7ed sides. This “ is painted in lozenge-shaped divisions, of which the central and alternate lines on each side contain figures, most of which are seated, and represent royal and clerical par¬ sonages, intermixed with very curious grotesques” in colors. This remarkably interesting ceiling is probably unique in the retention of its ancient painting. “ The view up the nave aisles, with their long perspective of circular vaulting ribs, is very striking.” Decorated windows admit “ dim religious light.” The central tower, long known to be dangerously insecure, was—beginning on January 2, 1883—taken down, and each stone numbered as it was laid aside. This process revealed the intrinsic weakness of the Norman piers, which in the fourteenth century had been reconstructed and received pointed arches. They were found “to be mere shells of thin, faced stones, filled with loose sand and rubble.” In the spring of 1884 the chief corner-stone was laid by a deputy of the Prince of Wales. Since then the work of rebuilding has gone forward in harmony of design and workmanship with the entire structure. The central transept and choir, with billet, chevron, and indented or hatched mouldings in ornamentation, seem “ to be one continuous piece of work throughout.” The flat * Fergusson’s “Hand-book of Architecture,” p. 869. t Murray’s “ Hand-book to the Cathedrals of England,” Eastern Division, p. 85. PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL. 153 ceilings of north and south transepts are older than that of the nave. The oaken screen-work, sixteenth century tapestry, reminders of the lost Lady-chapel and of the vanished chapels of Saints John, James, Oswald, Benedict, and Kyne- burga, and the various window traceries, invest this part of the building with much interest. Prom the choir the ancient furniture has disappeared. A modern Decorated screen, richly diapered in gold and color, extends round the semicircular apse at the eastern end. This apse also has a flat ceiling, with large painted decorations designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott. Much of the window tracery is flamboyant. The retrochoir, or New Building (1438-1528), with its bold and startling yet wonderfully beautiful fan tracery, commands enthusiastic admiration. Professor Willis considered “the workmanship of this vault the most perfect of any that he had examined.” Among the monuments, that (so called) of Abbot Iledda and his monks, the slab of blue stone bearing the simple but suggestive inscription, “ Queen Catharine, A.D. 1536,” and the black marble slab marking the first tomb of Mary Stuart, are of pathetic significance. A picture of Richard Scarlett, an old sexton, hangs near the great western door. The accompanying quaint Old Eng¬ lish inscription informs the reader that he not only buried two queens, but also all the inhabitants of the town “twice over.” Walcott assigns to this cathedral an internal length of 422 ft.; eastern arm, 163 by 81; transept, 184.9 by 81 ft. Bishop: The Right Rev. William Connor Magee, D.D., D.C.L. Salary, £4500. Assistant Bishop: The Right Rev. John Mitchinson, D.D., D.C.L. Dean and Chap¬ ter: The Very Rev. J. J. Stewart Perowne, D.D., and four Canons Residentiary. WESTMINSTER ABBEY. ESTMINSTER ABBEY “is not only Rhcims Cathedral and St. Denys CWfl' "both in one, but is also what the Pantheon was intended to be to Prance, what the Valhalla is to Germany, what Santa Croce is to Italy.” In this dictum of Dean Stanley the Anglo-Saxon race concurs. National history is built into its fabric—every slab of its pavements is biographical. “It is earth’s richest mausoleum,” with “Storied windows richly (light, Casting a dim, religious light.” Wealth and art have exhausted themselves in its adornment. “The twin west¬ ern towers, the aspiring height of the nave and presbytery, the gorgeous Lady- chapel, the magnificent transept front of Westminster, the solemn awfulness of the interior, so lofty, so graceful, so apparently infinite (with the grandest ter¬ mination which any church can boast—an apse with radiating chapels), are only less impressive than the historic lineage and national glory of its associations.”* Early English of the later period, in its most graceful and magnificent develop¬ ment, is the architectural style of the structure. In unity of design it closely resembles Salisbury Cathedral; in richness, grandeur, and intricacy of detail it is more remarkable. Height, form of apse, polygonal chapels, complexity of beauty, and splendid rose-windows in the ends of the transept, suggest French peculiarities. The great length is characteristically English. The rich, elabo¬ rately foiled ornament of the walls above the arches of the great arcade and in the triforia, “the earliest complete form of bar-tracery,” the beautiful mosaic pavements, length of the ritual choir - , and the effect of soaring lines given by the height and sharpness of the arches, are other distinguishing features. Here William the Conqueror was crowned, amid calamitous confusion, on Christmas Day, A.D. 1066. Here his successors received coronation. The last of these regal ceremonies, on June 28, 1838, still lives in the memory of all who witnessed it. “The small figure — with clasped hands—immovable on the throne ” was the cynosure of all eyes in the touching solemnity, “ at once so gorgeous and so impressive in recollections, in actual sight, and in promise of what was to be:” t promise amply fulfilled in the long reign of Queen Victoria. The dimensions of the church, including Henry VII.’s chapel, are as fol¬ lows: extreme length, 530 ft.; height of the western towers, 225, and of the * Walcott’s “ English Minsters,” vol. i., p. 183. t “Historical Recollections of Westminster Abbey.” By Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D.D. Pp. 110, 111. WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 159 north front, 166 ft.: internally, 511.6; nave, 166.9 by 71.9 by 101.8; choir and presbytery, 155.9 by 71.6 by 101.2; transept, 203.2 by 84.8 by 105.5; Lady-chapel, 103.9 by 79.1 by 60.7; cloisters, 137 by 141 ft.; chapter-house, 60 ft. in diameter. It is “the loftiest ecclesiastical structure in England,” and “the highest in proportion to its breadth; the ratio of the one to the other being 3 to 1, while in the most of our cathedrals it varies from 2 to 2.5 to 1.”* It is also the one great church that retains its beautiful ancient coloring. “How reverend is the face of this tall pile, Whose ancient pillars rear their marble heads To bear aloft its arched and ponderous roof, By its own weight made steadfast and immovable, Looking tranquillity!” Situated where was anciently a thorny jungle, locus terribilis , in a marshy peninsula on the left bank of the Thames, dubious monastic tradition maintains that its earliest predecessor was a temple of Apollo, shaken down by an earth¬ quake in A.D. 154. Thorn Ey —the “isle of thorns”—it is said, next received a community of Benedictine monks in the reign of Edgar. Their little abbey Edward the Confessor determined to rebuild, and from his decision came “The Collegiate Church or Abbey of St. Peter” at Westminster. Last of the Saxon and first of the Norman kings, Edward expended one-tenth of the national property upon it during the fifteen or more years of its building. Dedicated December 28, 1065, it was the first cruciform church in England, the model of multitudinous successors, had three towers, an apsidal choir, a cloister, and a round chapter-house. The undercroft of Ids dormitory still remains. Henry III., in 1245, undertook to rebuild the entire abbey; successors entered into his plans; others—like the Puritan soldiers, who broke the stained glass and stall-work, and destroyed many of the monuments—had no sympathy with them, and not until after the Restoration was the western fagade completed by Sir Christopher Wren. The spaciousness of the triforia was designed for the con¬ venience of crowds at coronations and royal funerals. Henry’s passionate addic¬ tion to art was equalled by his extravagance. Five hundred thousand pounds sterling were spent in transforming the old church into one of incomparable beauty. His enormous exactions called the House of Commons into constitu¬ tional being, as a protest against his oppressive magnificence. Older than any shrine or monument in the edifice is the Stone of Scone— the one principal monument binding the whole empire in unity—under the cor¬ onation chair. Said to have been Jacobis pillow at Bethel, and to have been transported to Egypt, Spain, and Ireland successively, it was known on the sacred hill of Tara as Lia Fail , the “ Stone of Destiny,” and was the seat of Irish kings. Fergus took it to Scotland; Kenneth II. (A.D. 840) moved it to Scone, which thenceforward was the capital of his realm. On it Edward I. was crowned King of the Scots. He ordered the venerable oaken chair now enclos¬ ing it to be made for that purpose in 1307. In that chair — scratched all over with the names of many visitors—English sovereigns have since been inaugu- * Professor T. G. Bonney’s “Abbeys and Churches of England and Wales,” p. 5. 19 160 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. rated. Only once, at the installation of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector, has it been allowed to leave the abbey. Near it, leaning against the screen, are the state Shield and Sword of Edward III ., which were carried before him on the Continent. This “ monumental sword that conquer’d France ” is seven feet long and weighs eighteen pounds. Here, in 1269, the remains of Edward the Confessor were pompously trans¬ lated to then’ costly shrine; and here, in 1282, the body of Henry 111. was deposited in the marble and porphyry tomb constructed by his son. The monu¬ ment of Edward I. (died 1307) bears the simple epitaph, “ Hammer of the Scots, he is here, keep faith.” Above the tomb of Henry Y. (buried in 1422) hang his emblazoned shield, his saddle on which lie “. . . vaulted with such ease into his seat, As if an angel dropp’d down from the clouds, To turn and wind a fiery Pegasus, And witch the world with noble horsemanship” (I. Henry IV, act iv., sc. 1), and his helmet, in all probability “that very casque that did affright the air at Agincourt.” Henry VII.’s chapel, completed in 1509, covering the site of the original Lady-chapel, is the finest piece of Tudor work in the land, and is that in which “he lieth buried at Westminster, in one of the stateliest and daintiest monuments of Europe, both for the chapel and sepulchre.” “The very w r alls are wrought into universal ornament, encrusted with tracery, and scooped into niches, crowded with statues of saints and martyrs. Stone seems, by the cun¬ ning labor of the chisel, to have been robbed of its weight and density, sus¬ pended aloft, as if by magic, and the fretted roof achieved with the wonderful minuteness and airy security of a cobweb.”* Here, also, “the stately coffin of Elizabeth rests on the coffin of Mary”— sisters in hope of the resurrection. Many other royal personages also repose quietly in the dim silences of the abbey. The last committed to its keeping was George II., in 1760. Since then royal interments have been at Windsor. “Proud names, who once the reins of empire held, In arms who triumphed, or in arts excelled; Chiefs graced with scars and prodigal of blood; Stern patriots, who for sacred freedom stood; Just men, by whom impartial laws were given; And saints who taught, and led the way to heaven,” tiiict i Gst cincl i eniembi mico in tins suporb lititiontil m mi solemn. ^TVostminster Abbey or victory!” was the hope of the heroic Nelson. In the “Poets’ Corner” are the monuments of Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, “rare Ben Jonson” and Oliver Goldsmith. One expression from Dr. Samuel Johnson’s inscription on the latter Nihil tetipit quod non ornavtt —has, as Dean Stanley remarks “ passed from it into the proverbial Latin of mankind.” The busts of Milton and other poets, the memorial tablet to John and Charles Wesley, also that to the mem¬ ory of the American, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and the grave of Living- Washington Irving. Entrance to poets’ Horner. poets’ Horner (tlDilton’s Bust in tbe Centre). 5l)e Cloisters, Westminster abbe?. Sljc CbanccI, TOcatminatcr Htbcp. WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 167 stone, “missionary, philanthropist, explorer,” all prove that England knows how to appreciate the Christian qualities that make her “beloved at home, revered abroad.” Even the dramatists and players entombed or memorialized here ex¬ emplify “the involuntary homage which perverted genius pays to the superior worth of goodness, [when] it seeks to be at least honored within the building consecrated to the purest hopes of the soul of man.” The north transept is called the “Statesman’s Aisle,” from the number of diplomatists and politicians commemorated therein. Under the easternmost chapel of the chevet in Henry YII.’s glorious chapel were laid the. bodies of Cromwell, Ireton, Bradshaw, and Blake. Those of the three former were dragged to Tyburn for mutilation and insult. The vault afterwards received some of the illegitimate progeny of the second Charles. Much of the old Benedictine monastery is still in existence. Between the Abbots’ Hall and the Abbey is the Jerusalem Cham¬ ber, in which the Westminster Confession was drawn up, and the revisers of the Old Testa¬ ment held their meetings. In the chamber above the Islip chapel are remains of the wax-work effigies carried at the public funer¬ als of great personages in the Abbey. That of Queen Elizabeth “ looks half witch and half ghoul.” The chest in which the remains of Major Andre were transported from America to England in 1821 is preserved in this chamber. In the chap¬ ter-house, now restored to nearly its pristine beauty, the House of Commons began to hold its sessions in the year 1282. Here were laid, in Parliamentary legislation, covering a period of three hundred years, the foundations of civil and religious liberty in England. In the Chapel of the Pyx , the ancient treasury of the kings of England, are kept the standards of gold and silver used every five years for determining the just weight of coins issued from the mint. Westminster Abbey was once, for a brief term of years (1540-1550), a cathedral church. “When the bishop was translated, in 1550, and the estates were given to the see of London, the proverb arose of 1 robbing Peter to pay Paul.’ ” It now draws multitudes of worshippers from London, and from every country where Anglo-Saxon speech is the vernacular of the people. Its future will be more glorious than its past. “ Here, if anywhere, the Christian worship of England may labor to meet both the strength and the weakness of succeed¬ ing ages; to inspire new meaning into ancient forms, and embrace within itself each rising aspiration after all greatness, human or divine.”* Dean and Chapter: The Very Rev. G. Granville Bradley, D.D. Salary, £2000. Six Canons Residentiary. * Stanley’s “ Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey," p. 583. IRortb ambulators anb Cbantrv. WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. a KA.ER GrlTORAKG-OH of the Britons, Wigorna ceaster of the Hwiccas, may \ have been the Wigornia of the Romans, and certainly was the predecessor of the modern city of Worcester. Prom Bosel, A.D. 680, to Werefrith (873- 915), the learned friend of King Alfred, it was the see of bishops who, like tire Saxon kings, perpetually moved from manor to manor throughout their diocese. St. Dunstan (957-961) was followed by Oswald (961-992), who pat¬ ronized monks in opposition to the secular clergy, and founded the church and monastery of St. Mary. His relics were placed in a rich shrine by Aldulf, his successor. Wulfstan II. (1062-1095), the simple and pious vegetarian, pulled down Oswald’s erections and built a minster, of which all that now remains is the apsidal crypt. In this “complex and beautiful temple” he held a synod. While witnessing the demolition of the older fabrics ho tearfully praised his godly pastoral predecessors, and added, “We, contrariwise, strive that we may pile up stones, neglecting the while the care of souls.” One of the worthiest of later Saxon bishops, it was reported in 1201 that fifteen or sixteen persons were miraculously healed at his shrine every day. In view of these alleged miracles, Pope Innocent III. canonized him in 1203. This pontifical act proved to be peculiarly opportune, for with the offerings lavished on the tomb of St. Wulfstan his cathedral, which had been destroyed by fire in 1202, was restored. King John w T as one of the most liberal devotees, and was interred in the choir (1216), where his ornamented tomb, surmounted by an effigy of himself, still remains in the neighborhood of the very rich and elaborate chantry of Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII. In 1218 the cathedral was dedicated “in honor of the Blessed Virgin and St. Peter, and of the holy confessors Oswald and Wulfstan.” After the dedication the body of St. Wulfstan was translated, in presence of Henry III. and a brilliant assemblage, to its shrine in front—but on one side—of the high altar. The shrine of St. Oswald was placed on the other side. By the fall of the two “lesser towers” in 1221, and the consequent damage to the structure, opportunity was afforded to Bishop William de Blois (1218-1236) to expend more of the wealth pouring in upon St. Wulfstan by laying the foundations of the choir and Lady-chapel. Walter Cantilupe (1237- 1266) was more intent on raising the edifice of national freedom than on im¬ proving churches. Thomas Cobham (1317-1327), “the good clerk,” vaulted the north aisle of the nave; Henry Wakefield (1375-1395), Treasurer of England, vaulted the nave itself, built the north porch through which the cathedral is entered, and closed the western portal. WOKCESTER CATHEDRAL. 