joined by 
 arches instead of by a horizontal archi- 
 trave. Both these were undoubted im- 
 provements ; the lirst giving space and 
 dignity, the latter not only adding 
 height, but giving it, together with 
 lightness, that apparent strength requi- 
 site to support the high wall placed 
 over the pillars.” Fergusso7i. 
 
 San Paolo, Porta di. See Porta 
 di San Paolo. 
 
 San Pietro in Mont or io. A well- 
 known and interesting church in 
 Rome founded by Constantine the 
 Great, and rebuilt b} r the Span- 
 ish sovereigns Ferdinand and 
 Isabella. The name Montorio 
 (Monte d’ Oro) is thought to be 
 derived from the yellowish sand 
 of the hill on which it stands. 
 
 San Pietro in Vincoli. [St. Peter 
 in Chains.] A celebrated church 
 in Rome, on the Esquiline Hill, 
 near the Baths of Titus; origi- 
 nally founded, according to the 
 legend, by Theodora, sister of 
 Hermes, prefect, of Rome, A.D. 
 2 Oil; but probably built by the 
 Empress Eudoxia, wife of Val- 
 entinian III., who placed in it 
 one of the famous chains with 
 which St. Peter is said to have 
 been bound, and which now 
 gives to this church its great at- 
 traction to Catholic pilgrims. 
 The chains are in fragments, 
 many links having been broken 
 off and sent as presents to differ- 
 erent monarchs. The longest is 
 some five feet. They are not 
 publicly exhibited except on the 
 occasion of the festival of St. Pe- 
 ter, on the 1st of August and the 
 following eight days. The church 
 contains Michael Angelo’s cele- 
 brated statue of Moses. 
 
 San Pietro in Vincoli is one 
 of the noblest churches in Rome, com- 
 prising a nave separated from two 
 aisles by fluted marble columns of the 
 Doric order.” Hillard. 
 
 San Placido. See Martyrdom of 
 San Placido and Santa Flavia. 
 
 San Rocco, Scuola di. A building 
 in Venice, erected in the six- 
 
 teenth century, containing some 
 of the best works of Tintoretto 
 and other Venetian painters. 
 
 4SP “ Among other buildings of this 
 date [the sixteenth century], the pala- 
 tial fraternity-houses — the so-called 
 schools — take foremost rank; as for 
 example the superb Scuola di San 
 Rocco, extravagantly adorned with 
 colored marble wainscoating and a 
 wealth of plastic ornament.” 
 
 Li'tbke. 
 
 San Sebastiano. [St. Sebastian.] 
 A Roman basilica, or metropoli- 
 tan church, situated about two 
 miles beyond the gate of the same 
 name, on the Via Appia. See 
 Domine Quo Vadis and Cata- 
 combs. 
 
 San Sebastiano, Porta di. See 
 Porta di San Sebastiano. 
 
 San, Stone of. See Stone of San. 
 
 San Vitale. A celebrated Byzan 
 tine church in Ravenna, Italy, 
 containing some fine mosaics. It 
 was erected in the sixth century, 
 but has undergone great restora- 
 tions. 
 
 Sancho Panza and the Duchess. 
 
 A picture by Charles Robert Les- 
 lie (1794-1859). In the National 
 Gallery, London. 
 
 Sancta Sanctorum. [Holy of Ho- 
 lies.] *A celebrated Gothic chap- 
 el in the basilica of St. John 
 Lateran, in Rome, containing a 
 famous portrait of the Saviour, of 
 Greek workmanship, attributed 
 by the faithful to St. Luke, and 
 said to be an exact likeness of 
 Christ at the age of 12. This 
 chapel is regarded as so extreme- 
 ly sacred that no one but the 
 pope can officiate in it; and it is 
 only open even to the clergy on 
 the day before Palm Sunday. 
 See Holy of Holies. 
 
 Sanctuary, The. A picture by Sir 
 Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), the 
 most celebrated modern painter 
 of animals. This picture was 
 painted in 1842, and is now the 
 property of Queen Victoria. Its 
 motto was taken from the poem 
 of Loch Maree : — 
 
SAN 
 
 463 
 
 SAN 
 
 “ Poor hunted hart ! the painful struggle 
 o'er, 
 
 How blest the shelter of that island shore ! 
 There while lie sobs, his panting heart to 
 rest, 
 
 Nor hound nor hunter shall his lair 
 molest.” 
 
 Sandringham Hall. The seat of 
 the Prince of Wales, not far from 
 Lynn, England. 
 
 Sans Souci. A famous palace in 
 the vicinity of Potsdam, near Ber- 
 lin, Prussia. It was built by 
 Frederick the Great (1712-1786), 
 and was his favorite residence. 
 Voltaire lived here for a time. 
 The name Philosopher of Sans 
 Souci was given to Frederick 
 the Great. He was a disciple of 
 Voltaire, and the author of sev- 
 eral political and philosophical 
 treatises. 
 
 On the whole, we must pity Frederic, 
 environed with that cluster of Philoso- 
 phers: doubtless he meant rather well; 
 yet the French at Rosbach, with guns in 
 their hands, were but a small matter, 
 compared with these French in /Sans 
 Souci. Carlyle. 
 
 Nay, what is better, T have not the 
 trouble of entertaining them. My estate 
 is a perfect Sans Souci , where every one 
 does as he pleases, and no one troubles 
 the owner. Irving. 
 
 Potsdam, thou cradle of a line of kings. 
 Quiet in thy greatness, a historic crown 
 Rests well upon thee and on Sanssouci, 
 The home o-lTiim whom sternly gained re- 
 nown 
 
 Calls “Great” forever. 
 
 Arthur von Rapp. 
 
 Santa Annunziata. A noted 
 church in Florence, Italy. It 
 was built in the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, but lias undergone restora- 
 tions. It contains, among other 
 chapels, one of the Annunciation 
 built by Pietro de Medici. 
 
 J 8®=* “ It [the chapel] is a very beau- 
 tiful piece of architecture — a sort of 
 canopy of marble, supported on pillars ; 
 and its magnificence within, in marble 
 and silver, and all manner of holy dec- 
 oration, is quite indescribable.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 “ In the inner part of this chap- 
 el is preserved a miraculous picture of 
 the * Santis sima Annunziata ’ painted 
 by angels, and held in such holy repute 
 that $40,000 have lately been expended 
 in providing a new crown for the sa- 
 cred personage represented.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 / After dinner we went to the church of 
 Annunciata , where the Duke and his 
 Court were at their devotions; for here is 
 a shrine that dos greate miracles [proved] 
 by innumerable votive tablets, <kc., cov- 
 ering almost the walles of the whole 
 church. This is the image of Gabriel 
 who saluted the Bl. Virgin, and which 
 the artist performed so well he was in de- 
 spair of finishing the Virgin’s face, where- 
 tioon it was miraculously don for him 
 whilst he slept; but others say it was 
 painted by St. Luke himself. Whoever it 
 was, infinite is the devotion of botli sexes 
 to it. John Evelyn , 1G44. 
 
 Sant’ Apollinare in Classe. A 
 famous Byzantine church on the 
 site of the old Roman town of 
 Classis, in the neighborhood of 
 Ravenna, Italy, dating from the 
 sixth century. 
 
 JgGIr* “ A vast lonely structure, bear- 
 ing its huge long back against the low 
 horizon, like some monster antedilu- 
 vian saurian, the fit denizen of this 
 marsh world. It is the venerable Ba- 
 silica of S. Apollinare in Classe.” 
 
 Trollope. 
 
 “ On the spot where he [St. 
 Apollinaris of Ravenna] suffered, about 
 534 years afterwards, was built and 
 dedicated to his honor the magnificent 
 basilica of St. Apollinaris-in-Classe. It 
 is still seen standing in the midst of a 
 solitary marshy plain near Ravenna, 
 surrounded with rice-grounds, and on 
 the verge of that vast melancholy pine- 
 forest made famous in the works of 
 Boccaccio, Dante, and Byron.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Santa Casa. [The Holy House.] 
 A celebrated religious sanctuary 
 in the church of the same name 
 in the city of Loreto, Italy. For 
 five centuries it has been a centre 
 of pilgrimage, its fame and sanc- 
 tity drawing crowds of votaries 
 from all parts of the Christian 
 world. It is a small brick house, 
 enclosed in a marble casing, and 
 contains the statue of the Virgin 
 [Our Lady of Loretto], said to 
 have been sculptured by St. Luke 
 from the cedar-wood of Lebanon. 
 According to the Romish legend, 
 the Casa Santa was the birthplace 
 of the Virgin, the scene of the 
 Annunciation and Incarnation, 
 and the place where the Holy 
 Family found shelter after the 
 flight out of Egypt. It is said to 
 have been miraculously trans- 
 ported from Nazareth by angels, 
 
SAN 
 
 464 
 
 SAN 
 
 and finally deposited, in 1295, on 
 the spot it now occupies. 
 
 J “ Every one knows the story of 
 the House of Loreto. The devotion of 
 one-half the world, and the ridicule 
 of the other half, has made us familiar 
 with the strange story, written in all 
 the languages of Europe round the 
 walls of that remarkable sanctuary. 
 But the ‘wondrous flitting’ of the 
 Holy House is not the feature in its 
 history which is most present to the 
 pilgrims who frequent it. It is re- 
 garded by them simply as an actual 
 fragment of the Holy Land, sacred as 
 the very spot on which the mystery of 
 the Incarnation was announced and 
 begun. In proportion to the sincerity 
 and extent of this belief is the venera- 
 tion which attaches to what is un- 
 doubtedly the most frequented sanctu- 
 ary in Christendom.” Dean Stanley. 
 
 “ Nazareth was taken by Sultan 
 Khalil in 1291, when he stormed the 
 last refuge of the Crusaders in the 
 neighboring city of Acre. From that 
 time, not Nazareth only, but the whole 
 of Palestine, was closed to the devo- 
 tions of Europe. The Crusaders were 
 expelled from Asia, and in Europe the 
 spirit of the crusades Avas extinct. But 
 the natural longing to see the scenes of 
 the events of the Sacred History — the 
 superstitious craving to Avin for prayer 
 the favor of consecrated localities — did 
 not expire with the crusades. Can we 
 wonder, that, under such circumstances, 
 there should have arisen the feeling, 
 the desire, the belief, that, if Mahomet 
 could not go to the mountain, the 
 mountain must come to Mahomet? The 
 house of Loretto is the petrifaction, so 
 to speak, of the ‘ last sigh of the cru- 
 sades.’ ” Dean Stanley. 
 
 It is Avortliy of notice also, in the his- 
 tory of this extraordinary chair [Shake- 
 speare's], that it partakes something of the 
 volatile nature of the Santa Casa of Lo- 
 retto, or the flying chair of the Arabian 
 enchanter; for, though sold some few 
 years since to a northern princess, yet, 
 strange to tell, it has found its way back 
 again to the old chimney-corner. Irving. 
 
 Thou see’st my father’s house, so German, 
 there, 
 
 As if in airy flight such angel-pair, 
 
 As bore Loretto' s house of charity , 
 
 Right from the Rhine had brought thee 
 o’er the sea. 
 
 Graf von Auersperg , Trans. 
 
 Forms, features, worshipped while we 
 breathe or move, 
 
 Be, by some spirit of your dreaming hour, 
 Borne, like Loretto' s chapel , through the 
 air 
 
 To the green land I sing, then Avake : you'll 
 find them there. 
 
 Fitz- Greene Halleck. 
 
 I scanned 
 
 That house walled round with sculptured 
 forms divine, 
 
 Labor illustrious of a Tuscan hand. 
 
 Of song-raised temples we liaA r e heard ere 
 now : 
 
 Lo, here a visible hymn in marble graven 1 
 Aubrey de Vere. 
 
 Santa Conversazione. [The Holy 
 Conversation.] A name given to 
 a style of representations of the 
 Madonna, or the Holy Family, in 
 which numerous figures are 
 grouped around the Virgin and 
 Child, usually amid retired and 
 beautiful country landscapes. 
 Palma Vecchio (1475-1528) seems 
 to have invented the larger form 
 of this composition, of which fre- 
 quent examples are found among 
 liis works. 
 
 Santa Croce. [Holy Cross.] A 
 famous church of the Black Friars 
 in Florence, Italy. As a favorite 
 place of interment of the Floren- 
 tines, it has often been styled the 
 “Westminster Abbey” of the 
 city. 
 
 4SP 1 “In Santa Croce, as at West- 
 minster Abbey, the present destination 
 of the building [as a place of interment] 
 was no part of the original design. . . . 
 Thus it came to pass, as if by accident, 
 that in the \ r ault of the Buonarotti Avas 
 laid Michael Angelo; in the vault of 
 the Viviani, the preceptor of one of 
 their house, Galileo. From these two 
 burials the church gradually became 
 the recognized shrine of Italian ge- 
 nius.” Dean Stanley. 
 
 46IP* “This morning ... to the 
 church of Santa Croce, the great monu- 
 mental deposit of Florentine worthies. 
 ... I threw my eyes about the church, 
 and came to the conclusion, that, in 
 spite of its antiquity, its size, its archi- 
 tecture, its painted windows, its tombs 
 of great men and all the reverence and 
 interest that broods o\ 7 er them, it is not 
 an impressive edifice. Any little Nor- 
 man church in England would impress 
 me as much or more.” Hawthorne. 
 
 4®=* “ This church of Santa Croce 
 contains perhaps the most brilliant as- 
 semblage of the dead in Europe.” 
 
 Mme. de Stael. 
 
 In Santa Croce's holy precincts lie 
 Ashes which make it holier, dust which is 
 Even in itself an immortality, 
 
 Though there Avere nothing save the past, 
 and this 
 
 The particle of those sublimities 
 Which have relapsed to chaos : — here re- 
 pose 
 
SAN 
 
 465 
 
 SAN 
 
 Angelo’s, Alfieri’s bones, and his. 
 
 The starry Galileo, with his woes; 
 
 Here Machiavelli’s earth, return’d to 
 whence it rose. Byron. 
 
 Henceforward, Dante ! now my soul is 
 sure 
 
 That thine is better comforted of scorn, 
 And looks down from the stars in fuller 
 cure, 
 
 Than when, in Santa Croce church, for- 
 lorn 
 
 Of any corpse, the architect and hewer 
 
 Did pile the empty marbles as thy tomb ! 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 There’s a verse he set 
 In Santa Croce to her memory. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Santa Croce and the dome of St. Peter’s 
 are lame copies after a divine model. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 Santa Croce in Gerusalemme. 
 [Holy Cross in Jerusalem.] One 
 of the great Roman basilicas. It 
 derives its name from the Title of 
 the True Cross (Titulus Crucis), — 
 a plank of wood bearing the in- 
 scription in Greek, Hebrew, and 
 Latin, Jesus Nazarene King, — 
 deposited here by the Empress 
 Helena, and from the earth from 
 Jerusalem which was brought 
 and mixed with the foundations 
 of the church. 
 
 JgQjf “ The Church of Santa Croce in 
 Gerusalemme stands on the lonely ex- 
 panse of the Esquiline Hill, close by 
 the walls of Rome, . . . built by St. 
 Helena, mother of Constantine the 
 Great. Unspeakable are the obligations 
 the Roman Catholic world lies under to 
 this exemplary saint and empress, not 
 only for bringing into the world the 
 first Christian emperor, but for going 
 all the way to Jerusalem on purpose 
 to make the discovery of the True 
 Cross (which nobody on the spot had 
 been able to find for 300 years), and 
 bringing it to this church, where every 
 true believer may see it.” C. A. Eaton. 
 
 Santa Culla. [The Holy Cradle.] 
 A relic preserved in a costly reli- 
 quary in the Basilica of Santa 
 Maria Maggiore in Rome, and be- 
 lieved by the devout to be the 
 identical cradle in which the Sav- 
 iour was carried into Egypt. It 
 is publicly exhibited on Christ- 
 mas Bay. 
 
 Sant’ Elmo. See St. Elmo. 
 
 Santa Felicita. See Martyrdom 
 of Santa Felicita. 
 
 Santa Flavia. See Martyrdom 
 
 of San Placido and Santa Fla. 
 via. 
 
 Santa Liparata. See Santa Ma- 
 ria del Fiore. 
 
 Santa Maria. One of the three 
 vessels with which Columbus set 
 sail for America. The Santa Ma- 
 ria was commanded by Columbus 
 in person. These little ships set 
 sail from Palos, Spain, on the 3d 
 of August, 1492. 
 
 “ The departure from Palos, 
 where, a few days before, he had begged 
 a morsel of bread and a cup of water 
 for his wayworn child, — his final fare- 
 well to the Old World at the Canaries, 
 
 — his entrance upon the trade-winds, 
 which then, for the first time, filled a 
 European sail, — the portentous varia- 
 tion of the needle, never before ob- 
 served, — the fearful course westward 
 and westward, day after day, and night 
 after night, over the unknown ocean, — 
 the mutinous and ill-appeased crew; — 
 at length, when hope had turned to de- 
 spair in every heart but one, the tokens 
 of land, — the cloud-banks on the west- 
 ern horizon, — the logs of drift-wood, 
 
 — the fresh shrub, floating with its 
 leaves and berries, — the flocks of land- 
 birds, — the shoals of fish that inhabit 
 shallow water, — the indescribable smell 
 of the shore, — the mysterious presenti- 
 ment that seems ever to go before a 
 great event, — and finally, on that ever- 
 memorable night of the 12th of October, 
 1492, the moving light seen by the 
 sleepless eye of the great discoverer 
 himself, from the deck of the Santa 
 Maria, and in the morning the real, un- 
 doubted land, swelling up from the 
 bosom of the deep, with its plains, and 
 hills, and forests, and rocks, and 
 streams, and strange new races of men ; 
 
 — these are incidents in which the au- 
 thentic history of the discovery of our 
 Continent excels the specious wonders 
 of romance, as much as gold excels tin- 
 sel, or the sun in the heavens out- 
 shines the flickering taper.” 
 
 E. Everett. 
 
 Santa Maria ad Martyres. See 
 
 Pantheon. 
 
 Santa Maria degli Angeli. [Holy 
 Mary of tlie Angels.] A Roman 
 church built by Michael Angelo 
 out of a portion of the ruins of 
 the Baths of Diocletian. 
 
 “ One of the largest and hand- 
 somest churches in Rome. It is Dio- 
 cletian’s bathing-room. Immense col- 
 umns, each a single block of granite, 
 
SAN 
 
 466 
 
 SAN 
 
 
 still stand proudly and unchanged from 
 his time. In this church there is some- 
 thing very pleasant and refreshing, as 
 if one were in the open air under the 
 shade of the pine-trees, and at the same 
 time all is so solitary, solemn, really 
 Catholic! The walls display some of 
 the finest paintings. Here is Domeni- 
 chino’s ‘ St. Sebastian,’ and Carlo Ma- 
 ratti’s ‘ Baptism of Christ.’ ” 
 
 Hans Christian Andersen. 
 
 Santa Maria dei Gesuiti. [St. 
 Mary of the Jesuits.] A church 
 in Venice, Italy. It contains an 
 “Assumption” by Tintoretto, 
 and a “ Martyrdom of St. Law- 
 rence ” by Titian. [Called also 
 S. Maria Assunta.'] 
 
 4®" “In order to see this taste in 
 full display, it is necessary to visit the 
 Gesu, . . . the central monument of 
 the society [the Jesuits], built by Vign- 
 olles and Jacques della Porta in the 
 last quarter of the sixteenth century. 
 The grand pagan renaissance perpetu- 
 ates itself here, but with modifications. 
 . . . With the solidity of its founda- 
 tion and the soundness of its forms, 
 with the pompous majesty of its pilas- 
 ters crowned with gilded capitals, its 
 painted domes eddying with grand fig- 
 ures, its paintings framed in with bor- 
 derings of sculptured gold, . . . this 
 church resembles a magnificent ban- 
 queting hall, some regal hotel de ville 
 decked out with all its silver and glass 
 ... to receive a monarch and do him 
 the honors of a city.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Santa Maria del Fiore. [Holy 
 Mary of the Flower.] The cathe- 
 dral or Duomo of Florence, Italy, 
 begun in 1294, and finished by 
 Brunelleschi in 1446. It is so 
 called in allusion to the lily in 
 the city arms of Florence, which 
 perpetuates the tradition of its 
 having been founded in a flowery 
 field. The cupola is one of the 
 largest domes in the world, and 
 can be compared only to that of 
 St. Peter’s. Many eminent ar- 
 chitects were engaged in the con- 
 struction of this church, among 
 whom in particular Giotto may 
 be mentioned, by whom the fa- 
 mous campanile, or bell-tower, 
 was designed. When Michael 
 Angelo was asked to make the 
 dome of St. Peter’s excel that of 
 the Cathedral of Florence, he said 
 that he would make “its sister, 
 greater, but not more beautiful.” 
 
 4ST’ “ As patroness of Florence in 
 her own right, the Virgin bears the 
 title of Santa Maria del Fiore , and in 
 this character she holds a flower, gener- 
 ally a rose, or is in the act of presenting 
 it to the Child.” Mrs. Jameson . 
 
 4®=* “ Florence extended her walls 
 for the third time. Arnolfo de Lapo, 
 the famous architect, began to build 
 the churches which yet stand there 
 as the greatest and finest, and among 
 them, most distinguished of all, Santa 
 Maria del Fiore. He built it in a new 
 style, — the Gothic, or as the Italians 
 called it, the German, the free upward- 
 rising proportions of which took the 
 place of the more heavy and wide- 
 spreading dimensions in which they 
 had been built hitherto.” 
 
 Grimm , Trails. 
 
 4®="“ Around the Duomo, there is 
 strife and bustle at all times : crowds 
 come and go ; men buy and sell ; boys 
 laugh and quarrel; but, in the midst of 
 this, there is the Duomo unharmed and 
 unpolluted, at the same time a prayer 
 and poem.” Pascarel , Trans. 
 
 “ The charm of the past in Flor- 
 ence is like the beauty of the majestic 
 Duomo.” Pascarel, Trans. 
 
 4®" “ Among the greatest and most 
 complete examples of Italian Gothic is 
 the church of Sta. Maria dei Fiori, the 
 cathedral of Florence, one of the largest 
 and finest churches produced in the 
 Middle Ages, — as far as mere grandeur 
 of conception goes, perhaps the very 
 best, though considerably marred in 
 execution from defects of style which 
 are too apparent in every part.” 
 
 Fergus son. 
 
 Santa Maria del Popolo. A church 
 in Home, near the Porta (lei 
 Popolo, said to have been found- 
 ed in 1099. 
 
 43P* “ A church of the fifteenth cen- 
 tury, modernized by Bernini, but still 
 impressive. Wide arcades in rows 
 separate the great nave from the lesser 
 ones, and the effect of these bold curves 
 is grave and grand.” 
 
 II. Taine , Trans. 
 
 Santa Maria dell’ Ara Cceli. See 
 Ara Cceli. 
 
 Santa Maria della Salute. [Our 
 
 Lady of Salvation.] A noble 
 and conspicuous church in Ven- 
 ice, Italy, built in the early part 
 of the seventeenth century, and 
 fronting on the Grand Canal. It 
 is a votive church, having been 
 built as an offering to the Virgin 
 
SAN 
 
 467 
 
 SAN 
 
 for having stayed a pestilence 
 whirl 1 was devastating the city, 
 from which circumstance the 
 church takes its name. 
 
 When at last that boat darted forth 
 upon tlic breadth of silver sea, across 
 which the front of the Ducal Palace, 
 flushed with its sanguine veins, looks to 
 the snow}’- dome of Our Lady of Salvation, 
 it was no marvel that the mind should be 
 so deeply entranced by the visionary 
 charm cf a scene so beautiful and so 
 strange, as to forget the darker truths of 
 its history and its being. Ruskin. 
 
 Santa Maria di Rotonda. See 
 
 Pantheon. 
 
 Santa Maria Gloriosa dei. Frari 
 
 See Frari, etc. 
 
 Santa Maria in Trastevere. A 
 church in Rome, said to have 
 been the first in the city conse- 
 crated to the Virgin. It was 
 founded by St. Calixtus in 224, 
 and was in early times known as 
 Fons Olei, from a spring of oil 
 which is said to have appeared 
 there at the time of the Saviour’s 
 birth. The church was after- 
 wards rebuilt, and has since been 
 largely altered. 
 
 Santa Maria Maggiore. [St. Mary 
 the Greater.] One of the princi- 
 pal Roman churches, and thethird 
 in rank. It was founded A.D. 352, 
 by Pope Liberius, — hence often 
 styled the Liberian Basilica, — and 
 was originally called S. Maria ad 
 Nives, from a legend that it was 
 founded in fulfilment of a vision 
 representing a fall of snow which 
 covered the precise space to be 
 occupied. This legend is the sub- 
 ject of two fine pictures by Murillo 
 in the Gallery at Madrid. The 
 basilica afterwards took its pres- 
 ent name from being the principal 
 of all the churches of Rome dedi- 
 cated to the Virgin. This basili- 
 ca is one of those which possesses 
 a Porta Santa. 
 
 The basilica of Santa Maria 
 Maggiore has little to be commended 
 externally ; but the interior, through 
 all the changes which it has undergone, 
 still retains the features of the basilica 
 essentially unimpaired, and a single 
 glance at its noble and harmonious pro- 
 portions vindicates the taste and judg- 
 ment of those who adapted that form 
 to the purposes of Christian worship.” 
 Hillard. 
 
 J “ This basilica, standing upon 
 a large eminence, surmounted with its 
 domes, rises nobly upwards, at once 
 simple and complete; and when you 
 enter it, it affords still greater pleas- 
 ure. It belongs to the fifth century : 
 on being rebuilt at a later period, the 
 general plan, its antique idea, was pre- 
 served. An ample portico with a hori- 
 zontal roof is sustained by two rows of 
 white Ionic columns. You arc re- 
 joiced to see so fine an effect produced 
 by such simple means.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Santa Maria Novella. [The New 
 Church of the PIolv Virgin.] A 
 fine Gothic church in Florence, 
 Italy, containing some fine paint- 
 ings. The square in front of this 
 church is the scene of many of 
 the public festivities of the city. 
 Michael Angelo thought this 
 church very beautiful, and called 
 it “ the bride ” (la Sposa). 
 
 “The interior of Santa Maria 
 Novella is spacious and in the Gothic 
 style, though differing from English 
 churches of that order of architecture. 
 Its old walls are yet stalwart enough to 
 outlast another set of frescos, and to 
 see the beginning and the end of a new 
 school of painting as long-lived as Ci- 
 mabue’s. I should be sorry to have the 
 church go to decay, because it w T as 
 here that Boccaccio’s dames and cava- 
 liers encountered one another.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 And, past the quays, Maria Novella’s 
 Place, 
 
 In which the mystic obelisks stand up 
 Triangular, pyramidal, each based 
 On a single trine of brazen tortoises, 
 
 To guard that fair church, Buonarotti’s 
 Bride. 
 
 That stares out from her large blind dial- 
 eyes, 
 
 Her quadrant and armillary dials, black 
 With rhythms of many suns and moons, _ 
 in vain 
 
 Inquiry for so rich a soul as his. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Or enter, in your Florence wanderings, 
 Santa Maria Novella church. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Santa Maria sopra Minerva. [The 
 Holy Virgin upon Minerva.] The 
 principal Gothic church in Rome, 
 so called because it was built 
 upon the ruins of a temple of 
 Minerva. It contains many in- 
 teresting relics of art and history. 
 
 Santa Petronilla. A famous pic- 
 ture by Giovanni Francesco Bar- 
 bieri, called Guercino (1520-1666), 
 
SAN 
 
 468 
 
 SAN 
 
 representing the saint as “ being 
 raised from her tomb to be shown 
 to Flaccus, her betrothed.” In 
 the Capitol at Rome. 
 
 Santa, Porta. See Porta Santa. 
 
 Santa Reparata. See Santa Ma- 
 ria del Fiore. 
 
 Santa Saba. This ancient convent 
 is on a mountainous height over- 
 looking the Dead Sea. It is about 
 three hours ride from Jerusalem. 
 The situation is wild and dreary 
 in the extreme. It was founded 
 by St. Saba in the fifth century, 
 and tradition says that 14,000 an- 
 chorites followed him hither. 
 Cyril, John Damascenus, and 
 Euphemius lived here. It is said 
 that this convent contains many 
 inestimable manuscripts, but 
 only Turks are allowed to see 
 them. The building occupies a 
 situation of wild grandeur, the 
 irregular groups of towers, walls, 
 and chapels being lodged upon 
 narrow terraces in the rock, and 
 clinging to the faces of precipices. 
 Women are not allowed to enter 
 the convent under any circum- 
 stances, the monks being, as Miss 
 Martineau says, too holy to be 
 hospitable. 
 
 Santa Scala. [The Holy Staircase.] 
 A famous staircase consisting of 
 28 marble steps, on the north side 
 of the Basilica of St. John Lateran 
 at Rome. According to the 
 church tradition, they belonged 
 to the house of Pilate, and are 
 the very steps descended by the 
 Saviour when he left the judg- 
 ment-seat. Penitents can ascend 
 only upon their knees, and the 
 multitude of the faithful who 
 visit them is so great that it has 
 been found necessary to protect 
 the steps by planks of wood. For 
 1500 years this staircase has been 
 regarded with special veneration 
 by the Roman Church. In a 
 chapel of a church on the sum- 
 mit of the Kreuzberg, near Bonn, 
 on the Rhine, is a marble stair- 
 case built by the Elector Clement 
 Augustus, in 1725, in imitation of 
 the Scala Santa, which, like the 
 latter, is believed by the faithful 
 
 • 
 
 to be the identical staircase 
 which led to Pilate’s Judgment 
 Hall, and which no one is allowed 
 to ascend except on his knees. 
 
 4®" “These holy steps that pious 
 knees have worn till they are almost 
 worn away, have now been cased in 
 wood. ... Go when you will, except 
 on a grand festa — you cannot fail to 
 see various sinners creeping up it on 
 their knees, repeating on every step a 
 Paternoster and an Ave Maria. ... I 
 am told the ascenders of this Holy 
 Staircase gain three thousand years’ 
 indulgence every time of mounting; 
 but what temptation is that in a church 
 where indulgences for thirty-nine thou- 
 sand years may be bought on the festa 
 of the patron saint? ” C. A. Eaton. 
 
 J “ It is covered with wood, and 
 the devout ascend it on their knees. I 
 have just seen these people staggering 
 and climbing up : it takes half an hour 
 thus to hoist themselves to the top, 
 clinging to its steps and walls with 
 their hands the better to become im- 
 pregnated with the sanctity of the place. 
 It is worth while to see their earnest- 
 ness, their large fixed eyes. . . . One 
 would imagine himself in a Buddhist 
 country : there is gilding for the better 
 and relics for the poorer classes — such 
 is the comprehension of worship in 
 Italy for the last two hundred years.” 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 46§ == ’ “ I never, in my life, saw a.r\y 
 thing at once so ridiculous, and so un- 
 pleasant, as this sight, — ridiculous in 
 the absurd incidents inseparable from 
 it; and unpleasant in its senseless and 
 unmeaning degradation. There are 
 two steps to begin with, and then a 
 rather broad landing. The more rigid 
 climbers went along this landing on 
 their knees, as well as up the stairs; 
 and the figures they cut, in their shuf- 
 fling progress over the level surface, no 
 description can paint. Then, to see 
 them watch their opportunity from the 
 porch, and cut in where there was a 
 place next the wall ! And to see one 
 man with an umbrella (brought on pur- 
 pose, for it was a fine day) hoisting 
 himself, unlawfully, from stair to stair ! 
 And to observe a demure ladj- of fifty- 
 five or so, looking back, every now and 
 then, to assure herself that her legs 
 were properly disposed ! There were 
 such odd differences in the speed of 
 different people too. Some got on as 
 if they were doing a match against 
 time; others stopped to say a prayer 
 on every step. This man touched 
 every stair with his forehead, and 
 kissed it; that man scratched his head 
 all the way. . . . But most of the Peni- 
 
SAN 
 
 469 
 
 SAP 
 
 tents came clown very sprightly and 
 fresh, as having done a real good sub- 
 stantial deed, which it would take a 
 good deal of sin to counterbalance.” 
 
 Dickens. 
 
 The pious monk [Luther] climbing the 
 Santa Scala painfully on his knees among 
 the retinue of pilgrims. Chr Examiner. 
 
 Brother Martin Luther went to accom- 
 plish the ascent of the Santa Scala , which 
 once, they say, formed part of Pilate's 
 house. Schonberg- Cotta Chronicles. 
 
 Santissimo Bambino. See Bam- 
 bino. 
 
 Santo Chiodo. [The Holy Nail.] 
 See Iron Crown. 
 
 Santo Eremo. See Sacro Eremo. 
 
 Santo Spirito. A well-known and 
 interesting church of the four- 
 teenth century, in Florence, It- 
 aly. 
 
 Santo Volto. [Holy Face.] A 
 crucifix preserved in the cathe- 
 • dral of Lucca, Italy, and held in 
 the utmost veneration by the 
 people. The tradition is, that it 
 is the work of Nicodemus, who 
 sculptured it from memory. 
 There are references to he found 
 also to another Santo Volto in 
 the church of Santa Croce at 
 Florence. 
 
 The other sank, and rose again face down- 
 ward ; 
 
 But the demons, under cover of the bridge, 
 Cried : “ Here the Santo Volto has no place ! 
 
 Here swims one otherwise than in the Ser- 
 ehio; 
 
 Therefore, if for our gaffs thou wishestnot, 
 Do not uplift thyself above the pitch.” 
 
 Dante , Inferno, Trans, of Longfellow. 
 
 Sappho’s Leap. The name given 
 to a white cliff or promontory an- 
 ciently called Leucadia,now Cape 
 Lucato, at the southern extrem- 
 ity of Santa Maura, one of the 
 Ionian Islands. It was so called 
 because Sappho, the poetess, is 
 reported to have thrown herself 
 from this height into the sea. A 
 criminal, with birds attached to 
 him to break his fall, was thrown 
 from this cliff at the annual festi- 
 val of Apollo; and, if he reached 
 the water unhurt, he was picked 
 up by boats placed there for the 
 purpose. This is the rock from 
 
 which, according to the story, 
 lovers threw themselves in order 
 to be free from the pangs of love. 
 
 4®=- “ I shall in this paper discharge 
 myself of the promise I have made to 
 the public by obliging them with a 
 translation of the little Greek manu- 
 script, which is said to have been pre- 
 served in the Temple of Apollo upon 
 the promontory of Leucate. It is a 
 short history of the ‘ Lover’s Leap.’ 
 [Here follows a humorous account of 
 various persons who threw themselves 
 from the precipice.] . . . Sappho the 
 Lesbian arrived at the Temple of Apol- 
 lo, habited like a bride. After having 
 sung a hymn to Apollo, she hung up 
 her garland on one side of his altar 
 and her harp on the other. She then 
 tucked up her vestments like a Spartan 
 virgin, and amidst thousands of specta- 
 tors who were anxious for her safety, 
 marched directly forward to the utmost 
 summit of the promontory, where, after 
 having repeated a stanza of her own 
 verses, which we could not hear, she 
 threw herself off the rock with such 
 an intrepidity as was never before ob- 
 served in any one who had attempted 
 that dangerous leap. . . . Alcaeus, the 
 famous lyric poet, who had been some 
 time passionately in love with Sappho, 
 arrived at the promontory of Leucate 
 that very evening in order to take the 
 leap upon her account ; but hearing that 
 Sappho had been there before him, and 
 that her body could be nowhere found 
 — he very generously lamented her fall, 
 and is said to have written his hundred 
 and twenty-fifth ode upon that occa- 
 sion.” 
 
 Ad d ison , Specta tot'. 
 
 “ Sappho’s Leap of course was the 
 great point of interest. It is a precipice 
 about two hundred feet in height, near 
 the southern extremity of the island, 
 and, I should judge, well adapted for 
 the old lady’s purpose.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 There stands a rock, from whose impend- 
 ing steep 
 
 Apollo’s fane surveys the rolling deep ; 
 There injured lovers, leaping from above, 
 Their flames extinguish and forget to love. 
 Deucalion once witli hopeless fury burned, 
 In vain ho loved — relentless I’yrrha 
 scorned: 
 
 But when from hence he plunged into the 
 main, 
 
 Deucalion scorned, and Pyrrha loved in 
 vain 
 
 Haste, Sappho, haste, from high Leucadia 
 throw 
 
 Thy wretched weight, nor dread the deeps 
 below ! Ovid , Tr Pope. 
 
 ’Twas on a Grecian autumn’s gentle eve 
 Childe Harold hailed Leucadia’s cape afar 
 
SAR 
 
 470 
 
 SCA 
 
 But when he saw the evening star above 
 Leucadia’s far- projecting cape of woe, 
 
 And hailed the last resort of fruitless love, 
 He felt, or deemed he felt, no common 
 glow. Byron. 
 
 Saratoga. A mansion near Berry- 
 ville, Va., once the residence of 
 Gen. Daniel Morgan (1736-1802), 
 who is said to have built the 
 house with the help of Hessians 
 taken prisoners at Saratoga. 
 
 Saratoga, The. A noted vessel, 
 the tiag-ship of the American 
 fleet under Commodore Macdon- 
 ough, in the naval battle on Lake 
 Champlain in September, 1814. 
 The Saratoga took the Conji- 
 ance, the flag-ship of the British 
 fleet. 
 
 Sardanapalus. A picture by Fer- 
 dinand Victor Eugene Delacroix 
 (1799-1863), the celebrated French 
 historical painter. 
 
 Sarto, Andrea del. See Andrea 
 del Sarto. 
 
 Sasso di Dante. See Dante’s 
 Stone. 
 
 Saturday Club. An old club in 
 London. Swift writes to Stella 
 in 1711 that there were Lord 
 Keeper, Lord Divers, Mr. Secre- 
 tary, Mr. Harley, and himself; 
 and again, in 1713, “ I was of the 
 original Club, when only poor 
 Lord Divers, Lord Keeper, and 
 Lord Bolingbroke came; but now 
 Ormond, Anglesey, Lord Stewart, 
 Dartmouth, and other rabble in- 
 trude, and I scold at it; but now 
 they pretend as good a title as I; 
 and, indeed, many Saturdays I 
 am not there. The company 
 being too many, I don’t love 
 it.” 
 
 Saturn, Temple of. See Temple 
 of Saturn. 
 
 Saturnian Hill. See Capitoline 
 Hill. 
 
 Saul and the Witch of Endor, A 
 picture by Washington Allston 
 (1779-1843). Formely in posses- 
 sion of Col. T. H. Perkins, Bos- 
 ton. 
 
 Savin Dock. A bluff on Long Is- 
 land Sound, near New Haven, 
 
 Conn., and a favorite place of re- 
 sort for the inhabitants. 
 
 Saviour, St. See St. Saviour. 
 
 Savoir Vivre Club. See Boodle’s 
 Club. 
 
 Savonarola. A portrait by Fra 
 Bartolommeo ( Della Porta) (1469- 
 1517). In the Museum of St. 
 Mark, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Savoy, The. A noted palace which 
 once stood in London, all remains 
 of which were removed upon the 
 building of Waterloo Bridge. 
 The Savoy was built on ground 
 granted to Peter, Earl of Savoy, 
 and magnificently rebuilt by 
 Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, 
 it having been purchased by 
 Queen Eleanor. There lived the 
 captive King John of France, 
 who died there in 1364. The poet 
 Chaucer was married in the Sa- 
 voy to Philippa de Duet. The 
 palace was destroyed by the reb- 
 els under Wat Tyler in 1381, but 
 was rebuilt as a hospital by Plen- 
 ry VII. Part of the Savoy was 
 used as a prison. 
 
 “ Still aiming at the lawyers, 
 the people attacked the Temple and 
 burned it, with the records which it 
 contained. They proceeded next to 
 destroy the Savoy Palace belonging to 
 the Duke of Lancaster, the most beau- 
 tiful house in England, and afterwards 
 the Hospital of the Knights of Rhodes, 
 the bloody axe beating time to their 
 march, and every supposed enemy of 
 popular rights that was unable to es- 
 cape being dragged to the block.” 
 
 Froude. 
 
 The comons brent the Sauoye a place fay re 
 For evill wyll the hand unto Duke John: 
 Wherefore he fled north warde in great dis- 
 payre 
 
 Into Scotlande. Hardyng's Chronicle. 
 
 Cade. So, sirs. 
 dow r n the Savoy. 
 
 -Now go some and pull 
 King Henry VI ., Part II. 
 
 Not content with the easy victories 
 which he [Dr. William Sherlock] gained 
 over such feeble antagonists as those who 
 were quartered at Clerkenwell and the 
 Savoy, he had the courage to measure his 
 strength with no less a champion tli n 
 Bossuet, and came out of the < onflict 
 without discredit. Macaulay 
 
 Scala, La. A celebrated theatre 
 in Milan, Italy, of great size, sur- 
 passed only by that of San Carlo 
 at Naples. 
 
SCA 
 
 471 
 
 SCH 
 
 lie carried me immediately to his box 
 in the great theatre Della Scala; for here 
 everybody goes every evening to the play, 
 and what society there is ... is at this 
 great exchange and lounge. 
 
 George Ticknor ( in 1817). 
 I fancy that to And good Italian opera 
 you must seek it somewhere out of Italy, 
 — though possibly it might be chanced 
 upon at La Scala in Milan, or San Carlo 
 in Naples. W. D. Howells. 
 
 Scala dei Giganti. See Giant’s 
 Staircase. 
 
 Scala d’Oro. See Golden Stair- 
 case. 
 
 Scala Regia. [Royal Staircase.] 
 A staircase in the palace of the 
 Vatican in Rome, a magnificent 
 work of Bernini, leading to the 
 Sal a Regia. 
 
 Scaligers, Tombs of the. See 
 Tombs of the Scaligers. 
 
 Sceleratus, Vic us. See Vicus 
 Sceleratus. 
 
 Schaffhausen. See Fall of 
 
 SCHAFFHAUSEN. 
 
 Schiava di Tiziano. [Titian’s 
 Slave.] A picture in the Bar- 
 berini Palace, Rome. It is 
 now attributed to Jacopo Palma, 
 called Palma Veccliio (1480?- 
 1518). 
 
 Schiavi, Torre di. See Torre di 
 SCHIAVI. 
 
 Schleissheim. A deserted palace 
 in the vicinity of Munich, which 
 once contained a celebrated gal- 
 lery of pictures. It still contains 
 the Crucifixion, by Tintoretto, one 
 of the largest pictures in the 
 world. 
 
 Schonberg. A ruined castle on 
 the Rhine, near Oberwesel, asso- 
 ciated with romantic legends. 
 
 Schonberg Cotta House. The 
 famous house in Eisenach, Ger- 
 many, in which Martin Luther 
 once lived. “The house has an 
 antique, tumble-down appear- 
 ance, owing to its top-heavy style, 
 but was evidently rather a fine 
 house in its day, though the in- 
 terior arrangements must always 
 have been inferior. The rooms 
 are very small, with tiny win- 
 
 dows. The bedroom is like a 
 prison-cell , and the sitting-room is 
 only a trifle larger.” Mrs. E. R. 
 Charles wrote “ Chronicles of the 
 Sehonberg-Cotta Family.” 
 
 Schonbrunn. The summer palace 
 of the Emperor of Austria, about 
 two miles from Vienna. It de- 
 rives its name from a beautiful 
 fountain (Schone Brunnen) at the 
 end of one of the alleys in the 
 garden. The palace was built by 
 the Empress Maria Theresa, and 
 was occupied by Napoleon in 
 1809, when Vienna was in the 
 hands of the French. 
 
 Shall Belgium feel, and gallant France, 
 By Vendome’s pile ana Schoenbrun's 
 wall, 
 
 And Poland, gasping on her lance, 
 
 The impulse of our cheering call ? 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 Schone Brunnen. [Beautiful 
 Fountains.] A fine work of mon- 
 umental art in the market-place 
 at Nuremberg, Germany. 
 
 “ One of the most unexception- 
 able pieces of German design in exist- 
 ence. It much resembles the contem- 
 porary crosses erected by our Edw r ardl. 
 to the memory of his beloved queen 
 Eleanor; but it is larger and taller, the 
 sculpture better, and better disposed, 
 and the whole design perhaps unri- 
 valled among monuments of its class.” 
 Fergus son. 
 
 Schonforst. A ruined castle near 
 Aix-la-Chapelle in Rhenish Prus- 
 sia. 
 
 School of Athens. The popular 
 
 title of a celebrated fresco by Ra- 
 phael Sanzio (1483-1520) in the 
 Camera della Segnatura of the 
 Vatican Palace in Rome. Its 
 proper subject is Philosophy, 
 and it is one of four paintings 
 which the chamber contains, — 
 the other three illustrating respec- 
 tively Theology, Poetry, and 
 Jurisprudence, and which were 
 intended to exhibit the lofty sub- 
 jects of thought with which the 
 human mind is occupied. 
 
 “ The general arrangement of 
 this subject [the School of Athens] is 
 masterly. The style is grand and free; 
 a picturesque unity of effect seems to 
 have been the artist’s aim throughout, 
 and this aim he has attained most per- 
 
SCH 
 
 472 
 
 SCO 
 
 fectly. . . . The group of youths in 
 particular assembled around Archime- 
 des, is among the most interesting and 
 natural of Raphael’s creations.” 
 
 Eastlake . 
 
 “ In the composition and exe- 
 cution of the ‘ School of Athens,’ Ra- 
 phael had recovered, so to speak, the 
 long-lost thread of the manner and 
 taste of antiquity, and had at length 
 connected with the eternal models of 
 the true and beautiful the chain of mod- 
 ern inventions.” 
 
 Quatremere de Quincy. 
 
 Schoolmaster. See Titian’s 
 Schoolmaster. 
 
 Schuyler, Fort. See Fort Schuy- 
 ler. 
 
 Schwedenstein. [Stone of the 
 Swede.] A monument erected 
 on the battle-field of Liitzen, 
 Germany, to mark the spot where 
 Gustavus Adolphus fell Nov. 6, 
 1632. 
 
 Sciarra Palace, [Ital. Palazzo Sci- 
 arra.] A palace on the Cor so, 
 Rome, built in 1603 by Labacco, 
 and containing a small gallery of 
 pictures in which are some fine 
 works of art. 
 
 Sciences, Aeademie des. One of 
 the five academies embraced in 
 the Institut, the most important 
 learned society of France. It is 
 devoted to purely scientific, mor- 
 al, and political objects. It was 
 founded in 1795, suppressed by 
 Napoleon in 1803, and re-estab- 
 lished by the government of 
 Louis Philippe in 1832. See In- 
 stitut. 
 
 Scimia, Torre della. See Torre 
 della Scimia. 
 
 Scipios, Tombs of the. See Tombs 
 of the Scipios. 
 
 Scollop Shell Cave. A natural 
 curiosity in the island of Staffa, 
 in Scotland. It derives its name 
 from the peculiar shape of the 
 basaltic columns, which are bent 
 in such a way as to give them the 
 appearance of a ship’s timbers, 
 or of a scollop shell. 
 
 Scone Palace. The parish of Scone 
 with its castle was formerly one 
 of the most important places in 
 
 Scotland. The Scottish kings 
 were crowned in the abbey which 
 stood here, and of which only a 
 part of an aisle and a cross re- 
 main. On the ancient site near 
 Perth stands a modern mansion, 
 called Scone Palace, the seat of 
 Lord Mansfield. See Stone of 
 Scone. 
 
 This castle hath a pleasant seat: the air 
 Nimbi}' and sweetly recommends itself 
 Unto our gentle senses. Shakespeare. 
 
 Scone, Stone of. See Stone of 
 
 Scone. 
 
 Scorpion, The. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 July 4, 1863. 
 
 Scotland Yard. A place in Lon- 
 don said to derive its name from 
 the fact of its being the site of a 
 palace in which the kings of 
 Scotland were received when 
 they came to England, and now 
 widely known as the headquar- 
 ters of the metropolitan police. 
 Scotland Yard is near the Ban- 
 queting House, Whitehall It 
 remained in the possession of the 
 kings of Scotland from 959 (the 
 time of King Edgar) till the re- 
 bellion of William of Scotland 
 (reign of Henry II.). Milton, 
 Inigo Jones, Sir John Denham, 
 Sir Christopher Wren, lived in 
 Scotland Yard. No one could be 
 arrested for debt within the lim- 
 its of Scotland Yard. 
 
 Much of this had occurred before the 
 intelligence of Scotland Yard had been 
 set to work by Judge Bramber. 
 
 Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Scott Monument. A memorial 
 structure 200 feet in height, in 
 Edinburgh, Scotland, erected in 
 1844 in honor of Sir Walter Scott 
 (1771-1832), and designed to imi- 
 tate Melrose Abbey. It consists 
 of a pile of ai cites diminishing in 
 size towards the top, with 56 
 niches for statues of some of the 
 chief characters in the stories 
 of the great novelist. Beneath 
 the main arches is a statue of 
 Scott himself and his dog, by 
 Steele. 
 
 4®=- “ Most conspicuous and beauti- 
 ful of all objects, rises 200 feet an elab- 
 orate brown-stone Gothic spire in the 
 
SCO 
 
 473 
 
 SEA 
 
 shape of a mediaeval cross, and noblest 
 example of that style ever reared, — in- 
 deed, one of the noblest open-air mon- 
 uments on earth, the just and honor- 
 able memorial of Scotland to Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott.” J. F. Ilunnewell. 
 
 Scottish Raid. A picture by Rosa 
 Bonheur (b. 1822), the celebrated 
 French painter of animals. 
 
 Scriblerus Club. This famous as- 
 sociation in London, formed in 
 1714 by Dean Swift in place of 
 the Brothers Club, was of a lit- 
 erary rather than political char- 
 acter. Arbuthnot, Pope, Gay, 
 Oxford, and St. John were mem- 
 bers. The chief object of the 
 club was to satirize the abuse of 
 human learning; but violent dis- 
 agreements between Oxford and 
 Bolingbroke. which Swift tried 
 in vain to settle, led to the final 
 dissolution of the society. Scott 
 says that the violence of political 
 faction “ dispersed this little band 
 of literary brethren, and prevent- 
 ed the accomplishment of a task 
 for which talents so various, so 
 extended, and so brilliant, can 
 never again be united.” The 
 “Memoirs of P. P., Clerk of the 
 Parish,” and the famous “Gulli- 
 ver’s Travels,” preserve the 
 memory of the Scriblerus Club. 
 Dyce says, “ In the Miscellanies 
 of Pope and Swift, was printed, 
 for the first time, Martinas Scri- 
 blerus iiepi BA0OY2, or the Art of 
 Sinking in Poetry , of which the 
 greater part, if not the whole, 
 was composed by Pope. It was 
 intended to form "a portion of that 
 larger work, which the members 
 of the Scriblerus Club, particu- 
 larly Pope, Swift, Arbuthnot, 
 and Lord Oxford, had projected 
 many years before.” 
 
 4SP* “ Polite letters never lost more 
 than by the defeat of this scheme, in 
 which each of this illustrious trium- 
 virate [Pope, Swift, and Arbuthnot] 
 would have found exercise for his own 
 peculiar talent, besides constant em- 
 ployment for that they all held in com- 
 mon. For Arbuthnot was skilled in 
 every thing which related to science; 
 Pope was a master in the fine arts ; and 
 Swift excelled in a knowledge of the 
 world. Wit they had all in equal 
 measure ; and this so large, that no age 
 
 perhaps ever produced three men to 
 whom nature had more bountifully be- 
 stowed it, or art had brought it to 
 higher perfection.” MVarburton. 
 
 “ The name originated as fol- 
 lows : Oxford used playfully to call 
 Swift Martin, and from this sprung 
 Martinus Scriblerus. Swift, as is 
 well known, is the name of one species 
 of swallow (the largest and most pow- 
 erful flyer of the tribe), and Martin is 
 the name of another species, the wall- 
 swallow, which constructs its nest in 
 buildings.” Timbs. 
 
 Scuola di San Rocco. See San 
 R occo. 
 
 Scylla. ISTow called Sciglio. A 
 celebrated promontory of Italy 
 on the Strait of Messina. It is 
 opposite to Charybdis, where 
 are numerous rocks and shoals 
 with strong currents, making the 
 passage between the headlands 
 and the whirlpool somewhat diffi- 
 cult, and giving rise to the pro- 
 verbial expression, to “avoid 
 Scylla and fall on Charybdis.” 
 According to ancient fable, a ter- 
 rible monster named Scylla in- 
 habited a cave in the promontory 
 called after him, and devoured 
 the rash voyagers who ap- 
 proached too near. 
 
 4®=- “ Scylla and Charybdis are far- 
 famed names. . . . Where is Scylla? 
 ‘ Yes, she still lives.’ They pointed to 
 a little jutting rock, with a dark ruin- 
 ous tower, on the wild coast of Cala- 
 bria. There was a heavy surf here, 
 though the sea was tolerably calm. 
 Blackish gray rocks jutted forth, 
 against which the waves dashed with 
 angry roar. It was Scylla’s howling 
 dog we saw. I think they may be able 
 to hear it in a storm from the sandy 
 isthmus of Messina.” 
 
 Hans Christian Andersen. 
 
 Thus when I shun Scylla , your father, 
 I fall into Charybdis, your mother. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Seal, The Great. See Great 
 Seal. 
 
 Sealed Knot. An old Royalist 
 club of London. Just before the 
 Restoration it had arranged for a 
 general uprising in favor of the 
 king; but the leaders, having been 
 informed against, were arrested 
 and imprisoned. 
 
 Seasons. See Four Seasons. 
 
SEB 
 
 474 
 
 SEN 
 
 Sebald. See St. Sebald’s Tomb. 
 
 Sebaldus. See Shrine of St. Se- 
 
 BALDUS. 
 
 Sebastian, St. See St. Sebastian 
 and Catacombs of St. Sebas- 
 tian. 
 
 Sebastiano, San. See San Sebas- 
 tiano and Porta di San Sebas- 
 tiano. 
 
 Sebastopol, Bonlevart de. Awide, 
 magnificent street in Paris, one 
 of the new boulevards, lined with 
 trees, and reaching from the 
 Strasbourg Railway terminus to 
 the Seine, the part between the 
 railway-station and the B. St. 
 Denis being known as the Boule- 
 vart de Strasbourg. See Boule- 
 vards. 
 
 “Any one who has traced on 
 an old map of Paris the labyrinth of 
 dark and narrow streets through which 
 the Rue de Rivoli has boldly cut, or 
 who can remember the former aspect 
 of those quarters now intersected by 
 the Boulevart Sebastopol and other 
 thoroughfares, will bear witness to the 
 almost magical effect of a transforma- 
 tion which the social economist or the 
 sanitary commissioner indeed may view 
 with satisfaction, but which the artist 
 and antiquarian cannot but deplore.” 
 
 C. L. Eastlake. 
 
 Seechia Rap it a. [The Stolen 
 Bucket.] A famous relic, and the 
 subject of Tassoni’s celebrated 
 poem of the same name, now pre- 
 served in the Ghirlandina, or bell- 
 tower, of Modena, Italy. 
 
 If thou shouldst ever come by choice or 
 chance 
 
 To Modena, where still religiously 
 Among her ancient trophies is preserved 
 Bologna’s bucket (in its chain it hangs 
 Within that reverend tower, the Guirlan- 
 dine). Rogers. 
 
 Sefton Park. A fine pleasure- 
 ground in Liverpool, England, 
 covering 200 acres and elaborate- 
 ly laid out. 
 
 Segnatura, Stanza della. See 
 
 Stanze of Raphael. 
 
 Segovia, Bridge of. See Puente 
 del Dtablo. 
 
 Seine, Rue de. A well-known 
 street in Paris, France. 
 
 1644, March 1. I went to see the Count 
 do Liancourt’s palace in the Rue de Seine , 
 which is well built. John Evelyn , Diary, 
 They have no Rue de la Harpe or Rue 
 St. Denis here [Ostia] : 1 was reminded of 
 nothing at Paris but the Rue de Seine , or 
 the Quai des Augustins. 
 
 Montaigne , Trans . 
 Passing from thence up the picturesque 
 Rue de Seine , let us walk to the Lux- 
 tmbourg, where bonnes, students, gri- 
 settes, and old gentlemen with pigtails, 
 h»ve to wander in the melancholy, quaint 
 old gardens. Thackeray. 
 
 Ah, Clemence ! when I saw thee last 
 trip down the Rue de Seine , 
 
 And turning, when thy form had passed, 
 
 I said, “ We meet again.” Holmes. 
 
 Selsker Abbey. A beautiful mo- 
 nastic ruin of the twelfth century 
 in Wexford county, Ireland. The 
 name is a corruption of St. Sep- 
 ulchre. 
 
 Selva de 5 Filosofi. [Wood of the 
 Philosophers.] A picture by 
 Salvator Rosa (1615-1673). In 
 the Pitti Palace, Florence, It- 
 aly. 
 
 Seminary Ridge. An eminence 
 in the western part of the town 
 of Gettysburg, Penn., famous in 
 connection with the great battle 
 of July 3, 1863. The hill was 
 occupied by the troops of Gen. 
 Lee, and from this point three 
 columns advanced into the val- 
 ley and charged the Federal 
 lines. 
 
 Senator, Palace of the. See Pi- 
 
 azza DEL CAMPIDOGLIO. 
 
 Sennacherib’s Palace. The great 
 metropolitan palace of Nineveh, 
 built by Sennacherib, the Assy- 
 rian king. It stands upon a 
 mound about a mile and a half in 
 circumference. 
 
 “ Judging even from what has 
 as yet been uncovered, it is, of all the 
 buildings of antiquity, alone surpassed 
 in magnitude by the great palace-tem- 
 ple at Karnak ; and when we consider 
 the vastness of the mound on which it 
 was raised, and the richness of the or- 
 naments with which it was adorned, a 
 doubt arises whether it was not as 
 great or at least as expensive a work 
 as the great palace-temples of Thebes. 
 The latter, however, were built with 
 far higher motives, and designed to last 
 through ages, while the palace at Nin- 
 eveh was built only to gratify the bar- 
 
SEP 
 
 475 
 
 SEP 
 
 baric pride of a wealthy and sensual 
 monarch, and perished with the ephem- 
 eral dynasty to which he belonged.” 
 
 Fergusson. 
 
 Septimius Severus, Arch of. See 
 
 Arch of Septimius Severus. 
 
 Sepulchre’s, St. See St. Sepul- 
 chre’s. 
 
 Seraglio, The. The former palace 
 of the Sultan of Turkey in Con- 
 stantinople. It is beautifully situ- 
 ated on a point of land extending 
 into the sea, and contains, within 
 the area of nine miles which are 
 embraced by its walls, several 
 mosques, gardens, and buildings, 
 capable of accommodating 15,000 
 or 20,000 persons. 
 
 J G® 8 * “ The palace of the Seraglio, 
 the cloister with marble pillars, the hall 
 of the ambassadors, the impenetrable 
 gate guarded by eunuchs and ichoglaus, 
 have a romantic look in print; but not 
 so in reality. Most of the marble is 
 wood, almost all the gilding is faded, 
 the guards are shabby, the foolish per- 
 spectives painted on the walls are half 
 cracked off. The place looks like Vaux- 
 hall in the daytime.” Thackeray . 
 
 /Kip’ “ The old Seraglio is a dark-red, 
 noble-looking pile, but somewhat heavy 
 in comparison with the rest of the en- 
 virons. The new Seraglio looks hand- 
 some and invites the eye. Round about 
 stand splendid kiosks, where rich mar- 
 ble columns support the glittering 
 spiral roofs.” 
 
 Hans Christian Andersen. 
 
 Serapeum (or Serapion), The. 
 This ancient edifice of Alexan- 
 dria, Egypt, was founded by 
 Ptolemy Soter, in honor of Sera- 
 pis, a foreign deity, to whom he 
 erected a statue. It was the last 
 stronghold of the Pagans in Al- 
 exandria, and was besieged by 
 the Christians and zealously de- 
 fended by the Pagans, A.D. 389, 
 when Theodosius put an end to 
 the conflict by an imperial order 
 that the idols of Alexandria 
 should be destroyed. According 
 to some ancient writers Pompey’s 
 Pillar is a relique of this magnifi- 
 cent building. Three hundred 
 thousand volumes, of the 700,000 
 of which the Alexandrian Li- 
 brary consisted, were in the Sera- 
 peum. 
 
 “ Gibbon says that the temple 
 of Serapis, which “ rivalled the pride 
 and magnificence of the Capitol, was 
 erected on the spacious summit of an 
 artificial mount, raised 100 steps above 
 the level of the adjacent parts of the 
 city ; and the interior cavity was 
 strongly supported by arches, and 
 distributed into vaults and subterrane- 
 ous apartments. The consecrated 
 buildings were surrounded by a quad- 
 rangular portico : the stately halls, the 
 exquisite statues, displayed the tri- 
 umph of the arts; and the treasures of 
 ancient learning were preserved in the 
 famous Alexandrian Library, which 
 had arisen with new splendor from its 
 ashes.” He adds with reference to the 
 conflict of the Christians and Pagans 
 and the final destruction of the Serape- 
 um : “The votaries of Serapis, whose 
 strength and numbers were much in- 
 ferior to those of their antagonists, 
 rose in arms, at the instigation of the 
 philosopher Olympius, who exhorted 
 them to die in defence of the altars 
 of the gods. These Pagan fanatics for- 
 tified themselves in the temple, or 
 rather fortress of Serapis, repelled the 
 besiegers by daring sallies and a reso- 
 lute defence. . . . The efforts of the 
 prudent magistrate were usefully ex- 
 erted, for the establishment of a truce, 
 till the answer of Theodosius should 
 determine the fate of Serapis. The 
 two parties assembled without arms in 
 the principal square; and the imperial 
 rescript was publicly read. But when 
 a sentence of destruction against the 
 idols of Alexandria was pronounced, 
 the Christians set up a shout of joy 
 and exultation, whilst the unfortunate 
 Pagans, whose fury had given way to 
 consternation, retired with hasty and 
 silent steps, and eluded by their 
 flight or obscurity the resentment of 
 their enemies. Theophilus proceeded 
 to demolish the temple of Serapis, 
 without any other difficulties than 
 those which he found in the weight 
 and solidity of the materials ; but these 
 obstacles proved so insuperable, that 
 he was obliged to leave the foundations, 
 and to content himself with reducing 
 the edifice itself to a heap of rubbish. 
 
 . . . The colossal statue of Serapis was 
 involved in the ruin of this temple and 
 religion. . . . The huge idol was over- 
 thrown and broken to pieces; and the 
 parts of Serapis were ignominiously 
 dragged through the streets of Alexan- 
 dria.” 
 
 jgGgr “ The Serapeum was the Palla- 
 dium of the Egyptian religion and of 
 the Greek philosophy. At the time of 
 its destruction it represented the alli- 
 ance which these two had completed 
 
SER 
 
 476 
 
 SEV 
 
 against their enemy, the Christian re- 
 ligion.” M. Ampere, Trans. 
 
 Kome herself had received with rapture 
 the strange rites of Nilotic and of Syrian 
 superstition. ... In his villa at Tivoli, 
 he [Hadrian) built a Serapeum. 
 
 J. A. Symonds. 
 
 Serapeum, See Apts Mausoleum. 
 
 Serapion. See Serapeum. 
 
 Serapis, The. A British frigate 
 captured off Scarborough, Eng- 
 land, in 1779, by John Paul Jones, 
 commander of the Bon Homme 
 Richard . 
 
 Serbonian Bog. A swamp of great 
 extent in ancient times near 
 Damietta in Egypt. 
 
 A gulf profound, as that Serbonian bog 
 Retwixt Damiata and Mount Casius old, 
 Where armies whole have sunk. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Much of this barrenness is, I am per- 
 suaded, to be charged to the philosophy of 
 Kant, which for nearly 20 years ruled un- 
 questioned, and absorbed and perverted 
 all the talents of the land. It was a vast 
 “ Serbonian bog , where armies whole have 
 sunk,” and from which even the proud 
 and original genius of Schiller hardly 
 escaped. George Ticknor. 
 
 Sermon on the Mount. A fresco 
 painting by Cosimo Rosselli (1439- 
 1506). In the Sistine Chapel, 
 Rome. 
 
 Serpentine, The. A pool of water 
 covering 50 acres in Hyde Paris, 
 London, formed by order of Car- 
 oline, queen of George II., and so 
 called in distinction from the 
 previous straight canals. Here 
 200,000 persons are said to bathe 
 annually. In the winter it is 
 used as a skating-field. 
 
 Serra Palace. [Ital. Palazzo 
 Serra.] A noted palace in Genoa, 
 Italy. 
 
 Serrant. A chateau in France, 
 near Angers, the country-seat of 
 Count Walsh. 
 
 Servant Maid. See Idle Servant 
 Maid. 
 
 Servius Tullius. See Agger of 
 Servius Tullius. 
 
 Sethi I., Tomb of. See Belzoni’s 
 Tomb. 
 
 Seven Churches [of Asia]. A col- 
 lective name given to the Chris- 
 
 tian churches established at Eph- 
 esus, Smyrna, Pergamos, Thya- 
 tira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and 
 Laodicea, all in Asia Minor. 
 They are spoken of in the Book 
 of Revelation i. 4. 
 
 Seven Dials. A celebrated locali- 
 ty in St. Giles’s, London, for- 
 merly notorious for its degraded 
 condition, but now much im- 
 proved. It was so named from a 
 pillar, removed in 1773, bearing 
 a seven-faced dial, and standing 
 at the point of divergence of 
 seven streets. See St. Giles’s. 
 
