31 f COpP’ ir- 6 ^ DESIGNS FOR C H I M N I E S: A N D T H E PROPORTIONS They bear to their refpe£tive Rooms ; CONTAINING More than Eighty Examples of that Kind. ALSO VARIETY OF Arches, Doors, and Windows. • TO WHICH IS ADDED, A concife, but clear Defcription of the Five Or- ders, regulated by a Scale of Twelve equal Parts. W I T H s o M e Obfervations on Rules and Methods ufed in Drawing.' THE WHOLE Neatly engraved on Fifty Odtavo Copper-plates. By ABRAHAM SWAN, Archited. LONDON; Printed for the Author: And Sold by Henry We BLEY, in Holborn, and James Buckland, in Pater-nofter Row. f ' Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Getty Research Institute https://archive.org/details/designsforchimniOOswan THE PREFACE. LTHOUGH I had fully purpoled not to have pub- lifhed any more Treatises of this Kind, yet by the De- fire of feveral of my Friends and Ac- quaintance, I have been prevailed on again to take up the Pencil, to pre- fent the Publick with the follow- ing fmall Piece for the Pocket, w’ell knowing, the Utility a Work of this Kind, which Perfons may have re- courfe to, as often as Occafion re- A a quires, IV T:he .PREFACE. quires, muft be of, to all who are any ways concerned in Building. I HAVE, in the following Sheets, and whatever elfe I have publiflbed, endeavoured to avoid all Perplexity, and to fet Things in as clear a Light as I was able, by placing the feveral Order s, and other Designs in their true Pofition ; beiiig throughly perfuaded, that Things in their natu- ral Form and Order are eafieft under- ftood, and beft retained, by every Ca-^ pacify ; and that proper Designs, may affift the Ideas and Memory, even of the greateft Genius* That the Work might be more portable and convenient for the Pock- et, I have greatly reduced its Thick- nefs, by placing feveral Examples in one Plate, many of which are drawn at large, being truly lenfible, that fmall Things cannot be fufficiently cxpreilcd for any one to draw after efpecially V fhe PREFACE. tfpecially young Practitioners, whom, I fhould, by any means, be glad to affift and encourage ; for how can any ©ne reprefent a fmall Thing, which he was never able to draw at large ; for which Reafon every Scheme muft be lame and defective, unlefs the pro- portional Meafures are fet to each Member, without which Affiftance, no Dehgn can ever be well executed. Wherefore, as it is certain that the Human Faculties are capable of the greateft and the higheft Improve- ments, when fupported by Induffry, with which a moderate Capacity may furpals an indolent Genius : And as it is the Duty of every one, to render himfelf by fome Means or other an ufeful Member of Society, and not to bury his Talent in Oblivion. Thus, whatever Knowledge I have gained from long PraClice, Experience, and the fleady Application of upwards of forty Years to Bulinefs, I am will- A 3 ing vi 7:5^ P R E F A C E. ing to communicate for the Service of my Brethren Artificers ; and with that Defign have endeavoured to make as eaiy as poflible, whatever, in the Art of Building, to me appeared difficult or obfcure ; and moft hearti- ly wifh, all my Labours may meet with the defired Effedt. Perfection is not what I aim at, for, neither Time nor Experience, can render any Perfon completely finifhed, in the Arts of Drawing or Defigning ; and is what the moft celebrated A u- H o R s never yet arrived at. Architecture is a large Field for a Man to walk in, and, as in an ex- tended Profpedf, while you are confi- dering one Objedf, others will intrude upon your View ; fo, while a Perfon is drawing one Defign, more will croud in upon him, and there is no End thereof. Where- 7^^ P R R F A C E. vii Wherefore, though there are al- ready ereded great Numbers of grand and good Defigns, which do Honour to their Matters ; confitting of proper Proportions, Scymetry, and great Har- mony of Parts ; univerfelly received, ctteemed, and approved of, for their Beauty and Majefty ; as being capable of forcibly ttriking the Eye of the Be- holder : Yet there will always remain. Room for farther Invention j nor can I, or any one,' pretend to fet any Bounds to the Faculties and Judgment of the Mind ; which will always be making frefli Difcoveries and new Im- provements. ■» / A 4 ' Defigns DESIGNS, &c. Of the Ornaments and Decora- tions for CHIMNIES. H E Width of the Architrave fliould never exceed one-lixth Part of the opening of the Chimney. 