AN ACCOUNT 
 
 OF 
 
 THE NEW NORTH WING 
 
 AND RECENT ADDITIONS TO 
 
 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON, 
 
 OPENED FEBEUARY 16th, 1881, 
 
 BY THE 
 
 RT. HON. THE EARL OF KIMBERLEY. 
 
 iprinttir for fribatt Cittulation. 
 
]Vith the, Compliments of 
 
 Messrs. Perky & Reed, of 9, John Street, Adelphi, 
 Architect.^ to the College. 
 
 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
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 http://archive.org/details/accountofnewnortOOkinnb 
 
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Front 
 
 PROPOSED COMPLETION OF QUADRANGLE 
 
 A 
 
AN ACCOUNT 
 
 OF 
 
 THE NEW NORTH WING 
 
 AND RECENT ADDITIONS TO 
 
 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON, 
 
 OPENED FEBRUARY 16th, 1881, 
 
 BY THE 
 
 RT. HON. THE EARL OF KIMBERLEY. 
 
 IPrintfij for ^nbafc Circulation. 
 
DRYDEN PRESS : 
 J. DAVY & SONS, 137, LONG ACRE, LONDON. 
 
AN ACCOUNT 
 
 OF 
 
 THE NEW NORTH WING 
 
 AND RECENT ADDITIONS TO 
 
 UNIVEESITY COLLEGE, LONDON. 
 
 UNivEESiTT College, London, was founded in the year 1826, and opened on Foundation 
 October 1st, 1828, under the title, at first starting, of " The Univeesity op^^1^9."^" ~ 
 ^ stitution of 
 
 London." The Institution was incorporated as " Univeesity College, Lon- the College. 
 
 don," by Royal Charter, dated November 28th, 1836 ; the present University of London 
 being about the same time founded and endowed by the State as an examining, and 
 not a teaching, University, with the power of conferring degrees. This Charter was 
 superseded in 1869 by an Act of Parliament, whereby the College was re-incorpo- 
 rated with additional powers and divested of its proprietary character. The purpose 
 of the College, as expressed in the Act, is "to afford, at a moderate expense, the 
 means of education in Literature, Science and the Fine Arts, and in the knowledge 
 required for admission to the medical and legal professions ; and in particular for so 
 affording the means of obtaining the education required for the purpose of taking 
 the degrees now or hereafter granted by the University of London." 
 
 Under the original deed of settlement a capital was raised amounting to 
 £153,600 ; by means of which the land was purchased whereon the College now 
 stands, and the central range of the existing buildings erected, after the designs of 
 the late William Wilkins, Esq., R.A. Since its opening the Institution has been 
 carried on as a place of the highest or University education, literary, scientific and 
 professional ; and it differs from a University, to which title the distinction of its 
 professors, the variety of its teaching and the number of its students might fairly 
 entitle it, only in the circumstance that, by the plan finally adopted in its constitution, 
 the examining for and conferring of the degrees towards which its studies are 
 directed have been committed to a University independently constituted, the exami- 
 nations of which are open to the whole British Empire. In the Honour Lists of the 
 University of London the students of University College have held a place second 
 to that of the students of no other educational institution whatever. 
 
 The original Faculties or divisions of the College Professoriate were two in 
 number — those of Arts and Laws including Science, and of Medicine. In the year 1870 
 
 B 
 
2 
 
 tlje Scientific Classes were constituted a separate Faculty of Science : but being in its 
 intention and constitution undenominational, the College has no Faculty of Theology. 
 
 The Government and Property of the College are vested in the Body Corporate, 
 which consists of, first. Governors, representing the original founders and former 
 proprietors ; secondly. Fellows of the College, elected from among old students who 
 have passed a distinguished examination for a University Degree ; and thirdly, Life 
 Governors, appointed on special grounds, of services rendered, or of qualifications for 
 promoting the objects of the Institution. The superintendence is in the hands of a 
 President and Council, appointed by the members of the Corporation. The Council 
 is aided with advice by the Senate or assembly of the Professoriate. The power of 
 reinforcing both the Corporation and the Council by the introduction of persons pre- 
 viously unconnected with the College, who are qualified to assist its work, or have 
 shown their interest in its welfare, has been largely exercised. 
 Progress of the Under this constitution and under the guidance of the distinguished men who 
 College. have in past years given to it largely of their time and energy and means, among 
 whom must be mentioned the names of Brougham, Grote and Goldsmid, the useful, 
 ness of the College has constantly grown and become recognized by an increasing 
 circle of supporters. 
 
 To meet this increase large sums have been from time to time expended on the 
 College in the way of adaptation and improvement ; and a considerable part of such 
 expenditure has been provided out of annual surpluses of income. 
 
 In 1833 the University College or North London Hospital was founded, by 
 voluntary contributions, to supply the Medical Faculty with a practical School of 
 Medicine and Surgery, and the district with a much-needed charity. The Hospital 
 is the property of the CoUege, and is managed by a joint Committee of Subscribers, 
 Members of the Council, and of the Medical Staff. In 1841 the Birkbeck Chemical 
 Laboratory was erected, partly out of a gift from the subscribers to the Birkbeck 
 Testimonial. But the principal additions which had been made to the Buildings of 
 the College since its establishment, until the recent erection of the North Wing, were 
 those designed for the special purposes of the Boys' School and the Slade School of 
 Fine Art, the former of which occupies the portion of the South Wing already built. 
 Towards the building of this School the College received many munificent benefac- 
 tions; especially £6,000 from Samuel Sharpe, Esq., £3,000 from the late John 
 Pemberton Heywood, Esq., and £1,000 from an anonymous benefactor. To the 
 erection of the Slade School £5,000 was contributed by the executors under the 
 will of the late Felix Slade, Esq. Important as these additions are, they contributed 
 nothing to the accommodation for students in the University Faculties, except in so 
 far as the erection of the south wing set free a portion of the central building which 
 had been temporarily devoted to the School. 
 The Recent On the 9th of July, 1878, the completion of the fiftieth year of University 
 
 Addition. College, London, was celebrated by a festival in the CoUege grounds. Earl Granville 
 who then presided, honoured the College by laying the first stone of the buildings 
 which are now ready for use. 
 