 Where famed St. Giles’s ancient limits 
 spread, 
 
 An in- rail'd column rears its lofty head ; 
 Here to seven streets seven dials count 
 their day, 
 
 And from each other catch the circling 
 ray. Gay. 
 
 T went to see the building near St. 
 Giles's, where seven streets made a star, 
 from a Doric pillar placed in the centre of 
 a circular area, said to be built ... in 
 imitation of those at Venice. Evelyn. 
 
 There are many by -streets [in New 
 York] almost as neutral in clean colors, 
 and positive in dirty ones, as b 3 '-streets in 
 London; and there is one quarter, com- 
 monly called the Five Feints, which, in 
 respect of filth and wretchedness, may be 
 safely backed against Seven Dials , or any 
 other part of famed St. Giles’s. Dickens. 
 
 Seven Hills [of Rome]. The 
 heights or eminences upon which 
 the ancient city of Rome was 
 built, though not all of them ob- 
 vious at a glance, can be recog- 
 nized without much difficulty, 
 and are usually enumerated as 
 follows: the Capitoline, the Pal- 
 atine, the Aventine, the Coelian, 
 the Esquiline, the Quirinal, and 
 the Yiminal. See these hills un- 
 der their respective names. 
 
 Hut I will sing above all monuments, 
 Seven Roman hills — the world’s seven 
 wonderments. 
 
 Jove fearing, least if she should greater 
 grow^e. 
 
 The Giants old should once againe uprise, 
 Her whelm’d with hills, these Seven Hils 
 which be nowe 
 
 Tombes of her greatnes which did tlireate 
 4hc skies * 
 
 Upon her bead he heapt Mount Saturnal, 
 Upon herbellie th’ antique Palatine, 
 
 Upon her stomacke laid Mount Quirinal, 
 On her left hand the noysome Esquiline, 
 And Coelian on the right: but both her 
 feete 
 
 Mount Viminal and Aventine doo meete. 
 
 Spenser, The Rums of Rome* 
 
SEV 
 
 477 
 
 SHA 
 
 Seven Joys of Mary. [Ger. Die 
 
 sieben Freuden Maria.'] A noted 
 picture by Hans Memling (d. 
 1499? ). In the Gallery at Munich, 
 Bavaria. 
 
 Seven Pines. A locality a few 
 miles from Richmond, Va., on the 
 Williamsburg road, so called from 
 seven large pines. At this spot, 
 on the 31st of May, 1862, a severe 
 but indecisive battle was fought 
 between the Union and the Con- 
 federate armies, under the com- 
 mand of Gen. McClellan and 
 Gen. Johnston respectively. 
 
 Seven Sacraments. A picture by 
 Roger van der Weyden (d. 1464), 
 the Flemish painter. It was exe- 
 cuted for Jean Chevrot, Bishop 
 of Tournai, and is now in the 
 Museum of Antwerp, Belgium. 
 
 Seven Sacraments. A series of 
 pictures by Nicholas Poussin 
 (1594-1665), the French painter, 
 and among his most important 
 works. Now in England. 
 
 Seven Towers. A state prison in 
 Constantinople, Turkey, near the 
 former palace of the Sultan, the 
 Seraglio. 
 
 But then they never came to the Seven 
 Towers. Byron. 
 
 Seven Wonders of the World. 
 
 The seven wonders of the ancient 
 world have been differently 
 enumerated, but the following 
 list is that generally received: 
 the Pyramids of Egypt, the Pha- 
 ros of Alexandria, the walls and 
 hanging gardens of Babylon, the 
 temple of Diana at Ephesus, the 
 statue of Jupiter by Phidias at 
 Olympia, the Mausoleum built by 
 Artemisia at Halicarnassus, and 
 the Colossus of Rhodes. 
 
 Seven Works of Mercy. A pic- 
 ture by David Teniers the Young- 
 er (1610-1694?), the Belgian yenre- 
 painter. Now in the Louvre, at 
 Paris. 
 
 Seven Years of Famine. A fres- 
 co painting illustrating the his- 
 tory of Joseph, by Friedrich 
 Overbeck (1789-1869). In the villa 
 
 of the consul-general Bartholdy, 
 in Rome. 
 
 Sevendroog Castle. A tower 
 erected by Sir W. James on 
 Shooter’s Hill near London, to 
 commemorate his capture of a 
 fort of the same name in In- 
 dia. 
 
 1789, Club of. See Feuillant 
 Club. 
 
 Severin, St. See St. Severin'. 
 
 Severus (Septimius), Arch of. See 
 Arch of Septimius Severus. 
 
 Severus’ Wall. See Hadrian’s 
 Wall. 
 
 Shadow of Death. A noted pic- 
 ture by William Holman Hunt 
 (b. 1827), representing Christ in 
 the carpenter’s shop. It was sold 
 for £10,000. 
 
 Shadwell Street. A street in 
 London, and one of the poorest 
 and most wretched districts. 
 
 “ Shadwell ... is close at 
 hand; by the vastness of its distress 
 and by its extent, it is in keeping with 
 the hugeness and wealth of London. 
 I have seen the bad quarters of Mar- 
 seilles, of Antwerp, of Paris : they do 
 not come near to it.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Shaftesbury House. A noble 
 mansion, formerly the residence 
 of the Earl of Shaftesbury, still 
 standing in Aldersgate Street, 
 London. 
 
 Shakespeare and his Contempo- 
 raries. A picture by Thomas 
 Faed (b. 1826), well known by 
 numerous repetitions. The ori- 
 ginal is in the Corcoran Gallery, 
 Washington. 
 
 Shakespeare Tavern. A well- 
 known theatrical tavern which 
 was situated in Covent Garden, 
 London. It is said to have been 
 the first tavern in Covent Garden, 
 and the first in the metropolis 
 that had rooms. There was 
 another of the same name oppo- 
 site Drury-lane Theatre. 
 
 Shakespeare’s Cliff. A bold cliff 
 of chalk at Dover, England, so 
 called from the description in 
 
SHA 
 
 478 
 
 SHA 
 
 €< King Lear,” which it is thought 
 to have suggested. 
 
 There is a cliff whose high and bending 
 head 
 
 Looks fearfully in the confined depp. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Shakespeare’s House. 1. The 
 famous house in which the poet 
 was born, situated in Henley 
 Street, Stratford-on-Avon, Eng- 
 land. It has recently been pur- 
 chased by subscription, with a 
 view to the careful preservation 
 of it and of its contents for the 
 inspection of future genera- 
 tions. 
 
 J0® =a “It is a small, mean-looking 
 edifice of wood and plaster, a true 
 nestling-place of genius, which seems 
 to delight in hatching its offspring in 
 by-corners. The walls of its squalid 
 chambers are covered with names and 
 inscriptions in every language, by pil- 
 grims of all nations, ranks, and condi- 
 tions, from the prince to the peasant; 
 and present a simple but striking in- 
 stance of the spontaneous and univer- 
 sal homage of mankind to the great 
 poet of nature.” Irving. 
 
 Jgtgr “ The part of the house which 
 is shown consists of a lower room 
 which is floored with flat stones very 
 much broken. It has a wide, old-fash- 
 ioned chimney on one side, and opens 
 into a smaller room back of it. From 
 thence you go up a rude flight of stairs 
 to a low-studded room, with rough- 
 plastered walls, where the poet was 
 born. . . . Though scrupulously neat 
 and clean, the air of it is ancient and 
 rude. The roughly-plastered walls are 
 so covered with names that it seemed 
 impossible to add another. The name 
 of almost every modern genius, names 
 of kings, princes, dukes, are shown 
 here; and it is really curious to see by 
 what devices some very insignificant 
 personages have endeavored to make 
 their own names conspicuous in the 
 crowd.” Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Neglect, subdivision, and base 
 uses had reduced this house at the be- 
 ginning of the present century to a 
 very forlorn and unsightly condition. 
 But as late as 1769 it preserved enough 
 of its original form to show that Wil- 
 liam Shakespeare was born and passed 
 his childhood and his adolescent years 
 in a home which was not only pretty 
 and picturesque, but very comfortable 
 and unusually commodious for a man 
 in his father’s station in the middle of 
 the sixteenth century. ... In 1847 the 
 Shakespeare house passed into the 
 
 hands of an association, under whose 
 care it has been renovated; but unfor- 
 tunately, ^ike some of the Shakespeare 
 poetry, not restored to a close resem- 
 blance to its first condition ; though 
 that was perhaps impossible.” 
 
 Richard Grant White . 
 
 Coleridge was singularly destitute of 
 sympathy with local associations, which 
 he regarded as interfering with the pure 
 and simple impression of great deeds or 
 thoughts, denied a special interest to the 
 pass of Thermopylae ; and, instead of 
 subscribing to purchase “ Shakespeare' s 
 House." would scarcely have admitted 
 the peculiar sanctity of the spot which 
 enshrines his ashes. T. N. 2'a/fourd . 
 
 2. An old house still standing 
 in Aldersgate, London, to which 
 Shakespeare’s name has been 
 affixed without any apparent 
 warrant. It was formerly, under 
 the name of the Half Moon 
 Tavern, a great resort of literary 
 men. 
 
 Shakespeare’s Monument. On 
 the north wall of the church in 
 Stratford-on-Avon, just above 
 the grave of the poet, a monu- 
 ment was erected to his memory, 
 the precise date of which is un- 
 known. From references to it in 
 the first folio edition of Shake- 
 speare’s plays, it is certain that 
 the monument was erected prior 
 to 1623. It exhibits a bust of the 
 poet in the act of writing. Be- 
 neath is a tablet with the follow- 
 ing inscription : — 
 
 Ivdicio Pylivm, genio Socratem, arte 
 
 M ARON KM 
 
 Terra tegit, popvlvs m^ret, Olympvs 
 
 HABET. 
 
 Stay Passenger, why goest thov by so 
 fust ? 
 
 ltead if thov canst, whom enviovs Death 
 hath plast, 
 
 With in this monvment, Shakspeare with 
 whome 
 
 Qvick natvre dide, whose name doth deck 
 y s Tom be 
 
 Far more then cost: Sich all y* He hath 
 writ it, 
 
 Leaves living art, but page, to serve his 
 witt. 
 
 Obiit ano Do, 1616 
 iEtatis, 53, Die 23 A D. 
 
 JgSP “ The last line of this inscrip- 
 tion, and a tradition unheard of until 
 Oldys wrote his notes in Langbaine, 
 have raised the question whether 
 Shakespeare died on the same day of the 
 month on which he is supposed to have 
 been born. . . . Dugdale tells us that 
 
SHA 
 
 479 
 
 SHE 
 
 his monument was the work of Gerard 
 Johnson, an eminent sculptor of the 
 period ; others have attributed it to 
 Thomas Stanton, and experts have sup- 
 posed that the face was modelled from 
 a cast taken after death. Be that as it 
 may, the bust must be accepted as the 
 most authentic likeness that we have of 
 Shakespeare. It was originally colored 
 after life. The eyes were light hazel, 
 the hair and beard auburn, the com- 
 plexion fair; the doublet was scarlet; 
 the tabard, or loose gown without 
 sleeves thrown over the doublet, black ; 
 the neck and wristbands white; the 
 upper side of the cushion green, the 
 under, crimson ; its cord and tassels, 
 gilt. The colors were renewed in 
 1749; but in 1793 Malone, tastelessly 
 and ignorantly classic, had the whole 
 figure painted white by a house paint- 
 er.” Richard Grant White. 
 
 Shakespeare’s Tomb. In the 
 church at Stratford - on - Avon. 
 The grave, which is just in front 
 of the chancel rail, is covered by 
 a flat stone, bearing the inscrip- 
 tion: — 
 
 Good frend for Jesvs sake forbeare, 
 to dig<? the dvst encloased hoare : 
 Bleste be ye man yt spares thes atones, 
 and cvrstbe he y* moves my bones. 
 
 Shane’s Castle. A ruined castle 
 in the county of Antrim, Ireland, 
 the seat of the O’Neils, which 
 “ for centuries has been the cho- 
 sen realm of the Banshee.” 
 
 The Banshee mournful wails 
 In the midst of the silent, lonely ni^lit: 
 Plaintive she sings the song of death. 
 
 Shanklin Chine. A curious and 
 celebrated ravine on the Isle of 
 Wight, not far from Ventnor, 
 much visited by tourists. 
 
 Shannon, The. A British war- 
 ship which engaged in a duel 
 with the American ship Chesa- 
 peake , off the coast of Marble- 
 head, Mass., in June, 1813, and 
 captured her. See Chesapeake. 
 
 Shanter. A farm near Maybole, 
 Scotland, where formerly lived 
 Douglas Graliame, the original of 
 Burns’s Tam O’ Shanter. 
 
 Sheepshanks Collection. A col- 
 lection of 234 oil-paintings, etc., 
 gathered by the late John Sheep- 
 shanks, and by him presented to 
 the British nation. The collec- 
 
 tion is valued at £60,000, and is 
 now in the South Kensington 
 Museum, London. 
 
 Shelton Abbey. The seat of the 
 Earl of Wicklow, in the county 
 of Wicklow, Ireland. 
 
 Shelton Oak. A famous oak in 
 the parish of Shelton, near 
 Shrewsbury, England, measur- 
 ing 44 feet and 3 inches in cir- 
 cumference. 
 
 Shenandoah, The. A Confeder- 
 ate privateer in the War of the 
 Rebellion. During her cruise she 
 destroyed a great part of the 
 United States whaling fleet in 
 the Pacific. She surrendered to 
 the British government at Liver- 
 pool, Nov. 9, 1865. 
 
 4®=* “ The Shenandoah was another 
 active English-Confederate sea-rover 
 that sailed from England. She went 
 around Cape Horn, crossed the Pacific 
 Ocean, and sailed up the eastern coast 
 of Asia to Behring Strait, to spread 
 havoc among the New England whal- 
 ing ships engaged in fishing in those 
 waters. These vessels held a sort of 
 convention in that high latitude (June 
 28, 1865), when the Shenandoah , dis- 
 guised as a merchantman, and flying 
 the American flag, ran in among the 
 ships unsuspected. Then she revealed 
 her true character, captured ten of 
 them, placed eight of them in a group 
 before midnight, and set them on fire, 
 lighting up the ice-floes of the Polar 
 Sea by the incendiary flames. This 
 was the last act of hostility in the 
 American Civil War in 1861-1865.” 
 
 Lossing. 
 
 Shene Palace. See Richmond 
 Palace. 
 
 Shepherd and Shepherdess. A 
 famous picture by Edward Bende- 
 mann (b. 1811). 
 
 Shepherd Boy in a Shower. A 
 picture bv Thomas Gainsborough 
 (1727-1788). 
 
 Shepherd Martius. A celebrated 
 bronze statue in the Hall of the 
 Conservators, Rome, representing 
 a youth extracting a thorn from 
 his foot. 
 
 Shepherds, Adoration of the. 
 See Adoration of the Shep- 
 herds. 
 
SHE 
 
 480 
 
 SHO 
 
 Shepherd’s Bible. A picture by 
 Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), 
 the celebrated English painter of 
 animals. 
 
 Shepherd’s Chief Mourner. See 
 Old Shepherd’s Chief Mourn- 
 er. 
 
 Sherwood Forest. An ancient for- 
 est adjoining the town of Mans- 
 field, near Nottingham, in Eng- 
 land. It is famous as having 
 been the scene of Robin Hood’s 
 chief exploits. At the present 
 time the region is for the most 
 part bare of trees. 
 
 “ A few solitary and battered 
 oaks standing here and there, the last 
 melancholy remnant of these vast and 
 ancient woods, the beautiful springs, 
 swift and crystalline brooks, and broad 
 sheets of water lying abroad amid the 
 dark heath, and haunted by numbers 
 of the wild ducks and the heron, still 
 remain. But at the Clipstone extremi- 
 ty of the forest, a remnant of its an- 
 cient woodlands remains, unrifled, ex- 
 cept of its deer, a specimen of what 
 the whole once was, . . . extending 
 about five miles in length and one or 
 two in width, — a forest of oaks, clothed 
 with the most impressive aspect of age 
 that can perhaps be presented to the 
 eye in these kingdoms.” 
 
 William Ilowitt. 
 
 4®=* “ The relics of the old forest 
 are few and scattered; but as to the 
 bold outlaw who once held a kind of 
 freebooting sway over it, there is scarce 
 a hill or dale, a cliff or cavern, a well 
 or fountain, in this part of the country, 
 that is not connected with his memo- 
 ry.” Irving. 
 
 A monarch bade thee from that wild arise, 
 Where Sherwood's outlaws once were 
 wont to prowl ; 
 
 And Superstition’s crimes, of various dyes, 
 Sought shelter ill the priest’s protecting 
 cowl. Byron. 
 
 Or Marmion’s acts of darkness, fitter food 
 For Sherwood’s outlaw tales of Robin 
 Hood ? Byron. 
 
 Ship Tavern. A former noted 
 place of entertainment near Tem- 
 ple Bar, London. 
 
 Shipbuilder and his Wife. A 
 
 picture by Rembrandt van Ryn 
 (1606-1669), the Dutch painter. 
 In Buckingham Palace, London. 
 
 Shipwreck of iEneas. A picture 
 by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). 
 Now in the collection of H. T. 
 Plope, Esq., London. 
 
 Shipwreck of the Medusa. A 
 
 noted picture by Jean Louis The- 
 odore Andre Gericault (1790-1824), 
 and regarded as his masterpiece. 
 In the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 4®" “ Gericault died, they say, for 
 want of fame. He was a man who pos- 
 sessed a considerable fortune of his 
 own, but pined because no one in his 
 day would purchase his pictures, and 
 so acknowledge his talent. At present 
 a scrawl from his pencil brings an enor- 
 mous price. All his works have a grand 
 cachet: he never did any thing mean. 
 When he painted the ‘ Raft of the Me- 
 dusa,’ it is said he lived for a long 
 time among the corpses which he 
 painted, and that his studio was a sec- 
 ond morgue. If you have not seen the 
 picture you are familiar probably with 
 Reynolds’s admirable engraving of it. 
 A huge black sea ; a raft beating upon 
 it ; a horrid company of men dead, half- 
 dead, writhing, and frantic with hide- 
 ous hunger or hideous hope; and far 
 away, black against a stormy sunset, a 
 sail. The story is powerfully told, and 
 has a legitimate tragic interest.” 
 
 Thackeray . 
 
 4Sgr* “ His [Gericault’s] picture has 
 come to be regarded as ‘ one of the 
 principal attractions’ of the French 
 portion of the gallery. The results of 
 the terrible shipwreck, with its living 
 and dead victims, are only too signally 
 effective, and seem made to shake, if 
 not to overthrow, traditional art. They 
 are like the rough expression of the 
 living present, beside the most scholar- 
 ly fruit of the dead past. Gericault 
 was not thirty when he painted the Raft 
 of the Medusa.” Sarah Tytler. 
 
 Shobeck. An ancient stronghold 
 in Arabia Petrtea, near the city 
 of Petra. It is in a very fair state 
 of preservation, and affords a ref- 
 uge for several hundred Arabs. 
 It was an important castle in the 
 time of the Crusades. 
 
 Shockhoe Hill. An eminence in 
 Richmond, Va., surmounted by 
 the State Capitol and other build- 
 ings. Also a cemetery. 
 
 Shoreditch. A district of immoral 
 reputation in London. The name 
 is traditionally derived from Jane 
 Shore, as shown by the ancient 
 ballad entitled “ Jane Shore’s La- 
 ment; ” but Pennant says that it 
 was originally Soersditch, from 
 its lord, Sir John Soerditch, a 
 learned lawyer trusted by Ed- 
 
SHE 
 
 481 
 
 SHE 
 
 ward III. Here were situated 
 two theatres of Shakespeare’s 
 time, — “ the Theatre,” anti “ the 
 Curtain.” 
 
 Cromwell, Blake, Marlborough, Chat- 
 ham, Nelson, and Wellington are not to 
 be trifled with, and the brutal strength 
 which lies at the bottom of society, the 
 animal ferocity of the quays and cock- 
 pits, the bullies of the costermongers of 
 Shoreditch , Seven Dials, and Spitalfields. 
 they know how to w r ake up. Emerson. 
 
 When I grow rich, 
 
 Say the bells at Shoreditch. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 Shrine of Our Lady of Walsing- 
 ham. The chapel and image of 
 the Virgin in the priory of Wal- 
 singham, England, of great re- 
 nown throughout Europe in the 
 Middle Ages, and a favorite resort 
 of pilgrims. It was even more 
 frequented than the shrine of St. 
 Thomas a Becket at Canterbury. 
 See Walsingham Priory. 
 
 Shrine of St. Cuthbert. This 
 shrine at the Cathedral of Dur- 
 ham, in England, was visited by 
 multitudes for more than 500 
 years, in consequence of the be- 
 lief that the incorruptible body 
 of the patron saint was miracu- 
 lously preserved during all this 
 time. The shrine was splendidly 
 adorned with gold, silver, and 
 precious stones. The body being 
 disinterred in 1827, it was discov- 
 ered that a fraud had been prac- 
 tised, as it was plain that the wrap- 
 pings had been wound around a 
 skeleton. 
 
 He kneel’d before Saint Cuthbert' s shrine , 
 With patience unwonted at rites divine; 
 He abjured the gods of heathen race, 
 
 And he bent his head at the font of grace. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Shrine of St. James [at Compos- 
 tella]. This shrine at Santiago 
 de Compostella, Spain, was a 
 favorite resort of pilgrims in the 
 Middle Ages, on account of the 
 legend that the body of St. James 
 was discovered there in the ninth 
 century, and placed in a chapel 
 under the altar of the cathedral. 
 St. James is held in the highest 
 veneration by the Spaniards, since 
 they believe that in the battle of 
 Clavijo, in the year 841, he ap- 
 peared in the field armed with a 
 sword, and mounted on a white 
 
 horse, whose housings were 
 adorned with scallop shells, and 
 that he slew 60,000 of the Moor- 
 ish infidels, thus gaining the day 
 for Christianity. It is said that 
 over 2,000 persons left England 
 for Santiago in one year in the 
 fifteenth century. 
 
 A stupendous metamorphosis was per- 
 formed in the ninth century, when from a 
 peaceful fisherman of the Lake of Genne- 
 saretli, the apostle James was transformed 
 into a valorous knight, who charged at the 
 head of Spanish chivalry in battles against 
 the Moors. 'Ihe gravest historians have 
 celebrated his exploits, the miraculous 
 shrine of Compostella displayed his power; 
 and the sword of a military order, assisted 
 by the terrors of the inquisition, was suffi- 
 cient to remove every objection of pro- 
 fane criticism Gibbon. 
 
 Shrine of St. John Nepomuck. 
 
 A gorgeous silver shrine enclos- 
 ing the body of the saint, in the 
 cathedral of Prague, Austria. 
 
 “ On each side hang four mass- 
 ive lamps of silver constantly burning. 
 The pyramid of statues, of the same 
 precious metal, has at each corner a 
 richly carved urn, three feet high, with 
 a crimson lamp burning at the top. 
 Above, four silver angels, the size of 
 life, are suspended in the air, holding 
 up a splendid drapery of crimson and 
 gold.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Shrine of St. Sebaldus. A fa- 
 mous work of monumental sculp- 
 ture in the church of St. Sebald 
 at Nuremberg, Germany, exe- 
 cuted by Peter Vischer (1460?- 
 1540), the old German sculptor. 
 Eegarded as his chef d’cenvre, and 
 as one of the finest works of the 
 plastic art of that period. 
 
 “ Never has a work of German 
 sculpture combined the beauty of the 
 South with the deep feeling of the North 
 more richly, more thoughtfully, and 
 more harmoniously.” Lubke , Trans. 
 
 Shrine of St. Thomas a Becket. 
 Formerly a famous shrine in the 
 chapel of the Holy Trinity in the 
 cathedral of Canterbury, Eng- 
 land. The pavement of the chapel 
 is deeply worn by the knees of 
 the countless pilgrims who have 
 resorted to this shrine. 
 
 4®^ “ It was a national as well as a 
 religious feeling that drew great multi- 
 tudes to the shrine of Becket, the first 
 Englishman, who, since the Conquest, 
 had been terrible to foreign tyrants.” 
 Macaulay. 
 
SHE 
 
 482 
 
 SIE 
 
 When that Aprille, with his schowres 
 swoote, 
 
 The drought of Marche hath perced to the 
 roote. 
 
 Thanne longen folk to go on pilgrimages, 
 
 . And palmers for to seeken straunge 
 strondes ; 
 
 And specially, from every schires ende 
 Of Engelond, to Canterbury they wende, 
 The holy blisful martir for to seeke, 
 
 That hem hath holpen whan that they 
 were seeke. Chaucer. 
 
 Shrine of the Black Virgin of 
 Altotting. A famous resort of 
 pilgrims, at Altotting, in Bavaria, 
 one of the most ancient and cele- 
 brated shrines in Europe. The 
 image of the Madonna, which is 
 thought to have come from the 
 East, has stood almost uninter- 
 ruptedly for 1,200 years in its 
 present situation. 
 
 Shrine of the Black Virgin. A 
 famous resort of pilgrimage in 
 the monastery of Czenstochau, 
 Poland. The convent contains a 
 dark-colored picture of the Vir- 
 gin, probably of Byzantine ori- 
 gin, alleged to have been painted 
 by St. Luke, and which is held 
 in great veneration. 
 
 Shrine of the Three Kings of 
 Cologne. A famous reliquary in 
 the cathedral of Cologne, Ger- 
 many, which formerly contained 
 treasures of extraordinary mag- 
 nificence. During the French 
 revolution some of these were 
 disposed of, and their place sup- 
 plied by cheap imitations. The 
 bones of the three kings, or Magi, 
 are publicly exhibited on Sundays 
 and holidays. 
 
 Si Quis Door. The name popular- 
 ly given to a door in the north 
 aisle of St. Paul’s Church, Lon- 
 don, from the circumstance that 
 posters beginning “ Si quis inve- 
 nerit” (i.e., “If any one has 
 found ”) were affixed to it. 
 
 Saw’st thou ever Si quis patched on 
 Paul’s church door? Bishop Hall. 
 
 Sibyl, The. [Lat. Sibylla , a proph- 
 etess.] The ancient sibyls, or 
 women endowed with the gift of 
 prophecy, of whom there are 
 commonly reckoned ten, residing 
 m different parts of Persia, 
 Greece, and Italy, were made a 
 
 very common subject of represen- 
 tation by the painters of the Mid- 
 dle Ages. For Sibylla Eryth- 
 bma, Sibylla Cum a: a, Sibylla 
 Delphica, etc., see Erythraean 
 Sibyl, CumaEAn Sibyl, Delphic 
 Sibyl, etc. 
 
 48T “ The Sibyls were much the 
 fashion in the classic times of the six- 
 teenth century : Michael Angelo and 
 Raphael have left us consummate exam- 
 ples. ... In general, if there be only 
 two, they are the Tiburtina, who 
 showed the vision to Augustus, and the 
 Cumsean Sibyl, who foretold the birth 
 of our Saviour.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Sibyl, Temple of the. See Tem- 
 ple of the Sibyl. 
 
 Sibyls. See Four Sibyls. 
 
 Sibyl’s Cave. [Ital. Grotta della 
 Sib ilia.] A celebrated tunnel 
 leading from the Lake Avernus, 
 near the Bay of Baise, Italy. It 
 is cut through a hill of volcanic 
 tufa, and is interesting from its 
 connection with the poetical le- 
 gends of Virgil’s iEneid. [Also 
 called Grotta Giulia There is 
 also another cave of the Sibyl at 
 Curme. 
 
 Siddons, Mrs., as the Tragic 
 Muse. A noted allegorical pic- 
 ture by Sir Joshua Reynolds 
 (1723-1792), the most celebrated 
 English portrait-painter. 
 
 Sidney Sussex College. A foun- 
 dation of the University of Cam- 
 bridge, England. Established in 
 1598. 
 
 Sidney’s Oak. See Penshurst. 
 
 Siege of Namur. A picture by 
 Joon van Huchtenberg (1646- 
 1733), and his masterpiece. In 
 the Gallery of Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Siege of Rome under Porsenna. 
 A picture by Martin Fesele, a 
 German painter. In the Gallery 
 of Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Siena Cathedral. A famous 
 church in the city of Siena, Italy, 
 and one of the most glorious 
 structures in the world. 
 
 J8®“ “ This church is the most purely 
 Gothic of all Italian cathedrals designed 
 by national architects. Together 
 
SIG 
 
 483 
 
 SIO 
 
 with that of Orvieto, it stands alone to 
 show what the unassisted genius of the 
 Italians could produce when influenced 
 by mediaeval ideas. It is built wholly 
 of marble, and overlaid inside and out 
 with florid ornaments of exquisite 
 beauty.” Symonds. 
 
 j 8®=* “ The architecture has a variety 
 which does not produce the effect of 
 eccentricity, an exuberant imagination 
 flowering out in stone. . . . How 
 much pride, love, and reverence in the 
 lapse of ages must have clung to the 
 sharp points of all this sculpture. The 
 cathedral is a religion in itself — some- 
 thing worth dying for to those who 
 have an hereditary interest in it.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 J0@=*“The impression is incompar- 
 able. That of St. Peter’s does not ap- 
 proach it : a surprising richness and 
 sincerity of invention, the most admi- 
 rable of Gothic flowers.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Sighs, Bridge of. See Bridge of 
 Sighs. 
 
 Signoria, Palazzo della. See Pa- 
 lazzo Vecchio. 
 
 Signoria, Piazza della. See Pi- 
 azza DELLA SiGNORIA. 
 
 Sik, The. The principal street of 
 Petra in Arabia. It is two miles 
 long, and is the chief entrance to 
 the city. On each side are preci- 
 pices from 100 to 700 feet in height. 
 Its width is from 10 to 30 feet. 
 It is dimly lighted, as the sky is 
 in places almost entirely hidden 
 by the rocks, which nearly meet. 
 The pavement and rocks are now 
 covered by various vegetable 
 growth, vines, flowers, ferns, and 
 bushes. 
 
 “ How strange must have been 
 the strong echoes of city noises in this 
 gorge ! — the cry of the camel-drivers, 
 the rattle of chariots, the common talk 
 and laugh of citizens, and the play of 
 children ! And what different people 
 must have been met there from the 
 few we saw to-day ! Instead of Eastern 
 merchants and Roman soldiers, and a 
 Greek traveller or two, I saw to-day a 
 group of goats and their herdsmen, en- 
 tering into the deepest shadow from a 
 reach of sunshine ; and a child stand- 
 ing with two kids on a point of rock 
 above my head ; and a wild troop of 
 shaggy Arabs, clattering their arms as 
 I passed; and here and there a solitary 
 figure, with his matchlock, brown 
 
 tunic, and white teeth, perched on a 
 pinnacle, or striding over a distant 
 slope.” Harriet Martineau , 
 
 “ Nothing could surpass the 
 awful grandeur of this ravine; and 
 one cannot repress a shudder on look- 
 ing up from its gloomy depths, through 
 the gradually narrowing fissure, to the 
 irregular streak of blue sky far over- 
 head. Constantly winding, too, one 
 seems at every new turn to be shut in 
 on all sides, and hopelessly imprisoned 
 in the very bowels of the earth. Yet 
 here, in this cleft, from whence the 
 light of day is well-nigh excluded, into 
 the depths of which no solitary ray of 
 sunlight can penetrate, traces of art 
 and industry are everywhere visible. 
 Remains of ancient pavement cover the 
 bottom, once the highway to a proud 
 city ; along the sides are niches hewn 
 in the smooth cliff to receive statues ; 
 and tablets, too, are there, once in- 
 scribed with some records ; on the left 
 is an aqueduct tunnelled in the rock, 
 and high up on the right is a conduit 
 of earthen pipes let into the precipice. 
 These, the works of man, are now all 
 ruinous and time-worn; statue and in- 
 scription, form, name, and story, are 
 alike gone.” Murray's Handbook. 
 
 Silence de la Vierge. See Silen- 
 tium and Vierge au Voile. 
 
 Silentium. [Silence.] The name 
 given to representations of the 
 Virgin and Child, in which the 
 latter is represented as sleeping. 
 For an example, among others, 
 see Vierge A la Diademe. 
 
 Silenus. A mythological picture 
 by Giuseppe Ribera, called Lo 
 Spagnoletto (1588-1653). In the 
 Public Gallery at Naples, Italy. 
 
 Silenzio, II. [Silence.] See Silen- 
 tium. 
 
 Siloam, Pool of. See Pool of Si- 
 loam. 
 
 Simeon and Lazarus. A picture 
 by Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the 
 German painter and engraver. 
 In the Gallery of Munich, Bava- 
 ria. 
 
 Simeon, St. See St. Simeon. 
 
 Sion College. A hall, library, and 
 almshouse in London, founded in 
 the time of Charles I. for the use 
 of the clergy. Fuller here wrote 
 his “ Church History.” 
 
SIO 
 
 484 
 
 SIX 
 
 Sion House. The seat of the Duke 
 of Northumberland, near Twick- 
 enham, England. It is a very 
 large and imposing structure, 
 said to contain 365 windows to 
 equal the number of days in 
 the year. The grounds are laid 
 out with great taste. The inte- 
 rior is very splendid, with many 
 fine treasures of art. 
 
 Sir Roger de Coverley going to 
 Church. A picture by Charles 
 Robert Leslie (1794-1859), and one 
 of his principal works. There is 
 a repetition in the collection of 
 the Marquis of Lansdowne, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Sistine Chapel, or Sixtine Chap- 
 elT [Ital. Capella Sistina.] A cele- 
 brated room in the Vatican Pal- 
 ace, Rome, built from designs of 
 Bacio Pintelli in 1473, for Pope 
 Sixtus IV., whence its name. 
 The lower part of the walls was 
 formerly intended to be hung on 
 festival days with the tapestries 
 executed from the cartoons of 
 Raphael. The ceiling is covered 
 with frescos by Michael Angelo, 
 and the upper part of the walls 
 by the works of eminent masters 
 of the fifteenth century. The 
 end of the chapel is occupied by 
 Michael Angelo’s vast fresco en- 
 titled “ The Last Judgment."’ 
 The chapel was designed for the 
 religious services performed dur- 
 ing Passion Week, for which pur- 
 pose it is still used. The Miserere 
 is chanted in this chapel with 
 great solemnity in the presence 
 of the pope, on the afternoon of 
 Wednesday preceding Easter 
 Sunday. 
 
 j 8ST “ At the present day the ceiling 
 of the Sistine Chapel is partly injured 
 as regards the brightness of its color- 
 ing, by the rising smoke and dust, and 
 has partly faded from length of time. 
 Cracks have appeared in the dome, 
 and water has trickled down through 
 them. Three centuries and a half the 
 paintings have stood there, and it is 
 not possible by any means to oppose 
 the slow decay to which they must be 
 subject. Still a happy fate has been 
 theirs in that they are thoroughly in- 
 accessible to human hands; they would 
 have to be shot at, or the roof broken 
 
 through from above, to be injured in- 
 tentionally.” Grimm, Trans . 
 
 fgSt* “ The ceiling of the Sistine 
 Chapel contains the most perfect works 
 done by Michael Angelo in his long 
 and active life.” Kugler . 
 
 jfczT “ The religious character of this 
 chapel, in the view of Protestants at 
 least, is quite lost in the admiration for 
 that immortal artist who has left here 
 such wonderful monuments of his 
 genius. It seems really dedicated to 
 Michael Angelo, and he is the presid- 
 ing divinity of the place.” Hillard . 
 
 Whether he [Michael Angelo] drew, or 
 sung, 
 
 Or wrought in stone, or hung 
 The Pantheon in the air; 
 
 Whether he gave to Rome 
 Her Sistine walls or dome, 
 
 Or laid the ponderous beams, or lightly 
 wound the stuir. C . P . Crunch. 
 
 Sistine Madonna. See Madonna 
 di San Sisto. 
 
 Sitt Miriam. [El Moallaka.] An 
 interesting church situated at a 
 considerable height from the 
 ground in one of the towers of 
 the Roman Gateway of Babylon, 
 in Egypt. The title PE Moallaka 
 (the suspended) is given to it on 
 account of its elevation. This 
 church contains many remark- 
 able and interesting objects, — 
 sculptures, paintings, carvings, 
 mosaics, etc. 
 
 Six Hundred, The. A name often 
 popularly applied to the British 
 light cavalry brigade (670 in num- 
 ber), which at the battle of Bal- 
 aclava, in the Crimea, Oct. 25, 
 1854, charged the Russian in- 
 fantry and cavalry in position, 
 owing to a misunderstanding of 
 orders. It was a feat almost 
 unparalleled in military history. 
 The charge occupied less than 
 half an hour, during which two- 
 thirds of the assailing party were 
 killed or wounded. 
 
 Half a league, half a league, 
 
 Haifa league onward, 
 
 All in the valley of Death 
 Rode the six hundred. 
 
 “ Forward, the Light Brigade ! 
 Charge for the guns ! ” he said: 
 
 Into the valley of Death 
 Rode the six hundred. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Sixtine Chapel. See Sistine 
 Chapel. 
 
SKE 
 
 485 
 
 SLE 
 
 Skerryvore Lighthouse. An im- 
 portant lighthouse on the west 
 coast of Scotland, begun in 1838, 
 and finished in 1843. This struc- 
 ture, containg four and one-lialf 
 times as much masonry as the 
 Eddystone lighthouse and twice 
 as much as the Bell Bock tower, 
 was built under the charge of 
 Mr. Alan Stevenson, and is an 
 example of great engineering 
 skill. 
 
 Slaughter’s. 1. A celebrated 
 coffee-house in St. Martin’s Lane, 
 London, so called after its first 
 landlord, Thomas Slaughter, 1692. 
 During the last century it was 
 noted as a rendezvous of painters 
 and sculptors. It was frequented 
 by Hogarth, Benjamin West, 
 Eoubiliac, Wilkie, and others. 
 After the opening of another 
 “ Slaughter’s ” in the same street, 
 the original coffee-house was 
 known as “Old Slaughter’s ” till 
 its destruction in the first half of 
 the present century. 
 
 2. A coffee-house opposite 
 Northumberland House in the 
 Strand. 
 
 I remember to have read in some philos- 
 opher, — 1 believe in Tom Brown’s works, 
 — that, let a man’s character, sentiments, 
 or complexion be what they will, he can 
 find company in London to match them. 
 ... If he be passionate, he may vent his 
 rage among the old orators at Slaughter' s 
 coffee-house, and damn the nation because 
 it keeps him from starving. Goldsmith . 
 
 Slave. A statue by Michael An- 
 gelo (1474-1564). In the Louvre, 
 Paris. [Called also The Captive .] 
 See Greek Slave. 
 
 Slave Ship. A well-known pic- 
 ture by Joseph Mallord William 
 Turner (1775-1851). It is now in 
 the possession of Miss Alice Hoop- 
 er, Boston. 
 
 4^ “ I believe, if I were reduced to 
 rest Turner’s immortality upon any 
 single work, I should choose the Slave 
 Ship. Its daring conception, ideal in 
 the highest sense of the word, is based 
 on the purest truth, and wrought out 
 with the concentrated knowledge of a 
 life.” Ruskin. 
 
 4®" “ Thackeray, when speaking of 
 ‘The Slave Ship ’ by the same amazing 
 artist, says with delightful naivetd , ‘I 
 
 don’t know whether it is sublime or 
 ridiculous.’ ” 
 
 Dr. Brown's Spare Hours . 
 4®" “The following opinion, ex- 
 pressed by an intelligent and accom- 
 plished American artist, Mr. George In- 
 ness, is interesting for its frankness: 
 ‘ Turner’s ‘ Slave Ship ’ is the most in- 
 fernal piece of clap trap ever painted. 
 There is nothing in it. ft has as much 
 to do with human affections and 
 thought as a ghost. It is not even a 
 fine bouquet of color. The color is 
 harsh, disagreeable, and discordant.’ 
 This is severe, and I think its severity 
 is partly due to re-action against Mr. 
 Ruskin’s eloquent praises.” 
 
 P. G. Ilamerton . 
 
 Slavino di San Marco. A singu- 
 lar mass of rocks and de'bris in 
 the valley of the Adige, near 
 Trent, Italy, supposed to have 
 been occasioned by an avalanche. 
 
 4®" “ The traveller cannot fail to 
 notice a vast tract called the Slavivi di 
 Marco , covered with fragments of rock 
 torn from the sides of the neighboring 
 mountains by an earthquake, or per- 
 haps by their own unsupported weight, 
 and hurled down into the plains below. 
 They spread over the whole valley, 
 and in some places contract the road to 
 a very narrow space.” Eustace . 
 
 Such as that ruin is which in the flank 
 Smote, on this side of Trent, the Adige, 
 Either by earthquake or by failing stay. 
 
 Dante , Inferno , Longfellow's Trans. 
 
 Sleeping Ariadne. See Ariadne. 
 
 Sleeping Faun. 1. An admired 
 statue found in 1756 at Hercula- 
 neum, and now in the Museum 
 at Naples. See Faun, Barbe- 
 rini Faun, Dancing Faun. 
 
 2. A work of sculpture by 
 Harriet G. Hosmer (b. 1830). 
 
 Sleepy Hollow. A quiet valley 
 near Tarry town, on the Hudson, 
 New York, immortalized by 
 Washington Irving in his “ Le- 
 gend of Sleepy Hollow ” (in “ The 
 Sketch Book’ ’). There is a hamlet 
 of the same name. 
 
 4Gg=- “If ever I should wish for a 
 retreat, whither I might steal from the 
 world and its distractions, and dream 
 quietly away the remnant of a troubled 
 life, I know of none more promising 
 than this little valley. From the list- 
 less repose of the place, and the pecu- 
 liar character of its inhabitants, who 
 are descendants from the original Dutch 
 
SLO 
 
 486 
 
 SMI 
 
 settlers, this sequestered glen has long 
 been known by the name of Sleepy 
 Hollow, and its rustic lads are called 
 the Sleepy Hollow Boys throughout all 
 the neighboring country. A drowsy, 
 dreamy influence seems to hang over 
 the land, and to pervade the very at- 
 mosphere. Some say that the place 
 was bewitched by a High German doc- 
 tor during the early days of the settle- 
 ment; others, that an old Indian chief, 
 the prophet or wizard of his tribe, held 
 his powwows there before the country 
 was discovered by Master Hendrick 
 Hudson. Certain it is, the place still 
 continues under the sway of some 
 witching power, that holds a spell over 
 the minds of the good people, causing 
 them to walk in a continual revery. 
 They are given to all kinds of marvel- 
 lous beliefs, are subject to trances and 
 visions, and frequently see strange 
 sights, and hear mugic and voices in 
 the air. The whole neighborhood 
 abounds with local tales, haunted spots, 
 and twilight superstitions.” Irving. 
 
 Sloane Museum. A collection of 
 curiosities belonging to Sir Hans 
 Sloane, and offered by him to the 
 English Parliament for £20,000. 
 The offer was accepted, and the 
 collection was used as the nucleus 
 of the present British Museum. 
 
 Smailholm Tower. A lofty tower 
 now in ruins, and commanding 
 an extensive view of a part of 
 Scotland with which many very 
 interesting associations are con- 
 nected. It is not far from Mel- 
 rose and Dryburgh Abbeys, and is 
 the scene of Scott’s ballad of 
 “ The Eve of St. John.” 
 
 Then rose those crags, that mountain 
 tower, 
 
 Which charmed my fancy ’s wakening 
 hour. 
 
 And still I thought that shattered tower 
 The mightiest work of human power. 
 
 Marmion. 
 
 Smith College. A well-endowed 
 institution in Northampton, 
 Mass., designed for the higher 
 education of women. 
 
 Smithfield. The ancient market 
 of London. The name signifies 
 smooth plain, from the Saxon 
 smeth, smooth. It was the largest 
 live-market in the world, and its 
 characteristic features are well 
 described by Dickens in “ Oliver 
 Twist.” In 1852 it was con- 
 
 demned by law to be removed to 
 Islington. Smithfield is famous 
 for its tournaments, executions, 
 and burnings. Here too, from 
 Sept. 3 to 6, was held the cele- 
 brated Bartholomew Fair, noted 
 not only for its sales of cloth, but 
 as a scene of license and revelry. 
 See Bartholomew Fair. 
 
 J&gT “It was market morning. The 
 ground was covered nearly ankle-deep 
 with filth and mire; and a thick steam 
 perpetually rising from the reeking 
 bodies of the cattle, and mingling with 
 the fog, which seemed to rest upon the 
 chimney-tops, hung heavily above. All 
 the pens in the centre of the large area, 
 and as many temporary ones as could 
 be crowded into the vacant space, were 
 filled with sheep; and tied up to posts 
 by the gutter-side were long lines of 
 beasts and oxen three or four deep. 
 Countrymen, butchers, drovers, hawk- 
 ers, boys, thieves, idlers, and vaga- 
 bonds of every low grade, were mingled 
 together in a dense mass : the whistling 
 of drovers, the barking of dogs, the 
 bellowing and plunging of beasts, the 
 bleating of sheep, and grunting and 
 squeaking of pigs ; the cries of hawk- 
 ers, the shouts, oaths, and quarrelling 
 on all sides, the ringing of bells, and 
 the roar of voices that issued from ev- 
 ery public house ; the crowding, push- 
 ing, driving, beating, whooping, and 
 yelling : the hideous and discordant din 
 that resounded from every corner of 
 the market; and the unwashed, un- 
 shaven, squalid, and dirty figures con- 
 stantly running to and fro, and bursting 
 in and out of the throng, rendered it a 
 stunning and bewildering scene which 
 quite confused the senses.” Dickens. 
 
 So I came into Smithfield ; and the 
 shameful place, being all asmear with 
 filth, and fat, and blood, and foam, seemed 
 to stick to me. 
 
 Pip (Dickens, Great Expectations). 
 
 Falstaff. Where's Bardolph ? 
 
 Page. He’s gone into Smithfield to buy 
 your worship a horse. Shakespeare. 
 
 For, in the earlier part of the seven- 
 teenth century, a speculator who had 
 dared to affirm that the human soul is by 
 its nature mortal, and does, in the great 
 majority of cases, actually die with the 
 body, would have been burned alive in 
 Smithfield. Macaulay. 
 
 The midnight of Bartholomew,— the stake 
 Of Smithfield. Whittier. 
 
 Smith’s Cave. See Wayland 
 Smith’s Cave. 
 
 Smithsonian Institution. A no- 
 ble building of red sandstone and 
 of Gothic architecture, in Wash- 
 
SMO 
 
 487 
 
 SOH 
 
 ington. The main hall, which is 
 200 feet in length by 50 feet in 
 width, and 25 feet high, contains 
 the National Museum of curiosi- 
 ties, with natural history and 
 ethnological collections. The in- 
 stitution was founded by James 
 Smithson, a native of England, 
 born in the last century, who, al- 
 though he had never visited this 
 country, and was totally unac- 
 quainted with any one in Ameri- 
 ca, for reasons unknown left the 
 whole of his property, amounting 
 to over half a million of dollars, 
 “ to the United States of Ameri- 
 ca, to found at Washington, un- 
 der the name of the Smithsonian 
 Institution, an establishment for 
 the increase and diffusion of 
 knowledge among men.” 
 
 Smolnoi Church. A noted white- 
 marble church in St. Petersburg, 
 Russia. It is surmounted with 
 five blue domes. 
 
 And Smolnoi' s wealth of spangled blue 
 Beams all the dusky distance through 1 
 
 E. D. Proctor. 
 
 Smoo, Cave of. A cavern in the 
 North of Scotland, in the neigh- 
 borhood of Durness. It is de- 
 scribed by Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 Smyrna, The. A former coffee- 
 house in Pall-Mall, London, fa- 
 mous in the reign of Queen Anne. 
 The “Tatler” suggested “to all 
 ingenious gentlemen in and about 
 the cities of London and West- 
 minster who have a mind to be 
 instructed in the noble sciences 
 of music, poetry, and politics, 
 that they repair to the Smyrna 
 Coffee-house, in Pall-Mall, be- 
 twixt the hours of eight and ten 
 at night, where they may be in- 
 structed gratis.” 
 
 If it be fine weather, we take a turn 
 into the Park till two, when we go to din- 
 ner; and if it be dirty, you are enter- 
 tained at piquet or basset at White’s, or 
 you may talk politics at the Smyrna or 
 St. James. 
 
 Journey through England, 1714. 
 
 You then, O ye beggars of my acquaint- 
 ance, whether in rags or lace ; whether in 
 Kent-street or in the Mall; whether at 
 Smyrna or St. Giles’s; might I advise 
 you as a friend, never seem in want of the 
 favor you solicit. Goldsmith. 
 
 Snow Hill. A well-known locality 
 in London. Snow Hill was for- 
 merly remarkable for its steep- 
 ness of ascent, a difficulty now 
 obviated by the Holborn Viaduct. 
 
 Who has not heard the Scourer’s mid- 
 night fame ? 
 
 Who has not trembled at the Mohocks’ 
 name V 
 
 I pass their desperate deeds and mischief, 
 done 
 
 Where from Snow Hill black steepy tor- 
 rents run, 
 
 How matrons, hooped within the hogs- 
 head’s womb, 
 
 Were tumbled furious thence. Gay. 
 
 Soane Museum. An interesting 
 and valuable art-collection in 
 London, founded by Sir John 
 Soane. 
 
 Yes, to see England well needs a hun- 
 dred years; for, what they told me was 
 the merit of Sir John Soane's Museum , in 
 London, — that it was well packed and 
 well saved, — is the merit of England. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 Society of the Pin. An associa- 
 tion consisting chiefly of foreign- 
 ers, formed in London in the four- 
 teenth century. It is supposed 
 to have derived its name from 
 the city of Le Puy, in Auvergne, 
 where was a famous statue of the 
 Virgin, much visited by pilgrims. 
 The object of the association 
 seems to have been to promote 
 good-will and good-fellowship. 
 They held a great festival on the 
 first Sunday after Trinity. 
 
 Socrates, Prison of. See Prison 
 of Socrates. 
 
 Soho. A district in London, in 
 which many French have settled 
 at various times. See Soho 
 Square. 
 
 It is natural to me to go where I please, 
 to do what I please. ... 1 diuress into 
 Soho , to explore a bookstall. Metliinks I 
 have been thirty years a collector, ’there 
 is nothing strange nor new in it. 
 
 Charles Lamb. 
 
 Fancy the three [Fielding and his com- 
 panions] in a great wainscoted room, in 
 Covent Garden or Soho , lighted by two 
 or three candles in silver sconces, and a 
 bottle of Florence wine on the table. 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Soho Square. A square in Lon- 
 don, built in the reign of Charles 
 II. It was formerly sometimes 
 called King’s Square from its 
 surveyor and architect, Gregory 
 
SOH 
 
 488 
 
 SOM 
 
 King. It was a very fashionable 
 quarter of London until within 
 the last century. Here Sir Roger 
 de Coverley is made to reside; 
 and here Evelyn went in 1690 to 
 pass the winter “ in Soho, in the 
 great square.” 
 
 4®" “ Soho Square . . . was to our 
 ancestors a subject of pride with which 
 their posterity will hardly sympa- 
 thize.” Macaulay. 
 
 But it [the answer to Bentley’s ’‘Dis- 
 sertation on the Epistles of Phalaris ”-] 
 had its day of noisy popularity, it was to 
 he found not only in the studies of men of 
 letters, but on toe tables of the most bril- 
 liant drawing-rooms of Soho Square and 
 Covent Garuen. Macaulay. 
 
 Soho Theatre. A theatre in Lon- 
 don, opened in 1840, now called 
 the New Royalty. 
 
 Sol, Puerta del. See Puerta del 
 Sol. 
 
 Soldiers’ Home. An asylum for 
 disabled soldiers of the regular 
 army, situated in the environs of 
 Washington. It was established 
 in 1851. The buildings are of 
 marble, enclosed in a large and 
 beautiful park. The cost of the 
 establishment was defrayed by a 
 forced levy on the inhabitants of 
 the city of Mexico, during the oc- 
 cupation of the place by Gen. 
 Scott. Some of the Presidents 
 have made the Soldiers’ Home 
 their summer residence. 
 
 Soldiers Bathing in the Arno. A 
 
 celebrated cartoon by Michael 
 Angelo (1475-1564). It represents 
 a body of soldiers suddenly called 
 to arms while bathing. The work 
 never went beyond this cartoon, 
 which was begun in 1504 and ex- 
 hibited in 1506. 
 
 Solferino, Tour de. See Tour de 
 Solferino. 
 
 Solomon. See Judgment of Sol- 
 omon and Pools of Solomon. 
 
 Solomon’s Temple. The famous 
 temple at Jerusalem built by 
 King Solomon (B.C. 1015), after 
 the model of the Tabernacle, the 
 plan of which the Jews consid- 
 ered to have been divinely re- 
 vealed to them through Moses, 
 
 in the desert of Sinai, and from 
 which they never departed in any 
 of their subsequent erections. Of 
 this celebrated temple not one 
 stone now remains upon another. 
 It is now agreed by all topogra- 
 phers that the site of the Tem- 
 ple at Jerusalem is within the 
 limits of the area which is now 
 called the Haram, but its precise 
 extent is a matter of uncertainty. 
 It was of rectangular shape, 
 measuring, according to Jose- 
 phus, a stadium, or 600 Greek 
 feet, on each side. 
 
 4®=“ “ There is perhaps no building 
 of the ancient world which has ex- 
 cited so much attention since the time 
 of its destruction as the Temple which 
 Solomon built at Jerusalem, and its 
 successor as rebuilt by Herod. Its 
 spoils were considered worthy of form- 
 ing the principal illustration of one of 
 the most beautiful of Roman triumphal 
 arches, and Justinian’s highest archi- 
 tectural ambition was that he might 
 surpass it. Throughout the Middle 
 Ages it influenced to a considerable 
 degree the forms of Christian churches, 
 and its peculiarities were the watch- 
 words and rallying points of all associ- 
 ations of builders. Since the revival of 
 learning in the sixteenth century its 
 arrangements have employed the pens 
 of numberless learned antiquarians, 
 and architects of every country have 
 wasted their science in trying to repro- 
 duce its forms. But it is not only to 
 Christians that the Temple of Solomon 
 is so interesting : the whole Moham- 
 medan world look to it as the founda- 
 tion of all architectural knowledge; 
 and the Jews still recall its glories 
 and sigh over their loss with a constant 
 tenacity, unmatched by that of any 
 other people to any other building of 
 the ancient world. The Temple was a 
 very insignificant building in size; the 
 truth being, that, like the temples of 
 the Semitic nations, it was more in the 
 character of a shrine or treasury in- 
 tended to contain certain precious 
 works in metal. The principal orna- 
 ments of its facade were two brazen 
 pillars, Jachin and Boaz, which seem 
 to have been wonders of metal-work, 
 and regarding which more has been 
 written, and, it may be added, more 
 nonsense, than regarding almost any 
 other known architectural objects.” 
 
 Fergusson. 
 
 Somerset, The. A British line-of- 
 battle ship stationed in Boston 
 harbor in 1775. 
 
SOM 
 
 489 
 
 SOXJ 
 
 Where swinging Avide at her moorings lay 
 The Somerset , British man-of-war; 
 
 A phantom ship, with each mast and spar 
 Across the moon like a prison bar, 
 
 And a huge black hulk that was magni- 
 fied 
 
 By its own reflection in the tide. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Somerset, The. A club occupy- 
 ing a fine mansion on Beacon 
 Street, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Somerset House. A public build- 
 ing in London occupying the site 
 of the old palace of the same 
 name. It is used for government 
 offices, and contained the rooms 
 of the Royal Society, the Society 
 of Antiquaries, and other literary 
 and scientific institutions. The 
 old Somerset House, interesting 
 from its historic connection with 
 royal personages, was built in 
 1549. 
 
 4£g = ’ “ If you would see something 
 quite dreadful, go to the enormous pal- 
 ace in the Strand, called Somerset 
 House. Massive, heavy architecture, 
 of which the recesses seem dipped in 
 ink, the porticos smeared with soot. 
 
 . . . What can men do in such a cata- 
 comb?” Taine, Trans. 
 
 Dan Stuart once told us that he did not 
 remember that he ever deliberately 
 walked into the exhibition at Somer- 
 set House in his life. Charles Lamb. 
 
 For the science, he [Carlyle] had, if 
 possible, even less tolerance, and com- 
 pared the savans of Somerset House to the 
 boy wlm asked Confucius ” how many 
 stars in the sky?” Confucius replied, 
 “ he minded things near him.” Then said 
 the boy, ” how many hairs are there in 
 your eyebrows?” Confucius said, “lie 
 didn’t know' and didn’t care.” Emerson. 
 
 Sommeil de Jesus. See Silen- 
 
 TIUM and VlERGE A LA DlADEME. 
 
 Sonneck. A ruined mediaeval 
 stronghold of the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, on the Rhine, near Lorch. 
 
 Sophia, The. An Arctic explor- 
 ing-ship which sailed from Eng- 
 land under the command of Capt. 
 Stewart, April 13, 1850. 
 
 Sophia, St. See St. Sophia. 
 
 Sorbonne, The. A university in 
 Paris, named for its founder, 
 Robert de Sorbonne, confessor to 
 St. Louis. It was established in 
 the thirteenth century. The old 
 building having fallen into de- 
 
 cay, it was restored by Cardinal 
 Richelieu, in 1029. The chapel 
 of the institution contains the 
 tomb of the cardinal, a superior 
 work of art. The disputations 
 and decisions of the Sorbonne in 
 theological matters acquired great 
 fame and power. It is now the 
 seat of three of the five Faculties 
 of the Academy of Paris, — theol- 
 ogy, sciences, and letters. The 
 building contains large lecture, 
 rooms, collections, etc. 
 
 Thence to the Sorbonne , an ancient 
 fabric built by one Robert de Sorbonne, 
 whose name it retains, but the restau- 
 ration which the late Cardinal de Rich- 
 lieu has made to it renders it one of the 
 most excellent moderne buildings. 
 
 John Evelyn , Diary 1(544, 4 Jan. 
 
 So, too, in matters spiritual, w r hat 
 avails it that a man be Doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, Doctor of Laws, of Both Laws, and 
 can cover half a square loot in pica-type 
 w'ith the list of his fellowsh.ps, arranged 
 as equilateral triangle, at the vertex an 
 “ &c.” over and above, and with the 
 parchment of his diplomas could thatch 
 the whole street he lives in: what avails 
 it ? Carlyle. 
 
 I compared them [the professors’ houses 
 at Oxford] to those of our scholars, re- 
 sembling cages, to the third floor m a 
 great city, to the dismal lodging s of the 
 Sorbonne. Taine , Trans. 
 
 Voltaire, in the days of Lewis the Four- 
 teenth, would probably have been, like 
 most of the literary men of the time, a 
 zealous Jansenist, eminent among the 
 defenders of efficacious grace, a bitti r as- 
 sailant of the lax morality of the Jesuits 
 and the unreasonable decisions of the 
 Sorbonne. James Parton. 
 
 Sortie from Gibraltar. A paint- 
 ing by John Trumbull (1756-1853), 
 and considered his masterpiece. 
 Now in the Museum of Fine Arts, 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Sospiri, Ponte dei. See Bridge 
 of Sighs. 
 
 South Kensington Museum. A 
 national collection of art and 
 manufactures in London . It con- 
 tains many valuable paintings 
 and other works of art, including 
 the Vernon and Sheepshanks Col- 
 lection, belongingto the National 
 Gallery. 
 
 “ However much opinions may 
 differ as to the system of instruction in 
 design adopted in that Department, 
 there can be no doubt that the truly 
 magnificent collection of objects assem- 
 bled there, and the facility afforded stu- 
 dents who may desire to inspect and 
 
sou 
 
 490 
 
 SPA 
 
 study them, reflect the highest credit 
 upon the authorities intrusted with its 
 care. By such means, the art-workman, 
 his employer, and the public, whose 
 encouragement and patronage are ne- 
 cessary to both, may learn that which 
 alone can rescue English manufacture 
 from its recent degradation, viz., the 
 formation of a sound taste.” 
 
 C. L. Eastlake. 
 
 South Sea House. The office of 
 the famous South Sea Company, 
 which was organized in 1711. 
 The original building stood in 
 Old Broad Street, London; and 
 the new building, which is now 
 let for chambers, stands in 
 Threadneedle Street. 
 
 jgGgr 3 “Reader, in thy passage from 
 the Bank — where thou hast been re- 
 ceiving thy half-yearly dividends (sup- 
 posing thou art a lean annuitant like 
 myself) — to the Flower Pot, to secure 
 a place for Dalston, or Shackle well, or 
 some other thy suburban retreat north- 
 erly, — didst thou never observe a mel- 
 ancholy-looking, handsome, brick and 
 stone edifice, to the left — where 
 Threadneedle Street abuts upon Bish- 
 opsgate? I dare say thou hast often 
 admired its magnificent portals ever 
 gaping wide, and disclosing to view a 
 grave court, with cloisters, and pillars, 
 with few or no traces of goers-in or 
 comers-out, — a desolation something 
 like Balclutha’s. This was once a house 
 of trade, — a centre of busy interests. 
 The throng of merchants was here — 
 the quick pulse of gain — and here 
 some forms of business are still kept 
 up, though the soul be long since fled. 
 Here are still to be seen stately porti- 
 cos, imposing staircases, offices roomy 
 as the state apartments in palaces, — 
 deserted, or thinly peopled with a 
 few straggling clerks ; the still more sa- 
 cred interiors of court and committee- 
 rooms, with venerable faces of beadles, 
 door-keepers — directors seated in form 
 on solemn days (to proclaim a dead 
 dividend), at long worm-eaten tables, 
 that have been mahogany, with tar- 
 nished gilt-leather coverings, support- 
 ing massy silver inkstands long since 
 dry; huge charts, which subsequent 
 discoveries have antiquated; dusty 
 maps of Mexico, dim as dreams — and 
 soundings of the Bay of Panama ! The 
 long passages hung with buckets, ap- 
 pended, in idle row, to walls whose 
 substance might defy any, short of the 
 last, conflagration : — with vast ranges 
 of cellarage under all, where dollars 
 and pieces-of-eight once lay, an * un- 
 sunned heap,’ for Mammon to have sol- 
 aced his solitary heart withal, — long 
 
 since dissipated, or scattered into air 
 at the blast of the breaking of that fa- 
 mous Bubble.” Charles Lamb . 
 
 Southampton House. A former 
 mansion of London. The last ves- 
 tiges of it were destroyed in 1876. 
 The site is marked by Southamp- 
 ton Buildings. The Earl of South- 
 ampton, father of Lady Rachel 
 Bussell, died here. 
 
 Southwark. The district, “called 
 by the Saxons Southverke, or the 
 South Work,” on the south side 
 of the Thames, London. It is 
 interesting for its old inns, as the 
 “White Hart” and “Tabard.” 
 Here was the Marslialsea Prison. 
 
 Southwark Bridge. One of the 
 great bridges across the Thames, 
 at London, connecting the City 
 with the borough of Southwark, 
 first opened to the public, April 
 1819. It was built by John Ben- 
 nie. 
 
 Sovereign of the Seas. The first 
 three-decker in the English navy, 
 launched in 1637. 
 
 Spa Fields. A locality in London, 
 England, formerly a place of pop- 
 ular gatherings. It was not oc- 
 cupied by houses until the pres- 
 ent century. 
 
 Spada Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Spa- 
 da.'] A Roman palace, near the 
 Palazzo Farnese, built in 1564, 
 and chiefly remarkable for the 
 celebrated statue which goes un- 
 der the name of the Spada Pom- 
 pey. See Pompey’s Statue. 
 
 T saw in the Palazzo Spada the statue 
 of Pompey ; the statue at whose base Cae- 
 sar fell. Dickens. 
 
 Returning home I saw the palace of 
 Cardinal Spada , where is a most magnifi- 
 cent hall painted by Paniele da Volterra 
 and Giulio Piocentino, who made the fret 
 in the little court, but the rare perspec- 
 tives are of Bolognesi. John Evelyn, 1644. 
 
 Spada Pompey. See Pompey’s 
 Statue. 
 
 Spagna, Piazza di. See Piazza 
 
 di Spagna. 
 
 Spalatro. A picture by Washing- 
 ton Allston (1779-1843). In the 
 possession of John Taylor John- 
 ston, New York. This picture is 
 
SPA 
 
 491 
 
 SPE 
 
 said to have been pronounced by 
 the painter his best work. 
 
 Spanish Armada. See Armada, 
 The Spanish. 
 
 Spanish Dwarf. A great pearl in 
 the Green Gallery (Das griine 
 Gewolbe) in Dresden. It is near- 
 ly as large as a pullet’s egg. 
 
 Spanish Square. See Piazza di 
 Spagna. 
 
 Spanish Steps. A magnificent 
 flight of steps leading from the 
 Piazza di Spagna, or Spanish 
 Square, in Rome, to the church 
 of Trinita de’ Monti on the Pin- 
 cian Hill. 
 
 4® ‘ “Behind the fountain [in the 
 Piazza di Spagna] rises a flight of stone 
 stairs. They are as broad as a street, 
 and as high as the neighboring houses. 
 It is the so-called Spanish Stairs, which 
 lead to the French cloister for nuns, to 
 the French Academy, as well as to the 
 finest and most frequented promenades. 
 These stairs once bore a disreputable 
 name on account of the midnight as- 
 saults that took place there. During 
 the day, this place swarms with beg- 
 gars with withered limbs; some hop 
 like frogs, using their hands to spring 
 on; others lie down at full length and 
 show their decrepit limbs.” 
 
 Hans Christian Andersen . 
 