2d. The Heights of the Freeze to Chim- ny Pieces are various, according to the differ- ent Embellifliments with which they are in- tended to be inriched. If the Freeze is fwelling, it fhould not exceed two-thirds of the Width of the Archi- trave^ when ufed to Chimnies. If If it be flat, it ought not to be lefs than three-fourths ; nor fhould it ever exceed the whole Width of the Arebitravt^ above one- lixth Part: This may be decorated at the Diferetion of the Artifl:. 3^. In regard to the Pitchy Rife, or ^lope of Pediments y this muft be according to- the Height of the FreezCy on which the Cornice is to reft. This Rule muft be gene- ral, not to place a low Pediment on an high FreezCy nor an high Pediment on a low FreezCy either of which will always have a very bad Effedt. N.B. If the Pediment Iprings from the Tablety it will have the fame Effedl as an high Freeze, The different Rifes of Pediments may be two-ninths, two-elevenths, one-fourth, or one-fifth of the whole Extent* of the Pedi^ menty or any other Prcportiom between them. If the Pediments to Chimny Pieces are open, their Opening may be from one-third to one-fourth, two-ninths, or one-fifth Part of the Pediment'^ [.II ] Pedimenth Width, according to the intended Decorations. I The upper Ogee^ or Cima ReBa of a Pe^ diment^ hath the Diagonal of the Levels or Horizontal one for its Height, for which Rea- fon the Ogee at the Foot of the Pediment, ought to be fomewhat lefs than common ; the round Part thereof near a quarter of a Circle, and the hollow projefting fomething beyond its Center or right Angle ; by which means the floped Part will have a much bet- ter Effed:. All Trujfes to Chimnies that projcd forward cannot be too light in their Projec- tions, as being near the Eye. If they are in the Freeze, they ought not to projed more than one-third of their Height. Thofe which ftand as Supports againft Architraves on the Sides of Chimnies, may be made the Width ' of the Architrave, or Something more, but fhould not projed more than three-fourths of the Pfojedioh of the Architrave. Of DOORS WINDOWS, each of which have the fame Proportion of Parts. ijl. I H E Height of thefe may be two DiameterSy or twice, and one lixth Part the Width of the Door^ or Window. 2d. The Width of the Architrave fliould be one-fixth of the Diameter of the Opening. To a fwelling Freeze y three-fourths of the Width of the Architravey may be allowed, and it jfhould not fwell more than the Ar- chitrave projcdls. If a flat or plain Freezcy it may then be of the fame Width with the Architrave. 2d. Where Pediments are placed on the Outfides of Buildings, over Doors or Win- dows, fuch Pediments fhould not be open. Of CORNICES. ijl. R N 1 C E S ought not to exceed more than one-fourth above the Width of the Architrave. 2d. To [ 13 1 'id. To Infide Boors the Cornices may be equal with the Architrave, or may exceed it by one-fixth of its Breadth, 3 ^. If there are ^rujfes to either, they ought not to exceed two^thirds of the Width of the Architrave^ in their Width. Their Projedlion Ihould not be Icfs than three-» fourths, or any other Proportion between that and the whole Width of the Architrave. 