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GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 
 GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST 
 
HANDBOOK 
 
 TO THE 
 
 CATHEDRALS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 U&hxn §xbhxoxt. 
 
 BRISTOL. — GLOUCESTER. — HEREFORD. 
 WORCESTER. — LICHFIELD. 
 
 a&tti) Illustration*. 
 
 LONDON: 
 JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 
 J. H. and Jas. PARKER, OXFORD. 
 
 1864. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ^HE five cathedrals — Bristol, Gloucester, Here- 
 ford, Worcester, and Lichfield — contained in 
 the present division of the Handbook, have all 
 undergone extensive restoration and repair during 
 the last few years. Acknowledgment of much kind 
 assistance and revision is due to Mr. Pope, archi- 
 tect to the Dean and Chapter at Bristol ; to Mr. 
 Waller, at Gloucester ; to Mr. Perkins, at Wor- 
 cester ; and lastly, to Mr. G. G. Scott, E.A., under 
 whom the cathedrals of Hereford and Lichfield 
 have been restored to their ancient beauty. 
 
 The published essays and reports of Professor 
 Willis have been freely used throughout the 
 volume. Such obligations have been duly re- 
 cognised in the notes ; but it is proper to refer 
 in an especial manner to the great assistance 
 which has been derived from the " Architec- 
 tural History of Worcester Cathedral,'' printed 
 in the twentieth volume of the Archaeological 
 
Journal. Mr. Godwin's account of Bristol Ca- 
 thedral, in the same volume, and Mr. Bloxam's 
 paper on the " Sepulchral Monuments in Wor- 
 cester Cathedral/' to be found in the "Gentle- 
 man's Magazine" for October, 1862, should also 
 be mentioned here, and with a similar acknow- 
 ledgment. 
 
 EICHAED JOHN KING. 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 WESTERN CATHEDRALS. 
 Glantttttt. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Frontispiece — View from the South-east, taken 
 
 from the roof of a building . . .7 
 
 Title-page — The "Prentice's" Bracket in the South 
 
 Transept . ... 22 
 
 Plan 2 
 
 Ditto of Crypt and Triforium . . .4 
 
 I. West End of Nave 9 
 
 II. Confessional in South Transept . . .23 
 
 III. " Reliquary" in North Transept . . .24 
 
 IV. The Choir 27 
 
 Y. Three Misereres in the Choir . . .29 
 
 The first of these, representing two wrestlers, is very 
 curious, and may be compared with a similar subject in 
 Norwich Cathedral. The second is a tiger on the back 
 of a horse. And the third represents a fight between 
 a Christian knight and a Pagan. 
 
 VI. Monument of Edward II. ... 34 
 
 The iron railing, which is of late character, is removed, 
 in order to shew the tomb more clearly. 
 
 VII. Tomb of Robert, Duke of Normandy . .37 
 
 VIII. Cloisters; the South Walk, shewing the small 
 Closets or " Carols" . . . .46 
 
 IX. The Lavatory in the Cloisters . . .47 
 
 X. The Chapter-house, the Norman portion . . 48 
 
vi 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Frontispiece — General View from North-east 
 
 67 
 
 Title-page — Cloisters and " Ladies' Arbour" 
 
 107 
 
 Plan ...... 
 
 62 
 
 I. Arches of Nave ..... 
 
 69 
 
 II. The Altar-screen, or Reredos 
 
 79 
 
 III. Bay of North Transept . 
 
 82 
 
 IV. Pedestal of the Shrine of Bishop Cantilupe 
 
 85 
 
 V. Monument of Bishop d'Acquablanca, from the 
 
 
 North Transept . ... 
 
 89 
 
 VI. Bishop Stanbury's Chapel 
 
 90 
 
 VII. Eastern Bay of the Lady-chapel 
 
 95 
 
 Vlll. Part oi Lady-chapel, with the Screen of Bishop 
 
 
 Audley's Chantry .... 
 
 98 
 
 IX. Coffin-slab in the North Transept 
 
 93 
 
 X. Books in the Library .... 
 
 103 
 
 XI. Ancient Map ..... 
 
 ib. 
 
 §xutol 
 
 
 Frontispiece — North-east View, from St. Augus- 
 
 
 tine's Green ..... 
 
 141 
 
 Title-page — Tomb of Abbot Newland 
 
 152 
 
 Plan ...... 
 
 136 
 
 I. The Choir 
 
 146 
 
 II. Vaulting of South Aisle .... 
 
 154 
 
 III. Effigy of Thomas Lord Berkeley . 
 
 160 
 
 IV. The Chapter-house 
 
 1G3 
 
 V. Coffin-slab in the Canons' Vestry . 
 
 164 
 
 VI. South side of Gateway, College Green 
 
 166 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATION S . 
 
 vii 
 
 WLbxmbUx. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Frontispiece — General View from the North-east . 187 
 Title-page — Tomb of King John . . . 208 
 Plan 182 
 
 I. Part of Choir and Lady-chapel . . . 204 
 
 II. Chantry of Prince Arthur . . . .212 
 
 III. Chapter-house 226 
 
 IV. The Crypt 228 
 
 Frontispiece— The West Front . . .270 
 Title-page— The West Door . . ,273 
 Plan 262 
 
 I. The Nave 273 
 
 II. The Choir, before the restoration . . . 286 
 
 III. The Choir, after the restoration . . . ib. 
 Ill * The Chapter-house . . .305 
 
THE " PRENTICE'S" BRACKET 
 
REFERENCES. 
 
 A South Porch. 
 B B B Nave and Aisles. 
 C. Organ-screen. 
 D Choir. 
 E Presbytery. 
 F South Transept. 
 G Chapel used 
 HHH Choir- 
 K K Apsidal Chapels. 
 L Lady-chapel. 
 M North Transept, 
 N Chapel. 
 0 0 0 0 Cloisters. 
 P Chapter-house. 
 Q Abbot's or Lesser Cloister. 
 R /S^e, or Passage to Cloister. 
 
 1 -4&oo£ Seabroke's Chantry. 
 
 2 Prydges' Effigy. 
 
 3 Monument of Aid. Blackleach. 
 
 4 Entrance to Crypt. 
 
 5 -E#.<7?/ of Abbot Foliot. 
 
 6 Sedilia. 
 
 7 o/ Osric. 
 
 8 Monument of Edward II. 
 
 9 J.ooo£ Parker's Chantry. 
 
 10 -Ej^y o/ Robert Courtehose. 
 
 11 Reliquary. 
 
 12 /Stf<me Lectern. 
 
 13, 14 Chantries of Abbots Hanley 
 and Farley. 
 
 15 Abbot's Door to Cloisters. 
 
 16 Monks' Boor. 
 
 17 Lavatory. 
 
 18 Recess for Towels. 
 
 PLAN OF GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 Scale of 100 ft. to 1 in. 
 
GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PAET L 
 
 I. Until the year 1539, Gloucester Cathedral was 
 the church of a mitred Benedictine abbey, which 
 ranked among the wealthiest and most important in 
 England. In 1539 the abbey was surrendered; and 
 in 1541 its church became the cathedral of the newly 
 established bishopric of Gloucester. 
 
 The single authority for the architectural history of 
 Gloucester Cathedral is Abbot Frotjcester's (1381 — ■ 
 1412) Chronicle of the abbey, including lives of the 
 twenty abbots after the Conquest. Of this Chronicle 
 transcripts exist in the Chapter Library at Gloucester ; 
 in the Library of Queen's College, Oxford ; and in the 
 British Museum. The original MS., which was pre- 
 served at Gloucester, disappeared mysteriously from 
 the Chapter Library during the present century. An 
 ancient copy, however, — if it be not the original Glou- 
 cester MS., — was recently discovered in a vault under 
 the Rolls Chapel ; and is about to be published in the 
 
 VOL. III. B 
 
4 §hmtz*hx <Ku%bruI. 
 
 series of Chronicles edited under the direction of the 
 Master of the Bolls a . 
 
 A nunnery was founded at Gloucester in the year 
 681, by Osric, a " minister" or " sub-regulus" of Ethel- 
 red, King of Mercia. Three abbesses ruled it succes- 
 sively until 767, after which the convent was dispersed. 
 Beornulph of Mercia refbunded it, about 821, for secu- 
 lar priests, — who, in 1022, were replaced by Bene- 
 dictine monks. The Saxon Chronicle (a.d. 1058) re- 
 cords the "hallowing" of the monastery by Ealdred, 
 Bishop of "Worcester. In 1088 this building was de- 
 stroyed by fire, and a new church was commenced by 
 Abbot Serlo, which was completed and dedicated in 
 1100 b . Two years afterwards this church suffered 
 much from fire; and still more in 1122, when the 
 Saxon Chronicle asserts that "in Lent-tide . . the town 
 of Gloucester was burnt while the monks were singing 
 their mass, and the deacon had begun the gospel ' Prse- 
 teriens Jesus.' Then came the fire on the upper part 
 of the steeple, and burned all the monastery, and all 
 the treasures that were there within, except a few 
 books and three mass-robes." This injury, according 
 to Eroucester's Chronicle, was repaired by the offerings 
 of the faithful ; but the abbey suffered again from fire 
 
 a A volume of excellent plans and sketches, illustrative of 
 Gloucester Cathedral, has been published by Mr. F. S. Waller, 
 Architect to the Dean and Chapter, (London, 1856). To it 
 we are indebted for the plan of the cathedral contained in 
 this volume. 
 
 b Froucester's Chronicle. 
 
REFERENCES. 
 A Lady-chapel. 
 B East Window of Choir. 
 C Choir. 
 
 D Chapels opening from 
 
 the Triforium. 
 E, F North and South 
 
 'lransepts; from which, 
 
 at 1, 2, staircases lead 
 
 to the Triforium. 
 G Central Tower. 
 H, H Passage called the 
 
 Wh ispering Gallery. 
 I Chapel looking into the 
 
 Lady-chapel. 
 K, L Chantries. 
 T Triforium. 
 
 TRIFORIUM. 
 
 PLANS OF TRIFORIUM AND CRYPT. GLOUCESTER. 
 
in 1179 and 1190. The church was re-dedicated to St. 
 Peter, in 1239, by Walter de Cantilupe, Bishop of Wor- 
 cester. In 1242 the nave roof was completed. Abbot 
 Thokey (1306 — 1329) built the south aisle of the nave 
 in 1318. It was during his abbacy that the body of 
 Edward II. was interred in the church; and it was 
 owing to the great value of the offerings made at his 
 tomb that a series of works was commenced, which 
 form one of the most peculiar features of this cathedral. 
 Under the succeeding Abbot, Wygemoee, (1329 — 1337,) 
 the Norman walls of the south transept (called St. An- 
 drew's aisle) were cased with tracery; Adam de Stantox, 
 abbot from 1337 to 1351, constructed the vaulting of 
 the choir, and the stalls on the prior's side ; and Abbot 
 Hoeton (1351 — 1377) completed the high altar with 
 the choir, and the stalls on the abbot's side ; together 
 with the casing of St. Paul's aisle, (the north transept). 
 This abbot also commenced the great cloister, which 
 "Walter Peoitcestee (1381 — 1412) completed. Abbot 
 Hoewent (1420 — 1437) erected the ivest front, the 
 south porch, and two western bays of the nave. Abbot 
 Seadeooee (1450 — 1457) built the existing tower. 
 Abbot Hanley (1457 — 1472) began the Lady-chapel, 
 which Abbot Paeley (1472—1498) completed. 
 
 Notwithstanding the long siege of the city, Gloucester 
 Cathedral suffered but little during the Civil War. 
 Within the last ten years (1853 — 1863) extensive 
 restorations have been made within and without the 
 cathedral, under the superintendence of Mr. F. S. 
 Waller. These consist chiefly of the clearing and drain- 
 
6 §lanmUx <fta%W. 
 
 ing of the crypt; the restoration of the west front, the 
 south aisle of the nave, the chapter-room, the library 
 and sacristies, portions of the cloisters, the whole of the 
 east end of the choir, and the interior of the nave : to 
 which must be added the alterations entailed in form- 
 ing and laying out the grounds round nearly the 
 whole of the cathedral; several houses and yards 
 having been removed, and hundreds of loads of soil, 
 the accumulation of years, taken away from against 
 the walls. 
 
 II. The ground-plan of the Norman church embraced 
 nave and aisles, choir and sanctuary, short transepts 
 with apsidal eastern chapels, and a choir-aisle, or 
 "procession path," terminating in three eastern chapels, 
 also apsidal. (The plan of Norwich may be compared.) 
 "With the addition of the Lady-chapel and the cloisters, 
 this ground-plan still remains, as in the early part of 
 the twelfth century. The Norman work throughout 
 the building belongs either to this original church, 
 built by Abbot Serlo, and dedicated in 1100; or to 
 the restorations after the fire of 1122. All of it, but 
 especially the great piers of the nave, which remain 
 unaltered, is very interesting and important; but the 
 great peculiarity of Gloucester Cathedral is the later 
 work, ranging from 1329 to 1377, with which the 
 original Norman walls and piers of the transepts and 
 choir are cased and transformed. The manner in which 
 this transformation is effected not only differs altogether 
 from that in which other Norman buildings (the nave 
 of Winchester for example) were recased and altered, 
 
7 
 
 but the work at Gloucester affords us perhaps the 
 earliest example of English Perpendicular ; since it 
 exhibits far more characteristics of this style than of 
 even the later Decorated, which from the date of the 
 work we should expect to find. The Perpendicular 
 work thus begun, is continued through a series of mag- 
 nificent examples, — the cloister, (1377 — 1412); the 
 great tower, (1450 — 1460); and the Lady- chapel, 
 (1457 — 1498,) almost to the last days of Gothic archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 III. The best general views of the cathedral will be 
 obtained from the north-west and from the south-east ; 
 but there are many excellent points of view from the 
 lawn by which the building is now happily surrounded. 
 The outlines — owing greatly to the Lady -chapel with 
 its projecting chantries, to the eastern chapels of the 
 transepts and choir-aisles, and to the open-work of 
 parapets and pinnacles — are unusually varied and pic- 
 turesque. The manner in which the exterior mould- 
 ings of the great east window, of the west window, and 
 of the openings in the tower, are carried upwards, so as 
 to form a kind of gable, is a marked feature, which 
 first appears within, in the beautiful arches across the 
 transepts, on which the groining drops; and which 
 was adopted, apparently from them, by the designers 
 of the succeeding work. But the light and graceful 
 tracery of the parapets, and of the pinnacles of the 
 tower, is that which gives especial character to the 
 exterior of Gloucester. Against a clear, mid-day sky 
 
8 
 
 this open-work is sufficiently striking ; but when its 
 tracery is projected against the red glow of sunset, an 
 effect is produced which is altogether unrivalled. The 
 tower of Gloucester may be compared with the central 
 tower of Canterbury Cathedral, of later date, (Gloucester 
 1450— 1460, height 225 feet; Canterbury 1495—1517, 
 height 235 feet,) and of more massive character. Both 
 towers form admirable centres to the masses of building 
 clustered round them ; and well illustrate the great ad- 
 vantage (which English architects alone seem to have 
 appreciated) of " placing the principal features of their 
 churches on the intersection of the nave with the tran- 
 sept 0 ." At Gloucester, even more than at Canterbury, 
 the various lines of the Lady-chapel, the transepts, the 
 choir-aisles, and the choir-roof with its eastern gable, 
 lead the eye gradually upwards to the great tower, 
 with its crowning pinnacles. This effect is perhaps 
 increased by the shortness of the transepts, — which here 
 and at Worcester (the parent cathedral of Gloucester) 
 are of the same dimensions, (128 feet from north to 
 south d ). 
 
 IY. For a more particular notice of the exterior, 
 c Fergusson. 
 
 d The transepts of Oxford (102 ft.) and Kochester (122 ft.) 
 are shorter: but neither of these cathedrals at all approaches 
 the general dimensions of Gloucester or Worcester. The tower 
 of Malvern Priory Church much resembles that of Gloucester, 
 and was perhaps an imitation of it. "In dignity the central 
 tower of Gloucester is perhaps surpassed by that of Canterbury, 
 and in expression by that of Lincoln." — Gf. A. P. 
 
GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 THE NAVE. 
 
see § xx. The cathedral is generally entered by the 
 south porch, a part of the Perpendicular work erected 
 by Abbot Morwext, (1420—1437). (This abbot pulled 
 down the towers at the west end of the cathe- 
 dral, and the two west bays of the nave. The present 
 western portion of the nave, as far as the end of the 
 second bay, including the west front and the south 
 porch, is his work.) The porch, which has an upper 
 chamber, is greatly enriched with niches and canopies, 
 and has buttresses at the angles. [_Frontispiece.~\ The 
 arms in the spandrils of the doorway are those of Eng- 
 land and France, and of the Abbey. The pinnacles and 
 open parapet are of the same general character as those 
 (earlier) above the gable of the great east window, 
 and as those (later) of the central tower. The ogee 
 arched moulding, with its finial, which rises in the 
 centre is the feature already noticed (§ in.) as charac- 
 teristic of this cathedral. It occurs thoughout the 
 Perpendicular work. Within the porch, the peculiar 
 tracery of the side windows should be noticed. " The 
 internal arrangement of the panelling of the side walls 
 is continued to the exterior, and made to form the 
 mullions of the windows." 
 
 Y. The first impression, on entering the nave, is pro- 
 duced by the lofty Norman piers. [Plate I.] The whole 
 arrangement differs much from that of the great Norman 
 naves of the Eastern cathedrals, Norwich, Ely, and 
 Peterborough. In them the divisions of the nave-arcade 
 and of the triforium above it are very nearly equal 
 in height and width, whilst the clerestory range is of 
 
10 
 
 little less importance 6 . At Gloucester, the massive nave 
 piers are carried to such a height (30 feet) as to afford 
 little space for the triforium, which is only a narrow 
 wall passage ; and the original Norman clerestory, the 
 circular arches of which may still he traced below the 
 Perpendicular windows, was of nearly the same di- 
 mensions. The height of the piers is thus made to 
 seem greater than it really is. They must have been 
 still more remarkable when the floor of the nave was at 
 its original level, ten inches lower than at present. 
 The bases of the piers stood on square blocks; and 
 there still exist some remains of an encaustic floor on 
 the lower level. These massive circular piers, which 
 are found also at Tewkesbury, at Pershore, and 
 at Malvern Priory, seem to be peculiar to England. 
 They do not, at any rate, occur in any church in Nor- 
 mandy, where the rectangular form prevails. The good 
 effect of carrying them to such a height as at Grlou- 
 
 e Comparing the relative proportions of Gloucester and Nor- 
 wich, the difference will be found greater than could be conceived 
 compatible with the same style. They are — 
 
 Noewich. Glottcesteb. 
 Height of piers . . .15 feet. 30 feet. 
 
 Diameter of piers 7 „ 6 
 
 Height to base of triforium . 25 40 „ 
 
 Height of triforium . . 24 „ 10 „, 
 
 Height of clerestory . . 25 „ 24 „ 
 
 Thus at Norwich the three great divisions are nearly of equal 
 height ; at Gloucester the lower portion is more than equal to 
 the other two. At Norwich the piers are about two diameters, 
 at Gloucester nearly five in height. 
 
■gr&t. 11 
 oester is perhaps questionable, since the neeessary re- 
 sult is to deprive both triforium aud clerestory of all 
 dignity and importance. 
 
 The nave consists of nine hays, from the west front 
 to the central tower. Of these all are Norman to the 
 top of the triforium, except the two western bays, which 
 are Perpendicular, (Abbot Morwent's work). The Nor- 
 man clerestory was altered, and the Norman portion of 
 the nave was newly vaulted, in the first half of the 
 thirteenth century. (The nave roof was completed m 
 1242. The monks themselves, according to Froucester s 
 Chronicle, laboured at it-considering, suggests Pro- 
 fessor Willis, that they could do the work better 
 than common workmen.) The nave pien have plain 
 bases and cushioned capitals. The arches have the 
 zigzag in the outer moulding and a double cable m 
 the soffete. A cable moulding runs along above them. 
 In the triforium two arches in each hay circumscribe 
 four smaller ones, the tympana above which are quite 
 plain. In constructing the new clerestory, the Norman 
 work immediately above the triforium arches was en- 
 tirely removed; and only the jambs of the side lights 
 which extended beyond the triforium arches, with the 
 wall between them, were allowed to remain. The 
 iambs of these Norman lights, with zigzag moulding, 
 may still be traced in each bay of the clerestory. The 
 windows of the Early English clerestory were filled 
 with Perpendicular tracery, possibly by Abbot Mor- 
 
 W The Norman portions of the nave may have belonged 
 
12 §kumhx Ca%tal. 
 
 to the church, of Abbot Serlo, (completed in 1100); 
 but it is impossible to say how much alteration or re- 
 building was rendered necessary by the fires of 1122, 
 1179, and 1190. The red colour of parts of the piers 
 where the stone has become calcined, still bears 
 witness to the fierceness of, most probably, the last of 
 these fires ; by which the wooden roof of the Norman 
 church was destroyed. This was replaced during the 
 abbacy of Henry Eoliot, (1228—1243,) by the ex- 
 isting vaulting; which is plain quadripartite, with a 
 central rib and bosses at the intersections. The groin- 
 ing, of a light porous stone, is plastered on the under- 
 side. The vaulting-shafts, (of the same date as the 
 roof,) in groups of three, are of Purbeek marble, with 
 stone capitals of leafage, and Purbeek abaci. These 
 rest on a series of brackets supported by shafts which 
 descend between the pier-arches. The first five of these 
 brackets, counting from the thir^d (the first Norman) 
 bay of the nave, are perhaps Transitional Norman, and 
 the cable-moulding at the head of the pier-arches passes 
 round them. The next three eastward have the cable- 
 moulding cut away for them ; and on either side is 
 a shaft of Purbeek marble with foliaged capital, from 
 which a moulding is carried round the bay of the 
 clerestory. This part was perhaps more injured by 
 the fire, so that the earlier work required greater 
 alteration. (The peculiar arrangement, suggests Pro- 
 fessor "Willis, may have been one of the consequences 
 of the monks' amateur workmanship.) The capitals 
 and corbels of the vaulting- shafts were richly co- 
 
13 
 
 loured f ; and remains of painting were found on the 
 great piers themselves during the late restorations. 
 Against three of the piers on the north side are 
 Perpendicular "brackets, for lamps or for statues. 
 
 The two western lays of the nave were the work of 
 Abbot Moewent, (1420 — 1437,) who pulled down the 
 Norman front, which had towers north and south, in- 
 tending to re-construct the entire nave, — a design for- 
 tunately prevented by his death 5 . The contrast between 
 
 f " The painting may be thus generally described. The hollow 
 of the abacus of the capitals red, the lower member of the same, 
 green ; the whole of the bell red, the leaves alternately green 
 and yellow, with the stalks running down of the same colour 
 into the red bell of the capital ; the vertical mouldings between 
 the marble shafts red and blue alternately ; the lower shafts 
 green or blue, with red in the hollows : the foliage on these also 
 is green and yellow. Some of the horizontal mouldings are 
 partly coloured also. The bosses in the groining are yellow and 
 red, as in the capitals. All the colouring, which was very rich, 
 was effected with water-colours; in one instance only has any 
 gold been discerned, and that upon one of the bosses in the 
 roof."— F. S. TTaller. 
 
 £ The Norman towers or turrets had, however, been rebuilt in 
 the Early English period. "From an account of an accident 
 which occurred between 1163 and 1179, we know that the west 
 front was flanked by two towers ; for while Roger, Bp. of Wor- 
 cester, was celebrating mass before the high altar, the north-west 
 tower, owing to a defect in its foundation, fell. It may be 
 a question, however, whether these towers were not rather tur- 
 rets, like those at Tewkesbury. The very fact that at Tewkesbury 
 we have turrets rather than towers, is sufficient to make the 
 suggestion very probable, for there is a great resemblance be- 
 tween the two churches. Moreover, if Abbot Morwent found a 
 design with towers, properly so called, he substituted for it one 
 
14 §hmtidtt <fa%bnl 
 
 the noble Norman columns and the Perpendicular piers is 
 sufficiently striking. The westernmost bay is much 
 wider than the others ; there is no triforium ; the 
 clerestory windows resemble the others, all of which 
 were probably inserted by Morwent; and the vault- 
 ing is a rich lierne, with bosses of leafage. The west 
 end is filled with a large Perpendicular window of 
 very good design, the glass in which, by "Wailes, 
 is a memorial of the late Bishop Monk, (died 1856,) 
 erected at the sole expense of the Rev. Thomas Murray 
 Browne, Honorary Canon of Gloucester, "in grateful 
 remembrance of many years of sincere friendship. " 
 (It should be remarked that the tracery heads and 
 cusps, as seen from the inside of this window, are 
 not repeated on the outside, — a plain transom only 
 crossing the lights. This peculiarity is repeated in 
 the great east, and in some other windows.) The 
 glass is of unusually pictorial character; and if not 
 entirely successful, is at least better than most recent 
 attempts in a similar direction. The subjects are : — 
 Lowest tier, beginning south — Noah passing out of the 
 Ark after the Deluge; Moses dividing the Red Sea; 
 the Baptism of the Ethiopian Eunuch. In the second 
 tier — The Annunciation to the Shepherds; the Na- 
 tivity; the Adoration of the Kings. In the third 
 tier — The Presentation in the Temple ; the Baptism 
 
 provokingly inferior. This is hardly likely." — (Cr. A. P.) The 
 rebuilding of the north-west tower was commenced in 1222, and 
 its companion was also rebuilt between the years 1228 — 1243. 
 These were the towers or turrets destroyed by Abbot Morwent. 
 
$afe. $tortfe gisk 15 
 
 of our Lord ; St. John Preaching in the Desert. Above 
 are the Baptism of St. Paul, of St. Peter, and of the 
 Jailor of Philippi. Below the window is a brass plate 
 with an inscription recording its erection as a memorial 
 to Bishop Monk. 
 
 The west doorway and the panelling at its sides are 
 very plain. At the angle between the nave and the 
 south aisle is a statue of Edwakd Jennek, by E. "W*. 
 Sieviee. Dr. Jenner, the discoverer of vaccination, 
 was born at Berkeley in Gloucestershire, in 1 749 ; 
 and died there in 1823. 
 
 The view eastward from this point is intercepted by 
 the organ; but beyond the massive piers of the nave, 
 portions of the light choir-roof are seen ; and the superb 
 glass of the east window terminates the choir with 
 such a glow of colour as few other cathedrals can 
 display. 
 
 VI. The north aisle of the nave is, like the nave it- 
 self, Norman, except the two western bays, which are 
 Abbot Morwent's. The half piers against the wall 
 are of the same height as those of the nave, but are 
 divided into several members with shafts at the angles, 
 the capitals of which are in some cases enriched. In 
 each bay the Norman window- opening remains, with 
 zigzag mouldings and side-shafts. All are filled with 
 Perpendicular tracery, which is continued on the Norman 
 wall under the windows. A Perpendicular stone bench 
 runs below. The windows in this aisle are raised high, 
 in order to clear the roof of the cloister outside. The 
 vaulting is ribbed, Norman. 
 
16 ^hmmkx Ca%btaL 
 
 In the Perpendicular portion of this aisle (second 
 bay) is a very fine doorway into the west walk of the 
 cloister — (the monks' entrance). A crocketed canopy 
 rises above it, with panellings on either side, in which 
 were painted figures of the Apostles. On each side 
 of the door are niches for figures. In the easternmost 
 bay of this aisle is the abbot's entrance — also Perpen- 
 dicular, but not so richly decorated. In both these 
 doorways, the half-groined recesses, so constructed, as 
 to admit of the doors opening into them, should be 
 noticed. 
 
 The Perpendicular window at the west end of this 
 aisle has been filled (1862) with stained glass by 
 Haedhan ; representing the story of the British King 
 Lucius, who, according to one tradition, died and was 
 buried at Gloucester. Under the window is a tablet 
 for Bishop "Waebuetoit, (died 1779) ; " a prelate," runs 
 the inscription, " of the most sublime genius and ex- 
 quisite learning." The slab which covers his tomb is 
 in the first bay between the nave and aisle. Two monu- 
 ments in this aisle should be -mentioned : that in the 
 fifth bay by Flaxman, for Saeah Moeley, who died witb 
 her young child, at sea, in 1784. She rises from the 
 sea supported by three floating angels. Above are the 
 words, " The sea shall give up its dead." The figures 
 are graceful, and the whole composition striking. And 
 that in the last bay, by the choir-screen, for Thomas 
 Machen, Alderman of Gloucester, and wife; 1614; — 
 a very good example of the period, but by no means 
 one to be imitated. The window above is filled with l\ 
 
Jfafo. gibk 
 
 17 
 
 excellent stained glass by Clayton" and Bell, in which 
 the white and neutral tints give great effect to the 
 brilliant colour. The subjects are the three miracles 
 of our Lord in raising the dead : — The Ruler's Daughter, 
 the Widow's Son, and Lazarus. 
 
 VII. The south aisle of the nave was changed to its 
 present state in 1318, during the abbacy of John 
 Thokey, (1306—1329). The Norman south wall re- 
 mains in the interior, together with the half piers, 
 which resemble those in the north aisle. Abbot Thokey 
 erected the present external fagade against this Norman 
 wall h , and re-groined the roof. The exterior of this 
 aisle (see § xx.) is a very fine example of early De- 
 corated 1 . The deeply recessed windows are enriched 
 with the ball-flower, and resemble one of the windows 
 in Merton Chapel, Oxford, from which chapel (founded 
 about 1280), or from that of Gloucester College, founded 
 for student monks of this monastery in 1283, the win- 
 dows here may have been directly copied. The ball- 
 flower occurs again in profusion at Ledbury, in Here- 
 
 h " In the interior this wall falls outwards eleven inches in its 
 full height ; and on the exterior the more recent work inclines 
 not more than four inches ; from which it is evident that the 
 Norman wall must have heen out of perpendicular seven inches, 
 prior to the erection of Abbot Thokey's work." — F. S. Waller. 
 
 1 "The south aisle has this great advantage, which other altered 
 buildings do not possess ; — in other buildings the proportions very 
 often constrain the designs in the new work, and give it a mixed 
 character, spoiling both, — giving, for example, heaviness to the 
 Norman, and flimsiness to the Decorated. But this is not the 
 case at Gloucester." — Willis. 
 
 VOL. III. C 
 
18 ilotttcsler $a%toal. 
 
 fordsliire ; but it is rarely used to such an extent as 
 in this aisle, and in the tower of Hereford Cathedral, 
 which is nearly of the same date. At Gloucester a 
 horizontal line drawn across the head of the window, 
 just above the spring of the arch, cuts no fewer than 
 thirty-two ranks of the ball-flower, sixteen within and 
 sixteen without. All the windows of this aisle, as far 
 as the south porch, have been filled with stained glass. 
 The first (beginning from the east) is by Warrington ; 
 the second, by Clayton and Bell, contains the story 
 of Edward II.; — his imprisonment in Berkeley Castle ; 
 his murder ; the Abbot of Gloucester taking possession 
 of the body ; the procession of monks with the body 
 to Gloucester; and the entombment. This window is 
 good and interesting. The glass of the third window 
 is by Bell of Bristol, and is very bad. The fourth, 
 by Clayton and Bell, represents the coronation of 
 Henry III. in Gloucester Cathedral. The fifth, by 
 Warrington, and the sixth, by Bell of Bristol, are 
 equally bad. The representations in the stained glass 
 of the cathedral of the great historical events which 
 have been connected with it is an excellent idea, pro- 
 vided such historical glass is not allowed to intrude 
 itself unfittingly. The great defect of the glass in 
 Gloucester Cathedral is its want of plan and uni- 
 formity, — owing to the various artists (some very in- 
 different) who have been employed. 
 
 In altering the south aisle, Abbot Thokey cut off the 
 arches over the Norman windows, (those opposite should 
 be compared,) and lowered the vaulting. This, in the 
 
gbdk gxratfe gisle. 19 
 
 first four bays from the south porch, greatly resembles 
 that of the nave, which is of much earlier date. The 
 vaulting of the three last bays has its mouldings filled 
 with the ball-flower. 
 
 The two western bays of this aisle are Abbot Mor- 
 went's work, and differ very slightly from those oppo- 
 site. Against the west wall is a coloured bust of John 
 Jones, "Burgess of Parliament" at the time of the 
 Gunpowder treason. In the aisle is a monument by 
 SiEviEitfor Sib Geoege Onesephoeus Paul, (died 1820,) 
 who distinguished himself by his active exertions in 
 reforming prisons. 
 
 The last bay between this aisle and the south tran- 
 sept is closed on the north side by the chantry of Abbot 
 Seabeoxe, (died 1457,) the builder of the central tower, 
 the south-west pier of which forms the head of his 
 chantry. His effigy, in alabaster, was originally in a 
 recess on the north side, but now occupies the place 
 of the altar. Chantry and effigy have been much 
 mutilated and shattered. In an arched recess under 
 the opposite windows are effigies of a knight and lady, 
 long assigned to one of the Bohun Earls of Hereford. 
 There is every reason, however, to believe that the 
 effigies represent members of the Brydges family, whose 
 crest appears on the knight's sword-belt k . He wears 
 
 k The attention of the public was first called to this fact in 
 a paper read before the meeting of the Archaeological Institute 
 at Worcester, in the summer of 1862, by the Eev. Samuel 
 Lysons, F.S.A. 
 
20 dimmer Ca%braL 
 
 a collar of SS., and his armour cannot be earlier than 
 the reign of Henry Y. 
 
 Against the wall on the north side of the entrance 
 to the transept is a large canopied bracket for a figure. 
 
 YIIL Passing into the south transept, we enter 
 that portion of the JSTorman cathedral which was trans- 
 formed and re-cased during the fourteenth century. 
 Eoth transepts, the choir and its aisles, were thus 
 treated, between the years 1329 — 1377. The work, 
 according to IVoucester's Chronicle, was begun in this 
 transept, which was re-cased by Abbot Wxgemoee 1 , 
 (1329—1337). 
 
 In both transepts the original outline of the Norman 
 work is complete, both in the interior and exterior. 
 Eoth transepts had eastern chapels, below and in the 
 triforium, which extends over the choir-aisles, opening 
 into other chapels at the east end. Instead of the lofty 
 piers of the nave, the transepts at their eastern sides, 
 and the choir throughout, have low, massive piers and 
 arches below, and piers and arches of nearly equal di- 
 mensions in the triforium. In the fourteenth century 
 the Norman walls of both transepts were covered on 
 their three sides with an open screen- work or panelling 
 
 1 Froucester's Chronicle asserts that Abbot Wygemore re- 
 cased the " aisle of St. Andrew," and Abbot Horton " the aisle of 
 St. Paul." These aisles are identified with the south and north 
 transepts, by comparing the Chronicle with an account given by 
 one of the monks which Leland has recorded in his Itinerary. 
 See Willis's notice of the cathedral at the meeting of the 
 Archaeological Institute at Gloucester in 1860, Gent. Mag., Sept. 
 1860. 
 
%onfy tom^pt 21 
 
 formed by nmllions and transoms, enriched with, tracery 
 and foiled headings. The forms of the triforium arches, 
 of the clerestory, and of the arches opening into the 
 chapels and choir-aisles, were changed from round to 
 pointed ; hut within the triforium the round arches 
 remain, and the wall on which the panelling is laid 
 is the original Norman. The great distinction between 
 the work here and that in the nave of Winchester, with 
 which it may be instructively compared, is, that in the 
 latter instance the Norman work was completely hidden, 
 and recased with Perpendicular masonry : at Gloucester 
 the later work was only laid on the Norman walls and 
 arches. This is more evident in the choir than in the 
 transepts. 
 
 The south transept, according to Abbot Proucester, 
 was the first part of the Church to be thus treated. 
 The panelling, however, although dating from the 
 first half of the fourteenth century, (1329 — 1337,) has 
 much of Perpendicular character; and the alterations 
 in this transept may accordingly be regarded as perhaps 
 the earliest approach to Perpendicular work in England. 
 The design is indeed wanting in one chief characteristic 
 of true Perpendicular ; as the mullions are not carried 
 straight up to the head of the arch, but branch off into 
 arches before reaching it. But although the work in 
 this transept retains much of Decorated character, the 
 tendency to change is sufficiently marked ; and in the 
 rest of the cathedral (north transept and choir) the 
 Perpendicular style is completely developed. Accord- 
 ing to Professor Willis, it may have commenced here. 
 
22 §lonmtzx <fa%bml 
 
 " It must have begun somewhere ; in some place the 
 mullion must have been carried up for the first time, 
 and no place is so likely as Gloucester to have produced 
 the change of style 1 * 1 ." 
 
 On the east side, the entrance to the choir-aisle is 
 closed by an open screen, with two doorways in the 
 lower part, one leading to the aisle, the other into the 
 crypt. The form of their arches is very unusual, and 
 deserves notice. The rib of a great buttress, supporting 
 the wall of the choir, runs through the triforium above. 
 In the south-east bay was an arch, now closed, leading 
 into the Norman chapel, on either side of which are 
 canopied brackets for figures. In the panel filling the 
 first bay, just above the top of the crypt door, is the so- 
 called Prentice's hraclcet, [Title,] in form resembling 
 a builder's square. Two figures support it, curiously 
 placed, — the lower with a bag at his waist. It is tra- 
 ditionally said to be a memorial of the master builder 
 and his son, or prentice, but was in all probability a 
 bracket for light. Filling the centre of the blank arch 
 is a monument with medallion for Bishop Benson, 
 (died 1755). 
 
 On the south side of the transept is a large Perpen- 
 dicular window of good design, below which is a pas- 
 sage, behind an open arcade. The passage is entered 
 from a Norman staircase-turret in the south-west angle, 
 and leads upward to the triforium. The effect of this 
 arcade, with its unusual depth of shadow, is very good. 
 
 m Report of Professor Willis's lecture at Gloucester, Gent. 
 Mag., Sept. 1860. 
 
GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 CONFESSIONAL, ' 
 
 IN THE SOUTH TRANSEPT. 
 
J&mttjy %xmxM$l 23 
 
 In the wall under this passage are two doorways, now 
 closed, above one of which (eastward) is a grotesque 
 monster ; the other forms what is called the confessional. 
 [Plate II.] Three steps ascend to the door, between 
 panels which slope like the sides of a chair, and are sup- 
 ported by figures which seem to be those of angels. The 
 heads, however, are gone, and the figures are otherwise 
 much defaced. The local tradition asserts that those 
 who came to confess entered by the first door, with the 
 monster's head above it, typical of sin; and left by 
 the other, with the sorrowing angels, representing peni- 
 tence. How far the doorways were at all connected 
 with a confessional is, however, quite uncertain. 
 
 Against this wall is an ugly Elizabethan mounument 
 for Richaed Pates, (died 1588); and the high tomb 
 with effigies of Alderman Blackleech, " who was ad- 
 mitted to the glory of eternity 1639," and his wife 
 Gertrude. The figures are in alabaster, and are wonderful 
 examples of costume. All the details — boots, rosettes, 
 sword-belt and sword-handle, and the lady's lace and 
 short jacket — deserve notice. It was not for her beauty 
 that Dame Gertrude was thus commemorated. 
 
 In the west wall is a Perpendicular window, with 
 blank panelling below. An open screen- work covers the 
 arch into the nave, and the choir-buttress runs through 
 its upper division. The roof is a plain lierne, without 
 bosses, and "one of the earliest specimens of this com- 
 plex class of rib-vaulting. Owing to the difference of 
 the angles of the ribs, such a vault was very difficult 
 of construction ; most skilful workmanship was neces- 
 
24 §kntz$kx Ca%bral. 
 
 sary to make the ribs join at the intersections; and 
 this led to the nse of bosses, which while they con- 
 cealed defective work, greatly enriched the roof. But 
 in this example there are no bosses. The ribs join per- 
 fectly ; and it appears as if the masons desired that the 
 skilfulness of their work should be shewn V The very 
 light and beautiful effect of the flying-arch apparently 
 carrying the choir-vaulting, which crosses the main 
 tower-arch, should here be noticed. The whole arrange- 
 ment is singularly picturesque and original ; (see § x.) 
 
 IX. In the north transept, cased by Abbot Hoston, 
 (1351 — 1377,) the new work differs in its mouldings, 
 which are here angular instead of round ; and in the 
 greater richness of the roof. The mullions are here 
 continued up to the roof, shewing the complete de- 
 velopment of the Perpendicular. In this transept the 
 eastern chapel is open. There is an ascent of seven 
 steps to it, shewing what was the original arrangement 
 of the chapel in the opposite transept. Within this 
 chapel, looking west, the casing of the Norman work 
 with the later is very evident. 
 
 Against the north wall of this transept, under the 
 open arcade, is a structure of early Decorated character, 
 which has been called, and probably with reason, a 
 reliqucvry 0 . [Plate III.] It is in three divisions, the en- 
 
 n Willis. 
 
 ° It has, however, been suggested that this structure may have 
 been a lavatory, and the work of Elias de Lideford, sacrist dui-ing 
 the early part of the thirteenth century, who, it is recorded, 
 (by Froucester,) brought an "aqueduct" iuto the church. A 
 lavatory in a church is not uncommon. 
 
$tort{j % xmu^t |^%trcrg. 25 
 
 trance being through the central arch. All the arches 
 are enriched with foiled openings, and with intricate and 
 very beautiful leafage. There are Purbeck shafts at the 
 angles, heads at the spring of the arches, and a series 
 of seated figures, under canopies, much mutilated, be- 
 tween the outer arch at the entrance and the trefoil 
 within. Inside, the three divisions are groined, with 
 bosses at the intersections; and each bay has three 
 blind arches in the wall, between which piers project 
 to some distance. The reliquary ends before reaching 
 the north-west angle of the transept in which the 
 square Norman turret projects, leading upward to the 
 arcaded passage and to the triforium. (Compare the 
 projecting turrets at the angles of the transepts in 
 "Worcester Cathedral.) At the north-east angle the 
 Perpendicular work joins the reliquary; a bracket for 
 a figure is placed between it and the steps leading to 
 the chapel, and a shield bearing Abbot Parker's arms 
 has taken the place of the last corbel-head. 
 
 Three Norman windows remain at the east end of 
 the chapel opening from this transept. Below them is 
 a Perpendicular reredos, with three niches, from which 
 the figures have disappeared. This chapel (as will be 
 seen from the Plan) is of less size than that opening 
 from the south transept, and the altar (owing to the 
 polygonal apse) was not due east. A door opens south, 
 into the choir-aisle ; and in the opposite wall is a very 
 good Perpendicular doorway, leading to rooms now used 
 as vestries. The Perpendicular cresting, and the angels 
 bearing scrolls in the hollow moulding, are good, and 
 
26 
 
 should be noticed. The Norman arch in the wall above 
 this doorway, and the Norman work in the opposite 
 wall, (which should be examined from the choir-aisle as 
 well as from the chapel,) apparently indicate changes in 
 this part of the building before the alteration of the 
 entire transept, which it is not easy to explain. The 
 groin edges of the vault of this chapel are carried down 
 the piers in a manner of which no example occurs else- 
 where. 
 
 The steps into the chapel, and a similar ascent into 
 the choir-aisle, were rendered necessary from the height 
 of the crypt, (§ xvn.,) which extends under the whole 
 of the building east of the tower, with the exception of 
 the Lady-chapel. The very peculiar doorways opening 
 to the aisle resemble those in the opposite transept. 
 "Within the smaller of these arches, on a level with the 
 top of the stairs, is a small stone lectern, from which, 
 it is probable, the pilgrims were addressed as they passed 
 upwards to the shrine of Edward II. p 
 
 The Perpendicular screen below the tower-arch 
 opening to the transept enclosed a chapel, now used 
 as a vestry. A similar chapel existed beneath the south 
 tower-arch. Under a Perpendicular window on the 
 west side of the transept is a monument for John 
 
 p This is the most probable explanation of this lectern. There 
 was perhaps a desk in Canterbury Cathedral, in a similar position, 
 from which the pilgrims were exhorted as they approached 
 Becket's shrine. At all events, in later times, the desk for 
 the Bible and " Fox's Martyrs " was erected in that cathedral, 
 at the angle of the stairs ascending to the choir-aisle. 
 
GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. PLATE IV. 
 
 THE CHOIR. 
 
Cfjoir. 27 
 
 Bowee, (died 1615,) "who had nyne sones and seaven 
 daughters by his wife Anne Bower." Their names are 
 on shields above this inscription, and their figures are 
 painted on the wall at the back. Above are the words 
 "Yayne, Yanytie. All is but Vayne. Witnesse So- 
 loman." The monument is curious from the manner 
 in which painting is used in it. 
 
 X. A heavy organ-screen, erected in 1823 by Dr. 
 Geiffith, (for whom there is a tablet on the north side,) 
 divides the nave from the choir, and materially interferes 
 with the utility and beauty of both. 
 
 The choir, [Plate IY.], as in most Norman churches, 
 extends one bay west of the central tower, under which 
 the stalls are arranged. An ascent of three steps leads 
 to the preslytery, three bays in length ; and the altar 
 is approached by two additional steps. The unrivalled 
 east window at once attracts attention on entering 
 the choir ; but the whole view is rendered especially 
 interesting and peculiar by the panelling and open 
 screen-work covering the Norman walls and arches, 
 the form of which is preserved ; by the lofty clerestory ; 
 and by the exquisite lightness and grace of the lierne 
 roof, which extends unbroken, except by a low ribbed 
 arch, from the west wall of the tower to the east 
 window. 
 
 The choir, according to Froucester's Chronicle, was 
 cased and vaulted by Abbots Staunton-, (1337 — 1351,) 
 and Hoeton, (1351 — 1377). Their work must also 
 have embraced the lower portion of the tower, (as far 
 as the roof,) since there is no break in the vaulting, 
 
28 §tom&hx Ca%imiL 
 
 and the work is of the same character throughout. 
 As far as the spring of the flying-arch that carries 
 the groining, the piers of the tower are Norman ; to 
 this point the walls of the tower, choir, and presby- 
 tery were taken down. The pointed arches opening 
 to the transepts, the slender arches that cross them, 
 and apparently carry the groining, and rank among 
 the most peculiar features of this cathedral, and the 
 vaulted roof of the tower, all belong to the work of 
 Staunton and Horton : the former of whom completed 
 the western portion of the choir, with the vaulting ; 
 whilst the latter re-constructed the eastern end, with 
 the high altar. The choir vaulting is one of the richest 
 examples in England ; and although its lines of orna- 
 mentation are thrown out in every direction like those 
 of a spider's web, "the complication is really the effect 
 of perspective, since when reduced to drawing the lines 
 form a simple geometrical figure q ." The tower- vaulting 
 is much higher than the roof of the nave, and admits of 
 a window in the west wall of the tower, with niches 
 carrying brackets for figures on either side. Over the 
 arch is the inscription, — 
 
 " Hoc quod digestum specularis opusque polituui 
 Tullii hsec ex onere Seabroke Abbate jubente;" 
 
 which can only record the building of the upper part of 
 the tower, in the time of Abbot Seabroke ; (see § in.) : 
 or possibly, only the completion of the work, after the 
 death of Abbot Seabroke in 1457, by Eobeet Txjllt, 
 
 •> Willis. 
 
GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. PLATE V. 
 
 MISERERES IN THE CHOIR. 
 
<%h\ $a»I%. Stall*. 29 
 
 a monk of the house. In 1460 Tully became Bishop 
 of St. David's, and died in 1481. 
 
 The light arches which cross the main arches of the 
 tower, north and south, and which look like " pieces of 
 carpentry in stone," do not in reality support the vault, 
 which rests securely on the wall behind. They were 
 not, however, intended to deceive. " Unless some rest- 
 ing-place was provided, the builders must have allowed 
 the capital to hang down to a level with the others 
 without anything to support it, or altered the arch 
 above, and thus have disturbed the curvature of the 
 vault. The flying-arch was contrived to get rid of 
 these defects. All this appears to be characteristic of 
 a school of masons who were extremely skilful, and 
 glad of an opportunity of shewing their skill; as a 
 modern engineer likes to carry his railway through 
 a chain of mountains when he has a plain valley be- 
 fore him r ." 
 
 The stalls ranged below the tower are Perpendicular, 
 (those north the work of Abbot Staunton, those south 
 of Abbot Horton,) with rich projecting canopies. The 
 misereres [Plate V.] below are of the usual character, 
 but are so fixed that they can only be seen with diffi- 
 culty. Behind the first stall on the north side is a frag- 
 ment of Early English work, probably of the date of 
 Elias de Lideford, who erected stalls in the choir, which 
 were removed by Abbots Staunton and Horton. 
 
 The open screen-work which covers the Norman 
 arches of the presbytery, is carried upwards into the 
 * Willis. 
 
30 ffilonzt&tzx <£a%bral 
 
 lofty clerestory windows, so as to cover the entire bay 
 with a uniform panelling. Light vaulting- shafts run 
 up between, and carry the lierne roof. The termination 
 of the Norman choir was originally circular, as at 
 Norwich ; but in order to insert the great east window, 
 the two last bays, eastward, were entirely removed, 
 and the walls, from this point, now slope outwards 
 north and south. This part of the work is, in Frouces- 
 ter's Chronicle, assigned to Abbot Hoetok, (1351 — 
 1377). The tiling of the sacrarium, which displays 
 the arms and devices of Abbot Paekee, (1515 — 1534,) 
 is no doubt of his time ; as are the sedilia on the south 
 side, which indicate the coming change in their ara- 
 besque ornaments. The frieze, a knotted stick passed 
 through a riband, should be noticed. On the canopy 
 above are three figures, — one with a drum or tam- 
 bourine, the others with trumpets. 
 
 XI. The great east window, which terminates the 
 choir, is the largest in England, and is, owing to the 
 ingenious construction of this part of the choir, wider 
 than the side walls which contain it : it is filled with 
 what is, in many respects, the finest stained glass of the 
 period in this country. The window itself, in its gene- 
 ral design and tracery, corresponds with the panelling 
 of the choir and with the windows of the clerestory, 
 and is part of Abbot Horton's work. The tracery-heads 
 and cusps on the inside do not appear without, as usual, 
 since the glass (probably to save expense) is fitted into 
 a square-headed panel, sunk in the back of the window. 
 A peculiar effect is produced by the roof of the Lady- 
 
31 
 
 chapel beyond, which rises against the lower part of the 
 window, (from which it is separated by the ante-chapel) ; 
 the glass above is consequently always in brighter light 
 than that below. The stone- work of the whole window 
 has been repaired (1862) at a cost of £1,400 ; and £600 
 has been expended on the re-leading of the glass by 
 Hughes 8 , under the very careful supervision of Mr. 
 Winston, one of the best authorities on the subject. 
 
 The window, like the rest of the choir-work, has de- 
 cided Perpendicular features ; but the glass " is in all 
 
 respects thoroughly Decorated in character; As 
 
 a general rule, it is true that a change in the style of 
 architecture has always preceded, by some years, the 
 corresponding change in the style of painted glass. . . . 
 
 " The two first tiers of lights from the ground are 
 filled with coloured borders and ornamented white 
 quarries; a shield of arms in a panel is inserted in 
 each light, and a small ornamented roundel placed at 
 some distance beneath it. The three next tiers of 
 lights throughout the window are filled with figures 
 and canopies, and, in the central part of the window, 
 another tier likewise, the spires of this row of canopies 
 running into the tier of lights above. This arrange- 
 ment, as might be expected, imparts a grand pyra- 
 
 s The restoration of this window is the result of the untiring 
 energy and able administration of the Chapter revenues by the 
 Treasurer, Dr. Jeune, Master of Pembroke College, Oxford, and 
 Canon of Gloucester. A new Chapter school has been built, ex- 
 tensive repairs and restorations made in the cathedral, and the 
 ground round it thrown open, by special funds derived from the 
 same source. 
 
32 ffiloxtmltx dufyibml 
 
 midical character to the whole design. All the tracery 
 lights of the window are filled with ornamented white 
 quarries, and enriched with small roundels of orna- 
 ment inserted here and there. . . . 
 
 " The colouring of the lower lights — containing figures 
 and canopies — is arranged on a principle not uncommon 
 in early Perpendicular glass. The figures are almost 
 entirely white, having yellow stained hair, and borders 
 to their robes : the architectural work of the canopies 
 is wholly composed of white and yellow stained glass. 
 The positive colouring is confined to the spire back- 
 grounds of the canopies, and the tapestry which lines 
 the interior of the niche ; and it is carried in uniform 
 streaks, or columns, down the window. Thus the spire 
 grounds and tapestries of the central column — which is 
 two lights broad, all the other columns being only of 
 the width of one light — are coloured red ; those of the 
 next column on each side the centre one are coloured 
 blue; those of the next red, and so on. The large 
 proportion of white used in the most coloured parts 
 prevents any violent transition, from the figure and 
 canopy part to the quarry part of the window. . . . 
 
 " The full effect of the Gloucester window, no doubt, 
 depends not only on the simplicity of the composition, 
 the largeness of its parts, and the breadth of its colour- 
 ing, but also on the excellence of the material of which 
 the window is composed. . . . 
 
 "The side windows of the choir - clerestory retain 
 enough of their original glazing — which is precisely of 
 the same date as that of the east window — to enable us 
 
Cjjoir. l^ammmtB. 33 
 
 to perceive that their lower tier of lights was filled with 
 figures and canopies, and their upper tier and tracery- 
 lights with borders and quarry patterns, having small 
 roundels of ornament inserted of the same character as 
 the pattern-work in the east window : a corroborative 
 proof, if any were necessary, of the originality of the 
 arrangement of the glass in the upper part of the east 
 window, with which the arrangement of the glass in 
 the side windows so perfectly harmonizes*." The date 
 assigned by Mr. Winston to the east window, and to 
 those of the clerestory, is between 1345 and 1350. 
 
 XII. On the south side of the presbytery is a pro- 
 jecting bracket of Perpendicular date, on which is 
 placed the earlier effigy of an abbot — perhaps that of 
 Heney Poliot, (died 1243). It is too shattered, how- 
 ever, to be of much interest. 
 
 On the north side of the presbytery, beginning from 
 the east, are : — 
 
 (1.) A high tomb with efiigy of Oseic, the Mercian 
 "kinglet," who is said to have founded the first re- 
 ligious establishment at Gloucester. (See § i., and 
 Pt. n.) On the east end of the monument is the 
 inscription, — " Osricus Rex primus fundator hujus mo- 
 nasterii — 681." The tomb and efiigy are said to have 
 been erected during the abbacy of "William Paekee, 
 (1515 — 1539,) whose arms, together with those of the 
 abbey, appear on it. The efiigy is crowned and sceptred, 
 
 t G. Winston, Stained Glass of Gloucester, &c, in the Bristol 
 volume of the Archaeological Institute. (For some further im- 
 portant remarks on this window, see Note at the end of Part I.) 
 
 VOL. in. d 
 
34 Ghmtteitx Cailj*bral. 
 
 and carries the model of a church in the left hand. The 
 ermine collar of the robe is unusual. 
 
 (2.) The superb tomb, with effigy of Edward II. 
 [Plate VI.] It has been truly said that the whole of 
 the choir, as it at present exists, is a memorial of the 
 murdered King ; since the alterations in it were com- 
 menced after his interment here, and their cost was 
 mainly defrayed from the rich offerings made at his 
 tomb. The tomb itself, however, is not unworthy 
 a greater king than Edward II. 
 
 It was on the 21st of September, 1327, that King 
 Edward was murdered in Berkeley Castle. The monas- 
 teries of Bristol, Kingswood, and Malmesbury refused 
 to receive his body for interment, fearing the dis- 
 pleasure of the Queen and her party ; but Abbot Thokey 
 of Gloucester, more far-sighted, brought it from Berkeley 
 in his own carriage, and caused it to be solemnly in- 
 terred beneath the existing monument. This was erected 
 at the cost of the King's son, Edward III., and became 
 at once an important place of pilgrimage. Offerings made 
 here were thought to avert the Divine anger from the 
 nation, and it is said that if all the oblations presented 
 at the tomb during the reign of Edward III. had been 
 expended on the church, it might have been built 
 anew. Edward III. himself, when in danger of ship- 
 wreck, vowed an offering of a golden ship at his father's 
 tomb, which was duly presented, but afterwards re- 
 deemed, at the request of the Abbot and Convent, for 
 £100. The Black Prince offered a golden crucifix, 
 containing a portion of the holy Cross ; the Queen of 
 
GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL, PLATE VI. 
 
 MONUMENT OE EDWARD II. 
 
itoimttunt of faobmxo II. 35 
 
 Scots, a necklace with a ruby; and Queen Philippa, 
 a heart and ear of gold. Such offerings were no doubt 
 hung about the tomb, in the usual manner. 
 
 The monument itself consists of an altar-tomb with 
 effigy, canopied by a mass of exquisite tabernacle-work, 
 which fills up the entire arch. The great Norman 
 piers on either side have been cut away, to give room 
 for the lower part of the tomb, which has canopied 
 niches for figures no longer existing, and on the side 
 toward the choir-aisle (at which the oblations were 
 made) a bracket for light. The effigy is of alabaster, 
 and the King's features were possibly chiselled from 
 a waxen mask, taken after death. The head is very 
 fine, and should be compared with those of Edward III. 
 at Westminster, and of the Black Prince at Canterbury. 
 In all these Plantagenet effigies there is a striking 
 resemblance. The arrangement of the hair and beard 
 should be noticed. At the head are angels, and a lion 
 at the feet, finely rendered. On the side of the tomb 
 (toward the aisle) is a shield, with an inscription re- 
 cording the restoration of the monument by the society 
 of Oriel College, Oxford, of which Edward II. was the 
 founder, at the instance of his Almoner, Adam de 
 Brome : — " Hoc fundatoris sui monumentum, situ ve- 
 tustatis deformatum, instaurari curaverunt Praepos. et 
 Soc. Coll. Oriel, Oxon. a.d. 1737—1789—1798." 
 
 The capitals of the great piers are painted with the de- 
 vice of Richard II., the white hart, chained and collared. 
 Hence a tradition has arisen that the body of the King 
 was drawn by stags from Berkeley to Gloucester. 
 
36 (felonztBtzx €a%bral. 
 
 (3.) The chantry, with effigy, of Abbot Paeker, (the 
 last Abbot of Gloucester,), 1515 — 1539. The chantry 
 has been converted into a pew. The screen enclosing 
 it has a good frieze of vine-leaves and grapes; and the 
 niches for statues at the angles should be noticed. The 
 effigy, of alabaster, has been much cut and injured. The 
 Abbot wears the chasuble and jewelled mitre, (Gloucester 
 ranked as the eleventh of the twenty-seven mitred 
 English abbeys) ; the top of his staif is broken. There 
 are small figures in the portion left. The base of the 
 monument has shields with the Abbot's arms, and 
 others bearing the emblems of our Lord's Passion. 
 
 XIII. The north choir-aisle is entered from the 
 choir through a Perpendicular doorway in the bay 
 below Abbot Parker's chantry. The aisle itself is 
 Norman, of the same date as the choir, but has the 
 windows filled with Perpendicular tracery. The low 
 enormous piers of the choir are here well seen, and the 
 monuments already described should all be noticed from 
 this side. 
 
 At the north-east angle of the aisle is one of the 
 apsidal chapels, three of which terminated the Norman 
 choir. The chapel forms a pentagon, the place of the 
 altar being, very unusually, north-east. The whole 
 chapel was altered as a memorial of Abbot Botelee, 
 (1437 — 1450). It is enclosed by a Perpendicular screen, 
 and the windows are filled with Perpendicular tracery. 
 Behind the altar is a very rich Perpendicular reredos, 
 having one central and eight smaller niches. Some of 
 the small figures of the Apostles in the canopies above 
 
®%g at %abztt of gormattbg. 37 
 
 are perfect ; and there are also many shields of bene- 
 factors to the monastery. The whole is richly painted. 
 
 On the step of the altar is the effigy of Eobeet 
 Cottrtehose, [Plate VII.,] eldest son of the Conqueror, 
 who died in 1134, at the castle of Cardiff, where he 
 had been a prisoner twenty-six years. He had been 
 a great benefactor to the monastery at Gloucester, and 
 was interred here before the high altar. His monument 
 continued entire until 1641, when it was broken to 
 pieces by Cromwell's soldiers. The pieces were bought 
 by Sir Humphrey Tracy, of Stan way, who kept them 
 until after the Restoration, when they were put together, 
 and replaced in the cathedral. The monument now 
 consists of a high tomb or chest (on wheels) , of Irish 
 oak, on which is laid the effigy, also of oak. The 
 shields on the tomb, and the figure itself, were partly 
 re-coloured, and the former very improperly, during the 
 present century. The tomb has a border of leafage, of 
 late Decorated character. The effigy itself may be of 
 the same period (since the material is the same), and 
 may perhaps have been copied from an earlier figure. 
 It is cross-legged, and has a surcoat and a coronet. 
 Whatever may be its real date, it cannot possibly be 
 older than Henry II. 
 
 The Norman pier remains at the north-east angle of 
 the chapel, with the addition of a Perpendicular base, 
 and a panelled ornament cut into it. Between the 
 reredos and the east wall is a Perpendicular arch, which 
 assists in carrying the east window, and is so contrived 
 as to relieve the slight Perpendicular pier adjoining of 
 
38 GhmtttAtx CaifjebraL 
 
 the weight of the superstructure, which it was not 
 strong enough to bear. The construction of all this 
 east end of the choir, which is very ingenious, is best 
 seen in the triforium, (§ xvi.) 
 
 XIY. The termination of the Norman choir, as has 
 already been mentioned, was polygonal, with a central 
 and two side chapels. This original arrangement still 
 remains in the crypt, (§ xvn.) ; but the central chapel 
 at the east end of the choir, which had been undis- 
 turbed by the erection of the great east window, was 
 altered about a century later, when the Lady -chapel 
 was commenced. The walls of the ante-chapel, by 
 which this is entered, are in fact those of the Norman 
 apsidal chapel, pierced on either side by a Perpendicular 
 window, and having a rich panelled Heme vault, crossed 
 by a double row of pendants. The upper story of the 
 ante-chapel was the Norman chapel of the triforium. 
 This portion is separated from the Lady-chapel by a 
 screen of open-work, through which is seen the vaulted 
 roof, and three windows at the west and on either side. 
 The west window looks across the low gallery inter- 
 vening between it and the east window of the choir, 
 (see § v.) The arch carrying the screen of the upper 
 chapel, and forming the eastern termination of the lower 
 roof, is bordered in front by a series of foiled panels, 
 having shields in their centres. 
 
 All this work, together with the Lady-chapel itself, 
 is due to Abbot Hakley, (1457 — 1472,) and his suc- 
 cessor, Abbot Faeley, (1472 — 1498). It was the last 
 great work of the monastery, and worthily closes the 
 
Jatrg-tfcapd. 39 
 
 fine series of Perpendicular structures, (the re-casing of 
 the choir, the cloisters, the tower, and the Lady-chapel,) 
 which rank among the most interesting and important 
 in England. 
 
 The Lady-chapel consists of four bays, with a square- 
 sided eastern end, and small square-sided chapels of two 
 stories, projecting from the third bay on either side. 
 Each bay is nearly filled by a lofty Perpendicular 
 window of four divisions. The lights of the two upper 
 tiers are simply foiled. Those below are richer, with 
 ornamented headings. In the wall below the window 
 is a plain arcade of foiled arches, with a quatrefoil 
 above. The narrow bit of wall which remains in each 
 bay is panelled with tracery corresponding to the di- 
 visions of the windows ; and in the three principal 
 tiers has brackets and rich canopies for figures. The 
 brackets are angels bearing scrolls. Vaulting-shafts 
 run up between these panels; and above is a superb 
 lierne roof, — one of the best and purest examples of such 
 a roof in the Perpendicular period. The bosses are en- 
 tirely of leafage, and are very numerous. Traces of 
 colour remain on the walls, and on some of the canopies ; 
 and the headings of the window lights retain their 
 original stained glass. 
 
 The effect of the side chapels is unusually pictur- 
 esque. Each is of two stories ; the roof of the upper 
 on a level with the upper series of wall panellings on 
 either side. A sharply -pointed arch, with pierced 
 panellings above and an open parapet below, forms 
 the front of the upper chapels ; the lower are closed 
 
40 §hutmitx CE%braL 
 
 in front by a rich screen- work, corresponding to the 
 window divisions. The east end of the Lady-chapel 
 is entirely filled by a Perpendicular window of three 
 divisions, the design of which resembles those at the 
 sides. The glass in this window is original, and very 
 good, although not equal to that in the great east window 
 of the choir. The extent to which white and yellow 
 are employed in it should be noticed. 
 
 Below the window was a rich mass of tabernacle- 
 work, now effectually smashed. Over the altar were 
 three main niches, with pedestals for figures. There 
 are fragments of brackets and canopies in the smaller 
 divisions; and the whole shews remains of colour, 
 gilding, and enamelling. The designs at the back of 
 the principal niches should be especially noticed. 
 
 Much of the original tiling remains on this part of 
 the floor. The tiles bear inscriptions, " Due Jhu 
 miserere ;" and "Ave Maria gra. pie." In the centre 
 is a device of roses with leaves. Below the window on 
 the south side are three sedilia, with graceful pendent 
 canopies. The backs are panelled. 
 
