r THE DYER'S COMPANION; JA" TWO PARTS. PART 1st CONTAINING , Upwards of one hundred receipts for colouring woollen, cot- ton or silk cloths, yarn or thread, all kinds of colours and shades, so as to make them lasting and permanent, upon thenev/est and most improved plan in d3ang ; with direct- ions for dressing cloth, and some observations and direc- tions as to the use of colours and dye-stuff, and the proper- ties and efJects thereof— calculated for the use of artists^ private families, and the encouragement of manufacto- ries, kc. THE 2d PART CONTAINES^G Directions for jacking smd varnishing leather ; to make Oil- Cioth, Lacker Brass, and Tin -Ware : To colour feathersji fur, and hair ; to prepare paints, varnishes, &c. to stain wood different colours ; to colour hats, either in whole or any particular part ; together with a number of medical receipts, which have been found beneficial, and highly ap- proved by the faculty. CONTAINING ALSO— = Many discoveries and improvements, not before mado public. BY ELIJAH BEMISS. NEW-LONDON : PniJVTED BY CADY IsT EEILS^ FOR THE AUTKOK, t^'^'i TX^ it remembered, that on the twentv-sc* Xj venth day of August, in the thirtlith ytm' of the Independence of the Unitisd Biam^ of America, Elijah Bemiss, of said district, hath dc^pomt^d in this oifice the title of a book, the right vvb^^reof ha clmms as author, in the words following*, « Tht^ DYER'S CX)M- PANION, m two parts— .Pavt 1st containing upwardi of one hundred diiT^^rent receipts for colouring wool* " len, cotton, or silk cloths, yarn or thread? all kinds of " colours and shades, so a§ to make thcnn la^tinp; and permanent, upon the newest and most improved pj \n " in dying ; with directions fordressirv^ cloth, and som^* ^'observations and directions as io • of colours " and dye-stuff, and the propertks is theveoi^ " calculated for the use of artists, r imilies, and the encouragement of manufecio. ics? ^'C- Second « part contains directions for jacking and Tarnishing " leatlier ; to make oil-cloth* lacker bras^, andtin-w^e ; to colour feathers, fur, and hair 5 to prepare painti, " varnishes, &c. to stain woodrSi^erent colours 5 to co- <^ lour hats, either in whole br any particular part 5 to* " q;ether with a number of medical recaipts, wkkh have " been found beneficial, and highly approved by the fac» " ulty* Containing also, many improvements md di$* ^ eoveries not before, made public.—- By EJijah Bemisi/* In conformity to the act of the CoHgresc of xhc United States, entitled, < An act for the encouragement cf learn* ing', by securing the copies of maps, charts f.nd feooksi to authors and proprietors of such copie% during the time therein mentioned/' SIMEON BALDWIN, Clerk oft/ie Dhtrkt of Conner tkut, A tme copy of record examined and mfXtil by S. BALDWIN; ah Dhf, Cm. PREFACE JL he (lefign of The Dyer s Companion,*^ is to furnini an eafy and uniform' fyftem of dying for the ufe of pra6titioners, and thofe who wifli to be benefitted by that and other arts introduced in this work. Dun'np an em- ploynient of fevcral years in the clothier's bu- (inefs, I had to combat with many difficul- ties for the want of an affiftant of this kind ; and I am well perfuaded the greater part of my fellovv-fun6iioners have laboured under the fameembarraffments, as there has not been to rny knowledge, any book of this nature ever before publifeed in the United States — a work which I bambly conceive will not only be ferviceable to the practitioners^ but to the country ai large. The author's attempt to improve the ufeful arts^ and to promote manufaclures, he hopes v/ili meet the approbation and encourage^ ment of his fellow-citizens ; and that the phunnefs of his plan, will be excufed, as he is an unlettered country dyer. His long pra6life in dying and dreffing cloth, Sec. has given him great opportunity for making im- A 2 vi P R E F A CE. provements therein. Thefe arts admit of dill greater improvement, if proper attention is paid to recording and fecuring our difcove- ries ; but otherwife it muft be expeSced that they will remain with us in a ftate of infancy. The art of dying is ftill far from having ar- rived at a flate of perfeftion even in Europe, and probably will not in our age. This con- fideration ought not to difcourage us, but to increafe our ambition ; for it muft be ac- knowledged that great improvements have been made and are ftijl making in this coun- try. Thofc to whom the author is in the frnall- ell degree indebted for promoting the ufeful- iiefs of this work, will pleafe to accept his thanks ; their future favors are requefted, with a hope that we may continue to live in brotherly love. By contributing our mutual aid towards gaining and fupporting our inde- pendence of Great-Britain, and other foreign countries, to whom in arts and manufactures we have too long bowed the knee ; we fhall promote our own interefts and our country's welfare and glory. In the Firf. Part it is attempted to have the PREFACE, vii Receipts for dying woolen, filk, cotton and linen goods, ariangedinthebeft order; which is loUowed by directions for the management of colouring, &c. The different operations of dye-ftuff are then attempted to be^Slfeiewn, together with direftions for dreffing cloth ; clofing with fome obfervatioias on the prefcnt fituation of our bufmefs. The Second Part cont?Cms> feveral ufefularts and difcoveries, coiiefted from various fourc- es, which will be found to be extremely bene- ficial to the public in generaK The author having for feveral y.^ars practif- ed in the greater part of the arts inferted in this work, pledges himfelf for the truth of his affertions. He has endeavored to ufe the plainefl language, and to point out eve^y part of the proceffes, fo that no one fhould be dif- appointed who attempts to follow his direc* tions. ^ Many matter mechanicks refufe to give re- ceipts to their apprentices unlefs ihey will pay for them, and at a high price. There are many receipts in this book, which, to the per- fonal knowledge of the author, have been fold for twenty and thirty dollars each i and the P R E F 4 C M, purchafer prohibited from communicating the receipt to any other perfon. Wy this means, ufeful difcoveries are fometimcs wholly loft ; and our impruvement in arts and manufac- tures make but flow progrefs. Should this auempt meet with reafonable encouragement the work will be enlarged and amended, in future editions, as the author may find time and means for tiie purpofe* THE DYER'S COMPANION. RECEIPTS, &c. !• Tofcta blue Vat of twelve Barrels. Jb^OR a Tat of twelve barrels ; fill the vat about half full of water, scalding hot ; dissolve eight ' pounds of potash in eight gallons of warm water j fill the copper with water ; add one half of the pot- ash lie, with five pounds of madder, a^d four quarts of wjieat bran ; heat this with a moderate fire, nearly to boiling heat, often stirring it — turn this into the vat. Take five pounds of indigo, wet it with one gallon of the potash lie, and grind it well : then fill your copper with water, and add the remainder of your potash lie, when cool, (being careful in pouring it off, as the sediment is injurious to the dye) ; add this compound of mdigo, 8cc. and four pounds of woad ; stir this continually over a moderate fire, until it boils ; then turn it into the vat, and stir, rake or plunge well, until well mixed together : cover it close and kt it stand two hours j io then add four ounces of borax, rake well, and let it stand twelve hours. If it does not come to work, then take two quarts of unslacked liiiie, and six quarts of water, putting them into a vessel proper for the purpose, and stir- ring well ; after standing till well settled, take the lie of the lime, and rake again, cover close, and let it stand two hours. ' The symptoms of the dye being fit to work, may be known by the rising of a fine copper-colored sCum, on top of the dye, and likewise, a fine froth rising ; your dye Will look green, and your cloth dipt in it, before it Conie« to the air, will look green also. Form of a Vat and other Utenftls necejfary Jot Blue Dying. 