4^th. The Fillet of the large Ogee^ or Ovolo to the Architrave^ ought never to be lefs than one half the Width of the Ogee or Ovoloy for if the Fillet be too fmall, the Architravey though it have its full Size, will appear weak, and have a bad fiffefl:, arid I have fecn many Architraves fpoiled by their being too fmall : for the Archi- trave fhould always appear to have great Strength, as being the principal Band and Tie of the Work. If it be an upright* Architravey it (hould appear a fufficient Sup- port 5 for which Reafon, fome great Archi- te6ls among the Antients, have given the Fillet two-thirds of the Moulding ^ as fome- tirnes fniall Things may have a great Effedl. ^th. The [ M ] ^th. The OgeCy or Cima ReBay which crowns the ArchitravCy ought to be bold, and the Mouldings which feparate the Facias of the ArchitravCy may have fmall Projec- tions, as being introduced for that Purpofe. (ith. Regard ought to be had in drawing of Mouldings -y fome, like none well unlefs they are fpoiled by crouding an heap of fmall Mouldings together with fmall Fillets or nuletSy which have little better ElFcdt than a RlainCbampber -y nothing appearing diftinik, but rather all confufed. yfb* All Cornices ought to be made accords ing to the Diftance at which they are to be viewed: The greater Diftance the fewer Members, and thofc large and bold, that they may afferd ftrong Shades, the better to diftmguifh each Part. The fame may be obferved in Carvings, 2tb, Some, to form the upper Cima ReBa of a Corniccy divide the Diagonal Line into two Parts, and ftrike each Curve by an equa- laterai Triangle, which makes it fo ftifF that it would better become the lower Bed of a^ Cornice than the foft and airy crowning of the [ •S ], the Entablature. The beft Method there-^ fore to form the above Member, would be to make the Centers near right Angles^ as they will then produce better Shades, the upper Curve to projedt fomething more than a right Angle ^ as having a much better Effed:, and if ufed to the Outfides, there will not fo much Water run down the Cornices. gth. If two Cornices were formed of equal Heights and Projedions, the one rightly deferibed, the other not quite fo, it would be found, that that which was trucly formed would far furpafs the other in Beauty. Now that the whole may truly agree, it is neceffary to have regard to the bearing Parts^ that they are taken right, according to their proper Bearings ^ that is, upon the Principals on which they reft and depend,^ whether they be Columns^ Pilajiers^ Terms ^ TruJJes^ or Piers^ the extreme Parts of which, will produce their natural Returns, or Breaks of the Entablature^ if they ^oin right, or as it is called by Joiners^ if they miire right, [ ] Of the Five Orders in ARCHITECTURE. N Order, properly fo called, conlifts of a whole Pillar or ColumUy containing the Bajcy Shaft y Capitaly and Entablature. The chief Orders are five; three of which, viz. the Doricky the lonick^ and the Corinthiany were the Inventions of the an- tient Greeks ; the other two, the Tufean and CompoftCy were added by the Romans. Of the D O R I C K Order. 0 RU S, a King of Achaia^ is faid to be the firft Inventor of this Order, from v/hom it takes its Name, and is the moft antient of the five. The Height of this Column, may contain eight Diameters of the Column, including its Bafe and Capital. The E 1.7 ] Iflic Erttabldtur'e^ which always means the dlrchitrave^ Freeze^ .and Cornice^ contains two Diameters of the Shafts or Body of the Column ^ fo that any Height being given to this Order, it may be divided into ten equal Parts, eight for the Column, and two for its Entablature y one of thefe will be the Diameter of the Column at the Bafe 5 which being divided into five, one of which Parts being again fiib-divided into twelve, this Scale will regulate all the Members of each Order; which are all drawn and figured with their Heights, and Projeftions in the Plates. The IntercolumnatioHy is the Space or DIftance between the Columns, which in this Order are regulated by the Triglypk-s and Metopes. The Triglyph is a projefting Part in th® Freeze^ over which ftands the Vodillion with its Bells. Where there is no Fillet to inclofe the Bellsy that Part is called a MutaL The Metopes are the Spaces between each