 The side chapel on the north has a groined roof, in 
 which the cusps of the foils and other portions are 
 pierced with minute circular hollows, adding much to 
 the elaborate effect. The panelling of the west wall 
 has been filled by the upper part of the monument of 
 Bishop Godfked, (died 1604). Below is an altar-tomb 
 with effigy. The upper chapel, or oratory, is ap- 
 proached by a staircase on the west side, opening from 
 the bay below; it has a lierne roof, with bosses of 
 
leafage. The south chapel resembles the north ; and 
 contains a flat altar-tomb for Thomas Pitzwilliams, 
 (died 1579 : it was repaired by his descendants in 1648). 
 The east window is covered by the hideous monument 
 of Bishop Nicholson, (died 1671). The upper chapel 
 resembles that opposite. These chapels were appa- 
 rently the chantries of the two abbots who built the 
 Lady-chapel; the upper stories, in which there is no 
 trace of an altar, serving as oratories. 
 
 On the north side of the Lady-chapel is a monument 
 with effigy for Elizabeth Williams, daughter of Bishop 
 Miles Smith of Gloucester, (died 1622). Below, again, 
 is a full-length statue of Sir John Powell, (died 
 1713) \ 
 
 XY. The south choir-aisle resembles that opposite. 
 The south-east chapel opening from it retains its Nor- 
 man work more completely than the north-east. The 
 Norman arches and windows remain; the latter filled 
 with Perpendicular tracery. As in the chapel opposite, 
 the altar did not front due east. 
 
 A door on the platform above the steps descending 
 to the transept opens to what was originally the east 
 chapel of the transept itself. The arrangement re- 
 
 u It has been asserted that this Sir John Powell was one of 
 the judges who tried the seven bishops. This is an error. There 
 were three Judge Powells living at the same time; two "Sir 
 Johns," and one " Sir Thomas." Sir John who tried the bishops 
 was of Caerroarthenshire; the Sir John buried in this cathedral 
 was of a Gloucestershire family. See " Gloucestershire Achieve- 
 ments" by the Rev. S. Lysons, 2nd edit., note, pp. 42, 43. 
 
42 §lsmmtzx Ca%bral. 
 
 sembled that of the south-east chapel. The arch of 
 entrance from the transept (transitional Norman, and 
 pointed) remains, walled up. Under the three eastern 
 windows is a rich Perpendicular reredos, with three 
 niches for figures. 
 
 XVI. The triforium of the choir is reached by the 
 staircases at the angles of the transepts, and through 
 the open arcade at their north and south sides. The 
 triforium originally extended quite round the choir, 
 the whole width of the choir-aisles, opening into chapels 
 corresponding with those below. With the exception 
 of the east end — between the south-east and -north-east 
 chapels — it remains entire ; of late Norman character, 
 with some alterations made during the Decorated period. 
 
 In the chapel above the south transept the Norman 
 windows have been replaced by Decorated, enriched 
 with the ball-flower. The double piscina in the small 
 window, and the brackets for figures, with rich canopies, 
 are Decorated, and deserve notice. Looking toward the 
 transept, the manner in which it was recased is here 
 readily seen. The circular Norman arch of the tri- 
 forium encloses a pointed arch, with shafts at the angles. 
 This arch is crossed by the ribs of the screen-work. 
 In this part of the triforium is preserved an ancient 
 painting on panel, representing the Last Judgment. 
 It dates apparently from the end of the fifteenth cen- 
 tury, but is of no very great interest. 
 
 The massive piers of the triforium above the choir- 
 aisle remain unaltered. The arches are crossed with 
 Perpendicular tracery. The south-east chapel opens 
 
friforatm. W9L$z$txm% <$alkrg. 43 
 
 above the corresponding chapel in the aisle : it is plain 
 Norman, with late windows inserted. 
 
 The manner in which the east end of the choir was 
 re-constructed, to admit of the insertion of the great 
 east window, and to allow of its being wider than the 
 original walls of the choir, is best seen from this point. 
 The eastern piers of the choir, and the portion of the 
 triforium above, were entirely removed ; but the Norman 
 eastern chapel (corresponding to those south-east and 
 north-east) was allowed to remain entire, both in the 
 triforium and below. The last bay of the choir was 
 extended laterally, so as to admit the light freely from 
 the great window ; and as access to the eastern chapel 
 was cut off by the removal of the triforium, it became 
 necessary to construct the passage at the back of the 
 window, known as the " Whispering Gallery." Here 
 three flying buttresses should be remarked, which spring 
 from the outer walls of the cathedral at the bend of the 
 apse, and meet in a point behind the wall of the choir. 
 These really sustain the weight above the triforium, so 
 that the slight Perpendicular pier below (§ xin.) is 
 not called upon to do more than half the duty. In the 
 Whispering Gallery much Norman stone-work has been 
 re-used — a practice of common occurrence throughout 
 the cathedral. Sound is transmitted through this gal- 
 lery, which is 75 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and 8 ft. high, 
 in a remarkable manner. The lowest whisper, or the 
 slightest scratch with a pin, is distinctly heard from 
 one end to the other. The chapel into which it opens 
 was part of the Norman chapel, altered on the building 
 
44 §knmkx CatjjxbraL 
 
 of the Lady-chapel, into which it looks. In it is a stone 
 altar— perhaps that of the Norman chapel. 
 
 Chapel, Triforium. 
 
 The north-east Norman chapel beyond the gallery 
 has a Decorated window ; and in that adjoining the 
 north transept is a very beautiful Decorated double 
 piscina. The foliated ornament round the inner arch 
 of the windows here and in the chapel opposite should 
 be noticed. Taking into account the many chapels in 
 this triforium^ and in the crypt, it may be reckoned 
 that there were nearly twice as many altars in this 
 church as were usually to be found in churches of even 
 the same size and importance. 
 
 XVII. The crypt, which is entered from the south 
 
Crgpt. 45 
 
 transept, is one of five English eastern crypts founded 
 before 1085 ; (the others are Canterbury, Winchester, 
 
 Crypt. 
 
 Rochester, and "Worcester). After that date (with one 
 exception, the Early English crypt at Hereford — see 
 that cathedral) they ceased to be constructed, except 
 in continuation of former ones. The crypt of Gloucester 
 extends under the whole of the choir, with its aisles 
 and chapels ; and the original form of the eastern end 
 is here at once evident. , 
 
 "The outer walls of the crypt are about 10 ft. thick, 
 and the aisle floor is on an average 8 ft. deep below the 
 level of the soil on the outside. The centre part is 
 divided by two rows of small columns, from which 
 
46 §kmmtzt €ut\izbxul 
 
 spring groined arches carding the floor of the choir. 
 The bases and capitals of these are much out of level, 
 falling considerably from west to east, and from north 
 
 to south It is evident that great alterations have 
 
 from time to time been made in this part of the build- 
 ing : the large semicircular columns against the walls, 
 though of great antiquity, are not part of the original 
 structure, but are casings, in which are enclosed the 
 former and smaller piers ; and the ribs springing from 
 their capitals are built under, and with a view to sup- 
 port the groins V 
 
 Much soil has been cleared from the crypt, and the 
 original floors of the chapels have been laid open. 
 These are composed of a rough concrete. There is 
 a step into each chapel, and the floors rise gradually 
 toward the east end. All contain remains of altars 
 and piscinas, generally of later date than the crypt 
 itself. The chapel adjoining the north transept was 
 groined and decorated in the latter part of the thirteenth 
 century. The windows of the crypt have been opened 
 and glazed. 
 
 XVIII. The cloisters, [Plate VIII.,] which are en- 
 tered from the nave, rank among the finest examples 
 in the kingdom. They were commenced by Abbot 
 Houtok, (1351 — 1377); and completed by Abbot 
 Frotjcesteb, (1381—1412). 
 
 The view looking down either of the walks is very 
 fine, mainly owing to the richness of the groined roof, 
 which is the earliest existing example of the fan- vault. 
 * F. S. Waller. 
 
GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. PLATE VIII. 
 
 THE CLOISTERS. 
 THE " CAROLS " IN THE SOUTH WALK. 
 
GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 THE LAVATORY IN THE CLOISTERS. 
 
Cloisters. 
 
 47 
 
 This style of vaulting is entirely peculiar to England ; 
 and Professor Willis has suggested that the school of 
 masons who were employed in this cathedral may have 
 originated it y. The wall sides of the cloisters are pa- 
 nelled ; and the windows, divided by a transom, have 
 rich Perpendicular tracery. The lights above the tran- 
 som were glazed. " The construction of the outer walls 
 is peculiar as to the arrangement of the buttresses, and 
 the projecting shelf of stone connected with the tran- 
 soms of the windows, which was evidently meant as 
 a protection from the weather for the lower half of 
 the windows, — which was not glazed z ." Each walk is 
 divided into ten compartments. In the south walk are 
 the ' Carols' — places for writing or study, twenty in 
 number, formed by a series of arches, running below 
 the main windows. In each ' carol' is a small and 
 graceful window, of two lights. (Similar stalls or 
 ' carols' existed at Durham.) The very fine view at 
 the angle of the south and west walks should espe- 
 cially be noticed. In the north walk are the lavatories, 
 [Plate IX.,] projecting into the cloister garth : these 
 are very perfect. Under the windows is a long trough 
 or basin into which the water flowed. The roof is 
 groined. Opposite, in the wall of the cloister, is the 
 recess for towels, or manutergia. 
 
 In the east walk are some memorial windows of 
 stained glass ; and it is proposed to fill the whole of 
 the cloisters with glass, forming, when completed, a 
 History of our Lord. "This scheme was originated 
 r Gent. Mag., Sept. 1860. 2 F. S. Waller. 
 
48 (felmtunht Ca%braL 
 
 with a view to check the disfigurement of the cathe- 
 dral by monuments of any other description." 
 
 XIX. The chapter-house opens from the east walk 
 through a Norman arch enriched with zigzag ornament. 
 The chapter-house itself (72 ft. by 34) is a long par- 
 allelogram of four bays, three of which are Norman, 
 and the most easterly a Perpendicular addition. This 
 part is finely groined, and has a large Perpendicular 
 window. Bound the Norman portion. [Plate X.] is an 
 arcade of four arches in each bay. The manner in 
 which the shafts carrying the vaulting -ribs are set 
 back in the wall, between the shafts of the arcade, 
 should be noticed. The plain vault has large ribs, 
 15 ft. apart. Rude inscriptions and shields are traceable 
 on the wall-arcade. The floor has been covered with 
 encaustic tiles, copied accurately from the old work. 
 
 Between the chapter-house and the north transept 
 is the short passage called the " Abbot's Cloister and 
 above it the Chapter Library, — probably the original 
 library of the monastery. This is a long room, of Per- 
 pendicular character, with a roof of dark oak, a row of 
 small windows on the north side, and a large Perpen- 
 dicular window east. The room has been well and 
 thoroughly restored, and the books properly arranged. 
 The most important manuscripts are — a transcript of 
 Abbot Proucester's Lives of the Abbots of Gloucester, 
 from the foundation of the monastery to 1381 ; (the 
 original MS. of this work — unless it be that recently 
 found under the Bolls Chapel — is no longer known to 
 exist. It is said to have disappeared from the Chapter 
 
GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 THE CHAPTER-HOUSE, 
 
 (THE NORMAN PORTION). 
 
€xtztxax. 
 
 49 
 
 Library at the beginning of the present century. This 
 transcript was made by Dr. Hall, Master of Pembroke 
 College, Oxford. There are others in the library of 
 Queen's College, Oxford, and in the British Museum). 
 — A Register of Documents relating to the Abbey, also 
 made by Abbot Proucester ; and another Register, com- 
 piled by the last abbot, Parker, or Malvern. 
 
 XX. Returning to the exterior of the church, the west 
 front (Abbot Morwent's work, 1420 — 1437, see §§ it.,t.) 
 may first be visited. This is not very rich or striking, but 
 the pierced buttresses of the window, and the parapets 
 of open-work below and above, should be noticed. The 
 composition of Abbot Thokey's south aisle, with its 
 massive buttresses and deeply recessed windows, is 
 unusually fine. On the upper part of the buttresses 
 is a series of figures, finely designed, and well de- 
 serving attention. At the transept commences the 
 Perpendicular transformation. The turrets at the 
 angles are Norman, with interlacing arcades above ; 
 the cappings are later. The gables are filled with 
 a series of round-headed arches, rising one above 
 another; and traces of the original Norman window- 
 openings remain in the walls. The parapets and win- 
 dows shew the later alterations. Buttresses of the 
 central tower pass across the east and west sides of 
 the transept. 
 
 The polygonal shape of the radiating chapels — very 
 unusual in Norman architecture — should here be noticed 
 from the exterior ; as well as the manner in which the 
 Lady-chapel is connected with the choir. At the north- 
 
 VOL. III. E 
 
50 §MmUx Cu%bral. 
 
 west angle of this chapel is a fragment of the original 
 Norman work which belonged to the central apse, and 
 was turned to account in Abbot Horton's rebuilding of 
 the east end. The light buttresses which support the 
 great east window are pierced so as not to obstruct the 
 light. The central gable of the open parapet above the 
 window retains a figure of our Lord on the cross. 
 
 The last bay of the Lady-chapel has an open passage 
 below it, which was rendered necessary at the time of 
 the building of the chapel, from the fact that the 
 boundary wall of the monastery passed north and south 
 in a line with the extreme eastern buttresses. (The 
 marks of this wall may still be seen on the buttresses.) 
 The archway is picturesque in itself. A very striking 
 view of the north-east portion of the cathedral opens 
 beyond it ; full of varied and intricate outlines formed 
 by the projecting chapels and the walls of the cloister 
 and chapter-house, and crowned by the great mass of 
 the central tower with its deep shadows and its fret- 
 work of grey stone. 
 
 The tower (see § in.) was (as appears from the in- 
 scription within, § x.) the work of Abbot Seaeeoke, (1450 
 — 1457,) and was, said one of the monks to Leland 
 (temp. Hen. VIII.), " a pharos to all parts of the hills." 
 The singular beauty of its pinnacles of open-work has 
 already been noticed. 
 
 A passage called the Abbot's Cloister separates the 
 chapter-house from the north transept. The cloister 
 itself, however, extended beyond this passage eastward. 
 The inner walls alone remain. The eastern wall has 
 
51 
 
 entirely disappeared; and beyond it are some trans- 
 itional Norman arches, which belonged to the infirmary 
 of the monastery. 
 
 NOTE, (p. 33). 
 
 Since the foregoing pages were in type, Mr. Winston has 
 arrived at some very important and interesting conclusions 
 relating to the east window of the choir. The general design 
 of the figure-work is the Enthronement of the Blessed Virgin. 
 The original arms in the window were those of warriors who 
 served in the Cressy campaign, and who were connected with 
 the county of Gloucester by their landed possessions; and 
 there is ground for a surmise that the donor of the glass was 
 Lord Bradeston, Governor of Gloucester Castle. The con- 
 ception of the work may be attributed to 1347 or 1348, and 
 it was completed not later than 1350. 
 
 The saving of this noble relic from the destructive effects 
 of a c restoration' is due to the energetic remonstrances of the 
 Archaeological Institute; in the Journal of which Society 
 the results of Mr. Winston's investigations, briefly stated 
 above, will soon, it is to be hoped, appear. They will be 
 eagerly welcomed by all who are interested in the subject. 
 
GLOUCESTEB CATHEDEAL. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Ptstotg of % ^zt t foitfj ^Iiort ^iatkzB of % 
 principal §h§op. 
 
 T7ERY ancient traditions, which were accepted as facts 
 * . throughout the Middle Ages, connected Gloucester with 
 the first introduction of Christianity to Roman Britain. It 
 was said to have been the chief city of Lucius, the British 
 King who, about the year 160, sent messengers to Rome 
 with a request that Pope Eleutherius would despatch 
 Christian teachers into Britain, who might teach Lucius him- 
 self and his people. This was accordingly done. Lucius was 
 baptized at Gloucester, and after estabhshing Christianity 
 throughout the island, died at Gloucester in the year 201, 
 and was buried in a church which he had built on the site 
 of the existing cathedral 3 . What amount of truth may be 
 involved in this story is altogether uncertain. The first who 
 mentions the conversion of Lucius is Bede\ His death is 
 placed at Gloucester by Matthew Paris, and by others of 
 the later chroniclers ; and his legend (for it is little more) 
 
 a Other traditions connect Lucius with Kent, and make 
 Chilham Castle, near Canterbury, his principal stronghold. Be- 
 sides Gloucester, he is the traditional founder of Canterbury and 
 Winchester Cathedrals, and of many churches. Another legend 
 asserts that he resigned his crown, and after preaching Chris- 
 tianity throughout France and Germany, became Bishop of Coire 
 in the Grisons, where he died, and where his relics are still shewn. 
 
 b Hist. Eccl., lib. i. cap. 4. 
 
has been illustrated in a window of stained glass, lately 
 inserted in the nave of the Cathedral, (see Pt. I. § vi.) 
 
 Gloucester, the British Cair glou, the Roman Glevum, had 
 been walled during the Roman period, and was one of the 
 strong "ceasters" of Mercia. In 681 it was granted by 
 Ethelred of Mercia to Osric, as "underking" or viceroy of 
 the district. Osric is said to have completed the establish- 
 ment of a convent of nuns, which had been commenced in 
 Gloucester by Wulphere, brother of Ethelred; and Arch- 
 bishop Theodore of Canterbury dedicated it in honour of 
 St. Peter. Osric was accordingly regarded as the founder 
 of the monastery, which continued under the rule of an 
 abbess until a.d. 767, between which year and 821 it lay 
 desolate, and the nuns were dispersed. In a.d. 821, Beorn- 
 ulph of Mercia restored the convent, and established in it 
 a body of secular canons. They remained until 1022, when 
 Canute introduced Benedictines in their place. Prom that 
 tune until the dissolution the abbey increased steadily in 
 wealth and importance. The reception of the body of 
 Edward II. brought vast sums to its treasury; and under 
 Abbot Proucester it was raised to the dignity of a mitred 
 abbey, by Pope Urban YI. Its income at the Dissolution 
 was, according to Speed, £1,550. 
 
 The first Parliament after the Conquest was assembled by 
 Henry I. in tins abbey, and the young King, Henry III., 
 (then but nine years old,) was crowned in the church, 
 October 28, 1216. Richard II. held a Parliament in the 
 great hall of the abbey, in November, 1378. 
 
 The most important Abbots were — 
 [a.d. 1072 — 1104.] Seklo, who laid the foundation of the 
 present church, dedicated in the year 1100. [a.d. 1113 — 
 1130.] William, in whose time (1122) Serb's church was 
 greatly injured by fire, (see Pt. I.) [a.d. 1139—1148.] 
 Gilbert Poliot, who in the latter year became Bishop of 
 Hereford, and in 1163 was translated to London. He was 
 the well-known opponent of Becket, [a.d. 1306 — 1329.] 
 
54 
 
 John Thokey, who built the south aisle of the nave, (see 
 Pt. I. § vii.,) and received the body of Edward II., (Pt. I. 
 § xii.) [a.d. 1329 — 1337.] John Wygemore, who com- 
 menced the great change in the architecture of the church 
 by his reconstruction of the south transept, (Pt. I. § vm.) 
 [a.d. 1337 — 1351.] Adam de Staunton ; and [a.d. 1351— 
 1377] Thomas de Horton ; who carried forward the work 
 in the choir and north transept. (Pt. I. § § ix., x.) [a.d. 
 1381 — 1412.] "Walter Eroucester, the historian of the 
 Abbey, (see Pt. I. § xviii.,) who built much of the cloister 
 and who procured the grant of the mitre from Urban YI. 
 [a.d. 1420 — 1437.] John Morwent, who rebuilt part of 
 west end of the church, (Pt. I. § vn.) [a.d. 1450—1457.] 
 Thomas Seabroke, who built the tower, [a.d. 1457 — 
 1472.] Richard Hanley ; and [a.d. 1472—1498] William 
 Parley, who built the Lady-chapel, [a.d. 1515 — 1539.] 
 William Malverne, or Parker, the last abbot, who sub- 
 scribed to the King's supremacy in 1534, and died soon 
 after the Dissolution. 
 
 Robert of Gloucester, whose rhyming "Chronicle of 
 Englonde," is important, both historically and as an example 
 of " middle English," was a monk of this abbey, during the 
 reigns of Henry III. and John. His Chronicle was edited 
 by Hearne. 
 
 Until 1541 the whole of Gloucestershire lay within 
 the diocese of Worcester. In that year the see of Glou- 
 cester was erected, and the abbey church, which was re- 
 dedicated to the "Holy and Individed Trinity," became 
 its cathedral. The first bishop was — 
 [a.d. 1541 — 1549.] John Wakeman, who had been Abbot 
 of Tewkesbury, and one of Henry the Eighth's chaplains. 
 He was a person of considerable learning, and had revised 
 the translation of the Book of Revelation, in Cranmer's 
 Bible. 
 
 [a.d. 1551 — Eeb. 9, 1555.] John Hooper had been edu- 
 cated at Merton College, Oxford, and afterwards became 
 
55 
 
 a monk at Cleeves, in Somerset, his native county. He 
 returned to Oxford, however, where he soon embraced the 
 reformed doctrines, and was consequently obliged to leave 
 the University in 1539. After many wanderings in Ireland, 
 in Erance, and in Switzerland, Hooper returned to England 
 on the accession of Edward VI. ; and in 1549 became one 
 of the accusers of Bishop Bonner, who was deprived in 
 that year. Having with much difficulty overcome his own 
 scruples as to the lawfulness of wearing episcopal robes c , 
 Hooper, who had been appohited to the see of Gloucester 
 by the influence of the Earl of Warwick, was consecrated at 
 Lambeth by Archbishop Cranmer. In the following year 
 (1552) Bishop Hooper surrendered his see to the Crown. 
 Bishop Heath of Worcester was deprived at the same time. 
 Gloucestershire was at first converted into an archdeaconry, 
 dependent on Worcester; but the two sees were after- 
 wards (Dec. 1552) united, and bestowed on Hooper. The 
 bishops were to be entitled of "Gloucester and Wor- 
 cester," and were to reside one year in each city, alter- 
 nately. This arrangement only continued until the death 
 of Edward VI. 
 
 After the accession of Mary, Hooper was summoned to 
 London, (August 1553,) and was for some time confined in 
 the Fleet prison; his see was declared void, and after 
 an examination before Bishop Gardiner and others, he 
 was condemned to be burnt as a heretic. The sentence 
 was accordingly carried out at Gloucester, Eeb. 9, 1555. 
 A monument has lately been erected on the scene of his 
 death. 
 
 a.d. 1554 — 1558.] James Brookes, "a zealous papist, 5 ' 
 succeeded, but to the see of Gloucester only. On his death 
 the see remained vacant for three years. 
 
 a.d. 1562—1579.] Richard Cheyney held the see of 
 
 e See the whole discussion in Collier's Church History, Pt. II. 
 bk. iv. 
 
56 
 
 (SdlovctznUx Catljebral. 
 
 Bristol in commendam. On his death, the see remained 
 vacant until 
 
 [a.d. 1581 — 1598,] John Bullingham was appointed to it. 
 Until 1589 he held Bristol in commendam. 
 
 [a.d. 1598 — 1604.] Godfrey Goldsbrough held the see of 
 Worcester in commendam. 
 
 [a.d. 1605, translated to London 1607.] Thomas Ravis, 
 Dean of Christ Church, Oxford. He was a prelate of some 
 learning, and was the translator of part of the New Testa- 
 ment in James the First's Bible. 
 
 [a.d. 1607, translated to Worcester 1610.] Henry Parry, 
 Dean of Chester. James I. said of him that "he never 
 heard a better or more eloquent preacher." 
 
 [a.d. 1611 — 1612.] Giles Thompson, Dean of Windsor, died 
 without having ever visited his new diocese. 
 
 [a.d. 1612 — 1624.] Miles Smith, a prelate of great learning, 
 translator of the whole of the Prophets for James the First's 
 Bible, for which also he wrote the Preface, — " as a comely 
 gate to a glorious city, which remains under his own hand 
 in the "University Library in Oxford d ." He is called by 
 Sir Robert Atkyns (History of Gloucestershire) a "stiff 
 Calvinist, and a great favourer of the Puritans." He was 
 buried in the Lady-chapel of the cathedral, " under a plain 
 stone, without any inscription." 
 
 [a.d. 1625, suspended 1640, died 1656.] Godfrey Goodman, 
 Dean of Rochester. Bishop Goodman was strongly sus- 
 pected of an inclination to Romanism : a curious entry in 
 a volume now in the Chapter Library at Gloucester proves 
 that that suspicion was far from being without foundation ; 
 and Fuller asserts that he " died a professed Romanist, as 
 appeared by his will e ." In 1640 he was suspended by 
 Archbishop Laud, for refusing to subscribe the Canons, and 
 was committed for some time to the Gate House ; " where," 
 says Fuller, " he got by his restraint what he could never 
 
 d Fuller's Worthies — Herefordshire. 
 e Worthies — Denbighshire. 
 
^hahavc to %baIL 
 
 57 
 
 have got by his liberty, namely, of one repnted Popish to 
 become for a short time popular, as the only confessor 
 suffering for not subscribing the Canons f ." He afterwards 
 subscribed, and was restored, but soon had to bear his full 
 share of the troubles during the time of the Commonwealth. 
 He died in London, 1656, and was buried in St. Margaret's 
 Church, Westminster. 
 
 [a.d. 1661—1672.] William Nicolson was appointed to the 
 see on the Restoration. 
 
 [a.d. 1672—1681.] John Pritchett. 
 
 [a.d. 1681, deprived 1691.] Robert Prampton had been 
 Dean of Gloucester since 1673. He was one of the Non- 
 juring bishops, and retired, on his deprivation, to the living 
 of Standish, in Gloucestershire, which he had held with the 
 bishopric. He died in 1708, and was buried in the chancel 
 of the church at Standish. 
 
 [a.d. 1691 — 1714.] Edward Powder was the son of a 
 Presbyterian who had been intruded, during the Common- 
 wealth, into the living of Westerleigh, near Bristol. Powler 
 himself conformed after the Uestoration, and was raised to 
 the see of Gloucester on the deprivation of Bishop Pramp- 
 ton. He belonged to the school of " Latitudhiarian divines," 
 then in special favour, and published many books which are 
 now of little value. Bishop Powler died at Chelsea, Aug. 
 26, 1714, and was buried at Hendon, in Middlesex, in 
 which church there is a monument to his memory. 
 
 [a.d. 1715, translated to Salisbury 1721.] Richard Willis, 
 Dean of Lincoln. Prom Salisbury Bishop Willis was trans- 
 lated to Winchester, in 1725. 
 
 [a.d. 1721, translated to Rochester 1731.] Joseph Wilcocks. 
 Bishop Wilcocks held the deanery of Westminster with the 
 see of Rochester. The western towers of Westminster 
 A.bbey were built during his rule. 
 
 [a.d. 1731 — 1733.] Elias Sydall, translated to Gloucester 
 
 f Church Hist., bk. xi. 
 
58 
 
 from St. David's. With Gloucester he held the deanery of 
 Canterbury. 
 
 [a.d. 1735—1752.] Martin Benson. In 1741 Bishop 
 Benson re-paved the choir of the cathedral, and added 
 pinnacles to the Lady-chapel. 
 
 [a.d 1652, translated to Worcester 1759.] James Johnson. 
 In 1774 he was killed by a fall from his horse, at Bath. 
 
 [a.d. 1760 — 1779.] William Warburton, whose name is 
 better known than that of any other prelate who has filled 
 the see ; and who was not the least remarkable among the 
 men of letters of the eighteenth century. Warburton was 
 the eldest son of an attorney at Newark-upon-Trent, and 
 was born there, Dec. 24, 1691. He was educated at 
 Oakham, in Rutlandshire, and was intended for his father's 
 profession, which he followed for a short time. He left it 
 for the Church, however, and was in Orders in 1728, when 
 his patron, Sir Robert Sutton, gave him the rectory of 
 Burnt Broughton, in Lincolnshire. Here he remained, for 
 some years, and wrote here the first part of his "Divine 
 Legation of Moses," which procured him an introduction to 
 the Prince of Wales, who made him one of his chaplains. 
 In 1746 he was chosen Preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and in 
 1757 became Dean of Bristol. In 1760 he was raised to 
 the see of Gloucester, and died at the palace there, aged 81, 
 June 7, 1779. 
 
 Bishop Warburton was the close friend and companion of 
 Pope, who derived much assistance from his criticism, and 
 whose works he edited. His own most important works 
 are "The Divine Legation of Moses," and "Julian," a 
 discourse concerning the earthquake and fiery eruption 
 which defeated the Emperor's attempt to rebuild the 
 temple at Jerusalem. The entire fist of his works is 
 a long one, and his literary life belongs too completely 
 to the literary history of the century to be further no- 
 ticed here. "He was a man," writes Dr. Johnson, "of 
 vigorous faculties, a mind fervid and vehement, supplied 
 
gisfrops mnxbnxton to §zfyrtl 
 
 59 
 
 by incessant and unlimited enquiry, with wonderful extent 
 and variety of knowledge, which yet had not oppressed his 
 imagination, nor clouded his perspicacity. To every work 
 he brought a memory full fraught, together with a fancy 
 fertile of original combinations; and at once exerted the 
 powers of the scholar, the reasoner, and the wit. But his 
 knowledge was too multifarious to be always exact, and 
 his pursuits were too eager to be always cautious. His 
 abilities gave him a haughty consequence, which he dis- 
 dained to conceal or mollify ; and his impatience of opposi- 
 tion disposed him to treat his adversaries with such con- 
 temptuous superiority as made his readers commonly his 
 enemies, and excited against the advocate the wishes of 
 some who favoured the cause. He seems to have adopted 
 the Romau Emperor's determination, 'oderint dummetuant;' 
 he used no allurements of gentle language, but wished to 
 compel rather than persuade." 
 
 All that modern readers can desire to know of Bishop 
 Warburton, will be found in his Life by the Rev. J. S. 
 Watson. London, 1863. He was buried in the nave of 
 Ins cathedral ; (Pt. I. § vi.) 
 
 [a.d. 1779, translated to Ely 1781.] James Yorke, translated 
 to Gloucester from St. David's. He was the youngest son 
 of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke. 
 
 [a.d. 1781, translated to St. Asaph 1789.] Samuel Hallipax ; 
 had been successively Professor of Arabic and Regius Pro- 
 fessor of Civil Law in the University of Cambridge. 
 
 [a.d. 1789, translated to Bath and Wells 1802.] Richard 
 Beadon. 
 
 [a.d. 1802, translated to Hereford 1815.] George Isa&c 
 Huntingeord, Warden of Winchester College. 
 
 [a.d. 1.815, translated to Lichfield 1824.] Henry Ryder, 
 brother of the Earl of Harrowby. 
 
 [a.d. 1824, translated to Exeter, and thence to Bangor, 1830.] 
 Christopher Bethell. 
 
60 
 
 [a.d. 1830 — 1856.] James Henry Monk. In the year 
 1836 the diocese of Bristol was united to that of Gloucester. 
 The bishops of Gloucester and Bristol, after Bishop Monk, 
 have been 
 
 [a.d. 1856, translated to Durham 1861.] Charles Baring, 
 [a.d. 1861, translated to York 1862.] William Thomson, 
 [a.d. 1863.] Charles J. Ellicott. 
 
THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR. 
 
■f * * ' 
 
 
 
 mi ♦ • 
 
 
 
 mb # b • 
 
 He j £ 
 
 
 
 if * 
 
 F 0 i 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 HI * * 
 
 
 
 
 f| R 
 
 - — 
 
 LH2 M 2ii. 
 
 
 A North Torch. 
 B Nave. 
 C JVwi*. 
 
 D West Front. [The outline shews tlu 
 extent of the Norman nave befort 
 the fall of the western tower.) 
 
 E E Nave-aisles. 
 
 F Central Tower. 
 
 G Choir. 
 
 H North Transept. 
 
 I North Choir-aisle. 
 
 K North-east Transept. 
 
 L P" estibule of Lady-chapel. 
 
 M Lady-chapel. 
 
 N South-east. Transept. 
 
 O South Choir-aisle. 
 
 P P Rooms used as Vestries. 
 
 Q South Transept. 
 
 P R Cloister. 
 
 S £i£e 0/ Chapter-house. 
 
 PEFEPENCES. 
 
 T Vicars'' Cloister. 
 U Pore/;, rmd Staircase to Crypt. 
 V fflte of Norman Chapel. 
 
 1 0/ Sir Richard Pembridgc. 
 
 2 Door into Cloister. 
 
 3 Choir -screen. 
 
 4 T?//?,?;/ of Bishop Stanbery. 
 
 5 Pedestal of the Cantilupe Shrme. 
 
 6 To;»Z> of Bishop d' A cquablanca. 
 
 7 Z>oor to Chapter Library. 
 
 8 7?/s/i.o/j Stanbery's Chantry. 
 
 9 Tomb of Bishop Sit-in field. 
 
 10 J?#y/// of Dean Bercw. 
 
 11 »/ « A"///'///;; 1 0/ i?o/»m 
 family. 
 
 12 7?///V/;/ of Joanna de Bohun. 
 
 13 Audley Chapel. 
 
 14 Monument of Bishop Mayew. 
 
 15 of Sir Alexander Benton. 
 
 GROUND-PLAN, HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 Scale, 100 ft. to 1 in. 
 
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PAKT I. 
 
 I. The very interesting cathedral of Hereford, which 
 represents an episcopal see existing, it is possible, before 
 the arrival of St. Augustine, (see Pt. II.,) has suffered 
 much from the hand of time, and more perhaps from 
 so-called restoration. On Easter Monday, 1786, the 
 western tower (a later erection than the Norman nave) 
 fell, carrying with it the west front, and greatly in- 
 juring the first bay of the nave. The architect Wyatt 
 was then at work on Salisbury Cathedral; and the 
 restoration of Hereford was unhappily placed in his 
 hands. With "Wyatt, restoration meant destruction. 
 Between the years 1788 and 1797 he expended a sum 
 of £20,000 on this cathedral; shortening the nave by 
 one entire bay ; destroying the Norman triforium and 
 clerestory, which he replaced by others of his own de- 
 vice; and constructing the present west front, which 
 it is to be hoped will not be permitted to exist much 
 longer. In 1841, at the request of the late Bishop 
 Musgrave, a report on the actual condition of the 
 cathedral was drawn up by Professor Willis ; from 
 which it appeared that the piers of the central tower 
 
64 fmforfc Ca%teal. 
 
 were in a condition of much clanger, and that the 
 eastern gable of the Lady-chapel would inevitably fall 
 unless preventive measures were at once taken. Ac- 
 cordingly, these and other repairs and " restorations" 
 were effected between 1841 and 1852, at a cost of 
 £27,000. The architect employed was Mr. L. N. Cot- 
 tingham ; and the then Dean Meeewethee's own super- 
 intendence — whose zeal for the restoration of the build- 
 ing cannot be mentioned with too great respect — was 
 unremitting until his death in 1850. Mr. Cottingham 
 was not so completely destructive as Wyatt had been, 
 but he rebuilt rather than restored, and allowed his 
 masons to re-work ancient sculptures. Since the year 
 1858 the final restoration of Hereford Cathedral has 
 been in the hands of Mr. G. G. Scott, and it need 
 hardly be said that the work has been of a very dif- 
 ferent character. "Where reconstruction has been neces- 
 sary, every stone has been preserved, and, if possible, 
 replaced. Whitewash and other defects have been re- 
 moved with a sort of wire comb, which effectually 
 cleans the stone, but does not remove ancient tool 
 marks ; and the sculpture and foliage consequently re- 
 main uninjured. These last works, completed in the 
 year 1863, (when, on the 30th of June, the cathedral 
 was solemnly re-opened,) effectually set forth the ori- 
 ginal beauty of the building, which ranks among the 
 most interesting cathedrals in England. 
 
 The extent and nature of the different restorations 
 will be pointed out as we proceed. It is no doubt to 
 be regretted that so much rebuilding should have been 
 
piatorg* 65 
 
 necessary ; but this has been partly owing to original 
 defects of construction, and partly to the nature of the 
 stone, which was taken, apparently without much care 
 in selection, from quarries in the old red sandstone, 
 near the city. This stone is so much weather-worn in 
 parts as to resemble the face of a sea cliff. Throughout 
 Wyatt's rebuilding and all the restorations, the new 
 stone has been brought from the Caplar quarries near 
 Eawley ; from Lugwardine ; and from some quarries 
 nearer Hereford ; also in the old red sandstone, but 
 yielding blocks of a much harder and more durable 
 character. 
 
 II. The Saxon Bishop Ethelstan- (1012—1056) 
 built a church from the foundations ; which shortly 
 after the accession of his successor, Leofgar, (1056,) 
 was burnt together with the greater part of the city, by 
 the Welsh king Gryffyth. The first Norman bishop, 
 Robert ee Losinga, (1079 — 1096,) who found his ca- 
 thedral in ruins, began to rebuild it, taking for his 
 model the church of Aachen, or Aix la Chapelle, — the 
 work of Charlemagne a . This building was so far com- 
 pleted as to be dedicated (in the names of the Blessed 
 Virgin and of Ethelbert King of East Anglia, see § x. 
 and Pt. II.) in 1110, during the episcopate of Rein- 
 helm, (1107—1115). The Norman portions of the 
 existing cathedral (the piers of the nave, the choir as 
 high as the clerestory, and the south transept,) belong 
 to Bishop Robert's cathedral. With the exception of 
 
 a William of Malmesbury. No work of this early period now 
 remains at Aix. 
 
 VOL. III. E 
 
66 f mkxb Ca%braL 
 
 its first foundation, however, and of the walls of the 
 nave-aisles, "it is much to he regretted that the period 
 of erection of no one part of this cathedral has been 
 recorded b ;" and we are left to assign the various dates 
 from the character of the architecture alone. They are 
 probably as follows : — 
 
 Norman, 1079 — 1115. Piers of nave, choir as high as 
 clerestory, and south transept, (which has had Perpendicu- 
 lar alterations). 
 
 Early 'English, circ. 1190. Vestibule of Lady-chapel. 
 
 Early English, circ. 1220. Lady-chapel. 
 
 Early English, circ. 1260 ? Clerestory and vaulting of choir. 
 
 Transitional, horn Early English to Decorated, 1282—1287. 
 North transept. 
 
 Geometrical, (Early Decorated,) 1287 — 1320. Eastern tran- 
 sept. Upper part of central tower. 
 
 Late Decorated, 1360 — 1364. Outer walls and windows of 
 nave-aisles. 
 
 Perpendicular, 1492 — 1502. Bishop Audley's chantry. 1516 
 — 1535. The north porch. 
 
 It thus appears that (besides the Norman work) 
 Hereford Cathedral is principally rich in the architec- 
 ture of the Early English and Geometrical periods. 
 The Norman portions are curious and important. The 
 Early English Lady-chapel is an excellent example ; 
 but the most remarkable part of the building is un- 
 questionably the north transept. Bishop Cantilupe, 
 who died in 1282, (and was canonized in 1320,) was 
 buried in the Lady-chapel, which was the first addition 
 
 b Report of a Survey of the Dilapidated Portions of Hereford 
 Cathedral, in the year 1841. By Professor Willis. Hereford, 1842. 
 
67 
 
 to the Norman church. The north transept (into which 
 the relics of the "bishop were removed in 1287) was to 
 all appearance built expressly for the reception of the 
 Cantilupe shrine; and the further changes and addi- 
 tions during the early Decorated period may safely he 
 assigned to the increase of riches and consequence which 
 the possession of this shrine brought to the cathedral. 
 In the same manner, at Gloucester (see that Cathedral) 
 the possession of the remains of Edward II. was the 
 cause of the entire alteration of the abbey church. 
 
 III. Hereford Cathedral is open on the north side, and 
 a good general view may be obtained from the Close, 
 [Frontispiece,"] through which it is approached. On the 
 south side the bishop's palace and the college of the vicars 
 choral fill the space between it and the river Wye. East- 
 ward the cathedral was closely pressed on by the out- 
 works of the castle, anciently one of the strongest on the 
 "Welsh marches, but of which only the foundations now 
 remain. The Norman cathedral, built, as has been said, 
 in imitation of that of Aachen, terminated eastward in 
 a triple apse. (Compare Norwich, the most perfect ex- 
 ample of a Norman ground-plan now existing.) The 
 central apse was destroyed, in all probability, on the 
 formation of the Lady-chapel ; and the side apses, at 
 a somewhat later period, were converted into the eastern 
 transept, as it now appears. This double transept (pos- 
 sibly suggested by that at Worcester, which is a cen- 
 tury earlier ; see that Cathedral) combines, with Bishop 
 Booth's large projecting porch, in producing a degree 
 of intricacy in the general outline, the effect of which 
 
68 frnforb Ca%bral. 
 
 is not lessened by the various alterations and "restora- 
 tions, which, however necessary, render it difficult to 
 distinguish between the new work and the old. 
 
 IV. The cathedral is entered, on the north side, 
 through an elaborate Perpendicular porch, completed 
 in 1530 by Bishop Booth. It is of two stages. The 
 lower is formed by three wide, open arches, at the 
 outer angles of which are octagonal buttress-turrets, 
 capped by very picturesque lanterns. The parvise 
 chamber, forming the second stage, is lighted by three 
 large Perpendicular windows, with rich tracery. This 
 porch projects beyond an inner and smaller one, of the 
 Decorated period, to which the doorway opening to 
 the church (the mouldings of which should be noticed) 
 belongs. The doors themselves are modern, and are 
 covered with very good iron-work, designed by Mr. 
 Cottingham, jun., and executed by Messrs. Potter of 
 London. The hinges alone cost £140. 
 
 Y. On entering the nave, the visitor should pass at 
 once to the west end, where he will obtain the best 
 general view. The great piers are Norman, and part 
 of the original church. The triforium and clerestory 
 and the vaulting of the roof are Wyatt's work, (1788 — 
 1797,) as is the western wall with its doorway. The 
 nave-aisles belong to the Decorated period. Wyatt, it 
 must be remembered, shortened the original nave by 
 one entire bay. The eye is at once struck by the mas- 
 sive grandeur of the great Norman piers and arches, and 
 by the unusual darkness of the choir. Beyond the lofty 
 circular arches of the central tower, and the superb 
 
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 ARCHES OF NAY r & 
 
Safe*. 69 
 
 modern screen on its eastern side, is seen the eastern 
 wall of the choir, pierced below with a wide circular 
 arch, receding in many orders, and. above by three 
 broad lancet lights. The lower arch is divided by 
 a central pillar, from which spring two pointed arches, 
 the spandrel between which is sculptured from a design 
 of Cottingham's. Beyond, again, is seen the east wall 
 of the Lady-chapel, with its enriched lancets, and foli- 
 ated ornaments above them. The effect of these three 
 receding distances, with their varying light and shade, 
 is unusually fine, and is not a little increased by the 
 solemnity of the darkened choir. This darkness results 
 partly from the heavy Norman architecture of the 
 choir itself, and partly from the lofty transepts, which 
 abut on it on either side. The nave and choir are 
 of the same width (73^ ft., including aisles; actual 
 breadth of vaulting to nave and choir 31^ ft.) and 
 height (70 ft.) 
 
 The nave [Plate L] now consists of seven bays. The 
 massive circular piers have double half-shafts set against 
 their north and south fronts. (The greater part of these 
 are restorations, the original shafts havingbeencut away. ) 
 The bases are plain. The capitals of piers and shafts 
 are rich and varied, especially those of the four eastern- 
 most piers, which have some very rich knot- work and 
 foliage. The main arches recede in three orders, and 
 are much enriched with the billet and other mouldings. 
 The Norman work throughout the cathedral, when com- 
 pared with that of the great buildings of the same age 
 in the eastern counties, (Ely, Peterborough, or Norwich,) 
 
70 f mfafe Ca%bral. 
 
 displays a richer and more involved class of orna- 
 ment ; such as reaches its highest development in the 
 elaborate doorways of Kilpeck and Shobdon Churches, 
 both in Herefordshire. 
 
 The triforium and clerestory, both of which are 
 "Wyatt's work, need not detain us. They are imitated 
 from the Early English of Salisbury ; and to make way 
 for them, Wyatt destroyed the original Norman work, 
 of which only a small portion had been injured by the 
 fall of the tower 0 . The vaulting- shafts run up in 
 groups of three, between each bay. The shafts them- 
 selves are restorations of the originals, much of which 
 had been cut away before the fall of the tower ; the 
 corbels, below the capitals, are modern, and were copied 
 by Cottingham from ancient examples. The roof is 
 of wood, vaulted in imitation of stone, a description 
 which is itself a condemnation. It has been coloured, 
 under Mr. Cottingham's direction, in a manner which 
 can by no means be called satisfactory. The pavement 
 throughout the nave has been laid (by Mr. Cottingham) 
 with plain red and slate-coloured tiles. Two rows of 
 gas-standards, the work of Messrs. Skidmore, are placed 
 under the arches at intervals, four on each side. 
 
 VI. The nave-aisles were almost rebuilt during the 
 late Decorated period. The Norman walls were al- 
 lowed to stand for about 2 ft. above the foundations ; 
 
 c The Norman triforium, which was a mere wall-arcade without 
 a passage, consisted of two circular arches in each bay, each arch 
 circumscribing two smaller ones. The clerestory had one lofty 
 circular arch in each bay, and had a passage throughout. 
 
#mf. $%g of Sir $L $«ttbritye. 71 
 
 and upon these bases the existing walls and windows 
 were erected. The contracts for this work, dating 
 between the years 1360 — 1364, were found by the late 
 Dean Merewether, and are now preserved in the archive 
 chamber. The vaulting of the roofs is coloured in the 
 same unpleasing manner as that of the nave. The view 
 looking up the aisle, into and beyond the transept, is 
 remarkable, owing to the many receding stages. It 
 terminates at the eastern end of the second transept. 
 
 In the second bay (counting from the west) of the 
 south aisle is the font, of Norman design, and curious. 
 The basin is circular, and has figures of the Apostles 
 beneath arches, in the spandrels of which is a leaf-orna- 
 ment. A lion projects from each corner of the base, an 
 unusual and perhaps unique example. In the fourth 
 bay is the very fine alabaster efligy of Sir Eichard 
 Pembrldge, temp. Eichard II. Sir Eichard, an ancestor 
 of the Chandos family, was one of the first knights of 
 the Garter, and was present at Poictiers. The armour 
 is an excellent example. Gold remains on the points 
 of the cap to which the camail is attached, and on the 
 jewelled sword-belt. The head rests on a tilting-helmet, 
 with a sheaf of feathers coloured green. Between the 
 feathers and the helmet is a coronet of open roses. The 
 garter is on the left leg, and the feet rest on a grey- 
 hound. This monument was originally in the church 
 of the Black Priars, and was brought thence to the 
 cathedral after the Dissolution. The right leg, which 
 had been destroyed, has been restored at the cost of the 
 Eev. Lord Saye and Sele, Canon Eesidentiary. 
 
72 fmfort* flatjpbral. 
 
 In the wall of this aisle, in the third bay from the 
 east, is the headless figure of an ecclesiastic, under a 
 Decorated arch, foliated. In the second bay is an effigy 
 of a priest of the early Decorated period, much muti- 
 lated, under a foliated arch, at the crown of which is 
 a bearded head wearing a cap. In the third bay is 
 a door opening to the cloisters, with a square heading 
 which rises above the sill of the window over it. A 
 row of heads in the hollow moulding of the door, — 
 a fac-simile of a former composition, which had be- 
 come entirely decayed, — and the modern iron-work, 
 by Potter, with which the door itself is covered, de- 
 serve notice, 
 
 A narrow and lofty Norman arch opens from this 
 aisle into the transept. 
 
 YII. The north aisle is Decorated, of the same cha- 
 racter as the south. In the third bay from the tower 
 is the north porch, (§ iv.) ; and in the bay above it is 
 the monument of Eishop Booth, (died 1535,) the con- 
 structor of the porch itself. The effigy lies under a 
 foliated arch with canopy. The Eishop, mitred and 
 fully vested, holds the crozier (the head of which has 
 been broken) wrapped with the infula, or fillet. Much 
 colour remains on this monument, which is protected 
 by its original iron-work, banded with shields and 
 heraldic ornaments. 
 
 In this aisle, a stained-glass window by Warrentois, 
 with subjects from the life of St. John the Eaptist, has 
 been inserted as a memorial of Canon Cltjtton and 
 his wife. 
 
ۤaxT-8txtzn. 73 
 
 YIII. Between the eastern piers of the central tower, 
 but projecting from their bases more than 3 ft. toward 
 the nave, is placed the magnificent screen of wrought 
 iron- work, painted and gilt, executed by Messrs. Skid- 
 more of Coventry, from the designs of Mr. G. Gr. Scott. 
 This is the second great work of the kind which has 
 been produced in England. It is in many respects finer 
 and more important than the screen at Lichfield; but 
 it is designed and constructed on precisely the same 
 principles; and affords a complete vindication of the 
 advantage and beauty of metal-work for the purpose 
 to which it is here applied. "Whilst the screen forms 
 a sufficient division between the nave and choir, its 
 extreme lightness permits the use of both tower and 
 transept for congregational purposes. 
 
 The Hereford screen consists of five main arches, 
 each subdivided by a slender shaft. The central arch, 
 wider and higher than the rest, forms the entrance, 
 and is surmounted by a lofty gable, on the summit of 
 which is the cross. Panels of hollow tracery fill in the 
 lower part of the arches on either side of the entrance, 
 to the height of about four feet. The heads of the 
 arches and the spandrels between them are enriched 
 with elaborate tracery, chiefly formed by flowers and 
 leafage ; and the design of the cornice and cresting is 
 of similar character. In the tympanum above the shaft 
 which divides the arch of entrance is a figure of the 
 Saviour, with hands outstretched in blessing. On either 
 side, placed on brackets supported by the pillars of the 
 main arch, are adoring angels, two in each group. 
 
74 fewforfr 0»%kal. 
 
 Single figures of angels, holding instruments of music, 
 are placed on brackets at the terminations of the screeu, 
 north and south. 
 
 The screen is wrought by hand throughout. It is 
 mainly constructed of iron ; but copper and brass are 
 largely used ; the first in the capitals, figures, and cor- 
 nice ; the second in the shafts of the smaller columns, 
 and in parts of the larger. Coloured mosaics have also 
 been employed. The variety of metals is another source 
 of colour; but the hammered iron-work, forming the 
 whole of the foliage, has been painted throughout. No 
 colours have been used, however, but those of the 
 oxydes of iron and copper — the metals employed 
 in the work. The result is entirely successful. The 
 beauty of the capitals of leafage, in which fine effects 
 of light and shade are produced, and of the foliage and 
 flowers in other parts of the screen, is very great ; and 
 every band and line of ornament deserves notice. The 
 forms of both leafage and flowers are to a certain ex- 
 tent conventional, but may easily be recognised. The 
 passion-flower especially has been much used, and with 
 admirable effect. On the whole it may safely be said 
 that this screen is the finest and most complete work 
 of its class which has been produced in recent times ; 
 nor would it be easy to mention any piece of ancient 
 metal- work — at least of equal dimensions — which will 
 bear comparison with it. 
 
 Near the south-west corner of the screen is placed 
 an eagle-lectern, designed by Cottingham and executed 
 by Potter. The projecting branches, for lights, are un- 
 
fazntml Cote. 
 
 75 
 
 usual and picturesque. The cost of the lectern was de- 
 frayed by the Misses Rushout; but the money was 
 misappropriated, and it was eventually paid for by sub- 
 scription. 
 
 The old pulpit, of the seventeenth century, now stands 
 against the north-west tower-pier ; but will shortly be 
 replaced by one more worthy of the cathedral. 
 
 The four great arches of the tower were in a condition 
 of much danger when Dean Mere wether commenced his 
 restorations in 1841. The piers, and the four arches 
 resting on them, were Norman; but owing to settle- 
 ments in the foundations of the nave and tower, which 
 had taken place at a very early period, they had been 
 cased and otherwise repaired during the fourteenth and 
 fifteenth centuries ; and still later (probably during the 
 episcopate of Bishop Bisse, 1712 — 1721) the two smaller 
 arches of the tower (north and south) were filled with 
 so-called "ox-eye masonry d ," supported by two seg- 
 mental arches branching from an octangular central 
 column ; whilst nearly all the smaller Norman arches in 
 connection with the tower-piers were closed with solid 
 masonry, leaving only doorways. In spite of all that 
 had been done, however, Professor "Willis, in his Report 
 of 1841, pronounced the masonry of the great arches, 
 and of the spandrel walls above, to be " in such a state 
 of ruin as to make an immediate repair absolutely 
 necessary for the preservation of the tower." The piers 
 
 d " The oxe-eye masonry is so termed because the centre of it 
 is pierced by an opening in the form of the ancient vesica piscis, 
 called by workmen an ox-eye." — Willis. 
 
76 fmforb €nfyzbxul 
 
 themselves were in a condition of less danger ; bnt Mr. 
 Cottingham, to whom the work was entrusted, proceeded 
 to remove all the additions that had been made to them 
 since the Norman period, and, in effect, to rebuild them 
 according to their original design. In this state they 
 remain at present. The arches resting on them were at 
 the same time reconstructed, and the ox-eye masonry 
 which filled those north and south was entirely re- 
 moved. 
 
 Before these restorations a vault of the fifteenth 
 century rose immediately above the great arches, and 
 concealed the upper part of the tower. This was 
 removed. The whole of the tower above the arches 
 dates from the beginning of the fourteenth century; 
 and the interior walls, which are now visible from 
 below, "are of a very singular construction; twelve 
 piers of compact masonry on each side, beside angle 
 piers, are carried up to the height of 26 ft., and con- 
 nected half-way up by a horizontal course of stone, in 
 long pieces, and by an iron bar, which runs all round 
 immediately under this bonding course. Upon these 
 gigantic stone gratings, if I may be allowed the ex- 
 pression, the interior wall of the tower rests ; and they 
 also carry the entire weight of the bell-chamber and bells. 
 I believe this construction was entirely adopted for the 
 sake of lightness 6 ." This part of the tower, which 
 has no decorative character, was not originally intended 
 to be seen from below ; and the fifteenth-century vault- 
 ing had replaced an earlier wooden ceiling. It is now 
 e Willis's Report on Hereford Cathedral, p. 20. 
 
Gfcmr. 11 
 
 completely open, and the flat wooden floor of the bell- 
 chamber above it is coloured in blue and gold. From 
 this floor depends a superb corona of wrought iron, by 
 Skidmore — a worthy companion of the great choir- 
 screen, and coloured in the same manner. 
 
 IX. The peculiar darkness of the choir has already 
 been mentioned. It results mainly (as will be seen 
 from the Plan) from the arrangement of the transepts, 
 which prevents the admission of light to the choir ex- 
 cept from its clerestory. 
 
 The choir and sacrarium, as at present formed, con- 
 sist of only three bays, eastward of the screen. (The 
 Norman choir extended no doubt to the western arch 
 of the tower, if not into the first bay of the nave.) As 
 far as the top of the triforium, the choir is Norman : 
 the clerestory and vaulting are Early English, and date, 
 apparently, from the middle of the thirteenth century. 
 No record of their construction has been preserved. 
 
 The main arches of the choir are of three orders, and 
 spring from massive composite piers, with broad, square 
 bases. The capitals of the semi-detached shafts are en- 
 riched with leafage and grotesque heads. The triforium, 
 in each bay, consists of one wide Norman arch circum- 
 scribing two smaller, divided by a central shaft, and 
 springing on either side from two massive semicircular 
 piers, with small capitals. Both outer and inner arches 
 spring from these piers. The capitals of the central 
 shafts have square abaci, and are enriched. The tym- 
 pana of the outer arches are covered with scallop, leaf, 
 and billet-ornament. At the base of the triforium runs 
 
78 jgmforir 6ti|ebxsL 
 
 a square stringcourse, enriched with minute carving. 
 The lozenge ornament prevails round the main arches 
 of the choir, as does the zigzag round those of the nave. 
 
 Broad square pilasters, with semi-detached shafts at 
 their angles, fill the spaces between the piers. They 
 terminate at the spring of the triforium arches in 
 double triangular headings, with crocketed sides, and 
 finials of leafage. These headings are Early English, 
 of the same date as the clerestory and vaulting ; and 
 between each pair rises a group of so-called vaulting- 
 shafts, with capitals of leafage, terminating at the base 
 of the clerestory; and connected (under the actual 
 base of the clerestory) by a band of open flowers. 
 The clerestory consists of one lofty pointed arch in 
 each bay, divided by a central shaft; on either side 
 is a smaller trefoiled arch. The windows, of two 
 lights, with a quatrefoil in the heading, are placed 
 at the back of the wall-passage, and form in effect 
 a double plane with the large inner arches. They 
 are filled on each side with indifferent stained glass. 
 The choir vaulting is plain quadripartite, with bosses 
 of leafage at the intersections. 
 
 X. Before 1841, the east end of the choir was 
 covered with an oaken screen, erected by Bishop Bisse 
 in 1717; and above it was a Decorated window filled 
 with a copy in stained glass of "West's picture of the 
 Last Supper. The removal of the screen disclosed 
 the great Norman arch of five orders, within which 
 the reredos is now placed. Above this arch is a small 
 blind arcade; and instead of the Decorated window, 
 
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 THE ALTAR-SCREEN 
 
79 
 
 three lancets have been inserted at the back of the 
 clerestory passage. Of these, the central window has 
 been filled with stained glass by Hahdmajst ; too minute 
 perhaps in design for the height at which it is placed, 
 bnt very good. The subjects in this window are the 
 Saviour in Majesty, the Resurrection, the Crucifixion. 
 The subjects in the north and south lancets will com- 
 prise the principal events of our Lord's Passion. 
 
 The reredos [Plate II.] below was designed by Mr. 
 Cottingham, jun., as a memorial for Joseph Bailey, Esq., 
 M.P. for the county of Hereford, who died in 1850. It is 
 in oolite (Bath stone) and marble ; and although too high 
 for its position, is a fine work. Between the five cano- 
 pied compartments rise small shafts, supporting angels, 
 who carry the instruments of the Passion. The pierced 
 leafage at the back of the canopies is very beautiful. 
 The subjects in the panels are — the Agony in the 
 Garden, Bearing the Cross, the Crucifixion, with float- 
 ing angels above the Cross, the Besurrection, and the 
 three Maries at the Sepulchre. 
 
 At the back of the reredos rises a pier from which 
 spring two pointed arches, leaving a broad tympanum 
 or spandrel, closing the upper part of the Norman arch. 
 This is a restoration of Mr. Cottingham's. The pier 
 itself is ancient. The spandrel is covered with modern 
 sculpture, having, above, the Saviour in Majesty, with 
 the Evangelists holding scrolls ; and below, a figure of 
 Ethelbert, Xing of East Anglia, who was murdered by 
 Offa, King of Mercia, and is said to have been interred 
 in the first Saxon church on this spot. (See Pt. II.) 
 
80 fj mfaxb Ca%brHl. 
 
 Miracles were reported as having occurred at his 
 tomb, and the second church here was dedicated to 
 St. Ethelbert. 
 
 The very good brass of Bishop Teilleck (died 1360) 
 is placed on the chancel floor. The graceful arrange- 
 ment of the vestments — which do not include the tunic 
 — and the architectural design of the canopy deserve 
 special notice. The greater part of the inscription has 
 been lost f . 
 
 Against the easternmost pier on the south side of 
 the choir is a small figure on a bracket, which pos- 
 sibly represents St. Ethelbert. It was found about the 
 year 1700, buried at the entrance of the Lady-chapel, 
 (where it is said to have been concealed during the 
 siege of 1645,) and was replaced in what is believed 
 to have been its original position. The figure wears 
 a coronet terminating in leaves. The strings of the 
 long mantle are crossed on the breast. Whatever the 
 hands once held has been destroyed. The figure is 
 certainly not earlier than the first half of the four- 
 teenth century. 
 
 On the north side of the choir, in the easternmost 
 bay, is the effigy of Bishop Staoteet, (died 1474,) 
 whose chantry opens from the aisle opposite ; (§ xiv.) 
 The Bishop wears the alb, stole, and chasuble, the 
 flowing ornament on which should be noticed. It 
 should here be mentioned that "Wyatt, following the 
 same destructive course as at Salisbury, removed many 
 
 f This brass is engraved as the frontispiece to Haines's 
 " Manual of Monumental Brasses." 
 
Cljoir. parametria. £Ms, 81 
 
 monuments in the cathedral from their original posi- 
 tions; thereby rendering even their identification a 
 matter of some difficulty. 
 
 In the next bay is the effigy of a bishop, fully 
 vested, holding the model of a tower. This is assigned 
 to Eishop Giles de Eettce, (died 1215) ; and Godwin (De 
 Prcesulibus) conjectured that the model indicated this 
 bishop as having been the builder of the central tower — 
 a conjecture which has been assumed as a certainty by 
 every succeeding writer. Eut whatever architectural 
 work Eishop Giles may have done, the tower, as was 
 pointed out by Professor Willis, is nearly a century later. 
 His effigy is one of ten which were erected during the 
 Perpendicular period as memorials of earlier bishops, 
 and which are now scattered in different parts of the 
 cathedral. (In the same manner, many effigies of 
 earlier bishops were sculptured at "Wells (see that 
 Cathedral) in the first half of the thirteenth century, 
 and are all of Early English character.) 
 
 In the same bay is the monument of Eishop Bennett, 
 (died 1617). He wears the rochet, and a close black 
 cap, and rests his feet on a lion; an unusual instance 
 of the retention of an earlier form. The Eishop was 
 buried on this spot. 
 
 The stalls of the choir range up to this bay. They are 
 Decorated, and very good. The small heads and orna- 
 ments of the shafts which support the projecting canopies 
 should especially be noticed. The misereres are interest- 
 ing, but of no special excellence. Two on the south side 
 represent a cook throwing a platter at an intruder, and 
 
 vol. ni. G 
 
82 gjmforfr Ca%bmL 
 
 a pair of wrestlers with ropes about their necks. The 
 whole of this ancient work has been carefully cleaned, 
 and restored where necessary, under the direction of 
 Mr. Scott. The new carving, which is very fine, and 
 well worthy of its companionship with fourteenth-cen- 
 tury wood- work, is entirely by Messrs. Euddle and 
 Thompson of Peterborough. Some of the new misereres, 
 and the elaborately carved ends or heads, sixteen in 
 number, deserve careful attention. The panel- work in 
 front of the stalls is an exact reproduction of that before 
 the episcopal throne. 
 
 The floor of the whole choir has been laid with tiles, 
 manufactured (as are those throughout the church with 
 the exception of the nave) by Godwin of Lugwardine. 
 The pavement of the sacrarium is especially rich and 
 elaborate. 
 
 The organ (by Eenatus Harris, but remodelled and 
 reconstructed by Davison under the direction of Sir 
 Frederick Ouseley) is to be placed within the first 
 archway on the south side of the choir. 
 
 XI. Through the north arch of the tower we pass 
 into the north transept, [Plate III.] ; one of the finest 
 and most interesting parts of the church, which fortu- 
 nately remained untouched until the cathedral was 
 placed under the care of Mr. Gr. G. Scott, by whom this 
 transept has been carefully restored. The date of its 
 erection has not been recorded ; but we cannot be wrong 
 in assigning it to the period between the death of Bishop 
 Cantilupe (1282) and his translation in 1287. The 
 Bishop was at first buried in the Lady-chapel, but was 
 
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE II!. 
 
 BAT OE THE NORTH TRANSEPT 
 
gMflj faimpf. 83 
 
 removed to this transept in 1287. The miracles re- 
 ported at his tomb had already brought large sums to 
 the Church; and the rebuilding of the transept for 
 the reception of his shrine must have been completed 
 before the removal of his body in 1287. 
 
 The Norman arches opening to the aisles of nave and 
 choir resemble those which correspond to them on the 
 south side of the church. The transept beyond them 
 was, as we have seen, entirely rebuilt, and is one of 
 the most remarkable examples of the period remaining 
 in England. The unusual form of its arches, and its 
 pure, lofty windows, are sufficiently impressive now; 
 but their effect must have been wonderfully increased 
 when the windows were filled with glass displaying 
 the history and miracles of the sainted Bishop, and 
 when the shrine itself was standing on its pedestal 
 within the eastern aisle, rich with the gold and jewels 
 offered by the numerous pilgrims who knelt daily be- 
 fore it. 
 
 The west side of the transept (which is of two bays 
 beyond the aisle passage) is entirely filled by two very 
 lofty windows, of three lights each. The heads of the 
 narrow lights are sharply pointed; and the tracery 
 above is formed by three circles enclosing trefoils. 
 These windows are set back within triangular-headed 
 arches. On the north side is a double window of the 
 same character, divided by a group of banded shafts. 
 The triple lights on either side of these shafts, and 
 the foiled circles above them, precisely resemble the 
 windows on the west side of the transept. The central 
 
84 fmforb tivfytonl 
 
 tracery of the window is formed by a foiled circle, 
 with a larger circle, enclosing a sexfoil, above it. The 
 whole window is set back within a segmental pointed 
 arch, with banded shafts at the angles of the jambs. 
 The eastern aisle of the transept is divided into two 
 bays by a clustered pier, the shafts surrounding which 
 are alternately of sandstone and dark marble. Their 
 capitals are enriched with foliage, and small knots of 
 foliage are placed between the bases. The main arches 
 are sharply pointed, and have many plain mouldings, 
 with one band of dog-tooth ornament, highly detached. 
 The triforium above (which extends beyond the actual 
 transept, over the Norman arch opening to the choir- 
 aisle) is especially striking. In each bay are two 
 sharply pointed arches, each subdivided into three 
 lesser arches, with foiled headings; and with three 
 open quatrefoils as tracery above. The main arch is 
 surrounded by a row of dog-tooth. The large span- 
 drel spaces between the arches are entirely covered 
 with a diaper of leaf-ornament, in low relief. The 
 clerestory windows are octofoils, set far back within 
 pointed arches. On the exterior, the form of the 
 window openings is triangular, like those of the tri- 
 forium at Westminster and those in the clerestory of 
 the nave at Lichfield. On the interior, the sills of the 
 windows slope forward with overlapping courses of 
 stone, to the stringcourse at the top of the triforium. 
 The sills of the great windows in the transept are 
 formed in a similar manner, with overlapping courses 
 of stone. 
 