 Spasimo, Lo. [The spasm, or con- 
 vulsion.] A not unfrequent sub- 
 ject of representation by the 
 mediaeval painters, in which is 
 exhibited the affliction of Mary 
 as she witnessed the sorrowful 
 procession to Calvary, and her 
 divine Son sinking under the 
 weight of the cross. The most 
 celebrated of these compositions 
 is the well-known picture entitled 
 Lo Spasimo di Sicilia. [See in- 
 
 fra.] 
 
 Spasimo di Sicilia. A celebrated 
 altar-picture by Raphael Sanzio 
 (1483-1520), representing the afflic- 
 tion [ spasimo , spasm, or convul- 
 sion] of Mary at the moment when 
 Christ is sinking under the weight 
 of the cross. This picture derives 
 its name from the circumstance 
 that it was originally painted for 
 the altar of the convent-church 
 of Santa Maria dello Spasimo, at 
 Palermo, Sicity. The composi- 
 
 tion of this picture is believed to 
 have been imitated from Albert 
 Diirer. It is now in the gallery 
 of Madrid, Spain. 
 
 4®" “ The veneration at all times 
 entertained for this picture was proba- 
 bly enhanced by a remarkable fact in 
 its history. Raphael painted it towards 
 the close of the year 1517 ; and when 
 finished, it was embarked at the port 
 of Ostia, to be consigned to Palermo. 
 A storm came on, the vessel foundered 
 at sea, and all was lost except the case 
 containing this picture, which was 
 floated by the currents into the Bay of 
 Genoa, and on being landed the won- 
 drous masterpiece of art was taken out 
 unhurt. The Genoese at first refused 
 to give it up, insisting that it had been 
 preserved and floated to their shores by 
 the miraculous interposition of the 
 Blessed Virgin herself; and it required 
 a positive mandate from the Pope be- 
 fore they would restore it to the Olive- 
 tan fathers.” 
 
 Passavant’s Rafael , referred to by 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Spectre of the Brocken. A sin- 
 gular optical phenomenon which 
 is occasionally seen at sunrise or 
 sunset from the summit of the 
 Brocken (or Blocksberg, Mons 
 Bructerus ), the highest of the 
 Harz Mountains, in Prussian Sax- 
 ony. It consists of a gigantic 
 projection of the observer, or ob- 
 servers, upon misty clouds which 
 rise out of the valley on the side 
 of the mountain opposite to the 
 sun. The apparition, which is 
 commonly seen eight or nine 
 times during the year, was for- 
 merly looked upon with supersti- 
 tious awe. 
 
 4®= “ Among the various legends 
 current in that wild country, there is a 
 favorite one, which supposes the Ilartz 
 to be haunted with a kind of tutelar 
 demon, in the shape of a wild man, of 
 huge stature, his head wreathed with 
 oak-leaves, and his middle cinctured 
 with the same, bearing in his hand a 
 pine torn up by the roots. It is certain 
 that many profess to have seen such a 
 form, traversing with huge strides, in 
 a line parallel to their own course, the 
 opposite ridge of a mountain, -when di- 
 vided from it by a narrow glen; and, 
 indeed, the fact of the apparition is so 
 generally admitted, that modern scep- 
 ticism has only found refuge by ascrib- 
 ing it to optical deception.” 
 
 Sir Walter Scott 
 
SPE 
 
 492 
 
 SPH 
 
 /gif* “ The cause is very simple. It 
 is always seen at sunrise, when the 
 eastern side of the Brocken is free from 
 clouds, and at the same time the mist 
 rises from the valley on the opposite 
 side. The shadow of every thing on 
 the Brocken is then thrown in grand 
 proportions upon the mist, and is seen 
 surrounded with a luminous halo. It is 
 somewhat singular that such a spectacle 
 can be seen upon the Brocken alone, 
 but this is probably accounted for by 
 the formation of the mountain, which 
 collects the mist at just such a distance 
 from the summit as to render the shad- 
 ow visible.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 tikST “ If the fog is very dry, you see 
 not only yourself but your neighbor; 
 if very damp, only yourself, surrounded 
 by a rainbow-colored glory, which be- 
 comes more lustrous and beautiful the 
 damper and thicker the fog is, and the 
 nearer it approaches.” Howitt. 
 
 Spectre of the Rigi. An atmos- 
 pheric phenomenon observed on 
 the summit of the Rigi in Switz- 
 erland, and similar to the spectre 
 of the Brocken in the Harz Moun- 
 tains. It is simply a magnified 
 shadow of objects projected upon 
 a wall of mist. 
 
 Speedwell, The. One of the two 
 vessels in which the Pilgrims em- 
 barked at Southampton for Amer- 
 ica in 1620. Soon after leaving 
 port, the Speedwell was declared 
 unseaworthy, and the two vessels 
 put back into the port of Plym- 
 outh. Here the company was 
 divided; and those regarded as 
 most desirable for colonists went 
 on board the Mayflower , which 
 proceeded on the voyage alone. 
 Before the Speedwell' s anchor swung, 
 
 Ere yet the Mayflower’s sail was spread, 
 While round his feet the Pilgrims clung, 
 The pastor spake, and thus he said : — 
 Holmes. 
 
 Speyer Cathedral. A noble church 
 structure in Speyer, or Spires, 
 Germany. It contains the tombs 
 of many German emperors. 
 
 “ Although the cathedral of 
 Spires cannot boast of the elegance and 
 finish of that of Worms, it is perhaps, 
 taken as a whole, the finest specimen 
 in Europe of a bold and simple build- 
 ing conceived, if the expression may be 
 used, in a truly Doric spirit. . . . There 
 is a simple grandeur about this build- 
 ing which gives a value to the dimen- 
 sions unknown in later times, and it 
 may be questioned if ‘here is any other 
 
 mediaeval church which impresses the 
 spectator more by its appearance of 
 size than this.” Fergusson. 
 
 Sphinx, The. This ancient and 
 unique monument near Cairo, in 
 Egypt, was supposed to have been 
 cut out from the solid rock in the 
 reign of Thothmes III. or IV. ; but 
 the researches of M. Mariette 
 have shown that the Sphinx is 
 anterior to Cheops — of even 
 greater antiquity than the Pyra- 
 mids. According to Pliny it was 
 143 feet in length, and the circum- 
 ference of its head round the 
 forehead was 102 feet, and the 
 paws extended 50 feet. Tablets 
 and an altar were found between 
 the paws; and other evidences 
 show that processions passed up 
 to this altar and offered sacrifices, 
 from which it is evident that the 
 Sphinx (which was an imaginary 
 animal often found as the emblem 
 of royalty in the Pharaonic re- 
 mains) was deified by the Egyp- 
 tians, and worshipped as the Sun. 
 Only the head, shoulders, and 
 back can now be seen, the rest 
 being buried in the sand. It has 
 been called, with its half-human, 
 half-animal form, “the best wel- 
 come, and the best farewell, to 
 the history and religion of 
 Egypt.” We can only wonder 
 what it must have been “ when,” 
 says Dean Stanley, “on its head 
 there was the royal helmet of 
 Egypt; on its chin the royal 
 beard; when the stone pavement 
 by which men approached the 
 Pyramids ran up between its 
 paws; when immediately under 
 its heart an altar stood, from 
 which the smoke went up into 
 the gigantic nostrils of that nose, 
 now vanished from the face, never 
 to be conceived again! ” The 
 Sphinx y£) of Greek and Ro- 
 man mythology was a famous 
 monster described as having the 
 head of a woman, the body of a 
 lion or of a dog, the paws of a 
 lion, and sometimes as having 
 also the wings of a bird. The 
 Sphinx proposed this riddle to 
 travellers: “ What animal walks 
 on four legs in the morning, on 
 two at noon, and on three at 
 
SPH 
 
 493 
 
 SPI 
 
 night? ” As those who could not 
 solve this question were torn in 
 pieces, the Sphinx became a very 
 uncomfortable monster; and King 
 Creon offered his crown and his 
 daughter Jocasta to any one who 
 should solve the riddle. CEdipus 
 accomplished the feat by explain- 
 ing that it was man, who creeps 
 on all fours when an infant, walks 
 on two feet when a man, and uses 
 a stick (for a third foot) when old. 
 The Sphinx then destroyed her- 
 self. 
 
 4SP* “ One of our party said, on our 
 arrival [at the Pyramids], ‘When we 
 were passing the Sphinx’-— ‘ Oh, the 
 Sphinx ! ’ cried 1, ‘ you don’t mean that 
 you have seen the Sphinx ! ’ To be 
 sure they had; and they insisted on it 
 that I had too, — that I must have seen 
 it, — could not have missed it. I was 
 utterly bewildered. It was strange 
 enough to have forgotten it ; but not to 
 have seen it was inexplicable. How- 
 ever, on visiting it later in the day I 
 found I had seen it. Being intent on 
 the Pyramid before me, I had taken the 
 Sphinx for a capriciously-formed rock, 
 like so many that we had passed — for- 
 getting that I should not meet with 
 limestone at Geezeh. I rather doubt 
 whether any traveller would take the 
 Sphinx for any thing but a rock unless 
 he was looking for it, or had his eye 
 caught by some casual light. . . . How 
 I was half afraid of it. The full, se- 
 rene gaze of its round face, rendered 
 ugly by the loss of the nose, which was 
 a, very handsome feature of the old 
 Egyptian face, — this full gaze, and the 
 stony calm of its attitude, almost turn 
 one to stone. So life-like, — so huge, 
 so monstrous, — it is really a fearful 
 spectacle. I saw a man sitting in a fold 
 of the neck, — as a fly might settle on 
 a horse’s mane. In that crease he re- 
 posed, while far over his head extended 
 the vast pent-house of the jaw ; and 
 above that the dressed hair on either 
 side the face, — each bunch a mass of 
 stone which might crush a dwelling- 
 house. . . . Fancy the long, well- 
 opened eyes, in such proportion as this, 
 — eyes which have gazed unwinking 
 into vacancy, while mighty Pharaohs, 
 and Hebrew law-givers, and Persian 
 princes, and Greek philosophers, and 
 Antony with Cleopatra by his side, 
 and Christian anchorites, and Arab 
 warriors, and European men of sci- 
 ence, have been brought hither in suc- 
 cession by the unpausing ages to look 
 up into those eyes, — so full of mean- 
 ing, though so fixed ! ” 
 
 Miss Mar tine au. 
 
 43T “ The face is (supposing the 
 nose restored) much like the Berber 
 countenance. The long mild eye, the 
 thick but not protuberant lips, and the 
 projecting jaw; with the intelligent, 
 gentle expression of the whole face, 
 are very like what one sees in Nubia at 
 every village.” Miss Martineau. 
 
 4®=“ Comely the creature is, but 
 the comeliness is not of this world: 
 the once worshipped beast is a deform- 
 ity and a monster to this generation, 
 and yet you can see that those lips so 
 thick and heavy were fashioned ac- 
 cording to some ancient mould of 
 beauty.” A. W. Kinglake. 
 
 Everywhere greatness and littleness 
 seemed so inexplicably blended: Na- 
 
 ture, like the Sphinx, her emblem, with 
 her fair woman’s face and neck, showed 
 also the claws of a Lioness, Carlyle. 
 
 This human mind wrote history, and 
 this must read it. The Sphinx must solve 
 her own riddle. Emerson. 
 
 The Sphinx is drowsy, 
 
 Her wings are furled; 
 
 Her ear is heavy, 
 
 She broods on the world. 
 
 “ Who’ll tell me my secret, 
 
 The ages have kept? — 
 
 I awaited the seer, 
 
 While they slumbered and slept.” 
 Emerson. 
 
 And she — 
 
 Colossal Woman, couchant in the sands, 
 Who has a lion’s body, paws for hands, 
 (If she was wingdd, like the Theban one, 
 
 The wide-spread wings are gone :) 
 Nations have fallen round her, but she 
 stands; 
 
 Dynasties came and went, but she went 
 not ; 
 
 She saw the Pharaohs and the Shepherd 
 Kings, 
 
 Chariots and horsemen in their dread ar- 
 ray, — 
 
 Cambyses, Alexander, Antony, 
 
 The hosts of standards, and the eagle 
 wings, 
 
 Whom, to her ruinous sorrow, Egypt 
 drew: 
 
 She saw, and she forgot. 
 
 R. II. Stoddard. 
 
 Behold ! 
 
 The Sphinx is Africa. The bond 
 Of silence is upon her. 
 
 Joaquin Miller. 
 
 Spielberg. A famous castle, for- 
 merly the citadel of Briinu, the 
 capital of Moravia, hut now a 
 prison. It is noted as the prison 
 of Silvio Pellico (1789-1854), who 
 was arrested in October, 1820, as 
 a member of the Carbonari, and 
 in 1822 was sentenced to 15 years 
 of imprisonment ( carcere dura), 
 and was confined here until Au- 
 gust, 1830. His well-known nar- 
 
SPI 
 
 494 
 
 STA 
 
 rative “ Mie Prigioni ” (My Pris- 
 ons) tells the story of his impris- 
 onments. 
 
 And, such proved possible, thy throne to 
 me 
 
 Shall seem as holy a place as Pellico’s 
 'Venetian dungeon ; or as Spielberg's 
 grate, 
 
 Where the fair Lombard woman hung 
 the rose 
 
 Of her sweet soul, by its own dewy 
 weight, 
 
 (Because her sun shone inside to the 
 close !) 
 
 And pining so, died early, yet too late 
 For what she suffered ! 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Safe now is Spielbetffs dungeon cell, 
 
 Safe drear Siberia’s frozen liell: 
 
 With Slavery’s flag o’er both unrolled, 
 What of the New World fears the Old ? 
 
 Whither. 
 
 No prisoner in Spielberg was ever more 
 cautiously deprived of writing materials. 
 
 Lowell. 
 
 Spitalfields. A district in Lon- 
 don, formerly belonging to the 
 Priory of St. Mary Spital, now 
 thickly settled by weavers. 
 
 “ Spittlefields and the parts ad- 
 joining became a great harbor for poor 
 Protestant strangers, Walloons and 
 French, who, as in former days, so of 
 late, have been found to become exiles 
 from their own country for their reli- 
 gion, and for the avoiding cruel perse- 
 cution. Here they found quiet and 
 security, and settled themselves in 
 their several trades and occupations, 
 weavers especially.” Stow. 
 
 Cromwell, Blake, Marlborough, Chat- 
 ham, Nelson, and Wellington are not to 
 be trifled with ; and the brutal strength 
 which lies at the bottom of society, the 
 animal ferocity of the quays and cockpits, 
 the bullies of the costermongers of Shore- 
 ditch , Seven Dials, and Spitalfields, they 
 know how to wake up. Emerson. 
 
 ’Twas August; and the fierce sun over- 
 head 
 
 Smote on the squalid streets of Bethnal 
 Green, 
 
 And the pale weaver, through his win- 
 dows seen 
 
 In Spitalfields , looked thrice dispirited. 
 
 Matthew Arnold. 
 
 Sposalizio, Lo. [The Marriage.] 
 A familiar subject of representa- 
 tion by the great painters of the 
 Middle Ages, in connection with 
 both the Virgin and Joseph, and 
 with St. Catherine and the Sav- 
 iour. See Marriage of the Vir- 
 gin and Marriage of St. Cath- 
 erine, also Marriage at Cana. 
 
 Spring Garden. A region in St. 
 James’s Park, London, formerly 
 
 noted for its sights and amuse- 
 ments. The name was also ap- 
 plied to other public gardens. 
 Vavxhall was once called by this 
 name. 
 
 In the company of that charming guide 
 [the ‘'Spectator” and lk Tatler ”] . . . 
 we can take boat at Temple Stairs, and 
 accompany Sir Roger de Coverity and 
 Mr. Spectator to Spring Garden. 
 
 Thacleray. 
 
 Spring Grove. A well-known and 
 beautiful cemetery three miles 
 from Cincinnati, O., approached 
 by a fine avenue. The cemetery 
 comprises about 450 acres. It 
 was established in 1845. 
 
 Springfield Arsenal. A large 
 building in Springfield, Mass., 
 belonging to the United States, 
 in which some 175,000 stand of 
 arms are stored. 
 
 This is the Arsenal. From floor to ceil- 
 ing, 
 
 Like a huge organ rise the burnished 
 arms ; 
 
 But from their silent pipes no anthem 
 pealing 
 
 Startles the villages with strange alarms. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Squire’s. A coffee-house in Lon- 
 don, near Gray’s Inn, which was 
 so named from one Squire, by 
 whom it was kept, and who died, 
 in 1717. Sir Roger de Cover- 
 ley and the “Spectator” visited 
 Squire’s. 
 
 Staalhof. See Trustees of the 
 Staalhof. 
 
 Staffa Madonna. A Holy Family 
 by Raphael (1483-1520), and one 
 of his earliest paintings. In the 
 Palazzo Connestabile in Perugia, 
 Italy. 
 
 Stafford Gallery. See Bridge- 
 water House. 
 
 Stafford House. The city resi- 
 dence of the Duke of Sutherland, 
 in St. James’s Park, London, 
 called the finest private mansion 
 in the city. It contains a fine 
 collection of pictures known as 
 the Sutherland Gallery. 
 
 Why is it that the virtue of Exeter Hall 
 and Stafford House can tolerate this fact 
 [the contempt of the. native population by 
 the British in India], without a blush, yet 
 condemn with pliaiisaic zeal the social 
 inequality of the negro and the white 
 races in America ? Bayard Taylor. 
 
STA 
 
 495 
 
 STA 
 
 Stag Hunt. A picture by Peter 
 Paul Rubens (1577-1640). ' In the 
 Museum at Berlin, Prussia. See 
 also Hunted Stag. 
 
 Stahleek. An ancient feudal fort- 
 ress now in ruins near Bacharach 
 on the Rhine. It was formerly 
 the residence of the Electors 
 Palatine. 
 
 Staircase, Holy. See Santa Scala. 
 
 Stampede, The. A well-known 
 picture by Rosa Bonheur(b. 1822), 
 the French . painter of animals. 
 It has been reproduced. 
 
 Standard, Battle of the. See 
 
 Battle of the Standard. 
 
 Standing Stones of Stennis. An 
 ancient and curious monument 
 in the Orkneys, consisting of two 
 circles of erect stones, with a few 
 lying prostrate. 
 
 4®" “ They are thought to be of pre- 
 Scandinavian or of Celtic origin. They 
 were erected over 900 years ago, and, 
 as Pagan relics, are second, in Great 
 Britain, only to the celebrated Stone- 
 henge, near Salisbury.” 
 
 J. F. Ilunnewell. 
 
 Stannaries. The name given to 
 the districts of Cornwall and 
 Devon, in which the tin-mines 
 are situated (Lat. stannum, tin). 
 The miners enjoy certain privi- 
 leges of suing and being sued 
 only in their own courts. 
 
 Stanza d’Eliodoro [of Heliodorus]. 
 See Stanze of Raphael. 
 
 Stanza del Incendio. One of the 
 four rooms in the Vatican at 
 Rome, known as the Stanze of 
 Raphael, because decorated with 
 paintings by that artist. 
 
 Stanza delle Maschere. A small 
 apartment in the Vatican, Rome, 
 so called from the masks ( Mas- 
 chere ) which form the subject of 
 the mosaic on the floor. 
 
 4®= “ In an adjoining room, the rich- 
 ness, beauty, and delicacy of which 
 almost transport us into the fabled 
 regions of enchantment, supported by 
 columns and pilasters of transparent 
 alabaster, adorned with ancient bassi- 
 relievi of exquisite sculpture, and 
 floored with the bright pictured mo- 
 
 saics of imperial palaces — in this beau* 
 tiful chamber are arranged in marble 
 niches the famous Ganymede, perhaps 
 the finest extant, the crouching Venus, 
 the Faun of Hadrian’s villa, a beautiful 
 Bacchante, etc. . . . This beautiful 
 apartment is called the Stanza delle 
 Maschere,” Eaton* 
 
 Stanza della Segnatura. See 
 
 Stanze of Raphael. 
 
 Stanze of Raphael. [Stanza, 
 room.] The name given to four 
 rooms in the palace of the Vati- 
 can at Rome, decorated with 
 frescos by Raphael. They are 
 called, respectively, the Stanza 
 della Segnatura, from a judicial 
 assembly once held here; the 
 Stanza of the Incendio del Bor go, 
 from a picture of the fire in the 
 Leonine City in 847 ; the Stanza 
 d’ Eliodoro , from a picture of He- 
 liodorus driven from the Temple ; 
 and the Sola di Constantino, or 
 Hall of Constantine. 
 
 4®" “You return and make your 
 first circuit of the four celebrated 
 Stanze of Raphael. These were the 
 apartments of Julius II.: here the 
 Pope transacted business, and in one of 
 them signed his briefs. The painter 
 here is secondary : the apartment was 
 not made for his work, but it for the 
 apartment.” Taine, Trans. 
 
 Staple Inn. One of the Inns of 
 Chancery, London. It became 
 such in the reign of Henry V. 
 
 4®" “ Behind the most ancient part 
 of Holborn . . . is a little nook com- 
 posed of two irregular quadrangles 
 called Staple Inn. It is one of those 
 nooks, the turning into which out of 
 the clashing street imparts to the re- 
 lieved pedestrian the sensation of hav- 
 ing put cotton in his ears, and velvet 
 soles on his boots.” Dickens. 
 
 4®" “ I went astray in Holborn 
 through an arched entrance over which 
 was ‘ Staple Inn ,’ and here likewise 
 seemed to be offices; but in a court 
 opening inwards from this, there was a 
 surrounding seclusion of quiet dwell- 
 ing-houses with beautiful green shrub- 
 bery and grass plots. . . . There was 
 not a quieter spot in England than this, 
 and it was very strange to have drifted 
 into it so suddenly out of the bustle 
 and rumble of Holborn.” Hawthorne. 
 
 Star and Garter. An old tavern 
 in Pall Mall, London. It is no 
 longer standing. The Literary 
 
STA 
 
 496 
 
 STA 
 
 Club held meetings here. In a 
 room of this tavern was fought, 
 in 1765, the duel between Lord 
 Byron (not the poet) and Mr. 
 Chawortli, which resulted in the 
 death of the latter. The first 
 cricket-club was formed here in 
 1774. 
 
 Confess how many times you have read 
 B^ranger, and how many JMilton f If you 
 go to the Star and Garter , don’t you grow 
 sick of that vast, luscious landscape, and 
 long for the sight of a couple of cows, or a 
 donkey, and a few yards of common V 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Star Chamber. The council- 
 chamber of the Old Palace at 
 Westminster, London, “in which 
 the king sat in extraordinary 
 cases,” built by Henry Vlli. 
 The last buildings used for this 
 purpose were taken down in the 
 early part of the present century. 
 This chamber was so called from 
 the stars upon the ceiling. Here 
 was the court where could be in- 
 flicted every punishment but 
 death. 
 
 These poor men [the Puritans], driven 
 out of their own country, not able well to 
 live in Holland, determine on settling in 
 the New World, Black untamed forests 
 are there, and wild savage creatures ; but 
 not so cruel as Star-chamber hangmen. 
 
 Carlyle . 
 
 Shallow. Sir Hugh, persuade me not; 
 I will make a Star-chamber matter of it : 
 If he were twenty sir John Falstaffs, he 
 shall not abuse Robert Shallow, esquire. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Here in England, in those days, earthly 
 masters were still apt to put their heels on 
 the necks of men. The Star Chamber 
 was gone, but Jeffreys had not yet reigned. 
 
 Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Star Chamber. A famous apart- 
 ment in the -Mammoth Cave, 
 Kentucky. It is a magnificent 
 hall, with arched sides and a flat 
 roof. The latter is of a dark hue, 
 and is relieved by brilliant sub- 
 stances resembling stars, which, 
 when illuminated by Bengal 
 lights, produce a wonderful effect. 
 
 Star of Empire. A picture by 
 Emmanuel Leutze (1816-1868). In 
 the Botunda of the Capitol at 
 Washington. 
 
 Star of the South. A celebrated 
 diamond found by a negro in 
 Brazil in 1853. It originally 
 
 weighed 254 \ carats, but by cut- 
 ting this weight has been re- 
 duced to 125 carats. 
 
 Star of the West. A vessel for- 
 merly belonging to the govern- 
 ment of the United States. At 
 the close of 1860, while engaged 
 in taking supplies to the garrison 
 in Fort Sumter in the harbor of 
 Charleston, S.C., she was fired 
 upon by the insurgents who were 
 preparing to attack the fort. 
 
 Starkenburg. A ruined castle be- 
 tween Darmstadt and Heidel- 
 berg, Germany. 
 
 State Coach. See Coronation 
 
 Coach. 
 
 State House Row. A line of an- 
 cient buildings in Philadelphia, 
 Penn., the central one of which 
 is Independence Hall. They are 
 now used for municipal purposes. 
 See Independence Hall. 
 
 State Street. 1. The chief busi- 
 ness street in Boston, Mass, , in or 
 near which is the centre of the 
 banking and moneyed interests 
 of the city and of New Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Thus a king or a general does not 
 need a fine coat, and a commanding 
 person may save himself all solicitude on 
 that point. There are always slovens in 
 State Street or Wall Street, who are not 
 les- considered. If a man have manners 
 and talent he may dress roughly and care- 
 lessly. Emerson. 
 
 2. A main thoroughfare in Chi- 
 cago, 111., called the “ Broadway” 
 of the city. 
 
 Stationers’ Hall. A building in 
 London belonging to the Compa- 
 ny of Stationers, one of the an- 
 cient city guilds. It existed as a 
 fraternity long before the intro- 
 duction "of printing. The privi- 
 lege was granted them by James 
 I., in 1603, of the sole printing of 
 “ Prymers, Psalters and Psalms, 
 as well as Almanacks, and prog- 
 nostications and the Latin books 
 used in the grammar schools.” 
 The proprietor of every published 
 work is required to register bis 
 claim in the books of the Sta- 
 tioners’ Company, before any 
 
STA 
 
 497 
 
 STO 
 
 legal proceeding can take place. 
 From early times the Stationers’ 
 Company has been celebrated for 
 it sumptuous state, and its at- 
 tendance upon the Lord Mayor’s 
 shows. In the Hall, on Alma- 
 nack Day, in November, are pub- 
 lished the Almanacks printed for 
 the Company, which still con- 
 tain astrological predictions. 
 
 Wliat does it signify whether a poor 
 dear dead dunce is to be stuck up in Sur- 
 geons’ or in Stationers ’ Hall ? Is it so 
 bad to unearth his bones as his blunders ? 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Statue. For statues, etc., see 
 the proper name following; e.g., 
 Statue of Marcus Aurelius, 
 see Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Staubbach. [Stream of Dust.] A 
 famous waterfall at Lauterbrun- 
 nen, Switzerland, one of the lof- 
 tiest in Europe. 
 
 4@=- “ It [the Staubbach ] is neither 
 mist nor water, but a something be- 
 tween both; its immense height gives 
 it a wave or curve, — a spreading here 
 or condension there, — wonderful and 
 indescribable. The torrent is in shape 
 like the tail of a white horse streaming 
 in the wind, — such as it might be con- 
 ceived would be that of the * pale 
 horse ’ on which Death is mounted in 
 the Apocalypse.” Lord Byron. 
 
 Staunton Harold. The seat of 
 Earl Ferrers, in the county of 
 Leicester, England. 
 
 Stein. An ancient Austrian castle 
 and stronghold, now in ruins, 
 near Baden, Switzerland. 
 
 Stennis, Standing Stones of. See 
 
 Standing Stones of Stennis. 
 
 Stephen. See St. Stephen, Mar- 
 tyrdom of St. Stephen, and 
 Stoning of St. Stephen. 
 
 Stephen’s, St. See St. Stephen’s. 
 
 Sternberg. One of two ruined 
 castles on the Rhine, near Bop- 
 part, both crowning the top of a 
 high rock. The other castle is 
 called the Liebenstein, and the 
 two together are known as the 
 Brothers. 
 
 Stirling Castle. This castle in 
 Stirling, Scotland, on the summit 
 of a hill overlooking the river 
 
 Forth, commands a charming 
 view. The fortress has been 
 identified with the fortunes of 
 Scotland, having repeatedly fall- 
 en into the hands of the English 
 and been rescued by Scottish her- 
 oism. It has also been a royal 
 residence Its date and origin 
 are unknown. 
 
 J “ This fortress is one of the four 
 to be kept always in repair, and garri- 
 soned according to the terms of the 
 ‘ union ’ of England and Scotland. . . . 
 So that, although antiquated, and in- 
 deed almost useless as a stronghold 
 now, Stirling Castle will continue to 
 present a military aspect.” 
 
 J. F. HunnewelL 
 
 4®=* “ One could not but think of the 
 old days Scott has described. 
 
 * The castle gates were open flung, 
 
 The quivering drawbridge recked and 
 rung, 
 
 And echoed loud the flint}' street, 
 Beneath the coursers’ clattering feet, 
 
 As slowly down the steep descent 
 Fair Scotland’s king and nobles went, 
 While all along the crowded way, 
 
 Was jubilee and loud huzza.’ 
 
 “ The place has been long deserted as 
 a palace; but it is one of the four fort- 
 resses which, by the articles of union 
 between Scotland and England, are al- 
 ways to be kept in repair.” 
 
 Mrs. H. B. Stowe. 
 
 I have been sinuous as the L ; nks of 
 Forth seen from Stirling Castle, or as 
 that other river which threads the Berk- 
 shire valley, and runs, a perennial stream, 
 through my memory. Holmes. 
 
 From Stirling Castle we had seen 
 The mazy Forth unravelled; 
 
 Had trod the banks of Clyde and Tay, 
 And with the Tweed had travelled. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Stoa. A celebrated porch , or roofed 
 colonnade, in ancient Athens, in 
 which the philosopher Zeno and 
 his successors taught. From 
 this place the disciples of Zeno 
 derived their name of Stoics. 
 [Also called the Forch.\ 
 
 But. above all, the mysticism of Fichte 
 might astonish us. The cold, colossal, ada- 
 mantine spirit, standing erect and clear, 
 like a Cato Major among degenerate men : 
 fit to have' been the teacher of the Stoa , 
 and to have discoursed of Beauty and 
 Virtue m the groves of Academe ! Carlyle. 
 
 Stoke Park. The seat of Lord 
 Taunton, about 17 miles from 
 London. 
 
STO 
 
 498 
 
 STO 
 
 40^ “ The house is large, but not. 
 very good-looking outside. Inside, 
 however, it is fine and filled with fine 
 works of art, ancient and recent, among 
 them the last four bas-reliefs by Thor- 
 waldsen. ... Of course I was taken to 
 see the Old Manor-house, the scene of 
 Gray’s ‘ Long Story,’ that begins, ‘ In 
 Briton’s Isle and Arthur’s days.’ It is 
 well cared for, and is an excellent speci- 
 men of the Elizabethan style. The 
 church, too, and above all the church- 
 yard, which gave the world the undying 
 Elegy. They are most poetical places ; 
 the architecture, the position, and the 
 plantations being just what you would 
 like to have them, and treated with the 
 respect they deserve.” 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 
 Stolzenfels. This is a royal cas- 
 tle on the hanks of the Rhine, 
 three miles above Coblenz, the 
 highest point of which is 410 feet 
 above the river. It was in the 
 Middle Ages a residence of the 
 archbishops; but in 1688 it fell 
 into the hands of the French, 
 and was nearly destroyed. Dur- 
 ing this century it has been en- 
 tirely restored. The view from 
 the castle is exquisitely lovely, 
 and scarcely surpassed by any 
 on the Rhine. 
 
 Stone of Destiny. See Stone of 
 Scone. 
 
 Stone of San. A famous trilingual 
 stone, discovered at San (Tanis), 
 and now preserved in the Muse- 
 um of Egyptian Antiquities at 
 Cairo, Egypt. It is known to 
 English students of Egyptian an- 
 tiquities as the Decree of Cano- 
 pus. The French call it La Pierre 
 de San. It bears the inscription 
 in three characters, Greek, hiero- 
 glyphic, and demotic, of a de- 
 cree issued by the Egyptian 
 priests at Canopus in the ninth 
 year of Ptolemy Euergetes (254 
 B.C.). There is a plaster cast of 
 this monument in the British 
 Museum, London. 
 
 Stone of Scone. On this stone, 
 of legendary fame, which is now 
 enclosed within the older of the 
 two Coronation Chairs in West- 
 minster Abbey, the Scottish 
 kings had for ages been crowned. 
 The “ Fatal ” or “Prophetic” 
 
 Stone of Scone, so called from 
 the Scottish belief that the power 
 of the nation would decline if 
 the stone were lost, was brought 
 from the Abbey of Scone by Ed- 
 ward I., and by him placed in 
 Westminster Abbey and enclosed 
 in a wooden chair. At an earlier 
 date it had been transferred from 
 Ireland to the Abbey of Scone. 
 It was also called Jacob’s Pillow, 
 from the legend that it was the 
 pillow upon which the patriarch 
 slept when he beheld the vision 
 of the ladder reaching to heaven. 
 See Coronation Chair. 
 
 4®=* “ The legends of the old his- 
 torians inform us that this is the very 
 stone on which the patriarch Jacob 
 laid his head in the plain of Luz ; that 
 it was brought from Egypt into Spain 
 by Gathelus, the supposed founder of 
 the Scottish nation ; that it was thence 
 transported into Ireland.” Taylor . 
 
 Ni fallit fatum, Scoti quocunque locatum 
 Invenient lapidem, regnare tenentur 
 ibidem. 
 
 In the Minster of Scone, within Scotlad 
 grond, 
 
 Sittyng upon the regal stone full found. 
 As all the Kynges there used had afore, 
 On Sainct Andrewes day, with al joye 
 therefore. 
 
 Stonehenge. A famous monu- 
 ment of antiquity, being probably 
 the remains of a Druid temple, 
 though antiquaries are not fully 
 agreed as to its origin or object. 
 It is situated in a plain near 
 Amesbury, and about eight miles 
 from Salisbury, England. It 
 consists of a number of immense 
 stones arranged in two circles, 
 with flat pieces partly connecting 
 them at the top. 
 
 “ It is evident that Stonehenge 
 was at one time a spot of great sanctity. 
 A glance at the ordnance map will 
 show that the tumuli* cluster in great 
 numbers round and within sight of it; 
 within a radius of three miles, there are 
 about three hundred burial-mounds, 
 while the rest of the country is com- 
 paratively free from them. If, then, we 
 could determine the date of these tu- 
 muli, we should be justified, I think, in 
 referring the Great Temple itself to the 
 same period. . . . Stonehenge, then, 
 may, 1 think, be regarded as a monu- 
 ment of the Bronze age, though appar- 
 ently it was not all erected at one time, 
 the inner circle of small un\yroughti 
 
STO 
 
 499 
 
 STO 
 
 blue stones being probably older than 
 the rest.” Sir John Lubbock. 
 
 4^ “ On the broad downs, under 
 the gray sky, not a house was visible, 
 nothing but Stonehenge, which looked 
 like a group of brown dwarfs in the 
 wide expanse, — Stonehenge and the 
 barrows — which rose like green bosses 
 about the plain, and a few hayricks. 
 On the top of a mountain the old tem- 
 ple would not be more impressive. 
 Far and wide a few shepherds with 
 their flocks sprinkled the plain, and a 
 bagman drove along the road. It 
 looked as if the wide margin given in 
 this crowded isle to this primeval 
 temple were accorded by the venera- 
 tion of the British race to the old egg 
 out of which all their ecclesiastical 
 structures and history had proceeded. 
 Stonehenge is a circular colonnade, 
 with a diameter of a hundred feet, and 
 enclosing a second and third colonnade 
 within. We walked around the stones 
 and clambered over them, to wont our- 
 selves with their strange aspect and 
 groupings, and found a nook sheltered 
 from the wind among them where C. 
 [Carlyle] lighted his cigar. It was 
 pleasant to see that just this simplest 
 of all simple structures — two upright 
 stones and a lintel laid across — had 
 long outstood all later churches, and 
 were like what is most permanent on 
 the face of the planet: these, and the 
 barrows — mere mounds (of which 
 there are a hundred and sixty within a 
 circle of three miles about Stonehenge) 
 like the same mound upon the plain 
 of Troy, which still makes good to the 
 passing mariner on Hellespont, the 
 vaunt of Homer and the fame of Achil- 
 les. . . . We counted and measured by 
 aces the biggest stones, and soon 
 new as much as any man can suddenly 
 know of the inscrutable temple. There 
 are ninety-four stones, and there were 
 probably once one hundred and sixty. 
 The temple is circular and uncovered, 
 and the situation fixed astronomically 
 — the grand entrances here, and at 
 Abury, being placed exactly north-east, 
 as all the gates of the old cavern temples 
 are. . . . The .chief mystery is that any 
 mystery should have been allowed to 
 settle on so remarkable a monument in 
 a country on which all the Muses have 
 kept their eyes now for eighteen hun- 
 dred years. We are not yet to learn 
 much more than is known of this struc- 
 ture.” R. W. Emerson. 
 
 Stone is laid on the top of stone, just as 
 it comes to hand: a trowel or two of bio- 
 graphic mortar, if perfectly convenient, 
 being perhaps spread in here and there, 
 byway of cement; and so the strangest 
 pile suddenly arises; amorphous, pointing 
 every way but to the zenith, — here a 
 
 block of granite, there a mass of pipe-clay; 
 till the whole finishes, when the materials 
 are finished. — and you leave it standing 
 to posterity, like some miniature Stone- 
 henge , , a perfect architectural enigma. 
 
 Curlyle. 
 
 I have, in the abstract, no disrespect for 
 Jews. They are a piece of stubborn an- 
 tiquity, compared with which Stonehenge 
 is in its nonage. They date beyond the 
 pyramids, * Charles Lamb. 
 
 Rocks scattered about. — Stonehenge- 
 like monoliths. Holmes. 
 
 Stones of Clava. An interesting 
 sepulchral monument of antiqui- 
 ty, and one of the most extensive 
 remains of the kind in Britain, 
 near Culloden, Scotland. It con- 
 sists of a circle of stones sur- 
 rounding a line of cairns. 
 
 Stones of Stennis. See Standing 
 Stones of Stennis. 
 
 Stoning of Stephen. A cartoon 
 by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), 
 from which one of the tapestries 
 in the Vatican at Rome was exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 Stonyhurst. An ancient and cele- 
 brated baronial residence in Lan- 
 cashire, England. It is now the 
 chief Jesuit College in the king- 
 dom. 
 
 Storm in the Rocky Mountains. 
 A well-known picture by Albert 
 Bierstadt (b. 1829). 
 
 4®" “ Ho picture that we have ever 
 seen has more entirely conveyed, a sense 
 of natural sublimity, and there is so 
 much to study that the spectator is de- 
 tained before it for a long time.” 
 
 Saturday Review . 
 
 Storm King. An eminence on the 
 Hudson River near West Point. 
 It was formerly called the Boter- 
 berg, by the Dutch skippers, but 
 received its present name from 
 N. P. Willis. It commands a 
 beautiful view. 
 
 Stowe. The magnificent seat of 
 the Duke of Buckingham, in the 
 parish of the same name near 
 Buckingham, England. It is one 
 of the finest residences in the 
 kingdom. 
 
 It puzzles much the sages* brains, 
 Where Eden stood of yore: 
 
 Some place it in Arabia's plains, 
 
 Some say it is no more. 
 
STR 
 
 500 
 
 STR 
 
 But Cobham can these tales confute, 
 
 As all the curious know ; 
 
 For he has proved beyond dispute 
 
 That Paradise is Stowe. 
 
 Nathaniel Cotton. 
 
 Strada Balbi. [Strada, street.] One 
 of the two finest streets in Genoa, 
 Italy. It is adorned with pal- 
 aces of superb architecture. 
 
 When shall I forget the Streets of Pal- 
 aces: the Strada Nuova and the Strada 
 Balbi ! Dickens. 
 
 Strada di Costanza. A name 
 sometimes given to the territory 
 between Perugia and Foligno in 
 Italy, after St. Constantius, bish- 
 op of Perugia in the third or 
 fourth century. 
 
 Strada di Roma. See Toledo. 
 
 Strada Nuova. [New Street.] A 
 famous street in Genoa, Italy, 
 sometimes called the street of 
 palaces on account of the noble 
 old palaces that front upon it. 
 
 When shall 1 forget the Streets of Pal- 
 aces: the Strada Nuova and the Strada 
 Balbi ! or how the former looked one sum- 
 mer day, when I first saw it underneath 
 the brightest and most intensely blue of 
 summer skies: with its narrow perspec- 
 tive of immense mansions, reduced to a 
 tapering and most precious strip of bright- 
 ness, looking down upon the heavy shade 
 below ! Dickens. 
 
 Straight Street. An ancient 
 street in Damascus, Syria, begin- 
 ning at one of the gates of the 
 city and extending about a mile, 
 formerly in a straight direction, 
 but at present with many wind- 
 ings. It was originally without 
 question a broad promenade, but 
 is now in places hardly more than 
 a narrow lane. Of its identity 
 with the street mentioned in the 
 New Testament there can be no 
 doubt; and many localities con- 
 nected with the history of Paul 
 are pointed" out, such as the house 
 in which he lodged, and the spot 
 where he escaped from the city 
 in a basket. 
 
 Thev led him [Paul] by the hand, and 
 brought him to Damascus. . . And the 
 Lord said unto him [Ananias], Arise and 
 go into the street which is called Straight , 
 and inquire in the bouse of Judas for one 
 called Saul, of Tarsus; for, behold, he 
 prayeth. Acts ix. 8, 11. 
 
 Strand, The. 1. A great thor- 
 oughfare in the city of London, 
 
 extending from Temple Bar to 
 Charing Cross, and skirting the 
 margin of the river Thames, of 
 which it was formerly the strand, 
 or shore. The Strand was for 
 three centuries a street of palaces, 
 but these palaces are now gone. 
 
 J SSiP" “You would think London 
 Strand the main artery of the world. 
 I suppose there is no thoroughfare on 
 the face of the earth where the stream 
 of human life runs with a tide so over- 
 whelming. In any other street in the 
 world you catch the eye of the passer- 
 by. In the Strand no man sees another 
 except as a solid body whose contact is 
 to be avoided. You are safe nowhere 
 on the pavement without the vigilance 
 of your senses.’* N. P. Willis. 
 
 The Strand , that goodly thorow-fare be- 
 tweene 
 
 The Court and City; and where I have 
 seene 
 
 Well-nigh a million passing in one day, 
 
 George Wither. 
 
 For who would leave, unbribed, Hibernia's 
 land, 
 
 Or change the rocks of Scotland for the 
 Strand ? Samuel Johnson. 
 
 I often shed tears in the motley Strand 
 from fulness of joy at so much life. 
 
 Lamb to Wordsworth. 
 
 After an hour’s walk in the Strand . . . 
 one has the spleen, one meditates cuicide. 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Cheapside, the Strand , Fleet Street, and 
 Ludgate Hill, 
 
 Each name a very story in itself. 
 
 Robert Leighton. 
 
 2. A favorite promenade in 
 Calcutta, India. 
 
 Strasbourg, Boulevart de. See 
 
 Sebastopol, Boulevart de. 
 
 Strasburg Cathedral. This ca- 
 thedral, which is one of the grand- 
 est Gothic structures in the 
 world, was founded in 510, and 
 destroyed by lightning in 1007. 
 Its restoration was commenced 
 in the eleventh century. The 
 sculptures above the portal are 
 said to belong to the thirteenth 
 and fourteenth centuries. The 
 upper part of the spire was erect- 
 ed by Johann Hultz, of Cologne, 
 at the commencement of the fif- 
 teenth century. Its height is 
 468 feet, which is greater than 
 that of any building in Europe. 
 The design of this cathedral 
 is ascribed to Erwin of Stein- 
 bacli, whose plans are still pre- 
 
STR 
 
 501 
 
 STR 
 
 served. This church suffered 
 some damage during the bom- 
 hard men t of Strasburg in the 
 Franco-Prussian war, but the in- 
 juries have been repaired. 
 
 “ Next in rank to Cologne 
 among German cathedrals is that at 
 Strasburg. It is, however, so much 
 smaller as hardly to admit of a fair 
 comparison. The whole of the eastern 
 part of this church belongs to an older 
 basilica built in the eleventh and 
 twelfth centuries, and is by no means 
 remarkable for its beauty or its size, 
 besides being so overpowered by the 
 nave which has been added to it, as to 
 render its appearance somewhat insig- 
 nificant. The nave and the western 
 front are the glory and the boast of 
 Alsace, and possess in a remarkable 
 degree all the beauties and the defects 
 of the German style. It is not known 
 when the nave was commenced, but it 
 seems to have been finished about the 
 year 1275, a date which, if authentic, is 
 quite sufficient to settle the controversy 
 as to whether any part of Cologne is 
 of an earlier age, every thing we see in 
 Strasburg being of an older style than 
 any . thing in that church. . . . Alto- 
 gether the facade of the cathedral at 
 Strasburg is imposing from its mass, 
 and fascinating from its richness; but 
 there is no building in France or Eng- 
 land where such great advantages have 
 been thrown away in so reckless a man- 
 ner and by such an unintelligent hand.” 
 Fergus son . 
 
 “ We climbed the spire, we 
 gained the roof. . . . Here I saw the 
 names of Goethe and Herder. . . . 
 but the inside ! - a forest-like firma- 
 ment, glorious in holiness; windows 
 many-hued as the Hebrew psalms; a 
 gloom solemn and pathetic as man’s 
 mysterious existence, a richness gor- 
 geous and manifold as his wonderful 
 nature. In this Gothic architecture 
 we see earnest Northern races whose 
 nature was a composite of influences 
 from pine forest, mountain and storm, 
 expressing in vast proportions and 
 gigantic masonry, those ideas of infinite 
 duration and existence which Chris- 
 tianity opened before them. A bar- 
 baric wildness mingles itself with fan- 
 ciful, ornate abundance; it is the blos- 
 soming of northern forests.” 
 
 Beecher. 
 
 4®=* “I once ascended the spire of 
 Strasburg Cathedral, which is the 
 highest, I think, in Europe. It is a 
 shaft of stone filagree-work, frightfully 
 open, so that the guide puts his arms 
 behind you to keep you from falling. 
 To climb it is a noonday nightmare, 
 
 and to think of having climbed it crisps 
 all the fifty-six joints of one’s twenty 
 digits. While I was on it, ‘pinnacled 
 dim in the intense inane,’ a strong wind 
 was blowing, and I felt sure that the 
 spire was rocking. It swayed back and 
 forward like a stalk of rye or a cat-o’- 
 nine-tails (bulrush) with a bobolink on 
 it.” Iloimes. 
 
 Santa Croce and the Dome of St. Pe- 
 ter’s are lame conies after a divine model. 
 Strasburg Cathedral is a material coun- 
 terpart of the soul of Erwin of Stein 
 bach. Emerson. 
 
 A great master of his craft. 
 Erwin von Steinbach ; but not he alone, 
 For many generations labored with him. 
 Children that came to see these Saints in 
 stone, 
 
 As day by day out of the blocks they rose. 
 Grew’ old and died, and still the work 
 went on, 
 
 And on, and on, and is not yet completed. 
 
 Longfellow . 
 
 Up the stone lace-work chiselled by the 
 wise 
 
 Erwin of Steinbach, dizzily up to where 
 In the noon-brightness the great minster’s 
 tower. 
 
 Jewelled with sunbeams on its mural 
 crown, 
 
 Rose like a visible prayer. Whittier. 
 
 Strasburg Clock. A famous clock, 
 — a wonder of art, — in the ca- 
 thedral of Strasburg, Germany. 
 The original, which was made 
 centuries ago, having fallen into 
 decay, a German artist of the 
 present century has reproduced 
 the complete mechanism of the 
 old clock. At the stroke of noon, 
 the Twelve Apostles issue from 
 the side door of a chapel, and 
 move in procession before the 
 Saviour, who bows his head in 
 blessing as they pass, the cock 
 crows and flaps his wings, Satan 
 watches Judas, while the bells 
 chime and the organ is played. 
 Upon the dial of this clock are 
 marked the minutes, hours, days, 
 weeks, months, the phases of the 
 moon, and the constellations. 
 
 Three of us stood in the Strasburg streets, 
 In the wide and open square, 
 
 Where, quaint and old, and touched with 
 the gold 
 
 Of a summer morn, at stroke of noon 
 The tongue of the great cathedral tolled. 
 And into the church with the crowd we 
 strolled 
 
 To see their wonder, the famous Clock 
 
 Anonymous. 
 
 Strathfieldsaye. The seat of the 
 Duke of Wellington near Silches- 
 ter, England. 
 
STR 
 
 502 
 
 STY 
 
 Straw Hat. See Chapeau he 
 Paille. 
 
 Straw Street. [Fr. Rue du Fou- 
 arre.] A famous old street in 
 Paris, originally called Rue de 
 l’Ecole, tlie University having 
 been founded there. Fouarre is 
 the old French for Join, and it 
 was formerly a ha} r and straw 
 market. Rabelais speaks of it as 
 the place where Pantagruel first 
 disputed with the learned doc- 
 tors, and Petrarch frequently re- 
 fers to it in his Latin writings, 
 and always with a sneer. 
 
 It is the light eternal of Sigier, 
 
 Who, reading lectures in the Street of 
 Straw , 
 
 Did syllogize invidious verities. 
 
 Dante , Paradiso. 
 
 jOQP' “A common idealist would 
 have been rather alarmed at the 
 thought of introducing the name of a 
 street in Paris — Straw Street (Rue du 
 Fouarre) — into the midst of a descrip- 
 tion of the highest heavens. . . . What 
 did it matter to Dante, up in heaven 
 there, whether the mob below thought 
 him vulgar or not? Sigier had read in 
 Straw Street. That was the fact, and 
 he had to say so, and there is an end.” 
 Ruskin. 
 
 Strawberry Girl. A picture by 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792). 
 It is familiar through reproduc- 
 tions. 
 
 Jg"“A sweet and innocent little 
 maiden creeping timidly along, and 
 looking about with great black eyes. 
 Sir Joshua always held that this was 
 one of the half-dozen original things 
 which he had done.” 
 
 Strawberry Hill. The name of 
 the celebrated residence of Hor- 
 ace Walpole, situated near Twick- 
 enham, Surrey, England. It con- 
 tained many fine specimens of 
 vert a collected by him, which 
 were sold at auction in 1842. A 
 private printing-press was also 
 established here, from which sev- 
 eral rare and valuable works is- 
 sued under his immediate direc- 
 tion. It is now the residence of 
 Countess Waldegrave. 
 
 They [the English) delight in a freak as 
 the pivof of their sovereign freedom. . . . 
 Strawberry Hill of Horace Walpole, Font- 
 liill Abbey of Mr. Beckford, were freaks; 
 and Newstead Abbey became one in the 
 hands of Lord Byron. Emerson. 
 
 Street Scene in Cairo. A picture 
 by Jean Leon Gerome (b. 1824). 
 
 Hfcjp “ It is a precious example of 
 delicate and elaborate workmanship; 
 its careful drawing will be enjoyed by 
 all lovers of form, who will also like 
 its profoundly-studied modelling, and 
 the faithfulness which is everywhere 
 observed in the rendering of textures 
 of light and shade.” Athenoeum. 
 
 Strozzi Chapel. A chapel in the 
 church of Santa Maria Novella, 
 in Florence, Italy. 
 
 I met with this legend again in the 
 famous Strozzi Chapel in the S. Maria 
 Novella at Florence. The great frescos 
 of the Last Judgment, so often pointed 
 out as worthy of especial attention, gen- 
 erally engross the mind of the spectator 
 to the exclusion of minor objects; few, 
 therefore, have examined the curious and 
 beautiful old altar-piece, also by Orcagna 
 (A.D. 1349). Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Strozzi Maddalena. A well- 
 known portrait by Raphael San- 
 zio (1483-1520). In the Uffizi Gal- 
 lery, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Strozzi Palace. [It al. Palazzo 
 Strozzi ] A splendid palace in 
 Florence, Italy, erected towards 
 the close of the fifteenth century 
 after designs by Cronaea (1454- 
 1509). 
 
 “Taking into account the age 
 when it was built, and the necessity of 
 security combined with purposes of 
 state to which it was to be applied, it 
 will be difficult to find a more faultless 
 design in any city of modern Europe.” 
 Fergusson. 
 
 Stuarts, Tombs of the. See 
 Tombs of the Stuarts. 
 
 Studley Royal. The seat of Earl 
 de Grey, near Ripon, England. 
 
 Styx, The. A torrent in the Aro- 
 anian mountains, in the north- 
 east part of Arcadia, Greece, and 
 emptying into the Crathis. The 
 waterfall of the Styx, well de- 
 scribed by Hornet and Hesiod, is 
 by far the highest in Greece. 
 From the wildness and gloom of 
 the spot the Styx was early re- 
 garded with superstitious rever- 
 ence and terror. The Greek and 
 Roman poets transferred the 
 Styx to the nether world, of 
 which it is the principal river. 
 According to Herodotus, the Styx 
 
STY 
 
 503 
 
 SUN 
 
 has its source near to the Arcadi- 
 an town of Nonacris. 
 
 Styx, The. A well-known sub- 
 terranean river in the Mammoth 
 Cave, Kentucky ; named after 
 the river of hell in ancient Greek 
 and Roman mythology. 
 
 Subeibeh. See Banias. 
 
 Sublime Porte. [The High Gate.] 
 The gate of the imperial palace 
 at Constantinople, at which jus- 
 tice was administered. Hence 
 applied as a designation of the 
 Turkish government, or the court 
 of the sultan. 
 
 Suburra, The. A quarter in an- 
 cient Rome, upon the Esquiline 
 Hill, largely occupied by the 
 poorer classes. 
 
 Hence we walked to the Suburra , where 
 yet remain some ruines and inscriptions. 
 
 John Evelyn , 1644. 
 
 Sudarium. [Ital. II Sadario ; Fr. 
 Le Saint Snaire.] The napkin, 
 or, as some say, the veil, which, 
 according to the ancient legend, 
 was used to wipe away the drops 
 of sweat from the brow of the 
 Saviour while bearing his cross 
 on his way to Calvary, and upon 
 which his features were miracu- 
 lously impressed. See Veronica. 
 
 During the interval between the clos- 
 ing of the ancient and the opening of tho 
 modern aye, the faith of Christians had 
 attached itself to symbols and material 
 objects little better than fetishes. . . To 
 such concrete actualities the worshippers 
 referred their sense of the invisible di- 
 vinity. The earth of Jerusalem, the Holy 
 Sepulchre, the House of Loreto, the Su- 
 darium of St. Veronica, aroused their deep- 
 est sentiments of aweful adoration. 
 
 J . A. Symonds. 
 
 Suffolk House. See Northumber- 
 land House. 
 
 Sukhrah. See Mosque of Omar. 
 
 Suleimaine Mosque. A superb 
 Mohammedan temple in Con- 
 stantinople, Turkey. It was 
 erected by Solyman the Magnifi- 
 cent, between 1550 and 1555. 
 
 UST “ Externally the mosque suffers, 
 like all the buildings of the capital, 
 from the badness of the materials with 
 which it was constructed. Its walls 
 are covered with stucco, its dome with 
 lead; and all the sloping abutments of 
 
 the dome have to be protected by a 
 metal covering. This, no doubt, de- 
 tracts from the effect; but still the 
 whole is so massive — every window, 
 every dome, every projection, is so 
 truthful, and tells so exactly the pur- 
 pose for which it was placed where we 
 find it, that the general result is most 
 satisfactory.” Fergusson. 
 
 Suli Castle. A castle standing on 
 an isolated rock 1,000 feet below 
 the summit of the Suliot ridge, 
 in Greece. 
 
 Sulpice, St. See St. Sulpice and 
 Place St. Sulpice. 
 
 Sumter, The. A noted Confeder- 
 ate privateer, in the War of the 
 Rebellion, under a commission 
 from Jefferson Davis, in the 
 spring of 1861. Her career was 
 brief but very destructive. She 
 ran the blockade at the mouth of 
 the Mississippi, cruised among the 
 West Indies, captured many mer- 
 chant vessels, and was the ter- 
 ror of the American mercantile 
 marine, being everywhere wel- 
 comed in British ports, but was 
 finally driven into the port of 
 Gibraltar, where, in 1862, she was 
 sold. 
 
 Sumter, Fort. See Fort Sumter. 
 
 Sundwich Hohle. [Sundwich 
 Cave.] A cavern in Westphalia, 
 near Hemar, interesting in a geo- 
 logical regard on account of the 
 fossil remains discovered in it. 
 
 Sunium. See Temple of Sunium. 
 
 Sunrise in a Mist. A well-known 
 picture by Joseph Mallord Wil- 
 liam Turner (1775-1851), the Eng- 
 lish landscape-painter, and re- 
 garded one of his best works. 
 Now in the National Gallery, 
 London. 
 
 Sunny Side. An ancient mansion 
 on the Hudson River, near Ir- 
 vington, N.Y., the former home 
 of Washington Irving. The front 
 of the building is covered with 
 ivy from a slip brought from 
 Abbotsford by Irving, who re- 
 ceived it from Sir Walter Scott. 
 This old mansion, which was 
 erected in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury, was formerly known as 
 
suo 
 
 504 
 
 SWA 
 
 Wolfert’s Roost. Irving says that 
 Wolfert inscribed over the door 
 his favorite Dutch motto, “ Lust 
 in Rust ” (pleasure in quiet), and 
 that the mansion was “ thence 
 called Wolfert’s Rust (Wolfert’s 
 Rest), but by the uneducated, 
 who did not understand Dutch, 
 Wolfert’s Roost.” 
 
 Reader! the Roost still exists. Time, 
 which changes all things, is slow in its 
 operations on a Dutchman’s dwelling. 
 The stout Jacob Van Tassel, it is true, 
 sleeps with his fathers; and his great 
 goose-gun with him; yet his stronghold 
 still bears the impress of its Dutch origin. 
 
 Irving. 
 
 Suonatore, II. See Violin Play- 
 er. 
 
 Superga, La. A well-known and 
 celebrated church, situated on an 
 eminence near Turin, Italy. It 
 has been the place of interment 
 for the royal family of Sardinia. 
 
 Supper at Emmaus. A famous 
 picture by Titian (1177-1576), ori- 
 ginally painted for the Sala de’ 
 Pregadi, in the Ducal Palace, 
 Venice. Now in the Gallery of 
 the Louvre, Pams. 
 
 4®= “The disciple on the right of 
 the Saviour, raising his hand with no 
 more vehemence of surprise than might 
 become the greatest monarch of his 
 time, is supposed to he the portrait of 
 the Emperor Charles V. ; the disciple 
 on the left . . . with round shaven face 
 and a pilgrim’s hat, that of Cardinal 
 Ximenes; while the page, with plumed 
 cap, is meant for the Infant, afterwards 
 Philip II.” Lady Eastlake. 
 
 Supper at Emmaus. A well- 
 known and interesting picture by 
 Paul Veronese (1530 ?-1588), in 
 which “the painter has intro- 
 duced a large family, supposed 
 to be his own, with an exquisite 
 group of two girls in the centre, 
 caressing a large dog.” This pic- 
 ture is in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Supper, The Last. See Last Sup- 
 per. 
 
 Surgeons, College of. See Col- 
 lege of Surgeons. 
 
 Surrender of Breda. A painting 
 by Diego Rodriguez de Silva y 
 Velasquez (1599-1660), and re- 
 garded one of the first historical 
 pictures in the world. In the 
 Gallery at Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Surrender of Burgoyne. A large 
 picture by John Trumbull (1756- 
 1843), executed under commission 
 from Congress for the Rotunda 
 of the Capitol at Washington. It 
 is well known by engravings. 
 
 Surrender of Cornwallis. A large 
 picture by John Trumbull (1756- 
 1843), executed under commission 
 from Congress for the Rotunda 
 of the Capitol at Washington. It 
 is well known by engravings. 
 
 Surrey Chapel. A noted place of 
 worship in London, opened as a 
 free and independent church by 
 the Rev. Rowland Hill in 1783. 
 
 Since you departed, we have been pass- 
 ing with a kind of comprehensive skip 
 and jump over remaining engagements. 
 And first, the evening after you left, came 
 off the presentation of the inkstand by 
 the ladies of Surrey Chapel. 
 
 Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Surrey Theatre. A theatre in 
 Blackfriars Road, London, built 
 in 1806 on the site of a former 
 edifice burnt, and again built in 
 1866. 
 
 Susannah, History of. A picture 
 by Albert Altdorfer (d. 1538), a 
 German painter. It bears date 
 1526, and is now in the gallery of 
 Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Suspense. A picture by Sir Ed- 
 win Landseer (1803-1873), the 
 celebrated English painter of ani- 
 mals. It is in the National Gal- 
 lery, London. 
 
 Sutherland Gallery. See Staf- 
 ford House. 
 
 Sutro Tunnel. A famous tunnel 
 driven through Mount Davidson 
 in Nevada, for the purpose of in- 
 tercepting the Great Comstock 
 Lode, at a depth of 2,000 feet. 
 The tunnel is almost four miles 
 long, and is said to have cost 
 $5,000,000. It was named after 
 its projector, Mr. Sutro. See 
 Comstock Lode. 
 
 Swamp Angel. A huge piece of 
 ordnance used in the attack by 
 the Union forces upon Fort Wag- 
 ner, one of the defences of 
 Charleston, S.C., in the War of 
 .the Rebellion. It was so named 
 
SWA 
 
 505 
 
 SYN 
 
 from the fact that it was mounted 
 upon a rampart which had been 
 erected upon piles driven into 
 the deep mud of the swampy 
 land surrounding the fortifica- 
 tion. 
 
 Swan Theatre. One of the chief 
 London theatres in the age of 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Swede s’ Church. See Old 
 Swedes’ Church. 
 
 Sweetheart Abbey. See New 
 Abbey. 
 
 Sweno’s Stone. A curious monu- 
 ment of antiquity near Forres, in 
 
 Scotland, supposed to have been 
 erected by Malcolm II. or Mac- 
 beth, in memory of the expulsion 
 of the Danes. It is a pillar of 
 sandstone, 23 feet high, covered 
 with figures. 
 
 “These figures are arranged 
 closely in five divisions, forming, as it 
 were, so many passages of the story.” 
 Muir. 
 
 Symonds Inn. Formerly one of 
 the inns of Chancery in London. 
 
 jg£g=* “ A little, pale, wall-eyed, woe- 
 begone inn like a large dust-bin of two 
 compartments and a sifter.” Dickens. 
 
 Synodalni Dom. Sse Holy Sy= 
 nod, House of the. 
 
TAB 
 
 506 
 
 TAB 
 
 T* 
 
 Tabard, The. An ancient inn 
 formerly situated in Southwark, 
 London, the traditional “hostelry 
 where Chaucer and the other pil- 
 grims met, and, with their host, 
 accorded about the manner of 
 their journey to Canterbury.” 
 The buildings of Chaucer’s time 
 have disappeared, but were stand- 
 ing in 1602; the oldest now remain- 
 ing is of the age of Elizabeth, and 
 the most interesting portion is a 
 stone-colored wooden gallery, in 
 front of which is a picture of the 
 Canterbury pilgrimage, said to 
 have been painted by Blake. In- 
 stead of the ancient sign of the 
 Tabard, the ignorant landlord 
 (says Aubrey) put up about the 
 year 1676, the sign of Talbot, 
 which it now bears. 
 
 Befell that in that season, on a day 
 At Southwark at the Tabard as I lay, 
 Readie to wander on my pilgrimage 
 To Canterbury with devout courage, 
 
 At night was come into that hostelrie 
 Well nine and twenty in a companie 
 Of sundrie folke, by adventure yfall 
 In fellowship, and pilgrims were thej’ all, 
 That toward Canterbury woulden ride. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 The name of Chaucer is not more iden- 
 tified. with the Tabard Inn at Southwark, 
 nor Scott’s with the Trosachs and Loch 
 Katrine, . . . than that of Byron with the 
 Ducal Palace. Hillard. 
 
 Tabernacle, The. A frequent 
 designation for the chapels or 
 places of worship of some of the 
 religious sects. The original 
 building which has given its 
 name to succeeding structures of 
 the kind was built in Moorfields, 
 London, in 1752, and was so 
 called in allusion to the taber- 
 nacle of the Israelites in the Wil- 
 derness. Whitefield and Wesley 
 both preached in this building. 
 The building known as the Met- 
 ropolitan Tabernacle, in London, 
 was built for Mr. Spurgeon in 
 1861, and is capable of seating 
 6,500 persons. 
 
 Tabernacle, The. An immense 
 
 wooden building in Salt Lake 
 City, Utah Territory, the chief 
 religions edifice or temple of Mor- 
 mon worship. Though built of 
 wood it has 46 sandstone pillars 
 upon which rests its huge dome- 
 shaped roof. The building is 
 oval in form, and will accommo- 
 date nearly or quite 10,000 per- 
 sons. It is said to be the largest 
 building in America with a “ self- 
 supporting roof.” 
 
 Table Bock. A mass of rock at 
 Niagara Falls, from which the 
 finest front view of the entire 
 falls is obtained. Formerly this 
 rock overhung the water to a 
 large extent, but in 1850 a huge 
 piece of the ledge, some 200 feet 
 in length and 100 feet in thick- 
 ness broke off and fell into the 
 chasm, carrying with it an omni- 
 bus which happened to be stand- 
 ing upon it. At present but 
 little of the rock projects over 
 the water. 
 