3 
 
 These new buildings, which form the north wing of the College, with the 
 Chemical annexe in the rear, were carried out, from designs previously prepared by 
 Professor Hayter Lewis, under the superintendence of Messrs. Perry and Reed, of 
 No. 9, John Street, Adelplii, Architects to the College, by Mr. W. Brass, the Con- 
 tractor. On plate No. 14 will be found a view of the facade. 
 
 The new buildings provide improved and extended accommodation for the Slade 
 School of Fine Art ; and the Fine Art School is thus enabled to give up some rooms 
 which it formerly occupied. The rooms thus set free on the first floor have been 
 applied to a considerable extension of the space allotted to Zoology and Comparative 
 Anatomy. The whole upper floor of the north wing has been specially prepared for the 
 study of Physiology. On the ground-floor and basement. Chemistry is provided not 
 only with space in the north wing itself, but also with a large annexed laboratory on 
 the ground behind. Pooms set free in the centre of the building by these new 
 arrangements have been so dealt with as to secure proper accommodation for the 
 School of Engineering and a Laboratory for Practical Botany. 
 
 The following details will show more precisely what has been gained on behalf 
 of higher education by the new addition to the buildings of University College, 
 London. 
 
 In the central portion of the newly finished wing of University College the The Slade 
 ground floor, the first storey and part of the basement have been appropriated to the School of Fine 
 Slade School of Fine Art. 
 
 This School owes its origin to a bequest of the late Mr. Felix Slade for the 
 founding of a Fine Arts Department in University College. Somewhat similar 
 bequests, though to a smaller extent, were made by him to the Universities of Oxford 
 and Cambridge, by which Mr. Puskin and Sir Digby "Wyatt (since succeeded by 
 Mr. Richmond and Mr. Sidney Colvin) were severally appointed as Professors, their 
 duties being to give series of Lectures to the students. By the Council of this 
 College, however, it was considered that the terms of the Bequest as relating to it 
 could be thoroughly complied with only by founding a School in which the Fine Arts 
 should be taught practically. 
 
 For this purpose the first part of the North Wing was erected, containing Studios 
 for Drawing, Painting and Modelling from the Life and from Casts of Antiques, with 
 arrangements for the accommodation of female as well as male Students. 
 
 The cost of building was defrayed partly from a portion of Mr. Slade' s bequest 
 and partly by various friends of the College, among whom may be mentioned 
 Mr. Samuel Sharpe and Mr. J. P. Heywood. 
 
 A certain sum out of the bequest having been devoted to the endowment of a 
 Professorship for this School, the Council elected Mr. E. J. Poynter, R.A., as the 
 first Professor. The new building having been furnished with casts, seats, easels, 
 and other necessary objects, was opened for the reception of Students and for working 
 purposes on the 9th October, 1871. 
 
 Mr. Poynter expended much thought and energy in devising rules and regulations, 
 and organizing the details of the hours and mode of study to bring the School into 
 working order. 
 
4 
 
 A large number of Students, male and female, soon joined the School ; and the 
 yearly Report at the end of the First Session showed an attendance of 122 Students 
 at the morning and evening schools, giving evidence, in the words of the Report, 
 that the School had supplied a real want. As in subsequent years the numbers 
 continued to increase, it was found needful to abolish two partial courses of study 
 which admitted to the School three days in the week, and to receive only Students 
 who would attend the full daily course, thus reserving the School for those Students 
 who wished for a more complete education in Art. 
 
 After directing the Slade School with great success for five years, Professor 
 Poynter, in the Session 1875-1876, accepted the office of Superintendent of the Art 
 Department and Government Art School at South Kensington and tendered his 
 resignation of the Slade Professorship. On his recommendation, supported by the 
 highest testimonials from several of the most eminent artists in England, among 
 whom was the present President of the Royal Academy, Sir Frederick Leighton, the 
 Council elected Mr. Alphonse Legros as his successor. 
 
 Under Professor Legros the School has been no less successful in its career than- 
 in his predecessor's time ; and want of space made it necessary to refuse many appli- 
 cants for admission. In the new quarters assigned to it this deficiency has been in 
 some measure supplied ; and there is now sufficient easy accommodation for 140 
 students. • 
 
 The entrance, which is situated in the hemicycle or semicircular projecting part 
 of the North Wing, leads at once into a spacious corridor extending to the right and 
 left, the staircase leading to the upper story facing the entrance.* At one end is a 
 staircase leading to the ladies' refreshment and cloak-rooms and lavatory, and, farther 
 on, to those of the male students and also to a large life studio, forming part of the 
 old building, and now generally reserved for the male class. 
 
 On the ground floor, to the right of the principal entrance, is the library and 
 lecture-room, 40 ft. 9 in. long by 35 ft. wide and 16 ft. high, entered from the corridor. 
 In this room are delivered the lectures on Anatomy, Perspective, &c. during the time 
 appropriated to them. At other times the room is used for drawing from the Antique 
 and copying Photographs from drawings by the old masters. The library contains a 
 very valuable collection of old prints and drawings, presented to the school by the 
 late Mrs. Grote, the widow of the former President of the College, also a number of 
 the best modern works on Art, purchased out of a fund subscribed in memory of the 
 late Mr. Edwin "Wilkins Field, whose interest in all matters connected with Art is 
 well known. There are other works also, of a similar nature, presented to or 
 purchased by the College. 
 
 The room serving as an office for the Professor and his assistants communicates 
 with the lecture-room, and overlooks on the other side, by a balcony, the large life 
 studio above referred to. 
 
 A room about the size of the lecture-room, on the same floor, is to be alloted to 
 
 * Fide Plates Nos. 2 and 3. 
 
