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THE CATHEDRAL OF COLOGNE. 
 
AMERICAN GLOSSARY 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL TERMS, 
 
 BEING 
 
 A CONCISE AND COMPREHENSIVE COMPILATION OF ALL TERMS 
 USED IN THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE 
 
 8UILDING 0RTS. 
 
 A COMPLETE DICTIONARY! 
 
 OF OVER THREE THOUSAND TERMS. 
 
 HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE, THEORETICAL, MECHANICAL. 
 
 Illustrated 
 
 BY MANY SELECTED AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS. 
 
 By GEO. O. GARNSEY, ARCHITECT, 
 
 EDITOR "NATIONAL BUILDER," AUTHOR OF "TRUSSED ROOFS," "ESTIMATING,' 
 "HOW TO BUILD A HOUSE," Etc., Etc. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
Entered According to Act of Congress, in the Year 1887, by 
 GEO. O. GAKNSEY, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
 THE NATIONAL BUILDER PUBLISHING CO. 
 
TO THE 
 
 ARCHITECTS AND BUILDEES 
 
 OF 
 
 AMERICA, 
 
 WHOSE ARTISTIC GENIUS AND MECHANICAL, ABILITY 
 IS CREATING A 
 
 NATIONAL STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 THIS VOLUME IS FRATERNALLY DEDICATED, 
 
 BY THE AUTHOR, 
 
IHE GETTY CENTER 
 I IBRARY 
 
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. 
 
 The benefits of a complete and properly compiled Glossary of Architec - 
 tural Terms are so apparent to those who study or practice the science of build- 
 ing; and the extreme difficulty under which the author labored, during a 
 life-long study of his profession, without a proper book of reference, has resulted 
 in this volume. 
 
 It represents twenty years of constant study, and a consultation of many 
 works bearing on the subject. 
 
 The object has been to prepare a concise dictionary of all proper terms 
 used in America and England, but not to treat of words whose etymology is 
 uncertain. It is the only work of the kind ever issued adapted to the wants of 
 the American Architect and Builder, arranged from a professional and practical 
 standpoint. The illustrations have been carefully selected from most celebrated 
 works, together with many prepared expressly by 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 Chicago, 1887. 
 
 PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. 
 
 The hearty endorsement given this work by the building fraternity gen- 
 erally, has induced the author to issue a third edition. 
 
 The Glossary has taken the place of other text books, and has been 
 adopted by many schools, as the only American work of the kind up to date. 
 It will be found of great value to the student, builder and practicing architect. 
 The architectural profession and the press have given it their approval to such 
 an extent, that the publication of this edition has become a necessity to supply 
 the demand for the work. 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 Chicago, 1802. 
 
AISLE 
 
AMERICAN GLOSSARY 
 
 OF 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL TERMS. 
 
 A6A 
 
 AM 
 
 ABACI (Lat.) A flat, tabulated surface panel, 
 or sink, used above the dado of a pedestal. 
 ABACISCUS (Lat.) Small tile, or mosaic, of 
 angular shape, us3d in the construction of 
 pavements or hearths. 
 ABACUS v Lat.) In classic architecture, the 
 x pperraost member, or portion, of the cap- 
 ital to a column, or pilaster. In Gothic 
 architecture, the springers on which the 
 g-oin rests at liie top of the column. 
 ABAMURUS (Lat.) A buttress, or additional 
 
 strengthening to a wall. 
 ABATED. In sculpture, that portion of the 
 work that is sunk below the surrounding 
 surfaces. That which is sunk to give 
 relief. 
 
 ABAT- JOUR (Fr.) An opening in a rcof used 
 for light or ventilation — a sky-light. The 
 opening in roof of a Grecian temple. 
 
 ABAT-SONS (Fr.) The louvre boards, or blinds, 
 usually placed in a bell tower to deflect 
 sound, and to protect the bells and ma- 
 chinery from the weather. 
 
 ABAT-VENT (Fr.) A roof, a pinnacle or 
 belfry. 
 
 AEAT-VOIX (Fr. ) A sounding board, canopy, 
 or construction generally erected behind a 
 pulpit or rostrum to convey and distribute 
 sovsad. 
 
 ABBATTOIR (Fr.) A building built for the 
 purpose of slaughter of animals to be used 
 for food. 
 
 ABBEY. A monastery, or religious commun- 
 ity, residing in a building presided over by 
 an abbot. 
 
 ABCISSA. An intercepted axis. 
 
 ABCUS. The joii.ing of a segment of a circle 
 with a straight line at an angle of 45 de- 
 grees. 
 
 ABREUVOIR. The joints or interstices of 
 stone-work which are filled with mortar or 
 cement. 
 
 ABSIS. (See Apsis.) 
 
 ABUTMENT. That f , construction of building 
 material which is intended to receive the 
 end thrust or lateral pressure of a vault, 
 arch or roof. 
 
 ABUTTING. A term used to denote the junc- 
 ture of two separate portions of building 
 material. 
 
 ACANTHINE. A fillet or border decorated 
 with the leaves of the acanthus. The 
 crown moulding of a cornice, in classic 
 architecture, is often treated in this man- 
 ner. 
 
 ACOUSTICS. The science and treatment of 
 sound in architecture. 
 
 ACROPOLIS (Gr.) A celebrated building of 
 Athens, a citadel, an eminence; particularly 
 associated with Athenian *b;toctnr*. 
 
 ACROLINTHON (Gr.) A colossal statu- erect- 
 ed in the temple of Mars; the citadel of 
 ancient Halicarnassus. 
 
 ACROTERIA / Pedestals placed at the angles 
 
 ACROTERIOM \ and over the centre of a 
 pediment in classic architecture. 
 
 ACUTE ANGLE. An angle of less than 80 
 degrees. 
 
 ACUTE ANGLE TRIANGLE. Where all the 
 angles are acute. 
 
 ADICULA. A small chapel, or apsis, to a ca- 
 thedral or religious building. 
 
 ADIT (Lat.) The lobby, bailor entrance to a 
 building. 
 
 ADJACENT ANGLED. An angle immediately 
 
 contiguous to another. 
 ADYTUM (Lat.) The vestment or retiring 
 
 room for priests in ancient temples. 
 AECCLESIOLA. (See Adicula.) 
 AEDICULA. A small building, or temple, as 
 
 a model. 
 AELAMOTH. (See Adit.) 
 
 AERARIUM (Lat.) In Roman architecture, a 
 treasury. 
 
 AETIAIOI (Gr.) ) In Greek architecture, the 
 
 AETIAIVI ) stone or marble slabs form- 
 ing the tympanum of a pediment. 
 
 AETOMA (Gr.) The sunken portion of a Gre- 
 cian pediment. 
 
 AIGUILLE (Fr.) A term given to an Egyptian 
 pyramid or obelisk, or a building of pyra- 
 midal form. 
 
 AILE ) A passageway between seats; particu- 
 
 AISLE \ larly in Gothic architecture, the 
 term is given to the lateral or exterior por- 
 tions of the three subdivisions of a church, 
 as between the outer walls and the central 
 portion, which is termed the Nave. The 
 space between the side walls and columns 
 supporting the roof of a cathedral. 
 
 AILERON (Fr.) A bracket or consol in the 
 form of a buttress, supporting the roof of a 
 building or higher portion. 
 
 AITRE. A hearth or chimney. 
 
 ALA (Lat.) An addition or wing to a building. 
 
 A LA CREQUE (Fr.) An ornament in fret 
 work, used in panels and in borders. 
 
 ALAE. Small closets or apartments each side 
 of a vestibule. 
 
 ALBARIUM (Lat). A sort of Roman stucco or 
 plaster. 
 
 ALBARIUM OPUS (Lat.) (See Albarium.) 
 
 ALCHA (Lat.) A room in a Roman house for 
 keeping jars and vessels. 
 
 ALCOVE. A recess in the wall of a room : an 
 apartment connected to one of larger di- 
 mensions by an arch or lintel, and not un- 
 frequently used to contain a bed; dresser, 
 Tjgatel, or side-board. 
 
ALE 
 
 ANG 
 
 ALEATORIUM (Lat.) A room in a Roman 
 house dedicated to games of chance. 
 
 ALEOIS. In Gothic or castellated work, loop 
 holes or apertures through which arrows 
 or cross-bolts were discharged. 
 
 ALETTE. The face in reveal of a pier support- 
 ing an arch. 
 
 ALHAMBRESQUE. In Moorish architecture, 
 a peculiar style of ornamentation employed 
 in the enrichments of panels in relief and 
 geometrical patterns upon flat surfaces. 
 
 ALIPTERIUM I (Gr.) An anointing room in 
 
 ALIPTERION J an ancient bath. 
 
 A LKOR ANS ) Slender minarets or lofty shaf t- 
 
 ALKORANES j like towers attached to Ori- 
 ental mosques. 
 
 ALLEGE (Fr.) A panel under the inside stool 
 of a window frame, finishing down to the 
 floor. 
 
 ALLEGORY. A creation in art or architecture 
 signifying a subject, figuratively, in an 
 analogous form. 
 
 ALLORIUM [ ^ s * c * e P or ti co or corridor. 
 ALLEY. A street or passage ; a church aisle ; 
 
 a passage from one building to another. 
 ALMEMAR. A reading desk used in Hebrew 
 
 worship. 
 
 ALMERY ) (Fr.) A niche, cupboard or recess, 
 AUMBRY ) generally located near the altar 
 
 in cathedrals. 
 ALMONRY ) A small building or room attached 
 AMBRY [ to an ecclesiastical building for 
 
 the distribution of alms. 
 ALMS HOUSE. A building erected for the ac- 
 commodation and maintenance of the poor. 
 ALORING. A wall projecting above a roof as 
 a parapet. 
 
 ALTAR. A pedestal or pillar used by the 
 ancients for sacrifices and offerings, and by 
 Christians for the celebration of the sacra- 
 ment. 
 
 ALTAR CLOTH. Covering to an altar. 
 ALTAR CROSS. A cross used on an altar in 
 
 Christian service. 
 ALTAR DESK. A frame or small desk used 
 
 on an altar. 
 
 ALTAR PIECE. An ornamental construction 
 
 as a background to an altar. 
 ALTAR RAIL. The rail in front of the altar. 
 ALTAR SCREEN. A screen back of and around 
 
 the altar. 
 
 ALTO RILIEVO ) (Ital.) Sculpture projecting 
 ALTO RELIEVO ( boldly from the surround- 
 ing surfaces, relieved by deep under-cut- 
 ting. 
 ALURA ) 
 
 ALURE [ (See Alley.) 
 ALUR ) 
 
 ALVEARY (Lat.) A hollow-shaped vessel. 
 
 AMBE. A stage or rostrum. 
 
 AMBITUS ALTARIS (Lat.) That part of a 
 
 church building whose walls immediately 
 
 enclose the altar. 
 AMBO ) 
 
 AMBON [ (See Apse.) Same as pulpit. 
 A.MBOU 
 
 AMBULATIO (Lat.) A promenade ; an open 
 space ; a portico from the columns to the 
 wall. 
 
 AMBULATORY (Lat.) (See Ambulatio). 
 AMORTISSEMENT (Fr.) The uppermost ter- 
 mination or finish to an architectural struc- 
 ture, as a finial, etc. 
 AMPHIPROSTYLE ) In classic art, a 
 
 AMPHIPROSTYOS (Lat.) f temple having 
 columns surmounted by gables or pedi- 
 ments at each end, or front and rear. 
 AMPHITHEATRE (Lat.) i A spacious elliptical 
 AMPHITHEATRIAL [ shaped building, 
 AMPHITHURA ) surrounding and 
 
 enclosing a space called the arena, used for 
 feats, contests and exhibitions. 
 AMULET. A necklace, charm or fillet. 
 ANABATHRUM. A raised seat or pulpit. 
 
 (See Allegory.) 
 
 (Gr.) Cutting and carving 
 relief work, more particu- 
 
 - larly related to the cutting 
 of gems. (See Alto Ri- 
 lievo.) 
 
 ANACHRONISM. 
 ANAGLYPHA ' 
 ANAGLYPTA 
 ANAGLYPH 
 ANAGLYPTIC 
 ANAGLYPHIC 
 ANAGLYPHICE t 
 ANALOGIA. The architectural proportion and 
 
 symmetrical distribution of parts. 
 ANALOGIUM. A reading desk. 
 ANAMORPHOSIS. An unnatural appearance 
 
 of perspective lines caused by too near a 
 
 view. 
 
 ANCHOR. An ornamental metal decoration ; 
 also, the term is applied to ties and fasten- 
 ings in constructive architecture. 
 
 ANCON ) 
 
 ANCONE \ A consol or bracket to a cornice. 
 ANCOVE ) 
 
 ANDRON (Gr.) ) An open hall or court in a 
 
 ANDRONITIS \ Grecian house. 
 
 ANGLE. The inclination of two lines and their 
 point of meeting. 
 
 ANGLE BAR. A horizontal bar or muntin to 
 a window sash or frame. 
 
 ANGLE BEAD. A small round moulding se- 
 cured to an angle of any architectural 
 work. 
 
 ANGLE BRACE. A brace or angle framing in 
 
 constructive architecture. 
 ANGLE BRACKET. A bracket or framing in 
 
 the angle of two surfaces. 
 ANGLE BUTTRESS. In Gothic architecture, 
 
 a buttress projecting from the external 
 
 angle of two walls. 
 ANGLE CAPITAL. A capital placed under 
 
 the corner of an entablature, sometimes 
 
 having a double face. 
 ANGLE IRON. (See Angle Brace.) 
 ANGLE LEAF. A leaf or ornament carved at 
 
 the angle of the base of a column. 
 ANGLE MODILLION. A modillion placed at 
 
 the angle of a cornice. 
 ANGLE OF REPOSE. The first joint or angle 
 
 line of the springing of an arch. 
 ANGLE RAFTER. That portion of a roof 
 
 framing at the external angle. 
 ANGLE RIB. A curved rafter or framing at 
 
 an external angle. 
 
ANTHEM ION ANGULAR SHAFT. 
 
 A N NULATED SH A FT. A NTICK. 
 
ANG 
 
 AQU 
 
 ANGLE STAFF. (See Angle Bead.) 
 
 ANGLETIE. (See Angle Brace.) 
 
 ANGLET (Fr.) A rectangular, V shaped, rusti- 
 cated joint in stone-work. 
 
 ANGLO-NORMAN ARCHITECTURE. A term 
 applied to tnat style of architecture prac- 
 ticed in England from and after the con- 
 quest, A. D. 1066 to 1189. 
 
 ANGLO-ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE. 
 A term applied to that style of Architecture 
 practiced in England from A. D. 785 to 
 1300, in which the marking characteristic 
 was the semi-circular arch as distinct from 
 the Anglo-Norman style. 
 
 ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE. A term 
 applied to the several styles prevailing in 
 England from A. D. 596 to 1066. 
 
 ANGULAR SHAFT. The shaft of a column, 
 that, instead of being circular in form, is 
 hexigon, octagon or quadrangular. 
 
 ANKER HOLD. A small room, or cell, either 
 connected with or off from the crypt of a 
 cathedral. 
 
 ANNEX. A building subordinate to a main 
 building. 
 
 ANNULET ) (Lat.) A ring or small moulding 
 ANNULAR V encircling a column, base or 
 ANNULAS ) capital, generally applied to the 
 
 Greek Doric order. 
 ANNULATED SHAFT. The shaft of a column 
 
 encircled with rings or fillets. 
 ANTAE ) (Gr.) A pilaster; a name applied to 
 ANTE [■ those which terminated the ends of 
 ANT^E ) the side walls of a Greek temple. 
 ANTECAPITULUM (Lat.) That portion of a 
 cloister immediately adjoining the door of 
 a chapter house. 
 ANTECHAMBER ) A chamber, room or chapel 
 ANTEROOM [ connecting with a large 
 ANTECHAPEL ) hall, auditorium or ca- 
 thedral. 
 
 ANTEFIXUM ) (Lat.) Carved ornaments or 
 ANTEFIX^E [ lions' heads, introduced by 
 
 classic architects to enrich the cymatium of 
 
 a cornice. 
 
 ANTE MURAL. An outwork, fortification or 
 
 wall, with battlements or embrasures. 
 ANTEPAGMENTUM ) (Lat.) The jamb, frame 
 ANTEPAGMENTA [ and mouldings sur- 
 ANTEPAGMENTS ) rounding a doorway; 
 
 much the same meaning as architrave. 
 ANTEPENDIUM (Lat.) A term used to desig- 
 nate the front of an altar and the canopy 
 overhead. 
 
 ANTEPORTICO. A subordinate or advance 
 portico attached to a main portico, as in 
 Greek art. 
 
 ANTERIDES. A buttress acting as a counter- 
 fort to strengthen basement or heavy walls. 
 
 ANTEROOM. (See Antechamber.) 
 
 ANTESOLARIUM (Lat.) A balcony facing 
 the east. 
 
 ANTE TEMPLE. Same sense and meaning as 
 Annex. 
 
 ANTEVANNA ) A canopy, or projecting roof, 
 ANTE VENN A f over a door or window. 
 ANTHEMION. The spiral of the Ionic volute. 
 
 (See Altar Cloth.) 
 
 ANTI (Gr.) Against, attached to, opposite. 
 
 ANTIC (Fr.) (Same as Antique.) 
 
 ANTICK. Grotesque or fantastic creations of 
 
 birds, beasts, flowers, etc., in decorative art. 
 ANTICUM (Lat. ) The space between the walls 
 
 of a Greek temple and the columns of the 
 
 portico. 
 ANTIMINSION (Gr.) 
 ANTIMENSIUM | 
 ANTIPODIUM. The seat portion to a reading 
 
 desk used in the chancel of a church. 
 ANTIQUARIUM. A room in a Roman house, 
 
 devoted to the display of antiquities. 
 ANTIQUE. Referring to the ancient styles of 
 
 art and architecture. 
 ANTIQUITIES. The classic remains of ancient 
 
 architecture. 
 ANTIS. (See Ante.) 
 
 ANTITHALAMUS. (Same as Antechamber, 
 or Room.) 
 
 ANTRELLUM. A small temple or grotto. 
 
 ANTRUM. An ancient Greek temple. 
 
 ANTRUM TUMBALE. (Same as Antrellum.) 
 
 APARTMENT. One of the subdivisions or 
 portions of a building. 
 
 APERTURE. In architecture, an opening in a 
 wall, as a door or window. 
 
 APEX (Lat.) (Same as Amortissement.) 
 
 APIARY. A building used for the mainten- 
 ance of bees. 
 
 APODYTERIUM (Lat.) An anteroom to a 
 Roman bath. 
 
 APONSA. A lean-to, or shed roof. 
 
 APOPHYGE. The curvature at the top and 
 bottom of a classic column, where it ex- 
 pands to meet the mouldings of the base 
 and capital. 
 
 APOTHECA. A wine room in a Roman house. 
 
 APOTHECARERIUM (Lat.) A room or dis- 
 pensary attached to a public building. 
 
 APOTHESIS (Gr.) A set of shelves on the 
 south wall of a chancel. 
 
 APPODITIUM PILARIUM (Lat.) A flying 
 buttress. 
 
 APRON. The piece of woodwork immediately 
 
 below the stool of a window. 
 APSE AILE. An aisle surrounding an apse. 
 APSE / A semicircular extenuation of the 
 APSIS \ choir or nave to a cathedral; same 
 
 as a chancel; a bishop's throne. 
 APSIDAL. In the form of an apse. 
 APSIS GRADATA. In the form and relating 
 
 to an apse. 
 
 APTERAL. An ancient temple having col- 
 umns on its sides or flanks only. 
 AQUAMALE (Lat.) A holy water basin. 
 AQUARIUM ) (Lat.) A tank, pond, or res- 
 AQUARICUM [ ervoir, used for a head or 
 AQUARICIUM ) supply of water, or for the 
 
 propagation of marine life. 
 AQUEDUCT ) (Lat.) A conduit for the con- 
 AQUJEDUCT i" veyance of water. 
 AQUILA (Lat.) The flat surface of a triangu- 
 lar pediment; a reading desk in the form 
 of an eagie. 
 
ARCHITRAVE 
 
ARA 
 
 ASC 
 
 ARABIAN ARCHITECTURE. That style of 
 architecture practiced by the Arab races 
 between A. D. 680 and 1465. 
 
 ARABESQUE ) (Lat.) (See Alhambresque.) 
 
 ARABESQUED \ An enriching and orna- 
 mentation of flat surfaces, panels, pilas- 
 ters, etc., with scroll-work, vines, flowers, 
 etc. 
 
 ARABO TEDESCO ) A style of architecture 
 ARABO TEDESCHO \ practiced in certain 
 
 parts of Italy from A. D. 1189 to 1292. A 
 
 combination of Saracenic and Gothic. 
 AR^EOSTYLE 1 (Gr.) An ancient Greek 
 AR^EOSYSTYLOS temple having a colon- 
 AREOSYSTYLE [ nade where the columns 
 AREOSTYLE are placed four diame- 
 
 ARACOSTYLE J ters apart. 
 ARAD1GNITATIS. An altar used only by the 
 
 highest dignitaries of the church. 
 ARAEOPAGUS ) (Lat.) An open court. A 
 AREOPAGUS [■ building devoted to the 
 AREOPAGY ) practice of law in ancient 
 
 Athens. 
 
 ARBOR. A building of light fanciful construc- 
 tion, generally employed in landscape work. 
 
 ARC. A geometrical term used to designate 
 a portion, or section, of a circular line less 
 than a semicircle. 
 
 ARC A ) (Lat.) The gutters of a roof. The 
 
 ARCULA \ constructive frame-work of a 
 roof; an altar; a chest. 
 
 ARCADE. A series of arches, supported on 
 columns or pilasters. 
 
 ARCATURE. An arcaded panel-work, used in 
 face of walls, in Gothic architecture. 
 
 ARC BOUTANTS. (Same as Arch Buttress.) 
 
 ARC DOUBLEUX (Fr.) An arch moulding, 
 projecting from the face of the ceiling of a 
 vaulted roof. 
 
 ARCEBOCEN. A flying buttress. (See Appo- 
 ditium Pilarium.) 
 
 ARCH. A mechanical arrangement or con- 
 struction of stone, brick, or other inelastic 
 Substances, radiating to one- or more centres 
 and resting upon its extremities. 
 
 ARCH BAND. (Same as Arc Doubleux.) 
 
 ARCH BRICK. Brick moulded or cut to fit the 
 radiating lines of an arch. 
 
 ARCH BUTTRESS } A buttress employed gen- 
 
 ARCH BUTTANT \ erally in Gothic archi- 
 tecture to receive and resist the strain or 
 lateral thrust of another arch or roof. (See 
 Arcebocen and Appoditium Pilarium.) 
 
 ARCHED. Partaking of the form and nature 
 of an arch, or arc. 
 
 ARCHERIA. Long, narrow openings in the 
 walls of fortifications, through which the 
 archers shot arrows and cross-bolts in 
 ancient warfare. 
 
 ARCHIA. The arch of a bridge. 
 
 ARCHISTERIUM. A small room, or cell, in a 
 monastery. 
 
 ARCHITECT. A professor of building, scien- 
 tific and mechanical. . 
 ARCHITECTIVE 1 
 
 ARCHITECTONIC I Relating to the practice 
 ARCHITECTONICS f of architecture. 
 ARCHITECTURAL J 
 
 ARCHITRAVE (Gr.) A beam. The lowest or 
 
 first member of the entablature of a cornice. 
 
 See Antepagmentum. 
 ARCHIVE ) (Lat.) A building, or apart- 
 ARCHIVIUM I ment, set apart for the recep- 
 ARCHIVUM ) tion and safe keeping of 
 
 records and documents. 
 ARCHIVOLT )(Lat.) The collection of 
 ARCHIVOLTUM \ mouldings projecting 
 
 from and running round the face of an 
 
 arch. 
 
 ARCH OF EQUILIBRIUM. An arch of the 
 
 form of an equilateral triangle. 
 ARCH OF EQUIPOLLENCE. An arch upon 
 
 all the parts of which rests an equal weight. 
 ARCH MOULDINGS. (See Archivolt.) 
 ARCH STONE. (See Arch, Arch Brick.) 
 ARCHWAY. (See Arch.) 
 
 ARCHY. Partaking of the principles of an 
 arch. 
 
 ARCOSOLIUM (Lat.) An arched vault, or 
 recess. 
 
 ARCUATION. Relating to the use of the arch. 
 
 ARCUS (Lat.) (Same as Arch.) 
 
 ARCUS PRESBTERII. The arch between the 
 nave and apse, or chancel, called the chan- 
 cel arch. 
 
 ARCUS TORALIS ) A lattice, screen or cur- 
 ARCUS ECCLESLE ] tain, separating the 
 
 choir, apse, or chancel, from the nave, v or 
 
 body of a church. 
 AREA (Lat.) A space, a court-yard, a sunken 
 
 court. 
 
 ARENA. (See Amphitheatre.) The central 
 space, surrounded by the walls of an amphi- 
 theatre. 
 
 ARENARIUM. Relating to the arena. 
 ARENATUM (Lat.) Lime and sand mortar 
 
 used by the ancients. 
 AREOSTYLE. (See Araeostyle.) 
 ARMATURE (Fr.) (Same as Anchor.) 
 ARMENIAN ARCHITECTURE. That style of 
 
 architecture practiced in Armenia. 
 ARMIL ) (Lat.) A Roman band or bracelet 
 ARMILLA ) worn on the arm. 
 ARMOURY / A building devoted to the storage 
 ARMORY ) and practice of arms. 
 ARONADE. An embattled wall. 
 ARRAS I The line or edge formed by the meet- 
 ARRIS | ing of two plain surfaces. (See 
 
 Angle.) 
 
 ARRIERE-VOUSSURE (Fr.) A vault or soffit 
 of an arch of an opening in a wall. 
 
 ARRIS FiLLET. A triangular piece of wood, 
 placed next to a wall or chimney, to throw 
 off the water. 
 
 ARRIS GUTTER. A gutter hanging and fixed 
 to the edge of a roof or cornice. 
 
 ARRISWISE. Diagonally. 
 
 ARSENAL. A building devoted to the manu- 
 facture and storage of the implements and 
 munitions of war. 
 
 ARULA. An altar. 
 
 ASAROTUM OPUS (Lat.) The floor of a din- 
 ing hall. 
 
 ASCELLA. The wing of a building. 
 
ASC 
 
 HAD 
 
 ASCENDANTS. The perpendicular frame of 
 a door or window. 
 
 ASCENSORIUM (Lat.) A staircase. 
 
 ASCETERIUM | (Lat.) An apartment de- 
 
 ARCHISTERIUM j voted to gymnastic exer- 
 cises. 
 
 ASHLAR. Cut or hewn stone used in the face 
 of a wall, generally with vertical and hori- 
 zontal square joints. 
 
 tsPATICUM M \ (Same aS Audit House -) 
 ASPHALTUM. A bituminous substance used 
 
 in the construction of ancient buildings 
 
 instead of mortar. 
 ASSER (The common rafters of a roof 
 ASSERIS f framing. 
 
 ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE. That style of 
 architecture practiced in Assyria prior to 
 the eighth century B. C. 
 
 ASTORITE. A star-shaped enrichment used 
 in concave mouldings and coves in Gothic 
 architecture. 
 
 ASTRAGAL ) A small, half-round project- 
 
 ASTRAGALUS \ ing moulding. 
 
 ASTRAGALUM LESBIUM (Lat.) A mould- 
 ing partaking of the nature of the astragal. 
 
 ASTYLAR. A conglomerate collection of sev- 
 eral styles of architecture contained in one. 
 
 ASUL^E (Lat.) Marble chips. 
 
 ASYLUM. A building set apart for the main- 
 tenance of the indigent, deranged, and 
 infirm. 
 
 ASYMPOTE. A straight line approaching to 
 a curve. 
 
 ATHEN^UM ) (Gr.) A building set apart for 
 ATHENEUM \ the cultivation of the arts 
 
 and sciences. 
 ATHENIAN ARCHITECTURE. That style of 
 architecture which had its rise and culmi- 
 nation at the ancient city of Athens. 
 ATLANTES 1 Statues of male and female 
 ATLANTAS | figures used in Greek art 
 ATLANTIDES f for the support of an entab- 
 ATLASES J lature and cornice. 
 ATRIENSIUM (Lat.) A closet or small room. 
 ATRIUM ) (Lat.) A central court in a Ro- 
 ATRIOLUM f man house around which the 
 
 apartments were arranged. 
 ATTACHED COLUMN. A column attached 
 
 to the face of a wall. 
 ATTIC (Gr.) A sub-story rising above a cor- 
 nice or contained in the roof. 
 ATTIC BASE. The base of a column. 
 ATTIC COLUMN. A column whose shaft is 
 square. 
 
 ATTIC ORDER. The order of architecture 
 used in the construction of an attic. 
 
 ATTIC STORY. (Same as Attic. ) 
 
 ATTICURGIC (Relating to Athenian archi- 
 
 ATTICURCUS ( tecture. 
 
 AUDIT HOUSE. A room attached to a ca- 
 thedral used for clerical work. 
 
 AUDITORIUM j (Lat. ) A hall or place used for 
 
 AUDITORY | the congregation of people. 
 
 A ULE \ (^ r *) ^ n area or coul 't > a baU. 
 
 AULAEA I A curtain or screen hung between 
 AULJEUM ] columns. 
 AULEOLUM. A small chapel. 
 AUMBRYE. A niche or recess. 
 AURIPETRUM. Mosaic. 
 
 AVENTURINE. Glass of a golden and brown 
 tint. 
 
 AVIARY ) A building or apartment for the 
 AVIARIUM \ maintenance and propagation 
 
 of the feathered race. 
 AVOLTA. A vault or arched roof. 
 AWNING. A canopy, roof or covering. 
 
 BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE. That 
 style of architecture practiced in the build- 
 ing of Babylon about 2200 B. C. , and subse- 
 quently by Nebuchadnezzar about 600 B. C. , 
 when the city was rebuilt. 
 BACE. A pedestal supporting an image or 
 
 statue in a niche. 
 BACK ARCH. The inside or relieving arch 
 generally built over a door or opening, cal- 
 culated to relieve the lintel. 
 BACK FLAP. The centre portion of a set of 
 
 inside blinds. 
 BACKGROUND. The bed or plane surface in 
 
 alto-relievo work. 
 BACKING A WALL. The inside portion of a 
 
 brick or stone wall. 
 BACK LINING. That part of a window frame 
 forming the back of the box used for 
 blinds. 
 
 BACK OF A CHIMNEY. The face toward 
 the apartment or room. 
 
 BACK OF A HAND RAIL. The upper side. 
 
 BACK OF A HIP RAFTER. The upper edge. 
 
 BACK OF A SHUTTER. (Same as Back Flap.) 
 
 BACK STRINGER. Same as Wall Plate or ; 
 the one screwed to the wall. 
 
 BADACHINOS. (See Baldachin.) 
 
 BADIGEON. Rough-cast or grouting, com- 
 posed of lime, sand and gravel or ground 
 stone, generally used to fill the surfaces of 
 walls to give a finish. 
 
 BAGNETTE (Fr.) (See Bague.) 
 
 BAGNIO. A bath tub. 
 
 BAGUE ) (Fr.) Small mouldings, as astra- 
 BAGUETTE \ gals or beads, encircling the 
 
 shaft of a column between the base and 
 
 capital. 
 
 ^T^'rTixr } An open court surrounded bv the 
 
 BAiSa j walls of a fortress. 
 
 BALACHINO. (See Baldachin.) 
 
 BAKERY. A building used for the manufact- 
 ure of breadstuff s. 
 
 BALCON ) A projecting platform or gallery 
 
 BALCONET [ erected against the wall of a 
 
 BALCONY ) building; generally inclosed 
 by a railing. 
 
 BALDCHINO ] ^ canopy or roof supported 
 r> a t a nmwA \ on columns erected over an 
 
 BALACHINO 
 BADACHINOS 
 
 altar, throne or tomb. 
 
BATTLEMENT. 
 
BAL 
 
 BAT 
 
 KALECTION 1 The term applied to a mould or 
 BELECTION [■ mouldings where their con- 
 BOLECTION \ tour projects beyond the sur- 
 face surrounding a panel ; generally ap- 
 plied to the raised mouldings of a door. 
 BALISTARIA ) A building in a fortress used 
 BALISTRARIA \ for an armory ; the cruci- 
 form apertures in the walls of a fortress 
 for the discharge of arrows. 
 
 BA ULK \ ^ P* ece or s q uare timber. 
 
 BALL COCK. A water cock used to supply 
 water to a tank by the raising or lowering 
 of the ball floating on water. 
 