 “You may stand by the water 
 just where it falls off, and if your head 
 does not swim you may proceed to the 
 brink of Table Rock, and look down 
 into the gulf beneath. This is all froth 
 and foam and spray ; as you stand here 
 it looks as if all the water of the globe 
 was collected around this circle, and 
 pouring down here into the centre of 
 the earth. . . . There the grand spec- 
 tacle has stood for centuries, from the 
 beginning of the creation, as far as we 
 know, without change. From the be- 
 ginning it has shaken as it now does 
 the earth and the air, and its unvarying 
 thunder existed before there were hu- 
 man ears to hear it.” Daniel Webster. 
 
 4®= “It was not until I came on 
 Table Rock and looked — Great Heaven 
 — on what a fall of bright green water, 
 that it came upon me in its might and 
 majesty. Then when I felt how near 
 to my Creator I was standing, the first 
 effect and the enduring one — instant 
 and lasting — of the tremendous spec- 
 tacle was Peace. Niagara was at once 
 stamped upon my heart, an Image of 
 Beauty to remain there changeless and 
 
TAB 
 
 507 
 
 TAN 
 
 indelible until its pulses cease to beat 
 forever.” Dickens . 
 
 Close to the cataract, exactly at the spot 
 from whence in former days the Table 
 Rock used to project from the land over 
 the boiling caldron below, there is now a 
 shaft down which you will descend to the 
 level of the river. Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Tablet of Abydos. 1 . An histor- 
 ical monument giving a gene- 
 alogy of the early Egyptian kings. 
 It was discovered at Abydos, in 
 Upper Egypt, in 1818. Now in the 
 British Museum, London. 
 
 2. A monument of historical 
 importance discovered in 1865 in 
 the Temple of Sethi I., at Abydus, 
 Egypt, is conjectured by M. Mai- 
 rette to be the original of the one 
 now in the British Museum. It 
 contains a list of 76 kings from 
 Menes to Sethi I. 
 
 Tablet of Sakkarah.. A famous 
 monument found at Sakkarah, 
 now preserved in the Museum of 
 Egyptian Antiquities at Cairo, 
 Egypt. This tablet, which has 
 been of much use in the solution 
 of the problem of the dynasties 
 of Egypt, has inscribed upon it 
 the names of 58 kings which cor- 
 respond with those in the list of 
 Manetho. 
 
 Tabularium. An ancient ruin in 
 Rome, of which only a few re- 
 mains are now standing, once 
 the public Record Office, where 
 the tab idee, or engraved decrees, 
 of the Roman Senate were pre- 
 served. 
 
 “ After his lecture was over this 
 morning, Mr. Bunsen took us into the 
 Tdbularium, and explained it to us in 
 a very interesting manner. It has been 
 fully explored, only within a few years, 
 and is now one of the grandest monu- 
 ments of ancient Rome.” 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 
 Taj Mahal. A renowned monu- 
 ment — justly considered one of 
 the wonders of the world — at 
 Agra in Hindostan. Its cost is 
 estimated at $16,000,000. 
 
 “ The distant view of this 
 matchless edifice satisfied me that its 
 fame is well deserved. So pure, so 
 gloriously perfect, did it appear, that I 
 almost feared to approach it lest the 
 charm should be broken. It is a work 
 inspired by love and consecrated to 
 
 Beauty. Shah Jehan — the ‘Selim’ of 
 Moore’s poem — erected it as a mauso- 
 leum over his queen Noor Jehan. . . . 
 Few persons of the thousands who 
 sigh over the pages of Lalla Rookh are 
 aware that the ‘Light of the Harem’ 
 was a real personage, and that her 
 tomb is one of the wonders of the 
 world. ... A building which has no 
 counterpart in Europe, or even in the 
 East. . . . The remains of Moorish art 
 in Spain approach nearest to its spirit, 
 but are only the scattered limbs, the 
 torso, of which the Taj is the perfect 
 type. If there were nothing else in 
 India, this alone would repay the jour- 
 ney. ... It is an octagonal building 
 of the purest white marble, little in- 
 ferior to that of Carrara. Every part 
 
 — even the basement, the dome, and 
 the upper galleries of the minarets 
 
 — is inlaid with ornamental designs in 
 marble of different colors, principally 
 a pale brown and a bluish-violet vari- 
 ety. The building is perfect in every 
 part. . . . The dome of the Taj con- 
 tains an echo more sweet, pure, and 
 prolonged than that in the Baptistery of 
 Pisa, which is the finest in Europe. 
 The Taj is, as I have said, a poem. 
 Did you ever build a castle in the air? 
 Here is one brought down to earth and 
 fixed for the wonder of ages ; yet so 
 light it seems, so airy, and when seen 
 from a distance, so like a fabric of mist 
 and sunbeams, with its great dome 
 soaring up, a silvery bubble about to 
 burst in the sun, that even after you 
 have touched it, and climbed to its 
 summit, you almost doubt its reality.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Tak Kesra. A well-known and 
 important ruin on the site of the 
 ancient Ctesiphon in Mesopota- 
 mia. 
 
 Jggp “ It was apparently originally 
 erected as a hunting-box on the edge 
 of the desert for the use of the Persian 
 king, and preserves all the features 
 we are familiar with in Sassanian pal- 
 aces. It is wholly of brick, and con- 
 tains in the centre a tri-apsal hall, 
 once surmounted by a dome.” 
 
 Fergusson. 
 
 Tancarville. A mediaeval strong- 
 hold on the banks of the Seine 
 below Rouen. It was pillaged at 
 the time of the Revolution, but 
 has now reverted to the descend- 
 ants of its original owners, the 
 Montmorencys 
 
 Tantallon Castle. An ancient and 
 ruined baronial fortress, of un- 
 known age, occupying a high 
 
TAP 
 
 508 
 
 TAP 
 
 rock which projects into the Ger- 
 man Ocean, near Berwick in 
 Scotland. 
 
 But scant three miles the band had rode, 
 When o'er a height they passed; 
 
 And, sudden, close before them showed 
 iiis towers, Tantallon vast. 
 
 The train from out the castle drew ; 
 
 But Marmion stopped to bid adieu: — 
 
 “ Though something 1 might plain,’’ he 
 said, 
 
 “ Of cold respect to stranger guest, 
 
 Sent hither by your king’s behest. 
 
 While in Tantallon’s towers I staid,— 
 Tart we in friendship from your land.'" 
 
 Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 Tapestries [of the Vatican]. A 
 series of ornamental hangings, 
 after designs by Raphael Sanzio 
 (1483-1520), wrought at Arras in 
 Flanders, first lmng in the Sistine 
 Chapel on St. Stephen’s day, 26th 
 of December, 1519. They were 
 afterwards carried off to France, 
 but subsequently restored, and 
 are now, it is supposed, hanging 
 in a dilapidated condition, in the 
 upper rooms of the Vatican. One 
 of them, at least, has long been 
 lost. Besides the series of tap- 
 estries in the Sistine, another se- 
 ries, twelve in number, of which 
 the cartoons are lost, are still 
 preserved in the Vatican. They 
 are known as “ Arazzi della 
 Scuola Nuova,” the others being 
 called “ xlrazzi della Scuola Vec- 
 chia.” 
 
 “ The tapestries are the only 
 work of Raphael which does not seem 
 insignificant after seeing Michael An- 
 gelo’s ceiling in the Sistine Chapel.” 
 
 Goethe , Trans. 
 
 Tapestry Weavers, The. [Hilan- 
 deras.] A noted picture by Diego 
 Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez 
 (1599-1660), of which Mengs said 
 that it seemed to be painted 
 rather by the mind than the 
 hand. In the Gallery at Madrid, 
 Spain. 
 
 Tappan Zee. An expansion of 
 the Hudson River beginning at 
 Dobbs’s Ferry. It is about ten 
 miles long and from two to five 
 miles in breadth. 
 
 He was never seen afterwards, but may 
 be heard plying his oars, as above men- 
 tion d. being the Flying Dutchman of the 
 Tappan Sea. doomed to ply betwem Ka- 
 kiat and Spiting Devil until the day of 
 judgment. Washington Irving. 
 
 Tara Hill. An eminence in the 
 parish of Tara, in Leinster, Ire- 
 land, formerly the seat of the 
 Irish kings, and from which the 
 famous coronation stone was 
 brought to Scotland. See Stone 
 of Scone. 
 
 43T 1 According to Cambrensis, there 
 is “in Mietb, an hill, called the Hill of 
 Taragh, wherein is a plaine twelve 
 score long, which was named the 
 Kempe his hall; where the countrie 
 had their meetings and folkmotes, as a 
 place that was accounted the high pal- 
 ace of the monarch. The Irish histo- 
 rians hammer manie tales in this forge, 
 of Fin Mac Coile and his champions. 
 But doubtlesse seemeth to beare the 
 shew of an ancient and famous monu- 
 ment.” 
 
 The harp that once through Tara's halls. 
 
 Moore. 
 
 Tarpeian Rock. [Lat. Tarpeivs 
 mons, Ital. Monte Tcirpeia.] A 
 rocky eminence or cliff on the 
 southern summit of the Capitoline 
 Hill in Rome, from which crimi- 
 nals sentenced to death were fre- 
 quently thrown. It was so named 
 to commemorate the treachery of 
 Tarpeia, who, during the war with 
 the Sabines, in the early period 
 of Roman history, longing for the 
 golden bracelets of the enemy and 
 allured by the promise of receiv- 
 ing that which they wore upon 
 their arms, opened the fortress to 
 the Sabines, and was rewarded 
 by being crushed by their shields 
 which they threw upon her in 
 passing. 
 
 J&tT “ The Tarpeian rock is on the 
 southern side of the Capitoline Hill. 
 The soil has gathered round the base 
 in considerable quantities, so that the 
 formidable impressions conveyed by 
 Roman writers are not confirmed by 
 the sight. But a very respectable pre- 
 cipice may still be seen, and a traitor 
 who should now leap from the top 
 would probably be as harmless ever 
 after as Clodius or Catiline.” Hillard. 
 The tribune with unwilling steps with- 
 drew. 
 
 While impious hands the rude assault re- 
 new ; 
 
 The brazen gates with thundering strokes 
 resound, 
 
 And the Tarpeian mountain rings around. 
 
 Lucan , Trans. 
 
 Then on to the Tarpeian rock he leads 
 The way. and to the Capitol, now decked 
 With gold, then rough with bushes wild. 
 
 Virgil , Trans, of Cranch. 
 
TAS 
 
 509 
 
 TEL 
 
 And when upon their hinges were turned 
 round 
 
 The swivels of that consecrated gate, 
 Which arc of metal, massive and sonorous, 
 Roared not so loud, nor so discordant 
 seemed 
 
 Tarpeia , when was ta’en from it the good 
 Metellus, wherefore meagre it remained. 
 
 Dante, Purgatorio , Longfellow's Trans. 
 On the Tarpeian rock , the citaih 1 
 Of great and glorious Rome, queen of the 
 earth. 
 
 So far renown’d, and w r ith the spoils en- 
 riched 
 
 Of nations. Milton. 
 
 Thou hast the whole Universe against 
 thee. No more success: mere sham-suc- 
 cess, for a day and days; rising ever high- 
 er, — towards its Tarpeian Pock. Carlyle. 
 
 On the 23d May, 1618, the delegates of 
 the Protestants of Bohemia cast from the 
 windows of t lie royal castle of Prague two 
 Caiholic members of the Council of Re- 
 gency. They pretended it was an old 
 custom of the country, and that like the 
 Romans they precipitated traitors from 
 the top of this Tarpeian Rock. 
 
 Henri Martin. 
 — where the steep 
 
 Tarpeian ? fittest goal of Treason’s race. 
 The promontory whence the Traitor’s 
 Leap 
 
 Cured all ambition. Byron. 
 
 Tassoni’s Bucket. See Secchia 
 Rapita. 
 
 I liked the town [Modena] as I drove in ; 
 and, after sleeping an hour or two, I went 
 out in search of “ Tassoni's Bucket .” 
 
 N. P Willis. 
 
 Tasso’s Prison. A cell in the 
 Hospital of S. Anna in Ferrara, 
 Italy, pointed out as the prison 
 in which the poet Tasso was con- 
 fined by the Duke of Ferrara. 
 
 And Tasso is their glory and their shame. 
 Hark to his strain ! and then survey his 
 cell ! 
 
 And see how dearly earned Torquato’s 
 fame. 
 
 And where Alfonso bade his poet dwell. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Tattersall’s. A celebrated sport- 
 ing rendezvous and auction-mart 
 for horses in London, established 
 by Richard Tattersall in 1766. 
 The betting throughout the coun- 
 try is governed by the betting at 
 Tattersall’s. 
 
 On the Proposal for a Cast-metal King : 
 gradually a light kindled in our Profess- 
 or’s eyes and face, a beaming, mantling, 
 loveliest Pght; through those murky fea- 
 tures. a radiant, ever-young Apollo looked ; 
 and he burst forth like the neighing of all 
 TattersalVs , — tears streaming down his 
 cheeks, pipe held aloft, foot clutched into 
 the air, — loud, long-continuing, uncon- 
 trollable. Carlyle. 
 
 And they look atone another with the 
 seriousness of men prepared to die in their 
 opinion. — the authentic seriousness of 
 men betting at TattersalVs , or about to re- 
 ceive judgment in Chancery. Carlyle. 
 
 Taymouth Castle. The seat of 
 the Marquis of Breadalbane near 
 Kenmore, Scotland. 
 
 TazzaFarnese. [TheFarneseCup.] 
 A celebrated onyx cup, a relic of 
 ancient art, highly ornamented 
 with figures in relief. Now in 
 the Museum at Naples, Italy. 
 
 Te, Palazzo del. A noble palace 
 in Mantua, Italy. 
 
 4®" “ Giulio Romano’s masterpiece.” 
 J. A. Symonds. 
 
 Tebaldeo. A portrait by Sebas- 
 tian del Piombo (1485-1547). In 
 the Scarpa collection at La Motta, 
 Italy. 
 
 Tecumseh, The. A noted iron- 
 clad vessel of the United States 
 navy in the Civil War in 1861-65. 
 She" was one of Admiral Farra- 
 gut’s fleet in the attack upon 
 the defences of Mobile, Ala., 
 Aug. 5, 1864. She was suddenly 
 destroyed by the explosion of a 
 torpedo. 
 
 4£g=- “ The Tecumseh was about 300 
 yards ahead of the Brooklyn when she 
 w r as suddenly uplifted, and almost as 
 suddenly disappeared beneath the wa- 
 ters, carrying down with her Capt. 
 Craven and nearly all his officers and 
 crew. Only 17 of 130 were saved. The 
 Tecumseh had struck a percussion- 
 torpedo, which exploded directly under 
 her turret, making a fearful chasm, into 
 which the water rushed in such volume 
 that she sunk in a few seconds.” 
 
 Lossing. 
 
 Telegraph Hill. An eminence at 
 the northern extremity of San 
 Francisco, Cal., commanding a 
 fine view. 
 
 Tell’s Chapel. 1. A building sit- 
 uated on a ledge of rock on the 
 slope of the Axenfluh, washed 
 by the waters of the Lake of Uri, 
 Switzerland. It is a small chapel 
 built in memory of William Tell 
 (b. thirteenth century), and on 
 the very spot where he sprang 
 out of Gessler’s boat, as he was 
 being carried away a prisoner. 
 The chapel was rebuilt in 1879, in 
 
TEM 
 
 510 
 
 TEM 
 
 strict adherence to the original 
 design. 
 
 2. A chapel in a village near 
 Altorf, Switzerland, built in 15T2 
 on the spot where the house stood 
 which was occupied by William 
 Tell 
 
 Temeraire. See Fighting Teme- 
 
 II A IRE. 
 
 Tempe. A narrow rocky gorge in 
 Greece, about five miles in length, 
 between Mount Olympus on the 
 north and Mount Ossa on the 
 south, through which flows the 
 river Peneus. On the right side 
 of the vale is the inscription cut 
 in the rock : “ Lucius Cassius 
 Longinus, the Proconsul, made 
 the road through Tempe.” Ac- 
 cording to the legends of the 
 Greek mythology, this fissure 
 was cut through by Neptune with 
 a stroke of his trident, thus open- 
 ing a passage for the waters im- 
 prisoned in Thessaly, the defile 
 receiving from this circumstance 
 the name of Tempe (from Gr. 
 Tc>^), or The Cuts. 
 
 F om Trmpe's vale next ancient Peneus 
 came, 
 
 That fertile vale immortalized in fame ! 
 
 Catullus , Trans. 
 Lapped in Thessalia’s forest-mantled liills 
 Lies the fair vale of Tempe. Ovid, Trans. 
 Passing from Italy to Greece, the tales 
 Which poets of an elder time have feigned 
 To glorify their Tempe , bred in me 
 Desire of visiting that Paradise. 
 
 To Thessaly I came, and, living private, 
 
 I, day by day, frequented silent groves 
 And 'solitary walks. 
 
 Ford. ( Lover's Melancholy.) 
 The smooth Peneus from his glassy flood 
 Reflects purpureal Tempe' s pleasant scene. 
 Fair Tempe ! haunt beloved of sylvan 
 powers, 
 
 Of nymphs and fauns; where in the gold- 
 * en age 
 
 They played in secret on the shady brink 
 With ancient Pan. Akenside. 
 
 Yet in famed Attica such lovely dales 
 Are rarely seen ; nor can fair Tempe boast 
 A charm they know not. Byron. 
 
 Temperaments. See Four Tem- 
 peraments. 
 
 Temple, The. A liberty or dis- 
 trict of London, lying between 
 Fleet Street and the Thames, so 
 called from the Knights Tem- 
 plars. See Inner Temple and 
 Inns of Court. 
 
 “ There are still worse places 
 
 than the Temple on a sultry day, for 
 basking in the sun or resting idly in 
 the shade.” Dickens. 
 
 This privileged spot [Whitefriars or 
 “ Alsatia ”] stood in the same relation to 
 the Temple as Alsace did to France and 
 the central powers of Europe. In the 
 Temple , students were studying to observe 
 the law; and in Alsatia, adjoining, debt- 
 ors to avoid and violate it. Cunningham. 
 
 Temple, The. Nothing is now left 
 of this old fortress and prison in 
 Paris, though much of it was 
 standing a century ago. There 
 were two Commanderies of the 
 Knights Templars at Paris in the 
 thirteenth century, of which this 
 strong and inrportant feudal fort- 
 ress was one. It was granted to 
 the Knights of St. John (subse- 
 quently the Knights of Malta) 
 after the suppression of the order 
 of Templars in 1312. Louis XVI., 
 with Marie Antoinette his queen, 
 his son the Dauphin, his daugh- 
 ter and his sister, were confined 
 in the prison in the tower of the 
 Temple in 1792. The tower was 
 subsequently used as a prison, 
 but was pulled down in the early 
 part of the present century. Sir 
 Sidney Smith, Toussaint l'Ou- 
 verture, and Pichegru were im- 
 prisoned in the tower. 
 
 Temple. See Presentation in 
 the Temple. 
 
 Temple Bar. A noted historic 
 boundary in London, between 
 the east end of the Strand and 
 the west end of Fleet Street, di- 
 viding the City of London from 
 the liberty of Westminster. The 
 original division was by posts 
 and rails, a chain and a bar 
 placed across the street and 
 named from its immediate vicin- 
 ity to the Temple. The Bar , or 
 house of stone, which until lately 
 stood on this site, was erected by 
 Sir Christopher Wren. It had a 
 large flattened arch in the centre 
 for the carriage-way, and a small- 
 er arch on each side for foot pas- 
 sengers. Above the centre, on 
 iron spikes, were formerly placed 
 the heads and limbs of persons 
 executed for treason. The last 
 of these spikes was not removed 
 till the present century. Mr. 
 Rogers, the poet, who died in 
 
TEM 
 
 511 
 
 TEM 
 
 1855, remembered “one of the 
 heads of the rebels upon a pole 
 at Temple Bar.” The gates were 
 originally shut at night and 
 guarded by watchmen, and have 
 occasionally been in recent times 
 closed in cases of apprehended 
 tumult. It was formerly the case 
 upon the visit of the sovereign to 
 the city, to keep the gates closed 
 until admission was formally de- 
 manded, when the gates were 
 opened, and the lord-mayor sur- 
 rendered the city sword to the 
 sovereign, who re-delivered it to 
 his lordship. This noted struc- 
 ture is now taken down and re- 
 moved. 
 
 jgQr^With the removal of Temple 
 Bar an immensity of the associations 
 of the past will be swept away. Almost 
 all the well-known authors of the last 
 two centuries have somehow had occa- 
 sion to mention it. Fleet Street, just 
 within its bounds, is still the centre 
 for the offices of nearly all the leading 
 newspapers and magazines.” Hare. 
 
 “ It is my practice, when I am in 
 want of amusement, to place myself for 
 an hour at Temple Bar, and examine 
 one by one the looks of the passengers; 
 and I have commonly found that be- 
 tween the hours of eleven and four 
 every sixth man is an author.” 
 
 Dr. Johnson. 
 While we surveyed the Poets’ Corner, 
 I said to him [Goldsmith], * b Fursitan et 
 nostrum nomen miscebitur istis.” When 
 we got to Temple Bar he stopped me, 
 pointed to the heads upon it, and slyly 
 whispered, “ Forsitan et nostrum nomcn 
 miscebitur istis.” Dr. Johnson. 
 
 How they exult in the idea that the 
 King himself dare not enter the city, with- 
 out first knocking at the gate of Temple 
 Bar , and asking permission of the Lord 
 Mayor; for if he did, heaven and earth! 
 there is no knowing what might be the 
 consequence. Irving. 
 
 The raw afternoon is rawest, and the 
 dense fog is densest, and the muddy 
 streets are muddiest, near that leaden- 
 headed old obstruction, appropriate orna- 
 ment for the threshold of a leaden-headed 
 old corporation : Temple Bar. Dickens. 
 Each man an Ascapart. of strength to toss 
 For quoits both Temple-bar and Charing- 
 cross. Pope. 
 
 The earth is rich in man and maid ; 
 
 With fair horizoi s bound ; 
 
 This whole wide earth of light and shade 
 Comes out, a perfect round. 
 
 High over roaring Temple Bar , 
 
 And, set in Heaven's third story, 
 
 I look at all things as they are, 
 
 But through a kind of glory. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Once more I greet thee, Temple Bar, 
 That hast so often from afar 
 Risen amid my dreams; 
 
 When avalanches round me roared, 
 
 Or w here the Tagus, sunlit, poured 
 Its stately golden streams. 
 
 Walter Thornbury. 
 
 Temple Church. A church situ- 
 ated in the rear of Fleet Street, 
 London, one of the four circular 
 churches built in England after 
 the Templars’ return from the 
 Crusades, containing many effi- 
 gies of feudal warriors. John 
 Selden was buried in this church. 
 In the Temple “ Round,” as the 
 church was called, lawyers con- 
 ferred with their clients. 
 
 Retain all sorts of witnesses, 
 
 That ply i’ the Temple under trees; 
 
 Or walk the Round with Knights o’ the 
 Posts, 
 
 About the cross-legg’d knights, their hosts. 
 
 Butler. 
 
 Temple Emanuel. The principal 
 
 Jewish synagogue in the city of 
 New York, an imposing building, 
 in the Saracenic style, with a 
 magnificent interior. It is con- 
 sidered the finest specimen of ar- 
 chitecture of its kind in America. 
 
 Temple Gardens. An open space 
 belonging to the Inns of Court, 
 London, fronting the Thames. 
 Here Shakespeare represents the 
 choice of the York and Lancas- 
 trian roses as emblems by the 
 partisans of the two houses. 
 
 Suffolk. Within the Temple Hall we 
 were too loud : 
 
 The garden here is more convenient. . . . 
 Plantagenet. Let him that is a true- 
 born gentleman, 
 
 And stands upon the honour of his birth, 
 If he suppose that I have pleaded truth, 
 From off this briar pluck a white rose 
 with me. 
 
 Somerset. Let him that is no coward, 
 nor no flatterer. 
 
 But dare maintain the partv of the truth, 
 Pluck a red rose from off this thorn with 
 me. . . . 
 
 Plantagenet. Hath not thy rose a can- 
 ker, Somerset ? 
 
 Somerset. Hath not thy rose a thorn, 
 Plantagenet? . . . 
 
 Warwick. This brawl to-day, 
 
 Grown to this faction in the Temple Gar- 
 dens , 
 
 Shall send, between the red rose and the 
 white, 
 
 A thousand souls to death and deadly 
 night. 
 
 Shakespeare. First Part of Henry VI. 
 Stand in Temple Gardens , and behold 
 London herself on her proud stream 
 afloat. Shakespeare. 
 
TEM 
 
 512 
 
 TEM 
 
 Temple of Aboo-Simbel This 
 and a smaller temple near it are 
 among the most interesting ob- 
 jects in Egypt They were hewn 
 out of the solid rock. The great 
 temple is remarkable for its mag- 
 nificent colossi, the most beauti- 
 ful in Egypt. They are 66 feet in 
 height, and represent Rameses 
 the Great. The facade of the 
 temple is about 100 feet high. 
 Within are eight Osirides pre- 
 cisely alike, all carrying the cro- 
 zier and flagellum. There are 
 eight rooms opening into the 
 large hall, the walls of which 
 are covered with sculptures rep- 
 resenting the offerings to the 
 gods. In the adytum are figures 
 of four gods. The warlike deeds 
 of Rameses are represented on 
 the walls as offerings to the gods. 
 See Lady of Aboshek. 
 
 4®=* “ Nothing more interesting than 
 these temples is to be found beyond 
 the limits of Thebes. . . . The faces of 
 Rameses outside (precisely alike) are 
 placid and cheerful, — full of moral 
 grace ; but the eight Osirides within 
 (precisely alike, too) are more. They 
 are full of soul.” Miss Martineau. 
 
 This is the shrine of Silence, sunk and 
 hewn 
 
 Deep in the solid rock : its pillars rise 
 From floor to roof, like giants, with fixed 
 eyes. 
 
 And palms crossed on their breasts; e’en 
 at mid-noon 
 
 A dim light falls around, as though the 
 moon 
 
 Were peering at the temple from the 
 skies. J. B Norton. 
 
 The mighty shapes that guard the solemn 
 pile, 
 
 Unburied, after ages, from the tomb 
 Heaped on them by the blast of the si- 
 moom, 
 
 Sit at the portal, gazing, night and day, 
 O’er the lone desert, stretching far awaj r , 
 And on the eternal flood of Father Nile. 
 
 J. B. Norton. 
 
 Temple of Antoninus and Faus- 
 tina. A temple erected by the 
 Senate to the memory of Anto- 
 ninus Pius and his wife Faustina, 
 in the Forum at Rome. It is 
 now in ruins. 
 
 Temple of Apollo [at Delphi]. The 
 site of this structure is now re- 
 garded as definitely determined, 
 from the discovery of what are 
 thought to be, in all probability, 
 the foundations of the temple. 
 
 The temple of Apollo was reck-' 
 oned one of the largest and most 
 beautiful in Greece; having been 
 burnt in 548 B.C, it was rebuilt 
 by the Alcmaionkhe. The “ Ion ” 
 of Euripides contains an interest- 
 ing record of the ornaments with 
 which it was decorated. Here 
 was the oracular chasm with the 
 issuing vapor, which moved the 
 destiny of empires; here, too, was 
 the elliptical stone looked upon 
 as the centre of the earth. 
 
 Temple of Apollo. A striking and 
 picturesque ruin at Tivoli, in the 
 neighborhood of Rome. 
 
 Temple of Apollo Epicurius. One 
 of the finest and best-preserved 
 temples in Greece, built, in a 
 place which was called Bassae, in 
 the time of the Peloponnesian 
 War, by Ictinus, who was also 
 one of the architects of the Par- 
 thenon. It was dedicated to 
 Apollo Epicurius (the Helper) in 
 gratitude for the relief afforded 
 by Apollo during a plague. Pau- 
 sanias speaks of the harmony of 
 construction, and beauty of the 
 stone, of this temple as surpassing 
 all works of the same kind in the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 “ Such is the seclusion in which 
 the Temple of Bassae stands, that for 
 many ages its very existence was either 
 unknown or forgotten. Like the tem- 
 ples at Paestum in this respect, it was 
 not till after the middle of the eigh- 
 teenth century that this, the most beau- 
 tiful and most perfect of all the remains 
 of Greek architecture in the Pelopon- 
 nesus, was discovered in nearly the 
 same state as when visited more than a 
 thousand years before by Pausanias.” 
 C. Wordsworth. 
 
 Temple of Belus. See Bins Nim- 
 rood. 
 
 Temple of Bubastis. This mag- 
 nificent temple at the town of the 
 same name in Egypt is not now 
 standing. It was built of the 
 finest red granite. The name Bu- 
 bastis is derived from the goddess 
 Paslit, to whom this temple was 
 dedicated. Herodotus describes 
 the temple as forming a peninsula, 
 surrounded by water (two canals 
 from the Nile) on all sides except 
 
TEM 
 
 513 
 
 TEM 
 
 the one by which you enter, and 
 as being situated in a low space 
 in the centre of the town, from 
 which you could look down upon 
 it; the town having been raised, 
 while the temple retained its ori- 
 ginal level. 
 
 4®=- “ Other temples may be grander, 
 and may have cost more in the building, 
 but there is none so pleasant to the eye 
 as this of Bubastis.” Herodotus. 
 
 Temple of Castor and Pollux. An 
 ancient temple in Rome, of which 
 three columns only are now 
 standing. This ruin has also 
 been designated by various other 
 names. 
 
 Temple of Denderah. This tem- 
 ple of the Nile, though not of the 
 remotest antiquity, is interesting 
 and imposing. It was built by 
 the Coesars, and bears the names 
 of Tiberius (in whose reign the 
 inscription was made), Caligula, 
 Claudius, and Nero. It also bears 
 upon its walls portraits of Cleo- 
 patra and her son Neo-Caesar. It 
 is in better preservation than most 
 of the Egyptian ruins. 
 
 4®=* “ The building of the temple 
 of Denderah was begun in the reign of 
 the eleventh Ptolemy, and completed 
 in that of the Emperor Tiberius; but 
 the sculptures and decorations were 
 not finished till the time of Nero.” 
 
 Murray's Handbook. 
 
 4®=* “ Of the temple of Dendara I 
 will say nothing. The oldest names it 
 bears are those of Cleopatra and her 
 son Caesarion ; and it has not therefore 
 the interest of antiquity; while its 
 beauty is of the same kind as that of 
 the Isna temple. At Dendara, as at 
 Isna, the Pasha has caused the building 
 to be cleaned out ; for which the world 
 is obliged to him : and it would have 
 been more so, if he had not run a mud- 
 brick wall directly up against the mid- 
 dle of the front; so that no complete 
 view of the portico can be had from 
 any point.” Miss Martineau. 
 
 What yonder rises ? ’Tis Tentyra’s fane. 
 That stands like some dark giant, on the 
 plain ; 
 
 Rival of Karnak, Edfou, stern and lone, 
 
 It looks to Heaven, its founder, date, un- 
 known. Nicholas Michell. 
 
 Or, lodged by an Arab guide, ventured to 
 render a 
 
 General view of the ruins at Denderah. 
 
 Lowell. 
 
 Temple of Diana. An interest- 
 ing Roman temple at Nimes, 
 France. 
 
 4^=* “ Throughout this building the 
 details of the architecture are unsur- 
 passed for variety and elegance by any 
 thing found in the metropolis, and are 
 here applied with a freedom and ele- 
 gance bespeaking the presence of a 
 Grecian mind, even in this remote cor- 
 ner of the empire.” Fergus son. 
 
 Temple of Ephesus. A famous 
 temple of Artemis, or Diana, in 
 ancient Ephesus, Asia Minor. 
 The original temple, erected in 
 the sixth century B.C., was in- 
 tentionally burned by Herostra- 
 tus, with a view to gaining noto- 
 riety, on the same day on which 
 Alexander the Great was born, 
 B.C. 35(>. The new temple, which 
 occupied more than two centu- 
 ries in building, was one of the 
 largest and most gorgeous of all 
 those erected by the Greeks, and 
 was regarded one of the wonders 
 of the world. Scanty remains of 
 it still exist. 
 
 4SP* “According to Pindarus, the first 
 temple of Ephesus was built by the 
 Amazons at the time when they made 
 war upon Theseus. Strabo attributes it 
 to the architect Ctesiphon. After Eros- 
 tratus burnt it in 35G B.C., says Strabo, 
 the gifts brought from all parts, the 
 donations of pious women, the presents 
 of the colonies, and the valuable arli- 
 cles deposited by the kings in the an- 
 cient sanctuary, enabled the people to 
 rebuild the temple on a still more mag- 
 nificent scale. All Asia joined in the 
 undertaking, and the structure took no 
 less than 220 years to raise. It was 
 placed on a marshy soil to insure it 
 against earthquakes, and in order to 
 obtain sufficiently strong foundations 
 for such a considerable mass, a bed of 
 ground carbon was laid down , and a bed 
 of wool above that. The entire temple 
 was 425 feet long and 220 feet wide. 
 ... In the thirteenth century A.I)., 
 the Persians first, and afterwards the 
 Scythians, pillaged and burnt the tern- 
 pie of Ephesus. What of destruction 
 was left unaccomplished by these was 
 completed by the Goths and Mahomet 
 the Great.” Lefevre , Tr. Donald. 
 
 4Sg^ “Strange to say, till very re- 
 cently even its situation was unknown ; 
 and even now that it has been revealed 
 by the energy and intelligence of Mr. 
 Wood, scarcely enough remains to ena- 
 ble him to restore the plan with any 
 
TEM 
 
 514 
 
 TEM 
 
 thing like certainty. This is the more 
 remarkable, as it was found buried 
 under seventeen or twenty feet of mud, 
 which must have been the accumula- 
 tion of centuries, and might, one would 
 have thought, have preserved consider- 
 able portions of it from the spoiler.” 
 
 Fergus son. 
 
 Temple of Fortuna Virilis. A 
 very ancient building in Rome, 
 supposed to date back to the 
 times of the Republic, which has 
 undergone many restorations, 
 and is now a Christian church. 
 
 Temple of Glory. A celebrated 
 picture by Anton Rafael Mengs 
 (1728-1779). In Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Temple of Greenan. A singular 
 pile of ruined buildings of very 
 great antiquity, near Derry, Ire- 
 land. By some it is thought to 
 have been a temple for sun- 
 worship, by others a royal resi- 
 dence. 
 
 4ST “To the casual observer, the 
 first appearance of the edifice is that of 
 a truncated cairn of extraordinary di- 
 mensions; but on inspection it will be 
 found to be a building constructed with 
 every attention to masonic regularity. 
 In the centre are the remains of the 
 altar, or place of sacrifice. The stones 
 of which the building is formed are of 
 the common gray schistus, but evident- 
 ly selected with care, and, considering 
 their exposure to the Atlantic storms 
 for so many centuries, the decomposi- 
 tion is wonderfully small.” 
 
 Dublin Penny Journal. 
 
 Temple of Herod. See Herod’s 
 Temple. 
 
 Temple of Isis [at Philse]. This 
 is the principal temple at Pliilte, 
 and of great interest. It was 
 built by tlie # Ptolemies, though 
 many of the sculptures are of the 
 time of the Roman Emperors. 
 It contains among its many ob- 
 jects of interest ten colossal col- 
 umns, completely covered with 
 sculptures in a variety of brilliant 
 and beautiful colors, all of which 
 are not merely ornamental, but 
 also emblematic. 
 
 4®= “ No Gothic architect in his 
 wildest moments ever played so freely 
 with his lines and dimensions, and 
 none, it must be added, ever produced 
 any thing so beautifully picturesque as 
 
 this. It contains all the play of light 
 and shade, all the variety of Gothic 
 art, with the massiveness and grandeur 
 of the Egyptian style ; and as it is still 
 tolerably entire, and retains much of 
 its color, there is no building out of 
 Thebes that gives so favorable an im- 
 pression of Egyptian art as this. It is 
 true, it is far less sublime than many, 
 but hardly one can be quoted as more 
 beautiful.” Fergusson. 
 
 Temple of Isna. A vast and cele- 
 brated temple at Isna, on the left 
 bank of the Nile, in Upper Egypt, 
 not far from Thebes. 
 
 40^ “ I think I had better say little 
 of Isna, whose temple is so universally 
 praised that every one knows all about 
 it. Those have heard of it who are 
 ignorant of almost every thing else 
 about Egypt. If it were ancient, I 
 could not refrain from giving my im- 
 pressions of it; but the only relic of 
 the old edifice supposed to exist is a 
 small red door jamb bearing date in the 
 time of Thothmes I., mentioned by 
 Champollion. The portico bears the 
 names of the Csssars; and, however 
 greatly the world is obliged to them for 
 erecting a very majestic and elegant 
 temple, we are not aided by it in our 
 researches into the afifairs of the old 
 Egyptians. ... If I were to enlarge 
 on any thing in regard to this temple, 
 it would be the amount of inscriptions. 
 But it is indescribable, — unremember- 
 able, — incredible anywhere but on 
 the spot. I have already said all that 
 language can say on this point; and I 
 will leave it.” Miss Martineau. 
 
 Temple of Janus. A temple in 
 ancient Rome dedicated to Janus, 
 one of the early Roman deities, 
 which was opened at the com- 
 mencement of every war, and 
 continued open while the war 
 lasted. The tradition is that it 
 was only closed three times in 
 a period of 700 years, one of 
 those times being at the birth of 
 Christ in the reign of Augustus 
 Csesar. 
 
 Temple of Jupiter Latialis. A 
 
 temple of Jupiter, the remains of 
 which are still in existence, on 
 the summit of Mount Albano, or 
 Monte Cavo, near Rome, Italy. 
 
 Temple of Jupiter Stator. Three 
 well-known beautiful columns 
 near the base of the Palatine Hill, 
 Rome, are usually supposed to be 
 
TEM 
 
 515 * 
 
 TEM 
 
 the remains of this temple; hut 
 they have been the subject of 
 much antiquarian dispute. 
 
 Temple of Kalabsheh. This tem- 
 ple was the largest in Nubia, and 
 is a magnificent ruin. It was 
 built by the Caesars, of stones 
 which had belonged to an older 
 edifice. Its interest lies mainly 
 in its vastness, and the remark- 
 able preservation of its coloring. 
 
 Temple of Karnak. One of the 
 most imposing and best-preserved 
 temples in Egypt. It stands on 
 the east bank of the Nile, amid 
 the ruins of Thebes. It occupies 
 an area of nine acres, which is 
 covered with gigantic columns, 
 courts, and avenues of sphinxes. 
 
 4®=* “ The palace temple at Karnak 
 — perhaps the noblest effort of archi- 
 tectural magnificence ever produced 
 by the hand of man. Its principal di- 
 mensions are 1,200 feet in length by 
 about 360 in width ; and it covers, there- 
 fore, about 430,000 square feet, or near- 
 ly twice the area of St. Peter’s at Rome, 
 and more than four times that of any 
 mediaeval cathedral existing. This, 
 however, is not a fair way of estimating 
 its dimensions; for our churches are 
 buildings entirely under one roof, but 
 at Karnak a considerable portion of the 
 area was uncovered bj r any buildings, 
 so that no such comparison is just. The 
 great hypostyle hall, however, is in- 
 ternally 340 feet by 170, and with its 
 two piions, it covers more than 88,000 
 square feet, a greater area than the 
 cathedral of Cologne, the largest of all 
 our Northern cathedrals ; and when we 
 consider that this is only a part of the 
 great whole, we may fairly assert that 
 the entire structure is among the lar- 
 gest, as it undoubtedly is one of the 
 most beautiful, buildings in the world.” 
 Fergusson. 
 
 45T* “ The earliest name found on 
 any of the buildings of the Great Tern, 
 pie is that of Osirtasen I., and the latest 
 that of Alexander II.” 
 
 Murray's Handbook. 
 
 Who would not feel and satisfy this want, 
 Watching, as I, in Karnak's roofless 
 halls, 
 
 Subnu volar lights of evening sharply 
 slant 
 
 Through pillared masses and on wasted 
 walls? Lord Houghton. 
 
 Here let me sit in Karnak's gorgeous hall, 
 Firm as when reared each massy pictured 
 wall. Nicholas Michell. 
 
 Temple of Luxor. A palace-tem- 
 
 ple in Egypt, on the east bank of 
 the Nile, built by Amunoph III. 
 and Raineses II., forming a part 
 of the ruins of Thebes. Though 
 inferior in size to Karnak, it is 
 reckoned superior in point of 
 architecture. Two monolithic 
 obelisks of granite formerly 
 stood in front of Luxor, one of 
 which is now in the Place de la 
 Concorde, in Paris. 
 
 Those unexampled temples sempitern — 
 Luxor and Karnak, twain, yet linked in 
 one 
 
 By avenue of sphinxes, multiplied. 
 
 To endless view. J. Ellis. 
 
 Temple of Mars Ultor. [Mars the 
 Revenger.] An ancient Roman 
 temple, of which only a few beau- 
 tiful pillars now remain. 
 
 Temple of Minerva [at iEgina.] 
 One of the oldest temples in 
 Greece, formerly thought to have 
 been a temple of Zeus Panhelle- 
 nius, probably built in the sixth 
 century B.C. It is now in ruins. 
 Some of the sculptures of the 
 pediment are now preserved at 
 Munich, Bavaria. Of these there 
 are casts in the British Museum. 
 
 Temple of Minerva Mediea. An 
 interesting ruin in Rome. It is 
 now thought to be misnamed. 
 
 jgST “ It [this temple] commonly 
 goes by the name of the Temple of 
 Minerva Mediea, though this is cer- 
 tainly a misnomer. Recently it has 
 become the fashion to assume that this 
 was the hall of some bath ; no building 
 of that class, however, was known to 
 exist in that neighborhood. ... It cer- 
 tainly belongs to the last days of the 
 Roman empire, if, indeed, it be not a 
 Christian building, which I am very 
 much inclined to believe it is. . . . 
 Taking it altogether, the building is 
 certainly, both as concerns construc- 
 tion and proportion, by far the most 
 scientific of all those in ancient Rome, 
 and in these respects as far superior to 
 the Pantheon, as it is inferior to that 
 temple in size. Indeed, there are few 
 inventions of the Middle Ages that are 
 not attempted here; so much so, in- 
 deed, that I cannot help believing it is 
 much more modern than is generally 
 supposed.” Fergusson. 
 
 Temple of Neptune. A famous 
 ruined temple at Psestum in 
 Southern Italy, regarded as the 
 
TEM 
 
 * 51G 
 
 TEM 
 
 finest specimen of Greek archi- 
 tecture outside of Athens. 
 
 4©“ “ Of the three temples of Pses- 
 tum, the best preserved ranks among 
 the most beautiful works of antiquity, 
 and is situated between the two others. 
 Neptune was the god to whom it was 
 dedicated. Its fluted columns, of which 
 there are six on the fa$ade and four- 
 teen on the sides, rest upon three 
 broad steps of most harmonious pro- 
 portions. Between the columns the 
 space is little more than the diameter 
 of the pillars. This makes the play of 
 light and shade among them very strik- 
 ing.” Lefevre , Tr. Donald. 
 
 42T’ “ Study of these buildings, so 
 sublime in their massiveness, so noble 
 in the parsimony of their decoration, 
 so dignifled in their employment of the 
 simplest means for the attainment of 
 an indestructible effect of harmony, 
 heightens our admiration for the Attic 
 genius which found in this grand man- 
 ner of the elder Doric architects re- 
 sources as yet undeveloped.” 
 
 J. A. Symonds. 
 Yet there, a lovely dream, 
 
 There Grecian temples gleam, 
 
 Whose form and mellowed tone 
 Rival the Parthenon. 
 
 Temple of Phthah. A famous 
 temple at Garf Hoseyn, a large 
 village in Nubia, on the banks of 
 the Nile. 
 
 4®" “ It may be remembered that 
 this was the deity [Phthah] to whom, 
 according to tradition, the first temple 
 was raised in Egypt; when Menes, 
 having redeemed the site of Memphis 
 from the waters, began the city there, 
 and built the great temple of Phthah, 
 renowned for so many years after- 
 wards. Memphis and this G-arf Ho- 
 seyn formerly bore the same name, 
 derived from their deity, viz., Phthahei 
 or Thyphthah. His temple has been 
 found by some travellers as impos- 
 ing as any on the Nile. It has been 
 compared even with Aboo-Simbil. . . . 
 We saw nothing ruder than this tem- 
 ple, which yet is grand in its way.” 
 
 Miss Martineau. 
 
 Temple of Saturn. An old Ro- 
 man temple, of which a few frag- 
 ments, in the shape of eight Ionic 
 columns, still remain in the Fo- 
 rum at Rome. 
 
 Temple of Sunium. A ruined 
 temple, dedicated to the tutelary 
 goddess of Attica, at Sunium, 
 now Cape Colonna, the most 
 southern point of Attica, is mag- 
 
 nificently situated at the extrem- 
 ity of the promontory, 2t>9 feet 
 above the AEgean Sea, and com- 
 mands an extensive view. It 
 was built of white marble. Six- 
 teen columns are now standing. 
 
 4®" “ The marble columns of the 
 ruins of Sunium’s temple on Cape Co- 
 lonna stood forth with a shining white- 
 ness in the warm sunshine. Sea-birds 
 fluttered around on the gray desert 
 coast.” H. C. Andersen. 
 
 4®=* “In all Attica, if we except 
 Athens itself and Marathon, there is 
 no scene more interesting than Cape 
 Colonna. To the antiquary and artist, 
 sixteen columns are an inexhaustible 
 source of observation and design ; to 
 the philosopher, the supposed scene of 
 some of Plato’s conversations will not 
 be unwelcome; and the traveller will 
 be struck with the beauty of the pros- 
 pect over ‘ Isles that crown the AEgean 
 deep:’ but, for an Englishman, Co- 
 lonna has yet an additional interest, as 
 the actual spot of Falconer’s Shipwreck. 
 Pallas and Plato are forgotten, in the 
 recollection of Falconer and Campbell : 
 
 ‘ Here in the dead of night by Lonna’s - 
 steep. 
 
 The seaman’s cry was heard along the 
 deep.’ 
 
 This temple of Minerva may be seen 
 at sea from a great distance.” 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Save where Tritonia’s air} r shrine adorns 
 Colonna’s cliff, and gleams along the wave. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Temple of the Latter Day Saints. 
 
 See Mormon Temple. 
 
 Temple of the Sibyl. A famous 
 temple, of the Corinthian Order, 
 at Tivoli, near Rome, “ which 
 has probably sat for its likeness 
 more often than any building on 
 earth.” It is now a ruin crown- 
 ing a cliff, with ten of its original 
 eighteen columns still standing. 
 
 4®" “The building, when perfect, 
 placed anywhere would have been an 
 elegant structure, and its remains have 
 formed a most satisfactory ruin; but 
 no fabric of man ever owed more to its 
 situation. . . . The relation between 
 the temple and the rock is like that be- 
 tween the capital and the shaft : each 
 seems to require the other as its com- 
 plement. Nature and art never worked 
 together more harmoniously, and to 
 call the combination merely pictur- 
 esque is to do it injustice. It is a pic- 
 ture which requires nothing to be added 
 to or taken from it to make it perfect.” 
 Hillard . 
 
TEM 
 
 517 
 
 TEN 
 
 Temple of the Sun. A ruined 
 temple atBa’albek, in Syria, and 
 the most perfect of the existing 
 remains in that country. It was 
 considerably larger than the Par- 
 thenon at Athens. The most in- 
 teresting portion of the building 
 at present remaining is the Great 
 Gateway, 42 feet in height by 20 
 feet in width. What was left of 
 this temple was much injured by 
 the earthquake of 1759, which 
 threw down many of the col- 
 umns. [Also called the Temple of 
 Jupiter and Temple of Apollo.'] 
 
 Temple of the Sun. A ruined 
 temple in Palmyra, Northern Pal- 
 estine, and one of the finest ruins 
 in Syria. About 100 columns are 
 still standing. 
 
 Temple of the Wingless Victory. 
 A small but very beautiful tem- 
 ple at Athens, Greece, “ only 27 
 feet long, 18 feet broad, and, from 
 the lowest step to the top of the 
 pediment, not more than 23 feet 
 high.” This temple Of Nucr? a; rrepo? 
 had entirely disappeared a cen- 
 tury ago, but in 1835 its frag- 
 ments were discovered and skil- 
 fully restored to their original 
 places. It is not mentioned 
 among the works of Pericles, and 
 is thought to have been built by 
 Cimon. 
 
 J “ The little temple [of Nike 
 Apteros , or Wingless Victory] is a 
 jewel of a structure, not half so large 
 as that of Vesta at Rome, and consists 
 only of a cella with four Ionic col- 
 umns at each end. Nevertheless it 
 lightens wonderfully the heavy masses 
 of masonry against which it stands.” 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Temple of Vespasian. An old 
 Roman temple, of which a few 
 fragments, in the shape of three 
 beautiful columns, are still stand- 
 ing in the Forum. This ruin was 
 formerly called the Temple of 
 Jupiter Tonans. 
 
 Temple of Vesta. A celebrated 
 Roman temple, of acircular form, 
 standing on the banks of the 
 Tiber, near where the Cloaca 
 Maxima empties into the river. 
 By some antiquaries this temple 
 is thought to be misnamed. It is 
 
 surrounded by a row of marble 
 columns nineteen in number. In 
 place of the entablature, which 
 lias fallen, a roof of red tiles is 
 laid directly upon the capitals of 
 the columns. 
 
 “It is a pretty toy of a build- 
 ing; too small — to borrow an expres- 
 sion of Horace Walpole’s — to live in, 
 and too large to hang at one’s watch- 
 chain. Its form and features are mul- 
 tiplied in an immense progeny of bronze 
 models and inkstands to which it has 
 given birth.” Hillard. 
 
 “ The picture of this perfect 
 temple and the beautiful purpose of its 
 consecration have always been promi- 
 nent in my imaginary Rome. It is 
 worthy of its association — an exqui- 
 site round temple, with its simple circle 
 of columns from the base to the roof, a 
 faultless thing in proportion, and as 
 light and floating to the eye as if the 
 wind might lift it. It needed not the 
 heavenly moonlight that broke across 
 its columns to make it a very shrine of 
 fancy.” V. P. Willis. 
 
 Temptation of Christ. A picture 
 by Ary Scheffer (1795-1858). 
 
 Temptation of St. Anthony. 1. 
 A picture by Joachim Patenier 
 (d. 154cS?), the Flemish painter, 
 and one of his masterpieces. It 
 is now at Madrid, and there is 
 also a copy of it in the Museum of 
 Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 2. A picture by David Teniers 
 the Younger (1610-1694). In the 
 Museum at Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Ten Thousand Saints. See Mar- 
 tyrdom of the Ten Thousand 
 Saints. 
 
 Tenebrario. A. famous and beau- 
 tiful candlestick of bronze, mod- 
 elled after Solomon’s Temple, in 
 the cathedral of Seville, Spain. 
 It was executed by Bartolome 
 Morel, who lived in the reign of 
 Philip II. 
 
 Tennessee, The. A noted Con- 
 federate iron-clad ram, taken in 
 the harbor of Mobile, Ala., Aug. 
 5, 1864, by Admiral Farragut’s 
 fleet. 
 
 “ Admiral Farragut believed 
 the fierce combat was ended; for, as 
 darkness closed in, the forts were si- 
 lent. He was mistaken. Just before 
 nine o’clock the Tennessee came down 
 under a full head of steam, and made 
 
TEN 
 
 518 
 
 THA 
 
 directly for the Hartford. All the na- 
 tional vessels were immediately sig- 
 nalled to close in upon and destroy the 
 monster. It was not an easy task, for 
 it appeared absolutely invulnerable for 
 several hours. The Monongahela first 
 struck it a blow square in the side, and 
 fired an eleven-inch shot upon it with 
 very little effect. The Lancaster , run- 
 ning at full speed, struck the ‘ ram,’ and 
 crushed in her own stem. Now the 
 Hartford tried her powers upon the 
 sea-giant. She gave the Tennessee a 
 glancing blow and a broadside of ten- 
 inch shells at a few feet distance. . . . 
 Thus beset and badly crippled, the 
 Tennessee struck her colors, and be- 
 came Farragut’s prisoner after fighting 
 all night and until ten o’clock in the 
 morning. Her commander was badly 
 wounded, and six of her crew were 
 killed.” Lossing. 
 
 Tenterden Steeple. A church in 
 Tenterden, Kent, England, which 
 has acquired notoriety from a 
 supposed connection between it 
 and the formation of the danger- 
 ous shoal known as the Goodwin 
 Sands; the tradition being that 
 the money which should have 
 been used to maintain the sea- 
 wall was diverted to the building 
 of the church. 
 
 “Mr. Moore was once sent in 
 commission into Kent, to help to try 
 out (if it might be) what was the cause 
 of Goodwin Sands, and the shelf that 
 stopped up Sandwich haven. Thither 
 cometh Mr. Moore, and calleth the 
 country afore him; such as were 
 thought to be men of experience, and 
 men that could, of likelihood, best cer- 
 tify him of that matter, concerning the 
 stopping of Sandwich haven. Among 
 others, came in before him an old man, 
 with a white head; and one that was 
 thought to be little less than an hundred 
 years old. When Mr. Moore saw this 
 aged man, he thought it expedient to 
 hear him say his mind in this matter; 
 for, being so old a man, it was likely 
 that he knew most of any man in that 
 presence and company. So Mr. Moore 
 called this old man unto him, and said, 
 ‘ Father,’ said he, ‘tell me, if you can, 
 what is the cause of this arising of the 
 sands and shelves here about this ha- 
 ven ; the which stop it up that no ships 
 can arrive here ; ye are the eldest man 
 that I can espy in all this company; 
 so that if any man can tell any cause of 
 it, ye of likelihood can say most in it; 
 or, at leastwise, more than any other 
 man assembled.’ — ‘ Yea, forsooth, good 
 master,’ quoth this old man, ‘for I am 
 
 well nigh an hundred years old; and 
 no man here in this company any thing 
 near unto mine age.’ — ‘ Well, then,’ 
 quoth Mr. Moore, ‘ how say you in this 
 matter? what think ye to be the cause 
 of these shelves and flats that stop up 
 Sandwich haven ?’ — ‘Forsooth, say ye,’ 
 quoth he, ‘I am an old man; I think 
 that Tenterden Steeple is the cause of 
 Goodwin Sands; fori am an old man,* 
 quoth he; ‘and I may remember the 
 buiiding of Tenterden Steeple, and I 
 may remember when there was no stee- 
 ple at all there; and before that Tenter- 
 den Steeple was in building, there was 
 no manner of speaking of any flats or 
 sands that stopped the haven; and, 
 therefore, I think that Tenterden Stee- 
 ple is the cause of the destroying and 
 decay of Sandwich haven.’ And even 
 so to my purpose is preaching of God’s 
 word the cause of rebellion, as Tenter- 
 den Steeple was the cause that Sand- 
 wich haven is decayed.” 
 
 Bishop Latimer , Sermons. 
 
 Thus, however, it was that Tenterden 
 Steeple brought an influx of the Atlantic 
 on us, and so Godwin Sands. Carlyle. 
 
 Terrace, The. An imposing pile 
 of architecture in Central Park, 
 New York, comprising corridors 
 and stairways, and broad avenues 
 adorned with statuary. 
 
 Terrapin Tower. An observatory 
 which formerly stood on a little 
 isle at Niagara, and afforded a 
 fine view of the falls. It was de- 
 stroyed in 1873. 
 
 “ I do not quite approve of that 
 tower, seeing that it has about it a gin- 
 gerbread air. Nevertheless the tower 
 is worth mounting. Here the mystery 
 is lost, but the whole fall is seen.” 
 
 Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Terror, The. An Arctic exploring 
 vessel which sailed from Eng- 
 land in company with the Ere- 
 bus, under Sir John Franklin, in 
 May, 1845, and never returned. 
 See Erebus. 
 
 Testaccio, Monte. See Monte 
 
 Testaccio. 
 
 Thames Embankments. A series 
 of great improvements effected in 
 London since 1850, consisting of 
 stone embankments on both the 
 north and the south side of the 
 Thames, by which many acres 
 that were formerly mud-banks 
 have been reclaimed, roads a 
 hundred feet wide constructed, 
 
THA 
 
 539 
 
 THE 
 
 with landing-stages from the riv- 
 er-steamers, the interior beinglaid 
 out in ornamental gardens form- 
 ing a pleasant promenade. The 
 Victoria embankment, on the 
 north side of the river, was 
 opened in 1870. The Albert, on 
 the opposite side, was opened in 
 1869. 
 
 Thames Street. A well-known 
 street in London, extending from 
 Blackfriars to the Tower. 
 
 Thames Tunnel. A brick arched 
 double roadway under the river 
 Thames at London, executed by 
 Brunei at a cost of £614,000. It 
 was opened to the public March 
 25, 1843. Since 1865 it has been 
 used for a railway-tunnel by the 
 East London Bailway Company. 
 
 Thatched House. This celebrated 
 tavern in St. James’s Street, Lon- 
 don, is no longer standing. For 
 about two centuries it was noted 
 for its club meetings and its din- 
 ners. As late as 1860 more than 
 25 societies and clubs were enter- 
 tained at the Thatched House. 
 Part of its site is now occupied by 
 the house of the Civil Service 
 Club. 
 
 Was it never thy hard fortune, good 
 reader, to attend any meeting convened 
 for public purposes; any Bible Society, 
 Reform, Conservative, Thatched- Tavern, 
 Hogg-Dinner, or other such meeting? 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Thavies Inn. Formerly an inn of 
 court in London, and one of the 
 oldest. It was destroyed by fire 
 towards the close of the last 
 century. 
 
 According to Mr. Guppy in Dickens’s 
 novel of “ Bleak House,” it was “round 
 the corner” from Lincoln’s Inn. “We 
 just twist up Chancery Lane, an’ cut 
 along Holborn, and there we are in four 
 minutes’ time as near as a toucher.” 
 
 Theatre Francais. A theatre in 
 Paris, Bue Bichelieu, on the 
 south-west side of the Palais 
 Boyal. Here are acted the regu- 
 lar French dramas, the modern 
 as well as the more classic pro- 
 ductions of Moliere, Bacine, Cor- 
 neille, and others. Bichelieu 
 built the Theatre du Palais Boy- 
 al, upon the site of which the 
 present house was erected in 
 
 1787. Moliere was manager from 
 1658 till his death in 1673. 
 
 Theatre Lyrique. A recent thea- 
 tre in Paris, on the Place du Clra- 
 telet, devoted to the lyric drama 
 and operas. 
 
 Twice a week he goes to the theatre; 
 he prefers the Palais-Itoyal : perhaps 
 twice more he takes upon his arm one of 
 the tigurantes of the Thedtre Lyrique. 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Theatre of Marcellus. An inter- 
 esting ruin in Borne, of which 
 only a few arches now remain. 
 The building is supposed to have 
 been capable of holding 20,000 
 spectators. It was a fortress in 
 the Middle Ages, and subsequent- 
 ly passed into the possession of 
 the Orsini family. 
 
 Theobalds. A palace in the parish 
 of Chishurst, near London, for- 
 merly the residence of Sir Wil- 
 liam Cecil (Lord Burleigh). It 
 passed into possession of the Stu- 
 art kings, who often resided here. 
 The building is described as one 
 of great magnificence, but has 
 now entirely disappeared. 
 
 Theodore’s, St., Column. See 
 
 St. Theodore’s Column. 
 
 Theodoric’s Palace. 1. A cele- 
 brated ruin in Bavenna, Italy, 
 the old residence of the Gothic 
 king. This palace was despoiled 
 of many of its treasures by Char- 
 lemagne. 
 
 2. Well-known and picturesque 
 ruins at Terracina, on the route 
 between Borne and Naples, Italy. 
 
 Theodoric’s Tomb. An interest- 
 ing and celebrated sepulchral 
 monument, of a circular form, 
 built by the Gothic king Theodo- 
 ric, and standing in the midst of 
 a plain near Bavenna, Italy. 
 
 Theology. See Dispute of the 
 Sacrament. 
 
 Theresa, St. See St. Theresa. 
 
 Thermae. See Baths. 
 
 Thermes, Palais des. See Palais 
 des Thermes. 
 
 Theseum. A monumental temple 
 in Athens, Greece, finished about 
 465 B.C., and built to receive the 
 
THE 
 
 520 
 
 THR 
 
 bones of Theseus. The Theseum 
 is thought to have furnished the 
 model for the Parthenon. 
 
 4ST” “It is a memorial at the same 
 time of the hero’s friend Heracles, and 
 of the alliance between the cities which 
 the two represent, Athens and Argos. 
 . . . Very appropriately this temple is 
 now occupied as a museum of relics of 
 ancient Greek art.” T. Chase. 
 
 4®" “ The oldest temple of this class 
 [the Doric temples built in the forty or 
 fifty years which succeeded the defeat 
 of the Persians at Salamis] is that best 
 known as the Theseium or Temple of 
 Theseus, at Athens, though it is nearly 
 certain that it ought more properly to he 
 considered the temple of the god Mars. 
 It constitutes a link between the 
 archaic and the perfect age of Grecian 
 art; more perfect than the temple at 
 HDgina or any that preceded it, but fall- 
 ing short of the perfection of the Par- 
 thenon, its near neighbor both in lo- 
 cality and in date.” Fergusson. 
 
 4®" “ This edifice, the best preserved 
 of all ancient temples, stands on a 
 mound at the foot of the Areopagus, 
 on its western side, overlooking a part 
 of the modern city. Its outer colon- 
 nade of Doric pillars, tinted with a 
 rich golden stain, is entire; the cella is 
 for the most part so, and little but the 
 roof is wanting. It is small, but very 
 beautiful, and with such a background ! 
 — the olive-groves of the Academy, Co- 
 lonos, and Parnes.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Theseus. An ancient Greek statue. 
 Now in the British Museum, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 4®" “ The Apollo Belvedere as com- 
 pared with the Theseus in the British 
 Museum — perhaps the best work now 
 left to us of the best period of Grecian 
 art — is like Dryden’s Alexander’s 
 Feast as compared with Milton’s Ode 
 on the Nativity. The latter is the 
 production of the greater genius, but 
 nine readers out of ten will prefer the 
 former.” Hillard. 
 
 Thetis bearing the Armor of 
 Achilles. A noted picture by 
 Francois Gerard (1770-1837), the 
 eminent French painter. 
 
 Thiergarten. An extensive public 
 park adjacent to the Brandenburg 
 Gate in Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Thomas a Becket. See Consecra- 
 tion of Thomas a Becket and 
 Shrine of Thomas a Becket. 
 
 Thomas d’Aquin, St. See St. 
 
 Thomas d’Aquin. 
 
 Thomas. See Incredulity of St. 
 Thomas. 
 
 Thomas’s Hospital, St. See St. 
 
 Thomas’s Hospital. 
 
 Thornbury Castle. An ancient 
 castellated mansion of historical 
 interest, begun by the Duke of 
 Buckingham in the reign of Henry 
 VIII. It is in the town of the 
 same name in Gloucestershire, 
 England. 
 
 Threadneedle Street. [Or Three- 
 needle Street.] A street in Lon- 
 don said to derive its name from 
 three needles , the sign on the shield 
 of the Needle-makers’ Company’s 
 arms. The Bank of England is 
 situated in this street, and is 
 sometimes referred to as the 
 “ Old Lady of Threadneedle 
 Street.” 
 
 Contrive to talk well, you will get to 
 heaven, the modern heaven rf the Eng- 
 lish. I)o not talk well, onty work well, 
 and lieroicrlly hold yonr peace, you have 
 no chance whatever to pet thither: with 
 your utmost industry ycu may get to 
 Threadneedle Street , and accumulate more 
 gold than a dray-horse can draw. 
 
 Carlyle . 
 
 Nay, if M l Croudy offered his own life 
 for sale in Threadneedle Street, would any- 
 body buy it V Not 1, for one. Carlyle. 
 
 Even so, ye indigent millionnaires, and 
 miserable bankrupt populations rolling in 
 gold, — whose note-of-hand will go to 
 any length in Threadneedle Street , and to 
 whom in heaven’s bank the stern answer 
 is, “No effects! ” Bankrupt. I sa} r ; and 
 Californias and Eldorados will not save 
 us. Crabbe. 
 
 Threave Castle. The ancient seat 
 of the Douglas family, situated 
 on an island of the Dee, in Scot- 
 land, and inaccessible by land 
 except in a very dry season. It 
 is now a ruin. 
 
 Three Ages. A noted picture by 
 Titian (1477-157G). “ A youth 
 
 and a maiden — she playing the 
 lute — sit in the foreground; chil- 
 dren, undisturbed by a cupid, 
 sleep in the middle distance; 
 and, further from the eye, an old 
 man contemplates two skulls on 
 the ground.” In the Bridgewater 
 Gallery. 
 
 4®=* “ One of the most beautiful 
 idyllic groups of modern creation.” 
 
 Kuglcr, Handbook of Painting* 
 
THE 
 
 521 
 
 TIG 
 
 Three Brothers of Antwerp. The 
 
 name given to three celebrated 
 rubies. They are alluded to in 
 Sir Walter Scott’s “ Anne of 
 Geierstein.” 
 
 Three Cranes in the Vintry. A 
 famous old tavern in London. It 
 figures in Scott’s novel of “ Ken- 
 ilworth,” and was one of the tav- 
 erns of Ben Jonson’s time. 
 
 There hetli been great sale and utterance 
 of Wine, 
 
 Besides Bcere, and Ale, and Ipocras fine, 
 In every country, region, and nation, 
 
 But chiefly in Billingsgate, at the Saluta- 
 tion ; 
 
 And the Bor’s Head . . Three Cranes in 
 the Vintry. 
 
 Newesfrom Bartholomew Fayre. 
 