Triglyph: The Width of the Triglyph and Metope, contain one Diameter, and a fourth; E . of [ ] of which the Triglyph contains one Semi-di^ ameter^'Zndi the Metope three-fourths of a Diameter of the Column 5 fo that there arc three Triglyphs and three Metopes between the Centers of each Column. Of the I O N I C K Order. T H I S by its Name feems to have been the Invention of the lonians^ and is fecond among the antient Grecian Orders. In this Order, the Column with its Bafe and Capital contain nine Diameters of the Column. The Intablature may be one Diameter and five-lixths, but ftiould never exceed two Di- ameters. The Inter- columns may be two Diameters^ and one-fourth ; this is regulated by its Number of Modillions^ which are fix, and fix Spaces. The Modiilion and Space contain half the Diameter of the Column, and one Part and an [ ip '] ¥ri half from the Scale. The Width of the Modillion is ten Parts. The Pfojedibn tinder which the ModiUions - are placed, is called a Corona or Sojit. The Spaces in the Sojit between the ModiUions^ are called CoJ'ers in each Order. iV. B. The great Impropriety of making the V dates or Scrolls to the modern lonick Capital, has been very confiderable, which will by no means admit of the ancient Capi- tal j as it will make the Capital appear much too heavy, and greatly difoblige the Eye, and we fee too many Examples of this Kind, which deftroy the whole Beauty of the Order. have therefore given them a fmaller Proportion. Some limilar Obfervations might be made on the Compofiie Capital. The Flowers in the Middle of the Abacus over the Center of the Column, flrould bear one-third of the Diameter of the Column in its Width, and not exceed two Parts from the Scale, more than one-third of the Column’s Diameter. B 2 The [ ] The returned Part of the Ovoh or Quar^ ter-round, upon the Top of the Angle of the Capital^ fliould be in Width near onc- fixth Part of the Diameter of the Column, or within one Part from the Scale. Of the CORINTHIAN Order, H I S is the laft and moft beautiful of the three antient Orders of Greece, and is the higheft Pitch of ArchiteElnre, to which they ever arrived, in point of Beauty and Elegance. The Columns of this Order, including Bafe and Capital, arc ten Diameters of the Columns in Height, though fometimes but nine and three Quarters, and at the loweft nine and an half. The 'Entablature fhould never exceed two Diameters ; nor be lefs than one and a half. The Modillion not lefs than ten Parts, nor more than eleven and an half in the Width. Of [ 1 Of the COMPOSITE Order. HIS Order was formed by the Ro^ mansy and is compounded of the Co^ rinthian and the lonick^ by adding the lonick Volutei and Ovolo to the Corinthian Capital ; in all other Cafes it is much the fame with the Corinthian in its greatcft Altitude, viz. ten Diameters to its Column, as before defcribed. I have added fome Inrichmente to the "Entablature of this Order, to £hew what might be introduced, thinking fome Parts rather too plain : which ornamental Addi- tions may be either followed or omitted at Pleafure. The Width of the under-fide of the Modillion muft very little exceed nine Parts, if larger, it will make it appear heavy. Of the TUSCAN Order, HIS Order which is of Roman or Italian Original, greatly refembles the antient Doricky and is the ftrongeft and the plaineft of all the Five Orders. B3 Its [ ] Its Column, together with Bafe an4 Capital^ is feven Diameters of the Column. Its Entablature eoptains qnc Dian^eter^ and three-fourths. Of the Diminution of COLUMNS. O N E of the Orders, except the ^ caUy ought to diminifli more than a fixth, or lefs than an eighth, of the Di* ameter of the Column. The Tufean may diminifli one-fourth, or twominths of the Diameter. This diminifliing may continue from the Top, to within two-fevenths of the Botton^ ©f the Pillar. In the Corinthian and Compojite Orders if the Column diminiflies only one-eighth, it will afford better Veins