173 Worcester Cathedral is worthy of careful examination, but does not rank among English churches of the first class. All of the building east of the main transept is Early English; nave and central tower are Decorated, and the clois¬ ters are Perpendicular. The ground-plan is that of the double or patriarchal cross, with a square eastern end. The Norman original, as is evident from the crypt, terminated eastward “in a broad apse, with small apsidal chapels attached to the sides.” Although lengthy (450 feet) and imposing, it is hardly pictu¬ resque. The entire exterior is unusually plain. Among its chief pastors it has the distinction of numbering Julius de Medicis, uncle of Leo X., and afterwards Pope Clement VII. Like Jerome Ghinucci (1522-1535), the ambassador of Henry VIII., he was one of many Italian intruders. Hugh Latimer (1535, re¬ signed 1539) was of antipodal character — simple, a zealous reformer, a practical preacher, and an heroic martyr. John Prideaux (1641-1650), disappointed can¬ didate for humble position, used to say, “If I could have been clerk of Ugbor- ough I had never been Bishop of Worcester.” Edward Stillingfleet (1689-1699), the able polemic, author of the “Irenicum” and “Origines Sacrse,” was the Prot¬ estant leader in the critical reign of James II.; John Hough (1717-1743) was equally stanch and excellent, and wholly devoid of ambition for place and power; Richard Hurd (1781-1808) also declined the primacy of Canterbury, but was noted for sharp bad temper. “Madame D’Arblay, however, says of him, ‘Piety and goodness are so marked on his countenance, which is truly a fine one, that he has been named, and very justly, the Beauty of Holiness? . . . George III. spoke of him as the ‘ most naturally polite man he had ever known.’ ” * The last royal “touchings” for king’s-evil were in this cathedral. Desecrated and injured by the troops of Essex in 1642, and by those of Cromwell after the battle of Worcester, in 1651, decayed by the crumbling of its sandstone material, which in many portions had almost obliterated all traces of design, and endangered by the settlement of its piers and arches, repairs and rebuilding were effected under the superintendence of A. E. Perkins, in 1857- 1865, that resulted in the reproduction of its original aspect, so far as that could be determined. The nave, of nine bays, has been completely restored. The two western bays are Transition Norman, and remain unaltered. Beyond them the nave is Decorated on the north side, and is Early Perpendicular on the south. Among the monuments are those of Thomas Littleton (1481), the celebrated judge whose treatise on land tenures has still an “authentical repu¬ tation;” Bishop Gauden (1662), the probable author of “Icon Basilike;” and one by Westmacott to the officers and men of the Twenty-ninth (Worcestershire) Regiment who fell in the Indian campaigns of 1845-46. The walls of the great transept, as high as the clere-story, are Norman — built of “uncoursed rubble-work, roughly laid with wide joints of mortar.” The transept itself is without aisles, and has peculiar staircase turrets that display the Italian charac¬ teristic of party-colored masonry projecting into it at the north-west and south¬ west angles. The east and west walls were altered in the Perpendicular period, but the screen of tracery with which the Norman walls have been overlaid is 20 King’s “Hand-book to the Cathedrals of England,” Western Division, pp. 226, 227. 174 WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. not so complete as in Gloucester Cathedral. The choir and presbytery, restored from the designs of Sir George Gilbert Scott, would have a liner general effect were the abundant light softened by sufficient rich stained glass. Still, they are “singularly graceful, with slender columns clustering round the jiiers, like a sheaf of lauces in the hand of a giant.” * The rich choir screen is constructed with open arches, so as to admit of using the transept for congregational pur¬ poses. An iron grille of very open work, bronzed, is carried at the back of the stalls. Behind the altar is an elaborate reredos in five compartments, in the central of which is our Lord in Majesty—a figure of great dignity. The vaulting of the choir is Decorated, and contains figures of angels, evangelists, and prophets. The floor of choir and presbytery is laid with tiles and polished marble. As “in the Transition Harman portion of each bay of the nave,” so is it in the choir and other parts of the edifice—“one arch below, two in the tri- forium, and three in the clere-story.” The choir itself rests on the crypt, and is five steps higher than the transepts east and west. A series of sculptures in the south-east transept represents the life that now is, and that which is to come. The Lady-chapel, partly rebuilt, has a mural slab in memory of Anne (1662), wife of Izaak Walton and sister of Bishop Ken. A very beautiful wall arcade, filled with sculptures, here and also in the aisles and transepts, merits study. “The chapter-house is circular within, but is divided into ten bays by vaulting ribs which spring from a central column, and from shafts at the sides.”! The refectory (120 feet long) and lavatory are complete. In the crypt are preserved the ancient north doors of the cathedral, which are said to have been covered with human skin—possibly of criminals flayed alive for sacrilege, or of captured Danish huscarls. A peal of twelve bells—finest and most musical in the kingdom — is in the stately central tower, whose parapet and pinnacles have been reconstructed, chiefly at the expense of the Earl of Dudley. The great bell can be heard at a distance of many miles. Musical chimes, constructed to play twenty-eight tunes, add greatly, every third hour, to the cheerfulness of the city. Most of the Decorated Guesten Hall (1320), which showed “the splendid hospitality of the clergy of those days,” has been pulled down. In the library among the MSS. is a copy of Wyclif’s Testament (1381), and an Epitome of Roman Law by Vacarius, an Italian who introduced the study of Roman or “Civil” Law at Oxford in the reign of Stephen. Only five copies of this work are known to be extant. Walcott assigns to the cathedral an internal length of 387 ft. Dimensions of nave (approximate), 120 by 74 by 61; main transept, 126 by 32 by 66 (projects 28 ft. beyond aisle wall); choir transept, 120 by 24 by 64; choir and presbytery, 120 by 74 by 64; Lady-chapel, 61 by 74 by 64; north porch, 24 by 18; chapter-house, 58 by 58 by 45; crypt, 70 by 97 by 10; central tower 44 by 44 by 196 ft. high. Bishop: The Right Rev. Henry Philpott, D.D. Salary, £5000. Dean and Chapter: The Very Rev. John Gott, D.D., and four Canons Residentiary. * Professor T. G. Bonney’s “Cathedral Churches of England and Wales,” p. no. t King’s “Hand-hook to the Cathedrals of England," Western Division, p. 194 . WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL. ‘vStHE busy rural city of Winchester embraces the longest and. one of the '5&J' most venerable cathedrals of England, dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, and also to St. Swithun. It exhibits that mixture of the Norman Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular styles of architecture so common to the principal churches of the country. As it “has been styled a ‘school of English architecture,’ so it may be said to be the home and centre of our early his¬ tory.” * Its' ritual choir still keeps the old place beneath the central tower. 555.8 ft. long on the outside, and 520 in the inside, its transept is 208 ft. long; nave, 250 by 86 by 18; choir, from screen to altar, 135 ft.; Lady-chapel, 54 ft.; presbytery, 10 ft. in length; central tower, 140 ft. high. Tradition speaks of a Christian church built by the shadowy British king Lucius in the Roman Venta Belgarum A.D. 169, its destruction under Diocle¬ tian in 266, restoration in 293, and conversion into a temple of Woden by the Saxon Cerdic in 495. Thus it remained until 634, when the missionary Biri- nus succeeding in the conversion of Kynegils, King of Wessex, first cleansed and then pulled down this cathedral church of St. Amphibalus, and began the building of another edifice. Wini was consecrated as the first Saxon incumbent. Hlothere’s successor, Ileadda, restored the episcopal seat from Dorchester to Winchester. Ilere Egbert was crowned in regem totius Britanniee , and in 828 issued the edict ordering that the island should thenceforward be styled Eng¬ land, and its people Englishmen. Switlmn (died 862) was the learned tutor of the illustrious Alfred; Denewulf (879), the ex-swineherd of Athelney, whose wife scolded the fugitive monarch for allowing the cakes to burn. Ethelwold (963-984) rebuilt the cathedral after the early basilican arrangement, with north and south aisles, and an eastern apse. The altar end of the church was raised, as at St. Peter’s and the other primitive basilicas, on a con/essio or crypt, which served as a place of sepulture for the more sacred dead. Walkelyn (1070- 1098), the first Norman bishop, reconstructed the church from its foundations; Aldwin, or Aelfwin, who came between the two (1032-1047), was the prelate on whose account Queen Emma, mother of the Confessor, “in the nave of the church trod triumphant on red-hot ploughshares as on a bed of roses;” Henry of Blois (1129-1171), brother of King Stephen, was the most powerful and warlike churchman of his time in England; Godfrey de Lucy (1189-1204) added the simply beautiful and splendid Lady-chapel; Peter de Roches, the Professor T. G. Bonney’s “Cathedral Churches of England and Wales,” p. 65. 176 WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL. Poitevin (1205-1238), Grand Justiciary of England, figured diplomatically in the Crusades; Ethelmar (1250-1261), another Poitevin, was never consecrated, but nevertheless, as bishop-elect, received the revenues of his see; John of Ox¬ ford (1265-1268) bought his episcopal dignity for 6000 marks from the Pope; Adam de Orlton (1333-1345) is said to have directed the murder of Edward II.; William Edingdon (1346-1366) declined the primacy of all England on the ground that “if Canterbury were the higher rack, Winchester was the better manger.” He adorned this manger by building a new west front to his cathe¬ dral, — shortening the entire nave by about forty feet; William of Wykeham (1367-1404), the great architect and engineer, Chancellor of England and head of all affairs of state, author of the celebrated motto, “Manners makyth Man,” by the foundation of noble colleges at Oxford and elsewhere, strove to perpetu¬ ate hierarchical power over the human mind. He transformed the nave from Norman to Perpendicular, and that “without destroying the pillars and walls of Walkelyn’s Church, by the bold but simple expedient of the removal of the triforium range, and throwing that and the aisle below into one, and partly re¬ chiselling, partly re-casing the rude piers and mouldings, transformed the stern Norman nave into a glorious specimen of the style which seems to have sprung at once, at his touch, into the highest perfection of which it was capable.” * Henry of Beaufort (1404-1407), uncle of Henry V., and one of the first states¬ men of his age— “ . . . haughty cardinal, More like a soldier than a man of the Church” — as captain-general of a crusade against the Hussites in Bohemia, illustrated the stubborn bravery of the English, and “did there better service than all the princes and generals of the empire.” In 1431 he sat on the commission that tried Joan of Arc. He also arranged the marriage of King Henry with Mar¬ garet of Anjou. William of Waynflete (1447-1486) founded Magdalene Col¬ lege, Oxford; Thomas Langton (1493-1500) died of the plague; Richard Pox (1500-1528), one of the most trusted ministers of Henry VII., adorned the cathedral, founded Corpus Christi College at Oxford, introduced Thomas Wol- sey (1529-1530) to the royal notice, and was rewarded by the malice of his beneficiary, “who gaped for his bishopric.” Wolsey held Winchester only in commendam. Stephen Gardiner (1531-1555), the famous malleus haereticorum , trained under Wolsey, projected and framed the “bloody statute,” the atrocious law on which so many deniers of the “real presence” were put to death. Edward VI. held him closely prisoned in the Tower. Queen Mary restored him to Winchester in 1553, and was crowned by him on October 1st of the same year. Ilis cruelty in the ensuing religious persecutions is notorious. “I have sinned with Peter,” he is said to have exclaimed on his death-bed,'“ but I have not wept with him.”f John Poynet, who held the see under Edward VI., in his remarkable book “On Politique Power” maintains “that it is lawful to kill a tyrant.” Launcelot Andrewes (1618-1626), one of Queen Elizabeth’s * “Essays on Cathedrals,” edited by Dean Howson, p. 368. f King’s “ Hand-book to the Cathedrals of England,” Southern Division, Part I, p. 83. Mincbestet WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL. 181 chaplains, was pre-eminent for disciplined ability in polemics, patristic theology, Oriental learning, and preaching; Brian Duppa (1660-1662) mainly for having been tutor to the Princes Charles and James. In the Civil War the Parliamentarian soldiers are reported to have stabled their horses in the cathedral, desecrated the coffins of the dead, and destroyed or defaced many of the monuments. George Morley (1662-1684) assisted in revising the Liturgy; Benjamin Hoadley (1734-1761) in diffusing correct no¬ tions of religious liberty. Sam¬ uel Wilberforce (1869-1873) was still more prominent in the domain of wit and humor. The grand series of chan¬ tries, or endowed chapels, in which priests said daily mass for the souls of the donors, in this cathedral are remarkable; so also are the spirited wood- carvings of the stalls, and the chair, or faldstool, covered with faded velvet, in which Queen Mary sat when married to Philip of Spain. The double- aisled transepts — among the waincbeetec catbesrai. grandest and most character¬ istic examples of the Norman style; the transverse gallery, for the exhibition of peculiarly saintly relics, at the triforium level carried across the north and south ends of the transepts, and supported by two arches rising from a single central column continuing the aisle arcade; the apsidal crypt on which the presbytery was elevated, and which, like that of Canterbury and other great churches, was intended to raise the altar on high, so that the celebration of the sacred mysteries might be clearly seen by the thronging worshippers below; the beautiful combination of a flat east wall and aisled chapel; the polygonal space corresponding to the Norman apse behind the high reredos, and including the raised platform that once sustained the shrines of St. Swithun, St. Birinus, and other sainted patrons of the Cathedral, are also especially noteworthy. Among the monuments are those of Mrs. Montague, foundress of the Blue Stocking Club; Jane Austen, the authoress; Izaak Walton, “the prince of fish¬ ermen” (died December 15, 1683); William Rufus (always to the huge disgust of the resentfully pious); Cnut the great aud good; Harthacnut, his son, the bad and mean; and inscribed mortuary chests inurning the bones of West Saxon kings and bishops. In the library is a superbly illuminated Vulgate in three folio volumes of the twelfth century. Bishop : The Right Rev. Edward Harold Browne, D.D., D.C.L., Prelate of the Order of the Garter. Salary, £7000. Dean and Chapter: The Very Rev. G. W. Kitchin, D.D., and five Canons Residentiary. CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. ^SUGUBALIA or Lugmallum of the Romans — Gaer Luel of the Britons <3 the modern Carlisle, with fifteen miles of country around it, was granted to St. Outhbert and his successors by King Egfrid in A.I). 685, and was said to have been “desert” for more than two centuries, when visited by William the Red in 1092. Walter, a wealthy Norman priest, was then made govern¬ or, and began to build a church in his new jurisdiction. Henry I. completed the edifice; and when, in 1133, the see of Carlisle was founded, Adelulf be¬ came the first bishop, and the Church of St. Mary his cathedral—the only cathedral in Christendom with an episcopal chapter of Augustinian monks. Under Henry VIII. the dedication of the church was changed from the Blessed Virgin Mary to the Holy and Undivided Trinity. Much uncertainty attaches to the dates of erection and alteration of the several architectural portions. The south transept, piers of central tower, and the remaining part of the nave—now the parish church of St. Mary, and care¬ fully walled off from the cathedral—are of Norman architecture (1092-1130). Colonel Leslie and the Scottish Parliamentarian soldiers are charged with the destruction of the missing part of the nave, and of the conventual buildings, in 1645 or 1646. The walls and windows of choir aisles, and St. Catharine’s chapel, are Early English (1210-1260); portions of the main arcade of choir, of the Early Decorated (Geometrical, 1292); upper part of choir and east end of roof, Late Decorated (Curvilinear, 1353-1395); and the upper part of the tower, Perpendicular (1400-1419). Eire and military destructiveness repeatedly spent their force upon this building, and necessitated the extensive and costly restorations of 1853-1851. While every part of Carlisle Cathedral is interesting, the Flamboyant, or Late Decorated, work is its especial distinction. The Norman work in the old nave (St. Mary’s church) is plain and massive. The choir is not inferior in any respect to one of its Decorated contemporaries. The warm red of the sand¬ stone, blue of the roof sprinkled with golden stars, hues of the stained glass, and dark oak of the stalls, impart an impression of rich and unusual coloring. The east window, perhaps the most beautiful in the world, fills the east end. It has more divisions (nine in all) than any other Decorated window in exist¬ ence. The upper portion exhibits “the most beautiful design for window tra¬ cery” — composed of eighty-six pieces, struck from two hundred and sixty-three centres—“in the world. All the parts are in such just harmony one to the other—the whole is so constructively appropriate, and at the same time so ar- Carlisle C mm CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. 