 Three Fates. A remarkable pic- 
 ture usually ascribed to Michael 
 Angelo, but the correctness of 
 this ascription is doubted. In 
 the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. 
 
 “ In the Pitti Palace, a picture 
 of the Three Fates is ascribed to Mi- 
 chael Angelo. It was executed, how- 
 ever, by Rosso Fiorentino.” Kugler. 
 
 jgGgT' “ Michael Angelo’s Fates are 
 three very grim and pitiless old women, 
 who respectively spin, hold, and cut 
 the thread of human destiny, all in a 
 mood of sombre gloom, but with no 
 more sympathy than if they had noth- 
 ing to do with us. I remember seeing 
 an etching of this when I was a child, 
 and being struck even then with the 
 terrible, stern, passionless severity, 
 neither loving nor hating us, that char- 
 acterizes these ugly old women. . . . 
 They are a great work, containing and 
 representing the very idea that makes 
 a belief in fate such a cold torture to 
 the human soul.” Hawthorne. 
 
 Three Graces. A mythological 
 picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), and one of his earlier com- 
 positions. It is in the Dudley 
 Gallery, London. 
 
 Three Graces. A group in one 
 of the frescos in the Farnesina, 
 Pome, executed wholly or in part 
 by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). 
 
 Three Graces. A well-known pic- 
 ture by Giacomo Palma, called 
 II Vecchio (14802-1548?). This pic- 
 ture is said to represent the paint- 
 er’s daughters. It is in the Gal- 
 lery at Dresden, Germany. 
 
 Three Kings of Cologne, Shrine 
 
 of. See Shrine. 
 
 Three Marys. A well-known pic- 
 ture by Annibale Caracci (1560- 
 1009), “ of singular grandeur and 
 pathos.” It is now at Castle 
 Howard, England. 
 
 Three Moors. See Drei Mohren. 
 
 Three Sisters. Romantic islets at 
 Niagara Falls, from which is ob- 
 tained the best view of the rapids 
 at their widest and most disturbed 
 part. “The Three Sisters are 
 mere fragments of wilderness, 
 clumps of vine-tangled woods, 
 planted upon masses of rock; but 
 they are parts of the fascination 
 of Niagara which no one resists.” 
 
 Three Trees. A celebrated pic- 
 ture by Paul Rembrandt van Ryn 
 (1006-1669). It is known through 
 reproductions. 
 
 And ye Three Trees cf Rembrandt, black 
 in shadow against the blaze of sunlight; 
 and thou Rosy Cottager of Sir Joshua,— 
 thy roses hinted by the peppery burin of 
 Bartolozzi; ye, too, of lower grades in na- 
 ture, yet not unlovely nor unrenowned, 
 YoungBull of Paulus Rotter, and Sleeping 
 Cat of Cornelius Visscher : welcome once 
 more to my eyes ! Holmes. 
 
 Thule. See Ultima Thule. 
 
 Thunder, Castle. See Castle 
 Thunder. 
 
 Thunderbolt. A beautiful pleas- 
 ure-ground on the Warsaw River, 
 near Savannah, Ga. 
 
 Thuron. A picturesque ivy-clad 
 ruined castle on the Moselle, in 
 Rhenish Prussia. The fortress 
 was built in 1209. * 
 
 Ticonderoga, Fort. See Fort Ti- 
 
 CONDEROGA. 
 
 Tiffagnes. A ruined castle in 
 France, between Nantes and Poi- 
 tiers. It is said to have been one 
 of the haunts of the famous 
 Gilles de Retz, the “ Blue Beard 
 of the Loire.” 
 
 Tigellum Sororis. [The Sister’s 
 Beam .] A name given to a struc- 
 ture, in the form of a yoke, in an- 
 cient Rome, erected to commem- 
 orate the legend of the last of the 
 Horatii, who, being senteffced to 
 death for the murder of his sister, 
 
TIH 
 
 522 
 
 TOD 
 
 had his punishment commuted, 
 at the intercession of his father, 
 to passing under a yoke. It is 
 said that this structure was still 
 standing in Rome as late as the 
 fifth century of our era. 
 
 Tih, Tomb of. See Tomb of Tih. 
 
 Tinker, The. A well-known pic- 
 ture by Franz van Mieris (1635- 
 1681), the Dutch genre- painter, 
 and considered one of his mas- 
 terpieces. It is in the Gallery of 
 Dresden, Saxony. 
 
 Tintagel. A famous ruined castle, 
 near the town of Camelford in 
 England, reputed to have been 
 the" birthplace of King Arthur, 
 and the residence of Queen 
 Isolde. [Also written Tintadcjel.] 
 Four of the train combined to rear 
 The terrors of Tintadgel's spear. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Tintern Abbey. 1. A famous and 
 picturesque ruin, four miles from 
 Chepstow, England. The monas- 
 tery was founded in 1131. The 
 existing remains are the property 
 of the "Duke of Beaufort. They 
 are associated with one of Words- 
 worth’s most admired poems. 
 
 The men who called their passion piety, 
 And wrecked this noble argo>y of faith, — 
 They little thought how beauteous could 
 be death, 
 
 How fair the face of time’s aye-deepening 
 sea ! Lord Houghton. 
 
 2. A ruined abbey in Wexford 
 county, Ireland. 
 
 Tiryns, Ruins of. Tiryns, one of 
 the oldest cities of Greece, was' 
 situated a short distance south- 
 east of Argos, and 12 stadia from 
 Nauphlia. According to the fa- 
 ble, Tiryns was built for Prcetus 
 by the Cyclopes, about 1379 B.C. 
 The walls are well preserved. 
 
 Titania, The. An English iron 
 yacht belonging to Mr. R. Ste- 
 phenson, which was beaten in the 
 ocean race of Aug. 28, 1851, by 
 the United States yacht the 
 America , 
 
 Titian. A ^portrait of himself by 
 the painter. In the collection of 
 autograph portraits in the Uffizi, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Titian and his Mistress. A pic- 
 ture, bearing this name, by Titian ! 
 
 (1477 - 1576), representing ** a 
 beautiful woman, with a male 
 figure holding a mirror behind 
 her.” This picture, of which 
 there are many repetitions, is in 
 the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Titian’s Beauty. See Bella di 
 Tiziano. 
 
 Titian’s Daughter. See Daugh- 
 ter of Titian. 
 
 Titian’s House. At Tai Cadore, 
 Italy. 
 
 Titian’s Slave. See Schiava di 
 Tiziano. 
 
 Titian’s Schoolmaster. A picture 
 called by this title, but misnamed, 
 in the Duke of Sutherland’s gal- 
 lery, in Stafford House, England. 
 It was painted by Giovanni Bat- 
 tista Moroni (1510-1578). 
 
 Titus, Arch of. See Arch of Ti- 
 tus. 
 
 Titus, Baths of. See Baths of 
 Titus. 
 
 Tivoli Gardens. 1. A beautiful 
 place of public resort in the city 
 of Mexico, situated on San Cosme 
 Avenue. The trees and foun- 
 tains and singing birds and trop- 
 ical luxuriance of these gardens 
 make them a spot of rare attrac- 
 tiveness. 
 
 2. A place of amusement in 
 Paris. 
 
 On my return home, I found all Paris 
 in motion in the upper part of the city, 
 chiefly with a fete at the Gardens of Ti- 
 voli. George Ticknor. 
 
 Tobit. 1. A picture by Rembrandt 
 van Ryn (1606-1669), the Dutch 
 painter, representing the family 
 of Tobit adoring the departing 
 angel. It bears date 1637, and is 
 now in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 2. A picture by Gerard Dow 
 (1613-1674?), the Dutch r/enre-paint- 
 er, representing the blind Tobit 
 going to meet his son. In War- 
 dour Castle, England. 
 
 Todtenleuchter. [Lantern of the 
 Dead.] An ancient and curious 
 monumental structure near Vi- 
 enna, Austria. It is 30 feet in 
 height, and the date inscribed 
 I upon it is 1381. “ There is a 
 
TOI 
 
 523 
 
 TOM 
 
 small door at a height of about 
 five feet from the ground, and 
 near the summit a chamber with 
 six glazed windows in which the 
 light was exhibited.” 
 
 Toilet of Venus. A picture by 
 Francesco Albani (1578-1660), and 
 one of his best works. In the 
 Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Tolbooth. A building which for- 
 merly stood on the Castle Hill in 
 Edinburgh, Scotland, and which 
 served the various purposes of a 
 House of Parliament, a Court of 
 Justice, and a jail for common 
 criminals, and for insolvent debt- 
 ors. After degenerating into a 
 mere prison, it was taken down 
 in 1817. This prison is poetically 
 known as the “Heart of Mid- 
 Lothian.” The word Tolbooth is 
 a general name for a jail. 
 
 46tT“A massive, turreted, five-sto- 
 ried stone structure of various ages. 
 . . . At a later period the structure 
 served for a prison, once under the 
 name of the old Tolbooth, but since, 
 and probably for coming time, distin- 
 guished as the ‘ Heart of Mid-Lothian.’ 
 . . . The entrance door and the huge 
 padlock and key were removed to Ab- 
 botsford, where they now appear 
 among the many curiosities collected 
 by Scott.” J. F. Ilunnewell. 
 
 His [Scott’s] house itself is a kind of 
 collection of fragments of history ; archi- 
 tectural ornaments, — copies from Mel- 
 rose in one part, the old identical gate 
 of the Tolbooth , or rather the stone part of 
 it, through which the Porteous mob 
 forced its way, in another. 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 But whar’s the gude Tolbooth gane now ? 
 Whar’s the auld Claught, wi’ red and 
 blue? Scott . 
 
 The Tolbooth felt, — for marble sometimes 
 can, 
 
 On such occasions, feel as much as man,— 
 The Tolbooth felt defrauded of his charms, 
 If Jeffrey died, except within her arms. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Arthur’s steep summit nodded to its base, 
 The surly Tolbooth scarcely kept her 
 place. Byron. 
 
 Toledo, The. A celebrated street 
 in Naples, Italy, and the chief 
 business avenue of the city, about 
 a mile and a half in length. It 
 was built in 1540 by Don Pedro 
 de Toledo, and separates the an- 
 cient from the modern city. It 
 swarms with people, and has 
 been pronounced the noisiest 
 
 street in Europe. It is now called 
 the Strada di Roma. 
 
 You remember J , and what a dandy 
 
 he was, the faultlessness of his boots and 
 cravats, the brilliancy of his waistcoats 
 and kid-gloves : we have seen his splen- 
 dcr in Regent Street, in the Tuileries, or 
 on the Toledo. Thackeray. 
 
 Tom, Great. See Great Tom. 
 Tomb of Aaron. See Aaron’s 
 Tomb. 
 
 Tomb of Abelard and Eloise. 
 This tomb is in Pere-la-Cliaise, 
 the celebrated cemetery in Paris. 
 Abelard died in 1142, and Heloise 
 in 1163. 
 
 Come to yon stately dome. 
 
 With arch and turret, every shapely stone 
 Breathing the legends of the Paraclete, 
 Where slumber Abelard and Heloise, 
 ’Neath such a world of wreaths, that 
 scarce ye see 
 
 Their marble forms recumbent, side by 
 side. Mrs. L. H. Sigourney. 
 
 Fair saint of passion, placidly reclining, 
 Thy glowing breast contained in marble 
 death, 
 
 While Love’s soft planet on thy brow is 
 shining, 
 
 A sister heart to thine would lend its 
 breath. 
 
 *Tis with a thrill of joy I s p e beside thee 
 The form that might not pass the con- 
 vent grate, 
 
 And gather that the happiness denied thee 
 On earth makes blessed thine immortal 
 state. Julia Ward Howe. 
 
 An avenue of tombs ! I stand before 
 The tomb of Abelard and Eloise. 
 
 A long, a dark bent line of cypress-trees 
 Leads past and on to other shrines; but 
 o’er 
 
 This tomb the boughs hang darkest and 
 most dense. 
 
 Like leaning mourners clad in black. 
 
 Joaquin Miller. 
 
 Tomb of Alexander. See Alex- 
 ander’s Tomb. 
 
 Tomb of Atreus. A subterranean 
 dome, constructed under the 
 slope of the hill at Mykense, 
 Greece. Here was stored the 
 wealth of the early kings, cars 
 and armor, with treasuresof deco- 
 ration in embroidery, purple, and 
 gold. 
 
 Tomb of Cecilia Metella. A cir- 
 cular tower, 70 feet in diameter, 
 resting upon a quadrangular base, 
 situated upon the Appian Way, 
 two or three miles from Rome. 
 It was built to the memory of 
 Cecilia Metella, the daughter of 
 Quintus Metellus (called Creti- 
 
TOM 
 
 524 
 
 TOM 
 
 cus) and wife of Crassus, and is 
 one of the best-preserved of the 
 ancient monuments near Rome. 
 
 “ This tomb of a woman has be- 
 come the dungeon keep of a castle, and 
 all the care that Cecilia Metella’s hus- 
 band could bestow to secure endless 
 peace for her beloved relics, only suf- 
 ficed to make that handful of precious 
 * ashes the nucleus of battles, long ages 
 after her death.” Hawthorne. 
 
 There is a stern round tower of other days, 
 Firm as a fortress, with its fence of stone, 
 S i eli as an army's baffled strength delays, 
 Standing with half its battlements alone, 
 And with two thousand \ ears of ivy grown, 
 T lie gariand of eternity, where wave 
 The green leaves over all by time o’er- 
 tlirown; — 
 
 What was this tower of strength ? With- 
 in its cave 
 
 What treasure lay so locked? so hid? — 
 A woman’s grave. Byron. 
 
 Tomb of Dante. See Dante’s 
 Tomb. 
 
 Tomb of Eameses III. See Harp- 
 ers’ Tomb. 
 
 Tomb of St. Sebald. See St. Se- 
 bald’s Tomb. 
 
 Tomb of Sethi I. See Belzoni’s 
 Tomb. 
 
 Tomb of the Volumnii. A noted 
 ancient sepulchre, containing cin- 
 erary urns, in the immediate 
 neighborhood of Perugia, Italy. 
 
 Tomb of Theodoric. See Theo- 
 doric’s Tomb. 
 
 Tomb of Tih. An interesting and 
 (so far as it remains) excellently 
 preserved specimen of an Old 
 Empire tomb in Egypt. The 
 sculptures and representations 
 on the walls are in wonderfully 
 good condition, having kept their 
 delicacy of outline and their 
 color. They are considered in 
 some respects superior to those 
 at Beni Hassan. 
 
 Tomb of Virgil. See Virgil’s 
 Tomb. 
 
 Tomb of Washington. See Wash- 
 ington’s Tomb. 
 
 Tombs, The. A massive stone 
 building of Egyptian architecture 
 in New York, serving as a city 
 prison. 
 
 Tombs of Beni Hassan. See Beni 
 Hassan. 
 
 Tombs of the J udges. A group of 
 sepulchral monuments near Jeru- 
 salem. 
 
 “ These are ornamented by a 
 tympanum of a Greek or Roman tem- 
 ple tilled with scroll-work of a rich but 
 debased pattern.” Fergusson. 
 
 Tombs of the Kings. A group oi 
 sepulchral monuments near Jeru- 
 salem. 
 
 4®" “ They still retain traces of the 
 original design, sufficient to fix their 
 date within or subsequently to the 
 Herodian period, without much possi- 
 bility of doubt.” Fergusson. 
 
 Tombs of the Prophets. The 
 name given to a series of tombs 
 excavated in the side of Olivet 
 near Jerusalem. The origin and 
 history of these caves are involved 
 in obscurity. They probably de- 
 rive their name from the “ tombs 
 of the prophets ” alluded to by 
 Christ in Matt, xxiii. 29. 
 
 Tombs of the Scaligers. A group 
 of admired sepulchral monuments 
 in Verona, Italy, erected to the 
 memory of the Scaligeri, the fam- 
 ily who ruled over the city in the 
 thirteenth and fourteenth centu- 
 ries. 
 
 “The tombs of the Scaligers 
 stand in the centre of the town, with a 
 highly ornamental railing about them, 
 and are a perfect mockery of death 
 with their splendor. If the poets and 
 scholars whom these petty princes 
 drew to their court had been buried in 
 these airy tombs beside them, one 
 would look at them with some interest. 
 Now one asks, ‘ Who were the Scaligers, 
 that their bodies should be lifted high 
 in air in the midst of a city, and kept 
 for ages, in marble and precious 
 stones?’” N. P. Willis. 
 
 Tombs of the Stuarts. In St. 
 Peter’s Church, Rome, with a 
 monument by Can ova (1757-1822) 
 to the memory of James the Third, 
 Charles the Third, and Henry the 
 Ninth, Kings of England. 
 
 4^ “ To those who speak the Eng- 
 lish tongue, the most interesting of the 
 monuments in St. Peter’s is that erected 
 by Can ova to the last three of the Stu- 
 art family. ... It is a marble struc- 
 ture, in form resembling a truncated 
 obelisk. . . . Its interest is independent 
 of its merit as a work of art.” Ilillard. 
 
 Tombs of the Scipios. [Ital. Se - 
 
 polcri degli Scipioni.] These an- 
 
TOM 
 
 525 
 
 TOE 
 
 cient tombs which are situated on 
 the Appian Way, not far from the 
 Porta S. Sebastiano, Rome, were 
 discovered towards the close of 
 the last century, and are among 
 the most interesting historical 
 monuments that have been 
 brought to light. The inscrip- 
 tions which were found in them 
 have been removed to the Vati- 
 can. 
 
 The Scipios’ tombs contain no ashes now: 
 The very sepulchres lie tenantless 
 Of their heroic dwellers. Byron. 
 
 Tompkins Square. A public park 
 in New York, noted as a place of 
 parade for the soldiery, and of 
 gatherings of workingmen. 
 
 Tom’s. A noted coffee-house in 
 London, so called after the origi- 
 nal proprietor, one Thomas West. 
 It was situated in Russell Street, 
 Covent Garden, and was taken 
 down in 1865. In the same street 
 were the two other celebrated cof- 
 fee-houses, Will’s, and Button’s. 
 In the reign of Queen Anne, 
 Tom’s was frequented by many 
 persons of rank; and the balcony 
 is said to have been seen “ crowd- 
 ed with noblemen in their stars 
 and garters, drinking their tea 
 and coffee exposed to the people.” 
 It is described as being at that 
 time a favorite resort for the best 
 company, after the play, where 
 they could enjoy “ playing at pi- 
 quet and the best conversation 
 till midnight. Here you will see 
 blue and green ribbons, with 
 stars, sitting familiarly and talk- 
 ing with the same freedom as if 
 they had left their quality and 
 degrees of distance at home.” A 
 club, comprising nearly 700 per- 
 sons, seems to have been estab- 
 lished here in 1764, and was pat- 
 ronized by the nobility, gentry, 
 and men of genius of the period. 
 The list of members includes 
 many noted names. Johnson and 
 his biographer Boswell first met 
 here. There was another Tom’s in 
 Cornhill, resorted to by Garrick. 
 
 Tonquedec. A large and well-pre- 
 served feudal castle in Brittany, 
 France, near Lannion. It was 
 built in the thirteenth century, 
 and was used as a royal fortress. 
 
 “ To the antiquary, precious as 
 a specimen of the military architec- 
 ture of the thirteenth century. For the 
 sketcher they combine the requisites to 
 form a lovely landscape.” Trollope . 
 
 Tooley Street. A street in South- 
 wark, London. The “ Three 
 Tailors of Tooley Street” are 
 characters said by Canning to 
 have addressed a petition about 
 popular grievances to the House 
 of Commons, and to have headed 
 the petition, “We, the people of 
 England.” 
 
 The honorable gentleman whom you 
 interrupt here, he, in his official capacitv, 
 is not an individual now, but the embodi- 
 ment of a Nation; he is the “People of 
 England ” engaged in the work ef secre- 
 taryship, this one; and cannot forever 
 afford to let the three Tailors of Tooley 
 Street break in upon him at all hours ! 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Tooloon. See Mosque of Ahmed 
 ebn Tooeoon. 
 
 Tor de’ Specchi. An aristocratic 
 conventual establishment at 
 Rome, Italy. 
 
 The young Countess Bolognetti, one of 
 the famous Cenci family, took the veil at 
 the Tor de’ Specchi, the fashionable rich 
 convent of the nobility here. Ticknor. 
 
 Tor di Babele. A well-known 
 mediaeval tower of the Colonna 
 family in Rome. 
 
 Torlonia Palace. [Ital. Palazzo 
 Torlonia.] A palace in Rome, 
 built about 1650 by Fontana for 
 the Bolognetti family, and bought 
 early in this century by the Ro- 
 man banker Torlonia, from whom 
 it takes its present name. 
 
 ToroFarnese. See Farnese Bull. 
 
 Torre degli Asinelli. A well- 
 known leaning tower in Bologna, 
 Italy, erected in the twelfth cen- 
 tury, and so called from its build- 
 er, Gherardo degli Asinelli. See 
 Garisenda. 
 
 Jf&tP* “The leaning towers of brick, 
 one of which furnished to Dante a 
 most characteristic and picturesque il- 
 lustration, impressed me. We read so 
 much of the leaning tower of Pisa, 
 that we feel something like a sense of 
 injury at finding it does not incline 
 more. These toners in Bologna are 
 very ugly ; and one half suspects them 
 to have bent over on purpose to attract 
 that attention which in their normal 
 state they could not secure.” Hillard . 
 
TOR 
 
 526 
 
 TOR 
 
 In the devotional pictures he [St. Petro- 
 nius] holds in his hand the city of Bo- 
 logna, distinguished by the tall central 
 tower, the Torre Asinelh , and the leaning 
 tower near it. Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Torre dei Conti. An immense 
 brick tower in Rome, erected by 
 Innocent III. (1198-1216), one of 
 the Conti family, from whom it 
 gets its name. It was resorted 
 to as a place of safety in the 
 Middle Ages. 
 
 Torre del Gallo. See Galileo’s 
 Tower. 
 
 Torre del Grillo. A well-known 
 mediaeval tower in Rome. 
 
 Torre del Orologio. See Horo- 
 loge of Petrus Lombardus. 
 
 Torre della Fame. [The Tower 
 of Famine.] A famous tower 
 which once stood in Pisa, Italy, 
 but of which now no vestiges re- 
 main. It was the scene of the 
 sufferings of Count Ugolino della 
 Gherardescha, immortalized by 
 Dante. Ugolino, as head of the 
 Guelplis, had doubtless sought to 
 enslave his country, and had com- 
 mitted various tyrannical acts. 
 He was overcome in 1288 by the 
 Archbishop Ruggiero Rubaldino, 
 chief of the Ghibellines, and was 
 afterwards imprisoned, with his 
 two sons and two grandsons in 
 this tower, where they starved to 
 death. 
 
 “ The Pisans, who had impris- 
 oned Count Ugolino and his two sons 
 and two grandsons, children of Count 
 Guelfo, as we have before mentioned, 
 in a tower on the Piazza degli Anziani, 
 ordered the door of the tower to be 
 locked, and the keys to be thrown into 
 the Arno, and forbade any food should 
 be given to the prisoners, who in a few 
 days died of hunger. And the five 
 dead bodies, being taken together out 
 of the tower, were ignominiously bur- 
 ied; and from that day forth the tower 
 was called the Tower of Famine, and 
 shall be forevermore.” Villani. 
 
 Of tbe erl Hugilin of Pise the langour 
 Ther may no tonge telle for pite. 
 
 But litel out of rise stant a tour, 
 
 In "hirhe tour in prisoun put, was he; 
 And with him been his litel children thre, 
 Tlieldest skarsly fyf 3 7 er Avas of age; 
 
 Allas! fortune! it Avas gret cruelte 
 Suclie briddes to put in such a cage. 
 
 Dampnyd he was to deye in that 
 prisoun, 
 
 For Roger, which that bisschop was of 
 Pise, 
 
 Had on him maad a fals suggestioun; 
 Thurgh which the peple gan on him 
 arise, 
 
 And putte him in prisoun in such wise 
 As ye have herd. 
 
 Who so wil it hiere in lenger wise, 
 
 Rede the gret poet of ltaile 
 That highte Daunt, for he can it devise, 
 Fro poynt to poynt nought oon word wil 
 he fayle. 
 
 Chaucer , The Monkes Tale. 
 
 Thou hast to knoAv I AA r as Count Ugolino, 
 And this one Avas Ruggieri the Arch- 
 bishop ; 
 
 Now I will tell thee why I am such a 
 neighbor. 
 
 That, by effect of his malicious thoughts, 
 Trusting in him I Avas made prisoner. 
 And after put to death, I need not say; 
 But ne’ertheless what thou canst hot 
 haA r e heard. 
 
 That is to say, how cruel Avas mv death, 
 Hear shalt thou, and shalt knoAv if he 
 has Avronged me. 
 
 A narroAv perforation in the mew. 
 
 Which bears because of me the title of 
 Famine, 
 
 And in which others still must be locked 
 
 up, > 
 
 Had shown me through its opening many 
 moons 
 
 Already, when I dreamed the evil 
 dream 
 
 Which of the future rent for me the veil. 
 Dante , Inferno , Longfellow' s Trans. 
 
 A human Mother and Father had said 
 totliemsclA’es, Whatslmll avc do to escape 
 starA r ation ? We are deep sunk here, in 
 our dark c ellar; and help is far. Yes, in 
 the Ugolino Hunger-tower stern things 
 happen ; best-lcwcd little Gaddo fallen 
 dead on his Father’s knees ! Carlyle. 
 
 There stands the Tower of Famine. It is 
 built 
 
 Upi>n some prison-homes, wTiose dwellers 
 rave 
 
 For bread, and gold, and blood. Shelley. 
 But those, the human savages, explore 
 All paths of t rture, and insatiate yet, 
 With Ugolino hunger prowl for more. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Torre della Seimia. [Tower of 
 the Ape.] A mediaeval tower in 
 Rome, the subject of a curious 
 legend. It relates how a baby, 
 snatched by an ape and borne to 
 the top of the battlements, was re- 
 stored in safety to its parents in 
 answer to a vow which they made 
 that they would cause a lamp to 
 burn nightly forever before an 
 image of the Virgin upon the 
 summit. The building is also 
 known as Hilda’s Tower from 
 the part which it plays in Haw- 
 thorne’s romance of the “ Marble 
 Faun.” 
 
TOR 
 
 527 
 
 TOT 
 
 4®" “ Connected with this old tower 
 and its lofty shrine, there is a legend; 
 a»d for centuries a lamp has been 
 burning before the Virgin’s image, at 
 noon, at midnight, at all hours of the 
 twenty-four, and must be kept burning 
 forever, as long as the tower shall stand, 
 or else the tower itself, the palace, and 
 whatever estate belongs to it, shall j)ass 
 from its hereditary possessor, in ac- 
 cordance with an ancient vow, and be- 
 come the property of the church.” 
 
 Hawthorne , The Marble Faun. 
 
 They brought at once to mind the 
 flocks that Hilda watches from her tower 
 window, in Hawthorne’s Roman romance. 
 
 Richard Grant White. 
 
 Torre delle Milizie. A well-known 
 tower in the city of Rome, Italy. 
 
 4®^ “On the slope of the Quirinal 
 Hill . . . stands a square brick tower, 
 seven stories high. It is a conspicuous 
 object in any general view of Rome; 
 for there are few others so tall, and 
 there is not a single spire or steeple in 
 the city. It is the Torre delle Milizie. 
 It was begun by Pope Gregory the 
 Ninth, and finished near the end of the 
 thirteenth century by his vigorous and 
 warlike successor, Boniface the Eighth. 
 Many such towers were built for the 
 purposes of private warfare, in those 
 times when the streets of Rome were 
 the fighting-places of its noble fami- 
 lies; but this is perhaps the only one 
 that now remans undiminished in 
 height and unaltered in appearance. 
 It was a new building when Dante 
 visited Rome ; and it is one of the very 
 few edifices that still preserve the as- 
 pect they then presented.” 
 
 C. E. Norton. 
 
 Torre di Schiavi. An elevation 
 about three miles from the Porta 
 Maggiore, Rome, upon which are 
 some ruins of a villa of the Em- 
 peror Gordian. 
 
 Torre Guelfa. A noted tower in 
 Pisa, Italy, at the extremity of 
 the Lung’ Arno. 
 
 Torre, Palazzo delle. An ancient 
 Roman building in Turin, Italy. 
 
 4®=* “ In this building, to which no 
 more precise date can be assigned than 
 that of the age between Justinian and 
 Charlemagne, is probably seen the last 
 expiring effort of Romanesque archi- 
 tecture in a Gothic country, though 
 the paucity of contemporary examples 
 renders it extremely difficult to trace 
 the exact history of the style at this 
 age.” Fergusson. 
 
 Torrigiani Palace. [. Palazzo Tor- 
 
 rigiani.] A well-known palace 
 in Florence, Italy, containing 
 some art treasures. 
 
 Torso Belvidere. A celebrated 
 fragment of Greek sculpture 
 found in the Baths of Caracalla, 
 Rome, and now in the Masco Pio- 
 Clementino of the Vatican. It is 
 generally supposed to be a figure 
 of Hercules, wrought, according 
 to the inscription on its base, by 
 Apollonius, son of Nestor of Ath- 
 ens. Michael Angelo declared 
 he owed his power of represent- 
 ing the human form to this statue ; 
 and when old and blind, he was 
 sometimes led up to it that he 
 might place his hands upon it. 
 
 4®= “ Here are the masterpieces; 
 and first the Torso, so lauded by Mi- 
 chael Angelo : indeed, in its life, in its 
 grandeur of style, in the vigorous set- 
 ting of the thighs, in its spirited action, 
 and in the mingling of human passion 
 with ideal nobleness, it is in conform- 
 ity with his manner.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 And dost thou still, thou mass of breath- 
 ing stone 
 
 (Thy giant limbs to night and chaos 
 hurled), 
 
 Still sit as on the fragment of a world, 
 Surviving all, majestic and alone? 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 Tt is like the new virtue shown in some 
 unprized old property, as when a boy 
 finds that his pocket-knife will attract 
 steel filings and take up a needle ; or 
 when the old horse-block in the yard is 
 found to be a Torso Hercules of the Thid- 
 ian age. Emerson. 
 
 Torso Farnese. See Bacchus. 
 
 Torso of Hercules. See Torso 
 Belvidere. 
 
 Torto, Muro. See Muro Torto. 
 
 Tothill Fields. A region in Lon- 
 don between Pimlico and the 
 Thames, formerly a place of rec- 
 reation. The name is thought 
 to be derived from the French 
 tout le champ. 
 
 Tottenham Court Bead. An im- 
 portant avenue in Loudon. It 
 was the old road from St. Giles’s 
 to the Manor of Totham or Tot- 
 ten Hall. 
 
 And Hogsdone, Islington, and Toihnam 
 Court, 
 
 For cakes and creame, had then no small 
 resort. Wither. 
 
TOU 
 
 528 
 
 TOW 
 
 As for the smaller fry, who swarm in 
 shoals 
 
 From silly Hafiz up to simple Bowles, 
 Why should we call them irom their dark 
 abode, 
 
 In broad St. Giles’s or in Tottenham-road '? 
 
 Byron . 
 
 At seven we started for New York on 
 board a great North-River steamboat, 
 which was so crowded with passengers 
 that the upper deck was like the box- 
 lobby of a theatre between the pieces, 
 and the lower one like Tottenham Court 
 Road on a Saturday night. Dickens. 
 
 Tour de Cordouan. A celebrated 
 and important liglit-house begun 
 at the mouth of the Garonne in 
 1584, but not completed for a num- 
 ber of years afterwards. But 
 little is known of the two or 
 more predecessors of the present 
 structure. The first light-house 
 is traditionally said to have been 
 built by Louis the Debonnair, 
 but some think that it was 
 erected here not till the thir- 
 teenth century at the request of 
 the merchants of Cordova, and 
 the foreign traders with whom 
 they dealt. The second tower 
 was built here by order of the 
 Black Prince in the fourteenth 
 century. 
 
 The cock upon the village church 
 Looks northward from his airy perch, 
 
 As if beyond the ken of man 
 To see the ships come sailing on, 
 
 And pass the Isle of Oldron; 
 
 And pass the Tower of Cordouan . 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Tour de Montgomery. A circular 
 tower of the Palais de Justice, 
 Paris. 
 
 Tour de Nesle. The site of this 
 former tower, or castle, in Paris is 
 now occupied by the Palais de 
 Tlnstitut. It formed the end of 
 the city wall on the south side of 
 the river. It was often inhabited 
 by royal personages, and a num- 
 ber of crimes are said to have 
 been committed here. 
 
 Tour de Solferino. A modern 
 tower, on the hill of Montmartre, 
 Paris, which commands a view 
 over the city. 
 
 Tour d ? Ordre. A celebrated light- 
 house, or pharos, at Boulogne, of 
 which little or nothing now re- 
 mains. Suetonius tells us that 
 it was originally erected as a 
 
 triumphal tower, or monument 
 of his achievements, by the Em- 
 peror Caligula. It is thought to 
 have been used as a light-house 
 as early as 191 A.D., and served 
 for that purpose as late as the 
 seventeenth century, when it 
 finally fell, together with part of 
 the cliff on which it was built. 
 It is said to have been octagonal 
 in shape, and 192 feet in circum- 
 ference, growing smaller and 
 smaller towards the top. The 
 height is variously given from 
 124 feet to 200 feet. It was built 
 of stone and brick. Tour d' Ordre 
 has been popularly, but doubtless 
 wrongly, regarded as a corrup- 
 tion of Turns ardens. 
 
 Tour de Peyberland. A fine me- 
 diaeval belfry tower in Bordeaux, 
 France, 300 feet in height, in- 
 cluding the spire. It was built 
 in 1430. 
 
 Tour Magne. [Great Tower.] A 
 celebrated monument, and relic 
 of Roman times, atNimes, France. 
 
 4®= 4 ‘It consists of an octagonal 
 tower 50 feet in diameter, and now 
 about 120 feet high. . . . Within the 
 basement is a great chamber, covered 
 by a dome of rubble masonry, to 
 which no access could have been ob- 
 tained from without, but the interior 
 may have been reached through the 
 eye of the dome. From the terrace an 
 important flight of steps led upward 
 to — what? It is almost impossible to 
 refrain from answering, to a cella, like 
 those which crowned the tomb-temples 
 of Assyria. That the main object of 
 the building was sepulchral seems 
 hardly doubtful, but we have no other 
 instance in Europe of a tomb with 
 such a staircase leading to a chamber 
 above it.” Fergusson. 
 
 Tournament, A. A picture by 
 Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1(340). 
 In the Louvre Gallery in Paris. 
 
 Tournelles, Palais des. See Pa- 
 lais des Tournelles. 
 
 Touro Park. A park in Newport, 
 R.I., given by Judah Touro, a 
 Jew, and containing within its 
 enclosure the celebrated Old 
 Stone Mill, or Round Tower. See 
 Old Stone Mill. 
 
 Tower. For names beginning with 
 
TOW 
 
 529 
 
 TOW 
 
 Tower, see the next prominent 
 word. See also infra. 
 
 Tower, The. The ancient and fa- 
 mous citadel of London. It stands 
 on the north bank of the Thames, 
 about a mile below London 
 Bridge, and in the oldest part of 
 the metropolis. Its foundation 
 has been ascribed to Julius Cae- 
 sar; but the tradition is unsup- 
 ported by evidence, though it is 
 probable that the Romans had a 
 fortification here. The oldest 
 portion of the present fortress is 
 the kee^p, or White Tower, so 
 named from its having been 
 originally whitewashed. It was 
 built about 1078 for William the 
 Conqueror. The Tower is mem- 
 orable for the distinguished per- 
 sons who have been confined 
 within its walls as prisoners of 
 state. It lias been from early 
 times the depository of the na- 
 tional arms; and since the restor- 
 ation of Charles II. the regalia, 
 or crown jewels, have been kept 
 here on exhibition. 
 
 4£ir “ This Tower is a citadel to 
 defend or command the City; a royal 
 palace ; a prison of state for the most 
 dangerous offenders ; the armory for 
 warlike* provisions ; the treasury of the 
 ornaments and jewels of the Crown ; 
 and general conserver of most of the 
 records of the King’s courts of justice 
 at Westminster.” Stow. 
 
 4®=* “Here [in the White Tower] 
 we were shown the Council Chamber 
 of the ancient kings of England, hardly 
 altered at all ; the very room in which 
 Richard III. bared his arm, and accused 
 Hastings of witchcraft in shrivelling it. 
 We went to the very window where he 
 stood, when he witnessed the instant 
 execution of his victim, and saw the 
 very spot, at the corner of the old 
 chapel, where the block was laid for it.” 
 Ticknor. 
 
 Prince. Where shall we sojourn till 
 our coronation ? 
 
 Gloster. Where it seems best unto your 
 royal self. 
 
 If I may counsel you, some day or two 
 Your highness will repose you at the 
 Tower. 
 
 Prince. I do not like the Tower , of any 
 pi ice. — 
 
 Did Julius Caesar build that place, my 
 lord? 
 
 Buck. lie did, my gracious lord, begin 
 that place, 
 
 Which since succeeding ages have re-edi- 
 fied. 
 
 Prince. Is it upon record, or else re- 
 ported 
 
 Successively from age to age, he built it ? 
 Buck. Upon record, my gracious lord. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Methouglit that I had broken from the 
 Tower , 
 
 And was embarked to cross to Burgundy. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 How pleasing Atterbury’s softer hour, 
 How shone his soul unconquered in the 
 Tower. Pope 
 
 Ye towers of Julius, London’s lasting 
 shame, 
 
 With many a foul and midnight murder 
 fed. ” Gray. 
 
 From all the batteries of the Tower 
 Pealed loud the voice of fear, 
 
 And all the thousand masts of Thames 
 Sent back a louder cheer. Macaulay. 
 
 Merry Margaret, as Midsomer flowre, 
 Gentyll as faucon and hawke of the Towre. 
 
 Skelton. 
 
 Where London’s towres tlieire turrets 
 show 
 
 So stately by the Thames’s side, 
 
 Faire Arabella, childe of woe ! 
 
 For many a day had sat and sighed. 
 
 Old Ballad. 
 
 And have t>ey fixed the where and when ? 
 
 And shall Trelawn} 7 die? 
 
 Here's twenty thousand Cornish men 
 Will know the reason why ! 
 
 Out spake their captain brave and bold, 
 
 A merry wight was he : 
 
 *‘ If London Tower were Michael’s hold, 
 We’ll set Treiawny free ! ’’ 
 
 Robert S. Hawker 
 
 Tower Hill. The high ground ad- 
 joining the Tower of London, on 
 the north-west. Here formerly 
 stood a large scaffold and gallows 
 for the execution of traitors and 
 other criminals. 
 
 12 May, 1641. I beheld on Tower Hill 
 the fatal stroke which severed the wisest 
 head in England from the shoulders of the 
 Eari of Strafford, whose crime coming un- 
 der the cognizance of no human law, a 
 new one was made, not to be a precedent, 
 but his destruction, to such exorbitance 
 were things arrived. John Evelyn , Diary. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Quilp resided on Tower 
 Hill; and in her bower on Tower Hill, 
 Mrs. Quilp was left to pine the absence of 
 her lord. Dickens , Old Curiosity Shop. 
 
 It would be a noble feat to bring their 
 necks to the block. Above all, it would 
 be delightful to see Nottingham’s 1 mg sol- 
 emn face on Tower Hill. Macaulay. 
 
 Tower of Babel. A structure be- 
 lieved to have been built in the 
 most primitive times in the plain 
 of Shinar, according to the ac- 
 count given in Gen. xi. 1-10, and 
 
TOW 
 
 530 
 
 TRA 
 
 to have been abandoned through 
 the confusion of tongues then oc- 
 casioned by the Divine displeas- 
 ure. This tower has been thought 
 to be identified with the min 
 known as Birs Nimrood. See 
 Biks Nimrood. 
 
 His Sicilian-Italian, and Laquais-de- 
 Place French, garnished with shreds from 
 all European dialects, was wholly intelli- 
 gible to no mortal; a Tower-of -Babel 
 gon, which made many think him [Count 
 CagliostroJ a kind of Jew. Carlyle. 
 
 The press, that giant machine, pours 
 forth incessantly new materials for its 
 work — the entire human race is upon the 
 scaffolding, every spirit is mason, every 
 day a new course is raised, . . . there is 
 also a confusion of languages, incessant 
 acting, — a refuge secured to intelligence 
 against a new deluge; it is the second 
 Tower of Babel of the human race. 
 
 Victor Hugo. 
 
 Tower of Babel. A well-known 
 painting by Wilhelm von Kaul- 
 bach (1805-1874). In the Museum 
 at Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Tower of David. This name is 
 generally applied to a massive 
 tower of the citadel of Jerusalem. 
 A “ Castle of David ” is referred 
 to here in the thirteenth century, 
 and the historians of the cru- 
 sades mention a “ Tower of Da- 
 vid ” built of immense hewn 
 stones. The structure now 
 known as the Tower of David is 
 thought to be identical with the 
 ancient “Tower of Hippicus,” 
 frequently referred to by Jose- 
 phus. 
 
 “ The so-called Tower of David 
 appears to be the oldest portion of the 
 citadel : it has a sloping escarp of ma- 
 sonry. . . . Above which the tower 
 rises in a solid mass to the height of 29 
 feet. . . . The whole, when perfect, 
 must have presented a smooth surface 
 difficult to escalade, and, from the solid- 
 ity of the mass, unassailable by the 
 battering-ram.” Capt. Wilson. 
 
 Tower of Drusus. See Drusus, 
 Tower of. 
 
 Tower of Famine. See Torre 
 della Fame. 
 
 Tower of Hollows. A Border 
 tower, 70 feet in height, in Scot- 
 land, near Canobie. 
 
 Tower of the Ape. See Torre 
 DELLA SciMIA. 
 
 Tower of the Conti. See Torre 
 dei Conti. 
 
 Tower of the Winds. An octag- 
 onal tower of marble — the Horo- 
 loge of Andronicus Cyrrhestes — 
 built at Athens, Greece, about 
 100 years before our era. Its 
 sides face the eight principal 
 points of the compass, and are 
 marked by figures of the winds 
 from each of those points. It 
 was surmounted by a Triton for 
 a weathercock, and contained a 
 clepsydra in the interior. It 
 served as a town-clock, and was 
 a double measure of time with 
 its sun-dials on the outside, and 
 its clepsydra within. The Horo- 
 logium is called by Delambre 
 “ the most curious existing monu- 
 ment of the practical gnomonics 
 of antiquity.” 
 
 4Ggp “ At the end of the broad street, 
 there is an extensive place, uneven 
 from its torn-down clay huts and ruined 
 walls. The Tower of the Winds rises, 
 half dug out of the earth and grass, 
 where the dervishes lived in the time 
 of the Turks. Two tall cypresses 
 point mournfully towards heaven.” 
 
 II. C. Andersen . 
 
 Townley Collection [or Townley 
 Marbles]. A large collection of 
 remains of Greek and Roman 
 art, gathered by Mr. Charles 
 Townley, at Rome, between 1765 
 and 1772, and afterwards pur- 
 chased by the British Museum, 
 where they are now deposited. 
 
 Townley Venus. A beautiful 
 Greek statue, now in the British 
 Museum. One of the so-called 
 Townley Marbles, q.v. 
 
 Trafalgar Square. A place in 
 London so named from the last 
 victory of Nelson, to whom a 
 column is erected in the square. 
 See Nelson Column. 
 
 “ ‘ The finest site in Europe,’ as 
 Trafalgar Square has been called by 
 some obstinate British optimist, is dis- 
 figured by trophies, fountains, col- 
 umns, and statues, so puerile, disorder- 
 ly, and hideous, that a lover of the arts 
 must hang the head of shame as he 
 passes, to see our dear old queen city 
 arraying herself so absurdly.” 
 
 Thac/ceray. 
 
TRA 
 
 531 
 
 TRA 
 
 Traitors’ Gate. A gate in the 
 Tower of London, through which 
 state prisoners were introduced. 
 
 Old London Bridge was soon passed, 
 and old Billingsgate Market, with its oys- 
 ter-boats and Dutchmen, and the White 
 Tower, and Traitor's Gate, and we were in 
 among the tiers of shipping. Dickens. 
 
 On through that gate through which be- 
 fore 
 
 Went Sidney, Russell, Raleigh, Cranmer, 
 M ore. Rogers. 
 
 Trajan, Arch of. See Arch of 
 Trajan. 
 
 Trajan’s Column. [Ital. La Colon- 
 na Trajana.] An interesting relic 
 of ancient Rome, and the most 
 beautiful historical column in the 
 world. It was dedicated to the 
 Emperor Trajan, as the inscrip- 
 tion says, by the Senate and Ro- 
 man people, A.D. 114. On the 
 summit formerly stood a lofty 
 statue of Trajan holding in his 
 hand a gilded globe. This globe 
 is now in the Museum of the 
 Capitol. Towards the end of the 
 sixteenth century Pope Sixtus V. 
 erected a statue of St. Peter upon 
 the column in place of that of 
 Trajan, which had fallen to the 
 ground. The ashes of the em- 
 peror rest under this column. 
 Whose arch or pillar meets me in the face, 
 Titus, or Trajan's ? No — ’tis that of Time: 
 Triumph, arch, pillar, all he doth disnlace 
 Scoffing; and apostolic statues climb 
 To crush the imperial urn, whose ashes 
 slept sublime, 
 
 Buried in air, the deep blue sky of Rome, 
 And looking to the stars. Byron. 
 
 Historic figures round the shaft embost 
 Ascend, with lineaments in air not lost: 
 Still as he turns, the charmed spectator 
 sees 
 
 Group winding after group, with dream- 
 like ease. 
 
 Memorial pillar ! ’mid the wrecks of time, 
 Preserve thy charge with confidence sub- 
 lime,— 
 
 The exultations, pomps, and cares of 
 Rome, 
 
 Whence half the breathing world received 
 its doom. Wordsworth. 
 
 Trajan’s Forum. See Forum of 
 Trajan. 
 
 Tramontana. [Across the moun- 
 tains.] A name given in Italy to 
 a prevailing north wind, which 
 sweeps over the Alps. 
 
 A chilling tramontana . . . was blow- 
 ing; and the barren, rocky, desolate shore 
 suggested Norway rather than Greece. 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Transfiguration, The. 1. A'painb 
 ing by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), 
 in the gallery of the Vatican in 
 Rome, executed for the cathedral 
 of Narbonne in France. It is 
 considered the first picture in the 
 world. Raphael was engaged in 
 painting this picture when he 
 was seized with his last illness, 
 and after his death it was sus- 
 pended over his body as he lay 
 in state. The lower part, which 
 he left unfinished, was completed 
 by his pupil Giulio Romano. It 
 was carried to Paris in 1797, but 
 afterwards restored to the Vati- 
 can. The picture is divided into 
 two parts; the upper part repre- 
 senting the three disciples lying 
 prostrate upon Mount Tabor, 
 while above them is the figure of 
 Christ in glory with Moses and 
 Elijah on each side. The lower 
 part represents a crowd of people 
 bearing along a boy possessed 
 wutli an evil spirit. The two 
 parts of the picture are united 
 by the uplifted look and appeal- 
 ing gesture of some of the figures 
 in the crowd below, who seem to 
 point for help to the Saviour on 
 the Mount. This picture is well 
 known through the engraving by 
 Raphael Morghen (1758-1833). 
 
 4GgT “ All great actions have been 
 simple, and all great pictures are. The 
 Transfiguration , by Raphael, is an 
 eminent example of this peculiar merit. 
 A calm, benignant beauty shines over 
 all this picture, and goes directly to 
 the heart. It seems almost to call you 
 by name. The sweet and sublime face 
 of Jesus is beyond praise, yet how it 
 disappoints all florid expectations! 
 This familiar, simple, home-speaking 
 countenance is as if one should meet a 
 friend.” Emerson. 
 
 Glances we do seem to find of that 
 ethereal glory, which looks on us in its 
 full brightness from the Transfiguration 
 of Rafaelle, from the Tempest of Shake- 
 speare. Carlyle. 
 
 The real value of the Iliad, or the Trans- 
 figuration , is as signs of power; billows or 
 ripples they are of the stream of tendency ; 
 tokens of the everlasting effort to produce, 
 which even in its worst estate the soul 
 betrays. Emerson. 
 
 2. A picture by Hans Holbein 
 the Elder (d. 1524). In the Gal- 
 lery of Augsburg, Germany. 
 
 Trappe, La. A famous monastery 
 
TEA 
 
 TEE 
 
 532 
 
 near Mortagne in Normandy, 
 France. It owes its celebrity to 
 the rigid asceticism practised by 
 its inmates in obedience to the 
 rules of the order. The abbey 
 was suppressed in 1790 by the 
 National Assembly, but the 
 monks were afterwards allowed 
 to return. 
 
 Endowments, faculties, enough we 
 have: it is her [Nature’s] wise will too 
 that no faculty imparted to us shall rust 
 from disuse; the miraculous faculty of 
 Speech, once given, becomes not more a 
 gift than a necessity; the Tongue, with 
 or without much meaning, will keep in 
 motion, and only in some La Trappe . by 
 unspeakable self-restraint, forbear wag- 
 ging. Carlyle. 
 
 Trastevere. [Lat. Regie* Transti- 
 berina, the region on the other 
 side of the Tiber.] The largest 
 of the Rioni, or quarters, into 
 which modern Rome is divided. 
 It extends along the foot of 
 Mount Janiculum, and is inhab- 
 ited by a peculiar and in many 
 respects a distinct race, said to 
 be the direct descendants of the 
 ancient Romans. 
 
 “ In Trastevere there are no re- 
 mains of antiquity, but abundance of 
 monuments of superstitions, — churches 
 full of the shrines of saints, and con- 
 vents full of imprisoned sinners, — 
 plenty of houses, but few inhabitants. 
 These inhabitants, however, boast of 
 being descended from the ancient Ro- 
 mans, and look on the upstart race on 
 the other side of the river with sove- 
 reign contempt.” Eaton . 
 
 Traunstein Profile. A remark- 
 able freak of nature on the hill 
 called the Traunstein, near Lam- 
 bacli in Austria. 
 
 “ The rough back of the moun- 
 tain forms the exact profile of the hu- 
 man countenance, as if regularly hewn 
 out of the rock. What is still more 
 singular, it is said to be a correct por- 
 trait of the unfortunate Louis XVI. 
 The landlord said it was immediately 
 recognized by all Frenchmen.” 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Travellers’ Club. A celebrated 
 club in London, founded in 1815. 
 According to one of the rules no 
 person can be considered eligible 
 to the Travellers’ Club “ who shall 
 not have travelled out of the 
 British Islands to a distance of 
 at least 500 miles from London in 
 
 a direct line.” The present club- 
 house, adjoining the Athenaeum 
 in Pall Mall, was built in 1832 
 from designs by Barry. 
 
 “ Close at hand is another place, 
 — the Travellers' Club , — how well they 
 know how to organize comfort! ” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Not a cab stands yet at the Travellers , 
 whose members, noble or fashionable, are 
 probably at this hour in their dressing- 
 gowns of brocaoe, or shawl of the Orient, 
 smoking a hookah over Balzac's last ro- 
 mance. JV. P. Willis. 
 
 Not to know Brown was, at the West 
 End, simply to be unknown. Brookes 
 was proud of him, and without him the 
 Travellers would not have been such a 
 Travellers as it is. Anthony Trollope. 
 
 To call a hill aristocratic sterns affected 
 or absurd ; but the difference between 
 these hills and the others is the difference 
 between Newgate Prison and the “ Travel- 
 lers' Club'' for instance: both are build- 
 ings; but the one stern, dark, and coarse; 
 the other rich, elegant, and festive. 
 
 Thackeray . 
 
 Tre Fontane. [The Three Foun- 
 tains.] A locality anciently called 
 Aqua Salvias, about two miles 
 from Rome, outside the Ostian 
 Gate, where, according to the 
 Church tradition, St. Paul was 
 beheaded by the sword. 
 
 “ In all the melancholy vicinity 
 of Rome, there is not a more melan- 
 choly spot than the Tre Fontane. A 
 splendid monastery, rich with the offer- 
 ings of all Christendom, once existed 
 there. The ravages of the malaria 
 have rendered it a desert; yet there is 
 a sort of dead beauty about the place, 
 something hallowed, as well as sad, 
 which seizes on the fancy.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Treaty Elm. The famous tree in 
 the environs of Philadelphia, 
 Penn., under which William 
 Penn negotiated the treaty with 
 the Indian chiefs, of which it has 
 been said that it is “ the only one 
 ever made without an oath, and 
 the only one never broken.” The 
 tree is no longer standing, but a 
 monument marks its place. 
 
 Treaty Stone. An object of curi- 
 osity in Limerick (the ” city of the 
 violated treaty ”), Ireland. It is 
 the stone upon which the cele- 
 brated treaty-document of the 
 3d of October, 1691, was signed, 
 whereby Limerick and other fort- 
 resses in the hands of the Irish 
 
TRE 
 
 TR1 
 
 were surrendered, with the pro- 
 viso that the garrisons should he 
 allowed to march out with the 
 honors of war, and conveyed to 
 France, or elsewhere, at the cost 
 of the British Government, and 
 granting certain privileges and 
 immunities to Roman Catholics. 
 
 4SP “ That both- the letter and the 
 spirit of this solemn compact were 
 broken, no unprejudiced mind can en- 
 tertain a doubt; and it is the merest 
 sophistry to contend that the king had 
 no power to ratify the bargain he had 
 made by his agents, and subsequently 
 confirmed under the great seal of Eng- 
 land.” Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Hall. 
 
 Tremont Street. A well-known 
 street in Boston, Mass. It is 
 called after the original name of 
 Boston, Tremont , which was giv- 
 en to the city on account of the 
 three hills on which it is built. 
 
 Tremont Temple. A well-known 
 building on Tremont Street, Bos- 
 ton, Mass., used as a place of wor- 
 ship on Sundays, and at other 
 times for lectures, public meet- 
 ings, and various gatherings. 
 
 Trene-le-mer. The flag-ship of 
 Richard I., Cceur-de-Lion (1157- 
 1199). 
 
 Ah, never braver bark and crew, 
 
 Nor bolder flag, a foe to dare. 
 
 Had left a wake on ocean blue 
 Since Lion-Heart sailed TrencAe-mer ! 
 
 H. II. Brownell. 
 
 Trent, The. A vessel, under com- 
 mand of Franklin, sent, in com- 
 pany with the Dorothea, under 
 Buchan, on an expedition to the 
 Arctic regions in 1818. 
 
 Trent, The. A British mail-steam- 
 er, noted as being the vessel from 
 which the Confederate emissar- 
 ries, Mason and Slidell, were 
 forcibly taken, Nov. 8, 1861, by 
 Capt. Wilkes of the U.S. frigate 
 San Jacinto. 
 
 Treves. See Electors of Treves, 
 Castle of the. 
 
 Trevi, Fountain of. See Fontana 
 di Trevi. 
 
 Trianon. See Grand Trianon and 
 Petit Trianon. 
 
 Trianon de Porcelaine. See 
 Grand Trianon. 
 
 Tribune, The. A name given to 
 an apartment in the Uffizi Palace 
 in Florence, Italy, appropriated 
 to works of art, and containing 
 some of the mcst celebrated spe- 
 cimens of sculpture and painting, 
 such as the Venus de’ Medici, 
 the Dancing Faun, the Fornarina, 
 and others. See Uffizi. 
 
 They then led us into a large square 
 room, in the middle of which stood a Cab- 
 inet of an octangular form, so adorned 
 and furnish’d with chrystals, sculptures, 
 and so forth, as exceeds any description. 
 To is cabinet is called the Tribuna , and in 
 it is a pearle as big as a hazel nut. 
 
 John Evelyn , 1644. 
 
 4SP “ With feelings of high-wrought 
 expectation, we entered the presence- 
 chamber ; a crimson, octagonal hall 
 of the gallery called the Tribune, 
 where, bright in eternal youth and 
 matchless beauty, ‘ stands the statue 
 that enchants the world.’ ” Eaton. 
 
 4®=*“ The Tribune , that noble room 
 unsurpassed by any in the world for 
 the number and value of the gems it 
 contains.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Tribute Money. A picture by 
 Masaccio (Tommaso Guidi ) (1402?- 
 1443?). In the church of S. M. 
 del Carmine, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Tribute Money. See Christ with 
 the Tribute Money. 
 
 Trient, Gorges du. See Gorges 
 du Trient. 
 
 Trifels. A castle and ruined med- 
 iaeval fortress in the neighbor- 
 hood of Heidelberg, Germany, 
 famous as the place where Rich- 
 ard Coeur de Lion w^as imprisoned 
 by the Duke of Austria, and be- 
 neath the walls of which the 
 minstrel Blondel, by his song and 
 the response it awakened, dis- 
 covered his royal master. 
 
 Trimurti. See Elephanta, Cave- 
 temples of. 
 
 Trinita de’ Monti. A church in 
 Rome, well known from its con- 
 spicuous position above the Piazza 
 di Spagna. It contains the cele- 
 brated painting of the Descent 
 from the Cross by Volterra. 
 
 1644, 22, Feb. I went to Trinita del 
 Monte , a monastery of French, a noble 
 Church, built by Lewis XJ. and Charles 
 VIII. ; the Chapells well painted, espe- 
 cially that by Zuccari, Volterra, and the 
 
TRI 
 
 534 
 
 TRI 
 
 cloj'ster with the miracles of their St. 
 Francis di Paulo and the heads of the 
 French kings . . This convent, so emi- 
 
 nently situated on Mons Pincius, has the 
 intire prospect of Campus Marti us, and 
 has a faire garden. John Evelyn. 
 
 “ This church, formerly belong- 
 ing to the Franciscan monks, suffered 
 severely from the destructive propen- 
 sities of the French soldiers who were 
 quartered in the adjoining convent dur- 
 ing the French occupation of Rome in 
 the first revolution. Many of the pic- 
 tures were destroyed or irreparably in- 
 jured, and the building itself was aban- 
 doned and closed from 1798 to 1816, 
 when it was restored by Louis XVIII., 
 after the designs of a French architect. 
 The old pictures which had disappeared 
 were replaced by new ones, painted by 
 students of the French Academy in 
 Rome; a compensation which will re- 
 mind the classical reader of the old 
 joke of Lucius Mummius.” Hillard. 
 
 “ From the height of Trinita 
 de’ Monti, the bell-towers and the dis- 
 tant edifices appear like the effaced 
 sketches of a painter, or like the ine- 
 qualities of a seacoast dimly discerned 
 from the deck of an anchored vessel. 
 Rome is asleep in the midst of these 
 ruins.” Chateaubriand , Trans. 
 
 “ Ascending the Spanish Stairs, 
 we behold the church Trinita dei Mon- 
 ti : a crowd of strangers flock here 
 every Sunday morning to hear the sing- 
 ing and music of the holy sisters. It 
 seems to be the weeping of angels dis- 
 solved in harmony.” 
 
 Hans Christian Andersen. 
 
 A convent like the Trinita del Monte 
 with the air of a closed fortress, a foun- 
 tain like that of Trevi, a palace massive 
 and monumental like those of the Corso 
 and of the great square of Venice, denote 
 beings and tastes not of the ordinary 
 stamp Taine , Tram. 
 
 Trinita, Ponte SS. See Ponte SS. 
 Trinita. 
 
 Trinite, La. This church in Paris 
 is a fine example of the modern 
 Renaissance style. It is in the 
 Rue St. Lazare. 
 
 Trinity, The. A large altar-piece 
 representing the Trinity between 
 the Virgin and the Baptist, by 
 Jean Bellegambe, the Flemish 
 painter. It was originally placed 
 (1511-1519) on the high altar of 
 the abbey church of Auchin, but 
 is now in the sacristy of Notre 
 Dame at Douai, France. 
 
 Trinity, The. A wood-cut by Al- 
 bert Diirer (1471-1528), the Ger- 
 
 man painter and engraver. “ A 
 well-known and grand composi- 
 tion.” 
 
 Trinity, The. A picture by Roger 
 van der Weyden (d. 1464), the 
 Flemish painter, and one of his 
 later works. It is now in the 
 Stadel Institute at Frankfort-on- 
 the-Main, Germany. 
 
 Trinity, Adoration of the. See 
 Adoration of the Trinity. 
 
 Trinity Church. A noted ecclesi- 
 astical edifice in New York, of 
 Gothic architecture, with a stee- 
 ple 284 feet in height. It is re- 
 puted to be the wealthiest church 
 in America (the society is said to 
 be worth over $10,000,000) ; its 
 revenues accruing from a large 
 tract of land on Manhattan is- 
 land, given to it by Queen Anne 
 in 1705. Trinity Church is situ- 
 ated on Broadway, a short dis- 
 tance above the Battery. Its 
 lofty spire, 284 feet high, is a pop- 
 ular place of ascent for the sake 
 of the magnificent view over the 
 city and surroundings. The first 
 church on the present site was 
 built in 1696. In the graveyard 
 are buried a number of noted 
 men, among others Alexander 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Trinity Church. A fine modern 
 church in Boston, Mass. 
 
 Trinity College. A foundation of 
 the University of Cambridge, 
 England. Established in 1546. 
 Also well-known institutions at 
 Dublin, Ireland, founded in 1591, 
 and at Hartford, Conn., founded 
 in 1823. 
 
 Trinity House. A public building 
 on the north side of Tower Hill, 
 in London, erected in 1793 for the 
 ancient guild or fraternity of mar- 
 iners, established for the encour- 
 agement of the science of navi- 
 gation, etc. The office of Master 
 of the Corporation has been at 
 various times held by princes and 
 statesmen. The Corporation has 
 in charge the light-houses, licens- 
 ing of pilots, etc. Its arms are a 
 cross between four ships under 
 sail. It was founded by charter 
 of Henry VIII., the document 
 
TRI 
 
 535 
 
 TRU 
 
 opening with the statement that 
 “ Out of the sincere and complete 
 love and devotion which we have 
 for the very glorious and indivisi- 
 ble Trinity, and also for Saint 
 Clement the Confessor, His Maj- 
 esty grants and gives license for 
 the establishment of a corpora- 
 tion, or perpetual brotherhood, to 
 certain of his subjects and their 
 associates.” The general over- 
 sight of the merchant marine 
 (and of the royal fleet, under cer- 
 tain conditions) was given to 
 them by charters which they re- 
 ceived from Elizabeth, James I., 
 Charles II., and James II. 
 
 Triomphe, Arc de. See Arc de 
 l’Etoiee. 
 
 Triumph of Death. A celebrated 
 fresco in the Campo Santo, Pisa, 
 Italy, usually ascribed to Andrea 
 di Cione, called Orcagna (d. 1389); 
 though recently some have 
 claimed the authorship of it for 
 the Sienese brothers Giovanni 
 and Pietro Lorenzetti. 
 
 Triumph of Galatea. See Gala- 
 
 tea. 
 
 Triumph of Religion in the Arts. 
 
 See Influence of Christianity 
 in the Arts. 
 
 Triumph of Riches. A large pic- 
 ture in distemper by Hans Hol- 
 bein the Younger (1498-1543), the 
 German painter, executed at the 
 request of the company of Ger- 
 man merchants in London. 
 There was also a companion pic- 
 ture, the “ Triumph of Poverty,” 
 both of which were greatly ad- 
 mired, and by some placed on a 
 level with the works of Raphael. 
 Their subsequent history cannot 
 be traced later than the year 
 1616, and it is thought that they 
 may have perished in the fire at 
 ‘Whitehall in 1697. 
 
 Triumph of the Church. See 
 
 Fount of Salvation. 
 
 Triumph of Trajan. A celebrated 
 picture by Anton Rafael Mengs 
 (1728-1779). In Madrid, Spain. 
 
 Triumphal March of Alexander. 
 A work of sculpture executed by 
 
 Albert Bertel Thorwaldsen (1770- 
 1844) for the Emperor Napoleon. 
 
 Triumphs of Julius Caesar. A 
 series of nine colored designs by 
 Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), the 
 Italian painter, representing the 
 different parts of a Roman tri- 
 umphal procession. They were 
 executed as decorations for the 
 theatre at Mantua, Italy. They 
 are now at Hampton Court, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Trocadero. This elevation, oppo- 
 site the Champ de Mars, Paris, is 
 a popular resort of the bour- 
 c/eoisie on Sundays. From its 
 top a fine view of the city is ob- 
 tained. It was so called from a 
 French victory in Spain. 
 
 Trois Fr&res Provencaux. [The 
 Three Brothers of Provence.] A 
 celebrated restaurant in Paris, 
 France. 
 
 — 0 boys — that were — actual papas and 
 possible grandpapas — some of you with 
 crowns like billiard-balls — some in locks 
 of sable silvered, and some of silver sabled 
 — do you remember, as you doze over this, 
 those after-dinners at the Trois Fr'eres , 
 when the Scotch-plaided snuff-box went 
 round, and the dry Lundy-Foot tickled its 
 way along into our happy sensoria ? 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 Here we are, however, at the Trois 
 Fr'eres ; and there goes my unconscious 
 model deliberately up stairs. We’ll follow 
 him, and double his orders; and, if we dine 
 not well, there is no eating in France. 
 
 JV. P. Willis. 
 
 One does not dine at the Trois Fr'eres 
 without contracting a tenderness for the 
 very name of Burgundy. JV. P. Willis. 
 
 Trone, Barriere du. See Bar- 
 riere du Trone. 
 
 Trone, Place du. See Place du 
 Trone. 
 
 Trophonius* Cave. See Cave of 
 Trophonius. 
 
 Trou de Han. [The Hole of Han.] 
 A singular cavern in the region 
 of the Ardennes, in Belgium. 
 