5 
 
 the Sculpture Class, should there be any demand for one, and in the meantime is 
 used for drawing and painting from the Antique. 
 
 The staircase already mentioned, facing the entrance, after a few steps in front, 
 branches off to the right and left, leading to the upper corridor, which corresponds to 
 that on the ground floor. The hemicycle here fronting the quadrangle of the College 
 and the whole length of the corridor, with the pillars supporting the upper floor and 
 the arches at the farther end, are, when seen from a point of view on the right-hand 
 side, very effective. From this corridor is entered the Life-room of the ladies' or 
 mixed class, which is a large well-lighted room, 40 feet 4 in. by 35 feet, and 19 feet 
 in height, facing the north. Here also are the Professor's studio and the Antique- 
 room, where are many casts of the best antiques, one of Michael Angelo's slave in the 
 Louvre, a rare cast of a torso of Venus from a statue found in the gardens of Sallust 
 in Rome, and one of the Hermes lately discovered at Olympia. These two very fine 
 casts were presented to the school by Mr. F. Marcet, and another of great beauty (a 
 torso of Menelaus) was presented by his son-in-law, M. Duval, of Greneva. 
 
 Professor Legros has established a class for etching, with all necessary appliances 
 for carrying on the process, in an unoccupied part of the New Wing, communicating 
 with the upper corridor. The plates are prepared, etched, and bitten in, and proofs 
 taken on the spot, the Professor having set up a press for the purpose. The Plans, 
 &c., of this Department will be found on Plates No. 2 and 5. 
 
 This Department has received additional space through the erection of the Department of 
 new wing, though only the Professor's private laboratory actually forms part of the Comparative 
 new building. Anatomy. 
 
 The Department now consists of (1) Lecture Theatre, (2) North Museum, 
 (3) South Museum and Aquarium Room, (4) Professor's Private Laboratory, all on 
 the first floor, occupying the north-east angle of the College building, and of rooms 
 on the second floor contiguous to the Lecture- Theatre to which some of them form a 
 gallery. The rooms on the second floor are (5) The Large Practical Class Room, (6) 
 The Attendant's Grallery, with access to roof, (7) The North-west Laboratory, (8) 
 The North-east Laboratory, (9) The Assistant's Laboratory and Store-room. 
 
 1. The Lectuke-Theatre is of considerable dimensions (floor-area of 30 ft. 6 in. 
 by 20 ft. 9 in.), having been used until now both as museum and lecture-room. It 
 penetrates the second floor and is lit by a central skylight. At present it is fitted 
 with seats for eighty students ; but can easily be arranged for twice that number. 
 Two side walls of the Lecture- Theatre are provided with large curtain-screens for 
 the display of diagrams (the collection of which, mostly new, numbers over 500), 
 whilst a special arrangement of sliding-boards gives the lecturer no less than one 
 hundred and twenty square feet of black-board on which to draw in coloured chalks 
 in the presence of the class. Special gas-burners are arranged so as to illuminate 
 the black-board and diagram-screens in case of fogs, which would otherwise render 
 graphic teaching impossible. 
 
 The Lecture-table is of large size (15 ft. by 3 ft.), in order to afford space for 
 displaying specimens from the museum illustrating the lecture. 
 
6 
 
 2. The North Museum (with, a square area of 49 ft, 10 in. by 41 ft. 9in.) 
 immediately adjoins the Lecture- Theatre, opening into it by a door in the north-east 
 corner of the former room. A portion of the Zoological Collections are still arranged 
 in the peripheral spaces of the Lecture Theatre ; but the crowding and concealment 
 of specimens which has hitherto been imavoidable will be entirely avoided when the 
 larger osteological specimens are removed to the new North Museum. This room, as 
 well as the South Museum, has been fitted with carefully constructed dust-tight 
 show-cases, 10 ft. high and 2 ft. 9 in. deep where placed against a wall, or 3 ft. 6 in. 
 where standing out in the centre of the room. 
 
 The Collection has been brought together by gifts from the late and present 
 Professors of Zoology and by the expenditure of a grant of £400 from the Council 
 of the College. It has been specially selected and arranged with a view to teaching 
 the more important facts of Morphology, and contains some exceptionally rare and 
 instructive forms, e. g. skeleton of the adult male Gorilla, of the Cape Ant-eater 
 (Orycteropus), of the Manatee (Manatus), of the Dugong (Halichore), of the Long- 
 footed Lemur, of the Tasmanian Wolf {Thylacinus), of the Australian Duck-mole 
 (Ornithorhynchus), of the Kiwi (Apteryx), of the Small Penguin, of the New-Zealand 
 Lizard Sphenodon (Hatter ia), of the fishes Ceratodus, Profopterus, Ghimcera, 
 Heptanchus, Gestracion, besides specimens of all the existing genera of G-anoid fishes, 
 dissections and specimens of the Myxinoids, Bdellostoma and Myxine and of Lampreys 
 and Lamperns : further, a complete set of several examples of the American Urodele 
 amphibians, Axolotl, MeMohraficJms, Amphiuma, Siren, and Menopoma, besides the 
 Japanese Sieboldia and the European Proteus. Among the specimens of Invertebrates, 
 the most noteworthy are two well-preserved specimens of the animal (one in its 
 shell) of the Pearly Nautilus, a specimen of the rare Loligopsis (Gheiroteuthis) 
 Veraynii, others of the Australian Trigonia, of Peripatus capensis and P. novoe-ze- 
 landice, of Pentacrinus caput-medusce, of the jelly-fish, GJiaryhdcea marsupialis, &c. 
 Recently executed wax models of the anatomy of the Tape-worms, of the development 
 of Trichina, of the development of various Vertebrates, &c., also form part of the 
 collection. 
 
 Part of the collection is illustrated by a series of carefully executed drawings, 
 copied (with Professor Huxley's permission) by Mr. Howes from those prepared 
 by him for the Laboratory at South Kensington. It is proposed to enlarge and 
 complete the series of drawings of types and the dissections which they illustrate, 
 as a special feature of the new extension of the Museum. 
 