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 PEDESTAL OF THE SHRINE OF BISHOP CANTILUPE 
 
gtorife Cranaept. Cantilupe ^ferine. 85 
 
 The shafts at the angles of all the windows are 
 ringed, and the triangular arches, throughout the tran- 
 sept, are slightly stilted. Such arches are by no means 
 common. They occur, however, in the clerestory on 
 the south side of the nave in "Worcester Cathedral, but 
 of later date than this transept, which was possibly 
 imitated by the "Worcester architect. 
 
 This transept has been carefully and truly " restored," 
 under the direction of Mr. G. Gr. Scott. The stone- 
 work has been freed from whitewash and cleaned; 
 and the plain quadripartite vaulting has been touched 
 with colour, and the bosses gilt, with excellent effect. 
 The vaulting springs from clustered shafts, the corbels 
 supporting which, on the east side, are beautiful and 
 singular, and resemble bunches of reeds, terminating 
 in a small open flower. The small heads below these 
 corbels, at the intersection of the main arches, should 
 also be noticed. 
 
 The transept has been laid with red and green tiles 
 in panels, the divisions being marked in grey sand- 
 stone. 
 
 XII. The eastern aisle is lighted by three very beau- 
 tiful windows, each of three lights, with three quatre- 
 foils in the tracery. They are set back within wider 
 arches, as is the case with the windows in the main 
 transept. In this aisle, in a line with the central pier, 
 is the pedestal of the Cantilupe Shrine. [Plate IV.] (For 
 a sketch of the life of St. Thomas Cantilupe, the last 
 Englishman canonized before the Eeformation, see Pt. 
 II.) Bishop Cantilupe died on his way to Rome, at 
 
86 | mforb €a%bral. 
 
 Civita Vecchia, Aug. 25, 1282. His remains were divi- 
 ded. A portion was interred near Orvieto ; the heart was 
 brought to Ashridge in Buckinghamshire ; and the bones 
 were brought to his own cathedral at Hereford, where 
 they were deposited in the Lady-chapel. The reputa- 
 tion of Eishop Cantilupe had been great during his life. 
 Numerous miracles were recorded as having taken 
 place at his tomb, which soon became one of the most 
 frequented places of pilgrimage in the west of Eng- 
 land; and in 1286 (April 6) his remains were trans- 
 lated to a more stately resting-place in this transept, 
 which had probably been rebuilt in his honour. The 
 King, Edward II., was present at the translation. 
 Eishop Cantilupe was not canonized until 1320?; but 
 the pedestal of his shrine, which alone now exists, is 
 (with the exception of the western end, which seems 
 to be at least thirty years later) of the date of his 
 translation. 
 
 This is a long parallelogram, narrowing toward the 
 lower end, and is entirely of Purbeck marble. It has 
 two divisions ; the lower closed, like an altar-tomb, the 
 upper a flat canopy, supported on small open arches. 
 Upon this rested the actual shrine, containing the relics 
 of the saint. Cantilupe was Provincial Grand Master 
 of the Knights Templars in England; and round the 
 lower division of the pedestal are fifteen figures of 
 Templars in various attitudes, placed in the recesses 
 of a foliated arcade. All are fully armed, in chain- 
 mail, with surcoat, shield, and sword. All are 
 b See Pt. II. for the confirmation of this date. 
 
(toixhtpe ^Ijrke. 87 
 
 seated, and tread on various monsters, among which 
 are dragons, and swine muzzled. The spandrels in 
 this arcade, and the spandrels between the arches in 
 the upper division, are filled with leafage of the most 
 beautiful and varied character. It is the leafage of 
 the first Decorated period, retaining some of the stiff 
 arrangement of the Early English, but directly copied 
 from nature. In the lower spandrels it is arranged in 
 sprays ; in the upper it is often laid in rows of leaves, 
 among which occur oak, maple, and trefoil. The whole 
 of this work will repay the most careful examination. 
 (It should be compared with the foliage of the capitals 
 of the shafts surrounding the central pier of the aisle, 
 which is far more stiff and conventional.) On the top 
 of the lower division of the pedestal was a brass of the 
 Bishop, of which the matrix alone remains. 
 
 The position of the shrine in this transept may be 
 compared with that of St. Erideswide at Oxford, and 
 with that of St. Richard de la Wych at Chichester. 
 All had an altar immediately adjoining the shrine, 
 which was dedicated to the saint, and at which the 
 offerings of pilgrims were made. In these cases, how- 
 ever, the usual position of a great shrine — at the back 
 of the high altar — was, for some special reason, departed 
 from. At Hereford, this position of highest honour was 
 probably occupied by the shrine of St. Ethelbert ; and 
 the shrine of St. Thomas Cantilupe must have taken an 
 inferior place, had it been fixed near that. This was 
 avoided by the dedication of the entire transept to the 
 sainted Bishop. In the same manner, the south transept 
 
88 fmforb &a%braL 
 
 at Chichester seems to have been occupied by the shrine 
 of St. Eichard de la "Wych ; in whose honour the great 
 south window was probably inserted. 
 
 On a bracket against the wall adjoining the shrine is 
 a bust of Bishop Field, (died 1636). On the floor is 
 a slab with effigy of John d'Acojtablanca, Dean of 
 Hereford, (died 1320), He was the nephew of Bishop 
 d'Acquablanca, whose monument (see post) is close 
 by. Under the north window of the aisle is a stone 
 coffin, found under the centre of the north arch of the 
 tower, during the restoration of the piers. It may be 
 the coffin of Bishop John de Beeton, (died 1275). 
 
 Under the great north window of the transept is 
 a richly canopied tomb with effigy of Bishop Thomas 
 Chaelton, (died 1369). This effigy was not disturbed 
 by "Wyatt, and remains in its original position. "West 
 of this monument is the effigy of Bishop "Westealing, 
 (died 1602). The canopy was destroyed by "Wyatt. 
 This is the bishop who is said so rarely to have smiled 
 after his consecration to the episcopate; (see Pt. II.) 
 
 In the pavement adjoining the choir- aisle, a very 
 good small brass has been inserted for John Philips, 
 (died 1708, aged 32,) whose family were natives of 
 Herefordshire, although the poet himself was born at 
 Bampton in Oxfordshire, of which place his father was 
 rector. His principal work, however, " Cider," belongs 
 essentially to Herefordshire. A monument to Philips 
 was placed in "Westminster Abbey by Lord Chancellor 
 Harcourt, and bears an inscription written by Bishop 
 Atterbury. 
 
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 MONUMENT OF BISHOP Ji'AyUABLANCA. 
 (FROM THE NORTH TRANSEPT.) 
 
Sfortjy Cfcoir-aisk 89 
 
 XIII. The north choir-aisle is entered through the 
 original Norman arch ; which (together with that open- 
 ing from the nave-aisle) was cleared by Mr. Cottingham 
 from the masonry with which it had been nearly closed, 
 in order to strengthen the tower piers. Between this 
 aisle and the eastern aisle of the transept is the very 
 beautiful monument of Eishop d'Acquablaitca, (1240 — 
 1268). [Plate V.] The effigy lies under a canopy sup- 
 ported by light shafts of Purbeek marble. The gables 
 of the canopy are crowned with floriated crosses, the 
 central cross bearing a figure of the crucified Saviour. 
 The monument may be compared with that of Bishop 
 Bridport at Salisbury, (died 1262,) which is, however, 
 far richer and more elaborate. The tomb of Bishop 
 d'Acquablanca was originally richly coloured ; and an 
 attempt at restoration was made by an amateur in 1861. 
 It was soon, however, discontinued,— not unwisely, as 
 the commencement remains to prove. 
 
 The Norman piers of the choir and the monuments 
 described in § x. should be noticed from the aisle, the 
 pavement of which has been laid in square panels of 
 red and green tiles, with a border of grey stone. In 
 the north wall of the aisle is a series of arched recesses, 
 of Decorated character, with the open-flower ornament 
 in the mouldings, episcopal heads at the crown of the 
 arches, and heads of ecclesiastics at the intersections. 
 In the first of these recesses east of the transept, is an 
 effigy assigned to Bishop Geozfuy de Clive, (died 1120). 
 This is one of the series of Perpendicular effigies already 
 noticed, (§ x.) Beyond this recess a door opens to 
 
90 f mhxb &a%braL 
 
 the turret staircase leading to the Archive Room and 
 Chapter Library, (see § xxm.,) above the north tran- 
 sept. The effigy in the next recess (also Perpendicular) 
 is given to Bishop Hugh de Mapexore, (died 1219). The 
 window above is filled with stained glass, by Clayton and 
 Bell, as a memorial of Johx Httxt, organist, died 1842, 
 and his nephew James, " who died of grief three days 
 after his uncle ;" as appears from an inscription on a 
 small brass plate at the side of the window. Beyond 
 the entrance to Bishop Stanbery's chapel is an arch 
 open to the chapel itself, under which is a Perpen- 
 dicular effigy assigned to Bishop Richard, (called 
 "de Capella,") died 1127. 
 
 XIY. Bishop Stanbery's Chantry (1453— 1474) [Plate 
 VI.] is a good example of rich late Perpendicular. It is 
 16 ft. by 8 ft. ; with two windows on the north side, 
 (filled with stained glass, which forms part of the Mus- 
 grave memorial ; see post,) and on the south the en- 
 trance, and the arch with effigy already mentioned. 
 The west end is covered with tracery and shields in 
 panels ; and the east has shields with emblems above the 
 place of the altar. The ceiling is richly groined. The 
 grotesque capitals at the angles of the chapel should 
 be remarked; as should the shields with emblems of 
 St. Matthias, St. Thomas, and St. Bartholomew, over 
 the arch on the south side. Other shields bear the 
 arms of the see and of the deanery, with those assigned 
 to St. Ethelbert, and to Leofric of Mercia. 
 
 Bishop Stanbery's monument (§ x.) is on the wall 
 of the choir immediately opposite his chantry. On the 
 
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 BISHOP STANBURY'S CHAPEL. 
 
gortlj-mi &ratwpt 91 
 
 panels toward the aisle are figures of saints, and angels 
 bearing shields. In the wall of the aisle above the 
 chantry, which is only 11 ft. in height, is a Decorated 
 window filled with stained glass as a memorial of the 
 late Dr. Musgeave, Archbishop of York ; who, as Bishop 
 of Hereford, was among the first to set on foot the 
 restoration of his cathedral. The glass, which is by 
 Waeeenton - , exhibits the principal events in the life of 
 St. Paul. The subjects are continued in the windows 
 of the chantry, which form part of the memorial. 
 
 XY. The north-east transept opens immediately 
 beyond Bishop Stanbery's chantry. The main cha- 
 racter of this lesser, or eastern transept, is at present 
 early Decorated, (geometrical) ; but it retains traces 
 of the original Norman ground-plan. The Norman 
 cathedral, like most great churches in England of that 
 period, seems to have terminated in a triple apse, of 
 which the arrangement may have resembled the eastern 
 apses of Norwich and Gloucester, (see those Cathedral). 
 Portions of the central apse remain in the walls of the 
 vestibule to the Lady-chapel ; and parts of the apses 
 which opened from the choir-aisles have been retained 
 in the existing transept. These are all of transitional 
 Norman character ; and are considerably later than the 
 Norman choir or nave. 
 
 Extensive alterations had been made in this part of 
 the Norman cathedral before the great north transept 
 was rebuilt in order to receive the shrine of St. Thomas 
 Cantilupe. The Lady-chapel, dating from the early part 
 of the thirteenth century, was the first addition ; and its 
 
92 frnforir 4&a%br»L 
 
 building must have followed very closely on the com- 
 pletion of the Norman retro-choir with its apses, the 
 side walls of which were retained in the vestibule of 
 the Lady-chapel. Considerably later, (at the beginning 
 of the fourteenth century), after the completion of the 
 north transept, the terminal apses of the choir-aisles 
 were almost entirely removed, and the existing transept 
 constructed. It is much to be regretted that none of 
 these works have any recorded date. 
 
 A peculiar character is given to this transept by an 
 octagonal pier, which rises in the centre, and assists in 
 carrying the vaulting. The vaulting is quadripartite, 
 with very good bosses of leafage. The windows are 
 early Decorated. In the west wall of the transept are 
 some Norman arches, which belonged to the original 
 apse. 
 
 The transept has been restored under the direction 
 of Mr. G. Gr. Scott. The tiles of the pavement are laid 
 in panels, in which red and yellow are the prevailing 
 colours. In one of the panels is a good modern brass 
 for members of the Teeey family. 
 
 Under the north-east window is a monument which 
 has been assigned to Bishop Godwin, (died 1633); but 
 which is in reality much earlier. Under the adjoining 
 window, west, is the canopied tomb of Bishop Swin- 
 pield, (1283—1317). The episcopal effigy has long 
 disappeared, and that which is now seen on the tomb 
 is the effigy of some unknown lay person, dug up in 
 the cloisters. The arched canopy has the ball-flower in 
 its mouldings ; and at the back of the recess is a much 
 
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 COFFIN SLAB IN THE SOUTH TRANSEPT. 
 
$ktm-£ljoir. 93 
 
 mutilated sculpture of the Crucifixion, surrounded by 
 vine-leaves and tendrils. The work resembles the 
 leafage of the Cantilupe Shrine, and is possibly by the 
 same hand. In a recess decorated with the ball-flower 
 under the arch opening to the vestibule of the Lady- 
 chapel, is the effigy of an unknown lady, (fourteenth 
 century,) dug up outside the church during the restora- 
 tions. Against the walls of the transept are ranged 
 some coffin slabs, with floriated and enriched crosses, 
 found at different times and in various parts of the 
 cathedral. One of these {circa 1250 ?) is given in 
 Plate IX. 
 
 XYI. From the transept we pass into the ambulatory, 
 or retro-choir, at the back of the altar. This is tran- 
 sitional Norman, and its two bays are divided by a 
 pointed arch, which springs from circular shafts, at 
 the back of the altar and at the entrance to the vesti- 
 bule of the Lady- chapel. The ribs of the quadripartite 
 vaulting are enriched with chevron and diamond mould- 
 ings of late character. The arches at the back of the 
 choir-screen were decorated (see § x.) by Mr. Cotting- 
 ham. On the base of the central shaft is an inscription 
 recording the erection of the screen as a memorial of 
 Joseph Bailey, Esq. ; (see § x.) 
 
 The existing arrangement seems to indicate (although 
 this has not been directly proved) that the Norman 
 ground-plan, like that of Norwich, comprised an ambu- 
 latory or " procession-path," passing round at the back 
 of the high altar, and giving access to the central and 
 side apses, which opened from it. 
 
94 fjtwforb CatfctaaL 
 
 XYII. The walls of this central apse are retained 
 in the vestibule to the Lady-chapel. They are pierced 
 north and south with transitional Norman window 
 openings ; pointed arches, with massive mouldings, one 
 of which, an enriched diamond, runs round the soffete, 
 and is carried on the capitals of triple side shafts. The 
 
 Window in vestibule of Lady-chapel 
 
 foliage of the capitals is of completely Early English 
 character. These windows (the glass in which, as is 
 indicated by their rebated jambs, was fixed in wooden 
 
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 EASTERN BAT OF THE LADY-CHAPEL. 
 
ya&g-t&HptJL 95 
 
 frames) were built up in the wall, until the restoration 
 of this part of the cathedral by Mr. Cottingham. 
 
 In the south wall of the vestibule is the very in- 
 teresting monument, with effigy, of Dean Berew, or 
 Beatjeief, (died 1462). The head of the effigy, deli- 
 cately featured and full of expression, and the ar- 
 rangement of the robe, especially at the feet, are very 
 striking, and should be noticed. The feet rest on a boar ; 
 and in the hollow of the arch-moulding are boars and 
 rue leaves, forming a "rebus" of the Dean's name. 
 Over the whole monument there are traces of painting, 
 and at the back of the recess the kneeling figure of an 
 ecclesiastic is distinguishable ; possibly that of Dean 
 Berew himself. 
 
 On the floor is the very fine brass of Eichard Dela- 
 mare (1435) and his wife Isabella. There is also here 
 the brass of a priest in cope, circa 1450. 
 
 XVIII. An ascent of five steps (rendered necessary 
 by the height of the crypt below ; see § xxvi.) leads to 
 the Lady-chapel, [Plate VII.] ; very rich Early Eng- 
 lish, and dating from the first half of the thirteenth 
 century, (circ. 1220). It is 45 ft. by 24, and consists 
 of three bays, in each of which, on either side, (ex- 
 cept where the bay on the south side is filled by the 
 Audley Chantry,) are two large windows. When Pro- 
 fessor "Willis made his report in 1841, the eastern gable 
 of this chapel (then used as the Chapter Library) was 
 in a state of " ruinous disintegration;" and one of the 
 first works entrusted to Mr. Cottingham was the re- 
 building of this eastern end. The pavement of the 
 
4 
 
 96 gfmfnb Ca%braL 
 
 Lady-chapel, and other restorations, have happily been 
 completed under the direction of Mr. G. G. Scott. 
 
 At the east end are five narrow lancets, set back 
 within arches resting on clustered shafts, and much 
 enriched with the dog-tooth ornament. The wall above 
 these windows is pierced with five foiled openings ; of 
 which the three central are oval, the exterior on either 
 side circular. The windows have been filled with 
 stained glass designed by Cottingham and executed 
 by Gibbs, as a memorial to the late Dean Meeewethek, 
 — to whom the cathedral is so greatly indebted, — who 
 is interred at the north-east angle of the chapel. The 
 subjects commence with the early life of the Yirgin, 
 and proceed through that of our Lord, terminating with 
 the supper in the house of Mary and Martha. The 
 glass is good, but suffers from the want of white and 
 neutral tints. 
 
 A black marble slab, with a brass plate by Hardman, 
 has been placed over the grave of Dean Merewether. 
 The inscription bears record that "to the restoration 
 of this cathedral he devoted the unwearied energies of 
 his life till its close on the 4th of April, 1850." 
 
 The very rich clustered shafts and arches of the side 
 windows should be especially noticed. The capitals of 
 the shafts are of Early English leafage; and there 
 are small heads at the intersections and crowns of the 
 arches. A circle enclosing a quatrefoil pierces the wall 
 above these windows. The vaulting is plain quadri- 
 partite, and springs from shafts which descend upon 
 a base raised slightly above the pavement. 
 
^iaxmmnU m JSTabg-t^apjeL 97 
 
 The modern pavement of the Lady-chapel is laid with 
 red and green tiles, in large square panels. The whole 
 design is broad and good in outline ; and is somewhat 
 richer at the altar end, which is raised on one step. 
 The aumbry and double piscina on the south side of 
 the altar are reproductions of the originals, which 
 were in a state of extreme decay. Of the two stained 
 windows on the south side, the most eastern (of late 
 fourteenth-century character) was removed from St. 
 Peter's Church in Hereford, and was given to the 
 cathedral by E. E. Phillipps, Esq. The window below 
 is filled with Munich glass. 
 
 In the central bay on the north side of the chapel is 
 a very fine Perpendicular monumental recess, within 
 which is laid the effigy (much earlier than the recess) 
 of a knight of the Eohun family. The recess itself 
 has an upper stage or canopy, with open tabernacle- 
 work, in the arches of which figures have been placed, 
 none of which originally belonged to it, with the excep- 
 tion of the two central ones, now headless, representing 
 the Saviour and the Elessed Virgin. The figures on 
 either side were found imbedded in a mass of mortar 
 behind the oaken choir-screen, on its removal by Mr. 
 Cottingham. They represent St. John the Eaptist, 
 St. Thomas Cantilupe, and St. Thomas of Canterbury, — 
 the latter distinguished by the pall and the patriarchal 
 cross, — the fourth figure is uncertain. 
 
 The effigy placed in this recess has generally been 
 assigned to Humphrey de Eohun, Earl of Hereford, 
 temp. Edward III. He was not however interred in 
 
 vol. nr. h 
 
98 gmforfc Ca%bral 
 
 this cathedral; and although the effigy is certainly 
 of that date, it probably represents some less distin- 
 guished member of that great family. The features, un- 
 injured, are fine. The chain-mail, the fringed poleyns 
 at the knees, the surcoat, and all the details, should be 
 noticed. The dog at the feet turns upward, licking 
 his paw. 
 
 The monument, with effigy, in the most eastern bay 
 on this side, is that of Joanna de Bourns - , Countess of 
 Hereford, (called Joanna de Kilpeck, from her castle 
 there,) (died 1327). It has been painted in accordance 
 with the remains of colour on its several portions ; but 
 with very indifferent success. The effigy is a good ex- 
 ample of costume. Male and female heads project at 
 the angles of the canopy ; and the border of the slab on 
 which the effigy rests has small human heads and roses 
 with their leaves, alternately. The will of the Countess 
 bequeaths a considerable estate to the cathedral. 
 
 XIX. In the central bay on the south side is the 
 Audley Chapel or Chantry, [Plate YIII.J constructed by 
 Bishop Edmund Audley, (1492 — 1502,) before his trans- 
 lation to Salisbury in the latter year. The chantry here 
 was no doubt intended for the place of his own inter- 
 ment; but during his episcopate at Salisbury (1502 — 
 1524) he built a second chantry in the choir of that 
 cathedral, (see Handbook for Salisbury,) within which 
 he was buried. 
 
 The Audley Chapel at Hereford is of two stages, 
 access to the upper being afforded by a circular stair- 
 case at the south-west angle. The lower story is sepa- 
 
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE VIII 
 
 PART OF LADY CHAPEL, WITH THE SCREEN OF BISHOP ATJDLET'S 
 CHANTRY. 
 
rated from the Lady-chapel by a lofty stone screen with 
 pierced panels. Figures of saints and of religious per- 
 sons are represented on this screen, which has been 
 restored and painted. The iron-work on the door 
 opening to the staircase is excellent as an example, 
 and should be noticed. The lock bears the Bishop's 
 initials. 
 
 The chapel is five-sided, and is lighted by two win- 
 dows. There is a third window, opening through the 
 screen into the Lady-chapel. The vaulted ceiling shews 
 the remains of rich colour ; and at the east end, over 
 the place of the altar, are traces of a large painting 
 with trees and figures, The upper story has five win- 
 dows, in which are some good remains of the original 
 glass. On the central boss of the groining is the Virgin, 
 crowned, and surrounded by an aureole of rays. The 
 arms of the Deanery, (Azure, five bends or,) and those 
 of Bishop Audley, appear on other parts of the ceiling, 
 with a shield bearing the initials (B. I.) of some un- 
 known person. The top of the screen forms a parapet, 
 dividing this story from the Lady-chapel. There are 
 no traces of an altar here ; and the upper story of this 
 chantry probably served — like those of the chantries 
 of Abbots Farley and Hanley at Gloucester, (see that 
 Cathedral,) which are also attached to the Lady- 
 chapel, and are constructed on a similar plan — as an 
 oratory. 
 
 XX. The south-east transept resembles that opposite ; 
 but it was perhaps altered from the Norman apse at 
 a somewhat later date. Its details are not so good 
 
100 fmfnb Ca%kaL 
 
 as those of the north-east transept; and the window 
 tracery is of almost flamboyant character. Eases of 
 the earlier work remain in the walls. 
 
 Under the wall dividing the vestibule of the Lady- 
 chapel from this transept is the monument, with effigy, 
 of Bishop Lewis Charlton, (died 1369). Above it is 
 that of Bishop Coke, (died 1646). In a square recess, 
 in the east wall, is the fine bust of a Mr. James Thomas, 
 who is buried near this place ; and under it the brass 
 of Sir Richard Delabere, (1514,) and two wives. In 
 the recess, with the bust, are placed some carved 
 Norman capitals, of early character. Under the south 
 wall of the transept are monuments for Bishop Lind- 
 sell, (died 1634,) and Dean Harvey, (died 1500); 
 neither of any great interest. Some fragments of 
 brasses are attached to the walls of this transept, but 
 are of little importance. The north-east window has 
 been filled with stained glass by Warrenton, at the 
 sole expense of Lord Saye and Sele, as a memorial of 
 Bishop Huntingford, (1815 — 1834). The subjects are 
 from the life of St. Peter. 
 
 XXI. In the south wall of the south choir-aisle are 
 four arched recesses, of the same date and character 
 (Decorated) as those in the aisle opposite. They contain 
 four Perpendicular effigies ; assigned (beginning from 
 the east) to Bishop William de Yere, (died 1199) ; 
 Bishop Hugh Poliot, (died 1234); Bishop Robert de 
 Betu^, (died 1148); and Bishop Bobert be Melus - , 
 (died 1167). On the floor is the fine brass of Dean 
 Edmund Prowsetoure, (died 1529,) in a richly diapered 
 
JSoutlj Cljoir-abk ^onfy %xmu^t 101 
 
 cope. Among the figures in the canopy are those of 
 St. Ethelbert and of St. Thomas Cantilnpe. 
 
 Between the two easternmost piers of the choir is 
 the monument, with effigy, of Bishop Mayew, (1504 — 
 1516; see Pt. II.) The elaborate canopy has been 
 restored, so far as any authority remained for the details. 
 The panels in front of the monument are filled with 
 figures of saints. The effigy, fully vested, and wear- 
 ing a richly jewelled mitre, should be especially 
 noticed. Under an arch opening to the choir, in 
 the next bay, is a Perpendicular effigy assigned to 
 Bishop de LosnraA, (died 1096). Above it is a frag- 
 ment of good wooden screen-work, of Decorated cha- 
 racter. 
 
 A door in the westernmost bay of this aisle opens to 
 two plain Norman rooms, now used as vestries. In 
 the Perpendicular period an " eastern chamber" of two 
 stories was added to this Norman building, and served 
 as the treasury of the cathedral. 
 
 XXII. The great south transept retains much of its 
 Norman work, but was much altered during the Per- 
 pendicular period. The east wall is entirely Norman, 
 and is covered with five ranges of arcades, all of which 
 are blank except those at the levels of the triforium 
 and clerestory, which open to a wall-passage. The 
 transept is only lighted on this side by two Norman 
 windows in the clerestory. A large Norman arch, in- 
 cluding two smaller, all much enriched, occupies the 
 triforium space above the arch opening to the choir- 
 aisle ; and perhaps indicates that the Norman triforium 
 
102 fmforfr 
 
 of the choir extended backwards over the choir-aisles 
 before the alteration of the latter at the end of the 
 thirteenth century. The Norman work in the west 
 wall of the transept has been cut into and through by 
 Perpendicular windows, one of which is large. The 
 south wall is filled by a large Perpendicular window, 
 with Perpendicular panelling round and below it. 
 Brackets for figures remain in the wall on either side 
 of the window. The Kerne vaulting of the roof is 
 Perpendicular. 
 
 Toward the south-east angle of the transept is an 
 altar-tomb, with effigies in alabaster, for Sir Alex- 
 ander Denton - , and his wife Anne, daughter of 
 Richard Wilson, of Sugwas, who died, together with 
 her infant, (represented as a "chrysome" child,) in 
 1566, and was buried here. Her husband was interred 
 in the beautiful church at Hillesden, in Buckingham- 
 shire, where he died ten years later. The monument, 
 which has been coloured, is of unusually good design 
 for its period. The knight wears a chain of two rows, 
 and holds a cross (almost concealed) between his hands, 
 which, like those of his wife, are raised in prayer h . 
 Under the south window is the monument, with effigy, 
 of Bishop John Trevenant, (1389 — 1404,) who is said 
 to have made the Perpendicular alterations in this 
 transept, which have been already described. 
 
 XXIII. A staircase in the north choir-aisle leads, as 
 
 h The Dentons were progenitors of the Cokes, now Earls of 
 Leicester. Mr. Coke, afterwards Earl of Leicester, was the last 
 possessor of Hillesden, belonging to this family. 
 
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY. 
 
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE XI 
 
 ANCIENT MAP. 
 
g^ib* %aom nxib Cfrapfer JJikarg. 103 
 
 has been already mentioned, to the Archive Room and 
 Chapter Library, above the great north transept. This 
 room has been thoroughly restored by Mr. Gr. G. Scott. 
 The Library contains about 2,000 volumes, many of 
 great rarity and interest. Nearly all are chained to the 
 shelves; and the general appearance of the carefully 
 guarded treasures is sufficiently curious. [Plate X.] 
 Among the most remarkable printed books are — A series 
 of Bibles, ranging from 1480 to 1690; Higden's Poly- 
 chronicon, by Caxton, 1495; Caxton's Legenda Aurea, 
 1483 ; and Lyndewode Super Constitutiones Provinciales, 
 1475. Of the MSS., by far the most interesting is an 
 ancient Antiphonarium containing the old " Hereford 
 Use." This " sets forth not only the services of par- 
 ticular days, the chants to be used and the lectures to 
 be read, but contains a treatise on music and an ample 
 calendar, in which are noted the obits of the bene- 
 factors and bishops of the church ; and by which, with 
 the aid of the Dominical letter, we are enabled to 
 assign to the volume the date of 1265 V It was pur- 
 chased at a book-stall in Drury-lane about the year 
 1820 ; and redeemed by the Dean and Chapter, who 
 restored it to its original and legitimate resting-place. 
 Here also is preserved, carefully protected by plate 
 glass, the remarkable Map of the World, [Plate XI.,] 
 which is one of the most valuable relics of mediaeval 
 geography. It was the work of a certain Richard 
 of Haldingham and of Lafford, (Holdingham and 
 
 ' Dean Merewether's Memorials. 
 
104 
 
 Sleaford in Lincolnshire,) who has commemorated him- 
 self in the following verses : — 
 
 " Tuz ki cest estorie ont 
 
 On oyront, on luront, on veront, 
 
 Prient a Jhesn en deyte 
 De Richard de Haldingham e de Lafford eyt pite 
 
 Ki l'at fet e compasse 
 
 Ke joie en eel li seit done." 
 
 The latter part of the thirteenth centnry is the date 
 which has usually been assigned to it; but M. 
 D'Avezac, President of the Geographical Society of 
 Paris, who has recently examined the map with much 
 care, arrives, from internal evidence, at the conclusion 
 that it was designed at the beginning of the year 1314 j . 
 The map itself (drawn on thick vellum, and glued to 
 a framework of oak) is founded on the mediaeval belief 
 that all geographical knowledge resulted from the obser- 
 vations of three philosophers, (here named Nichodoxus, 
 Theodotus, and Policlitus,) who were sent forth by 
 Augustus Caesar to survey the three divisions of the 
 world, when it was about to be taxed at the birth of 
 our Lord. The Emperor is accordingly figured giving 
 his directions to the philosophers. The world is repre- 
 sented as round, and surrounded by the ocean. At the 
 top of the map, which represents the east, is Paradise, 
 
 j A translation of M. D'Avezac's paper will be found in the 
 Gentleman's Magazine for May, 1863. The division of France 
 from Flanders, and "an inscription, most significant, placed 
 across the Saone and the Rhone, marking, between Lyons and 
 Vienne, the separation of France from Burgundy," are the in- 
 dications on which M. D'Avezac relies for his date. 
 
Pap a! % SKorlfc 105 
 
 with the Tree of Life, and Adam and Eve. Above is the 
 Last Judgment, with the Virgin interceding for man- 
 kind. J erusalem appears in the centre of the map ; and 
 near it, the crucifix is planted on ''Mount Calvary.'* 
 Babylon has its famous tower; Eome bears the in- 
 scription, "Roma caput mundi tenet orbis frena ro- 
 tundi;" and Troy is described as "Troja civitas belli- 
 cosissima." (These four cities were regarded as the 
 most important in the world : Troy, in the twelfth and 
 thirteenth centuries, was a favourite subject of romance.) 
 The British Isles occupy a considerable space; and 
 Hereford, with its cathedral, is by no means obscurely 
 placed. A great part of the map is filled with inscrip- 
 tions taken from Solinus, Isidore of Seville, and others ; 
 and with drawings of the monstrous animals and peoples 
 which the mediaeval cosmography supposed to exist in 
 different parts of the world. The monkey is assigned 
 to Norway ; the scorpion to the banks of the Rhine ; 
 and the " oroc " (aurochs) to Provence. Lot's wife, 
 the labyrinth of Crete, the columns of Hercules, and 
 Scylla and Charybdis, should also be noticed. "The 
 portrait of Abraham is seen in Chaidaea, and that of 
 Moses on Mount Sinai. Amid the deserts of Ethiopia 
 St. Anthony is recognised, with his hook-beaked satyrs 
 and fauns. St. Augustine in his pontifical habit marks 
 the situation of his own Hippo k ." 
 
 The history of this very remarkable map is uncer- 
 tain. It was discovered, probably about a century ago, 
 
 k D'Avezac. 
 
106 
 
 under the floor of Bishop Audley's Chapel ; and Dean 
 Mere-wether suggested (but apparently without the 
 slightest authority) that it might have served originally 
 as an altar-piece 1 . 
 
 In the church is preserved a very curious chair of the 
 thirteenth or fourteenth century, closely resembling 
 those often represented in early sculpture and painting. 
 It is formed in great measure of little turned balusters ; 
 and may be compared with a chair figured by M. Yiollet- 
 le-Duc m from sculpture at Auxerre. The Hereford 
 chair (which at first sight looks like work of the seven- 
 teenth century, but is undoubtedly early, and a most 
 valuable remnant of antiquity) may perhaps have served 
 as the bishop's throne, before the construction, in the 
 fourteenth century, of that now in use; — or it may 
 have been the bishop's chair at the altar. 
 
 XXIY. A door at the eastern end of the south nave- 
 aisle opens to the cloisters, of which only two walks, 
 the east and south, remain. The west walk was pulled 
 down in the reign of Edward VI. to make room for the 
 
 1 For a further notice of this map, see Mr. Wright's paper in 
 the Gloucester volume of the Archaeological Association, and that 
 by M. D'Avezac already mentioned. One of the earliest mediaeval 
 maps accompanies the text of the Periegesis of Priscian, an Anglo- 
 Saxon MS. of the end of the tenth century, (Cott. Lib.) "A map 
 of the world, in a MS. of the thirteenth century in the British 
 Museum, contains a curious note, in which the author refers to 
 four maps which were then looked upon in England as being of 
 chief authority. These were, the map of Robert de Melkeleia, 
 that of the Abbey of Waltham, that in the King's Chamber 
 at Westminster, and that of Matthew Paris." — Wright. 
 
 m " Mobiliers." 
 
(fteto. Clrapfa-ljott^. 107 
 
 Grammar School, (taken down in 1836,) and a north 
 walk neyer existed. (Hereford Cathedral, it should be 
 remembered, had no monastic establishment attached to 
 it ; and this cloister, [Title-page,'] unlike that at Glou- 
 cester, was little more than an ornamental walk, con- 
 nected with the Bishop's Palace). The cloister is of Per- 
 pendicular date, with window-openings which deserve 
 notice. The south walk is more richly groined than the 
 east. At the south-east corner is a square turreted tower, 
 called the " Ladies','' or " Ladye Arbour," the original 
 purpose of which is not clear ; nor has it been possible 
 to trace the origin of the name, which apparently has 
 some reference to the Virgin. 
 
 Some good old iron-work on a door between the 
 cloister and the chapter-yard should be noticed. In 
 the cloister are placed monuments for — Dr. Matthews, 
 (with sculptured figures) ; Bishop Huntestgfokd, (died 
 1832) ; and Bishop Geet, (died 1837). 
 
 Between the cloister and the Bishop's Palace, a re- 
 markable chapel, which seems to have been early Nor- 
 man, existed until it was pulled down by Bishop 
 Egeeton, (1724 — 1746). It had an upper and a lower 
 story, in which were altars dedicated respectively to 
 St. Mary Magdalene and to St. Catherine. One wall 
 alone remains, and deserves notice. 
 
 Prom the east walk of the cloister a door opened to 
 the vestibule of the chapter -house. This was ruined by 
 the Parliamentarian troops ; and much of its stone-work 
 was used by Bishop Bisse, (died 1721,) and by his 
 successors until recently, for the repairs of the episcopal 
 
108 Hmfbrir Ca%braL 
 
 palace. The foundations and fragments which remain 
 shew that it was rich Decorated, in shape a decagon, 
 with a projecting buttress at each angle. 
 
 At the south-west angle of the lesser transept is an 
 entrance to the Yicars' Cloister ; (see § xxvn.) 
 - XXY. The exterior of the great north transept should 
 be especially noticed. The remarkable windows shew 
 to great advantage from the outside, in connection with 
 the massive buttresses, of which those at the angles are 
 turreted, with spiral cappings. The clerestory windows 
 are, as has already (§ xi.) been mentioned, triangular 
 on the exterior, and resemble those in the outer wall 
 of the triforium in the nave of Westminster. The 
 upper window in the north wall opens from the Archive 
 Room, (§ xxin.) The external sills of all these win- 
 dows resemble those of the interior, (§ xi.) They were 
 walled up, but have been restored by IVIr. Scott from 
 original portions found embedded in the walls, partly 
 in their places, and partly detached. 
 
 The date of the central tower, which rises above this 
 transept, has not been recorded, but it may safely be 
 placed between 1300 and 1310. It was probably un- 
 dertaken immediately after the completion of the north 
 transept, and the cost of its erection, like that of the 
 transept, was no doubt defrayed from the sums which 
 continued to be offered at the shrine of St. Thomas 
 Cantilupe Q . The tower (161 ft. high to the top of the 
 
 n " This may account for the omission of any recorded founder 
 or benefactor in connection with either the work of the north 
 transept or of this tower ; for it may be generally observed, with 
 
Stanieg <%p*L Crgpi 109 
 
 pinnacles) is of two stages above the roofs, with but- 
 tresses at the angles. (The pinnacles which cap these 
 buttresses are modern, and date from 1830.) The 
 arcades and window-openings, as well as the buttresses, 
 are covered with the ball-flower ornament, which is 
 scarcely anywhere found in such profusion as here, and 
 in the south aisle of the nave of Gloucester ; (see that 
 Cathedral). 
 
 The Stanbery Chapel (§ xiv.) projects between the 
 great and the eastern transept. The graceful Deco- 
 rated window of the choir aisle, which rises above it, 
 and the Early English arcades which cover the wall of 
 the choir between the clerestory windows, as well as 
 the windows themselves, (see § ix.,) should here be 
 noticed. 
 
 XXYI. On the south side of the Lady-chapel a 
 porch opens to a staircase leading to the crypt. The 
 porch (which is finely recessed) is, like the crypt, of 
 the same date — Early English (see § xviii.) — as the 
 Lady-chapel, under which it extends. The crypt ex- 
 tends under the whole of the Lady-chapel ; and is the 
 solitary example in an English cathedral of a crypt con- 
 structed after the end of the eleventh century °. It is 
 lighted by plain lancets, and consists of a nave and 
 
 respect to the buildings of the Middle Ages, that, when they 
 were carried on by their monasteries no record is preserved of 
 the work, but only when some considerable portion of it, as 
 a tower, a transept, or the vaulting of an aisle, was undertaken 
 at the expense of an individual." — Willis's Report, p. 10. 
 
 0 "The English eastern crypts are Canterbury, Winchester, 
 Gloucester, Rochester, Worcester ; — all founded before 1085. 
 
110 fmforb Ca%bral. 
 
 aisles 50 ft. long, and divided by plain clustered shafts. 
 The crypt was repaired in 1497 by Andrew Jones, " Mer- 
 cator hujus civitatis," whose altar-tomb, — covered with 
 an incised slab of large dimensions and elaborate de- 
 coration, representing the merchant and his wife — re- 
 mains in the centre. This crypt is called the " Gol- 
 gotha" — from its having been used as the charnel 
 or domus carnaria — the place appropriated for the 
 decent reception of disinterred fragments of the bodies 
 of the defunct, and special services for the repose of 
 their souls. Adjoining "Worcester, Norwich, and some 
 other cathedrals, a chapel, separated from the cathedral 
 itself, was used for this purpose. 
 
 The east end of the Lady-chapel was, it must be re- 
 membered, rebuilt by Mr. Cottingham, (§ xviii.) The 
 gable above the five lancet windows is by no means an 
 exact reproduction of the original, and the work is not 
 too good. The Audley Chantry (§ xix.) projects very 
 picturesquely on the south side of the Lady-chapel. 
 The side pinnacles were reproduced by Mr. Scott from 
 old drawings ; the finials are original, having been pre- 
 served in the crypt. 
 
 The existing west front of the cathedral is, as has 
 already been said, a composition of Wyatt's, and is un- 
 worthy of notice. The total exterior length of the 
 church, including the buttresses, is 344 ft. 
 
 After this they were discontinued, except as a continuation of 
 former ones, as at Canterbury and Rochester. The Early English 
 crypt of the Lady-chapel at Hereford is an exception." — Willis, 
 Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral, p. 71, note. 
 
Ill 
 
 XXVII. On the south side of the Lady-chapel is 
 the entrance to the College of Vicars Choral, (incor- 
 porated in 1396,) a very picturesque quadrangle, with 
 an inner cloister. It is for the most part Perpendicular, 
 {circa 1474). A long cloistral walk (109 ft.) leading 
 from the quadrangle of the college to the south-east 
 transept of the cathedral has the oaken beams of its 
 roof very finely carved. 
 
 The episcopal palace lies south between the cathe- 
 dral and the river Wye. It is almost entirely formed 
 out of an ancient Norman hall with pillars of timber, 
 and is consequently of considerable interest. In the 
 Deanery is preserved a small reliquary, of Limoges 
 work, dating from the early part of the thirteenth cen- 
 tury. On it is represented the martyrdom of St. Thomas 
 of Canterbury : on the lower part the murder, on the 
 upper part the entombment of the saint. It no doubt 
 contained a relic of the Archbishop. Similar reliquaries, 
 with the same subjects, exist in the possession of the 
 Society of Antiquaries, and of Sir Philip Egerton. 
 
HEKEFOED CATHEDEAL. 
 
 PAET II. 
 
 pigtorg jof % %n> foitfr %\nxt ^iotxm of t\t 
 principal ^kfyop. 
 
 A RCHBISHOP USHER asserts that Hereford was the 
 place of an episcopal see in the first half of the sixth 
 century, when (a.d. 544) one of its bishops was present 
 at a synod convened by the Archbishop of Caerleon. How- 
 ever this may have been, it is certain that the existing suc- 
 cession of bishops dates from a.d. 676 ; when Putta, Bishop 
 of Rochester, whose Kentish cathedral had been plundered 
 and desolated by Ethelred of Mercia, was placed at Here- 
 ford by Sexwulf, Bishop of Lichfield. Hereford was at this 
 time a place of no great consequence. It lay about one 
 mile distant from the Bo man road which ran from Magna 
 Castra (Kenchester) to Wigornia (Worcester) ; but it was 
 not itself a station, and its later importance arose mainly 
 from its position on a ford of the Wye, which Athelstane 
 fixed as the boundary between the English and Welsh, in 
 the same manner as he made the Tamar the boundary of 
 the English and the Cornish of "West Wales." Hereford 
 thus became a frontier town; and one of the strongest 
 castles on the marches of Wales rose near the cathedral, 
 on its south side. 
 [a.d. 676 — 688.] Putta, the first Saxon bishop, received no 
 great wealth with the church of Hereford. He was, says 
 Bede, "more careful about ecclesiastical than secular 
 matters." During his rule here he taught, " wherever he 
 vol. ni. i 
 
114 
 
 was asked/' the chants of the Church, — those ancient Gre- 
 gorian tones which Augustine had introduced at Canter- 
 bury, and which Archbishop Theodorus was now carefully 
 disseminating throughout England. 
 
 The permanent establishment of Hereford as the place of 
 an episcopal see was also the work of Archbishop Theo- 
 dore, who after the Council at Hertford (a.d. 673) divided 
 the great diocese of Mercia, as he had done that of East 
 Anglia, into several bishoprics. (See Lichfield, Pt. II.) 
 Of the bishops of Hereford between (688—1012) Putta 
 and iEthelstan little is recorded beyond their names. Ctjth- 
 bert (736 — 740) is an exception. In the latter year he 
 was translated to Canterbury. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.) 
 It was during his archiepiscopate that the Lord's Prayer 
 and the Creed were ordered to be universally taught in 
 English. 
 
 [a.d. 1012 — 1056.] iETHELSTAN, (" vir magnae sanctitatis," 
 according to Elorence of Worcester,) rebuilt his cathedral 
 from the foundations. He was blind for thirteen years 
 before his death; and the affairs of his diocese were ad- 
 ministered by Tremerig, Bishop of St. David's. In 1055, 
 the year before Bishop iEthelstan's death, the town of 
 Hereford (Herefordport as it is called in the Saxon Chro- 
 nicle 1 ) was harried by a large body of Irish and Welsh, 
 under iElfgar, the exiled Earl of Mercia. " They burned 
 the town," says the Chronicle ; " and the great mynstre 
 which the venerable Bishop iEthelstan had before caused 
 to be built, that they plundered, and bereaved of relics and 
 of vestments, and of all things ; and slew the folk, and led 
 some awayV In the following year Bishop iEthelstan 
 died, and was buried in this desolated church. 
 
 a " Port strictly means an enclosed place for sale or purchase — 
 a market." — Kemble. 
 
 b Angl.-Sax. Chron., ed. Thorpe, s. ann. 1055. Another version 
 of the Chronicle asserts that the minster was burned, and it is pro- 
 bable that it was greatly ruined. (See post, Bishop Losing. ) 
 
The great treasure of iEthelstan's minster was the body 
 of St. Ethelbeut, King of East Anglia ; whose head, says 
 the Saxon Chronicle, was " stricken off by the command of 
 Offa, King of the Mercians, a.d. 792." This is the only 
 notice of Ethelbert in the Chronicle; and Florence of 
 Worcester is almost as brief. We know nothing of the 
 real history of Ethelbert. Later accounts asserted that he 
 was murdered at Sutton's Walls, a chief palace of the 
 Mercian kings, about eight miles from Hereford, where he 
 had gone at the invitation of Offa, who had offered him the 
 hand of his daughter Elfrida. His body was secretly in- 
 terred at Marden, close to Sutton's Walls. Three nights 
 afterwards, Ethelbert appeared to a certain Brithfrid, and 
 telling him where he had been buried, ordered him to re- 
 move his body to the " chapel of Our Lady at Fernlege," — 
 generally supposed, but without much authority, to have 
 been on the site of the existing cathedral of Hereford. 
 Brithfrid obeyed; and the translation took place, not 
 without the occurrence of miracles on the way. Many 
 others followed. The murdered king of the East Angles 
 was recognised as a saint; and a sumptuous monument 
 was raised over his remains by Offa, in token of his peni- 
 tence. Bishop jEthelstan translated the relics into his new 
 <e minster," which was dedicated to St. Ethelbert. His 
 festival was duly celebrated until the Reformation. A fine 
 Early English church, dedicated to St. Mary and St. 
 Ethelbert, remains at Marden, where the body was first 
 interred. 
 
 [a.d. 1056.] Leofgar, "Earl Harold's mass-priest," suc- 
 ceeded iEthelstan. " He," says the Chronicle, " wore his 
 kenepas (headpiece?) in his priesthood, until he was a 
 bishop ; he forsook his chrism and his rood, his ghostly 
 weapons, and took to his spear and to his sword, after his 
 bishophood, and so went in the force against Griffith the 
 Welsh king ; and he was there slain, and his priests with 
 him, and iElfnoth the shire-reeve, and many good men with 
 
116 fmfiufe Ca%kal. 
 
 them, and the others fled away. This was eight nights be- 
 fore Midsummer 0 ." After Leofgar's death the see re- 
 mained vacant for four years, during which it was under 
 the rule of Ealdred, Bishop of Worcester. 
 [a.d. 1061 — 1079.] Walter op Lorraine, chaplain of Queen 
 Edith, was consecrated at Rome by Pope Nicholas II. 
 (He had accompanied Bishop Ealdred of Worcester to 
 Home, on his elevation to the see of York.) Bishop 
 Walter was a prelate of questionable sanctity, if the story 
 told of him by William of Malmesbury is not an invention 
 of his enemies. 
 
 [a.d. 1079 — 1095.] Robert de Losing, like his predecessor 
 a native of Lorraine, is said to have been one of the most 
 learned of the bishops consecrated by Lanfranc. Bishop 
 Robert found his cathedral in ruins. It had apparently 
 remained uncared for during the troubled times of the 
 Conquest, and it had been partly burnt, as we have seen, 
 by the Welshmen under Earl iElfgar. The Bishop rebuilt 
 it, taking for his model the church of Aachen, (Aix la 
 Chapelle,) founded by Charlemagne. The existing choir 
 (see Pt. I. § ii.) has been regarded as part of Bishop 
 Robert's work. 
 
 Remigius of Lincoln, who had also been rebuilding his 
 cathedral, had fixed the day for its dedication, and invited 
 Bishop Robert of Hereford to be present. He refused 
 to undertake the journey, however, saying, according to 
 William of Malmesbury, that the stars assured him the 
 dedication would not take place in the lifetime of Remigius ; 
 who died, in fact, the day before that appointed. Bishop 
 Robert is said by Malmesbury to have received a fore- 
 warning of his own death from St. Wulfstan, Bishop of 
 Worcester, with whom he had lived in the closest friend- 
 ship. When Wulfstan was on his death-bed, Robert was 
 absent with the King. His friend, says the Chronicler, 
 appeared to him in a dream, and directed him to hasten to 
 e Sax. Chron., ad ann. 1056. 
 
§p. fcarfr to @zottx% fa Clifa. 117 
 
 Worcester if he wished to see him once more. Bishop 
 Robert set out at once, but whilst resting at Cricklade he 
 was again visited by Wulfstan, who said, " Thou hast done 
 what was possible, but in vain, for I have now departed. 
 Thou, however, shalt not remain here long ; and as a token 
 that I speak true, thou shalt to-morrow receive a gift 
 from me." Accordingly, the Prior of Worcester, where 
 Robert arrived the next day, presented him with a cope 
 lined with lamb-skins, which St. Wulfstan had been in the 
 habit of wearing on his journeys. The Bishop recognised 
 the token, and returning to Hereford died there in the 
 following June, (1095). St. Wulfstan' s death occurred in 
 January. 
 
 [a.d. 1096, trans, to York 1101.] Gerard, nephew of Walke- 
 lin, Bishop of Winchester, and Chancellor under the Con- 
 queror and William II. On his translation to York, Roger 
 Lardarius was nominated to the see of Hereford by the 
 King, Henry I. He died before he could be consecrated. 
 Reinhelm was then chosen, and received the temporalities 
 as bishop-elect from the King, by the delivery of the ring 
 and pastoral staff. Anselm (see Canterbury, Pt. II.) 
 refused to consecrate the bishops who had been thus in- 
 vested; and Reinhelm accordingly restored the tempo- 
 ralities to the King, who, enraged by his submission to the 
 Archbishop, banished him from the court. 
 
 [a.d. 1107 — 1115.] Reinhelm, the Queen's Chancellor, was, 
 however, consecrated by Anselm in 1107, after the King 
 had conceded the main points in dispute, and the Arch- 
 bishop had returned from his exile. (See Canterbury, 
 Pt. II.) Reinhelm is commemorated in an obituary of 
 the Canons of Hereford, as "fundator ecclesise S. Ethel- 
 berti;" and it has accordingly been considered that he 
 completed the church begun by Robert de Losing. But 
 of this there is no direct proof. 
 
 [a.d. 1115—1120.] Geofery de Clive succeeded. " Bonus 
 quidem et ille," says William of MaJmesbury, " continentissi- 
 
118 
 
 musque ; indifferenter cibis et vestibus quae minori pretio 
 taxarentur utens ; agricultural studeus." He greatly im- 
 proved the lands belonging to the see ; but was more care- 
 ful to increase than to distribute; "leaving great stores 
 behind him to no heir." 
 [a.d. 1121—1127.] Richaed, called " de Capella," a clerk 
 of the King's chapel. A bridge across the Wye, at Here- 
 ford, was partly built by this bishop. His successor, 
 [a.d. 1131 — 1148.] Robert de Bethune, had been nomi- 
 nated by the King (Henry I.) in 1129, but was not conse- 
 crated until 1131. Bishop Robert was a member of the noble 
 house of Bethune ; and received his early education from 
 his own brother Gunfrid, a teacher of some celebrity. He- 
 became a canon in the Augustinian priory of Llanthony • 
 and on the death of Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Hereford, was 
 appointed to superintend the building of a religious house 
 at Weobly, where the great Earl was buried. Here he 
 worked as a common labourer, and is said to have injured 
 his health so greatly, that he was recalled to his priory, of 
 which he soon afterwards became the superior. When the 
 see of Hereford became vacant, Robert de Bethune was re- 
 commended to the King by the Earl of Gloucester, and at 
 last accepted the bishopric, "quamvis invitus." During 
 the troubles of Stephen's reign Hereford suffered greatly. 
 The cathedral was deserted and desecrated, and the Bishop 
 himself was compelled to take flight in disguise. On his 
 return, he " cleansed and repaired" the building. In 1148, 
 Bishop Robert was present at the Council of Rheims, con- 
 vened by Pope Eugenius III., then an exile in Erance ; and 
 died there, (April 16). His remains were brought to Eng- 
 land, and interred in his own cathedral. 
 
 A short life of Bishop de Bethune, who was one of the 
 best and worthiest bishops of his age, — a man of peace and 
 religion, when by far the greater number of English bishops 
 were little better than the most turbulent barons, — was 
 written by William of Wycumb, his successor in the priory 
 
119 
 
 of Llanthony, and was printed by Wharton in the second 
 volume of his Anglia Sacra. 
 [a.d. 1148, trans, to London 1163.] Gilbert Foliot, Abbot 
 of Gloucester, the inflexible antagonist of Becket. Foliot 
 " was admitted to be a man of unimpeachable life, of austere 
 habits, and great learning. He was in correspondence with 
 Popes Cselestine II., Lucius II., Eugenius III., and Alex- 
 ander, and with a familiarity which implies a high estima- 
 tion for ability and experience. He is interfering in 
 matters remote from his diocese, and commending other 
 bishops, Lincoln and Salisbury, to the favourable con- 
 sideration of the pontiff. All his letters reveal as imperious 
 and conscientious a Churchman as Becket himself, and in 
 Becket's position Foliot might have resisted the King as 
 inflexibly. He was, in short, a bold and stirring ecclesi- 
 astic, who did not scruple to wield, as he had done in 
 several instances, that last terrible weapon of the clergy 
 which burst on his own head, excommunication* 1 .'' It was 
 Foliot who uttered the " bitter sarcasm" on Becket's con- 
 secration as primate, "The King has wrought a miracle, 
 he has turned a soldier and a layman into an archbishop ;" 
 but in spite of this, Becket " acquiesced in, if he did not 
 promote, the advancement of Foliot to the see of London," 
 vacant when Becket was consecrated, at Whitsuntide, 1161. 
 Foliot's translation took place in 1163. From that time 
 he appears on the King's side, in opposition to the Arch- 
 bishop, and Becket accuses him of aspiring to the primacy. 
 The life of Foliot belongs too completely to the public his- 
 tory of his time, and is too closely associated with the 
 career of Becket, to be dwelt on here at any length. He 
 was among the bishops excommunicated by Becket on 
 Ascension-day, 1169, and again in Canterbury Cathedral, 
 on the Christmas-day before the Archbishop's murder ; and 
 it was Foliot who preached in that cathedral on the me- 
 
 d Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity, iii. 455. 
 
120 jgmforb ia%hsl 
 
 morable day (July 12, 1174) of King Henry's penance. 
 He died in 1187. 
 
 The letters of Bp. Foliot have been edited by Dr. Giles, 
 (Oxon. 1845,) and form two volumes of the series illus- 
 trating the life of Becket. Foliot was annually commemo- 
 rated by the canons of Hereford, as one who " multa bona 
 contulit Herefordensi capitulo." 
 
 [a.d. 1163—1167.] Robert de Melun (of Maledon), called 
 by the annalist of St. David's " Episcopus Anglorum sapi- 
 entissimus." He was present at the famous scene between 
 
 ■ Becket and Henry at Northampton, when he attempted, 
 with Eoliot, to take the cross from the hands of the Arch- 
 bishop, to whose side he seems to have adhered. 
 
 [a.d. 1174 — 1186.] Robert Eoliot, a friend and fellow- 
 
 - student of Becket, and probably a relative of Bishop Gilbert 
 of London, although this is not certain. He was one of 
 the four English bishops who in 1179 attended the Lateran 
 Council convened by Alexander III., in which the Albi- 
 genses and Waldenses were excommunicated e . 
 
 [a.d. 1186 — 1199.] William de Yere, son of Alberic de 
 Yere, third Earl of Oxford. Bishop de Yere is said by 
 Godwin to have built much, {multa dicitur construxisse,) 
 but no part of the existing cathedral can be assigned to 
 him, and indeed the authority for Godwin's statement does 
 not appear. 
 
 [a.d. 1200 — 1215.] Giles de Bruce, or de Braose, son of 
 William, Lord Brecknock. He sided with the barons 
 
 . against King John, and was compelled to leave his see, the 
 temporalities of which were seized by the Crown. He was 
 afterwards allowed to return, and died at Gloucester in 
 1215. Bishop Giles is generally said to have built the 
 central tower of his cathedral, but this (see Pt. I. § x.) is 
 undoubtedly an error. 
 
 [a.d. 1216 — 1219.] Hugh de Mapenore, Dean of Hereford. 
 
 e Collier, Eccles. Hist., bk. v. cent. 12. 
 
|to y^qwaManm 121 
 
 a.d. 1219—1234.] Hugh Eoliot, Arclideacon of Salop; 
 founded and endowed a hospital at Ledbury. 
 
 a.d. 1234 — 1239.] Ralph op Maidstone, "vir magnae lite- 
 rature, et in theologia nominatissimus," according to Wyke 
 the chronicler. He bought for the see a house in London, 
 together with the advowson of the adjoining church, St. 
 Mary Monthalt. In 1239 Bishop Ralph resigned his see, 
 and became a Franciscan at Oxford, whence he afterwards 
 passed to the house of the Franciscans at Gloucester, where 
 he died. 
 
 a.d. 1240 — 1268.] Peter d'Acquablanca, whose fine tomb 
 remains in the cathedral, (Pt. I. § xiii.,) was one of the in- 
 truding "foreigners" by whom England was oppressed 
 during the long reign of Henry III., and whose exactions 
 and tyranny were among the chief causes of the rising of 
 the barons under Simon de Montfort. Like the contem- 
 porary Archbishop of Canterbury, Boniface, Bishop Peter 
 was a native of Savoy, and had come to England in the 
 train of William of Valence. He obtained the see of Here- 
 ford in opposition to a canon of Lichfield, — " vir per omnia 
 commendabilis," says Matthew Paris, — who had been elected 
 by the canons ; but the King affected none but strangers. 
 In .1250 Bishop Peter took the cross, and went, under the 
 banner of the King of Erance, to the Holy Land. He re- 
 turned in 1258, bringing letters, which are said to have 
 been forged, but which professed to be those of the Pope, 
 Innocent IV., commanding all religious houses to grant 
 a tenth of their property toward the crusade. During 
 his absence (in 1257) he spent large sums in endeavour- 
 ing to procure for himself the see of Bordeaux, when the 
 death of the Archbishop had been reported. But after 
 the money had been spent, the Archbishop of Bordeaux 
 proved to be still alive, and the unfortunate Bishop Peter 
 became, says Paris, the subject of infinite jests. In 1263, 
 with other "foreigners," he was expelled from England; 
 but he returned to the country, though not to his diocese, 
 
122 fmforb Ca%braL 
 
 iii the following year, when Henry III. reprimands him 
 by letter, saying, that " coming to Hereford to take order 
 for the disposing the garrisons in the marches of Wales, 
 he found in the church of Hereford neither bishop, dean, 
 vicar, or other officer to discharge the spiritual functions, 
 and that the church and ecclesiastical establishment was 
 in a state of ruin and decay f ." The Bishop was soon 
 afterwards in Hereford, where he was taken by Simon 
 de Montfort, who seized all his wealth, and imprisoned 
 Bishop Peter in " Ordelay" [Urdley] Castle. He died in 
 1268, leaving behind him no good reputation, although 
 he had bought the manor of Holme Lacy for the cathe- 
 dral, and left money for the annual distribution of much 
 corn to the clergy of his church and to the poor. He 
 founded a monastery at his birthplace, Aquabella, or Aqua- 
 blanca, in Savoy, where his heart was conveyed for en- 
 tombment, and where a monument with an inscription still 
 remains. His body was interred in his own cathedral, 
 under the canopied tomb already noticed. 
 
 [a.d. 1269 — 1275.] John Breton ; has usually been con- 
 sidered the author of a treatise De Juribus Anglicanis, and 
 is described by Sir Edward Coke as " a man of great and 
 profound judgment in the common laws, an excellent orna- 
 ment to his profession, and a satisfaction and solace to him- 
 self." Selden, however, proved that the treatise contains 
 references to statutes passed long after the death of Bishop 
 Breton ; and Bishop Nicholson suggests, with much proba- 
 bility, that the true writer of the abstract was a " J ohn 
 Breton," one of the king's justices (together with Ralph 
 and Roger de Hengham) in the first year of Edward II. 
 
 [a.d. 1275 — 1282.] Thomas Cantilupe, who succeeded, was 
 the last Englishman canonized before the Reformation. He 
 was the son of William Lord Cantilupe, and his wife 
 Millicent, Countess of Evreux. The future bishop and 
 saint was educated at Oxford and at Paris, and after being 
 f Wilkins, Concil. Mag. Brit. i. p. 7G, quoted by JBritton. 
 
€unBa$z. 123 
 
 made Chancellor of the former University, became Chan- 
 cellor of England under Henry III. in 1265. He was, 
 moreover, a clerical pluralist of the first order, being at 
 once canon and chantor of York, archdeacon and canon of 
 Lichfield and Coventry, canon of London, canon of Here- 
 ford, and archdeacon of Stafford. It is possible, however, 
 that as in the case of Bishop Walter de Merton, who held 
 the great seal immediately before Cantilupe, the King may 
 have found no more ready means of paying his great officer 
 than by such preferments. In 1275 he became bishop of 
 Hereford. His episcopate was not a tranquil one. He 
 vigorously maintained the rights of his see against both 
 Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, and John Peckham, 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, the latter of whom insisted on 
 the visitation of Bishop Cantilupe's diocese, as his metro- 
 politan ; a claim which the archbishops were then vigorously 
 prosecuting. After a long dispute, Peckham solemnly ex- 
 communicated the refractory Bishop of Hereford, who at 
 once proceeded to Home, to lay his case before the Pope, 
 Martin IY. There is reason to believe, however, that as 
 an excommunicated person he could obtain from the Pope 
 nothing more than " the promise of a quick despatch and 
 removal of delays and that he only received absolution 
 in the hour of his death, which occurred near Orvieto, 
 August 23, 1282. Richard Swinfield, his successor in 
 the see of Hereford, who had accompanied Bishop Can- 
 tilupe to Italy, proceeded, probably at his own request, 
 to separate the flesh of his body from the bones by boiling. 
 The flesh was interred in the church of Santo Severo, near 
 Orvieto ; the heart was conveyed to the monastic church 
 of Ashridge in Buckinghamshire, founded by Edmund, 
 Earl of Cornwall; and the bones were brought to his own 
 cathedral at Hereford. As they were being conveyed into 
 the church, says the compiler of the Bishop's "Life and 
 Gests," Gilbert Earl of Gloucester approached and touched 
 the casket which contained them, whereupon they "bled 
 
124 
 
 afresh." The Earl was struck with compunction, and 
 made full restitution to the Church of all the lands which 
 Bishop Cantilupe had rightly claimed from him. 
 
 Swinfield, who had been the constant companion of Can- 
 tilupe, and many of the contemporary chroniclers, bear 
 witness to the purity and excellence of the Bishop's life, 
 and his tomb soon became distinguished by miracles. The 
 first of these, according to the annalist of Worcester, 
 occurred in April, 1287 ; at the time, apparently, of the 
 removal of his remains from the tomb in the Lady-chapel 
 to the shrine winch had been provided for them in the 
 north transept. The number of marvels increased daily; 
 for " superstition," in Fuller's words, " is always fondest of 
 the youngest saint ;" and in 1289, Bishop Swinfield, who 
 had brought Cantilupe's bones from Italy, wrote to the 
 Pope requesting his canonization. Many difficulties, how- 
 ever, were interposed; and in spite of numerous letters 
 from Edward I. and his son Edward II., it was not until 
 May, 1320, that the bull of canonization was issued by 
 Pope John XXII. « It is possible that the excommuni- 
 cation of Cantilupe, and his connection with the Knights 
 Templars, of which Order he was Provincial Grand Master 
 in England, were among the causes of the delay. The 
 Templars were arrested throughout England in 1307; con- 
 demned in 1310; and in 1312 the Order was finally dis- 
 solved in the Council of Yienne. 
 