 Troy House. A seat of the Duke 
 of Beaufort, near Monmouth, 
 England. 
 
 True Cross. See Cross, The 
 True. 
 
 Trumbull, Port. See Fort Trum- 
 bull. 
 
TRU 
 
 536 
 
 TUN 
 
 Trustees of the Staalhof. A 
 well- known picture by Rem- 
 brandt van Rvn (1606-1669). In 
 the Gallery at Amsterdam, Hol- 
 land. 
 
 Tuekerman’s Ravine. A tre- 
 mendous gu^ hi the White 
 Mountains, New Hampshire. It 
 is in the southerly side of Mount 
 Washington, and receives its 
 name from Edward Tuckerman, 
 an enthusiastic explorer of the 
 White Hills. It contains nearly 
 every year a beautiful “ Snow 
 Arch,” or cave of snow, which 
 does not disappear until the last 
 of August. 
 
 Tufts College. This institution 
 at Medford, Mass., under the care 
 of the Universalist Church, was 
 founded in 1852. 
 
 Tuileries, The. A royal palace 
 of France, now destroyed. It 
 was commenced in 1564, as a resi- 
 dence for Catherine de’ Medicis, 
 and was completed by Henry 
 IY. After the restoration it was 
 habitually the residence of the 
 royal family. It was situated on 
 the banks of the river Seine; and 
 on the spot where it stood were 
 formerly tile-fields, whence the 
 name is derived, the word Tuile- 
 rie signifying a tile-kiln. These 
 fields were converted into gardens 
 in 1665, containing about 67 acres, 
 beautifully laid out, ornamented 
 with flowers, trees, and statuary, 
 open to the public, and much 
 resorted to by the people. This 
 palace was sacked by the Revolu- 
 tionary mob of 1792, and was 
 again attacked and taken in the 
 insurrection of 1830, and in that 
 of 1848. It was partially burned 
 by the leaders of the Commune, 
 prior to the entrance into the city 
 of the German army in May, 
 1871, and has never been rebuilt. 
 
 Truly, this same world may be seen in 
 Mossgbl and Tarbolton, if we look well, 
 as c’early as it ever came to light in Crock- 
 lord’s, or \ lie Tuileries itself. Carlyle. 
 
 In the Chateau of the Tuileries , for in- 
 stance, 1 perceive the same jumble of con- 
 trarieties thatmarksthe French character; 
 the same whimsical mixture of the great 
 and the little, the splendid and the paltry, 
 the sublime and the grotesque. Irving. 
 
 A sniffin' tobacker ez proud ez you please 
 On Victory's bes’ carpets, or loafin’ at ease 
 In the TooVries front-parlor, discussin’ 
 affairs 
 
 With our heels on the backs o’ Napoleon’s 
 new chairs. 
 
 Lowell , Biglow Payers. 
 An’ turnin’ quite faint in the midst of his 
 fooleries, 
 
 Sneaks down stairs to bolt the front-door 
 o’ the Tooleries. 
 
 Lowell , Biglow Papers. 
 
 The Henriade, as we see it completed, 
 is a polished, square-built Tuileries ; Ham- 
 let is a mysterious, star-paved Valhalla, 
 and dv\ elling of the gods. Carlyle . 
 
 — All, the old Tuileries 
 Is pulling its high cap down on its eyes, 
 Confounded, conscience - stricken,” and 
 amazed 
 
 By the apparition of a new fair face 
 In those devouring mirrors. 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 
 No house, though it were the Tuileries 
 or the Escurial, is good for any thing with- 
 out a master. Emerson. 
 
 To me. the Prado is an inexhau-tible 
 source of amusement. In the first place, 
 it is in itself the finest public walk I have 
 ever seen within the walls of any city, not 
 excepting either the Tuileries or the Chi- 
 aja. George Ticknor. 
 
 I finished this day with a walk in the 
 great garden of the Thuilleries , which is 
 rarely contrived for privacy, shade, or 
 company, by groves, plantations of tall 
 trees, especially that in the middle being 
 of elmes, another of mulberys. . . . From 
 a terrace in this place we saw so many 
 Coaches as one would hardly think could 
 be maintained in the whole Citty, going, 
 late as it was in the year, towards the 
 Course, which is a place adjoyning, of near 
 an English mile long, planted with 4 rows 
 of trees. 
 
 John Evelyn , Diary , 1644, Feb. 4. 
 
 Tullamore Park. The seat of the 
 Earl of Roden, near Newcastle, 
 in the county of Down, Ireland. 
 
 Tullian Prison. See Mamertine 
 Prisons. 
 
 Tullius. See Agger of Servius 
 Tuelius. 
 
 Tulp, Nicholas, and his pupils. 
 
 See Anatomical Lecture. 
 
 Tun of Heidelberg. This huge 
 reservoir is in a cellar of the Cas- 
 tle of Heidelberg, which, “ next 
 to the Alhambra of Granada,” 
 says Longfellow, “is the most 
 magnificent ruin of the Middle 
 Ages.” The original tun was be- 
 gun in the year 1589, and finished 
 in 1591; it held 528 hogsheads of 
 wine. The present tun was made 
 in 1751. It is of copper, bound 
 
TUN 
 
 537 
 
 TWE 
 
 with iron hoops, and is 36 feet 
 tong by 24 in height. Its capa- 
 city is 49,000 gallons, or 283,000 
 bottles. For nearly 20 years it 
 was kept full of the best Rhenish 
 wine, and its annual replenish- 
 ment at the time of vintage was 
 celebrated by dances on the plat- 
 form that covered the top. Not- 
 withstanding its large propor- 
 tions, it is much smaller than 
 some of the beer- vats of the Brit- 
 ish brewers, one of which, in the 
 establishment of the Messrs. Bar- 
 clay and Perkins of London, holds 
 108,000 gallons, or more than 
 twice as much as the Tun of Hei- 
 delberg. 
 
 JUG® 3 ” “ It is as high as a common two- 
 story house; on the top is a platform 
 upon which people used to dance after 
 it was filled, to which one ascends by 
 two flights of steps. I forget exactly 
 how many casks it holds, but I believe 
 800. It has been empty for 50 years.” 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 
 The kitchen was crowded with good 
 cheer; the cellars had yielded up whole 
 oceans of Rhein-wein and" Ferne-wein ; and 
 even the great Heidelberg tun had been 
 laid under contribution. Irving. 
 
 Tunnel, The. See Thames Tun- 
 nel. 
 
 Tuolumne Grove. A noted group 
 of mammoth trees in the Yosem- 
 ite Valley, California, 24 in num- 
 ber, the largest being 36 feet in 
 diameter. See Calaveras and 
 also Mariposa. 
 
 Turk’s Head. Several coffee- 
 houses in London have borne 
 this name. One situated in 
 Change Alley was opened about 
 1662. Another house of the same 
 name in the Strand was frequent- 
 ed by Dr. Johnson and Boswell. 
 In Soho was a Turk’s Head, at 
 which the Literary Club was 
 founded. The Rota Club met at 
 another house of this name in 
 AVestminster. 
 
 46®=* “ We concluded the day at the 
 Turk's Head Coffee-house [Strand] 
 very socially.” Boswell. 
 
 46®=* “ At this time of year the Society 
 of the Turk’s Head [Soho] can no longer 
 be addressed as a corporate body, and 
 most of the individual members are 
 probably dispersed : Adam Smith, in 
 
 Scotland; Burke in the shades of Bea- 
 consfield ; Fox, the Lord or the devil 
 knows where.” 
 
 Gibbon , August , 1777. 
 
 4G§T “ Ah ! I would have liked a 
 night at the Turk’s Head, even though 
 bad news had arrived from the colo- 
 nies, and Doctor Johnson was growl- 
 ing against the rebels, to have sat with 
 him and Goldy; and to have heard 
 Burke — the finest talker in the world, 
 and to have had Garrick flashing in 
 with a story from his theatre ! ” 
 
 Thackeray . 
 
 Turk’s Head Club. A club found- 
 ed by Edmund Burke, in connec- 
 tion with Johnson and Reynolds 
 in 1763, at the “Turk’s Head” 
 in Gerard Street, London. The 
 chief men of the day belonged to 
 it. Also called the Literary Club. 
 
 4G®" “ ‘ I believe Mr. Fox will allow 
 me to say,’ remarked the Bishop of St. 
 Asaph, ‘ that the honor of being elect- 
 ed into the Turk’s Head Club is not in- 
 ferior to that of being the representa- 
 tive of Westminster or Surrey.’ ” 
 
 Forster. 
 
 Turner’s Gap. A pass in the 
 South Mountain about five miles 
 from Harper’s Ferry, Va. It was 
 the scene of a great battle be- 
 tween the National and Confed- 
 erate troops on the 14th of Sep- 
 tember, 1862. 
 
 Tuscaloosa, The. A Confederate 
 privateer in the War of the Re- 
 bellion. She was originally a 
 United States trading vessel, 
 named the Conrad , which had 
 been captured by Capt. Raphael 
 Seinmes in the Alabama. 
 
 Tushielaw Castle. An old mediae- 
 val mansion, on the bank of the 
 river Ettrick, in Scotland, once 
 the finest castle in that region. 
 
 Tussaud, Mme., Wax Works of. 
 
 See Madame Tussaud’s Exhibi- 
 tion. 
 
 Twa Brigs [of Ayr]. Two bridges 
 across the river Ayr in Scotland, 
 connecting the town of Ayr with 
 its suburbs, and immortalized by 
 Burns in his famous metrical dia- 
 logue, the “ Twa Brigs of Ayr.” 
 
 Twelve Apostles. Figures exe- 
 cuted in chiaroscuro, after de 
 
TWE 
 
 538 
 
 TYR 
 
 signs by Raphael, in an apart- 
 ment of the Vatican, Rome. Some 
 of them were destroyed by alter- 
 ations in the apartment, and oth- 
 ers have been repainted. 
 
 Twelve Apostles. See Rose, The. 
 
 Two Ambassadors, The. Apicture 
 by Hans Holbein the Younger 
 (1498-1543), the German painter, 
 and considered one of bis most 
 important works. It is in the 
 collection of Lord Radnor at 
 Longford Castle, England. 
 
 Two Boxers. A well-known statue 
 by Antonio Canova (1757-1822). 
 In the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 The Two Boxers are carefully 
 executed in anatomical details, but 
 they are wanting in refinement. . . . 
 A Greek sculptor in executing a statue 
 of an athlete would have made him 
 first a man, and secondly an athlete. 
 But in Canova’s Boxers we see only 
 an accurate transcript of brute animal 
 force.” Hillard. 
 
 290. See Alabama, The. 
 
 Two Misers. A celebrated picture 
 by Quentin Massys (1466-1530), 
 the Flemish painter. It is now in 
 Windsor Castle, England. 
 
 Two Philosophers. A picture so 
 called, by Rembrandt van Ryn 
 (1606-1669), the Dutch painter. 
 How in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Tyburn. An ancient place of exe- 
 cution for felons in London, used 
 for this purpose as early as the 
 reign of Henry IV. It derived 
 its name from a brook called 
 Tyburn, which flowed into the 
 Thames. The bodies of Crom- 
 well, Ireton, and Bradshaw, were 
 exposed at Tyburn, Jan. 30, 1661. 
 The last execution here took 
 place Nov. 7, 1783. Tyburn road 
 is the modern Oxford Streep. 
 The criminals were carried, “thief 
 and parson in a Tyburn cart,” 
 from Newgate. The famous tri- 
 angle on three legs, where the 
 executions took place, was known 
 as the “ Tyburn Tree,” and some- 
 times as the “ Three-Legged 
 Mare.” See Tyburnia. 
 
 “The manor of Tyburn was 
 formerly held by Richard Jaquett, 
 
 where felons were for a long time exe- 
 cuted; from whence we have Jack 
 Ketch.” 
 
 A writer in “ Holes and Queries ,” quot- 
 ing from Lloyd's MS. Collections 
 in the British Museum. 
 
 If, in calculating the numbers of the 
 people, we take in the multitudes that 
 emigrate to the plantations, from whence 
 they never return, those that die at sea 
 and make their exit at Tyburn , together 
 with the consumption of the present war 
 by sea and land, in the Atlantic, Mediter- 
 ranean, ... we may fairly state the loss 
 of men during the war at 100,000. 
 
 Goldsmith (1762). 
 
 Cloaks and far-pelisses avail liitle 
 against the January-cold; “time and 
 hours” are, once more, the only hope: 
 but lo, at the tenth mile, this Tyburn- 
 coach breaks down ! Carlyle. 
 
 The history of those gods and saints 
 which the world has written, and then 
 worshipped, are documents of character. 
 The ages have exulted in the manners of 
 a youth who owed nothing to fortune, and 
 who was hanged at the Tyburn of his na- 
 tion. Emerson. 
 
 Tyburn-Tree. The name given 
 to the famous gibbet erected in 
 Tyburn, from which so many 
 memorable executions have tak- 
 en place. See Tyburn and Ty- 
 burnia. 
 
 Tyburnia. The Latinized name 
 given to a district of London, 
 once occupied by the Tyburn, or 
 place of execution for criminals. 
 It is now one of the most reputa- 
 ble quarters of the city. It has 
 been built up between 1839 and 
 1850. See Tyburn. 
 
 “How the times have changed! 
 On the spot where Tom Idle made his 
 exit from this wicked world, and where 
 you see the hangman smoking his pipe 
 as he reclines on the gibbet, and views 
 the hills of Harrow or Hampstead be- 
 yond, — a splendid marble arch, a vast 
 and modern city, — the abodes of wealth 
 and comfort, the elegant, the prosper- 
 ous, the polite Tyburnia rises, the most 
 respectable district in the habitable 
 globe!” Thackeray. 
 
 That is a source of prospective pleasure 
 in which the inhabitants of Belgravia and 
 Tyburnia cannot indulge. Eastlake. 
 
 Tyropceon. A valley in Jerusalem, 
 mentioned by Josephus, but not 
 alluded to in the Bible. It is 
 generally understood as being 
 the region which extended around 
 
TZA 
 
 539 
 
 TZA 
 
 two sides of Mount Zion, sepa- 
 rating it from Akra on the north, 
 and Moriah and Opliel on the 
 east. 
 
 Tzar Kolokol. See Emperor of 
 Bells. 
 
 Tzarsko Selo. A celebrated sum- 
 mer palace and park of the Em- 
 peror of Russia, at a town of the 
 
 same name near St. Petersburg. 
 The grounds are said to be 18 
 miles in circumference, and are at 
 all times open to the public, and 
 a favorite pleasure-resort for the 
 inhabitants of the capital. The 
 palace was founded by Peter the 
 Great in 1710, was destroyed by 
 fire in 1822, but has been rebuilt 
 with great splendor. 
 
UFF 
 
 540 
 
 ULY 
 
 u. 
 
 Ufflzi. [The Offices.] A public edi- 
 fice in Florence, Italy, erected by 
 Cosmo de’ Medici (1389-1464), and 
 containing one of the richest and 
 most celebrated collections of art 
 in the world. It is connected by 
 a covered passage with the Pitti 
 Palace on the other side of the 
 Arno. See Tribune. 
 
 “ Perhaps it is the picturesque 
 variety of the Uffizi — the combination 
 of painting, sculpture, gems, and 
 bronzes — that makes the charm. The 
 Tribune, too, is the richest room in all 
 the world, a heart that draws all hearts 
 to it.” Hawthorne . 
 
 4®^ “ I paid another visit to the Uf- 
 fizi Gallery this morning, and found 
 that the Venus is one of the things the 
 charm of which does not diminish on 
 better acquaintance.” Hawthorne. 
 
 The Transfiguration, the Last Judg- 
 ment, the Communion of St. Jerome, and 
 what are as transcendent as these, a e on 
 the walls of the Vatican, the Uffizi, or the 
 Louvre, wheie every footman may see 
 them. Emerson . 
 
 Ugbrooke House. A noble man- 
 sion, the seat of Lord Clifford, 
 near Chudleigh, England. 
 
 Ugolino’s Tower. See Torre del- 
 la Fame. 
 
 IJlm Minster. At Ulm in Wiir- 
 temberg. One of the finest Gothic 
 cathedrals in Germany, begun in 
 1377. Its tower is over 300 feet 
 in height. 
 
 Ultima Thule. [The most remote 
 Thule.] A name applied by the 
 Latin poets, on account of its dis- 
 tance from Rome, to the island 
 of Thule, the situation and exist- 
 ence of which are involved in 
 the greatest obscurity. The first 
 mention of such a northern island 
 is by a traveller from Massilia 
 (Marseilles) in the fourth century 
 B.C., who claimed to have ar- 
 rived at a spot, some six days’ 
 journey from Britain, where na- 
 ture had put a bar to all further 
 
 progress, since there was no long- 
 er either water or land or air, 
 but a mixture of all the elements, 
 through which no passage could 
 be made. According to Strabo 
 and Pliny, this island reached to 
 the Polar Circle, within a day’s 
 journey of an ever-frozen sea. 
 Many articles have been written 
 upon the subject of this semi-fab- 
 ulous island. The south-west 
 coast of Norway has been fixed 
 upon by some as its probable 
 location. Maltebrun thinks that 
 Jutland was meant. Others, and 
 the majority, give the preference 
 to the Shetland Isles. The phrase 
 ultima Thule is now commonly 
 and poetically applied to the ex- 
 treme limit of any journey, un- 
 dertaking, or pursuit. A little 
 volume by Longfellow has recent- 
 ly appeared under the title of 
 “ Ultima Thule.” 
 
 This [the Rock of Aboosecr] is the Ulti- 
 ma Thule of Egyptian travellers, 
 
 Murray's Handbook. 
 
 Ulysses and Nausieaa. A picture 
 by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). 
 In the Pitti Palace, Florence, 
 Italy. 
 
 Ulysses deriding Polyphemus. 
 A picture by Joseph Mallord 
 William Turner (1775-1851), the 
 English landscape-painter, and 
 regarded one of his best works. 
 In the National Gallery, London. 
 
 4GS" “ Ulysses is on the poop [of a 
 gilded galley] with hands uplifted, 
 shouting derisively to the blinded giant, 
 while his companions, thickly clus- 
 tered on mast and yard, unfurl in haste 
 the vast sails, and one by one the red 
 oars are thrust forth from the vessel’s 
 burnished sides, ready to sweep away 
 from the inhospitable shore, and out of 
 the reach of the missiles the monster 
 may hurl after them.” Redgrave. 
 
 Ulysses, Return of. A picture by 
 Francesco Primaticcio( 1400-1570), 
 the pupil of Raphael. Now at 
 Castle Howard, England. 
 
UND 
 
 541 
 
 UNI 
 
 Undercliff. A romantic spot and 
 natural curiosity on the Isle of 
 Wight, near Ventnor. 
 
 “A strip of land some six miles 
 long by a half mile wide, which ap- 
 pears to have slipped down toward 
 the sea, exhibiting a jumble of rocks, 
 overturned and broken mounds of 
 earth, deep hollows, and numerous 
 springs, forming falls of water, collect- 
 ing into pools, and hurrying toward 
 the sea.” M. Simond. 
 
 The moonbeam sleeps on Underchff, 
 The sea is lulled and calm, 
 
 The honey-bee has left the rose, 
 
 The lily lies in balm 
 
 Allan Cunningham. 
 
 Undine. An admired picture by 
 Thomas Buchanan Read (1822- 
 1872). • 
 
 Union Club. A club in London 
 composed chiefly of politicians, 
 merchants, professional men, 
 and, according to James Smith, 
 of “gentlemen at large.” The 
 club-house, Trafalgar Square, 
 was built in 1824. The Union 
 Club has always been noted for 
 its cuisine. Also an association 
 in Boston, Mass., having a house 
 on Park Street. 
 
 Union College (University). An 
 old and well-endowed institution 
 at Schenectady, N.Y. It was 
 founded in 1795 by a union of 
 several religious denominations, 
 from which circumstance it de- 
 rives its name. 
 
 Union League House. A noble 
 building, with a fine interior, 
 on Broad Street, Philadelphia, 
 Penn., occupied by the Union 
 League, an organization formed 
 in 1862 for patriotic purposes. It 
 has a large number of members. 
 
 Union Square. A well-known 
 public park in the city of New 
 York, surrounded with fine ho- 
 tels and shops, with statues of 
 Washington and of Lincoln. 
 
 United Service Club. This club 
 in London was formed in 1816, 
 and is one of the oldest of the 
 modern clubs. It was a favorite 
 resort of the Duke of Wellington. 
 The present building, in Pall 
 Mall, was built in 1826. The 
 United Service Club is for officers 
 
 of rank not lower than major in 
 the army and commander in the 
 navy; and the club-house is con- 
 sidered one of the best-managed, 
 and most commodious in Lon- 
 don. See Junior United Ser- 
 vice Club. 
 
 Let no man despair of Governments 
 who looks on these two sentries at the 
 Horse -Guards and our United - /Service 
 Clubs ! Carlyle. 
 
 United Service Museum. The 
 museum of the United Service 
 Institution, London, founded in 
 1830, containing models of ships 
 and weapons, and specimens of 
 naval and military uniforms. 
 
 United States. A frigate of the 
 United States navy, launched at 
 Philadelphia in 1797. Before the 
 war of 1812 she went by the nickv 
 name of the Old Wagon, on ac- 
 count of her poor sailing quali- 
 ties ; but these were subsequently 
 so much improved that she was 
 able to chase, overtake, and cap- 
 ture the British frigate Macedo- 
 nian, which she brought into port 
 as a prize in 1812. 
 
 United States Bank. An impos- 
 ing marble structure on Chestnut 
 Street in Philadelphia, built in 
 1824 at a cost of half a million of 
 dollars. It is now used as a cus- 
 tom-house. 
 
 “ Looking out of my chamber 
 window, before going to bed, I saw, on 
 the opposite side of the way, a hand- 
 some building, of white marble, which 
 had a mournful, ghost-like aspect, 
 dreary to behold. I attributed this to 
 the sombre influence of the night, and 
 on rising in the morning looked out 
 again, expecting to see its steps and 
 portico thronged with groups of peo- 
 ple passing in and out. The door was 
 still tight shut, however ; the same 
 cold, cheerless air prevailed; and the 
 building looked as if the marble statue 
 of Don Guzman could alone have any 
 business to transact within its gloomy 
 w T alls I hastened to inquire its name 
 and purpose, and then my surprise 
 vanished. It was the tomb of many 
 fortunes ; the Great Catacomb of 
 investment ; the memorable United 
 States Bank. The stoppage of this 
 bank, with all its ruinous consequences, 
 had cast (as I was told on _ every side) 
 a gloom on Philadelphia, under the 
 depressing effect of which it yet la- 
 bored.” Dickens ( American Notes). 
 
UNI 
 
 542 
 
 URS 
 
 United States Military Academy. 
 A national institution for the ed- 
 ucation of young men in academic 
 and military studies, at West 
 Point on the Hudson, N. Y. 
 It opened in 1812. The buildings 
 are fine structures of stone. A 
 library, observatory, and mu- 
 seum are connected with the 
 academy. Each congressional 
 district is entitled to send annu- 
 ally one young man to this 
 school. [Familiarly known as 
 West Point.] 
 
 United States Naval Academy. 
 A national school for the train- 
 ing of midshipmen, founded in 
 1845, situated in Annapolis, Md. 
 During the war of the Rebellion, 
 the school was transferred to 
 Newport, R.I. 
 
 University Club. A London club, 
 Suffolk Street, Pall Mall East, 
 founded in 1824, chiefly composed 
 of members of Parliament who 
 have been educated at some uni- 
 versity, several judges, and a 
 number of clergymen. 
 
 University College. A proprie- 
 tary institution in London, for 
 the “ general advancement of lit- 
 erature and science,” built in 
 1827-28. It contains the Flax- 
 man Museum, in which are mod- 
 els of the chief works of John 
 Flaxman. 
 
 University of London. See Lon- 
 don University. 
 
 University of the City of New 
 York. A fine building of marble 
 in New York, the seat of the uni- 
 versity, founded in 1831. It has 
 numerous professors and stu- 
 dents. 
 
 University of Vermont. An in- 
 
 stitution of learning in Burling- 
 ton, Vt., founded in 1791. 
 
 Unspunnen Castle. A ruined feu- 
 dal mansion in Switzerland, near 
 Interlaken, where Byron’s Man- 
 fred is reputed to have lived. 
 
 Unter den Linden. [Under the 
 Lindens.] A noted street in Ber- 
 lin, Prussia, extending from the 
 royal palace to the Brandenburg 
 gate. It is adorned with four 
 rows of lime-trees, an equestrian 
 statue of Frederick the Great, 
 and many fine buildings. 
 
 Urbino Palace. A grand and 
 stately palace in Urbino, Italy, 
 once the residence of the Dukes 
 of Urbino, now unused and fallen 
 into neglect, but still containing 
 many interesting remains of art. 
 
 Urdos. An extraordinary fortifi- 
 cation in southern France, not 
 far from Pau. It is excavated in 
 a rock, rising in successive stages 
 to a height of 500 feet. It was 10 
 years in constructing, and is ca- 
 pable of holding 3,000 men. 
 
 Uriel in the Sun. A picture by 
 AVashington Allston (1779-1843), 
 the American painter. Now in 
 possession of the Duke of Suth- 
 erland. 
 
 “I have never seen Uriel repre- 
 sented by name, or alone, in any sacred 
 edifice. In the picture of Uriel painted 
 by Allston, he is the ‘Regent of the 
 Sun,’ described by Milton ; not a sacred 
 or scriptural personage.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Urquhart Castle. A ruined castle 
 in Scotland, near Inverness. It is 
 the property of the clan Grant. 
 
 Urr, Moot of. See Moot of Urr. 
 
 Ursula, St. See St. Ursula and 
 Embarkation of St. Ursula. 
 
VAL 
 
 543 
 
 YAL 
 
 V. 
 
 Val d’Arno. [Yale of the Arno.] 
 In Tuscany, Italy. It is renowned 
 for its beauty and its poetic asso- 
 ciations. 
 
 A dream alone to me is Arno's vale, 
 
 And the Alhambra’s halls are but a trav- 
 eller’s tale. Whittier. 
 
 Val de Grace. 1. An extensive 
 military hospital in Paris. Here 
 was formerly a convent of Bene- 
 dictine nuns. 
 
 2. A church in Paris, built in 
 the Italian style. It was begun 
 in 1645 for Anne of Austria. The 
 dome forms a conspicuous object 
 in views over Paris. 
 
 Val d’Emo. See Certosa of the 
 Val d’Emo. 
 
 Val Tremola. [Ger. Trummeln 
 Thai, Trembling Valley.] A gully 
 on the St. Gotliard Pass in Switz- 
 erland, so called from the fears 
 formerly excited by the terrors 
 of the passage. 
 
 Vale of the Bed Horse. A locali- 
 ty in Warwick county, England, 
 near Edgehill, the scene of the 
 battle between Charles I. and the 
 Parliamentary forces. It is so 
 called from the colossal figure of 
 a horse cut on the side of the 
 hill. 
 
 Valentino, II. A fine old palace 
 in Turin, Italy. 
 
 Valerien, Mont. See Mont Vale- 
 rie N. 
 
 Valhalla. A celebrated Grecian 
 temple or Hall of Fame, over- 
 looking the Danube, near Regens- 
 burg, Bavaria, and deriving its 
 name from the mythological pal- 
 ace of immortality, inhabited by 
 the souls of heroes slain in battle. 
 It was built by the king of Ba- 
 varia as a monument to the great 
 men of Germany, and contains 
 many statues of her heroes, states- 
 men, and poets, from the earliest 
 
 times to the present. It is a 
 magnificent structure of marble, 
 and was completed in 1842 at a 
 cost of over $8,000,000. 
 
 Chivalry this, if not as they do chiv- 
 alry in Drury Lane or West-End draw- 
 ing-rooms, yet as they do it in Valhalla 
 and the General Assembly of the Gods. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Crowned doubly by man’s blessing and 
 God’s grace, 
 
 Thy future is secure : 
 
 Who frees a people makes his statue’s place 
 In Time’s Valhalla sure. Whittier. 
 
 Valiant, The. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 Oct. 14, 1863. 
 
 Vallee du Sang. [Valley of 
 Blood.] A valley reputed to 
 have, in ancient times, separated 
 France from Bretagne. 
 
 When the Vale of Blood she neared, 
 
 All that ghastly band with speed 
 Following in pursuit appeared 
 Close behind her coal-black steed. 
 
 Anon , Tr. L. S. Costello. 
 
 Valley-farm, The. A picture by 
 John Constable (1776-1837). In 
 the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Valley of Jehoshaphat. This val- 
 ley of Jerusalem which is beneath 
 the hill Mount Moriah, on which 
 the ancient Jewish temple stood 
 (now occupied by the Mosque of 
 Omar), is about half a mile long, 
 extending from the village of Si- 
 loam to the Garden of Gethsem- 
 ane. Its sides are full of tombs, 
 and the brook Kedron runs 
 through it. The Jews believe 
 that the Last Judgment will take 
 place in this valley, according to 
 the prediction found in Joel iii. 
 12, “ Let the heathen be wakened, 
 and come up to the valley of Je- 
 hoshaphat: for there will I sit, 
 to judge all the heathen round 
 about.” 
 
 Vallombrosa. [The Shady Valley.] 
 A famous convent and sanctuary 
 near Florence, Italy. Its original 
 
VAL 
 
 544 
 
 YAT 
 
 lame was Acqua Bella. The 
 conventual buildings were erect- 
 ed in 1637, and with the surround- 
 ing forest are now chiefly inter- 
 esting from the allusions to them 
 in literature. 
 
 Thick as autumnal leaves that strew the 
 brooks 
 
 In Vallombrosa , where the Etrurian shades, 
 High over-arch’d embower. Milton. 
 
 Swelling the outcry dull, that long re- 
 sounds 
 
 Portentous through her old woods’ track- 
 less bounds, 
 
 Vallombre , mid her falling fanes, deplores. 
 Forever broke, the Sabbath of her bowers. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 He [Milton] nevermore was thirsty when 
 God’s will 
 
 Had shattered to his sense the last chain- 
 link 
 
 By which he had drawn from Nature’s 
 visible 
 
 The fresh well-water. Satisfied by this. 
 He sang of Adam’s paradise, and smiled, 
 Remembering Vallombrosa. Therefore is 
 The place divine to English man and child, 
 And pilgrims leave their soul here in a 
 kiss. E. B. Browning. 
 
 Not a grand nature. Not my chestnut- 
 woods 
 
 Of Vallombrosa , cleaving by the spurs 
 To the precipices. Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Valle Crucis Abbey. A beautiful 
 and picturesque ruined monas- 
 tery, founded in 1200, near Llan- 
 gollen, in Wales. 
 
 Vanity and Modesty. See Mod- 
 esty and Vanity. 
 
 Varuna, The. An iron clad vessel 
 of the United States navy, sunk 
 April 24, 1862, after destroying 
 five of the enemy’s fleet in the 
 battle on the Mississippi, below 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Who has not heard of the dauntless Varu- 
 na ? 
 
 Who has not heard of the deeds she has 
 done ? 
 
 Who shall not hear, while the brown 
 Mississippi 
 
 Rushes along from the snow to the sun ? 
 Crippled and leaking she §ntered the bat- 
 tle, 
 
 Sinking and burning she fought through 
 the fray : 
 
 Crushed were her sides, and the waves 
 ran across her. 
 
 Ere, like a death-wounded lion at bay, 
 Sternly she closed in the last fatal grapple, 
 Then in her triumph moved grandly 
 away. G. H. Boker. 
 
 Vase, Hall of the. See Hall of 
 the Vase, 
 
 Vassar College. A noted women’s 
 college situated in Poughkeepsie, 
 N. Y. It was founded and en- 
 dowed by Matthew Vassar, from 
 whom it takes its name. It was 
 organized in 1865. 
 
 Vatican, The. The ancient palace 
 of the popes, and the most mag- 
 nificent in the world, built upon 
 one of the hills of Rome, on the 
 right bank of the Tiber. It is 
 rather a collection of separate 
 buildings, constructed at various 
 times, than one regular structure. 
 Its extent is enormous. It has 
 8 grand staircases, 200 smaller 
 staircases, 20 courts, and, it is 
 said, 11,000 apartments of differ- 
 ent sizes. Its riches in marbles, 
 bronzes, and frescos, in ancient 
 statues and gems, and in paint- 
 ings, are unequalled in the world. 
 It also possesses a library with a 
 large and choice collection of 
 manuscripts. 
 
 4®=* ‘ ‘ The palace of the Vatican bears 
 the same relation to other palaces that 
 St. Peter’s does to other churches. It 
 is, indeed, not a palace, but a con- 
 gress of palaces. One of the stories 
 with which every traveller at Rome is 
 amused is, that the Vatican with its 
 gardens and St. Peter’s occupy as 
 much space as the city of Turin; and, 
 as it has never been contradicted, it 
 is probably true. The Vatican com- 
 prises a papal palace, a library, and a 
 museum. As a museum of art, it is 
 the first in the world. In sculpture it 
 not only surpasses any other collection, 
 but all other collections put together. 
 The whole of Europe could furnish 
 nothing to rival the Vatican. It also 
 comprises the highest triumphs of 
 painting, in the frescos of Raphael and 
 Michael Angelo. He who has seen 
 the Vatican has seen the utmost point 
 reached by the human mind and hand 
 in these two arts. The world is no 
 more likely to witness any thing be- 
 yond what is here visible than to have 
 a nobler epic than the Iliad, or a greater 
 dramatist than Shakespeare.” 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 The Vatican is great: yet poor to Chim- 
 borazo or the Peake of Tenerift'e: its dome 
 is but a foolish Big-endian or Little-endian 
 chip of an egg-shell, compared with that 
 star-fretted Dome where Arcturus and 
 Orion glance for ever. Carlyle. 
 
 That Leicester shoe-shop, had men 
 known it, was a holier place than any 
 Vatican or Loretto-shrine. Carlyle. 
 
VAT 
 
 545 
 
 V El 
 
 On that sad mountain slope whose ghostly 
 dead. 
 
 Unmindful of the gray exorcist's ban, 
 Walk, unappeased, the chambered Vati- 
 can , 
 
 And draw the curtains of Napoleon 's bed ! 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 Vatican Library. This library, 
 in the Vatican Palace, Rome, has 
 been called the largest in the 
 world, not because it has the 
 most books, but because it occu- 
 pies the largest space. It is really 
 a small collection, though ex- 
 ceedingly rich in ancient and 
 rare manuscripts, the number of 
 which is said to be over 30,000. 
 Among the precious treasures 
 here preserved are a famous copy 
 of Virgil of the age of Constan- 
 tine, and early manuscripts of 
 the Scriptures. The books in 
 this library are invisible, being 
 shut up in wooden presses. 
 
 Vatican, Obelisk of the. See Obe- 
 lisk of St. Peter’s. 
 
 Vaucluse, Fountain of. See Foun- 
 tain of Vaucluse. 
 
 Vauxhall. The region on the bank 
 of the Thames above Lambeth, 
 London. See Vauxhall Gar- 
 dens. 
 
 How, in a word, . . . shall it, at length, 
 be made manifest, and kept continually 
 manifest to the hearts of men, that the 
 Good is not properly the highest, but the 
 Beautiful ; that the true Beautiful (differ- 
 ing from the false, as Heaven does from 
 Vauxhall) comprehends in it the Good ? 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Vauxhall Bridge. An iron bridge 
 across the Thames at London. 
 
 Vauxhall Gardens. A place of 
 public amusement in London for 
 nearly two centuries. It was so 
 named from its site in the manor 
 of “ La Sale Faukes.” The gar- 
 dens were first laid out about 
 1661. They were finally closed 
 July 25, 1859, and the property 
 sold. Buildings have since been 
 erected, and roads laid out upon 
 their site. We are told in Ro- 
 gers’s “ Table Talk ” that the 
 proprietors of Vauxhall and 
 Ranelagh used to send fashion- 
 ably dressed persons to walk 
 among the ladies and gentlemen 
 in the Mall, and to exclaim every 
 
 now and then, “ What charming 
 weather for Ranelagh! ” or “ for 
 Vauxhall ! ” See Ranelagh Gar- 
 dens. 
 
 The lights everywhere glimmering 
 through scarcely moving trees; the 
 full-bodied concert bursting on the still- 
 ness of night; the natural concert of 
 the birds in the more retired part of 
 the grove, vying with that which was 
 formed by art; the company gayly 
 dressed, looking satisfied; and the ta- 
 bles spread with various delicacies, — 
 all conspired to fill my imagination with 
 the visionary happiness of the Arabian 
 lawgiver, and lifted me into an ecstasy 
 of admiration.” 
 
 Goldsmith , Citizen of the World . 
 
 Vauxhall and Ranelagh ! I then had heard 
 Of your green groves, and wilderness of 
 lamps 
 
 Dimming the stars, and fireworks magical, 
 And gorgeous ladies, under splendid domes, 
 Floating in dance, or warbling high in air 
 The songs of spirits ! Wordsworth. 
 
 The narrow lanes [in Genoa] have great 
 villas opening into them, whose walls (out- 
 side walls, I mean) are profusely painted 
 with all sorts of subjects, grim and holy. 
 But time and the sea-air have nearly ob- 
 literated them ; and they look like the en- 
 trance to Vauxhall Gardens on a sunny 
 day. Dickens. 
 
 It was a curious phenomenon, in the 
 withered, unbelieving, second-hand Eigh- 
 teenth Century, that of a Hero starting 
 up, among the artificial pasteboard fig- 
 ures and productions, in the guise of a 
 Robert Burns. Like a little well in the 
 rocky desert places, — like a sudden splen- 
 dor of Heaven in the artificial Vauxhall ! 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Vecchio, Palazzo. See Palazzo 
 Vecchio. 
 
 Vecchio, Ponte. See Ponte Vec- 
 chio. 
 
 V^four’s. A noted restaurant in 
 Paris. 
 
 We are not prepared to say what sums 
 were expended upon the painting of 
 Vdry’s, Vefour's, or of other places of pub- 
 lic resort in the capital. Thackeray. 
 
 Veiled Image [at Sais]. A con- 
 cealed or draped image said to 
 have stood in the temple of Mi- 
 nerva at Sais, the ancient metrop- 
 olis of Lower Egypt, and held in 
 great veneration. It has been 
 made the subject of many poeti- 
 cal allusions. Schiller has a poem 
 entitled Das verschleierte Bild zu 
 Sais. 
 
VEL 
 
 546 
 
 YEN' 
 
 He spAte and raised the veil ! And ask ye 
 what 
 
 T'nto the gaze was there within revealed ? 
 I know not. Pale and senseless, at the 
 foot 
 
 Of the dread statue of Egyptian Isis, 
 
 'i he priests beheld him at the dawn of day; 
 Hut what he saw, or what didthere befall, 
 His lips disclosed not. Ever from his heart 
 Was fled the sweet serenity of life. 
 
 And the deep anguish dug the early grave : 
 ‘•Woe, woe to him,” — such were his 
 warning words, 
 
 Answering some curious and impetuous 
 brain, — 
 
 “Woe — for she never shall delight him 
 more ! 
 
 Woe, — woe to him who treads through 
 guilt to Truth.” Schiller, Trans. 
 
 An awful statue, by a veil half hid, 
 
 At Sais stands. R. C. 'Trench. 
 
 Velabrum. In ancient Rome, a 
 marsh, or fen, occupying the inter- 
 val between the Capitoline and 
 Palatine hills, caused by the over- 
 flow of the Tiber. Yarro derives 
 the name from relieve , to carry, 
 from the ferry which was used to 
 carry travellers across. See San 
 Giorgio-in-Y elabro. 
 
 Vendome. See Colonxe Vendome 
 and Place Yendome. 
 
 Venetia. A well-known portrait 
 of Yenetia, wife of Sir Kenelm 
 Digby, by Anthony van Dyck 
 (1599-1641). In the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Vengeance, La. A noted French 
 frigate, attacked and put to flight 
 by the United States man-of- 
 war the Constellation, Commodore 
 Truxtun, Feb. 1, 1800. 
 
 ^^“The combatants fought des- 
 perately at pistol-shot distance, until 
 one o’clock in the morning. Suddenly 
 the French frigate disappeared in the 
 gloom. Truxtun, after small repairs, 
 bore away to Jamaica, and it was some 
 time before he knew that he had fought 
 the vessel he was searching for, La 
 Vengeance, 54 guns, with 400 men. 
 The frigate, dreadfully crippled, had 
 run away in the darkness, and escaped 
 to Curagoa. This victory made the 
 navy immensely popular. Congress 
 gave Truxtun the thanks of the nation, 
 and voted him a gold medal.” Lousing. 
 
 Venice. A picture by Joseph Mal- 
 lord William Turner (1775-1851), 
 the celebrated English painter. 
 
 Venice, Approach to. See Ap- 
 proach to Venice. 
 
 Venice paying Homage to Cath- 
 erine Cornaro. See Catherine 
 Cornaro. 
 
 Venice, Queen of the Sea. A 
 
 picture by Jacopo Robusti, called 
 Tintoretto (1512-1594). In the 
 Doge’s Palace, Venice, Italy. 
 
 Venus. A renowned statue by the 
 Greek sculptor Alcamenes (ft. 
 444-400 B.C.), in which Phidias is 
 supposed to have assisted. 
 
 Venus. A statue by Giovanni da 
 Bologna, called II Fiammingo 
 (1524-1608). At the Villa of Pe- 
 trarca, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Venus. A well-known statue by 
 Antonio Canova (1757-1822). In 
 the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. 
 
 J&aT “Although undoubtedly a fig- 
 ure of great beauty, it by no means 
 struck me as possessing that exquisite 
 and classic perfection which has been 
 ascribed to it.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Venus. A well-known statue by 
 Antonio Canova (1757-1822). In 
 the gallery of Stafford House, 
 London. 
 
 Venus a la Coquille. [Venus of 
 the Shell.] A mythological pic- 
 ture by Titian (1477-1576), “ A 
 
 single figure rising from the sea, 
 and drying her hair, a shell 
 floating near her.” In the Or- 
 leans Gallery. 
 
 Venus Anadyomene. [Gr. ’a^poSi'tt? 
 avoL&voixtvr], Venus rising from the 
 sea.] A celebrated statue of Ve- 
 nus in the Vatican Palace, Rome. 
 The name Anadyomene is ap- 
 plied to several other statues of 
 Venus, one or two of which are 
 in the Museum at Naples, Italy. 
 
 There was in ancient times a cele- 
 brated picture bearing this name, by 
 the Greek painter Apelles. It- is said 
 to have been executed for the temple 
 of Asclepius at Cos, and to have been 
 taken to Rome by the Emperor Augus- 
 tus, and placed in the temple of Caesar. 
 
 Venus and Adonis. A statue by 
 Antonio Canova (1757-1822), and 
 regarded as one of the most beau- 
 tiful of his works. Now in Na- 
 ples, Italy. 
 
 Venus and Cupid. A mythologi- 
 
yen- 
 
 547 
 
 YEN 
 
 ral fresco in the Yatican, Borne, 
 designed by Raphael (1483-1520), 
 but executed by his pupils. 
 
 Yenus and Cupid. A picture by 
 George Pencz (1500-1550), a Ger- 
 man painter. In the Gallery at 
 Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Yenus and Mercury teaching 
 
 * Cupid his Letters. A picture by 
 Antonio Allegri, surnamed Cor- 
 reggio (1494-1534). In the Na- 
 tional Gallery, London. 
 
 Yenus at Cytherea. See Landing 
 of Yenus at Cytherea. 
 
 Yenus, Birth of. See Birth of 
 Yenus. 
 
 Yenus Callipyge. An admired 
 statue found at Rome among the 
 ruins of Nero’s Golden House, 
 and which has been attributed to 
 Praxiteles. It is now in the Mu- 
 seum at Naples. 
 
 4£ir“ The Yenus Callipygis, appar- 
 ently a boudoir ornament, reminding 
 one of the pretty license of our eigh- 
 teenth century.” Taine y Trans. 
 
 Yenus, The Cnidian. See Cni- 
 
 dian Yenus. 
 
 Yenus coming from the Bath. A 
 well-known statue by Antonio 
 Canova (1757-1822), of which there 
 are several repetitions. One is in 
 the Palazzo Pitti, Florence,- an- 
 other in the possession of Lord 
 Lansdowne. 
 
 Yenus coming from the Bath. 
 An admired statue by Giovanni 
 da Bologna (1524-1608), “ remark- 
 able for delicacy and grace” 
 [Flaxman]. 
 
 Venus de’ Medici. A famous 
 statue, and one of the most per- 
 fect remains of ancient art. Now 
 in the Tribune of the Uffizi Pal- 
 ace in Florence, and is supposed 
 to be the work of the Greek 
 sculptor Cleomenes (fl. 363? B.C.). 
 It is a figure of the goddess, of 
 small but beautiful proportions, 
 regarded as an example of per- 
 fect art in its class. It was dis- 
 covered in the villa of Hadrian, 
 near Tivoli, about the year 1680. 
 j&g^Her modest attitude is partly 
 
 what unmakes her as the heathen god- 
 dess, and softens her into woman. On 
 account of the skill with which the 
 statue has been restored, she is just as 
 whole as when she left the hands of 
 the sculptor. One cannot think of her 
 as a senseless image, but as a being 
 that lives to gladden the world, incapa- 
 ble of decay or death; as young and 
 fair as she was three thousand years 
 ago, and still to be young and fair as 
 long as a beautiful thought shall require 
 physical embodiment.” Hawthorne. 
 
 4(5^ “ The Yenus stands somewhat 
 aside from the centre of the room, and 
 is surrounded by an iron railing, a 
 pace or two from her pedestal in front 
 and less behind. I think she might 
 safely be left to the reverence her wo- 
 manhood would win, without any other 
 protection. She is very beautiful, very 
 satisfactory, and has a fresh and new 
 charm about her unreached by any 
 cast or copy.” Hawthorne. 
 
 There, too, the Goddess loves in stone, 
 and fills 
 
 The air around with beauty; we inhale 
 The ambrosial aspect, which, beheld, in- 
 stils 
 
 Part of its immortality; the veil 
 Of heaven is half undrawn; within the 
 pale 
 
 We stand, and in that form and face be- 
 hold 
 
 What mind can make, when Nature’s 
 self would fail ; 
 
 And to the fond idolaters of old 
 Envy the innate flash which such a soul 
 could mould ; 
 
 We gaze and turn away, and know not 
 where, 
 
 Dazzled and drunk with beauty, till the 
 heart 
 
 Reels with its fulness ; there — forever 
 there, — 
 
 Chain’d to the chariot of triumphal Art, 
 We stand as captives, and would not de- 
 part. Byron. 
 
 Why is yonder simp ring Venus de ’ Me- 
 dici s to be our standmd of b auty, or the 
 Greek tragedies to bound our notion of 
 the sublime ? Thackeray. 
 
 Yenus del Pardo. A picture by 
 Titian (1477-1576). In the Louvre, 
 Paris. 
 
 Venus del Vasto. A picture by 
 Titian (1477-1576). In the Gallery 
 at Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Yenus di Milo. See Yenus of 
 Milo. 
 
 Yenus lamenting over Adonis, 
 A mythological picture by Giu- 
 seppe Ribera, called Lo Spagno- 
 letto (1588-1656). In the Palazzo 
 Corsini, Rome. 
 
YEN 
 
 548 
 
 VER 
 
 Venus of Quinipily. A singular 
 granite statue in the garden of a 
 ruined chateau near Baud in the 
 Department of Morbihan, France. 
 Its origin is wrapped in obscu- 
 rity. It is thought by some to 
 be a statue of Isis. The name 
 Venus is given to it from an in- 
 scription on the pedestal in 1689. 
 It was worshipped as late as the 
 seventeenth century, and is an 
 object of superstitious veneration 
 by the peasantry. 
 
 Venus of the Capitol. A celebrat- 
 ed statue of the goddess, of Pen- 
 telic marble, found in the Suburra 
 of Borne, and now preserved in 
 the Museum of the Capitol. 
 
 Venus, Toilet of. See Toilet of 
 Venus. 
 
 Venus, Townley. See Townley 
 Venus. 
 
 Venus of Milo [o? 1 of Melos]. A 
 celebrated statue, found in 1820 in 
 the island of Milo. It is in the 
 Louvre, Paris. 
 
 /IQjp' “ This is a statue which is so 
 called from having been dug up piece- 
 meal in the Island of Milos. There 
 was quite a struggle for her between a 
 French naval officer, the English, and 
 the Turks. The French officer car- 
 ried her off like another Helen, and she 
 was given to Paris, old Louis Philippe 
 being bridegroom by proxy.” 
 
 Beecher. 
 
 “ If we heard it said of a mod- 
 ern artist that he had even equalled the 
 works of the Greek masters, the Venus 
 of Milo would rise before us in her 
 divine smiling beauty, in derision of all 
 other statues we might try and place 
 beside her.” Grimm , Trans. 
 
 Yon bare-footed girl filling her pitcher 
 at the fountain would have been a Venus 
 of Milo in a higher social sphere. 
 
 Bayard Taylor. 
 Venus triumphant ! so serene and tender, 
 In thy calm after-bloom of life and love. 
 More fair than when of old thy sea-born 
 splendor 
 
 Surprised the senses of Olympian Jove. 
 
 S. II Whitman. 
 O Goddess of that Grecian isle 
 Whoso shore the blue Aegean laves, 
 Whose cliffs repeat with answering smile 
 Their features in its sun-kissed waves,— 
 An exile from thv native place. 
 
 We view thee in a northern clime, 
 
 Yet mark on thy majestic face 
 A glory still undimmed by time. 
 
 J. L. Stoddard. 
 
 Venus Rising from the Sea. See 
 
 Venus Anadyomene. 
 
 Venus Victrix. [Venus Victori- 
 ous.] An admired statue by An- 
 tonio Canova (1757-1822). In the 
 Villa Borghese, Borne. It repre- 
 sents the Princess Pauline Bor- 
 ghese, sister of Napoleon I. 
 
 Vergine, Colonna della. See Co- 
 
 LONNA DELLA VeRGINE. 
 
 Verhelst Family. A picture by 
 Gonzales Coques (1618-1684), and 
 his masterpiece. In the Queen’s 
 collection, Buckingham Palace, 
 London. 
 
 Verlorenes Loeh. [The Lost Gulf.] 
 A celebrated gallery or tunnel in 
 the so-called Via Mala, among 
 the Swiss Alps. See Via Mala. 
 
 Vermont, The. An old line-of- 
 battle ship, now used as a receiv- 
 ing ship, moored off shore at the 
 United States Navy Yard in 
 Brooklyn, N.Y. 
 
 Vermont, University of. See Uni- 
 versity of Vermont. 
 
 Vernia, La. A celebrated Fran- 
 ciscan convent, near Bibieno, 
 Italy, established by St. Francis 
 of Assisi in the early part of the 
 thirteenth century, and held in 
 veneration on account of his resi- 
 dence in it. 
 
 “ This singular convent, which 
 stands on the cliffs of a lofty Apennine, 
 was built by St. Francis himself, and is 
 celebrated for the miracle which the 
 motto records. Here reigns all the ter- 
 rible of nature, — a rocky mountain, a 
 ruin of the elements, broken, sawn, 
 and piled in sublime confusion, — pre- 
 cipices crowned with old, gloomy, vis- 
 ionary woods, — black chasms in the 
 rock, where curiosity shudders to look 
 down, — haunted caverns, sanctified by 
 miraculous crosses, — long excavated 
 stairs that restore you to daylight.” 
 
 Forsyth. 
 
 On the rude rock ’twixt Tiber and the 
 Arno 
 
 From Christ did he receive the final 
 seal. 
 
 Which during two whole years his 
 members bore. 
 
 Dante , Paradiso, Longfellow's Trans. 
 
 Vernon Gallery. A collection of 
 paintings of the English school, 
 
VER 
 
 549 
 
 VER 
 
 consisting of 162 pictures pre- 
 sented to the nation by Mr. Rob- 
 ert Vernon (d. 1819), and now de- 
 posited in the South Kensington 
 Museum, London. 
 
 V ernon, Mount. See Mount V er- 
 
 NON. 
 
 Verona Amphitheatre. See Are- 
 na. 
 
 Veronica, The. [The True Image.] 
 A famous Catholic relic preserved 
 in St. Peter’s Church, Rome, said 
 to be the impress of the counte- 
 nance of the Saviour upon the 
 handkerchief of Santa Veronica, 
 with which he wiped his brow on 
 the way to Calvary. [Sometimes 
 called also Volto Santo, or Santo 
 Volto (Holy Face).] 
 
 4®^ “Properly speaking, the Vero- 
 nica (■ vera icon ) is the true likeness of 
 Our Lord; and the same name has been 
 given to the holy woman who obtained 
 it, because the name of this holy woman 
 was uncertain. According to some, she 
 was a pious Jewess, called Seraphia; 
 according to others, she was Berenice, 
 niece of Herod. It is impossible to 
 decide between the different traditions, 
 some of which make her a virgin, and 
 others the wife of Zaccheus. . . . When 
 she saw Our Lord pass, bearing his 
 cross, covered with blood, spittle, 
 sweat, and dust, she ran to meet him, 
 and, presenting her kerchief, tried to 
 wipe his adorable face. Our Lord, 
 leaving for an instant the burden of the 
 cross to Simon the Cyrenian, took the 
 kerchief, applied it to his face, and gave 
 it back to the pious woman, marked 
 with the exact imprint of his august 
 countenance.” — Collin de Plancy. 
 Longfellow, from whose notes on 
 Dante this extract is taken, says: “Of 
 the Veronica there are four copies in 
 existence, each claiming to be the origi- 
 nal; one at Rome, another at Paris, a 
 third at Laon, and a fourth at Xaen in 
 Andalusia.” 
 
 4®=* “ There is nothing regarded 
 with so much reverence as this : the 
 people prostrate themselves on the 
 earth before it, most of them with tears 
 rolling down their cheeks, and all utter- 
 ing cries of commiseration.” 
 
 Montaigne , Trans. 
 
 4®“ “ In St. Peter’s at Rome, one of 
 the chapels under the dome is dedicated 
 to St. Veronica. An ancient image of 
 our Saviour, painted on linen, and 
 styled the Vera Icon (whence it is sup- 
 posed that the name of Veronica is de- 
 rived), is regarded by the people as the 
 
 veritable napkin of St. Veronica, and 
 is exhibited among the relics of the 
 Church.” Mrs. Jameson . 
 
 4®" “ To-day we gazed on the Ve- 
 ronica, — the holy impression left by 
 our Saviour’s face on the cloth Sta. 
 Veronica presented to him to wipe his 
 brow, bowed under the weight of the 
 cross. We had looked forward to this 
 sight for days, for seven thousand years 
 of indulgence from penance are attached 
 to it. But when the moment came we 
 could see nothing but a black board 
 hung with a cloth, before which an- 
 other white cloth was held. In a few 
 minutes this was withdrawn, and the 
 great moment was over, the glimpse of 
 the sacred thing on which hung the 
 fate of seven thousand years.” 
 
 E. R. Charles , Schonberg- Cotta 
 Chronicles. 
 
 4®=* “ The strangest thing about the 
 incident that has made her name so 
 famous is, that, when she wiped the 
 perspiration away, the print of the Sav- 
 iour’s face remained upon the hand- 
 kerchief, a perfect portrait, and so re- 
 mains unto this day. We knew this, 
 because we saw this handkerchief in a 
 cathedral in Paris, in another in Spain, 
 and in two others in Italy. In the Milan 
 cathedral it costs five francs to see it, 
 and at St. Peter’s at Rome it is almost 
 impossible to see it at any price. No 
 tradition \% so amply verified as this of 
 St. Veronica and her handkerchief.” 
 
 Mark Twain. 
 
 As he who peradventure from Croatia 
 
 Cometh to gaze at our Veronica , 
 
 Who through its ancient fame is never 
 sated, 
 
 But says in thought, 'the while it is dis- 
 played, 
 
 “ My Loid, Christ Jesus, God of very 
 God 
 
 Now was your semblance made like 
 unto this? ’’ 
 
 Dante. Paradiso, Trans, of Longfellow. 
 
 1644, 11 April. St. Veronica's handker- 
 chief [with the impression of our Saviour’s 
 lace] was exposed, and the next day the 
 speare with a world of ccremonie. 
 
 John Evelyn. 
 
 Veronica, St. See St. Veronica. 
 Verplanck House. An old colo- 
 nial mansion near Fishkill, N.Y., 
 for a time the headquarters of 
 Baron Steuben, in the Revolu- 
 tionary War. Here in 1783 the 
 Society of the Cincinnati was in- 
 stituted. 
 
 Versailles. A magnificent palace 
 in the city of the same name, 10 
 miles from Paris. It was built 
 by Louis XIV. in 1661. It became 
 a royal residence in 1681. It was 
 
VER 
 
 550 
 
 YER 
 
 attacked by the mob at the out- 
 break of the Revolution in 1789. 
 The palace is now used as an his- 
 torical museum, and its immense 
 galleries are adorned with paint- 
 ings and statues arranged in chro- 
 nological order. A grand park is 
 connected with the palace. 
 
 “ Before ns lies the palace dedi- 
 cated to all the glories of France. Hon- 
 ored pile! Time was when tall mus- 
 keteers and gilded body-guards allowed 
 none to pass the gate. Fifty years ago, 
 ten thousand drunken women from 
 Paris broke through the charm ; and 
 now a tattered commissioner will con- 
 duct you through it for a penny, and 
 lead you up to the sacred entrance of 
 the palace. Let them disguise the 
 place, however, as they will, and plas- 
 ter the walls with bad pictures as they 
 please, it will be hard to think of any 
 family but one, as one traverses this 
 vast, gloomy edifice. It has not been 
 humbled to the ground, as a certain 
 palace of Babel was of yore; but it is 
 a monument of fallen pride, not less 
 awful, and would afford matter for a 
 whole library of sermons. The cheap 
 defence of nations expended a thousand 
 millions in the erection of this mag- 
 nificent dwelling-place. Armies were 
 employed, in the intervals of their war- 
 like labors, to level hills or pile them 
 up ; to turn rivers, and to build aque- 
 ducts, and transplant woods, and con- 
 struct smooth terraces and long canals. 
 A vast garden grew up in a wilderness, 
 and a stupendous palace in the garden, 
 and a stately city round the palace ; the 
 city was peopled with parasites who 
 daily came to do worship before the 
 creator of these wonders, — the Great 
 King. ‘ Dieu seul est grand,’ said 
 courtly Massillon; but next to him, as 
 the prelate thought, was certainly 
 Louis, his vice-gerent here upon earth, 
 — God’s lieutenant, governor of the 
 world, before whom courtiers used to 
 fall upon their knees, and shade their 
 eyes, as if the light of his countenance, 
 like the sun, which shone supreme in 
 heaven, the type of him, was too daz- 
 zling to bear.” Thackeray. 
 
 jgSif" “ Versailles is the most com- 
 plete type of the classic style. That 
 palace was the seat and tomb of the old 
 dynasty of French monarchs, and has 
 held a great place in the history of 
 France. Louis XIII. built at Versailles 
 a sort of feudal chateau, flanked by 
 four large pavilions at the angles, en- 
 circled by ditches with drawbridges. 
 Louis XIV. continued his father’s la- 
 bors, but in his additions the feudal 
 character is no longer seen. The mod- 
 
 est hunting rendezvous of Louis XIII. 
 presents towards the town a tirade in 
 stone and brick, the arrangement of 
 which forms an agreeable perspective. 
 The buildings were commenced a little 
 after the death of Mazarin, in 1661, 
 under the direction of Levan, and were 
 continued by Mansart from 1670 to 1684. 
 They were severely criticised by court 
 retainers. Saint-Simon declared that 
 the place chosen was ‘ unpleasant, sad, 
 without view, without wood, without 
 water, without land, because the ground 
 was sandy and marshy.’ To this com- 
 plaint the finished structures are a vic- 
 torious answer, opening as they do 
 upon beautiful gardens, with a thousand 
 fine views and vistas, and numberless 
 sheets of water. It is only fair to say 
 that the architects themselves experi- 
 enced a hundred difficulties in carrying 
 out this undertaking. The chief diffi- 
 culty was to obtain funds. 90,000,000 
 of francs (which at the present day 
 would be worth 400,000,000) were sunk 
 at Versailles under Louis XIV., and 
 Mirabcau valued the total expense at 
 1,200,000,000. There is no doubt that 
 these enormous expenses affected the 
 economy of the public finances, and 
 largely contributed to the embarrass- 
 ments which resulted in the fall of the 
 monarchy. The facade overlooking the 
 garden was a repetition of the arrange- 
 ments common to all the great build- 
 ings of the reigns of Louis XIV. and 
 Louis XV. Seen at sunset from near 
 the Swiss lake, the profile of the fa- 
 9 ade produces a grand impression of 
 nobleness and simplicity. The interior 
 arrangement is imperfect; the vesti- 
 bules are ill-placed; and the stairs do 
 not correspond with the richness and 
 grandeur of the apartments. But these 
 defects are more than compensated for 
 by the splendid pictures of Lebrun, 
 Audran, Coypel, Jouvenet, Lafosse, 
 and Lemoyne. Ancient statues, the 
 rarest marbles, fine specimens of the 
 goldsmith’s art, jewels, and curiosities 
 of every description, were formerly 
 lavished on these empty saloons. We 
 may still judge of the former splendor 
 of Versailles by the famous Mirror 
 Gallery. It is 228 feet long by 33. Its 
 17 great crosses correspond with the 
 mirrors, which reflect the gardens and 
 the lakes.” Lefevre , Trans. Donald . 
 
 He [Admiral Torrington] had long been 
 in the habit of exacting the most abject 
 homage from those who were under his 
 c ommand. Ilis flagship was a little Ver- 
 sailles. Macaulay. 
 
 Versailles ! Up the chestnut alleys, 
 
 All in flower, so white and pure, 
 
 Strut the red and yellow laeque} s 
 Of this Madame Pompadour. 
 
 Walter Thombury. 
 
VER 
 
 551 
 
 vrA 
 
 I do not think that on this earth, 
 
 Mid its most notable plantations, 
 
 Has been a spot more praised, more famed, 
 More choice, more citied, oftener named, 
 Than thy most tedious park, Versailles! 
 
 Alf red de Musset , Trans. 
 John saw Versailles from Marld’s height, 
 An t cried, astonished at the sight, 
 
 “ Whose line estate is that there here ? ” 
 “State! Je vous n’entends pas, Mon- 
 sieur.” C.Dibdin. 
 
 Very’s. A noted restaurant in 
 Paris. 
 
 I had eaten for a week at Very’s before 
 
 I discovered that since Pelham's day that 
 gentleman’s reputation has gone down. 
 He is a subject for history at present. 
 
 N. P. Willis. 
 
 We are not prepared to say what sums 
 were expended upon the painting of Very's 
 ... or of other places of public resort in 
 the capital. Thackeray. 
 
 Vespasian, Temple of. See Tem- 
 ple of Vespasian. 
 
 Vesta, Temple of. See Temple 
 of Vesta. 
 
 Via Appia. [Appian Way.] One 
 of the great avenues leading from 
 ancient Rome, and the principal 
 line of communication with 
 Southern Italy, Greece, and the 
 East. It was begun by Appius 
 Claudius Caecus, the Censor, B.C. 
 312, from whom it derived its 
 name. Under Pope Pius IX. this 
 ancient road was laid open in the 
 most interesting part of its ex- 
 tent. The Appian Way is about 
 
 II Roman miles in length, and is 
 remarkable for the number and 
 magnificence of the tombs which 
 lined it, and for the solid and 
 durable construction of its pave- 
 ment, which is now exposed for 
 parts of its extent. 
 
 “ The Via Appia is a magnifi- 
 cent promenade amongst ruinous tombs, 
 the massive remains of which extend 
 for many miles over the Roman Cam- 
 pagna. The powerful families of an- 
 cient Rome loved to build monuments 
 to their dead by the side of the public 
 road, probably to exhibit at once their 
 affection for their relations and their 
 own power and affluence.” 
 
 Frederika Bremer. 
 
 “ The best known of the Roman 
 roads, the Appian Way, . . . forms 
 the most travelled route between Rome 
 and Naples. . . . Such roads could not 
 have been constructed unless the very 
 workmen who wrought upon them had 
 
 been impressed Avith the idea of the 
 eternal duration of Rome.” Hillard. 
 
 JSfegr “ Even the Pyramids form hard- 
 ly a stranger spectacle, or a more alien 
 from human sympathies, than the tombs 
 of the Appian Way, with their gigantic 
 height, breadth, and solidity, defying 
 time and the elements, and far too 
 mighty to be demolished by ordinary 
 earthquakes.” Hawthorne. 
 
 Then you must build up or uncover the 
 massive tombs, now broken or choked 
 with sand, so as to restoie the aspect <f 
 vast streets of tombs like those on the 
 Appian Way , out of which the Great Pyr- 
 amid would rise like a cathedral above 
 smaller churches. A. P. Stanley. 
 
 “ Is there time,” I asked, 
 
 “ In these last days of railroads, to stop 
 short 
 
 Like Cassar’s chariot (weighing half a ton) 
 Oil the Appian road for morals? ” 
 
 Mrs. Browning. 
 Awe-struck I gazed upon that rock-paved 
 way, 
 
 The Appian Road ; marmorean witness 
 still 
 
 Of Rome’s resistless stride and fateful 
 will. 
 
 Which mocked at limits, opening out for 
 aye 
 
 Divergent paths to one imperial sway. 
 
 Aubrey de Vere. 
 
 Via Babuino. One of three streets 
 diverging from the Piazza del 
 Popolo in Rome. It extends to 
 the Piazza di Spagna. 
 