 BALL FLOWER. An ornament used in Gothic 
 work of the character of a ball, hollowed 
 out, or a ball inclosed in a three-leaf flower. 
 
 BALLIUM. (Same as Bailey.) 
 
 BALLOON FRAME. The name given to a 
 peculiar method of erecting frame build- 
 ings in the United States. 
 
 BALNEUM. A bath. 
 
 BALTENS. Wide steps or platforms in a the- 
 atre. 
 
 BALTHEI. (Same as Bolsters.) 
 BALUSAL. 
 
 BALUSTER. A small column or perpendicu- 
 lar standard supporting a hand rail. 
 
 BALUSTRADE. A range or collection of bal- 
 usters supporting a cap or rail. 
 
 BAND. A collection of mouldings, or a flat 
 projecting fascia, attached horizontally to 
 a wall. 
 
 BANDED COLUMN } A column or pilaster 
 BANDED SHAFT f around whose shaft are 
 arranged a series of bands, fillets or beads. 
 BANDELET ) , a „ , . 
 
 BANDLET [ (Same as Band.) 
 
 BANISTER ) . u i * * f u i A 
 BANNISTER \ obsolete term for baluster. 
 
 BANQUET HALL. An apartment set apart 
 
 for banquets. 
 BAPTISMAL FONT. (See Font.) 
 BAPTISTERIUM ) A , ... , 
 BAPTISTERY \ bathing house or place. 
 
 BAR. An inclosed space in a court room or 
 public house. 
 
 BAR OF A SASH. The upright divisions be- 
 tween glass of a window. 
 
 BARBACAN ) A watch tower attached to a 
 
 BARBICAN | fortress ; an aperture in a 
 wall for drainage. 
 
 BARGE BOARD. A board used as a finish to 
 a gable, covering the ends of the rafters 
 and frequently cut into ornamental forms. 
 (See Verge Board.) 
 
 BARGE COUPLES. An obsolete term for two 
 timbers mortised and tenoned together. 
 
 BARGE COURSE. The first course of slate 
 tiles or shingles that project over the gable 
 of a roof. 
 
 BARMKYN ) /a „ , . , 
 
 BERMKYN \ ( See Barbican.) 
 
 BARN. A building erected for the storage of 
 farm produce, grain, etc., and often used 
 to house animals. 
 
 BARRA. A tower at one end of a bridge. 
 
 BARRACAN. (See Barbacan.) 
 
 BARRACK. A building erected for the accom- 
 modation and lodgment of soldiers. 
 
 BARREL DRAIN. A brick conduit built in a 
 cylindrical form. 
 
 BARREL VAULT / A long semi-circular vault 
 
 BARROWS S or roof, relating particu- 
 
 larly to a vault built of masonry. 
 
 B ARTISAN ) A small over-hanging turret, 
 
 BARTIZAN \ corbelled out from the ex- 
 
 BARTIZENE ) terior angle of a tower or 
 wall, generally pierced with loop-holes or 
 balistrarias. 
 
 BARTON. A manor or farm house. 
 
 BARYO^. An Araeostyle temple. 
 
 BARYCEPHAL-^. (Same as Barycee. ) 
 
 BASE. In architecture, the bottom or lowest 
 part. 
 
 BASE COURT. A second or rear court yard. 
 
 BASELESS. Without a base or foundation. 
 
 BASE-LINE. In architecture, the starting line. 
 
 BASEMENT. The first story of a building. 
 
 BASE MOULDINGS. The mouldings of any- 
 base portion of any architectural design. 
 
 BASE OF A COLUMN. The lower portion. 
 
 BASE OF A WALL. The foundation or foot- 
 ing. 
 
 BASILICA. A court of justice; a public hall. 
 BASILICULA. A shrine, oratory, or cano- 
 taph. 
 
 BASON | In arcmtec * ure > :l reservoir. 
 BASIS. (Same as Base.) 
 
 BASKET. The term sometimes given to the 
 
 bell of a Corinthian capital. 
 BAS-RELIEF ) Carvings whose projec- 
 BASSO-RILIEVO \ tion from the surround- 
 ing surface is only distinct enough to form 
 the outline, used in contradistinction to 
 alto-relievo. 
 
 BASSE COUR. An open court used for 
 stables. 
 
 BASTION | That portion of the wall of a fort- 
 BASTON f ress that projects in an angular 
 
 form, used to command the flanks of the 
 
 wall. (Same as Torus.) 
 BAT. Part of a brick. 
 
 BATEMENT LIGHT. In Gothic architecture, 
 the upper perpendicular lights of glass in 
 a perpendicular window. 
 
 BATH. In architecture, a building used for 
 bathing purposes. 
 
 BATOON. (See Bastion.) 
 
 BATTEFOLIUM. (Same as Barbacan.) 
 
 BATTEN. A moulding or strip of board, stand- 
 ing vertically, used generally to cover a 
 joint or joining of two pieces of boarding. 
 
 BATTER. A term used to designate the slant 
 of a wall, where it is built narrow at the 
 top and wide at the bottom. 
 
 BATTERY. A term used for a fortification. 
 
 BATTLE EMBATTLED. A wall having a 
 
 double row of battlements. 
 BATTLEMENT. Endentations or embrasures 
 
 in the top of a wall or parapet, used in 
 
 castellated architecture. 
 
BLI 
 
 BAULK. (See Balk.) 
 
 BAWK. A cross or tie beam of a roof fram- 
 ing. 
 
 BAY. In architecture, the recessed portion of 
 a facade of a building; that space contained 
 between the ribs of a vault. 
 
 BAY OF JOIST. A section or portion of a 
 floor of joist between timbers or bearings. 
 
 BAY WINDOW. A projecting wall of an 
 angular or circular shape, forming a recess 
 in an apartment, generally pierced with 
 windows. 
 
 BAZAAR. A building used for the public 
 display of merchantable goods and wares, 
 relating particularly to Oriental buildings. 
 
 BEAD. A small moulding, wdiose section is 
 circular. (See Astragal.) 
 
 BEAD AND BUTT. A panel moulded with a 
 bead. The term is used to designate the 
 butting joint, which see. 
 
 BEAD AND FLUSH. (Same as Bead and Butt.) 
 
 BEAD AND QUIRK. Same as Bead and 
 Butt, excepting that between the joint of 
 the bead and surface is a sunk square 
 recess. 
 
 BEAK. The pendant square or continuation 
 of the corona in classic architecture, serv- 
 ing as a drip. 
 
 BEAKHEAD MOULDING. In Norman archi- 
 tecture, a moulding cut into heads or beaks 
 of birds. 
 
 BEAM. A timber of large dimension. 
 
 BEAM FILLING. A term used to designate 
 mason work built in between the ends of 
 joists or beams, when the ends rest on a 
 wall. 
 
 BEARER. A strut, post or column, sustaining 
 a weight. 
 
 BEARING OF A TIMBER. That portion of 
 
 a timber resting on a wall. 
 BEARING PARTITION ) A partition or wall 
 BEARING WALL f bearing the weight 
 
 of other portions of a building. 
 BED. In architecture, the bottom side of a 
 
 stone. The seat or bed of any designated 
 
 part. 
 
 BED MOULDING. Strictly a moulding placed 
 immediately under the corona of a classic 
 cornice. 
 
 BED OF A STONE. (See Bed.) 
 BEE HOUSE. A building for the cultivation 
 of bees. 
 
 BELECTION MOULDINGS. (See Balection.) 
 
 BELFRY. A small bell tower or turret; also 
 the room or apartment containing a bell. 
 
 BELL (Lat.) In architecture, that portion of 
 a classic column forming the body of the 
 capital, upon which the leaves and volutes 
 are carved or placed. 
 
 BELL ARCH. An arch partaking of the out- 
 line of a bell. 
 
 BELL COT. A bell turret generally placed at 
 the apex of a gable or roof. 
 
 BELL GABLE. A term applied to a gable 
 having a niche for the reception of a bell. 
 
 BELL ROOF. A canopy or covering over a 
 bell; a roof shaped like a bell. 
 
 BELL TOWER. A tower built for the recep- 
 tion of bells. 
 
 BELL TURRET. (See Belfry.) 
 
 BELT. (Same as Band.) 
 
 BELT, COURSE. (See Band.) 
 
 BELVEDERE (It.) A high turret; a lookout: 
 an observatory. 
 
 BEMA (Gr.) The raised portion or floor of a 
 chancel or apse; a reading desk. 
 
 BENATURA (Lat.) ) A receptacle for holv wa- 
 
 BENETIER (Fr.) f ter, placed generally in 
 the vestibule of a Romish church. 
 
 BENCH TABLE. A low stone seat around 
 the interior of walls of many churches, 
 formed by the excess in thickness of foun- 
 dation walls. 
 
 BETHLEHEM. A small building attached to 
 a cathedral for the pi-eparation of the sac- 
 ramental celebration. 
 
 BETON. (Same as Concrete.) 
 
 BEVEL. A surface formed on an angle from 
 the face. 
 
 BEVELMENT. Relating to the bevel. 
 BIANGULAR. Having two angles or corners. 
 BIBLIOTHECA (Gr.) A public library, or a 
 
 building used for the reception of books. 
 BICELLUM (Gr.) A dwelling having storage 
 
 vaults in the basement or cellars. 
 BICHOCA. (Same as Belvedere.) 
 BIGLF. An arch; a chamber. 
 BIGG. To build. 
 BIGGER. A builder. 
 
 BILGET. Wood, brick or blocks built into a 
 wall. 
 
 BILLET. A block of wood. 
 
 BILLET MOULDING ) A moulding peculiar 
 
 BILLET CABLE i to Anglo-Norman 
 architecture, consisting of short sections 
 of a bead placed in a cove or hollow 
 moulding, half their length apart, in a 
 semi-circular arch. 
 
 BINDERS. A term used for brick or stone 
 placed with their greatest length trans- 
 verse the wall. 
 
 BINDING JOIST. (Same as Trimmer Joist.) 
 
 BIRD'S BEAK MOULDING ) (Same as Beak- 
 
 BIRD'S HEAD MOULDING J head Mould- 
 ing.) 
 
 BIRHOM (Lat.) Having a surface composed 
 
 of twelve rhombic faces. 
 BISECTION. The act of cutting into two 
 
 parts. 
 
 BISELLIUM. A scat designed I'm- two persons. 
 BISTURRIS I 
 BISTURRES \ 
 BITUMAN. Same nature as asphaltum. which 
 see. 
 
 BLADES. Principal rafters of a roof framing. 
 
 BLANK DOOR, OR WINDOW. A false rep- 
 resentation of a door or window. 
 
 BLEOSTANING. Mosaic paving. 
 
 BLIND. A light frame or screen to a door or 
 window. 
 
 BLIND ARCADE. A small arcade constructed 
 on the face of a wall in Gothic work, as a 
 panel work. 
 
 (Same as Barbaean.) 
 
BLI 
 
 BRI 
 
 BLIND AREA. A covered area. 
 
 BLOCK. A collection of buildings; a square. 
 
 BLOCK COURSE. A course of stone placed 
 
 on top of a wall as a coping. 
 BLOCK PLAN. An architect's plan, showing 
 
 the outline only. 
 BOARD. An American terrn for a piece of 
 
 timber 1 inch thick, 4 to 24 inches wide, 
 
 any length. (See Deals.) 
 BOARDING JOIST. The act of covering joist 
 
 with boards. 
 BOASTING. The rough cutting of a stone to 
 
 form the outline of a design preparatory 
 
 to the more finished carving. 
 BOCATORIUM (Lat.) A slaughterhouse. 
 BODIUM (Lat.) A crypt or subterraneous 
 
 chapel. 
 
 BODY BUTTRESS > A buttress attached to 
 BODY BOTERRASSE \ a body wall of a 
 building. 
 
 BOEIRA (Lat.) (Same as Manor House.) 
 
 BOLSTERS. Pieces of timber used in the con- 
 struction of centres for arches. The con- 
 nection between the volutes on the side of 
 an Ionic capital. 
 
 BOLT. A round cylindrical pin of metal. 
 
 BOLTEL. A vault. 
 
 BOMON. An altar. 
 
 BOND ENGLISH. A term used to denote a 
 piece of brick work in which one course is 
 laid lengthwise and the next course cross- 
 wise of the wall, thus alternately. 
 
 BOND FLEMISH. Brick work in which a 
 brick is laid lengthwise and the next brick 
 crosswise of the wall, and so on, alternately. 
 
 BOND STONE. (See Binder.) 
 
 BOND TIMBERS. Timbers built into walls of 
 masonry for the purpose of affixing the 
 finished work thereto. 
 
 BONING. A plain surface out of wind or twist. 
 
 BOOTH. A temporary stall or canopy, used 
 at fairs and public gatherings. 
 
 BORD. Anciently a name given to a wine 
 cellar. 
 
 BORDER. A plain surface enclosing a central 
 space or area. 
 
 BOSS. A projecting ornament placed at the 
 intersection of the ribs of a vault or ceil- 
 ing, generally carved or moulded into 
 leaves and flowers. 
 
 BOSSAGE. A stone laid projecting from the 
 face of a wall so as to be carved afterward. 
 
 BOTERASS. (Same as Buttress.) 
 
 BOTERICE. (Same as Buttress.) 
 
 BOTTOM RAIL. The horizontal band or rail 
 at the bottom of a door panel. 
 
 BOUDOIR. An apartment set apart exclu- 
 sively for the use of females. 
 
 BOULDER. An American term for a large, 
 round, natural pebble. 
 
 BOULTINE ) A moulding whose section is a 
 
 BOULTIN ( quarter of a circ le. 
 
 BOURSE (Fr.) A public edifice in Fiance 
 devoted to financial exchange. 
 
 BOUTANT. (See Arc Boutants.) 
 
 BOUTEL / In perpendicular Gothic work, a 
 BO WTELS S round moulding or slender shaft 
 
 running up the face of a pier. 
 BOW. A semi-circular arch. 
 BOW WINDOW. An incorrect term for Bay 
 
 Window. 
 
 BOWER. Anciently a small, richly-furnished 
 
 chamber used by females only. 
 BOX FRAME. A window frame constructed 
 
 with boxes at each side for the reception 
 
 of sash-weights. 
 BOX GIRDER. A girder or lintel, generally 
 
 of iron, made in a box form and filled in 
 
 with brick, in the form of an arch. 
 BOX HEAD. The upper part of a window 
 
 frame, made in a box form, to receive the 
 
 sash when raised up. 
 BRACE. A straight or curved piece of timber 
 
 used to resist a force or thrust. 
 BRACKET. A brace or support fixed against 
 
 a vertical surface, supporting a weight. 
 BRACKETING. The act of fixing brackets in 
 
 position. 
 
 BRACKET STAIRS. Stairs constructed on 
 brackets. 
 
 BRANCHES. The diagonal branches or ribs 
 
 covering a vault or ceiling. 
 BRANDISH / An ornamental cresting or 
 BRATTISHING <j enriched battlement. 
 BREAK. That portion of a facade which 
 
 changes its style or ground plan. 
 BREAK JOINTS. In masonry, vertical joints 
 
 in one course placed between the joints in 
 
 the courses below and above. 
 BREAST OF A CHIMNEY. The face towards 
 
 the room. 
 
 BREAST OF A WINDOW. That portion of a 
 wall directly below a window, or between 
 the floor and sill. 
 
 BRECCIA. A kind of marble. 
 
 BREPHOTROPHIUM (Lat.) A foundling's 
 hospital. 
 
 BKESSUMMER )A timber or lintel, sup- 
 BRESS SUMMER - porting a superincum- 
 BREASTSUMMER ) bent weight, or portion 
 of an exterior wall. 
 
 BHETESS 11 ^ [ A wooden tower or look-out. 
 BRETISE. (See Bartisan.) 
 
 BRICK. A material formed of an argillaceous 
 earth, baked to a hard state, and used in 
 place of stone for building purposes. 
 
 BRICK GROIN. (See Barrel Vault.) 
 
 BRICK AND STUD ) Brick work laid between 
 
 BRICK NOGGING ( wooden studs or scant- 
 ling, forming a wall. 
 
 BRICK-TRIMMER ARCH. An arch built in 
 front of a fire-place to support a hearth- 
 stone. 
 
 BRIDGEBOARD. The notched piece or 
 stringer on which rest the steps of a stair- 
 way. 
 
 BRIDGE GUTTER. An overhanging gutter 
 
 supported on brackets. 
 BRIDGING. An American term for fixing 
 
 diagonal pieces of wood between joists or 
 
 studs, for the purpose of equalizing the 
 
 weight placed on the floor. 
 
BRO 
 
 CAN 
 
 BROACH ) 
 
 BROCHE [ An English term for a spire. 
 BROACHED ) 
 
 BROCATELLE. A quality of marble. 
 
 BROKEN ASHLAR. A term used to desig- 
 nate stone work whose vertical and hori- 
 zontal joints are uneven and suited to the 
 size of the stone. 
 
 BROKEN JOINT. (Same as Break Joints.) 
 
 BUAtI A I' A vaultecl room or cl TPt- 
 BUCRANIA. Sculptured ox skulls in the 
 
 friezes of the Ionic or Corinthian orders. 
 BUILDER. One who builds professionally. 
 BUILT BEAMS. A beam made of joist and 
 
 bolted together. 
 BULBOUS. A round dome or spire taking the 
 
 shape of a flower bulb. 
 BULENTERIA (Gr.) A council chamber or 
 
 public hall. 
 BULKER. A timber beam or rafter. 
 BULL'S EYE (Fr.) A small circular aperture 
 
 for the admission of light. 
 BULL'S NOSE. A right angle corner rounded 
 
 off. 
 
 BUNDLE PILLAR. A group of slender shafts 
 banded together as in Gothic work. 
 
 BURGESS. A number of houses protected by 
 a fortress. 
 
 BURGH. (See Dun.) 
 
 BURSE. (Same as Bourse.) 
 
 BURTON. A manor house 
 
 BUSH-HAMMERED, The worked face of a 
 stone formed by a tool called a bush-ham- 
 mer. 
 
 BUSTUM. An ancient tomb. 
 
 BUTT. (See Butting Joint— a hinge.) 
 
 BUTMENT. (See Abutment.) 
 
 BUTMENT CHEEK. The solid part or shoulder 
 
 of a mortise. 
 BUTTING JOINT. In hand railing, the joints 
 
 between the pieces of rail secured by holts. 
 
 In joinery, the joint between the rails and 
 
 moulding of a panel. 
 BUTTRESS. A projection from a wall in 
 
 Gothic work, used to support the thrust of 
 
 a roof or wall. 
 BY-WASH. The outlet to a reservoir. 
 BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE. That style 
 
 of architecture practiced by Constantine 
 
 and his followers, and which originated in 
 
 the building of his capitol, A. D. 328. Its 
 
 general characteristics are simflar to the 
 
 Romanesque. 
 
 CABERS. Lath or strips used in thatching 
 roofs ; a joist ; a rafter. 
 CABIN. A small cottage or house. 
 CABINET. A small room ; a closet. 
 CABLE. A moulding having a convex circu- 
 lar section, generally employed in the 
 flutes of columns ; a carved representation 
 of a rope or cable. 
 CABLE FLUTES. The flutes of a cabled 
 column. 
 
 CABLE MOULDING. A bead carved so as to 
 
 represent a rope or cable. 
 CABLED COLUMN. A column with cables 
 
 placed in the flutes. 
 CABLING. The filling of flutes with cables. 
 
 (See Cable.) 
 
 CAER. The word denotes castle, and is pre- 
 fixed to the names of places fortified by 
 the Romans. 
 
 CAGE. An outer work of timber enclosing 
 another within it. 
 
 CAISSON. A wooden box, in which the piers 
 of a bridge are built, sinking through the 
 water by the weight of the work and reach- 
 ing the bottom to form the foundation. 
 This system is usually adopted w T hen a 
 coffer dam is impracticable. 
 
 CAISSON COFFER. Sunk panels of a ceiling 
 or the soffit of arches, or vaulted ceilings. 
 (See Coffer.) 
 
 CALCAREOUS EARTH. A sort of earth con- 
 taining lime or calx. 
 
 CALCATORIUM. A term applied by the Ro- 
 mans to a raised platform of masonry, in 
 the cellar attached to a vineyard. 
 
 CALDARIUM. A close vaulted room in the 
 ancient baths. 
 
 CALEDUCT ) tt , . . 
 
 CALI DUCTS f Hot air W es - 
 
 CALIBER | The greatest diameter of a round 
 
 CALIBRE J body. 
 
 C ALOKE ) A concavity in the form of a niche. 
 
 CALOTE - serving to decrease the height of 
 
 CALOTTE ) a chapel or alcove. 
 
 CALVES TONGUE. A sort of moulding of a 
 concave section, used at the base and capi- 
 tal, where they merge into the column. 
 
 CAMARILA. The audience chamber or pri- 
 vate room of a king. 
 
 CAMARORIS. An elevation terminating in an 
 arched head, door or window. 
 
 CAMBER. The convexity of a beam or arch 
 upon the upper surface. 
 
 CAMBERATED. Arched. (See Camber.) 
 
 CAMBER BEAMS. (See Camber.) 
 
 CAMERATED ) Same as Camber. To build 
 
 CAMERATE - in the form of a vault or 
 
 CAMERATION ) arch ; arched. 
 
 CAMERELLE. A small room or a closet. 
 
 CAMES. Slender bars of cast lead, used in 
 stained glass glazing. 
 
 CAMP CEILING. A term applied to a ceiling 
 when made on the rafters of a pitch roof. 
 
 CAMPANA ) The bell or body of a Corinthian 
 CAMPAND f capital. 
 
 CAMPANILE. A tower for the reception of 
 bells used in churches, also in domestic 
 edifices. 
 
 CANAL OF THE IONIC VOLUTE. The 
 channel commencing at the eye and fol- 
 lowing in the revolutions of the volute. 
 
 CANAL OF THE LARMIER. A recessed 
 channel in the soffit, to prevent the rain 
 from running round, and sometimes called 
 a weather drip. (See Bed Moulding.) 
 
 CANNABIC COMPOSITION. A substance 
 used for interior ornamentation ; much as 
 papier-mache. 
 
CANARDIERE. 
 
 CARYATES. 
 CARYATIDESl. 
 
■CAN 
 
 CAS 
 
 CANARDIERE. A small turret, usually built 
 at the corners on the top of a castle, for 
 sheltering the sentry on guard. (See Balis- 
 taria.) 
 
 CANCELLI. Lattice windows, among the Ro- 
 mans, now gratings and trellis-work, etc. 
 
 CANOPY. A covering or hood to a balcony, 
 or projecting head to a niche, pulpit, altar, 
 etc. 
 
 CANOTAPH. (See Cenotaph and Catafalco.) 
 
 CANT. An external angle or corner of a build- 
 ing. A bevel chamfer or arris. 
 
 CANT MOULDING. A moulding placed nei- 
 ther horizontally nor vertically, having a 
 beveled surface. 
 
 CANTA LIVER. (See Cantiliver.) 
 
 CANTED COLUMN. Columns, the horizontal 
 sections of which are polygonal, consisting 
 of straight sides instead of concave sides or 
 flutes. 
 
 CANTERN. (See Canthers.) 
 
 CANTHARUS. A fountain in the centre of 
 
 the atrium, anciently used for washing 
 
 before entering a church. 
 CANTHEIS. (See Canthers.) 
 CANTHERS. Common rafters of a roof. 
 
 CANTILIVER ) The term is generally ap- 
 
 CANTALIVERS j plied to brackets for cor- 
 nices, balconies, etc. 
 
 CANTING. Relating to Cant. 
 
 CANTON. A salient corner formed of a pilas- 
 ter or quoins, which project beyond the 
 face of a wall. 
 
 CANTONED BUILDING. A building whose 
 angles are adorned with columns, pilas- 
 ters, rustic quoins, etc. 
 
 CANTONED COLUMNS. Columns are so 
 called when placed at the corner of a pier 
 and made to support the angular or mould- 
 ed ribs of groin work and intersecting 
 arches. 
 
 CAP. A term used in building to signify the 
 covering or the uppermost members of an 
 assemblage of mouldings. The assemblage 
 of mouldings over a door or window. 
 
 CAPITAL ) In architecture, the head or up- 
 CAPITALE - permost part of a column or 
 CAPITEL ) pilaster, usually moulded, foli- 
 ated or voluted, and constitutes the most 
 distinguishing part of an order ; it is indis- 
 pensable aesthetically, but not a positive 
 necessity, yet it forms an agreeable transi- 
 tion from the shaft to the architrave. 
 
 CAPITAL OF A LANTERN. The covering 
 or roof which terminates a lantern of a 
 dome. 
 
 CAPITAL OF A TRIGLYPH. The square 
 band which projects over the face in the 
 Grecian and Roman Doric. 
 CAPITOL ) A Roman temple or citadel, 
 CAP1TOILE [ in which were kept the 3,000 
 CAPITOLIUM ) brass tables upon which the 
 
 laws were engraved. 
 CAPREOLI I In ancient carpentry, the struts 
 CAPREOLS f or braces of a trussed roof. 
 CARACOL ) . „ . , . - 
 < 'ARACOLE i w or s P ira l staircase. 
 
 CARAVANSERA. In the East, a large public 
 building, or inn, for the reception of trav- 
 elers and caravans. r 
 
 CARCASE ) The framework of a building be- 
 
 CARCASS j fore it is completed. 
 
 CARCER. A Roman prison or jail. 
 
 CARDINAL SCAPI. In Roman joinery, the 
 stiles of doors. 
 
 CARIANS ) a » , . , 
 
 CAR1ATES Atlantes and Caryatic 
 
 CARIATIDES \ order - 
 
 CARINA. Roman buildings built in the form 
 of a ship. 
 
 CAROL. A closet in a cloister to sit and read 
 in ; a bay window ; a seat in a window. 
 
 CAROLIT1C COLUMN. One with a foliated 
 shaft. 
 
 CARPENTER. One who cuts, fashions and 
 
 joins timbers from designs for the purpose 
 
 of building. 
 CARPENTRY. The art of employing timbers 
 
 for the erection of various buildings. 
 CARREL. In the middle ages, a closet or 
 
 small room : a private apartment. 
 CARRELLS ) /Q „ 
 CARREOLS \ (See Oapreoh.) 
 
 CARRIAGE OF A STAIR. The framework 
 whic h supports the hteps and risers, some- 
 times called the stringers. 
 
 CARTELLI. The modillions of a cornice, used 
 internally, and differs from those used 
 ex ernally by being more scroll like. 
 
 CARTON-PIERRE. A species of papier- 
 mache. 
 
 CARTOUCH. (See Cartelli.) 
 
 CARVING. The art of cutting out and repre- 
 senting figures, scrolls and devices, etc., 
 from designs. 
 
 CARYATES. Human figures used in place of 
 columns. (See Caryatic order and Atlantes. ) 
 
 CARYATIC ORDER. An order of architect- 
 ure used by the Greeks, the principal 
 feature of which is that the entablature is 
 supported by human figures in place of 
 columns. (See Atlantes.) 
 
 CARYATIDS. (See Caryates and Caryatic 
 order and Atlantes. ) 
 
 CARYATIDES. (See Caryates and Caryatic 
 order and Atlantes. 
 
 CASE. An outside covering, applied in joinery 
 to signify a covering or sheathing to rough 
 timbers, to receive the mouldings and en- 
 richments ; the framework of a building. 
 
 CASE BAYS. The joists framed between 
 girders. 
 
 CASED. A term which signifies that any part 
 of a building is covered with a better 
 quality of material than the under surface. 
 
 CASE OF A DOOR. The wooden frame in 
 which the door is hung. 
 
 CASE OF A STAIR. The wall surrounding a 
 staircase. 
 
 CASED SASH FRAMES. Those which have 
 their interior vertical sides hollow to admit 
 of weights, axle pulleys, etc. 
 
 CASEMATE. A hollow or cylindrical mould- 
 ing of the cavetto classification, the section 
 of which is from £ to | part of a circle. 
 
CAS 
 
 CEI 
 
 CASEMENT. Properly, the sash of an early 
 styled window, made to open on hinges, 
 fastened to one of its vertical sides. 
 
 CASERN. A small room in a fortress. 
 
 CASING. The covering of a body with any 
 thin substance. (See Cased and Case.) 
 
 CASINO. A small house. 
 
 CASSINOID. An elliptic curve, where the 
 product of any two lines drawn from the 
 foci to a point in the curve shall be equal to 
 the rectangle under the semi-transvarse 
 and semi-conjugate diameters. 
 
 CAlloON[ SameasCaisson - 
 CAST. The formation of a solid from a semi- 
 liquid state by the use of moulds. 
 CASTELLATED. A style of building where 
 embattlements are used at the termination 
 of walls and parapets. (See Battlements. ) A 
 building made to imitate an ancient castle. 
 CASTELLE. In British antiquity, a tower; a 
 castle ; an apartment in a Roman public 
 bath ; a cistern. 
 CASTELLEIN. In ancient Roman architect- 
 ure, a reservoir. 
 CASTELLEUM. (See Castelle.) 
 CASTING . A term analogous to warping, or 
 
 twisting. See Cast. 
 CASTLE 1 A building fortified by nature 
 CASTEL I or by art, used for military 
 CASTELLE )- defense in former ages, but 
 KASTEL I now applied to a nobleman's 
 CASTYL J or gentleman's residence in 
 England. 
 
 CASTRUM DOLORIS. A tomb; a monument. 
 
 CATABASION. In Greek churches, a hollow 
 space under the altar where the sacred 
 relics were deposited for safe-keeping. 
 
 CATABULUM. A stable. 
 
 CATACOMB. Subterraneous places for the 
 burial of the dead ; a grotto. 
 
 CATACONUM. The want of height propor- 
 tionate to the width of the chapiter of a 
 pillar. 
 
 CATAFALCO ) A representation of a tomb 
 CATAFALQUE ) or cenotaph, constructed of 
 
 framework, with painting, used at funeral 
 
 solemnities. 
 
 CATAGRAPHA. Carvings of men's faces in 
 wood or stone. 
 
 CATANARIAN-CURVE. A mechanical curve 
 formed by a heavy, flexible cord or chain, 
 of uniform density, hanging freely from 
 the two extremities. 
 
 CAT BAR. An iron bar used to keep folding 
 doors fast when shut. 
 
 CATCH BASIN. t A sort of shallow well, gen- 
 erally built of brick, used to catch water. 
 
 CATCH DRAIN. In construction of a canal. 
 The same as counter drain. 
 
 CATENARIA. (See Catanarian-curve.) 
 
 CATENARY. (See Catanarian-curve.) 
 
 CATER. (See Quatrefoil.) 
 
 CATHEDRA. A chair without arms. Accord- 
 ing to Juvenal, a chair with a long, deep 
 
 CATHEDRAL. The principal church in a dio- 
 cese, in which the throne of the Archbishop 
 is placed. 
 
 CATHERINE-WHEEL. In Gothic, a large, 
 ornamented window, of a circular outline, 
 tilled with a rosette in centre, or radiating 
 divisions, and beautifully variegated. 
 
 CATHETUS. The eye of the volute is so 
 termed, because its position is determined 
 in an Ionic or voluted capital, by a line let 
 down from the point in which the volute 
 generates. 
 
 CATHEUS. A perpendicular line passing 
 through the centre of a cylindrical body. 
 
 CATS-HEAD. A Norman moulding, with 
 ornaments. 
 
 CATTLE-SHED. An open building for shel- 
 tering cattle. 
 
 CAUKING. The method of fixing the tie 
 beams of a roof or joists of a floor down 
 to the plate. 
 
 CAULICOL^E. The stalk in the Corinthian 
 capital. 
 
 CAULICOLE ) The foliated branches, seem- 
 CAULICOLI \ ingly to support the volutes 
 under the abacus of the Corinthian capital. 
 CAULICOLL. Eight stalks between each two 
 of the upper rows of leaves, ramifying 
 upwards in the Corinthian capital. 
 
 CAULICULAS* fSee Caulicoin 
 
 CAULICULUS ) (hee { aullCo "- > 
 
 CAULKING. The rilling of joints in floors 
 with anv substance to make them water- 
 tight, 
 
 CAUSTIC CURVE. Is formed by rays , ,f light 
 issuing from a curved reflector. 
 
 CAV^EDIA I In ancient Roman buildings, an 
 CAV^EDIUM \ open court, supposed by some 
 writers to be the same as Atrium. There 
 are five kinds, which, from their mode of 
 construction, are severally denominated 
 Tuscan, Corinthian, Tetrastyle, Displuvi- 
 atum and Testudinatum. The Tuscan had 
 a roof projecting from each wall of the 
 court, leaving an opening in the centre. 
 The timbers and compluvia of Corinthian 
 cavsedia is similar to the Tuscan, except 
 the roof was supported by columns. The 
 Tetrastyle had the roof supported by a col- 
 umn at each angle; the Displuvinated 
 being without any roof. The Testudinated 
 had the court roofed in with a vault rising 
 from the walls where the space to be 
 covered was not too large. 
 