1st. The "Fat ought to be made of pine plank, at least two inches thick : it should be five feet iong^ and the width sufficient for cdntaining the quantity required ; the largest ead down, and about three feet in the ground ; hooped with large iron hcops as far as it fitands in the ground ; and ail above ground covered with wooden hoops 5 the. top covered tight with a thick cover so as 'to exclude the cbld air. A small lid should be made to open ahd shut ^^t pleas- ure for the purpose of admitting the dye into the vat, stirring, raking, EvC. It is absolutely ntccssa^ Tf to cor«r cIosC; so as to cotifme the beat aad stea^m PYEr's companion. U |i'om the time you begin to empty your hquor, un- til your vat is full. The liquor should be conveyed fi'om the copper to the vat by a spout or trunk, and after stirring, be immediately covered close. 2d. The Rake is of an Qval form, with a handle through the middle, of snffieient length to reach the bottona of the vat with ease, Sd. The Screen or BadcJle^Xo prevent the goods from sinking upon the se4iment. This vicensil is placed about ten or tVv^elve inches from the bottom of the vat. It should be as large as the top of the vat will admit, and filled with netting or splinters ; it should be hung by three cords, from the top, so as to be easily taken out when necessary, and a weight in the middle sufficient to keep it down. 4th. The Cross-Bar^ or stick across the vat. This should be about one inch in diameter, and plac- icd about six inches from the top, and across the mid* die of tne vat. 5th. The Handlers^ Claws or Hooks ^ are for ma^ Raging the cloth ia the dye, (for no air must come to the cloth while in the dye). The claws are made with wooden handles ; the hooks of iron in an oval form, half round, and notches in the hooks like saw t^?■'d^, for the purpose of catching hold of the cloth. I? To fit Cloths for Dying. In the first place scour the grease well out of the cloths. Take about thirty yards of cloth to a fold or draft, having prepared, in your copper, about twxj barrels of water, with four ounces of pearl-ash therein ; in tliis jiquor run aijd prepare your cloth for the vat about eight or ten minutes ; then roll it out and let it drain. Then fold it up smooth on the side of the vat, tl'.at it may go in open ; toss the end over the cross-bar, and let a person on the other side %vith his handlers be ready to poke it dovrn, and let it be done quick and lively. When the cloth is all in the vat, take the other end back again, by pulling it hand over hand, very lively, till you arrive at the other. Then shift sides, and manage in this manner till ready for taking out ; which will be in ten or twelve minutes^ if the dye is ripe aTid hot. But judg-ment must be used in this case ; when the dye is weak and cool, it is necessary to keep the cloth in an hour or more : In taking the cloth out of the vat, it is necessary to use dispatch. The utensils for this purpose are two crooked irons passed just above the vat, so that two men may put the cloth thereon, as taken out of the vat ; then a windlass for the purpose of .wringing the cloth as dry as conveniently can be dcua^. Hang your cloth then ia the open air, til! dyer's companion. 13 it is perfectly cool. At the same time, if you have more cloth, prepare it as described before in the copper of pearlash water. This process must be observed every time the cloth is dipped m the vat. Two dressings are commonly sufficient for colouring the first time ; then air and rincc, and this will be a pretty good blue—and full and manage ^Ls you do cloths to prepare them for colouring. However, your dye must not be crowded too fast at first. If you find your dye does not colour fast enough, cover and rake, and let it stand an hour or two ; being careful to keep the vat covered, excepting when the cloth is in : work the dye till it is cool, then heat it again. If all your cloths are not coloured for full- ing ; heat your dye again in the copper or other u- tensil, nearly to boiling heat, then turn it into the Tat and cover it up ; add two pounds of pearlash, rake well, and let it stand ten or twelve hours ; then rake it, and let it stand two hours, when it will be fit for work. Let the die be worked as long as it will colour well ; then manage as before until the dye is reduced. Recruit as before in setting, and manage in the same manner till your cloths are all coloured. Only omit two pounds of potash and one pound of indigo out of the quantity ; and the dye must stand to come to work, which will probably B 14 dyer's co:mpanion. be sooner than at first ; caution must be us.ed about working it too soon. The cloths when fulled and prepared for colour- in.q;, must be managed as at first, and run till they suit. After you have done colonng, open your vat, rake well, and give the dye all ail the air you can. Let it stand, and it may be kept good for ma- ny years, if rightly managed : After it has been recruited several times, it v/lll be necessary to dip off the dye carefully, so as not to disturb the sediment or lees, and throv/ it away. When the dye has b6en standing a long time, it is necessary to throw away the lees, for they will have a tendency to in- jure the dye, and the colour will not be so bright if they remain in the vat. The dye will not come to work so soon as if the sediment had remained in the vat, and it ought not to be disturbed excepting when it is necessary to dispense with some of the Ices. The dyer being careful to manage according to these directions, will have the best mode of dying cloth blue known by me. To color yarn or wool in this dye, the yarn must be hung loose in the dye, and the wool be put loose into a nett and then immersed. When the goods are dyed, have them immedi- ately ringed in clear w^^ter j when drycd, take twelve dyer's companion. 15 gallons of warm water to one pound of bard soap dissolved, and one pint of beef gall ; wet the cloth with this, and let it run in the mill eight or ten minutes, eforc mentioned ; and another thing is to be ob: BY£ll'b COMPANION. 19 served, the difTereBt states of the dyesj by giving all your goods an equal chance in the dye ; for most of colours the dye is good for nothing for that co- lour after the colour is done. Uh. FOR BLUE. TO 20 yds of failed cloth, take four pounds of good logwood chips ; fill your copper with fair wa- ter, add the logwood, and boil well till the strength is out ; then add one pound of good madder and one pound of allum ; Irt it simmer together fifteen min- utes, but not boil, (for the madder ought never to boil) run your cloth twenty or thirty minutes, roll out and air it ; let the dye simmer a few minutes, then run it again as before, with the heat of the dye increasing, about thirty minutes : air it, and the cloth will then appear of a purple cast or shade. Then tcikc tv/o ounces of verdigrease pul- verised fine ; then take one piat of sig ; put them into a proper vessel, and simmer them together with constant stirrhig, till well mixed and dissolved ; then add this to your dye, with two gallons of sig, and two ounces of blue vitriol ; boil them mode- rately together about 15 minutes, then stop your dye from boiling, and stir well together, then run your cloth about thirty minutes : run in this man- ner till the colour suits, and you will have a fine blue, but it will not be so durable as Indigo blue. t by.er's companion*;. Bth. FOR BLUE. TO twenty yards of fulled Cloth; fill your cop- per with fair water, heat it boiiing- hot, take two pounds of copperas, half a pound of ailum, a quarter of a pound of argal, or red tartar~pulvcrise these together, and put this compound into the boiling water — skim your dye, stop its boiling, run your cJoth twenty or thirty minutes, air and run it again, as before, twenty minutes, air andrince it in water ; shift your liquor from the copper, rince your cop- per, fill it with fair water, then add four pound of good logwood chips, boil well twenty iiiinutes, then slacken your fire and add an half pound of good madder ; let it simmer fifteen minutes — .together with one ounce verdigrease made fine, as described in receipt fourth, with sig, Sec. then take one gallon of sig and add with the rest to the dye, stir them well together, till the dye is wxll mixed ; run your cloth again in this dye thirty minutes, air it, and add two ounces of pearl-ashes, :ind run it again, with the dye well mixed together — handle in this manner, lill your colour pleases. This will be a good blue, rather preferable to receipt, no. 4. .^th. PRUSSIJA BLUE. Compound, or Chymics.— This compound or blueing is made, thus : Take one pound of goodi^jo- tong indigo pulverised; four pounds of oil of 'wtrifia t byer's companion. 