 Via Balbi. The principal street in 
 Genoa, Italy, containing many 
 fine palaces. 
 
 Via de’ Bardi. An ancient and 
 historic street in Florence, Italy, 
 which has of late in great part 
 disappeared as a consequence of 
 city improvements. 
 
 The color of these objects Avas chiefly 
 pale or sombre; the vellum bindings, with 
 their deep-ridged backs, gave little relief 
 to the marble livid with long burial, the 
 dark bronzes wanted sunlight upon them 
 to bring out their tinges of green, and the 
 sun Avas t ot yet high enough to send 
 gleams of brightness through the narrow 
 wundows that looked on the Via de' Bardi. 
 
 George Eliot. 
 
 Via Dolorosa. A narrow street 
 about a mile in length, which pur- 
 sues a Avinding or zigzag course 
 through the city of Jerusalem 
 from the Mount of 01 Wes to Gol- 
 gotha, and which has borne its 
 present name for the last few 
 centuries. On this street the 
 credulous may find the scenes 
 of all the historical and legend- 
 
VIA 
 
 552 
 
 VIC 
 
 ary events connected with the 
 Crucifixion. Here are situated 
 the birthplace of the Virgin Mary, 
 the house of St. Veronica, upon 
 whose handkerchief or veil, used 
 to wipe away his blood and 
 sweat, the face of Jesus was mi- 
 raculously impressed, and the 
 church said to have been erect- 
 ed upon the spot where Mary 
 swooned and fell at the time 
 when her Son sank under the 
 weight of the cross. 
 
 “ One cannot help wondering 
 how the good old monks could mani- 
 fest such childish simplicity in their 
 inventions. A schoolboy in England 
 would naturally ask how the present 
 lane, with its sharp turns and numer- 
 ous windings, happens so exactly to 
 correspond with the ancient one; or 
 how arches, and walls, and staircases, 
 and particular stones, and whole houses 
 could remain intact, and be identified, 
 after the total destruction of the city 
 by the Romans, and the lapse of so 
 many centuries. And yet so it is. Not 
 a word is heard of the Via Dolorosa, 
 and its eight stations, from monk or 
 priest, traveller or pilgrim, previous to 
 the fourteenth century. . . . There 
 is something deeply interesting in it 
 also to the artist and the historian ; for 
 here are the originals, if we may so 
 call them, of some of the most celebrat- 
 ed works of European art, and here is 
 the fountain-head of some of the most 
 famous of European superstitions.” 
 
 Murray's Handbook. 
 
 “ The Procession to Calvary 
 (II Portamento del Croce ) followed a 
 path leading from the gate of Jerusa- 
 lem to Mount Calvary, which has been 
 kept in remembrance and sanctified as 
 the Via Dolorosa .” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 4®=-“ Yonder steep, tortuous lane 
 before us, flanked by ruined walls on 
 either s.’de, has borne, time out of 
 mind, the title of Via Dolorosa ; and 
 tradition has fixed the spots where the 
 Saviour rested, bearing his cross to 
 Calvary.” Thackeray. 
 
 Via Felice. A well-known street 
 in Rome, Italy, near the Piazza 
 Barberini. 
 
 Thence to Via Felix, a straite and no- 
 ble streete but very precipitous, till we 
 came to the Fountains of Lepidus, built 
 at the abuttments of four stately wayes. 
 
 John Evelyn, 1644. 
 ’Twas in the Via Felice 
 
 My friend Ids swelling made, 
 
 The Roman Via Felice, 
 
 Half sunshine, half in shade. 
 
 Julia Ward Howe. 
 
 Via Flaminia. [Flaminian Way.] 
 Formerly the chief northern road 
 of Italy, so called from Caius Fla- 
 minius, by whom it was begun 
 during his censorship in the third 
 century B.C. It entered the city 
 near the present Porta del Po- 
 polo. 
 
 Via Mala. A celebrated Alpine 
 gorge in the canton of the Gri- 
 sons, Switzerland, in which the 
 opposite walls of limestone rock 
 rise in towering precipices on 
 both sides, sometimes to the 
 height of 1,500 feet. The road 
 crosses the river Rhine three 
 times, and the scenery is grand 
 in the extreme. 
 
 Via Mala Bergamesea. A remark- 
 able gorge among the Italian Alps 
 near Lovere. 
 
 Via Nuova. [The New Street.] A 
 well-known street in Genoa, It- 
 aly. 
 
 Via Ripetta. One of three streets 
 which diverge from the Piazza 
 del Popolo in Rome. It leads 
 somewhat in the direction of the 
 Castle of St. Angelo and St. Pe- 
 ter’s. 
 
 Via Sacra. [Sacred Way.] A 
 street in ancient Rome, and one 
 over which triumphal processions 
 passed, extending from the Arch 
 of Fabius to that of Titus. It 
 was a favorite promenade of the 
 poet Horace. 
 
 Ibam forte Via Sacra, sicut mens est mos, 
 Nescio quid meuitans nugarum, et totus 
 in illis. Sat. lib. i. ix. 
 
 Along the Sacred Way 
 Hither the triumph came, and, winding 
 round 
 
 With acclamation, and the martial clang 
 Of instruments, and cars laden with spoil, 
 Stopped at the sacred stair that then ap 
 pearcd. Samuel Rogers. 
 
 Who would have thought that the sau- 
 cy question, “Does your mother know 
 vou’re out?” was the very same that 
 Horace addressed to the bore who at- 
 tacked him in the Via Sacra t 
 Interpellandi locus liic erat: Est tibi ma- 
 ter? 
 
 Cognati, queis te salvo est opus? 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 Victoires, Place des. See Place 
 des Victoires. 
 
 Victoria Bell. A large bell at 
 Leeds, England, hung in the 
 
VIC 
 
 553 
 
 VIE 
 
 town-hall. It weighs 4 tons 1 
 cwt., and its diameter at the 
 mouth is 6 ft. 2 in. 
 
 Victoria Bridge. A celebrated 
 bridge across the St. Lawrence at 
 Montreal, Canada. It was erect- 
 ed in 1854-59, and is 9,184 feet in 
 length, with 24 spans of 242 ft. 
 each, and a centre span of 330 ft., 
 at a height of GO ft. above the 
 river. The cost of the bridge 
 was nearly $7,' 000, 000. 
 
 Victoria Bocks. The docks bear- 
 ing this name, which occupy 200 
 acres on the left bank of the 
 Thames, London, were opened 
 in 185G. 
 
 Victoria Embankment. See 
 Thames Embankments. 
 
 Victoria Hall. A building in Edin- 
 burgh, Scotland, used for the 
 meetings of the General Assem- 
 bly of the Church of Scotland. 
 
 Victoria Park. An extensive 
 pleasure-ground in London, ori- 
 ginated by act of Parliament in 
 the fourth and fifth years of the 
 reign of Queen Victoria. 
 
 Victoria Theatre. A theatre in 
 Waterloo Bridge Load, Lambeth, 
 London, originally called The 
 Coburg. 
 
 Victoria Square. A public ground 
 in Montreal, Can. 
 
 Victoria Tower. See Westmin- 
 ster Palace. 
 
 Victory. A statue by Giovanni 
 da Bologna, called II Fiammingo 
 (1530?-1608). In the Palazzo Vec- 
 cliio, Florence, Italy. 
 
 Victory, The. A famous vessel of 
 the British navy. She was the 
 flagship of Admiral Nelson (1758- 
 1805) at Trafalgar, and on her deck 
 he received a fatal wound. The 
 ship is anchored at Portsmouth, 
 England, and is kept on exhibi- 
 tion. 
 
 Victory, The. An Arctic explor- 
 ing-ship which sailed from Eng- 
 land in 1829 under the command 
 of Sir John Boss ( 1777-1856). The 
 Victory was abandoned in the ice 
 in 1832. 
 
 Victory of Alexander the Great 
 over Darius. A celebrated pic- 
 ture by Albert Altdorfer (d. 1538), 
 a German painter, and considered 
 his masterpiece. It was painted 
 in 1529 for Duke William of Ba- 
 varia, and is now in the Gallery 
 of Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 “ It is in truth a little world on 
 a few square feet of canvas; the hosts 
 of combatants who advance on all sides 
 against each other are innumerable, 
 and the view into the background ap- 
 pears interminable. In the distance is 
 the ocean, with high rocks and a rug- 
 ged island between them ; ships of war 
 appear in the offing, and a whole fleet 
 of vessels. On the left the moon is set- 
 ting — on the right the sun is rising; 
 both shining through the opening 
 clouds — a clear and striking image 
 of the events represented. . . . The 
 character and execution of the figures 
 is most masterly and profound.” 
 
 Frederic Schlegel , Trans. 
 
 Victory of Constantine. A fresco 
 by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). 
 In the Vatican, Rome. 
 
 Vicus Judaeorum. See Ghetto. 
 
 Vicus Sceleratus. [The Accursed 
 Street.] A street in ancient 
 Rome, reputed to be the one in 
 which the daughter of Servius 
 Tullius drove over the corpse of 
 her father, after he had been 
 murdered by the emissaries of 
 Tarquin, her husband. 
 
 Vierge a la Diademe. [The Vir- 
 gin with the Diadem.] “ The 
 Madonna, kneeling, is lifting the 
 veil from the sleeping Child, in 
 order to show it to the little St. 
 John, who kneels in joyful adora- 
 tion. In the background a rich 
 landscape.” This picture, which 
 has been considerably injured, is 
 now in the Louvre, Paris. [Called 
 also Vierge an Linge .] 
 
 A^“The subject of the Sleeping 
 Christ is beautifully varied by the in- 
 troduction of St. John, as where Mary 
 lifts the veil, and shows her Child to 
 the little St. John kneeling with folded 
 hands. Raphael’s well-known ‘ Vierge 
 a la Diademe ’ is an instance replete 
 with grace and expression.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson.. 
 
 Vierge a la Victoire. See Ma- 
 donna DELLA VlTTORXAo 
 
VIE 
 
 554 
 
 VIE 
 
 Vierge a POreiller verd. [Virgin 
 of the Green Pillow.] A beau- 
 tiful picture of the Madonna and 
 Child by Andrea Solario, the 
 early Italian painter. The pic- 
 ture derives its name from the 
 color of the pillow on which the 
 Child is lying. In the Louvre, 
 Paris. 
 
 Vierge au bas-relief. A picture 
 of the Madonna and Child by 
 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1520), 
 the Italian painter. It is so called 
 from the small sculptured stone 
 in the corner, and is supposed to 
 have been executed about 1490. 
 “ This is probably one of the ear- 
 liest specimens of that arrange- 
 ment of the Holy Family which 
 Raphael afterwards consecrat- 
 ed.” It is now in the possession 
 of Lord Monson at Gatton Park. 
 A very similar picture to this by 
 Leonardo is in the Hermitage at 
 St. Petersburg. 
 
 Vierge au Donataire. See Ma- 
 donna di Foligno. 
 
 Vierge au Lapin. [Virgin with 
 the Rabbit.] A beautiful picture 
 of the Madonna and Child by Ti- 
 tian (1477-1576). In the Gallery 
 of the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 4®=* “ This Arcadian sentiment is 
 carried as far as could well be allowed 
 in a picture by Titian known as the 
 Vierge au Lapin. The Virgin holds a 
 white rabbit, towards which the infant 
 Christ, in the arms of St. Catherine, 
 eagerly stretches his hand.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Vierge au Linge. See Vierge a 
 la Diademe. 
 
 Vierge au Palmier. See Holy 
 Family of the Palm-tree. 
 
 Vierge au Panier. [The Virgin 
 with the Work-basket.] A well- 
 known picture of the Madonna, 
 by Antonio Allegri, surnamed 
 Correggio (1494-1534), in which 
 the Virgin is represented dressing 
 her Child, with a work-basket 
 standing beside her. This pic- 
 ture is now in the National Gal- 
 lery, London. 
 
 4®“ “ Mary holds the Child upon 
 her knee, looking down upon him 
 fondly. ... A finished example of 
 
 that soft yet joyful maternal feeling for 
 which Correggio was remarkable.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson . 
 
 4®=* “ This picture shows that Cor- 
 reggio was the greatest master of aerial 
 perspective of his time.” Mengs. 
 
 Vierge au Voile. See Vierge a 
 la Diademe. 
 
 Vierge aux Candelabres. See 
 Madonna della Candelabra. 
 
 Vierge aux Cerises. [Virgin with 
 Cherries.] A well-known picture 
 of the Madonna and Child by 
 Annibale Caracci (1560-1609), in 
 which Joseph is seen presenting 
 cherries. Now in the Louvre, 
 Paris. 
 
 4®"* “ It is related, that before the 
 birth of our Saviour, the Virgin Mary 
 wished to taste of some cherries which 
 hung upon a tree high above her head : 
 she requested Joseph to procure them 
 for her, and, he reaching to pluck them, 
 the branch bowed down to his hand.” 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Vierge aux Rochers. [Madonna 
 of the Rocks.] A picture of the 
 Madonna and Child, by Leonardo 
 da Vinci (1452-1520), the Italian 
 painter. It derives its name from 
 the dismal dark cavern with 
 stalactite forms in which the fig- 
 ures are placed. It is thought 
 that others beside Leonardo had 
 a hand in this composition. There 
 are similar pictures in the Louvre, 
 the Naples Museum, and else- 
 where, which are undoubtedly 
 the work of pupils, and probably 
 taken from Leonardo’s cartoon 
 of the subject. This picture was 
 formerly at Milan, but is now in 
 possession of the Earl of Suffolk 
 at Charlton Park. 
 
 Vierge au Silence. [The Silent 
 Virgin.] The name given to 
 pictures of the Madonna, and 
 Child, in which the latter is rep- 
 resented as sleeping. For an ex- 
 ample, among others, see Vierge 
 a la Diademe. See also Silen- 
 tium. 
 
 Vierge aux Anges [with Angels]. 
 A picture by Peter Paul Rubens 
 (1577-1640), representing the Vir- 
 gin and Child surrounded by a 
 
VIG 
 
 555 
 
 YIL 
 
 host of children. In the Gallery 
 of the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 4®=* “Rubens has more than once 
 committed the same fault against eccle- 
 siastical canons and decorum (i.e., in- 
 troducing into a glory round the Vir- 
 gin, female angels), for instance in his 
 Madonna aux Anges in the Louvre.” 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Vigilant, The. A French frigate 
 captured by the British frigate 
 Massachusetts at the taking of 
 Louisbourg in 1745. 
 
 Villa Adriana. See Hadrian’s 
 Villa. 
 
 Villa Albani. A Roman villa 
 built in 1760 by Cardinal Albani, 
 and now owned by Prince Tor- 
 lonia. It contains a collection of 
 sculptures and paintings, once of 
 great merit, but now of reduced 
 value in consequence of the loss 
 of 294 of its best specimens which 
 were taken to Paris by Napoleon, 
 and there sold. Among the treas- 
 ures of art in the villa, are the 
 bronze Apollo Sauroctonos, q. v., 
 and a beautiful rilievo of Anti- 
 nous, q.v. 
 
 Villa Aldobrandini. A celebrated 
 villa in Frascati, near Rome. It 
 was erected towards the close of 
 the sixteenth century by Cardinal 
 Aldobrandini, nephew of Pope 
 Clement VIII. It is famous for 
 its water-works, the water being 
 made to flow in every fantastic 
 form. 
 
 1644, 5 May. We tooke coach and went 
 15 miles out of the Cittie to Frascati, for- 
 merly Tusculanum, a villa of Cardinal Al- 
 dobrandini , built for a country house, but 
 surpassing, in my opinion, the most de- 
 licious places I ever beheld for its situa- 
 tion, elegance, plentifull Avater, groves, 
 ascents and prospects. Just behind the 
 palace (which is of excellent architec- 
 ture) in the centre of the enclosure rises 
 an high bill or mountaine all overclad 
 with tall wood, and so formed by nature 
 as if it had been cut out by art, from the 
 sum’it whereof falls a cascade, seeming 
 rather a great river than a streame pre- 
 cipitating into a large theater of water. 
 Under this is made an artificial grott, 
 wherein are curious rocks, hydraulic en- 
 gines and all sorts of singing-birds moving 
 and chirping by force of the water, with 
 several! other pageants and surprising in- 
 ventions. John Evelyn. 
 
 4®" “ This is the Italian rural pal- 
 ace constructed for a noble of classic 
 tastes, one who relished nature accord- 
 
 ing to the landscapes of Poussin and 
 Claude Lorraine. In the interior the 
 walls are decorated with ‘ Apollo and 
 the Nine Muses,’ ‘ The Cyclops and Vul- 
 can at his Forge,’ . . . ‘ David and 
 Goliath,’ and a ‘Judith,’ simple and 
 beautiful, by Domenicliino.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Villa Borghese. A villa or country 
 house just outside the Porta del 
 Popolo, Rome, belonging to the 
 Borghese family. It contains a 
 collection of sculptures. The 
 grounds connected with this vil- 
 la are very beautiful. 
 
 4GgT “ The scenery is such as arrays 
 itself to the imagination when we read 
 the beautiful old myths, and fancy a 
 brighter sky, a softer turf, a more pic- 
 turesque arrangement of venerable 
 trees, than we find in the rude and 
 untrained landscapes of the Western 
 world. . . . A seclusion, but seldom a 
 solitude; for priest, noble, and popu- 
 lace, stranger and native, all who 
 breathe the Roman air, find free ad- 
 mission, and come hither to taste the 
 languid enjoyment of the day-dream 
 which they call life.” Hawthorne . 
 
 4®" “The Villa Borghese is a vast 
 park four miles in circumference, with 
 buildings of all kinds scattered over it. 
 . . . Here is a little temple, there a 
 peristyle, further on a ruined colon- 
 nade, a portico, balustrades, large round 
 vases, and a sort of amphitheatre. The 
 undulating surface rises and falls in 
 beautiful meadows, red with the deli- 
 cate trembling anemone. Fountains 
 murmur at every turn of the avenues, 
 and in small valleys grand old oaks 
 send up their valiant, heroic, antique 
 forms.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 I walked to the Villa Borghesi , a house 
 and ample garden on Mons Pincius, >et 
 somewhat witPout the Citty walls, cir- 
 cumscribed by another wall full of small 
 turrets and banqueting-liouses, which 
 makes it appeare at a distance like a little 
 towne. Within it is an elysium of delight, 
 having in the centre a noble Palace, but 
 the entrance of the garden presents us 
 with a very glorious fabrick or rather 
 dove-case adorned with excellent marble 
 statues. This garden abounded with all 
 sort of delicious fruit and exotiq simples, 
 fountains, groves, and rivulets. 
 
 John Evelyn. 
 
 4®=* “ I was never weary of seeing 
 from the Villa Borghese the sun go 
 down behind the cypresses of Monte 
 Mario, and the pines of the Villa Pam- 
 phili planted by Le Notre.” 
 
 Chateaubriand , Trans. 
 
 Villa Farnesina. See Farnesina. 
 
VIL 
 
 556 
 
 VIL 
 
 Villa Gherardesca. A villa at San 
 Domenica di Fiesole, in the en- 
 virons of Florence, known as 
 the residence of W alter Savage 
 Landor, and since called by his 
 name. 
 
 43^ “ I found him [Landor] noble 
 and courteous, living in a cloud of pic- 
 tures at his Villa Gherardesca, a line 
 house commanding a beautiful land- 
 scape.” Emerson. 
 
 Villa Landore. See Villa Ghe- 
 
 KAIIDESCA. 
 
 Villa Ludovisi. A beautiful villa 
 in Rome, built early in the eigh- 
 teenth century by Cardinal Lu- 
 dovisi, nephew of Gregory XV., 
 now owned by the Duke and 
 Duchess Sora. It contains a fine 
 collection of sculptures, among 
 which the most celebrated is the 
 Ludovisi Juno, a colossal head, 
 greatly admired by Goethe. 
 
 “ The Villa Ludovisi, though 
 its grounds are a mile in circumference, 
 is within the walls of Rome. The 
 principal building, inhabited by the 
 prince, is not shown. A smaller struc- 
 ture, or casino, is appropriated to 
 sculpture; and it contains one of the 
 finest private collections in Rome.” 
 
 Hillard. 
 
 “ 1644, Nov. 10. We went to 
 see Prince Ludovisio's villa, where was 
 formerly the Viridarium of the poet 
 Sallust. The house is very magnifi- 
 cent, and the extent of the ground is 
 exceeding large, considering it is a 
 Citty; in every quarter of the garden 
 are antiqu statues, and walkes planted 
 with cypresse.” John Evelyn. 
 
 4£§ = ’ “ The villa is charming. This 
 kind of landscape is unique : you find 
 the vegetation of all climates mingled 
 and grouped together. And a still 
 more peculiar sight is the old walls of 
 Rome, a veritable natural ruin, that 
 serves as an enclosure. Hot-houses are 
 supported against red arcades; lemon- 
 trees in pale rows hug the disjointed 
 bricks, and in the vicinity fresh green 
 grass is growing abundantly.” 
 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 Villa Madama. A deserted villa 
 near Rome, containing some in- 
 teresting frescos. 
 
 One event in nature, on the contrary, 
 like a sunset from the Villa Madama. one 
 vvorkof art like the much-revered Juno, 
 make a deep and inspiring impression. 
 
 Goethe , Trans . 
 
 Villa Medici. A villa upon a beau- 
 tiful situation in Rome, built in 
 1540, afterwards passing into the 
 possession of the Medici family, 
 and now the seat of the French 
 Academy. It contains a valua- 
 ble collection of casts. 
 
 46^ “ The grounds of the Villa Me- 
 dici are laid out in the old fashion of 
 straight paths, with borders of box. 
 There are green alleys with long vistas 
 overshadowed by ilex-trees, . . . and 
 in their season a profusion of roses 
 from which the genial sun of Italy dis- 
 tils a fragrance, to be scattered abroad 
 by the no less genial breeze.” 
 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 Villa Massimo. A villa in Rome 
 near the Church of S. Maria Mag- 
 giore, and formerly one of the 
 most beautiful in the city. [Called 
 also Villa Negroni and Villa Mas- 
 simo Negroni.~\ 
 
 Villa Mozzi. A noted villa in the 
 vicinity of Florence, Italy, once 
 the residence of Lorenzo de’ Me- 
 dici. 
 
 Villa Nazionale. See Villa 
 Reale. 
 
 Villa Negroni. See Villa Mas- 
 simo. 
 
 Villa Pamfili-Doria. A beautiful 
 villa in Rome, called by the Ital- 
 ians Belrespiro. It contains some 
 statues and pictures. 
 
 Villa Reale. [Now called Villa 
 Nazionale .] The Public Garden 
 of Naples, in the street called the 
 Chiaja, and the favorite prome- 
 nade of the inhabitants. It is 
 nearly a mile in length, and 200 
 feet in breadth, bordering upon 
 the sea, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by a wall and parapet. It 
 is planted with orange-trees, myr- 
 tles, acacias, and evergreen oaks, 
 and is laid out partly in the 
 Italian and partly in the English 
 style of gardening. 
 
 4^ “ The brightest and gayest as- 
 pect in Europe. . . . Here is every 
 thing that can restore the weary, or 
 amuse the idle, — a prospect of inde- 
 scribable beauty ; the breezes and voices 
 of the sea; the rich foliage of the south, 
 gay faces of men and women, and chil- 
 dren sporting round the fountains.” 
 
 Hillard . 
 
VII 
 
 557 
 
 VIE 
 
 Ville, Hotel de. See Hotel de 
 V lLLE. 
 
 Viminal Hill. [Lat. Mons Vimi- 
 nalis.] One of the seven hills of 
 ancient Rome, scarcely distin- 
 guishable at the present time. It 
 is supposed to derive its name 
 from the osiers ( vimina ;) which 
 grew upon it. 
 
 4®=- “ The Viminal Hill is to me ter- 
 ra incognita. It is, or was, situated 
 between the Esquiline and the Quirinal ; 
 and, I suppose, ‘ if it be not gone, it 
 must be there still/ But I have al- 
 ready confessed my incapacity to dis- 
 cover it; and though I have frequently 
 since most diligently renewed my scru- 
 tiny, I have been able to descry noth- 
 ing that, by any latitude of interpreta- 
 tion, can be construed into the least 
 resemblance to a hill. The truth is, 
 that it has sustained, between its two 
 puissant neighbors (the Esquiline and 
 the Quirinal) that extinction which a 
 small state sometimes suffers between 
 two large ones.” C. A. Eaton. 
 
 Vincennes, Barriere de. See BAR- 
 RIERE DU TkONE. 
 
 Vinci. See Leonardo da Vinci. 
 
 Vintage of Noah. A fresco paint- 
 ing by Bennozo Gozzoli (1408- 
 1478). " In the Campo Santo, Pisa, 
 Italy. 
 
 Violets of Psestum. See Roses 
 
 OF PjESTUM. 
 
 Violin Player. [II Suonatore.] A 
 well-known picture by Raphael 
 Sanzio (1483-1520), representing a 
 young man holding in his hand 
 the bow of a violin and a wreath 
 of laurel. It is supposed to be 
 the portrait of one Antonio Ma- 
 rone, a Brescian improvvisatore, 
 and is regarded as one of Ra- 
 phael’s best portraits. This pic- 
 ture is now in the Sciarra Palace 
 in Rome. 
 
 45^ “ Two precious pictures here 
 [in the Sciarra Palace] are under glass, 
 the first and most beautiful being the 
 Violin-player by Raphael. This repre- 
 sents a young man in a black cap and 
 green mantle, with a fur collar, and 
 thick brown hair descending over it. 
 The young man slowly turns his head, 
 fixing his eye on the spectator. The 
 nobleness and calmness of the head 
 are incomparable, also its gentleness 
 
 and intelligence : you cannot imagine a 
 more beautiful, a more delicate spirit.” 
 Taine , Trans. 
 
 One of these peasants, with long black 
 hair and pale dignified face, resembles the 
 Suonatore of Raphael. H. Taine , Trans. 
 
 Viper, The. A noted frigate of 
 the United States navy, in ser- 
 vice in the war of 1812. She was 
 built at Washington. 
 
 Virgen de la Serviletta. [Virgin 
 of the Napkin.] A picture by 
 Bartolome Estevan Murillo (1618- 
 1(382), so called in allusion to the 
 dinner-napkin on which it was 
 painted. 
 
 Virgil’s Tomb. That which is 
 known as the tomb of Virgil (70- 
 19 B.C.) is on the promontory of 
 Pausilippo, overlooking the Bay 
 of Naples. It bears the inscrip- 
 tion: “ Mantua me genuit: Cala- 
 bri rapuere : tenet nunc Parthe- 
 nope: cecini pascua, rura, duces.” 
 See Grotta di Posilippo. 
 
 4®= “ Virgil's Tomb is so called, I 
 believe, on the single authority of Do- 
 natus. . . . And who is this Donatus? 
 — an obscure grammarian, or rather 
 his counterfeit. The structure itself 
 resembles a ruined pigeon-house, 
 where the numerous columbaria w'ould 
 indicate a family-sepulchre : but who 
 should repose in the tomb of Virgil, 
 but Virgil alone ? Visitors of every na- 
 tion, kings and princes, have scratched 
 their names on the stucco of this apoc- 
 ryphal ruin, but the poet’s awful name 
 seems to have deterred them from ver- 
 sifying here.” Forsyth. 
 
 The epitaph, which, though not 
 genuine, is yet ancient, was inscribed 
 by order of the Duke of Pescolangiano, 
 then proprietor of the place, on a mar- 
 ble slab placed in the side of the rock 
 opposite the entrance of the tomb, 
 where it still remains.” Eustace. 
 
 “Why dost thou still mistrust?’’ my 
 Comforter 
 
 Began to say to me turned wholly 
 round ; 
 
 “ Dost thou not think me with thee, 
 and that I guide thee ? 
 
 ’Tis evening there alread} r w here is buried 
 
 The body within w r hich I cast a shad- 
 owy 
 
 ’Tis from Brundusium ta’en, and Na- 
 ples has it.” 
 
 Dante , Purgatorio , Longfellow’s Trans . 
 
 Virgin. See Madonna. Also see 
 Coronation of the Virgin ; 
 Death of the Virgin ; Mar^ 
 
VIR 
 
 558 
 
 VIR 
 
 RIAGE OF THE VIRGIN; PRESEN- 
 TATION of the Virgin, etc. See 
 Grotto de la Vierge. 
 
 Virgin and Angel Annunciate. 
 A picture by Gheerardt David 
 (1184-1523), the Flemish painter. 
 Now in the collection of the 
 Prince of Hohenzollern at Sig- 
 maringen. 
 
 Virgin and Child. A small altar- 
 piece by Hans Memling (d. 1495), 
 the Flemish painter, and consid- 
 ered one of his finest works. By 
 Horace Walpole this picture was 
 ascribed to Jan van Eyck. It is 
 now in the possession of the Duke 
 of Devonshire at Chiswick, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Virgin and Child. A picture by 
 Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the Ger- 
 man painter and engraver, and 
 regarded as one of his finest 
 works. “ In the centre of the 
 landscape is the Virgin, seated, 
 with the Child, and crowned by 
 two angels ; on her right is a 
 Pope with priests kneeling, on 
 the left the Emperor Maximil- 
 ian with knights ... all being 
 crowned with garlands of roses 
 by the Virgin, the Child, St. 
 Dominick. — who stands behind 
 the Virgin, —and by angels” 
 This picture is now in the mon- 
 astery of Strahow at Prague. 
 There is also a copy in the Mu- 
 seum at Lyons, France. 
 
 Virgin and Child. A votive pic- 
 ture by Hans Memling (d. 1495), 
 the Flemish painter. Now in 
 possession of Count Duchatel, 
 of Paris. 
 
 Virgin and Child with Mary 
 Magdalen. A picture by Luc 
 Jacobsz, commonly called Lucas 
 van Leyden ( 1494-1533), a Flem- 
 ish painter. It is a beautiful and 
 finely-executed work. Now in 
 the Gallery of Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Virgin and Child with Saints. A 
 picture by Gheerardt David (1484- 
 1523), a Flemish painter. It is 
 now in the Museum of Kouen, 
 France. 
 
 Virgin and Saints. A picture by 
 
 the Flemish painter, Petrus Cris- 
 tus. Now in the Stadel Museum 
 at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Virgin and Child with the little 
 St. John. A picture by Anthony 
 van Dyck (1599-1641). In the Mu- 
 nich Gallery. 
 
 Virgin, Assumption of the. See 
 Assumption, The. 
 
 Virgin between S. Anthony and 
 S. Sebastian. A large altar- 
 piece by Alessandro Bonvicino, 
 called II Moretto di Brescia 
 (1514-1564). In the Stadel Insti- 
 tute, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Virgin in a Bower of Boses. A 
 picture by Martin Schongauer, 
 commonly called Martin Schon 
 (b. 1420?), a German painter, and 
 considered to be his most impor- 
 tant work. It is in St. Martin’s 
 church at Colmar, Germany. 
 
 Virgin in the Meadow. A well- 
 known picture by Raphael San- 
 zio (1483-1520), in which the Ma- 
 donna is “ represented in a beau- 
 tiful landscape with both hands 
 supporting the infant Christ, 
 who stands before her; her head 
 inclined toward the little St. 
 John, who, kneeling at the side, 
 offers a reed cross to his compan- 
 ion ” This picture is now in the 
 Belvedere Gallery at Vienna, 
 Austria. 
 
 Virgin, Iron. See Iron Virgin. 
 
 Virgin, Joys and Sorrows of the. 
 A beautiful picture by Hans 
 Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish 
 painter, described as represent- 
 ing “ the principal events of the 
 life of Christ and the Virgin (the 
 seven joys of the Virgin); not in 
 separate compartments, but as 
 one great whole, united in a land- 
 scape with an endless number 
 of subordinate events, — a whole 
 world of life and joy and sor- 
 row, all executed with wonderful 
 grace and beauty.” It was paint- 
 ed for Pierre Baltynck, a currier 
 of Bruges, and was formerly in 
 the Boisseree Collection, but is 
 now at Munich, Bavaria. 
 
vtr 
 
 559 
 
 VIS 
 
 Virgin, Life of the. A series of 
 wood-cuts by Albert Diirer (1471- 
 1528), the German painter and 
 engraver, and considered to be 
 among the best of his works 
 which have descended to us. 
 
 Virgin nursing the Child. A pic- 
 ture by Roger van der Weyden 
 (d. 1484), the Flemish painter, 
 and one of his later works. 
 It is now in the Stadel Insti- 
 tute, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Virgin of the Burgomaster Mey- 
 er. See Madonna of the Bur- 
 
 GOM ASTER MEYER. 
 
 Virgin Staying the Plague at 
 Brescia. A picture by Alessan- 
 dro Bonvicino, called II Moretto 
 (1514-1564). In the Gallery of 
 Dresden, Germany. 
 
 Virgin with the Goldfinch. See 
 Madonna del Cardellino. 
 
 Virgin with the Seven Sorrows. 
 A picture by Joachim Patenier 
 (d. 1545?), a Flemish painter. It 
 is now in the Museum at Brus- 
 sels, Belgium. 
 
 Virginia, The. An old line-of- 
 battle ship in one of the ship- 
 houses of the United States Navy 
 Yard at Charlestown, Mass. She 
 has been on the stocks for half a 
 century. 
 
 Virginia W ater. A beautiful arti- 
 ficial lake seven miles from Wind- 
 sor, near London. 
 
 Virginius, The. A vessel sailing 
 under the American flag from 
 New York for the West Indies, 
 on the 4th of October, 1869. On 
 the 31st of October she was cap- 
 tured by a Spanish ship and taken 
 to Havana. Being accused of 
 hostile designs against Spain, the 
 American commander, Capt. Fry, 
 with 36 of his crew, and 18 others, 
 were shot without trial. After 
 much diplomacy, the Virginius 
 was formally surrendered to the 
 United States navy on the 16th 
 of December, 1873, but, on the 
 way to New York, sank off Cape 
 Fear. 
 
 Virgin’s Chapel and Tomb. A 
 
 venerable and picturesque build- 
 ing in Jerusalem, believed by the 
 faithful to be the place where 
 the Virgin Mary was laid. Near 
 the chapel is the spot where her 
 Assumption is supposed to have 
 occurred, together with a rock 
 that bears the marks of the girdle 
 she let fall to convince the in- 
 credulous Thomas. 
 
 Virgin’s Tree. A name applied to 
 an old sycamore-tree, near the 
 village of Matareeah, Egypt, un- 
 der which the Holy Family are 
 said to have rested after the 
 flight into Egypt. 
 
 Vision of a Knight. A small alle- 
 gorical picture by Raphael Sanzio 
 (1483-1520), representing a young 
 knight sleeping upon his shield, 
 with a female figure on each side. 
 “ One in a plain purple robe is 
 offering him a book and a sword; 
 the other, richly dressed, is pre- 
 senting flowers as symbols of the 
 pleasures of life. . . . The origi- 
 nal pen-and-ink drawing by the 
 master, with punctured outlines 
 from which the picture was traced, 
 hangs by its side.” There is an 
 engraving of it by L. Gruner. 
 This picture was formerly in the 
 Borgliese Gallery in Rome, but is 
 now in the National Gallery, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Vision of Ezekiel. A picture by 
 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). It is 
 in the Pitti Palace, Florence, 
 Italy. A copy of this picture, 
 which was for a time regarded as 
 the original, and which was for- 
 merly in the Orleans Gallery, is 
 now at Stratton, in England. 
 
 4®= “All direct imitation of nature 
 was by the best painters carefully 
 avoided. In this respect liow line is 
 Raphael’s ‘Vision of Ezekiel’! IIow 
 sublime and true in feeling and concep- 
 tion! where the Messiah comes floating 
 along, upborne by the Four Creatures, 
 . . . animals in form, but in all else un- 
 earthly, and the winged ox not less di- 
 vine than the winged angel.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Vision of Jacob. A celebrated 
 picture by Rembrandt van Rvn 
 (1606-1669). In the Dulwich Gal- 
 lery. 
 
VIS 
 
 560 
 
 VOL 
 
 “In a print by Rembrandt, be 
 has emulated, in picturesque and poet- 
 ical treatment, bis famous Vision of 
 Jacob in the Dulwich Gallery.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Vision of St. Bernard. A picture 
 by Filippino Lippi (14602-1505), 
 and his chief work. In the Ba- 
 dia at Florence, Italy. 
 
 Vision of St. Bernard. A noted 
 and admired picture by Parmigi- 
 ano (1503-1540). In the National 
 Gallery, London. 
 
 Vision of the Holy Cross. A fres- 
 co in the Sala di Costantino, in 
 the Vatican, Rome, executed by 
 Giulio Romano (1492?-1546), after 
 a design by Raphael. 
 
 Visitation, The. A favorite sub- 
 ject of representation by the 
 painters of the Middle Ages, ex- 
 hibiting the visit of the Virgin 
 Mary to Elisabeth, according to 
 the account in Luke i. 39, ct seq. 
 Of the numerous compositions 
 which treat of this subject, may 
 be mentioned as among the more 
 noted the following. 
 
 Visitation , The. A picture de- 
 signed by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 
 1520), the execution probably by 
 Francesco Penni (1488-1528). Now 
 in the Gallery of Madrid, Spain. 
 It represents the visit of Mary to 
 Elisabeth. 
 
 “In the composition by Ra- 
 phael [The Visitation] there are the 
 two figures only [Mary and Elisabeth] ; 
 and I should object to this otherwise 
 perfect picture, the bashful conscious 
 look of the Virgin Mary.” 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Visitation , The. A picture by 
 Mariotto Albertinelli (14752-15202), 
 the Italian painter, and regarded 
 as his masterpiece. It is now in 
 the Gallery of the Uffizi, Flor- 
 ence, Italy. 
 
 4S§=* “ The simple, majestic composi- 
 tion of Albertinelli. . . . The work in 
 its large and solemn beauty and reli- 
 gious significance, is worthy of being 
 placed over an altar, on which we 
 might offer up the work of Rembrandt 
 [see infra], as men offer incense, gems, 
 and gold.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Visitation , The. A richly col- 
 ored group by Sebastian del Pi- 
 
 ombo (1485-1547). This picture is 
 now in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Visitation, The. A picture by 
 Rembrandt van Ryn (1606-1669), 
 the Dutch painter. Now in the 
 Grosvenor Gallery. 
 
 JgQjf* “ — the small but exquisitely 
 finished composition by Rembrandt. 
 
 . . . Nothing can be more poetical than 
 the treatment, more intensely true and 
 noble than the expression of the dimin- 
 utive figures, more masterly and fin- 
 ished than the execution, more magical 
 and lustrous than the effect of the 
 whole.” Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Visitation , The. A picture in 
 the Museum of Berlin, ascribed 
 to Gerard van Meire, the Flem- 
 ish painter. There is another 
 well-preserved and interesting 
 picture of the same name, as- 
 cribed to the same artist, in the 
 collection of Baron Speek von 
 Sternburg, at Liitschena, near 
 Leipzig, Germany. 
 
 Vitale, San. See San Vitale. 
 
 Vittor'a, The. One of the ships 
 with which Fernando Magellan 
 (14702-1521) made his famous voy- 
 age of discovery in 1520. The 
 Vittoria, after the death of Ma- 
 gellan, under the command of 
 Sebastian del Cano returned to 
 Spain, and was the first vessel 
 that circumnavigated the globe. 
 
 Vittorio Emanuele. See Gal- 
 leria Vittorio Emanuele. 
 
 Volks Denkmal. [The People’s 
 Monument.] A Gothic cross of 
 iron, 160 feet in height, erected 
 upon an eminence near Berlin, 
 Prussia, to commemorate the de- 
 liverance of Prussia from the 
 French, and the recovery of na- 
 tional independence. The monu- 
 ment bears an inscription, to- 
 gether with statues of Prussian 
 warriors, executed by Rauch and 
 Tieck. 
 
 Voltaire, Louie vart de. A mag- 
 nificent street in Paris, one of the 
 new boulevards, and formerly 
 known as the Boulevart de Prince 
 Eugene. See Boulevards. 
 
 Voltaire, Quai de. This quay, on 
 the river Seine in Paris, derives 
 its name from the fact that the 
 
VOL 
 
 561 
 
 VYV 
 
 philosopher Yoltaire died in the 
 house at the corner of the quay 
 and the Rue de Beaume. 
 
 Yolto Santo. See Santo Volto. 
 
 Volumnii. See Tomb of the Yo- 
 lumnii. 
 
 Voyage of Life. An allegorical 
 picture by Thomas Cole (1801- 
 1848). In the collection of John 
 Taylor Johnston, New York. 
 
 Vulcan’s Forge. See Forge of 
 
 Vulcan. 
 
 Vulture, The. A British sloop-of- 
 war, in which Major Andre went 
 up the Hudson, when arranging 
 terms of surrender with Benedict 
 Arnold. 
 
 Vyverberg. A fine square and 
 pleasure-ground in the Hague, 
 Holland. 
 
WAB 
 
 562 
 
 WAB 
 
 w. 
 
 Wabash, The. The flag-ship of 
 Admiral Dupont, in the attack 
 upon the Sea Islands of South 
 Carolina in 1861. 
 
 Wabash Avenue. A noted street 
 in Chicago, 111. It is lined with 
 stately edifices, and adorned with 
 trees. 
 
 Wachusetts, The. A noted vessel 
 of the United States navy in the 
 War of the Rebellion. She cap- 
 tured the celebrated Confederate 
 privateer, the Florida , in the 
 Brazilian port of Bahia, or San 
 Salvador. This capture was in 
 violation of neutrality, and pro- 
 duced considerable excitement. 
 The prize was soon after brought 
 into Hampton Roads. 
 
 W adsworth Athenaeum. A build- 
 ing in Hartford, Conn., contain- 
 taining a library and gallery of 
 sculpture and paintings. 
 
 Wafers, The Miraculous. See 
 Miraculous Wafers. 
 
 Wagner, Fort. See Fort Wag- 
 ner. 
 
 Wailing-place of the Jews. See 
 Place of Wailing. 
 
 Wakefield Tower. See Regalia, 
 The. 
 
 Waldburg. An ancient castle 
 near Ravensburg, Germany, fa- 
 mous for its magnificent views. 
 
 Walden Pond. A beautiful sheet 
 of water near Concord, Mass., 
 now a favorite pleasure-resort, 
 and celebrated for its associa- 
 tions with H. D. Thoreau (1817- 
 1862), the scholar and naturalist, 
 who, in 1845, built on the shore 
 of this pond a small house in 
 which he lived two years as a 
 hermit in studious retirement, 
 afterwards publishing an account 
 of this portion of his life, under 
 the title of “ Walden.” 
 
 Wall, London. See London Wall. 
 
 Wall of Antoninus. A wall, or 
 rampart, erected during the Ro- 
 man occupation of Britain, with 
 the design of preventing the in- 
 cursion of the northern tribes into 
 the lowlands. It extended from 
 the Forth to the Clyde, a distance 
 of 27 miles, and was guarded by 
 10 forts. There is a stone in Glas- 
 gow College which preserves the 
 name of the builder, Lollius Ur- 
 bicus. [Often known as Graham 1 8 
 Dyke.] 
 
 HSr* “ The wall of Antoninus, or 
 Graham’s or Grime’s Dyke, crossed 
 from the Forth to the Clyde, on the 
 line on which previously Agricola had 
 erected a series of forts. It consisted 
 of a new line of forts connected to- 
 gether by an immense continuous ram- 
 part of earth and turf, raised by the 
 Propraetor Lollius Urbicus in the reign 
 of Antoninus, and named after that em- 
 peror. Inscribed stones have been from 
 time to time found along its course, ex- 
 pressive of the work done by different 
 troops and cohorts of the Roman 
 army.” L. Jeicitt. 
 
 If we carefully trace the distance from 
 the Wall of Antoninas to Roms, and from 
 thence to Jerusalem, it will be found that 
 the great chain of communication from the 
 north-west to the south-east point of the 
 empire was drawn out to the length of 
 four thousand and eighty Roman miles. 
 
 Gibbon. 
 
 Wall of China. See Great Wall 
 of China. 
 
 Wall Street. This street in 
 Hew York City, running east 
 from Broadway, opposite Trinity 
 Church, is the centre for bank- 
 ers and brokers in New York, 
 and is in fact the centre of the 
 financial interests of the whole 
 country. The Stock Exchange 
 in Wall Street presents an excit- 
 ing scene during business hours. 
 
 Free institutions, general education, 
 and the ascendancy of dollar', are the 
 words written on every paving-stone 
 along Fifth Avenue, down Broadway, 
 and up Wall Street. Anthony Trollope 
 
WAL 
 
 563 
 
 WAP 
 
 Thus a king nr a general does not need 
 a fine coat, at d a commanding person 
 mav save himself all solicitude on that 
 
 E oint. There are always slovens in State 
 treet or Wall Street , who are not less 
 considered, if a man have manners and 
 talent, he may dress roughly and care- 
 lessly. Emerson. 
 
 Just where the Treasury’s marble front 
 Looks over Wall Street’s mingled na- 
 tions; 
 
 Where Jews and Gentiles most are wont 
 To throng for trade and last quotations; 
 Where, hour by hour, the rates of gold 
 Outrival, in the ears of people, 
 
 The quarter-chimes, serenely tolled 
 From Trinity’s undaunted' steeple. 
 
 E. C. Stedman. 
 
 Wallace Tower. A monument 133 
 feet high in the town of Ayr, 
 Scotland, erected in 1832 upon 
 the site of an ancient tower in 
 which, according to tradition, Sir 
 William Wallace (1270-1305), the 
 celebrated Scotch hero and pa- 
 triot, was imprisoned, and from 
 which, by the aid of his friends, 
 he contrived to escape. 
 Wallack’s. A theatre in the city 
 of New York, devoted chiefly to 
 the legitimate comedy. 
 Wallenstein. A picture errone- 
 ously supposed to be the portrait 
 of Wallenstein, by Anthony van 
 Dyck (1599-1641). It is in the 
 galley of Prince Lichtenstein at 
 Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Wallenstein Palace. A famous 
 palace in Prague, Bohemia, built 
 by the great-general Albert, duke 
 of Friedland (1583-1634). The 
 building, which was one of sur- 
 prising magnificence, has under- 
 gone extensive restorations. It 
 is said that 100 houses were pulled 
 down to make room for its erec- 
 tion, and that even the stables 
 were profusely ornamented with 
 marble. 
 
 Walmer Castle. A sea-side fort- 
 ress near Deal, England, erected 
 by Henry VIII. It was the offi- 
 cial residence of the Duke of 
 Wellington until his death in 
 1852. The castle is supposed to 
 stand on the very spot where 
 Julius Ctesar landed at the time 
 of his invasion of Britain. 
 Walsingham Priory. Walsing- 
 ham is a little spot in Norfolk, 
 England, much resorted to for- 
 
 merly by pilgrims. It was the 
 rival of Our Lady of Loretto and 
 St. James of Compostella. The 
 chapel was founded in 1061 , and 
 was a perfect copy of the Santa 
 Casa, or home of the Virgin Mary, 
 at Nazareth. The splendid priory 
 built soon after was granted to 
 the Order of St. Augustine, and 
 in 1420 a fine church was built at 
 the side of the shrine. Erasmus 
 says of the church: “ The church 
 is splendid and beautiful,” and 
 of the shrine: “If you look in, 
 you will say it is the seat of the 
 Gods, so bright and shining as it 
 is all over with jewels, gold, and 
 silver.” It was despoiled of its 
 treasures by Henry VIII., and 
 there remain now only a few 
 ruins of the priory church. 
 
 Wanderer, The. A ship engaged 
 in the African slave-trade which 
 came to this country in 1859, and 
 on her voyage experienced an 
 unexampled mortality as the con- 
 sequence of her frightfully crowd- 
 ed condition. 
 
 Wapping. A long street in Lon- 
 don, extending from Lower East 
 Smithfield on the north bank of 
 the Thames to New Crane. It is 
 noted for its nautical signs, its 
 ship and boat builders, rope-mak- 
 ers, ship-chandlers, and sail-mak- 
 ers. Its name Wapping was 
 probably derived from the ship’s 
 rope called a wapp. Pirates and 
 sea-rovers were hung at Execution 
 Dock in Wapping. 
 
 “ Wapping is a neighborhood 
 of which many persons know the 
 name, but nothing more. . . . Wap- 
 ping, too, may be remembered as hav- 
 ing afforded a principal link in the 
 chain of evidence against the notorious 
 impostor who claimed the Tichborne 
 estate. Immediately on his arrival at 
 London, he went to Wapping (which 
 Roger Tichborne would never have 
 done), and there he was recognized as 
 a former resident of the place. Wap- 
 ping is a narrow strip of old London, 
 which lies below the Tower and be- 
 tween London docks and the river. It 
 is, as might be expected, wholly occu- 
 pied by mariners, or those who supply 
 their wants. It is very damp and very 
 dingy, and everybody in it seems to 
 smell of oakum.” 
 
 Richard Gh'ant White. 
 
WAR 
 
 564 
 
 WAR 
 
 Your Molly has never been false, she 
 declares, 
 
 Since last time we parted at Wapping 
 Old /Stairs , 
 
 When I swore that I still would continue 
 the same, 
 
 And gave you the ’bacco box marked with 
 my name. Wapping Old Stairs. 
 
 [The “Stairs” were steps by which 
 people formerly descended to the river.] 
 
 But if this be a defect, what must be 
 the entire perversion of scenical decorum, 
 when, for instance, we see an actress that 
 might act the Wapping landlady without 
 a bolster, pining m the character of Jane 
 Shore, and, while unwieldy with fat, en- 
 deavoring to convince the audience that 
 she is dying with hunger? Goldsmith. 
 
 No longer a poor Jack Tar, frolicking 
 in the low taverns of Wapping , he might 
 roll through London in his coach, and 
 perchance arrive, like Whittington, at the 
 dignity of Lord Mayor. Irving. 
 
 The same insular limitation pinches 
 his [the Englishman’s] foreign politics. 
 He sticks to his traditions and usages, 
 and, so help him God! he will force his 
 island by-laws down the throat of great 
 countries, like India, China, Australia, 
 and not only so, but impose Wapping on 
 the Congress of V lenna, and trample down 
 all nationalities with his taxed boot*. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 Yon might be as well impressed with 
 Wapping as with your first step on Egyp- 
 tian soil. Thackeray. 
 
 You forget that the town [Gibraltar] is 
 at all lik*-* Wapping , and deliver yourself 
 up entirely to romance. Thackeray. 
 
 The new spirit at once showed itself in 
 Dickens, whose broad, bright, kindly, ag- 
 gressive democracy, making lhe hero of 
 his story a friendless workhouse boy in- 
 stead of ' a kniyht at arms, and its scene a 
 city lane or Wapping instead of a stately 
 castle or a historic land, was the repre- 
 sentative of the changed feeling and the 
 new day. Harper's Magazine. 
 
 W ardour Castle. A ruined feudal 
 fortress near Salisbury, in Wilt- 
 shire, England. 
 
 If rich designs of sumptuous art may 
 please. 
 
 Or nature’s loftier views august and old, 
 Stranger! behold this spreading scene. 
 
 W. L. Bowles. 
 
 Ware, Great Bed of. See Great 
 Bed of Ware. 
 
 Warren. See Death of Warren. 
 
 Warren, Fort. See Fort War- 
 ren. 
 
 Warrior, The. An armor-p.lated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 Dec. 29, 1860. 
 
 And then through the f imiliar examples 
 till we come to such ships as the ‘ Wel- 
 lington ’ and ‘ Marlborough ’ of yesterday, 
 
 and the ‘ Warrior ’ or ‘Minotaur* of to- 
 day. Fergusson. 
 
 Wartburg. A famous castle near 
 Eisenach, Germany, in which 
 Luther was imprisoned as a 
 friendly act of protection against 
 his enemies. 
 
 Safe in this Wartburg tower I stand. 
 Where God hath leu me by the hand. 
 And look down with a heart at ease, 
 Over the pleasant neighborhoods, 
 
 Over the vast Thuringian woods. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 J ®5T* “The castle on the Wartburg 
 is historically the most important edi- 
 fice of its class in Germany, and its 
 size and state of preservation render it 
 remarkable in an artistic point of view. 
 It was in one of its halls that the cele- 
 brated contest was held between the 
 six most eminent poets of Germany in 
 the year 1206, which, though it nearly 
 ended fatally to one of them at least, 
 shows how much importance was at- 
 tached to the profession of literature 
 at even that early period. Here the 
 sainted Elizabeth of Hungary lived 
 with her cruel brother-in-law, here she 
 practised those virtues and endured 
 those misfortunes that render her name 
 so dear and so familiar to all the races 
 of Germany; and it was in this castle 
 that Luther found shelter, and where 
 he resided under the name of Ritter 
 George. ... It resembles the older 
 palaces at Venice more than any other 
 buildings of the class It has been re- 
 cently restored, apparently with con- 
 siderable judgment; and it well de- 
 serves the pains bestowed upon it as 
 one of the best illustrations of its style 
 still existing in Europe.” Fergusson. 
 
 Methinks I see him sitting, the heroic 
 student, in bis chamber in the Warteburg , 
 with bis midnight lamp before him, seen 
 by the late traveller in the distant plain 
 of Bischofsroda, as a star on the moun- 
 tain ! Coleridge. 
 
 Warwick Castle. The magnificent 
 mansion of the Earl of Warwick, 
 and one of the finest of the resi- 
 dences of the English nobility. 
 Its architecture is greatly ad- 
 mired. Its two towers are called 
 the most beautiful in the world. 
 Its situation, on a rock washed 
 by the Avon, is very picturesque, 
 overlooking the river and sur- 
 rounded by beautiful grounds. 
 The ancient castle of which we 
 first hear in the reign of Henry 
 II. was destroyed in the reign of 
 Henry III. The present castle 
 was begun in the time of Edward 
 
WAR 
 
 565 
 
 WAS 
 
 ITT. Additions and improve- 
 ments have since been made at 
 intervals. The most ancient part 
 of the building, Cresar’s tower, is 
 147 feet high. Guy’s tower, erect- 
 ed in 1394, is 128 feet high. A 
 fire occurred at Warwick Castle 
 in 1871, which did much damage. 
 
 “ The principal features are the 
 battlements, towers, and turrets of the 
 old feudal castle, encompassed by 
 grounds on which has been expended 
 all that princely art of landscape-gar- 
 dening for which England is famous, — 
 leafy thickets, magnificent trees, open- 
 ings and vistas of verdure, and wide 
 sweeps of grass, short, thick, and vivid- 
 ly green as the velvet moss we some- 
 times see growing on rocks in New 
 England. The pains that are taken 
 in sowing, tending, cutting, clipping, 
 rolling, and otherwise nursing and 
 coaxing the grass, being seconded by 
 the misty breath and often-falling tears 
 of the climate, produce results which 
 must be seen to be appreciated.” 
 
 JIrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 Then Warwick Castle wide its gate dis- 
 played, 
 
 And peace and pleasure this their dwell- 
 ing made. George C ruble. 
 
 I look with respect at houses six, seven, 
 eight hundred, or, like Warwick Castle , 
 nine hundred years old. Emerson. 
 
 Warwick Vase. A celebrated and 
 very beautiful antique vase, found 
 at Tivoli, Italy, and capable of 
 holding 1G8 gallons. It is pre- 
 served in the greenhouse con- 
 nected with Warwick Castle, in 
 England. 
 
 jgQp* “ On a pedestal, surrounded by 
 all manner of flowering shrubs, stands 
 this celebrated antique. . . . They say 
 that it holds 136 gallons ; constructed, I 
 suppose, in the roistering old drinking 
 times of the Roman emperors, when 
 men seem to have discovered that the 
 grand object for which they were sent 
 into existence was to perform the func- 
 tions of wine-skins. It is beautifully 
 sculptured with grape-leaves, and the 
 skin and claws of the panther — these 
 latter certainly not an inappropriate 
 emblem of the god of wine, beautiful 
 but dangerous.” Mrs. II. B. Stowe. 
 
 Washington. A well-known stat- 
 ue of the first President of the 
 United States, executed by Jean 
 Antoine Ploudon (1741-1828), a 
 French sculptor. It is now at 
 the Capitol, Richmond, Va. 
 
 Methinks I see his venerable form now 
 before me, as presented m the glorious 
 
 statue by Houdon, now in the capital of 
 Virginia. He is dignified and grave; but 
 his concern and anxiety seem to soften 
 the lineaments of his countenance. 
 
 Daniel Webster. 
 
 Washington. A portrait by Rem- 
 brandt Peale (1778-1860), con- 
 sidered the best’ ever taken of 
 Washington, and of which there 
 are many copies. 
 
 Washington. A statue by Hora- 
 tio Greenougli (1805-1852). At the 
 Capitol, Washington. 
 
 “ I regard Greenough’s Wash- 
 ington as one of the greatest works of 
 sculpture of modern times.” 
 
 Edward Everett. 
 
 W ashington. A statue by Thom- 
 as Crawford (1814-1857), cast in 
 bronze at Munich. 
 
 Washington. A fine equestrian 
 statue on Commonwealth Ave- 
 nue, Boston, by Thomas Ball (1). 
 1819). 
 
 Washington. See Apotheosis of 
 Washington and Resignation 
 of Washington. 
 
 Washington Avenue. A wide 
 and fine avenue in St. Louis, Mo. 
 It leads directly to the great 
 bridge over the Mississippi. 
 
 Washington crossing the Dela- 
 ware. A picture by Thomas 
 Sully (1783-1872), which is very 
 familiar in America. Now in 
 the Boston Museum. 
 
 Washington crossing the Dela- 
 ware. A well-known picture by 
 Emmanuel Leutze (1816-1868). 
 
 Washington Elm. A well-known 
 tree in Cambridge, Mass., sup- 
 posed to be nearly or quite 300 
 years old. Under this tree, July 
 3, 1775, Washington assumed 
 
 command of the American forces. 
 
 J W “ You know the * Washington 
 elm,’ or, if you do not, you had better 
 rekindle your patriotism by reading 
 the inscription, which tells you that 
 under its shadow the great leader first 
 drew his sword at the head of an Amer- 
 ican army.” Holmes. 
 
 Beneath our consecrated elm 
 A century ago be stood, 
 
 Famed vnguely for that old fight in the 
 wood, 
 
 Whose red surge sought, but could not 
 overwhelm 
 
 The life foredoomed to wield our rough- 
 liewn helm. Lowell. 
 
WAS 
 
 560 
 
 WAT 
 
 Washington, Fort. See Fort 
 Washington. 
 
 Washington Market. A noted 
 market in New York, and the 
 chief one in the city. 
 
 Washington Monument. A noted 
 monumental structure in Wash- 
 ington, begun in 1848, and in- 
 tended to be in the form of an 
 obelisk 600 feet in height, and to 
 contain the tomb of Washington. 
 It is now in an unfinished state, 
 being at present 174 feet high. In 
 a building adjoining the monu- 
 ment is a collection of memorial 
 stones sent by different countries 
 and states for the decoration of 
 the interior. It is uncertain 
 whether this monument will ever 
 be carried forward to completion, 
 or whether the material used in 
 its construction will be adapted 
 to some other commemorative 
 use. 
 
 Washington Monument. An im- 
 posing memorial structure in Bal- 
 timore, Md. It consists of a mar- 
 ble shaft upwards of 176 feet in 
 height, rising from a base 20 feet 
 highland crowned by a colossal 
 statue of Washington. There is 
 a stairway in the interior of the 
 shaft leading to the summit, from 
 which is a fine and extensive view 
 of the city and its surroundings. 
 The monument was erected be- 
 tween the years 1815 and 1829. 
 
 Washington Street. The chief 
 thoroughfare of Boston, Mass. 
 
 If I like Broadway better than Wash- 
 ington Street , what then ? I own them 
 Loth, as much as anybody owns either. 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 Washington’s Headquarters. 
 An old colonial mansion in Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., occupied by Wash- 
 ington as headquarters during 
 the siege of Boston. It is now 
 the residence of Ilenry YA Long- 
 fellow, the poet. 
 
 Washington’s Headquarters. 
 An old stone mansion in New- 
 burgh, N.Y. , containing a muse- 
 um of historical relics. It was 
 occupied by Washington as his 
 headquarters while the American 
 
 army was on the Hudson. The 
 building is now owned by the 
 State of New York. 
 
 Washington’s Tomb. On the es- 
 tate of Mount Vernon, Va. The 
 remains rest within a marble sar- 
 cophagus near the mansion-house. 
 They were removed in 1837 from 
 the old tomb, which is rapidly 
 going to decay, to their present 
 situation. 
 
 Wasp, The. An American sloop- 
 of-war under the command of 
 Capt. Jacob Jones, in the war of 
 1812. She captured the British 
 sloop Frolic , for which achieve- 
 ment the Legislature of Dela- 
 ware, the Corporation of New 
 York City, and Congress, voted 
 thanks and gold medals. The 
 victory caused great exultation 
 throughout the country. 
 
 The foe bravely fouglit, but his arms were 
 all broken, 
 
 And he fle i from his death-wound, 
 aghast and affrighted ; 
 
 But the Wasp darted forward her death- 
 going sting, 
 
 And full on his bosom, like lightning, 
 alighted. 
 
 She pierced through his entrails, she mad- 
 dened his brain, 
 
 And he writhed and he groaned as if 
 torn with the colic; 
 
 And long shall rue the terrible day 
 
 He met the American Wasp on a Frolic. 
 
 Old Song. 
 
 Water Carrier of Seville. A not- 
 ed picture by Diego Bodriguez de 
 Silva y Velasquez (1599-1660), the 
 Spanish painter. Now in Apsley 
 House, London. 
 
 Water-Mill, The. A picture by 
 Bembrandt van Byn (1606-1669), 
 the Dutch painter. In the collec- 
 tion of Lord Lansdowne, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Waterloo, Battle cf. See Battle 
 of Waterloo. 
 
 Waterloo Bridge. A magnificent 
 stone bridge spanningtlie Thames 
 at London, first opened June 18, 
 1817, called by Dupin a “ colossal 
 monument, worthy of Sesostris 
 and Vhe Caesars,” and by Canova 
 the “ noblest bridge in the 
 world.” 
 
 “ Canova, when he was asked 
 ’during his visit to England what struck 
 
WAT 
 
 567 
 
 WAY 
 
 him most forcibly, is said to have re- 
 plied that the trumpery Chinese Bridge, 
 then in St. James’s Park, should be the 
 production of the Government, whilst 
 that of Waterloo was the work of a 
 Private Company.” Quarterly Review. 
 
 Waterloo Place. A public square 
 in London, and a centre of social 
 and political life. It occupies the 
 site of Carlton House. 
 
 Watervliet Arsenal. A great 
 United States establishment for 
 the manufacture of war supplies. 
 It is situated in West Troy, N.Y, 
 
 Watier’s Club. This club in Lon- 
 don, noted as a gambling-house, 
 was established in 1807, and dis- 
 solved in 1819. The favorite game 
 was Macao. 
 
 4®=*“ The Club did not endure for 
 twelve years altogether ; the pace was 
 too quick to last : it died a natural 
 death in 1819, from the paralyzed state 
 of its members; the house was then 
 taken by a set of blacklegs, who insti- 
 tuted a common bank for gambling.” 
 Thomas Raikes. 
 
 Watkins Glen. A remarkable 
 rocky ravine in the town of Wat- 
 kins, Schuyler County, in New 
 York, one of the greatest natural 
 curiosities in the United States. 
 
 4®=* “ It [Watkins Glen] suggests 
 Vaucluse in the pellucid clearness and 
 sparkle of the water. It faintly sug- 
 gests the sombre magnificent Pass of 
 the Finstermunz in the Tyrol, but is 
 infinitely brighter and more varied. It 
 suggests Trenton Falls, but is wilder 
 and deeper.” Grace Greenwood. 
 
 4QP “ In all my travels I have never 
 met with scenery more beautiful and 
 romantic than that embraced in this 
 wonderful Glen ; and the most remark- 
 able thing of all is, that so much mag- 
 nificence and grandeur should be found 
 in a region where there are no ranges 
 of mountains.” Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Watling Street. A street in Lon- 
 don considered to have been the 
 principal thoroughfare of Roman 
 London, and one of the great Ro- 
 man ways in Britain. What re- 
 mains of it is narrow and incon- 
 venient for passage. It extended 
 across South Britain, beginning 
 at Dover and running through 
 Canterbury to London and from 
 London across the island to Ches- 
 
 ter. In the time of the Britons 
 it was a mere forest-road; but the 
 Romans converted it into a great 
 military highway, and it is still 
 an important road in some parts 
 of its extent. The name Wat- 
 ling Street was also very gener- 
 ally applied in England, during 
 the Middle Ages, to the “ Milky 
 Way” (Via Lactea). Chaucer 
 says: — 
 
 “ Se yondir, lo, the galaxic, 
 
 The wiclie men clepe the milky way, 
 For it is white ; and some, parfay, 
 Y-callin it ban Watlinge-street .” 
 
 The name is of uncertain ori- 
 gin, and is variously said to be 
 derived from Vitellws, from Vitel- 
 lianvs, from the Wcetlincjs, from 
 the Saxon Atheling (noble), from 
 wattles (hurdles or fascines), and 
 from a number of other sources. 
 
 4SP* “ Who the Wsetlings were, and 
 how they came to give their name both 
 to an earthly and a heavenly street, we 
 do not know.” Grimm. 
 
 Who would of Walling-street the dangers 
 share, 
 
 When the broad pavement of Cheapside 
 is near ? Gay. 
 
 Wax Works of Madame Tus- 
 saud. See Madame Tussaud’s 
 Exhibition. 
 