 Whilst only a few additions to the Museum are desirable in the future by way 
 of purchase, it is confidently trusted that old Students and others who may have 
 means of acquiring specimens for the College will do so in order to add gradually to 
 the interest of the collection. The arrangements are now on such a footing that 
 assurance may be felt of specimens being duly cared for. 
 
 3. The South Museum and Aquarium Room (floor-area 43 ft. 3 in. by 44 ft. 3 in.) 
 adjoins the North Museum, and is entered by a door in the south-west corner of the 
 latter. It is lit by three large windows facing south, and on this account has been selected 
 
7 
 
 as the position for a Wardian case, a fresh-water aquarium, and a marine aquarium. 
 The walls are fitted with glass cases for the reception of a portion of the collections. 
 
 The marine aquarium consists of an upper and a lower tank, half the water 
 being daily raised from the lower tank to the upper by means of a vulcanite pump, 
 when it is allowed to flow back again into the lower tank, so as to ensure its oxygena- 
 tion. By means of this aquarium it will be possible to keep many marine forms for 
 study and also for exhibition in illustration of lectures. The fresh water aquarium 
 is provided with a constant stream, and is specially intended for the hatching of fish 
 and the study of the diseases of our river-fishes. 
 
 4. The Peopessoe's Peivate Laboeatoey (floor area 24 ft. by 13 ft. Gin.) is in 
 the new building adjacent to the North and South Museum. It has a north light, a 
 specially designed work-table, provided with tap and sink, and with a movable glass 
 cover facing the window, walls fitted with glass cases for books and material, and a 
 stove with boiler. There is communication from this room with the Attendant's 
 Grallery on the second floor by means of a speaking tube. 
 
 5. The Laege Peactical Class-Room has an area of 50 ft. 3 in. by 23 ft. It is 
 lit from above by numerous sky-lights, which give ample light in fair weather. 
 Twenty-five tables, each 5 ft. 6 in. by 1 ft. 8 in., and 2 ft. 7 inches high are placed in 
 two rows along the room. Each table seats two students, and is fitted with a drawer 
 for the use of each student, and an Argand table-lamp. Glass cupboards to hold the 
 microscopes provided for the use of the class, and other apparatus occupy one wall 
 of the room. A series of taps and two large sinks are fitted in a continuous table- 
 bench along the opposite wall. Fifty students can dissect simultaneously in this 
 room. 
 
 6. The Attendant's Galleey (floor area 49 ft. 9 in. by 23 ft.) is immediately 
 adjacent to the large class-room, being actually the South Grallery of the Lecture- 
 Theatre. Formerly the four sides of the gallery surrounding the Lecture-Theatre on 
 the second floor had no windows and were used only as receptacles for lumber. They 
 have, within the last five years, been converted into useful rooms by the cutting of a 
 long skylight for the South Gallery, and of two large windows for the North Gallery. 
 The North Gallery is shut off from the Lecture- Theatre by a wooden partition and 
 divided into two rooms ; the South Gallery is still open. It is fitted with glass-door 
 cupboards for containing chemicals and glass, with several tables and a large sink 
 with two taps. From the east end of this gallery a small iron ladder leads through 
 a trap-door to an enclosed area of the flat roof of the Lecture-Theatre. Two large 
 slate tanks with continuous water-supply and waste-pipes are placed here for keeping 
 frogs, freshwater mussels, crayfish, and other animals used by the students of the 
 practical class. This open area (the only one belonging to the Department) is 
 naturally of the greatest importance in several ways, viz. for exposing foul-smelling 
 preparations to the air, for keeping animals, for growing certain plants, &c. 
 
 7 & 8. The Noeth-West and Noeth-East Laboeatoeies are the two rooms 
 formed by enclosure of the North Gallery of the Lecture-room. They form excellent 
 working-rooms for advanced Students or Assistants of the Professor who may be 
 
8 
 
 carrying out original investigations under his direction. They have areas of 
 49 ft. 8 in. by 10 ft. 4 in., and are lit by an almost continuous window facing north, 
 and running, therefore, the length of the room. Each is fitted with long window 
 tables, glass-door cupboards, sinks with double taps, and table gas-lamps. Two or, 
 if necessary, three workers, can be comfortably accommodated in either of these 
 laboratories. Each worker has for his use a table-space of 7 ft. by 2 ft. and a 
 separate glass-door cupboard with key. In one of these laboratories a large incubator 
 with internal chamber of 3 ft. by 1^ ft. is fixed, and is permanently maintained by a 
 gas-burner at a temperature of 100"^ Fahr. It is fitted with three doors, and is of 
 such a size that microscopes can be readily introduced, so that a preparation may be 
 incubated on the stage of the microscope without disturbing the selected point of 
 observation. Bach of these laboratories, as weU as" the Professor's Laboratory, the 
 Assistant's Laboratory, and the large Class-room, is provided with a complete set of 
 histological reagents in glass-stoppered bottles, and also with test-tubes, watch- 
 glasses, Bunsen burners. The stores of these chemicals and glass apparatus are 
 kept in the Attendant's Grallery. 
 
 9. The Assistant's Laboeatory and Stoee-eoom is a large room (27 ft. 3 in. by 
 19 ft. 9 in.) adjacent to the North Gallery. A small portion is boarded off, so as to 
 form a private work-room ; whilst the outer space is used for keeping the stores of 
 animals in spirit used by the practical class and for lecture demonstration. In this 
 outer space cases arriving for the Museum are unpacked, and all such rough work is 
 performed as would be injurious to the laboratories or museums on account of the 
 stirring up of dust and dirt. A slate tank with air-tight Hd is placed in this store- 
 room for receiving specimens preserved in spirit which are too large for ordinary 
 bottles or jars. 
 