 A book entitled " The Life and Gests of Saint Thomas 
 Cantilupe," said to be compiled from evidences at Home, 
 collected before his canonization, was published at Ghent 
 in 1674. "No fewer than four hundred and twenty -five 
 miracles," says Puller, "are registered, reported to be 
 wrought at his tomb. . . . Yea, it is recorded in his legend, 
 that by his prayers were raised from death to life three- 
 s' Reg. Orleton — quoted by the Rev. John Webb, in his notes on 
 
 the Swinfield Roll. It was in the time of Bishop Orleton that the 
 
 canonization was decreed. 
 
125 
 
 score several persons, one-and-twenty lepers healed, and 
 three-and-twenty blind and dumb men to have received 
 their sight and speech h ." 
 
 The arms of Cantilnpe — Gules, three leopards' heads 
 jessant, with a fleur-de-lis issuing from the mouth, or— 
 have since his canonization been assumed as those of the 
 see of Hereford. 
 
 a.d. 1283 — 1317.] Richard Swinfield, a native of Swin- 
 field in Kent, from which place he is said to have trans- 
 ported a small colony of Kentish men to Herefordshire, 
 laboured throughout his episcopate to procure the canoni- 
 zation of his predecessor, which was not effected until 
 1320. Bishop Swinfield, however, translated the remains 
 of St. Thomas Cantilupe to the new transept in 1287 ; and 
 besides this transept, the clerestory and upper portion of 
 the choir, the central tower above the roof, and the eastern 
 transept as it now exists, were either completed, or were 
 in progress during his episcopate. A curious roll of the 
 household expenses of this Bishop for the years 1289 — 
 1290 has been edited for the Camden Society, with some 
 very interesting annotations, by the Rev. John Webb. 
 
 a.d. 1317, trans, to Worcester 1327.] Adam Orleton. 
 This Bishop had joined the barons, under the Earl of Lan- 
 caster, against Edward II. and the Spencers ; and in 1323, 
 — two years after the defeat of the barons at Borough- 
 bridge, — he was impeached in Parliament as having given 
 "countenance and assistance to the rebellion." He re- 
 fused, as a Churchman, to be so tried, and was delivered to 
 the custody of the Archbishop of Canterbury, whence he 
 was afterwards brought before the bar of the King's Bench. 
 "These proceedings being looked upon as a violation of 
 the liberties of the Church, the Archbishops of Canterbury, 
 York, and Dublin, came immediately, with their crosses 
 erected, into the court, and carried off the Bishop without 
 
 h Worthies — Herefordshire. 
 
126 
 
 giving him time to answer to the indictment 5 ." The 
 Bishop was tried in his absence, however, — (the first Eng- 
 lish bishop brought to trial in a temporal court,) — found 
 guilty, and his temporalities confiscated. But these had 
 been restored before 1326, when Bishop Orleton joined 
 the party of Queen Isabella. He preached before her at 
 Oxford, on the text " doleo caput," (2 Kings iv. 19,) in- 
 ferring that a distempered "head" should be removed; 
 and the Queen proceeded with him to Hereford, where the 
 younger Spencer was hanged, Thence the Bishop wrote 
 his famous letter to the keepers of Edward II. at Berkeley 
 Castle, — "Edwardum regem occidere nolite timere bonum 
 est." In 1327 he was translated, by the influence of the 
 Queen, to Worcester; and in 1333 to Winchester, where 
 he died in 1345. 
 [a.d. 1327 — 1344.] Thomas Chaklton, Canon of York. In 
 1329 he was Treasurer of England. In 1337 he was sent 
 to Ireland as Chancellor, and was afterwards Justiciary 
 and "Warden" of that kingdom. In 1340 he returned to 
 Hereford. 
 
 [a.d. 1344 — 1360.] John Trilleck. Little is recorded of 
 this Bishop, whose fine brass remains in the choir of the 
 cathedral. (Pt. I. § x.) He prohibited the performance 
 of miracle-plays in churches within his diocese. 
 
 [a.d. 1361 — 1369.] Lewis Charlton; of some distinction 
 as a theologian. 
 
 [a.d. 1370, trans, to London 1375.] William Courtenay, 
 son of Hugh Courtenay, Earl of Devon. From London 
 Bishop Courtenay passed to Canterbury in 1381, and 
 died 1396. As Bishop of London, and as Archbishop, he 
 was a strong opposer of Wickliffe. (See Canterbury 
 Cathedral, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1375, trans, to St. David's 1389.] John Gilbert; was 
 translated to Hereford from Bangor. In 1386 he was 
 Treasurer of England. 
 
 > Collier, Eccles. Hist., bk. vi. cent. 14. 
 
Sps. fefonant to Stanbrg. 127 
 
 a.d. 1389 — 1404.] John Trevenant : sent on an embassy 
 to Rome by Henry IY. in 1400. 
 
 a.d. 1404 — 1416.] Robert Mas call : had been a Car- 
 melite friar at Ludlow; whence he proceeded to Oxford, 
 and there, by his learning, attracted the notice of Henry 
 IV., who employed him on various embassies. He built 
 great part of the church of the Carmelites in London, 
 where he was buried. Bishop Mascall was present with 
 Bishop Hallam of Salisbury, at the Council of Constance, 
 1415, 1416. 
 
 a.d. 1417, trans, to Exeter 1420.] Edmund Lacy. (See 
 
 Exeter Cathedral, Pt. II.) 
 a.d. 1420, trans, to Chichester 1421.] Thomas Polton, 
 
 Dean of York. From Chichester he passed to Worcester 
 
 in 1426. 
 
 a.d. 1422—1448.] Thomas Spoeeord, Abbot of St. Mary's 
 at York ; to which monastery he returned in 1448, having 
 resigned his see. " The record of his abdication is printed 
 in Rymer's Fosdera, vol. x. p. 215 : in Wilkins's Concilia, 
 vol. hi. p. 538, is a writ of pardon for abdicating in favour 
 of his successor, who was to allow him one hundred pounds 
 yearly out of the revenues. The Pope testified by his bull 
 that Spofford had expended on the buildings of his cathe- 
 dral upwards of two thousand eight hundred marks k ." 
 No part of the cathedral itself can be of Bishop Spoffbrd's 
 time ; but possibly he erected the cloisters. 
 
 a.d. 1449, trans, to Salisbury 1450.] Richard Beauchamp. 
 For this Bishop, one of the best architects of his time, — 
 the superintendent of the works at St. George's Chapel, 
 Windsor, — see Salisbury Cathedral, Pt. II. 
 
 a.d. 1451, trans, to Lichfield 1453.] Reginald Boulers, 
 Abbot of Gloucester. 
 
 a.d. 1453—1477.] John Stanbery, translated to Hereford 
 from Bangor. Bishop Stanbery was born at Stanbery, in 
 the parish of Morwenstow, on the north coast of Cornwall ; 
 k Britton. 
 
128 gj mforfc Ca%tal. 
 
 and bequeathed a "cross of silver gilt" to his baptismal 
 church there. " He was bred," says Fuller, " a Carmelite 
 in Oxford, and became generally as learned as any of his 
 order, deserving all the dignity which the University did 
 or could confer on him. King Henry the Sixth highly 
 favoured, and made him the first Provost of Eton; being 
 much ruled by his advice in ordering that, his new foun- 
 dation. He was by the King designed Bishop of Norwich, 
 but William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, got it from him 
 for his own chaplain, and Stanbery was fain to stay his 
 stomach on the poor bishopric of Bangor, till, anno 1453, 
 he was advanced Bishop of Hereford 1 ." The Bishop was 
 faithful to Henry YI. throughout his adversity, but was 
 taken prisoner after the battle of Northampton, (July, 
 1460,) and was long confined in Warwick Castle. After 
 his release he retired to the Carmelite monastery at Lud- 
 low, and died there in May, 147 4. He was interred in his 
 own cathedral, in the chantry which he had built and en- 
 dowed during his life. (Pt. I. § xiv.) 
 [a.d. 1474—1492.] Thomas Milling, Abbot of Westminster, 
 Privy Councillor of Edward IV., and godfather to his son, 
 Edward Y. He was buried at Westminster, where a stone 
 coffin remains which is supposed to have contained his 
 body. 
 
 [a.d. 1492, trans, to Salisbury 1502.] Edmund Audley. (See 
 Salisbury, Pt. II.) During his tenure of the see of Here- 
 ford he constructed the chantry on the south side of the 
 Lady-chapel. (Pt. I. § xix.) He was interred in the chan- 
 try he afterwards built at Salisbury. 
 
 [a.d. 1502, trans, to Bath and Wells 1504.] Hadrian de 
 Castello, who had been entrusted by Henry VII. with 
 the management of all business between England and the 
 Papal Court, received both his English bishoprics at Home, 
 
 1 Worthies — Devonshire. Fuller gives Churchill, in the parish of 
 Bratton, as Stanbery's birthplace ; but the bequest in his will ren- 
 ders it certain that he was born at Stanbery in Morwenstow. 
 
§p t Pagefu to Sfcxjr. 129 
 
 and never saw either. (See, for a fuller notice of him, 
 Wells Cathedral, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1504 — 1516.] Richard Mayew, Archdeacon of Oxford, 
 President of Magdalen College, and Chancellor of the Uni- 
 versity, was Henry the Seventh's Almoner, and was sent to 
 Spain in order to conduct Catherine of Arragon to England. 
 He received the bishopric of Hereford after his return. 
 His fine tomb and effigy remain on the south side of the 
 choir. (Pt. I. § xxi.) 
 
 [a.d. 1516 — 1535.] Charles Booth, Chancellor of the "Welsh 
 Marches, is best known as the builder of the north porch 
 of his cathedral at Hereford. His tomb adjoins it. (Pt. I. 
 § VII.) 
 
 [a.d. 1535—1539.] Edward Eox, Provost of King's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, Almoner to Henry VIIL, by whom he 
 was employed on various embassies. It was Eox who first 
 introduced Cranmer to the King, and Euller calls him 
 <c the principal pillar of the Reformation, as to the manage- 
 ment of the politic and prudential part thereof, being of 
 more activity, and no less ability, than Cranmer himself m .' 
 He had been the first to instigate Wolsey, as papal legate, 
 to commence a visitation of the professed as well as secular 
 clergy, in 1523, in consequence of the general complaint 
 against their manners, Bishop Eox died in London in 
 1538, and was interred in the church of St. Mary Mont- 
 halt. 
 
 [a.d. 1539—1552.] John Skip. On Eox's death, Edmund 
 Bonner was elected Bishop of Hereford, but before his 
 consecration to that see he was removed to London. 
 Bishop Skip had been Archdeacon of Dorset. He was 
 one of the " notable learned men" associated with Cranmer 
 in drawing up the "Order of Communion," (1548,) and 
 was probably one of those who assisted in compiling the 
 first Common Prayer-book of Edward YI. n 
 
 m Worthies — Gloucestershire. 
 
 11 See Procter's Hist, of the Prayer-book, p. 23, note. 
 VOL. III. K 
 
130 
 
 f mfaxb Ca%bral. 
 
 [a.d. 1553 — 1554.] John Harley, was compelled to resign 
 on the accession of Mary because he was a "married 
 priest/ 5 and died a few months afterwards. 
 
 [a.d. 1554 — 1558.] Robert Pareew, or Wharton, was 
 translated from St. Asaph. 
 
 [a.d. 1559 — 1585.] John Scory, translated from Chichester. 
 As Bishop of Hereford, Bishop Scory alienated many of 
 the best manors belonging to the see, but it is very doubt- 
 ful whether it was in his power to resist effectually the 
 rapacity of the courtiers. It has been proved (see Exeter 
 Cathedral, Pt. II. — Bishop Yeysey) that in many cases 
 the bishops of this period have been blamed for alienations 
 which they had done their best to resist. 
 
 [a.d. 1586 — 1602.] Herbert Westealing, Prebendary of 
 Christ Church, Oxford. Godwin, who knew him intimately, 
 describes him as a bishop of unusual excellence, of great 
 purity of life, of great honesty and integrity, and of such 
 serious gravity that he was hardly ever seen to smile. Sir 
 John Harrington relates, that while Bishop Westfaling was 
 preaching in his cathedral, a mass of frozen snow fell from 
 the tower upon the roof, and so frightened the congregation 
 that they endeavoured to escape in all haste. But the 
 Bishop remained unmoved in his pulpit, calmly exhorting 
 them to sit still and fear no harm. All the revenues of his 
 see were expended in works of piety and hospitality by 
 Bishop Westfaling, who left nothing but his private in- 
 heritance to his family. He was buried in the north tran- 
 sept, where his effigy remains. (Pt. I. § 12.) 
 
 [a.d. 1603 — 1617.] Robert Bennett, Dean of Windsor. 
 Bishop Bennett was educated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, where, says Sir John Harrington, he was "an 
 active man, who played well at tennis, and could toss an 
 argument in the schools even better than a ball in the 
 tennis court." He was a vigorous defender of the pri- 
 vileges of his see against the corporation of Hereford, and 
 both he and his predecessor Westfaling expended large 
 
131 
 
 sums in the restoration of the episcopal residences at 
 Hereford and at Whitbourn. Bishop Bennett's tomb with 
 effigy remains on the north side of the choir. (Pt. I. § x.) 
 [a.d. 1617 — 1633.] Francis Godwin, translated to Hereford 
 from Llandaff. Bishop Godwin was the compiler of the 
 " Catalogue of the Bishops of England," to which all suc- 
 ceeding writers on English Church history have been 
 greatly indebted. He was the son of Thomas Godwin, 
 Bishop of Bath and Wells, and was born at Harsington in 
 Northamptonshire. In the year 1601 he became Bishop of 
 Llandaff, and in 1605 published the first edition, in Eng- 
 lish, of his " Catalogue." It was again published in Latin, 
 in 1616, and in 1743 this Latin version was edited, in 
 a large folio volume, by Dr. Richardson, Canon of Lincoln, 
 and Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Richardson 
 made cousiderable additions to the book, besides correcting 
 numerous errors ; and it is his edition of the Commentary 
 Be Pr&sulibus Anglia that is alone to be relied upon. 
 "Bishop Godwin," says Euller, "was a good man, grave 
 divine, skilful mathematician, pure Latinist, and incom- 
 parable historian. The Church of Llandaff was much 
 beholding to him; yea, the whole Church of England; 
 yea, the whole Church Militant ; yea, many now in the 
 Church Triumphant had had their memories utterly lost on 
 earth, if not preserved by his painful endeavours. I am 
 sorry to see that some have since made so bad use of his 
 good labours, who have lighted their candles from his 
 torch, thereby merely to discover the faults of our bishops, 
 that their personal failing may be an argument against the 
 prelatical function °." Bishop Godwin also wrote a life of 
 Queen Mary, inserted in Kennet's History of England, 
 vol. ii. ; and "Annals of England under Henry VIII., 
 Edward VI., and Mary." He was interred at Whitbourn, 
 where the bishops of Hereford had a palace, April 29, 
 
 0 Worthies — Northamptonshire. 
 
132 fercforb Ca%bnxL 
 
 1633. A good portrait of Godwin, engraved by Vertue, 
 is prefixed to Richardson's folio. 
 
 [a.d. 1634, died in November of the same year.] Augustine 
 Lindsell, translated from Peterborough. 
 
 [a.d, 1635, trans, to Norwich in the same year.] Matthew 
 "Wren. (See Norwich Cathedral, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1635 — 1636.] Theophilus Field, had been Bishop suc- 
 cessively of Llandaff and St. David's. 
 
 [a.d. 1636 — 1646.] George Coke, translated from Bristol. 
 He was brother of Sir John Coke, Secretary of State under 
 James I. and Charles I. Bishop Coke fell upon the evil 
 days of the civil war, and like the rest of the bishops, was 
 deprived of his see. "He was a meek, grave, and quiet 
 man," says Puller, "much beloved of such as were sub- 
 jected to his jurisdiction p." He died in 1650. 
 Por fifteen years the see remained vacant. In 
 
 [a.d. 1661, died the same year,] Nicholas Monk, Provost of 
 Eton, was consecrated Bishop of Hereford. He was the 
 brother of the great Duke of Albemarle. Bishop Monk 
 never visited his diocese, but, dying at Westminster, was 
 interred in the abbey church there. 
 
 [a.d. 1662 — 1691.] Herbert Croft, had been Dean of 
 Hereford before the Rebellion. In his youth he had em- 
 braced Romanism, and had been received into the Order of 
 Jesuits, but was reconverted by Bishop Morton of Durham. 
 Bishop Croft is said to have been especially careful to pro- 
 mote none but the clergy of his own diocese to honourable 
 positions within it. | 
 
 [a.d. 1691 — 1701.] Gilbert Ironside, translated from 
 Bristol. 
 
 [a.d. 1701 — 1712.] Humerey Humphries, translated from 
 Bangor. Wood declares him to have been "excellently 
 versed in antiquities." 
 
 [a.d. 1713 — 1721.] Philip Bisse, translated from St. David's. 
 Bishop Bisse expended much on the cathedral and on the 
 P Worthies — Dertyshire. 
 
f mhuli to fampta. 133 
 
 palace. In the former he erected a Grecian altar-screen, 
 which has been happily removed during the late restoration. 
 
 [a.d. 1721, trans, to Salisbury 1723,] Benjamin Hoadly, 
 trans, from Bangor. See Winchester Cathedral, (to 
 which see he was trans, from Salisbury,) Pt. II. ; but it 
 should be added that the passage there quoted from Hal- 
 lam's Constitutional History is far too favourable to the 
 character of Bishop Hoadly. 
 
 [a.d. 1724—1746.] Henry Egerton, fifth son of the third 
 Earl of Bridgewater. 
 
 [a.d. 1746 — 1787.] James Beatjclerk, eighth son of the 
 Duke of St. Alban's. 
 
 [a.d. 1787—1788.] John Harley, third son of the third 
 Earl of Oxford. 
 
 [a.d. 1788 — 1802.] John Butler, translated from Oxford. 
 
 Bishop Butler owed his elevation to his powers as a poli. 
 
 tical pamphleteer. He was an effective assistant to Lord 
 
 North in vindicating the American War. 
 [a.d. 1803, trans, to Worcester 1808.] Efolliott Herbert 
 
 Walker Cornewall, translated from Bristol. 
 [a.d. 1808, trans, to St. Asaph 1815.] John Ltjxmoore, 
 
 translated from Bristol. 
 [a.d. 1815 — 1832.] George J. Htjntingford, translated 
 
 from Gloucester. Bishop Huntingford had been made 
 
 Warden of Winchester College in 1789, and retained the 
 
 wardenship until his death. 
 [a.d. 1832 — 1837-] Edward Grey, 
 [a.d. 1837, trans, to Jork 1847.] Thomas Musgrave. 
 [a.d. 1848 — .] Benn D. Hampden. 
 
BRISTOL CATHEDRAL. 
 
 TOMB OF ABBOT NEWLAND. 
 
REFERENCES. 
 
 BAA Tower and Transept. 
 A Choir. 
 
 C Chancel or Sacrarium. 
 
 D North Choir-aisle. 
 
 E South Choir-aisle. 
 
 Y JElder Lady-chapel. 
 
 G Ante-chaniber to Berkeley Chapel. 
 
 H Berkeley Chapel. 
 
 K Newton Chapel. 
 
 L Cloister. 
 
 M Vestibule of Chapter -house. 
 N Chapter-house. 
 
 1 North Entrance. 
 
 2 Sedilia. 
 
 3 Monument of Abbot Newland. 
 
 4 Monument of Abbot Knowle. 
 
 5 Monument of Abbot Newberry. 
 
 6 Monument of Bishop Bush. 
 
 7 Monument of Maurice Lord Berkeley, and Wife. 
 
 8 Staircase to Triforium and Tower. 
 
 9 Monument of Thomas Lord Berkeley. 
 
 10 Monument of second Maurice Lord Berkeley. 
 
 11 Monument of second Thomas Lord Berkeley. 
 
 12 Doorway to Cloister. 
 
 GROUND-PLAN, BRISTOL CATHEDRAL. 
 Scale, 100 ft. to 1 in. 
 
BRISTOL CATHEDRAL. 
 
 FRONTISPIECE. ' 
 
 NORTH-EAST VIEW, FROM ST. AUGUSTINE'S GREEN. 
 
BRISTOL CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PAET I. 
 
 I. The documents relating to the history of Bristol 
 Cathedral, which had heen preserved in the chapter- 
 house, were destroyed during the riots of 1831. A roll 
 of the time of Abbot JSTewland (1481 — 1515) exists 
 in the muniment-room of Berkeley Castle, and is al- 
 most the only original authority remaining. Some few 
 dates, however, from documents in the Registers of 
 Worcester, and from accounts in the possession of the 
 Dean and Chapter of Bristol, have been carefully col- 
 lected by Mr. Godwin, whose intimate acquaintance 
 with the building renders his conclusions of especial 
 value a . 
 
 II. Bristol was one of the new dioceses created by 
 Henry VIII. in 1542. Up to that time the cathedral 
 had been the church of an Augustinian monastery, 
 founded by Eobert Fitzhardinge in the year 1142. Ac- 
 
 a Mr. Godwin's paper on Bristol Cathedral, illustrated by- 
 numerous plans, will be found in the twentieth volume of the 
 Archaeological Journal. It is right to acknowledge the great 
 use that has been made of it in the following account. 
 
138 §xhtal CafytaHL 
 
 cording to Mr. Godwin, the church, as finished by 
 Eitzhardinge, " contained a nave with north and south 
 aisles, a central tower with north and south transepts, 
 a presbytery with north and south aisles, and a via 
 processionum" To this original church some additions 
 were made during the Early English period ; and during 
 the abbacy of Edmund Knowle (1306—1332) the Nor- 
 man choir was replaced by that which now exists. The 
 chapels on the south side of the choir were probably 
 added in the time of Knowle's successor, Abbot Snow, 
 (1332—1341); to whom must also perhaps be attri- 
 buted the Decorated work of the transepts. The cen- 
 tral tower, as it now appears, was the work of Abbot 
 Newland, (1481 — 1515) ; who also added the groined 
 roof to the north transept. The vaulting of the south 
 transept was completed by Abbot Elliot, (1515 — 1526). 
 No nave whatever exists at present. The general be- 
 lief has hitherto been, that Eitzhardinge' s nave (with 
 the exception of the eastern bays, which were removed 
 by Abbot Newland during his work on the tower 
 and transept) remained untouched until the dissolu- 
 tion, when it was destroyed before the abbey church 
 was restored as the cathedral of the new diocese : but 
 Mr. Godwin proves almost conclusively that the Nor- 
 man nave and aisles were removed by Abbot Elliot, 
 who had rebuilt the cloisters, and whose intention of 
 rebuilding the nave was prevented by his death in the 
 year 1526. (See § xiv.) The Norman bases of the piers 
 on one side of the nave (of the same character as the 
 chapter-house) were discovered, a few years since, in 
 
gat*8. 139 
 
 their original positions; and some work remaining at 
 the end of one of the canons' houses seems to indicate 
 that the west front was flanked by towers. 
 
 The probable dates of the several portions of the 
 cathedral, according to Mr. Godwin, whose conclusions 
 may be safely accepted, are as follows : — 
 
 Norman (1142 — 1148) — Staircase in north aisle, 
 leading to the tower; portions of the walls in both 
 transepts ; the lower part of the tower- piers ; and the 
 gateway to the abbot's lodgings. 
 
 Transition Norman (1155 — 1 1 70) — Chapter-house 
 and vestibule; great gateway to Lower College Green; 
 (this, however, has been rebuilt, see § xrv.) (Both 
 Norman and transition JSbrman were the work of Fitz- 
 hardinge the founder; but the latter, and richer, por- 
 tions were apparently built after the year 1155, when 
 Fitzhardinge received from Henry II. the forfeited 
 estates of Eoger de Berkeley 15 .) 
 
 b " The monastery of St. Augustine was founded in 1142, and 
 was so far advanced in 1148 as to be ready for-consecration. On 
 the Ides of April in the same year, six monks from the monastery 
 of Wigmore were inducted into the new building, and Eichard, 
 one of their number, was appointed abbot. In 1155 the King 
 conferred upon Robert Fitzhardinge the forfeited estates of 
 Roger de Berkeley, and by this means the founder of St. Augus- 
 tine's was enabled to provide for the abbey to a much greater 
 extent than at first contemplated, for by a charter preserved at 
 Berkeley Castle, he gives all the churches belonging to Berkeley, 
 with the chapels and all their appurtenances, to the abbey. The 
 deed is undated, but must have been executed in the reign of 
 Henry II., mention being made of "doniinus rex Henricus," and 
 " Henrici regis avi sui." The date must therefore be between 
 
140 
 
 Early English {temp. Abbot John, ? 1196 — 1215) — 
 The greater part of the Elder Lady-chapel. 
 
 Early English {temp. Abbot Long, ? 1237— 1264) — 
 Portions of the north transept. 
 
 Decorated (geometrical, 1283 — 1294?) — Roof and 
 east window of Elder Lady-chapel. 
 
 Decorated {temp. Abbot Knowle, 1306 — 1332)— Choir 
 and choir-aisles. 
 
 Late Decorated {temp. Abbot Snow, 1332 — 1341) — 
 Chantry and vestibule, south-east of the choir ; and the 
 Newton Chapel. 
 
 Perpendicular {temp. Abbot Newland, 1481 — 1515) 
 — Central tower. Perpendicular work in the north 
 transept, including the roof. 
 
 Perpendicular {temp. Abbot Elliot, 1515 — 1526) — 
 Vaulting of south transept. 
 
 Notwithstanding its mutilation, Bristol Cathedral de- 
 serves the most careful study. The Norman and Deco- 
 
 1155 and 1170, in which latter year Fitzhardinge, then a canon 
 of St. Augustine's, died. From these circumstances we may, I 
 think, conclude, that in 1142 the monastery was begun; that in 
 1148 the church was consecrated, and the domestic buildings 
 sufficiently advanced for the accommodation of six monks ; and 
 that on the accession of Henry II., (1155,) Fitzhardinge was 
 enabled, by the grant of the forfeited Berkeley estates, not only 
 to increase its endowment, but to complete the building ; and 
 that, too, in a more elaborate style than was at first designed. 
 The Norman remains are therefore, I conceive, of two different 
 dates. To the earlier (1142—1148) belong the vestiges of the 
 old church, and the abbot's lodgings; to the latter (1155 — 1170) 
 may be referred the great gateway with its attached postern and 
 the chapter-house." — JEJ. W. Godwin. 
 
141 
 
 rated portions are of unusual value and interest : and 
 the latter, especially, presents many features which 
 " partake very much more of the nature of what we 
 may call German, than English Gothic of that period 0 ." 
 The peculiar vaulting of the choir-aisles and the richly 
 decorated monumental recesses in the work of Abbot 
 Knowle may be regarded as the specialities of this 
 cathedral. 
 
 Since the year 1861 an extensive series of restora- 
 tions (to be pointed out as we proceed) has been carried 
 on within the cathedral, under the superintendence of 
 Messrs. Pope and Eindon, local architects. It is to he 
 hoped that the work will not cease until the building 
 has been restored to its due proportions by the addition 
 of a nave. 
 
 III. The exterior (see § xiv.) of the cathedral (which 
 occupies the highest ground outside the ancient walls 
 of the city, see Pt. II.) is comparatively uninteresting ; 
 although its smoke-stained walls contrast well with the 
 trees of St. Augustine's Green. The restoration has 
 been extended to much of the parapet and pinnacles. 
 The only general views to be obtained are from St. Au- 
 gustine's (or the Upper College) Green. [See Fron- 
 tispiece.'] Prom the lower green there is a good view 
 of the tower, with the whole of the transept. 
 
 IY. The cathedral is entered through a debased 
 doorway at the north end of the transept. The ex- 
 isting tower and transept occupy the exact site of the 
 
 c The Rev. J. E. Carter, in the Bristol volume of the Archse- 
 o logical Institute. 
 
142 §xhtol 0a%bral 
 
 Gorman ones, and great part of the original walls was 
 retained in the later structure. " The Norman work 
 of the north transept is confined to the coursed masonry 
 below the Early English jambs of the great north win- 
 dow, and possibly the core of the buttresses d ." In the 
 south transept, the Norman work is more extensive, but 
 is chiefly visible on the exterior. ' 'In the western 
 wall may be seen a blocked-up doorway, with its nook- 
 shaft and plain soffit, indicating the early work of the 
 1 prepositor,' (Eitzhardinge) . This doorway ... ap- 
 pears to have been a temporary entrance to the first 
 Norman church," (that dedicated in 1148,) " which ex- 
 tended only as far westward as the present building. 
 "When the Norman nave and its aisles were built, this 
 entrance to the church would have been blocked up, 
 and a new doorway constructed in the usual position 
 entering from the end of the east cloister into the south 
 aisle. The flat pilaster buttresses at the angles of this 
 transept, the set-off in the wall indicating the level of 
 the old parapet, below this the jamb of a plain Norman 
 window, and the plain gable window seen over the roof 
 of the chapter-house, set in a rough wall still retain- 
 ing marks of the steep pitch of the old roof, are of the 
 same date 6 ." Inside the transept a "Norman cushion- 
 shaped corbel may be seen, supporting the later capital 
 of the Perpendicular vaulting." 
 
 Some part of the south transept was rebuilt during 
 the Early English period, after the construction of the 
 Elder Lady-chapel. The traces of Early English work 
 d Godwin, p. 44. e Ibid., pp. 43, 44. 
 
Ifarijr Httb- £mti|j %mnu%t 143 
 
 are now confined to the north wall of the transept, 
 " a great part of the buttresses and their base mould- 
 ing, the cill and stringcourse on the exterior, as well 
 as the internal jamb, moulding, and shafts of the great 
 north window being decidedly Early English, but of 
 a more delicate and advanced character than that of the 
 Elder Lady-chapel f ." Mr. Godwin assigns this work 
 to Abbot Long, (1237—1264). 
 
 Both transepts were altered during the Decorated 
 period, probably by Abbot Snow, (1332 — 1341). The 
 arch opening to the south choir-aisle is of this time, 
 but that to the north aisle of the choir is of much later 
 character, and formed part of Abbot Newland's work, 
 (1481 — 1515); who also constructed the groined roof 
 of the north transept, and the arches, now closed, which 
 were intended to open to the nave- aisles. Upon the 
 bosses of the rich lierne vaulting are carved, among 
 other subjects, the instruments of the Passion, and 
 a heart pierced with two swords, which has been con- 
 founded with Abbot Newland or Nailheart's rebus * — 
 a bleeding heart pierced with three nails, — to be seen 
 at the feet of his effigy, (§ vn.) The vaulting of the 
 south transept, " which springs at a higher level than 
 any of the rest," is assigned to Abbot Elliot, (1515 — 
 1526). 
 
 The lower part of the tower-piers, according to Mr. 
 Godwin, is in fact Norman. The piers, "although 
 transformed to something like the character of Perpen- 
 dicular work, are constructively Norman; ... it re- 
 f Godwin, p. 48. e Godwin. 
 
144 §xhtol tistytbnd. 
 
 quired but little alteration to reduce the Gorman sec- 
 tion to its present form, which I conceive to have been 
 effected not by grafting in new work, but by the much 
 easier process, in this case, of cutting away the old. . . . 
 The object of this alteration was not only to lighten 
 the piers, but to widen the tower, so that its inner face 
 might be brought more into line with Knowle's new 
 and wider choir, and the contemplated nave h ." 
 
 The tracery of the great north window was inserted 
 in 1704. The west window, debased, and containing 
 some bad stained glass, dates from 1710, and should be 
 replaced by a worthier, if it cannot be swept away en- 
 tirely to make room for a nave. The whole transept 
 is disfigured by a collection of monuments, the greater 
 part of which are of the worst style and period ; some, 
 however, may be noticed. In the north transept are — 
 a monument for several members of the Poetee family, 
 including Jane and Anna Maria, the well-known novel- 
 ists; a monument by Bacon for Mrs. Deapee, (Sterne's 
 "Maria,") who died in 1778. The figures on each side 
 of the urn represent " Genius and Benevolence;" a tablet 
 for the Eev. John Eagles, (author of "The Sketcher," 
 and translator of Homer's Hymns,) " Scholar, Painter, 
 and Poet, born at Bristol 1784, died 1855;" and one 
 for the father and mother of Maceeady the tragedian. 
 In the south transept are — a very pretty small tablet 
 by Tyley, of Bristol, for three children of R. "Walwyn, 
 
 h Godwin, p. 43. Mr. Godwin's text is accompanied by a very 
 interesting diagram, shewing the supposed original form of the 
 Norman piers, and the portions which must have been cut away. 
 
Iffommuitta m %xw&u$. 145 
 
 Esq. ; a monument by Bacon for Catheeene Yeenon, 
 died 1794, — "formed by nature to attract observation 
 and invite respect;" a monument for Cowper's Lady 
 Heseeth, who died at Clifton in 1807 ; a memorial for 
 "William Phillips, sub-sacrist, who prevented the mob 
 of rioters from profaning the cathedral in 1831 ; a monu- 
 ment by Chanteey for Mes. Ceawetjed, with some fine 
 medallion heads on the upper part ; a tablet for Maey 
 Anne Schimmelpenntnce ; and against the east wall, 
 a monument for Bishop Butlee, (died 1752, see Pt. II.,) 
 designed by Peipp of Bristol. The monument is of 
 Pains wick stone, and the inscription, (see Pt. II.,) 
 which is by Southey, should be read. 
 
 V. Before the recent restorations, a choir -screen 
 (dating shortly before 1547, the year of Edward the 
 Sixth's accession) passed across the church two bays 
 east of the tower ; thereby converting a portion of the 
 actual choir into a small nave or ante-chapel. This 
 arrangement seems to have been made when the church 
 first became a cathedral. A good modern stone screen, 
 with a double arcade of pointed arches, now extends 
 between the eastern piers of the tower ; and the whole 
 of the choir is thus rendered available for the congrega- 
 tion. The view on passing this screen is striking. The 
 rich glass of the eastern windows (among the best in 
 England) combines with the graceful lines of the Deco- 
 rated piers and arches to produce a pleasing impression, 
 which is not diminished by the recent changes and 
 restorations, nearly all of which are judicious and 
 effective. 
 
 VOL. III. L 
 
146 grisfol <S;a%toaI. 
 
 The existing choir consists of five bays, from the 
 tower to the east end of the aisles ; beyond again is 
 a chancel or sacrarium, of two bays. The stalls are 
 placed in the two easternmost bays of the choir. 
 
 The work of the choir, [Plate I.,] with its aisles, 
 was commenced and nearly completed during the long 
 abbacy of Edmund Knowle, (1306 — 1332,) and belongs 
 to the first or geometrical division of the Decorated 
 period. The Norman choir seems to have terminated 
 with a square ending, at the third bay from the eastern 
 tower-piers, — the actual choir consisting of the tower 
 and two bays of the presbytery, leaving the eastern 
 bay for a via processionum. Abbot Knowle added two 
 bays to the choir and its aisles, besides the Lady- 
 chapel, projecting beyond them. "I have little 
 doubt,'* says Mr. Godwin, ' 1 that he contemplated no 
 less an experiment than an entirely new church from 
 east to west, using the Norman foundations, and even 
 the walls above ground, wherever available : whatever 
 may have been the actual extent of his work, that 
 which now remains convinces me that it was but part 
 of one bold continuous project, which, if carried out to 
 the full length, would doubtless look full of design and 
 originality, although, like many old and new works 
 of the same class, by no means pleasing 1 ." In this 
 latter conclusion, however, all will not agree. 
 
 The Norman walls of the original church were pro- 
 bably retained by Abbot Knowle ; and in the tower 
 staircase opening from the north aisle are some Nor- 
 1 p. 51. 
 
BRISTOL CATHEDRAL. PLATE I. 
 
 THE CHOIR 
 
147 
 
 man corbels, which are no doubt among the earliest 
 remains of the Norman church now visible. 
 
 The clustered piers of the choir have triple shafts, 
 from which springs the groined vaulting of both the 
 choir and aisles. The capitals, of graceful leafage, have 
 been touched with gold and colour. The lofty pointed 
 arches between the piers are very pure and fine ; the 
 archi volts, (or group of soffete mouldings,) it should be 
 remarked, spring from the ground, and run round the 
 arches continuously, without any capitals. The lierne 
 vaulting of the roof has its compartments foliated, with 
 the exception of those in the last bay of the choir, and 
 of the two bays of the sacrarium. These are plain; 
 and it has been conclusively proved by Mr. Godwin, 
 from a comparison of the measurements in the Itinerary 
 of William of Wyrcestre, that the high altar originally 
 stood at the last of the richer bays, and that a screen 
 ran across behind it, separating the three plainer ones. 
 This was a more usual position for the high altar than 
 the extreme east end of the building. Such an arrange- 
 ment also admitted of the usual processional passage at 
 the back of the altar ; and the easternmost bay formed 
 the Lady-chapel. 
 
 Between the piers in the lower bays of the choir 
 lofty candelabra of brass have been placed, on pedestals 
 of white stone, carved in panels, with leafage. These 
 (which were designed and manufactured by Skidmore 
 of Coventry) are recent, and perhaps questionable, ad- 
 ditions. The pavement is of black and white marble 
 lozenges. The stalls, which were originally Decorated, 
 
148 grfctol m\M, 
 
 of tlie same date as the choir, have been restored, added 
 to, and placed in the two easternmost bays, below the 
 sacrarium. The modern carving of the episcopal throne, 
 and that of the sides of the principal seats, is especially 
 good. Some of the ancient misereres deserve notice. 
 On one is a fox preaching to geese ; and on another 
 a tilting with brooms between a man and a woman, — 
 one mounted on a pig, the other on what seems in- 
 tended for a turkey-cock, although the turkey is usually 
 said to have been introduced at a much later date 
 (Henry Till.) than that of the miserere. 
 
 The organ is on the north side of the choir, imme- 
 diately below the stalls. 
 
 VI. The chancel, or sacrarium, is of the same date 
 and general character as the choir. It is of two bays, 
 the easternmost of which is raised by a single step. 
 The window in each bay corresponds to that opposite ; 
 the two western windows being of unusual and beau- 
 tiful design. All the windows have transoms, and the 
 heads of the lower compartments are filled with rich 
 and peculiar tracery. An open parapet (new, and part 
 of the recent work), with triangular headings, runs 
 at the foot of the windows. Under the parapet is 
 a stringcourse with the ball-flower, on which the an- 
 cient colouring, blue, red, and gold, has been restored. 
 The stringcourse circles the triple vaulting-shafts, the 
 central shaft being of Purbeck marble. The capitals 
 of the shafts are gilt. The vault itself resembles that 
 of the choir, without the cusps. 
 
 On removing the whitewash from the walls, paintings 
 
149 
 
 of angels were discovered at the four angles of the 
 chancel, under the stringcourse. They were enclosed 
 in quatrefoils, with blue backgrounds. The angels had 
 golden nimbi. 
 
 The east window, which fills the whole of the end 
 above the reredos, is pure Decorated, and of singular 
 beauty in tracery and design. The manner in which 
 the stained glass which fills the minute divisions of 
 the tracery is adapted to its position, and adds to, in- 
 stead of interfering with, the beautiful effect of the 
 tracery itself, is an example worthy of all imitation. 
 The glass, according to Mr. Winston, dates from about 
 the year 1320. In 1847 the window was completely 
 restored, and the encrusted dirt was removed. " The 
 ancient glass was scrupulously retained, and modern 
 used only to supply actual deficiencies; so that this 
 window has lost nothing of its interest by being re- 
 stored k ." A good deal of modern glass, however, was 
 necessarily used in the lower lights, and in the three 
 upright lights in the upper part of the window ; but 
 the old work throughout may easily be distinguished 
 from the new by the different texture of the glass. 
 The general effect is admirable. There is much white 
 silvery glass, from which the brilliant colours shine 
 out like jewels. 
 
 " The window represents a stem of Jesse. The 
 lower lights contain figures of the Yirgin and Infant 
 Jesus, as well as prophets and kings; in several of 
 
 k Winston, Stained Glass of Bristol, &c, in Bristol volume of 
 the Archaeological Institute. 
 
150 gjrisfoi Cai^bral 
 
 which figures portions of the original glazing may be 
 observed. Each figure is enclosed in an oval panel, 
 formed by the ramifications of a vine-branch. Some 
 of the foliaged scrolls in the heads of the lower lights 
 (which are principally original) are remarkably graceful 
 in design. The ancient ruby ground of the scrolls is 
 enriched by the unusual addition of a diaper pattern. . . . 
 In the three upright lights above are the crucified 
 Saviour, the Blessed Yirgin, and St. John the Evan- 
 gelist. Original parts of all these figures remain. 
 
 " In the upper tracery lights is a display of heraldry, 
 of singular excellence, by the aid of which we may 
 perhaps venture to refer the date of the glass to the 
 latter part of the reign of Edward II. The absence of 
 Gaveston's arms from the window proves, I think, con- 
 clusively that the glass was put up after the murder of 
 that favourite in 1312; and the presence of the Earl 
 of Hereford's arms appears to afford some evidence that 
 the glass was put up before 1322, in which year Hum- 
 phry de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, was slain in open 
 rebellion against his sovereign. . . . The royal arms of 
 England — the three lions on a red field — of course have 
 allusion to the sovereign; and the fleur-de-lis border 
 to some of the lights may be well supposed to have 
 reference to the Erench ancestry of Queen Isabella 1 ." 
 
 The four side windows of the chancel are filled with 
 very rich and interesting ancient glass, of the same 
 date and character as that in the east window. The 
 glazing of these windows, until the late restorations, 
 1 Winston. 
 
Iterators. 151 
 
 was in much confusion. It has accordingly been re- 
 arranged, and missing portions supplied. The sub- 
 jects vary, and are not to be ascertained with certainty. 
 The first window from the east, on the north side, con- 
 tains merchants' marks, and was therefore in all pro- 
 bability the gift of a Bristol merchant. All the 
 windows (including the eastern) have been restored 
 and re-arranged under the superintendence of Messrs. 
 Bell of Bristol. 
 
 VII. The reredos below the east window, which has 
 been elaborately gilt and coloured, is partly of modern 
 construction, and dates from 1839, when a frightful 
 Corinthian structure of wood was removed. The two 
 arched recesses at the sides are, however, ancient. 
 Above these recesses (the back's of which have been 
 covered with a rich diaper) are corbel-heads and shields 
 of arms, probably those of the first and second Edward, 
 Berkeley, and De Clare. The modern altar, a table of 
 carved wood, stands entirely unvested, in front of the 
 central recess. 
 
 A row of panels, with shields of benefactors, (of 
 Perpendicular date, and probably placed there by Abbot 
 Burton', (1530 — 1536,) whose crest and initials occur 
 among them,) ran along above the reredos until the late 
 (1861) restorations; when they were removed, against 
 the advice of the architect. They are now placed in 
 the passage under the east window. The reredos here 
 was originally that of Abbot Knowle's Lady-chapel; 
 but during the alterations in the tower and transept, 
 the high altar was removed, probably by Abbot Elliot, 
 
152 §xktol Cartel. 
 
 to the extreme eastern end of the church, and Abbot 
 Burton endeavoured to render the reredos more worthy 
 of its increased importance. 
 
 In the first bay on the south side are the sedilia, 
 modern, (but copied from the ancient,) and of very 
 great beauty. They are in four divisions, with rich 
 canopies of leafage, supported by shafts of red serpen- 
 tine" 1 . In the next bay on this side is the effigy of 
 Abbot Newlaitd, or Nailheabt, (died 1515,) the con- 
 structor of a portion of the transept, (§ iv.,) called the 
 " good Abbot" from his charitable deeds. [See Title- 
 page.'] The Abbot is mitred, and holds the pastoral 
 staff. Two angels sustain a shield at his feet, with his 
 bearings, a bleeding heart pierced by three nails, and 
 the initials I. N". The effigy (which, on the restoration 
 of the chancel, was found to have been richly coloured) 
 is of course of his time, but it is placed in one of the 
 remarkable recesses which are almost peculiar to this 
 cathedral, and which all formed part of the Decorated 
 work commenced by Abbot Knowle. There are eight 
 of these recesses in the walls of the chancel and aisles. 
 The form of the arch, and the rich foliaged decora- 
 tion, with the five projecting finials, which surround 
 it, are altogether unusual. The arch occurs also in 
 Berkeley Castle, where a doorway in one of the inner 
 
 m A very small portion of the ancient sedilia remained. But 
 on taking down a large Elizabethan monument which occupied 
 their place, so many fragments of the sedilia — which had been 
 used for backing the tomb— were found, as to afford ample autho- 
 rity for the restoration. 
 
Jjjetoraieb %tzzm*> 153 
 
 courts has a somewhat similar heading. The same 
 architect, it is probable, was employed for both castle 
 and cathedral, though whether this was Abbot Knowle 
 himself must remain uncertain. (The monastery at 
 Bristol was, it should be remembered, the burial-place 
 of the Berkeleys, and uuder their especial patronage.) 
 A tomb, with a similar canopy, exists in the south 
 aisle of the nave in the cathedral of St. David's, and 
 is assigned to Bishop Gower (1328 — 1347); whose 
 work, in another part of his cathedral, has also its 
 counterpart at Bristol, (see § xi.) With these excep- 
 tions, this remarkable design is confined to Bristol 
 Cathedral. 
 
 On a brass plate let into the wall below Abbot New- 
 land's tomb is an inscription (copied exactly from his 
 tombstone, on which it had nearly become illegible) 
 recording the place of interment of Bishop Btttlee : — 
 "Qualis, quantusque vir erat, sua libentissime agnovit 
 setas. Et si quid Praesuli aut Scriptori ad famam valent 
 Mens altissima, Ingenii perspicacis et subacti vis, Ani- 
 musque pius, simplex, candidus, liberalis, mortui haud 
 facile evanescet memoria." 
 
 On the north side of the chancel are two of Abbot 
 Knowle' s decorated recesses. Within that nearest the 
 altar is the effigy of this abbot himself, the rebuilder 
 of the greater part of his church. It was Abbot Knowle 
 who refused to receive the murdered body of Edward 
 II., — which was afterwards interred in the abbey church 
 of Gloucester, (see that Cathedral,) to the infinite ad- 
 vantage of the Benedictines there. In the lower recess 
 
154 §mtal Ca%taaL 
 
 is the effigy of Abbot Newberry, a great benefactor to 
 the church, who died in 1463. 
 
 VIII. In passing into the north choir-aisle the eye 
 is at once attracted by the vaulting of the roof, which 
 is altogether unusual. [Plate II.] The choir and its 
 aisles are of the same height; and "to carry out this 
 arrangement the following ingenious construction has 
 been adopted. A transom, as we must call it, has been 
 thrown across the aisles from the outer walls to the 
 capitals of the choir-pillars. These are supported on 
 arches springing from attached shafts on each side of 
 the aisle, and in the spandrils formed by these are 
 lesser arches, so that the transom is supported by the 
 points of three arches. Prom the centre of the transom 
 springs a vaulting-shaft which carries the groining of 
 the roof. A horizontal buttress is thus obtained, which 
 receives the thrust of the groining of the choir, and 
 carries it across the aisle to the external buttress. We 
 cannot but perceive that the principles of carpentry are 
 here employed, and it is an arrangement we should find 
 in wooden construction, though we are surprised to see 
 it carried out in stone 11 ." The vaulting of both aisles 
 is the same. The windows, which have transoms, are 
 especially to be noticed for the beauty of their Deco- 
 rated tracery. A stringcourse, with the ball-flower, 
 runs immediately under them in each aisle. 
 
 The east windows of the choir-aisles are filled with 
 glass coloured with enamels, in accordance with the 
 
 u The Rev. J. Eccles Carter, in the Bristol vol. of the Archaeo- 
 logical Institute. 
 
BRISTOL CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 VAULTING OF SOUTH AISLE 
 
Iltflmmrntts in Ifartlj Cfroir-aisk 155 
 
 practice of the seventeenth century, instead of glass 
 coloured in its manufacture. They date from the reign 
 of Charles II. ; and although it is traditionally said 
 that they were presented by Nell Gwynne, it is more 
 probable that they were the offerings of Henry Glem- 
 ham, Dean of Bristol from 1661 to 1667, and afterwards 
 Bishop of St. Asaph. The arms of Glemham (Or, a chev- 
 ron gules between three torteaux) are repeated three 
 times in the window of the south aisle, and once in that 
 of the north. The subjects (arranged as type and anti- 
 type) in the north aisle are — in the centre, the Resur- 
 rection ; below, Jonah delivered from the whale. On 
 the right, above, the Ascension; below, Elijah taken 
 up to heaven. On the left, above, the Agony in the 
 garden; below, Abraham about to offer up his son. 
 Much of the original enamelled glass has been lately 
 replaced by "pot glass." 
 
 Under this window is an elaborate Jacobean monu- 
 ment for Robert Codrington, of Codrington, (died 
 1618) ; restored by Sir Bethel Codrington in 1840, when 
 it was happily removed from the chancel. The figures 
 kneel under a kind of tent, the curtains of which are 
 held back by dumpy cherubs. In front is a marble 
 figure, by Bailey, of Harriet Isabella, wife of John 
 Middleton, of Clifton, (died 1826). The figure, which 
 kneels, with the hands clasped on the breast, is grace- 
 ful, and far more appropriate than most others of its 
 class. At the side, and under the first bay of the 
 choir, is the tomb of Paul Bush, (died 1558,) the first 
 Bishop of Bristol. (See Part II.) A cadaver rests 
 
156 §xhtal CatytoJ. 
 
 under a canopy supported on shafts. Under the win- 
 dow, in this first bay, is Bailey's very fine bust of 
 Eobert Sottthey, "born at Bristol, October, 1774;" 
 behind it is one of Abbot Knowle's recesses. 
 
 The second bay contains a similar recess. In the 
 third is a monument for William Powell, the trage- 
 dian, (died 1769). The window above is half blocked 
 by the wall of the Lady- chapel, (§ ix.) The lower 
 part is disfigured by hideous monuments. 
 
 The fourth and fifth bays open into the Lady-chapel, 
 (§ ix.,) of earlier date than the existing choir, which was 
 accordingly connected with it, as at present, by Abbot 
 Knowle. In the fourth bay, between the choir and the 
 Lady-chapel, is a high altar-tomb with effigies, under 
 a groined canopy. The effigies are no doubt those 
 of Maurice, Lord Berkeley, who died in 1368, and 
 Elizabeth his wife. Over the armour of the male 
 figure is a surcoat with the Berkeley arms. The 
 helmeted head rests on an abbatial mitre, (the crest 
 of the Berkeleys, — assumed in reference to their ex- 
 tensive Church patronage). The lady wears the veiled 
 head-dress. On the west side of the arch is an in- 
 scription which seems to assign this monument to 
 Eobert Fitzhardinge, founder of the monastery; but 
 although it has been suggested that it may have been 
 erected by the Berkeleys in the fourteenth century, as 
 a memorial of their ancestor, there is every reason to 
 believe that it has been rightly assigned to Maurice, 
 ninth baron of Berkeley, himself. 
 
 The groined canopy above this monument, and a 
 
fabg-t&Hpd. 157 
 
 similar one in the next bay, should be noticed. The 
 panelling of the vault is carried on three small brackets, 
 springing from the wall. 
 
 In the third bay of this aisle a door opens to a stair- 
 case (already noticed, § v.) leading through the trifo- 
 rium passage between the Lady-chapel and the choir, to 
 the tower. The corbels in this staircase are Norman, 
 and shew it to have been part of Eitzhardinge's church. 
 
 IX. The Lady- chapel (generally called the Elder 
 Lady-chapel, — because the altar of the Virgin was 
 removed to the east end of the church after Abbot 
 Knowle had rebuilt the choir, see § v.) is entered 
 from the north-east corner of the transept, and from 
 the College Green through a Perpendicular doorway 
 in the westernmost bay, made by Abbot Somerset, 
 (1526 — 1530). On the spandrils are the arms of 
 Berkeley, and those of the monastery, (Sable, three 
 ducal crowns in pale or — this coat is still used for the 
 see,) impaled with those of Somerset. The chapel is 
 Early English, and dates, according to Mr. Godwin, 
 from the time of Abbot Joh^, (1196—1215). "The 
 mouldings are of the very boldest and earliest form 
 of section, consisting of alternate rounds and hollows, 
 with few intermediate fillets .... In fact, the whole 
 character of the north wall, a great part of the casing 
 on the south side .... and the arch opening to the 
 north transept, indicate a very early period of Gothic 
 architecture 0 ." The chapel is of four bays, the win- 
 
 0 Godwin, p. 47. Mr. Godwin suggests that the expense of 
 building the chapel "may possibly have been defrayed by Robert 
 
158 §xktol fafytftntL 
 
 dows in which are triplets with inner arches, of which 
 those at the sides are gracefully foliated. The de- 
 tached vaulting- shafts are of Purheck marble. The 
 sculpture of the capitals and stringcourses is unusually 
 good ; and the spandrils of the wall-arcade are filled 
 with grotesque designs which are full of spirit and 
 character, greatly resembling the sculpture in Wells 
 Cathedral, much of which is of the same date. Re- 
 mark especially — a goat blowing a horn, and carrying 
 a hare slung over his back; a ram and an ape play- 
 ing on musical instruments ; and St. Michael with the 
 dragon (?) ; below is a fox carrying off a goose. The 
 foliage introduced in these is of pure Early English 
 character. 
 
 The arches of the triforium, on the south side of the 
 chapel, resemble those of the windows opposite, but 
 "on looking carefully at the south side, we see that 
 the whole of the first Early English work has been 
 reconstructed. In order to bring in two arches of 
 communication to the choir-aisle, there has been a 
 wholesale shifting of the last bay of the lower arcade 
 eastward ; the upper arcade, corresponding to the win- 
 dows on the opposite side, has been cut short, and 
 a stringcourse of the same character as the vault- 
 ing-ribs has been built in p ." This was either the 
 work of Abbot Knowle, or of Hugh de Dodingtox, 
 (1287 — 1294); in which latter case it would appear 
 
 Berkeley, by whose munificence, Dugdale informs us, the pos- 
 sessions of the house had been much increased." 
 p Godwin, p. 50. 
 
&mtljy Clwr-akle. 159 
 
 that the design of rebuilding the choir had been formed 
 some time before Knowle actually commenced it. The 
 east wall and window of the Elder Lady-chapel, and 
 the groined roof, are of early Decorated (geometrical) 
 character, and are fairly assigned to Abbot Hugh. 
 
 In this chapel is a tablet with Mason's lines in 
 memory of his wife, (died 1767,) which deserve to 
 be read. 
 
 X. The south choir-aisle (part of Abbot Knowle's 
 work) precisely resembles the north aisle in its vault- 
 ing and general character, with the exception of the 
 western bay, which Mr. Godwin assigns to Knowle's 
 successor, Abbot Snow, (1332 — 1341). " The vaulting- 
 shaft is not detached, as are the others, nor is the 
 string continued ; the vaulting is different from the 
 rest, being nothing more than a plain pointed barrel- 
 vault running across the aisle, upon which the ribs 
 are placed, being merely imitative, to match the other 
 bays, where they really serve a practical object, and 
 strengthen the longitudinal intersections which give 
 such lightness to these aisles. The mouldings, too, 
 of these ribs are more clumsy than in the other com- 
 partments, and the whole bay looks bungled q ." Three 
 of- the windows in this aisle have been filled with stained 
 glass by Bell of Bristol, which can hardly be com- 
 mended. The enamelled glass in the east window is 
 of the same date as that in the corresponding window 
 in the north aisle, (§ vin.) The subjects are — in the 
 centre, above, Our Lord Driving the Money-changers 
 i Godwin, p. 55. 
 
160 gristol 
 
 from the Temple ; below, Jacob's Dream; on the right 
 above, the Tribute Money; below, Helchisedec and 
 Abraham; the subject on the left above is uncertain; 
 below, the Sacrifice of Gideon. Under this window is 
 a bad modern monument. 
 
 In the third and fourth bays from the east, within 
 two of Abbot Knowle's recesses, are effigies of two of 
 the Berkeleys. The most western of these is that 
 of Thomas, Loed Berkeley, [Plate III.,] who died in 
 1243. He wears the long surcoat, over a hawberk of 
 mail, under which appears the haketon, which is not 
 often seen. His poleyns, or knee-caps, should also be 
 noticed. On his left arm is a shield with the Berkeley 
 bearings. He is cross-legged, possibly from his hav- 
 ing been a Knight Templar, which order he was com- 
 pelled to enter by the King, Henry III. The effigy in 
 the next recess is that of the second Matteice, Loed 
 Beekeley, (died 1281). Some ancient colouring was 
 discovered on these effigies. On the label and on the 
 inner moulding of one of these recesses the mistletoe 
 is represented. It has never more than two leaves, 
 and has a berry at the foot-stalk. This is perhaps 
 a solitary instance of the use of this plant, always 
 regarded as mystical, in ecclesiastical decoration. The 
 great abundance of mistletoe in the orchards of Somer- 
 setshire and Gloucestershire probably led to its em- 
 ployment here, as a local plant. 
 
 XI. In this arch, in the second bay from the east, 
 a door opens to a small ante-chamber, through which 
 a chapel called the Berkeley Chapel, and now serving 
 
%\t §ixfah% Cl^ptl 161 
 
 as a vestry, is approached. The ante- chamber is curious 
 and unusual. On the southern side are three ogee 
 arches, with niches between them. The finials of 
 these arches, and the ornaments in the spandrils, are 
 of large and elaborately worked leafage. Other niches 
 or recesses, the use of which is uncertain, occur over 
 the door, and in the north-east corner. The roof, " with 
 its detached curved ribs, reminds us again (see § viii.) 
 of the principles of carpentry applied to stone," and 
 may be compared with the " skeleton" vaulting under 
 the roodloft in St. David's Cathedral, the work of 
 Bishop Gowee, (1328—1347). Bound the label of the 
 doorway entering the chapel is a remarkable moulding, 
 in which the ammonite is represented. This fossil, 
 which is sometimes represented in the churches of the 
 chalk districts, (as in St. Mary's Church, Guildford,) 
 occurs in profusion in the oolite quarries at Keyn- 
 sham on the Severn, between Bath and Bristol, where 
 St. Keyne is said to have occupied an hermitage, and 
 to have turned into stone all the serpents with which 
 the district was infested. It has accordingly been sug- 
 gested that one of the altars in the adjoining chapel 
 was dedicated to her. 
 
 The chapel itself is, to all appearance, of later date 
 than Abbot Knowle's work, and Mr. Godwin suggests 
 that it may have been erected by Thomas de Berkeley 
 after the death of his wife Margaret in 1337. There 
 are two windows toward the east, the soffetes of which 
 are ornamented with a gigantic ball-flower; and the 
 peculiar foliage on some of the capitals should be re- 
 
 vol. in. m 
 
162 §xhiol 
 
 marked. Under each of the windows was an altar, the 
 steps and piscinae of which remain. The altars were 
 separated by a screen, the marks of which were visible 
 in the old pavement. Between the chapel and the 
 aisle the wall is pierced by the peculiar arch of Abbot 
 Knowle; and under it, in the thickness of the wall, 
 is an altar-tomb, much ornamented, and containing five 
 shields, charged with coats of the Berkeley, Ferrers, 
 and De Quincey families. The tomb in its present 
 state is no doubt that of Thomas, Lord Berkeley, 
 (died 1321,) whose wives were of those families; but 
 the lower part, with its very fine foliage, is of Early 
 English date, and may possibly have been removed 
 from another part of the church. The Berkeley arms 
 occur also in the spandrils of the door of the ante- 
 chamber. 
 
 XII. Opening from the westernmost bay of this aisle 
 is a chapel known as the Newton Chapel, (from mem- 
 bers of that family who are buried there,) which is also 
 assigned by Mr. Godwin to the time of Abbot Snow, 
 (1332 — 1341). Its architecture " returns to somewhat 
 of the form of the geometrical, but with unmistakable 
 signs of the approach of the last great Gothic change 
 which occurred about the middle of the fourteenth 
 century." The south wall divides it from the chapter- 
 house, (§ xiii.,) with which it is parallel. It has, 
 however, been much altered, and the arches, half cut 
 off, in the south and west walls shew that it was in- 
 terfered with when the transept was completed. In 
 this chapel are monuments for Sir Richard Cradock, 
 
BRISTOL CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 THE CHAPTER-HOUSE. 
 
%\t €\^\zx-\qvlu 163 
 
 Justice of the Common Pleas, (died 1444,) — the monu- 
 ment was repaired in 1748, — and seventeenth-century 
 monuments for members of the Newton family ; ugly 
 structures, but good examples of their time. Here is 
 also a monument by Westmacott for Elizabeth Stan- 
 hope, (died 1816) ; and one by Bailey for Bishop Gkay, 
 (died 1834) ; a medallion supported by angels. 
 
 XIII. A door in the west wall of the south transept 
 leads to the remains of the cloisters, from which the 
 vestibule of the chapter-house is entered. Both vesti- 
 bule and chapter- house are transition Norman, and 
 belong to the original building of Eitzhardinge : but 
 to its second, or richer, period. (See § n., note.) In 
 the vestibule the arches from north to south are round, 
 whilst those from east to west are pointed. The nail- 
 head moulding runs round the arches, and the capitals 
 are cushioned. 
 
 The chapter -house itself, [Plate IV.,] which is 
 greatly enriched with zigzag and cable mouldings, 
 is at present of two bays, but was originally of three, 
 as has been shewn by Mr. Godwin from the measure- 
 ments of William of "Wyrcestre, confirmed by the 
 " construction of the south-east angle, as seen at the 
 time the present east wall was built." It is a paral- 
 lelogram, (like others of the earlier English chapter- 
 houses, as Oxford, Gloucester, Exeter ,. and Chester,) 
 the dimensions of which are now 42 ft. by 25, but 
 originally were 71 ft. by 25. In the east wall (which 
 is recent) are three windows. In the west wall, below, 
 are three circular arches, that in the centre being 
 
164 grfetol <fta%bral. 
 
 the doorway. The arch on either side includes two 
 lesser ones, which serve as windows, and have only 
 lately been opened. Above are two tiers of inter- 
 secting arches, the upper of which is made to fit the 
 wall-space very ingeniously. The north and south 
 walls have a circular arcade below, with a stone bench ; 
 an intersecting arcade above ; and the rest of the wall 
 covered with lattice and other ornamentation. The 
 shafts of the wall-arcades, and the rest of the groining, 
 which is quadripartite, are all much enriched. The 
 central groining-arch is slightly pointed. The flooring 
 (which had been altered in the eighteenth century) was 
 properly restored in 1831, when twelve stone coffins 
 were discovered, which probably contained the remains 
 of as many abbots. The chapter-house, at any rate, 
 was always reserved for the interment of persons of 
 distinction. 
 
 • Forming the covering-slab of one of these coffins was 
 a remarkable piece of ancient sculpture, (of Norman 
 character, and perhaps coeval with the chapter-house ; 
 the sculptures preserved in Chichester Cathedral should 
 be compared,) which is now in the canons' vestry, 
 a small room within the chapter-house. [Plate Y.] It 
 represents the descent of our Lord into hell, and the 
 delivery thence of Adam (?). The cross in the hand 
 of the Saviour is especially mentioned in the pseudo- 
 Gospel of Nicodemus, which was probably the autho- 
 rity here followed. The prostrate body on which our 
 Lord treads is perhaps that of Satan, who, according 
 to the same Gospel, attempted to prevent His entrance. 
 
BRISTOL CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 COFFIN SLAB IN THE CANONS' VESTRY. 
 
%\z (BxUxwx. ' 165 
 
 ' XIV. On the exterior of the cathedral there is little 
 which calls for special notice. The buttresses and 
 pinnacles of the Elder Lady-chapel are Decorated, of 
 the same date as the east window of the same chapel, 
 assigned to Abbot Hugh de Dodingtois' (1287 — 1294). 
 At the north-east angle of the north transept, above 
 the Lady-chapel, is an Early English pinnacle which 
 deserves notice as a " good example of a date anterior 
 to the general adoption" of the pinnacle in construc- 
 tion r . The tower, 127 ft. in height, is throughout 
 Perpendicular, and was the work of Abbot NEWLANDj 
 (1481 — 1515,) or of his successor, Abbot Elliot, (1515 
 — 1526). Two rows of iron chain-bond run round the 
 tower at the level of the transoms, and one under 
 the tracery of the upper part of the windows. The 
 iron has of course become rusted, and is in great 
 measure the cause of the dilapidated condition of the 
 tower. The great east window should be examined 
 from without. 
 
 Although the abbey of St. Augustine was small, 
 ("the number on the foundation was only six, in- 
 cluding officers, and at no time does it appear to have 
 been more than seventeen 8 ,") its arrangements were 
 in every respect "as complete as those of the most 
 noble monasteries." It had on the south side of the 
 nave an upper cloister, on the east of which were, 
 the chapter-house and the calefactory, on the west the 
 cellarage, and perhaps the prior's lodgings, and on the 
 south the refectory, parlour, and kitchens. Beyond 
 r Godwin. s Ibid. 
 
166 grhtol Cn%bral. 
 
 again, southward, was a lower cloister, of considerable 
 size, having to the east the infirmary, and to the west 
 the abbot's lodgings. Westward of the church was 
 the great gateway, with the king's chamber, and the 
 guest-house attached to it on the east, and on the west 
 extensive barns and stables. The great gateway, por- 
 tions of the cloisters, and the gatehouse of the abbot's 
 lodgings, are the chief existing remains *. 
 