 Wayland Smith’s Cave [or 
 Forge]. A cavern of great anti- 
 quity, on the western boundaries 
 of Berkshire, England, near the 
 town of Wantage. “ In an early 
 deed of the estate to which it be- 
 longs, of a date previous to the 
 Norman Conquest, it is called 
 Weland’s Smithy; and the legend 
 connected with it is, that a travel- 
 ler wishing his horse shod had 
 only to take him to the cave, and, 
 leaving a piece of money on the 
 copestone; retire to a distance. 
 On returning he would find the 
 horse shod, and that the money 
 had been taken away.” Three 
 flat stones supporting a fourth are 
 still pointed out as his smithy. 
 In the Anglo-Saxon mythology 
 Weland was the representative 
 of Vulcan. Walter Scott has in- 
 troduced this legend of Wayland 
 Smith into one of his most inter- 
 esting novels, “Kenilworth,” 
 
AY AY 
 
 568 
 
 AYEL 
 
 making him a living person of 
 the time of Elizabeth. 
 
 W ayland W ood. A tract of wood- 
 land near AYatton, England, 
 where, according to tradition, 
 the murder of the two children 
 by order of their uncle occurred 
 on which is founded the famous 
 ballad of the “ Children in the 
 AYood.” 
 
 Wayside Inn. An old tavern 
 still standing in the town of Sud- 
 bury, Mass., a “ busy place ” in 
 the old colonial days of New 
 England, and made famous by 
 the poems of Longfellow entitled 
 “ The Wayside Inn.” 
 
 As ancient is this hostelry 
 As any in the land may he. 
 
 Built in the old Colonial day, 
 
 When men lived in a grander way, 
 With ampler hospitality. 
 
 Weber Canon. A stupendous ra- 
 vine, forming a natural gateway 
 through the AYalisatch range of 
 mountains in Utah Territory. It 
 is one of the most remarkable 
 sights in the West. The trains 
 of the Union Pacific Railroad 
 pass through this gorge. 
 
 Webster. See Death of Web- 
 ster. 
 
 Webster, Daniel. A statue of the 
 great American statesman by 
 Hiram Powers (b. 1805). 
 
 46^ “It is the second cast of the 
 statue, the first having been shipped 
 some months ago on board of a vessel 
 which was lost; and, as Powers ob- 
 served, the statue now lies at the bot- 
 tom of the Atlantic Ocean, somewhere 
 in the vicinity of the telegraphic cable. 
 . . . Happy is Webster to have been so 
 truly and adequately scupltured; hap- 
 py the sculptor in such a subject, which 
 no idealization of a demigod could have 
 supplied him with. Perhaps the statue 
 at the bottom of the sea will be cast up 
 in some future age, when the present 
 race of man is forgotten, and, if so, that 
 far posterity will look up to us as a 
 grander race than we find ourselves 
 to be.” Hawthorne . 
 
 Webster’s Reply to Hayne. A 
 well-known picture by G. P. A. 
 Healy (b. 1808). In Faneuil Hall, 
 Boston. This picture contains 
 130 por traits. 
 
 Wedding. See Peasant AYedding. 
 
 Wednesday Club. An old Lon- 
 don club. 
 
 “ In Friday-street, Cheapsidc, 
 was held the Wednesday Club, at 
 which, in 1695, certain conferences took 
 place under the direction of AYilliam 
 Paterson, which ultimately led to the 
 establishment of the Bank of England. 
 Such is the general belief; but Mr. 
 Saxe Bannister, in his Life of Paterson, 
 p. 93, observes : ‘ It has been a matter 
 of much doubt whether the Bank of 
 England was originally proposed from 
 a Club or Society in the City of Lon- 
 don.’ ” Timbs. 
 
 Weehawken, The. A war-vessel 
 of Admiral Dupont’s flotilla in 
 the attack upon the defences of 
 Charleston, S. C., in the' war of 
 the Rebellion (1801-1865). 
 
 Weibertreue. [AYoman’s Fideli- 
 ty.] The popular name of a 
 ruined castle at Weinsberg, near 
 Heilbronn, Germany, celebrated 
 for a romantic legend connected 
 with it, which relates how, when 
 the garrison were threatened 
 with death on the taking of the 
 castle, the women, who had been 
 allowed to depart with their 
 valuables, carried off their hus- 
 bands on their backs, each in a 
 sack. The German poet Burger 
 has made this incident the sub- 
 ject of a well-known ballad, 
 which has been translated by 
 C. T. Brooks. See also the “ Spec- 
 tator,” No. 449. 
 
 Welbeck Abbey. The seat of the 
 Duke of Portland, near AYorksop, 
 England. 
 
 Wellesley College. A well-en- 
 dowed institution of learning for 
 young women, in AYellesley, 
 Mass. It has an elegant building 
 finely situated. 
 
 Wellington. A fine equestrian 
 statue of the duke by Sir Francis 
 Chantrey (1782-1841). In front 
 of the Royal Exchange, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Wellington’s Funeral Car. This 
 car, constructed from the guns 
 taken in the battles in which he 
 was engaged, is preserved as a 
 monumental trophy in St. Paul’s 
 Church, London. 
 
WEL 
 
 5G9 
 
 WES 
 
 Wells, The. [Ital. I Pozzi.] A 
 series of prison-cells, one be- 
 neath the other, in the ancient 
 state prison of Venice, Italy, ad- 
 joining the Ducal Palace, with 
 which it is connected by the 
 “ Bridge of Sighs.” 
 
 405* “ I descended from the cheerful 
 day into two ranges, one below the 
 other, of dismal, awful, horrible, stone 
 ceils. They were quite dark. Each 
 had a loop-hole in its massive wall, 
 where, in the old time, a torch was 
 placed, to light the prisoners within for 
 half an hour. The captives, by the 
 glimmering of these brief rays, had cut 
 and scratched inscriptions in the black- 
 ened vaults. I saw them. For their 
 labor with the rusty nail’s point had 
 outlived their agony and them through 
 many generations.” Dickens. 
 
 4®^ “ What fables concerning these 
 cells have not been uttered and be- 
 lieved ! ... I do not say that they are 
 calculated to enamour the unimpounded 
 spectator with prison life, but they are 
 certainly far from being as bad as I 
 hoped. They are not joyously light 
 nor particularly airy ; but their occu- 
 pants could have suffered no extreme 
 physical discomfort, and the thick 
 wooden casing of the interior walls 
 evidences at least the intention of the 
 state to inflict no wanton hardship of 
 cold or damp.” W. D. Howells. 
 
 The Pozzi and the Piombi were in vain ; 
 They might wring blood from me, but 
 treachery never. Byron. 
 
 Wells of Moses. See Fountains 
 of Moses. 
 
 W entworth House. A noted man- 
 sion, and one of the largest pri- 
 vate residences in Europe, for- 
 merly the abode of the famous 
 Earl of Strafford, near Wakeff eld, 
 England. 
 
 Wentworth Mansion. An old 
 colonial house near Portsmouth, 
 N. H., once occupied by Gov. 
 Wentworth, and containing the 
 old provincial council-chamber 
 and many historical relics. 
 
 Werrington House. A seat of the 
 Duke of Northumberland, on the 
 river Tamar, near Launceston, 
 England. 
 
 Wesleyan University. An insti- 
 tution of learning under the care 
 of the Methodist Church, at Mid- 
 dletown, Conn, 
 
 West, Benjamin. See Benjamin 
 West. 
 
 West India Docks. Extensive 
 docks, covering 295 acres, on the 
 left bank of the Thames, London, 
 opened in 1802. William Pitt 
 laid the first stone in 1800. See 
 East India Docks. 
 
 West Point. See United States 
 Military Academy. 
 
 West Rock. A rocky hill near New 
 Haven, Conn., much resorted to, 
 and affording a fine view. 
 
 Western Emigration. An histori- 
 cal picture by Emanuel Leutze 
 (1816-1808). In the Capitol at 
 Washington. 
 
 Westminster Abbey. The re- 
 nowned Abbey-church of Lon- 
 don. Its earliest foundation is 
 enveloped in obscurity. Edward 
 the Confessor built an abbey on 
 this site, which was dedicated on 
 the festival of the Holy Inno- 
 cents, Dec. 28, 1065. In 1862 it 
 was discovered that the lower 
 half of the south cloister wall con- 
 sists of masonry of the age of 
 Edward the Confessor. The Ab- 
 bey, as it now exists, was for the 
 most part rebuilt by Henry III. 
 (1245-1272), out of regard to the 
 memory of the Confessor. Its 
 general plan is cruciform. Be- 
 sides the nave, choir, and tran- 
 septs, it contains 12 chapels, of 
 which 10 are nearly filled with 
 monumental tombs. No less than 
 17 English kings, from the Con- 
 fessor to George II., and 10 
 queens, lie within the Abbey, 
 amid statesmen, poets, divines, 
 scholars, and artists. Dean Stan- 
 ley says: “The Abbey of West- 
 minster owes its traditions and 
 its present name, revered in the 
 bosoms of the people of England, 
 to the fact that the early English 
 kings were interred within its 
 walls, and that through its asso- 
 ciations the Norman rulers learnt 
 to forget their foreign paternity, 
 and to unite in fellowship and af- 
 fection with their Saxon fellow- 
 citizens. There is no other 
 church in the world, except, per- 
 
WES 
 
 570 
 
 WES 
 
 haps, the Kremlin at Moscow, 
 with which Royalty is so inti- 
 mately associated.” 
 
 4®= “ The eye gazes with wonder 
 at clustered columns of gigantic di- 
 mensions, with arches springing from 
 them to such an amazing height. It 
 seems as if the awful nature of the 
 place presses down upon the soul, and 
 hushes the beholder into noiseless rev- 
 erence. We feel that we are surrounded 
 by the congregated bones of the great 
 men of past times, who have filled his- 
 tory with their deeds, and earth with 
 their renown.” Irving. 
 
 4®=* “When I am in a serious hu- 
 mor, I very often walk by myself in 
 Westminster Abbey ; where the gloomi- 
 ness of the place, and the use to which 
 it is applied, with the solemnity of the 
 building, and the condition of the peo- 
 ple who lie in it, are apt to fill the mind 
 with a kind of melancholy, or rather 
 thoughtfulness, that is not disagreea- 
 ble.” Addison. 
 
 46gr* “ The moment I entered West- 
 minster Abbey I felt a kind of awe per- 
 vade my mind which I cannot describe : 
 the very silence seemed sacred.” 
 
 Burke. 
 
 4^=* “ The superb nave, the admira- 
 ble Giothic architecture, of Westminster 
 Abbey, are alone adapted to the climate : 
 this labyrinth of forms, these sweeping 
 and huge mouldings, this profusion of 
 delicate sculptures, are required to fill 
 the dim air and people the void of such 
 sombre interiors.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Here, where the end of earthly things 
 Lays heroes, patriots, bards, and kings, 
 
 Here, where the fretted aisles prolong 
 The distant notes of holy song, 
 
 If ever from an English heart, 
 
 Oh, here let prejudice depart ! Scott. 
 
 Be mine, in hours of fear 
 Or grovelling thought, to seek a refuge 
 here, 
 
 And through the aisles of Westminster to 
 roam, 
 
 Where bubbles burst, and folly’s dancing 
 foam 
 
 Melts, if it crosses the threshold. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 W estminster Bridge. An elegant 
 bridge across the Thames at Lon- 
 don, built 1856-62, in place of a 
 stone bridge (the second upon the 
 spot) built in 1739-50. Words- 
 worth has a sonnet on the view 
 from Westminster Bridge, begin- 
 ning : — 
 
 “Earth hath not any thing to show more 
 fair.” 
 
 As I was going o’er Westminster Bridge , 
 
 I met with a Westminster scholar; 
 
 He pulled oft' his cap, an ’ drew off his glove. 
 
 And wished me a very good morrow. 
 What is his name ? Mother Goose. 
 
 Westminster Hall. An ancient 
 hall originally added to the Pal- 
 ace at Westminster, London, by 
 William Rufus, who held his first 
 court here, 1099. It has long been 
 used for the sittings of the Royal 
 Courts and of the Parliaments, 
 for Coronation-feasts, and other 
 similar purposes; and the name 
 Westminster Hall is not unfre- 
 quently used for the law itself. 
 It is called the Great Hall to dis- 
 tinguish it from the Lesser Hall, 
 the House of Commons after the 
 fire of 1834. It is one of the no- 
 blest and most venerable archi- 
 tectural relics in Europe, and the 
 largest room unsupported by pil- 
 lars in the world. Westminster 
 Hall was the place of trial of the 
 Earl of Strafford, of Charles I., 
 and of Warren Hastings. 
 
 4®" “ One of these halls, Westmin- 
 ster Hall, which serves for great state 
 trials, is immense and of the greatest 
 beauty. . . . The effect of the whole 
 is rich and grave.” Taine , Trans. 
 
 Those who have attended to the practice 
 of our literary tribunal are weli aware 
 that, by means of certain legal fictions 
 similar to those of Westminster Hall , we 
 are frequently enabled to take cognizance 
 of cases lying beyond the sphere of our 
 original jurisdiction. Macaulay. 
 
 Thus he [Cromwell] subdued a spirit 
 that had been often troublesome to the 
 most sovereign power, and made Westmin- 
 ster Hall as obedient and subservient to 
 his commands as any of the rest of his 
 quarters. Edward Hyde. 
 
 The clothed, embodied Justice that sits 
 in Westminster Hall , with penalties, parch- 
 ments, tipstaves, is very visible. But the 
 wwembodied J ustice, whereof that other is 
 either an emblem, or else is a fearful in- 
 describability, is not so visible. Carlyle. 
 
 Especially what member of the legal 
 profession, unless his heart be as dry as 
 parchment and worn as the steps of a 
 court-house, can fail to do honor to the 
 genius of a place [the Roman Forum] 
 where jurisprudence was reared into a 
 perfect system, while Druids were yet 
 cutting mistletoe on the site of Westmin- 
 ster Hall? Hillard 
 
 The fight in the street, which is backed 
 for gold, — 
 
 The piea of the lawyers in Westminster 
 Hall. Mrs. Browning. 
 
 Westminster Palace. The Eng- 
 lish Houses of Parliament in Lon- 
 
WES 
 
 571 
 
 WHI 
 
 don, occupying the site of the 
 Royal Palace of the monarchs of 
 England from Edward the Con- 
 fessor to Queen Elizabeth. The 
 first stone of the New Palace was 
 laid April 27, 1840. It is the lar- 
 gest public edifice in England, 
 probably the largest Gothic edi- 
 fice in the world, and is consid- 
 ered in respect to the arrange- 
 ment of its apartments for the 
 transaction of business, lighting, 
 ventilation, etc , to be the most 
 perfect building in Europe. It 
 covers about eight acres, and has 
 four principal fronts, the eastern 
 or river front being 940 feet in 
 length. The architect was Sir 
 Charles Barry. The Royal or 
 Victoria Tower at the south-west 
 angle, containing the royal en- 
 trance, rises to the height of about 
 340 feet, and is one of the most 
 stupendous works of the kind in 
 the world. 
 
 Jg®=* “ Though tho Palaco of West- 
 minster may not have realized the high- 
 est qualities of the architecture which 
 it is popularly supposed to represent, 
 it has at least proved an excellent 
 school for the encouragement of an- 
 cient art. It has educated many a 
 sculptor, stone-mason, metal-worker, 
 decorator, and cabinetmaker, who 
 would otherwise have grown up ignor- 
 ant of every phase of ornament save 
 that which had reached him by a per- 
 verted tradition. Barry, to whose tal- 
 ent are due the merits of the general 
 design, wisely intrusted to Pugin the 
 design of those details which were to 
 enrich his structure.” Eastlake. 
 
 J&gr “ We proceed to the Houses of 
 Parliament; as a whole, the architec- 
 ture constantly repeats a rather poor 
 idea, and does not show great inven- 
 tion. ... It is G-othic, accommodated 
 to the climate. The palace magnifi- 
 cently mirrors itself in the shining 
 river. In default of genius, the archi- 
 tects have had good sense.” 
 
 Taine, Trans. 
 
 Westminster School, or St. Pe- 
 ter’s College. A public school, 
 in London, for “ Grammar, Retli- 
 oricke, Poetrie, and for the Latin 
 and Greek languages,” founded 
 by Henry VIII., and re-estab- 
 lished in 1560 by Queen Eliza- 
 beth. Among the names of emi- 
 nent men who were scholars here 
 are Ben Jonson, George Chap- 
 
 man, Jaspar Mayne, Giles Fletch- 
 er, William Cartwright, Cowley, 
 Nathaniel Lee, Dryden, Prior, 
 Rowe, Churchill, Dyer, Cowper, 
 Southey, Sir Harry Vane the 
 younger, Hakluyt, Sir Christo- 
 pher Wren, Locke, South, War- 
 ren Hastings, Atterbury, Gibbon, 
 the elder Colrnan, Cumberland, 
 Lord John Russell. 
 
 Westphalica, Porta. See Pout a 
 Westphalica. 
 
 Weyer’s Cave. A natural curiosity 
 in Augusta County, Va., regard- 
 ed as one of the greatest wonders 
 of its class in the United States. 
 The cave is more than 1,600 feet 
 in length, and contains many cal- 
 careous formations of great vari- 
 ety and beauty. It was dis- 
 covered in 1804. 
 
 What Cheer Rock. A rock in a 
 cove near Providence, R.I. The 
 tradition is that Roger Williams, 
 the founder of the Rhode Island 
 colony, on his banishment from 
 Massachusetts landed on this 
 rock, where he was hailed by the 
 Indians with the words, “What 
 cheer, Netop ? (friend.) ” 
 
 Wheatland. The estate and resi- 
 dence for many years of James 
 Buchanan, the 15fcli President of 
 the United States. It is situated 
 about a mile from the city of 
 Lancaster, Penn. 
 
 Wheel of Fortune. A water-color 
 painting by Hans Holbein the 
 Younger (1498-1543), the German 
 painter. It is now at Chatsworth, 
 England. 
 
 Whirlpool Rapids. At Niagara 
 Falls, N.Y. Here the waters from 
 the Great Lakes rush with ter- 
 rible fury through a narrow gorge. 
 The velocity and volume of these 
 rapids is so great that the stream 
 is thirty or forty feet higher in 
 the centre than at the sides. See 
 Maid of the Mist. 
 
 Whispering Gallery. A gallery 
 in St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, 
 so called because the slightest 
 whisper is transmitted with great 
 rapidity and distinctness from 
 one side of the gallery to the 
 
WHI 
 
 572 
 
 WHI 
 
 other. Another instance of a 
 “Whispering Gallery” in a 
 church is found in the Whitefield 
 Church of Newburypoxt, Mass. 
 
 Nor had Fane} 7 fed 
 
 With less delight upon that other class 
 Of marvels, broad-day wonders perma- 
 nent: 
 
 The river proudly bridged ; the dizzy top 
 And Whispering Gallery of St. Paul's. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 White Conduit House. A public- 
 house on the extreme verge of 
 London. It derived its name 
 from the conduit near by, which 
 was built for the use of the Char- 
 ter-house. It had, both in and 
 around it, ample accommodations 
 for tea-drinking, and was a very 
 popular place of resort in the 
 early part of this century. It was 
 celebrated for its White Conduit 
 rolls. 
 
 All public dinners in London, from t e 
 Lord Mayor's annual banquet at Guild- 
 hall, to the Chimney-sweepers* anniver- 
 sary at White Conduit House ; from the 
 Goldsmiths* to the Butchers’, from the 
 Sheriffs’ to the Licensed Victuallers’ — are 
 amusing scenes. Dickens 
 
 White Convent. A monastery of 
 Coptic Christians in Upper Egypt, 
 standing upon the edge of the 
 desert, supposed to be of the time 
 of the Empress Helena, but prob- 
 ably of a later date. 
 
 White Hart. 1. An ancient tavern 
 situated in Southwark, London, 
 near London Bridge. It was the 
 headquarters of Jack Cade and 
 his rebel forces in 1150. It was 
 partly demolished and partly 
 burnt. Dickens in the “ Pick- 
 wick Papers” has described the 
 modern building of this name. 
 
 Rath my sword therefore broke through 
 London gates, that you should leave me 
 at the White Hart , in Sou.thwark ? 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 “ A great, rambling, queer old 
 place, with galleries and passages and 
 staircases, wide enough and antiquated 
 enough to furnish materials for a hun- 
 dred ghost-stories.” Dickens. 
 
 2. An old London tavern, Bish- 
 opsgate Without. It was stand- 
 ing in the first part of the present 
 century. 
 
 White Horse of Berkshire. Be- 
 tween Abingdon and Uffington, 
 in the county of Berks, England, 
 
 is a vale called the “ Vale of the 
 White Horse.” It takes its name 
 from a colossal figure of a gallop- 
 ing horse rudely fashioned on 
 the side of a steep chalk hill (893 
 feet high) by removing the over- 
 lying turf. The figure is about 
 374 feet in length, and can be 
 seen 10 or 12 miles in a fair day, 
 when the sun is shining upon it. 
 At what period or by whom it 
 was cut, is not known. It has 
 been variously ascribed to the 
 Saxons, to the Danes, and to the 
 Druids. Local tradition attrib- 
 utes it to King Alfred, and re- 
 gards it as a monument of the 
 victory won by him over the 
 Danes in the great battle of Ash- 
 down, in 871. He is said to have 
 carveed a horse, rather than any 
 other object, because that was 
 the device borne on the Saxon 
 standard. The earliest historical 
 notice of the White Horse is con- 
 tained in a cartulary, or register 
 of the Abbey of Abingdon, writ- 
 ten in the year 1171, and pre- 
 served in the British Museum. 
 As, in the course of time, the 
 trench which forms the figure of 
 the horse would naturally get 
 filled up and grown over, the 
 people living in the neighborhood 
 have a custom of meeting for the 
 purpose of “ scouring ” or clean- 
 ing it; and they make this the 
 occasion of a “ pastime,” or festi- 
 val, at which manly games and 
 sports, with prizes, are exhibited. 
 Thomas Hughes has written a 
 work called “ The Scouring of 
 the White Horse,” which gives, 
 in story form, an interesting ac- 
 count of a great pastime held on 
 the 18tli of September, 1857, and 
 embodies all the scattered legends 
 and traditions of the vicinity, and 
 all the authentic historical notices 
 relating to the old monument. 
 
 White House. The executive or 
 presidential mansion at Wash- 
 ington. It is a large freestone 
 building, painted white, from 
 which latter circumstance it de- 
 rives its name. It is said to have 
 been modelled after the palace of 
 the Duke of Leinster. The ex- 
 ecutive mansion was first occu- 
 
WHI 
 
 573 
 
 WHI 
 
 pied by President Adams in 1800, 
 was destroyed by the British in 
 1814, and rebuilt a few years later. 
 
 The President’s house — or the White 
 House , as it is now called all the world 
 over — is a handsome mansion fitted for 
 the chief officer of a great republic. 
 
 Anthony Trollope. 
 
 Ef you git me inside the White House, 
 Your head with ile I'll kin’ o’ hiint 
 By gittin’ you inside the Light house 
 Down to the eend o’ Jaalam Pint. 
 
 Lowell , Biglow Papers. 
 At a moment when the White House 
 itself is in danger of conflagration, instead 
 of all hands uniting to extinguish the 
 flames, we are contending about who 
 shall be its next occupant. When a dread- 
 ful crevasse has occurred, which threatens 
 inundation and destruction to all around 
 it. we are contesting and disputing about 
 the profits of an estate which is threatened 
 with total submersion. H. Clay. 
 
 Before the White House portals 
 The careless eyes behold 
 Three iron bombs uplifted, 
 
 Adusk in summer gold 
 
 J. J. Piatt. 
 
 White House. See Casa Blanca. 
 
 White Tower. See Tower, The. 
 
 Whitechapel. A wide and spacious 
 street in London. 
 
 In spirituals and temporals, in field and 
 workshop, from Manchester to Dorset- 
 shire, from Lambeth Palace to the Lanes 
 of Wliitechapel , wherever men meet and 
 toil and traffic together, — Anarchy, An- 
 archy. Carlyle. 
 
 Two sticks and an apple. 
 
 Say the bells at Whitechapel. 
 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 Whitefield Church. A name by 
 which the Old South (Presbyte- 
 rian) church in Newburyport, 
 Mass. , is sometimes known. The 
 remains of George Whitefield 
 (1714-1770), the founder of Cal- 
 vinistic Methodism, rest in a 
 vault under the pulpit of this 
 church. In this church is a noted 
 whispering- gallery, said to be 
 equalled only by that at St. 
 Paul’s, London. 
 
 Long shall the traveller strain his eye 
 From the railroad-car, as it plunges by. 
 And the vanishing town behind him 
 search 
 
 For the slender spire of the W r hitefield 
 Church. Whittier. 
 
 “ Yonder spire 
 
 Over gray roofs, a shaft of fire ; 
 
 What is it, pray?’* — “The Whitefield 
 Church ! 
 
 Walled about by its basement stones, 
 There rest the marvellous prophet’s 
 bones.” Whittier. 
 
 Whitefriars. A district in London, 
 which long possessed the privi- 
 leges of sanctuary, and hence 
 became the asylum of debtors, 
 cheats, and gamblers, who were 
 here protected from arrest. From 
 this circumstance it derived the 
 cant name of Alsatia , perhaps 
 from the Landgraviate of Alsace, 
 which stood in much the same 
 relation to France as Whitefriars 
 did to the Temple. In the Tem- 
 ple students were studying to 
 observe the law, and in Alsatia , 
 adjoining, debtors to avoid and 
 violate it. Alsatia, or Whitefri- 
 ars, has been immortalized by Sir 
 Walter Scott in “ The Fortunes 
 of Nigel;” and here is laid the 
 scene of Shadwell’s comedy of 
 
 The Squire of Alsatia.” 
 
 “ Though the immunities legal- 
 ly belonging to the place extended only 
 to cases of debt, cheats, false witnesses, 
 forgers, and highwaymen found refuge 
 there. For amidst a rabble so desper- 
 ate no peace-officer’s life was in safety. 
 At the cry of ‘Rescue!’ bullies with 
 swords and cudgels, and termagant 
 hags with spits and broomsticks, 
 poured forth by hundreds; and the in- 
 truder was fortunate if he escaped back 
 into Fleet Street, hustled, stripped, 
 and pumped upon.” Macaulay. 
 
 4ST “ It is not unlikely that the 
 Landgraviate of Alsace [Ger. Elsass , 
 Lat. Alsatia J — now the frontier prov- 
 ince of France [at present (1881) a part 
 of the German empire], long a cause of 
 contention, often the seat of war, and 
 familiarly known to many British sol- 
 diers — suggested the application of 
 the name Alsatia to the precinct of 
 Whitefriars.” Cunningham. 
 
 We shall not charge upon a whole 
 party the profligacy and baseness of the 
 horseboys, gamblers, and bravos, whom 
 the hope of license and plunder attracted 
 from all the dens of W hitefriars to the 
 standard of Charles, and who disgraced 
 their associates by excesses which under 
 the stricter discipline of the Parliament- 
 ary armies were never tolerated. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Whitehall. A district of West- 
 minster, London, and the site of 
 the Royal Palace of Whitehall 
 from 1530 to 1697. It was for- 
 merly called York Place from 
 having been the town residence 
 of the Archbishops of York. Car- 
 dinal Wolsey lived here for a 
 
WHI 
 
 574 
 
 WHI 
 
 long time upon his fall from office 
 in 1529. York Place was taken 
 from him by Henry VIII., and 
 the name of the palace changed 
 to Whitehall, perhaps from some 
 new buildings constructed of 
 white stone. The present ban- 
 queting-house, which is about all 
 that is left of the palace, was 
 built by Inigo Jones between 
 1619 and 1622, and is considered 
 one of the finest buildings in Lon- 
 don. James I. had previously 
 rebuilt the old banqueting-house, 
 but his structure was burnt in 
 1619. 
 
 4®= “ Little did James think that he 
 was raising a pile from which his son 
 [Charles I.] was to step from the 
 throne to a scaffold.” Pennant. 
 
 4®=*“ Poetry, painting, music, and 
 architecture were all called in to make 
 them rational amusements : and I have 
 no doubt that the celebrated festivals 
 of Louis the Fourteenth were copied 
 from the shows exhibited at White- 
 hall, in its time the most polite court in 
 Europe. Ben Jonson was the laureate, 
 Inigo Jones the inventor of the decora- 
 tions; Laniere and Ferabosco com- 
 posed the symphonies; the king, the 
 queen, and the young nobility danced 
 in the interludes.” Walpole. 
 
 4®=- “ Whitehall, when he [Charles 
 the Second] dwelt there, was the focus 
 of political intrigue and of fashionable 
 gayety. Half the jobbing and half the 
 flirting of the metropolis went on un- 
 der his roof.” Macaulay. 
 
 You must no more call it York-place, 
 that is past : 
 
 For since the Cardinal fell, that title’s 
 lost: 
 
 ’Tis now the king’s, and call'd Whitehall. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 The king, with wonder and surprise, 
 
 Will swear the seas grow bold ; 
 
 Because the tides still higher rise 
 
 Than e’er they did of old, 
 
 But let them know it is our tears 
 Bring floods of grief to Whitehall stairs. 
 
 Lord Dorset. 
 
 I see, I see, where two fair cities bend 
 Their ample bow, a new Whitehall ascend ! 
 
 Pope. 
 
 The furious German comes, with his clar- 
 ions and his drums. 
 
 His bravoes of Alsatia, and pages of White- 
 hall. Macaulay. 
 
 All the town was in an uproar of admi- 
 ration of his poem, the “ Campaign,” 
 which Dick Steele was spouting at every 
 coffee-house in Whitehall and Covent 
 Garden. Thackeray . > 
 
 White’s Chocolate House. See 
 
 White’s. 
 
 White’s. A famous club in St. 
 James’s Street, London, first es- 
 tablished in 1698 as “ W T hite’s 
 Chocolate House.” White’s has 
 from the first been noted as a 
 gaming-house. 
 
 4®=* “ I have heard that the late 
 Earl of Oxford, in the time of his min- 
 istry, never passed by White’s Choco- 
 late-house (the common rendezvous of 
 infamous sharpers and noble cullies) 
 without bestowing a curse upon that 
 famous Academy, as the bane of half 
 the English nobility.” Swift . 
 
 4GiT “ The Club, which is at this 
 time limited to 500 members, was for- 
 merly composed of the high Tory par- 
 ty, but, though Conservative principles 
 may probably prevail, it has now ceased 
 to be a political club, and may rather 
 be termed ‘aristocratic.’ Several of 
 the present members have belonged to 
 the Club upwards of half a century, 
 and the ancestors of most of the noble- 
 men and men of fashion of the present 
 day who belong to the Club were for- 
 merly members of it. The Club has 
 given magnificent entertainments in 
 our time. On June 20, 1814, they gave 
 a ball at Burlington House to the Em- 
 peror of Russia, the King of Prussia, 
 and the allied sovereigns then in Eng- 
 land : the cost was £9,849, 2s. 6 d. Three 
 weeks after this, the Club gave to the 
 Duke of Wellington a dinner, which 
 cost £2,480, 10s. 9c?.” Timbs. 
 
 Gambling he [Harley] held in aversion ; 
 and it was said that he never passed 
 White's, then the favorite haunt of noble 
 sharpers and dupes, without an exclama- 
 tion of anger. Macaulay. 
 
 Aimwell. Pray, sir, han’t I seen your 
 face at Will’s coffee-house ? 
 
 Gibbet. Yes, sir, and at White's too. 
 
 Farquhar, Beaux' Stratagem. 
 While softer chairs the tawdry load con- 
 vey 
 
 To court, to White's , assemblies, or the 
 Play, 
 
 Rosy-complexioned Health thy steps at- 
 tends. 
 
 And exercise thy lasting youth defends. 
 
 Gay. 
 
 His grace will game: to White’s a bull be 
 led, 
 
 With spurning heels and with a butting 
 head ; 
 
 To White’s be carried, as to ancient games, 
 Fair coursers, vases, and alluring dames. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Or chair’d at White’s , amidst the doctors 
 sit, 
 
 Teach oaths to gamesters, and to nobles 
 wit. Pope- 
 
whi 
 
 575 
 
 WIL 
 
 Whittington Club. A London 
 club — now in existence — estab- 
 lished in 184b at the Crown and 
 Anchor Tavern. Douglas Jer- 
 rold, the originator of the club, 
 was its first president. 
 
 Wie die Alten sungen, so pfeifen 
 auch die Jungen. A noted pic- 
 ture, illustrating this proverb, by 
 Jan Steen (1636-1689). Now at 
 the Hague, Holland. 
 
 Wigmore Castle. An ancient and 
 famous fortress, now in ruins, 
 adjoining the town of the same 
 name in Herefordshire, England. 
 
 Wild-boar Hunt. A picture by 
 Jan Fyt (1625-1671), the Flemish 
 painter, and one of his principal 
 works. In Ravensworth Castle, 
 England. 
 
 Wild Deer of Chillingham. A 
 picture by Sir Edwin Landseer 
 (1803-1873), the most celebrated 
 modern painter of animals. 
 
 Wilderness, The. A wild and 
 gloomy tract near the Rapidan 
 River, about 15 miles from Fred- 
 ericksburg, Va., the scene of a 
 great battle between Gen. Grant 
 and Gen. Lee, May 5 and 6, 1864. 
 
 Wilhelm Strasse. [William 
 Street ] A noted street in Berlin, 
 Prussia. 
 
 Wilhelma Palace. A celebrated 
 show-palace at Cannstadt, on the 
 Neckar, in Germany, built in 
 1851. 
 
 Wilhelms Platz. [William’s 
 Square.] A well-known public 
 square in Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Wilhelmshohe. A famous palace 
 and summer residence in the 
 neighborhood of Cassel, Ger- 
 many. It has been called the 
 German Versailles. The Emper- 
 or Napoleon III. lived here for a 
 time as a prisoner-of-war after 
 his defeat in the battle of Sedan, 
 Sept. 1, 1870. See Giant’s Cas- 
 tle. 
 
 It is incalculable how much that royal 
 big-wig cost Germany. Every prince imi- 
 tated the French king, and had his Ver- 
 sailles, his Wilhelmshohe , his court and its 
 splendors, his fountains and water-works 
 and Tritons. Thackeray. 
 
 Willey House. A famous dwell- 
 ing-house at the base of Willey 
 Mountain in the Notch of the 
 White Mountains, New Hamp- 
 shire. In former years terrible 
 slides of soil and rock at times 
 came thundering down the sides 
 of the mountain. On the night 
 of Aug. 28, 1826, during a violent 
 storm, one of these avalanches 
 occurred; and the whole Willey 
 family, who then lived in the 
 house, were killed. The story is, 
 that Mr. Willey, fearing a slide 
 from the mountain, had built far- 
 ther down the valley what he 
 considered a safe shelter to which 
 they could flee on hearing the ap- 
 proach of an avalanche. The 
 whole family and two hired men, 
 warned by the crash of the ex- 
 pected slide, rushed out of doors 
 towards the supposed shelter, but 
 were overtaken and overwhelmed 
 by the torrent of rocks, while 
 the house which they had just 
 abandoned remained uninjured, 
 as would its inmates, had they 
 staid within it. See Notch, The. 
 
 William and Mary College. A 
 
 collegiate establishment in Wil- 
 liamsburg, Va. It was founded 
 in 1692, and is the oldest institu- 
 tion of the kind in the country, 
 next to Harvard College. 
 
 William, Fort. See Fort Wil- 
 liam and Fort William Henry. 
 
 Williams College. An institution 
 of learning at Williamstown, 
 Mass. It was founded in 1793. 
 The cluster of buildings com- 
 prised in the college is beauti- 
 fully situated. 
 
 Willis’s Rooms. See Almack’s. 
 
 Williston Seminary. A well-en- 
 dowed educational establishment 
 in Easthampton, Mass. 
 
 Will’s. This noted coffee-house 
 and famous resort was in Russell 
 Street, London. In the time of 
 Dry den, who here presided over 
 those celebrated as the wits and 
 poets of the period, it was called 
 the Wits’ Coffee-house, and was 
 much frequented. After Dry- 
 den’s death the wits resorted to 
 Button’s. See Button’s. 
 
WIL 
 
 576 
 
 WIN 
 
 4^ “It was Dryden who made 
 Will’s Coffee-house the great resort oi 
 the wits of his time.” 
 
 Pope , Spence’s Anecdotes. 
 
 “ That celebrated house, situ- 
 ated between Co vent Garden and Bow 
 Street, was sacred to polite letters. 
 There the talk was about poetical jus- 
 tice and the unities of place and time. 
 
 . . . Under no roof was a greater vari- 
 ety of figures to be seen, — earls in 
 stars and garters, clergymen in cas- 
 socks and bands, pert templars, sheep- 
 ish lads from the universities, transla- 
 tors and index-makers in ragged coats 
 of frieze. The great press was to get 
 near the chair where John Dryden 
 sate.” Macaulay. 
 
 And, upon my going into Will’s, I found 
 their discourse was gone off, from the 
 death of the French King, to that of Mon- 
 sieur Boileau, Racine, Corneille, an 1 sev- 
 eral other poets, whom they regretted on 
 this occasion as persons who would have 
 obliged the world with very noble elegies 
 on the death of so great a prince, and so 
 eminent a patron of learning. 
 
 Addison , Spectator. 
 
 The loose atheistical wits at Will's might 
 write such stuff to divert the pain ted Jeze- 
 bels of the court: but did it become a 
 minister of the gospel to copy the evil 
 fashions of the world ? Macaulay. 
 
 His fame travelled to London : he 
 [Charles Montague] was thought a clever 
 lad by the wits who met at Will's; and the 
 lively parody which he wrote, in concert 
 with his friend and fellow-student Prior, 
 on Dryden 's Hind and Panther, was re- 
 ceived with great applause. Macaulay. 
 
 Be sure at Will’s the following day 
 
 Lie snug, and hear what critics say. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 J&jf* There was another Will’s at the 
 corner of Serle and Portugal Streets, 
 London. 
 
 Wilton House. A famous man- 
 sion, the seat of the Earls of Pem- 
 broke, and in which Sir Philip 
 Sidney wrote his “ Arcadia.” It 
 adjoins the town of Wilton, in 
 England. 
 
 4G?T “ At Wilton House, the * Arca- 
 dia’ was written, amidst conversations 
 with Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, a 
 man of no vulgar mind, as his own 
 poems declare him.” Emerson. 
 
 From Pembroke’s princely dome, where 
 mimic art 
 
 Decks with a magic hand the dazzling 
 bowers, 
 
 Its living hues where the warm pencil 
 pours. 
 
 And breathing forms from the rude marble 
 start. 
 
 How to life’s humbler scene can I depart? 
 
 My breast all glowing from those gorgeous 
 towers, 
 
 In my low cell, liow cheat the sullen 
 hours? Thomas Warton. 
 
 Winchecter Cathedral. A noted 
 church in Winchester, England, 
 of great size and magnificence. 
 The nave, 250 feet in length, is 
 regarded as one of the finest in 
 England. William Rufus was 
 buried in this church, and also 
 Izaak Walton. It contains also 
 a celebrated painting by West of 
 the “ Raising of Lazarus.” 
 
 Winds, Cave of the. See Cave of 
 the Winds. 
 
 Windsor Castle. A royal resi- 
 dence, and the principal seat of 
 the British sovereigns, in the 
 town of Windsor, near London. 
 It surpasses in antiquity and in 
 beauty of situation all the other 
 palaces of Europe. The date of 
 the old castle is uncertain. It 
 undoubtedly belongs to a period 
 much earlier than the Conquest. 
 The history of the present castle, 
 which was founded by William 
 the Conqueror, begins with Ed- 
 ward III., by whom it was al- 
 most rebuilt. The castle stands 
 upon a promontory overlooking 
 the valley of the Thames. Ed- 
 ward IV. re-erected St. George’s 
 Chapel nearly as it now stands, 
 one of the finest ecclesiastical 
 buildings in the country. Henry 
 VII. also erected a fine though 
 small chapel, which is still stand- 
 ing. Queen Elizabeth caused the 
 terrace to be made which is one 
 of the grand characteristics of the 
 place, and regarded as the noblest 
 walk of its kind in Europe. 
 Charles II. added what is known 
 as the Star-building, which con- 
 tains the rooms shown to the 
 public. The state apartments 
 contain valuable pictures, ancient 
 decorative furniture, Gobelin 
 tapestries, plate, and other ar- 
 ticles of value. 
 
 4® “ It is a place full of storied and 
 poetical associations. ... I have visited 
 Vaucluse with as much enthusiasm as 
 a pilgrim would visit the shrine at 
 Loretto; but I have never felt more 
 poetical devotion than when contemplat- 
 ing the old Tower and the little garden 
 at Windsor, and musing over the ro- 
 
WIN 
 
 577 
 
 WIT 
 
 mantic loves of the Lady Jane and the 
 Royal Poet of Scotland.” Irving . 
 
 As I have fancied I could read tlie 
 French character in the national palace 
 of the Tuileries, so I have pictured to my- 
 self some of the traits of John Bull in Ids 
 royal abode of Windsor Castle. Irving. 
 
 Although the palace has not attained 
 any thing like its full growth, yet what 
 exists is quite big enough for the monarch 
 of such a little country ; and Versailles or 
 Windsor has not apartments more nobly 
 proportioned. Thackeray . 
 
 Search Windsor Castle , elves, within, 
 without, 
 
 Strew good luck, ouplies, on every sacred 
 room, 
 
 That it may stand till the perpetual doom 
 In state as wholesome as in state ’tis tit, 
 Worthy the owner and the owner it. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Home of my heart ! to me more fair 
 '1 han gay Versailles or Windsor’s halls. 
 The painted, shingly town-house where 
 The freeman’s vote for Freedom falls! 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 Windsor Forest: A tract of wood- 
 land said to be 5(5 miles in cir- 
 cumference, adjoining the town 
 of Windsor, England, and having 
 many historical and legendary 
 associations. See Herne’s Oak. 
 
 Thy forest, Windsor ! and thy green re- 
 treats. 
 
 At once the Monarch's and the Muses’ 
 seats. 
 
 Invite my lays. Pope. 
 
 Long shalt thou flourish, Windsor ! body- 
 ing forth 
 
 Chivalric times, and long shall live 
 around 
 
 Thy Castle the old oaks of British birth, 
 Whose gnarled roots, tenacious and pro- 
 found. 
 
 As with a lion’s talons grasp the ground. 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 Outstretched beneath the leafy shade 
 Of Windsor Forest’s deepest glade, 
 
 A dying woman lay: 
 
 Three little children round her stood, 
 
 And there went up from the greenwood 
 A woful wail that day. 
 
 Caroline Bowles Southey. 
 
 Windsor Knights. The name 
 given to a body of superannuated 
 military officers who are provided 
 with accommodations in Windsor 
 Castle, and who receive a daily al- 
 lowance. The establishment was 
 founded by Edward the Third. 
 
 Wingfield Manor-house. A fine 
 mansion in Derbyshire, England. 
 It was built by Ralph, Lord 
 Cromwell, Treasurer of England 
 in the time of Henry YI. Mary, 
 Queen of Scots* was imprisoned 
 
 here, under the care of the Earl 
 of Shrewsbury. 
 
 Winifred’s Well. See St. Wini- 
 fred’s Well. 
 
 Winter Palace. A gigantic pile of 
 buildings in St. Petersburg, Rus- 
 sia, used by the emperor as his 
 residence when at home in his 
 capital. It is one of the largest 
 and most splendid royal edifices 
 in the world, the interior espe- 
 cially being very gorgeous. The 
 present building was erected 
 upon the site of another bearing 
 the same name, which was de- 
 stroyed by fire in 1837. It is said 
 that 6,000 persons occupy this 
 palace during the period of the 
 emperor’s residence in it. It con- 
 tains a regalia-room and a pic- 
 ture-gallery. Of the old Winter 
 Palace, Kohl says: “ The suites 
 of apartments were perfect laby- 
 rinths, and even the chief of the 
 imperial household, who had 
 filled that post for 12 years, was 
 not perfectly acquainted with all 
 the nooks and corners of the 
 building.” The new palace, 
 though not so intricate, is of 
 equal size. 
 
 JgQjp- “ To me the most delightful part 
 of the Winter Palace was the garden. 
 It forms one of the suite of thirty halls, 
 some of them three hundred feet long, 
 on the second story. In this garden . . . 
 rise clumps of Italian cypress and laurel 
 from beds of emerald turf and bloom, 
 ing hyacinths. Lamps of fretted glass 
 hang among the foliage, and diffuse a 
 mellow golden moonlight over the en- 
 chanted ground.” Bayard Taylor- 
 
 Winthrop, Fort. See Fort Win- 
 throp. 
 
 Wisdom Victorious over the 
 Vices. An allegorical picture 
 by Andrea Mantegna (1430-1506), 
 the Italian painter. Now in the 
 Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Witcli Hill. A hill in Salem, 
 Mass., bearing this name because 
 of the executions of the so-called 
 witches which took place upon it 
 during the witchcraft delusion 
 in 1692. [More commonly called 
 Gallows Hill.] 
 
 4®=*“ Whether Witch Hill be the 
 first or last place visited, it is there 
 
WIT 
 
 578 
 
 WOL 
 
 Salem witchcraft culminates. There is 
 seen, approaching by the railway, a 
 bleak and rocky eminence bestrewn 
 with a little soil. On the summit is a 
 tolerably level area of several acres. 
 Not a tree was growing on it when I was 
 there. The bleak winds sweep over it 
 without hinderance. . . . John Adams 
 mentions a visit to this hill in 1766, 
 then called Witchcraft Hili. In 1793, 
 Dr. Morse notes that the graves might 
 still be traced.” Drake. 
 
 Over this seems to lie a certain tender- 
 ness for humanity in general, bred out of 
 life-long trial, I should say, but sharply 
 streaked with fiery lines of wrath, at vari- 
 ous individual acts of wrong, especially if 
 they come in an ecclesiastical shape, and 
 recall to him the days when his mother’s 
 great-grandmother was strangled on 
 Witch Hill , with a text from the Old Tes- 
 ment for her halter. Holmes. 
 
 Witch House. An ancient house 
 in Salem, Mass., one of the old- 
 est, if not the very oldest build- 
 ing, now standing in this part of 
 the country. It is said to have 
 been built in 1631. Here were 
 tried persons suspected of witch- 
 craft during the terrible delusion 
 which spread over New England. 
 A modern addition has been 
 made to the building. 
 
 45P “ In appearance the original 
 house might have been transplanted 
 out of old London. Its peaked gables, 
 with pine-apples carved in wood sur- 
 mounting, its latticed windows and co- 
 lossal chimney, put it unmistakably in 
 the age of ruffs, Spanish cloaks, and 
 long rapiers. It has long been divest- 
 ed of its antique English character, 
 now appearing no more than a remi- 
 niscence of its former self.” Drake. 
 
 Witch of Endor. A picture by 
 Washington Allston (1779-1813). 
 
 Wittinagemot Club. The name 
 Wittinagemot was applied to a 
 corner box of the coffee-room 
 of the Chapter Coffee-house in 
 Paternoster Row, London, noted, 
 in the eighteenth century, as a fa- 
 vorite resort of publishers, book- 
 sellers, men of letters, and others. 
 The Chapter Coffee-house, also 
 famed for its newspapers, pam- 
 phlets, and for its punch, was 
 altered into a tavern in 1854. 
 
 Wittlesbach Ancestors. Twelve 
 statues, so called, in the Hall of 
 the Throne, in the New Palace of 
 Munich, Bavaria. 
 
 Wivern, The. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy. It was 
 launched Aug. 27, 1863. 
 
 Woburn Abbey. The seat of the 
 Duke of Bedford, near the town 
 of Woburn, Bedford, England. 
 The modern mansion, which is 
 of the last century, includes a 
 part of the ancient abbey from 
 which it derives its name. 
 
 4Qr* “He [an American] would 
 sooner have built Jones’s tenth block, 
 with a prospect of completing a twen- 
 tieth, than settle himself down at rest 
 for life as the owner of a Chatsworth 
 or a Woburn” Trollope. 
 
 Wokey Hole. A remarkable and 
 romantic cavern, near Glaston- 
 bury, England. 
 
 Wolf Hunt. A picture by Peter 
 Paul Rubens (1577-1640), and con- 
 sidered one of his most magnifi- 
 cent works. It was once in the 
 collection of Lord Ashburton, 
 England. 
 
 Wolf of the Capitol. A famous 
 bronze figure of unknown anti- 
 quity in the Capitol at Rome. 
 Some regard this as the bronze 
 wolf described by Dionysius as 
 standing at the temple of Romu- 
 lus under the Palatine; while 
 others consider that it is one re- 
 ferred to by Cicero in one of his 
 harangues against Catiline, which 
 was struck by lightning in the 
 time of that orator, and which is 
 also commemorated by Virgil in 
 his well-known lines. The wolf 
 is undoubtedly ancient, but the 
 twins are modern. 
 
 And thou, the thunder-stricken nurse of 
 Home ! 
 
 She-wolf! whose brazen-imaged dugs im- 
 part 
 
 The milk of conquest yet within the dome 
 Where, as a monument of antique art, 
 Thou standest: Mother of the mighty 
 heart, 
 
 Which the great founder suck’d from thy 
 wild teat, 
 
 Scorch’d by the Homan Jove’s ethereal 
 dart, 
 
 And thy limbs black with lightning — dost 
 thou yet 
 
 Guard thine immortal cubs, nor thy fond 
 charge forget ? Byron. 
 
 Wolfe. See Death of Wolfe. 
 
 Wolfert’s Roost. See Sunnyside. 
 
WOM 
 
 579 
 
 WOR 
 
 Woman sick with the Dropsy. 
 A picture by Gerard Dow (1613- 
 1674?), the Dutch c/en?’e-painter, 
 and considered to be his master- 
 piece. It is in the National Gal- 
 lery, London. There is another 
 in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Woman taken in Adultery. A 
 
 celebrated picture by Rembrandt 
 van Ryn (1607-1669), the Dutch 
 painter. It is now in the National 
 Gallery, London. 
 
 “ In this work a touching truth- 
 fulness and depth of feeling, with every 
 other grand quality peculiar to Rem- 
 brandt, are seen in their highest per- 
 fection.” Handbook of Painting. 
 
 Women of Algiers. A noted pic- 
 ture by Ferdinand Victor Eugene 
 Delacroix (1799-1863), the cele- 
 brated French historical painter. 
 This picture, which appeared in 
 1834, procured for the artist a high 
 reputation as a colorist. 
 
 Wonders of the World. See Seven 
 Wonders of the World. 
 
 Woodland. A cemetery in Phila- 
 delphia, Penn., with many fine 
 and costly monuments. 
 
 Woodlawn. A cemetery a few 
 miles from New York, containing 
 fine monuments. 
 
 Woodward Avenue. One of the 
 principal streets in Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Woodward’s Gardens. A pleas- 
 ure-resort in San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Woolwich Arsenal. The largest 
 depot of military stores in the 
 world, at Woolwich, near Lon- 
 don. It covers an area of more 
 than 100 acres, and contains over 
 20,000 pieces of ordnance, besides 
 a great variety of warlike mate- 
 rial. 
 
 Wood Street. A street in London, 
 which has now disappeared. 
 
 At the corner of Wood Street when day- 
 light appears, 
 
 Hangs a thrush that sings loud, — it has 
 sung for three years ; 
 
 Poor Susan has passed by the spot, and 
 has heard 
 
 In the silence of morning the song of the 
 bird. Wordsworth. 
 
 Woolsack, The. A large sack of 
 
 wool covered with red cloth, the 
 seat of the Lord Chancellor of 
 England in the House of Lords. 
 
 Consider ... if it is not yet, in these 
 last days, by very much the same means 
 . . . that the like result is brought about: 
 and from the Woolsack down to the Tread- 
 mill, from Almack’s to Chalk Farm and 
 the West-end of Newgate, the incon- 
 gruous whirlpool of life is forced and 
 induced to whirl with some attempt at 
 regularity ? Carlyle . 
 
 That he who sat in Chancery, and 
 rayed out speculation from the Woolsack , 
 was now a man that squinted, now a man 
 that did not squint ? Carlyle. 
 
 Wooster, Fort. See Fort Woos- 
 ter. 
 
 Worcester College. A college in 
 Oxford, England, founded in 
 1714, one of the 19 colleges which 
 are included in the university. 
 
 At Worcester College an ample sheet of 
 water, on which swans float, moistens 
 with its slow undulations the greensward 
 constellated with flowers. Taine , Trans. 
 
 Worcester House. A noble man- 
 sion which formerly stood in the 
 Strand, London, the residence of 
 the Bishops of Carlisle. 
 
 Worksop Manor. The seat of the 
 Duke of Norfolk, near the town 
 of Worksop, England. 
 
 World, The. An old London 
 club. 
 
 “ There was a club held at the 
 King’s Head, in Pall Hall, that arro- 
 gantly called itself ‘ The World.’ ” 
 
 Spence's Anecdotes. 
 jgGg^On one occasion, after dinner, 
 when each member proposed an epi- 
 gram to be written upon the glasses, 
 Dr. Young, who was present as a 
 guest, refused to make one because he 
 had no diamond with which to write 
 it, whereupon Lord Stanhope handed 
 him his, and he immediately wrote the 
 following : — 
 
 Accept a miracle, instead of wit: 
 
 See two dull lines with Stanhope’s pencil 
 writ. 
 
 Worms Cathedral. A noble cathe- 
 dral in Worms, Germany, re- 
 garded as one of the finest Ro- 
 manesque churches in the world. 
 It has ten towers. 
 
 Worsley Hall. The seat of the 
 Earl of Ellesmere, near Man- 
 chester, England. 
 
WOT 
 
 580 
 
 WYN 
 
 Wotton House. A mansion in 
 Surrey, England, once the resi- 
 dence of John Evelyn. It was 
 built in the age of Elizabeth. 
 John Evelyn describes the house 
 as “ large and ancient, suitable 
 to those hospitable times, and so 
 sweetly environed with delicious 
 streams and venerable woods. 
 It has rising grounds, meadows, 
 woods, and water in abundance.” 
 
 Wounded Gladiator. A famous 
 relic of ancient sculpture. Now 
 in the Museum at Naples. See 
 Borghese Gladiator and Dying 
 Gladiator. 
 
 Wrestlers, The. [Ital. I Lotta- 
 tori.\ An ancient statue, now in 
 the Tribune of the Uliizi Palace, 
 Elorence, Italy. 
 
 4®^ “ In the famous group of the 
 Wrestlers, the flexibility of the in- 
 twined limbs, the force of the muscles, 
 and the life and action of the figures 
 are wonderful; , , . their fixed, im- 
 
 movable countenances have no marks 
 even of that corporeal exertion, much 
 less of that eager animation and pas- 
 sion, which men struggling with each 
 other in the heat of contest would nat- 
 urally feel.” Eaton. 
 
 Wyandotte Cave. A noted cav- 
 ern in Crawford County, Indiana, 
 thought to be not much inferior in 
 interest to the famous Mammoth 
 Cave in Kentucky. It has been 
 explored over 20 miles. 
 
 Wych Street. A London street, 
 famous for the exploits of Jack 
 Sheppard. 
 
 Wyndham Club. A club in Lon- 
 don, so called from William 
 Wyndham, a former occupant of 
 the house, founded by Lord Nu- 
 gent, “ to secure a convenient 
 and agreeable place of meeting 
 for a society of gentlemen, all 
 connected with each other by a 
 common bond of literary or per- 
 sonal acquaintance.” 
 
XAN 
 
 581 
 
 XER 
 
 X. 
 
 Xanthian Marbles. See Lycian 
 Gallery. 
 
 Xerxes, Hall of. A magnificent 
 ruin in ancient Persepolis, re- 
 garded the finest building of 
 which any remains exist in that 
 part of the world. 
 
 JEKiP “ Presuming this structure to 
 have been sculptured and painted as 
 richly as others of its age and class, 
 which it no doubt was, it must have 
 been not only one of the largest, but 
 one of the most splendid, buildings of 
 antiquity. In plan it was a rectangle 
 of about 300 feet by 350, and conse- 
 quently covered 105,000 square feet; it 
 was thus larger than the hypostyle 
 hall at Karnac, or any of the largest 
 
 temples of Greece or Rome. It is 
 larger, too, than any mediaeval cathe- 
 dral except that of Milan ; and although 
 it has neither the stone roof of a cathe- 
 dral, nor the massiveness of an Egyp- 
 tian building, still its size and propor- 
 tions, combined with the lightness of 
 its architecture, and the beauty of its 
 decorations, must have made it one of 
 the most beautiful buildings ever erect- 
 ed. Both in design and proportion, it 
 far surpassed those of Assyria, and 
 though possessing much of detail or of 
 ornament that was almost identical, its 
 arrangements and proportions were so 
 superior in every respect that no simi- 
 lar building in Nineveh can be com- 
 pared with this — the great architec- 
 tural creation of the Persian Empire.” 
 Fergus son. 
 
YAL 
 
 582 
 
 YOU 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yale College. An institution of 
 learning in New Haven, Conn., 
 chartered in 1701, and holding 
 rank among the first colleges in 
 the country. It includes the va- 
 rious departments of law, divin- 
 ity, medicine, and art, which con- 
 stitute a university. 
 
 Yardley Oak. A venerable oak in 
 the parish of Yardley, England. 
 This sole survivor of a race 
 Of giant oaks, where once the wood 
 Rang with the battle or the chase. 
 
 In stern and lonely grandeur stood. 
 From age to age it slowly spread 
 Its gradual boughs to sun and wind ; 
 From age to age its noble head 
 As slowdy withered and declined. 
 
 James Montgomery. 
 
 Yellow Tower. The ruin of an 
 ancient abbey-church in Trim, 
 Meath County, Ireland. 
 
 Yellowstone. See Grand Canon 
 of the Yellowstone. 
 
 Yes, or No? A picture by John 
 Everett Millais (b. 1829). 
 
 Yester House. The seat of the 
 Marquis of Tweeddale, near 
 Longniddry in Scotland. 
 
 York Column. A pillar of Scotch 
 granite in Carlton House Gar- 
 dens, London, 124 feet high, sur- 
 mounted by a statue of the Duke 
 of York, second son of George 
 III. 
 
 York House. A former palace of 
 London, so called from the Arch- 
 bishops of York. Here Lord Ba- 
 con was born in 1560. York House 
 was finally sold and removed. 
 Its “ Watergate ” on the Thames 
 still remains. 
 
 “ There was a costly magnifi- 
 cence in the fetes at York House, the 
 residence of Buckingham, of which 
 few but curious researchers are aware : 
 they eclipsed the splendors of the 
 French Court.” * Isaac Disraeli. 
 
 York Minster. A noble church at 
 
 York, the finest structure of its 
 kind in England. It was mostly 
 built in the thirteenth and four- 
 teenth centuries. Its extreme 
 length is 486 feet, length of tran- 
 sept 223 feet. It has a magnifi- 
 cent west front, flanked by two 
 towers, 196 feet in height. 
 
 “ Owing to the great width at- 
 tempted for the nave, York has not the 
 usual perfection of length affected by 
 other English cathedrals, and loses in 
 effect accordingly. Its great peculiarity 
 is the simplicity and squareness of its 
 plan.” Fergus son. 
 
 In the history of art, it is a long way 
 from a cromlech to York minster ; yet all 
 the intermediate steps may still be traced 
 in this all-preserving island. Emerson. 
 
 If there were a building on it [the 
 moon] as big as York minster, as big as 
 the Boston Coliseum, the great telescopes 
 like Lord Rosse’s would make it out. 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 Open your gates, ye everlasting piles ! 
 Types of the spiritual church which God 
 hath reared, 
 
 Thou, stately York l and ye, whose splen- 
 dors cheer 
 
 Isis and Cam, to patient science dear ! 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 York Place. The name by which 
 the palace of Whitehall, in Lon- 
 don, was formerly known, from 
 the circumstance that the Arch- 
 bishops of York resided there 
 when in town. The last Arch- 
 bishop of York who lived there 
 was Cardinal Wolsey; and on 
 his fall, in 1529, the name was 
 changed to White Hall. 
 
 You must no more call it York-Place , that 
 is past ; 
 
 For since the Cardinal fell, that title’s 
 lost: 
 
 Tis now the king’s, and called White- 
 hall. Shakespeare. 
 
 Yosemite Valley. 1. A picture 
 by Albert Bierstadt (b. 1829). 
 Now in possession of Mr. James 
 Lenox. 
 
 2. A picture by Thomas Hill 
 (b. 1829). 
 
 Young Bull. See Bull, The 
 Young. 
 
YOU 
 
 583 
 
 YUS 
 
 Young Courtesan. A picture by 
 Xavier Sigalon (1788-18o7), weil 
 known by engravings. In the 
 Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Yuste. A monastic edifice near 
 Plasencia in the province of Es- 
 tremadura, Spain, celebrated as 
 the place of retirement of the 
 Emperor Charles V. on his' abdi- 
 cation of the throne in 1556. It 
 was the property of the Jerony- 
 mite monks, andderives its name 
 from the little stream, the Yuste, 
 which flows beneath it. It was 
 
 founded in 1404. The convent and 
 the surrounding estate now be- 
 longs to the Duke of Montpen- 
 sier. It is now in ruins. 
 
 So Charles the emperor, whose mighty 
 reign 
 
 The globe itself scarce held within its 
 bound. 
 
 At Yuste , a fair abbey of our Spain, 
 
 A lowly home and quiet haven found. 
 
 Luis Capata , Trans. 
 
 In Saint Just the silent bowers 
 Hear a drowsy funeral lay : 
 
 Bells are humming from the towers 
 For the monk who died to-day. 
 
 Graf von Auersperg, Trans . 
 
ZAC 
 
 584 
 
 zwi 
 
 z. 
 
 Zaccaria, St. See St. Zaccaria. 
 
 Zamek. A royal castle at Cracow, 
 the ancient capital of Poland, 
 built in the fourteenth century, 
 but mainly rebuilt in 1610. 
 
 Zealous, The. An armor-plated 
 ship of the British navy, launched 
 March 7, 1861. 
 
 Zechariah’s Tomb. A rock-cut 
 tomb near Jerusalem, adorned 
 with Ionic pillars and square 
 piers, and surmounted with a 
 pyramidal roof. 
 
 MSt “ Perhaps this building should 
 properly be called a cenotaph, as it is 
 perfectly solid, and no cave or sepul- 
 chral vault has been found beneath it; 
 though, judging from analogies, one 
 might yet be found, if properly looked 
 for.” Fergusson . 
 
 Zemzem. A holy spring in Mecca, 
 Arabia. It is said to have gushed 
 out on this spot to the succor of 
 Ishmael and his mother when 
 perishing of thirst. It is carefully 
 enclosed and joined with the tow- 
 er of the Kaabah by a railing. 
 
 4@=“The Well Zemzem has its 
 name from the bubbling sound of the 
 waters, zem-zem : they think it is the 
 well which Hagar found with her little 
 Ishmael in the wilderness: the aero- 
 lite and it have been sacred now, and 
 had a Caabah over them, for thousands 
 of years.” Carlyle . 
 
 Zeno Chapel. A chapel in St. 
 Mark’s Church, Venice, Italy, 
 built by Cardinal Zeno in the 
 early part of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Zenobia. A statue by Harriet 
 Hosmer (b. 1831). 
 
 JHQp “ This morning I went to Miss 
 Hosmer’s studio to see her statue of 
 Zenobia. . . . [It] stood in the centre 
 of the room, as yet unfinished in the 
 clay, but a very noble and remarkable 
 statue indeed, full of dignity and beau 
 ty.” Hawthorne. 
 
 Zenobius, St. See St. Zenobius. 
 
 Zingarella, La. [The Gypsy.] A 
 
 beautiful picture of the Madonna 
 and Child by Antonio Allegri, 
 surnamed Correggio (1494-1534), 
 representing the Virgin with an 
 Oriental turban (hence the name). 
 This picture is now in the Mu- 
 seum at Naples. There is anoth- 
 er upon the same subject bearing 
 this name at Parma, Italy. See 
 Repose in Egypt. 
 
 The painter’s wife, whom he mar- 
 ried in 1520, is supposed to have been 
 his model for La Zingarella. This pic- 
 ture is also called Madonna del Coni- 
 glio from the rabbit ( coniglio ) which 
 appears in the foreground. 
 
 Zion. See Mount Zion. 
 
 Zocodover. The principal square 
 and fashionable promenade of 
 Toledo, Spain. 
 
 Zodiac of Denderah. A celebrat- 
 ed astronomical drawing upon 
 the ceiling of the portico of the 
 Temple of Denderah in Egypt. 
 It was formerly supposed to be 
 of the age of the early Pharaohs, 
 but is now referred to the time of 
 the Ptolemies. 
 
 Zoological Gardens. An enclos- 
 ure contiguous to Regent’s Park, 
 London, belonging to the Zoolo- 
 gical Society, and containing a 
 large and rare collection of ani- 
 mals. The Gardens were first 
 opened to the public in 1828, and 
 the menagerie is now the finest 
 public bivarium in Europe. 
 
 In the Zoological Gardens, I saw a 
 baboon who always got into a furious 
 rage when his keeper took out a letter or 
 book. C. Darwin. 
 
 Zuccone, Lo. [The Bald Head.] 
 A bronze statue of David by Don- 
 atello (1383-1466). In the Uffizi, 
 Florence, Italy. 
 
 Zwinger, The. A public building 
 in Dresden, Saxony. It contains 
 a valuable collection of works of 
 art and scientific treasures. The 
 word is a general name for a 
 prison or any confined place. 
 

 

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