 The stores, which are kept in readiness for dissection by students of the practical 
 classes, comprise abundant supplies of the following: — Sepia, Octopus, Aplysia, 
 Patella, AscicUa, Petromyzon, Myxine, Ampliioxus, Apus, Lepas, Gymothoe, Oniscus, 
 Sipunculus, Arenicola, Alcyonium, Cordylophora, Limnocodium, Vespa, Scolopendra, 
 &c. Other animals such as the Rabbit, Pigeon, Tortoise, Lizard, Frog, Salamander, 
 Skate, Perch, Snail, Slug, Paludina, Whelk, Pond-Mussell, Oyster, Scallop, Crayfish, 
 Cockroach, Earthworm, Riverworm, Leech, Tapeworm, Hydra, are usually studied 
 by means of fresh specimens procured by the Attendant. 
 
 The Assistant's Laboratory is intended not only as a private work-room for the 
 gentleman who assists the Professor in demonstrating to the practical classes, and in 
 arranging and procuring the material for those classes, but also as an office in which 
 the accounts of the Department are kept, business letters written, and bills filed. 
 Further it is the business of the Assistant to take part in the care of the Museum. 
 An osteological collection is continually subject to injury. Every time that a specimen 
 is removed from the case a certain amount of damage is inevitably caused. This 
 continual damage necessitates continual repair and the most watchful attention. 
 Specimens in spirit are equally subject to incessant deterioration ; no means is known 
 of preventing the evaporation of the spirit, which accordingly must be from time to 
 
9 
 
 time renewed. These repairs of museum specimens, and also the preparation of new 
 specimens, dissections, skeletons, &c. are carried on by the Assistant in his private 
 laboratory during such time as he is not engaged in demonstrating to the practical 
 classes. The Plans of this Department will be found on Plates No. 6 and 7. 
 
 The whole of the upper floor of the new wing is occupied by the Department of Department of 
 Physiology. This consists of eleven rooms, all of which open into the same corridor P'^y^'ology. 
 and are approached from the exterior by the staircase at the west end of the building, 
 and from the College by the staircase in the north-east corner of the quadrangle. 
 
 On entering from the College, we come first to the Lecture-Theatre, which is 
 provided with seats and writing-tables for 170 Students. Its windows look to the 
 north, and are provided with sliding- shutters so arranged that the room can be readily 
 darkened, so as to allow of the display of objects on the screen. 
 
 We next enter the large Student's Working-room. This room, which is also 
 lighted by large windows looking northwards, contains separate working-places for 
 100 Students. Each worker is provided with gas-supply for heat and light, water- 
 supply, and a locker or cupboard for his microscopes, instruments, and other subsidia. 
 The seats and tables are in parallel rows facing northwards, each row being three feet 
 above the row in front of it. In this way the light which it receives nearly 
 horizontally from the windows cannot be intercepted. There are convenient 
 arrangements for the access of Demonstrators and attendants to the tables ; so that 
 while each worker is independently provided with all that he requires for his work, 
 he is at the same time under the constant supervision of the Professor and Assistants. 
 
 Proceeding along the corridor westward, we enter the Jodrell Laboratory, which 
 is so designated because it was planned in accordance with the wishes of Mr. T. P. 
 Jodrell, who some years ago endowed the Professorship of Physiology in University 
 CoUege, and has lately given further proof of his munificence and of his interest in 
 scientific progress by making similar provision for the study of Zoology. 
 
 The Laboratory consists of six rooms, of which three look northwards, the 
 remainder to the south. Of the north rooms, the first (5) is occupied by the Jodrell 
 Professor and his Assistant as a private working-room. Four other rooms are 
 devoted to special branches of physiological work. Thus, one of them is fitted up 
 with appliances suited for chemical researches ; and is in charge of the holder of the 
 Physiological Scholarship, the liberal endowment of which the College owes to the 
 late Professor Sharpey. A second room, called the Mercury room, contains a 
 Pfliiger's gas-pump and apparatus for the analysis of gases. A third is devoted to 
 experiments relating to the physical phenomena of muscle and nerve ; and contains, 
 among other instruments, a Pendulum-Myograph, a Thompson's Galvanometer, and 
 other apparatus for investigations in Animal Electricity. A fourth is specially 
 adapted for investigations relating to Respiration, Circulation and Animal Heat. 
 
 The sixth room is used for purposes of great importance in a laboratory, viz. as 
 a work-shop, and is provided with a carpenter's bench, turning lathe, and other 
 appliances for making and repairing the simpler kinds of apparatus. 
 
 In addition to these rooms, chiefly intended for research, there are two others, 
 
 
 
10 
 
 already referred to, which are designed for the accommodation of advanced Students 
 who desire to devote their attention to special subjects of study. One of these is 
 fitted with appliances for studies relating to the mechanical functions of the organism, 
 the other for work in physiological chemistry. 
 
 Although not to be compared in point of size and number of rooms with the 
 Physiological Institutes of Berlin, Leipsic, Breslau, Bonn, or Strasburg, this new 
 Laboratory of Physiology has, by careful arrangement of the limited space at the 
 disposal of its projectors, been well adapted for the fulfilment of the two distinct 
 purposes for which the department is intended, namely, (1) to afford to the ordinary 
 learners the opportunity of acquiring the minimum of practical acquaintance with 
 scientific work which is now required of them by the examining boards ; and (2) the 
 much more important purpose of providing a place where the real student can meet 
 with the tools and the personal help he wants in his work, and the quiet which is so 
 absolutely necessary to its effectual performance. The Plan of this Department will 
 be found on Plate No. 8. 
 Department of The Chemical Department includes laboratories for the study of General and 
 Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry and for chemical research, as well as for the study of Chemical 
 technology and practical instruction in the application of chemical analysis to indus- 
 trial operations. 
 
 The chief Lecture-room is an amphitheatre capable of containing 400 students. 
 In the summer it is fitted up with tables for practical work at elementary analytical 
 operations, and provides accommodation for 120 persons. Contiguous to it is a labo- 
 ratory for preparing materials and lecture experiments, and also a museum for appa- 
 ratus and chemical specimens. 
 