187 tisticaUy elegant—that it stands quite alone, even among the windows of its own age.”* Its construction is assigned to the episcopate of Bishop Appleby (1363-1395). The stained glass of the transcendently graceful tracery dates from the reign of Richard II. Seen from the outside of the cathedral, the east window is equally artistic and beautiful. _ .... Among many noteworthy objects in the interior is a stone inscribed with Norse runes as follows: 11 Tolflhn yraita thasi rynr a thisi stain “Tolfilm wrote these runes on this stonetwo very remarkable sepulchral recesses with arches enriched by a sort of unique chevron moulding; the small mural brass of Bishop Robinson (1598-1616); the biographical paintings at the back of the stalls; the tomb of Prior Senhouse, on which certain rents were paid; and that of Arch¬ deacon Paley, who wrote “Horse Paulinse” and “The Evidences of Christianity at Carlisle. “The dimensions of the church internally are 211 ft. formerly 3-1 it., nave, 39 (originally 96) by 64 by 53; transept, 114 by 28 by 52; eastern arm, 138 by 72 by 72; tower, 35 by 35 by 130 ft.”t Many of the successors of Bishop Adelulf, like William Mauclerc, Treasurer of England (1224-1246), Silvester of Everdon, Chancellor of England (1247- 1254) Thomas Appleby, Warden of the Marches (1363-1395), Thomas Merlces, the conspirator against Henry IV. (1397-1399), Marmaduke Lumley, Treasurer of England (1430-1450), and the “very plyable” Owen Oglethorpe (loo, 1559) who crowned Queen Elizabeth, were ecclesiastical politicians, and fre¬ quently State officials. James Ussher (1642-1656), the great and learned Arch¬ bishop of Armagh, held the see in commendam from Charles L, but never saw it. William Nicholson (1702-1718) was a learned antiquarian; and so was Charles Lyttelton (1762-1768). The remainder possessed the characteristics ascribed to John Douglas (1787-1791) by Goldsmith in his “Retaliation:” “And Douglas is pudding, substantial and plain." Bishop: The Right Rev. Harvey Goodwin, D.D. Salary, £4500. Dean and Chapter: The Very Rev. W. G. Henderson, D.D., and four Canons Residentiary. * Fergusson’s “ History of Architecture." t Walcott's “ English Minsters,” vol. i„ p. 206. BRISTOL CATHEDRAL. jpjjIE principal historical documents containing the records of the cathedral ^ church of St. Augustine (Holy Trinity) at Bristol were destroyed in the political riots of 1831. Enough, however, remain to show that a monastery, of which the church became the cathedral, was founded about 1142 for Au- gustinian canons by Robert Eitzhardinge, afterwards Lord of Berkeley, on the spot traditionally said to have been that on which stood Augustine’s oak, under which the founder of the English Church met the British Christians in solemn conference. This monastery received the dignity of a mitred abbey under the rule of John Snow (1332-1341). Surrendered to the Crown in 1538, its church was made the cathedral of the new diocese created by Henry VIII. in 1542, and its buildings were assigned as residences to the bishop, dean, and chapter of canons. Eitzhardinge’s church “contained a nave with north and south aisles, a cen¬ tral tower with north and south transepts, a piresbytery with north and south aisles, and a via processionum .” Abbot Edmund Knowle (1306-1332) replaced the Norman by the present choir; John Snow probably added the chapels on the south side of it, and the Decorated work of the transepts; Newland (1481- 1515) built the Perpendicular central tower, and added the groined roof to the north transept; Elliot (1515-1526) completed the vaulting of the south tran¬ sept. The present nave is modern (1867-1878), the Norman nave and aisles probably having been removed with the intention of rebuilding by Abbot Elliot. The new nave is Decorated, and flanked by two western towers; has very lofty arches, but no triforium or clere-story. “The groined roof is enriched with bosses of foliage.” The aisle windows also are very lofty, with tracery in the heads of each division. The architect, G. S. Street, has repeated in the vaulting of the aisles the very unusual construction of those in the choir. Thus the Norman, Transition Norman, Early English (Lady-chapel and portions of north transept), Decorated, and Perpendicular styles meet in this venerable building The Norman and Decorated portions are of unusual value and interest. The latter present many features which “partake very much more of the nature of what we may call German than English Gothic of that period.” The most strik¬ ing points of this cathedral are the very peculiar vaulting of the choir aisles and the richly decorated monumental recesses, with peculiar arch-headings in the work of Abbot Knowle. The choir and its aisles are of the same height To effect this “a transom, as we must call it, has been thrown across the aisles from the outer walls to the capitals of the choir pillars. These are supported Bristol Catbc&ral ----- BRISTOL CATHEDRAL. 191 on arches springing from attached shafts on each side of the aisle, and in the spandrels formed by these are lesser arches, so that the transom is supported by the points of three arches. From the centre of the transom springs a vault¬ ing shaft which carries the groining of the roof. A horizontal buttress is thus obtained, which receives the thrust of the groining of the choir, and carries it across the aisle to the external buttress.”* This singular arrangement belongs to the art of carpentry rather than to that of masonry. Red sandstone and yel¬ lowish magnesian limestone are the principal materials of the structure. Since 1S61 an extensive series of restorations under local architects has been carried on, and when fully completed will have made the impressive Norman gate-way of the College Green a fitting approach to the western portal. It is very difficult to ascertain from writers the precise dimensions of the church. Probably, the length is 300 ft.; nave, 100 by 70 by 52; transept, 118 by 29 by 55; eastern arm, 90 by 72 by 55; Lady-chapel, 39 by 28 by 52; central tower, 34 by 34 by 100; chapter-house, 42 by 25 by 26; cloisters, 90 by 8 by 14 ft. Entering the cathedral through a debased door-way at the north end of the transept, the evidences of Norman, Early English, and Decorated work pre¬ sent themselves. It is disfigured by monuments, most of which are of the worst style and period. Jane and Anna Maria Porter, the novelists, Cowper’s Lady Ilesketh, and Bishop Butler (died 1752) are among those commemorated. Looking towards the western end of the nave, Street’s rose-window over the portal is seen to represent in its inner lights the heavenly hosts adoring our Lord in glory, while the outer circle depicts the industries of Bristol which contributed to the building of this nave for the glory of God. A good modern stone screen, with double arcade of pointed arches, extends between the eastern piers of the tower, and thus renders the whole choir available for the congre¬ gation. “The lofty pointed arches between the piers are very pure and fine; the archivolts (or group of soffit mouldings) spring from the ground, and run round the arches continuously without any capitals.”! “The pavement is of black and white marble lozenges.” Some of the ancient misereres are amus¬ ingly satirical. On one is a fox preaching to geese, and on another a tilt with brooms between a man and a woman—one of the combatants being mounted on a pig, and the other on what seems to be a turkey-cock. After removing the whitewash from the walls of the chancel, or sacrarium, paintings of angels with golden nimbi again became visible. The pure Decorated east window, fill¬ ing the whole of the end above the reredos, is of singular beauty in tracery and design—the glass dating from about the year 1320. The monuments of the Berkeleys, patrons- of the abbey, also attract attention. The Lady-chapel (1196-1215) contains grotesque and spirited sculpture, greatly resembling that in Wells Cathedral. The Transition Norman chapter-house is largely enriched with zigzag and cable mouldings, lattice and other ornamentation, and was always reserved for the interment of distinguished persons. One very remarkable piece * King’s “ Hand-book to the Cathedrals of England,” Western Division, p. 252. t Ibid., p. 245. 22 192 BRISTOL CATHEDRAL. of ancient Norman sculpture on the covering slab of a coffin represents our Lord’s descent into hell. Of the bishops of Bristol, Paul Bush (1542-1554) consented to be deprived of his see by Queen Mary rather than resign his beloved wife Edith; handsome Richard Eletcher (1589-1593), suspended from episcopal functions by Queen Elizabeth for contracting a second marriage, sought “to lose his sorrow in a mist of smoak, died of the immoderate taking thereof, June 15, 1596,” and thus fell a victim to tobacco, then but recently introduced. Thomas Westfield (1642-1644) was “one of the most devout and powerful preachers in the king¬ dom,” but was ejected by Parliament; Jonathan Trelawney (1685-1689) was one of the seven bishops imprisoned by James II.; John Hall (1691-1710) was a decided Puritan of eminent piety, and a gifted catechist; Joseph Butler (1738-1750), author of the immortal text-book, “Analogy of Religion,” was a profoundly original thinker who, in 1747, declined the primacy on the ground, as reported by his family, that it was “too late for him to try to support a falling Church.” Under Robert Gray (1827-1834) the palace was destroyed, and the chapter library, with all the cathedral records, burned. Joseph Allen (1834-1836) was the last bishop. On his translation to Ely the diocese of Bristol—which has always been one of the poorest in England — was united to that of Gloucester. Bishop: The Right Rev. Charles John Ellicott, I).I). Salary, £5000. Dean and Chapter: The Very Rev. II. D. Maurice Spence, and four Canons Residentiary. OXFORD CATHEDRAL. CSfllE cathedral church of Christ at Oxford was originally the church of St. Frideswide’s priory, which was surrendered to Cardinal Wolsev in 1522. The ground-plan of the existing edifice is exceedingly irregular, and presents many startling deviations from the Norman cruciform ideal. But, as first com¬ pleted, it “was a singularly uniform and homogeneous design—that in which a double equilateral triangle of the whole internal length gives by its common base the internal length of the transept.” Nave, choir, central tower, and transepts are Late Norman. The Lady-chapel ( circa 1250) and the contiguous Latin chapel (1300-1350), with other portions of this smallest of English cathedrals, are of subsequent styles, including the Perpendicular. It illustrates, in some respects, the most important of all the mediaeval phases of architecture, “being the tran¬ sition between two of the most marked styles which architecture has ever as¬ sumed.” Sir George Gilbert Scott further says that it represents “the juncture of a double transformation in architectural art, — the earnest strivings of a period of revived civilization for a high and refined form of art in building,—taking the direction of perfecting and elevating the existing round-arched style — accompanied, almost unconsciously, and evidently without an idea of its ultimate consequences, by the introduction here and there of another form of the arch.” “Every detail bears witness to the most careful study; the profile of every moulding shews refined and subtle art. The foliated ornament assumes a noble character, evidently evincing a study of the ancient Greek, which was effected through a Byzantine medium; . . . while the workmanship, even to the tooling of the stone, is often so beautiful that our modern masons find it impossible to imitate it.”* The mode of dealing with the side arcades is one of the most remarkable features in the design of the church. “The small scale of the build¬ ing would, in the natural course of things, render the pillars and arcades low and of stumpy proportions. This has been obviated by the ingenious expedient of dividing the pillars and arches, as it were, into two halves in their thickness, the half facing the aisle retaining its natural height and proportions, but that facing the central space being so raised as to embrace the triforium stage, the openings of which appear between the two ranges of arches—the clere-story ranging above.” The same design is apparent in the abbey church at Romsey, the choir of Jedburgh, and on a far more magnificent scale, and with pointed arches, at Glastonbury. * Murray’s “ Hand-book to the Cathedrals o( England,” Eastern Division, p. 4 1 . 194 OXFORD CATHEDRAL. St. Frideswide, or Fritheswyth, the site of whose priory is now occupied by the college and cathedral of Christ Church, is traditionally reported to have been born of noble parents at Oxford early in the eighth century, to have re¬ fused the hand of Algar, King of Mercia, and, in common with twelve of her companions, to have devoted herself to a monastic life in a convent built for them by her father in her native town. Secular canons succeeded to the foun¬ dation, and held the church in 1015. In 1122 Guimond, or Wimond, Chaplain of Henry I., established an Augustinian community in place of the secular can¬ ons. At the request of Philip, the third prior, on February 12, 1180, the relics of St. Frideswide were “lifted up” from their grave below the tower of the new church, and translated to a new shrine above ground by Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury, in presence of a papal legate, many prelates, clergy, and laymen. On September 10, 1289, her shrine was removed to a new and most costly receptacle in the Lady-chapel. What is now known as the shrine of St. Frides¬ wide is held by Professor Willis and other competent authorities to have been the watching-chamber which adjoined the shrine for the protection of the gold and jewels enriching it. Popularly called “The Lady,” the saint was regarded as the patroness of Oxford, and as the unrelenting antagonist of kings. To unmonastic women she was more lenient. Cardinal Pole flung the remains of Peter Martyr’s wife from their cathedral tomb into the deanery dunghill. Queen Elizabeth caused them to be reinterred in the sepulchre of St. Frides¬ wide. “The married nun and the virgin saint were buried together, and the dust of the two still remains under the pavement inextricably blended.” The indignant Jesuit Sanders states that this impious epitaph was added: u Hic jacet religio cum superstitione .” Wolsey mutilated the church, for collegiate purposes, by shortening the nave to one-half its original length, and by lowering the roofs; Henry VIII. summarily ended his building operations, formed the diocese of Oxford in 1542, fixing the see at St. Mary’s, Oseney, and in 1546,—combining a college with a cathedral,—removed the bishop’s throne to the “ cathedral church of Christ in Oxford.” Robert King (1542-1557), first bishop of Oseney and Oxford, was followed by Hugh Curwen (1567-1568), a “moderate Papist.” Insufficient endowment of the see thereafter occasioned long vacancies. This difficulty relieved, John Bridges (1604-1618) was appointed to the episcopate. John Howson (1619- 1628), the polemic; John Bancroft (1632-1641), the acquisitive builder; Henry Compton (1674-1675), the irenic; John Fell (1676-1686), the learned and lit¬ erary, who recast the famous bell “ Great Tom of Oxford f and Samuel Parker (1686-1687), the servile “chamseleon” churchman, are among the more promi¬ nent historic occupants of the Oxonian see. The only good view of the modern cathedral is to be had from the garden of one of the canon’s houses. The church itself is entered ou the west from “Tom Quad” by two panelled arches. “The massive pillars of the nave are altei nately cii cular and octagonal. From their capitals, which are large, with square abaci, some decorated with very rich volutes and foliage, spring circular arches with well-defined mouldings.” The roof is of wood, and may be of Wol- sey’s time. The aisles are vaulted. The Jacobean organ-screen is very ornate; Christ Church C OXFORD CATHEDRAL. 