 The lower part of the great gateway belongs to the 
 second, or richer period of Pitzhardinge's work, and is 
 of transitional character, like the chapter-house. The 
 four receding orders of the archway are greatly enriched 
 with zigzag and other mouldings, and an interlacing 
 arcade lines the sides of the passage. The upper part 
 of the gateway is Perpendicular, and was the work of 
 Abbot Elliot ; who seems also to have rebuilt the clois- 
 ters, and to have formed a design for rebuilding the 
 nave of the church. Mr. Godwin suggests, with some 
 probability, that the Norman work of the gateway was 
 rebuilt by Abbot Elliot before the upper portion was 
 added u . The statues of Abbots Newland and Elliot 
 occur in the upper part of the front. 
 
 * A plan of the abbey from existing buildings, and from the 
 notes of William of Wyrcestre, illustrates Mr. Godwin's paper. 
 
 u " Although it presents a fair specimen of rich Norman work, 
 and probably retains its original proportions and design, there 
 are one or two minor points of arrangement and detail which are 
 scarcely what we should expect to find in Norman work, and 
 which, combined with the exquisite 'finish/ indicate the recon- 
 struction of this gateway as amongst the later ante- Reformation 
 works in progress. Thus the hood-mouldings which surround all 
 
BRISTOL CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 SOUTH SIDE OF GATEWAY, COLLEGE GREEN. 
 
€louhx. 
 
 167 
 
 Two walks of the great, or upper cloister, remain. 
 They are of Perpendicular character, with debased win- 
 dows, inserted long after the Eeformation. The north 
 walk, which is blocked up internally, was partly 
 erected, as Mr. Godwin has shewn*, on the foundations 
 of the eld Norman nave, "which, consequently, must 
 have been taken down before the reconstruction of the 
 cloister." Mr. Godwin attributes this reconstruction, as 
 well as that of the lower cloister, (of which some frag- 
 ments of similar character remain,) to Abbot Elliot, 
 who seems to have been prevented by death from carry- 
 ing out his design of rebuilding the nave. " Attached 
 to the west side of the cloister, and running westward, 
 with its north wall in an exact line with the south wall 
 of the church, is a narrow building of two stories, ex- 
 hibiting in the wall (which is in line with that of the 
 church) well-defined Norman coursed work ; in its west 
 wall, a blocked-up semicircular- headed Early English 
 doorway, which was once entered from the west clois- 
 ter, and a blocked two-light window of the same style 
 over it ; and above the Norman work, and inserted into 
 it, broken but most decided relics of Knowle's style, 
 
 the arches are not only of Perpendicular section, but at the crown 
 of the arch are mitred into the confessedly Perpendicular string- 
 course, of the same section ; whilst the jointing of the masonry 
 in the south-western jamb is not continuous, but the outer order 
 breaks joint with the other, and the courses are nearly double 
 the usual height of Norman masonry; so that the so-called 
 Norman gateway of College Green is no Norman gateway, but 
 a Perpendicular restoration of the old work." — Godwin, p. 46. 
 x From the measurements of William of Wyrcestre. 
 
168 §xhtol 
 
 which indicate that either this Abbot or his successor 
 began to rebuild the nave at the western end, com- 
 mencing the work by cutting into the Norman domestic 
 buildings (possibly the prior's lodgings) westward of 
 the old church, so as to increase the length of the nave 
 by one bay. These fourteenth-century portions consist 
 of a triple angle vaulting-shaft, and a set-off for the 
 triforium passage, a doorway and staircase to the same, 
 a returned and re-entering angle of the passage, and 
 a fragment of moulded window-jamb 
 
 At the south-west corner of the cloister is a beautiful, 
 but much decayed, Early English doorway, which was 
 apparently the entrance to the refectory. It now opens 
 to the collegiate school. 
 
 The gateway to the ahlotfs lodgings, in Lower College 
 Green, is of Fitzhardinge's earlier period, and is of far 
 less elaborate character than the great gateway. It 
 formed the approach to the bishop's palace, which was 
 built chiefly at some distance eastward of it, on the site 
 of the ancient infirmary. The palace was destroyed 
 during the riots of 1831. A dungeon, in which were 
 some bones and iron instruments, was discovered in 
 1 744 by the falling in of the floor under one of the 
 apartments in the palace. The only means of entrance 
 was by an arched passage, just large enough to admit 
 one person. Similar monastic prisons have been found 
 in the Cluniac Priory at Lewes, at Fountains Abbej^, 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 In the Lower College Green (called in early docu- 
 y Godwin, p. 61. 
 
QnaxvA CjrapdL 169 
 ments the "viridis placea") stood a chapel in which 
 St. Jordan, traditionally said to have been one of the 
 companions of St. Augustine of Canterbury, was in- 
 terred \ This chapel probably existed before the foun- 
 dation of the monastery. All trace of it has now 
 disappeared. 
 
 Ibique in magn& are& sacellum in quo sepultus est S. Jor- 
 danus, onus ex discipulis Auguatiiii, Anglorurn Apostoli »- 
 Leland, Bin., v. fol. 64. 
 
BEISTOL CATHEDKAL. 
 
 PAET II, 
 
 Jxstns of i\t S«, futtfe S&orf gotte of % 
 prknpal gisjjops. 
 
 rilHE monastery of which the church afterwards became the 
 cathedral of Bristol was founded, for Augustinian canons, 
 about the year 1142, by Kobert Fitzhardinge, who after- 
 wards became Lord of Berkeley. Its site, on the right 
 bank of the Avon, and on the highest ground close outside 
 the walls of Bristol, was traditionally said to have been 
 that on which stood Augustine's oak, the great tree under 
 which the founder of the English Church met the British 
 Christians in solemn conference. Fitzhardinge became a 
 canon of his own monastery, and died here in 1170. His 
 descendants, the powerful barons of Berkeley, who were 
 liberal benefactors to all the religious houses in the neigh- 
 bourhood of their castle, continued the especial patrons 
 of this monastery, and many of them were interred in its 
 church. St. Augustine's was raised to the dignity of a 
 mitred abbey, under the rule of John Snow, (1332 — 1341). 
 It was surrendered, among the greater abbeys, in 1538 ; 
 and in 1542, when Bristol was included among the five 
 new sees created by Henry VIII., its church became the 
 cathedral of the new diocese, and the monastic buildings 
 were assigned as residences to the bishop, the dean, and 
 the chapter of canons. Bristol had hitherto been in the 
 far-reaching diocese of Worcester. The liberty of the city, 
 which embraced a considerable district, and the whole of 
 
gps. gngfe to &hb\tx. 
 
 171 
 
 Dorsetshire, (up to this time within the diocese of Salis- 
 bury,) were assigned to the new see. 
 The first bishop of Bristol was — 
 
 [a.d. 1542, deprived 1554.] Paul Bush, a native of Somer- 
 setshire, who had been Provincial Master of a house of 
 " Bonhommes," at Edyngdon, in Wilts., and whose reputa- 
 tion was considerable as a doctor of both medicine and 
 theology. During his episcopate the manor of Leigh, one 
 of the most valuable belonging to the see, was extorted 
 from him by the Crown. (1550, 4th Edw. VI.) Shortly 
 after the accession of Mary, Bishop Bush, who had married, 
 and was unwilling to resign his wife, was deprived. He 
 retired to Winterbourn, where he died in 1558. His 
 monument in the cathedral is noticed in Pt. I. § vni. 
 
 [a.d. 1554 — 1558.] John Holyman, educated at New 
 College, Oxford, and afterwards a Benedictine at Beading, 
 was appointed on the deprivation of Bishop Bush, and 
 died in the same year with him. " He lived peaceably," 
 says Puller, "not embrewing his hands in Protestants' 
 blood, and died, seasonably for himself, a little before the 
 death of Queen Mary a ." 
 
 The see of Bristol remained unfilled from 1558 to 1589. 
 During that interval the bishops of Gloucester, (see that 
 Cathedral, Pt. II.,) Richard Cheyney, (1562— 1579,) and 
 John Bullingham,(1581, died 1598,) were commendatories 
 of Bristol, and administered the affairs of the see. During 
 the lifetime of the latter bishop, — 
 
 [a.d. 15 89, translated to Worcester 1593,] Richard Pletcher 
 was consecrated to the see of Bristol. As Dean of Peter- 
 borough, Pletcher was present, in 1586, at the execution of 
 Queen Mary of Scotland ; and it was he whom the Queen 
 desired to cease his exhortations concerning her change of 
 faith, saying, " I was born in this religion, I have lived in 
 this religion, and I am resolved to die in this religion." 
 According to Sir John Harington, Pletcher accepted this 
 a Worthies — Buckinghamshire. 
 
172 grisioi 
 
 see on condition of leasing out its estates to courtiers; 
 and did it so effectually, that on his translation the see 
 remained vacant for ten years. From Bristol Bishop 
 Fletcher passed successively to Worcester and London. 
 Camden describes him as "presul splendidus and "in 
 deed/' says Fuller, "he was of a comely presence, and 
 Queen Elizabeth knew full well 
 
 ' Gratior est pulchro veniens e corpore virtus 
 
 which made her always, on an equality of desert, to reflect 
 favourably on such who were of graceful countenance and 
 statureV "He was a well-spoken man," says Harington, 
 " and one that the Queene gave good countenance to, and 
 discovered her favour to him even in her reprehensions, for 
 she found fault with him once for cutting his beard too 
 short : whereas, good lady, (if she had known it,) she 
 would have found fault with him for cutting his bishoprick 
 so short. He would preache well, and would speak boldly, 
 and yet keepe decorum. He knew what would please the 
 Queene, and would adventure on that, though it offended 
 other c ." Bishop Fletcher's second marriage, however, 
 greatly displeased Elizabeth, who ordered Archbishop Whit- 
 gift to suspend him from his episcopal functions. Of this 
 disgrace "he was sadly sensible, and seeking to lose his 
 sorrow in a mist of smoak, died of the immoderate taking 
 thereof, June 15, 1596 d ." Bishop Fletcher was father of 
 John Fletcher the dramatist, who was born in 1579, at Rye 
 in Sussex, of which place the future bishop was then rector. 
 The see was again vacant from 1593 to 1603. 
 [a.d. 1603, translated to Worcester 1616.] John Thorn- 
 borough was translated to Bristol from Limerick. He 
 was also Dean of York, and retained both his Irish bishopric 
 
 b Worthies — Kent. 
 
 c Nugce Antiques, vol. ii. 
 
 d Fuller ; Worthies— Kent. Camden (Annals) is the first who 
 asserts that Bishop Fletcher died from the effects of tobacco, 
 then but recently introduced. 
 
173 
 
 and his deanery after his translation. He died, in 1641, at 
 a great age. "I have heard/' says Fuller, "his skill in 
 chimistry much commended ; and he presented a precious 
 extraction to King James, reputed a great preserver of 
 health and prolonger of life. He is conceived by such 
 helps to have added to his vigorous vivacity, though I think 
 a merry heart (whereof he had a great measure) was his 
 best elixir to that purpose 6 ." 
 
 [a.d. 1617, translated to Ely 1619.] Nicholas Felton had 
 been Master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. He died 1626. 
 
 [a.d. 1619 — 1622.] Rowland Searchpield, one of James 
 the First's Chaplains, and Fellow of St. John's College, 
 Oxford. 
 
 [a.d. 1623, translated to Lichfield 1632.] Robert Wright, 
 Canon of Wells, and Warden of Wadham College, Oxford. 
 
 [a.d. 1633, translated to Hereford 1636.] George Coke. 
 
 [a.d. 1637, translated to Oxford 1641.] Robert Skinner. 
 Bishop Skinner survived until after the Restoration, when 
 he was translated (1663) from Oxford to Worcester. He 
 died in 1670. 
 
 [a.d. 1642 — 1644.] Thomas Westpield, Fellow of Jesus 
 College, Cambridge, and Archdeacon of St. Alban's, had 
 been offered the see of Bristol in 1616, but then declined 
 it. He was in much favour with James I., for his " sound- 
 ness of judgment and unblameableness of conversation," 
 and was esteemed "one of the most devout and powerful 
 preachers in the kingdom." The Parliament (May 13, 1643) 
 ordered his tenants to pay him the rents, as Bishop of 
 Bristol, and suffered him to pass safely with his family to 
 his diocese, " being himself of great age, and a person of 
 great learning and merit." He was afterwards ejected, and 
 died June 25, 1644. He was buried in his own cathedral, 
 near the tomb of Bishop Bush. Bishop Westfield preached 
 a Latin sermon at the opening of Sion College. 
 
 [a.d. 1 644 — 1646.] Thomas Howell, Fellow of Jesus College, 
 Worthies— Wilts. 
 
174 §xktol Ca%b*si. 
 
 Oxford, was consecrated in that city during its siege. He 
 died in 1646, and was buried in his own cathedral. 
 
 The see remained unfilled until after the Restoration, 
 when 
 
 [a.d. 1661 — 1671.] Gilbert Ironside was consecrated 
 Bishop of Bristol, on the same day (Jan. 6) that the sees 
 of Norwich, Hereford, and Gloucester were filled. 
 
 [a.d. 1672, translated to Chichester 1679.] Guy Carleton, 
 Dean of Carlisle. He died in 1685. 
 
 [a.d. 1679 — 1684.] William Gtjlston was Rector and 
 Patron of Symondsbury in Dorsetshire, and was buried in 
 the chancel of that parish church. 
 
 [a.d. 1684, translated to Chichester 1685.] John Lake was 
 translated to Bristol from Sodor and Man. He had borne 
 arms as a soldier in the cause of Charles I., and was one of 
 the seven bishops imprisoned by J ames II, Bishop Lake was 
 deprived of his see, as a Nonjuror, after the revolution of 
 1688. He died August 30, 1689 . 
 
 [a.d. 1685, translated to Exeter 1689.] Jonathan Trelawny. 
 It was when Bishop of Bristol that Trelawny was imprisoned 
 as one of the seven bishops, and became the subject of the 
 well-known song : — 
 
 " And shall Trelawny die ? 
 And shall Trelawny die ? 
 There's twenty thousand Cornishmen 
 Will know the reason why." 
 
 Sir Jonathan Trelawny was the head of an ancient Cornish 
 family, which had long been settled at Trelawne, in that 
 county. He was translated from Exeter to Winchester in 
 1707, and died July 19, 1721. He was buried in the 
 church of Pelynt in Cornwall, where his pastoral staff is 
 preserved. 
 
 [a.d. 1689, translated to Hereford 1691.] Gilbert Ironside, 
 son of the former bishop of that name. He had been 
 Warden of Wadham College, Oxford. He died in 1701. 
 
 [a.d. 1691—1710.1 John Hall was Master of Pembroke 
 
§p. $0bin8Ott to §ntkx. 
 
 175 
 
 College, Oxford, and Margaret Professor of Divinity in 
 that University. Bishop Hall was a decided Puritan, and 
 retained the headship of his college in Oxford until his 
 death. He was "one of eminent piety," says Calamy, 
 "but was not much esteemed by the young wits of the 
 University. He catechised at St. Toll's, near his college, 
 every Lord's day evening, and I sometimes heard him. He 
 could bring all the Catechism of the Westminster Assembly 
 out of the Catechism of the Church of Englande f ." On his 
 death, in 1710, he left his library to Pembroke College, and 
 a sum for the annual distribution of Bibles (which still 
 takes place) in the church of Kidderminster. 
 
 a.d. 1710, translated to London 1714.] John Robinson, 
 Dean of Windsor. 
 
 a.d. 1714 — 1719.] George Smalridge, Canon of Christ 
 Church and Dean of Carlisle. Bishop Smalridge's reputa- 
 tion for learning was considerable in his own time, but he 
 left nothing by which it might be sustained. He was 
 buried in Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. 
 
 a.d. 1719, translated to Armagh 1724.] Hugh Boulter, 
 Archdeacon of Surrey, and Fellow of Magdalen College, 
 Oxford. 
 
 a.d. 1724 — 1732.] William Bradshaw, Dean of Christ 
 Church, Oxford. 
 
 a.d. 1733, translated to Bangor 1734.] Charles Cecil. 
 
 a.d. 1735, translated to Oxford 1737.] Thomas Secker. 
 From Oxford Bishop Secker was translated to Canterbury 
 (see that Cathedral, Pt. II.,) and died August 3, 1768. 
 
 a.d. 1737, translated to Norwich .1738.] Thomas Gooch, 
 Master of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Prom 
 Norwich Bishop Gooch passed to Ely, in 1748, and died 
 in 1754. 
 
 a.d. 1738, translated to Durham 1750.] Joseph Butler, 
 whose name is not only the most distinguished in the list 
 of bishops of Bristol, but one of the most honoured in the 
 f Calamy's Own Life, ed. Rutt. i. p. 271. 
 
176 jsristol tistyefasL 
 
 English Church. He was bom, the youngest of eight 
 children, of Dissenting parents, at Wantage, in Berkshire, 
 in the year 1692 ; and was educated first at the Grammar 
 School at Wantage, and then at a Dissenting school kept 
 by a Mr. Jones, first at Gloucester and afterwards at Tewkes- 
 bury. Whilst at Tewkesbury, Butler wrote a series of letters 
 to Dr. Samuel Clarke, " laying before him the doubts which 
 had arisen in his mind concerning the conclusiveness of some 
 arguments in the Doctor's demonstration of the being and 
 attributes of God." The first letter was dated Nov. 4, 1713. 
 The series was annexed by Dr. Clarke to his treatise, and 
 has been retained in all subsequent editions. The corre- 
 spondence was managed by Butler's friend and fellow-pupil, 
 Thomas Seeker, who, like himself of Dissenting parentage, 
 rose to the highest position in the Church of England. An 
 "Examination of the Principles of Nonconformity," which 
 Butler also undertook at Tewkesbury, led him to the Church ; 
 and, in spite of some dissuasion from his father, he became 
 a Commoner of Oriel College, Oxford, in 1714. Here he 
 became the intimate friend of Mr. Talbot, whose father was 
 then Bishop of Oxford, and by his recommendation, together 
 with that of Dr. Clarke, he was appointed Preacher at the 
 Rolls Chapel, in 1718. He had been for some time in 
 Orders. He remained at the Rolls until 1726, in which year 
 he printed "Fifteen Sermons preached in that chapel;" but 
 in 1722 Bishop Talbot, who had passed from Oxford first to 
 Salisbury and then to Durham, gave Mm the rectory of Haugh- 
 ton, near Darlington, which was afterwards exchanged for 
 that of Stanhope, one of the richest livings in England. 
 After leaving the Rolls Chapel, Butler remained at Stanhope 
 for seven years, "in the conscientious discharge of every 
 obligation appertaining to a good parish priest." From this 
 retirement he was drawn by his friend Seeker, who men- 
 tioned him to Queen Caroline. (The Queen had before 
 asked Archbishop Blackburn if Butler was not dead; and 
 the reply, was, "No, Madam, but he is buried.") At 
 
177 
 
 Seeker's instance, Lord Chancellor Talbot made Butler his 
 chaplain, and a Prebendary of Rochester. In 1736 he was 
 made Clerk of the Closet to Queen Caroline, and in the same 
 year published his famous "Analogy of Religion." In 
 December, 1738, Butler became Bishop of Bristol; and in 
 1740 Dean of St. Paul's, when he resigned the living of 
 Stanhope. 
 
 There is a tradition at Bristol that he spent the whole in- 
 come of his bishopric, (no very great one,) on the average of 
 the twelve years he held it, in the repairs and improvements 
 of the palace. A trait of his habits here is preserved by Dean 
 Tucker (then his domestic chaplain) in one of his tracts : — 
 " The late Dr. Butler had a singular notion respecting large 
 communities and public bodies. His custom was, when at 
 Bristol, to walk for hours in his garden in the darkest night 
 which the time of year could afford, and I had frequently 
 the honour to attend him. After walking some time he 
 would stop suddenly and ask the question, c What security 
 is there against the insanity of individuals ? The physicians 
 know of none ; and as to divines, we have no data, either 
 from Scripture or from reason, to go upon relative to this 
 affair.' e True, my Lord, no man has a lease of his under- 
 standing, any more than of his life : they are both in the 
 hands of the sovereign Disposer of all things.' He would 
 then take another turn, and again stop short. * Why might 
 not whole communities and public bodies be seized with 
 fits of insanity, as well as individuals ?' * My Lord, I have 
 never considered the case, and can give no opinion con- 
 cerning it.' ' Nothing but this principle, that they are liable 
 to insanity, equally at least with private persons, can ac- 
 count for the major part of those transactions of which we 
 read in history.' I thought little," adds the Dean, "of 
 that odd conceit of the Bishop at that juncture ; but I own 
 I could not avoid thinking of it a great deal since, and 
 applying it to many cases." 
 
 " What an application of it," continues Mr. Blunt, who 
 
 vol. in. n 
 
178 
 
 quotes the passage, " would have suggested itself to Tucker, 
 could he have been walking in that self-same garden on 
 the 31st of October, 1831s." it was then that the palace 
 was destroyed by the rioters. 
 
 In 1747 Archbishop Potter died, and the primacy was 
 offered to Butler; but he declined it, saying, as the tra- 
 dition of his family reports it, that it was " too late for 
 him to try to support a falling Church." In 1750 he was 
 translated to Durham, where he set about repairing and 
 improving the two episcopal residences at Durham and at 
 Auckland, appointed three days in every week for public 
 hospitalities, and was most munificent in the distribution 
 of his large income : but his health rapidly declined, and 
 on the 16th of June, 1752, he died at Bath, where he had 
 removed for the sake of the waters. He was buried in his 
 former cathedral at Bristol, on the south side of the choir ; 
 (see Pt. I. § vii.) 
 
 Whilst attending his duties in Parliament he resided at 
 Hampstead, in a house formerly belonging to Sir Harry 
 Yane, and from which he was taken to the Tower before 
 his execution. Here also the Bishop's taste for architec- 
 ture displayed itself. "He decorated his windows with 
 painted glass, and the subjects being scriptural, the inci- 
 dent was afterwards turned to account, and he was said 
 to have received them as a present from the Pope. Most 
 of this is now lost ; some was given by a subsequent oc- 
 cupier of the house to Oriel College, as a relic of its great 
 alumnus, and a few panes are still to be seen in their 
 original position. In this retreat, which is described by 
 one of its inmates as "most enchanting," Seeker {who had 
 been rising in the Church pari passu, and was now Bishop 
 of Oxford,) and Butler dined together daily h ." 
 
 Of Bishop Butler's great work, "The Analogy of Re- 
 ligion," it is unnecessary to speak here. It has long been 
 a text-book both at Oxford and Cambridge. Perhaps the 
 
 e Essays, p. 498. h Blunt. 
 
Cmtghaw to <$rag. 179 
 
 fullest and best examination of it, and of the character of 
 Bishop Butler's teaching, will be found in the Rev. J. J. 
 Blunt's volume of "Essays Contributed to the Quarterly 
 Review." (London, 1860.) The inscription on the tablet 
 erected in the transept of the cathedral to Butler's memory 
 was written by Sonthey, and runs partly as follows: — 
 "Others had established the historical and prophetical 
 grounds of the Christian religion, and the sure testimony 
 of its truth, which is found in its perfect adaptation to 
 the heart of man. It was reserved for him to develope 
 its analogy to the constitution and course of nature ; and 
 laying his strong foundations in the depth of that great 
 argument, there to construct another and irrefragable 
 proof ; thus rendering philosophy subservient to faith, and 
 finding in outward and visible things the type and evi- 
 dence of those within the veil." 
 
 [a.d. 1750 — 1755.] John Conybeare. 
 
 [a.d. 1756, translated to Oxford 1758.] John Hume. 
 
 [a.d. 1758, translated to Norwich 1761.] Philip Young. 
 
 >.d. 1761—1782.] Thomas Newton. 
 
 [a.d. 1782, translated to Norwich 1783.] Lewis Bagot. 
 
 [a.d. 1783 — 1792.] Christopher Wilson. 
 
 [a.d. 1792, translated to Peterborough 1794.] Spenser 
 Madan. 
 
 "a.d. 1794, translated to Exeter 1797.] Henry Reginald 
 
 COURTENAY. 
 
 "a.d. 1797, translated to Hereford 1803.] Eeolliott Herbert 
 
 Walker Cornewall. 
 "a.d. 1803, translated to Exeter 1807.] George Pelham. 
 "a.d. 1807, translated to Hereford 1808.] John Luxmoore. 
 [a.d. 1808—1820.] William Lort Mansell. 
 "a.d. 1820, translated to Lincoln 1827.] John Kaye. 
 [a.d. 1827 — 1834.] Robert Gray. During his episcopate, 
 
 in 1831, the great riots of Bristol occurred. The palace 
 
 was destroyed, and the Chapter library burnt, with all the 
 
 records of the cathedral. 
 
180 §xmtol Cat^bral. 
 
 [a.d. 1834, translated to Ely 1836.] Joseph Allen. 
 
 On the translation of Bishop Allen, the diocese of Bristol, 
 which had been, from its first establishment, one of the 
 poorest in England, was united to that of Gloucester. The 
 bishops of the united sees have been : — 
 
 [a.d. 1836—1856.] James Henry Monk. 
 
 [a.d. 1856, translated to Durham 1861.] Charles Baring. 
 
 [a.d. 1861, translated to York 1862.] William Thomson. 
 
 [a.d. 1863.] Charles J. Ellicott. 
 
WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 
 TOMB OF KING JOHN. 
 
REFERENCES. 
 A North Porch. 
 B Nave. 
 C C Nave-aisles. 
 D Central Tower. 
 E South Transept. 
 F North Transept. 
 G Choir. 
 
 H South Choir-aisle. 
 J Chapel. 
 
 K South-east Transept. 
 L L L Retro-choir and Aisles. 
 M Altar of the Lady-chapel. 
 N North-east Transept. 
 O North Choir-aisle. 
 P Cloisters. 
 Q <S7,*//je or passage. 
 R Chapter-house. 
 
 S Passage under Ref ectory, to theClose. 
 T T Cn/p* of Refectory. 
 
 1 Tbmo o/tfir Jb/m Beauchamp. 
 
 2 Tomb of Robert Wilde. 
 
 3 i?#i<7?/ o/ aw unknown Priest. 
 
 4 .£7%# o/ Bishop Parry. 
 
 5 Perpendicular Altar-tomb, unknown. 
 
 6 Monument of Judge Littleton. 
 
 7 Altar-tomb of Bishop Freke. 
 
 8 Monument of Bishop Gauden. 
 
 9 Monument of Bp. Thornborough. 
 
 10 Monument of Dean Eedes. 
 
 11 Monument of Bp. Bullingham. 
 
 12 Monument of Bp. Hough. 
 
 13 Tomb of King John. 
 
 14 Chantry of Prince Arthur. 
 
 15 -E#r/?/ o/£ir William de Har court. 
 
 16 irif/ft 7b»i& o/ <Sir Gryffyth Ryce. 
 
 17 Effigy of Bp. Giffard. 
 
 18 -Kjft.W of Audela de Warren. 
 
 19 Effigy of an unknown Lady. 
 
 20 of Abbot Philip de Ha u ford. 
 
 21 .Ejfew o/ J5j3. William de Blois. 
 
 GROUND-PLAN, WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 Scale, 100 ft. to 1 in. 
 
 22 of-Sp. TT<7ft<?r Cantih/pe. 
 
 23 Effigy of Bp. Brian (?) 
 
 24 -Eyft'/y unknown Lady. 
 
 25 J?//f)/f/ o/aw unknown Knight. 
 
 26 Effigy of Bp. Cobham. 
 
 27 Kffi<ni of Bp. Bransford. 
 
 28 Monument of Bp. Maddox. 
 
 29 Prior's Entrance to Cloisters. 
 SO Entrance to Refectory. 
 
 31 Lavatory. 
 
 32 Entrance to Dormitory. 
 
 33 Monks'' Door to Cloisters. 
 
 34 Entrance to Crypt. 
 
WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PAKT I. 
 
 I. The chief authorities for the architectural history 
 of "Worcester Cathedral are — the Chronicle of Florence 
 of "Worcester, and the Annales Ecclesice Wygorniensis, 
 compiled by a monk of Worcester at the beginning 
 of the fourteenth century a . From these it appears 
 that in the year 1084 Bishop Wulfstan "began the 
 work of the Minster;" into which the monks entered 
 four years afterwards; and in 1092 Wulfstan held 
 
 8 The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester ends with the year 
 1117, but has been carried on by an unknown Continuator as 
 late as 1295. It has been printed by the English Historical 
 Society. It is not so valuable for the architectural history of 
 Worcester as the Annales JEcclesice Wygorniensis, which will be 
 found in the first volume of Wharton's Anglia Sacra. 
 
 Professor Willis's most valuable and elaborate " Architectural 
 History of Worcester Cathedral" will be found in the twentieth 
 volume of the Journal of the Archaeological Institute. In the 
 "Gentleman's Magazine" for October, 1862, is printed Mr. 
 Bloxam's paper on the " Sepulchral Remains and Monuments " 
 in the cathedral. Great use has been made of both these papers, 
 and especially of the latter, in preparing the following account. 
 Professor Willis's dates and conclusions have been adopted 
 throughout. Some very interesting features of the building are 
 pointed out, for the first time, in his " Architectural History." 
 
184 Moxmizx (ffa^brsl. 
 
 a synod in the crypt, which he had " built from the 
 foundations, and by the mercy of God had dedicated b ." 
 Wulfstan died in 1 095. In 1 1 1 3 the city of Worcester, 
 with the cathedral church and the castle, were greatly 
 injured by fire. In 1175 the "new tower" — probably 
 the central tower of the cathedral — fell, as many other 
 Norman towers had fallen; and in 1189 another great 
 fire destroyed nearly the whole of Worcester. On this 
 occasion the cathedral escaped; but in 1202, at Easter- 
 tide, it was burnt, (igne conflagravit alieno,) together 
 with all the buildings and offices attached to it. During 
 the whole of the year before, however, great miracles 
 had been manifested at the tomb of St. Wulfstan, and 
 many sick persons were said to be cured there daily. 
 Accordingly, on St. Giles's Day, (Sept. 1,) 1202, Hubert 
 "Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, came to "Worcester 
 with other bishops to enquire into the truth of the re- 
 ported miracles. Certain monks of Worcester took his 
 favourable judgment to Rome; and in the following 
 year, 1203, St. Wulfstan was canonized by Pope Inno- 
 cent III., who so far honoured the new English saint 
 as to compose a prayer for his Office. 
 
 Erom this time offerings poured in daily at the tomb 
 of St. Wulfstan ; and it was no doubt with the wealth 
 thus acquired by the monastery that the cathedral was 
 restored. In 1207 King John visited Worcester ; and 
 
 b " Ego Wlstanus .... decrevi synodum congregare in mo- 
 nasterio S. Marise, in cryptis, quas ego a fundamentis aedificavi, 
 et per misericordiam Dei postea dedicavi." — Anglia Sacra, i. 
 p. 542. 
 
gwwMr gates. 185 
 
 after praying at Wulfstan' s tomb, gave three hundred 
 marks for the repair of the cathedral. He was in- 
 terred in the church in the year 1216, (see § ix.); and 
 in 1218 the cathedral was dedicated "in honour of 
 the Blessed Virgin and St. Peter, and of the holy 
 confessors Oswald and Wulfstan." The young King, 
 Henry III., was present, with a great company of 
 bishops, abbots, and nobles; and after the dedication 
 the body of St. Wulfstan was translated to its shrine 
 near the high altar. 
 
 The cathedral, up to this period, had been a Nor- 
 man and transition Norman building. Iu 1221, on St. 
 Andrew's Day, during a great storm, the two "lesser 
 towers" of Worcester fell. There is no evidence that 
 the Norman nave terminated in western towers; and 
 Professor Willis has suggested that these " lesser towers" 
 may have flanked the Norman choir of Worcester, like 
 those still remaining at Canterbury. Their fall may 
 have injured the choir, and the ruin thus effected may 
 have assisted the determination of the Bishop and Con- 
 vent to expend the wealth which was still pouring in 
 before the shrine of St. Wulfstan, in the erection of a 
 more sumptuous church. At any rate, in 1224 the 
 existing choir and Lady-chapel were begun; Bishop 
 William of Blois laying the foundations of the new 
 work of the east front; (novum opus frontis 0 ). In 1281 
 
 c " Caput, the 'head' of the church, was exclusively applied 
 to the altar end thereof. Frons, the ' front/ however, can be 
 shewn by many examples to have been employed for either end 
 of the building." — Willis's Architectural History of Canterbury, 
 
186 Wimmkx Ca%bmL 
 
 the sacrist of the monastery received from the executors 
 of Nicholas of Ely, Bishop of Winchester, a sum of sixty 
 marks, the Bishop's legacy toward the " rebuilding of 
 the tower," — no doubt the central tower of the cathe- 
 dral, — which was not, however, effected for nearly a 
 century, (1374). In the meantime, the Norman nave 
 was partly removed and rebuilt. Bishop Cobham vaulted 
 the north aisle of the nave between 1317 and 1321; 
 and in 1377 Bishop Wakefield vaulted the nave itself. 
 
 II. These dates will assist us in examining the ex- 
 isting cathedral. Of St. Wttlfstan's Church, begun 
 as we have seen, in 1084, the crypt, which extends at 
 present under the choir and aisles, is the only certain 
 relic. But portions of Norman work, belonging, accord- 
 ing to Willis, to the first three quarters of the twelfth 
 century, remain in the nave, at the western end of the 
 choir, and in the walls of the great transept. The two 
 westernmost bays of the nave are transition Norman, 
 and there is Norman work of the same period (the last 
 quarter of the twelfth century) in the great transept. 
 
 The choir, retro-choir, and Lady-chapel, with the 
 choir- aisles and the eastern transepts, are Early English, 
 and were commenced in 1224. The nave, with the ex- 
 ception of the two western bays, is of later date, Deco- 
 rated, (1317 — 1327,) on the north side; and Decorated 
 with a strong tendency to Perpendicular (circ. 1360?) 
 on the south. The central tower is also Decorated, 
 
 p. 45, note. There can be no doubt, as Professor Willis himself 
 pointed out at Worcester, that in this instance the east end, or 
 front, is intended. 
 
§zwml Character* 
 
 187 
 
 and was no doubt the tower for which the legacy of 
 Bishop Nicholas of "Winchester (1281) was intended. 
 The cloisters are Perpendicular. 
 
 The Early English portion of the cathedral (the 
 whole of the church east of the central tower) is by 
 far the most interesting, and affords some very good 
 examples of design and sculpture. On the whole, how- 
 ever, although the entire building deserves, and will re- 
 pay, careful examination, it can hardly be said to rank 
 among English churches of the first class. The Nor- 
 man cathedral, which covered nearly the same ground 
 as that which now exists, terminated eastward (as ap- 
 pears from the crypt, § xxir.) in a broad apse, with 
 small apsidal chapels attached at the sides. The ground- 
 plan of the existing building forms a double or patri- 
 archal cross d , with a square eastern end. The whole 
 north front of the cathedral is seen at once as the Close 
 is entered from the High-street; but although the 
 length (450 ft.) and general mass are imposing, the 
 view is hardly picturesque [Frontispiece] . The tran- 
 septs do not project far enough to break the long line 
 
 d The eastern transept, forming the second transverse limb 
 of the cross, was an addition of the Early English builders. 
 Such a transept, "equal in height to the central alley of the 
 presbytery, is only to be found elsewhere in England in the late 
 Norman of Canterbury (c. 1096), and York (c. 1160); and in 
 the Early English of Lincoln (c. 1186), Salisbury (c. 1220), 
 Beverley, and Rochester. On the Continent the only known 
 examples of this feature are S. Benoit sur Loire (c. 1080), and 
 Cluny (c. 1089), the former of which was doubtless the prototype 
 of the English examples." — Willis's Architectural History of 
 Worcester Cathedral. 
 
188 Maxasttx Ca%bral. 
 
 satisfactorily, and the whole work of the exterior (in- 
 cluding the central tower) is unusually plain. No good 
 general point of view can be obtained on the south side 
 of the cathedral. 
 
 Since the year 1857 very extensive works, amount- 
 ing in fact to a rebuilding of much of the eastern por- 
 tion of the church, have been carried on under the 
 superintendence of Mr. A. E. Perkins, architect to the 
 Dean and Chapter. These will be pointed out as we 
 proceed. It may be said here, however, that besides 
 the great desecration and injury which the building 
 suffered from the troops of Essex in 1642, and again 
 from Cromwell's soldiers after the battle of Worcester 
 in 1651, it underwent much unfortunate " restoration" 
 during the eighteenth century. Much of the work 
 then done it was desirable to remove ; and the condition 
 of the stone in many parts of the cathedral was such as 
 to render extensive repair absolutely necessary. The 
 stone used by the Norman and Early English builders 
 was from the Higley quarries, near Bridgenorth ; these 
 quarries are in the sandstone; as are those at Holt, 
 which were used by the builders of the Perpendicular 
 period. Eor the repairs and rebuilding (1857 — 1863) 
 stone has been brought from Ombersley, near Droitwich. 
 
 III. The entrance in the west front of the cathedral 
 is said to have been closed by. Bishop Wakefield, (1375 
 — 1395); who re-opened the original north entrance, 
 which had been closed, and built the present north 
 porch, through which we enter the cathedral. This is 
 plain and of little interest ; and the details of the ori- 
 
gafo. 189 
 
 ginal composition have been much mutilated by inju- 
 dicious repairs. The roof is groined. The dwarf wall 
 on either side of the steps within the porch, descending 
 to the nave, is a peculiar arrangement, and should be 
 noticed. 
 
 IV. The nave is of nine bays, from the west front to 
 the central tower. It covers the same ground as the 
 original Norman nave, portions of which remain — at 
 the north-east angle of the north aisle, (a shaft and 
 capital) ; on the west side of the outer face of the north 
 door, (a shaft and capital) ; and in the centre of the 
 second piers from the west, from both of which great 
 Norman shafts project. There is also a series of Norman 
 arched recesses in the south aisle e . All these fragments 
 are pure Norman, and belong to the first three quarters 
 of the eleventh century. The two western bays are 
 transition Norman, of the last quarter of the century, 
 and remain in their original state. 
 
 The piers of the two western bays are recessed in 
 three orders, and, together with the pointed arches 
 that rest on them, have more Early English feeling 
 than Norman. The capitals of the shafts are of plain 
 Norman character. The triforium is very peculiar. 
 A pointed arch (of which there are two in each bay) 
 encloses three circular ones. Between and beyond these 
 inner arches rise reeded shafts, from the capitals of 
 which springs a zigzag moulding, repeating, in the 
 
 e These relics of the Norman nave have been carefully pointed 
 out by Professor Willis, Arch. Hist, of Worcester Cathedral, 
 p. 93. 
 
190 W&oxa&Ux Cu%ha!. 
 
 tympana, the forms of the circular arches. Below and 
 above the zigzag are placed knots of curled leafage, 
 giving a dotted appearance to the whole composition, 
 which has neither the dignity of the earlier Norman nor 
 the grace of the Decorated work east of it. The clere- 
 story has three arches in each bay; the central arch 
 round, with the zigzag moulding, and much higher than 
 the pointed side arches. The window openings, at the 
 back of the central arch, are filled with Perpendicular 
 tracery. " In the pier arches and triforium arches a 
 plain round molding is employed, which runs without 
 a base up the pier, and continuously over the arch, 
 forming an external order or frame to it. A similar 
 molding in front of this runs by the side of a triple 
 group of vaulting- shafts up to the clerestory string, but 
 is there cut off by the later vaulting-shafts Con- 
 tinuous moldings are in Norman work usually confined 
 to the inner arches of doors and to windows. But I 
 have observed the molding just described, as framing 
 a group of shafted pier arches, in several cases in the 
 west of England — as at Gloucester, the north side aisle 
 of the choir at Lichfield, and at Bredon Church, near 
 "Worcester — the latter evidently the work of the archi- 
 tect of the western compartments of the cathedral f ." 
 The clustered vaulting-shafts terminate in capitals of 
 transitional character, at the base of the clerestory. 
 The vaulting itself is of the same apparent character 
 (Perpendicular) as that eastward of these two bays; 
 but Professor Willis has shewn that it must have been 
 f Willis. 
 
gtafo. 191 
 
 erected before (though perhaps not much before) the 
 vaulting of the rest of the nave 
 
 The west end of the nave was entirely altered by 
 Bishop Wakefield, (1375 — '1395). He closed the 
 western entrance ; but the pointed arch, with a circular 
 arch on either side, which are seen on the wall below 
 the window, date only from the last century. Traces 
 of Norman doors, however, have been discovered during 
 the late restorations at the ends of the aisles and in 
 the central wall; proving that Bishop Wakefield re- 
 tained the original wall, and shewing us the extent of 
 the Norman nave. The space above the arches is en- 
 tirely filled by a large Perpendicular window, assigned 
 to Bishop Wakefield ; the glass in which was inserted 
 in 1792, and will soon be replaced, it is to be hoped, 
 with better. 
 
 Beyond the two western bays the nave is Decorated 
 on the north side, and early Perpendicular on the south, 
 and the main arches rise much higher. The two sides 
 differ in the capitals and bases of their piers, in the 
 capitals of the vaulting-shafts, in the clerestory arches, 
 and in the ornamentation of the triforium. The north 
 side, which is the earlier, is also the richer. 
 
 Leland asserts that Bishop Cobham (1317 — 1327) 
 vaulted the north aisle of the nave. This fixes the 
 date of the Decorated work on the north side. The 
 bases of the piers differ from those opposite, and the 
 capitals of the shafts are enriched with excellent leaf- 
 age, much undercut. This "runs continuously round 
 z See Arch. Hist, of Worcester Cathedral, p. 112. 
 
192 mmmhi &ti\ML 
 
 the pier, being inflected around the shafts, so as to dis- 
 tinguish the groups without separating them, and with 
 the richest effect." At the angles of the exterior hood- 
 mouldings are small heads of kings and bishops. The 
 triforium has two pointed arches in each bay, each arch 
 enclosing two smaller ones. The shafts which support 
 these arches have capitals of leafage, and the tympana 
 in the heads of the larger arches are filled with sculp- 
 tured figures. These, before the late restoration, were 
 so greatly decayed as to be quite undecipherable. They 
 have been re-worked as carefully as possible, but in most 
 instances the original subject was completely uncertain. 
 The clerestory consists of three pointed arches, with 
 leafage on the capitals of the shafts, and at the angles 
 of the outer mouldings. The windows at the back are 
 Perpendicular insertions. Professor Willis has been the 
 first to point out that the triforium and clerestory of 
 the two bays adjoining the transition Norman work on 
 this side of the nave, differ from the rest, and are in 
 fact Perpendicular, of the same character as the entire 
 south side. " "We may conclude, therefore, that the 
 north side of the Norman nave was taken down first, 
 and that when the portion in the Decorated style had 
 been completed, a pause in the work or a change of 
 architects happened, and the triforium and clerestory of 
 these bays were then completed in a different style 11 ." 
 
 The vaulting- shafts run upward between each bay in 
 groups of three. The abacus from which the groining- 
 ribs apparently spring, is partly a continuation of the 
 h Willis, p. 110. 
 
ffefo. 193 
 
 stringcourse at the base of the clerestory, and is grace- 
 fully trefoiled. 
 
 The whole work on the north side of the nave is 
 bolder and more effective than that on the south. "We 
 have no record of the construction of this side, but from 
 its strong Perpendicular character it can hardly be earlier 
 than 1360. The clustered pier-shafts have much smaller 
 capitals of leafage than those opposite, and the leafage 
 does not pass round continuously. The design of the 
 triforium resembles that on the north side ; but at the 
 junction of the two smaller arches is a bracket, once 
 no doubt the support of a figure which rose against the 
 tympanum of the larger arch. All traces of these 
 figures, however, had disappeared, and they have been 
 replaced by modern sculpture, executed by Boulton, 
 under the direction of the architect. Small ancient 
 figures remain at the sides and intersections of the 
 larger arches. 
 
 The clerestory is formed by three triangular-headed 
 arches, of which the centre arch, much higher and 
 wider than the other two, follows nearly the lines of 
 the groining rib. The window at the back of the 
 passage is filled with tracery of Decorated character. 
 The triangular form, which is by no means usual, is 
 that which prevails in the north transept of Hereford, 
 (see that Cathedral,) built at the end of the thirteenth 
 century for the reception of the shrine of St. Thomas 
 Cantilupe. 
 
 The groined vaulting of the nave — the work of Bishop 
 "Wakefield in 1377— has ridge and intermediate ribs, 
 vol. in. o 
 
194 WioxuBhx Ca%braL 
 
 with bosses of foliage at the intersections. The nave, 
 which was covered with whitewash by the "restorers" 
 of the last century, has been thoroughly cleaned ; and 
 the rich foliage of its capitals is now properly dis- 
 played. The present flooring of the nave was laid down 
 in 1748. 
 
 On the north side of the nave, in the fourth bay from 
 the east, is the high tomb, with effigies, of Sie John 
 Eeauchamp, of Holt, in Worcestershire, (died 1388,) 
 and his wife. The effigies, which are in alabaster, have 
 been terribly defaced. The knight's armour is a good 
 example. The lady's head rests on a swan with ex- 
 panded wings — the crest of the Beauchamps. The 
 panels of the tomb itself are filled with shields of arms. 
 Immediately opposite, on the south side of the nave, is 
 the tomb, with effigies, of Eobeet "Wilde (died 1608) 
 and his wife. His body rests in this cathedral, but his 
 immortal part — 
 
 " Fcelices rapuere anirnse, heroesque beati, 
 Illud ad seternas, Elysiasque domos." 
 
 The sides of the tomb, divided into compartments by 
 sun-flowers rising from vases, and the scroll-work at 
 the lower end, deserve notice. 
 
 On the south side of the nave, toward the west, is 
 the canopied tomb, with effigy, of Bjchaed Eedes, Dean 
 of "Worcester, (died 1608). The Dean is represented with 
 moustache and beard, skull-cap, ruff, and gown open in 
 front, with hanging sleeves. Opposite, on the north 
 side, is the tomb, with effigy, of Bishop Tuoenboeough, 
 died 1641, — the latest recumbent effigy of a bishop in 
 
%oufy gisle of gtaJfo. 195 
 
 the cathedral: he wears the rochet and chimere with 
 full sleeves. 
 
 V. The two western bays of the south aisle of the 
 nave are transition Norman, like the western bays of 
 the nave. The vaulting is quadripartite. The rest 
 of the aisle has late Decorated windows, filled with 
 a kind of flowing tracery, high in the wall, on account 
 of the cloister which runs outside; and into which 
 there are two plainly-arched entrances — the prior's door 
 in the bay nearest the transept, and the monks' door 
 in the third bay from the west end. The vaulting of 
 this part of the aisle is lierne. 
 
 The wall of this aisle is, however, that of the Norman 
 nave, as is proved by a series of five Norman arched re- 
 cesses, one opposite to each of the present pier-arches. 
 " Two of these at the east end are filled up with monu- 
 mental arches of the period of the present south archi- 
 tecture of the nave. This is enough to shew that the 
 
 semicircular arches existed previously They were 
 
 probably meant to receive the monumental arches of 
 distinguished persons, in the same way as at Here- 
 ford 1 ." 
 
 The monuments in the south aisle are — in the second 
 bay from the transept, the much mutilated effigy of an 
 unknown ecclesiastic, — probably one of the priors of 
 the monastery, represented as vested for the eucharistic 
 office, — under a canopied recess. The date, according 
 to Mr. Bloxam, is late in the fourteenth or early in the 
 fifteenth century. In the third bay, within a Deco- 
 1 Willis, p. 94. 
 
196 
 
 rated recess, is the effigy of Bishop Paeey, (1610 — 
 1616,) " wearing the rochet and the chimere, the latter 
 reaching a little below the knees;" in the fourth is 
 a Perpendicular altar- tomb, with panelled front, of 
 some unknown personage ; in the fifth is the tomb of 
 Thomas Littleton, Judge of the Court of Common 
 Pleas, died Aug. 23, 1481. The brass, which repre- 
 sented him in his robes as Judge, was destroyed in the 
 civil wars of the seventeenth century. This is the 
 celebrated Judge whose treatise on land tenures was 
 commented on by Sir Edward Coke in the reign of 
 James I., and has still, in Puller's words, an " authen- 
 tical reputation." Littleton was born at Prankley in 
 "Worcestershire, and was in great favour with both 
 Henry YI. and Edward IY. The Lords Lyttelton, 
 of Hagley, are descended from this family. In the 
 sixth bay is an altar-tomb in a recess for Bishop Peeke, 
 (1584 — 1591,) with inscriptions in Greek, Latin, and 
 English. In the two last bays are mural monuments, 
 both by Bacon - , for Sir Heney Ellis, Colonel of the 
 23rd Regt., (Welsh Pusileers,) who fell at Waterloo; 
 and for Richard Solly, Esq., (died 1804); neither of 
 which deserve much notice. In the westernmost bay 
 has been placed the monument of Bishop Gauden, 
 (died 1662,) the probable author of the Icon Ba- 
 sililce. His effigy represents him with long hair, 
 moustache, and beard, wearing the rochet and chimere. 
 This monument was formerly against the wall on the 
 north side of the choir, which has been removed. 
 (See § vn.) 
 
$oxt& glide at Jfofc. 197 
 
 The two western bays of the north aisle are transition 
 Norman, like those opposite ; but the Decorated vaulting 
 (plain quadripartite, with bosses) is carried throughout 
 the aisle, and was the work of Bishop Cobham between 
 1317 and 1321. The rest of the aisle, including the 
 windows, is Decorated. The west window contains 
 some portions of ancient glass ; but is chiefly filled with 
 modern glass of the worst description. In the first bay 
 counting from the west is a monument by Westmacott 
 for the Earl of Strafford, and the officers and men of 
 the 29th (Worcestershire) Regiment, who fell in the" 
 Indian campaigns of 1845-6. Unlike most memorials of 
 this class, it possesses a little religious character. In 
 the second bay is a monument for the wife of Godfrey 
 Goldsborottgh, Bishop of Gloucester, (died 1613). In 
 the third bay is a monument with small kneeling figures 
 for the Moore family, of Worcester; date 1613. 
 1 The north porch opens from the fifth bay. From the 
 eighth a small Decorated chapel, called the Jesus chapel, 
 is entered; which was opened to the nave, as it now is, 
 about 1750, when a new and singularly hideous font 
 was placed in it, The Decorated window on the north 
 side has been filled with stained glass by Wailes, as 
 a memorial of the wife of the Bev. Canof Wood. The 
 east window of the chapel has been closed. Against 
 the walls are tablets for Bishop Fleetwood, (died 1683) ; 
 for Bishop Blandford, (died 1675); and for Bishop 
 Btjllingham, (died 1576). The upper and lower por- 
 tions only of the effigy appear, the intervening wall 
 and inscription dividing them. (Similar monuments 
 
198 Moxtzxhx <Ea%tal. 
 
 exist at Lichfield and elsewhere.) " The dress is not 
 very clearly developed, but it certainly does not ap- 
 pear to have consisted of the episcopal robes. Perhaps 
 he was one interested in the vestiarian controversy of 
 1564V This monument was removed from the choir 
 wall. (See § vn.) 
 
 VI. The piers of the central tower are Decorated, 
 with small capitals of leafage, of the same date and 
 character as the south side of the nave. It is certain, 
 however, that a core of Norman masonry remains 
 within them, since Norman work is visible on the 
 choir side of the eastern piers, (see § vn.,) in the roof 
 of the triforium of the choir, and at the south comer 
 of the east end of the north triforium of the nave. 
 The vaulting resembles that of the nave. 
 
 The great transept has undergone much alteration. 
 The walls, as high as the level of the clerestory, are 
 Norman; and, as appeared when they were stripped 
 of their plaster, are built of "uncoursed rubble 
 work, roughly laid with wide joints of mortar k ." 
 They may belong to the first Norman church ; but 
 after the fall of the great tower in 1175 many re- 
 pairs and changes were made, to which the Nor- 
 man work now apparent evidently belongs. Further 
 alterations were made in the thirteenth, and again 
 (perhaps by Bishop "Wakefield, died 1395) in the latter 
 part of the fourteenth century. The transept, like the 
 rest of the church, is narrow (32 feet) in proportion to 
 its height (66 feet), and projects only 28 feet beyond 
 j M. H. Bloxam. k Willis. 
 
®%&Wt0. 199 
 
 tlie aisle -wall. Like the transept at Gloucester, it is 
 without aisles. The circular staircase- turrets which 
 project into the transept at the north-west and south- 
 west angles are peculiar, and are far more decided 
 features than those at Gloucester (see that Cathedral) 
 in the same situations. These are Norman as high 
 as the clerestory, where the change to Perpendicular is 
 marked by a difference of masonry. The masonry of 
 the Norman portion is unusually good, and should be 
 noticed. The scraping of the walls of these towers 
 " disclosed the fact that they are built of stones of 
 two colours, the one a white or rather cream-coloured 
 stone, the other, a green stone. These are laid in bands 
 at the lower part, not regularly ; but above the door- 
 way the courses are for a short distance alternately 
 white and green in horizontal stripes, after the manner 
 of the cathedrals of Pisa, Siena, and other Italian ex- 
 amples of the eleventh and twelfth centuries 1 ." The 
 transition Norman work at the west end of the nave, 
 and the chapter-house, also display this particoloured 
 masonry. 
 
 In the south transept, the south end has three divi- 
 sions. The lowest is plain, and shews the Norman wall. 
 In the second are two transition Norman window- 
 arches, now closed. The capitals of the side shafts are 
 of Early English character, and the arches have a broad 
 hollow zigzag moulding. In the uppermost division is 
 a fine three-light lancet window, deeply splayed, and 
 with a passage through the jambs. This has been filled 
 1 Willis, p. 97. 
 
200 Wmzzitx Ca%bral. 
 
 with stained glass, which can hardly be called good, by 
 Rogers, from designs by Preedy, as a memorial of 
 Qtjeejs- Adelaide. The subject is a tree of Jesse. On 
 the east side of the transept the arch into the choir- 
 aisle is Decorated ; and in the adjoining bay a very fine 
 Gorman arch, long closed, opens to an eastern chapel. 
 This archway was re-opened in 1862, and through it 
 a very picturesque view is obtained of the chapel be- 
 yond. The bays on this side of the transept are di- 
 vided by a group of transition Norman vaulting-shafts, 
 which terminate at the level of the clerestory, and sup- 
 port later groining. 
 
 The east and west walls of this transept were altered 
 in the Perpendicular period, in a manner which recalls 
 the work in Gloucester Cathedral, although the screen 
 of tracery with which the Norman walls have been 
 overlaid is not so complete. On the east side this work 
 begins in the triforium, the openings in which are 
 formed by a series of narrow pierced panels, with tran- 
 soms and foliated headings. As at Gloucester, the wall 
 behind this screen- work is Norman, and in the course 
 of restoration here the remains of the ancient trifo- 
 rium were discovered, (1863). They are of transitional 
 Norman character, much enriched. The clerestory 
 above is entirely Perpendicular. A pierced parapet 
 runs along at the base, and slender Perpendicular vault- 
 ing-shafts pass through both the triforium and clere- 
 story stages. The west wall has been overlaid more 
 completely with a Perpendicular screen-work, pierced 
 for window openings in all three stages. There is also 
 
*goxfy %tm%t$. 201 
 
 a Perpendicular clerestory window above the arch of 
 the nave-aisle. Eemains of two arches of the Norman 
 triforium have been found on this side of the transept. 
 They are plainer than those opposite, but may possibly 
 be of the same date. The vaulting of the transept is 
 a plain Heme. 
 
 On the south side of this transept is a monument 
 designed by Adams, and executed by TTollekens, for 
 Bishop Johnson, (1759 — 1774). The bust is fine. 
 There is also a memorial of Bishop Hued, (1781 — 
 1808.) 
 
 In the east wall of the north transept a Norman arch 
 has been discovered during the late restorations, oc- 
 cupying the same position as that in the transept op- 
 posite, and of the same date. It now remains open, 
 to the thickness of the outer wall. The vaulting-shafts 
 here are Early English, banded, with capitals of Early 
 English foliage. On the north side was a modern Per- 
 pendicular window, which has been removed, and re- 
 placed by a new window of early Decorated character. 
 The east and west walls have been overlaid with Per- 
 pendicular work in the same manner as the opposite 
 transept. The triforium panelling on the east side, 
 which had been built up, has been re-opened and re- 
 stored. The screen-work on the west wall is only 
 pierced for a window in the clerestory stage. 
 
 In this transept are monuments for — (north wall), 
 Bishop Stillingfleet, (1689 — 1699,) "jam tibi, qui- 
 cumque haec leges, nisi et Europae et literati orbis 
 hospes es, ipse per se notus ;" and (east wall), Bishop 
 
202 MoxuUtx Ca%braL 
 
 Hough, (1717—1743,) by Roubiliac. A fall-length 
 effigy of the Bishop reclines on the top of a sepulchre, 
 upheld by a figure of Eeligion. The inscription gives 
 due praise to the " unbounded charity, the courteous 
 affability, and the engaging condescension" of the 
 Bishop, — the " ever-memorable President of Magdalen 
 College, Oxford, who providentially for this nation 
 opposed the rage of Popish superstition and tyranny." 
 A small bas-relief below the effigy represents the Pre- 
 sident's expulsion from Magdalen. There is also a 
 tablet for Dean Hook, (died 1828,) brother of the more 
 celebrated Theodore Hook. 
 
 VII. A flight of steps, rendered necessary by the 
 elevation of the crypt, which extends eastward from 
 this point, ascends to the choir-screen, between the two 
 eastern piers of the tower ; an atrocious composition of 
 lath and plaster, erected in 1812, and shortly, no doubt, 
 to be removed. Some of the small figures in the frieze 
 were taken from misereres in the choir, and will even- 
 tually be returned. 
 
 Passing beyond the screen, we enter the most in- 
 teresting portion of the cathedral. The whole build- 
 ing, east of the tower, is far richer and better in detail 
 than any part of the nave. The convent, in all pro- 
 bability, was receiving larger sums from the pilgrims 
 to the shrine of St. "Wulfstan during the thirteenth 
 century, when the choir and the parts connected with 
 it were built, than during the fourteenth, when the 
 nave was erected. By that time the neighbouring 
 churches of Hereford and Gloucester had each their 
 
Wioxk <fet of % %nhzx. 203 
 
 great shrine m , which must have attracted much of the 
 wealth that would otherwise have found its way into 
 the treasury of Worcester. 
 
 Bishop "William of Blois is recorded as having " be- 
 gun the new work of the front" in the year 1224. The 
 plan of the new building involved a great extension of 
 the cathedral eastward. Beyond the site of the crypt, 
 the work was carried "to a length equal to double that 
 of the Norman presbytery, (exclusive of the probable 
 Lady- chapel of the latter,) and so adjusted as to place 
 the central tower of the church exactly midway between 
 the east and west extremities of the entire building 11 ." 
 Eastern transepts were also adopted. Professor Willis 
 has been the first to shew the order in which, in all 
 probability, this new work was erected. This is indi- 
 cated by a difference in the moulding of the vaulting- 
 ribs. " The transverse vault-ribs of the side aisles and 
 centre of the work between the great tower and the 
 small transepts (namely, the present choir) have a 
 hollow mold in their soffits ; and this is also the case 
 in those pier-arches of the work which have the dog- 
 tooth. But the transverse vault-ribs throughout the 
 remainder of this work, namely, the eastern transepts 
 and Lady-chapel, have a projecting rib in their soffit, 
 corresponding to the moldings of their pier-arches 0 ." 
 " The ribbed soffit, in fact, is confined to the portion of 
 Early English work which is founded upon the open 
 
 m That of St. Thomas de Cantilupe at Hereford — translated 
 1287 ; and of King Edward II. at Gloucester, circa 1330. 
 n Willis, p. 100. 0 Ibid., 102. 
 
204 Wfottwtzx Caijpbral. 
 
 ground of the cemetery, and was capable of being 
 erected complete, without disturbing any more of the 
 existing Norman presbytery than the circumscribing 
 aisle and radiating chapels. The hollow soffit, on the 
 contrary, is used throughout the part of the Early 
 English work, which is based upon the walls of that 
 portion of the crypt which was allowed to remain. I 
 conclude, therefore, that the ribbed soffit-work was be- 
 gun in 1224, and carried on without disabling the 
 Norman presbytery and the high altar; so that the 
 services of the Church continued in their original place, 
 until the completion of this first portion of the work 
 made it necessary to pull down the Norman presbytery, 
 and erect the hollow soffit-work in its room, by which 
 the Early English structure was connected with the 
 tower p ." 
 
 The choir, [Plate I.,] like all the cathedral eastward of 
 the tower, has been restored under the direction of Mr. 
 Perkins, architect to the Dean and Chapter. It consists 
 of five bays, the easternmost of which, in a line with 
 the eastern transepts, is considerably wider than the 
 others. The destruction of the Norman choir was not 
 complete ; a portion of its walls was allowed to remain ; 
 and in the present triforium, which extends over the 
 aisles, Norman buttresses exist, of the same character as 
 those in the triforium of the two western bays of the 
 nave. Except at the southern surface of the north wall 
 of the choir, however, where it joins the tower, what- 
 ever Norman masonry remained was entirely hidden by 
 p Willis, p. 103. 
 
WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 PART OF CHOIR AND LADY-CHAPEL. 
 
Cfeoir. 205 
 
 the rich Early English work of the new choir. This 
 has been compared to the Early English of Salisbury 
 Cathedral, begun in 1220, with which, no doubt, there 
 is a certain general resemblance. On the other hand, 
 Lincoln Cathedral — probably the first great Early Eng- 
 lish church built in England — was far advanced at 
 the death of St. Hugh in 1200 ; and there are some 
 peculiarities at Worcester — especially the ornamentation 
 of the tympana in the triforium arches, and the sculp- 
 ture in the spandrils of the wall-arcades — which strongly 
 recall Lincoln. At any rate, "Worcester Cathedral was 
 one of the earliest churches in England built in the 
 new style, which, there is much reason for believing, 
 was invented by St. Hugh's architect at Lincoln. 
 
 The design first seen in the transition Norman portion 
 of each bay of the nave— one arch below, two in the 
 triforium, and three in the clerestory, (see § rv.) — was 
 followed in this Early English work, as it was in all the 
 later portions of the cathedral. The octangular piers 
 of the choir have large shafts of Purbeck marble, alter- 
 nating with white stone ; the Purbeck shafts ringed half 
 way up. The shafts have foliaged capitals ; and the dog- 
 tooth ornament is used (as at Salisbury) in the mould- 
 ings of the main arches. The triforium in each bay 
 consists of two large arches, each enclosing two smaller, 
 divided by a slender shaft, with a plain capital of Pur- 
 beck. The groups of shafts between and at the sides 
 of the larger arches have capitals of leafage worked in 
 oolite, with Purbeck above. In the spandrils or tym- 
 pana above the small central shafts are sculptured 
 
206 WmttAxt to^bral 
 
 figures. At the back of the outer triforium arches is 
 a wall, covered by an arcade with semi-detached shafts, 
 so arranged that the crowns of the arches are nearly 
 on a level with the capitals of the shafts in the main 
 arcade. A very rich and intricate effect is thus pro- 
 duced, which may be compared with that of the double 
 arcades in the choir-aisles of Lincoln Cathedral, — in all 
 probability part of St. Hugh's work. The triforium 
 passage itself, which extends over the aisles, is shut 
 out, by this arcaded wall, from the choir, which was 
 no doubt rendered much warmer by this arrangement. 
 The clerestory has in each bay three sharply-pointed 
 arches ; that in the centre being much higher than the 
 two others, with slender shafts and capitals of Purbeck 
 marble. The windows at the back, which had been 
 filled with mean Perpendicular tracery, have been re- 
 stored to their original Early English condition. A 
 single vaulting- shaft of Purbeck rests on a corbelled 
 head at the intersection of the main arches, and ter- 
 minates in a capital of leafage at the base of the tri- 
 forium. A second shaft rises through the triforium 
 stage, and terminates in a small capital at the base of 
 the clerestory. The vaulting itself is quadripartite, 
 with carved bosses. 
 
 The restoration of the choir, under Mr. Perkins, was 
 begun in 1859. Much of the stone-work was in so 
 ruinous a condition that it was necessary to replace it 
 with new; but although the building has thus lost 
 something of its interest in the eyes of archajologists, it 
 should here be said that the repairs have been made 
 
&\mx. 207 
 
 with good judgment, and that no unnecessary destruc- 
 tion of ancient work has taken place. Wherever it was 
 possible the old stone-work has been carefully cleaned, 
 and is otherwise untouched. This is the case with 
 nearly all the leafage of the capitals, which is un- 
 usually good and varied. The greater part of the 
 figures in the tympana of the triforium arches, how- 
 ever, were unfortunately sculptured in the local stone, 
 and had crumbled away so completely, partly from the 
 effects of time and partly perhaps before the matchlocks 
 of Cromwell's troopers, that their subjects were hardly 
 to be deciphered. They have been restored, in accord- 
 ance, as far as could be ascertained, with the original 
 design, by Boulton of Worcester, under the direction 
 of Mr. Perkins. 
 