 A smaller Lecture-room is fitted up with tables suited for writing or for testing 
 operations, and a small cupboard under each table serves to contain test-bottles, &c., 
 which are put away when the tables are to be used by students in a lecture, during 
 which they perform no experiments themselves. There is in this lecture-room accom- 
 modation for 80 students. 
 
 Adjoining is a Library of chemical books for the use of students. 
 
 The new Analytical Laboratory is a lofty hall (74 ft. by 25 ft.) lighted from 
 above.* It contains working-desks sufficient for 50 students, those at one end being 
 fitted up for beginners, and those at the other end for more advanced students, all of 
 them exceedingly spacious and commodious. In the middle of the laboratory are 
 various appliances for general use, such as — (1) A table fitted up for treating sub- 
 stances with sulphuretted hydrogen. Each bottle through which the gas is being 
 passed is surrounded by a glass cylinder, through which there is a powerful down- 
 draught passing. The substance under treatment is conveniently accessible, yet none 
 of the sulphuretted hydrogen can escape into the air of the laboratory. (2) Water- 
 baths heated by steam from a boiler outside. Each evaporating dish is heated by 
 itself in a current of pure and warm air, whilst all the fumes which pass off from it 
 
 * Fide Plate No. 9. 
 
11 
 
 are drawn directly into a flue without any probability of contaminating the contents 
 of other dishes. (3) Water air-pump and Sprengel pump. (4) General reagents 
 and apparatus. (5) Reservoir of distilled water and tank of hot water. 
 
 Opening into the Chief Laboratory is a room of similar construction but of 
 smaller dimensions, viz., 40 ft. by 20 ft. This " furnace-room " contains arrange- 
 ments for evaporation and distillation, and for fusions, &c. requiring very high 
 temperature. 
 
 For evaporating purposes there are a number of stalls of various sizes, so fitted 
 up that an iron dish containing sand, or a porcelain basin, can be heated in each of them 
 by gas, while all the fumes and vapour are drawn off by a powerful flue behind each 
 stall. 
 
 For apparatus of various forms and constructions there is a long and wide slate 
 table, so arranged that any apparatus from which noxious fumes are liable to be 
 evolved can be surrounded by a casing, through which the air is rapidly drawn by a 
 powerful flue. 
 
 For fusions and calcinations there is a row of furnaces of various constructions 
 mostly heated by gas and with a powerful draught. 
 
 For the more special operations of the laboratory there are nine rooms, mostly on 
 the adjoining basement. These include a Professor's research laboratory, room for 
 gas-analysis, balance room, assay room, water-analysis room, with water-baths for 
 evaporation in a current of pure and warm air, combustion-room, spectroscope-room 
 and Professor's consulting-room. A store-room for apparatus and chemicals is on 
 the basement adjoining the laboratory ; there are also hat and cloak-rooms and 
 lavatories. 
 
 A steam boiler supplies steam for heating purposes and for preparation of dis- 
 tilled water. It draws into a tall chimney- shaft, in which the draught can, when 
 necessary, be increased by a steam blast. The boiler is also fitted with a Giffard 
 injector for working water air-pumps and blowing-fans. 
 
 The Technological Laboratory contains ample provision for 25 workers in a lofty 
 room lighted from above. There is a Professor's laboratory adjoining, also furnace- 
 room, consultation-room, balance-room, calculation-room, lavatories, &c. A museum 
 for technological specimens, models, &c. will be provided. The whole of the sinks 
 and drains of this and other departments have been manufactured of white Irish 
 porcelain. 
 
 The various applications of the Science of Chemistry to Industrial operations Department of 
 have for years became so extended, and the consequent demand that the purely Chemical 
 scientific studies at this College should be supplemented by instruction in one or more 
 branches of Applied Chemistry became so urgent that instruction in such technical 
 knowledge had to be provided. 
 
 It is true that the study of Chemistry as a pure science, in conjunction with the 
 study of Physics, Mathematics and other sciences, gives a young man great power 
 in understanding the technical operations of any chemical industry ; but it is also 
 true that the application of the science to such industry must be studied before a 
 
12 
 
 young man can be in a position to undertake any special technical work. Now this 
 study of the application of the science to any particular iudustry is better and more 
 quickly acquired under the direction of a competent teacher aided by assistants, ample 
 apparatus and a good consulting-library, than when not so aided, and when constantly 
 interrupted by the daily duties of a factory. 
 
 Those whose views on such matters are entitled to the greatest weight are of 
 opinion that the study of Applied Science should follow a careful training in Pure 
 Science, and that both should be given at the same time, the practical portion of the 
 technical training being, of course, given in the workshop or factory. The special 
 Technical Institutions, such as the Polytechnic Schools of Zurich, Berlin, Vienna, the 
 Ecole des Arts et Metiers, the Freiburg Mining School, the School of Mines in London, 
 and the Agricultural College at Cirencester, are examples of institutions set apart for 
 education in some one technical subject. Of late the tendency of opinion in Germany 
 has been rather averse to this system, and many authorities now think it unwise to 
 separate the study of Applied Science from the University. Doubtless this view will 
 grow ; for it is not only unadvisable to have a large number of professors teaching to 
 small classes the same branch of Pure Science in various technical institutions, which 
 must necessarily lower the quality of the instruction, a deterioration not altogether 
 removed by government endowments ; there are manifest advantages in having 
 Applied Science taught in the same institution where the study of Pure Science is 
 associated with high general culture. 
 
 The professors of technical subjects, when surrounded by an atmosphere of 
 intellectual activity in Literature and Science, are not only stimulated by the energy 
 around them, but also profit by the opportunity thus afforded of improving their own 
 teaching from time to time by introducing new views and methods of investigation 
 which are of value to their own special lines of activity. On the other hand, while 
 teachers of Technology thus benefit from the intellectual surroundings of a college 
 engaged in the higher general education, the students of technical subjects benefit by 
 intercourse with students engaged in literature or science from a more general point 
 of view ; and they have more opportunity of supplementing the curriculum of study 
 by acquiring a knowledge of a subject which they consider necessary for their special 
 work in after-life. 
 