 CAVASION / Excavations from foundations of 
 CAVATION j buildings ; a cellar. 
 
 CAVEA | In Roman amphitheatres, a cell 
 C AVE^-E I or cave where the wild beasts 
 CAV^EIA [" were kept ready for fights in 
 CAVAZION J the arena. 
 
 CAVETTO. A hollow moulding, whose pro- 
 file does not exceed a quarter of a circle ; 
 its projection should never be more than 
 two-thirds its altitude. (See Cove.) 
 
 CAVO RELIEVO. Egyptian carving in relief. 
 
 CEILING. The inside of a roof ; the top of 
 an apartment opposite to the floor ; it may 
 have a horizontal or curved surface ; a 
 name given to boards planed and matched. 
 
 CEILING JOIST. Small beams, called joists, 
 on which the lath is placed, readv *^»- 
 plastering. 
 
CEL 
 
 CHA 
 
 CELL. The space between the walls of a 
 
 Greek temple, called by Greeks "Naos." 
 
 It is also applied to an interior, retired 
 
 place ;,some writers apply it to the most 
 
 sacred part of the temple. 
 CELLAR. The lower story of a building ; 
 
 sometimes built entirely under ground ; 
 
 generally used for a store-room. (See 
 
 Basement.) 
 
 CELLARAGE. Same as Cellar, or relating 
 thereto. 
 
 CELLARING That part of the Capital in the 
 Roman, Doric and Tuscan orders which is 
 below the annulet, under the ovolo. 
 
 CELTIC OR DRUIDICAL ARCHITECTURE. 
 A term applied to a class of structures 
 composed of unhewn stones of great size, 
 the erection of which is generally attrib- 
 uted to the ancient Celts. 
 
 CEMENT. Any glutinous or other substance 
 capable of uniting bodies together into one 
 common mass. 
 
 CENOTAPH ) A tomb generally erected as 
 
 CENOTAPHIUM V an honorary tribute to the 
 
 CANOTAPH ) deceased whose body may 
 rest in other lands. 
 
 CENTERING. The act of constructing a 
 centre. 
 
 CENTRE. A frame-work of timber, the con- 
 vex side of which is formed to correspond 
 with the concavity of an arch, and used to 
 support the arch while in progress of con- 
 struction. 
 
 CENTRE. In geometry, a point in a solid 
 or surface. 
 
 CENTRES OF DOORS. The pivot of the hinge 
 on which the door swings ; or the joining 
 of two doors. 
 
 CENTRE OF GRAVITY. That point at which 
 all the weight of a mass might be collected 
 without disturbing the equilibrium of the 
 body. 
 
 CENTRE OF PRESSURE. That point at which 
 pressure of any kind is brought by one body 
 against another. 
 
 CENTRE PHONIC. In acoustics, the position 
 of a speaker and the point from which 
 emanates the sound. 
 
 CENTRE PHONOCAMPTIC. That place or 
 object which returns the voice. In acous- 
 tics. 
 
 CEROMA. Ancient Roman baths. 
 
 CESSPOOL. A basin or sink, generally located 
 at the mouth of a sewer or drain as a recep- 
 tacle for refuse matter. 
 
 CESTOPHORI } Sculptures of the female 
 
 CESTOPHORUS \ figure used in architec- 
 tural construction. 
 
 CHACE. A groove cut in the face of a wall. 
 
 CHACE MORTICE. A mortice employed 
 when a transverse piece of timber is to be 
 let in between two parallel beams. 
 
 CHAIN BOND. See Chain Timber. 
 
 CHAIN TIMBER. A piece of timber used as a 
 band, generally placed in the centre of a 
 building, and built into a wall to strength- 
 en the structure. 
 
 CHALCIDECUS. A temple anciently dedicated 
 to Minerva, constructed entirely of brass. 
 
 i CHALCIDICUM ) A hall, a part of a Roman 
 CHALCIDIC^E J" court of justice. 
 
 I CHALK. A white substance found in most 
 parts of the world. It is a carbonate of 
 lime, insoluble in water but decomposed by 
 heat. 
 
 CHAMBER. An upper apartment in a build- 
 in", often applied to a sleeping room. 
 
 CHAMBRANILE ) The frame-work surround- 
 
 CHAMBRANLE \ ing a door or window 
 opening. It is often ornamented in fret 
 and carved work, 
 j CHAMFER i An arris, taken off a right- 
 i CHAMFERED [ angle corner, at an angle of 
 
 CHAMPHER ) forty-five degrees, the termi- 
 nations being moulded or beveled. 
 I CHAMFERET. A groove or channel in the 
 
 shaft of a column. 
 I CHAMFERING. (See Chamfer.) 
 i CHAMPAIN. In carved work, a conjunction 
 of straight lines, forming indentations sim- 
 ilar to the projecting parts, either ascend- 
 ing or descending. 
 
 CHAMP / The flat surface or groundwork of 
 
 CHAMPE J a sculptured Ornament. 
 
 CHANCEL. In the cathedrals of England, the 
 easternmost portion, or apsis, appropriated 
 to the use of the clergy, and those officiat- 
 ing in public services. 
 
 CHANDELIER. An ornamental pendant, sus- 
 pended from the ceiling of an apartment, 
 through which gas passes to the burners, 
 and which supports the globes, etc. 
 
 CHANDRY. An apartment in which candles, 
 lamps, etc., are stored. 
 
 CHANNEL. A gutter in the cornice of a 
 building for the conveyance of water. 
 
 CHANNEL OF THE LARMIER. (See Canal 
 of the Larmier. ) 
 
 CHANNEL STORES. (See Channel.) 
 
 CHANTLATE. A piece of timber secured to 
 the rafters, and projecting beyond the face 
 of wall, for the purpose of supporting the 
 cornice and roof, performing the same ser- 
 vice as a bracket. 
 
 CHANTRY. A small chapel, in which mass is 
 chanted or celebrated. 
 
 CHAPEL. A detached building, convenient 
 to, and under the control of a cathedral; 
 used for divine services. 
 
 CHAPITER. A term used to denote a capital 
 of a column. 
 
 CHAPLET. A small fillet cut into beads; used 
 in ornamentation. 
 
 CHAPTER HOUSE. A building detached, 
 yet convenient to a cathedral; and used, 
 in connection with the same, for the hold- 
 ing of canonical meetings. 
 
 CHAPTREL. (Same as Impost.) 
 
 CHAR ) An old term, meaning hewn or 
 
 CHARE \ wrought. 
 
 CHARGED. A term used in the practice of 
 architecture, implying that one portion of 
 an edifice is sustained by another. 
 
 CHARNEL HOUSE (Lat.) A building for the 
 reception of the dead. 
 
 CHARTOPHYLACIUM (Gr.) A recess, niche, 
 or alcove. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL COLUMN. 
 
CHA 
 
 CIR 
 
 CHASE MORTISE. (Same as Chace Mortise.) 
 CHATEAU (Fr.) A country seat ; a castle. 
 
 CHAUNTRY. (See Chantry.) 
 CHEEKS. Two equal or similar portions of a 
 timber. 
 
 CHEEKS OF A MORTISE. The two solid 
 portions each side of the mortise. 
 
 CHEEK PIECE. The triangular side of an 
 area, or steps to a building. 
 
 CHEQUERS. In masonry, the facing stone or 
 ashlars, having all their joints around a 
 building in a straight line. 
 
 CHEST. In bridge work, same as Caisson. 
 
 CHEVET. (Same as Chancel or Apse. ) 
 
 CHEVRON. A zigzag ornament : used in 
 arches and archivolts of Norman architect- 
 ure, and one of the distinguishing features 
 of the style. 
 
 CHILIAGON. In geometry, a regular figure 
 of a thousand sides and angles. 
 
 CHIMNEY. A passage, or flue, through which 
 the smoke and cinders, from a fire, pass to 
 the open air. 
 
 CHIMNEY JAMB AND BREAST. That por- 
 tion of a chimney on which is placed the 
 mantel. 
 
 CHIMNEY SHAFT. That portion of a chim- 
 ney extending above the roof, and con- 
 structed ornamentally, often of terra cotta, 
 brick, etc. 
 
 CHINESE ARCHITECTURE. That style em- 
 ployed by the inhabitants of China and 
 Japan in the erection of their temples, 
 pagodas, and houses. It is supposed to 
 have reached maturity about the year 1760. 
 We cannot pretend to give any classifica- 
 tion of the varied degrees through which 
 the style has passed to reach its present 
 stage. But it is gratifying to know that, 
 through the researches of Sir Wm. Cham- 
 bers, and others, we have a complete descrip- 
 tion of their most noted buildings, and we 
 are led to believe that, for grandeur and 
 richness, their pagodas and temples have 
 few equals amongst the more classic styles 
 of our own country, and we have in the 
 Great Wall of China one of the most stu- 
 pendous undertakings of ancient or modern 
 history. 
 
 The pagodas are innumerable all over 
 the land, but the Porcelain Tower, at Nang- 
 kin, is considered to be the greatest work 
 of art, the height of which is 260 feet. 
 The Temple of Honang is the most mag- 
 nificent structure, of its kind, in the world. 
 
 The Great Wall is 1,500 miles in length. 
 It is constructed of brick and mortar, 25 
 feet thick at its base, diminishing, at a 
 height of 20 feet, to 15 on top. At intervals 
 of 200 feet are towers, 40 feet square and 
 37 feet high, built in a most substantial 
 and lasting manner. 
 
 CHIP. A piece of material cut away by a 
 tool. 
 
 CHISELED WORK. Stone-work that has a 
 face worked by a chisel. 
 
 CHOCK. A piece of wood used to fill a joint 
 between timbers. 
 
 CHOIR. That part of a cathedral set apart for 
 the use of singers and organ. The term is 
 sometimes applied to the chancel. The 
 choir is generally separated from the bod\ r 
 of the church by arches, a rood screen, or 
 railing. 
 
 CHORAGIC MONUMENTS. In Grecian ar- 
 chitecture, monuments erected to the 
 memory of great men. 
 
 CHORD. The extent between the extremities 
 of an arch, or the right lines joining the 
 extremities of an arch on the springing 
 line. 
 
 CHRISMATORY. In Gothic architecture, a 
 
 niche in the chancel. 
 CHROND. A vault, or crypt. 
 CHRONOLOGICAL COLUMN. A column 
 
 erected to commemorate some event, and 
 
 bearing the history and dates of the same. 
 CHUNAM. Stucco, or plaster. 
 CHURCH. A public edifice set apart for the 
 
 worship of the Deity. 
 CHYMOL. An ancient hinge. 
 CIBORIUM. In ecclesiastical architecture, the 
 
 covering to an altar. A canopy. 
 CILERY. The leaves, foliage and carvings to 
 
 the capital of a column. 
 CILL. (See Sill.) 
 
 CIMA INVERSA. A moulding, serving. the 
 same purpose as Cima-Recta, excepting 
 the convex portion is uppermost. 
 
 CIMA RECTA. A moulding, generally used 
 as the crowning one to a cornice, and is 
 composed of a concave and convex mould- 
 ing, the former being uppermost. 
 
 CIMBIA. A fillet, string, list, or cincture. 
 
 CIMMEIJARCH f The vestry room of a church. 
 
 CINCTURE. The annular fillet at the termi- 
 nation of a column at its neck or base. (See 
 Apophyge.) 
 
 CINQUE CENTO. That style of architecture 
 which prevailed in Italy and readied its 
 greatest perfection A. D. 1560. 
 
 CINQUE FOIL. An ornament much used in 
 the pointed style of architecture, consist- 
 ing of five cusps or points, arranged at 
 stated intervals. 
 
 CIPPUS. A short column, often without base 
 or capital. 
 
 CIRCLE. A figure contained under one line 
 called the circumference, which we divide 
 into 360 equal parts, called degrees. Each 
 degree is divided into 60 equal parts, called 
 minutes. Each minute is divided into 60 
 equal parts, called seconds; and they, in 
 turn, are divided into 60 equal parts, called 
 thirds. 
 
 The area of a circle is equal to that of a 
 triangle, the base of which is equal to the 
 circumference, and the perpendicular equal 
 to the radius, and consequently equal to a 
 rectangle whose breadth is equal to the 
 radius, and the length equal to the semi- 
 circumference. 
 
 CIRCLET. An orb; a small circle. 
 
 CIRCULAR CYLINDRO. Lines formed by 
 the intersection of two cylinders whose 
 axes are not in the same direction. 
 
CLOISTER 
 
 CLUSTERED ARCH 
 
 CLEAR STORY 
 CLE RE STORY 
 
CIR 
 
 COL 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCE. The line which bounds 
 
 a circular body. 
 CIRCUMSCRIBE. To draw a circle around a | 
 
 figure. 
 
 CIRCUMVOLUTIONS. The spirals or wind- 
 ings of the Ionic volute. 
 
 CIRCUS. A large enclosed space, circular in 
 form, generally surrounded by buildings. 
 
 CIST. Ancient term for chest. 
 
 CISTERN. A tank or reservoir for the holding 
 of water. 
 
 CITADEL. A tower, fortification, or military 
 post. 
 
 CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. The practice of 
 architecture embracing the erection of 
 buildings for civil use. 
 
 CLAMP. A piece of material used in building I 
 to brace and tie the work together. 
 
 CLAPBOARD. A thin board, used as a cover- 
 ing to walls of frame buildings. 
 
 CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE. The several | 
 styles practiced by the Greeks and Romans. I 
 
 CLATHRI. A bar of iron or wood used to | 
 secure doors. 
 
 CLAUSTRAL. Relating to a cloister. 
 
 CLAY. Calcareous earth. 
 
 CLEAR. A term used to denote the space or 
 distance between two portions of a build- 
 ing, as in the clear. 
 CLEAR STORY ) The upper story of a church 
 CLERE STORY ) edifice rising above and 
 clear of the body of the building. The 
 term is generally applicable to Gothic ar- 
 chitecture. 
 
 CLEAT. A narrow strip of wood generally 
 
 secured to a wall. 
 CLINKER. A hard-burned brick. 
 CLOACAE. A Roman-built drain or sewer. 
 CLOCHARIUM. A bell or clock tower. 
 CLOGHEAD. A term usually applied to the 
 
 ancient round stone towers of Ireland. 
 CLOISTER (Lat.) A covered communication 
 
 or range of buildings generally attached to, 
 
 or a portion of, a monastic or religious 
 
 ouilding. 
 
 CLOISTER GARTH. A central space enclosed 
 
 by the walls of a cloister. 
 CLOSE STRING. Relating to a stairway en- 
 closed between walls. 
 CLOSER. In masonry, a small stone used to 
 
 finish out a course. 
 CLOSET. A small apartment generally used 
 
 for storage, clothing, etc. 
 CLOSE WALL. An enclosing wall. 
 CLUB HOUSE. A building generally erected 
 
 and used by an association of gentlemen 
 
 for the purpose of recreation and pleasure. 
 CLUSELLA (Lat.) A diminutive castle within 
 
 enclosing walls. 
 CLUSTERED. In architectural construction, 
 
 this term denotes any parts joined or 
 
 grouped together. 
 CLUSTERED ARCH. A series of arches. 
 CLUSTERED COLUMN. (Same as Bundle 
 
 Pillar. ) 
 
 COACH HOUSE. A building devoted to the 
 keeping of vehicles. 
 
 COATING. A term used to denote the cover- 
 ing of any portion of a building with any 
 material, as coat of paint, etc. 
 
 COB WALL. A wall built of lime, straw and 
 earth. 
 
 COCHLEARE (Lat.) A round and lofty tower. 
 
 COCK HEAD. (Same as Bead.) 
 
 COCKET CENTERING. An arch centering 
 raised high enough to give head room un- 
 der it for workmen, while constructing the 
 masonry. 
 
 COCKING. Relating to the framing or notch- 
 ing of floor joist onto timbers. 
 
 COCKLE STAIRS. A winding stairs. 
 
 COCK LOFT. The top room in a building. 
 An attic room. 
 
 COEDISTANT. At equal distances. 
 
 COiLUM. The soffit of a ceiling. 
 
 CQSMENTICIUS. Stone-work laid up without 
 mortar. 
 
 COENACULUM. The dining hall of a Roman 
 house. 
 
 COHNATEO. A banquet hall of a Roman house; 
 also used to designate an arbor. 
 
 COFFER. A sunken octagonal or square panel, 
 used by the Romans to decorate the soffits 
 of flat ceilings and the intradoses of cylin- 
 drical vaults. 
 
 COFFER DAM. A timber framing employed 
 in bridge building or where deep founda- 
 tions are built in water. 
 
 COGGING. (Same as Cocking.) 
 
 COIGNE. (Same as Coin.) A wedge. 
 
 COIN ) (Ft.) The blocks of stone generally 
 
 QUOIN ) used to decorate and finish the ex- 
 ternal angle of a building. The angle 
 made by two external or internal surfaces. 
 A beveled block for the support of a column 
 or pilaster. 
 
 COLARIN. (See Collarino.) 
 
 COLLAR. A ring or bead surrounding a 
 cylindrical body. 
 
 COLLAR BEAM. A beam used in the con- 
 struction of roofs, extending from one 
 rafter horizontally to another, acting as a 
 tie. 
 
 COLLARINO / That part of a classic column 
 
 COLARIN f directly under the abacus, and 
 between it and the fillet or collar. 
 
 COLLEGE. A public building used for educa- 
 tional purposes. 
 
 COLONELLI (Ital.) The king or queen posts 
 of a roof truss. 
 
 COLONNADE (Ital.) A range of columns, 
 either insulated or attached to a wall. 
 
 COLISEUM I (Lat.) The name given to a 
 
 COLOSSEUM f celebrated structure at Rome, 
 erected A. D. 80. A building erected in a 
 circular or elleptical form. The Coliseum 
 at Rome was commenced by Vespasian and 
 finished by Titus. Its length was 620 feet; 
 width, 513 feet; height, 160 feet. 
 
 COLOSSUS (Lat.) The name given to a cele- 
 brated statue at Rhodes. 
 
 COLUMA (Lat.) A column. 
 
 COLUMBARIA ) (Lat.) Holes left in Roman 
 
 COLUMBARIUM \ walls to receive timbers. 
 A pigeon house. 
 
C0RJNTTJ1AN" ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE. COMPOSITE ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE 
 
COL 
 
 COR 
 
 COLUMBARY. A pigeon house. 
 
 COLUMELLAS. (Same as Baluster. ) 
 
 COLUMN (Lat.) A perpendicular pillar, post 
 or solid body used to support some super- 
 incumbent weight or part of a building. 
 
 COLUMNAR. Shaped or formed like a column. 
 
 COLUMNIATED STAIRS. Winding stairs. 
 
 COLUMNIATION. Relating to the use of the 
 column. 
 
 COMITIUM (Lat.) A large hall in a Roman 
 forum. 
 
 COMMISSURE (Lat.) The joints of stone-work. 
 COMMON RAFTER. The straight plain rafters 
 of a roof framing. 
 
 c8Mpi™oSl( Fr -) °- p° rtion or divi - 
 
 gSMP™D° N ^ -on of an edifice. 
 COMPARTMENT CEILING. The ceiling of a 
 
 room divided into coffers or panels. 
 COMPASS-HEADED. Circular-headed, as a 
 
 window. 
 
 COMPASS ROOF. A ridged roof. A circular 
 
 or vaulted roof. 
 COMPASS WINDOW. (Same as Bay Window.) 
 COMPLUVIUM (Lat.) Gutters of a Roman 
 
 building. The opening at the top of the 
 
 cavsedium of a Roman house. 
 
 COMPOSITE ARCH. A pointed or gothic arch. 
 
 COMPOSITE ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE. 
 The last of the five orders of architecture, 
 so called because it is a composition of 
 several parts of the remaining four. 
 
 COMPOUND ARCHES. Arches placed one 
 within another and receding eacli from 
 the other, used in Gothic work principally. 
 
 COMPOUND COLUMN. (Same as Bundle 
 Pillar.) 
 
 CONCAMERATA SUDATIO. An apartment 
 
 in a Roman gymnasium. 
 CONCAMERATE. To arch over. 
 CONCAVE. A semicircular hollow surface. 
 CONCENTRIC. In geometry, objects having 
 
 a common centre. 
 CONCENTRIC ARCH. One formed with a 
 
 common centre. 
 CONCHA. The concave surface of a vault or 
 
 semi-dome. 
 
 CONCLAVE. A room in the Vatican at Rome. 
 CONCORD. A celebrated temple at Rome. 
 CONCRETE. In architecture and building, a 
 
 composition of aggregates and cement. 
 CONDUIT (Fr.) A water conductor. A passage 
 
 from one building to another. Generally 
 
 applied to a secret passage. 
 CONE. A geometrical solid whose base is a 
 
 circle, from which it extends upwards to 
 
 a point or apex. 
 CONE BRACKETING. The frame-work of a 
 
 cone-shaped ceiling. 
 CONE CEILING. (Same as Cove Ceiling.) 
 CONFESSIONAL. The seat occupied by a 
 
 priest during confession. 
 CONGE. (Same as Apophyge.) 
 CONICAL. Resembling a cone. 
 
 CONICAL ROOF. A roof partaking of the 
 
 shape and character of a cone. 
 CONISTERIUM. An apartment in a Roman 
 
 gymnasium. 
 CONISTRA. The central part of a theatre, 
 
 termed the pit or parquette. 
 CONOID (Gr.) Partaking of the figure of the 
 
 cone. 
 
 CONSERVATORY (Lat.) A building used for 
 
 the preservation of any special object, as a 
 
 conservatory for flowers. 
 CONSISTORY (Lat.) One of the halls of the 
 
 Vatican at Rome. 
 CONSOL (Fr.) (Same as Cantiliver.) 
 CONTABULATE. To floor with boards. 
 CONTIGNATION (Lat.) A floor or framing 
 
 of joists. 
 
 CONVENT (Lat.) A building devoted to relig- 
 ious exercises and educational pursuits. 
 
 CONVEX. Sphericity of form. Roundness. 
 
 CO-ORDINATES. In architecture, the har- 
 mony of parts. 
 
 COPARTMENT. (Same as Apartment.) 
 
 COPE. To arch over. 
 
 COPE STONE. (Same as Coping.) 
 
 COPING. The top or cap stone used to finish 
 a wall and protect it from the weather. 
 
 CORB. (See Corbel.) 
 
 CORBEL ) In Gothic architecture, plain or 
 CORB ALL [- ornamental projections from the 
 CORBIL ) face of a wall to receive a 
 
 weight, as the ends of a truss, ribs of a 
 
 vault, etc. 
 CORBEL TABLE ) 
 
 CORBEL STEPS [ A row or series of corbels. 
 CORBIEL ) 
 PORRFTT ) 
 
 CORBETTIS \ ( Same as Corbel-) A niche. 
 CORBIE STEPS. A corruption of Corbel Table. 
 CORBS. A Spanish term for architectural 
 
 ornamentation. 
 CORD. (Same as Chord. ) A measurement of 
 
 stone-work. 
 
 CORDON. The projecting edge of a stone 
 where it is visible beyond the face of a 
 wall. 
 
 CORE. Applied to the interior of any piece of 
 
 architectural construction. 
 rORF TTOTTSF ) 
 
 cci pttt? pnn«F I A house for the storage of 
 CORFF HOUSE \ fish aud kee P in S of nets " 
 CORICEUM (Gr.) Same as Concamerata Su- 
 datio. 
 
 CORINTHIAN ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE. 
 The term applied to the most ornate and 
 richly foliated of the five orders of archi- 
 tecture, and the third in succession. The 
 first being the Doric. This order derived 
 its name from the fact of its invention by 
 Callimachus, a sculptor of Corinth, about 
 540 B. C. 
 
 CORKSCREW STAIRS. Winding stairs. 
 
 CORNELL. (Same as Battlement.) 
 
 CORNICE ) (Lat.) Any collection of mould- 
 
 CORN1SH f ings or architectural design sur- 
 mounting or finishing any portion of a 
 building. 
 
COR 
 
 CUS 
 
 CORONA (Lat.) The broad vertical member 
 of a classical cornice. 
 
 COROSTROTA (Lat.) Roman inlaid work. 
 
 CORPS (Fr.) Any architectural detail project- 
 ing from the plain surface of a wall. 
 
 CORRIDOR (Fr.) A hall, gallery or commu- 
 nication from one portion of a building to 
 another. 
 
 CORRUGATED IRON. Sheet iron bent into 
 
 corrugations. 
 CORSA. A flat square moulding, as Belt, 
 
 which see. 
 CORTILE. A court yard. 
 
 COTTAGE. Generally applied to a small 
 dwelling. 
 
 COULLIsIe^ A grooved timber. 
 COTE. (Same as Cottage.) 
 COUNTERFORT. (Same as Buttress.) 
 COUNTER SINK. Any portion sunk below a 
 
 general surface. 
 COUPLE CLOSE. A pair of rafters. 
 COUPLED COLUMNS. A pair of columns, 
 
 or where columns are set in pairs. 
 COUPLES. Rafters. 
 
 COURSE. A continued range of stone, brick, 
 
 slate, etc. , as used in building. 
 COURSING JOINT. The joint between courses 
 
 of masonry. 
 
 COURT. An open uncovered area in or about 
 a building. 
 
 COURT HOUSE. A building where justice is 
 
 administered. 
 COUSINET ) The stone that surmounts a pier 
 COUSSINET J and upon which rests the first 
 
 springer of an arch. 
 COVE. Any class of moulding or construction 
 
 whose section partakes of a concave form. 
 COVE BRACKETING. The frame or furring 
 
 work of a cove ceiling. 
 COVE CEILING. The ceiling of a room formed 
 
 after the cove. 
 COVER. A term used by slaters to denote 
 
 the lap of one slate over another. 
 COWL. A cover for a chimney. 
 CRADLE. (Same as Cove Bracketing.) A 
 
 frame-work in vaulted ceilings. 
 CRAMP. (Same as Anchor.) 
 CRAPAUDINE. Applied to a door turning on 
 
 pivots. 
 
 CREASING. A layer of tiles forming a cap- 
 ping to a wall. 
 
 CREDENCE. A table or shelf used in the 
 chancel. 
 
 CREEPER. (Same as Crocket. ) 
 
 CRENELLATED } , a „ , , , 
 
 CRENELLE \ (Same as Battlement.) 
 
 CREST. The apex or finish of any architect- 
 ural design. 
 
 CREST TILES. The last row of tiles at the 
 
 ridge of a roof. 
 CREUX. A class of sculpture cut from and 
 
 sunk below the surrounding surface 
 CRIB. A frame-work of timber, as a coffer 
 
 dam, which see. 
 
 CRIPPLE TIMBER. (See Couples. ) 
 CROCKET ) (Fr.) In Gothic architecture, the 
 CROKET >- foliated ornament used to fin- 
 CROCHET ) ish and decorate the arris of 
 
 spires, gables, etc. 
 CROSETTES. (Same as Ancon.) 
 CROSS. In architecture, a geometrical figure 
 
 consisting of an upright and two arms, 
 
 generally used to symbolize the Christian 
 
 religion. 
 
 CROSS-BANDED. A term used in stair-work. 
 
 CROSS-BEAM. A transverse beam. 
 ROSS-PIECE, (Same as Cross- Beam, | 
 ROSS-QUARTERED ( A cruciform foliated 
 ROSS-QUARTERS ) ornament. 
 ROSS-SILL. (Same as Cross-Beam.) 
 ROSS-SPRINGER. (Same as Cross-Beam.) 
 ROSS-SUMMER. (Same as Cross-Beam.) 
 
 CROSS- VAULTING. The groins of a vault. 
 
 CROUDE } (Same as Crypt.) 
 CROWN. In architecture, the uppermost por- 
 tion. 
 
 CROWN MOULD. Applied to the topmost 
 
 mould of a classical cornice. 
 CROWN POST. (Same as King Post.) 
 CRYPT. (Same as Cellar. ) Generally applied 
 
 to the underground portion of a cathedral. 
 CRYPT PORTICUS. Relating to cellars of 
 
 Roman houses. 
 CUBE (Gr.) In geometry, a solid, bounded 
 
 by six squares, or sides. 
 CUBIC ULE ) 
 
 CUBICLE - (Same as Chamber.) 
 CUBICULUM ) 
 CUDDY. A small hut. 
 CUL-DE-FOUR ) , , 14 . , , , 
 
 CU-DE-FOUR [ A lmv vai,lted chamber. 
 
 CUL-DE-SAC. A kind of court, open at one 
 end only. 
 
 CULMEN. The ridge-piece of a roof. 
 CULVERT. An arched drain. 
 CUNEUS. The central portion of a Roman 
 theatre. 
 
 ( 'UPBOARD. (Same as closet. ) 
 
 CUPOLA. (Same as Dome.) Particularly used 
 to designate a small vault rising in a circu- 
 lar or elleptical curve from a circular or 
 octagonal plan. 
 
 CURB-PLATE. The wail-plate as used on a 
 circular wall. 
 
 CURB -RAFTER. (See Curb-Roof.) 
 
 CURB-ROOF. A roof whose external form 
 partakes of the segment of a circle, the 
 rafters of which are segmental or elliptical 
 in form. 
 
 CURIA. (Same as Basilica.) 
 
 CURTAIL-STEP. In early stair-building, the 
 first step in a flight of stairs. It de- 
 rived its name from the fact of one end 
 being curtailed or reduced in the form of a 
 scroll. 
 
 CURVE. In geometry, a line partaking of the 
 
 form of the circle. 
 CUSHION-CAPITAL. (Same as Cousinet. ) 
 CUSHION-RAFTER. A principal rafter 
 
cus 
 
 DIR 
 
 CUSP (Lat.) In Gothic work, the pendant 
 terminations or points formed by the fin- 
 ishing and intersections of the geometrical 
 lines by which the trefoil, quatrefoil, cin- 
 quefoil, polyfoil, etc., are described. 
 
 CYCLOID (Gr.) A circular geometrical figure. 
 
 CYCLOPEAN (architecture). The massive 
 construction practiced by the early Greeks. 
 
 CYCLOSTYLAR. A circular range of columns. 
 
 CYLINDER (Gr.) In geometry, a figure hav- 
 ing a circular plan. 
 
 CYLINDRICAL ARCH. A circular arch. 
 
 CYLINDRICAL CEILING. A vault or dome. 
 
 CYMA ) (Gr.) A classic moulding whose 
 
 CYMATUM j- section is a curve of contrary 
 
 CIMA ) flexure, one that is formed by 
 
 two segments struck from different centres, 
 same as Ogee. 
 
 CYMB1A. (Same as Bead.) 
 
 CYPHERING. (Same as Chamfer.) 
 
 CYZICENE. A hall in an ancient Greek house. 
 
 I) 
 
 ADO (Ital.) Properly the body, or solid 
 plain portion of a classic pedestal ; that 
 portion of the wall of a room between and 
 above the base and the next collection of 
 mouldings. 
 
 DAIRY. A building devoted to the keeping of 
 milk and the manufacture of butter, etc. 
 
 A raised platform or rostrum. 
 
 DAIS ) 
 DEIS \ 
 
 DAM. A construction of lumber, stone, etc., 
 for the purpose of confining water. 
 
 DANCETT™ } (Same as Chevron -) 
 DAY. (Same as Bay.) 
 
 DEAD SHORE ) A prop, brace, or post, used 
 DEAD SHOAR \ in the sense of an extra 
 support. 
 
 DEAFENING. Any method of construction 
 used in buildings to deaden sound. 
 
 DEALS. (Same as Boards.) Generally applied 
 to fir and pine cut up into lumber one inch 
 in thickness. 
 
 DEBRIS. Fragments of rock, brick and rub- 
 bish. 
 
 DECAGON (Gr.) A plain figure having ten 
 sides and angles. 
 
 DECAHEDRON (Gr.) A solid figure con- 
 tained in ten sides. 
 
 DECANICUM. A prison. 
 
 DECASTYLE. A colonnade of ten columns. 
 
 DECORATED STYLE. The term applied to 
 that classification of Gothic architecture 
 which embraced the highly enriched and 
 ornamental buildings erected in England 
 during the close of the 13th and beginning 
 of the 14th century. 
 
 DECORATION. The enrichment of any por- 
 tion of an architectural construction. 
 
 DEFLECTION. A term applied to the act of 
 a curve departing from a straight line. 
 
 DELUBRUM A Roman temple. 
 
 DEMI-METOPE. (See Metope.) The half of a 
 Metope. 
 