 VIII. Evidences remain in the choir of earlier alter- 
 ations and additions. The piers adjoining the north- 
 east transept had been thrown greatly out of the per- 
 pendicular by the thrust of the arches. These piers 
 have now been reconstructed with the old materials 
 in a sound manner; and a wall pierced with quatre- 
 foils, which had been built for their support, between 
 the two easternmost piers on the north side, has been 
 removed. The second pier from the organ, on the 
 same side, also appears to have shewn signs of weak- 
 ness, and has been re-cased and enlarged in Jacobean 
 Gothic, with a curious base of masonry in the shape 
 of a tulip. 
 
 The stone pulpit, on the north side of the choir, was 
 removed from the west end of the nave about the 
 
208 WHatmhx GtofyML 
 
 middle of last century. It is late Perpendicular work, 
 with the emblems of the Evangelists placed on trun- 
 cated shafts in the panels. The sculpture at the back 
 of the pulpit apparently represents the Heavenly Jeru- 
 salem, with the Tree of Life in the centre. The ancient 
 stalls were partly destroyed by the Puritan soldiery, 
 the seats alone remaining. The present canopies date 
 from the reign of Charles II., but are of no great 
 interest. 
 
 It is proposed to replace the present (modern) reredos 
 by one of better design and character; and to erect 
 a low stone screen, allowing a view into the transept 
 beyond it, between the piers on the north side of the 
 altar. 
 
 In December, 1861, a leaden coffin, moulded to the 
 shape of a body, which had been enclosed in an outer 
 coffin of wood, was discovered beneath the flooring at 
 the east end of the choir. It no doubt contained the 
 embalmed body of "William, fourth Makojtis and se- 
 cond Duke of Hamilton, who was mortally wounded 
 at the battle of Worcester in 1651, and was interred 
 here, — since his body was not allowed to be conveyed 
 to Scotland. 
 
 IX. The monuments of especial interest in the choir, 
 are the tomb with effigy of King John and the chantry 
 of Prince Arthur. \_Title-page.~\ 
 
 The tomb of King John stands in the centre of the 
 second bay from the east, immediately before the step 
 ascending to the sanctuary. In 1797 a coffin with the 
 remains of the King, was found below the pavement. 
 
®omh flf jftfng fojnr. 209 
 
 It is expressly said that King John was buried between 
 the shrines of SS. Oswald and Wulfstan, (see Pt. II. for 
 short notices of both saints,) and that a prophecy of 
 Merlin (who is constantly mentioned by the chroniclers 
 of this period) was thereby fulfilled : — " Et inter sanctos 
 collocabitur." The King was buried, it must be re- 
 membered, in the Norman presbytery, the apse of which 
 terminated nearly in a line with the third piers (count- 
 ing from the east) of the existing choir. On the re- 
 construction of the choir and presbytery by the Early 
 English builders, the altar was removed to nearly its 
 present position, and the King's coffin and tomb were 
 also carried eastward, so as to occupy the same position 
 with respect to the high altar and the shrines as they 
 had done in the Norman Church. In both the Norman 
 and the Early English presbyteries the shrines of the 
 two saints " were deposited in front of the high altar, 
 in the same manner as St. Dunstan and St. Elfege in the 
 cathedral of Canterbury i." In either case the King 
 might be said to have been laid " between" them. 
 King John died at Newark, October 19, 1216, com- 
 mending his body and soul to God, and to St. Wulfstan, 
 the last great English saint who had been canonized. 
 His body, arrayed in royal apparel, was accordingly 
 conveyed to Worcester, where it was interred by the 
 Bishop, Silvester of Evesham r . 
 
 * Willis. 
 
 " Et his ita gestis, sciscitatus est ab eo Abbas de Croestuna 
 si ipsum mori contingeret, ubi vellet eligere sepulturam. Cui 
 Eex respondens, dixit, Deo et Sancto Wlstano corpus et animam 
 vol. in. p 
 
210 
 
 W&oxtzzhx Ca%bral. 
 
 The high tomb on which the King's effigy rests is 
 a work of the sixteenth century, and was probably con- 
 structed when Prince Arthur's chantry was erected 5 . 
 " The sides of the tomb are divided into three square 
 compartments by panelled buttresses; each compart- 
 ment contains a shield, bearing the royal arms, within 
 a quatrefoil richly cusped ; the spandrels are also foli- 
 ated and cusped. Though of no unusual design it has 
 a rich effect, and the base mouldings are numerous*." 
 On this tomb rests the effigy of King John, the earliest 
 effigy of an English monarch remaining in this country. 
 It was no doubt originally the cover of the stone coffin 
 in which the King's remains were discovered in 1797. 
 The effigy was evidently sculptured soon after the inter- 
 ment of the King ; and represents him in the regal habi- 
 liments. " First, the tunic, yellow, or of cloth of gold, 
 reaching nearly to the ancles, with close-fitting sleeves, 
 little of which is apparent. Over the tunic is worn the 
 dalmatic, or outer robe, of a crimson colour, with wide 
 sleeves, edged with a gold and jewelled border : this is 
 
 meam coinmendo. Qui postea in nocte quae diem sancti Lucae 
 Evangelistse proxime sequuta est, ex hac vita migravit. Cujus 
 corpus regio schemate ornatum ad Wigorniam delatum est ; et 
 in ecclesia Cathedrali ab Episcopo loci honorifice tumulatuin." 
 —Matt. Paris, p. 288. 
 
 s Leland (Itin.) thus notices the tomb :— " In presbyterio, 
 Johannes Rex, cujus sepulchrum Alchirch, sacrista, nuper reno- 
 vavit." The time at which Alchirch was sacristan has not been 
 ascertained, but it cannot have been long before Leland's visit. 
 
 1 M. H. Bloxam, " On the Sepulchral Remains and Monuments 
 in Worcester Cathedral," read before the Archaeological Institute 
 at Worcester, in 1862. (Gent. Mag., Oct., 18G2.) 
 
€%g of Jforg fo^t. 211 
 
 girt about the waist by a girdle, and buckled in front ; 
 the pendent end of the girdle, which is jewelled, falling 
 down to the skirt of the dalmatic. At the back is worn 
 the mantle; but little of this is visible. On the feet 
 are sandals, to the heels of which are affixed spurs. 
 On the hands are gloves, jewelled at the back; the 
 right hand has held a sceptre, the lower portion of 
 which only is left; the left hand grasps the hilt of the 
 sword. On the head is worn the crown ; the face has 
 both the moustache and beard, and the hair is long. 
 On either side of the head is the figure of a bishop 
 holding a thurible or censer, perhaps intended to repre- 
 sent St. Oswald and St. "Wulfstan. Eoger de Hoveden, 
 in his Annals, treating of the coronation of Richard I., 
 enumerates the regal vestments, and how worn, and his 
 description may be applied to this effigy. In the 
 crown, in the mitres of the bishops, and on different 
 portions of the robes appear cavities for stones, paste, 
 or glass, imitative of jewels. The feet of the effigy 
 rest against a lion, in whose jaws the point of the 
 sword is inserted u ." 
 
 The coffin in which the King's remains were dis- 
 covered in 1797 (at the beginning of some repairs in 
 the cathedral) was found at the bottom of the tomb, 
 level with the pavement. It was cut out of Higley 
 stone, and only covered with two elm boards. " Part 
 of the royal apparel was firm in texture, but the colour 
 was gone ; part of the sword and leather sheath were 
 lying on the left side of the body, but much mouldered ; 
 u Bloxani. 
 
212 Moxmkx tiufytteul 
 
 the boots on the feet were more perfect ; part of one of 
 the robes appeared to have been embroidered : the head 
 was covered with a close-fitting scull-cap, which ap- 
 peared to have been bnckled nnder the chin. A quan- 
 tity of a sort of white paste, which lay in lumps, was, 
 I think, the salt of which Matthew Paris speaks, used 
 for preserving the body for a time. The tomb was 
 shortly after closed. It is hardly to be doubted that 
 the body of the King had been arrayed in the same 
 apparel as that exhibited on his effigy*." 
 
 X. Prince Aethtjr, the eldest son of Henry VII., 
 born at "Winchester in 1486, died at Ludlow Castle 
 April 2, 1502, and was brought to this cathedral for in- 
 terment. His chantry fills the whole bay on the south 
 side of the altar, and is a very rich example of late and 
 elaborate Gothic. [Plate II.] The sides are formed of 
 open and closed panel- work, enriched with figures and 
 heraldic devices, among which occur the rose, fetter- 
 lock, and portcullis. The small figures, however, 
 are rudely executed, and have been greatly injured. 
 "Within, the chantry has a flat groined roof, with 
 curious flying supports. In the central panel are the 
 arms of the Prince, with stags as supporters. At the 
 west end is a small seated figure of Henry VII. The 
 east wall is covered by a rich mass of tabernacle-work, 
 with niches. In the central niche is a small figure of 
 the Saviour, with censing angels at the head. On either 
 side are two figures of saints, one of which is appa- 
 rently St. George. The whole has been terribly shat- 
 x Bloxam. 
 
WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 CHANTRY OF PRINCE ARTHUR 
 
^Qxtfy ClOT-aisk J&mttjj-ieast %xmu^t 213 
 
 tered, but the details deserve attention. In the centre 
 of the chantry is the high tomb of the Prince, with 
 shields and armorial bearings in the side panels. There 
 is no effigy. 
 
 XI. Passing out of the choir we ascend from the 
 transept into the south choir-aisle by a flight of five 
 steps, rendered necessary by the crypt below. The 
 aisle is of the same date and character as the choir, 
 and an Early English chapel, which has been restored 
 in the same manner as the choir, opens from the two 
 westernmost bays. The view into this chapel from 
 the south transept has already (§ vn.) been noticed. 
 Erom within the chapel the fine and lofty Norman 
 arch, receding in three orders, which opens to the 
 transept, is well seen. It is of late Norman character. 
 A doorway in the south wall, close to this arch, now 
 opens to the apartments formerly used as treasuries, 
 over the narrow 'slype' or passage between the great 
 south transept and the chapter-house. 
 
 XII. A descent of five steps, indicating the termi- 
 nation of the crypt, which extends only beneath the 
 choir and its aisles, leads into the south-east transept. 
 The bay on the north side is filled by the screen of 
 Prince Arthur's Chapel. The transept itself is Early 
 English, of the same general character as the choir. 
 The northern bay is precisely similar to the choir in 
 the arrangement and design of its lower arches (opening 
 to the aisles east and west), the triforium, and clere- 
 story. The southern bay has its three sides pierced 
 with two tiers of triple lancet windows set back in the 
 
214 maxaztzx <£a%bnil. 
 
 wall, with a passage through the jambs. The inner 
 arches are supported by clustered shafts of Purbeck 
 marble, ringed. An arcade, with sculptures in the 
 spandrils, runs below the windows. The vaulting is 
 quadripartite, with bosses of leafage, of unusual beauty, 
 at the intersections. 
 
 The south, east, and west walls, with the windows of 
 this transept, were in so ruinous a condition before the 
 late restoration, that it was found necessary to take it 
 entirely down. Every stone was marked, and it has been 
 rebuilt precisely as before. The sculptures in the span- 
 drils of the arcade were also much shattered, and those 
 on the east side are in effect modern works by Boulton 
 of Worcester. They are, however, direct reproductions 
 of the old ones, as far as they could be deciphered. It 
 has been suggested, and apparently with truth, although 
 the arrangement is by no means clear, that the entire 
 series was intended to represent the life present, and 
 that to come. Beginning at the north-west angle, the 
 subjects are — A bishop giving his benediction ; knights 
 righting with lions and centaurs, (the world and its 
 temptations) ; St. Michael weighing souls ; demons 
 torturing souls over names, (purgatory) ; the mouth of 
 hell — demons drawing in souls. North side — Two 
 figures carrying a body, (the burial of Adam ?) ; the ex- 
 pulsion from Paradise ; an angel dismissing souls to 
 punishment (?). (Prom this point the figures look in 
 the opposite direction.) The llesurrcction ; the dead 
 breaking their coffin-lids; an angel sounding a trum- 
 pet; an angel bearing the cross; the Saviour in judg- 
 
ment. East side — An angel with a trumpet; a se- 
 raph; an angel with a lute; the coronation of the 
 just(?); St. Gabriel with a lily; St. Michael with the 
 dragon ; an angel bearing a crown. 
 
 The sculptures may be compared, for both design 
 and execution, with those on the west front of "Wells 
 Cathedral, which are nearly of the same date. The 
 imagery used here is not of so refined or dignified an 
 order as that at Wells, but the whole work deserves 
 careful attention. 
 
 There is a piscina in the south wall, and aumbries 
 remain in the walls east and west. 
 
 XIII. Against the south wall of this transept, and 
 connected with the arcade in a remarkable manner, is 
 the effigy of a knight, on a raised tomb of compara- 
 tively recent date. The effigy is that of a knight of 
 the Harcouet family, and belongs to the early part of 
 the fourteenth century. The armour is of ringed mail, 
 with the exception of the poleyns at the knees, which 
 are of plate. The shield has the arms of Harcourt — 
 G-ules, two bars or. The small brass plate below, 
 with the inscription "Ici gist sur Guilliamme de Har- 
 court," is not coeval with the effigy, which is slightly 
 raised on the left side. 
 
 In the centre of the transept is a high tomb, of good 
 character, from which the brasses had been removed, 
 for Sir Gryffyth Byce, (died 1523). The ancient in- 
 scription remains ; and brasses by Hardman have taken 
 the places of the originals. 
 
 Inclosed within the screen- work of Prince Arthur's 
 
216 WXmuttt Ca%bral. 
 
 chantry are two high tombs, with effigies, which de- 
 serve especial attention. They are both apparently of 
 the same date, (early in the fourteenth century,) and 
 have been assigned, the westernmost to Bishop Giffard, 
 (died 1302,) and the eastern to Attdela, wife of Johx 
 de "Warren. The fronts of the tombs, which are of 
 Purbeck, have quatrefoiled compartments, in which 
 are sculptures, now much mutilated. Bishop Giffard's 
 effigy 1 1 represents the chin close shaven. The mitre 
 is ornamented with quatrefoiled and other concavities, 
 in which stones, glass, or paste have been set, to repre- 
 sent jewels." The square apparel of the amice in 
 front of the breast, the collar, and the episcopal boots, 
 seem also to have been set with stones. " The folds 
 of the chasuble are well and tastefully arranged y ." 
 
 The effigy of Audela de Warren, " which is beau- 
 tifully executed, represents her in the veiled head- 
 dress, and the wimple or gorget, . . . the latter perhaps 
 a sign of widowhood, leaving but a small portion of the 
 face visible. The veil is very tastefully disposed. . . . 
 Over the gown is worn a mantle, on the left side of 
 which is a lozenge-shaped fermail, to fasten the mantle 
 in front, in a somewhat unusual fashion. The left arm 
 is gone; the right arm reclines on the breast, and in 
 the hand is held a string of prayer-beads, or, as they 
 were anciently called, a pair of paternosters, with 
 larger ones at intervals; an early and singular instance 
 of their being thus represented, the beads being grace- 
 fully disposed, and not hanging down formally. The 
 y M. H. Bloxam. 
 
%tiw-t\m> 217 
 
 feet rest against a whelp. The admirable manner in 
 which this effigy is treated is worthy of all praise. 
 The mantle and gown were formerly covered with 
 painted shields, representing the arms of "Warren, 
 Cheeky, argent and sable, and those of Blanchminster, 
 Argent, fretty gules z ." Audela was the daughter and 
 heiress of Griffin de Blanchminster. 
 
 XIV. Immediately beyond the transept a good gene- 
 ral view occurs of the retro-choir and Lady-chapel. The 
 aisles extend to the end of the retro-choir, which is 
 three bays in depth. The Lady-chapel forms an addi- 
 tional eastern bay. All this part of the cathedral is of 
 the same general design as the choir ; but, as a result 
 of the lower level, the main arches are loftier than 
 those of the choir, and a much finer effect is conse- 
 quently produced. Together with the eastern tran- 
 septs, this part of the church was, as has been already 
 shewn, constructed before the western end of the choir ; 
 and besides the difference of mouldings, it is distin- 
 guished by the rich wall-arcade which runs round be- 
 low the windows. Bishop Giffaud (1268 — 1302) is 
 said to have ornamented the columns " of the east part 
 of the church" with brass rings, (which still remain, 
 occupying the usual place of stone bands in Early Eng- 
 lish shafts,) but the main work was probably completed 
 long before his accession. The brass rings occur on the 
 intermediate piers throughout choir, presbytery, and 
 Lady-chapel. Similar rings occur in Westminster 
 Abbey, (in that portion of the nave which contains 
 2 M. H. Bloxam, Gent. Mag., Oct., 1862. . 
 
218 
 
 WLomthx €ufytbzul 
 
 the choir stalls,) where they are probably of the same 
 date as those at Worcester. Professor "Willis has shewn 
 that the shafts in this cathedral were originally fixed 
 to the piers by iron cramps, such as may still be seen 
 in the church at Pershore : and that the brass rings 
 were additions for covering the joint 3 . 
 
 The dog-tooth moulding does not occur in the arches 
 of the retro-choir, and there are some slight differences 
 between the foliage of the capitals in this part of the 
 cathedral and of those in the choir. The restoration 
 has included this part of the church, and the sculptures 
 in the spandrils of the triforium (which were little more 
 than shapeless masses of stone) have been restored by 
 Boulton, under the direction of the architect. 
 
 The windows in the aisles are triple lancets, at the 
 back of inner arches, supported by slender shafts of 
 Purbeck marble. The dilapidated Perpendicular tracery 
 with which the lights were filled has been removed, 
 leaving the windows in their original state. Under the 
 windows runs a wall-arcade resembling that already 
 described in the transept, with trefoiled arches, and 
 sculptures in the spandrils. Many of these have been 
 restored, but all deserve careful notice. The sub- 
 jects are — masses of foliage ; knights fighting with 
 monsters; mystic animals, such as the basilisk and 
 cockatrice, and others described in early bestiaries. In 
 the north aisle is a bishop offering a church, and in the 
 south the Crucifixion. Nothing like a definite arrange- 
 
 » Willis, p. 106. 
 
Jabg-tjapel. 219 
 
 ment can be traced throughout the series. The vault- 
 ing of both aisles is quadripartite, with small bosses. 
 
 The east window of the north aisle has been filled 
 with very good stained glass by Hardman, in memory of 
 the late Hon. and Eev. Canon Cocks. That in the south 
 aisle is a memorial of the Eev. Allen Wheeler, B.D. 
 
 The eastern hay, in which stood the altar of the 
 Lady-chapel, was disfigured by a large debased win- 
 dow, inserted early in the present century; and was, 
 before the restorations, in a dangerous condition. It 
 was found necessary to rebuild the east wall entirely ; 
 and two tiers of lancet lights, five in each tier, have 
 been inserted, in strict keeping with the architecture of 
 all this part of the cathedral. Two lancets, one above 
 another, are placed in the north and south walls. A very 
 beautiful wall-arcade, of the same character as that in 
 the aisles and transepts, but more enriched, runs round 
 below the windows. This is entirely new, and the very 
 good sculptures in the spandrils were executed, under 
 direction, by Boultojst of Worcester. The subjects at the 
 east end are — Isaiah ; Abraham and Isaac ; the selling 
 of Joseph ; the brazen serpent ; Jonah ; and Jeremiah. 
 Foliage and grotesques, copied from the older spandrils, 
 are repeated at the sides. The eastern lancets have 
 been filled with stained glass by Hardman, given to 
 the cathedral by the citizens of Worcester. In the 
 central lower light is the Crucifixion ; above, the 
 Ascension. A series of medallions, representing the 
 principal events in the life of our Lord, fill the re- 
 maining lancets. The glass is very good, though per- 
 
220 MomzUx Cai^bral. 
 
 haps a little thin in quality. The spandrils above the 
 lights in both tiers have been filled with sculpture by 
 Bottlton ; chiefly figures of angels. 
 
 XV. On the north side of the chapel is a small mural 
 slab, with flowers at the sides and an urn above, for Anne, 
 wife of Izaac Walton, who no doubt wrote the inscrip- 
 tion, which is as follows: — "Ex terris . . M.S. Here lyeth 
 buried so much as could die of Anne, the wife of Isaac 
 Walton, who was a woman of remarkable prudence, 
 and of the Primitive Piety. Her great and general! 
 knowledge being adorned with such true humility, and 
 blest with so much Christian meeknesse as made her 
 worthy of a more memorable monument. She died 
 (alas that she is dead!) the 17th of April, 1662, aged 
 52. Study to be like her." The wife thus comme- 
 morated was the sister of Bishop Ken. Walton him- 
 self survived until 1683, and was interred in Win- 
 chester Cathedral. 
 
 XYI. In the arcade of the south aisle are monu- 
 ments for John Banks Jenkinson, Bishop of St. David's, 
 who died at Malvern in 1840; and for Prebendary 
 Davison, Fellow of Oriel, who died in 1834, the author 
 of a well-known work on Prophecy. On the floor of 
 this aisle is the recumbent effigy of an unknown lady, 
 of the fourteenth century. The head is covered with 
 a veil. " The folds of the gown are disposed with great 
 breadth, taste, and skill. ... The feet rest against 
 a whelp or dog. This effigy is sculptured in high re- 
 lief out of a slab somewhat coffin-shaped, and is one of 
 the most beautiful mediaeval monumental relics in the 
 
dffigbs in % %rtw-t\m. 221 
 
 cathedral. It is indeed well worthy of artistic study V 
 This effigy is not in its original position. The much 
 mutilated figure near it, also of the fourteenth century, 
 was found recently at the foot of the steps of the south- 
 east transept. 
 
 At the back of the choir-screen, to which place it 
 was removed within the last century, is a high tomb 
 with an effigy, which probably represents the last 
 Abbot of Evesham, Philip Ballard de Hawford, who 
 died between 1550 and 1558. The tomb is of earlier 
 date. The Abbot, who wears the mitra preciosa, is 
 fully vested. The pastoral staff, placed on the left 
 side, is covered with the veil. The effigy is of 
 alabaster. 
 
 On the floor, and immediately in front of the eastern- 
 most bay which contained the altar of the Lady-chapel, 
 are three episcopal effigies, two of which are of much 
 interest. The most northernly, which according to Mr. 
 Bloxam is the earliest episcopal effigy in the cathedral, 
 is assigned by him to Bishop "William of Blois, (died 
 1236,) who laid the foundation of this part of the church. 
 " The effigy is sculptured in low relief, on a coffin-shaped 
 slab, and was probably set originally on the stone coffin 
 which contained the remains of the Bishop. . . . On 
 the head is the low mitre; about the neck is seen 
 the amice. In front of the breast, on the chasuble, 
 is a lozenge-shaped ornament like a morse, in which 
 stones, glass, or paste have been inserted." Under 
 the chasuble appears the alb, above which one of the 
 b Bloxam. 
 
222 tttaeesfer Catfrefcrcl. 
 
 fringed extremities of the stole is visible. The maniple 
 hangs on the left arm. The pastoral staff crosses the 
 body diagonally, from the left shoulder to the right 
 foot. On each side of the head is Early English 
 foliage. The southernmost effigy is assigned by Mr. 
 Bloxam to Bishop Walter de Cantilupe, who died 
 Eeb. 12, 1266. It is sculptured in Purbeck marble, 
 and represents the Bishop with a moustache and beard, 
 wearing the low mitre, the alb, the stole, the dalmatic, 
 and the chasuble. The amice is round the neck. 
 "I believe," writes Mr. Bloxam, "this effigy to have 
 been originally placed as the lid to and on the stone 
 coffin of Bishop Walter de Cantilupe, and to have been 
 sculptured and prepared during the lifetime of that 
 bishop. Great care has evidently been taken in its 
 execution, and as a specimen of the monumental sculp- 
 ture of the middle of the thirteenth century it is not 
 without considerable merit 0 ." A coffin, containing the 
 remains of a bishop in his episcopal vestments, in all 
 probability Walter de Cantilupe, was found in Decem- 
 ber, 1861, under the wall on the north side of the 
 choir, near the east end. On measuring this coffin, and 
 comparing it with the effigy described above, they were 
 found to correspond exactly. The central effigy, which 
 is much mutilated, is either that of Bishop Brian (died 
 1361) or Bishop Lynn (died 1373). 
 
 In the central bay of the north aisle is the effigy of 
 an unknown lady, of the thirteenth century, and the 
 earliest female effigy in the cathedral. It "is not of 
 c Bloxam. 
 
Jtorfjj-jeastem %xmu$L 223 
 
 much merit as a work of art, but if the lady is here 
 represented of the natural size, she must have been 
 6 ft. 3 in. in height. I think, however, from the ex- 
 amination of not a few examples, that many early 
 sepulchral effigies were greatly exaggerated as to size d ." 
 In the adjoining bay is the effigy (also 6 ft. 3 in. in 
 height) of an unknown hnight, temp. Henry III. He 
 wears mailed armour, with the long surcoat over it. 
 
 XVII. The north-eastern transept precisely resembles 
 that opposite. The windows have been rebuilt, and 
 restored where necessary, but without any alteration 
 of the original design. The sculptures in the wall- 
 arcade are curious and interesting, but no principle of 
 arrangement is evident. 
 
 On a high tomb in the centre of the transept is a 
 full-length figure, by Chantrey, of Charlotte Eliza- 
 beth, wife of the Rev. William Digby, who died in 
 1820. The sculpture is fine, but the design is scarcely 
 appropriate, and suffers infinitely when compared with 
 the repose and dignity of the earlier effigies in this 
 cathedral. 
 
 Against the south wall of the transept, between it 
 and the choir, under a Decorated arch, is an effigy 
 which has been ascribed to Bishop Cobham, (died 1337). 
 " The head, which is mitred, reposes on a square double 
 cushion, supported by much mutilated figures of angels. 
 The vestments, consisting of the chasuble, dalmatic, 
 tunic, and alb, are not well defined 6 ." Below this, 
 " on a high tomb of the seventeenth century, and under 
 d Bloxam. e Id. 
 
224 Montdtx Call^bral 
 
 a pointed arch of the fourteenth century," is an effigy 
 assigned to Bishop Wulstan Beansfokd, died 1349. 
 He wears the chasuble, the dalmatic, and the alb. 
 "The chasuble is enriched with the orfrey, or super- 
 humerale, an ornament not unlike the archiepiscopal 
 pall, hanging down in front, and fringed at the lower 
 extremity f ." 
 
 XYIII. The north choir- aisle, of the same general 
 character as that opposite, has also been restored. The 
 beauty of the capitals and bosses of foliage is here espe- 
 cially noticeable. In the last bay toward the west, on 
 the west side of the window, and high in the wall, is 
 a small oriel window, of Perpendicular date, formerly 
 communicating with the sacrist's lodgings. There is 
 now no access whatever to it ; but Norman arches in 
 the wall (evident from without) indicate the existence 
 of a sacrist's chamber, and probably of a window after- 
 wards replaced by that now existing, before the re- 
 building of the choir in the thirteenth century. From 
 the window the position of the great shrines at the 
 head of the choir was commanded, and it perhaps 
 served as a watching-chamber. 
 
 In this aisle (removed from the south transept) is the 
 monument of Bishop Maddox, (1743 — 1759,) who had 
 " an exact knowledge of the constitution of this national 
 Church." 
 
 XIX. In the easternmost bay of the south aisle of 
 the nave a door (the Prior's entrance) opens to the 
 cloisters. These are of Perpendicular date, but their 
 f Bloxaui. 
 
225 
 
 construction has not been recorded. The windows 
 were filled with debased stone-work in 1762. Although 
 otherwise very perfect, the cloisters are of no great 
 interest or beauty. The arrangement of the vaulting- 
 shafts on the piers between the windows should be 
 noticed, as well as the flowing tracery on the sides of 
 the arches. The use of the squared openings in the 
 piers, on three sides of the cloisters, is quite uncertain, 
 and Professor Willis has suggested that it may have 
 been a mere caprice of the builders. The vaulting of 
 the cloisters is lierne, with bosses of foliage. In the 
 west walk the ancient lavatory remains. 
 
 In the north walk is the well-known sepulchral slab, 
 with the single word Ifiserrimus. This " most wretched 
 one" was the Rev. Thomas Morkis, Minor Canon of 
 "Worcester, and Vicar of Claines, about two miles north 
 of the city. At the Eevolution he refused to take the 
 oaths to William III., and consequently lost his pre- 
 ferments. He was supported by the richer Nonjurors, 
 and in allusion to his destitute condition ordered this 
 single word to be engraved on his tomb-stone. The 
 inscription thus really intimates a very different feeling 
 from that suggested in Wordsworth's sonnet : — 
 
 "... Himself alone 
 Could thus have dared the grave to agitate, 
 And claim, among the dead, this awful crown. 
 Nor doubt that he marked also for his own, 
 
 8 Gent. Mag., Sept. 1862. " It was said to he for the purpose 
 of the monks conferring with each other ; but he had seen such 
 openings in places where no such construction could be put upon 
 them." 
 
 VOL. III. Q 
 
226 
 
 Moxmtzt Ca%braL 
 
 Close to these cloistral steps a burial place, 
 That every foot might fall with heavier tread, 
 Trampling upon his vileness. Stranger, pass 
 Softly ! — To save the contrite, Jesus bled." 
 
 XX. Although the cloisters are not in themselves of 
 any unusual interest, they afford one of the best illus- 
 trations remaining in England of the manner in which 
 the chief monastic buildings were grouped about them. 
 On the east side is a passage formerly leading to the 
 prior's house, and beyond it the chapter-house. On 
 the south side is the refectory, now used as a school- 
 room. On the west side, close to the lavatory in the 
 wall, is the entrance to the dormitory, which has itself 
 been destroyed ; and beyond again is a narrow passage 
 (in which are staircases communicating with the trifo- 
 rium of the nave, and with the upper part of the dor- 
 mitory) by which the west front of the church was 
 approached from the cloisters. 
 
 The slype, or arched passage in the east walk, is Nor- 
 man, (with some details, on the north side, of very 
 early character,) and separates the chapter-house from 
 the south wall of the great transept. Between the en- 
 trance to this passage and the chapter-house are two 
 recesses in the wall, which may be compared with those 
 in a similar position at Norwich; (see that Cathedral). 
 Their original use is unknown. 
 
 The chapter-house [Plate III.] is circular within, (as it 
 was without until the Perpendicular casing was added,) 
 but is divided into ten bays by vaulting-ribs which spring 
 from a central column, and from shafts at the sides. With- 
 
WORCESTER CATHEDRAL 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 THE CHAPTER-HOUSE 
 
CJrapfjer-^ffjisje. 227 
 
 out, the building is decagonal, with a buttress between 
 each bay. The lower part of the chapter-house, the 
 central column, and the vaulting, are transition Nor- 
 man, of nearly the same date as the two western bays 
 of the nave. Early in the sixteenth century, however, 
 a Perpendicular window was inserted in the upper part 
 of each bay, and the exterior of the building was 
 entirely cased with Perpendicular masonry. The door- 
 way opening from the cloisters is Perpendicular. A 
 plain circular arcade, slightly recessed, runs round the 
 interior, above a stone bench. A second arcade, of 
 interlacing arches, covers the upper part of the wall, 
 and is surmounted by a stringcourse with the billet- 
 moulding, the whole being in alternate courses of grey 
 and white stone. Above this are the Perpendicular 
 windows. The chapter-house has shared in the late 
 restoration. 
 
 XXI. At the end of the east walk of the cloisters 
 is a passage under the refectory, to the Close beyond. 
 The refectory (120 ft. long) extends the whole length 
 of the south walk. There is an entrance to it near the 
 south-west end. The lower part, or crypt, is early 
 Norman; the room above, a long parallelogram, is 
 Decorated, of the reign of Edward III. It is now used 
 as the school-room of the "King's school," founded by 
 Henry VIII. after the dissolution of the priory. 
 
 In the west walk is the lavatory (Perpendicular), 
 already mentioned, and the entrance (Perpendicular) 
 to the dormitory ; this, like the refectory, was a long 
 parallelogram. The foundations of the walls have been 
 
228 Wmmitt <£a%bral. 
 
 traced, and portions of a row of columns (Perpendicu- 
 lar) which ran down the centre of the undercroft. 
 
 At the north-west angle of the cloister is the monks' 
 entrance to the cathedral. The cloister terminates 
 nearly in a line with the third hay of the nave. 
 Parallel with the last two, or transition Norman bays, 
 is a narrow arched and vaulted passage, also transition 
 Norman, of very good character, with a doorway of the 
 same date at the western end. On the south side of 
 this passage there is a staircase which led to the dor- 
 mitory, and at the north-west angle one which leads to 
 the triforium of the south aisle of the nave. 
 
 The very plain west front, of which a view is obtained 
 beyond this passage, was, as has already been said, the 
 work of Bishop Wakefield, (1375—1395). The west 
 entrance was closed by this bishop, who built the north 
 porch. 
 
 XXII. On the north side of the cathedral, between 
 the north porch and the west front, stood the "Car- 
 nerie," or charnel-house chapel, built by Bishop William 
 de Blois in the thirteenth century, and demolished in 
 1677. The crypt is still remaining, although no trace 
 of it is visible above ground. The two transition 
 Norman bays on this side had apparently shewn signs 
 of weakness in the Perpendicular period, when the ex- 
 isting flying buttresses were erected. A third occurs 
 between the two transepts, and close beyond it is the 
 entrance to the crypt. [Plate IV.] 
 
 This is by no means the least interesting portion of 
 the cathedral, since it is unquestionably the work of 
 
&x%$L 229 
 
 "Wtjlfstan-, and the only part of the building which can 
 be assigned to him. In 1084 Wulfstan began the re- 
 building of the monastery, and in 1094 he held a synod 
 in the crypt of the cathedral, "which he had built 
 from the foundation." This was no doubt the existing 
 crypt, which extends under the choir and its aisles. 
 The main piers, which are solid masses of masonry, 
 stand immediately below those in the choir. In the 
 central division of the crypt, the vaulting is carried on 
 three rows of pillars, with plain cushioned capitals and 
 square abaci. There are also semi-detached shafts, 
 of similar character, connected with the main piers on 
 either side. In the aisles of the crypt the vaulting 
 springs from semi-detached shafts on either side, and 
 rests on a single row of columns in the centre. The 
 east end of the central division (which remains entire) 
 is apsidal; and the curious and intricate arrangement 
 of the vaulting at this point (arising " from the com- 
 plicated slopes which had to be adjusted there") should 
 be especially noticed. The aisles of the crypt termi- 
 nate at present nearly at the bend of the apse, but 
 they were originally carried quite round it, so as to 
 form a circular procession-path. " There are but four 
 apsidal crypts in England, which in chronological order 
 are> — Winchester (1079), "Worcester (1084), Gloucester 
 (1089), and Canterbury (1096). In all these the side 
 aisles run completely round the apse. Amongst them, 
 Worcester is remarkable for the multiplicity of small 
 pillars employed to sustain the vaults. The side aisle 
 has a row of small pillars running along the centre, 
 
230 Mam»tk Ca%bral. 
 
 which are not employed in the other examples. The 
 central portion has three rows of intermediate pillars, 
 whereas Gloucester and Canterbury have but two rows, 
 and Winchester but one. Yet the width of the central 
 crypt of Worcester is less than the others. The in- 
 creased number of pillars, by diminishing the span of 
 the arches, and dividing the weight of the vault upon 
 so many supports, enables the diameters of the pillars 
 to be reduced, and gives greater lightness to the archi- 
 tecture. For the height of all these crypts is nearly 
 the same ; so that at Winchester and Gloucester the 
 arches are flattened into ellipses, the pillars are low and 
 squat, and the crypts appear as sepulchral vaults ; while 
 at Worcester, where the arches are semicircular and 
 the pillars more slender, the crypt is a complex and 
 beautiful temple V It has been compared to the 
 mosque of Cordova. We may re-people this crypt in 
 imagination with the venerable abbots and priests of 
 the synod convened by Wulfstan K 
 
 h Willis, p. 90. 
 
 > An account of this synod, drawn up by Wulfstan himself, 
 is printed in the Anglia Sacra. The Dean of Chichester thus 
 translates the commencement : — " I, Wulfstan, by the grace of 
 God Bishop of Worcester, determined to hold a synod in the 
 Minster of St. Mary's, in the crypt of the church, which I built 
 from the foundations, and by the mercy of God afterwards conse- 
 crated. This synod was held in the year of our Lord 1092, the 
 fifteenth indiction. There were assembled all the wisest men 
 invited from the three shires in our diocese, Worcester, Glou- 
 cester, and Warwick; because that I, being full of days, sensible 
 of my bodily weakness, and perceiving the end of my life ap- 
 
(frgpt 'goxfy §oox%. 231 
 
 It is probable that small apsidal chapels flanked the 
 crypt at its western termination, on both sides. On 
 the south side such a chapel still exists, immediately 
 under that which opens from the south aisle of the 
 choir. The western, and part of the southern, wall of 
 this chapel is JSTorman, as are the central pillars. The 
 square eastern end, however, is Early English, of the 
 same date as the chapel above it. 
 
 In the crypt are preserved the ancient north doors of 
 the cathedral, removed about the year 1820. They 
 date from the fourteenth century, and are coeval with 
 Bishop Wakefield's work. These doors are said to 
 have been covered with human skin. Tradition asserts 
 that a man who stole the sanctus-bell from the high 
 altar was flayed alive for the sacrilege ; and portions of 
 skin, which the late Mr. Quekitt, Assistant Conservator 
 of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, de- 
 clared to be human, remain fixed to the inside of the 
 doors, under the iron-work. 
 
 The west doors of Eochester Cathedral, and the north 
 doors of Hadstock and Copford Churches, both in Essex, 
 were also covered with skins, said to have been those 
 of piratical Northmen. The Rochester doors have en- 
 tirely disappeared. Those of Copford have been re- 
 moved, but portions of them are still in existence. 
 The doors of Hadstock Church remain in place. 
 
 proaching, was desirous of disposing canonically the ecclesi- 
 astical affairs committed to our charge, and by their wise 
 concert, of correcting and amending whatever required amend- 
 ment." 
 
232 
 
 Wiaxmttx Cat(j*braL 
 
 Fragments of skin from Hadstock and Copford were 
 examined by Mr. Quekitt, who pronounced it human 
 in both cases k . 
 
 XXIII. The great Norman tower fell in 1175, 
 "a circumstance of such common occurrence that there 
 is some evidence against a tower being Norman work 
 if it had not fallen down 1 ." The existing central 
 tower dates from 1374, but the general design alone 
 remains. The soft sandstone of which it is built has 
 crumbled away to such an extent, that all the details 
 have perished. The tower, which is 196 ft. in height, 
 is of good proportion, and may perhaps have been fine 
 in its original condition. It is by no means improved 
 by the modern parapet and pinnacles which were placed 
 
 k See Mr. Albert Way's paper on " The Tradition of Flaying 
 Inflicted in Punishment of Sacrilege/ 5 Archaeological Journal, 
 vol. v. The Worcester doors are said to have been fixed ori- 
 ginally in the west entrance, and to have been removed thence 
 by Bishop Wakefield. The Dean of Chichester (Life of Wulf- 
 stan, p. 7,) remarks that the west side of the cathedral, fronting 
 the Severn, was that from which a Danish attack might natu- 
 rally be expected ; and suggests that the doors are as old as the 
 eleventh century, when the citizens of Worcester, like other 
 Englishmen, resisted the imposition of the Danegelt, and killed 
 (May, 1041) Feadu and Thurstan, the huscarls of Hardicanute, 
 who had been sent to Worcester to collect it. Their skins may 
 have been stretched on the church doors. In the following 
 November a Danish army plundered the town and ruined the 
 cathedral, from which the monks had fled. The sight of the 
 skins, it is suggested, may have been the especial cause of this 
 latter act of vengeance. 
 
 1 Report of Professor Willis's Lecture in Gent. Mag., Sept. 
 1862. 
 
totw fall. 
 
 233 
 
 on it in the last century, and somewhat altered in the 
 early part of this. 
 
 Close beyond the north-east transept stood an octan- 
 gular " clocherium," or bell-tower, which was taken 
 down in 1647. It was of very early character. The 
 east end of the cathedral has been rebuilt, as already 
 described, (§ xxv.,) by Mr. Perkins. The walls of the 
 south-east transept have also been rebuilt, and its very 
 fine buttresses with open turrets deserve special notice. 
 A little west of this transept, and between it and the 
 chapter-house, are the remains of the Guesten Sail. 
 This was a very fine hall of the fourteenth century, 
 built for the entertainment of noble guests of the priory 
 and of the more illustrious pilgrims to the shrine of St. 
 "Wulfstan. Like "La Gloriole" at Canterbury, and the 
 guest-chambers of other great monasteries, it closely 
 adjoined the prior's lodgings. These were assigned to 
 the Dean on the creation of the Dean and Chapter after 
 the dissolution, and the Guesten Hall formed part of the 
 deanery until 1842, when the Ecclesiastical Commis- 
 sioners made over the episcopal palace to the Dean, and 
 the former deanery was pulled down. The Guesten 
 Hall was then disclosed, and attracted much attention, 
 not only from its own beauty, but as a very interesting 
 historical relic. It was, however, much out of repair, 
 and a considerable sum would no doubt have been re- 
 quired to effect its restoration. Accordingly, in 1860, 
 the greater part of it was pulled down, and the roof 
 was given by the Dean and Chapter to a new church 
 which it is proposed to erect in the city of Worcester. 
 
234 motttsbx Ca%braL 
 
 The Guesten Hall was commenced in 1320 by 
 Wulstan Bransford, then prior of the monastery, and 
 afterwards Bishop of "Worcester. The beauty of the 
 Decorated tracery, which still remains in the windows, 
 calls for especial notice; and the oaken roof was 
 a very fine example. It is evident that nothing but 
 absolute necessity could justify the destruction of such 
 a relic. " This magnificent guest-chamber of the four- 
 teenth century was an historical monument of con- 
 siderable importance, as shewing the splendid hos- 
 pitality of the clergy of those days, and as illustrating 
 in a remarkable manner the manners and customs of 
 the time of Edward III. It was the last of these 
 structures that we had remaining, and with it we have 
 erased a chapter out of the history of England m ." 
 
 XXIV. The College Green, on the south side of the 
 cathedral, is entered through an archway under the 
 Edgar tower, which tradition asserts to have been 
 erected by Ethelred II., son of Edgar. It may pos- 
 sibly occupy the site of an older building, but the pre- 
 sent tower is late work, and of little interest. In a 
 niche on the east front is a much shattered figure of 
 King Edgar. The rooms in the tower are now used 
 as the chapter library, and as offices of the diocesan 
 
 ra J. H. Parker, Gent. Mag., Oct. 1862. Professor Willis con- 
 sidered the hall to be " in so ruinous a state that the expense of 
 restoring it would have been greater than justifiable on such an 
 object (especially as there would have been no use for it when 
 done), and the Dean and Chapter had to keep up and maintain 
 the cathedral in a state worthy of its original purpose." — Gent. 
 Mag., Sept. 1862. 
 
<%ar faker. 235 
 
 registry. Among the MSS. of the chapter library is 
 one of great interest — An Epitome of Roman Law by 
 Vacarius, an Italian who was brought to this country 
 by Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, and who in- 
 troduced the study of Eoman or " Civil" Law at Ox- 
 ford in the reign of Stephen. This is the only copy 
 of the work of Vacarius known to exist in England, 
 and only four copies are known on the continent — in 
 the libraries of Konigsberg, Prague, and Bruges, and 
 one in the possession of the Emperor of Russia n . 
 
 The deanery, north-west of the cathedral, was the 
 episcopal palace until 1842. It contains a fine hall, 
 and some ancient portions. The east front was built 
 by Bishop Hough in 1 723. 
 
 n Rev. C. H. Hartshorne. 
 
WOECESTEB CATHEDKAL. 
 
 PAET II, 
 
 fistorg of % S«, feitfe Sfcorf gotxm oi i\z 
 prmnpal gisjjcrps. 
 
 ORCESTER was one of five episcopal dioceses into 
 which the great Mercian province was divided during 
 the archiepiscopate of Theodoras of Canterbury, (a.d. 668 — 
 690). Peada, son of the fierce heathen Penda of Mercia, 
 and son-in-law of the Christian Oswi of Northumbria, had 
 established the first Mercian see at Lichfield (see that 
 Cathedral, Pt. II.) about the year 653. Mercia then com- 
 prised not only the whole of central England, but the 
 greater part of Lincolnshire; and in accordance with a 
 design expressed at the Council of Hertford, (673,) but not 
 then carried into execution, Archbishop Theodoras divided 
 the unwieldy diocese, which must still have contained 
 a vast number of heathen, into five. The original see re- 
 mained at Lichfield. The see of Hereford was esta- 
 blished in 676, those of Worcester and Leicester in 
 680, and that of Lindisse, or Lindsey, in 678. The two 
 latter, Leicester and Lindsey, were afterwards incorporated 
 in the great diocese of Lincoln. (See that Cathedral, 
 Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 680 — 961.] Worcester, (Wigomaceaster,) a "ceaster" or 
 stronghold of the Hwiccas, who occupied Worcestershire 
 and Gloucestershire, had possibly been a Roman station, 
 (although this is uncertain,) and was at all events situated 
 on the line of a Roman road — a matter of no small import- 
 
237 
 
 ance to the earlier Saxon bishops, who, like the Saxon 
 kings, were perpetually moving from manor to manor 
 throughout their diocese*. A priest named Tatfrid, — 
 "vir strenuissimus et doctissimus, atque excellentis in- 
 genii b ," — belonging to the monastery founded by St. Hilda 
 at Whitby {Streaneshalch), had been chosen by Archbishop 
 Theodore to be the first Bishop of Worcester ; but he died 
 before his consecration; and Bosel, of whose history 
 nothing is known, was consecrated to the new see, a.d. 680. 
 Before his death he became disabled by illness, {corporis in- 
 fimiitate depresses,) and Oftfor was consecrated as his 
 coadjutor and successor by Wilfrid of York, who was at 
 that time directing the ecclesiastical affairs of Sussex and 
 of Kent c . Oftfor, like Tatfrid, had belonged to St. Hilda's 
 monastery, but had gone for the sake of study, first to 
 Archbishop Theodore at Canterbury, and thence to Borne. 
 On his return he "turned aside to the province of the 
 Hwiccas, and remained there a long time, preaching the 
 word of faith, and affording a pattern of life to all who saw 
 and heard him d ." He held the bishopric for one year only. 
 In 693 he was succeeded by Egwin, the founder of the 
 monastery at Evesham. Egwin died in 717. Of his suc- 
 cessors, Werefeith (873 — 915) was a man of considerable 
 learning, a friend and assistant of King Alfred, by whose 
 direction he translated into Saxon the Dialogues of Gregory 
 the Great. St. Dunstan held the see of Worcester between 
 the years 957 and 961. 
 [a.d. 961 — 992.] Oswald, the successor of Dunstan, the 
 founder of the monastery, and one of the patron saints of 
 Worcester, is best known from his unceasing patronage of 
 
 a See Kemble, Sax. in England, i. p. 300 ; and Exeter Cathedral, 
 Pt. II. 
 
 b Bede, Hist. Eccles., 1. iv. c. 23. 
 
 c Archbishop Theodore died in 690. The see of Canterbury re- 
 mained vacant for two years after his death. 
 d Bede, ut sup. 
 
238 
 
 the monks, in opposition to the secular clergy. Oswald, 
 the son of Danish parents of high rank, was the nephew of 
 Odo, the predecessor of Dunstan in the see of Canterbury ; 
 and was appointed by King Edgar to the see of Worcester 
 at the request of Dunstan himself, with whose zeal for the 
 monastic cause Oswald (who had passed some of the earlier 
 years of Ins life in the famous monastery of Fleury) more 
 than sympathized. In 972 Oswald became Archbishop of 
 York, which see he held, together with Worcester, until his 
 death in 992 — in the same manner as Dunstan had held the 
 sees of London and Worcester together, before his elevation 
 to the primacy. Little is recorded cc of what he did at York, 
 although he presided over that see for twenty years. There 
 was no Northern writer to speak of what he effected in 
 Northumbrian" The condition of the province, " seamed 
 and scarred" by the struggles of the native princes, and by 
 Danish incursions, may have prevented him from working 
 there. But at Worcester, and throughout the south, Os- 
 wald was active as a great ecclesiastical reformer. He 
 was powerful enough to remodel the monasteries of Ely and 
 St. Albans. The Church of Worcester had hitherto been 
 served by secular canons. These Oswald determined to 
 replace by Benedictine monks; "and succeeded by the 
 following artifice. Having erected in its vicinity a new 
 church to the honour of the Virgin Mary, he intrusted it 
 to the care of a community of monks, and frequented it 
 himself for the solemn celebration of mass. The presence 
 of the Bishop attracted that of the people; the ancient 
 clergy saw their church gradually abandoned; and after 
 some delay, Wensine, their dean, a man advanced in years 
 and of unblemished character, took the monastic habit, 
 and was advanced three years later to the office of prior. 
 The influence of his example, and the honour of his promo- 
 tion, held out a strong temptation to his bretliren, till at 
 
 e Kaine's Lives of the Archbishops of York, p. 123. 
 
239 
 
 last the number of canons was so diminished by repeated 
 desertions, that the most wealthy of the churches of 
 Mercia became without dispute or violence, by the very act 
 of its old possessors, a monastery of Benedictine monks f ." 
 Oswald is said to have introduced monks in the room of 
 secular clergy, in six other churches of his diocese ; and 
 charges of extreme tyranny and arrogance have been 
 brought agaiust him in consequence. But there is every 
 reason to believe that a severe ecclesiastical reform was 
 necessary; and there is proof that the eviction of the 
 canons from Worcester was very gradual, and was not 
 completed in Oswald's lifetime. It is also certain that, 
 although he held the archbishopric of York during twenty 
 years, " we do not read that he introduced a single colony 
 of monks, or changed the constitution of a single clerical 
 establishment, within that diocese^." 
 
 The church and monastery of St. Mary, built by Oswald, 
 were on the site of the existing cathedral, and were pulled 
 down by Wulfstan to make way for his new minster. 
 (See post, Wulfstan.) During the construction of St. Os- 
 wald's monastery, says Eadmer, one large squared block of 
 stone became all at once immoveable, and in spite of the 
 exertions of the workmen, could not be brought to the 
 place prepared for it. St. Oswald, after praying earnestly, 
 beheld "Ethiopem quendam" sitting upon the stone, and 
 mocking the builders. The sign of the cross removed him 
 effectually. 
 
 A life of St. Oswald, by Eadmer of Canterbury, will be 
 found in Wharton's Anglia 'Sacra, vol. ii. This, however, 
 is a compilation from a far more important life by an un- 
 known monk of Ramsey, written within twenty or thirty 
 
 f Lingard's Anglo-Saxon Church, ii. 294, quoted and accepted by 
 Kemble. 
 
 s Liugard, ut sup. On the whole question of the dispute between 
 the secular and regular clergy, see the excellent chapter on " The 
 Clergy and Monks" in Kemble's " Saxons in England," vol. ii. 
 
240 
 
 Moxa&tzx Ca%kal. 
 
 years after Oswald's death, and liitlierto imprinted. This 
 life (of which there is a MS. in the British Museum, MSS. 
 Cotton, Nero, E. 1) is quoted among Mr. Raine's numerous 
 authorities for the very interesting life of St. Oswald con- 
 tained in his " Lives of the Archbishops of York." (London, 
 1863.) Oswald died at Worcester, and was interred in Ms 
 own church there. His relics were translated, and placed 
 in a rich shrine, by Aldulf, his successor in both sees. The 
 portiphor of St. Oswald is still preserved in the library of 
 C.C.C., Cambridge. 
 
 The two immediate successors of Oswald, Aldulf and 
 Wulfstan I., held the see of York together with that of 
 Worcester, probably because, Northumbria being ravaged 
 by the Danes, the possession of the southern bishopric was 
 found to be necessary for the maintenance of the northern 
 primate. Wulfstan succeeded in 1003, and died in 1023. 
 In 1016, seven years before his death, Leofsin was ap- 
 pointed to the bishopric of Worcester ; Wulfstan retaining 
 York. 
 
 [a.d. 992 — 1062.] Between the death of Oswald and the ac- 
 cession of Wulfstan II., the only remarkable bishops of 
 Worcester were Living, the friend and minister of Canute, 
 who held the see of Worcester together with that of Credi- 
 ton; and Aldked, his successor, who was translated to 
 York in 1061, and as archbishop of that see crowned suc- 
 cessively both Harold and the Conqueror. In 1062 Ed- 
 ward the Confessor made a grant to Aldred of the church 
 of Worcester, on account of the desolate condition of the 
 see of York. The grant w*as, however, personal, and not 
 in perpetuity ; and Bishop W ulfstan of Worcester only re- 
 mained a suffragan of York until the death of Aldred. The 
 deed is to be found in Thomas's " Worcester," Appendix I, 
 
 [a.d. 1062 — 1095.] Wulfstan II., the founder of the exist- 
 ing cathedral, and the great patron saint of Worcester. 
 Wulfstan was born at Long Itchinton, in Warwickshire. 
 Both his father and mother had embraced monasticism in 
 
St. HHttlfstHK. 
 
 241 
 
 mature life ; and tlieir son, after having been educated in 
 the great monastery of Peterborough, became himself a 
 monk at Worcester, and, eventually, the prior of his con- 
 vent. " An anecdote must be referred to this period, which 
 is valuable, because it is characteristic of the man and of 
 his times. Wulfstan enjoyed the pleasures of the table, 
 and had a particular liking for roast goose. Boiled meats 
 were generally placed on an Anglo-Saxon table ; therefore 
 special directions were to be given when anything roast or 
 fried was to be prepared. The order was given by Wulfstan 
 that a roast goose was to be prepared for his dinner. He 
 then went about his ordinary business. There were many 
 clients of the Bishop to whom he had to pay attention, and 
 he was involved in secular duties. He had not broken his 
 fast when he was called upon to officiate at the Mass. In 
 due time he enters the church extremely hungry ; he passes 
 into the chancel, near to which, unfortunately, the kitchen 
 is placed. A whiff of goose soon affects his olfactory nerves ; 
 the savour interferes with his devotions ; his thoughts 
 wander to his dinner, {studio culinae tenetur) ; his conscience 
 reproaches him. His resolution is immediately formed. 
 Then and there before the altar he vowed that from that 
 time forth he would never taste meat ; and he remained a 
 vegetarian all the days of his life, except on festivals, when 
 he regaled on fish. What was a fast to others was a luxury 
 to him h ." On the translation of Aldred to the see of York, 
 Wulfstan became Bishop of Worcester. " In right of his 
 authority over the diocese of Worcester, Aldred took away 
 from it twelve vills, and appropriated them to York. As 
 that Archbishop had only a life-interest in the see, it is clear 
 that these estates ought to have been restored to it at his 
 decease. When he died, however, (1069,) they passed with 
 his other estates into the hands of the King. Wulfstan 
 was not disposed to give them up. He desired that they 
 
 h Dr. Hook, Life and Times of Wulfstan; Archieological Jour- 
 nal, vol. xx. 
 
 vol. in. E 
 
242 
 
 WLoxttzttt Ca%bral. 
 
 should be restored at the Council of Winchester, at Easter, 
 1070 ; but as the archbishopric of York was then vacant, 
 the consideration of the question was deferred. When 
 Thomas (the new Archbishop of York) went to Rome for 
 the pall, he claimed the Bishop of Worcester as a suffragan. 
 This question was left by the Pope to the determination of 
 Lanfranc. It was settled in a synod which was held in 
 1072. Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, was on the side of Thomas, 
 but Lanfranc decided against him. The twelve vills were 
 to be given up, and Worcester was for the future to be 
 subordinated to Canterbury, and not to York. In this 
 judgment Thomas seems to have quietly acquiesced V Lan- 
 franc, however, looked with extreme doubt and jealousy on 
 the Saxon clergy ; and at the synod of Pedrede (Petherton 
 in Somersetshire) in 1070, he charged Wulfstan with "in- 
 sufficiency and want of learning," intending to remove him 
 from his see, as Egelmar had been deposed from the East 
 Anglian bishopric in the early part of the same year. But 
 Wulfstan's competency was fully proved k , and it is possible 
 that the whole charge against him may have arisen from 
 his ignorance of Norman-Erench. A later legend (first men- 
 tioned by Ailred of Bievaulx, who did not live till the next 
 century) asserted that when Wulfstan was called upon to 
 deliver up his pastoral staff, he refused to do so, unless 
 to the Confessor, from whom he had received it ; that he 
 laid the staff accordingly on the Confessor's tomb, which 
 opened to receive it ; and that no one could withdraw the 
 staff from the tomb but Wulfstan himself, who was of 
 course permitted to retain his see. 
 
 The simplicity, earnestness, and incessant labour of 
 Wulfstan's pastoral life — "vir magnse pietatis et colum- 
 
 1 Raine's Archbishops of York, p. 1 50. 
 
 k "Qui non ita hebes in literis ut putabatur, caetera sciebat, 
 prseter fabulas poetarum, et tortiles syllogismos dialecticorum, quae 
 nec nosset, nec nosse dignaretur." — W. Malmes., De Gest. Poutif., 
 1. iv. 
 
243 
 
 binse simplicitatis," says Malmesbury — are borne witness 
 to by all the chroniclers; and especially by William of 
 Malmesbury, in his Gesta Pontifieum, and in his Life of 
 Wulfstan. On his episcopal manors he built no halls or 
 " dining chambers," giving his whole attention to more im- 
 portant matters, and even in the churches which he built, 
 he disapproved of rich and elaborate ornamentation 1 . The 
 church and monastery of St. Oswald proved too small for 
 the increasing number of monks. Wulfstau pulled them 
 down, and laid the foundations of the existing cathedral. 
 He lived, apparently, to complete much of his work ; but all 
 that now remains of his cathedral is the crypt. (Pt. I. 
 § xxn.) "Whilst witnessing the destruction of Oswald's 
 church, Wulfstan burst into tears, declaring that he was 
 pulling down the work of a far holier man than himself — a 
 church in which so many saints had served God m . 
 
 1 "Nusquam enim in villis suis aulas, nusquam triclinia fecit. 
 Nimirum qui non solum in istis forensibus, sed etiam in Ecclesiis 
 operosa gravaretur architecture. Magis enim deputabat talia hu- 
 manse pompae et jactantise quam divinse voluntati et gratise." — W. 
 Malmes., Vita S. Wulfstan., L iii. cap. 10. 
 
 m " Stabat ipse in caemiterio tacitus, et subinde congemiscens. 
 Scaturibat quippe in animo ejus cogitatio ; quae ingentem imbrem 
 lacrimarum ferens, tandem erupit. <Nos, inquit, miseri Sanc- 
 torum destruimus opera, pompatice putantes nos facere meliora. 
 Quanto prsestantior nobis S. Oswaldus qui hanc fecit Ecclesiam ? 
 Quot sancti viri religiosi in ea Deo servierunt?' Et licet astantes 
 referrent non debere ilium tristari, sed potius laetari, quern Deas ad 
 hanc servasset gratiam ut sic videret magnificari Ecclesiam, in la- 
 crimarum proposito tenax fuit. Nec desunt qui dicant praedixisse 
 ilium Ecclesiae novae incendium, quo subsequentibus conflagrata est 
 annis. Sed non placuit pro vero prsesumere, quod discrepat. Tunc 
 autem et novam Ecclesiam perfecit; nec facile invenias ornamen- 
 tum, quod earn non decoraverit. Ita erat in singulis mirabilis, et in 
 omnibus singularis. Quocirca ut magnificentiBe nihil deesset, lxxii. 
 marcas argenti scrinio innexuit ; in quo beatissimi Oswaldi prse- 
 decessoris sui exuvias, simulque multorutn Sanctorum locavit." — 
 W. Malmes., Vita S. Wulfstan., 1. iii. cap. 10. 
 
244 
 
 In the year 1088, the Norman barons who had risen to 
 support the cause of Robert of Normandy against the Red 
 King, attacked Worcester. " The venerable Bishop Wulf- 
 stan," says the Saxon Chronicle, " was sorely troubled in 
 his mind, because the castle had been committed to his 
 keeping. Nevertheless, the men of his household went out 
 with a few men from the castle, and through God's mercy, 
 and through the Bishop's deserts, slew and captured five 
 hundred men, and put all the others to flight n ." Wulfstan 
 died, at a great age, in 1095; and was interred in his new 
 cathedral. He was unquestionably one of the best and 
 worthiest of the later Saxon bishops. The fullest and 
 most important life of Wulfstan is that by William of 
 Malmesbury, printed in the second volume of Wharton's 
 Anglia Sacra. A very interesting notice of his " Life and 
 Times," by the Dean of Chichester, will be found in the 
 twentieth volume of the Archaeological Journal. 
 
 Early in 1201, miracles were reported at the tomb of 
 Wulfstan 0 . They continued throughout the year, fifteen 
 or sixteen persons being healed daily, as it was asserted. 
 On St. Giles's Day, (Sept. 1,) 1202, Archbishop Hubert of 
 Canterbury came, with other bishops, to Worcester, to en- 
 quire into the truth of the reported miracles. Certain 
 monks of Worcester went to Rome with their report; 
 and in the following year (1203) St. Wulfstan was duly 
 canonized by the Pope, Innocent III. King John more 
 than once performed his devotions, and made his offerings, 
 before the shrine of the new saint ; and in the hour of his 
 death at Newark (October, 1216,) he commended his body 
 and soul to " God and to St. Wulfstan." He was buried in 
 the cathedral. In 1218 the restored church (see Pt. I. § i.) 
 
 n Sax. Chron. , ad ann. 1088. 
 
 0 "1201. Miracula de S. Wlstano incseperunt xiv. Kal. Febru- 
 arii ; quae per totum annum et amplius adeo crebrescebant, ut nunc 
 xv. nunc xvi. uno die curarentur ab omnibus languoribus." — Annales 
 Ecdes. Wigomiensis, Anglia Sac. , i. 479. 
 
SSanwon tor gootr. 
 
 245 
 
 was dedicated in honour of St. Mary and St. Peter, and 
 of the Confessors Oswald and Wulfstan; and the relics 
 of St. "Wulfstan were translated into a new shrine. Mira- 
 cles are again frequently recorded. Edward I. enter- 
 tained a "special affection" for St. Wulfstan ; and, besides 
 many other visits, came to worship before his shrine in 
 December, 1273, after the conquest of Wales p . The shrine 
 of St. Wulfstan was placed, together with that of St. Oswald, 
 in front of the high altar, one on either side. (See Pt. I. 
 § ix.) 
 
 [a.d. 1096 — 1112.] Samson, a canon of Bayeux, succeeded 
 Wulfstan ; " non parvse literature vir," says Malmesbury, 
 "nec contemnendse facundise; antiquorum homo morum; 
 ipse liberaliter vesci, et aliis dapsiliter largiri His elder 
 brother, Thomas, was Archbishop of York; and a son of 
 Bishop Samson (at what time born is not evident) became 
 also Archbishop of York in 1109, during his father's life- 
 time. Another son, Richard, was Bishop of Bayeux from 
 1108 to 1133. 
 
 [a.d. 1112—1123.] Theulf ; also a canon of Bayeux, and 
 Chaplain to Henry I. 
 
 [a.d. 1125 — 1150.] Simon, Chaplain and Chancellor to Ade- 
 lais, queen of Henry I. " Affabilitate et morum dulcedine 
 munificentiaque (quoad res Episcopatus angustae pati pos- 
 sent) insignem habitum r ." 
 
 [a.d. 1151 — 1158.] John de Pageham; died at Borne. 
 
 [a.d. 1158 — 1160.] Alfred, Chaplain of Henry II. Eor 
 
 - four years the see remained vacant. 
 
 [a.d. 1164. — 1179.] Roger Eitz Count, a natural son of Ro- 
 bert, Earl of Gloucester, himself son of Henry I. The 
 piety and strict life of Bishop Roger are praised by Giral- 
 
 p Annales Eccles. Wigorn. , ad ann. 1283. " Rex Edwardus sub- 
 jugata totaliter Wallia, venit Wigorniam gratia visitandi S. Wlsta- 
 num, erga quem amorem habuit specialem. " 
 
 i Malmes., De Gest. Pontif., lib. iv. 
 
 * Ibid. 
 
246 
 
 JKHorrester €ni}$tbxul. 
 
 dus Cambrensis. He was the friend and steady supporter 
 of Becket ; and was chosen by Henry II., after the death 
 of the Archbishop, to convey to Pope Alexander II. the 
 King's assurance that he had neither encouraged nor di- 
 rected the murder. The Bishop died at Tours, August 9, 
 1179, on his homeward journey from Rome. 
 
 [a.d. 1180, translated to Canterbury 1185.] Baldwin, the 
 preacher of the Crusade; who died (Dec, 1190,) in the 
 camp of Coeur de Lion before Acre. (See Canterbury 
 Cathedral, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1186 — 1190.] William Northall, Archdeacon of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 [a.d. 1191 — 1193.] Robert Pitz Ralph, Canon of Lincoln, 
 and Archdeacon of Nottingham. Son of William Pitz 
 Ralph, Seneschall of Normandy. 
 
 [a.d. 1193 — 1195.] Henry de Soilli, Abbot of Glaston- 
 bury ; from which great monastery he was removed, to 
 make way for Savaricus, who held it together with the 
 bishopric of Bath and Wells. (See Wells Cathedral, 
 Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1196 — 1198.] John oe Coutances, Dean of Rouen: 
 "cujus sanctitatis refulgent insignia. Nam corpus ejus 
 sacrum cum indumentis Pontificalibus, usque hodie manet 
 integrum et incorruptum s ." 
 