 After a careful consideration of the requirements of technical education, it was 
 decided in 1878 that instruction in Applied Chemistry should form a distinct part of 
 the educational work undertaken by University College, and a Professorship of 
 Chemical Technology was established for that purpose. Chemical Technology now 
 forms a part of the Department of Applied Science and Technology recently formed. 
 
 In the Prospectus of this Department, Courses of study are set out for the 
 guidance of those who propose to be — 
 
 (1) Metallurgists; 
 
 (2) Alkali, Soap and Manure Manufacturers ; 
 
 (3) Glass, Ceramic ware. Cement and Artificial Stone Manufacturers ; 
 
 (4) Bleachers, Dyers and Calico Printers ; 
 
13 
 
 (5) Brewers, Distillers, Vinegar Manufacturers, Sugar Refiners and Glucose 
 and Dextrine Manufacturers ; 
 
 (6) Agriculturists ; 
 
 (7) Consulting- Chemists and Public Analysts, 
 
 special arrangements being made for other industries in which Chemistry plays an 
 important part. 
 
 The Lectures on these subjects occupy two years, and are delivered in the large 
 Theatre or smaller Lecture-room elsewhere described. 
 
 The Practical work is carried out in the Laboratory of Chemical Technology, 
 formerly the Laboratory of Chemistry, built by subscription in memory of Dr. Birk- 
 beck's labours to advance education. This consists of a lofty room lighted from 
 above, and having ample room for twenty-five Students. Adjoining is a Professor's 
 Laboratory, also a combustion-room, a calculation-room, balance-room, furnace-room, 
 lavatories &c. New provision made for the study of Pure Chemistry will allow this 
 Laboratory to be used wholly for technical studies. 
 
 The students in this Department, who have previously made themselves 
 acquainted with the methods, have also the use of the various rooms in the new 
 building set apart for assaying, gas-analysis, water-analysis, combustions and for 
 microscopic, spectroscopic and photometric observations. 
 
 In addition to the general libraries of the College, there is also a special Hbrary 
 of works on Pure and Applied Chemistry for the use of Students. 
 
 The teaching of the Science of Engineering appears to have formed a part of the The Engineer 
 original scheme of the Founders of University College. As far back as 1840 the late ^"S School. 
 Mr. Charles Vignoles was appointed Professor of Civil Engineering, a post which he 
 held for some years. Until recently, however, it had not been attempted to do more 
 than provide Lectures on different branches of Engineering, with instruction in 
 Mechanical Drawing and in Surveying. The present extension of the building has 
 enabled a very important change in this respect to be carried out by the establishment 
 of a " Laboratory " in connexion with the Engineering School, an institution which 
 differs in some important respects from anything which has hitherto existed in this 
 country. In explaining the nature of this Engineering Laboratory, it may be stated, 
 in the first place, that it is believed that no college education can supersede, for the 
 young engineer, that practical training which he must necessarily obtain somewhere, 
 and which can only be properly obtained on works or in the workshop or office. It 
 is not therefore attempted to do any thing which can render unnecessary a pupilage, 
 or its equivalent, in the profession. But there are some matters of a more or less 
 practical kind for obtaining a knowledge of which an ordinary pupilage seldom affords 
 any opportunity, but which are of very great importance to the engineer in after life, 
 and which at the same time appear to fall entirely within the province of an institution 
 like University College. These matters may be summarized in a few words as being 
 the experimental methods which serve for determining the mechanical data employed in 
 engineering calculations ; and the main object of the Engineering Laboratory is to 
 give systematic instruction in such experimental work. The importance of this 
 
14 
 
 institution is twofold. In the first place the exact value of any numerical results 
 derived from experiment and the limits within which they may be safely trusted can be 
 rightly estimated only by those who have some practical and personal acquaintance with 
 experimental processes of the kind employed in obtaining these results. This is es- 
 pecially true of data which, like many of those on which engineers are compelled to rely, 
 are derived from experiments that have either been imperfectly made or imperfectly 
 recorded, or which, although they may have been properly carried out, have yet been 
 made for some special and limited objects instead of as part of a general scientific 
 enquiry. In the second place, engineers are continually called upon to deal with 
 questions in regard to which some essential data are altogether wanting ; and they 
 are therefore very often compelled to make special experiments for their own guidance. 
 It appears certain that in such cases the probability of obtaining accurate and trust- 
 worthy results will be greatly increased by a previous practical training in the art of 
 experimenting, and in the methods already successfully adopted in other cases in 
 dealing with similar questions. 
 
 The Laboratory- work proper is intended for Senior Students. But there are 
 many advantages in providing somewhat similar work for Junior Students, so far as 
 it is possible to do so ; and this is done in the "Woek-eoom, which is fitted up under 
 the same roof as the Laboratory. The work here forms a preparation for the work 
 in the Laboratory, and at the same time it aids in many ways the class-work of the 
 students, while it helps to develop their constructive mechanical skill. It is divided 
 into three sections, the whole being under the general charge of the Professor of 
 Engineering. One section, under the direction of Dr. Oliver J. Lodge, forms a 
 Junior Practical Course of Physics. The students scheme out and construct simple 
 physical apparatus, and are taught how to experiment by means of the apparatus 
 they have made. The work of a second section, under the direction of Prof. Henrici, 
 is connected with the classes of Applied Mathematics, and in it are constructed 
 models of surfaces and mathematical models in general, apparatus for the mechanical 
 description of curves, and other similar instruments. In the third section, under 
 the direction of Prof. Kennedy, are made models of different mechanisms or machine 
 details, models illustrating the distribution of stress in bridges and other structures, 
 the arrangement of different types of valve-gear, &c. Simple experimental apparatus 
 is also made, and mechanical experiments conducted by help of it. 
 