21 and two ounces of fine salt— put this in a stone pot (or some earthern vessel) that will contain six times the quantity of this compound, or it will be liable to rise and run over,— First put in the vitriol, then the indigo, then the salt ; stir this continually, one hour, or till it gets pretty well settled and cool — for it will boil and foment in a terrible manner. Let it stand four days or a week, covered close, stirring it now and then, as is most convenient. 7th. Another Method for BiUEiNGy OR Compound* TAKE one pound of common good indigo , six pounds of oil of vitriol, half a pound of stone lime — put these together, (as described before) in the pot, and stir it — This will be fit to use in forty- eight hours. I have mixed it without either lime or salt ; but it requires more stirnng and longer standing before it is fit for use. This compound is used for dyeing Prussian blue, green, and maiiy oth- er colours. Bth. PRUSSIAJYBLUE. FILL your copper with fair water, heat it near- ly boiling hot; then add of your blue (as is before 22 dyer's CO^aPANION'. mentioned) a little, and stir it well with the Wate>*j run your clotft, roll out, air, and add of your com- pound by little and little, till your colour pleases; — You may make, in tliis dye, any sliade you wish, of this kind of blue, and very bright. 9tL FOR GREEJf, TO twenty yards of cloth, take six pound of fus- tick chips and boil them well, then add one quarter pound of allum, run your cloth till it is a good yel- low, then add of your blueing* about half a gill at a time, stir and mix it well together in the dye, run your cloth with a hot fircs fifteen or twenty minutes, then air and a little of your blueing, and run again in the same manner-as before, and add of your blue- ing, little by little, till your colour suits. If you have a considerable quantity ©f cloth to colour, it will be necessary to boil your fustic k till your dye is strong ; then put it in a tub, for the con- venience of dipping it off as it is wanted to mix with the blueing. The quantity of yellow die to be dipped off, must be left to the discretion of the dyer, according to the quantity of cloth in colouring ; let the chips remain in the kettle, and fill your copper with water, boil again, and yellow your cloth till a good yellow, by adding alium every dipping — then * This compound of vitriol and indigo, is known by blueing chymick Or saxon pot* J)YER*S COMPANION. take the chips out of the dye, then add of your blue-? ing, run your all cloths, add of your blueing and yellow die, having your die hot and well mixed to- gether — run your cloth, and add of your compound and yellow die, by little and little, v/ell mixed and stirred together ; and if the colour does net appear bright enough, frequently add a little allum, keep it in much longer, and this will give lustre to your colour.— This is the best method of dyeing a bright green, I believe, in the vforld, or the best I ever knew. Green requires the judgment of the dyer to pre- vent one colour from overrunning the other, otlicr-? wise the colour will appear dull, and never can be made bright. But follow the receipt with care and judgment, and you will have a very fine green. loth. FOR QR&tJt, TO twenty yards of cloth, take five pounds of good fustick chips, boil well, then add tv/o ounces of allum, run your cloth till a good yellow ; then add of your blueing half a pound, run your cloth twen- ty or thirty minutes, then air, and add a little cop*- peras and a little logwood ; let it boil a few minutes, run again^ and handle till your colour pledges* BTER*S COMPAXlOif. nth. FOR GREEM TO twenty yards of cloth take four pounds of fustic chips, boil well, then add two ounces of pearl ashes, one ounce of allura, one ounce of aqua fortis • — let it boil, stir and mix it well together, then run your cloth till a g;ood yellow ; air, and add of your blueing, well mix it with your dye, run your cloth, and add of your blueing by little and little, till your colour pleases. I2t/i, FOR GREEM TO twenty yards of cloth, take four quarts of wheat bran, wet it with vinegar, let it stand twelve hours ; fill your copper with fair water, put your bran in a bag and let it boil in the water one hour, take it out, let it drain, and squeeze it dry as you can ; then add two ounces of argal,* made fine, and one ounce of allum ; boil well, run your cloth for* ty minutes, boiling ; then air and rince, shift your liquor from your copper, rince and fill with fair wa- ter ; then add four pounds of fustick chips, boil well till the strength is well out, then add a little allum, and run your cloth thirty minutes more ; then add, gradually, as much blueing as is necessa- ry, and sadden with a little copperas. * ThU i$ called by some, Crude^ or Red Tartar. DYER*S COMPANION. 25 ^ ' If the colour is not bright enough, shift y/)ur dye fi'om your copper, and fill with fair water ; heat it nearly to boiling heat, add a little blueing, and handle till your colour pleases. \%t1u FOR GREEA. TO twenty yards of cloth, take five pounds of fustick chips, and boil well ; then add two ounces of allum, and six ounces of compound or blueing—. half of your blueing at a time ; run your cloth thir- ty minutes, then add the rest of your blueing to- gether with yellow dye and a little allum ; run again as before ; then add two ounces of blue vitriol, boil well, and handle till your colour pleases, N. B. These green dyes are worth saving as they are useful in many dyes, especially for bottle greea m the first beginning. im. FOR BOTTLE GREEJT. TO twenty yards of cloth, take three pounds of fustick chips, boil ^vell, then add two ounces of al- lum and your blueing ; stir and mix them well to- gether, then ru» your cloth thirty minutes, air and G 1^6 BYEPs's COMPANION* run again till Imve it a good deep gr^eii ; thea add two pounds of logvvoodj boil well, take o«q quarter of a j>ouiid of verdigrease, pulverisie k, and ])iit in a proper vessel with one pint ^f vine gar ; let it simmer together with constant stirring, till all dis^ solved ; then add it to the dye, st4r and mix it wel} together, run your cloth with your dye hot, thirty or forty minutes ; then air and sadden with coppe= rus, till the colour is dark enough. If your green goes off, shift your dye from your copper, clean it well, rince your cloth well, fill your kettle with fair w^ter, heat it boiling liot, and add blueing by degrees till yorur colour pleases. if 15th, FOR BOTTLE GREEK, FOR twenty yards of cloth, fill your copper with fair water, heat it boiling hot ; take half a pound of blue vitriol, and let it dissolve in the water ; run yovir cloth 30 minutes, air and run again as before; then add three pounds of good logwood chips and two pounds of fustic, and boil well ; run your cloth, said handle till your colour pleases ; and you will have a fine bottle green, but it is more liable to fade than tlie other, which will hold equal to a blue. bVKk's COMPANlOK. ^7 16.7/. FOR OLIVE GREEX. TO twenty yards of cloth, take six* pounds of fus- tic, boil well, then add a quarter of a pound of al- lum, and a quarter of a pound of blueing ; run your cloth one hour^ then add half a bushel of butternut bark ; let it boil moderately till the strength is well out ; run your doth 30 minutes, air, and run again ; then add one f|uarter of a pound of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. When I have any bright green dye, as in receipt • No. 9, I use it as a preparation for the olive green. \7th. FOR YELLOW. TO twenty yards of cloth, take a quarter of a pound of. aqua for tis, and as much pewter or block tin ns the aqua fortis will dissolve ; (first pouring the pewter in a melted state into v/ater ;) fill your copper with fair water, boiling hot ; then add the i Compound of aqua fortis, Sec. with six ounces of ar- gal, and half a pound of allum ; boil well, run your cfoth boiling forty mimites ; then air and rince, and shift your liquor from your copper ; fill with fair water, then take four pounds of good fus- tick, and a quarter of a pound of tarmerick, boil 2S dyer's companion. well, and add half a pound of alliim ; rim your cloth thirty minutes^ and handle till your colour pleases* 18/;^. FOR YELLOW. TO twenty yards of cloth, take one pound of al- lum, fill your copper with fair water, heat boil- ing hot, run your cloth boiling, three quarters of an hour j air, rince and shift your liquor from your copper ; rince and fill with fair ^vater ; add six pounds of good fustick, boil well, then add a quar- ter of a pound of allum, and two ounces of aqua for- tlskilled with pewter as described in receipt No, 17 ; Atir and mix it well together with your dye ; run your cloth and handle till your colour suits your fancy. The dyer must be exceeding careful in these yel- low dyes, that his copper utensils and cloth are all clean ; for the yellow dyes are very easily spoiled. It also requires great care about handling the cloths, that you do not touch them ag^ainst any thing that will spot them, for that is not very easily mended, N. B. The aqua fortis must be put in a sound earthen vessel, to contain much more than the fluantity of aqua fortis ; for it will boil and fly, and appear to be red hot when you put in the pewter or byeh's companion. 