199 and the grotesquely carved pulpit, with pelican surmounting the canopy, is yet more interesting. Numerous monuments crowd the nave and aisles. Among them is that of the celebrated Bishop of Oloyne. On his grave below it is in¬ scribed Pope’s line: “To Berkeley every virtue under heaven. Very recently, all the windows in nave aisles and transepts, with one exception, have been restored to their previous Perpendicular design. “The very fine and lofty arches of the central tower are circular towards the nave and choir, but pointed towards the transepts.” In 1856 a small crypt, 1 ft. long, 7 ft. high, and 5.6 ft. wide, constructed of rude stone-work, was discovered under the east¬ ern tower arch, and may have been the first resting-place of St. Frideswide, or the secret place which every monastery had for hiding its treasures, or for the safe-keeping of the University chest. In the choir, the gorgeous brass lectern, costly episcopal throne, and canons’ stalls, attract far less admiration than the intricately magnificent groined roof whose fine vaulting, commonly attributed to Cardinal Wolsey, has remarkable lantern pendants. The original Norman fen¬ estration of the east end has been reproduced by Sir George Gilbert Scott. “Above is a wheel window of ten radiating trefoil-headed lights.” The altar of cedar stands on five steps of richly veined marble. The figures of the reredos are carved in rosso antico. The Early English Lady-chapel, adjoining the north choir aisle, was evidently forced into its peculiar position by the impossibility of placing it at the east end, which was in close proximity to the city wall. The monuments of Prior Guimond, or Sutton, Lady Montacute, and Robert Burton, author of the “Anatomy of Melancholy,” are in this section of the cathedral. The Latin, or St. Catharine’s, chapel immediately north of it, is Decorated. Its windows have very graceful flowing tracery. In the new east window, “with very heavy and strangely incongruous Venetian tracery,” appears the legend of St. Frideswide in modern stained glass. Bishop King’s monument in the south choir aisle is also worthy of notice. The chapter-house, divided from the tran¬ sept by a barrel-vaulted slype or passage, is an excellent example of the very best Early English. “ The eastern end is especially beautiful. The foliage and ornaments of the clustered shafts and capitals, as well as those introduced be¬ tween the arcade and the roof, are most graceful, and deserve all possible atten¬ tion.” The cloister quadrangle was the scene of Cranmer’s degradation. The noble and impressive spire, “if not absolutely the most ancient, is one of the earliest in England.” Walcott states that the dimensions of the cathedral, internally, are 155.6 ft. (203 when complete); nave, 52 (was 102) by 52.10 by 45.6; north transept, 120 by 38 ; east arm, 80 by 52.10 by 37.6; lateral north chapel, 47 by 20 by 25; chapter-house, 54 by 23.9; cloisters, 90 by 12 ft. Bishop: The Right Rev. J. F. Mackarness, D.D. Salary, £5000. Dean and Chapter: The Very Rev. H. G. Liddell, D.D., and six Canons Residentiary. 23 EIPON MINSTER. OfHE cathedral church of Eipon, dedicated to Sts. Peter and Wilfrid, stands on the site of an ancient basilica, erected by the latter about A.l). 664. His curious but sturdy crypt is the chief remnant of his work, and “the most perfect existing relic of the first age of Christianity in Yorkshire.” Portions of the chapter-house are Norman (1070-1100). The transepts, three bays on the north side of the choir, and portions of the nave piers next the west and central towers, are of Transition work (1154-1181); west front and tow¬ ers, vaulting, and circular windows of the chapter-house, are of the Early English (1215-1255); two easternmost bays (Geometrical) of the choir, of the Early Decorated (1288-1300); south and east sides of central tower, choir- screen, and the unusually light and wide nave, of the Perpendicular, or Tudor, form of the Pointed style of architecture. The west front (Archbishop Gray’s) is a singularly pure example of Early English. In the nave “very graceful pillars support a lofty clere - story.” In the arches supporting the central tower is a strange admixture of Romanesque and Perpendicular. The Lady-chapel is a “Decorated upper story, known as the Lady Loft , added to the chapter-house.”* The shrine of St. Wilfrid was locally more attractive, and that of the Virgin was forced into a subordinate position. The choir-screen is a mass of rich tabernacle work (Perpendicular, 1459). In the chon- itself much of the ancient wood-work, especially the fin- ials and subsellia of the stalls, is especially fine. The richly foliated windows at the east end are very fine examples of the Early Decorated. “The dimensions of the cathedral are, internally, 275 ft.; nave, 134 by 87 by 88.6; transept, 132 by 36 by 88; eastern arm, 99.6 by 66.8 by 79; chap¬ ter-house (34.8 by 18.8) and sacristy (28 by 18.8), 62 by 28 by 18.8 ; west towers, 30 by 30 by 110; central, or Wilfrid’s, tower, 33.6 by 32.5 by 110 ft.”t The north wall of the tower overhanging to an almost startling extent, the niche in St. Wilfrid’s crypt, called the “ needle,” through which if a woman could not pass in the ordeal for jealousy, “she was pricked in her reputation,” and the cunningly contrived place of concealment, or perhaps of punishment entered by a trap-door through the roof in the pinnacle of the south-east but¬ tress, are great curiosities. Of the monuments, the one bearing the figure of a * Essays on Cathedrals,” edited by Dean Howson, p. 339. f Walcott’s “English Minsters” vol. i., pp. 213 214. iIMnster. RIPON MINSTER. 205 lion, over the tomb of a traditional Irish prince; that of Hugh Ripley, the last “Wakeman”—so called from his rule of the “wake,” or watch — and first Mayor of Ripon (died 1637); and that of William Weddell of Newby, are of principal interest. Bede relates that Scottish monks from Melrose founded the monastery at Ripon, and that on their departure after the Council of Whitby, in 604, it was given by King Alchfrid to Wilfrid, the great champion of Rome, who served as Bishop of Northumbria from 669 to 678. He rebuilt the church on the basilican plan, and subsequently he or Eadhed, his successor, erected a second edifice on the site of the existing cathedral. Among his monks was Willebrord, the apostle of Friesland. Eadhed (678-680) had no successor for more than ten centuries. His cathedral was burned, probably by King Eadred, in 948. Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury, is said to have replaced it. Some portion of his work was incorporated with the present building by Roger de Pont 1’Eveque, Archbishop of York (1154-1181). In 1604 James I. erected the edifice into a collegiate church. Not until 1836 was the see restored in con¬ sequence of the report of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. Beginning in 1862, Sir Gilbert Scott skilfully restored the cathedral, “with the strictest preserva¬ tion of every antique fragment.” * Bishops Charles Thomas Longley (1836- 1856) and Robert Bickersteth were followed by the present incumbent, The Right Rev. William Boyd Carpenter, I).D. Salary, £4500. Dean and Chapter: The Very Rev. W. R. Fremantle, D.I)., and four Canons Residentiary. King’s “Hand-book to the Cathedrals of England,” Northern Division, Part I., p. 149 . MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL. HE parish church of Manchester was made collegiate in 1422 by royal w license, at the instance of its rector, Thomas West, Lord De la Warre, who endowed it. The college consisted of one warden, eight fellows, four clerks, and six choristers, who, when the church was elevated to cathedral dig¬ nity in 1848, became dean, canons, and minor canons of the new chapter. The diocese embraces most of the county of Lancaster. On the dissolution of the college, in 1547, its lands passed to the Stanleys. Philip and Mary re-estab¬ lished the institution, and restored most of its former property. By the charter of Elizabeth, in 1578, its name was changed from the “College of the Blessed Virgin” to “Christ’s College.” Dissolved again by Parliament in the Civil War, it was again restored in 1060. In dimensions the cathedral has a length of 215 and a width of 112 feet. Erected prior to the year 1400, its original plan consisted of nave and choir of equal length, with side aisles and western tower, but no transept. Chapels were afterwards founded and added so as to form double aisles to the nave and choir, with the exception of part of the south side. The Lady-chapel was at the east. The result is a somewhat un¬ usual ground-plan. Since 1848 the cathedral has been largely restored and some portions of it rebuilt. Brown sandstone constitutes its principal material, and millstone grit its outside facing. Its wholly Perpendicular architecture is rich and stately, befitting a fine parish church dedicated to the “ Blessed Virgin, St. George, and St. Denys,” but it has none of the features which ought to char¬ acterize the cathedral of a great see. The “lofty choir arch, and the unusual intricacy produced by the double aisles,” are most remarkable on entering the building. Wider than any other church in England, excepting St. Helen’s, Abingdon, this fact is “not unpleas¬ antly noticeable, owing to the lofty height of the nave arcades, whose clustered pillars of delicately moulded red sandstone support elaborately carved spandrels, and bold five-light clere-story windows of the Perpendicular order.”* The sec¬ ond aisles of the nave are probably sixteenth century additions. That on the south contained the Trafford chantry, and the chapels of St. Nicholas and St. George; that on the north, the Strangeway’s chantry and the chapel of St. James. The original oak screens dividing the chapels were removed in or about 1815. The octagonal font, and the Hulme and other monuments, merit notice. The choir roof is almost pure white, the piers and arches of cream- Professor T. G. Bonney’s “Cathedral Churches of England and Wales,” p. 233 . MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL. 209 colored tint. On either side of the arch opening to the Chetham Chapel is the rebus of John Huntingdon, first warden of the college (1422-1458), who con¬ structed the original choir. It is “a hunter with a stag and horned ram before him, and a man drawing liquor from a tun or barrel.” Choir and retrochoir are six bays in length. The beautiful reredos separates the eastern bay from the actual choir, and from this bay an arch opens into the Lady-chapel, which is now called the Chetham Chapel. Above the arch is the east window. A similar arrangement exists in Hereford and Exeter Cathedrals. The fine wood¬ work of the stalls is of nearly the same date as that in Chester Cathedral, but is much richer. The figures of angels between the windows, and of the apes and foxes on the misereres, are unusually good. At the east end of the north choir aisle is Theed’s statue of Humphrey Chetham (died 1653), founder of the Chetham Library, one of the best provincial collections in England. Neither chapter-house nor any of the numerous chapels possesses uncommon interest. The western tower, 140 feet high, is a modern erection, and has a fine effect. Bishop: The Right Rev. James Moorhouse, D.D. Salary, £4200. Coadju¬ tor-Bishop: The Right Rev. P. A. R. Cramer-Roberts, D.D. Dean and Chapter: The Very Rev. J. Oakley, D.D., and four Canons Residentiary. 24 ST. ALBAN’S CATHEDRAL. S HE Church of St. Alban, in the city bearing his name, was raised to cathe¬ dral dignity by Act of Parliament in 1874. The bishopric was constituted in 1877. St. Alban’s stands on the side of the valley opposite the remains of the Roman Verulamium , which was the chief town of the British Cassii, and covers the spot where, under Diocletian, A.D. 305, it is believed that Alban, a Roman Christian, suffered death, and thus became the protomartyr of Britain. On the scene of the martyrdom Bede states that a church was built, and that miracles were wrought. In 793 Offa, King of Mercia, troubled in conscience for the murder of Ethelbert, King of East Anglia, determined to found a mon¬ astery in honor of St. Alban, whose canonization he procured from Pope Adrian. Thus arose the great abbey of St. Alban, the principal house of the Benedictine order in England. Around the abbey grew the town. Ealdred, the twelfth abbot, and his successor Eadmer, deliberately broke up the buildings of Yeru- lamium, which were the resorts of persons of evil life and of robbers from the neighboring forests, and laid aside the materials for building a new church. This they were not able to erect. After the Conquest, kings and noble person¬ ages paid their vows at the shrine of the martyr, which was constructed of gold and silver plates enriched with jewels, and enclosed the reliquary containing his bones. The weight was such that four men were required to carry it. St. Alban’s was famous for its scriptorium, or library, established by the first Norman abbot, Paul of Caen. In the reign of King John the historical school of St. Alban’s rose into celebrity. The monk Roger of Wendover began the great work known as the “Chronica Magna” — or “Majora”—“S. Albani.” Matthew Paris, another monk, continued it; and after him, Thomas of ¥al sing- ham, William of Rishanger, John of Trokelowe, and others. All these chronicles have been printed, and are valuable contributions to English history. Adrian IT., the only English pope, when a young man, applied for admission to the fraternity, but was refused because of his ignorance. On the 5th of December, 1539, Richard Boreman, the last abbot, surrendered the abbey to the visitors of the Crown. After its dissolution much of the delicate work throughout the interior of the church was greatly injured, and the shrines of St. Alban and St. Amphibalus were broken up. In 1553 the main body of the edifice was grant¬ ed for £400 to the mayor and burgesses for a parish church. The Lady-chapel was converted into a grammar-school, and for ages afterwards the boys amused themselves by hacking the soft stone of the beautiful areading in the different chapels with their knives. Not until 1832 were repairs of any great magnitude St. Hiban’e (Xatlx’&ral. ST. ALBAN’S CATHEDBAL. 213 attempted. In 1870 the great tower, heaviest in the kingdom, showed signs of insecurity, and was subsequently restored, together with the transepts, pres¬ bytery, and feretory, under the direction of Sir George Gilbert Scott. Later still, the Lady-chapel, and beautiful group of chapels surrounding it, were re¬ stored and reunited with the abbey church. The western front also was rebuilt in Decorated style, and in manner worthy of a great cathedral. St. Alban’s Cathedral, with its huge exterior length of 548 feet, long ranges of clere-story lights, and massive tower of Roman tiles, exhibits the usual med¬ ley of architectural styles. Norman, Early English, Decorated, Perpendicular, and Debased handiwork appear in it. Offa’s church, standing in 1077, when the first Norman abbot, friend and kinsman of Lanfranc, came into office, was pulled down by him. Much of its material, together with that accumulated by the Saxon abbots, and what besides might be quarried from the Roman town, entered into the new building — “the vastest and sternest structure of his age,” completed by Paul in eleven years. Henry I. and his queen attended the dedi¬ cation in 1115. The new style of architecture introduced by the Normans, although little less rude than its predecessor, possessed the germs of a thoroughly sound ar¬ tistic system, which rapidly developed into a series of embodiments the most glorious, perhaps, that man has ever seen. Immense solidity of walls, and mas¬ siveness of all structural features, are its chief characteristics, and indicate ener¬ gies, resources, and enthusiasms at which the world will never cease to wonder. The ground-plan of the church was what it is now, and for the most part the church is the same from the west front to and including the central tower and transepts. They exemplify some of the earliest Norman work in the country. The square towers flanking the western front have disappeared; also the two apsidal chapels opening eastward from each transept. The entire church, inside and outside, was covered with a casing of cement prepared with gravel or sand, and resembled an architectural mountain of snow. All this has been removed, and the exterior tiles carefully trimmed. In the nave the massive piers are square-edged, and the plain arches recede in three orders. These arches, with those of the triforium and clere-story, divide the height into three nearly equal parts. Nothing can well be grander or more impressive. The four great arches of the tower are particularly striking. The Saxon balusters in the triforium of the transept are no less interesting, as being without doubt from the church of Offa. In the centre of the north transept ceiling is represented the martyrdom of St. Alban, over the place where it is said to have occurred. The ritual choir is under the lantern, extends three bays down the nave, includes the transept and part of the eastern arm, and thus has the unusual form of a Greek cross. In the vaulting the faces of the groins have patterns of scroll-work, shields bearing the arms of kings and princes, and emblems of saints. By the time of Abbot John de Celia (1195-1214) Early English architect¬ ure had been fully developed. He undertook to rebuild the west front in the new and enriched style, but only completed—if he did complete—the three portals. The work of William de Trumpington (1215-1235) is seen in the western end of the nave. His successor, John of Hertford (1235—1260), rebuilt 214 ST. ALBAN’S CATHEDRAL. nearly the whole of the presbytery, with its aisles, removed the apse altogether, added two bays to the aisles, a central chapel beyond them, and a square-ended Lady-chapel beyond that. Sir George Gilbert Scott reported the entire work as one of exceeding beauty — “as perfect in art as anything which its age produced; indeed, its window tracery is carried to higher perfection than in any other work I know.” Hugh of Eversden (1308-1326) finished the very rich and beautiful Lady-chapel, and rebuilt part of the south side of the nave. St. Cuth- bert’s screen, as the pulpitum for reading the Gospels and Epistles on certain occasions is popularly designated, dividing the choir of the monks from that portion of the church used by the people, is very fine work of the later Deco¬ rated period. John of Wheathamstead (1420-1440) unscientifically inserted the great western Perpendicular window, which is little more than a stone grating, and also the huge windows in the two ends of the transepts. The su¬ perb reredos, giving the central outline of a large cross, separating the presby¬ tery from the retrochoir, is the work of Abbot William Wallingford (1476- 1484). His chantry, on the south side of the high altar, is plainer than that of Abbot Ramryge (1492-1524), which is a mass of the most elaborate carv¬ ing rising high towards the roof, on the north side. The reconstructed shrine of St. Alban occupies the centre of the retrochoir, or Saints’ Chapel, is of rich Early Decorated character, and was anciently watched by a monk stationed in a richly carved oak gallery lest any one should steal therefrom the gold and jewels. East of the retrochoir is the fragmentary shrine of St. Amphibalus. South of St. Alban’s shrine is the monumental chantry of Humphrey, the “Good Duke” of Gloucester, who saw his wife led in penance through the streets on a charge of witchcraft. He himself was probably murdered. For years visitors were allowed to carry away his bones as curiosities. This venerable historic cathedral, in which some of the proudest feudal nobility of England lie buried, and into which kings have come in the triumph of victory, or in the dejection of defeat, has an internal length of about 524 ft.; length of transept about 177; width, 34; nave, 284 ft. long.; width, including aisles, 77; height, 70; eastern arm, 95 by 74; Lady-chapel, 58 by 23; height of tower, 149 ft. All these figures are only approximate. Bishop: The Right Rev. Thomas Legh Claughton, D.D. Salary, £4500. No Dean and Chapter. Bishop-Suffragan (of Colchester): The Right Rev. Alfred Blomfield, D.D. ^Liverpool CatPcPral LIVERPOOL CATHEDRAL. CStHE cathedral church of St. Peter, completed and consecrated in 1704, five ^6/ years after Liverpool had been made a separate and independent parish, contains the throne of its first prelate, but is surpassed in style, size, and beauty by many parochial edifices. The Rev. J. Pulliblank describes it as “ a rectangular, box-like structure, with a western annexe in the form of a tower, and an eastern annexe which serves as the sacrarium.” Externally it presents “no features of interest. Internally the case is little better. Galleries north, west, and south — the last containing the organ—take away from whatever effect the open space might have had. The font is almost hidden away under the western gallery; and the eastern end, with oak carving of very good quality, but of altogether unchurch-like design, is partially concealed by the state cathedra of the bishop. The next most noticeable points of the interior are the gilded and decorated stands in which, on high civic occasions, the insignia of the mayor and corporation are brought to rest.”