 1 DEMI-RELIEVO. Sculpture, where the fig- 
 ures are in half -relief. 
 DENTICLES. (Same as Dentils.) 
 DENTILS ). (Lat.) A row of blocks or solids 
 j DENTELS f placed in a cornice at equal dis- 
 tances. 
 
 DEPOT (Fr.) Properly a building for the 
 storage of military stores. A railway 
 building. 
 
 DESIGN. In architectural drawing, the de- 
 lineation or drawing of any portion of a 
 building. 
 
 DESK. (Same as Pulpit) 
 
 DESTINA. (The same as Aisle ; same as Cell.) 
 A column. 
 
 DETACHED COLUMN. A column standing 
 clear of a wall. 
 I DETAIL (Fr.) The delineation to full size, 
 j or large scale, of any portion of an archi- 
 tectural design. 
 
 DIAGLYPHIC. Sculpture of the nature of 
 engraved work. 
 
 DIAGONAL (Gr.) In geometry, a line drawn 
 through a figure from the vertex of one 
 angle to another. 
 
 DIAGONAL BUTTRESS. One placed at the 
 angle of a building. 
 
 DIAGONAL MOULDING. (Same as Chevron.) 
 
 DIAGONAL RIB. One passing diagonally 
 from one point of a vault to another. 
 
 DIAGRAM. In architecture, a plan, design or 
 drawing of any detail. 
 
 DIAMETER. A straight line passing through 
 the centre of a circle. 
 
 DIAMOND FRET. A moulding shaped into 
 diamond-like sections. 
 
 DIAPER. The decoration of any plain surface 
 in raised work, generally consisting of scroll, 
 leaf and flower work. 
 
 DIAPERING. (Same as Diaper.) 
 
 DIASTYLE. A certain space between the 
 columns of a classic building equal to three 
 diameters of the column. Sometimes the 
 term designates the building constructed 
 in this manner. 
 
 DIATHYRA. The vestibule to a Greek house. 
 
 DIATONI. (Same as Quoin, or Coin.) 
 
 DIATONIC STONE. (Same as Coin. ) 
 
 DIDORON. A Greek brick, 13 inches long 
 and G inches wide. 
 
 DIKE / (Sax.) A wall of stone or construc- 
 
 DYKE \ tion of other materials, as iron or 
 timber, for the purpose of preventing the 
 action of a large body of water upon the 
 soil, or shore. 
 
 DIMINISHED ARCHES. Those whose out- 
 line is less than a semicircle. 
 
 DIMINUTION OF COLUMNS. The contrac- 
 tion of a classic column from the base to 
 the capital. 
 
 DINING ROOM. That apartment of a modern 
 house devoted to the serving of meals. 
 
 DIPTERON. An ancient classical temple sur- 
 rounded with a double row of columns. 
 
 DIRETTA. (Same as Cima Recta.) 
 
DIS 
 
 DWE 
 
 DISCHARGING ARCH. An arch built in 
 stone or brick walls for the purpose of dis- 
 charging the weight, that would otherwise 
 bear directly on the lintel, to the wall. 
 
 DISCHARGING STRUTS. The same as a 
 principal rafter in a roof-framing. 
 
 DISHING. In the nature of a cove. 
 DISPLUVINATED CA VADIUM. (See Cavse- 
 dium.) 
 
 DISTYLE (Gr.) A portico of two columns, 
 
 generally in Antis. 
 DITRIGLYPH. The act of placing two tri- 
 
 glyphs over an inter-columniation in the 
 
 classic styles. 
 DIVAN. An Oriental chamber or public hall. 
 
 A seat. 
 
 DIVTDICULA. A reservoir or water-basin. 
 
 DODECAGON (Gr.) Having twelve equal 
 
 sides and angles. 
 DODECAHEDRON (Gr. ) In geometry, a figure 
 
 having twelve equal sides, one of which is 
 
 a pentagon. 
 
 DODECASTYLE (Gr.) A classic building hav- 
 ing a portico of twelve columns. 
 
 DOG-LEGGED STAIRS. A flight of stairs 
 built between partitions, the upper portion 
 of which returns in opposition to the lower 
 portion. 
 
 DOG-TOOTH MOULDING. A moulding used 
 in the Early English style. 
 
 DOME (Lat.) The covering to an octagonal 
 or circular vault, presenting a convex ex- 
 ternal surface. 
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE. The practice 
 of architecture when it relates to the erec- 
 tion of private buildings and houses. 
 
 DOMICILE [ A P er sonal residence. 
 DONJON ) The principal tower of a Norman 
 DONGEON \ castle ; a prison. 
 DOOKS. Wood brick. 
 
 DOORS (Sax.) That part of an architectural 
 construction used to close the aperture 
 from one apartment to another. 
 
 DOOR-JAMB. The moulded side of a door- 
 way. 
 
 DOOR-PLANE. Same as Door-Jamb. 
 
 DOORWAY. The aperature or passage from 
 one apartment to another. 
 
 DORIC ORDER. The first of the five orders 
 of architecture. Properly, the original and 
 most ancient example of Greek art, origin- 
 ated about B. C. 100. 
 
 DORMAN. A cross-beam. 
 
 DORMAN TREE ) . . . . . 
 
 DORMANT TREE [ A joist or sleeper. 
 
 DORMER ) A window particularly applica- 
 
 DORMANT <j ble to attics and roofs. 
 
 DORMITORY. An attic sleeping-room. 
 
 DORON. The standard rule of Grecian meas- 
 urement, generally termed a, palm. 
 
 DOS D'ANE (Ft.) A term synonymous with 
 coping. 
 
 DOSEL. Upholstery hangings. 
 
 DOUBLE BUILDING 
 DOUBLE COLUMN 
 DOUBLE CURVATURE 
 DOUBLE DOORS 
 DOUBLE SASH 
 DOUBLE STAIRS 
 DOUBLE VAULT 
 
 Terms applied to 
 different parts of 
 a building to de- 
 note more than 
 one, or twice the 
 number. 
 
 DOUBLING (Scotch.) Same as Barge Board. 
 
 BoucSraB \ ^ Same as Cima Recta - 
 
 DOVECOT. A pigeon house. 
 
 DOVETAIL. The method of fastening two 
 
 pieces of wood together. 
 DOVETAIL MOULDING. A moulding used 
 
 in Norman arches. 
 DOWEL. A wooden pin. 
 DRAGON-BEAM. Same as Dead Shore. 
 DRAGON-PIECE. A kneeler block, or short 
 
 piece of timber used to strengthen the 
 
 foot of a principal truss-rafter. 
 DRAIN. A conduit for sewage. 
 DRAUGHT. Same as a drawing. 
 DRAW-BORE [ Terms used in truss con- 
 
 DRAW-BORE PINS \ struction or framing 
 
 of timbers. 
 
 DRAWING. The art of representing objects 
 or parts of a building. 
 
 DRESS. The preparation of stone for building- 
 purposes. 
 
 DRESSER. A case of shelves or drawers. 
 
 DRESSING ROOM. A room, generally adjoin- 
 ing a sleeping room, used for the preparation 
 of the toilet. 
 
 DRESSINGS. In architecture, the embellish- 
 ment of a design by the addition of orna- 
 ments, mouldings, etc. 
 
 DRIP. The edge of a roof, as the eaves. 
 
 DRIPS. Steps on flat roofs for walking on. 
 
 DRIP-MOULD I A moulding or projection of 
 DRIP-STONE \ stone generally placed over 
 
 a window or doorway for the purpose of 
 
 throwing off the rain. 
 DROMUS. An enclosed entrance or vestibule. 
 DROPS. In architecture, small pendants, as 
 
 under the mutules of the Doric cornice. 
 
 DROVED ASHLAR ) In stone-work, a tooled 
 DROVED MARGINS [ margin on the edjje 
 DROVED WORK ) or around the face of 
 a stone. 
 
 DRUIDICAL TEMPLE. The ancient stone 
 
 constructions of the Druids. 
 DRUM. A cylindrical construction of any 
 
 building material. (See Dome.) 
 DRUM OF A CAPITAL. (See Bell.) 
 DRY KILN. A mechanical apparatus for the 
 
 purpose of drying lumber. 
 DRY-ROT. A vegetable disease of a destruc- 
 tive nature affecting wood. 
 DUBBING. The act of replacing decayed 
 
 brick in an old wall. 
 DUN. A term given to ancient specimens of 
 
 round stone towers generally built on a 
 
 mound or hill. 
 DWANGS. Scotch term for a Brace. 
 DWARF-WALL. A low or subordinate wall. 
 DWELLING HOUSE. A private resident. 
 
DYE 
 
 EQU 
 
 DYE. Same as Dado. 
 
 DYPTERION ) g Dinterc 
 DUPTERRON \ bame Ah ■ Ul P telc 
 
 EARLY ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. The 
 first grade of the English Gothic style. 
 EARS. Same as Ancones ; same as Crosettes. 
 EARTH-TABLE. A water-table. Same as 
 
 Belt Course. 
 EAVES (Sax.) The edge of a roof. 
 EAVES BOARD. Same as Barge Board. 
 EAVES CORNICE. The mouldings finishing 
 the eaves. 
 
 EAVES LATH I A small strip of wood used 
 EAVES STRIP \ under the first course of 
 slate. 
 
 EAVES LEAD. The lead lining used in eaves. 
 EAVES MOULDING. Same as Eaves Cornice. 
 ECCENTRICITY. The distance between the 
 
 foci of an ellipsis. 
 ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE. A 
 
 term sometimes applied to Gothic art. 
 ECHINUS (Gr.) A convex moulding carved 
 
 into egg-shaped spheroids, used in Greek 
 
 and Roman architecture. 
 ECHOMETRY. The science of the Echo as 
 
 applied to buildings. 
 ECPHORA ) (Gr.) A term used to designate 
 ECPHORAN \ the projection of a moulding 
 
 beyond the face of the surrounding sur- 
 faces. 
 
 EDGE. In geometry, the intersection of two 
 inclined or partially inclined planes. 
 
 EDGE-JOINT. The joint formed by two edges. 
 
 EDGING. Relating to the term Edge. The 
 waste edge of sawn timber. 
 
 EDIFICE (Lat.) A term generally applied to 
 a public building. 
 
 EDILE (Lat.) A term synonymous with archi- 
 tect. 
 
 EGGS ) A term used to designate 
 
 EGG MOULDING [ the ornamental carv- 
 EGG AND TONGUE ) ing of the Echinus. 
 
 EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE. That style of 
 architecture practiced by the ancient Egyp- 
 tians. 
 
 ELBOW BOARD. A window sill or stool. 
 
 ELBOWS OF A WINDOW. The panel-work 
 each side of a window having boxed inside 
 blinds. The term frequently applies to the 
 space between the bottom of the blind or 
 shutter and the floor. 
 
 IlFng f Same cs aisle - 
 
 ELEOTHESION (Lat.) In Roman Art, an 
 anointing room. 
 
 ELEVATION. A term used to designate a 
 drawing or design of a facade. 
 
 ELEVATOR. A building devoted to the stor- 
 age of grain. A lifting apparatus. 
 
 ELIZABETHAN ARCHITECTURE. That 
 style of English architecture that reached 
 its perfection and was practiced during the 
 Tudor and Elizabethan dynasties. 
 
 An angular conic section. 
 
 ELIPTIC ARCH. An arch constructed on the 
 
 form of an Ellipsis. 
 ELLIPSIS ; 
 ELLIPSE i 
 
 ELLIPSOID. A solid formed by the revolu- 
 tion of a semi-ellipsis around its axis. 
 
 ELLIPSOID ELLIPSOIDAL. Relating to the 
 Ellipsoid. 
 
 EMBANKMENT. A term usually applied to a 
 wall constructed on the bank of a body of 
 water. 
 
 EMBATTLED BUILDING. One finished with 
 
 embrasures in the parapet wall. 
 EMBATTLED BATTLED LINE ) See Battle 
 EMBATTLED LINE - Embattled, 
 
 EMBATTLED ARONADE ) Battlement 
 
 and Aronade. 
 EMBLEMATA. Roman mosaic work. 
 EMBOSSING. Carved work in low relief. 
 
 Same as Basso-Rilievo. 
 EMBRASURE ) The splay or bevel of a door 
 EMBR AZURE \ or window jamb. (See Battle- 
 ment. ) 
 
 EMPLECTION. Roman rubble masonry of an 
 
 inferior character. 
 ENCARPUS. Same as Carving. 
 
 ENDECAGON. In geometry, a figure with 
 
 eleven sides and angles. 
 ENGAGED COLUMN. A column attached to 
 
 a wall from one-fourth to one-half of its 
 
 diameter. 
 
 ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. A general term 
 used to designate the several grades of 
 Gothic art as practiced by the English from 
 the tenth to the fifteenth century. 
 
 ENGLISH BOND. (See Bond English.) 
 
 ENNEAGON. In geometry, a figure of nine 
 sides and angles. 
 
 ENRIPUS. A rail or trench in a Roman am- 
 phitheatre. 
 
 ENSEMBLE (Fr.) A term used to signify the 
 general effect in architecture. 
 
 ENTABLATURE { (Fr.) That part of a clas- 
 
 ENIABLEMENT J (Lat.) sic building resting 
 immediately on the columns, and forming 
 the lower part of the cornice, as the archi- 
 trave and frieze. Same as Coping. 
 
 ENTAIL. A term used to designate elaborate 
 carved decoration. (Now obselete. ) 
 
 ENTASIS. The swelling or curvilinear line of 
 the Grecian and Doric columns. 
 
 ENTER-CLOSE. A passage. 
 
 ENTRANCE. Same as Entry. 
 
 ENTRESOLE (Fr.) An intermediate story. 
 
 ENTRY (Fr.) Same as Vestibule. 
 
 EPIGRAPH. An inscription on a building. 
 
 EPISTLE. The side of an altar. 
 
 EPISTYLE / 
 
 EPISTYLUM \ 
 
 EPISTYLAR ARCUATION. The method of 
 constructing arches from column to col- 
 umn. 
 
 EPITITHEDAS | tn . Q n 
 EPITITHYDES y (" r, J Same as Cymatium. 
 
 EQUAL ANGLES. Circles, curves, figures 
 and solids. In geometry, a uniformity of 
 parts. 
 
 (Gr.) Same as Architrave. 
 
escutcheon; 
 
 EQUILATERAL ARCH. 
 
EQU 
 
 FIN 
 
 EQUIDISTANT. In architecture, the spacing 
 of the parts in uniformity. The same dis- 
 tance between. 
 
 EQUILATERAL (Gr.) A figure having equal 
 sides. 
 
 EQUILATERAL ARCH. In Gothic art, an 
 arch the lines of which are described from 
 equal centres. 
 
 EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE. A triangle of 
 equal sides. 
 
 EQUILIBRIUM OF ARCHES. Relating to 
 the treatment of arches. 
 
 ERECHTHEUM. A celebrated temple of an- 
 cient Athens. 
 
 ERECTION. The act of building. 
 
 ERGASTULUM. An ancient house of correc- 
 tion. 
 
 ESCAPE. A concave quadrantal moulding. 
 ESCOINSON (Fr.) Interior edge of a window 
 jamb. 
 
 ESCUTCHEON. In building, that part of the 
 hardware covering the keyhole. 
 
 ESTRADE. Same as Dais. 
 
 ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE. That style of 
 architecture practiced by the Etruscans. 
 
 EUSTYLE (Gr.) The act of placing the col- 
 ums of a classic building two and one- 
 quarter diameters apart. 
 
 E VOLUTE \ A geometrical curve. 
 
 EWERY. A cupboard for keeping ewers and 
 wash basins. 
 
 EXAGON. Same as Hexagon. 
 
 EXCAVATE. To hollow or dig out. 
 
 EXCENTRIC. A term the reverse of Concen- 
 tric. 
 
 EXEDRA ) (Gr.) The portico of a Greek 
 
 EXHEDRA j gymnasium. 
 
 EXOSTRA. An apartment in a Roman theatre. 
 
 EXTRADOS (Lat.) The external surface of an 
 arch or vault ; the intrados being the un- 
 derside of an arch or vault. 
 
 EVE. A circular window. (See Bull's Eye. ) 
 
 EYEBROW. (Same as Fillet.) 
 
 EYE OF A DOME. The central opening. 
 
 EYE OF A VOLUTE. The centre of the 
 spiral curve. 
 
 T^ACADE (Lat.) The front or elevation of a 
 P building. 
 
 FACE. The front. (Same as Fascia.) 
 
 FACE BRICK. A pressed brick. 
 
 FACE MOULD. A mould used in hand-railing. 
 
 FACE OF A STONE. That portion worked, 
 and intended for the face of the wall. 
 
 FACE PLAN. A term used in stair building. 
 
 FACE WALL. (Same as Frontal.) 
 
 FACET ) The fillet between the flutes of a 
 
 FACETTE J classic column. 
 
 FACIA. (Same as Fascia.) 
 
 FACING. The outer covering or finishing sur- 
 face to any architectural composition. 
 
 F ACTABLING. (Same as Coping. ) 
 FALLING MOULD. A mould used in hand- 
 railing. 
 
 FALSE ATTIC. (See Attic Order and Attic.) 
 
 FALSE RAIL. The representation of a railing 
 on the face of a wall. 
 
 FALSE ROOF. That space between the ceil- 
 ing of the top story and the roof proper. 
 
 FANAL. A lighthouse. 
 
 FANE. (Same as Finial.) 
 
 FAN-LIGHT. A transom light. 
 
 FAN-ROOF. A half circular window. 
 
 FAN TRACERY [ The tracery or 
 
 FAN TRACERY VAULTING \ ribs and lines 
 of a Gothic roof, so termed from the fact of 
 their radiating to a common centre. 
 
 FANUM. A Roman temple dedicated to some 
 deity. 
 
 FASCIA ) (Lat.) The plain vertical member 
 FACIO - immediately below the crown 
 FACIA ) mould of a classic cornice. 
 FASTIGIUM (Lat.) A pediment. The upper 
 
 part of a. cornice. 
 FAUCET. A water-cock. 
 
 FAUX. A passage between the two principal 
 apartments of a Roman villa. 
 
 FEATHER-EDGE. The acute meeting of two 
 surfaces ; a trapezoidal section. 
 
 FEATHERING. A term given to the pointed 
 intersections of the lines and curves form- 
 ing the tracery of a Gothic composition or 
 design ; as Cusp. 
 
 FEATHER-JOINT. A joint made with two 
 feather edges. 
 
 FELT. A heavy paper used in building opera- 
 tions. 
 
 FUmIrELlI (Same as Louvre.) 
 
 FEMUR. The plane surface between the chan- 
 nels of a Triglyph of the Doric order. 
 
 FENCE. An architectural design for enclosing 
 grounds ; a railing ; a balustrade. 
 
 FENESTELLA. A niche on the south side of 
 the altar of a cathedral. 
 
 FENESTRAL (Lat. ) A window blind or closed 
 casement. 
 
 FENESTRATION / The space between the win- 
 FENESTRAI f dows of a classic building. 
 
 FERETER Y \ (Lat) A shrine ; a tomb ' 
 
 FESTOON. Carved decorations used in archi- 
 tectural creations. 
 
 FIGURE. A term used in architecture to de- 
 note a detached portion. 
 
 FILLET [ A small band or flat member of an 
 
 FILET \ architectural design. 
 
 FINE STUFF. A term used to denote fine 
 plastering mortar. 
 
 FINIAL (Lat.) The finish or vertical termina- 
 tion to any architectural design. Particu- 
 larly applicable to the Gothic. 
 
 FINISH. A term given to joiner's work, as 
 casings, bases, pilasters, etc. 
 
 FINISHING LUMBER. A term used to desig- 
 nate a class or grade of lumber used in 
 finishing ioiner's work. 
 
FIR 
 
 FRI 
 
 FIRE-BRICK. A grade of brick used in the 
 setting of grates, boilers, etc., made of 
 silica and alumina, and infusible under 
 heat. 
 
 FIRE-PLACE. The lower portion of a chim- 
 ney; a hearth. 
 
 FIRE-PROOF. The method of erecting inde- 
 structible buildings. 
 
 FIRST FLOOR. The lower or ground floor of 
 a building. 
 
 FISHING ) A beam framed of two pieces, 
 FISH BEAM \ the butting joints being cov- 
 ered on each side with extra pieces, and 
 bolted. 
 
 FISTUCA. An ancient pile-driver. 
 
 flIgItone l™^* * 6 used in walks or in 
 
 FLAGGING \ P avln S- 
 
 FLAMBOYANT. A name given to French 
 Gothic art. So termed from the fact of the 
 undulating distribution of lines in wave or 
 flame-like ramifications. 
 
 FLANK (Fr.) A side, or flank wall. 
 
 FLAPS. The folds of inside shutters. 
 
 FLASHINGS. A term given to any metal, as 
 tin, copper or lead, used around gutters, 
 chimneys, windows, etc., for the purpose 
 of making them water-tight. 
 
 FLAT CROWN. (Same as Corona.) 
 
 FLATTING. A method of painting in oil, with 
 a dead, glossless finish. 
 
 FLEMISH BOND. (Same as Bond Flemish.) 
 
 FLEUR DE LIS. In architecture, the use of 
 the flower lily in decoration. 
 
 FLIGHT. A term used to designate a staircase ; 
 as, a flight of stairs. 
 
 FLINT- WALL. A wall constructed of flint 
 and pebbles. 
 
 FLOATING. A term used in plastering, to de- 
 note the act of finishing it smooth. 
 
 FLOOR (Sax.) The board covering of joist 
 and timbers in a building. 
 
 FLOOR BEAMS ) The scantling and timbers 
 
 FLOOR JOIST J on which a floor is laid. 
 
 FLOOR PLAN. The plan or diagram of the 
 apartments of a building. 
 
 FLORIATED. Referring to the Florid Style. 
 
 FLORID STYLE. That transitionary state of 
 Gothic architecture which reached its great- 
 est perfection during the reigns of Henry 
 VII. and VIII. of England. 
 
 FLOWER, FOUR-LEAVED. An ornament 
 used in Gothic work. 
 
 FLUE. The channel or shaft of a chimney. 
 
 FLUSH. A term to designate two surfaces 
 meeting on the same plane. 
 
 FLUSH AND BEAD. (See Bead and Flush.) 
 
 FLUSH PANEL. A framed panel, flush with 
 the rails. 
 
 FLUTES ) Semicircular cavities in a classic 
 
 FLUTINGS \ column. 
 
 FLYERS. A series of parallel steps. 
 
 FLYING BUTTRESS. In Gothic architecture 
 an arched buttress springing from a lower 
 to a higher portion, used to counteract the 
 lateral pressure of a roof. 
 
 An arched vault. 
 
 FOILS (Lat.) That term given to the circular 
 formations and intersections of Gothic tra- 
 cery. 
 
 FOLDING DOORS. Such as are made in two 
 parts. 
 
 FOLDS. (See Flaps.) 
 
 FOLIAGE. An architectural arrangement of 
 
 leaves, vines and flowers. 
 FOLIATED I fSeeFoils1 
 FOLIATION \ ^ e * mls -> 
 FONT (Lat.) A vessel for holding consecrated 
 
 water. 
 
 FOOT (Sax.) A measure, lineal, superficial or 
 solid. 
 
 FOOT BASE. The base mould. 
 
 FOOT-PACE. A term used in hand-railing. 
 (Same as Dais). 
 
 FOOT-STALL. An old English term for Ped- 
 estal. 
 
 FOOTING BEAM. The tie-beam of a truss. 
 FOOTING DORMANT. The tie-beam of a 
 roof. 
 
 FOOTINGS. The first, or bottom layer of 
 stone or brick, as used in foundations. 
 
 FOREYN. A cesspool, or drain. 
 
 FORMA. (Same as Aqueduct.) 
 
 FORMERETS (Fr.) In Gothic art, the wall 
 arches of a groined roof. 
 
 FORNICATE 
 
 FORNICATED [ 
 
 FORT. A military stronghold. 
 
 FORTALICE. A small castle. 
 
 FORTIFICATION. A military outwork. 
 
 FORNIX (Lat.) In Roman antiquity, a market 
 place, or building. 
 
 FORUM (Lat.) In Roman antiquity, a market 
 place, or building. 
 
 FOSSE. A trench around a castle. 
 
 FOUNDATION (Fr.) The bottom or lower 
 portion of a wall. 
 
 FOUR-LEAF FLOWER. A Gothic ornament. 
 
 FOXTAIL WEDGE. A wedge used in fram- 
 ing. 
 
 FRAME. The timber work of a building. 
 FRAME PIECES ) The stone tracing of a 
 FORM PIECES \ Gothic window. 
 FRANKING. In sash-making, the cut made 
 
 in the vertical bar for the reception of the 
 
 transverse bar. 
 FREED STOOL ) A seat near the altar of a 
 FRID STOOL \ cathedral. 
 FREE STONE. Sand stone. 
 FREEZE ) That part of an entablature between 
 FRIEZE [ the architrave and cornice. 
 FRIZE \ 
 
 FREEZE PANEL. An improper term for the 
 
 top panels of a door. 
 FREIZE. (See Freeze.) 
 
 FREIZE-RAIL. An improper term for top 
 rail. 
 
 FRESCO PAINTING. A peculiar class of 
 painting on plastering. 
 
 FRET. An ornament used in classic architec- 
 ture. 
 
 FRIARY. A building inhabited by a religious 
 community. 
 
GALLERY. 
 
FRT 
 
 GOT 
 
 (Same as Refrigerator.) 
 
 FRIGIATORY 
 FRIGIDARIUM 
 FRONT. (Same as Facade.) 
 FRONT BRICK. Pressed brick. 
 FRONTAL. (Same as Antependium. ) 
 FRONTON. (Same as Pediment.) 
 FRUSTRUM. That part of any geometrical 
 
 figure which remains after cutting off the 
 
 apex. 
 
 FULCRUM. The point- of bearing of a lever. 
 FULL CENTRE ARCH. An Equilateral Arch, 
 
 FUNNEL. (Same as Flue.) 
 
 FURRING. A term given to a frame of wood- 
 work when used to shape out or bring to a 
 regular surface any portion of a building, 
 or to give an air space to a wall by strip- 
 ping it vertically. 
 
 FURRINGS. A term given to scantling or 
 lumber when used as furring. 
 
 FURR UP T } (Same as Furrin g-) 
 FUST. A French term for the shaft of a col- 
 umn or pilaster. 
 FUSUROLE ) (Lat.) A half-round moulding 
 FUSxlROLE \ carved into bead-like sections. 
 
 GABLE (The enclosed end of a 
 
 GABLE END ( pitched roof. (Used in 
 the same sense as Pediment.) 
 GABLE-ROOFED. A building having a pitched 
 roof. 
 
 GABLE WINDOW. A window in the gable 
 end. 
 
 GABLET. An architectural construction in 
 the form of a gable; a small gable. 
 
 GAIN. A recess cut in a timber or scantling; 
 the shoulder of a. timber so cut as to give 
 additional resistance to the tenon. 
 
 GALETS ) Broken stone as used in con- 
 
 GALETING j crete. 
 
 GALLERY. An apartment ; 
 
 arcade; an elevated portion of a 
 building ; a balcony. 
 
 GALLILEE. In early Gothic work, a porch. 
 
 GAOL. A prison or jail. 
 
 GARD. (Same as Aqueduct.) 
 
 GARGOYLE^ A fantastic creation, generally 
 
 GARGLE I partaking of animal form, 
 
 GARGYLE | used as the discharge, or 
 
 GERGOYLE j mouth-piece, of a roof gutter. 
 
 GARLAND (Fr.) An artistic creation or ar- 
 rangement of fruits, leaves and flowers. 
 
 GARNETS. A T or strap hinge. 
 
 GARRET (Fr.) (Same as Attic.) The unused 
 portion of a building directly under the 
 roof. 
 
 GARRETING. Small pieces of stone filled into 
 
 joints of stone-work. 
 GARRISON. A fort, citadel or castle. 
 GATE. An architectural construction for 
 
 closing an entrance, doorway or gateway. 
 
 GATEWAY. An entrance. 
 
 GATHERING OF THE WINGS. In chimney 
 construction, the act of drawing the fire- 
 place together at the top, and the formation 
 of the throat of the chimney. 
 
 GAVEL. (Same as Gable.) 
 
 GEMMEL 1 
 
 OYMMFR I 
 
 CHYMOL ' anc * ent term for a hinge. 
 GIMMER J 
 
 GENESIS (Gr.) In geometry, the formation 
 
 of a form solid or plane. 
 GENTESE ) (Same as Cusp, or Featherings, in 
 GENTEN \ Gothic art.) 
 
 GEOMETRICAL. A term used in the theory 
 and practice of geometry. 
 
 GEOMETRY (Gr.) The science of lines, sur- 
 faces and solids. 
 
 GETTE. A French term for Jettie. 
 
 GIBLEA CHEQUE ) A Scotch term for Rebate 
 
 GIBLET CHECK [ or Reveal, or used in 
 
 JIBLET CHECK ) the same sense. 
 
 GIGANTIC ORDER. A term used to designate 
 the Tuscan. 
 
 GIN^CONITES (Gr.) Apartments in a Greek 
 house. 
 
 GIRDER (Sax.) A beam or timber. 
 
 GIRDING BEAM. (Same as Girder.) 
 
 GIRDLE (Sax.) (Same as Band.) 
 
 GIRT. A brace, fillet, or scantling. 
 
 GLASS (Sax.) A transparent, factitious sub- 
 stance, formed by the fusion of silicious 
 substances, combined with alkaline earth, 
 metallic oxide, etc., used in architecture for 
 closings, openings, windows, etc. 
 
 GLAZING. The act of setting glass. 
 
 GLYPH. A canal groove or recess. Hence 
 the term Triglyph, which see. 
 
 GOCCIOLATOIO. Same as Corona. 
 
 GODDROON. Inverted fluting. (Same as 
 Cable.) 
 
 GOLA "j 
 
 §8la ROVE^cIa f ( Same as Cymatum.) 
 GULA J 
 
 GORGE (Fr.) A concave moulding. (Same as 
 Cynia Recta; same as Collarino.) 
 
 GORGERIN. (Same as Collarino.) 
 
 GORGONEID. A carved keystone. 
 
 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. That style of 
 architecture originating in its primitive 
 stages with the Goths, and brought into 
 maturity and prominence by the later Ital- 
 ian architects, who seemed to have applied 
 the term Gothic to any transition of the 
 classical orders during their decline, which, 
 however, culminated in a heterogeneous 
 combination of the Greek and Roman ex- 
 amples, with the Romanesque, Lombardic, 
 Saxon and Norman forms or details. This 
 style reached a distinct period during the 
 middle ages by the applicition of the 
 science of geometrical lines and problems, 
 partaking of the classic dynamics which 
 governed the ancient Roman builders as 
 a base, but gravitating towards a lighter 
 and more fragile creation, until the English 
 gradually adopted it a s a national exempli- 
 fication of a higher Christian art. To the 
 
OROIN CEILING 
 
GOU 
 
 HEA 
 
 English, therefore, are we indebted for the 
 final characteristics of this style, which 
 during the fourteenth century reached its 
 highest period of perfection, and gave to the 
 architectural world a distinct and dominant 
 style. 
 
 GOUFING FOUNDATIONS. A Scotch terra 
 for underpinning a wall. 
 
 GRADETTE } ( Same as Amulet -> 
 GR^ECOSTASIS. A hall or portico of a Roman 
 building. 
 
 GRANARY. A building used for the storage 
 of grain. 
 
 GRANGE. An ancient term for Barn. 
 GRANITE. An aggregate rock formation 
 
 composed of feldspar, quartz and mica. 
 GRATING. (Same as Grillage.) 
 GREEK ARCHITECTURE. A general term 
 given to that distinct class of building 
 practiced by the ancient Greeks. 
 GREEK ARCH ] Contemporaneous 
 
 GREEK CROSS terms used to des- 
 
 GREEK MASONRY I ignate the several 
 GREEK MOULDINGS f individual and spe- 
 GREEK ORDER cific details of 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENTS J Greek architecture 
 as expressed by the particular title men- 
 tioned in margin. 
 GREENHOUSE. (Same as Conservatory.) 
 GREES. Steps, or a staircase. 
 GRILLAGE ) A frame-work of timber; a lat- 
 GRILL [ tice or screen of iron or other 
 GRILLE ) metal. 
 
 GROIN. The line of intersection of the intra- 
 doses of two cylindrical vaults crossing 
 each other at right angles. 
 
 GROIN CEILING. The surface of a ceiling 
 formed of groined arches or vaults. 
 
 GROTESQUES. An eccentric and fantastical 
 creation, used in architectural decoration. 
 