to the Leaves of the Capi- tals, and produce a much better Effedt, as thefe Parts Ihould always appear bold. The [ -3 ] The like diminifhing would well become the lonick Order. Of Three Quarter Columns. HERE are two Methods of forming thefe, which though they may feem to be nearly the fame, will be found to produce a very different Appearance. The firft Method is to divide the Diameter of the Column^ into four Parts, and to take three of them. The other is to divide the Circumference into four Parts, and to take three of them ; which laft Method make far the boldeft and beft Appearance : As in this Cafe only one- fourth of the Circle is obfcured, while in the firft one-third is inclofed, Of PILASTERS. H E S E are by no means to diminifli, ^ ejjcept they ftand with Columns. B 4 . la [ ^4 ] In plain Filaflers their Projeftlon may be one-fixth of their Width, and by no means more than two-ninths, \ If they are fluted, fometimes one Flute^ fometimcs one Flute and an half 5 but they fhould never exceed two Flutes in their Pro-r jedtion. Of ARCHES. E S E are either Circular or ElipticaL In circular Arches, if they are placed near the Eye, it is ncceflary that they rife fomewhat more than the Simi-diameter of the Circle of which they are compofed j as the Impofts will otherwife take off from the Sight of their Altitude, and gaufe them' to appear flat and low. If much elivated, it may increafe from two Parts to fix of the Scale. The fame regard may be had to Arches, which are Elliptical. The Key-Stones of the Arches may be thus eftimatedo The C ^5] ■ The Dmc Kfy-Stone may be three-fourths of the Diameter of the Column in Height ; and about Twenty-eight Parts and an half from the Scale in Breadth at the Bottom of the Stone, The lonick may be three-fourths of the Diameter of the Columri, and four Parts from the Scale. Its Breadth at the Bottom, near the fame with the Dorick^ or rather fmaller. In the Corinthian the Key is five-fixths of the Diameter of the Column, and its Width at the Bottom about one Semi-Diameter of the Column. The Compojite is nearly of the fame Dimen^? Cons with the Corinthian. And the TTufean the fame as the Dorick. The Key'‘Stones may be ornamented with Heads, or other Decorations. After what I have already faid, by way of Explanation, which is more than I at firft in- tended, I perfume that the Infpeftion^of the Plates cannot fail of being a fufficient Inftruc- tion for any moderate Capacity : I fliall there- fore [ z6 ] fore now conclude with a fmall Explanation and Catalogue of the feveral Plates in this Work. LIST of the PLATES. LATE L Four Defigns of Chimnies, all of which are very rich. Any of the fmall Defigns, which ftand within the others, would have a very good EfFedl. ' Ts[. B, The 7ruJJe5 to thefe, or any of the other Chimnies^ may be exchanged or varied at Pleafure. But if thefe fhould not be fuffi.- cient, feveral other good Prujfes, and likc- wife fome Perms^ may be feen in my Trea- tite on Stair Cafes. PLATE II. Four Defigns of Chimnies. To the Left Hand of the large one is a T(?m, which may fland either as a Colurrin^ or a Pilafter. plate III. Four Defigos of Chimnies. P A T E IV. The upper Parts of two Chimnies, drawn for the Size of the Defign of the under Plate, but may be ufed at Pleafure. PLATS [ ^7 ] PLATE V. Four Dcfigns for Chimnios* PLATE VI. Two Deligns for the upper Parts of Chimnies, the Pediment opened near . a fourth. PLATE VII. Four Defigns of Chirp- nies, the Pediments of the inner ones near a fi^th, PLATE VIII. Two Defigns for the upper Parts for Chimnies. Thefc are drawn to the Size of the Defign oppofite. The Pe-. diment open two-ninths ; either of thefe would have a very good Effedt. PLATE IX. Four Defigns for Chimnies* PLATE X. Two Defigns for the upper P^rts of Chimnies, drawn to the Size of that oppofite. PLATE XI. Four Defigns fqr Chim- nies. On the Left Side is a Term, which may (land as a Column, or Pilafter. PLATE XII. Six Defigns