* Liverpool, as one of the most important of the new sees, ought to have a correspondingly large and beautiful cathedral, and one that is structurally adapted to daily services. The probability is that, if erected, it would attract immense crowds of worshippers. The present episcopal incumbent is not only master of a powerful and interesting literary style, apparent in multitudinous and widely circulated religious publications, but is also a remarkably useful preacher; yet his befitting cathedral is still in the uncertain future. Half a million sterling is needed to begin its erection. The difficulty of obtaining a suitable location is a hitherto insuperable objection. The site alone, it is com¬ puted, would cost as much as the building. Besides all this, the utilitarian Liverpool magnates hold that more churches, but not a cathedral, are wanted. The first, they say, are a necessity; the second, a luxury. Surely the maritime metropolis of the world-wide empire is able to supply them all. With steam communications connecting it with every section of the globe, and with fabulous streams of wealth flowing in and out of its portals, the Christian public spirit of its rich men should add the crowning attraction of a magnificent Early Eng¬ lish cathedral to their populous and prosperous city. Bishop: The Right Rev. John Charles Ryle, D.D. Salary, £3500. No Dean and Chapter. 25 Professor T. G. Bonney’s “Cathedral Churches of England and Wales,” p. 234. TRURO CATHEDRAL. 5 gj.PECIAL interest attaches to the see of Truro. Early in the third century Christianity is said to have been introduced into the diocese, and to have made much progress. Nor did the Saxon invasion, as in other parts of the island, exterminate it. Perranzabulo states that “the Cornish purchased by an annual tribute from Oerdocius permission still to exercise the rights of the Christian religion.” Conjecture fixes the date of the Cornish episcopate in or about A.D. 614. At that epoch, and until 927, the principality extended to the river Exe, in Devonshire. In the latter year TIowel, the sovereign prince, threw off the suzerainty of Athelstan, but was defeated in battle near Exeter, and reduced to submission by the Saxon king. In 936 subjugation was com¬ plete. Athelstan in the same year nominated Conan, a native Cornish bishop, to the see in the church of St. Germans, and thenceforward Cornwall ranked as an English, not British, diocese. The see was afterwards added to that of Crediton on the death of Burthwold. Lyfing, or Living, Bishop of Crediton in 1027, and Bishop of Cornwall in 1072, was succeeded by Lcofric in 1046. Four years later the two sees were united, and the church at Exeter selected for the cathedral. More than eight centuries passed before the passage of the Truro Bishopric Act in 1876 restored the old Cornish diocese, and raised the church of St. Mary in Truro to cathedral dignity. Voluntary munificence supplied moderate endow r ment to the new see. Dr. Edward W. Benson, the first bishop, found his throne in a dilapidated parish church, of small architectural pretensions (three parallel alleys, panelled outer walls, rich Perpendicular style, Jacobean ceiling), and in the fitness of things demanding superior ecclesiological environment. Equal to the emergency, and loyally assisted, he soon saw J. L. Pearson, R.A., selected as the architect and on the 20th of May, 1880, H. R. II. the Prince of Wales, who is also the Duke of Cornwall, laying two foundation-stones—one in the choir and the other in the nave—of the projected structure. Translated to the archiepiscopal see of Canterbury, Bishop Benson transferred the great work he had organized to Dr. G. H. Wilkinson, who was duly installed in office on the 15th of May, 1883. On the 3d of November, 1887, the new but uncompleted cathedral was sol¬ emnly consecrated in presence of large numbers of the clergy and of the Prince of Wales. A theological college, established in 1877, in connection with the cathedral, has ten students in hostel; missioners are employed in parochial and cathedral ministration; a diocesan Society for the Advancement of Holv Living has upwards of fourteen hundred members, and the Diocesan Conference has reason to hope that the mother-church will be of great practical utility. The Baptistery. athebral. South-east view of the Cathedral as it will appear when completed. TRURO CATHEDRAL. 223 In length the new cathedral is, or is to be, 303 ft.; in width, 157; and in height of central tower from the floor of the nave, 217 ft. Fourteen hundred worshippers find accommodation within the choir and transept, and two thou¬ sand th e hundred will have ample room when the elegant edifice is perfected. In style it is Early English, very striking and beautiful but simple, and with¬ out pietence of much ornamentation. “Skill is specially shewn in the interior arrangements, all had to be adapted to a limited area; and the power of pi educing the effect of length, height, and proportion in the choir, side aisles, and tiansepts, is here illustrated in great perfection.”* A spacious crypt under the choir affords accommodation for vestries and singing-school, with access by staircases to the choir above — “the southern staircase entering into a narrow aisle which unites the new building to the restored aisle of the old Church of St. Mary.’ At the west end of this restored aisle is the temporary bell-tower. A handsome baptistery, west of the south porch of the transept, is a memorial to the saintly missionary Henry Martyn, who was a native of Truro. The south¬ ern part of the large transept is a memorial to the first episcopate of the new see, and is called Bishop Benson’s transept. When the transept, north and south, has reached the apex of the choir roof, and temporary walling against the in¬ tended nave has been provided, building operations will probably cease. Fol¬ lowing benefactors are expected to take up the unfinished work, and to give reality to the chastely beautiful and imposing nave, central and western towers crowned with spires, which as yet are only foreshadowed by the plans and drawings of the architect. Bishop: The Right Rev. George Howard Wilkinson, D.D. Salary, £3000. Dean and Chapter: The Bishop and four Canons Residentiary. * Professor T. G. Bonney’s “ Cathedral Churches of England and Wales,” p. 238. NEWCASTLE CATHEDRAL. C^PIE Church of St. Nicholas, now the cathedral of the diocese of Newcastle, (Sir founded in 1878, is the successor of a Norman building consecrated by Bishop Osmund of Salisbury in 1091. This was burned down in 1216, but soon rose in Transitional Norman style from its ashes. As was then the com¬ mon practice, the choir may have been arranged first for the celebration of divine worship, leaving the eastern and western extensions to be supplied afterwards. The nave was added in 1859, and the transepts in 1368. Roger Thornton (1429) contributed the east window, and Robert Rhodes (1474), an¬ other citizen, completed the western tower, and crowned it with the spire which has ever since been the pride of the community. While far inferior to cathedrals of ordinary type, that of Newcastle is in¬ teresting as an embodiment of social progress. Cruciform in ground-plan, with four bays in both nave and choir, and two bays in each end of the transept, its plain solidity in harmony with the stern severity of past centuries, and with¬ out the graceful adjuncts which lend such manifold charms to prouder erec¬ tions, it symbolizes munificent effort to keep equal step with the needs of a rapidly growing citizenship. Strong and spacious, it was conceived in fashion that admitted of subsequent decoration. With a length of 245 feet, it is ca¬ pable of seating three thousand people. Its chief architectural feature is the flying spire. Prom the top of the square tower, bearing the familiar English group of pinnacles, flying-buttresses rise at the four corners, and meet over the centre to support the elegant spire, tapering to an altitude of 200 feet. This crowning lantern is held to surpass all contemporaries in grace of proportion and beauty of form. It is said to be structurally indefensible, that it can be maintained only by iron supports, that it offers but slight resistance to wind and weather, and that it needs ceaseless care and often repairs. But it is the principal point in all views of Newcastle, and sometimes the only one that is visible above the dense gray mists rolling westward up the valley of the Tyne. “A good story is told of its preservation during the siege sustained by New¬ castle in 1644, when the Scottish general outside demanded the immediate surrender of the city keys, and said that if they were not sent he would de¬ stroy the tower. The mayor put the chief Scotch prisoners in the crown and answered: 1 Our enemies shall either preserve it, or be buried in its ruins F— logic that was conclusive.”* HunnewelTs “Imperial Island—England’s Chronicle in Stone," p. 218 . NEWCASTLE CATHEDRAL. The entire edifice suffered much from the “improvement” havoc of 1783, but is greatly indebted to the restoration conducted by Sir George Gilbert Scott between 1873 and 1877. Flowing Decorated, rapidly passing into the Peipendicular, is its architectural style. At the western end three door-ways afford entrance into a spacious vestibule, separated from the body of the church by a plain wooden screen. Two ranges of low arches and small pillars support a low clei e-story. There is no triforium. The pillars are without capitals, and the plain chamfer ot the arches ends in a simple bevel.” The windows have heads very much flattened, and the timber roofs are dark and double pitched. One step raises the chancel above the nave. The large organ stands in the noith transept, and blocks up the old chapel of St. George. Nine chantries, or side chapels, were formerly burial-places for civic families, and w r ere endowed to perpetuate the chanting of masses for the repose of their souls. Colored glass fills several of the windows, and especially the large pointed one at the east end of the choir. Monuments are many, chiefly mural, occasionally elabo¬ rate, and “all are dirty.” Reredos, choir-stalls, and general decoration of chan¬ cel have all been projected, if not already provided. Bishop: The Right Rev. Ernest Roland Wilberforce, D.D. No Dean and Chapter. Salary, £3600. SOUTHWELL CATHEDRAL. CStAe magnificent collegiate church of St. Mary the Virgin in Southwell now (U/ contains the cathedra of a bishopric that for more than three hundi ed years has been in abeyance. Situated in one of the most quiet and pleasant, as well as the smallest, cities of England, it has a history reaching backward to the evangelist Paulinus, who, about the year 627, built a church at South- well, around which the town grew up. Endowed richly at the time of the Conquest, it employed a number of ecclesiastics large enough to constitute a college or chapter, but without a bishop. In 1543 such a functionary was dp- pointed to the see established on this foundation, but the arrangement was not lasting. Queen Mary restored the chapter, and Elizabeth confirmed it. In 1883 the see was again set up, and found a fitting receptacle in this singularly grand and noble edifice. Near to it, on the 6tli of May, 1646, at the King’s Arms inn, Charles I. surrendered himself to the Scotch Commissioners, and thus made way for the most important changes in both Church and State. During his contest with the Parliament all the ecclesiastical buildings in Southwell were barbarously mutilated. The church was converted into a stable. Some of the iron rings used for tying horses remained in it until 1793. Further damage was wrought by lightning in 1711, and by the year 1804 it had “long been in a state of almost absolute ruin.” Thoroughly repaired at the latter epoch, it has recently been restored in a manner that will effectually “help to pre¬ serve one of the oldest and most curious and precious of all English churches.” In size and stateliness, plan and character, the collegiate church of St. Mary is a true cathedral, possessed of strong individuality and peculiar beauty, “a character given by bold horizontal lines, carried completely round the nave, by the squareness of the centre tower in outline and ornament, and by the bands of moulding and arcadiug which cut the western towers into rectangular divisions.” * The evil work of Perpendicular architects is apparent in the mer¬ ciless way in which the vast trellised window opening was cut in the ancient front for the reception of stained glass, without the slightest regard for archi¬ tectural unity or harmony. The fine west portal has an arch of five orders of well-grouped mouldings, and the doors are of early fourteenth century work. On the south side of the nave the clere-story windows are unique, and form one of the special features of the church; on the north side is a beautiful and uncommon porch, made one with the building by a bold and skilful arrange- Professor T. G. Bonney’s “ Cathedral Churches of England and Wales,” p. 242. Seutbwel SOUTHWELL CATHEDRAL. 235 ment of the string-courses. The transepts retain their original Norman win¬ dows, and exhibit “ a rare variation of cable moulding.” The herring-bone ornament in the gables, also the bear on the north and the lion on the south gable, attract notice. The curious pinnacles on the grave and massive central tower probably flanked these same gables before the roofs were lowered. The Norman church (1100-1150) had apsidal chapels east of the transepts, and a short choir with apsidal aisle-endings, but terminating in a square chancel or sacrarium —a very unusual form of this style. None know when the roofs were lowered, but they were raised and the spires placed on the western towers in 1879-1883. “The exterior of the Early English choir [1230-1250] is as perfect and beautiful an example of its style as the nave and transepts, with which it not only contrasts but subtly harmonizes.”* At Aix-la-Chapelle, where the two styles meet, the entire effect is grotesque; “here it shows as a noble and per¬ fect marriage.” The singularity of the details “lies in happy grouping and ex¬ quisite finish.” “The dog-tooth is the only ornamental moulding.” The choir is crossed by small square transepts. The east front, which lacks the high gable of the old roof, harmonizing with the lofty pinnacles, “is remarkable for two tiers of four equal-sized lancets, the even number being rare in this posi¬ tion.” North of the choir is the beautiful chapter-house (1285-1300), octago¬ nal, strengthened by massive buttresses, with a parapet that “is a rich band of ornament based on a rare modification of the corbel table,” and with windows containing very good geometrical tracery. An Early English chapel of very interesting details, and opening into the north transept, fills the space beyond the chapter-house. Cruciform, very gray, and with all the interest of noble but long neglected age, the church is no less worthy of study in the interior. Entered by the west portal, the first impression is that of too much light. The massive pillars and low arches, said to be early as the reign of Harold, suggest deeper shadow and more gravity and mystery than are present. Their absence, however, is compensated to some extent by the warm tint received by the pale buff stone. The piers have broad square bases, round capitals, and little of ornament. The triforium arches are low and wide; the ceiling semicircular, with heavy wooden rafters; and the pavement retains portions of the old herring-bone floor. The four beautiful lofty arches of the tower have engaged semicircular pillars, with bold cable moulding. Below three tiers of windows, at each end of the tran¬ sept, two arches in the wall rest in the middle on a round pillar close to the wall, but detached from it. Of the apsidal chapels only the entrance arches remain. Over the door of a stair to the triforium and tower, in the north tran¬ sept, is a tympanum stone older than the church, and of curious Byzantine character. The parvise, or sacrist’s chamber, over the porch, and the beautiful alabaster monument of Edwin Sandys, Archbishop of York (died 1588), are full of suggestion. The Decorated rood-screen (1340), of intricate and singular construction, is Professor T. G. Bonney’s “ Cathedral Churches of England and Wales," p. 243. 