 [a.d. 1200 — 1212.] Mauger, Archdeacon of Evreux, and 
 physician of Richard I. His election had been declared 
 void by the Archbishop of Canterbury, on the score of his 
 illegitimacy. But Mauger proceeded to Rome; and the 
 Pope, Innocent III., " videns elegantiam tanti viri," con- 
 firmed his election, "et illud pulchrum Decretale pro eo com- 
 posuit quod sic incipit ' Innotuit V " It was during Mau- 
 ger's episcopate that St.Wulfstan was canonized. (See 
 Pt. I. § § 1. and vn.) He was one of the bishops who, in 
 
 ■ Annales Eccles. Wigorn., ad aun. 1198. 
 t Id , ad aim. 1199. 
 
Winltzx brjc feg to Wiulhx fetilap*. 247 
 
 1208, pronounced the Interdict and the excommunication 
 of King John ; and, with the others, took refuge in France ; 
 where he died (12] 2) in the Cistercian Abbey of Pontigny, 
 the same which gave a refuge to Becket and to Stephen 
 Langton, and in which Edmund Rich, the sainted Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, afterwards (1240) died. The death 
 of Bishop Mauger occurred before the reconciliation of 
 England with the Papacy. 
 
 [a.d. 1214, translated to York 1215.] Walter de Gray, was 
 appointed to the see of Worcester after the removal of the 
 Interdict. He had been King John's Chancellor. 
 
 [a.d. 1216 — 1218.] Silvester of Evesham, Prior of Wor- 
 cester. He interred King John; and shortly before his 
 death he dedicated the Norman church, which had been 
 restored, and translated the relics of St. Wulfstan. (Pt. I. 
 § i. ; and ante, Wulfstan.) 
 
 [a.d. 1218 — 1236.] William de Blois, Archdeacon of Buck- 
 ingham, was intruded by the Legate Guala, in spite of the 
 protests of the monks, who afterwards consented to receive 
 him. The eastern portion of the existing Cathedral was 
 built during his episcopate. (Pt. I. § xiv.) 
 
 [a.d. 1237—1266.] Walter Cantiltjpe, son of William, 
 Lord Cantilupe ; uncle of the sainted Bishop of Hereford. 
 He was ordained deacon by the Pope at Yiterbo, April 4 ; 
 priest, April 18 ; and consecrated bishop, May 3, — in the 
 same year, 1237. Bishop Walter was one of the most 
 vigorous defenders of English liberty during great part of 
 the reign of Henry III., when "England was held by 
 successive Popes as a province of the Papal territory u ." 
 In 1237, the year of his consecration, he opposed the Car- 
 dinal Legate, Otho, at a council in St. Paul's ; and nearly 
 twenty years afterwards, in 1255, made an equally firm 
 stand against another Legate, Bustand, who had demanded 
 an enormous subsidy from the clergy — nominally for the 
 
 u Mil man. 
 
248 
 
 Wtextz&ht Catjwbral. 
 
 Holy Land, but really for the Pope and the King. Bishop 
 Cantilupe declared he would rather be hanged on a gibbet 
 than consent to such an extortion. He was one of the 
 firmest adherents to the party of Simon de Montfort ; and 
 it was this Bishop who absolved the whole army of the 
 Barons as it lay at Pletching, on the morning of the battle 
 of Lewes ; — bidding them fight boldly, and with as much 
 certainty of salvation as if they were fighting in a crusade. 
 With the other bishops who had espoused this cause, Can- 
 tilupe was excommunicated by the Pope; and was only 
 reconciled and absolved on his deathbed. He died at his 
 manor of Blocklewe, Peb. 12, 1265, and was interred 
 before the high altar of his cathedral. His coffin-lid, with 
 effigy, is now in the retro-choir, (Pt. I. § xvi.) ; and the 
 coffin containing, in all probability, his remains was dis- 
 covered during the late restoration. (Pt. I. § xvi.) 
 [a.d. 1266, trans, to Winchester 1268.] Nicholas, Arch- 
 deacon of Ely; Chancellor of England 1260, 1261; and 
 again, 1263. 
 
 [a.d. 1268 — 1301.1 Godfrey Gifpatid, Archdeacon of Wells ; 
 Chancellor of England 1267—1269. He was the brother 
 of Walter Giffard, Archbishop of York ; and was related to 
 the King, Henry III. Bishop Giffard, in the year of his 
 consecration, obtained a licence to build {cedificare) the 
 castle of Hartlebury — which has ever since been the prin- 
 cipal palace of the bishops of Worcester. The tomb of 
 Bishop Giffard remains in the south choir-aisle. (Pt. I. 
 § xin.) He had constructed a tomb for himself, in his life- 
 time, " prope magnum altare, supra B. Oswaldi feretrum," 
 and had disturbed the remains of Bishop John of Cou- 
 tances in preparing it : but Archbishop Winchelsea or- 
 dered the bones of Bishop John to be replaced in their 
 old position; and Bishop Giffard's were removed to 
 the place they now occupy. According to Wharton, the 
 Romanists after the Reformation took Bishop Giffard's 
 tomb and effigy for those of St. Wulfstan ; and used to 
 
§p. Wtillmm h faxmuboxavitfii to §xnxtdaxb t 249 
 
 visit it "magna cum religione" on St. Wulfstan's Day, 
 Jan. 19 x . 
 
 [a.d. 1302 — 1307.] William de Gainsborough, a Fran- 
 ciscan of Oxford ; intruded by the Pope. 
 
 [a.d. 1308, translated to Canterbury 1313.] "Walter Rey- 
 nolds. (See Canterbury, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1313—1317.] Walter Maidstone. 
 
 [a.d. 1317 — 1327.] Thomas Cobham, canon and subdean of 
 Salisbury. In 1313 lie bad been duly elected Archbishop 
 of Canterbury by the monks of Christ Church; but the 
 King, Edward II., strongly supported Walter Reynolds, 
 Cobham's predecessor in the see of Worcester, and the 
 elect of the monks was compelled to resign his claim. 
 Bishop Cobham was a man of considerable learning, and 
 of so great excellence of life that he was generally known 
 as " the good clerk \" 
 
 [a.d. 1327, translated to Winchester 1333.] Adam Orlton; 
 translated from Hereford. (See Herepord, Pt. II.) He 
 was the third English bishop (Stigand, and Richard Poer 
 of Salisbury, were the two former) who, up to this time, 
 had ruled three sees successively. An ancient verse con- 
 cerning him ran, — 
 
 " Trinus erat Adam ; talem suspendere vadam. 
 Thomam despexit ; Wlstanum non bene rexit. 
 Swithunum maluit. Cur ? quia plus valuit." 
 
 [a.d. 1334, translated to Ely 1337.] Simon Montacute. 
 (See Ely, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1337 — 1338.] Thomas Hemenhale, a monk of Nor- 
 wich. 
 
 [a.d. 1339—1349.] Wulstan Branspord, Prior of Wor- 
 
 * Wharton's note to Annales Eccles. Wigorn., s. a. 1268 ; Anglia 
 Sacra, i. p. 497 : — "Tumulum namque ejus magna cum religione 
 Pontificii die 19 Januarii, quae S. Wlstano sacra est, hodienum visi- 
 tare solent, Wlstani esse perperam credentes." The Anglia Sacra 
 was published in 1691. 
 
 y Walsingham. 
 
250 
 
 Wtoxmhx Ca%bral. 
 
 cester. He was the builder of the ancient Prior's Lodg- 
 ings, and of the Guesten Hall, recently pulled down. 
 
 [a.d. 1350, translated to York 1352.] John Thoresby, trans- 
 lated to Worcester from St. David's. (See York.) 
 
 [a.d. 1352 — 1361.] Reginald Brian, translated to Wor- 
 cester from St. David's. 
 
 [a.d. 1362, translated to Bath and Wells 1363.] John Bar- 
 net. Erom Bath he was advanced to Ely. (See that 
 Cathedral, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1364, translated to Canterbury 1368.] William Whit- 
 tlesey, translated to Worcester from Rochester. (See 
 Canterbury, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1368 — 1373.] William de Lynn, translated from 
 Chichester. 
 
 [a.d. 1375 — 1395.] Henry Wakefield, Treasurer of Eng- 
 land. It was this Bishop who altered the west front of his 
 cathedral, and added the north porch. (Pt. I. § § in., iv.) 
 
 [a.d. 1395 — 1401.] Tideman de Winchcomb, translated 
 from Llandaff. A Cistercian, and the physician of Rich- 
 ard II. 
 
 [a.d. 1401, translated to London 1407.] Richard Clifford, 
 had been nominated by the Pope to the see of Bath and 
 Wells, but the King (Henry IV.) refused to confirm the 
 nomination, and subsequently made Clifford Bishop of 
 Worcester. He had been one of the " clerks," and a special 
 favourite, of Richard II. 
 
 [a.d. 1407 — 1419.] Thomas Peverell, translated from Llan- 
 daff. A Carmelite of much learning. Peverell had been 
 made Bishop of Ossory by Richard II. in 1397, and in the 
 following year was translated to Llandaff. 
 
 [a.d. 1419, translated to Ely 1426.] Philip Morgan, had 
 been Chancellor of Normandy. (See Ely, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1426—1433.] Thomas Polton, translated from Chi- 
 chester. Bishop Polton died whilst attending the Council 
 of Basle, (Aug. 13, 1433,) and was interred in that city. 
 
 [a.d. 1435, translated to Ely 1443, and thence to Canterbury 
 
gontfyht to f »Jhs ot gSlebiJtis. 
 
 251 
 
 1454.] Thomas Bourchier. (See Canterbury, Pt. II.) 
 It is there stated that Archbishop Bourchier' s episcopate, 
 of fifty-one years, is the longest on record in the English 
 Church. This is only true so far as his predecessors are 
 concerned. Bishop Wilson's (fifty-seven years) is the 
 longest English episcopate. (See Ely, Pt. II.) 
 [a .D. 1444 — 1476.] John Carpenter, Provost of Oriel, and 
 Chancellor of Oxford. He was born at Westbury, in 
 Gloucestershire, and had so great a favour toward his 
 native place that he restored and richly endowed the col- 
 legiate church there, of which the first Dean, under Bishop 
 Carpenter's foundation, was William Canynges, the great 
 Bristol merchant, one of the principal contributors toward 
 the building of St. Mary Bedcliife. Carpenter intended 
 that the bishops of his see should henceforth bear the 
 double title "of Worcester and Westbury ;" "but," says 
 Puller, "though running cleverly on the tongue's end, it 
 never came in request, because therein impar conjunctio, 
 the matching of a cathedral and collegiate church to- 
 gether 2 ." Bishop Carpenter was buried at Westbury. 
 The collegiate buildings were destroyed during the civil 
 war. 
 
 [a.d. 1476, translated to Ely I486.] John Alcock. (See 
 Ely, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1487 — 1497.] Robert Morton, Archdeacon of Win- 
 chester, and nephew of Cardinal Morton, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury. 
 
 The next four bishops were Italian intruders. 
 
 [a.d. 1497 — 1498.] John de Gigliis, a native of Lucca, the 
 Pope's collector in England. He was already Canon of 
 Wells and Archdeacon of Gloucester. 
 
 [a.d. 1498 — 1521.] Silvester de Gigliis, nephew of his 
 predecessor, and, like him, Papal collector. 
 
 [a.d. 1521 — 1522.] Julius de Medicis, uncle of Leo X., 
 afterwards himself Pope Clement VII. He was made 
 z Worthies — Gloucestershire. 
 
252 
 
 Wiamtttx Catljcbral. 
 
 " perpetual commendator or administrator of tlie see of 
 Worcester" by Papal bull, and resigned voluntarily in the 
 following year. 
 
 [a.d. 1522 — 1535.] Jerome Ghinucci, succeeded by papal 
 provision, but probably with the consent of Henry VIII., 
 to whom this last of the Italian bishops of Worcester was 
 of great service. He was employed on many embassies, 
 both to Spain and Italy, and laboured much in both coun- 
 tries to procure from their universities and theologians 
 opinions in favour of the King's divorce. After Wolsey's 
 disgrace, however, and the marriage with Anne Boleyn, the 
 Bishop fell into disfavour, and was removed from his see by 
 Act of Parliament in 1535, as "an alien and non-resident." 
 At the same time Cardinal Campeggio was removed from 
 Salisbury. 
 
 During this foreign occupation of Worcester the affairs of 
 the see were administered by suffragan bishops, of whom 
 several will be found recorded in Mr. Stubbs' Registrum 
 Sacrum Anglicanum, Appendix V. 
 
 [a.d. 1535, resigned 1539.] Hugh Latimeh. The life of 
 this most vigorous reformer belongs so completely to the 
 history of his time that only the principal events in it can 
 be mentioned here. Latimer was born at Thurcaston, in 
 Leicestershire. The passage from his sermons in which 
 he describes his father's condition has been often quoted : — 
 " My father was a yeoman, and had no lands of his own ; 
 only he had a farm of three or four pounds a-year at the 
 uttermost, and hereupon he tilled so much as kept half-a- 
 dozen men; he had walk for a hundred sheep, and my 
 mother milked thirty kine. He was able and did find the 
 king an harness with himself and his horse, whilst he came 
 unto the place that he should receive the king's wages. I 
 can remember I buckled his harness when he went to 
 Blackheath field. He kept me to school, or else I had not 
 been able to have preached before the King's Majesty now. 
 He married my sisters with five pounds, or twenty nobles, 
 
253 
 
 a-piece ; so that he brought them up in godliness and fear 
 of God. He kept hospitality for his poor neighbours, and 
 some alms he gave to the poor ; and all this did he of the 
 same farm where he that now hath it payeth sixteen pounds 
 by the year or more, and is not able to do anything for his 
 prince, for himself, nor for his children, or give a cup of 
 drink to the poor." 
 
 Latimer was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, 
 where he was at first well known as a defender of the " old 
 religion," and afterwards, by the persuasion of his friend 
 Thomas Biluey, became as zealous a reformer. He was 
 more than once silenced by the University, but had power- 
 ful friends, and was introduced at court by the King's phy- 
 sician, Dr. Butts, and by Cromwell, the latter of whom 
 procured for him the living of West Kington, in Wiltshire. 
 Here he was accused of favouring strange and novel doc- 
 trines touching the saints and purgatory, and was compelled 
 to appear before Stokesley, Bishop of London. He escaped 
 with some difficulty, the King himself interfering; and in 
 1535, after Ghinucci's deprivation, Latimer was made 
 Bishop of Worcester. In his diocese he laboured zealously, 
 until the Parliament of 1539, which, by the influence of 
 Gardiner, passed the famous Six Articles. For these 
 Latimer would not vote, and at once resigned his see, as 
 did Shaxton, Bishop of Salisbury. He was very shortly 
 afterwards sent to the Tower, on a charge of having 
 spoken against the Six Articles. He remained in prison 
 during the last six years of Henry's reign, but was set at 
 liberty on the accession of Edward. He would not be re- 
 instated in his see, however, but remained with Cranmer at 
 Lambeth, occasionally preaching at Paul's Cross, until the 
 fall of the Duke of Somerset. He then retired into the 
 country. On Mary's accession he was apprehended by 
 Gardiner's order, and was sent to Oxford with Cranmer 
 and Bidley, where he suffered Oct. 16, 1555. 
 
 The fullest and best account of Latimer will be found in 
 
254 Motmizi CatytfcrsL 
 
 Eoxe, although, like the rest of the " Book of Martyrs," it 
 must be read with due caution. His sermons, with a life, 
 were edited by Watkins in 1824, and with other remains, 
 for the Parker Society, in 1844. 
 [a.d. 1539, resigned 1543.] John Bell, Archdeacon of 
 Gloucester. The cause of his resignation is unknown. He 
 died in 1556, and was buried in the church of Clerkenwell, 
 London. 
 
 [a.d. 1543, translated to York 1554.] Nicholas Heath, 
 translated from Rochester. In 1551 Bishop Heath was 
 deprived, for non-compliance with the new order introduced 
 under Edward VI., and was imprisoned in the Fleet until 
 Mary's accession. He was restored by her, and was made 
 President of Wales and Chancellor of England after the 
 death of Gardiner. During the imprisonment of Heath, 
 Bishop Hooper of Gloucester held the see in commendam, 
 together with his own. 
 
 [a.d. 1554 — 1559.] Richard Pates, said to have been con- 
 secrated Bishop of Worcester in 1534, after the deprivation 
 of Ghinucci, and to have been then removed to make way 
 for Latimer. The proofs of this, however, are not evident, 
 although Godwin asserts that Pates was present at the 
 Council of Trent, and there signed himself Bishop of Wor- 
 cester. He was, at any rate, placed in full possession of 
 the see on the translation of Bishop Heath to York in 
 1554. On Elizabeth's accession he was deprived, and died 
 at Louvain after a life of some vicissitude. 
 
 The dates already given shew that five ex-bishops of 
 Worcester, Pates, Latimer, Bell, Heath, and Hooper, were 
 living at the same time. 
 
 [a.d. 1559, translated to London 1570.] Edwin Sandys, Pre- 
 sident of Catherine Hall, Cambridge. 
 
 [a.d. 1571 — 1576.] Nicolas Bullingham, translated from 
 Lincoln. 
 
 [a.d. 1577, translated to Canterbury 1583.] John Whit- 
 gift. (See Canterbury, Pt. II.) 
 
255 
 
 a.d. 1584 — 1591.] Edmund Ereke, translated from Norwich. 
 a.d. 1593, translated to London 1595.] Richard Fletcher, 
 
 translated from Bristol. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.) 
 a.d. 1596, translated to Winchester 1597.] Thomas Bilson. 
 
 (See Winchester, Pt. II.) 
 a.d. 1597 — 1610.] Gervas Babington, translated from 
 
 Exeter. 
 
 a.d. 1610 — 1616.] Henry Parry, translated from Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 a.d. 1616 — 1641.] John Thorn borough, translated from 
 Bristol. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.) 
 
 a.d. 1641 — 1650.] John Prideaux, was born at Stowford, 
 in the parish of Harford, in Devonshire. His family, al- 
 though entitled to bear the arms of Prideaux, was in poor 
 circumstances ; and the future Bishop became a candidate 
 for the place of parish clerk at Ugborough, and was dis- 
 appointed. A friend sent him to school for a short time ; 
 and he then travelled on foot to Oxford, where he was em- 
 ployed in the kitchen of Exeter College. In 1596, when 
 his abilities had become known, he was admitted a member 
 of the college, of which he eventually became Rector. In 
 1615 he was made Regius Professor of Divinity, and in 
 1641 became Bishop. " If I could have been clerk of 
 Ugborough," he used often to say, "I had never been 
 Bishop of Worcester." 
 
 Bishop Prideaux was an unflinching Royalist, and excom- 
 municated all in his diocese who took up arms against the 
 King. He was of course severely treated in his turn ; his 
 palace was plundered, and he was obliged to sell his 
 library as a last means of support. He died at Bredon, in 
 Worcestershire, in 1650, in the house of his son-in-law, 
 Dr. Sutton. An elegy on his death will be found among 
 the works of the Cavalier poet Cleveland. A full account 
 of Bishop Prideaux, with some interesting local anecdotes, 
 is given by Prince in his " Worthies of Devon." 
 
 a.d. 1660—1662.] The first Bishop of Worcester after the 
 
256 
 
 Restoration was George Mobley, translated to Win- 
 chester 1662. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1662, died the same year.] John Gauden, translated 
 from Exeter. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1662, translated to Salisbury 1663.] John Eakle. 
 (See Salisbury, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1663 — 1670.] Robert Skinner, had been consecrated 
 to the see of Bristol in 1637, and had been translated to 
 Oxford in 1641. During the civil war he was imprisoned 
 by the Puritans. He died at the age of eighty, the last 
 English bishop who had been consecrated before the Great 
 Rebellion. 
 
 [a.d. 1671 — 1675.] Walter Blandeobd, Warden of Wad- 
 ham College, Oxford, translated from Oxford. 
 
 [a.d. 1675 — 1683.] James Eleetwood, Provost of King's 
 College, Cambridge. Bishop Eleetwood was the seventh 
 son of Sir George Eleetwood of Lancashire, and whilst all 
 the rest of his family joined the Puritans, he alone re- 
 mained a Royalist. 
 
 [a.d. 1683 — 1689.] William Thomas, translated from St. 
 David's. Bishop Thomas was a Nonjuror ; and, with the 
 other nonjuring bishops, would have been deprived of his 
 see, had not his death occurred, June 25, 1689. 
 
 [a.d. 1689 — 1699.] Edward Stillingfleet, " a man deeply 
 versed in ecclesiastical antiquity, of an argumentative mind, 
 excellently fitted for polemical dispute .... In the critical 
 reign of James II. he may be considered as the leader on 
 the Protestant side a ." Stillingfleet was, however, strongly 
 tenacious of the authority of the Church, and was decidedly 
 opposed to the " latitudinarian" theology of his time. He 
 was born, 1635, at Cranbourne, in Dorsetshire, was edu- 
 cated at St. John's, Cambridge, and afterwards became 
 Rector of Sutton, in Nottinghamshire, where he wrote and 
 published his Irenicum, and (1662) his " Origines Sacra, 
 or, A Rational Account of the Grounds of Natural and 
 a Hallam, Literary History, Pt. IV. chap. ii. 
 
§i*\$op f logb nnh 'gon^. 257 
 
 Revealed Religion;" a book of considerable importance, 
 which brought him into great notice. Passing from one 
 preferment to another, he became in 1689 Bishop of 
 Worcester. In 1699 he died at his house in Westminster. 
 His body was conveyed to his own cathedral for interment, 
 when the monument which still remains (Pt. I. § vi.) was 
 erected by his son. The inscription was written by Dr. 
 Bentley, who had been the Bishop's chaplain. 
 
 The Origines Sacra is the most important of Bishop 
 Stillingfleet's works ; but his entire writings, collected and 
 reprinted in 1710, fill six folio volumes. After he became 
 Bishop of Worcester, he wrote a " Vindication of the Doc- 
 trine of the Trinity," in answer to some parts of Locke's 
 Essay. 
 
 [a.d. 1699—1717.] William Lloyd, translated from Lich- 
 field. In 1680 he had been consecrated to the see of 
 St. Asaph, and was one of the seven bishops sent to the 
 Tower by James II. He died in 1717, aged ninety-one; 
 and was buried in the parish church of Fladbury, near 
 Evesham, of which his son was rector. Bishop Lloyd's 
 learning was considerable, although few of his works are 
 now remembered. 
 
 I a.d. 1717—1743.] John Hough, 'translated from Lichfield. 
 Bishop Hough was the famous President of Magdalen Col- 
 lege, Oxford, forcibly dispossessed in 1687 by James II., 
 who had ordered the Fellows to elect Samuel Parker, 
 Bishop of Oxford, and a Romanist. The story, which 
 will best be read in Macaulay's "History of England," 
 (vol. ii.,) need not be repeated here. Dr. Hough was re- 
 stored to the presidency in 1688, together with the twenty- 
 five fellows who had been expelled at the same time. In 
 1690, King William made him Bishop of Oxford, with 
 liberty to retain the headship of his college. In 1699 he 
 was translated to the see of Lichfield, and thence in 1717 
 to Worcester. On the death of Archbishop Tenison in 
 1715 the primacy had been offered to, and declined by, 
 vol. in. s 
 
258 
 
 Wsstmitt Catjjebntl. 
 
 him. All who mention Bishop Hough bear witness to the 
 simplicity and excellence of his character. 
 
 [a.d. 1743 — 1759.] Isaac Maddox, translated from St. 
 Asaph. Bishop Maddox is best known as the author of 
 "A Vindication of the Government, Doctrine, and "Wor- 
 ship of the Church of England, established in the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth." He was the founder of the Worcester 
 Infirmary, to which the story of the Good Samaritan on his 
 monument refers. (Pt. I. § xviii.) 
 
 [a.d. 1759 — 1774.] James Johnson, translated from Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 [a.d. 1774, translated to Winchester 1781.] Brownlow 
 North, translated from Lichfield. 
 
 [a.d. 1781 — 1808.] Richard Hurd, translated from Lich- 
 field. Bishop Hurd is now best remembered as the friend 
 and biographer of Warburton ; but he was himself conspi- 
 cuous among the scholars of his time. He was born, the 
 son of a small farmer, at Penkridge, in Staffordshire, in 
 1720 ; was educated at the grammar school at Brewood, 
 and was sent as a sizar to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 
 where he afterwards obtained a fellowship. Ten years later 
 he made the acquaintance of Warburton, whose friend he 
 remained through life. In 1763 he was elected Preacher 
 of Lincoln's Inn ; and in 1765 Warburton made him Arch- 
 deacon of Gloucester. George III., who greatly admired 
 his " Moral and Political Dialogues," made him Bishop of 
 Lichfield and Coventry in 1774 : and in 1776 Preceptor to 
 the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York. In 1781 Hurd 
 was translated to Worcester ; and declined the see of Can- 
 terbury on the death of Archbishop Cornwallis in 1783. 
 
 Some curious anecdotes are told of Bishop Hurd's bad 
 temper, the sharpness of which is sufficiently evident in his 
 letters. Madam D' Arblay, however, says of him, — " Piety 
 and goodness are so marked on his countenance, which is 
 truly a fine one, that he has been named, and very justly, 
 the ' Beauty of Holiness.' Indeed, in face, manner, de- 
 
§ityop €oxxxtkull to jjjjtljrott. 259 
 
 meanour, and conversation, lie seems precisely what a bishop 
 should be, — and what would make a looker on — were he 
 not a bishop, and a see vacant — call out, ' Take Dr. Hurd ! 
 — that is the man.' " George III. spoke of him as the 
 "most naturally polite man he had ever known." 
 
 Bishop Hurd died in 1808, at Hartlebury Castle, where 
 he had built a library for the reception of Warburton's 
 books, which he left as a legacy to the see. A life of Bishop 
 Hurd, containing some interesting selections from his cor- 
 respondence, has been published by the Rev. Erancis Kil- 
 vert. (London, 1860.) 
 
 [a.d. 1808—1831.] Pfolliott H. W. Cornewall, trans- 
 lated from Hereford. 
 
 [a.d. 1831 — 1841.] Robert James Carr, translated from 
 Chichester. 
 
 [a.d. 1841—1861.] Henry Pepys. 
 
 [a.d. 1861.] Henry Philpott. 
 
LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL. 
 
REFERENCES. 
 
 A Nave. 
 
 B B Nave-aisles. 
 
 C South Transept. 
 
 D Eastern Aisle of ditto. 
 
 E North Transept. 
 
 F Eastern Aisle of ditto. 
 
 G Central Tower. 
 
 H Choir. 
 
 J Presbytery. 
 
 K K Choir-aisles. 
 
 L Retro-choir. 
 
 M Lady-chapel. 
 
 N N Sacristy and Treasury. 
 
 O Vestibule of Chapter-house. 
 
 P Chapter-house. 
 
 1 JVmfc 
 
 2 Metal Choir-screen. 
 
 3 Beredos. 
 
 4 /StaZte. 
 
 5 Bishop's Throne. 
 
 6 Proposed Sedilia. 
 
 7 Proposed Stone Screen. 
 
 8 Light Screen, not completed. 
 
 9 Organ. 
 
 10 Monument of Major Hodson . 
 
 11 Monument ofArchd.Hodson. 
 
 12 Unknown Perpendicular 
 Monument. 
 
 l3,\4:EffigiesofunknownBishops. 
 
 15 3bm6 o/ Bishop Hacket. 
 
 16 Chantrey , sSleepi?igChildren. 
 
 17 Chantreifs Statue of Bishop 
 
 Ryder. 
 
 18 Entrance to Staircase lead- 
 
 ing to Library. 
 
 19 P?//p#. 
 
 GROUND-PLAN, LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL. 
 Scale, 100 ft. to 1 in. 
 
LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 FRONTISPIECE. 
 
 WEST FRONT. 
 
LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PAET I. 
 
 Jp^teg aitir grails ♦ 
 
 I. The archives and documents belonging to the 
 cathedral of Lichfield were almost entirely destroyed 
 by the Puritan soldiery after the taking of the Close 
 in 1642. One or two very meagre architectural notices 
 occur in the short chronicle of the Bishops of Lichfield 
 by Thomas Chesterfield a , a canon of the cathedral, to- 
 ward the middle of the fourteenth century; the principal 
 of which records the foundation of the Lady-chapel by 
 Bishop Walter Langtott, (1296 — 1321,) who, at his 
 death, left money to finish it. The want of a chronicled 
 record is especially to be regretted, since the different 
 parts of the cathedral range throughout the thirteenth 
 century and the first years of the fourteenth, well 
 shewing the change from the first to the later Early 
 English, and from that to Decorated. A dated record 
 would thus render Lichfield cathedral "one of the 
 most valuable for the history of the development of the 
 styles." In its absence, however, we may well be 
 
 a It will be found in Wharton's Anglia Sacra, vol. i. 
 
264 Sbtyfeb Ca%bral. 
 
 content to accept the following table of probable dates, 
 as supplied by Professor Willis : — 
 
 Lower part of three westernmost lays of choir, with 
 sacristy on south side, circ. 1200. 
 
 South transept, c. 1220. 
 
 North transept and Chapter-house, c. 1240. 
 
 Nave, c. 1250. 
 
 West front, c. 1275. 
 
 Lady-chapel, c. 1300. 
 
 JPreshytery, c. 1325. 
 
 The chief portions of the existing cathedral are thus 
 entirely Early English and Decorated. Perpendicular 
 windows were inserted during the fifteenth and six- 
 teenth centuries, and the central spire was rebuilt 
 after the restoration from a design by Sir Christopher 
 "Wren. 
 
 II. A Norman church, which has been supposed, 
 without much authority, to have been built by Bishop 
 Robert de Lymesey, (1086 — 1117,) was gradually re- 
 moved as the present structure was developed. This 
 earlier church terminated eastward in an apse, of which 
 the foundations remain below the existing choir ; toge- 
 ther with those of a long square-ended chapel, added 
 beyond the apse toward the end of the twelfth century, 
 and destroyed when the Early English choir and pres- 
 bytery (of which the three western bays alone remain 
 at present) was commenced at the beginning of the 
 thirteenth. The gradual changes in Lichfield Cathedral 
 have, according to Professor Willis, a "singular paral- 
 lelism" with those in York. 
 
Comparison of fork anb J itljfixlo. 265 
 
 "The Norman cathedral of York was built about 
 1080, and that of Lichfield at an uncertain date. Be- 
 tween 1154 — 1181 Archbishop Roger substituted for 
 the original chancel at York a long square-ended choir, 
 with the aisle carried behind the end. At Lichfield, 
 during the same period, the large chapel was built at 
 the end of the Norman apse ; and about the beginning 
 of the thirteenth century the whole Norman eastern 
 termination was, as at York, replaced by a long square- 
 ended choir with the low aisles behind. 
 
 "Next, at York, the Norman transepts were rebuilt 
 in Early English — the south transept 1230 — 1241, 
 followed by the north transept, 1241 — 1260. 
 
 " Also at Lichfield the Norman transepts were re- 
 built in Early English, beginning with the south and 
 ending with the north. The Early English work of 
 this cathedral is shewn, by the licences to dig stone, to 
 have been in progress in 1235 and 1238. 
 
 " York nave and Lichfield were next rebuilt in early 
 Decorated; the first in 1291—1324. 
 
 " Lastly, at Lichfield the elongation of the eastern 
 part was begun at the extreme east, beyond the exist- 
 ing choir, by the Lady-chapel, in late Decorated, under 
 Bishop Langton, 1296 — 1321, and followed by taking 
 down the choir, and continuing the same work on its 
 site westward. The works at York followed in the 
 same order, but forty or fifty years later, by first erect- 
 ing the presbytery outside the existing choir, and then 
 taking down the latter, and continuing the work of the 
 presbytery to form the new choir. The plans of the 
 
266 fitpelb €ztfyM. 
 
 two cathedrals rival each other in the simplicity of 
 their proportions V 
 
 III. The nave of Lichfield, of eight bays, and the 
 choir and presbytery, also of eight bays, are both 142 
 ft. long; and the transept, also of eight bays on its 
 eastern side, if, as Professor "Willis suggests, the tower- 
 arch is counted as a double bay, is of nearly the same 
 length. The same proportions are observed at York, 
 though, of course, on a far larger scale. The Lady- 
 chapel projects 52 ft. beyond the presbytery. The 
 polygonal apse in which it terminates is one of the 
 special features of this cathedral, and is unique in 
 England. The triple spires are another, and the great 
 specialty of Lichfield. Such a group in a complete 
 state occurs nowhere else in England. 
 
 IV. Lichfield enjoyed a sad pre-eminence during the 
 civil war, — 
 
 "... when fanatic Brooke 
 The fair cathedral spoiled and took ; 
 Though thanks to heaven and good St. Chad, 
 A guerdon meet the spoiler had." 
 
 Other cathedrals were spoiled and desecrated; but 
 none, like Lichfield, became the chief stronghold of 
 a fortress. The city itself was unwalled and open ; but 
 Bishop Lajstgton (1296 — 1321) had surrounded the 
 Close with a strong wall, and had constructed two 
 causeways across the "pool" or marsh which lay be- 
 
 b Willis, Memoir on the Foundations of Early Buildings 
 recently discovered in Lichfield Cathedral. Archaeol. Journal, 
 vol. xviii. 
 
Siege of t\t Clow. 267 
 
 tween the Close and the city. The Close was thus 
 capable of sustaining a siege ; and in the spring of 164f , 
 when the Puritans, under Lord Brooke, advanced 
 against Lichfield from "Warwick, it was manned and 
 defended. The houses in the Close were pierced with 
 loopholes and embrasures ; the battlements of the cathe- 
 dral were lined with musketeers and marksmen ; and 
 "drakes," or long guns, were mounted on the great 
 central spire. The siege commenced on St. Chad's day, 
 (March 2). Lord Brooke, a fiercely zealous Puritan, 
 had avowed his intention of destroying the cathedral, 
 and as his forces approached Lichfield had solemnly 
 addressed them, and had prayed that God would "by 
 some special token manifest unto them His approbation 
 of that their design." On the second day of the siege 
 Brooke was shot dead from the spire of the cathedral 
 by a brother of Sir Richard Dyott, " commonly called 
 Dumb Dyott, having been deaf and dumb from his 
 birth." On the following day the spire, which had 
 been much shattered by shots from the besiegers, fell, 
 carrying with it much of the roof ; and on the 5th of 
 March the Close was surrendered. Spoliation and de- 
 secration of the cathedral followed as matters of course. 
 Fanatical preachers took possession of the pulpit in the 
 nave, and encouraged the soldiery in their work of 
 destruction. They pulled down the carved stalls in 
 the choir, smashed the organ and the stained windows, 
 and broke up the floor " which was paved with cannel 
 coal and alabaster placed lozenge- wise." One of the 
 soldiers opened the tomb of Bishop Scrope, and found 
 
268 $u$fieb Ca%braL 
 
 in it a silver chalice and crozier of much value. E very- 
 tomb in the cathedral was at once ransacked in the 
 hope of similar discoveries : every effigy and monument 
 was shattered; and "the ashes of holy men scattered 
 about with barbarous indecency." On this occasion 
 the Puritans kept possession of the Close and the 
 cathedral for about a month, when Prince Pupert 
 arrived at Lichfield from Oxford. The second siege 
 lasted for ten days, and on the 20th of April the Close 
 again passed into the keeping of the Poyalists. Whilst 
 it remained in their hands King Charles visited Lich- 
 field after the defeat of Naseby, (1645). In the spring 
 of the following year the Parliamentarians again sat 
 down before Lichfield, and the Close was finally sur- 
 rendered in June, 1646 c . 
 
 It was more than twelve months after the Restoration 
 before the see of Lichfield was filled. Bishop Hacket 
 was consecrated in December, 1661, and found his 
 cathedral almost unroofed, and encumbered with the 
 ruins of the central spire and of the shattered monu- 
 ments. "On the morning after bis arrival, with his 
 own coach horses, and teams, and hired labourers, he 
 began to remove the rubbish, and laid the first hand to 
 the pious work." Charles II. contributed toward the 
 restoration " one hundred fair timber trees" from Need- 
 wood Eorest. Bishop Hacket himself spent £1,683, 
 equal to more than £10,000 at present, and the pre- 
 bendaries and canons gave half of their income. The 
 
 c The passages quoted in the text are from the Rev. W. 
 Gresley's Siege of Lichfield. 
 
Ugatfg gJtatiums. 269 
 
 restoration of the cathedral (including the rebuilding 
 of the spire) was completed in eight years, and on the 
 24th of December, 1669, Bishop Hacket (who died in 
 the following year) solemnly re-consecrated it. 
 
 The Puritans had laboured so effectually that little 
 farther mischief seemed to be possible. Some work, 
 however, was found in 1788 for the hands of Wyatt, 
 the famous " destructive" of Salisbury and of Hereford. 
 The canons of Lichfield complained of cold ; and Wyatt 
 accordingly walled up the pier-arches of the choir, and 
 closed the eastern tower-arch with a glass screen, " so 
 as to convert the united choir and Lady-chapel into 
 a long aisleless or apteral chapel." The altar was 
 removed to the east end of the Lady-chapel. Some of 
 the choir piers were patched with Eoman cement, in 
 order to fasten which the ancient work was cut in 
 a merciless fashion ; and an elaborate organ-screen was 
 constructed from part of the choir reredos, which was 
 found by Wyatt, much mutilated, under a Grecian 
 " altar-piece." It is satisfactory to record that after 
 all this transformation the canons still complained 
 of cold. (See Plate II., which shews the choir before 
 the late restoration.) 
 
 In 1856 the arches were re-opened, and some other 
 changes were made, but the work of true restoration 
 did not commence until 1860, When the cathedral was 
 placed in the hands of Mr. G. G. Scott. The choir 
 has been opened to the nave, so as to admit of the 
 use of both for congregational purposes ; the altar 
 has been brought back to its original position; the 
 
270 €*fytbml 
 
 ancient sculpture and stone-work have been restored 
 in the true sense, nothing having been attempted for 
 which there was not full authority ; and the cathedral 
 has been enriched with a series of works in wood, 
 metal, and encaustic tiles, unexceeded in beauty or in 
 interest by any which have been produced in England 
 during the present century. 
 
 V. The west front of the cathedral, [Frontispiece,'] 
 with its spires and arcades, opens grandly as the Close 
 is entered from that side. In grace of outline, and in 
 the harmony of its general design, the west front of 
 Lichfield is scarcely exceeded by that of any other 
 English cathedral. These remain unaltered; but the 
 whole of the details, including the statues, are imper- 
 fect " restorations," in Roman cement, of the original 
 work, made during a repair of this part of the cathe- 
 dral between the years 1820 and 1822. 
 
 The date assigned to the west front by Professor 
 Willis is (circa) 1275. It is throughout early Deco- 
 rated, and consists of a centre, in which is the great 
 west window, surmounted by a gable ; and of flanking 
 towers, with octangular stair-turrets at the north-west 
 and south-west angles. The towers have large pin- 
 nacles at their angles, from between which rise the 
 spires. The whole front is divided into three main 
 stages. In the lowest are three doorways, the arch of 
 that in the centre rising to the top of the stage. The 
 wall between the doorways is covered with a rich 
 arcade, containing brackets and canopies for statues 
 which no longer exist. The second stage is subdivided 
 
met ixont 271 
 
 into three rows of arcade, the lowest of which stretches 
 completely across the front and retains its figures. The 
 west window divides the two upper arcades, in which 
 brackets for statues alone remain. The window rises 
 into the third stage, and the cross on the gable above 
 it is on a level with the parapets of the towers. There 
 are windows in the tower fronts in this stage, and 
 the rest of the wall is covered with a rich canopied 
 arcade. Above, again, is a peculiar and very graceful 
 parapet. 
 
 The statues which filled the various arcades of this 
 front were greatly injured by the pikes and muskets 
 of the Puritan soldiery. They remained, however, 
 after the siege; and the view of the west front en- 
 graved by Hollar for Fuller's " Church History," 
 (1655,) before Bishop Hacket's restoration, shews all 
 the niches filled with figures. But most of them were 
 taken down in the year 1749 ; and those which remain 
 were restored between 1820 and 1822, in such a man- 
 ner as to deprive them of all their value and interest. 
 The remains of the old figures, used as cores, were 
 overlaid with the composition from which the existing 
 statues were moulded. Over the central portal is 
 St. Chad; but his mitre is in fact not a mitre, and 
 his episcopal costume is very far from accurate. 
 The twelve figures on his right hand have been re- 
 stored as kings of England, from the Conqueror to 
 Richard II. ; the twelve on his left as English kings, 
 from Oswy of Northumberland, the conqueror of Mercia, 
 to Edward the Confessor. This restoration is purely 
 
272 f idjfofo dkt&rimtl. 
 
 conjectural, and is certainly wrong so far as the statues 
 on the right hand of St. Chad are concerned ; since the 
 entire west front was completed at least a century 
 before the accession of Richard II. The head of the 
 central gable is defaced by a colossal statue of Charles II., 
 the work of a certain Sir William "Wilson, originally a 
 stonemason from Sutton Coldfield, who, "after marry- 
 ing a rich widow, arrived at the honour of knighthood" 
 in 1681. Three of the original statues remain in their 
 niches in the uppermost stage of the north-west tower, 
 untouched and unrestored, and a comparison of them 
 with the figures below will shew at once their infinite 
 superiority. The drapery is very fine and character- 
 istic, and recalls the earlier sculptures on the west 
 front of Wells, {circ. 1240). The tracery of the great 
 west window was greatly injured during the siege ; 
 that with which it is at present filled was the gift of 
 the Duke of York, afterwards James II. The cha- 
 racter of the original window — early Decorated, with 
 intersecting tracery — may be seen in Hollar's en- 
 graving. 
 
 Although nearly all the mouldings and details of the 
 west front were restored with composition at the same 
 time as the statues, the general outline and design 
 of the arcades and canopies deserve careful attention, 
 especially those of the arcade in the lowest tier, which 
 must have been unusually effective when the statues 
 remained on their brackets. The upper stage of the 
 north-west tower, containing the niches with the 
 three figures already mentioned, and the window below 
 
LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 THE NAVE. 
 
MzBt gxont €tntxnl |frrfal 273 
 
 them, is the only part of the front which has escaped 
 restoration. 
 
 YI. The two side portals of the west front are 
 deeply recessed in three orders, with enriched arch- 
 mouldings. The central portal is in effect a recessed 
 porch. Its outer arch, flush with the main wall, 
 springs from a group of clustered shafts ; the hollow 
 of the exterior moulding is filled with open flowers. 
 The inner side of the arch is foliated, with a rich mass 
 of leafage between the foils and the outer moulding. 
 The inner entrance, opening to the cathedral, is di- 
 vided into two by a central group of shafts, supporting 
 sharply pointed arches, the inner sides of which are 
 foliated. The main arch, as well as those which in- 
 clude the foliations, are surrounded by hollow mould- 
 ings, filled with leafage. In the spandril between the 
 two lesser arches is a figure of our Lord, attended by 
 angels. On a bracket resting against the central 
 shafts, immediately below, is the Blessed Virgin with 
 the Divine Infant. The four statues at the sides of 
 the portal were restored in 1820, as Mary Magdalene, 
 Mary the mother of James, St. Peter, and St. John. 
 These restorations were, however, very uncertain ; and 
 from the decay of the material then used, it has been 
 found necessary to renew the figures, with some slight 
 alteration of detail. 
 
 The rich and graceful ancient iron- work, with which 
 the modern doors are covered, deserves special notice. 
 \_Title-page.~] 
 
 VII. Through this portal we enter the nave, [Plate I.] 
 vol. m. t 
 
274 Jicfcfelb (Kat^braL 
 
 The view which opens from this point is, since the late 
 restoration, one of extreme richness and beauty. The 
 details of the nave itself are unusually graceful; and 
 beyond the light choir-screen, gilt and coloured, the 
 eye ranges to the elaborate reredos of the altar, a mass 
 of precious marbles and alabaster d , and finally rests on 
 the stained glass of the Lady-chapel, glowing with the 
 splendour of jewels between the dark lines of tracery. 
 The apsidal form of this eastern end, and the superb 
 glass with which its windows are filled, at once strike 
 the visitor as the distinguishing features of the interior. 
 It should here be remarked that the choir is not at 
 right angles with the nave, but inclines considerably 
 northward. This difference in the orientation of the 
 nave and choir is remarkable, and can hardly in this 
 instance (since the whole choir inclines, and the Lady- 
 chapel coincides in direction with it) typify the incli- 
 nation of our Lord's head upon the cross, as is sup- 
 posed to be the case with the chancels of many smaller 
 churches, which bend northward. 
 
 The greater part of the nave has been fitted with 
 moveable benches, and is allotted to the congregation at 
 the ordinary services. The choir is, as originally, occu- 
 pied by the clergy and singers. The litany faldstool, 
 lectern, and pulpit are all in the nave, the two latter 
 close to the choir-screen. Both choir and nave are 
 now effectually and agreeably warmed by an arrange- 
 ment of flues beneath and above the pavement. 
 
 No record exists which throws any light on the build- 
 d This reredos is at present (1863) in course of erection. 
 
gfefe. 275 
 
 ing of the nave. The date assigned to it by Professor 
 "Willis is [circa) 1250, at least twenty years before the 
 west front, which is shewn to be an addition not only 
 by its more advanced architectural character, bnt by 
 a difference in the masonry at the junction. The north- 
 west and south-west towers project slightly beyond the 
 nave-aisles, but hardly enough to produce the effect of 
 a western transept. The vaulting is of late character, 
 with circular openings in the centre of each tower. 
 
 The nave (including the western front) is of eight 
 bays, and is throughout early Decorated, with geo- 
 metrical tracery and details. The piers are octa- 
 gonal, with many shafts, the capitals of which are 
 enriched with varied leafage, retaining, to a great 
 extent, the conventional forms of the Early English. 
 The triforium consists of two arches in each bay, each 
 arch including two smaller ones, foliated, with a quatre- 
 foil in the tympanum above. The shafts have capitals 
 of foliage, and the arches are much enriched with the 
 dog-tooth moulding. There are heads at the inter- 
 section of the outer arch-mouldings. The triforium 
 resembles (but is more enriched than) that of West- 
 minster Abbey, which is nearly of the same date. The 
 clerestory has very graceful triangular windows, each 
 triangle enclosing three circles, with a trefoil in each 
 circle. A line of dog-tooth moulding surrounds the 
 whole triangle. Similar triangles (but with differences 
 in the details) light the outer walls of the triforium 
 at Westminster, and the clerestory of the north transept 
 at Hereford. The spandrils of the main arches are filled 
 
276 3rit&M> CatyefariL 
 
 by a large circle of flat tracery, enclosing cusps of 
 leafage. Across this circle pass the triple vaulting- 
 shafts, the enriched capitals of which are level with 
 the triforium arches. The shafts run up, as at York, 
 from the floor itself ; and the effect of their great height, 
 unbroken by a single band, is very striking. A string- 
 course, with the dog-tooth moulding, runs along under 
 the clerestory, and encircles the capitals. The general 
 effect of the nave is materially increased by the depth 
 of the triforium passage, which extends back over the 
 aisles, and affords a dark background, on which the 
 tracery is sharply projected. 
 
 " Nothing," says Mr. Petit, "can exceed this nave 
 in beauty and gracefulness. But in sublimity it is ex- 
 ceeded by many, — that, for instance, of Beverley Min- 
 ster, which, from its actual size, fairly admits of the 
 comparison. And the reason seems to be that a bay of 
 the Lichfield nave is clearly limited in its height. The 
 triforium is made a principal, instead of a subordinate 
 feature; you feel that if by the heightening of the 
 pier-arches it were placed at a different level from the 
 eye, much of its beauty would be lost. I have the less 
 hesitation in asserting this from seeing the very thing 
 done in Lincoln Minster, where the triforium has much 
 the same character with that of Lichfield, and is equally 
 rich and beautiful, but is so raised above the eye by the 
 large and lofty pier-arch, that its true proportions are 
 lost. Now in Beverley, as in the nave and choir of 
 York, the triforium is treated as an arcade, evidently 
 intended to fill up the space between the pier-arch and 
 
°gubz. $Lafo-awles. 277 
 
 the clerestory, and requiring no limitation in the height 
 of either 6 ." 
 
 The greater part of the nave, as has already been 
 mentioned, was unroofed during the siege, partly owing 
 to the fall of the central spire. It is possible, however, 
 — although of this there is no record — that the stone 
 groining may have been partly removed at an earlier 
 period, owing to its pressure on the piers of the nave. 
 The original vaulting remains only in the two western- 
 most and the first eastern bays. These are of stone; 
 in the remaining bays the old work was imitated in 
 plaster, under the direction of Wyatt. Against the 
 wall of the nave, south of the west door, is a mural 
 monument for Dean Lancelot Addison, (1683 — 1703,) 
 father of Joseph Addison, " sui saeculi decus." The 
 latter was born at Milston, in "Wiltshire. 
 
 VIII. The nave-aisles are of the same date as the 
 nave itself, and of the same architectural character ; 
 they are unusually narrow, (fifteen feet from pier to 
 wall). The windows (with the exception of the west- 
 ernmost window in each aisle) are pure geometrical. 
 Each is of three lights, with three circles in the head 
 of each, enclosing trefoils. The window-splays recede 
 in two orders, with shafts and capitals of foliage at the 
 angles. Slender shafts with capitals run up between 
 the lights of the windows, the mouldings of which 
 should be noticed. A rounded inner moulding is laid 
 on the flat line of the tracery. The westernmost win- 
 
 e Remarks on Beverley Minster, by the Rev. J. L. Petit, in 
 the York volume of the Archaeological Institute. 
 
278 Jitfefelb Catyfad. 
 
 dow in each, aisle is a plain arch, including three 
 lancets, but apparently of the same date as the others. 
 Below the windows is a very rich arcade, of six arches 
 in each bay, resting on a projecting bench. The arches 
 are foliated, with pointed canopies ; the supporting 
 shafts are detached, with capitals of leafage; and at 
 the intersection of the arches are small sculptured 
 heads. Between each bay rise triple vaulting-shafts, 
 with capitals of leafage. The vaulting itself is quadri- 
 partite, with a central rib; the bosses are large, and 
 highly enriched with leafage and grotesques. 
 
 These wall- arcades, which have been carefully re- 
 stored, contribute greatly toward the general rich effect 
 of the nave. The vaulting of both aisles has been 
 pointed, all plaster having been removed. The roof 
 of both aisles now slopes outward from the top of the 
 triforium stage. This was the original pitch and ar- 
 rangement of the roof, but it has only been restored at 
 a comparatively late period. At some unknown time 
 a low-pitched leaden roof had been substituted for it. 
 " This new roof was so arranged as to meet the shafts 
 of the triforium at about a third of their height, leaving 
 the upper part of the triforial openings with their 
 tracery exposed from without. These openings were 
 glazed, and thus converted into windows. This sin- 
 gular contrivance, which Hollar's engraving f shews to 
 
 1 Hollar's engravings were presented by Ashmole to Fuller's 
 " Church History," published in 1655, and therefore represent 
 the cathedral as it stood before the repairs of Bishop Hacket — 
 who came to the see in 1661 — were commenced. 
 
JJfefo. iont 279 
 
 have existed before the Rebellion, is now removed, 
 and the original pitch of the roof restored, perhaps by 
 "Wyatt. The glass grooves may still be seen in the 
 shafts of the triforium, as well as traces of the attach- 
 ment of the framing to the walls of the interior of the 
 triforium gallery, which shew indeed that this low 
 roof had been twice constructed, and at two different 
 pitches, so that the changes must have been of some 
 antiquity s." 
 
 In the second bay of the north aisle (counting from 
 the west) is placed the font, constructed of Caen stone 
 and coloured marbles, from designs by Slatek. The 
 form is octagonal, with four larger and four lesser 
 sides. On the larger sides are sculptured — The ark, 
 the passage through the Red Sea, the baptism of our 
 Lord, and His resurrection. On the four smaller sides 
 are figures of the Blessed Virgin, of a bishop, and of 
 Faith and Hope. The whole work (sculptured in 
 Foksyth's studio) is very clear and excellent. The 
 font is raised on steps. 
 
 The tombs and effigies in the nave were destroyed 
 by the Puritans. In the south aisle, however, are two 
 ancient effigies, one of which, partly built up in the 
 wall of the seventh bay, is too much mutilated to be de- 
 scribed ; the other, of which the head and feet are alone 
 visible, is apparently that of a priest, and shews remains 
 of colour ; it is placed in the wall behind the arcade. 
 
 On the floor of this aisle is a good modern brass for 
 the Earl op Lichfield, (died 1854). 
 
 e Willis, pp. 21, 22. 
 
280 gkhMh fatytad. 
 
 IX. Leaving the central tower for the present, we 
 enter the south transept. The original Norman choir, 
 as we have seen, (§ n.,) was replaced by an Early 
 English one, about the year 1200. Twenty years later 
 (circa 1220) the south transept was added; and after 
 another twenty years (circa 1240) the north transept 
 and chapter-house h . Norman transepts were removed 
 to make way for these later buildings. 
 
 Both transepts now have eastern aisles, of which that 
 of the north transept is considerably the larger. The 
 Norman transepts possibly terminated eastward in ap- 
 sidal chapels. It is clear, at any rate, that eastern 
 aisles were not contemplated when the choir was built, 
 since its walls are continued into the transepts, and are 
 pierced for windows opening into what are now the 
 transept aisles 1 . The entire transept, as has already 
 been said, is of the same length (from north to south) 
 as the nave and the choir. 
 
 The piers, arches, and walls of the south transept 
 
 h It was no doubt for the construction of these transepts that 
 in 1235 and in 1238 Henry III. granted licence to the Dean and 
 Chapter to take stone from the royal forest of Hopwas, south of 
 Lichfield. " Mandatum est Vicecomiti Staffordiae, quod non 
 impediat vel impedire permittat decanum et capitulum Lich- 
 feldise, quo minus fodere possint petram in foresta regis de 
 Hopwas, ad fabricam ecclesias suae de Lichfeld, sicut earn fodi 
 fecerunt ante tempus suum." — Rot. Lit. Clans., 19 Hen. III. 
 
 The licence of 1238 permits the canons of Lichfield " fodere 
 petram in quarrera de Hopwas; ita tamen quod hoc fiat sine 
 detrimento forestse nostrse." 
 
 Both licences are quoted in Britton's Lichfield Cathedral, 
 p. 27. 1 Willis. 
 
Bonify %mviU$U 281 
 
 are Early English of 1220, with the exception of the 
 wall dividing the transept-aisle from the choir, which is 
 of the date of the latter, (1200). The transepts and choir 
 have no triforium. The lower part of the west wall is 
 covered by an Early English arcade. Above, two Early 
 English windows remain in each bay. In the upper- 
 most tier the Early English windows have been re- 
 placed by Perpendicular. Over the south door is a large 
 Perpendicular window. These alterations in the tran- 
 sept were certainly made before the Eebellion, since 
 they are represented in Hollar's engraving, (see note, 
 § vin.) ; but they are perhaps of later character than 
 the vaulting of the roof, which is also Perpendicular 1 ". 
 In 1243, Henry III. ordered for St. George's Chapel, 
 Windsor, " a lofty wooden roof, like the roof of the 
 new work at Lichfield." " The transepts of Lichfield," 
 observes Professor "Willis, "may have had a wooden 
 vault at first. The date (1243) would suit the tran- 
 septs better than the choir, and it may be remarked 
 that the early abacus of the vault-shaft (at least in the 
 south transept) is surmounted by a second abacus in 
 the Perpendicular style, which shews the later con- 
 struction of the springing stones of the present stone 
 
 k Bishop Blyth (1503—1533) is recorded as having made 
 considerable repairs to the cathedral. " Templum tunc temporis 
 reparatur et ordinatur; ad cujus instaurationem contulit D. 
 Episcopus L quercus, et XX libras. Dedit etiam in ornatuni 
 templi aulaea pretii xx librarura ; et imagines argenteas D. Cedda3 
 et S. Katerinse." — Whitloclce, Anglia Sacra, i. p. 455. The Per- 
 pendicular insertions in this and the opposite transept may have 
 been made at this time. 
 
282 i&fcMfc (KatfcrirraL 
 
 vault 1 ." The vaulting-shafts of both transepts are 
 Early English ; the vaulting, plain lierne, with large 
 bosses, dates apparently from the beginning of the 
 fifteenth century. 
 
 In the south window of the aisle of the south transept 
 are some portions of the Elemish glass from Hercken- 
 rode, which remained after the windows of the Lady- 
 chapel were filled ; (see § xvn.) The figures kneeling 
 before altars are those of unknown benefactors to the 
 great Cistercian Abbey of Herckenrode. In the centre 
 is Mary Magdalene at the foot of the cross. A large 
 Perpendicular window is inserted in the south-east bay 
 of the transept-aisle. 
 
 Against the east wall of the aisle is a tablet for 
 Bishop Smallbeooke, (died 1749) ; and at the south- 
 west angle a monument for Anna Seward, — died 
 March 25, 1809, aged 66, — her father and mother. 
 The harp hung on a willow, and the muse drooping 
 over a sarcophagus, are special memorials of the " Swan 
 of Lichfield," whose songs are now forgotten, but who 
 filled no unimportant place in the literature of her time. 
 The inscription on the monument is by Sir Walter 
 Scott, who was Miss Seward's literary executor. She 
 lived for many years in the episcopal palace, on the 
 north side of the Close. 
 
 The north-east bay of the aisle is occupied by a large 
 monument, displaying all sorts of military trophies, for 
 the officers and men of the 80th (Staffordshire) Eegi- 
 
 1 Memoir on the Foundations of Early Buildings recently dis- 
 covered in Lichfield Cathedral, p. 18. 
 
gortfe S^ntirsjcpt. 283 
 
 ment wlio fell in the campaign on the Sutlej in 
 1845-6. 
 
 X. The north transept, as we have seen, is twenty 
 years later (circ. 1240) than the south. Its general 
 arrangement is the same, but there is some difference 
 in the details. An Early English trefoiled arcade (that 
 in the south transept is plain) extends round the tran- 
 sept and its eastern aisle. The Early English window- 
 openings above, with ringed shafts at the angles, have 
 been filled with Perpendicular tracery ; and above the 
 door on the north side is a single large Perpendicular 
 window, filled with bad stained glass, (by Sir John 
 Betton, of Shrewsbury,) the gift of Dean Woodhottse, 
 about the year 1812. The principal founders and 
 benefactors of the cathedral are represented in it — Oswy 
 of Northumbria, St. Chad, Offa of Mercia, King Stephen, 
 Bishop Roger de Clinton, Richard I., John, Bishop 
 Walter de Langton, and Bishop Hacket. The Per- 
 pendicular work in this transept "is of such a cha- 
 racter that it must have been prior to the Rebellion m ," 
 although we have not, in this case, the direct evidence 
 of Hollar's engraving. 
 
 The organ has been placed by Mr. Scott in the south 
 bay of this aisle. Under Wyatt's arrangement the 
 westernmost bay of the choir was entirely occupied 
 by a large organ-loft, (with a glazed window above 
 it,) which has been happily swept away. [See Plate II.] 
 
 XI. The work of four distinct periods meets in the 
 great piers of the central tower. The greater part 
 
 m Willis. 
 
284 yicfcfelfc Caiferifcal. 
 
 both of the eastern and western piers is Early English 
 of the same date as the choir — 1200; the later Early- 
 English of the transepts is united with the piers on 
 their north and south sides ; and the early Decorated 
 of the nave joins them on the west. The piers are of 
 great size, and have banded shafts. The vaulting of 
 the tower is Perpendicular. 
 
 - Between the two eastern piers is placed the choir- 
 screen ; an elaborate example of artistic metal- work, 
 which has only been exceeded in importance by the larger 
 screen at Hereford : (see that Cathedral). Both were 
 the work of Skidmore of Coventry, from designs by Mr. 
 G. Gr. Scott. The Lichfield screen " is remarkable for 
 the delicate manipulation of its capitals, many of which, 
 derived from early examples of gold and silver-work, 
 are entirely hammered from sheet copper, and are 
 illustrative of the light and shadow to be obtained by 
 the artistic treatment of so uncompromising a mate- 
 rial, which in its primary state is shadowless and thin. 
 Other capitals, whilst conceived in the same spirit, are 
 original productions ; and as in ancient work natural 
 foliage is used along with conventional, so in this in- 
 stance are to be found delicate examples of the black- 
 berry enriched with onyx stones, seed-vessels of the 
 wild rose and currant enriched with cornelians, and 
 the strawberry with ivory. 
 
 " In the upper part of the screen are angels in 
 bronze, playing instruments of music, or in various 
 attitudes of adoration. 
 
 " When it is remembered how numerous and artistic 
 
€\}oix-smzxt> 285 
 
 were the examples of metal-work recorded in the in- 
 ventories and manuscripts of various periods of Chris- 
 tian art, how large a place it occupied in the temple 
 of the older dispensation, and how imperfect edifices 
 were considered without the costly and brilliant pro- 
 ductions of metallic skill, it is gratifying to find in the 
 recent restoration at Lichfield that this fact has been so 
 prominently recognised 11 ." 
 
 The wrought gates opening to the north and south 
 choir-aisles are of the same admirable character, and 
 from the same hands. In comparing this work with 
 the screen at Hereford, it should be remembered that 
 this is the earlier production, and that it was in fact 
 the first great work of the sort wrought in modern 
 times in England. The beautiful choir-screen at Ely 
 is not entirely of metal-work, and has consequently 
 a different character. 
 
 Outside the screen, against the south-east tower- 
 pier, is placed the very fine eagle lectern, the work of 
 Hardman of Birmingham. The Bible which rests on 
 this lectern is printed on vellum, and is bound in dark 
 red morocco, with gold bosses and clasps. 
 
 The view westward from this point is materially 
 injured by the bad stained glass of the great west 
 window, for the insertion of which Dean Addenbrooke 
 (died 1776) left a sum of money. The glass is by 
 Brookes. The debased window was given, after the 
 Restoration, by James II., then Duke of York. 
 
 n Sketch of the Restorations in Lichfield Cathedral. (Lich- 
 field, 1861.) 
 
286 ftt&M> Ca%braL 
 
 XII. The architectural history of the choir [Plates II. 
 and III.] has received a very complete elucidation from 
 Professor "Willis ; who, during the progress of the re- 
 storation in 1860, carefully examined the foundations 
 which were then brought to light 0 . The Norman choir 
 terminated eastward in an apse, between the fourth and 
 fifth piers of the choir now existing. Toward the end 
 of the twelfth century (about 1180) a square-ended 
 chapel was built beyond this apse, eastward. This 
 chapel, however, had but a short existence; it was 
 removed about the year 1200, together with the Nor- 
 man choir, to make room for an Early English choir 
 and presbytery, the square-ended eastern termination 
 of which was in a line with the piers of the present 
 retro-choir. The foundations of these several build- 
 ings remain below the existing pavement. 
 
 A century after the building of the choir, (about 
 1300,) the present Lady-chapel, with its polygonal 
 apse, was erected, together with the eastern bay of the 
 existing retro-choir. The new building was thus 
 brought close up to the eastern end of the Early Eng- 
 lish choir. A few years later, (about 1325,) this choir 
 was completely taken down as far as the third pier east 
 of the tower, and was replaced by that which now 
 exists. The lower part of the first three bays eastward 
 of the tower was allowed to remain. The upper part 
 
 ° Memoir on the Foundations of Early Buildings recently 
 discovered in Lichfield Cathedral. (Archaeological Journal, vol. 
 xviii.) The results alone of Professor Willis's investigations 
 are given in the text. His memoir contains plans and details 
 of very great interest. 
 
LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL. PLATE III. 
 
 THE CHOIR- 
 (AFTER THE RESTORATIONS ) 
 
€lpix> 287 
 
 was taken down, and was replaced by a Decorated 
 clerestory of the same character as the rest of the 
 new building. 
 
 The existing choir consists of six bays, of which the 
 dates may be thus recapitulated : — 
 
 First three bays from tower — Piers and arches, Early 
 English, part of choir of 1200 ; clerestory, Decorated, 
 1325. 
 
 Three easternmost bays, Decorated, 1325. 
 
 Wyatt's arrangements in the choir have been entirely 
 swept away. The stalls have been restored to their 
 ancient position, terminating at the third pier ; and the 
 site now occupied by the altar was that of the ancient 
 high altar from the completion of the building in 1325 
 until it was removed by "Wyatt. The three easternmost 
 bays, beyond the stalls, thus form the presbytery, which 
 is raised one step above the " chorus cantorum," and 
 the altar platform, three steps higher. 
 