29 block tin ; and it must be fed as long as it will dis- solve it. Then let it stand till cold ; then apply it to the dye. This is the way that aqua fortis must be used;, except otherwise directed. Remembef the pewter or block tin must be melted aftd thrown into water, and it will dissolve the better, Sec, 19^//. BUFF YELLOW, TO twenty yards of cloth, take four pounds of good fustick, boil well ; then add a quarter of a pouiKl of the best mad ters of an hour, air and let the xlyp simmer in the same manner as before j add a liltk allum and run your cloth, ^nd manage in this form till theiStrength is well out of the dye ; then add half a pound of pearl-ash, and handle till yqur colour pleases. The dyes for red, that are made of red-wood and Nicaragua, must not be hurried and drove, nor crowded too full, because it ^ill destroy the lustre of the red, and the colour will be dull. It is neces-p sai^y the copper and ail the utensils should be clean, -19//;. FOR RED, WITH MADDER. y TO twenty yards of cloth, take.one peck of wheat bran, boil it in a small kettle with eight gallons of water, one hour ; tlien nil your copper with water, boiling hot ; then add the liquor of the bran, and three and an half pounds ef alluni, one pound of red argal, boil and run your cloth, (being well scoured and clean) one and an half hours, boiling: ; then air and rince your cloth, and shift the liquor from your copper ; fill with fair water, then add eight pounds of madder that is good, and heat moderately, with constant stirring, til' near scalding hot ; run your cloth three quarters of an hour with arp^oderatefire, then increase your fire^ and bring it near a boiling 36 dyer's companion. heatj but not boilings for the madder must not boil, if you intend to have a good red ; then run your cloth in this manner until the strength is well out of the madder, and the colour well raised on the red ; then shift your liquor from your copper ; fill ^\ ith water, and add two and an half pounds of the best Brazilj boil well one hour, and add three quar- ters of a pound of allum and run your cloth till your coloui suits, boiling between each dipping ; and this will produce a good red. This colour may be finished in the madder dye without shifting the dye, by adding two gallons of lant or sig. After the colour is well raised in the madder, run your cloth thirty minutes, and it will answer. The be^t is with Brazil, but it is more lengthy, and the colour is brighter than with the sig ; so J. leave it to the discretion of the dyer. SOtk, FOR MERROOJSr RED. TO twenty yards of cloth, take six quarts of wheat bran, wet with vinegar, let it stand twelve hours, and sour ; put it in a bag, fill your copper with water, heat boiling hot, and boil the pudding \:.No hours ; then take it out and let it drain j squepz^ PYER^S COMPANIOIf. IHS dry as you can conveniently ; then add one and »n half pounds of allum, and half a pound of red argal made fine, run your cloth one hour boiling, air and let it he all night and sour ; then rince your cloth, shift your liquor from your copper, and fill it Vfiih fair water ; when M'arm, add ten pounds ©f good madder and four quarts of wheat bran, con- stantly stirring until it is near boiling, but not boiling, for madder must not boil ; run your cloth and manage in this manner till the strength is well ©ut of the dye, and the red well raised, then add one gallon of lant or sig, and handle till your colour pleases. 3Ut. FOR P OLISHED RED WITH MADDER. TO twenty yards of cloth, take three and an half pounds of nutgalls pulverised, put them in the cop- per, and fill the copper about half full of water, put the galls in, let it boil till the strength is well out ; then fill the copper with cold water ; see that your dye is not hotter than scalding hot ; then add fiv^, six, or seven pounds of the best madder, in pro- portion to the shade required ; let it simmer with a small fire one hour, with frequent stirring ; then run your cloth thirty mmutes, air and run again with the heat increasing ; run till the strength is well out of the dye, and the colour well raised on D 5S DYER*S COMPANION. the red. Tlie dye must steep between each pip- ping, fifteen or twenty minutes, with the heat in- creasing-, but not boiling, for it will destroy the substance ©f the madder to let it boil. If your co- lour is not dark enough, add a little pot-ashes or pearl-ashes, and handle till your colour pleases ; find you v;ili have a fine pohshed red. 32./. FOR PORTABLE RED, TO twenty yards of cloth, take one pound of fus- tlck, and three quarters of a pound of allum, fill your copper w^ith water, heat boiling hot, run your elothj after the strength is out of the fustick, run three quarters of an hour ; shift your copper, fill with fair water, and then add six pounds of red- wood, let it boil moderately one hour, then add three quarters of a pounc] of allum, run your cloth 40 minutes ; then air, and let the dye simmer one 'and an half hours, and run your cloth as before ; then air and take out the chips, and add one and an half ounces of cochineal, and three ounces of aqua fortis ; run again with the dye boiling, 40 minutes ; to bloom, take six or eight ounces of spirits of sal jarmoniac, or good old sig ; and your cloth will be ^ gogd colour by handling in this half an hour. byer's companion. 33cL FOR CLJEET RED, TO twenty yards of cloth, take two pciincts of fustick chips, fill your copper with water, boil well, then add one pound of allum, boil, run your cloth one hour boiling, then air, rince, and shift yolU* copper ; fill with fair water, add eight pounds of red-wood, boil well, and add half a pound of allum ; run your cloth one hour, then air, let the dye steep one hour, and run again, adding a little allum ; manage in this manner until the strength is well out of the dye, and the colour well raised on the red ; then add two ounces of aqua fortis, killed with pew- ter or Block tin, as described in receipt 18th, rim your cloth thirty ipiimtes with the dye boiling ; then add two gallons of sig to bloom, handle till your co- lour pleases, and you will have a fine claret red» ^ FOR CLARE1\ TO twenty yards of cloth, take twelve pounds of barwood, boil well, then add half a pound of al- lum, run your cloth until the strength is well out of the dye, about thirty minutes to a dipping, boiling between each dipping as much as is necessary to get the strength out of the barwood : when the co- lour is well raised on the red, then add a quarter of ^ pound of logwood, a«id a quarter ©f a pound of »VER*S COMPAJ^ION* copperas mixed together, and handle until your co>^ lour pleases. FOR MADDER RED TO BE DYED A TO twenty yards of cloth, take one pound of logwood, fill with fair water, boil well, run your cloth, and sadden with copperas until your colour pleases. FOR SCARLET TO BE DYED GLA- RET OR AJVY DARK COLOUR. To colour twenty yards of cloth ; fill your cop- per with water, heat boiling hot, then add one pound of copperas ; run your cloth, air, and run it again ; then shift your liquor from your copper, rince it, and fill with v/ater ; then add one and an half pounds of logwood, boil well twenty minutes, then run your cloth till your colour pleases ; and you will have a fi:ne claret that is durable. This is the only way that scarlet can be coloured a darker colour. By running it in the copperas wa- ter first, you may dye it almost any dark colour you please \ for the copperas will destroy all the acidous CLARET. dyer's COMPiTIJION. 