236 SOUTHWELL CATHEDBAL. profusely ornamented. The place of the rood above it is now taken up by the organ. “The interior of the choir is a very tine construction, of extraordinary purity and beauty of proportion.” The sedilia are of uncommonly rich Deco¬ rated work. Cloister, court, and vestibule of the chapter-house, the building itself, and the splendid door-way leading into it, merit highest praise. “The first impression of this arch is that it is perfectly new, and it is hard to believe that nearly six hundred years have passed since the last strokes of that most skilful chisel were given. Its beauty and purity have been its defence against friend and foe.” The delicate sculpture is thought by some to be unrivalled in England. Foliage, heads, birds, beasts, grotesques reveal spirited and original treatment, and are remarkable for drawing as well as undercutting. “Each builder has studied and caught the spirit of his predecessors, in a manner that makes the cathedral of many periods a single and perfect building, telling its one story in many voices, and a fit type of the Church of Christ in every age of the world.”* Bishop: The Right Rev. George Ridding, D.D. Salary, £3000. No Dean and Chapter. Professor T. G. Bonney’s “Cathedral Churches of England and Wales,” p. 247. GLASGOW CATHEDRAL. KEOTTGERR, or Cyndeyrn, or Mungo, the patron saint of Glasgow, was born at Culross Abbey about A.D. 514. Tradition preserves the memory of his excellent mother, Tlienaw, under the local appellation of St. Enoch. The boy grew up to be a favorite disciple of St. Servan, or St. Serf, Bishop of Culross in the Mearns,—that district of the Piets in Britain where Palladius, the comparatively unsuccessful predecessor of Patricius, or St. Patrick, in the evangelical invasion of Ireland, taught after his rejection by the Irish, and where he died about A.D. 431. Leaving Culross, Mungo planted a monastery at Cathures (Glasgow), on the extreme northern border of Strathclyde, and there established an episcopal see, of which he was the first occupant. Erom his little wooden church on the bank of the Molendinar he itinerated on foot through the wild regions of Strathclyde and Cambria, which then extended to the mouth of the Mersey, and was very successful in evangelizing the heathen. The accession of a pagan chieftain obliged him to fly to Wales, where he established the monastery of St. Asaph. Recalled by Roderick, successor of the hostile sovereign, ho returned to Glas¬ gow, accompanied by six hundred and fifty of his monks. There he flourished miraculously, presiding over his diocese, according to his largely legendary life by Joscelyn of Furness, until he had reached the advanced age of one hundred and eighty-five years. Buried on the site of the cathedral, his body and the bodies of his mother and St. Serf were, according to the “Breviary of Aber¬ deen,” long preserved here as objects of veneration. The wonted supernatural phenomena are said to have occurred at his tomb. Around the abode and church of St. Mungo, “the Cathedral of the West,” grew up a village, under the fostering care of the monks, until it had become a place of importance. Prior to the twelfth century Glasgow Cathedral, located on the site of the present edifice, was a very unpretentious building. The Ror- man and larger structure which replaced it in 1136, through the munificence of David I., whom James VI. called “a sail’ saunt to the Crown,” was destroyed by fire in 1192. Bishop Joscelyn collected funds for erecting the new one that rose upon its ashes, and was dedicated in 1191. The construction of the present cathedral began about 1238 under Bishop Bodington. Crypt and choir were probably completed in his episcopate. Advancing slowly to completion, its progress was hastened in 1277, under the warlike but patriotic bishop, Robert Wishart, by a grant of timber from the Laird of Luss’s forests in Dum¬ bartonshire, wherewith to build a steeple and treasury. In 1400 the wooden 27 238 GLASGOW CATHEDRAL. spire was shattered by lightning. Bishop Lauder commenced to replace it with a stone fabric, which was completed by Bishop Cameron. Bishop Turnbull (1450) accomplished nobler work in the foundation of the University of Glas¬ gow, whose convocation was held in the chapter-house finished in 1457. In 1491 the see was elevated to metropolitical prominence through James IVI, who in early life had been a canon of the cathedral. Robert Blackadder, the first archbishop, in 1508 constructed the crypt of the intended southern tran¬ sept which still bears his name. The last Roman Catholic archbishop of Glas¬ gow was James Bethune, consecrated in 1552. In 1560, in consequence of the Reformation, ho fled to France, taking with him all the relics, documents, and valuables belonging to the see. At this epoch the edifice was still incom¬ plete, and remained in that condition until a comparatively recent date. In the destruction which befell Scottish ecclesiastical edifices in the reaction from popery, the cathedral of Glasgow was fortunate. linages and altars were thrown down and broken, as symbols offensive to the new creed, and the roof was stripped of its leaden covering. In 1574, moved by the decay and ruin of “such a great monument,” the provost and council, with the deans of the crafts, assessed themselves for its repair, “and holding of it water-fast.” not¬ withstanding this interest in its preservation the venerable pile is said to have escaped, by a narrow margin, intended demolition at the hands of the Re¬ formers, headed by Andrew Melville and other ministers, who looked upon it as one of the “rookeries” of which the land should be purged. But their design was frustrated by the fierce armed craftsmen of the city, “swearing with many oaths that he who did cast down the first stone should be buried under it.” The magistrates were compelled to desist, but appealed to the King. He took the part of the craftsmen, and prohibited the complainant ministers “to meddle any more in that business, saying that too many churches had been already destroyed, and that he would not tolerate any more abuses of that kind.” Dr. McCrie, however, when writing the “Life of Melville,” found nothing to confirm this story, the truth of which he doubts. For many centuries the cathedral was one of highest reputation. Peniten¬ tial visits and offerings thereto at the general jubilee of 1450, proclaimed in gratitude for the extinction of the great papal schism, were declared to be equally meritorious with those made to Rome. It was plentifully provided with the usual paraphernalia, jewels, and ornaments, and its “library-house” contained one hundred and sixty-five volumes, many of which were rare and expensive. Several fine Bibles, works in theology and philosophy, and a very few of the classics, made up this valuable collection. Interiorly the church was enriched by numerous beautiful altars and sculptures. Windows were filled with stained glass, and stalls were richly decorated. But all shared a common ignominy, and were “flung into the Molendinar burn, and the auld kirk,” Andrew Fair- service says, “stood as crouse as a cat when the flaes are kaimed aff her, and a’ body was alike pleased.” Some of the windows were roughly walled up to save the cost of glazing. From the Reformation to the Revolution of 1688, which re-established the Presbyterian as the State Church of Scotland, the see of Glasgow was filled by Glasgow GLASGOW CATHEDRAL. 243 a number of ^archbishops whose tenure of office in several cases was precarious. Archbishop Spottiswood, prior to his translation in 1615, renewed the leaden l'ool of the church. At the General Assembly, held in this cathedral in 1638, episcopacy was energetically abjured, the Solemn League and Covenant accept¬ ed, and its signature made binding upon all who claimed the ordinances of the Presbyterian Church, which was established as the new form of Church polity. A ith the exception of the cathedral of St. Magnus, at Kirkwall, Orkney, the great church of St. Mungo is the most perfect specimen of Gothic style in boith Britain, “the noblest unmutilated specimen of ecclesiastical architecture in Scotland.” * The style is pure Early English, the choir showing the earliest foim of Decorated windows. The fabric measures in length from east to west 319 ft., in breadth, 63; height in the choir, 90, and in the nave 85 ft. Heavy abutments support the external walls. The roof rests on one hundred and fifty massive pillars, and light is afforded by one hundred and sixty windows of all dimensions. R. W. Billings states that “its predominant characters are height and length, and the details are so arranged as, with wonderful felicity, to aid these features.” f The roofs of aisles and central departments have a very abrupt slope, and the windows are narrow and lanceolatod. The projection of the transept beyond the lines of nave and choir is so small that' the building scarcely presents the usual cruciform ground-plan, and thus the long perspective is almost unbroken. The spire, evidently of a later date than the rest of the building, is characterized by the canopied windows of a more florid style of ar¬ chitecture. “Windows, buttresses, and gargoyles are so numerous as to impart great richness to the solemn dignity of the old undecorated Gothic.” “ The larg¬ est of the windows exhibit the most exquisite Gothic traceries, and are forty feet high by twenty broad.” The central tower and spire rise to an altitude of two hundred and twenty-five feet. In the interior a rich screen separates the rest of the building from the choir—the “dripping aisle”—which is still used as the high church. The gloomy low-browed arches on the right lead to the crypt, so powerfully described by Sir Walter Scott in “Rob Roy” as a place of divine worship in the early part of the eighteenth century, and which occu¬ pies the whole area beneath the choir and chapter-house. The light admitted detracts nothing “from an intense feeling of solemnity, to which at the same time the luxuriance and symmetrical solidity of the groined arches impart a sense rather of admiring awe than of gloom.” “The groins or arches supported on the piers or pillars, with their finely wrought capitals, flowered like those of York Minster, are of a beautifully ornamented character, having very rich bosses, surpassing what is to be met with in a crypt of any church of Norman or English architecture.” In the central portion is the monument to St. Kenti- gern. The piers are so arranged that vistas are created from every part to the shrine. “The result is one of the most beautiful specimens of vaulting, varied in every compartment” by the “radiating disposition of the supports.” The clus¬ tered pillars of the choir have rich alto-relievo capitals, while those of the Lady- chapel and nave are plain. * R. W. Billings’s “ The Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland,” vol. iii., p. 2. f Ibid. 244 GLASGOW CATHEDRAL. When the nave was added to the choir and crypt, or when the square tower formerly standing at the north-west angle of the cathedral was erected, is not certainly known. The same remark applies to the consistory-house, for¬ merly at the south-west corner of the nave, which may have been intended for a tower, but was converted into a library for the cathedral. With deplorable lack of antiquarian and architectural taste both buildings, although in a perfect state of preservation, were torn down by a royal Commissioner of Works (1835) under pretext of improvement:—no “craftsmen” being on hand to hinder the vandalism. Some good was done in this inartistic attempt to restore the origi¬ nal appearance of the fabric. The crypt was cleared out. Since then others have entirely reconstructed the ends of the transepts, with their lofty windows, repaired the interior of nave and roof, and filled the windows—except those of crypt and chapter-house—-with the richest stained glass (manufactured in Mu¬ nich) to be found in Great Britain. The tomb of the Stewarts of Miuto inside, and the lowlier graves of martyred Covenanters outside, the cathedral, together with those in the adjacent necropolis, are singularly suggestive. Bishop o'f Glasgow and Galloway: The Right Rev. W. S. Wilson, LL.D. Dean: The Very Rev. J. Moir, M.A. Like their ecclesiastical predecessors, the Roman Catholics, these dignitaries have other churchly headquarters than the cathedral of St. Mungo. MELROSE ABBEY. (^THIRTY SE1 EK miles 8. S. E. of Edinburgh, on the southern bank of the T" eec t ^* e picturesque ruins of Melrose Abbey, now owned and judi¬ ciously preserved by the Duke of Buccleugh. Old Melrose, about a mile and a half to the east of the modern village, once rejoiced in a Oolumbite monas- i el 7i probably founded by Oolumba or Aidan, and mentioned by Bede as exist¬ ing in 664. Of no great architectural magnificence, it was destroyed by Ken¬ neth McAlpin in 839. King David II. founded the abbey of Melrose in 1136, and intrusted it to the care of a body of Cistercian monks from Hie van lx, in Yorkshire. These dedicated the buildings to St. Mary the Virgin on the 28th of July, 1146; they also compiled a chronicle of their house from 735 to 1270. Edward II. of England laid the establishment in ruins in 1322; Bruce vigor¬ ously prosecuted the work of restoration; and Richard II., in 1385, consigned the incomplete edifice to the flames. As Melrose Abbey now stands, the main body of the church belongs to the latter half of the fourteenth century and the first half of the fifteenth; many of the other portions are of considerably later date. Architecturally it is a splen¬ did example of the Decorated style, strongly affected by Flamboyant and Per¬ pendicular tendencies, and also by the individuality qf' some of the builders. Of cruciform plan, it had an extreme length of 214.6 ft., nave width of 69, and transept length of 115.6 ft. In 1545 the noble edifice again suffered at the hands of English enemies—a dishonor revenged by the Earl of Angus upon the invaders at the battle of Ancram Moor. The abbots of Melrose possessed extensive jurisdiction, and the privileges of girth and sanctuary attached to the institution interfered so grievously with the execution of justice that James V. was obliged to assume the character of abbot’s deputy in order to punish male¬ factors. After the Reformation — at which epoch this convent shared in the general reproach of sensuality and irregularity thrown upon the Romish church¬ men — the church was altered for the accommodation of Presbyterian worship (1618-1810), and also plundered by builders in search of ornaments for houses. Some richly ornamented fragments of the cloisters remain. Of the whole Sir Walter Scott remarks: “The ruins of this ancient and beautiful monastery afford the finest specimen of Gothic architecture and Gothic sculpture which Scotland can boast.”* The west end and much of the north side of the church have disappeared. * “The Border Antiquities of England and Scotland.” — Melrose Abbey. 28 250 MELROSE ABBEY. The elevation of the south side is almost intact. Both the transepts and the east end are externally in very fair preservation. “Part of the central tower is standing, and the sculptured roof still covers the east end of the chancel.” The gifted novelist first successfully called admiring attention to the great eastern window of live lights, and of “unparalleled beauty and elegance,” in that beau¬ tiful stanza of the “Lay of the Last Minstrel.:” “The moon on the east oriel shone Thro’ slender shafts of shapely stone, By foliaged tracery combined. Thou would’st have thought some fairy’s hand, ’Twixt poplars straight, the osier wand In many a freakish knot had turned, Then framed a spell when the work was done, And changed the willow wreaths to stone.” In height the window is thirty-seven and in width sixteen feet. Delicate geometrical tracery fills the upper portion. The entire gable of the south tran¬ sept is also very beautiful. On the north side of the nave, in the interior, still stand four of the original square piers, one of them wearing a Norman “cap.” The west end of the choir is shut off by a massive rood-screen. The choir itself, although largely spoiled by rough seventeenth century work, still exhibits “enough remains of the decorative detail to provoke the admiration and despair of the modern artists in stone. The facile and at the same time elaborate ren¬ dering of vegetable forms, such as the Scotch ‘kail,’ is particularly striking.”