 GROTTO. Generally a term used to designate 
 a subterraneous cavern. 
 
 GROUND FLPOR. The principal floor. 
 
 GROUND LINE. The surface of the ground. 
 
 GROUND NICHE. One which, instead of 
 rising from a dado, or base, starts imme- 
 diately from the floor. 
 
 GROUND PLAN. The drawing delineating 
 the arrangement of the principal floor. 
 
 GROUND PLATE. (Same as Sill.) 
 
 GROUNDS. (Much the same meaning as Fur- 
 rings. Strips of wood attached to walls 
 and partitions for the purpose of securing 
 the finished work. 
 
 GROUND-TABLE STONE. (Same as Plinth.) 
 
 GROUPED. A term used to convey the con- 
 gregation of any architectural elements. 
 
 GROUPED COLUMNS. This term is used to 
 designate several columns standing on the 
 same pedestal. 
 
 GROUT. (Same as Concrete.) A thin mixture 
 of cement or mortar. 
 
 GUERITE. A watch tower. 
 
 GUILLOCHI ) (Ital.) A spiral fantastic, orna- 
 
 GUILLOCHE f mental decoration. 
 
 GUTTLE. Conic-like drops used in the decora- 
 tion of the Doric order. 
 
 GUTTER. A channel or conduit for water, 
 
 generally applied to a roof. 
 GUTTERINGS. Relating to gutters. 
 GYMNASIUM. Originally, an apartment of 
 
 a Roman house devoted to gymnastics. 
 GYNECiEUM ) Originally, a separate apart- 
 GYN^CEUM y ment of a Roman house for 
 
 women. 
 
 GYPSUM. A combination of sulphuric acid 
 and calcareous earth, from which plaster 
 of Paris is made. 
 
 TJ ABITACLE. An old English term for a 
 n. habitation. 
 
 HACKING. A term used in Scotland to desig- 
 nate an inferior kind of broken ashlar- 
 work. (See Broken Ashlar.) 
 
 HALF PACE -) 
 
 IIlF LANDING A P latform in a fairway. 
 
 HALPACE J 
 
 HALF-ROUND. A semicircular body. 
 
 HALF-TIMBERED ROOF, WALLS OR 
 HOUSES. A term generally used in con- 
 nection with Gothic architecture to desig- 
 nate a building, roof or frame-work filled 
 in with plaster or rough-cast work. 
 
 HALL (Sax.) The entrance apartment; a pass- 
 age; an English mansion. 
 
 HALLYNGS. The hangings of a hall. 
 
 HAMMER-BEAM. The lower beam projecting 
 horizontally from the wall and acting as 
 the base and tie to the principal rafter of a 
 roof truss. 
 
 HAMMER-DRESSED. A term used to denote 
 the act of dressing stone with the stone 
 hammer preparatory to laying the same in 
 the wall. 
 
 HAND-RAIL. The rail of a stairway. 
 HANGING. A term to denote the placing of 
 
 doors, sash, etc., in position in a building. 
 HANGING BUTTRESS. In Gothic work, a 
 
 buttress starting from a corbel and not from 
 
 the foundation. 
 HANGING STILE. The stile of a door or 
 
 window to which the hinge is fastened. 
 HANSE. (Same as Haunch.) 
 HARD-FINISH. In plastering, the last coat 
 
 of stucco or plaster of Paris. 
 HARNESS-ROOM. In stables, a room for 
 
 keeping and cleaning harnesses. 
 HASP. A piece of hardware used to secure 
 
 doors. 
 
 HATCH ) A diagonal mould- 
 
 HATCHED MOULDINGS } ing used in 
 
 Gothic work. 
 HATCHWAY. An opening in a floor or ceil- 
 ing. 
 
 HAUNCH ) That portion of an arch between 
 HANSE ) the spring line and the extrados 
 or vertex. 
 
 HEAD (Sax.) A term used to denote the top 
 or end of any architectural portion; a key- 
 stone carved with the head of some animal. 
 
HEA 
 
 HYD 
 
 HEADER ) A brick or stone laid in 
 
 HEADING COURSE f a wall with the head or 
 end to the face of the wall. (See Binders.) 
 
 HEADING-JOINT. (See Butting Joint.) 
 
 HEAD-ROOM > In stair-building, the perpen- 
 
 HEAD-WAY S dicular distance from the 
 tread to ceiling above in the clear. 
 
 HEADS. Tile or slate laid at the eaves. 
 
 HEALING. The act of covering a roof with 
 tile, slate, etc. 
 
 HEARSE I A metal frame used to protect an 
 
 HERSE \ effigie on a tomb. 
 
 HEART-BOND. In stone-masonry, the act of 
 lapping the joint between two stones with a 
 header, or through-stone. 
 
 HEARTH ) The brick or stone bottom 
 
 HEARTH-STONE ( to a fire-place. (See Fire- 
 place.) 
 
 HECATOMPEDON (Gr.) A name given to the 
 Parthenon, a celebrated temple of Athens. 
 
 HECATONSTYLON. A name given to the 
 portico of Pompey's Theatre, Rome, from 
 the fact of its being built on a hundred 
 columns. 
 
 HECK ) . r „ ok 
 
 HEEK \ A raCK - 
 
 HEEL. A moulding ; same as Cima Inversa. 
 HEEL OF A RAFTER. The foot of a rafter ; 
 
 the lower end. 
 HEIGHT OF. In architecture, a term used to 
 
 designate the perpendicular distance of 
 
 parts. 
 
 HELICAL LINE OF A HAND-RAIL. The 
 spiral line, or twist of the hand-rail. 
 
 HELICOID PARABOLA. A geometrical prob- 
 lem. 
 
 HELIOCAMINUS. A chamber in a Roman 
 house. 
 
 HELIOSCENE. An outside slat blind. 
 HELIX. (See Caulicole.) 
 HELYING. A corruption of Aisle. 
 HEM. The projecting spirals of the Ionic 
 volute. 
 
 HEMI. In architecture, same as Semi. Circle. 
 HEMICYCLE (Lat.) (Same as a semicircle.) 
 HEMICYCLIUM. The orchestra of a Roman 
 
 theatre. 
 HEMISPHERE ) 
 
 HEMISPHEROIDAL f In geometry, one-half. 
 HEMITRIGLYPH. The half triglyph. 
 
 UNDECAGON N } ^ ^ Same as Endecagon.) 
 
 HEPTAGON (Gr.) A geometrical figure of 
 seven sides and angles. 
 
 HERRING-BONE MASONRY. Masonry in 
 which the stones are laid anglewise or 
 slanting. 
 
 HERSE. (Same as a Portcullis.) 
 
 HEXAGON (Gr.) In geometry, a plain figure 
 bounded by six straight lines. 
 
 HEXASTYLE. A classic portico of six col- 
 umns. 
 
 HICK-JOINT POINTING. The act of filling 
 the joints of stone-work with cement. 
 
 HIEROGLYPHICS. The sculpture and pic- 
 ture-writing of the ancients. 
 
 HIGH ALTAR. The altar of a cathedral 
 church. 
 
 HIGH-RELIEF. (See Alto-rilievo.) 
 
 HINDOO ARCHITECTURE. That style of 
 architecture practiced in Hindostan. 
 
 HINGE. A mechanical invention for swing- 
 ing a door. 
 
 HIP. The line formed by the meeting of two 
 angles in a roof -framing. 
 
 HIP-KNOB. (Same application as Finial.) 
 
 HIPPODROME. A building devoted to eques- 
 trian exercises. 
 
 HIP-RAFTER. A rafter placed at the hips of 
 a hip-roof. 
 
 HIP-ROOF. A roof constructed of equally 
 inclined planes rising to the same pitch 
 and height. 
 
 HIP-TILES ) Tiles or mouldings used on 
 HIP-MOULDS \ the hips of roofs. 
 
 HOARDING ) 
 
 HOARD [ A high fence or enclosure. 
 HOURD ) 
 
 HOLLOW NEWEL. (Same as the well-hole 
 of a stair.) 
 
 HOLLOW WALLS. Walls built of two thick- 
 nesses, with a hollow space for the purpose 
 of preventing frost and dampness from 
 penetrating through the wall. 
 
 HOLLOWS. A term given to concave wood 
 mouldings. 
 
 HOOD-MOULD. (Same as Drip-Mould.) 
 
 HORIZONTAL CORNICE. The level cornice 
 forming the base of a classic pediment. 
 
 HORN. (Same as Hem.) 
 
 HORSE-SHOE ARCH. A Saracenic or Moor- 
 ish arch. 
 
 HOSPITAL. A public building for the use of 
 
 the sick, insane, etc. 
 HOSTRIE ) 
 
 HOSTELRIE [ (Same as Hotel.) 
 HOSTEL ) 
 
 HOTEL. A public house for the entertain- 
 ment and convenience of travelers and 
 guests. 
 
 HOT-HOUSE. (Same as Conserratory.) 
 
 HOUSE. A habitation erected for man's shel- 
 ter, comfort, and protection. 
 
 HOUSING ) A term applied to a recess cut out 
 
 HOUSED C of a piece of lumber to receive 
 the extremity of another. 
 
 HOVELLING. In chimney-building, the pro- 
 cess of drawing the sides over and above 
 the two others to aid the draft. 
 
 HUMERI. The angles of an ancient temple 
 formed by the four walls of the cell or 
 cella. 
 
 HUNG. (See Hanging.) 
 
 HURLERS. Celtic erections of rude stone- 
 work. 
 
 HUT (Sax.) A small cottage or habitation. 
 HYDRANT. A water supply or water-cock. 
 HYDRAULIC CEMENT. A lime containing 
 
 silica, alumina, magnesia, etc. 
 HYDRAULIC LIME. A lime that readily 
 
 hardens under water. 
 
HYD 
 
 IRO 
 
 HYDRAULIC LIMESTONE. A stone con- 
 taining iron and clay. 
 HYDROSTATIC ARCH. A linear arch suited 
 
 to sustain normal pressure at each end. 
 HYP^ETHRAL ) (Gr.) In Greek architecture, 
 HYP^THRON [ a temple having ten col- 
 HYPAETHROS ) umns. 
 HYP^ETHRUM. An open court. 
 HYPERBOLA (Gr.) A conic section. 
 HYPERBOLIC CONOID ] A geometri- 
 
 HYPERBOLOID [ cal figure 
 
 HYPERBOLIC CURVE f formed by 
 
 HYPERBOLIC CYLINDROID J the revolu- 
 tion of a Hyperbola about its axis. 
 HYPERTHYRUM ) The lintel of a doorway. 
 HYPERTHERUM \ (See Bressummer.) 
 HYPOCAUST ) (Gr.) In Roman buildings, 
 HYPOCAUSTUM f a subterraneous furnace 
 room. 
 
 HYPODROMUS (Gr.) A covered walk or am- 
 bulatory. 
 
 HYPOG^EUM (Gr.) (Same as Cellar.) 
 HYPOPODIUM. An ancient Roman foot- 
 stool. 
 
 HYPOSCENIUM. A partition back of an 
 
 orchestra in a theatre. 
 HYPOSTYLE. A colonnade. 
 HYPOTENUSE ) The longest side of a right- 
 HYPOTHENUSE \ angle triangle. 
 HYPOTRACHELIUM (Gr.) The neck of the 
 
 Tuscan and Doric column. 
 
 TCHNOGRAPHY. The ground plan of a 
 1 building. 
 
 ICOSAHEDRON (Gr.) A geometrical solid of 
 
 twenty triangular pyramids. 
 IMBATTLED. (See Embattled.) 
 
 IMBOWMENT [ To arch or vault over - 
 IMBRICATED TRACERY. A pattern similar 
 
 to the tiles of a roof. 
 IMPAGES (Lat.) An ancient term for the 
 
 rails of a door, accredited to Vitruvius. 
 IMPERIAL (Fr.) A species of dome. 
 IMPETUS (Lat.) The span of a roof, vault or 
 
 arch. 
 
 IMPLUVIUM. A Roman cistern. 
 
 IMPOLE. A scaffold-pole. 
 
 IMPOST (Fr.) The head of a pier, pilaster or 
 pillar on which the arch rests. The cor- 
 nice or mouldings at the head of a pier, 
 pilaster or pillar. 
 
 IN ANTIS. Relating to antas. 
 
 INBAND JAMB-STONE. A bond-stone built 
 in the jamb of a door or window. 
 
 INBOND JAMB-STONE. Incorrect term for 
 Inband Jamb-stone. 
 
 INCERTUM OPUS. (See Insertum.) 
 
 INCH (Lat. Sax.) A measure of length, either 
 lineal, superficial or solid, based on the 
 length of three barleycorns ; the twelfth 
 part of a foot. 
 
 INCRUSTATION. A species of low relief; 
 embossed work or engi'aved work. 
 
 INDENTED (Lat.) Toothed or matched to- 
 gether. 
 
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE. That style prac- 
 ticed in India. 
 
 INFIRMARY. (Same as Hospital.) 
 
 INFLECTED ARCH. An inverted arch. 
 
 INLAYING } In joinery, the method of 
 
 INLAID WORK f joining together on a gen- 
 eral ground a number of pieces so as to 
 form one general design or figure. 
 
 INN. A public house or hotel. 
 
 INNER-PLATE. The central plate to a double 
 hipped roof. 
 
 INSERTED COLUMN. A column inserted 
 into a wall, in part or whole. 
 
 INSERTUM ) A rough class of stone- 
 
 INCERTUM OPUS \ work. 
 
 INSULA. (Same as Aisle.) 
 
 INSULATED BUILDING. One that is iso- 
 lated. 
 
 INSULATED COLUMN. (Same as Detached 
 Column.) 
 
 INTAGLIOS (It. ) An Italian term for carving. 
 
 INTAVOLATA. (Same as Cymatum.) 
 
 INTERCEPTED AXIS. (Same as Abcissa.) 
 
 INTER-COLUMN ) (Lat.) Relating to 
 
 INTER-COLUMNIATION \ the distance be- 
 tween the columns of the classic styles. 
 
 1NTERDENTILS. The space between dentils. 
 
 INTERDUCES. A term given to framing of 
 timbers or girts between posts. 
 
 INTER-FENESTRATION. The space between 
 windows. 
 
 INTER-JOIST. The space between joists. 
 INTERLACED ARCHES. Intersecting arches. 
 INTERLIGNIUM. The space between the 
 
 ends of tie-beams. 
 INTER-MODILLION. The space between 
 
 modillions. 
 
 INTERPENSIVE (Lat.) (Same as Cantiliver. ) 
 INTER-PILASTER. The space between them . 
 INTERSTITIUM. Central space beneath a 
 tower. 
 
 INTERTIES I , a T . , 
 
 INTERTIE \ ( f5ame as Interduces. ) 
 
 INTONACO (It.) The finishing coat of plas- 
 tering. 
 
 INTRADOS. The soffit or under-surface of an 
 arch, dome, or vault. 
 
 INVERTED ARCH. An arch constructed the 
 reverse of upright, or, where the concavity 
 is below the centre. 
 
 INVOLUTE. A geometrical curve. 
 
 IONIC ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE. The 
 second order or classification of ancient 
 Greek architecture. The name, as in the 
 Corinthian order, is derived from the 
 country where it was first invented or 
 originated. 
 
 IRON. A hard, ductile metal ; equivalent, 28 ; 
 symbol, Fe ; specific gravitv — cast, 7.2 ; 
 wrought, 7 ; fusing point, 2.786° F. The 
 ores are oxides and carbonates. The metal 
 in combination with oxygen and carbonic 
 acid. Iron is supposed to have been first 
 discovered and used B. C. 1432. 
 
JACK RIB. 
 
 ISOSCELES TRIANGLE. 
 
mo 
 
 LAC 
 
 IRON LATH. Lath made of sheet iron and 
 
 used in fire-proof construction. 
 IS AGON (Gr.) A geometrical figure of equal 
 
 angles. 
 
 5le E } (See Aisle - } 
 
 ISODOMUM (Gr.) Greek stone-work. (Same 
 as what is known as rock-face work.) 
 
 ISOMETRIC AL PROJECTION. A system of 
 perspective drawing. 
 
 ISOSCELES TRIANGLE. A triangle with 
 two equal sides. 
 
 ITALIAN ARCHITECTURE. That style of 
 architecture practiced by the Italians during 
 the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 
 often termed the Cinque-cento, as reaching 
 its greatest perfection A. D. 1560. 
 
 ITALIAN ROOF. A term used to designate a 
 hip-roof. 
 
 JACK. A mechanical device for lifting great 
 weights. 
 
 JACK ARCH. A false arch of one brick only 
 
 in thickness. 
 JACK RAFTER | A short rafter extending 
 JACK TIMBER \ from and joining to the 
 
 hip rafter forming the corner framing of a 
 
 hip roof. 
 
 JACK RIB. In cove or groined ceilings, the 
 
 rib joined to the hips or groins. 
 JACK TIMBER. A short, stout timber. 
 JAMB (Fr.) i The sides of an opening in 
 JAMB POST [ a wall ; the finish of the 
 JAMB STONE ) sides. 
 
 JAMB LINING. The finish of the sides of jambs. 
 JAWE PIECE ) (Same as a brace or strut in a 
 JAW PIECE J roof.) 
 
 JERKIN HEAD. The peak of a hip roof ; a 
 
 half gable and half hip roof. 
 JETTIE ) A part of a building overhanging or 
 JETTY ] projecting. 
 
 JIB DOOR. (Same as a false or blind door.) 
 JIBLET CHEEK. (Same as Giblea Cheque.) 
 JOGGLE ) In framing of timbers, a 
 
 JOGGLE JOINT [ notched joint framed so as 
 JOGGLE TRUSS ) to prevent one piece from 
 
 pushing past the other by compression or 
 
 weight. 
 
 JOGGLE BEAM ) A term given to a notched 
 JOGGLE PIECE ! post in a roof truss, as a 
 JOGGLE POST f king or queen post is 
 JOGGLE WORK J notched to receive the 
 
 principal rafter. 
 JOINER. A carpenter or builder. 
 JOINERY. (Same as Carpentry.) 
 JOINT. The line of union in any mechanical 
 
 operation; the line of meeting. 
 JOIST. Floor beams or timbers. 
 JOPY. (Same as Jawe Piece.) 
 .TUBE. A gallery or rood loft. 
 JUFFERS. Short timbers or beams. 
 JUMP. A break or rise in the level of a wall. 
 JUT-OUT ) A term applied to any projec- 
 
 JUTTING-OUT J tion portion of a building. 
 JUT WINDOW. A projecting or oriel window. 
 JYMEWE. (Same as Hinge.) 
 
 KAMPTULICON. A floor covering or cloth. 
 KEEL. A small fillet. 
 KEEP [The principal tower of an 
 
 KEEP TOWER j ancient castle. 
 KERB. (See Curb-Plate.) 
 KERF. A saw cut, used in joiners' work. 
 KERNEL. A battlement or embrasure. 
 KEY. A pin, generally of hard wood, used in 
 
 framing; a part of a lock. 
 KEY OF A FLOOR. The last board laid. 
 KEYHOLE. The opening of a lock for receiv- 
 ing the key. 
 KEYS. Pieces of timber framed between floor 
 joists. 
 
 KEYSTONE f The last and central stone placed 
 KEY <j in an arch; a wedge-shaped 
 
 stone placed in the centre of an arch to 
 
 counteract the crushing pressure. 
 KILLESSE. A gutter, groove or channel. 
 KILN. A building or construction for drying 
 
 lumber, burning brick and lime. 
 KING POST ) In roof-framing, the cen- 
 
 KING POST ROOF \ tral post introduced in 
 
 a truss to receive the upper ends of the 
 
 principal rafters, and to support the lower 
 
 portions of the truss. 
 KING TRUSS. A roof truss framed with a 
 
 king post. 
 
 KIOSK. A Turkish term for an open pavilion 
 or summer house. 
 
 KIRB-PLATE. (See Curb-Plate.) 
 
 KIRB ROOF. (See Curb Roof.) 
 
 KIRK. A Scottish term for church. 
 
 KITCHEN (Welsh). A room devoted to culi- 
 nary purposes. 
 
 KNEE. In hand railing, the reverse of the 
 ramp. 
 
 KNEE RAFTER ) A rafter in a roof truss bent 
 KNEE PIECE S down to have a better 
 
 hold on the wall. 
 KNOB 1 
 KNOT 
 
 KNOP f (Same as Boss.) 
 KNOPPE J 
 
 KNOTTING. In painting, the act of covering 
 
 knots with shellac. 
 KNULLING. (Same as Bead.) 
 KYANIZING. A process of preserving timber 
 
 by the application of chemical preparations 
 
 invented by Kyan, 1832. 
 
 LABEL I A drip or small 
 
 LABEL MOULDING } moulding extend- 
 ing around and over the head of a Gothic 
 opening, door or window. 
 LABYRINTH FRET. A fret-work with many 
 angles. 
 
 L ACON ICUM. An apartment in a Roman bath. 
 
 LACTARIUM. A dairy building. 
 
 LACUNAR 1 
 
 LACUNARIS I 
 
 LACUNARIA I „ 
 
 LACUNARS f(Lat.) (Same as Coffer.) 
 
 LACUNAE 
 
 LEQUER J 
 
LAD 
 
 LUG 
 
 LADDER. A mechanical contrivance for the 
 purpose of ascending to any height, used 
 in building. 
 
 LADY. A certain sized slate for roofing. 
 
 LADY CHAPEL. A term given to a chapel 
 dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and gener- 
 ally located behind the high altar of a 
 cathedral. 
 
 LAGGING. Relating to the wooden centering 
 of an arch. 
 
 LAITANCE. The residue or wash of cement 
 concrete. 
 
 LAMINATED ARCH. An arch formed of tim- 
 ber, bolted and framed together. 
 LANCET ARCH ) A term eriven to pointed 
 LANCET WINDOW \ openings, used only in 
 
 early Gothic architecture. 
 LANDING. The platform in the centre or at 
 
 the head of a flight of stairs. 
 LANTERN ) A term applied to the small ter- 
 LANTERNE ) mination to a dome; a small 
 cupola. 
 
 LAP. That part of one body projecting on to 
 another. 
 
 LARARIUM. A Roman chapel. 
 
 LARMIER (Fr.) (Same as Corona.) 
 
 LAT. A pillar. 
 
 LATCH. A door fastening. 
 
 LATH. A thin narrow slip of wood used in 
 
 plastering, slating and tiling. 
 LATH-BRICK. An English-made brick, 6 
 
 inches wide and 22 inches long. 
 LATTICE. The interlacing and crossing of 
 
 wood or metal so as to form geometrical 
 
 figures. 
 
 LATTICE GIRDER. An iron girder formed 
 
 of cross bracing and rods. 
 LATTICE TRUSS. A truss formed of cross 
 
 bracing and diagonal rods. 
 LAUNDRY. A room devoted to washing. 
 LAURA. A monk's cell or simple habitation. 
 LAVATORY. A cistern or vessel containing 
 
 water used for washing. 
 LAVER. A water basin. 
 LAYER. (Same as Course.) 
 LAYER BOARDING. Boards used as gutter 
 
 linings. 
 
 LAZARETTO ) A term used to designate a 
 
 LAZAR HOUSE j hospital. The term is de- 
 rived from St. Lazarus. 
 
 LEAD, SHEET. A thin layer of lead used in 
 plumbing-work. 
 
 LEAF. One side of a door or shutter. 
 
 LEAN-TO. A small building with a shed-roof 
 attached to a larger structure. 
 
 LEAT. A water conduit. 
 
 LEAVES. (Same as Blinds.) 
 
 LECTERN i 
 
 LETTERN \ ^ rea ding desk used in churches. 
 
 LEDGE j A projection from a surface of a 
 
 LEDGMENT ( wall or building to carry some 
 additional body. 
 
 LEDGERS. The braces of a scaffolding. 
 
 LEGS of a right-angled triangle are the per- 
 pendicular sides. 
 
 LEGS of a hyperbola are the two parts each 
 
 side of the vertex. 
 LESCHE (Gr.) A public building with an open 
 
 court. 
 
 LEVECEL. A projecting roof over a doorway. 
 LEVER BOARDS. Horizontal blinds used in 
 
 belfries to admit sound and exclude the 
 
 storm. 
 
 LEVYS. An old English term for blinds. 
 
 LIBRARY. A public building or room devoted 
 to the keeping and use of books and litera- 
 ture. 
 
 LIERNE RIB. A cross rib, in vaulting. 
 LIGHTS. The daylight opening in sash. A 
 
 term for glass. 
 LIGHT-HOUSE. A building or tower erected 
 
 for exhibiting a marine light. 
 LIME. A product formed by the calcination 
 
 of marble or any pure limestone. 
 LIMESTONE. A calcareous formation of 
 
 earth. 
 
 LINE. A geometrical figure extended in length 
 only. 
 
 LINEAR PERSPECTIVE. The science of de- 
 lineating a building or object so as to pro- 
 duce a natural effect. 
 
 LINEN PATTIRN. A diaper panel. 
 
 LINING. An internal covering. 
 
 LINTEL (Fr.) A beam timber or girder of 
 wood or metal used over an opening in a 
 wall to support weight. 
 
 LISTEL ) 
 
 LIST ( ^ narrow projecting edge; a Fillet. 
 
 LISTING. Cutting the sap edge from boards. 
 
 LOBBY (Ger.) A hall, rotunda, entrance or 
 waiting room. 
 
 LOBE. (Same as Foil or Trefoil .) 
 
 LOCK (Sax.) A mechanical invention or in- 
 strument used to fasten doors. 
 
 LOCKBAND. (Same as Bond Stone.) 
 
 LOCKER. A small cupboard. 
 
 LOCK RAIL. The central rail of a door. 
 
 LOCKRAND. A course of bond stone. 
 
 LOCUS (Lat.) A geometrical line. 
 
 LODGE. A small dwelling. 
 
 LOFT. A raised balcony, gallery or attic room. 
 
 LOGEUM. A part of a Roman theatre. 
 
 LOGGIA. A passage, entrance or gallery, open 
 on one side, and supported by a colonnade 
 or arches. 
 
 LOG-HOUSE. A house constructed of trees. 
 LOMBARDIC ARCHITECTURE. That style 
 
 praticed in Italy from the seventh to the 
 
 thirteenth centuries. 
 LONG AND SHORT WORK. Alternate quoins 
 
 on the corners of a wall. 
 LOOP, OR LOOP HOLE. A small narrow 
 
 window or opening. 
 LORIMER ) 
 
 LORYMER I I ncorrec t terms for Larmier. 
 LOUVRE. (Same as Lantern.) 
 LOUVRE BOARDS. (See Lever Boards.) 
 LOZENGE (Fr.) A quadrilateral figure or 
 pattern. 
 
 LUCARNE. A dormer or attic window. 
 
LUF 
 
 MIN 
 
 LUFFER BOARDS. (Same as Lever Boards.) 
 'LUMI'.ER. Sawed timber, dimension scant- 
 ling. 
 
 LUMBER KILN. (See Kiln. ) 
 
 LUNETTE (Fr.) Openings in a cylindrical or 
 
 S[)lierical ceiling to admit light. 
 LUTHERAN (Lat.) An upper or attic window, 
 
 a dormer. 
 
 LYING PANELS. Those constructed with 
 
 the grain of wood running horizontally. 
 LYSIS (Gr.) A plinth or step. 
 
 M 
 
 ROOF. A double-gabled roof. 
 
 MACHICOLATIONS. Openings formed in the 
 parapet walls of ancient castles through 
 which missiles were discharged upon an 
 enemy. 
 
 MAENHIR ) In Celtic masonry, a long upright 
 MENHIR \ stone. 
 
 MAGAZINE (POWDER). A building used 
 
 for the storage of gunpowder. 
 MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE. A limestone 
 
 impregnated with magnesia. 
 MAIN COUPLES. (See Couples.) 
 MALEN BRICK. Brick made of clay,' lime 
 
 and cinders. 
 MAN-HOLE. An opening in a sewer or basin. 
 MANOR HOUSE. A country house. 
 MANSARD ROOF. A dome-like curb, or 
 
 steep hip-roof, finished as an attic or upper 
 
 story. It derives its name from Francis 
 
 Mansart. the eminent French architect, 
 
 born at Paris, 1598. 
 MANSE. An English term for a manor house. 
 MANSION. A term generally applied to an 
 
 isolated or large dwelling. 
 MANTAPA. A Hindoo term for porch. 
 MANTEL ) An architectural design or 
 
 MANTEL-PIECE f finish around a fire-place. 
 MANTEL-TREE | In early English masonry, a 
 MANTLE-TREE \ a timber extending from 
 
 one jamb of a fire-place to the other, as a 
 
 support to the breast. 
 MARBLE (Fr.) Calcareous stone of a compact 
 
 granular and crystalline texture. There 
 
 are many classes and varieties. 
 MARGIN (Lat.) A plain surface surrounding 
 
 a panel. 
 
 MARGIN DRAFT. A tooled margin on the 
 
 face and edge of a stone. 
 MARIGOLD WINDOW. (See Catherine 
 
 Wheel.) 
 
 MARMORATUM ) , „ . . ... 
 MARMORETUM \ A wal1 cased wlth marble. 
 MARQUETRY (Fr.) Inlaid-work of different 
 
 woods or materials. 
 MASK. A corbel bearing a resemblance to a 
 
 face. 
 
 MASONRY. The art of constructing wai'.o 
 with stone. 
 
 MATTED GLASS. A kind of ornamental 
 
 glass with a dull surface. 
 MAURESQUE. Incorrect term for Moresque. 
 
 (See Moresk.) 
 
 MAUSOLEUM. A sepulchral chapel, edifice en- 
 tomb. Generally, however, the term is 
 applied to a large and elegant structure 
 used for the reception of a monument. 
 
 MEANDAR. A fret ornament. 
 
 MEASURE (Lat.) In geometry, a certain 
 quantity, or unit, to which the ratio of any 
 other quantity is expressed ; a length, 
 distance or extent. 
 
 MEDALLION (Fr.) In architecture, a tablet of 
 geometrical outline upon which is carved 
 or embossed any ornamental design. 
 
 MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE. Those styles 
 of architecture which where practiced by 
 ancient and mediaeval architects from the 
 fall of the Roman empire to the revival 
 of classic art. 
 
 MEDIANS ) A term given to the central col- 
 
 MEDIANOS \ umns of a classic portico. 
 
 MEGALITHIC. A term given to Celtic archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 MEMBER (Fr.) Any portion, moulding or 
 detail of an architectural design. 
 
 MENHIR. (See Maenhir.) 
 
 MENSA. The slab or top of an altar. 
 
 MENSURATION (Lat.) A term given to the 
 science of measuring and estimating. 
 
 MERLON. The solid portions of a battlement 
 alternating with the open spaces or em- 
 brasures. 
 
 MEROS (Gr.) The plain central space of the 
 
 triglyph. 
 MESAUL^E ) , n , . 
 MESAULE f< Gr -) passage. 
 
 METAL-WORK. A term applied to iron, 
 brass, or any architectural work made of 
 metal. 
 
 METATOME j (Gr.) The space between den- 
 METOCHE J tals. 
 
 METOPA ) (Gr.) In Doric architecture, the 
 METOPE f square piece or space between 
 
 ■ the triglyphs. 
 METRE. The French unit of length. 
 
 SJf?/ ?n?nf l< ItaL > A sma11 attic w i°dow; 
 MEZZANO t an intermediate stor y- 
 
 MEZZO-RELIEVO ) , g Bas-Relief ) 
 
 MIZZO-RELIEVO j (hame cis ms Heliet -> 
 MIDDLE POST. (Same as King Post.) 
 MIDDLE QUARTERS OF A COLUMN. When 
 
 the plan of a column is divided into four 
 
 quadrants on an angle or 45 degrees, the 
 
 four quarters are termed middle quarters. 
 MIDDLE RAIL. (Same as Lock Rail.) 
 MILK HOUSE. (See Dairy.) 
 MINARET / (See Alkorans.) Slender spirelike 
 MINERET ji structures that form a striking 
 
 feature of Turkish buildings. 
 MINDRA. (Same as Cell.) 
 MINION. Cement made of iron ore and lime. 
 MINSTER. A monasterial church. A name 
 
 often applied to a cathedral. 
 MINSTREL GALLERY. In ancient English 
 
 buildings or halls, a gallery set aside for the 
 
 music. 
 
 MINUTE (Lat.) A term used to denote the 
 sixHeth part or division of a Module. 
 
MIS 
 
 NET 
 
 MISCHIA. (Same as Scagliola.) 
 
 MISEREEE. A peculiar hinged seat used in 
 aisles of churches. 
 
 MITRE ) The joint made by the joining to- 
 
 MITRA [• gether of two pieces of material 
 
 MITER ) on an angle. 
 