 The first three Early English piers from the tower 
 were, in the original plan, octagons, with a triple clus- 
 tered shaft added on each face. Some changes were 
 made when the clerestory was rebuilt in the fourteenth 
 century, and farther changes, involving unwarrantable 
 mutilation, were effected, probably by Wyatt, at the 
 end of the last century. These three piers and arches, 
 with the clerestory above them, have now been restored 
 by Mr. Scott to the condition in which they were left 
 after the re-construction of the clerestory in the first 
 half of the fourteenth century. The builders of that 
 time had " cut off the cluster of shafts falling inwards 
 
288 Sxcfe&b Calfecbral. 
 
 toward the choir, had extended their alterations down- 
 ward to the main arches, and had even reconstructed 
 the outer order of mouldings of each, supporting their 
 new mouldings by inserted capitals similar to those of 
 the columns which they had erected eastwards, and 
 supporting their vaulting-shaft by corbels in the form 
 of angels, which they inserted in the face of the octa- 
 gonal columns, from which they had removed the clus- 
 tered shafts. For some reason connected with the 
 height they had adopted for their new bays toward 
 the east, they had scarcely height enough for the western 
 arches; to obviate this, they made their new order of 
 mouldings not concentric with the old ones, — which has 
 a singular effect. It would be difficult to particularise 
 the evidence on which these facts have been ascer- 
 tained ; suffice it to say that it has been most minutely 
 traced out, and proved beyond doubt ; and the work re- 
 stored to its ancient form, that is to say, the form which 
 it attained in the fourteenth century, and which it 
 must have in the main retained till nearly the end of 
 the eighteenth 15 ." 
 
 p Sketch of the Restorations in Lichfield Cathedral, from the 
 designs of G. G. Scott, Esq., (Lichfield, 1861.) " The design of 
 the angels was really almost the only point left to conjecture. 
 Their existence was proved, first, by the necessity for something 
 to support the vaulting-shafts, (a portion of one of which remained 
 behind the cement, and below the level of the capitals) ; secondly, 
 by the existence of stones inserted for such corbels, having frag- 
 ments still projecting; and thirdly, by the remains of angels 
 existing on the western piers in similar positions, and carved in 
 stones of the same description and of the same depth with those 
 found to have been inserted in the other pillars." 
 
Cfyoxr. 289 
 
 The third pier from the tower is half Early English 
 and half Decorated. The piers eastward of this are 
 entirely Decorated, (1325) ; and are octagonal, with 
 clustered shafts, the capitals of which are enriched 
 with leafage. The choir has no distinct triforium, and 
 had none in the Early English period. The entire 
 height of each bay " is divided into two nearly equal 
 parts; of which the lower is given to the pier-arches, 
 the upper to the clerestory. The window-sills of the 
 latter are high, and there is a passage in front of them 
 immediately above the tablement or stringcourse, over 
 the pier-arches. This passage, the veritable triforium, 
 pierces the great piers of masonry which sustain the 
 vault. The high sills receive the sloping roof of the 
 side aisles, and have three plain low open arches in 
 each bay to air the roof V A parapet of open trefoils 
 runs along at the top of the pier-arches, in front of the 
 wall-passage. The high window-sill at the back is 
 panelled with an arcade of tracery with foliated head- 
 ings. The splays are lined with quatrefoils. The win- 
 dows themselves (with the exception of two, which 
 retain their original stone-work,) are filled with Per- 
 pendicular tracery in five lights. This was probably 
 inserted after the siege, and formed part of Bishop 
 Hacket's repairs. The tracery in the two original 
 windows has " flowing characteristics;" in accordance 
 with the date of this part of the cathedral — later than 
 the Lady-chapel, or the nave. 
 
 Triple vaulting- shafts, with capitals of leafage, run 
 i Willis, p. 11, note. 
 
 vol. ni. v 
 
290 3fcfc&D> Cxtyctad. 
 
 up between the piers. The groining-ribs, in groups of 
 seven, pass to the central or ridge-rib, the bosses on 
 which are for the most part of leafage. The Coronation 
 of the Yirgin occurs toward the eastern end. The 
 spandrils between the eastern (Decorated) arches are 
 ornamented with cusped circles, resembling those in the 
 nave. These had been cut away, but their traces were 
 evident, and they have been restored by Mr. Scott ; 
 who has effected a more important restoration in the 
 spandrils of the three western arches. These, when 
 the clerestory was built above them in the fourteenth 
 century, had been ornamented with niches, supported 
 on brackets of foliage, and having very rich canopies 
 rising to the top of the parapet above. The niches, 
 and the statues which filled them, were entirely de- 
 stroyed by the Puritans. They have now been re- 
 stored, " partly from the old descriptions of them, and 
 partly by reference to the niches remaining in the 
 Lady-chapel." The statues which have been placed in 
 them are by Earmee, and represent, on the south side, 
 St. Christopher, St. James, and St. Philip ; and on the 
 north, St. Peter, Mary Magdalene, and the Blessed 
 Yirgin. It was known that figures of these saints had 
 formerly occupied the niches. 
 
 " Some curious remnants, apparently of overhanging 
 vaulting, perhaps belonging to the roodscreen, were 
 found against the south-west pier: these have been 
 left to speak for themselves'." 
 
 XIII. The altar, with its beautiful reredos, occupies 
 r Sketch of the Restorations, &c. 
 
JtxzboB of guitar. 291 
 
 its ancient position. The bay in which it is placed 
 is raised three steps above the rest of the presbytery ; 
 and nothing can be more striking than the view of this 
 eastern end from the lower part of the choir, closed in 
 as it is by the snperb windows of the Lady-chapel. 
 The vesting of the altar, on which the pomegranate 
 and fleur-de-lys are conspicuous, was the work of Miss 
 M. Gresley. 
 
 The reredos, at present (1863) in course of erection, 
 has been entirely designed by Mr. G. G. Scott; and 
 will be a most striking work when completed s . The 
 central portion, at the back of the altar, is formed by 
 an arcade of five gabled compartments, of which that 
 in the centre, higher than the others, is surmounted by 
 a cross, much enriched, and supported by pinnacles on 
 either side. In the central division below is the Cru- 
 cifixion, with a group of angels in the gable above 
 it ; in the side compartments are the emblems of the 
 Evangelists; and above are four angels under cano- 
 pies, bearing the instruments of the Passion. On either 
 side of the reredos proper is a screen of open arcades 
 in alabaster, with figures of angels between each gable. 
 Light metal- work is introduced below. These screens, 
 as well as the central reredos, are raised on a dwarf 
 wall built of uniform pieces of alabaster, each piece 
 having a distinct border of inlaid marbles, with a carved 
 patera in the centre. As far as possible, all the mate- 
 rials used in the construction of this superb work have 
 been obtained within the limits of the diocese. The 
 
 s The reredos is here described as it will eventually appear. 
 
292 Jitfcfell* Catfeebral. 
 
 alabaster, of which all the solid portion is formed, is 
 quarried in the neighbourhood of Tutbuiy. The whole 
 of the marbles introduced in the inlaying are from Der- 
 byshire, including the black and brown "bird's eye," 
 and the beautiful " Duke's red," found on the estate of 
 the Duke of Devonshire, and presented for this especial 
 purpose. Fluor spar, of almost every shade of colour, 
 — blue, yellow, cornelian, and pure white, — is well 
 known as a Derbyshire production, and is used in con- 
 junction with the marbles; together with malachite, 
 also to be found in Derbyshire, although in limited 
 quantities. 
 
 The cross which rises from the centre of the reredos, 
 in itself a most important feature, has been so arranged 
 that neither the actual cross, nor the portions imme- 
 diately underneath it, will interfere with the view of 
 the stained glass in the Lady-chapel. 
 
 The pavements of the choir, the presbytery, and the 
 space before the altar are by the Messrs. Minton ; and 
 rank among the very best, if indeed they are not quite 
 the best, modern works of their class. They are of 
 encaustic tiles and marble. The patterns of the tiles 
 between the stalls are copied from old ones found in 
 the church. In richness of colour, however, and in 
 harmony of arrangement they probably exceed the 
 ancient examples. The two bays of the presbytery 
 contain four principal medallions of incised marble, 
 each about 3 ft. in diameter, representing leading events 
 in the history of the diocese and its cathedral. Each 
 of these medallions is surrounded by four smaller ones, 
 
in which are figured kings and bishops who have been 
 among the chief benefactors to the diocese and " re- 
 storers'' of the cathedral. The medallions are set in en- 
 caustic tiles. The subjects, the design and arrangement 
 of which were furnished by Canon Hutchinson, are: — 
 
 1. The Consecration of St. Chad to the See of York. 
 The inscription runs, " Ceadda a "Wina Ep. Winton, et 
 duobus Episcopis Brittan. consecratur." Round the 
 medallion are— Oswi, King of JSTorthumbria ; "Wulf here, 
 King of Mercia; Diuma, the first bishop, and Jaruman, 
 fourth bishop of Mercia, and the immediate predecessor 
 of St. Chad. (For the life of St. Chad, and the con- 
 nection with the See of the persons here represented, 
 see Part II.) 
 
 2. Archbishop Theodorus appoints St. Chad to the 
 Mercian Bishopric, and lifts him on horseback. " Theo- 
 dorus Ceaddam equo donatum in Merciens. Episco- 
 patum dimittit." Round are — Ethelred, with whose 
 consent the Mercian diocese was subdivided; Offa, 
 restorer of the church ; Saxwulf, first bishop of Mercia 
 after the subdivision; and Higbert, '''archbishop." 
 (For the history, see Part II.) 
 
 3. The Translation of the Bones of St. Chad to the 
 Church of St. Peter, on the site of the existing cathe- 
 dral. " Ceaddas ossa in primam Lichf. Ecclesiam Ca- 
 thedral em deportantur." Eound are — King Stephen, 
 who confirmed to the church its revenues ; Henry III., 
 who gave stone for the rebuilding of the transepts ; 
 Bishop Clinton and Bishop Langton, both builders 
 and " restorers." 
 
294 fkljfoli* foifeebral. 
 
 4. Kestoration after the Civil War. The Yicars 
 Choral celebrate Divine Service in the Chapter-house. 
 "Vicarii chorales in dirutse Ecclesiee domo capitulari 
 divina exequuntur." Round are — Charles I.; Queen 
 Yictoria ; Bishop Hacket ; and Bishop Lonsdale, in 
 whose time the late restoration was effected. 
 
 The pavement before the altar, in which much rich 
 green colouring has been introduced with very good 
 effect, was the gift of Colin Minton Campbell, Esq. 
 Subjects from the life of our Saviour, figures of St. 
 Chad, and of other bishops, are introduced in it. 
 
 The stalls of the choir are new, and were carved by 
 Evans of Ellaston, from Mr. Scott's designs. They are 
 entirely of oak. The foliage and flowers with which 
 they are decorated are of great beauty and variety. 
 The small figures of Apostles which crown the finials, 
 and the bishop's throne resting on lions, and en wreathed 
 with vine-leaves and tendrils, among which birds are 
 introduced, deserve special attention. The ends of the 
 stalls are carved with scriptural subjects. The cho- 
 risters', or sub-stalls, have fronts of open metal-work, 
 formed by twisted leafage, coloured blue and bronze, 
 with red berries and white flowers. 
 
 The vaulting of the choir remains uncoloured. Some 
 traces of ancient colour were found on it, and a por- 
 tion was restored by Mr. Hudson ; but the effect was 
 unsatisfactory, (probably owing to the groundwork, 
 on which the ancient colour was laid, having been 
 painted of a stone or vellum tint, whereas now it 
 is the natural red of the sandstone,) and the colour 
 
ۤQtt-mk8. 295 
 
 was again removed. The bosses above the altar are 
 gilt. 
 
 XIV. The walls, windows, and vaulting of both 
 choir-aisles are Early English as far as the third pier 
 of the choir, where the Decorated work is united with 
 the earlier. Eastward of this they are Decorated, of 
 the same date as the adjoining portion of the choir, 
 circ. 1325. Below the windows the wall, in both the 
 Early English and Decorated portions, is lined by an 
 
 Arcade, Choir-aisles. 
 
 arcade. In the first three Decorated bays, terminating 
 in a line with the altar, the spandrils of this arcade are 
 filled by the heads of angels, between outspread wings, 
 very finely designed and rendered. Beyond, to the 
 end of each aisle, the arcade changes. In each of 
 these two last bays there are six canopied arches (see 
 woodcut) divided by slender buttresses, and supported 
 
296 fic^xlb CatfetfodL 
 
 by small shafts at the angles. The parapet above 
 the arcade resembles that in front of the clerestory 
 of the choir. 
 
 In the third bay (from the west) of the south choir- 
 aisle a door opens to the sacristy, — a room with three 
 Early English windows, — of the same date as the Early 
 English portion of the choir, to which it is attached. 
 Over the door is a gallery with a pierced parapet in 
 front, partly carried on a groined vaulting, and opening 
 at the back into a small room over the sacristy. This, 
 like the window opening from the sacrist's lodging 
 in the north choir-aisle of Worcester Cathedral, may 
 perhaps have served as a watching-chamber for the 
 great shrine of St. Chad, and for observing during the 
 night the lights burning before the different altars. 
 
 The aisle windows are Decorated. The third win- 
 dow from the east, in the south aisle, is distinguished 
 by two bands of foliage, by which the splays are en- 
 riched. This enrichment was possibly connected with 
 the tomb of Bishop "Walter Langton, (died 1321,) the 
 founder of the Lady-chapel, near which he was at 
 first buried ; but his successor, Roger JNorthrurgh, 
 (1322 — 1359,) removed him " to a magnificent sepul- 
 chre on the south horn of the high altar*,'' immediately 
 
 1 "Rogerus Episcopus ad australem partem Cbori juxta angu- 
 lum altaris construxit magnificum sepulcbrum ex albo lapide ad 
 translationem corporis prsedecessoris sui Domini Walteri. Rogerus 
 ipse, sicut mandavit, sepultus est sub marmore juxta monumen- 
 tum a se extructum pro D. Waltero Episcopo." — WhitlocJce, 
 Continuatio Hist. Lichfeldensis, ap. Wharton, Anglia Sacra, i. 
 449. Bisbop Walter's translation took place May IStb, 1360, some 
 
pomrmmte in ^oxtfy €^mx-mh t 297 
 
 opposite, or close under, this window. The Decorated 
 portion of the choir was, as we have seen, constructed 
 during the episcopate of Bishop Northburgh, who con- 
 tinued the work begun by Bishop Langton. 
 
 XV. In the first bay of the south choir-aisle are two 
 very striking modern monuments for Major Hodson, 
 who received the submission of the King of Oude ; and 
 for his father, Archdeacon Hodson. The first monu- 
 ment, (on the north side,) "in memory of "William 
 S. E. Hodson, killed at Lucknow 1858," is in the form 
 of a raised sarcophagus with a cross laid on the top ; 
 and is composed of Caen stone and various coloured 
 marbles. In the front panel is sculptured the sub- 
 mission of the King of Oude ; in others are figures of 
 " Temperantia," " Fortitudo," " Clemencia," and " Jus- 
 titia." At the angles of the sarcophagus are very good 
 figures of Indian soldiers. In the wall opposite, re- 
 cessed in the arcade, is the monument of Archdeacon" 
 Hodson, a flat tomb of black marble inlaid with enamels 
 and a brass cross. At the back are two panels of sculp- 
 tured alabaster, representing the Crucifixion and the 
 Ascension, and below, the Burial and Eesurrection of 
 our Lord, with the inscription, " "Whether we live or 
 die we are the Lord's." Both of these monuments 
 deserve special attention. Both are from the designs 
 of Mr. George Street. 
 
 In the bay adjoining the Archdeacon's monument is 
 
 time after the death of Bishop Roger Northburgh, which occurred 
 November 22, 1359. 
 
298 ficljfolb Cattyfad. 
 
 the much shattered Perpendicular monument of some 
 unknown personage. On the pavement opposite is the 
 effigy of a bishop, of the Decorated period ; and in the 
 next bay eastward, an episcopal effigy of earlier cha- 
 racter. They have been attributed to Eishop AValter 
 Langton, builder of the Lady-chapel, (1296 — 1321,) 
 and Bishop Hugh Pateshull, (1240 — 1241). But 
 this is uncertain ; and at all events, neither effigy is 
 of great interest or importance. Recessed into the wall 
 of the third bay from the east is the tomb of Bishop 
 Hace^t, — the restorer of the cathedral after the siege, 
 — with his effigy, vested and coloured : ' ' superstitionis 
 BabylonicaB," runs the inscription, " tarn maturus hos- 
 tis, ut pene in cunis straverit Loyolitas." This refers 
 to a Latin comedy entitled " Loyola," written by 
 Hacket when a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 and twice acted before James I. 
 
 Under the east window of this aisle is Chantrey's 
 well-known monument of the " Sleeping Children." 
 They were the daughters of the Rev. William Robin- 
 son, Prebendary of Lichfield, who died in 1812. It is 
 unnecessary to point out the grace and beauty of the 
 figures. The introduction of snowdrops in the hand 
 of the elder child was suggested to the sculptor by 
 Allan Cunninghame, his friend and assistant. 
 
 The window above is filled with some of the stained 
 glass from Herckenrode. On one side is a knight, sup- 
 ported by St. Hubert ; on the other a richly blazoned 
 shield of arms. In the centre is a representation of 
 the Holy Trinity. The inscription records the acqui- 
 
fetm-t^ir. 299 
 
 sition of the glass by Sir Brooke Boothby, (see § xvn.,) 
 whose arms are placed above. 
 
 XYI. The two eastern bays, between the reredos of 
 the choir and the Lady-chapel, now form the retro- 
 choir as they did before the Keformation. In the 
 centre, between the piers, stood the great shrine of 
 St. Chad, behind the high altar, in a position similar 
 to that occupied by the shrines of the Confessor at 
 Westminster, St. Thomas at Canterbury, and St. Ethel- 
 dreda at Ely. West of the shrine was a small altar, 
 and sufficient space remained, both east and west of 
 it, to admit of the passage of processions 11 . There 
 were chapels with altars at the ends of the aisles. 
 
 The cathedral had been originally dedicated to the 
 Blessed Yirgin and St. Chad, and it was probably in 
 order to associate the two patrons more closely, and to 
 procure space for the elevation of the shrine of St. Chad 
 in the same manner as the shrines of other great 
 English saints, that the Lady-chapel was commenced 
 by Bishop LAisrGTOisr, (died 1321); who also made the 
 shrine of St. Chad, at the cost of two thousand pounds. 
 The easternmost bay of the retro- choir is apparently 
 part of Bishop Langton's work, and belongs to the 
 same Decorated period as the Lady- chapel. The pier- 
 arches in this bay are narrower than those westward of 
 it, and its south aisle wall, below the window, is con- 
 siderably thicker on the exterior than the wall under 
 the windows below it. The adjoining bay (west) 
 
 u This arrangement has been pointed out and explained by 
 Professor Willis, Archseol. Journal, vol. xviii. 
 
300 fkJMi <ffa%bral. 
 
 belongs, like tlie rest of the presbytery, to the later 
 Decorated of 1325. 
 
 XVII. The Lady -chapel, as has already been said, 
 was commenced by Bishop "Walter Lastgton, (1296 — 
 1321,) who left money to complete it after his death. 
 In plan it is a continuation of the presbytery, without 
 its aisles, and terminating in a polygonal apse, — " an 
 arrangement unique in England, and in this instance of 
 singular beauty in detail x ." An arcade resting on 
 a stone bench lines the wall below the windows, which 
 were originally filled with pure geometrical tracery. 
 This tracery remains in the three eastern windows, 
 and in one on the north side. The others were injured 
 during the siege, and were re-fitted, no doubt by 
 Bishop Hacket, with Perpendicular tracery resembling 
 that of the clerestory windows in the choir. Between 
 the windows are niches, with brackets and rich cano- 
 pies, and the splays are pierced for a wall-passage, in 
 front of which runs a parapet of open-work. Level 
 with the arcade, at the entrance of the chapel, are two 
 canopied niches which once contained figures, possibly 
 of the Virgin and St. Chad. The chapel seems to 
 have been anciently divided from the retro-choir in 
 which St. Chad's shrine stood by a roodloft, "finely 
 carved and gilded," which is mentioned by Stukeley. 
 
 All these details deserve the most careful attention, 
 and would be sufficient in themselves to give a very 
 unusual degree of interest to the chapel. Their effect, 
 however, is greatly increased by the superb stained 
 * Willis. 
 
Stameb in $uty-tl$iz$zl 301 
 
 glass with which the windows are filled. This was 
 procured in 1802, by Sir Brooke Boothby, from the 
 abbey of Herckenrode, in the bishopric of Liege, which 
 had been dissolved after the occupation of Liege by the 
 French. Herckenrode was founded for Cistercian nuns 
 iu the twelfth century, and was a house of great wealth 
 and importance. The abbey church was rebuilt in the 
 sixteenth century; and its windows were then filled 
 with stained glass, some of which is now at Lichfield. 
 Three hundred and forty pieces of glass, each about 
 twenty-two inches square, besides a great number of 
 fragments, were bought by Sir Brooke Boothby for 
 £200 ; and the purchase was transferred to the Dean 
 of this cathedral. The glass was imported during the 
 Peace of Amiens. The total expense of purchasing, 
 importing, arranging and repairing it, and of fitting 
 the windows to receive it, was about £1,000. Its 
 actual value is at least ten times that sum. The 
 dates on the glass itself are between the years 1530 
 and 1540, a period when the art of glass-staining had 
 attained very high perfection. Mrs. Jameson suggests, 
 and with great probability, that the designs are by 
 Lambert Lombard — "the first, and by far the best, of 
 the Italianized Flemish school of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury V 
 
 y Legends of the Monastic Orders. A full description of these 
 windows (to which we have been much indebted) was written by 
 Dean Woodhouse in 1811, and published in "A Short Account of 
 Lichfield Cathedral," of which a new edition has lately appeared. 
 (Lichfield: T. G. Lomax.) 
 
302 !4feto €nt^xnl 
 
 The Lady-chapel contains nine windows, four of 
 which are larger than the rest. There was not enough 
 of the ancient glass to fill them all: and the two 
 westernmost windows were accordingly filled with 
 modern glass by Sir John Betton of Shrewsbury, who 
 was also employed in repairing the glass from Hercken- 
 rode. In the south window are the arms of the bishops 
 of Lichfield, from the Reformation to Bishop James 
 Coenwallis, (1781 — 1824,) during whose episcopate 
 the glass was acquired for the cathedral. In the north 
 window are the arms of those members of the larger 
 chapter of Lichfield " who were possessed of their re- 
 spective stalls during any portion of the time in which 
 this window was under the hands of the artists, from 
 1806 to 1808, inclusive." Considering the present 
 advance in the art, these windows might well be 
 replaced by better. 
 
 The subjects of the ancient glass are as follows; 
 beginning on the south side, with the window next 
 that containing the episcopal arms. (Numbering this 
 as the second window, the others follow in suc- 
 cession.) 
 
 2. Pilate delivering Jesus to be Crucified. Jesus 
 Bearing His Cross. The Descent from the Cross, and 
 in the background the Entombment. The Resurrection, 
 and behind, the Appearance of our Lord to St. Peter. 
 Of these, the second subject is especially remarkable 
 for its harmony of colouring. 
 
 3. The Incredulity of Thomas. The Day of Pente- 
 cost. The Last Judgment. 
 
(Ilass m % ITabg-t^apeL 303 
 
 4. Our Lord Washing His Disciples' Feet, and the 
 Paschal Supper. The Entry into Jerusalem — the 
 Greeks are brought to Jesus — (St. John xii. 20.) The 
 Agony, and the Apprehension of our Lord. The glass 
 in this window has suffered from time and weather. 
 
 5. The Approach to Emmaus — the recognition of our 
 Lord by the two disciples. The Ascension. This 
 window perhaps contains the finest of the glass. 
 
 6. The Annunciation, and in the background the 
 Salutation of St. Elisabeth by St. Mary. Our Lord 
 Crowned with Thorns. The Scourging. 
 
 7. This window, and the one below it, are filled 
 with portraits of patrons and benefactors of Hercken- 
 rode, represented in the usual manner, as kneeling 
 before an altar, with their patron saints behind. There 
 are six compartments in the first window, (No. 7). The 
 lowest probably represents Matilda de Lechy, Abbess 
 of Herckenrode at the time the glass was designed. 
 In the third compartment are (possibly) St. Bernard, 
 founder of the Cistercians, and his sister Humberline. 
 Above, again, are Agnes de Mettecoven, with her 
 patroness, St. Agnes ; and in the last two Sir John 
 and Margaret de Mettecoven, kneeling before St. John 
 the Evangelist and St. Barbara, and supported by St. 
 John the Baptist and St. Margaret ; and Henry de Lechy 
 and his wife Christina, supported by their patrons, 
 SS. Henry and Christina. 
 
 8. The portraits in this window are — in the lower 
 compartment, toward the west, Evrard de la Marck, 
 Cardinal, and Prince Bishop of Liege, enthroned 1505. 
 
304 gicfcfitb Cat^braL 
 
 The saint is St. Lambert of Liege. In the adjoining 
 compartment are Eloris Egmont, Count of Buren, and 
 his wife Margaret. Their supporters are St. Chris- 
 topher and St. Margaret. Their son, Maximilian Eg- 
 mont, and his wife, are represented in the compartment 
 above ; and in that adjoining are John, Count of Horn, 
 and his wife, supported by St. John the Evangelist and 
 St. Anne. It was from another branch of the great 
 family of Egmont that Lamoral d'Egmont — the noblest 
 victim of the Duke of Alva — was descended. 
 
 XVIII. The north choir-aisle precisely resembles 
 the south. At its eastern end is Chanthey's fine kneel- 
 ing figure of Bishop Ryder, (died 1836). A low iron 
 grille, slightly westward of the reredos, divides the two 
 eastern bays from the rest of the aisle. 
 
 A doorway in the first Early English bay (counting 
 from the east) opens to the vestibule of the chapter- 
 house. Both vestibule and chapter-house are Early 
 English of the same date as the north transept, (circa 
 1240,) at least forty years later than the Early English 
 portion of the choir to which they are attached. * ' The 
 vestibule was not contemplated when the choir was 
 built ; for its walls abut against those of the choir with 
 a straight joint, and the arch of entrance in the side 
 aisle is a manifest intrusion into the space once occu- 
 pied by a window*." The vestibule is a narrow 
 parallelogram, having the same depth of projection as 
 the adjoining transept. On the west side is a range 
 of arcaded seats. The east wall has a blind arcade of 
 z Willis. 
 
LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL, 
 
 PLATE III/ 
 
 TH E C H A PTE BrHOUS E . 
 
&\mhx-\GKM. 305 
 
 the same character, and at its north-east end is the 
 entrance to the chapter-house, a very fine and striking 
 portal. The main arch encloses two smaller trefoiled 
 arches, in the tympanum between which is an elongated 
 quatrefoil, containing a figure of the Saviour. The 
 shafts at the sides of the main arch, as well as the 
 central group, have very rich capitals of leafage. The 
 hollows between the shafts of the outer orders of the 
 portal are filled with dog-tooth ornament. The ves- 
 tibule has been freed from its coats of wash and of 
 plaster, and has been restored. 
 
 The chapter -house itself is in form an elongated octa- 
 gon, the north and south sides being exactly twice as long 
 as the others. [Plate III.*] The central pillar is sur- 
 rounded by banded shafts with enriched capitals. These 
 capitals are crowned by a continuous circular abacus, 
 almost like the base of a second pier. Upon this the 
 ribbed vaulting-shafts descend. Below the windows is 
 an arcade of forty-nine arches, with rich canopies and 
 details. Unfortunately the chapter-house was restored 
 in the early part of the present century, before the 
 true revival of Gothic architecture ; and the difference 
 between the restoration here and that of the vestibule 
 is sufficiently marked. The same methods were used 
 here which have so greatly lessened the interest of the 
 west front ; and many of the capitals and other details 
 are of composition. The shields of arms with which 
 the windows are filled were inserted at the same time. 
 The arms are those of the chief patrons and benefactors 
 of the cathedral. The windows were originally filled 
 
 VOL. III. x 
 
306 fitfcfolfc Ca%bral. 
 
 with a much larger series of such shields, "which were 
 destroyed by the Puritans. Copies of them, however, 
 had been taken in 1641, before the siege, by Sir "William 
 Dugdale, and now exist among the Ashmolean MSS. at 
 Oxford. Prom these a selection was made when the 
 chapter-house was restored : but the artist who de- 
 signed the glass was entirely ignorant of mediaeval 
 heraldry. The patterns of the charges and the form 
 of the shields are alike modern. 
 
 In the window of the vestibule are the shields of Sir 
 William Dugdale, Grarter King of Arms ; and of Elias 
 Ashmole, founder of the Ashmolean Museum, and a 
 native of Lichfield. Above are the arms of Dean Wood- 
 house, under whom the chapter-house was restored. 
 
 XIX. A staircase opening from the vestibule leads 
 to a room above the chapter-house of the same date 
 and general character, now used as the library. It 
 was so used before the Rebellion, when all the books 
 and MSS. were destroyed ; and was not impossibly the 
 library and record-room of the canons from the time of 
 its first erection. After the Restoration, collections of 
 books were given to the cathedral by Frances, Duchess 
 of Somerset, and by Andrew Xewton, Esq. ; their por- 
 traits, and that of Dean Addison, father of the " short- 
 faced gentleman" of the " Spectator," hang in the library. 
 The bookcases were given by members of Staffordshire 
 families, whose names and arms they bear. 
 
 Among the treasures of the library are — Caxton's 
 "Lyfe of King Arthur j" the MS. Household-book 
 of Prince Henry, eldest son of James I. ; and a MS. of 
 
gnepelg of Si. Cljab. 307 
 
 Chaucer. One relic is preserved here, however, of 
 which the interest can hardly be exaggerated — this is 
 the volume known as the " Gospels of St. Chad," con- 
 taining, at present, the Gospels of St. Matthew, St. 
 Mark, and part of St. Luke. The style of its writing, 
 miniatures, and ornaments so closely resembles that of 
 the Gospels of Lindisfarne, Mac Eegol (at Oxford), 
 and others, that it may be certainly ascribed to the 
 Hiberno- Saxon school, although it would not be easy 
 to determine whether it was written in Ireland, Wales, 
 or Northumbria. There is a tradition that it was writ- 
 ten by St. Gildas ; and on the margins of several of the 
 pages are entries in Welsh, one of which states that 
 the volume had been purchased by Gelhi, the son of 
 Arihtuid, and presented to St. Teilo, the patron saint 
 of Llandaff. Another, and later entry, however, con- 
 nects the volume with Lichfield about the year 1020, 
 during the episcopate of Leofgar, when Godwin, the 
 son of Earwig, purged himself on these Gospels from 
 the suspicion of a deadly crime. It is clear, therefore, 
 that at this time the volume had found its way to 
 Lichfield, whence apparently it obtained the name of 
 Textus Sti. Ceaddce. But it is possible that another 
 tradition may have referred the writing of the volume 
 to St. Chad himself; and Mr. Westwood, who has given 
 a minute account of this Textus in his JPalceographia 
 Sacra Pictoria, admits that it may have been in ex- 
 istence in St. Chad's time ; although he inclines to refer 
 it to the latter part of the eighth, rather than to that 
 of the seventh century. 
 
308 Sfefybb Ca%fcraL 
 
 XX. Passing out of the cathedral by the north tran- 
 sept, the exterior of the doorway should be especially 
 noticed. This is Early English, of the same date as the 
 transept itself ; but both this doorway and that in the 
 opposite transept (also Early English) are very unusual 
 in design ; presenting forms which are almost of late 
 Norman character, with Early English details. The 
 doorway in the north transept is almost untouched. 
 That in the south has been altered, and its mouldings 
 re-cut. The portal is formed by a wide outer arch re- 
 ceding in four orders, and enclosing two sharply-pointed 
 arches divided by a central shaft. The jambs of the 
 outer arch have a double row of shafts, the effect of 
 which is unusually good. The capitals are of Early 
 English leafage. Between the shafts is the dog-tooth. 
 Two rows of mouldings in the head of the arch are 
 enriched with very remarkable varieties of what may 
 be considered a " tooth" ornament. The outline is that 
 of the dog-tooth ; but the ornament is entirely com- 
 posed of intertwisted Early English trefoil foliage. 
 The foliage throughout is pure Early English. The 
 inner arches are enriched with leafage; and in the 
 tympanum between them and the enclosing arch is 
 a bracket supporting a niche for a figure, which has 
 disappeared. 
 
 Under one of the windows, west of the transept, 
 are some remains of Dean Yotton's monument and 
 chantry, (1512). 
 
 Between the north transept and the vestibule of the 
 chapter-house a small portion of the Early English 
 
309 
 
 wall of the north choir-aisle is visible. " The rebuilt 
 clerestory of the western part of the choir betrays by 
 the lighter colour of the stone that it was a work sub- 
 sequent to the eastern part, as already shewn a ." 
 
 The buttresses between the windows of the Lady- 
 chapel have canopied niches. 
 
 The sacristy, attached to the south choir-aisle, is dis- 
 tinguished by its large Early English buttress-turrets, 
 in one of which is a staircase ascending to the upper 
 chamber. Between the sacristy and the south transept 
 is a monument with the effigy of an unknown eccle- 
 siastic. 
 
 In a niche at the south end of the south transept- 
 aisle remains the figure of a female saint, much muti- 
 lated but still very graceful. This figure and the 
 three which remain on the face of the north-west 
 tower (§ v.) are the only examples from which we 
 can now gather any idea of the beauty and interest 
 which formerly belonged to the statues of the west 
 front. This part of the cathedral was especially ex- 
 posed to the shot of the besiegers ; and it is remarkable 
 that the figure should have escaped entire destruction. 
 
 The doorway of the south transept, earlier by twenty 
 years (circ. 1220) than that opposite, is of the same 
 general character, but its details have been entirely 
 " restored." The Early English foliage has been re-cut, 
 and three modern shields introduced in the spandrils 
 between the inner arches. They bear the arms of 
 the See; those of Bishop Lloyd, (1692—1699,) and of 
 a Willis. 
 
310 $4fi:I& 'Cafybnd. 
 
 Lean Addisok, (1683 — 1703); marking the date of 
 the restoration. 
 
 The west front has already been described. Of the 
 three spires, that above the central tower was rebuilt by 
 Bishop Hacket, after the Restoration ; but with details 
 which at once shew the lateness of the work. Those 
 which crown the western towers are early Decorated, 
 {circ. 1272,) of the same date as the western front 
 itself, although they did not escape some "restoration" 
 at the hands of Wyatt. Within they are completely open 
 from the base of the tower parapet, and contain no 
 timber or cross-beams. The three spires of Lichfield 
 group with extreme grace from whatever point they 
 are visible. From the north-west angle of the Close 
 they are seen in combination with the west front, 
 {Frontispiece] ; and the dark colour of the stone is well 
 contrasted with an avenue of lime-trees, which extends 
 along the north side of the cathedral. They should 
 be seen also across the " Pool," or lake, on the south 
 side. At the head of this lake is the church of Stowe, 
 or " Chadstowe ;" the spot where, according to tradi- 
 tion, St. Chad built his oratory, and where he died. 
 
LICHFIELD CATHEDBAL. 
 
 PAKT II. 
 
 Jpstorg ai % &zz t frritjj isfrort Jlfoiices at tjje 
 principal §)isljcrps. 
 
 MEIICIA, with its dependent province of the Middle Angles, 
 was the last of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to receive 
 Christianity. Peada, chief of the Middle Angles, and son 
 of the fierce heathen chief Penda of Mercia, abont the year 
 653, more than half a century after the arrival of St. Augus- 
 tine, had gone to Oswi of Northumbria to ask from him 
 the hand of his daughter Alchfleda. Oswi refused unless 
 Peada would become a Christian ; and after due instruction, 
 Peada declared himself ready, in any case, to embrace the 
 faith, persuaded greatly by his friend Alfred, son of Oswi, 
 who had married Cyneburga, a sister of Peada. 
 
 Peada was accordingly baptized by Pinan, an Irish Scot 
 from Iona, who was at that time Bishop of Lindisfarne ; 
 and on his return home took with him four priests as mis- 
 sionaries for the conversion of central England. They la- 
 boured effectually in both Middle Anglia and Mercia, and 
 many, high and low, "eorls and ceorls," were baptized 
 daily ; for Penda, the Mercian king, although himself the 
 fiercest of heathens, placed no obstacles in their way, but, 
 says Bede, hated and despised all such as being Chris- 
 tians did not live according to their faith, " holding them 
 wretched and despicable who did not obey their God in 
 whom they believed a ." 
 
 * " Venientes ergo in provinciam memorati sacerdotes cum prin- 
 cipe, praedicabant verbum, et libenter auditi sunt, multique quoti- 
 
312 jKcfcfiefo €a%bral. 
 
 [a.d. 653—667.] Two years later, in 653, Penda fell in 
 battle with Oswi, who became at once " over-king" of 
 Mercia. Oswi caused Diuma, one of the priests who had 
 accompanied Peada, to be consecrated Bishop of the Middle 
 Angles and of Mercia, by Einan b . Diuma was an Irish 
 Scot, as was his successor, Ceollach. The two following 
 bishops, Trtjmhere and Jaruman, were native Angles; 
 and the latter was sent by Wulfhere of Mercia to re-con- 
 vert a portion of the East Saxons who " relictis Christiana? 
 fidei sacramentis" had apostatized under the King Sighere. 
 The East Saxons were at this time subject to Mercia, and 
 Jaruman succeeded in bringing them back to the faith. 
 
 [a.d. 669—672.] Ceadda (St. Chad), who succeeded Jaru- 
 man, was the great patron saint of Lichfield. He was one 
 of four brothers, all priests, and two of them, Cedd, Bishop 
 of the East Saxons, and Ceadda, bishops. Ceadda, who 
 was Abbot of " Laestingaeu," (Lastingham, near Whitby,) 
 was sent in 666 to Canterbury by Oswi of Northumbria to 
 be consecrated to the see of York. He found the Arch- 
 bishop, Deusdedit, just dead; and turning aside to the 
 kingdom of Wessex, Ceadda was consecrated by Wild, 
 Bishop of Winchester, assisted by two British bishops. 
 On his return to Northumbria, Ceadda set himself dili- 
 gently to the work of his vast diocese, walking through it, 
 "apostolorum more," and refusing to ride c . Early in the 
 
 die, et nobilium et infimorum, abrenunciata sorde idolatriae, fidei 
 sunt fonte abluti. Nec prohibuit Penda rex quin etiam in sua, hoc 
 est Merciorum natione, verbum si qui vellent audire, prsedicaretur ; 
 quin potius odio habebat et despiciebat eos, quos fide Christi im- 
 butos opera fidei non habere deprehendit, dicens contemnendos 
 esse eos et miseros, qui Deo suo, in quern crederent, obedire con- 
 temnerent." — Beda, Hist. Mccles., 1. iii. cap. 21. 
 
 b " Paucitas enim sacerdotum cogebat unum antistitem duobus 
 populis prsefici." — Bede, Hist. Eccles., iii. 21. 
 
 c "Mox ccepit oppida, rura, casas, vicos, castella, propter 
 
 evangelizandum, non equitando, sed apostolorum more pedibus in- 
 cedendo, peragrare." — Id., 28. 
 
313 
 
 year 669 Archbishop Theodoras of Canterbury, in the 
 course of a progress throughout England, visited Northum- 
 bria. He pronounced Ceadda's consecration faulty, be- 
 cause Wini had been assisted by British bishops, who 
 adhered to their own time for celebrating Easter; and St. 
 Chad, with ready obedience, returned to his monastery at 
 Lastingham. But the Archbishop finding him to be a " holy 
 man, indefatigable in preaching," consecrated him afresh, 
 and appointed him to the Mercian bishopric, vacant by the 
 death of Jaruman. He ordered him, moreover, to ride in- 
 stead of walking, and in spite of his resistance, lifted 
 Ceadda on horseback with his own hand d . 
 
 The bishops of Mercia, and indeed of all the English 
 kingdoms, were still missionaries, living in common with 
 their few priests, and moving constantly from place to 
 place throughout their dioceses, the limits of which were 
 conterminous with those of the kingdom. Ceadda fixed 
 the place of his see at Lichfield, where a church had 
 apparently been commenced by his predecessor, Jaruman e . 
 Near this church he built a "mansio" for himself, and 
 seven or eight brethren, where he used to read and pray 
 
 d " Jussit eum Theodorus, ubicumque longius iter instaret, equi- 
 tare, multumque renitentem, studio et amore pii laboris, ipse eum 
 manu sua levavit in equum ; quia nimirum sanctum esse virum com- 
 perit, atque equo vehi, quo esset necesse, compulit." — Beda, Hist. 
 Eccles., iv. 3. 
 
 e Lichfield, possibly from the Anglo-Saxon lie, 'a dead body,' is 
 traditionally said to have been the scene of the martyrdom of more 
 than a thousand British Christians during the persecution under 
 Dioclesian. There is, however, no authority for such a statement 
 beyond tradition, and the device of the city, which Plot describes 
 as an " escutcheon of landscape with many martyrs in it, several 
 ways massacred," is of comparatively recent assumption. The 
 "field of martyx-s" is said to have been the site of the existing 
 cathedral, which was built on ground thus consecrated. The very 
 central position of Lichfield is sufficient to account for its selection 
 as the place of the see. 
 
314 
 
 whenever he was able to rest from the work of his diocese. 
 The church probably (although this is not certain) occupied 
 the site of that now dedicated to St. Chad, near the upper 
 end of the lake, where the cell of the Bishop is traditionally 
 said to have been situated. 
 
 Ceadda administered the affairs of the Mercian diocese 
 for two years and a half, " gloriosissime." The story of 
 his death, and of the company of angels which cheered Mm 
 in his cell with their celestial harmony, must be read in the 
 Ecclesiastical History of Bede f . He was buried near the 
 church of St. Mary, the first church at Lichfield; but after 
 the church of St. Peter, on the site of the existing cathe- 
 dral, had been built, his remains were translated into it. 
 No record exists of the foundation of this second church, 
 but it was certainly built before the death of Bede in 735, 
 since he mentions the translation, and the miracles which 
 occurred at the new tomb of St. Chad g . 
 
 St. Chad's name was inserted in the Calendar. His fes- 
 tival is the 2nd of March. In the Sarum and Aberdeen 
 breviaries there was an office appropriated to him. 
 
 In the time of Ceadda's successor, Winprid, the synod 
 of Hertford (673) was assembled under Archbishop Theo- 
 dore, who had early seen the necessity of dividing the enor- 
 mous dioceses conterminous with the different kingdoms. 
 His proposal was mentioned at the synod, but was not 
 immediately carried into effect. Winfrid refused to con- 
 sent to the change, and was for this reason, according to 
 Florence of Worcester, deprived by Theodoras, (a.d. 675 
 
 ' Lib. iv. c. 3. 
 
 e Id. "In quo utroque loco, ad indicium virtutis illius, solent 
 
 crebra sanitatum miracula operavi Est autem locus idem 
 
 sepulcri tumba lignea, in modum domunculi facta, coopertus ha- 
 bente foramen in pariete, per quod solent hi, qui causa devotionis 
 illo adveniunt, manum suam immitere, ac partem pulveris inde as- 
 sumere ; quam cum in aquas miserint, atque has infirmantibus 
 jumentis sive hominibus gustandas dederint, mox infirmitatis ablata 
 molestia, cupitse sospitatis gaudia redibunt." 
 
gisfeops SsHtlf ta $tttx. 315 
 
 — 691), Saxule,, who followed Winfrid, agreed to the di- 
 vision of the Mercian diocese, within the ancient limits of 
 which four new sees were established. Saxulf remained at 
 Lichfield. In 676 a bishop was placed at Hereford ; in 
 678, at Sidnacester, (the site of which is uncertain,) for 
 Lindsey ; and in 680 the sees of Worcester and Leiceste r 
 were founded. Lindsey and Leicester became afterwards 
 merged in the great diocese of Lincoln. (See that Cathe- 
 dral, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 691—1067.] Of the bishops of Lichfield before the 
 Conquest none need here be mentioned except (779 — 801) 
 Higbert, who, in the synod of Calcuith, (785,) by the in- 
 fluence of Offa of Mercia, who, in Fuller's words, Cf thought 
 that the brightest mitre should attend the biggest crown," 
 was nominated by a bull of Adrian I., Archbishop of Lich- 
 field, with a jurisdiction over six suffragan sees, leaving 
 only four to Canterbury. Higbert signed as Archbishop 
 until his death h , but at the council of Cloveshoe, in 803, 
 the ancient jurisdiction was restored by Pope Leo III. to 
 Canterbury, and the bishops of Lichfield became once more 
 suffragans. 
 
 The last Saxon bishop, Leoewin, died in the year 1067. 
 The see remained unfilled until 
 [a.d. 1072 — 1085.] Peter was consecrated by Lanfranc in 
 1072. In the year 1075 Bishop Peter removed the chief 
 place of the see from Lichfield to Chester ; in obedience ap- 
 parently to a decree of the Council of London held in that 
 year, which ordered the removal of episcopal sees from 
 
 h The succession of the Saxon bishops is extremely confused, and 
 Chesterfield, (in Wharton's Anglia Sacra i. 430,) Godwin, and his 
 editor .Richardson, make Aldulf Archbishop of Lichfield. Aldulf s 
 name was, on this authority, so inserted in the second part of Can- 
 terbury Cathedral, (Abp. Jaenbert). But Mr. Stubbs (Registrum 
 Sacrum Anglicanum) shews from Higbert's subscriptions that he 
 was the Archbishop. 
 
316 fidjfielh tvfyML 
 
 small towns to places of more importance. (See Exeter 
 Cathedral, Pt. II.) But Chester was not destined to 
 become the chief place of a see until after the Re- 
 formation. Peter himself died, and was buried there. His 
 successor, 
 
 [a.d. 1086 — 1117.] Robert de Limesey, again removed the 
 see from Chester to Coventry ; induced, according to Ches- 
 terfield, by the riches of the great monastery which had 
 been founded by Earl Leofric and his wife Godiva l . On 
 the death of Abbot Leofwin, Bishop Robert obtained the 
 " custody" of the abbey from the King, and removed the see. 
 He was buried at Coventry. Eor four years the see re- 
 mained vacant. 
 
 [a.d. 1121 — 1127.] Robert Peche, Chaplain of Henry I., 
 " Cui," according to the " Continuator" of Florence of 
 Worcester, "in cura panis ac potus strenue ministrare 
 solebat." Bishop Peche was buried at Coventry. The 
 see was again vacant two years. 
 
 [a.d. 1129 — 1148.] Roger de Clinton. This Bishop is 
 recorded as having built much at Lichfield, although 
 no part of the existing Cathedral can be of his time k . 
 According to Simeon of Durham he bought the see from 
 the King, Henry I., for 3,000 marks. Bishop Roger 
 assumed the Cross, and died at Antioch in 1148. He 
 had especially favoured Lichfield, and from this time 
 the bishops designate themselves as of "Lichfield and 
 Coventry." 
 
 i " Erat in Cestrensi diocesi quoddam Coenobium Coventreia no- 
 mine, quod Comes magnificeDtissimus Leofricus cum Godefa uxore 
 sua construxerat, tanto auri et argenti spectaculo, ut ipsi parietes 
 Ecclesiae angusti viderentur esse receptaculis thesaurorum." — C/ies- 
 Ur field, ap. Wharton, Anglia Sacra, i. 433. 
 
 k " Qui ecclesiam Lichesfeldensem erexit tarn in fabrica quam in 
 honore, numerum Praebendarum augendo, Castrum Lichesfeldense 
 muniendo, villain vallo vallando, milites infeodando."— Id., p. 434. 
 
317 
 
 a.d. 1149 — 1160.] Walter Dttrdent, Prior of Canterbury, 
 "vir eximiae religionis et sacris Uteris apprime eruditus" 
 according to Gervase. 
 
 a.d. 1161 — 1182.] Richard Peche, son of the former 
 Bishop Peche, who had made him Archdeacon of Coventry. 
 He took the habit of a canon in the church of St. Thomas 
 the Martyr, near Stafford, which he had himself founded, 
 and was buried there. 
 
 a.d. 1183 — 1184.] Gerard la Pucelle, Chaplain of 
 Richard Archbishop of Canterbury, and one of the most 
 eloquent men of his time. " Habebat Ricardus Archiepis- 
 copus," says Thorne, "duos commensales clericos, juris 
 peritos, veritatis tamen et justse justiciar semulos, M. Ge- 
 rardum de Pucella, et Petrum Blesensem. Hi duo inter 
 omnes mundi tunc temporis sestimabantur, nec immerito, 
 eloquentiores." 
 
 Por four years the see was vacant. 
 
 a.d. 1188 — 1198.] Hugh Nonant had been a clerk in the 
 household of Becket, and was Archdeacon of Oxford. 
 Bishop Hugh had been a strong partizan of John during 
 the detention of Richard I. in Germany, and on the return of 
 Coeur-de-Lion he was deprived of his see, the temporalities 
 of which were only restored to him on payment of a fine of 
 5,000 marks. He was a fierce opponent of the monies, and 
 obtained licence from Henry II. to replace the monks of 
 Coventry with secular canons. This he effected in 1190, 
 not without desperate resistance from the monks. The 
 Bishop himself is said to have been wounded in the strug- 
 gle while standing at the high altar. The monks, however, 
 were restored seven years afterwards by Richard I. and 
 Archbishop Hubert of Canterbury. Bishop Hugh died in 
 Normandy on his way to Rome ; and, according to Mat- 
 thew Paris, repented sorely of his ill-treatment of the Bene- 
 dictines of Coventry. As marks of his penitence, he left all 
 his treasure to religious houses and to the poor, and as- 
 sumed himself the Benedictine habit a short time before his 
 
318 fidjfoto Ca%btal. 
 
 deatli : — " Et sic in spe bona omnium assistentium fine in- 
 sperato qnievit 1 ." 
 [a.d. 1198 — 1208.] Geoffry Muschamp, Archdeacon of 
 Cleveland. 
 
 On the death of Bishop Geoffry, the monks of Coventry 
 chose their Prior, Josbert, as his successor. England was 
 still under the Interdict, and the monks conveyed the re- 
 sult of their election to Archbishop Stephen Lang-ton, then 
 at Pontigny. King John, however, furious at their choice, 
 deprived the Prior of his temporalities ; and the canons of 
 Lichfield, at the King's order, elected Walter de Gray. 
 Both elections were afterwards declared void by the Legate 
 Pandulf, and monks and canons then agreed in the choice of 
 
 [a.d. 1215 — 1223.] William of Cornhill, who was con- 
 secrated by Archbishop Langton in the chapel of the in- 
 firmary at Reading, on the same day with Richard le Poer, 
 Bishop of Chichester, afterwards Bishop of Salisbury, and 
 founder of the existing cathedral there. Bishop William 
 had been Archdeacon of Huntingdon. 
 
 [a.d. 1224 — 1238.] Alexander Stavekby, educated at Bo- 
 logna and Tholouse, is said to have been one of the most 
 learned men of his time. During his episcopate, the strug- 
 gle between the monks and canons for the right of election 
 to the see was finally arranged. It had been long agitated 
 in the Roman Court, and it was now decreed that the 
 monks of Coventry and the canons of Jnchfield should elect 
 alternately, but that the Prior of Coventry should always 
 have the first vote at both elections. 
 
 [a.d. 1240 — 1241.] Hugh Pateshull, Treasurer of St. Paul's, 
 London. 
 
 [a.d. 1245, resigned 1256.] Roger Weseham. On the 
 death of Bishop Hugh, the monks of Coventry, to whom 
 the election belonged, were divided, some choosing Richard 
 Abbot of Evesham, and the rest their own Precentor, 
 
 1 M. Paris, ed. Wats, p. 161. 
 
ibjjogs 'gon^tt anb Walter f mtnta. 319 
 
 William. The Abbot's party was the more powerful, 
 and he set out for Rome to be consecrated, but died in 
 Gascony on his way. The King, Henry III., strongly op- 
 posed the monks who had again chosen their Precentor, 
 and they at last consented to set him aside, and to elect 
 Roger Weseham, Dean of Lincoln, " Vir," says Matthew 
 Paris, "moribus et scientia eleganter insignitus." He re- 
 signed in 1256, on the score of age and sickness, and died 
 in the following year. 
 
 [a.d. 1258 — 1295.] Roger Longespee de Metjlan, third 
 son of William Longespee, Earl of Salisbury, and his wife, 
 the Countess Ela, was nephew of the King, Henry III., 
 and of his brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Through 
 the interest of the latter he obtained the bishopric. But 
 Bishop Roger understood little of English, and he spent 
 the greater part of his time out of the country, until, 
 in the year 1282, Archbishop Peckham, grieved, we are 
 told, at so great a scandal, ordered him to reside within his 
 diocese, and to appoint a suffragan bishop who understood 
 English, and could assist him in his duties. It does not 
 appear that Bishop Roger obeyed this mandate, for in 
 1284 the Archbishop assigned the Archdeacon of Derby as 
 the coadjutor of the Bishop of Lichfield, and directed that 
 an annual pension of a hundred marks should be paid to 
 him from the income of the see. 
 
 [a.d. 1296—1321.] Walter Langton, Canon of Lichfield, 
 was Keeper of the Great Seal in 1292, and Treasurer of 
 England in 1295. During the lifetime of Edward L, Bishop 
 Langton had drawn on himself the hatred of the young 
 prince, afterwards Edward II., whom, says Walsingham, 
 "de suis corripuit insolentiis, et superfluis compescuit ab 
 expensis." Accordingly, between the years 1301 and 1303, 
 at the instance apparently of Prince Edward, the Bishop 
 was called upon to defend himself from the grave charges 
 of adultery, homicide, and simony ; during the examination 
 into which he was compelled to resign the treasurership 
 
320 % xt^Mb Ca%bral. 
 
 and to abstain from all episcopal functions. He was re- 
 stored in full, however, in 1303, after he had cleared him- 
 self in the Papal court ; and Edward I., who greatly valued 
 the Bishop, made him the principal executor of his will. 
 On the death of Edward I. in 1307, he conducted the 
 King's body from Brough-on-the-Sands to London, where 
 he was at once seized by order of the new King, and re- 
 mained in close imprisonment for more than a year, first 
 in the Tower, then at Wallingford, and finally at York. 
 No distinct charge seems to have been brought against 
 him; but he had stood firmly against the vices of the young 
 King, and of his favourite Gaveston, and was hated in con- 
 sequence. In 1308, by the representations of the clergy, 
 who were assembled in synod and who refused to de- 
 liberate in any way until the Bishop of Lichfield was set free, 
 Langton was restored to " half favour" with the King, and 
 the temporalities of the see were again re-delivered to him. 
 In 1311 he was again imprisoned, but was released in the 
 same year. Notwithstanding the treatment he had re- 
 ceived, Bishop Langton refused to join the barons against 
 the King and Gaveston in 1312. Eor this he was excom- 
 municated by Archbishop Winchelsea. The Pope, how- 
 ever, absolved him at the request of Edward, who from 
 this time received him to complete favour, making him in 
 March, 1312, Treasurer of England for the third time. He 
 died in London in 1321, but his body was brought to Lich- 
 field, and interred in the Lady-chapel of his own cathedral. 
 
 Notwithstanding his persecutions, Bishop Langton found 
 time and means to do much for his cathedral. He founded 
 the superb Lady-chapel (Pt. I. § § xiv.,xvii.) in which he is 
 buried, leaving money for its completion. He surrounded the 
 Close, or Precinct, with a wall and foss,thus converting it into 
 a fortress, and enabling it to hold out against the Puritans 
 in after years. He constructed a magnificent new shrine 
 for the relics of St. Chad ; and, besides building a new 
 episcopal palace at Lichfield, he strengthened and repaired 
 
§4op Stortyrargfe to 'gm^xll 321 
 
 the bishop's castles and manor-houses in various parts of 
 the diocese. 
 
 [a.d. 1322 — 1359.] Roger Northburgh, Canon of Lincoln, 
 Archdeacon of Richmond, and Chancellor of Cambridge, 
 had been taken by the Scots at the battle of Bannockburn 
 in 1314. After his election, he became (1327) Clerk of 
 the King's Wardrobe, and Treasurer of England. Bishop 
 Northburgh did little at Lichfield beyond translating the 
 body of his predecessor to a more stately tomb in the south 
 choir-aisle. (Pt. I. § xiv.) The Lady-chapel and the ad- 
 joining portions of the Cathedral were however completed 
 during his episcopate. (Pt. I. § xiv.) 
 
 [a.d. 1360 — 1385.] Robert Stretton, Canon of Lichfield, 
 and Chaplain to the Black Prince, who procured his election. 
 Bishop Stretton is said to have been illiterate, and unfitted 
 for the episcopate. The Pope accordingly forbade his con- 
 secration; but the Bishop-elect proceeded, himself, to Rome, 
 and induced the Pope to place the matter unreservedly in 
 the hands of the Archbishop of Canterbury. By the Prince's 
 powerful interest, the Archbishop (Simon Islip) consecrated 
 and confirmed him in possession of the see ; "his profession 
 of canonical obedience being read by another, since the 
 Bishop himself was unable to read m ." 
 
 [a.d. 1386.] Walter Skirlaw, translated to Bath and Wells 
 in the same year, and thence to Durham in 1388. 
 
 [a.d. 1386, translated to York 1398.] Richard Scrope. 
 (See York, Pt. II.) Archbishop Scrope was beheaded at 
 York, June 8, 1405, for his share in Northumberland's 
 rebellion. He is the "Archbishop" of Shakespeare's "King 
 Henry IV.," Parts I. and II. The anniversary of his death 
 was duly celebrated in his former cathedral of Lichfield. 
 
 [a.d, 1398 — 1414.] John Burghill, translated from Llandaff. 
 Bishop Burghill was a Dominican, and Confessor to the 
 King, Richard II. 
 
 m Wharton, Angiia Sacra, i. 449, from Archbishop Islip 's Register. 
 vol. in. Y 
 
322 f itljfielir <&a%bral. 
 
 [a.d. 1415, translated to Exeter 1419.] John Catterick, 
 translated from St. David's. 
 
 [a.d. 1420—1447.] William Heyworth, Abbot of St. Albans. 
 He was present at the Conncil of Basle in 1434. 
 
 [a.d. 1447, translated to York 1452.] William Booth, Canon 
 of St. Paul's, London, and Yicar of Prescot in Lancashire. 
 (See York.) ■ 
 
 [a.d. 1452; died the same year.] Nicholas Close, translated 
 from Carlisle. Bishop Close had been one of the six original 
 " scholares" placed by Henry VI. in his new foundation at 
 Cambridge ; and during the building of King's College he 
 had been master of the works. He was afterwards Chan- 
 cellor of Cambridge. 
 
 [a.d. 1453 — 1459.] Reginald Bottlers, translated from 
 Hereford. He had been Abbot of Gloucester. 
 
 [a.d. 1459 — 1490.] John Halse, or Hales, Provost of Oriel 
 College, Oxford. Bishop Halse found the state of the 
 Lichfield Chapter very corrupt, and replaced the canons- 
 at every opportunity by distinguished scholars from 
 Oxford. 
 
 [a.d. 1493, translated to Lincoln 1496.] William Smith, 
 founder of Brasenose College, Oxford. (See Lincoln, 
 Part II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1496, translated to Exeter 1502.] John Arundel. 
 
 [a.d. 1503—1533.] Geoffry Blyth, of King's College, 
 Cambridge. Bishop Blyth was President of Wales from 
 1512 to 1524. During his long episcopate he repaired and 
 set in order his cathedral. (See Pt. I. § ix., note k.) 
 
 (a.d. 1534 — 1543.] Rowland Lee had been for some time 
 his predecessor's Chancellor. He is generally said (but 
 untruly, since Cranmer really officiated) to have celebrated 
 the marriage between Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn. He 
 succeeded Bishop Blyth as President of Wales; and 
 laboured not ineffectually in repressing the disorders which 
 were then frequent on the border. Under his presidency, 
 and by his means, the right of electing representatives in 
 
323 
 
 Parliament was extended to the whole of "Wales, including 
 the counties of Chester and Monmouth. 
 [a.d. 1543 — 1554.] Richard Sampson, translated from 
 Chichester, Dean of the Chapel Royal. Employed by 
 Henry VIII. on various embassies. In 1539 he was im. 
 prisoned in the Tower, because he had assisted certain per- 
 sons, accused of "wrong thinking," touching the King's 
 supremacy. Like his two predecessors, he was President 
 of Wales. 
 
 [a.d. 1554, deposed 1559.] Ralph Bayne, " Hebraicae linguae 
 
 peritissimus." He had taught Hebrew for some time in 
 
 the University of Paris. 
 [a.d. 1560 — 1579.] Thomas Bentham, of Magdalen College, 
 
 Oxford, a prelate of some learning. 
 [a.d. 1580 — 1609.] William Overton, also a Fellow of 
 
 Magdalen. 
 
 [a.d. 1609, translated to London 1610.] George Abbot; 
 translated from London to Canterbury 1611. (See Can- 
 terbury, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1610, translated to Lincoln 1614.] Richard Neile, 
 translated from Rochester. Prom Lincoln, Bishop Neile 
 passed successively to Durham, Winchester, and York, and 
 died in 1640. See York, Pt. II., for a sketch of his life, 
 which belongs to the public history of his time. 
 
 [a.d. 1614, translated to Norwich 1618.] John Overall. 
 (See Norwich, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1619, translated to Durham 1632.] Thomas Morton, 
 translated from Chester. (See Durham, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1632 — 1643.] Robert Wright, translated from Bristol. 
 
 [a.d. 1644.] Accepted Prewen, was consecrated to the see 
 of Lichfield in the chapel of Magdalen College, Oxford. 
 He remained a bishop without a diocese until after the 
 Restoration, when (1660) he became Archbishop of York. 
 (See York, Pt. II.) 
 The fate of Lichfield Cathedral during the Civil War 
 
324 fttljMir Ca%braL 
 
 lias already been dwelt upon in Part I. At the Re- 
 storation, 
 
 [a.d. 1661 — 1670.] John Hacket was consecrated to the 
 see. The future bishop was educated at Westminster and 
 at Cambridge, where he became a Pellow of Trinity. Whilst 
 at Cambridge he wrote his Latin comedy of "Loyola," which 
 was twice acted before James I., and which is said to have 
 so greatly irritated the J esuits that Hacket was afterwards 
 unable to travel into Germany for fear of their revenge. 
 After taking orders in 1618, he was greatly patronised by 
 Williams Bishop of Lincoln, who made Hacket one of his 
 chaplains; and afterwards gave him the livings of St. 
 Andrews, Holborn, and of Cheam in Surrey ; saying that 
 he gave him the first for wealth, and the second for health. 
 
 In 1631 Hacket was made Archdeacon of Bedford. He 
 undertook the rebuilding of his church at Holborn, and 
 had laid apart a considerable sum for this purpose; but 
 this was seized by the Parliament, together with the money 
 which had been collected for the repair of St. Paul's Cathe- 
 dral During the troubles Hacket withdrew to Cheam, 
 where he seems to have remained undisturbed until the 
 Restoration. In 1618 he attended, in his last moments, 
 Henry Rich, Earl of Holland, who was beheaded for at- 
 tempting the relief of Colchester. 
 
 After the Restoration he was offered the bishopric of 
 Gloucester. This he declined; but became in 1661 Bishop 
 of Lichfield and Coventry. The nine years of his episcopate 
 were spent in the restoration of his shattered cathedral, 
 (Part I. § iv.) ; and he reconsecrated it with great solemnity, 
 Dec. 24, 1669. In the following year he ordered a peal of 
 six bells for hanging in the tower. One of them had been 
 hung during his illness. " He went out of his bed-chamber 
 into the next room to hear it ; seemed well pleased with 
 the sound, and blessed God who had favoured him with life 
 to hear it ; but at the same time observed that it would be 
 
§xtyop Woo* to Jponsbale. 325 
 
 his own passing bell; and retiring into his chamber, he 
 never left it nntil he was carried to his grave 53 ." His 
 monument remains in the cathedral. (Pt. I. § xv.) 
 
 During his life he published only the comedy of "Loyola," 
 and " A Sermon preached before the King." But "A Cen- 
 tury of Sermons," with a life of Hacket, was published by 
 Dr. Plume in 1675; and in 1693 Hacket's "Life of Arch- 
 bishop Williams" was published. This is one of the most 
 important and interesting memoirs of the 17th century. 
 
 [>.d. 1671— 1692.]. Thomas Wood, Dean of Lichfield, was 
 no very worthy successor of the excellent Bishop Hacket. 
 He was suspended by his Metropolitan, Archbishop San- 
 croft, for continued non-residence and entire neglect of his 
 diocese. He died and was buried at Ufford in Suffolk. 
 
 [a.d. 1692, translated to Worcester 1699.] William Lloyd, 
 translated from St. Asaph. 
 
 [a.d. 1699, translated to Worcester 1717.] John Hough, 
 (See Worcester, Pt. II.) 
 
 [a.d. 1717, translated to Durham 1730.] Edward Chandler. 
 
 [a.d. 1731 — 1749.] Richard Smallbrooke, translated from 
 St. Davids. 
 
 [a.d. 1750, translated to Canterbury 1768.] Frederick 
 Cornwallis. 
 
 [a.d. 1768, translated to Durham 1771.] John Egerton, 
 
 translated from Bangor. 
 [a.d. 1771, translated to Worcester 177 4.] Brownlow North, 
 [a.d. 1775, translated to Worcester 1781.] Richard Hurd. 
 
 (See Worcester, Pt. II.) 
 [a.d. 1781 — 1824.] James Cornwallis. 
 [a.d. 1824 — 1836.] Henry Ryder, translated from Gloucester. 
 [a.d. 1836—1839.] Samuel Butler. 
 [a.d. 1840 — 1843.] James Bowstead, translated from Sodor 
 
 and Man. 
 
 [a.d. 1843 .] John Lonsdale. 
 
 n Life by Dr. Plume.