41 * flower that the scarlet is made by and depends up- on ; but until the power of the acid is destroyed, you cannot strike any colour through, so but that it will remain red in the middle of the cloth. I have coloured scarlet blact completely through, and almost all other dark colours, by the help of copperas. 57^//. FOR CHERRY COLOUR. TO |:wenty yards of cloth, take seven and an half pounds of Barvvood, boil well, and add a quarter of a pound of allam : then run your cloth one hour : an- and add two pounds of Brazil, and boil till the strength is well out ; run your cloth again as before till the colour is well raised on the red, then add two quarts of sig or lant, and handle till your colour pleases, 4. FOR VIOLET COLOURS. TO twenty yards of cloth, take four pounds of Brazil, and one and a quarter pounds of log-wood ; boil well, and add three quarters of a pound of al» lum, then run your cloth thirty minutes, ^r, aii^ Da 42 let it Steep till the strength is well out ; then iim again as before, then add three quarts of lantor sig, with the dye hot and well mixed together ; run your clotk, and handle till your colour pleases. Twenty shades of violet colour may be produced, by varyiU;^ the logv/ood and brazillctto. The fur- ther management of this dye, I have left to the fan- cy of the dyer, for the colour will be beautiful, al- most equal to cochineal aiul iixli^-v). You rnay use peach-wood in part, instecid of all brazilletto, if you like. It will be less expensive than all brazilletto j but this I leave to yoi^r own cboice. 39//^. FOR PLYK COLOUR, For twenty yards of cloth, fill your copper with fair water, heat boiling hot, then add two pounds of allum, and one pound of argal ; in this boil and run your cloth one hour, then a i% rince and shift your copper ; fill with water, and add two pounds of madder. Let it heat moderately, with often stir- ring, till neai'boihng hot, run your cloth one hour j and you will have a good coloiu' of the kindt 40ch. FOR FLESH COLOUR, TO twenty yards of cloth, take one and an half bushels of blrxk birch, and half a bushel of hemlock bark, boil well till the strength is well out ; then add a quarter of a pound of allum, run your cloth one hour, and handle, and you will have a goed co- lour of the kind. ^ 4Ut. FOR ORA.\GE COLOUR, TO twenty yards of cloth, take two pounds of fustick chips, 3 ounces of arg-al, and half a pound of allum, boil till the strength is well out of the fus- tick, then run your cloth, with the dye boiling, one hour ; then air, rince, and shift the liquor from your copper, and fill with fair water ; then add two and three quarters pounds of red-wood, two and three quarters pounds of madder, three quarters of a pound of allum, and two ounces of aqua fortis ; let it boil moderately, with often stirring, till the strength is well out ; then run your cloth one hour ; then add one and an half ounces of arsenick, and half an ounce of cochineal, and tliis will bind the co- lour. In this run and handle till your coloup pleases* 44 DYKH'S COMPANION 42d FOR ORAJ^'^GE. TO twenty yards of cloth, take eight pounds of fustick, and four pounds of red-wood, and boil well ; then add half a pound of allum, run your cloth thir- ty or forty minutes, then air, and let the dye steep a while, then run again till the strength is well out of the dye ; then add one gallon of sig to bind ; and handle till your colour suits^ . 41 AU. FOR BROWJSr. TO twenty yards of cloth, take two bushels of butternut bark, fill with water, heat moderately, let it steep, (but not boiling) till the strength is well out of the bark ; then run your cloth three quarters of an hour ; and air and run again with the dye hot, but not boiling, (for boiling the bark deatroys part of the lustre of the colour which the bark gives) but run in this manner till the strength is well out of the dye, then air and take the bark out of your dye ; then add a quarter of a pound of copperas and two quarts of sig, and mix the dye well together ; run your cloth with your dye boiling fifteen or twenty minutes, and handle in this mamier till your colour pleases. Various shades may be produced in this dye^ by DTER^S COMPANION. rarying the bark and copperas ; sometimes more of one sort, and sometimes less ; and thus by changing the order of them, different shades will appear. Dry bark and green will make a different shade ; boiling and not boiling will have the same effect. Thug I leave it to the discretion of the dy- er, to vary them as he or she pleases^ to answer the shade or shades required. I'OR LOJVBOJSr BROWJSr OR CORBEAU WITH CJMWOOD. TO twenty yards of cloth, take five pounds of good ground camwood, fill your copper with fair water, heat boiling hot, let your camwood boil a few minutes, then run your cloth thirty minutes ; air and run again in the same manner as before ; air and add half an ounce of blue vitriol, and a quar- ter of pound of oil of vitriol,* boil well five or six minutes, then run your cloth twenty or thirty min- * When oil of vitriol is applied to any hot liquor, you must before you put it in the dye, put seven eighths of cold water to it, and then it will heat near boiling hot with the cold water ; but if you put in otherwise, it will make the hot liquor fly in a shock- ing manner, and the dyer will be in danger of be* ing scalded. BYEH's COMPANIOtI, wtes more ; then take one pound of copperas dis*' solved -in vinegar by constant stirring on the fire, (but be sure and not let it boilt for it will spoil the dye) then add. the copperas by Utile and little, the dye boiling, and run as before, and handle till your colour pleases. If it is not dark enough for the cor- heau, take two ounces of Verdigrease made fine, and dissolv>.d in sig or vinegar on the fire, by often stir- ring, as described in receipt 4th ; add this with one pound of logwood chips ; boil well, and handle in this numner till your colour suits. Sometinnes it is required to be very dark, then these darkening tnaterials must be applied according to the judg- •ment of the dyer, Sec, 45ih. FOR LO.YDO:^/BnOWjYOB CORBEAV^ WITH mCARAG UA. To twenty yards of cloth, take eight pounds of Nicaragua, and half a pound bf fustick ; boil well, and add half a pound of allum, run your cloth till^ the strength is v/e'l out of the dye, and the colour nfell raised dn the red, then add half an ounce of blue vitriol, and half a gill of oil of vitriol, and four quarts of sig, run your cloth 50 minutes ; then adol half a pound of logwood, boil well, add one ounce of verdigrease, pulverised and dissolved, as in receipt No. 4, run your cloth twenty minutes ; then add eopperas by little and little to sadden ; and handle till your colour .pleases. Am. LOA'DOJSr BRGW^ OR CORBEAU WITH RED-nOOD. TO twenty yards of cloth, take two pounds of fustick chips, boil well, and add one povmd of al- lum, run your cloth boiling. three quarters, of iin hour ; air and rince, and shift your copper, then fill with water, and add ten pounds of red-wood chips ; let it boil moderately one hour ; then add half a pound of allum, run your cloth forty minutes, air, and let the dye steep one hour, and run again as before ; and handle in this rnanner till you have a good red ; (you must be cautious not to drive the dye too fast, and add a little allum now and then if necessary) and till the strength is well out of the ^ye : then add one gallon of sig or urine, run your cloth half an hour, then add one and an half pounds of logwood chips, boil well, then add two ounces c^f Terdigrease made fine and dissolved in one pint of vinegar, as described before, and handle till your cq- Jour pleases. 