 MITRE ARCH. A triangular arch. 
 
 MITRE DOVETAIL. A kind of dovetail 
 showing only one joint. 
 
 MOAT (Lat.) A trench excavated about a for- 
 tification or castle. 
 
 MODEL (Lat.) The first conception of an archi- 
 tectural creation designed as a pattern or 
 example for future operations. 
 
 MODILLION (Fr.) A small ornamental 
 bracket, consol or support for a cornice. 
 Generally the term applied to the 
 Corinthian and Roman orders. 
 
 MODINATURE. The general arrangement of 
 architectural details or mouldings. 
 
 MODULAR PROPORTION. Relating to the 
 use and application of the Module and its 
 divisions. 
 
 MODULE (Lat.) In classic architecture, a 
 measure of distance based upon the 
 diameter or semi-diameter of a classic 
 column, which is divided into equal parts 
 or minutes, thus forming a scale of pro- 
 portional measurement for tn*. entire 
 structure. 
 
 MOLDING. (See Moulding.) 
 
 MOLE (Sax.) A sea wall or foundation laid in 
 water; a pier; a Roman mausoleum. 
 
 MONASTERY. (See Convent.) 
 
 MONIAL. Same as (Mullion.) 
 
 MONKEY. The hammer of a pile-driver. 
 
 MONOCHROME. A system of fresco painting 
 in one color. 
 
 MONOLITH. A large, single or colossal stone. 
 
 MONOPTERAL ) (Gr.) A circular building or 
 
 MONOPTERON [ dome supported by a col- 
 
 MONOPTRAL ) onnade. 
 
 MONQSTYLE (Fr.) (Same meaning as Mono- 
 lith.) 
 
 MONOTRIGLYPH ) Relating to the spacing of 
 
 MONOTRIGLYH \ triglyphs ; as, for in- 
 stance, one between two columns. 
 
 MONTANT. (See Mullion.) 
 
 MONUMENT (Lat.) A memorial structure 
 erected to commemorate an important 
 event, or to perpetuate the memory of 
 some eminent person. 
 
 MOORISH ARCHITECTURE ) 
 
 MORESQUE ARCHITECTURE \ 
 
 (See Moresk.) 
 
 MOOT HALL. A town hall or public place 
 
 of resort. 
 MOP BOARD. A base board. 
 MORESK i (Same as Moorish, and relat- 
 MORESQUE [ ing to the architecture of the 
 MAURESQUE) Moors. Same as Arabesque.) 
 MORTAR (Dutch.) A composition of lime, 
 
 sand and water used in masonry. 
 MORTISE ) (Fr.) In carpentry, a hollow or 
 MORTICE \ cavity cut in a timber or piece 
 of framing lumber for the purpose of re- 
 ceiving a tenon. 
 
 The perpendicular or horizontal 
 division between sash or glass. 
 
 MORTISE LOCK / A door lock made to fit 
 
 MORTICE LOCK \ into a mortise. 
 
 MORTUARY. A tomb or burial place. 
 
 MOSAIC (Lat.) A collection of minerals, 
 woods, etc. , inlaid so as to form geometri- 
 cal or other designs in gradation of colors. 
 
 MOSQUE. A Mohammedan temple or place of 
 worship. 
 
 MOULD (Cornice). A tool used by plasterers 
 
 for running cornices. 
 MOULDINGS. Architectural details, generally 
 
 of a concave, convex, prismatic or combined 
 
 form or surface. 
 MULLION ] 
 MUNNION 
 MUNTIN 
 MONION 
 MONYAL J 
 
 MULTIFOIL. Relating to a number of foils. 
 
 MUNIMENT HOUSE. A room or apartment 
 in a cathedral or public building for the 
 safe keeping of archives and valuables. 
 
 MURAL (Lat.) Any architectural design or 
 decoration attached to the face of a wall. 
 
 MUSEUM (Gr.) A building erected and dedi- 
 cated to the exhibition or preservation of 
 scientific or natural curiosities or works of 
 art. 
 
 MUSHREBEYEH. An Arabic balcony, gen 
 erally enclosed with lattice work or a 
 screen. 
 
 MUSJID. The Arabic term for mosque. 
 
 MUTILATED CORNICE ) One that is open, 
 
 MUTILATED PEDIMENT \ broken or dis- 
 continued, occurring in classic art. 
 
 MUTULE (Fr.) A projecting, modillion-like 
 form or ornament used in the Doric order. 
 
 MYNCHERY. (Same as Convent,) 
 
 NAILS (Sax.) A metallic invention used in 
 building. 
 
 NAIL-HEAD MOULDING. A moulding used 
 in Norman architecture, characteristic of a 
 surface studded with nails- 
 
 NAOS. (Same as Nave. ) 
 
 NARTHEX. An enclosed space in a church. 
 
 The vestibule of a church. 
 NATTES. A moulding or surface in imitation 
 
 of straw-plaiting or matting. 
 NATURAL BED. A term used to designate 
 
 the horizontal or quarry bed of stratified 
 
 stone. 
 
 NAVE (Sax.) The central body of a church. 
 (See Aisle.) 
 
 NEBULE HLat.) A Saxon orna- 
 
 NEBULE MOULDING J ment in the zig-zag 
 form, used principally in the archivolts of 
 doors and windows. 
 NECK MOULD ) The smooth space at 
 
 NECK OF A COLUMN \ the top of a classic 
 column, between the astragal and anulets. 
 NEEDLE A horizontal timber used as a sup- 
 port. 
 
 NERVES ) (Fr.) In groined ceilings, the 
 NERVURES f mouldings of the ribs, ^partic- 
 ularly in the flamboyant style. 
 NET MASONRY. Stone-work in diamond 
 pattern. 
 
o <; 
 
NEW 
 
 osc 
 
 NEWEL) The post at the starting of the 
 NEUL ( rail or the central post or column 
 
 around which a circular stairway is built. 
 NICHE (Ital.) A hollow place or cavity, gen 
 
 erally in a wall used for the reception of a 
 
 statue, vase, etc. 
 NICHED COLUMN. One supporting the base 
 
 of a niche, or forming a part of one, 
 
 NOGS. Wooden blocks built into walls to 
 
 which to secure the finishing work. 
 HOGGING (Brick.) Brick work filled in or 
 
 built between studding; a wooden brick. 
 NOGGING PIECES. Bond timbers hud in 
 
 brick work, secured at the end to the si ml 
 
 ding. 
 
 NONAGON (Gr.) In geometry a figure of nine 
 sides and angles. 
 
 NORMAN ARCHITECTURE. A certain clas- 
 sification of the Romanesque style, as 
 adapted by the early English architects. 
 In its first "stages the principal characteris- 
 tics were plain, massive piers and walls, cir- 
 cular openings, and few mouldings. In the 
 later stages of the style the details became 
 lighter and more ornate. The Norman arch 
 was either round, semi-circular or of a horse 
 shoe form, the capitals of pillars and col 
 umns being devoid of ornamentation. The 
 doorways were dec ]), recessed with moulded 
 jambs and archivolts. The zig-zag mould- 
 ing was one of the principal marking feat- 
 ures of the style. Spires and pinnacles are 
 rare in this style, square and massive 
 towers predominating. The period cover- 
 ing the practice of this style from its incep- 
 tion to its final transition into the Early 
 English style, may be dated from A. D. 1066 
 to 1189. comprising the reigns of William I.. 
 William II., Henry I.. Stephen, Henry II., 
 and Richard I., of England. 
 
 NOSINGS ) The projecting mouldings of a step 
 
 NOSING \ in stair building. 
 
 NOTCH-BOARD. (See Carriage of a stair.) 
 
 NOTCHING } A term used in framing to denote 
 
 NOTCHED j the act. of lilting one piece into 
 another. 
 
 NUCLEUS (Lat.) The base of ancient cement 
 flooring. 
 
 NURAGHE. The remains of ancient Phoeni- 
 cian buildings. 
 
 roh v r C u p ii I if i ra>, 
 used in building; 
 as white, red and 
 
 OAK (Sax.) From Qi 
 a well-known wood 
 there are several va 
 black. 
 
 OBELISK (Lat.) A general appellation given 
 
 to a quadrangular shaft of stone, raised as 
 
 a monument. 
 OBLIQUE ARCHES. Those constructed on 
 
 an angle; obliquely. 
 OBLONG. A rectangle of unequal dimensions. 
 OBTUSE (Lat.) Anything blunt. 
 OBTUSE ANGLED' TRIANGLE. One with 
 
 an obtuse outline. 
 OBTUSE ARCH. A flat or drop arch. 
 OCTAGON (Gr ) ) A geometrical figure of eight 
 OCTOGON f sides and angles. 
 
 OCTAHEDRON (Gr.) ) A geometrical figure of 
 OCT^EDRON C eight equal and eight 
 
 equilateral triangles. 
 OCTASTYLE j An order consisting of 
 OCTOSTYLE (Gr.) \ eight columns. (Classic.) 
 OCULUS. A round window. 
 ODEUM (Lat.) / A rehearsal room in a theatre. 
 ODEON f A music room or building. 
 
 OZCUS(Gr.) An apartment attached to a din 
 
 ing-room. 
 
 OFFICES. Business rooms in public buildings 
 
 In extensive dwellings, the rooms allotted 
 
 to the servants. 
 OFFSET. A term applied to any portion of a 
 
 building or wall receding from a certain 
 
 face, as a buttress, caps, etc. 
 OGEE i A moulding of the same outline as 
 O. G. - Cymatium. 
 OGYVE \ 
 
 An arch partaking ol G. form. 
 French term designating the 
 
 •ircular openings in 
 walls of ancient castles, 
 through which missiles were 
 
 OGEE ARCH 
 OGIVAL. A 
 Gothic. 
 
 OGIVES (Fr. ) The diagonal arches of a vaulted 
 
 or groined ceiling. 
 OILLETS (Fr.) ) Small 
 OILLETTES [ 
 01 LETS \ 
 
 discharged. 
 
 OP/E (Gr.) The clear distance between joists. 
 
 OPENING (Sax.) (See Aperture.) 
 
 OPERA HOUSE. A building erected for the 
 purposes of performing operas 
 
 OPISTHODOMOS ((Jr. ) / An enclosed orwalled 
 
 OPISTHODOMUS } space behind a clas- 
 sic temple. 
 
 OPUS. (See Net Masonry.) 
 
 ORANGERY. A building devoted to the cul- 
 ture of oranges. 
 
 ORATORY (Lat.) A small chapel or building 
 used for the purpose of prayer. (Roman.) 
 
 ORB (Lat.) (Same as Boss.) A blank window 
 or panel. 
 
 ORCHESTRA. A spi 
 set apart for (he oi 
 
 ORDER (Lat.) A tern 
 tain classification 
 
 re in mo< 
 hestra or musicia 
 used to designate 
 i>r arrangement i 
 
 theatres 
 
 the 
 
 letails and parts of a distinct period 
 
 (Same .is Order.) 
 
 sever; 
 
 of arc 
 ORDINANCE (Fr.) ) 
 ORDONNANCE \ 
 ORDINATES. Certain line 
 
 point in the direction 
 
 initiation. 
 
 ORIEL )(Etym. not known.) A 
 
 ORIEL WINDOW - projecting or overhang 
 ORIOLE \ ing architectural con 
 
 struction of any external form, divided into 
 
 several windows or openings. 
 ORLE (Ital.) A border or fillet. The 
 
 under the ovolo of a capital. 
 ORNAMENTS (Lat.) Architectural decoration 
 
 or embellishment. 
 ORTHOGONAL. (Same as Rectangle.) 
 ORTHOGRAPHY (Gr ) In architecture the 
 
 delineation of a front elevation or facade. 
 ORTHOSTYLE. The arrangement of columns 
 
 in a straight line. 
 OSCULATING CIRCLE. -In geometry a circle 
 
 of curvature. 
 
 drawn from any 
 f any certain ter- 
 
 square 
 
PARGE WORK. 
 
OUN 
 
 PEC 
 
 OUNDY MOULDING. A moulding of a wavy 
 outline. 
 
 OUT-AND IN BOND. Quoius used alternately 
 on corners. 
 
 OUTFALL / Tlie mouth or termination of a 
 
 OUTLET \ drain or pipe. 
 
 OVA (Lat.) Relating to the egg ornament of 
 
 the Echenus. which see. 
 OVAL ( Lat. ) A figure in geometry, consisting 
 
 of an endless line; egg-shaped. 
 
 SvIrStORy"} (Same as clear-story.) 
 
 OVOLO (Lat.) A convex or half-round mould- 
 ing used in Roman work. 
 
 OUT OF WINDING. A term used to convey 
 the fact of a flat straight surface, not crooked 
 or winding. 
 
 OUT TO OUT. Distance from one extreme 
 
 to another. 
 OUTWARD ANGLE. A salient angle. 
 OXYGON (Gr.) An acute-angled triangle. 
 
 PACE. (Same as Dais.) 
 PACKING. Small stones bedded in mortal 
 and used to till the interstices of stone 
 work. 
 
 PAGET. (See Parget. ) 
 
 PAGOI) / A tall pyramidal construction ot 
 
 PAGODA f the Chinese. 
 
 PAILLASSE. (Same as Nattes.) 
 
 PAINT. A pigment of many colors and shades. 
 
 PAINTER, An artisan who practices the art 
 of colors, combined with a practical knowl- 
 edge of their uses. 
 
 PAIR. In architecture a term denoting two of 
 a kind. 
 
 PALACE (Lat.) A term generally used to de 
 note a large dwelling or edifice; a royal 
 residence. 
 
 PALAESTRA (Or.) Part of a Grecian gymna- 
 sium. 
 
 PALISADES. An enclosure or strong fence. 
 
 PALM. An ancient unit of measurement, de- 
 rived from the breadth of the hand or four 
 inches. 
 
 PALLADIAX. Referring to an Italian school 
 of architecture originated by Palladio. 
 
 PAMPRE (Fr. ) An ornamental carving of vine 
 leaves. 
 
 PAN. The square framing of English half-tim 
 beied houses. 
 
 PANCARPI (Gr.) Garlands and carvings of 
 fruits, flowers, etc. 
 
 PANE. A surface figure, as a square, octagon, 
 rectangle, etc., as a pane of glass. 
 
 PANEL (Fr.) A sunken surface of any form 
 surrounded by a raised or moulded border. 
 
 PANNIER. (Same as Corbel.) 
 
 PANTILE. A curved roof tile. 
 
 PANTRY. A room in modern houses gener- 
 ally devoted to culinary uses. 
 
 PARABOLA (G 
 
 line. 
 
 A curved geometri 
 PARABOLIC ASYMPTOTE ) G e o m e t r i c a 1 
 PARABOLIC CURVE I problems 
 
 PARABOLIC SPIRAL I based upon. 
 
 PARABOLIC PARABOLOID J or connected 
 with the parabola. 
 
 PARACLOSE ( A wooden screen used in cathe- 
 
 PARCLOSB \ drals to separate side chapels 
 from the body of the church. 
 
 PARALLEL COPING. Roof coping laid par- 
 allel with the quarry bed. 
 
 PARALLELOGRAM (Gr.) A four-sided recti- 
 lineal figure whose sides are parallel. 
 
 PARALLELOPIPED. A geometrical figure. 
 
 PARAMETER (Gr.) A conic section. 
 
 PARAPET (Lat.) A low wall or protection. 
 
 PARASCENIUM (Gr.) The back part of an 
 ancient Roman theatre. 
 
 PARASTAT^l I , s . 
 
 PARASTATA \ (bame as Antfe - 
 
 PARGET ) The act of plastering or finish- 
 
 PARGETING - ing the flue of a chimney 
 
 PARGED ) with mortar. 
 
 PARGE-BOARD. (Same as Barge-Board. ) 
 
 PARGE WORK. Ornamental plastering or 
 patterns used in decorating walls. 
 
 PARLOUR (Fr.) > A term given to the principal 
 
 PARLOR f apartment of a modern 
 
 house. 
 
 PARODOS (Gr.) Relating to the scenery of a 
 
 Roman theatre. 
 PARPEYX. A pier or buttress projecting 
 
 from a wall. 
 PARQUETRY. Inlaid work, relating to floors. 
 PARQUETTE (Fr.) The central portion of a 
 
 modern theatre ; the lower Moor. 
 PARSONAGE. The residence of a minister of 
 
 the church. 
 
 PARTHENON. A celebrated temple of an- 
 cient Athens. 
 PARTING BEAD f A small bead or strip 
 PARTING STRIP f grooved into tin; pulley 
 stile of a window frame, separating the 
 sash. 
 
 PARTITION (Lat.) In architecture, a division 
 
 PARTY WALL. A wall generally erected be- 
 tween two separate buildings and centered 
 upon the dividing line of two lots of ground. 
 
 PARVIS ) The main entrance to a church ; a 
 
 PARVISE \ porch or portico 
 
 PARVIS TURRET. A small tower or turret 
 inclosing a stairway leading to the 
 Parvis. 
 
 PASSAGE. A communication or hall between 
 rooms. 
 
 PASTOPH()RIA(Gr.) An apartment in a Gre- 
 cian temple. 
 
 PATBAND. The bottom plate of a partition 
 or screen. 
 
 PATE. In fortifications a circular platform 
 
 surrounded by a wall. 
 PATERA (Lat.) A shallow circular Roman 
 
 vessel used in sacrifices. 
 PATERNOSTERS. A species of ornament 
 
 formed by beads, ovals, baguetts, etc 
 PAVEMENT (Lat.) A street, tl \ or walk. 
 
 of stone, brick, etc. 
 PAVILION (Fr.) A building usually insu- 
 lated and contained under a single roof 
 PAVILION ROOF. A term often applied to a 
 
 hip roof, springing from an octagon or cir 
 
 cular plan. 
 
 PAX. A tablet or panel decorated with some 
 
 Christian symbol. 
 PECKIMGS. Soft brick ; common brick. 
 
PIER 
 
 PILASTER 
 
PEC 
 
 PIT 
 
 PECKY. Timber showing the first stages of 
 decay. 
 
 PEDESTAL. The base or lowermost portion 
 
 of an order of architecture. 
 PEDIMENT. Toe gable or triangular portion 
 
 of a classic cornice. 
 PEDIMENT ARCH. (Same as Mitre Arch.) 
 PELASGIAC (Relating- to Cyclopean struc- 
 PELASGIAN f tures. 
 
 PELL TOWER. (Same meaning as Donjon.) 
 PELLET MOULDING. A Norman moulding 
 
 consisting of a Hat band, ornamented with 
 
 Hat circular disks. 
 PEND. A vaulted roof without groining. 
 PENDANT POST. A short post resting on a 
 
 corbel of a. gothic roof, forming tbe start- 
 ing of the truss. 
 PENDENT (Lat.) An ornamental, carved or 
 
 turned drop. 
 PENDENTIVE VAULT ) Terms used 
 
 PENDENTIVE BRACKETING - to express 
 PENDENTIVE CRADLING \ various 
 
 forms of constructive processes employed 
 
 in building vaulted ceilings. 
 PENITENTIARY. A place of confinement for 
 
 criminals. 
 
 PENTACLE. A geometrical figure, the base of 
 
 which is a double triangle. 
 PENTADORON (Gr.) An ancient brick five 
 
 palms long. 
 
 PENTAGON (Gr.) A geometrical figure of five 
 sides and angles. 
 
 PENTAGRAPH ) An instrument used to copy 
 
 PENTOGRAPH J drawings. 
 
 PENTALPIIA. Ageometrical figure taking the 
 form of a five pointed star. 
 
 PENTASTYLE. A classic portico of five col- 
 umns. 
 
 PENTRALE (Lat.) The most sacred portion 
 
 of a Roman temple. 
 PENTRALI A ( Lat. J A small Roman chapel. 
 
 PENTROOP I A roof with a slope on one 
 PENTHOUSE C side only ; a lean-to. 
 PERBEND. A header in masonry. 
 PERCH. A measure for brick or itone work. 
 
 In England it equals 15} cube feet. In 
 
 United States 24} cube feet. 
 PERCLOSE. (See Paraclose.) 
 
 PLRGETINg" t (Same as Parget.) 
 PERIBOLUS (Gr.) A Roman court. 
 PERIDROME (Gr. ) In ancient architecture 
 
 the space between the columns of the 
 
 portico and walls of cell. 
 PERIMETER (Gr.) In geometry the boundary 
 
 of a figure. 
 
 PERIPHERY (Gr.) The circumference of a 
 
 circle or any curvilinear figure. 
 PERIPTERE (Gr.) An ancient building sur- 
 rounded with insulated columns. 
 PERIPTERAL (Gr.) (Much the same meaning 
 
 as Periptere.) 
 PERISTYLIUM) (Gr.) In ancient Roman 
 PERISTYLE - and Greek architecture an 
 PERISTYLON ) open court surrounded by a 
 
 colonnade. 
 PERITHERIDES ) la , , 
 
 PERETHYRIDES H Same asAacon -) 
 
 uprigj 
 
 stone use 
 
 PERPEN ASHLAR. (Same as Ashlar.) 
 
 PERPENDICULAR PERIOD. The last stage 
 of English Gothic architecture. The term 
 isderived from the predominance of vertical 
 lines employed. This style gradually de- 
 veloped from the Decorated during the 
 latter part of the Fourteenth century and 
 flourished until the middle of the sixteenth. 
 
 PERPEND STON E ) (Same as Binders.) sr.. no 
 
 PERPENT-STONE - reaching through a 
 
 PERPENDER. ) wall. 
 
 PERPEYN WALL. A pier or buttress pro- 
 jecting from a wall. 
 
 PERRON. An outside stairway. 
 
 PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE ) That ancien t 
 
 PERSEPOLITAN " \ style of arch- 
 
 itecture practiced by the Persians. 
 
 PERSIANS ) ,a ,,,„ . > 
 
 PIRSIC [(SameasAtlantes.) 
 
 PEST-HOUSE. A building devoted i.. the 
 I treatment of infectious diseases. 
 PEULVAN. A 
 Celtic masoni 
 PEW i 
 
 PUP (A •) A. seat in a church building. 
 
 PHAROS ) A lighthouse. The term isderived 
 PIIARE C from a celebrated lighthouse of 
 Alexandria. 
 
 PIIEASANTRY. A building devoted to the 
 
 PHONICS. The science of sound. 
 PIAZZA ) 
 PEACHE f 
 
 PUTS WALL. A celebrated Roman wall 
 
 built in England. 
 PIEDROIT (Fr.) A partially engaged pilaster 
 
 PIENI). A square corner, an angle, a hip. 
 PIEND CHECK. The rebate formed on the 
 
 bottom of a riser of a step. 
 PIER (Fr.) A solid wall between openings. 
 
 The wall space between doors or windows. 
 
 (Same as Impost, a Pilaster. I 
 PIER ARCH. Anarch springing from a pier. 
 PILA. (See Pile.) 
 
 PILASTER. A square pier or column gradually 
 projecting about a fourth of its width. 
 
 PILE (Lat.) A timber driven into the earth for 
 support of a foundation or wall. 
 
 PILLAGE. A term sometimes used Undesignate 
 a pilaster. 
 
 PILLAR (Lat.) A term used to indicate a 
 column of any form or proportion, not 
 classic. 
 
 PIN. A mechanical invention or device for 
 
 securing framing timbers. 
 PINACOTHECA (Gr.) A picture gallery. 
 PINNACLE ( Lat. I A point, the crowning 
 
 apex of any architectural Creation. 
 PIN I'P. To wedge up. to fasten with a pin. 
 PIPE. Generally a water conduit. 
 PISCINA (Lat.) A water font or vessel used 
 
 in Christian churches. 
 PISE. A certain kind of wall built of earth or 
 
 h and open court, or SOU are 
 
 PIT, OF A THEATRE 
 PITCH. Atermnse.lt 
 roof or the incline < 
 
 (Sai 
 indi< 
 any 
 
 is Parquette. ) 
 the slant of a 
 
PORTICO 
 PORTICUS 
 
PIT 
 
 POT 
 
 PITCH OF AN ARCH. The versed sine or 
 height from spring line to intrados. 
 
 PITCHED "WORK. A kiud of rough or ran- 
 dom stone masonry. 
 
 PITCHING PIECE. The bottom part of a flight 
 of stairs. 
 
 PLACARD. The interior finish or head casing 
 of a door. 
 
 PLACE BRICK. Common brick, soft brick. 
 PLAFOND )(Fr.) The ceiling of a room. 
 PLATF,OND I (Same as Soffit.) 
 PLAIN TILE | Roof tile whose surfaces are 
 PLANE TILE ) smooth. 
 
 PLAN (Lat.) The representation or drawing of 
 
 a building, or an arrangement of the rooms 
 
 and apartments. 
 PLANCHER / The under surface of a cornice. 
 PLANCEER f (Same as Soffit.) 
 PLANE (Lat.) A flat, even surface. 
 PLANE GEOMETRICAL^ Terms used in dem" 
 PLANE HORIZONTAL | onstrating the 
 PLANE INCLINED i science of per- 
 PLANE OBJECTIVE | spective draw- 
 PLANE PERSPECTIVE J ing. 
 PLANIMETRY. That branch of geometry 
 
 relating to lines and surfaces. 
 PLANK. A name generally applied to timber 
 
 from 2 to 4 inches thick and from 4 to V2 
 
 inches wide. 
 PLANK ROOF ) A roof framing formed of 
 PLANK TRUSS J plank. 
 
 PLANTED. A moulding or piece of joiners' 
 
 work attached to another, as planted on. 
 PLANTING. Denoting the laying of the first 
 
 course of stone in a foundation. 
 PLASTER. A mixture of lime, sand, hair and 
 
 water. A preparation of ground gypsum. 
 PLASTERER. An artisan who works in 
 
 plaster. 
 
 PLASTER OF PARIS. A ground preparation 
 of gypsum or alabaster. The name is 
 derived from the fact of its first being pro- 
 cured at Mont Martre. near Paris, France. 
 
 PLAT. (Same as Plan.) 
 
 PLATBAND. Any flat band or moulding as a 
 
 facia or fillet. 
 PLATE. A flat timber or beam used in con- 
 structive carpentry. 
 PLATE GLASS. The best quality of window 
 
 glass, generally heavy, thick, and polished. 
 
 Made of silica 78 parts, potash 2, soda 19, 
 
 lime 5, alumina 2. 
 PLATE TRACERY A simple form of Gothic 
 
 tracery used in early English work. 
 PLATFOND (See Plafond.) 
 PLATFORM The raised portion of a floor, a 
 
 dais. 
 
 PLINTH (Gr.) The lower block of a pilaster 
 or column The base of any portion. 
 
 PLOUGHED j . ' . 
 
 pi q™. f A continuous groove in a piece 
 
 PLOUGH f of joiner s work 
 
 PLUGS Wood pins or wedges driven into 
 masonry to secure wood finishing to. 
 
 PLUMBER An artificer who works in lead 
 and hydraulics. 
 
 PLUMBING The art of working in lead and 
 hydraulic apparatus 
 
 PLUTEUS (Same as Podium.) 
 
 POCKET. A recess or box forming part of a 
 
 window frame or sliding door. 
 PODIUM (Lat.) A sort of continuous base or 
 
 pedestal or railing. 
 POINT (Lat.) That which has no size or 
 
 dimension (geometry); the end of any object 
 POINT ACCIDENTAL j 
 
 POINT OF DISTANCE ! Terms used in per- 
 POINT OBJECTIVE f spective drawing. 
 POINT OF SIGHT J 
 POINT A L. (See King-post.) 
 POINTED ARCH. An early English (Gothic) 
 arch. 
 
 POINTED ARCHITECTURE. A general term 
 for Gothic. 
 
 POINTING. The act of filling the joints of 
 brick or stone work, or planting on a false 
 joint, using a superior kind of mortar or 
 cement for the work. 
 
 POINTS. Triangular tin points used in glazing. 
 POLE PLATE, A purlin secured at the lower 
 
 ends of a set of roof trusses to carry the 
 
 foot of rafters. 
 
 POLYCHROMY. A term synonymous with 
 
 fresco painting. 
 POLYFOIL. An ornament common in Gothic 
 
 tracery, formed by the intersection of 
 
 several segments or "circles. 
 POLYGON (Gr.) A geometrical figure whose 
 
 perimeter consists of more than four sides 
 
 and angles. 
 
 POLYGRAM (Gr.) A geometrical figure of 
 many lines. 
 
 POLYHEDRON / A solid geometrical figure 
 POLYHEDRON > contained under several 
 
 sides or planes. 
 POLYSTYLE (Gr.) A building having many 
 
 columns (classic.) 
 POM EL (Lat.) A pinnacle. 
 POPPY HEAD j T n „ . 
 
 POPPIE II F \D Gothic work the o in anient - 
 POPPIES \ al termination of pew ends. 
 
 PORCH (Fr.) Much the same meaning as 
 
 Portico, which see. 
 PORT AIL (Fr.) The facade of a building, a 
 
 gateway. 
 
 PORTAL (Lat.) A gateway, doorway or en- 
 trance. The square corner of a room. 
 
 PORTCULLIS (Fr.) A strong screen or frame 
 work to an ancient gateway. 
 
 PORTICO 1 (Span.. A covered colonnade, an 
 
 PORTICUS \ entrance. 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT. A quick setting lime, 
 
 made of clay and limestone. 
 POST (Fr ) An upright support, a timber in a 
 
 roof truss, as King or Queen post. etc. 
 POSTERN A rear or side doorway, a small 
 
 gateway. 
 
 POSTICUM. (Same as Postern.) The rear part 
 
 or wall of a classic temple. 
 POSTIQUE (Lat.) In sculpture a superadded 
 
 ornament. 
 
 POST-SCENIUM ) (Lat.) A dressing room or 
 PA R ASCEN I U M \ place at the rear end of a 
 
 Roman theatre. 
 POT METAL. A certain kind of stained glass 
 
 in which the colors are incorporated while 
 
 in a state of fusion. 
 
POU 
 
 POULTRY HOUSE. A building devoted to 
 
 the care and shelter of poultry. 
 POYNTELL. A pavement composed of 
 
 diamond-shaped tiles or diagonal tiles. 
 POZZOLANA ] Volcanic matter from the 
 
 POZZUOLANA | 
 PUZZUOLANA ( 
 Pl'ZZOLANA J 
 
 district around Pozzuoii, 
 Italy, which when ground 
 and' mixed with lime and 
 and strong setting 
 
 water forms a hard 
 cement. 
 
 PRjECINCTIO, / (Lat.) A seat or bench in 
 
 or BALTEUS J ancient theatres. 
 PKECEPTORY / A building devoted to the 
 PRECEPTORIES j uses of ancient Knights 
 Templar. 
 
 PRESBYTERY. The choir of a cathedral. 
 
 PRICKING UP COAT. The first coat of 
 plastering. 
 
 PRICK-POST. (Same as Queen-post.) 
 
 PRIMING. The first coat of paint. 
 
 PRINCIPAL. Generally a truss rafter. 
 
 PRINCIPAL BRACE. In roof framing the 
 main brace under the principal rafter. 
 
 PRINCIPAL RAFTER. The main rafter form- 
 in";' the upper part of a roof truss. 
 
 PRIORY. A monastery. 
 
 PRISM. A geometrical figure. 
 
 PRISMOID. A geometrical figure. 
 
 PRISON. (See Penitentiary.) 
 
 PRODOMUS. The cell of an ancient temple. 
 
 PROFILE. The outline or contour of a body. 
 
 PROJECTION. The art of representing a 
 body on a plane by lines. 
 
 PROJECTURE. A term used to denote the 
 prominent parts of a building. 
 
 PRONAOS. (Same as Portico or Porch.) 
 
 PROP. (See Post.) 
 
 PROPSTYLE / A Colonnade or range of Col- 
 PROTSTYLE f umns. 
 PROPYL^EA (Gr.n 
 
 PROPYL^EUM I A court entrance or ves- 
 PROPYLEUM [' tibule. (Classic.) 
 PROPYLON j 
 
 PROSCENIUM (Gr.) That part of the stage of 
 an ancient theatre in front of the drop 
 curtain. 
 PROSTAS. A Colonnade. 
 PROSTYLL. A range of columns. 
 FROSTY PA / 
 PROSTIPA \ 
 FROTHY RIS (Gr.) A crossbeam, a console. 
 PROTHYRUM (Gr.) A porch or portal. 
 PSEUDISODOMON (Gr.) ) Same as rockface 
 PSEUDISODOMUM \ stonework. 
 PSEUDODIPTERAL (Gr.) An ancient temple 
 having a portico of eight columns in front 
 and a single row on each side 
 PSEU DO PERIPTERAL (Gr.) An ancient tem- 
 ple having engaged columns on each side. 
 PTERA (Gr. ) In Grecian temples the colon 
 
 nade surrounding the cell. 
 PTEROMA (Gr.) j In Grecian temples the space 
 PTEROMATA \ between the walls of the 
 
 cell and the columns. 
 PUDDLING. Denoting a method of filling or 
 
 backing a wall with clay. 
 PUGGING. (Same asDeafening.) 
 PLTG FILING. Same as sheet or plank piling. 
 