 The erection of the North Wing of the College has set free a considerable space 
 in the basement of the old building for the purposes of the Engineering Laboratory, 
 which, with the Workroom, now occupies a large room about 90 feet long by 44 feet 
 wide and additional space adjoining it. The laboratory contains a large testing- 
 machine, capable of exerting a maximum pull of 100,000 pounds (or nearly 45 tons), 
 and arranged so as to be capable of either stretching, compressing, or bending 
 the specimen to be tested ; specially-arranged appliances for making accurate 
 measurement of extension, compression, deflection &c., down to of an inch; 
 machine-tools of various kinds ; specially designed apparatus for conducting experi- 
 ments of the kind just mentioned, as well as the necessary tools and appliances for 
 
15 
 
 working in wood and metal, preparing apparatus and specimens, along with standard 
 guages and measuring apparatus ; a small engine, &c. The apparatus is being added 
 to from time to time, as circumstances permit. The chief addition which it is now 
 hoped to make as soon as possible is an experimental steam-engine, designed specially 
 to enable the students not only to make complete engine-tests, but also to carry out 
 such tests under very varying conditions — with high or low pressure steam, with 
 various grades of expansion, with or without compound working, &c. An experi- 
 mental boiler would, of course, be connected to the engine, and tested along with as 
 well as separated from it. 
 
 It remains only to add that the scheme for an Engineering Laboratory which has 
 here been sketched out ; and which was started last year at University College, and 
 has this Session been much enlarged and developed, has already received the very 
 cordial approval of many of the most important and best-known engineers in the 
 country, as a scheme likely to be of the greatest value in the training of young 
 engineers, and as supplying particular branches of practical work which it has 
 hitherto been exceedingly difficult for them to get elsewhere. 
 
 On Plate 1, is shown a design for the further enlargement and completion of Proposed Com- 
 the fabric. If this be carried out the effect would be to give a third floor over the P^^^''^^- 
 whole of the main structure, which is at present only two stories in height. It would 
 also allow of making the present upper storey of the school square and of giving it the 
 direct north hght which is so much required for drawing classes. The return ends 
 to the wings would also afford large additional accommodation for College purposes, 
 whilst the completion of the stone screen from wing to wing would form the 
 quadrangle as suggested by the architect's original sketches. 
 
 The whole cost has been estimated, and will be a little over £100,000 — less than 
 has been readily obtained for like purposes in Manchester, in Edinburgh, and in 
 Glasgow. In Dundee one donor alone offers for University purposes more than this 
 sum. Of the whole outlay necessary for the completion of University College, London, 
 the section of the North Wing now opened will take £35,000, towards which about 
 £21,000 have been already subscribed. 
 
 How far the design here shown would have agreed with the ideas of Professor 
 Wilkins it is impossible to say, as he left no complete working drawings for the 
 portions not erected under his direction. A number of engravings of the building 
 as proposed to be completed, are, however, extant of the same date as the erection ; 
 but there is a considerable divergence between them in the detail of the work. For 
 instance, in an engraved design, signed by the architect, and dated 1828, there is an 
 arrangement of coupled pilasters which does not occur in the main building ; whilst 
 an engraving of the same date, published in the *' London Encyclopasdia," and 
 another one published in the "National History and Views of London," 1832, show 
 a continuation of the arrangement of pilasters as originally built. But whilst there 
 are such differences in the details of the surviving designs as to make it difficult to 
 say exactly how Professor Wilkins would himself have completed his building, there 
 is no doubt that he intended to build out wings from each end of the main structure 
 to form three sides of a quadrangle. 
 
16 
 
 Resources of To Complete its Buildings on the original design, and provide for extension, the 
 
 the College. CouncU have no Building Fund and no endowment to fall back upon. They have 
 never received any subsidy or gift, whether in land or money, from the State. 
 Numerous and splendid gifts have been made to the College, by private persons, of 
 libraries, philosophical instruments, scientific and fine art collections. Funds 
 amounting on the whole to about £200,000 have been given to the College for special 
 purposes, about one half being held in trust for the Hospital, and by far the greater 
 part of the remainder for the endowment of scholarships and prizes and of a very few 
 of the Professorships. 
 
 A large addition is now made to these funds by the will of Sir Francis Goldsmid, 
 who has left £40,000 to the College and £10,000 to the Hospital in trust for 
 investment. Except the income of this £40,000, and about £850 a year, the annual 
 produce of a part of the above-mentioned trust funds, there is no endowment received 
 by the Council which is not subject to special destination out of their control. The 
 prospect of an increase, with larger buildings, in the cost of management, and other 
 claims, must prevent the Council from charging their limited income with the interest 
 and sinking fund of a heavy building debt. 
 
 An institution for imparting the higher education, even if it can be expected to 
 pay its current expenses — a position which experience shows to be exceedingly 
 doubtful — can never provide out of the payments of present students for its 
 permanent buildings and extensions. The Council have therefore determined to 
 appeal to the munificence of those interested in the promotion of the cause of 
 Education. They appeal to the tried attachment and interest of the old friends and 
 supporters of the College ; to those who desire to see the benefits of the highest 
 education brought within reach of a much wider circle of students ; to Londoners 
 especially, and to the members of great City Companies, who desire to remove from 
 London the reproach of being behind a dozen towns of England and the Continent 
 in the splendour and efficiency of their University institutions ; to the promoters of 
 scientific and technical education, in the interest of the future engineers, practical 
 chemists, and manufacturers of England ; to the promoters also of better education 
 for women, to whom University College is perhaps the most important of the teaching 
 institutions which have as yet opened their doors ; and to the advocates of Fine Art 
 as a department of Education, for the realization of whose ideas the College has 
 provided so successful an instrument. 
 
I 
 
\ NIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON 
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT 
 PRO? BURDEN SANPERfJOK 
 
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 ABCMITECTS 
 9 JOHN STREET ADEUPWI 
 
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I