45 DTEa's coMPAjriOJi. A7th, LOKDOJ^ BROWJf. TO twenty yards of cloth, take two pounds of fustick and seven pounds of red- wood chips, boil moderately one hour, then add half a pound of al-* lum, run your cloth three quarters of an hour, then slacken the heat of your dye, and add three pounds of Hiadder ; let it stand and simmer with of- ten stirring half an hour, run your cloth one hour, and if the strength is not out of the dye, run again* The cloth must be a good red before you sadden ; then add copperas to sadden with by little and little, till your colour suits. FOR LOJSrnOJ^ BROWA^ TO twenty yards of cloth, take four pounds of fustick chips, boil well, then add half a pound of allum ; then run your cloth one hour boihng, then air and rince, and shift your copper, and fill with fair water ; then add six pounds of red^-wood chips, boil well, add half a pound of allum, run your cloth one hour, then add one and an half pounds of mad- der, let it simmer half an hour, then run your cloth one hour, then add three quarters of a pound of logwood chips, boil well, then add two gallons of sig ; then run your cloth and handle till your co- lour pleases. dyer's companiok. f , 49 mh. FOR REDDISH BROWM TO twenty yards of cloth, take one^and an half pounds of fustick, boil well, and add a quarter of a pound of allum, in which run your cloth one hour boiling ; air and rlncc your cloth, shift your hquor from your copper, and fill with fair water, then add nine pounds of red-wood ; let it boil well, then add half a pound of allum, run your cloth one hour, then add a quarter of a pound of pearl-ashes and ?iquar- tej:* of a pound of allum ; run your cloth half jan hour, and this will be a good red j then add one oimee of arsenick and a quarter of a pound of argal ; run your cloth three quarters of an hour, then add two g^al- lons of good old sig, and handle till your colour pleases, and you will have a fine colour, SWu FOR SPAJVISH BROTV^\ TO twenty yards of cloth, take one bushel of butttrnut bark, and one bushel of walnut bark, boil well, run your cloth one hour, then take the bark out of the dye, and add half a pound of copperas ; run your cloth forty minutes ; then air and rince, and shift your liquor from your copper ; fill ^ with lair water, and add two pounds of fustick chips ; boil well, then add half a pound of allum, run your cloth one hour, and air and rince, and sliift vour 11- E 5i DYEli*S "COMPANION. quor from youf copper, fill with fair water, and add cigbt pounds of red-wood ; boil well and add half a pound of alium, run your cloth one hour ; then add two ouhces of oil of vitriol, killed with the flow* ^r of brimstone ; run your cloth half an hour ; tlien add half a pound of logwood, and boil well, then add two gallons of good old sig ; and handle till your colour pleases. 515^. FOR LOA'DO.y SMOKE. TO twenty yards of cloth, take^eight poutids ©f fustick chips, boil well, then add a quarter of a pound of allum ; run your cloth half an hour, then add one and iin half bushels of good butternut bark, boil mo- derately till the strength is well.out, then run your cloth one hour with the dye hot ; then if the strength is well out of the dye, take the bark and chips out of the dye, and add three pounds of Nicaragua wood, or red-wood, and one and an half pounds of logwood chips, boil well thirty minutes ; then run your cloth 'one hour, then add one gallon of sig, run twenty minutes with the dye boiling, then add one and an half or two pounds of copperas, and run to your liking ; and thi$ will be ^ colour equal to a blu^ for strength, Sep, DYER-S COMPANION. .^1 5^c/. CIjYjYJMOA B'RQWJSr. TO twenty yards of cloth, take four pounds iustick, and three pounds of red-wood chips^ or Ni- caragua, boil well, then add half a pound of allum ; run your cloth one hour, then slack the heat of your dye, and add four pounds of good madder ; let ft simmer half an hour ; then add half a pound of al- lum, run your cloth one hour then add tv/o ounc- es of copperas, and two gallons of siiy ; and handle with the dye hot, till your colour pleases. 53^/. FOR SMOKE BROWjY. TO tv/enty yards of cloth, take six pounds of fus* tick chips, and three pounds of g-round camwood, boil well till the strength is well out ; then run your cloth one hour, then add three and an half pounds of coarse madder ; let it simmer twenty minutes ; then run your cloth half an hour^ then add half a pound of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. 54r/j. FOR LIVER BROWA^. TO twenty yards of cloth, take eight pounds ot fustick chips,and two pounds of red-wood chips,boil dyer's companion. well one hour, and run your cloth forty "minutes ; then add four pounds of mull, or coarse madder5and two quarts of rotton wood of qak, boil moderately, and run your cloth one hour ; then add six or eight ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases, mh. FOR OLIVE BROTVM TO twenty yards of cloth, take five pounds of fustick chips, boil well, run your cloth one hour, then add one bushel of butternut bark ; boil well, but moderately, one hour ; then run your cloth one hour, or till the strength is well out of the dye ; then take the bark and chips out of the dye, and add six ounces of, copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. 56th. FOR OLIVE BROWM To twenty yards of cloth, take six pounds of fus- tic chips, and one pound of logwood, boil well, and run your cloth half an hour ; then add one pound of madder, let it simmer half an hour, then run your cloth as before ; then add a quarter of a pound of chymick or blueing, stir and mix it Yveli with the DYEP/S COMPANION* 5$ dye, and run your cloth twenty minutes ; then add one and an half pounds of logwood, and one gallon cfsig-; run your cloth as before, add six ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. 57t/i. FOR OLIVli BROIVjW To twenty yards of cloth,, take se\'en pounds of fustick chips, three quarters of a pound of logwood, and half a pound of nicidder ; boil well one hour, then run your cloth one hour, then add half a pound of chymick or blueing, and run your cloth twenty minutes ; then add two quarts of si[c, ai}d run again as before ; then add two ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. _4, — 58^//. FOR A LIGHT SKUFF BROWM TO fwenty yards of cloth, take eight pounds of fustick chips, and four pounds of redwood or Nica* ragua ; boil well an hour and a half, then add a quarter of a pound of allum ; run your cloth thirty minutes, then air and run a%ain till the strength is well out of the dye ; then add one gallon of sig, run your cloth half an hour, then take one peck of soot scraped from the chimney, put it into a tub; and put E 2 54 two paiis full of your djQ to it stir it well togetlieiV aiKl let it stand -and settle ; then pour off the hquor moderately, and add it to your dye ; run your ciotb. and handle till your colour buits. ., 4 ' 59th. FOR S^rUFF BROWJV*. TO twenty yards of cloth, take four pounds of fustick chips, and boil well ; then add a quarter of a pound of allum, and run your clotii ludf an lunir ; lidd live potmds of redwood, boil Well, and then add iialf a pound of ailum ; run your cloth as before till the strength isv/ell out of your dye, then add a quar- ter of a pound of argal, and handle till your colour pksses. —4, — mUu FOR DARK S.YUFF BROWM TO twenty yards of cloth, take six pounds of fus- tick chips, and boil well, then add a quarter of a pound of allum ; run your cloth one hour, then add two pounds of ground camwood, and one and an half pounds of madder^ and let it snumer half aa hour ; run your cloth one hour, then add half a pound of copperas, or more, if the colour is not di^rk enough J and liandletill your colour pleases* 6Ut. FOR S.^UFF BROWA: TO twenty yards of cloth, take three quarters of bushel of butternut bark, and three quarters of u bushel of walnut bark, boil well one hour, but n\o- tlerately ; run your cloth one hour, then if the strength is well out of the bark and dye^ take the bark out of tiie dye, and add one pound of copperas to sadden with ; run your cloth three quarters of an hour, air and rince your cloth and shift your li- quor from your copper, wash clean and fill withiair water ; then add four pounds of fustick chips, boil -well, and thtn add half a pound of aliuni 5 run youy doth half an hour ; then add five pounds of redwood chips, boil one hour, and add a quarter of a pound of allum ; run your cloth three quarters of an hour; let it steep, and run, till the strength is well out of the dye. To sadden, take one gallon of sigj and handle. Sec 4. 62c/- FOR SAUFF JBROWA. TO twenty yarda of cloth, talve one pound 6f al- lum, boil, and run your cloth one hour, then shift your liquoi^ from your copper, and fill with fair wa- ter ; then add five pounds of fustick, boil well till the strength is well out, then run your cloth thirty nimutes , thcu ^dd one bu&hclof butternut bark; DtER^'s COMPANIOJr. and five pounds of sumac berries, boil moderate!