 Car 
 
 in half relief. 
 
 QUA. 
 
 PULLEY (Fr.) One of the five mechanical 
 powers. 
 
 PULLY MORTISE. (Same asChace Mortice.) 
 PULPIT. A raised dais platform, or enclosed 
 space in a church. 
 
 PULPITUM. (Same as Proscenium.) 
 
 PULVINARIA (Lat. I In ancient temples, 
 cushions for the priest's use. 
 
 PULVINATA (Lat.) A pillow as applied to 
 the Ionic capital, 
 
 PULVINATED (Lat.) A frieze, as in some ex- 
 amples it. takes the form of a swell or pillow. 
 
 PUMP. A mechanical apparatus for raisin- or 
 forcing water. 
 
 PUNCHION (Fr.) A post or strut, a brace. 
 
 PURFLED (Fr. ) Fine carved work in stone. 
 
 PURLIN. A horizontal piece of timber rest- 
 ing upon and reach ing from one truss rafter 
 to another for the purpose of carrying the 
 common rafters. 
 
 PUT LA L. The curbstone to a well. 
 
 PUTLOG / Short timbers or log- used in 
 
 PUTLOCK f building scaffolds. 
 
 PUTLOG HOLES. Holes left in mason work 
 which supports one end of the putlog 
 
 PUTTY (Fr.) A mixture made of whiting, 
 white lead, oil, etc. 
 
 PUZZOLANA. (See Pozzolana.) 
 
 PYCNOSTVLE (Gr.) An ancient temple 
 where the columns stand quite close to- 
 gether. 
 
 PYLON. A term used to denote the massive 
 
 walls of an Egyptian temple. 
 PVNUNTA BLE. (Same as coping.) 
 PYRAMID (Gr. ) A massive erection of stone 
 
 base, terminating at a point. ' 
 PYRAMIDION. A small pyramid terminating 
 
 the top of a shaft or obelisk. 
 PYRAMIDOID. A geometrical solid. 
 
 YDRA. A plain border, frame 
 panel. 
 
 AD1-LE. Small fillets or squares each 
 of an " 
 
 il to a 
 li side 
 
 Base. The lower 
 
 of the ! 
 
 member of a pedestal or plinth, 
 ADRANGLE (Lat.) A plane figure of four 
 sides and angles. 
 
 ADRANT. The quarter of a circle. 
 \DREL. A square stone. 
 VDRIFORES. A door cut into four sections 
 so as to open half in height or width 
 ADRILATERAL. A geometrical figure. 
 \DRIPORTKTS. A quadrangular portico. 
 \RREL / A diamond shaped tile, slate or 
 ARRY \ light of glass. 
 
 ARRY BED I A term used to denote the 
 
 ARRY BOND f natural bed of stone when 
 stratified. 
 
 \RTERS 1 Scantlings of studs 
 
 ARTERINGS I from two to four 
 
 VRTER PARTITIONS f inches thick. A 
 ARTER TIMBERS ) square panel. 
 VRTER GRAIN. (See Quarter Sawed.) 
 \RTER PACE. The quarter landing of a 
 stairwav. 
 
QUA - 
 
 QUARTER ROUND. A moulding whose con- 
 tour is a quarter ot a circle. 
 QUARTER SAWED ( A method of sawing tim- 
 OR RIFT SAWED f ber transversely to the 
 circular rings or plates, or cutting the me- 
 dullary rays at right angles with the circles 
 of growth. 
 
 QUATRE FOIL (Fr.) A gothic form, the out- 
 line of which is derived by the intersect 
 
 of four circles, the points of meeting being 
 termed cusps. 
 
 QUEEN. A certain size slate used in roofing. 
 
 QUEEN-POST. A term applied to the sus- 
 pended posts of a roof truss, serving the 
 same purpose of the king post, which sec. 
 
 QUICKLIME. Lime in a fresh, live state. 
 
 §™[ Same as Choi, 
 
 QUIRK. A groove or recess. (See Bead and 
 Quirk.) 
 
 QUIRK-MOULDING. A convex moulding. 
 QUOIN (Fr.) (See Coin.) 
 
 RABBET (Fr.) )A channel or groove sunk 
 REBATE - into a piece of framing 
 REBATING ) lumber; a square recess or 
 sink. 
 
 RABBET- JOINT. The joint formed by a 
 rabbet. 
 
 RAD. A wall built of chopped straw and clay. 
 RADIUS. In geometry the distance from the 
 
 center of a circle to the circumference. 
 RAFFLE-LEAF. The imitation of a leaf or 
 
 leaves used in decoration, as the acanthus 
 
 leaf in the Corinthian capital. 
 RAFTER. The timbers of a roof framing. 
 RAG WORK. A rough kind of stone-work. 
 RAIL (Ger.) / A term used to designate certain 
 RAILING f parts of a structure, as hand 
 
 rail, top rail, bottom rail, lock rail, etc., etc. 
 RAISER I Generally a term used to designate 
 RISER f that portion of a stairs between 
 
 the steps or treads, secured to the front edge 
 
 of one and the bac k edge of the other. 
 RAISING-PIECES ) In English timber build- 
 REASON-PIECES f ings, a piece that lies 
 
 under a beam and on top of the posts after 
 
 the nature of a lintel. 
 RAKE 
 RAKING 
 
 RAKING MOULDINGS \ a roof; the mould- 
 ings at the overhanging edge of a roof. 
 
 RAMP (Fr.) In hand-railing, the concavity 
 formed on top of a rail, where it rises from 
 a landing or platform onto a step. 
 
 RAMPANT ARCH. One whose abutments 
 are on unequal levels one above the other. 
 
 RAMPART. The walls enclosing a fortifica- 
 tion. 
 
 ) The edge of a sloping 
 ' roof; the incline of 
 
 RANCE. A Scotch term for a post or prop. 
 RANDOM-RANGE WORK. A term applied 
 
 to stone-work where the courses are not all 
 
 of an even thickness. 
 R ANGE. A term used to designate any portion 
 
 of a building built in regular order. 
 RANGE WORK. Stone-work where the 
 
 courses are all in the same line 
 
 RES 
 
 RAYONXANT (Fr.) A French term for the 
 enriched and radiating lines in Gothic ar- 
 chitecture. 
 
 HEAR VAULT. Same as recessed vaull or 
 
 REBBATE. (See Rabbet.) 
 
 RECESS (Lat.) Same as Alcove; a cavity. 
 
 RECESSED VAULT OR ARCH. One vault re- 
 cessed within another. 
 
 RECTANGLE. In geometry a figure composed 
 of right angles. 
 
 RECTIFICATION. A geometrical problem; 
 the act of determining the length of a 
 
 RECTILINEAR PERIOD. A name given to 
 that period of Gothic art known as the Per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 RECTORY. An English term for a priest's 
 dwelling, generally adjacent to and belong- 
 ing to the church. 
 
 REDAN (Fr.) Projections built against walls- 
 a small fortification. 
 
 REDOUBT ( Lat. | / A small square fort or forti- 
 
 REDOUBTE f fication. 
 
 REDUCT. A quirk or groove. 
 
 REED MOULDING. A moulding formed like 
 a bundle of beads or reeds. 
 
 REFECTORY (Lat.) A r n in which re- 
 freshments are served; a dining hall. 
 
 REFRIGERATOR. A mechanical invention for 
 the preservation of perishable meats, food, 
 etc. 
 
 REGLET l (Fr.) A flat, narrow moulding prin- 
 RIGLET f cipally to divide panels. 
 REGRATING. The process of refinishing or 
 
 tooling the face of stone-work. 
 REGULA (Lat.) A band in the Doric architrave. 
 REIGNER WORK. Same as Inlaid Work. 
 REINS OF A VAULT. The walls that sustain 
 
 the vault or roof. 
 REJOINT1NG. The act of filling old joints in 
 
 stone-work with new mortar. 
 RELIEVO (Lat.) A term used to designate 
 
 sculpture in relief. 
 RELIEVING ARCH. Same as Discharging 
 
 Arch. 
 
 RELISH. The projection of the .shoulders of 
 a tenon. 
 
 RENAISSANCE. A term given to the revival 
 of classic details in French Gothic Architec- 
 ture. It corresponds with the Italian 
 Cinque Cento, and the English Elizabethan. 
 RENDER / The manner of plastering di- 
 RENDERING \ rectly on stone or brick 
 walls. 
 
 REPLUM (Lat.) In ancient architecture the 
 panels of a door. 
 
 REREDOS i A screen or ornamental panel 
 
 REREDOSSE \ work behind the altar or pul- 
 pit of a church. 
 
 RESERVOIR (Fr.) A basin, cistern or tank 
 for the supply of water. 
 
 RESIGNER WORK. (See Reigner Work. ) 
 
 RESPONDS. In Gothic art, half piers or but- 
 tresses. 
 
 RESSAUNT / (Fr.) The projection of one 
 RESSAULT f ' moulding beyond the face of 
 another. 
 
RET 
 
 RUS 
 
 RETABLE. A shelf in the chancel of a church. 
 
 RETAINING WALL. A wall built generally 
 on an incline, or wider at the bottom than 
 the top, for the purpose of counteracting 
 the thrust of a bank of earth or a lateral 
 pressure of any kind. 
 
 RETICULATED (Diamond-shaped. 
 
 RETICULATED WORK \ like the meshes of 
 a net. 
 
 RETRENCHMENT. The act of cutting off or 
 
 reducing parts. 
 RETURN. The act of extending a moulding 
 
 or any part in an opposite direction, or on 
 
 another angle. 
 RETURN BEAD. Same as Bead and Quirk. 
 REVEAL / (Lat.) The vertical joints or sides 
 REVELS ) of an opening in a wall, from the 
 
 face to the frame. 
 REVERSED ARCH. Same as Inverted Arch. 
 REVERSED OGEE. (See Ogee.) 
 RHODIACUM. An apartment in a Grecian 
 
 house 
 
 RHOMB fQ , Tn „ eometrv a 
 RHOMBOID (- <!,.;,] ; 
 RHOMBUS \ eiain S ure - 
 
 T?TBS SaX 'H A moulded projection dividi 
 RIBBED \ a ({o,n ' c vauit > root or ceiling 
 
 RIBBET (Sax.) ) , g _ fi R ) 
 REBET ^(toarne as wecess.; 
 
 the numerous cities of the Roman Empire. 
 Many of the stupendous works of the 
 Romans were erected under the immediate 
 direction of the several great Emperors 
 who. from 4(10 B. ('. to the Christian era. 
 reigned as conquerers of the surrounding 
 countries, using the proceeds of their nu- 
 merous conquests to build and beautify 
 their capital. The distinctive features of 
 Roman architecture arc massive walls and 
 piers, the arch and the gigantic scale upon 
 which their great works were built. The 
 early efforts of the Romans were based on 
 the principles derived from the Etruscans 
 and Greeks, developing gradually, however, 
 into a style that ultimately became known 
 as the Roman order of architecture. 
 
 ROMAN CEMENT. A name first given to a 
 celebrated cement used by the Romans, and 
 lately to an English preparation. 
 
 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE. A gen- 
 eral term for several debased style- or 
 classes of architecture based on the Roman, 
 as the Byzantine. Lombardic, Saxon, Nor- 
 man, etc. 
 
 ROOD. An architectural cross-form decora- 
 tion : a measure equal to 36 square yards. 
 ROOD- ARCH. A chancel arch. 
 ROOD-BEAM. A beam over the entrance to 
 
 RIDGE (Sax. 
 roof. 
 
 Tin 
 
 joint or apex of a gable 
 
 RISING HINGE. A hing 
 to raise a door or blind 
 
 RIDGE-POLE. The horizontal piece of timber 
 at the ridge of a gable roof to which is se- 
 cured the rafters. 
 
 RIDGE-TILE. Roofing tile of a convex shape 
 for covering a ridge. 
 
 RIGGEN. (Same as Ridge.) 
 
 RIGHT ANGLE. An angle of 90 degrees. 
 
 RIP RAP. A wall or foundation of loose 
 stones. 
 
 RISER. (See Raiser.) 
 
 constructed so as 
 n opening. 
 RIVET.' A small metal bolt. 
 ROCK FACE WORK ) The face of which 
 ROUGH STONE WORK, f is left broken, 
 the courses being regular, and the vertical 
 and horizontal joints equally broken, but 
 cut square and straight. 
 ROCOCO. A debased French ornament used in 
 
 decoration. 
 ROD. A measure of length, 16A feet. 
 ROD WORK. In brick-work, joints laid to a 
 
 rod or rule. 
 ROLL. A large bead. 
 
 ROLL AND FILLET. A bead having a square 
 
 projection or fillet on its face. 
 ROLL MOULDING. A Gothic bead-like 
 
 moulding. 
 
 ROLLED BEAMS. Iron beams for support of 
 heavy weights, so called from the fact of 
 their being wrought between rollers and 
 not cast. 
 
 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ) That style of 
 ROMAN ORDER f architecture 
 
 employed by the ancient Romans in the 
 erection of Rome, Corinth, Carthage, and 
 
 ROOD-SCREEN. A screen between the nave 
 
 and chancel of a church. 
 ROOD-TOWER. A tower at the intersection 
 
 of the chancel or transept and nave. 
 ROOE (Sax.) / The covering of a building; the 
 ROOFING f to]i of a building. 
 ROOM. The division of a house: an apartment. 
 ROSE / A flower ornament used in theaba- 
 
 ROSETTE \ ens of the Corinthian capital, 
 
 from the use of which the rosette came 
 
 into favor. 
 
 ROSE-WINDOW. A circular window divided 
 by mullions or tracery into several com- 
 partments or panels. 
 
 ROSTRUM. (Lat.) An ancient Roman term 
 for a platform; a raised place. 
 
 ROT. (See Dry Rot.) 
 
 ROTONDO (Lat )) A term generally applied 
 ROTUNDA ) to a circular building or 
 
 a circular portion of a building. 
 ROUGH-CAST. A kind of rough plastering 
 
 used on external walls, or in panel? of frame 
 
 buildings. 
 
 ROUGHED IN. A term used by plumbers to 
 designate that the ground or rough work is 
 done. 
 
 ROUGH-STRING. The rough carriage of a 
 stair. 
 
 ROUNDEL. A bead or astragal. 
 
 RUBBED WORK. Stone-work that has been 
 
 rubbed to a smooth surface. 
 RUBBLE- WORK. A rough, irregular class of 
 
 stone masonry. 
 RUDERATION. ' A pavement composed of 
 
 cement and small stones or pebbles. 
 RULE JOINT. A quarter-round placed in an 
 
 internal angle. The term is derived from 
 
 the joint of the foot rule. 
 RUSTIC. A term used to designate any work 
 
 in imitation of nature. A rough state. 
 RUSTIC JOINT. A joint in stone-work the 
 
 shape of which is a V. 
 
RUS 
 
 SCH 
 
 RUSTIC ORDER. Stone work composed of 
 
 Quoins, Rustic joints, etc. 
 RUSTIC WORK. Rough stone-work, the face 
 
 of the stone being pointed off or picketed. 
 RYBAT. A scotch term for Reveal 
 
 SACELLUM (Lat.) A small inclosed space or 
 court without a roof. A small chapel. A 
 monumental chapel within a church. 
 SACRARIUM (Lat.) A small sacred apartment 
 
 in a Roman house. (Same as Sanctuary.) 
 SACRISTY. A room or vestry attached to an 
 
 Episcopal or Catholic church. 
 SADDLE. A thin beveled board placed at a 
 doorway on the floor for the door to close 
 onto; often called a threshold. 
 SADDLE-BACK COPING. Stone coping cut 
 with a raised or slanting top to shed water 
 SADDLE-BACK ROOF. A term applied to 
 
 the roof of a tower when it is gable shaped. 
 SAG ^The bending of a body from its 
 
 SAGGING J own weight, when each end is 
 supported. 
 
 SAGITTA (Lat.) A term sometimes applied to 
 a keystone. In geometry, the abscissa of 
 a curve. In trigonometry, the versed sine 
 of an arch. 
 
 SALIENT (Fr.) A term used to denote the 
 projection of a part or moulding. 
 
 SALLY. A term used to denote the act of 
 notching a piece of timber; as the foot of 
 a rafter. 
 
 SALLY-PORT. In fortifications, a passage, 
 generally underground, for the conduct of 
 troops from the inner to the outer works. 
 
 SALON ) (Fr.) A spacious apartment; a 
 
 SALOON ) hall or gallery, frequently part of 
 a palace or building for public use. 
 
 SANCTE-BELL COT. A small bell turret at 
 the east end of the nave of an Episcopal or 
 Catholic church. 
 
 SANCTUARY. The eastern end of the chan- 
 cel of an Episcopal or Catholic church. 
 
 SAND (Dutch.) In mineralogy a name given 
 to all mineral matters that exist in minute 
 detached grains, generally formed by the 
 disintegration of stone or rock by the action 
 of water. 
 
 SAND-STONE. In mineralogy, stone princi- 
 pally composed of grains of sand, cemented 
 together with various mineral substances, 
 as lime, oxide of iron, alumine, etc, 
 
 SAP. The liquid and glutinous substance per- 
 vading perennial plants or trees that feeds 
 and nourishes them, and principally assists 
 the process of growth. 
 
 SAPHETA. (Same as Soffit.) 
 
 SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE. That style of 
 art practiced by the Arabs or Moors, and 
 comprised within the titles of Moorish, 
 Moresque, Arabian and Mohammedan, and 
 practiced from the seventh century through- 
 out portions of Egypt, Africa and the 
 Southern portions of Europe. 
 
 SARCOPHAGUS (Gr.) A tomb, a receptacle 
 for the dead cut from one stone. The prac- 
 tice originated with the Egyptians. t 
 
 SARK1NG. Thin boards used as linings for 
 floors, roofs, etc. 
 
 SASH (Fr. ) A frame constructed of wood or 
 metal for the purpose of holding the glass 
 of windows. 
 
 SASH FRAMES. Same as window frames; a 
 frame constructed to form the opening of a 
 window, so made as to receive the sash. 
 
 SASH LINES OR CORDS. The cord by 
 which sash are suspended to the sash 
 weights of a window frame. 
 
 SASH LOCK. A metal invention for the pur- 
 pose of securing sash from being opened. 
 
 SASH PULLEY. A metal pulley used to carry 
 the sash cord. 
 
 SASH RAIL. The cross pieces at the top and 
 bottom of a sash frame. 
 
 SAXON ARCHITECTURE. The early style 
 of architecture practiced in England prior 
 to the introduction of the Norman style, 
 or during the eleventh century. 
 
 SCABBLING. The act of working the face of 
 stone work down to a square and even sur- 
 
 SCABELLUM (Lat.) A pedestal for the sup- 
 port of a bust, used in ancient Roman 
 buildings. 
 
 SCAFFOLD (Fr.) A frame work roughly con- 
 structed for the purpose of convenience in 
 the work of building. 
 
 SCAGLIOLA (Ital.) A species of plaster work 
 imitating marble, invented by Sassi, 1630 
 A. D. It is made of a composition of plas- 
 ter, gypsum, Flanders glue, isinglass and 
 
 SCALE (Sax.) An instrument used in mathe- 
 matical and architectural drawing; being 
 a proportional division of distances repre- 
 senting feet and inches. 
 
 SCALENE TRIANGLE. A triangle whose 
 sides are all unequal 
 
 SCALLAGE. A detached covered porch at 
 the entrance of a church yard; a covered 
 gate. 
 
 SCAMILLI IMPARES. Small plinths below 
 the bases of the Ionic and Corinthian col- 
 umns. 
 
 SCAMILLUS. An incorrect term for Scamilli. 
 
 SCANDUL.E (Lat.) In early Roman buildings 
 this term was used to designate what are 
 now known as shingles. 
 
 SCANDULARII. Roman mechanics who pre- 
 pared the Scandula'. 
 
 SCANTLE. A gauge for regulating the length 
 and width of slate. 
 
 SCANTLING (Fr.) A term used to denote a 
 piece of timber of small width and breadth 
 but of any length, as a 2x2. 2x4. 2x6 or 2x8. 
 The term is also used to designate the size 
 of a stone. 
 
 SCAPE )(Gr.) The shaft of a column. The 
 SCAPUS ] quarter-round which connects the 
 shaft with the base or capital. 
 
 SCAPLING \ ( Same as 8cal3blin S- ) 
 SCARCEMENT. A plain square set-off in a 
 wall. 
 
 SCARFING ) The method of framing and join- 
 SCARF \ ing together two pieces of 
 timber. 
 
 SCENOGRAPHY. In geometry, the represen- 
 tation of a solid in perspective. 
 
 SCHEME ARCH. An arch whose outline is a 
 segment of a circle. 
 
SCH 
 
 SHR 
 
 SCHENE (Gr.) The drawing or representation 
 of a design or geometrical figure. 
 
 SCHOFEET. (Same as Soffit,) 
 
 SCHOOLHOUSE. An educational building. 
 
 SCIAGRAPHY | (Gr.) The science of project- 
 
 SCIOGRAPHY ) iug shadows in perspective 
 drawing. 
 
 SCIMA. (Same as Sima.) 
 
 SCOINSON. (Same as Escoinson.) 
 
 SCOLLOPED MOULDINGS. A moulding gen- 
 erally used in Norman work. 
 
 SCONCHEON (Fr.) That portion of an open- 
 ing, called the jamb, from the back of the 
 reveal to the inside of the wall. 
 
 SCOTIA. A hollow moulding generally em- 
 ployed in the base of a column between the 
 fillets of the tori. 
 
 SCOUCHON. (Same as Scutcheon .) 
 
 SCRATCH-WORK. The first or rough coat of 
 plastering in three-coat work. 
 
 SCREED. A term given to a method of plas- 
 tering so as to form perfect surfaces. 
 
 SCREEN (Lat.) A light frame of wood or 
 metal used for several purposes. The orna 
 mental details of screens present opportu- 
 nities for the exercise of genius and design 
 
 SCREW (Dutch). One of the six mechanical 
 powers. 
 
 SCRIBING. The act of fitting closely one por- 
 tion of joiners' work to another. 
 
 SCROLL. A spiral or curved ornament used in 
 architectural decoration. 
 
 SCULLERY. A kitchen or wash-room. 
 
 SCULPTURE (Fr.) The art of carving or imitat- 
 ing nature, particularly in marble or stone 
 
 SCUTCHEON [ (Same as Escutchion ) 
 SEALING. The act of attaching wood or metal 
 
 to the surface of a wall. 
 SECANT (Lat.) In trigonometry, a term used 
 
 to designate a line that cuts another. 
 SECOS (Gr.) (Same as Adytum.) 
 SECRET ARIUM. (Same as Sacristy.) 
 SECTION. A term used to designate the sep- 
 aration ot any part or portion of a design 
 
 by a vertical plane. 
 SECTOR OF A CIRCLE. The space con 
 
 tained between the two radii and the arc 
 
 terminating them. 
 SEDILIA (Lat.) ) Seats in the sanctuary of a 
 SEDILE j" church. 
 
 SEELING. (Same as Ceiling.) 
 SEGMENT (Lat.) A part of the arc of a circle; 
 
 a portion cut off. 
 SEGMENTAL ARCH ) An arch or window 
 SEGMENTAL WINDOW f whose outline 
 
 partakes of the form of a segment. 
 SELER. (Same as Cellar.) 
 SELL. (Same as Sill.) 
 
 SEMICIRCLE. One half of a circle contained 
 between the diameter and the circumfer- 
 ence. 
 
 SEMICIRCULAR ARCHES. Arches whose 
 
 outline is equal to half a circle. 
 SEPT. A railing. 
 
 SEPTIZON ) A celebrated Roman mauso- 
 SEPTIZONIUM f leum. erected to the mem- 
 ory of Septimius Severus. 
 
 SEPULCHRAL ] Relating to ar- 
 
 SEPULCHRAL CHAPEL | chitectural 
 SEPULCHRAL COLUMN f creations 
 SEPULCHRAL MONUMENT J raised to 
 
 commemorate the dead. 
 SEPULCHRE. A grave, a tomb, an architect- 
 ural design in memory of the dead. 
 SERAGLIO (Persian.) A hall or large apart- 
 ment. A palace; an apartment set apart 
 for females. 
 
 SERPENTINE. Winding; the name of a 
 stone. . 
 
 SESSPOOL. (Same as Cesspool.) 
 
 SET-OFF. The break in the face of a wall, 
 pier or buttress. 
 
 SETTING. A term used to denote the harden- 
 ing of cement or mortar. The placing of a 
 stone on a wall. 
 
 SETTING-COAT. The last coat of brown 
 mortar. 
 
 SET- WORK. Two-coat work of plastering. 
 SEVERANS A cornice or string course. 
 SEVERY )A compartment or section of a 
 SEVEREY ) scaffolding; a room or compart 
 
 ment of a building; the bay or division of a 
 
 vaulted ceiling. 
 SEWER } A conduit or drain; a system of 
 SEWERAGE f drainage. 
 
 SEXAGESIMAL. A term used in the division 
 of the circumference of a circle into sixty 
 parts. 
 
 SEXAGON. (Same as Hexagon.) 
 SEXTRY (Same as Sacristy.) 
 SHAFT. The body of a column from base to 
 capital. 
 
 SHAFTED IMPOST. (Same as Banded Col- 
 umn.) 
 
 SHAFT OF A CHIMNEY. The portion con- 
 taining the flue. 
 
 SHAFT OF A KING-POST. That portion 
 between the joggles. 
 
 SHAKE. A defect or split in timber 
 
 SHAMBLE. (Same as Abattoir.) 
 
 SHAMDOOR. A false door or the representa- 
 tion of a door. 
 
 SHANK (Sax.) The space contained between 
 two channels of the Doric triglyph. 
 
 i§ax.) I Generally a ledge or projection 
 
 SHLLVES S Axed to or against a wall for 
 purposes of support, 
 
 SHIDES. (Same as Shingle.) 
 
 SHINGLE (Ger.) Loose stone or pebbles. 
 Thin pieces of pine, cedar, redwood or 
 other wood used to cover roofs. The stand- 
 ard shingle is 4x16 inches, about i of an 
 inch thick at the butt, tapering to a feather 
 edge. 
 
 SHOE. The lower elbow of a rain-water con- 
 ductor. A cast or wrought iron socket 
 used in truss work to receive the thrust of 
 the foot of the principal rafters. 
 
 SHORE OR SHOAR. A post, prop or support 
 used to carry a weight while work is in 
 progress. 
 
 SHOULDERING PIECES ) Thin strips of wood 
 SHOULDERING f or cement la°d 
 
 under the upper edge of slate, to so raise 
 
 them as to close the laps. 
 SHREAD HEAD (Same as Jerkin Head) 
 
SILL. 
 
SQU 
 
 SHREADINGS. (Same as Furrings.) 
 SHRINE (Sax.) An altar; abox; a cabinet ; a 
 tomb. 
 
 SHRINKAGE. The contraction of timber or 
 
 wood that takes place during the process of 
 
 seasoning. 
 SHROUDS. (Same as Crypt.) 
 SHUTTERS. A light framework of wood or 
 
 metal, used to close or partially close the 
 
 opening of a window. 
 SIDE-POST. Used in roofs as Queen-posts. 
 SIDE TIMBERS. (Same as Purlins.) 
 SILL. The lower portion of a door or window 
 
 opening. The lower frame or timbers of a 
 
 building; a lower part. 
 
 ISa INVERSA. f ( See C!ma Inversa > 
 SIMA RECTA. (See Cima Recta.) 
 SIMA REVERSA. (See Cima Inversa.) 
 SINE. A line drawn from one end of an arch 
 
 perpendicular upon the diameter. 
 SINGLE HUNG. A term used to denote the 
 
 hanging of one sasli only. 
 SINK. A plumbing fixture used for culinary 
 
 purposes. 
 SKEW-ARCH. An oblique arch. 
 SKEW-BACK. That part of an arch that cuts 
 
 into a wall beyond the perpendicular line of 
 
 the opening. 
 SKEW-TABLE. A block or stone table at the 
 
 eave of a gable to receive the coping. 
 SKIRTINGS. The base-board of a room. 
 SKIRTS OF A ROOF. The protection of the 
 
 eaves. 
 
 SKREEN. (Same as Screen.) 
 
 SKYLIGHT. A light frame of wood or iron for 
 
 the purpose of holding glass. The term is 
 
 generally applied to a roof window. 
 SLAB. A term applied to a level piece of mar 
 
 ble. A thin piece of timber or plank. A 
 
 hearth. 
 
 SLATES. Thin layers of argillaceous stone 
 used in roofing. 
 
 SLATING. The art of laying slates on a roof. 
 
 SLEEPERS. Floor joist laid flat-wise or rest- 
 ing on the soil. 
 
 SLIDING DOOR. A door hung to slide instead 
 of being hinged to open or swing. 
 
 SLIT DEAL. Aboard. A thin piece of lumber. 
 
 SLUSHED UP. A term used to denote the fill- 
 ing of interstices of masonry. 
 
 SMOKE-STACK. An isolated chimney or shaft. 
 
 SNACKET. A clasp. A door fastening. 
 
 SOCLE) (It.) A square member of less height 
 
 ZOCLE f than projection. A moulding with a 
 square outline. 
 
 SOFFITA ) (Ital.) The under side of any archi- 
 
 SOFFIT [ tectural structure. A ceiling. 
 
 SOFFITE ) The lower surface of a vault, 
 
 arch, window or beam. The under side of 
 the corona of a cornice. 
 
 SOILS. (Same as Principal Rafters.) 
 
 SOLAR ) A term sometimes given to an attic 
 
 SOLLERJ chamber. 
 
 SOLDER. Metallic fusible cement. 
 
 SOLE, (Same as Sill.) 
 
 SOMMERING. The beds of stone when used 
 as key or ring stones of an arch. 
 
 SORTANT ANGLE. A salient angle. 
 
 SOUDLETS. The cross-bars of a sash. 
 
 SOUND-BOARD ) A board or canopy back 
 
 SOUNDING-BOARD J of a pulpit or rostrum 
 used to reverberate the sound of the voice. 
 
 SOUND-BOARDING. Boards let down be- 
 tween joist to receive deafening mortar. 
 
 SOUSE. A support; a prop; a post. 
 
 SOWDELS. (See Soudlets.) 
 
 SPALLS. Broken Stone. Stone chips. 
 
 SPAN. A term used to denote the distance 
 across the opening of an arch, roof, etc. ; a 
 distance. 
 
 SPANDREL. A triangular space or panel be- 
 tween the outer curve or extrados of an arch 
 
 SPANDREL BRACKETING. (Same as Cone 
 Bracketing.) 
 
 SPAN PIECE. (Same as Collar Beam. ) 
 
 SPAN ROOF. A term used to denote a gable 
 or truss roof. 
 
 SPAR PIECE. (Same as Collar Beam.) 
 
 SPARS. Common rafters. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS. An architect's descriptive 
 instruction, explanatory of his plans or 
 drawings. 
 
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY. The weight of any body, 
 solid or material, as compared with the same 
 magnitude of rain water, a cubic foot of 
 which weighs 1000 ounces. 
 
 SPECUS. (Lat.) The canal or water conduit of 
 ancient aqueducts. 
 
 SPERONI. (Same as Anterides.) 
 
 SPH^RISTERIUM. A building used in the 
 game of ball. 
 
 SPHERE. (Gr.) A geometrical body whose sur- 
 face is at every point equally distant from 
 the center point. 
 
 SPHERICAL BRACKETING. The shaping or 
 bracketing out of a spherical surface, as a 
 dome. 
 
 SPHEROIDAL BRACKETING. Much the 
 
 same as spherical bracketing. 
 SPIRA. The base of a classic column. 
 SPIRAL. A curve radiating from a center 
 
 around a fixed point. 
 SPIRE. (Gr.) An astragal; a torus; the pointed 
 
 termination of a church tower; a pyramidal 
 
 octagon or square tower diminished to a 
 
 point. 
 SPITAL. A hospital. 
 SPLANDRAL. (Same as spandrel. ) 
 SPLAYED ) The slanting or beveling of the 
 SPLAY J sides or jambs of a window or 
 
 door opening. 
 SPRING-BEVEL OF A RAIL. In stair-building 
 
 the angle made at the top end of the rail 
 
 which terminates the concave side. 
 SPRINGED ) Roofing boards laid with bevel 
 SPRING f joints. The act of beveling a 
 
 piece of joiners work. 
 