for Chimnies. PLATE XIII. Eight Defigns for Chim- nics. PLAT^ [ ^8 ] PLATE XIV . Eight Defigns for ,Chim- Hies. PLATE XV. Ditto. PLATE XVI. Ditto. PLATE XVII. Ditto. PLATES XVIII. XIX. Two Defigns for the upper Part^ of Chimnies. PLATE XX? Three Defigns for Cor- nices. PLATE XXL Four Defigns for Cor- nices. The Dentil Bed IVtoulds inay be ufed to any other Cornice. P L ATE XXII. Four Defigns for Cor- nices. Any of the Bed Moulds may be ^:hanged, which will make more Defigns. I PLATE XXIII. Four Defigns for Architraves. PLATE XXIV. Nine Defigns for Doors, PLATE XXV . Eight Defigns for Doors, PLATE XXVI. Defigns for Architraves. PLATE PLATE XXVII. Defigns for Cornice! to DoorSi PLATE XXVIII. An Architrave and Trufs at large. PLATES XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. Ornaments for Truffes. The laft with the Eagle’s Head, makes a very magnificent Ap- pearance ; the ornaments crofs each other down to the Scroll. PLATE XXXIII. Two Defigns of Pe- deftals for Stair Cafes. PLATE XXXIV. Four Tufean Defigns. PLATE XXXV. Two Defigns for Do- rick Arches, and two for Doors. PLATE XXXVI. Four DmV-J Defigns. PL ATE XXXVII. Two Defigns of *- nick Arches, and two for Doors. PLATE XXXVIII. Two Defigns for Corinthian Arches, and two for Doors. PLATE XXXIX. The Proportions of the Tufean Order. On the Left Hand are the Pedcftals of the Corinthian^ lonick, Dorick and and 7ufcan Orders. Their Width twehty-ohe Parts upon the Scale more than the Diame- ter of the Column. That of the Dorick is an exad: Square, the others may be varied at Difcretion. PLATE XL. Proportions of the Dorick Order. Here the Column is divided into five equal Parts ; of one of thefe Parts is made a Scale, which is divided into twelve equal Parts, by which all the Members are re- gulated. Over the Columns on the Right Hand are two Impofts ; over each of thefe are reprefented the Architraves for the Arches. The uppermoft may ferve for the richer Orders. To the Left of thefe, is the Bale and Sur-bafe. iV. jS. To make the Scale : Draw a Line to any Length, at the End of which, fet up one of the five Parts of the Column, and divide the Length of the Line intd twelve equal Parts, then raife Perpendiculars to the Diagonal Line, which completes your Scale. P L A T E XLh The Doric Entablature* PLATE XLII. The Doric Cornice; with the four internal Angles of the Soffit or Corona, [ ] Corona, and underfide of the Modillions. The Angle Coffers are increafed dr decreafed by taking more or lefs of the Triglyph, as may -be feen in the Plate. PLATE XLIII. The lonick Modillion at large. Half the Plan of a Capital, formed by an equilateral Triangle ; with the Bafc, Sur-bafe, and Impoft. PLATE XLIV. The lonick Entablature and Capitah PLATE XLV. The Corinthian Capital, Bafe, Sur-bafe, and Impoft. PLATE XL VI. The Corinthian Entab- ture, with the Corona, and its external Angle. PLATE XLVII. The Corinthian Mo- dillion at large. PLATE XL VIII. The Compojite Capital, with its Bafe, Sur-bafe, and Impoft. plate XLIX. The Compofite Entab- lature, with its Soffit. PLATE L. Three Internal Angles of the lonick^ Corinthian^ and Conipcjite Orders. , RULES Rules for proportioning Chimnies the Size to their refpaEiive Rooms^y may be near as follows. Size of Width tol Their j Height to Rooms Chimnies. Heights. Cornices. F. In. F. F. In. P. I. P. 14 Foot 3 3 3 3 4 T 15 3 4 3 3 4- 4 T j6 3 5 3 4 4 4- >7 3 6 3 4 4- 4 4* 18 3 7 3 5 4 4- !'9 3 8 S 5 4- 4 4- |20 Foot. 3 9 3 6 5 2 I 3 10 3 6 4- 22 3 II 3 7 5 4 23 3 II •3 7 4 24 4 0 3 8 5 4- 25 ’ 4 0 4 3 S 1 26 4 I 3 9 5 4 27 4 I 4 3 9 4- 28 4 2 3 10 5 4 29 4 2 4- 3 10 -i - 130 Foot. 4 3 3 JO ~ 6 !3' 4 3 3 10 if3 4 4 3 11 6 4 - 4 4 4- 3 II T 134 4 5 3 II 4 ^ 6 4 ^ i35 4 5 4 3 II 4 136 4 4 0 0 4 4 4 6 4 7 4 4 0 0 6 4 ' 139 4 7 4- 4 0 4 140 Foot. 4 8 4 I 1 6 4 Tbefe Proportions are to the Flank Sides of the Rooms, FINIS. I t I V t 4 Tlz.Z. I } ? li Tl.S . 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