* Clustered pillars supported the roof, “the pedestals and capitals being elegantly ornamented with foliage and clusters of grapes.” The statue of St. Peter with his keys, and of St. Paul holding his sword, are yet entire. “The niches in which the statues were placed are ornamented with the richest and most deli¬ cate Gothic carving.” The heart of Bruce found its final resting-place in Melrose Abbey, where Alexander II. had long lain entombed near the high altar. Here also are the tombs of James Lord Douglas, Sir William the dark knight of Liddesdale, and the hero of Chevy Chase. The effects of moonlight upon these graves, and more markedly of burning magnesium wire-light in the darkness, are singularly weird and awesome. The ancient muniments of the abbey, which, with “profuse piety,” was roy¬ ally endowed with rich revenues and many immunities, are preserved in the archives of the Earl of Morton. They contain, among many interesting docu¬ ments, one of the very earliest specimens of the Scotch tongue. Encyclopaedia Britannica.’ / . ■ DRYBURGII ABBEY. “ CA'HE simple tombstone of the feudal poet, under the pointed Gothic arches '5&J' of his ancestral burial aisle,” attracts numerous visitors to Dryburgh Abbey. The local scenery is of the finest in Scotland for water, hill, and forest- bank. The gray ruins rise from a screen of wood sufficiently high for graceful picturesqueness, without altogether exposing their ragged desolation. Some antiquarian eccentricities of recent date add nothing to the beauties of the spot. A writer in Grose’s “Antiquities” has attempted to prove that there must have been a Druidical establishment here, “because the Celtic or Gaelic etymol¬ ogy of the name Darachbruach , or Barabrugh , or Dryburgh, can be no other¬ wise interpreted than “the bank of the sacred grove of oaks,” or the settlement of the Druids. The monastery of Dryburgh was built in Norman architectural style, in A.D. 1150, by David I., who alludes to “the church of the brotherhood ded¬ icated to St. Mary as founded by himself in a charter making large grants to the brothers there officiating.”* It was erected for monks of the Prasmon- stratensian order, who came from Alnwick, and whose superior held the rank of abbot. The first of these, Robert by name, and his successors are commem¬ orated in “Liber Sanctse Maria? de Dryburgh,” and in Morton’s “Monastic An¬ nals of Teviotdale.” In 1322 the fraternity received an unpleasant visit from the retreating army of Edward II. of England, which vented the initability occasioned by the meagre monastic larder, and the jeers of the monks, in incen¬ diarism. The fierceness of the conflagration is evidenced by the small amount of masonry that it left standing. Robert I. did much towards the restoration of its primitive glories. By the middle of the fourteenth century, wealth and luxury had corrupted the brethren to an extent that could be corrected only by the discipline of the Pontiff. This, however, was committed to the abbot, “for the curious but sound reason that, in their journey to Rome, persons of the character and habits of these licentious churchmen would only find too many temptations to go astray, and might be plunged into still greater ex¬ cesses”! Very few of the brotherhood achieved creditable distinction of any kind The notoriety that fell to the lot of the celebrated bishop Andrew Forman a gorged pluralist, who held this abbacy in commendam (as described * E W Billings’s “The Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland," vol. 11 ., p. 1. f Morton’s “Monastic Annals of Teviotdale,” p. 297. 256 DRYBURGH ABBEY. in Pitscottie’s “ Chronicle,” page 255), is an index to the intellectual and moral condition of the times. Forman, it is said, was required to entertain the Pope and cardinals at dinner, and to say grace, because “the use and custom was that, at the beginning of meat, he that ought the house, and made the banquet, should say the grace and bless the meat.” The bishop, “who was not ane guid scholler, nor had not guid Latine,” was perplexed and put out by the responses of the Italians, and, losing presence of mind and patience, “he wist not weill how to proceed fordward, hot happened, in guid Scottis, in this manner, sayand quhilk they understuid not: ‘ The divil I give yow, all false cardinallis to, in nomine Patris, Pilii, et Spiritus Sancti.’ ‘Amen,’ quoth they. Then the bishop and his men leugh, and all the cardinallis themselffis.” The rich abbey of Dryburgh was too near the border to escape the at¬ tacks of marauding freebooters longing for the fat cattle and sheep intended for monkish refection. During the inroad of Richard II. it was again consigned to the torch, and in 1544 was burned by Sir George Bowes and Sir Bryan Layton, at the head of seven hundred followers, “savyng the church.” James Stewart, the militant abbot, retaliated in the following year, in company with the Earls of Hume and Bothwell. In the reign of James YI. of Scotland (James I. of the United Kingdom) the domains of the abbey were converted into a temporal lordship. Here Sir Walter Scott, the great “Wizard of the North,” deposited the remains of his beloved wife, and “here, too, his own dust was laid (September 26, 1832), in the very centre of all the glories of his chivalrous genius, with nothing but a plain slab raised over him.” Here also are the graves of his eldest son, and son-in-law Lockhart. But little of the ancient magnificence of this historic structure remains. The most beautiful fragment is St. Mary’s aisle, in which the instructive and entertaining novelist reposes. ST. PATRICK’S CATHEDRAL, DUBLIN. 4^T- PATRICK, the apostle of Christianity in Ireland, is best known through his own brief writings—his “Confession,” and “Epistle to Coroticus,” both of which are satisfactorily authenticated. The genuineness of the first is admit¬ ted by a long list of Protestant and Roman Catholic authorities. Belief is nearly unanimous that St. Patrick was born in Armoric Gaul, about A.D. 377. He himself states that his father was Oalphornius, a Roman magis¬ trate ( decurio ) and a deacon, the son of Potitus, a presbyter in the church, who lived in the village of Benavem of Tiber'nia, where, at the age of sixteen years, Patrick was captured, in company with a great many others, and subjected to captivity in Hibernia. There he was bought by Milcho of Dalvidda, now in the county Antrim, and by him employed in herding cattle for the next six years. The influence of early religious training became strikingly apparent at this afflictive epoch in frequent prayers, and intense love and fear of the Almighty. “A hundred prayers in a day, and nearly as many at night,” attested his deeply devotional nature. To snow, frost, and rain he seems to have been indifferent. In worldly business he was exemplary. Dreams and visions naturally came to one of his enthusiastic yet heroic temperament. Hear the close of his sixth year of involuntary servitude he dreamed that on the sea-coast he should find a vessel by which he could return to his parents. The vessel was found, but passage was roughly refused. Retiring from the spot, he began to pray, and was soon followed by one from the ship, who kindly volunteered the desired accommodation. Three days afterwards ho was again on some land, the name of which he fails to mention, and after twenty-eight days of travel through a desert country safely reached home. Great rejoicings attended his return, and father and mother entreated him never again to leave them. What followed the home-coming of Patrick is not certainly known. Medi¬ aeval biographers, such as Probus and Joscelyn, either following popular legend or evolving history from their own imagination, write of his studying with St. Germain of Tours, attending a monastery near the Mediterranean, and receiving ordination at Rome from the Pope. But their narratives, prepared between six and seven hundred years after his death, adduce not the shadow of proof for these special statements. It suited the purpose of Joscelyn to write such a life of the Irish saint, about A.D. 1130, as would probably serve the political inter¬ ests of his superiors, and the vaulting ambition of his ecclesiastical head. Dr. I). De Yinne remarks that “he represented St. Patrick and the early Church of Ireland in the fifth century as exact models of his own in the twelfth.”* * M'Clintock & Strong’s “Cyclopaedia of Biblical,Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature,” vol. vii., p. 775. 29 358 ST. PATRICK’S CATHEDRAL, DUBLIN. All that is really certain of Patrick’s experience between his return from Ireland and the beginning of his missionary labors in that country is contained in his “Confession.” In a dream he saw a man named Victorious coming to him from Ireland, and bearing a great number of letters. While reading one of them the zealous enthusiast thought that ho heard the voices of inhabitants living near the woods of Floclu unanimously beseeching him to come and “walk” among them. Deeply moved, he awoke. Accompanying circumstances induced him to believe that this was a divine call to preach the Gospel in Hibernia- Obedient thereto, but against the pleadings of family and friends, he set about the fulfilment of his mission. Neither bishop, nor council, nor pope had any¬ thing to do with this daring attempt to win over a pagan people to the faith of Christ. Dates and names are sadly wanting in his, as in much of contemporaneous biography; but it is probable that his apostolic ministry in Ireland began about A.D. 420, when nearly forty-three years of age. Giklas (A.D. 549) does not mention him, neither does the Venerable Bode (A.D. '731). Irregular evangel¬ ism, then as always, met with scant favor from the constituted authorities of the Church. Persecutions necessarily fell to his lot, and to that of the early disci¬ ples. But the common people heard him gladly. The ruling classes and the higher order of Druids wished to kill him. St. Patrick tells us that, “Every¬ thing they found with us they seized, and bound myself with fetters; but on the fourteenth day the Lord delivered me, and what was ours they returned.” (“Confession,” p. 22.) The infant Church endured its trials firmly. The founder scarcely alludes to his own share, except in grateful thanks for deliverance. There is a Pauline dignity and self-respect in the “Epistle to Coroticus,” in which he announces his episcopal character: “ Ego , Patriots , indoctus , scilicet , Hibernione , constitution episcopum me esse reor: a Deo accepi , id quod sum.” On his own authority alone, derived immediately from the Great Head of the Church, he evangelized, organized, and superintended the Irish Church for thirty- four years. While thus officiating, he excommunicated the British pirate who had carried off some of his recent converts into slavery. Not until the twelfth century did Irish Christianity profess any degree of submission to the see of Rome. Not until then wore the Irish Christians, or the godly and devoted missionary, fully recognized by the Papacy. Joscelyn’s “ Life ” of the latter designedly paved the way for both events. Malachy, a member of the old evangelical church of St. Patrick, went to Rome and there obtained the pallium and papal investiture. Subsequently he received the honor of canonization, and that long before Patrick was officially sainted. Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, after the consecration of Malachy, ordained several Dano-Irish bishops for the new hierarchy, thereby ignoring the ancient Irish ministerial succession. Henry II. of England, commissioned by Pope Adrian, called a synod to meet at Cashel in 1172, in order that the Church of Ireland might be conformed to that of Rome. Assimilation was slow but sure, and resulted in an ecclesiasticism more sincere, fervid, and intolerant than that of Rome itself. St. Patrick was a thorough student of the Holy Bible, and in his “Epistle St. iPatricR’e CatfictH-al, SHtblin. ST. PATBICK’S CATHEDKAL, DUBLIN. 261 to Ooroticus” “calls upon every family to read it to the people.” Iona, the evangelical “Star of the West,” to which England is so deeply indebted, and to which central Europe owes so much for its religion and letters, was founded by St. Patrick or his immediate followers. About A.D. 455 he wrote his “Con¬ fession” in “homely Latin,” directing it to his “Gallican brethren, and the many thousand spiritual children whom God had given him.” Copies of this and of Iris other work probably found their way into Continental monasteries, and thence, about 1600, into the writings of the fathers, collected by the Bollandists. Prom them they passed (1848-1860) into vol. liii. of Migne’s “Patrology.” Dying near Armagh, March 17, 455, in the seventy-eighth year of his age, his memory has been perpetuated by the Irish, not only in their own green isle, but wheresoever wars and emigrations have driven them. Like the Asiatic Christians, the early Hibernians celebrated the dying rather than the birthday of their saints. Ilis piety, zeal, self-denial, and beneficence are worthy of due commemoration. His meekness was equalled only by his practical ability, his unselfish usefulness only by his marvellous success. Unlike many missionaries, he never left the field of his toils. The legend that he expelled all reptiles from Ireland is, perhaps, but a figurative fashion of describing his wonderful triumph over the old paganism. Ilis resting-place at Down, in Ulster, is still venerated by the people, but his church was destroyed in the reign of Henry VIII., and his remaining relics were scattered by the soldiers of Elizabeth or Cromwell. Hear the well at Dublin where St. Patrick baptized his converts he erected a church whose site is occupied by the present cathedral. Gregory of Scotland, with his followers, in 890, worshipped in the original pile. John de Comyn (1190), the first English Archbishop of Dublin, raised the church into a col¬ legiate establishment—taking down the old parochial building of Patrick, and erecting “on its site a fair edifice,” which was solemnly dedicated “to God, Our Blessed Lady, and St. Patrick.” Henry de Loundres, his successor, elevated the church to cathedral rank, and appointed a dean and chapter; thus, according to Archbishop Alan, uniting it “with the cathedral of the Holy Trinity in one spouse, saving to the other church the prerogative of honor.” In 1362 the cathedral was burned down through the carelessness of John, the sexton. About eight years after that Thomas Minot repaired part of the calcined structure, and also built a high steeple of hewn stone. The fierce militant spirit of that and following centuries blazed forth in the soldierly exploits of dean John Colton (1380), and in the armed affray within the cathedral between the earls of Kil¬ dare and Ormond, with their adherents, in 1492. Ho worse desecration was inflicted in 1528, when, under Edward VI., it was used as a common hall to the Pour Courts of Judicature. Dean Bassenet (1540) was another warrior who by force compelled the chapter to surrender all its revenues and possessions to the Crown. Philip and Mary, in 1554, reconstituted the old order, which was dissolved by the stern Cromwellians in 1651. In 1661 a Hational Synod, and also the Convocation, met in the cathedral, and the use of the Lady-chapel for a place of worship was granted to the Prench Protestant refugees. William III. worshipped in St. Patrick’s after his triumphal entry into Dublin; but much more 262 ST. PATRICK’S CATHEDRAL, DUBLIN. memorable than that occurrence is the connection of dean Jonathan Swift, the distinguished writer, wit, patriot, and politician, with it. Laudably anxious to preserve and embellish the fabric, he contributed liberally to the supply of its needs, and as liberally execrated the memory of Henry VIII., the great spolia¬ tor. Since his demise the great events of the cathedral’s history have been the successive installations of the Knights of the Most Illustrious Order of St. Pat¬ rick, and the complete restoration of the building by Sir Benjamin Lee Guin¬ ness, the celebrated Dublin brewer. This was completed at an estimated cost to the princely and unsolicited donor of about $700,000. A brilliant assem¬ blage attended the reopening services, and congratulated each other on the virtual reconstruction of a sanctuary which by time and violence had been re¬ duced almost to a heap of ruins. In 1872 the General Synod of the Church of Ireland enacted that St. Patrick’s should be a “ national Cathedral, having a common relation to all the Dioceses of the Church of Ireland.” It also modi¬ fied the constitution of the chapter. As it now stands, the cathedral church of St. Patrick is an example of the Early English style of Pointed architecture, with specimens of later periods. Cruciform in ground-plan, it consists of nave, choir, north and south transepts, all with aisles, and an eastern or Lady-chapel. The limestone tower at the north-west angle is the work of Archbishop Minot, in 1370, and the granite spire which crowns it of Bishop Stearne, in 1705. Mason assigns to the build¬ ing an extreme length of 300, nave breadth of 67, transept length of 157, tower height of 120, and altitude of spire from the ground of 221 feet. Aorth and south aisles have been wholly rebuilt, clere-story repaired, triforium restored, stained glass placed in the windows, seats and stalls of knights and prebendaries richly carved and ornamented, sedilia of Caen stone provided, rich pulpit and magnificent organ supplied, and the nave adapted to congregational worship. In monuments St. Patrick’s Cathedral is wealthy. Among them is that of Dean Pakenham, rebuilder of the Lady-chapel; Archbishop Ussher, “the great¬ est luminary of the Irish ChurchSt. Patrick, the patron saint; Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork, and his Countess, surrounded by their sixteen children; Richard, Earl of Mayo, assassinated while Viceroy and Governor-general of India; John Philpot Curran, one of the most illustrious of Irish orators; Carolan, “last of the Irish bards;” Samuel Lover, the novelist and artist; Duke of Schomberg, killed at the battle of the Boyne, in 1690; Archbishop Richard Whately, the Earl of Rosse, Dean Swift, and Mrs. Hester Johnson, the “Stella” of his writ¬ ings, and of numerous loyal soldiers and civilians. The bronze statue of Sir B. L. Guinness, at the right of the south-west porch in the' church-yard, was erected by his fellow-countrymen in grateful remembrance of his restorative work particularly. Bells, clock, antiquities, all deserve close attention. The future of St. Patrick’s Cathedral, with its chapter of twenty-one prebendaries and four dignitaries, is full of promise. Archbishop: The Right Rev. and Hon. Lord Plunket, D.D. Dean: The Very Rev. John West, D.D., V. G. CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL, DUBLIN. aj| L BLIH is unique among the cities of the United Kingdom of Great Brit- ain and Ireland, in that it boasts possession of two Protestant cathedrals. Christ Church is sometimes styled the Church of the Holy Trinity. The “Black Book” of this corporation states that its vaults were constructed by the Danes before the advent of St. Patrick in Ireland, and that he celebrated mass in one of them. However that may be, it is matter of history that in 1038 Sitric, the Danish prince of Dublin, gave to Donat, bishop of that see, a place where the arches or vaults were founded, on which to erect a church in honor of the Blessed Trinity. These arches covered a small oratory, or that part of it in which the shrine of the saint, or other sacred deposit, was placed. The stone roofing prevented accidents from fire, and preserved a reference to the cryptic monastic cell, which was held in popular veneration. The members of the religious community here established were secular canons, bound to such regulations as the bishop prescribed. Laurence O’Toole, Bishop of Dublin in 1163, converted them into canons regular of the order of Arras, a branch of the Augustiuians, and also enlarged the church edifice. The “obituary” of Christ Church preserves the names of some of the successive priors. In 1112 Henry II. confirmed all the rights and liberties belonging to the priory. Strongbow and Fitz-Stephen, and after them Raymond le Gros, added to the building. The latter is said to have built the choir, steeple, and two smaller chapels. In 1180 was brought from Armagh, and bestowed upon this church, “a stone altar, and the most holy staff of Jesus, which St. Patrick used to carry in his hands.”