 SPRINGER The top of an impost. The starting 
 
 of an arch. 
 
 SPRINGING COURSE. The top course of stone 
 
 forming the springer. 
 SPUR. (Same meaning as Bracket.) 
 SQUARE. (Lat.) A geometrical figure of four 
 
 equal sides and angles. A carpenter's tool. 
 SQUARE SHOOT. A water conductor. 
 
SQU 
 
 STR 
 
 SQUARE STAFF. A wooden bead or corner 
 piece secured to the angle of stud partitions 
 to finish the plastering against. (See Angle 
 Bead.) 
 
 SQUARING HAND RAILS. In stair-building, 
 the method of shaping the rail so that all 
 the vertical sections will be right angles. 
 
 SQUILLERIE. An old term for Scullery. 
 
 SQUINOH ) A small arch, or angle arch, so built 
 
 SCONCE J as to form an octagon across a 
 square corner. 
 
 SQUINT. An oblique or beveled opening look- 
 ing from one room to another. 
 
 STABLE. An out-building used for accomoda- 
 tion of horses and cattle. 
 
 STACK. A name given to an isolated chimney. 
 
 STADIUM. (Gr.) An open space in an ancient 
 gymnasium; a Grecian measure of distance 
 equal to 125 paces. 
 
 STAFF BEAD. (Same as Square Staff or Angle 
 Bead. ) 
 
 STAGE. An elevated floor; a platform. The 
 space allotted to the actors in a theatre. 
 
 STAINED GLASS. The art of coloring glass 
 so as to form designs and geometrical pat- 
 terns. 
 
 STAIRCASE. A name given to that portion of 
 a building connected with the stairway. 
 
 STAIR-HEAD. Relating. to the head room of 
 a stairway. 
 
 STAIRS. (Sax.) A collection of steps so ar- 
 ranged as to connect one story of a building 
 with another. 
 
 STAIRWAY. (Same as Staircase.) 
 
 STALK. (Sax.) The base of the volutes of a Cor- 
 inthian capital. 
 
 STALL. (Sax.) An elevated seat in the choir or 
 chancel of a church; an apartment in a sta- 
 ble. 
 
 STANCHION. (Fr.) A post, a prop, a support. 
 
 The upright bars of a window. 
 STANDARD. A base or support ; a support for 
 
 shelves. 
 
 STAPLE. Generally a piece of metal, U 
 shaped, used to secure a has]) or bolt. 
 
 STAR-MOULD. A Norman moulding or star- 
 shaped decoration. 
 
 STABLINGS \ A row of piles driven around a 
 
 STERLINGS J pier, used in bridge work. 
 
 STATICS. The science which treats of bodies 
 at rest or in equilibrium. 
 
 STAVES ) A hay rack; any construction formed 
 
 STAVED J of several pieces put together bar- 
 rel shaped. 
 
 STAY ) 
 
 STAY-B \R ) ^ brace; a support. 
 
 STEEL. (Sax.) Wrought iron combined with 
 carbon. 
 
 STEENING. Brick work laid up without mor- 
 tar. 
 
 STEEPLE) (Sax.) The tower or spire of a 
 
 STEPULL J church; any lofty erec 
 
 tion of a conical or pointed outline. 
 
 STENCH-TRAP. In sewerage, the valve or 
 mechanical invention for the purpose of pre- 
 venting the rise of sewer gas or effluvium. 
 
 STEPS. A term used to designate a certain 
 height or rise of the foot; any height used to 
 ascend. 
 
 STEREOBATA ) The lowest division or portion 
 STEREOBATE f of a style of architecture. 
 
 (Same as Pedestal.) 
 STEREOMETRY. In geometry, that branch 
 
 which treats of cutting solids. 
 STERLING. (Same as Starling.) 
 STEROGRAPHY. (Gr.) In geometry, that 
 
 branch which treats of the construction of 
 
 all solid bodies. 
 
 STILE ) (Sax.) The upright piece or side piece 
 STILES J of a frame, as a door. 
 
 STILTED ARCH. An arch that has the top of 
 the capital or impost mouldings below t he 
 level of the spring line, or the radius of the 
 curve. 
 
 STILTS. (Same as Starling.) 
 
 STOA. (Gr.) (Same as Portico.) A porch. 
 
 STOCK BOARDS. An American term for boards 
 of a standard width, or the same width. 
 
 STOCK BRICK. A term meaning pressed, or of 
 good quality, 
 
 STONE. (Sax.) A mass of mineral matter; a nat- 
 ural indurated substance. 
 
 STONE ARCH. An arch constructed of stone. 
 
 STOOL. A term given to the inside sill of a win- 
 dow frame. 
 
 STOOTINOS / 
 
 STOOTHING \ ( Same as Ba tten.) 
 
 STOP. A small moulding used to stop doors 
 against or to enclose sash. 
 
 STOP-COCK. A faucet used to shut off a sup- 
 ply of water. 
 
 STOPPING. Pointing up of stone or plaster- 
 ing work. 
 
 STORY ) (Lat.) A certain division of a build- 
 
 STOREY f ing. A vertical section. 
 
 STOUP | A vessel to contain consecrated water, 
 
 STOPE J used in Catholic churches. 
 
 STRAIGHT-ARCH. A straight lintel, formed 
 of voussoirs, on the principles of an arch. 
 
 STRAINING-PIECE. A horizontal beam gen- 
 erally used in trusses to counteract a force 
 or strain in the direction of its length. 
 
 STRAP. (Dutch.) An iron plate used to connect 
 timbers, and to secure them together. 
 
 STRATA. Used in connection with stone quar- 
 rying to designate the beds or layers. 
 
 STRETCHER. A brick or stone laid with its 
 length in the direction of the length of the 
 wall. 
 
 STRETCHING-COURSE. A scries or several 
 stretchers laid on a wall; a course of stretch- 
 ers. 
 
 STRI/E. (Lat.) Fillets; narrow flat bands. 
 STRIATED. (Same as Chamfer or Channel.) 
 STRIGES The channels of a fluted column. 
 STRIKING ) A term used to denote the act of 
 STICKING )' marking off or the drawing of 
 lines. 
 
 STRING ) A projecting horizontal 
 
 STRING-COURSE ( band or assemblage of 
 
 mouldings. (See Carriage of a Stair.) (See 
 
 Notch Board.) 
 
 STRING-FACE [The board or piece around 
 STRING-PIECE \ the well-hole of a stair. 
 
 STRIX. A channel of a fluted column. 
 
STR 
 
 TEN 
 
 STRUCK I A term used to denote the 
 
 STRUCK JOINT f act of smoothing off the 
 
 joints of brick or stone work, or pointing 
 
 them up. 
 STRUTS i 
 
 STRUT \ (Same as i Brace; a post; a support.) 
 
 STRUTTING BEAM. (Same meaning as Strain- 
 ing Beam. 
 
 STRUTTING PIECE. (Same as Straining Beam.) 
 
 STUB-MORTICE. A short mortice. 
 
 STUCCO (Ital.) Calcareous cements; plaster; 
 
 ground gypsum. 
 STUCK MOULDINGS. A moulding cut or 
 
 stuck on the edge of a piece of wood. 
 STUDS (Sax.) (Same as Quarters.) Scantlings 
 
 used to frame partitions. 
 STUFF (Dutch.) A term used to designate in 
 
 general terms the wood or timber used by 
 
 joiners. 
 
 STUMP TRACERY. A sort of contracted style 
 of German Gothic traceiy. 
 
 STYLE ) A term used to designate the several 
 
 STILE J varieties of architecture. 
 
 STYLOBATE. (Same as Pedestal.) The lower 
 portion of an order of architecture; a base- 
 ment or substructure. 
 
 SUB-BASE. The upper mouldings of a cornice 
 to a pedestal. 
 
 SUB-PLINTH. A second or lower plinth placed 
 under the base of a pedestal. 
 
 SUDATIO I (Same as Caldarium.) (Same 
 
 SUDATORIUM j as Coneamerate Sudatio^ 
 
 SUMMER (Ital.) A lintel; a beam; a girder. 
 
 SUMMER BEAM. (Same as Summer. ) (Same 
 as Bressummer.) 
 
 SUMMER-HOUSE. An arbor; a light architect- 
 ural construction. 
 
 SUMMER-TREE. (Same as Dorman Tree.) 
 
 SUNK COAK. A mortise. 
 
 SUNK SHELVES. Sunk shelves with grooves. 
 SUNLIGHT. A transom light; a skylight. 
 SUPER-ALTER. A shelf or second altar over 
 
 the main altar in a cathedral. 
 SUPERCILIUM (Lat.) A lintel. (Same as Ante- 
 
 pagmenta.) 
 
 SUPERSTRUCTURE. (Lat.) The upper por 
 tion of a building; that part above the foun- 
 dation. 
 
 SUPPORTERS. A term used to denote posts 
 or braces; any body that is used to support 
 another. 
 
 SURBASE j An assemblage of mouldings cap- 
 
 SUB-BASE ) ping the dado of a room. 
 
 SURBASED ARCH. A depressed arch. 
 
 SURMOUNTED ARCH. (Same as Stilted Arch. ) 
 
 SWALLOW-TAIL. (Same as Dove-tail.) 
 
 SWELLED COLUMNS. A term used to desig- 
 nate the practice of the ancients in the dim- 
 inution of their columns. 
 
 SYMBOLICAL COLUMNS. Columns erected to 
 commemorate great events, designed with 
 symbolical emblems. 
 
 SYPPER JOINT. A lap-joint. 
 
 SYSTYLE. Aclassicbuildingwhere thecolumns 
 are placed quite close together, more so than 
 
 TABERN. (Same as Cellar.) 
 TABERNACLE (Lat.) In Catholic churches 
 a small architectural edifice placed on 
 the altar. 
 
 TABLE. A term used in perspective drawing 
 to denote the plan of the picture. 
 
 TABLE, CORBEL. (See Corbel Table.) 
 
 TABLE, WATER. (See Water Table.) 
 
 TABLET (Lat.) A geometrical or architectural 
 design, generally placed on a wall, carved 
 with some symbol or inscription. 
 
 TABLING. (Same as Coping.) 
 
 TABLINUM (Lat.) An apartment in a Roman 
 house. 
 
 TABULATUM (Lat.) A term used to denote 
 various portions of a building, as floors, 
 wainscoting, ceilings, projections, etc. 
 
 TACKS. Small, sharp-pointed nails. 
 
 TAENIA ) (Gr. ) The small square or fillet be- 
 
 TENIA f tween the Doric frieze and archi- 
 trave. 
 
 TAIL. A term synonymous with Housing. 
 TAIL BAY. (See Case Bays.) 
 TAIL IN. (See Tailing.) 
 
 TAILING. A stone or brick projecting from a 
 wall. 
 
 TAIL-JOIST. Joist framed between a tail- 
 
 trinHner and the wall 
 TAIL-TRIMMER. A beam or double joist 
 
 framed across openings or in front of a 
 
 chimney to carry tail-joist. 
 TAILLOIR (Fr.) A French term for Abacus. 
 TALON (Fr.) A French term for Ogee. 
 
 TALUT [ Same as Batter - 
 
 TAMBOUR (Fr.) Same as the bell of a cap- 
 ital. (See Bell.) 
 
 TANGENT (Lat.) A straight line drawn from 
 a curved line or circle. 
 
 TANK. A water receptacle; a cistern; a reser- 
 voir. 
 
 TARRAS MORTAR ) A hydraulic cement of 
 TERRAS MORTAR \ great strength. 
 
 TASSEL 1 ^ V lece °f timber for receiving the 
 t< kPCFT r en( l °f a beam or joist. (See Bond 
 
 tosIIlJ Timto --> 
 
 TAVERN. (See Hotel.) 
 TAXIS (Gr. ) (Same as Order. ) 
 TEAZE TENON. A tenon framed on the top 
 of a post. 
 
 TECTORIUM OPUS (Lat.) An ancient species 
 of plastering. 
 
 TELAMONES (Gr.) (Same as Atlantes.) 
 
 TEMENOS (Gr.) (Same as Temple.) 
 
 TEMPLA (Lat.) A term used in ancient Roman 
 buildings to designate the purlins of a roof. 
 
 TEMPLATE. (Same as Templet.) 
 
 TEMPLE (Lat.) A term used in ancient classic 
 architecture to denote a religious edifice: 
 a house of worship. 
 
 TEMPLET. A Bond Timber ; a form or pat- 
 ter:', used by builders in laying out their 
 work. 
 
 TENIA. The small band or fillet at the top of 
 the Doric order. (See Taenia.) 
 
TO 1KB 
 
 TRACERY. 
 
TEN 
 
 TRE 
 
 TENON (Fr.) A framing or square projection 
 cut on the end of a piece of timber for in- 
 sertion into the mortise. 
 
 TENSION. A term used to denote the strain of 
 a timber or any material in the direction of 
 its length. 
 
 TENSION-ROD. An iron rod used in coun- ! 
 
 teracting a strain or tension. 
 TEPID ARIUM (Lat.) An apartment in a Roman 
 
 bath. 
 
 TERAM. The scroll or swelling sometimes 
 
 given to the end of a step. 
 TERCENTO. A name given to that style of 
 
 architecture prevailing in Italy during the 
 
 14th century. 
 TFRM ) 
 
 TERMINAL I ^ P ec ^ esta ^ > a snort column ; a 
 TERMINUS ) base - 
 
 TERRA COTTA (It.) Burned or baked clay 
 or earth. 
 
 TERRACE. A raised portion; an embankment; 
 
 a balcony or gallery. 
 TERRACE ROOF. A flat or deck roof. 
 TERRAS MORTAR. (See Tarras Mortar.) 
 TESSELLATED. (See Mosaic.) 
 TESSERA (Gr.) An ancient term for a cube or 
 
 die. 
 
 TESTEDO (Lat.) A vaulted roof; an arched 
 
 vault. 
 TESTER ) 
 
 TESTOON ( A ^ at cano P v over a pulpit. 
 
 TETRADORON (Gr.) An ancient brick four 
 palms in length. 
 
 TETRAGON (Gr.) A geometrical figure of 4 
 sides and angles. 
 
 TETRAHEDRON. A regular solid compre- 
 hended under four equal equilateral 
 triangles. 
 
 TETRASTYCHE. A gallery of four rows of 
 columns. 
 
 TETRASTYLE. A building or portico with 
 four oolumns in front or four pilasters on 
 the side. 
 
 THATCH. A rude method of covering roofs 
 
 with straw or reeds. 
 THEATER (Gr.) A building devoted to the 
 
 representation of the drama. 
 THERMS. A bath. 
 THOLE. An heraldic shield. 
 THOLOBATE. A cupola. 
 THOLUS. A term given to a circular building. 
 THRESHOLD. The sill of a doorway. 
 THROAT. A term given to that part of a chim- 
 ney between the grate and the flue. 
 THROUGH-STONE. (See Binders.) 
 THRUST. That force exerted by one body 
 
 against another. 
 TIE (Sax.) Any substance or material used in 
 
 building to counteract tension. 
 TIE-BEAM. A beam generally employed in a 
 
 roof framing for the purpose of overcoming 
 
 strains. 
 
 TIE-ROD. An iron rod used in the same sense 
 as a tie-beam. 
 
 TIE-WALL. A transverse wall in the hollow 
 spandrel of an arch. 
 
 TIERCE POINT. The top point of an equi- 
 lateral triangle. 
 
 TIGE. A French term for the shaft of a col- 
 umn. 
 
 TIGNA. (Same as Tie-Beam), an old term. 
 TILE (Sax.) A thin square of burned clay, or 
 any other material, for covering roofs. 
 ; TILING. The act of covering a roof with tile. 
 TILTING - FILLET. A small thin strip laid 
 under the edge of slating so as to form a 
 close joint. 
 
 TIMBER (Sax.) A name given to wood used in 
 building. 
 
 TIN. A metal; equivalent, 59; symbol, Sn; spe- 
 cific gravity, 7.29; fusing point, 442 : Fahr. 
 TOMB (Gr.) A sepulcher; a grave; a place of 
 burial. 
 
 TONDINO. A round moulding. 
 TONGUE. A small fillet or square, cut on the 
 
 edge of flooring, or a piece of thin lumber. 
 TOOTH. The name of a moulding used in 
 
 Norman architecture. 
 TOOTHING. The act of interlocking or tieing 
 masonry together, or joining one portion to 
 another by alternate projections. 
 TOP BEAM. (Same as Collar Beam;) an upper- 
 most beam. 
 
 TOP RAIL. The uppermost crosspiece of a 
 door or any panel work. 
 
 TORSIL L } Same as TasseL 
 TORSION. A strain exertecLon any material in 
 
 a twisting direction. 
 TORUS ) (Lat.) Much the same meaning as 
 TORE ) Astragal. A half-round moulding. 
 TOWER (Sax.) A high or lofty edifice, gener- 
 ally a part of a large building. 
 TOWN HALL. The official building of a town; 
 
 a public edifice. 
 TRABEATION. (Same as Entablature.) 
 TRABS (Lat.) A wall plate or bond timber.' 
 TRACERY. In Gothic- art the small, radiating 
 and curvilinear branches or subdivisions of 
 windows, panels, groins, etc. 
 TRACHEL1UM (Lat.) (Same as Collarino.) The 
 
 neck of a column. 
 TRACK OF A DOOR. That portion of a door 
 
 frame upon which a sliding-door runs. 
 TRANSEPT. The cross part or transverse por- 
 tion of a cruciform building, generally a 
 church. 
 
 TRANSOM. A frame across a window; a divi- 
 sion sometimes used to designate an upper- 
 most light; a light over a door. 
 TRANSTRA (Lat.) An ancient term for cross- 
 timbers of a roof framing. 
 TRANSVERSE. In a cross direction. 
 TRANSYTE. A narrow passage. 
 TRAP (OF A SEWER). A mechanical appli- 
 ance for the prevention of the escape of gas. 
 TRAPEZIUM. A geometrical figure whose 
 
 sides are not parallel. 
 TRAPEZOID. A geometrical figure whose 
 
 opposite sides are parallel. 
 TRAPEZOIDAL WALL. A retaining wall. 
 TRAVERSE. A gallery or balcony, more es- 
 pecially in a church. 
 TREAD OF A STAIR. The level or horizon- 
 tal portion of a stair; the step of a stair. 
 TREBEATION. (Same as Entablature.) 
 
TRE 
 
 VAL 
 
 Heavy 
 
 A wooden horse; a frame-work of 
 wood. 
 
 TREFOIL. A Gothic figure consisting of 3 semi- 
 connected circles. 
 
 TRELLIS ) A screen; a lattice work; any light 
 
 TRELLICE \ reticulated frame work. 
 
 TRENAIL. A wooden pin, used 
 framings. 
 
 TRESSEL 
 
 TRES8UL 
 
 TRESTLE 
 
 TRIANGLE (Lat.) A geometrical figure of 3 
 
 sides and 3 angles. 
 TRIBUNE (Lat.) A platform or dais for a 
 
 speaker. 
 
 TRICLINUM (Lat.) The reception room of a 
 Roman house. 
 
 TRIFORIUM (Lat.) The space in a roof be- 
 tween the ceiling and the roof proper; a gal- 
 lery. 
 
 TRIGLYPH (Gr.) A projecting block or tablet 
 on the frieze of the Doric order. 
 
 TRIGONOMETRY. (Gr.) The science of meas- 
 uring and ascertaining the unknown parts 
 of a triangle. 
 
 TRILATERAL (Lat.) A geometrical figure hav- 
 ing three sides or angles. 
 
 TRILITHON. A term used to denote two stones 
 or piers supporting a lintel. 
 
 TRIM (Sax.) A term used to denote the act of 
 fitting or joining. The finishing or wood- 
 trimming of a building. 
 
 TRIMMER. A beam or joist into which others 
 are framed. 
 
 TRIMMING JOIST. A beam or joist into which 
 a trimmer is framed. 
 
 TRIUMPHAL ARCH. An architectural struct- 
 ure erected to commemorate a victory. 
 
 TROCHILUS (Gr.) (Same as Scotia.) A hollow 
 or concave moulding. 
 
 TROUGH (EAVE). A gutter or water con- 
 duit. 
 
 TRUNCATED CONE. One that has its upper 
 
 part cut off.' 
 TRUNCATED ROOF. A hip roof. 
 TRUNK. A term used to designate the shaft 
 
 of a pilaster. 
 
 TRUSS (Fr.) A scientific arrangement or com- 
 bination of timber so framed as to be self- 
 supporting. 
 
 TRUSS PARTITION. A stud partition that is 
 rendered self-supporting by a system of 
 trussing. 
 
 TRUSS ROOF. A roof framing consisting of 
 several timbers scientifically arranged so as 
 to be self-supporting. 
 
 TRUSSED BEAM ) A beam or girder which 
 
 TRUSSED GIRDER \ is strengthened by a 
 system of trussing. 
 
 TUCK POINTING. A method of filling old or 
 new joints of masonry with cement forming 
 a raised joint. 
 
 TUDOR FLOWER. A flat flower or leaf char- 
 acteristic of the Perpendicular style. 
 
 TUDOR STYLE. A general term used to desig- 
 nate the Perpendicular style. (See Perpen- 
 dicular Period.) 
 
 TUFALL ROOF. A shed roof. 
 
 TUMBLING IN. (Same as Trim.) 
 
 TUNNEL (Fr.) A subterranean passage. 
 
 TURNING PIECE. A form or segmental piece 
 used for turning a brick arch upon. (See 
 Centre.) 
 
 TURPENTINE. The distillation of the sap of 
 the pine tree used in painting. 
 
 TURRET (Lat.) A small pinnacle at the cor- 
 ner of a wall. 
 
 TUSCAN ORDER. An order used in Italy de- 
 rived from the Roman Doric, only plainer 
 in detail and mouldings. 
 
 TUSK. A bevel shoulder made above a tenon. 
 
 TYMPANUM | (Gr.) The plain triangular space 
 
 TYMPAN ) of a pediment; the die of a 
 pedestal; the panels of a door. 
 
 TYPE. A canopy over a- pulpit; a sounding 
 board. 
 
 UNDERCROFT. A vault or crypt. 
 UNDERPIN. The act of 'pointing-up a 
 wall or bringing up a wall to a sill or 
 frame. 
 
 UNDERPITCH GROIN. A groin formed by 
 the intersection of two cylindrical vaults or 
 arches. 
 
 UNGULA. A part of a cone or cylinder. 
 
 UNIVERSITY (Lat.) A seat of learning; an 
 edifice dedicated to educational purposes. 
 
 UPHERS. A term for scaffold poles. 
 
 UPRIGHT. An old term signifying the eleva- 
 tion or facade of a building." 
 
 URILLA. (Same as Caulicole.) 
 
 URN (Lat.) An architectural decoration or or- 
 nament generally used to finish a balustrade. 
 
 VAGINA (Lat.) The base of a pillar or pedestal 
 with a niche for a bust. 
 VALLEY (Lat.) A term used to denote the 
 joining of two different sides or inclines of 
 a roof. 
 
 VALLEY BOARD. A board used in forming a 
 valley. 
 
 VALLEY RAFTER. The rafters of a roof 
 
 framed at the valley. 
 VANE. A finial or metal termination to a roof. 
 VANISHING LINE ) Terms used in perspec- 
 VANISHING POINT } five drawing. 
 VAPORARIUM. (Same as Caldarium. ) 
 VARNISH. Resin or gums, as mastic, sanda- 
 
 rac, copal, amber, asphaltum, etc., cut in 
 
 alcohol. 
 
 VASE (Lat.) The bell of a classic column; an 
 ornamental architectural design. 
 
 VAULT (It.) An arched roof of masonry; an 
 underground apartment. 
 
 VAULT COVER. A stone slab covering a 
 vault. 
 
 VAULT LIGHT. An arrangement of heavy glass 
 
 in a vault cover. 
 VAULTED CEILING. Much the same mean- 
 ing as Vault. A ceiling plastered on the 
 
 form of an arch. 
 VAULTING SHAFT. A small column or shaft 
 
 projecting from a wall and supporting the 
 
 vaulting ribs of a groining. 
 VALARIUM (Lat.) The name of a great canvas 
 
 awning used to cover a Roman amphi 
 
 theatre. 
 
VEL 
 
 YLE 
 
 VELLAR CUPOLA. A sort of square-shaped 
 
 arched ceiling, springing from four walls; a 
 
 groined ceiling. 
 VENEER. A thin sawing or leaf from selected 
 
 woods, used in decorative art. 
 VENETIAN DOOR. A door arranged with 
 
 side lights. 
 
 VENETIAN STYLE. A certain style of archi- 
 tecture practiced by the Venetians during 
 the 15th and 16th centuries. 
 
 VENETIAN WINDOW. A triplet window: a 
 central window between two narrow ones. 
 
 VENT. The flue or shaft of a chimney. 
 
 VENTI DUCT. A passage or vent duct for the 
 introduction of fresh air. 
 
 VENTILATING BRICK. A perforated brick. 
 
 VENTILATION. A scientific arrangement to 
 facilitate the passage of foul and fresh air. 
 
 VERANDAH. A colonnade or gallery open on 
 one side supported by columns on one side. 
 
 VERGE. A term used to denote an edge or 
 eave. 
 
 VERGE BOARDS. (Same as Barge Boards.) 
 
 VERMICULATED WORK (Lat.) A peculiar 
 kind of stone-work in imitation of worm- 
 eaten wood. 
 
 VERSED SINE. The height from the spring 
 line of an arch to the intrados. 
 
 VERTEX (Lat.) A point or the top of any ar- 
 chitectural design. 
 
 VESICA-PISCES. A geometrical figure of lines 
 
 VESTIBULE (Lat.) The first apartment at the 
 entrance of the house; an entrance; a com- 
 municating apartment. 
 
 VESTRY (Lat) An apartment or room attached 
 to a church. A sacristy. 
 
 VIADUCT. A bridge; a trestle-work; a struct' 
 ure spanning a valley or river. 
 
 yjg E j- (Fr.) A spiral or winding stairway. 
 
 VILLA. A country or suburban residence; a 
 large dwelling. 
 
 VISORIUM. The audience portion of an an- 
 cient amphitheatre. 
 
 VITRIFICATION. A method of glazing argil- 
 laceous earths by burning. 
 
 VITRUVIAN SCROLL. A scroll that is formed 
 of a series of the same design. 
 
 VIVO (Ital.) The shaft of a column. 
 
 VOLUTE. A peculiar scroll-like vine used as 
 the principal feature of the capitol of the 
 Greek and Roman orders of architecture. 
 
 VOMITORIUM. The aisles or passages in a 
 Roman amphitheatre. 
 
 VOUSSOIR. The name given to the stones 
 forming an arch; a keystone. 
 
 WAGGON HEADED ) A term given to a 
 WAGGON VAULT f barrel ceiling or 
 vault. (See Barrel Vault. .) 
 WAINSCOT ) (Dutch.) A panel work of 
 WAINSCOTING J wood; a lining to a wall. 
 WALL (Lat.) To enclose or surround; a term 
 
 for the enclosing structure of a building. 
 WALL PLATE. A piece of timber placed on a 
 
 wall to receive the ends of joist. 
 WARD. The court of a castle; a room in alios 
 pital. 
 
 WATER CLOSET. A sanitary invention. 
 
 WATER JOINT. The joint between stone. 
 
 WATER TABLE. Much the same as Belt, par- 
 ticularly designating a lower belt near the 
 ground. 
 
 WEATHER BOARD. (Same as Clapboard.) 
 WEATHER COCK. A vane. 
 WEATHERING. Any beveled part or slant to 
 
 throw off rain. 
 WEATHER MOULDING. Same as drip mould. 
 WEATHER TILING. The covering of a wall 
 
 with tile. 
 
 WEIGHTS OF A SASH. The weights secured 
 
 to sash to facilitate raising. 
 WELCH GROINS. The groins of a circular 
 
 vault, one of which is below the other. 
 WELL / A stair opening; an opening in 
 
 WELL HOLE f a floor. 
 WHEEL WINDOW. (See Catherine Wheel.) 
 WHITE LEAD. The body or base of lead 
 
 colors. 
 
 WICKET. A small hole in a door. 
 WIND BEAM. (Same as Collar Beam.) 
 WINDERS. The triangular steps of a circular 
 stairway. 
 
 WINDING* STAIRS. A circular or semi-circu- 
 lar stairway. 
 
 WINDOWS (Danish.) An opening through 
 which light is transmitted. 
 
 WINDOW BLIND 
 
 WINDOW JAMB 
 
 WINDOW SHUTTER 
 
 WINDOW STOOL 
 
 WINDOW TRACERY 
 of Gothic windows. 
 
 WINGS. An addition 
 ing. 
 
 WIRE GAUGE. A scale of numbers or sizes to 
 designate the dimensions of wire. 
 
 WITHS | (Sax.) The partitions between the 
 
 WITHES f flues of a chimney. 
 
 WOOD. A fibrous growth used in building. 
 
 WOOD BRICK. Blocks of wood used in ma- 
 sonry to secure the finished work to. 
 
 WORKING DRAWINGS. Enlarged details of 
 scale drawings for the better use of the 
 builder. 
 
 WREATHED COLUMNS. Twisted columns; 
 
 one entwined with wreaths. 
 WREATHED STRING. The circular portion 
 
 of a hollow newel stairs. 
 WROUGHT IRON. Pure iron in natural state. 
 WYATT WINDOW. A square window divided 
 
 into three lights. 
 
 Terms used in building 
 to designate parts of 
 a window. 
 
 The ornamental work 
 • projection to a build- 
 
 XENODOCHIUM. A reception room in a mon- 
 aster}'. (See Arnbulatory. ) 
 
 XYSTOS )(Gr.) A long Greek portico, open 
 XYSTUS ) or covered. 
 
 YARD ) (Sax.) A measure, either lineal, 
 YERD f square or solid; three, nine or 
 twenty-seven feet; an enclosure; a court or 
 area; an ancient term for a rafter. 
 YELLOW PINE. Pinus sylvestris or fir. 
 YLE. An early English term for aisle 
 
zac: 
 
 ZOT 
 
 Z A z2oCHO i( Ital -> The base or plinth of a 
 ZOCOO \ column or pedestal. 
 
 ZKTA ) (Gr.) An ancient term for a cham- 
 
 ZETICULA J her, sitting, or dining room. 
 
 Z1UZA<; MOULDING. A characteristic mould- 
 ing much used in the arches of Gorman 
 buildings. 
 
 ZINC A metal used in building. 
 
 ZINC "WHITE. A pigment or paint. 
 ZOCCO ) 
 
 ZOCCOLO - A moulding of a square section. 
 ZOCLE | 
 
 ZOPHORIC COI.U.MX. A column supporting 
 
 the figure of an animal. 
 ZOPHORU8. Same as Freeze, which see. 
 ZOTHECA. A r n or alcove connected to a 
 
 larger apartment 
 
A. W. Wolff, President. llarcus ttunge, Secretary. H. 1). Bunge, Superintendent. 
 
 The Wolff Bros Mfg. Co. 
 
 Sash, Doors, Bunds, 
 frames, 
 
 MOULDINGS, STAIRS. 
 
 Interior Finish in Hard and Soft Wood. 
 
 OFFICE, ERIE AND CURTIS STS. 
 TELEPHONE, W. 421. 
 
 Factory, Warerooms, etc., Erie, Curtis, Ohio and Carpenter Sts. CH I CAGO. 
 
 Hardwood G-rilles 
 
 and IF'n.ZET "WOU-IS.. 
 
 We have an ENDLESS VARIETY OF DESIGNS from which to select. Or 
 will make estimates from Illustrated Circular and Price-List, which will be sent on 
 application to 
 
 CHICAGO GRILLE MFG. CO., 
 
 W. A. ENNISSON & CO., Props., 
 Room 1004, Chicago Opera House Block, - - CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
The National Builder. 
 
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 Each issue contains complete and original drawings to working scale, of 
 plans for Dwellings, Business and Public Buildings, together with details, speci- 
 fications and estimate of cost. 
 
 A Department is published for each branch of the Trade, and ably 
 treated by Geo. O. Garnsey, Editor — one of the oldest Architects in Chicago. 
 
 MONTHLY, $3.00 PER YEAR — SINGLE COPIES CONTAINING PLANS, 25 CENTS. 
 
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 and use. It is the best work of the kind extant.— Geo. O. Garnsey, Architect." 
 
Joseph Badenoch, Jr. 
 
 John J. Badenoch. 
 
 BADENOCH BROS. 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 
 
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 ESTIMATES CHEERFULLY FURNISHED ON APPLICATION. 
 
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