}' one hour, and then run your cloth forty minutes ; then add six ounces of aqua fortis^ killed with pew- ter, as described before in receipt No. 18 ; run your cloth with the dye boiling one hour, and the colour will be done. . — 4» — 63cf. FOR SJ^UFF BROWA. To twenty yards of cloth, take eight pounds of fustick chips, boil well, and add a quarter of a pound of allum ; run your cloth thirty minutes, then add four pounds of redwood chips or two pounds of ground camwood ; boil well, and run your cloth till the strength is well out of the dye ; then add cne gallon of sig, a quartev df a pound of logwood, awd an ounce of verdigrease, prepared as in receipt 4th ; boil well, run your cloth twenty minutes, then add two ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases, ' ^ 64th. FOR SAUFF JBROWM To twenty yards of cloth, take eight and an half pounds of fustick chips, four pounds of coarse mad- der; and three quarters of a pound of logwood i byek's companion. 57 boil well till the strength is well out of the dye-wood, but not fast ; or the madder may be omitted till the strength is boiled out of the logwood and fustick, ^ind then let it simmer a short time ; then add six oun- ces of allum, run your cloth one hour, air, and run again, till the strength is well out of the dye ; then add half a pound of copperas to sadden, or more if it is not dark enough; and handle till your colour pleases. 65r/2. FOR BJT'JVIJVG BROWAf. TO twenty yards of cloth, take one and an half pounds of fustick, ^nd four pounds of good logwood, boil well, and then add one and an half pounds of good madder, and six ounces of allum ; let it sim- mer half an hour, then run your cloth one hour ; add eight or ten ounces of copperas, and one quait of lant, then run and handle till your colour pleases. If you wish tO alter the shade of this colour, you may add five or six pounds of logwood, and less fus- tic, and you may have the colour to suit your fancy. S8 BTER*S COMPA!TIO!C. mil. FOR SLATE BROWA^ TO twenty yards of cloth, take one bushel of buL=* terniit birk, boil vrell and run your cloth one hour; then take out the bark, and add half a pound of cop- peri\s ; run t\renty niinutcs, ah^ and run agahi, and add more copperas if it is not dark enough ; for it requires to be very dark. When dark enough, shift your copper, scour clean, and rincc your cloth \ fill with fair water, heat hot, then add three euhces of compound or blueing' ; run your cloth twenty mi- nutes, air, and if your colour is not blue enough, add a little more blueing- ; and if it is not dark e- nough, and the colour grows lighter, then add four «r six ounces of logwood, and one ounce of blue vit* riol ; and iiandle till it suits your fancy* ' trth. FOR DOVE OR LEAD J3R0JVA. . TO twenty yards cf cloth, take telfa pound cxf chcsnut or maple bark, and two ounces of logwood, .boil well, then add. two ounces of copperas, and a little coinpound or blueing, (say half an, ounce) and stir your dye \vell together ; run your cloth twenljr minutes ; then if you find yoiir colour wants alter- ing^ it may be done by varying thur. ;™Tf it is not dark enough, add a liliie mere ccppcras — -if not blue :^i.ough; add a little mor<^ blueici^ — if not bright dyer's companion. 59 enough, add a little rhore logwood ; run again, and if it requires nothing, your colour will be finished. Silk may be dyed in this. em. FOR PEARL OR SILVER GREY^ TO twenty yards of cloth, take four quarts of wheat bran, put it in a bag, and iill your copper with fair water, and boil the pudding an hour and a half ; then take it out, let it drain, ^nd squeeze it as dry as you can ; then add two ounces of alliim, let it boil, and skim off the scum that will rise, then run your cloth one hour ; add four povmds of logwco4 chips, put them in a bag, and boil well till the strength is well out, then take the bag of logwood out of the dye, if you do not, it will spot the cloth ; run your cloth thirty minutes, then add half an ounce of blue vitriol> and handle till your colour pleases. It requires care wiVh this colour, as well as all <>ther light colours, that you do not let the cloth touch any thing that will spot it, for there, is not much, if any, remedy for a light colour when spot* ted ; and all light colours should be dried with the backside to the svm ; for the sun is apt to injure Xh% foiour. 69 oyer's companion. 69th. FOR LIGHT BROWJ^. TO twenty yards of cloth, take half a peck of licmlock bark, with the sap taken off, and two oun- ces of logwood chipL, boil well, run your cloth twen- ty minutes, then add two ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. # rm. FOR ASHBROWJ^. TO tv/enty yards of cloth, take three quarts of white ash bail;, three ounces of logwood cliips, boil well, run your cloth twenty minutes : then add three ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. rut. FORJDRJB BROWA. TO twenty yards of cloth, take a half peck of chesnut or maple bark, green or dry, two pounds of fustick chips, and tv,^o ounces of logv/ood chips : boil well, then add one ©unce cf compound of blue- 'ing, run your cloth twenty irrlnutes : then add two ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. ^YEK's COMPANIOir, 72d. FOR DRAB. TAKE chesnut, black birch, and yelloW oak bark, half a peck of each, boil well, run your cloth, then add theee ounces of copperas ; and handle till TAKE one quarter of a pound of nutgalls, tTciade fine, then one quarter of a pound of fustick, boil well, run your cloth ; then add one half an ounce of blue vitriol, two ounces of copperas ; run your cloth fifteen minutes, then add half a jill of oil of vitriol and one ounce of blueing, and stir it well with the dye, run your cloth, and handle till your colour suits. TAKE six ounces cf nutgalls, pulverised, three ounces of the flour of brimstone, four ounces of al- lum — put them in fair water, run your cloth one hour ; then sadden with black float, and handle till your colour suits* your colour pleases. *7M. FOR DRAB. Uth. FOR DRAB. E 62 bier's companion. 75t1u FOE DRAB. TAKE one and an half pounds of fiistick, one pound of logwood, one quart of rotten wood of oak, boil well, then add one half pound of madder, and four ounces of allum, boil, run your cloth twenty minutes ; then add three ounces of copperas and one quart of sig, and handle till your colour pleases, 7^t1u DRAB. TAKE one and an hapbpounds of fustick chips, six ounces of logwood, boil well ; then add one quarter of a pound of allum, run your cloth thirty minutes ; then add three ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. 77tlu FOR FOREST CLOTH. TAKE two pounds of fustick chips, six ounces of logwood, boil well, then add seven ounces of chym- ick, run your cloth twenty minutes ; then add three ounces of good madder, two ounces of red tartar, made fine- — let it simmer fifteen minutes, and run your cloth twenty minutes : then add one gallon of ^ sig, or lant, and thirty ounces of copperas, and han- dle till your colour pleases. byek's companion? 63 rm. FOR LIVER DRJB. TAKE one pound of fustick chips, three pounds of rotten wood of oak, three ounces of bav>Yood, two ounces of logwood chips, one pound of madder, boil well, run your clotn twenty mirjutes ; then add six ounces of filings of iron, boil well, run your cloth fifteen minutes : then add six ounces of logwood, and five ounces of copperas, and handle till your co- lour pleases. 79th. FOR LIGHT LIVER DRAB. TAKE two ounces of blue galls, one ounce of logwood} two ounces of allum, one ounce of cream of tartar, and two ounces of madder : run your cloth fifteen minutes, then add one ounce of coppe- ras, and handle till your colour pleases. " 4^- — * %OtK FOR J MJDDER DRJB. TAKE three pounds of good madder, one poifa4 ©f fustick, let it simmer one hour ; then add two ounces of allum, run your cloth half an hour ; then add one pound six ounces of filings of iron, boil well, run your cloth : then add three ounces of log- wood, and handle till your colour pleases. ' ©YEIl's COMPANION. 8 US. FOR A GREEJ^ DRAB, TAKE three quarters of a pound ®f fustick, one quarter of a pound of logwood chips, boil well, then add half a pound of allum, two ounces of blue- ing : mix it well with the dye, run your cloth thir- ty minutes ; then add one ounce of copperas, and handle till your colour suits your fancy* ' — 4^ — ' 82c/. FOR A REDDISH DRAB. TAKE three ounces of allum, half a pound of fustick, six ounces of logwood chips, two ounces of madder, one and an half pints of rotten wood of oak ; boil well half an hour, run your cloth one hour, stir, sadden with three ounces of copperas : and handle, till your colour pleases. 