* Joscelyn (1185) relates that with this staff the apostolic missionary “collected every venomous creature in the island, to the top of the mountain of Omagh Phadruig, in the county of Mayo, and from thence precipitated them into the ocean.” Unfortunately for Ireland, this mirac¬ ulous staff was abstracted by Mgel M'Aid in 1134, and in 1538 was brought back from Armagh, and publicly committed to the flames. The original loss, however, did not hinder many liberal patrons from richly endowing the founda¬ tion. John Comyn rebuilt the cathedral in 1190. In 1216 Milo le Brett gave timber from his wood of Maynclaro for its repair, or that of the attached houses. In 1300 “a final and amicable arrangement w T as made between the prior and canons of the Holy Trinity and the dean and chapter of St. Patrick’s Cathedral, which was strengthened by the common seal of each chapter. The principal 80 “ History of Dublin,” vol. i., p. 287. Warburton, Whitelaw & Walsh. 261 CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL, DUBLIN. heads of it were: That the archbishop should be consecrated and enthroned in Christ Church; that each should be called cathedral and metropolitical; that Christ Church, as being the greater, the mother, and the older church, shall have the precedence in all rights and concerns of that church; that the cross, mitre, and ring of every archbishop, in whatever place he died, should be de¬ posited in Christ Church; and that each church should have their turn in the interment of the bodies of their archbishop, unless otherwise, ordered by their wills.”* In 1362 Archbishop John de St. Paul was buried in this church, of which he had rebuilt the chancel. By this time it had become a famous re¬ pository of relics, among which was the shrine of St. Cubie, stolen by the citi¬ zens of Dublin from the Welsh. Pilgrims enjoyed the rights of sanctuary dur¬ ing their stay in the city. In 1481 Lambert Simnel was crowned here, after a sermon preached by John Payne, Bishop of Meath. In 1512 the Earl of Kil¬ dare built St. Mary’s Chapel in the choir, and in his last will bequeathed his best gown of cloth and purple to make dresses for the priests. Henry VIII., in 1541, by letters-patent changed the ecclesiastical constitution of the priory into that of a dean and chapter, confirmed their ancient estates and immunities, and created Payneswick, the last prior, the first dean. The Liturgy was first read in Ireland in the English tongue at this cathedral. Queen Mary, in 1553, restored the Roman Catholic ritual, which held its place for six years, when it finally gave way to the reformed manner of worship. With changes of the old religious order came the decay of reverence which in 1559 permitted a Parlia¬ ment to be hold in the church, in a room called the Common House—probably the House of Commons. Among the relics hitherto preserved and exhibited were a crucifix that was said to have spoken twice, the staff of Jesus, a thorn of our Saviour’s crown, part of the Virgin Mary’s girdle, some of the bones of apostles Peter and Andrew, and a great many of sundry martyrs, including St. Thomas a Becket. In 1803 Charles Lindsey was consecrated Bishop of Killa- loe, and Dean of Christ Church in 1804. In extreme length of nave and choir Christ Church measures 260, and of the transept 110, -while the extreme breadth of either is 80 feet. The acces¬ saries of the building are excellently blended, and its architectural features of no common kind. Among the monumental tombs, that attributed to Earl Strong- bow, the invader of Ireland, is the most noticeable. It represents the redoubt¬ able warrior, clothed in mail, in a recumbent position, with his wife Eva at his side. Here the tenants of the church lands were long accustomed to pay their rents. The smaller tomb by the side of Strongbow’s (or Desmond’s ?) is supposed to be that of his son, whom ho killed. Hot the least poetic in this mortuary assemblage of mementos is the figure of a child on the monument of I)r. Abbot, of Dublin. The recent restoration of this historic cathedral has been effected through the liberality of Henry Roe, distiller, who expended £200,000 upon the work. Cathedral service by a full choir, every Sunday morning at eleven o’clock, is a great attraction to those who enjoy that mode of divine worship. History of Dublin,” vol. i., p. 279. Warburton, Whitelaw & Walsh. CORK CATHEDRAL. ^JlORROCH, or Oorcagh , the Irish name of Cork, signifies a swamp, to which ^ *he location of the city on two marshy islands in the river Lee justly entitles it. Here, on the site of an ancient pagan temple, St. Fionn Bar, the famous anchorite from Gougane Barra, founded a monastery about the year 622. To the seminary connected with this institution it is recorded that seven hun¬ dred scholars flocked from all parts of the country. Long prior to this date the Irish were renowned for their love of letters, and for that attachment to conventual religious life which earned for Erin the title of “Island of the Saints.” Some of Fionn Bar’s pupils, such as St. Coleman, acquired the fame of eminently successful evangelists. His church seems to have survived the settlement of the Danes, the conquest by the English, and the ravages of the Cromwellians. The cathedral of St. Fionn Bar stands on the south side of the southern stream, and is the second successor of the original structure, which was badly injured during the siege of the city by the army of King William III. This remained in ruinous condition until 1725, when it was taken down. Rebuilt ten years later, the Doric successor was of small size, and of plain interior and exterior. Revived interest in ecclesiology induced the local members of the United Church of England and Ireland, under the leadership of Bishop Gregg, to subscribe over £100,000 for a modern edifice adapted to the liturgical wor¬ ship of the subscribers. Burgess, of London, supplied plans and specifications. The laying of the foundation-stone by the diocesan on the 12th of January, 1865, was immediately followed by erection of the handsome and commodi¬ ous superstructure. This is an approach to Early French in style, but is really an independent design. Celtic and Anglo-Norman peculiarities have all been avoided. The body of the cathedral having been completed by means of the original fund, the two western towers were then added at the expense of Will¬ iam Crawford and Francis Wise, two munificent citizens of Cork. The list of St. Fionn Bar’s successors up to A.D. 1266 is of doubtful au¬ thenticity. His own relics, enclosed in a silver shrine, were carried away from the cathedral in 1089 by Dermot, son of Turlough O’Brien, when lie pillaged Cork. St. Nessan is said to have occupied the see when vacated by its founder. In 1292 Bishop Robert MacDonagh was thrice fined for presuming to hold pleas in the ecclesiastical courts for matters belonging to the Crown. In 1324 Philip of Slane was sent in embassy to the Pope by Edward II., and acquitted himself with such address that on his return he was made one of the Privy 270 CORK CATHEDRAL. Council of Ireland. Pope Martin V., in 1430, united the diocese of Cork with that of Cloyne, and appointed Jordan, Chancellor of Limerick, to the see. The last Roman Catholic bishop before the Reformation was John Fitz-Edmund, of the noble family of the Geraldines, appointed by the Pope in 1499. Dominic Tirrey, who favored the Reformation, was appointed to the bishop-stool by man¬ date of Henry VIII., and held it for twenty years in direct opposition to the papacy. Matthew Sheyn, appointed by Queen Elizabeth in 1572, in his enmity to the veneration of images, burned that' of St. Dominic at the high cross of Cork (1578), to the great grief of the people. William Lyon, consecrated Bishop of Ross in 1582, had been a sailor, whose gallantry in several actions with the Spaniards was acknowledged by Elizabeth’s promise of promotion to the first vacant office in her gift. That happened to be the bishopric of Cork and Cloyne, for which the bold mariner promptly applied. Its annexation to his own diocese in 1586 was a special token of royal favor. Unlike Launcelot Blackburne, the ex-buccaneer Archbishop of York, Bishop Lyon did not dis¬ grace the episcopal office, either by excessive conviviality or by amorous sus¬ ceptibility to feminine charms. John and Richard Boyle, relatives of the great Earl of Cork, next held the see in succession. The latter was buried within the cathedral in 1644. After the death of Bishop Synge, the bishopric of Cloyne was detached from the united dioceses of Cork and Ross, and held sep¬ arately until all three were legally reunited under the provisions of the Church Temporalities Act of William IV. Bishop Brown (1709-1735) left legacies to the cathedral library, widows and children of poor clergymen, and the poor of St. Fionn Bar’s parish. It was in Cork that William Penn, afterwards Governor of Pennsylvania, embraced Quakerism: — an example followed by several soldiers of the garrison. Bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross: The Right Rev. Robert S. Gregg, D.I). Before the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland the Chapter of Cork con¬ sisted of dean, precentor, chancellor, treasurer, archdeacon, and twelve preben¬ daries. ST. GERMAN’S CATHEDRAL. /fjONNEOTED by a causeway with the town or city of Peel in the Isle of Man is a small islet, containing little more than seven acres, on which are the crumbling ruins of a magnificent castle, episcopal palace, and the cathedral church of St. German. Like Iona, the sister island of St. Patrick is no longer a centre of religious life and activity. Lofty pillars, bending arches, hollow galleries, dismantled altars, are there ; but the pomp, power, and piety formerly associated with them have gone — forever ? Prof. P. A. Munch, an eminent Scandinavian scholar, assumes that the term Sodor, being one of the denomina¬ tions of the insular bishopric of Sodor and Man, was the primitive name of this once important but now deserted rock. The assumption is probably sustained by many papal documents. St. German is said to have come from Auxerre to Britain in company with Lupus, Bishop of Troyes; to have been a Canon of Lateran, and one of the disciples of St. Patrick; and to have been appointed by the Irish patron saint to rule over the infant church in Mona. Ho placed the episcopal see on this “ certain promontory,” introduced the liturgy of the Lateran, and so settled relig¬ ious affairs that the people did not relapse into paganism. His stay seems to have been short, for in 448, the year after his installation, he raised the shout of “Hallelujah” throughout the British camp in Flintshire so loudly that the hostile Saxons, assembled in battle-array, fled in every direction. This was regarded as miraculous, and gained for him, notwithstanding a concupiscent and most irregular life, the honor of canonization. The Manx Cathedral was then dedicated to him, and eventually received his remains. The church is cruciform in shape, and consists of chancel with underlying- crypt, transepts, central tower, nave, and south aisle. It is built of local coarse gray stone, coigned with red sandstone. In length the choir is 36.4, nave 52.6, base of tower — east to west—26, whole structure about 114 feet. The transept is 68.3 by 19, height of choir and nave walls 18, and thickness 3 feet. Nor¬ man, Early English, and Decorated styles meet in the architecture, which is said to resemble that of Drontheim in Norway, with which it was for many years ecclesiastically united. Alterations in the edifice have been numerous. Bishop Simon (1226-1247) is generally acknowledged to have rebuilt the choir. Nave and transepts are of later date. Five plain lancet-windows are in the north wall of the choir. Under them are two arched recesses which may have been sedilia, or sepulchres for the early bishops and kings of Man. Bishops Wy- mundus (1151) and John (1154) are reported to have been' buried in St. Ger¬ man’s Cathedral; but of that, or of the original church, not a single known trace remains. Bishops Simon (1245), Mark (1303), Huan Hesketh (1510), 31 ST. GERMAN’S CATHEDRAL. John Phillips (1633), Richard Parr (1643), and Samuel Rutter (1662), were all interred in the existing edifice. The latter was the friendly counsellor and coadjutor of Charlotte de la Tremouille, who heroically defended Lathom House against the Parliamentarian forces under Fairfax. Here lies the infant child of Bishop Wilson, of whom the simple but touching record is inscribed in liis diary: “June 3rd, 1703, my little Alice died;” also the dust of a lady whose Runic monument, though much defaced, yet bears the words: “- raised this cross to his wife Astrith, the daughter of TJtr ” (Ottar). The cathedral is still used as a burial-place for strangers, or mariners who have perished on the coast. The absence of any roof forbids enthronization of prelates within its walls, as was customary till near the close of the eighteenth century. The parapet of the tower is 68, and the top of the belfry 83 feet from the ground. Around the transepts runs a heavy corbel table. The crypt beneath the choir is perhaps the most interesting feature of the church. This is reached through a door, under the fourth window on the south side of the choir, at the entrance to a dark series of steps concealed in the wall, and is 34 feet long by 16 broad. “It is barrel-vaulted, has thirteen diagonal ribs, spring¬ ing from the same number of short pilasters on either side, and is lighted by a small aperture under the east choir window.” This crypt was chiefly used for the incarceration of ecclesiastical culprits. A door-way, 2.4 feet wide, together with the remains of a flight of steps, leads from the north side of the crypt into a small enclosure, a few feet square, and with high walls, abutting upon the north wall of the choir. In this damp, dismal dungeon Eleanor Cobham, wife of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, uncle of Henry VI., and Lord Protector of England, was immured on a charge of witchcraft and high-treason. Only an hour’s exercise every day was permitted to her in the little yard, where she could see nothing but the patch of sky overhead. Here, deprived of society, light, and almost of food, the unhappy wife and mother passed fourteen dread¬ ful years from 1441 to 1455, when death brought release from her woes. Un¬ til 1780 this singular cellar was used for the imprisonment of civil as well as ecclesiastical offenders. The Quakers especially suffered between 1656 and 1662. Bishop Hildesley neglected his fabric, and Bishop Wilson hastened its ruin by appropriating the load to the roofing of St. Patrick’s Church, under authority of an act of Tynwald, dated October 20, 1710. Prelate, patron, and diocese passed sentence of dissolution upon their cathedral, and agreed to despair of its restoration. When St. Patrick’s Isle had ceased to be the residence of lord and governing body, they probably thought “that the services of the Church could more efficiently be carried out upon the main-land.” * Money was lacking for restoration worthy of the former edifice. Since then the Church’s wealth has multiplied, her shrines have been restored on every hand, “ but still St. Ger¬ man’s stands a ruin on the rock of Peel. She waits the benefactor to arise. She asks the zeal of Churchmen to make her what she was.”f Bishop: The Right Rev. John W. Bardsley, M.A. Salary, £2000. Dean and Chapter: Hone. * R. Sodor and Man. Bonney’s “ Cathedral Churches of England and Wales,” p. 272. f Ibid.