4, . S3c/. FOR REDDISH DRAB. TAKE one and an half pounds of fustick, boil m^ll ; then add one quarter of a pound of allum, run your cloth, boiling, one hour, then air and rince and shift the liquor from your copper, fill with fair water ; then add three and an half pounds of good madder, two ounces of camwood, let it simmer Sftecn minutes ; then run your cloth twenty byer's companion. 65 minutes, then add two ounces of filings of iron^and handle till your colour pleases* 4. . . 84?//. FOR LIGHT DRJB. TAKE five ounces of fustick chips, two ounces of good madder, two ounces of allum, boil well, run your cloth twenty minutes ; then sadden with twen- • ty ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. 85///. FOR YELLOW DRJB. TAKE three quarters of a pound of fustick, two ounces of madder, two ounces of logwood, boil well ; then add one quarter of a pound of allum, run your cK)th one hour ; then sadden with two ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. 8 m. FOR A YELL 0 W DRAB, DARK. TAKE two pound of fustick chips, five ounces of logwood chips, boil well, then add five ounces of madder and one quarter of a pound of allum; ri^ Fa T)YEIl*S COMPANION. your cloth thirty minutes, then add one quarter of a pound of copperas, and handle till your colour pleas- es* Zith, FOR J FOREST BRO WA^ TAKE six pounds of fustick chips, boil well : then add two ounces of allum, run your cloth fifteen minutes ; then add two and an half pounds of log- wood, boil well, run your cloth thirty minutes, then sadden till your colour suits, with six ounces of copperas. mh. FOR yJ DARK FOREST BRO WJST. TAKE one and an half pounds of logwood, threie qviarters of a pound of red argal, and three quar- ters of a pound of allum, boil well, run your cloth one hour, boiling ; then add four pounds of good fustick chips, boil well, run your cloth half an hoiu^j and handle till your colour pleases. 4, . Sm. FORFJRIS MUIh TAK.E your cloth, and dye it a bright llvelf >lue, but not deep j then ringe your cloth; and fiU dyer's companion. 6? your copper with fair water ; then add six pounds of stone rag, or the moss of stone, boil well, run your cloth one hour ; then add two ounces of cop- peras, and one quart of sig, and handle till your colour pleases. 90t/u JP'OR A RAVEJV COLOUR. TO twenty yards of cloth, take two quarts of wheat bran, wet with vinegar ; let it stand two days and sour, then M your copper with fair water, put the bran into a bag, boil well one hour ; then take out the bag and let it drain, then add one pound of madder and one pound of allum ; run your cloth one and an half hours, boiling : then air and fold it up smooth, and wrap it up close, and let it lie twenty-four hours ; then rince, and shift the liquor from your copper, fill with fair water, then add eight pounds of logwood chips, boil well till the strength is well out ; then run your cloth one hour ; then, if you find it necessary, add more log- wood — if not, then add one quarter of a pound of copperas, and one gallon of lant, and handle till your colour pleases. If your colour is not dark enough, you may use a little ashes; put with sig ) and take the lees andpul €8 dyer's companioi^. in the dye, with a Httle copperas, and mn again.—* Lye and sig has the same effect, and pot-ash ov pearl-ashes. nst. FOR CRO TV, WITH COPPERAS. TO twenty yards of clolh, take one and an half pounds of copperas, fill your copper with water, heat boiling' hot ; then run your cloth twenty min- utes, air, and run again as before, then air and rince your cloth, shift the liquor from your copper, and rince, nil with fair water, heat, and add four pounds of logwood chips, boil well, run your cloth half an hour, then air and run again as before j then, if your colour is not dark enough, add one ounce of blue vitriol, run again, and handle till your colour pleases. %2d. For Crow, wirn Blueing Compound* TO twenty yards of cloth— fill your copper with fair water, heat boiling hot, then add one pound of blueirfg, (made as in receipt No.6, for Prussian blue) add this at twice or three times, run your cloth twenty ixxinates 5it a time; air and stir the blueing i>yer's companion. well with the dye, before the cloth is clipped in the dye ; then add two pounds of logwood chips, boil well, then add one quarter of a po^nd of verdigrease pulverised and dissolved in vinegar, as in receipt no. 4 ; then run your cloth half an hour, then add half a pound of copperas, run agahi, air, and if it is not dark enough, add more copperas, and handle till your colour suits your fancy. §3^/, For Crow^ wifn Blue Vi'fRioL. TO twenty yards of cloth — Fill your copper with water, heat scalding hot, take half a pound of blue vitriol, let it dissolve, run your cloth forty mi- nutes, m two parts : then add five pounds of log- wood chips, boil well, run your cloth thirty min- utes, air and run again, and handle till your colour gleases. 94///. FOR BLACK. TO twenty yards of cloth — Fill your copper with water, heat, and add two pounds of copperas ; heat near boiling, run your cloth twenty minutes, then air and run again, boiling the time as before : air and rince, and shift the liquor from your coppej ro BTER*8 COMPANIOX. (rince your copper clean) and fill with water,; and add SIX pounds of logwood chips, boil well, run your cloth thirty or f®rty minutes, let it boil again fifteen or twenty minutes, then run again as before ; then add one quarter of a pound of blue vitriol, run your cloth, bollmg, three quarters of an hour ; then, if it is not black enough, run again, and handle till } our colour pleasss. This is the best form to dye a black, I think, in the world ; it is equal to any for brigliLness, and without the least danger of rotting the cloth ; and the colour is lastlhg and permanent as a blue or scarlet. It is necessary to cleanse the colour or dye stuff well out of the cloth, immediately. First rince in fair water, then take a tub of warm water, sufficient to handle, and wet the before-mentioned quantity of xloth ; then add half a pint of the liquor of beef galls, mix it w^ell with the warm water, then handle your cloth in this till it is w^ell wet, then rince in w^ater till it is clean. This is a sure remedy against cracking. The beef gall may be used in all cloths, in this manner, that are liable to crack ; and it will prevent their cracking, without the least danger of Wijurinj; the colour* dyer's C0M?ANI01f. 71 ^Sth. FOR BLACK. TO twenty yards of cloth, take three pounds of logwood chips, one and a half pounds of sumac, of one season's growth, cut and dried : boil well, run your cloth half an hour, then add one ounce of blue vituol, one quarter of a pound of nutgalls, pulveri- sed, boil well, run your cloth fifteen minutes : then add one ounce of verdigrease, pulverised and dissol- ved in sig ©r vinegar, as described in receipt No. 4 : run your cloth fifteen minutesj then add one pound of copperas, handle, and if it is not black, then add l»ore copperas ; and handle till ygur colour pleases* 9 m. FQR BLACK. TO twenty yards of cloth, take six pounds of log- wood chips, one pound of dry elder bark, one and an half pounds of sumac, of one season's growth, well cured and dried, one quarter of a pound of fustick, boil well one hour, then run your cloth one hour, ^\ir and run again as before ; then air, add one gal- lon of sig, and one and an half pounds of copperas, run your cloth twenty minutes ; then, if it is not black, add more copperas, and if it is attended with ja rusty brown, add two pounds of common good 72 byer's companiok. brown ashes, run your cloth, and handle till the strength is well out of the dye. Then^ if it is not black, shift your liquor from your copper, scour clean, rince your cloth, fill yeur copper with fair water, then add one pound of log- wood chips, one quarter of a pound of elder bark and half a pound ofargal ; - then boil well, run your cloth one hour, then sadden with copperas, what is neces- sary, and handle. But if it continues of a rusty cast, v/hich logwood causes, add one gallon of sig, or iifiore ashes, that which is most convenient, and hanf die till your colour pleases. N.B. Silk may be dyed in this dye. It isneces* sary to take the same method in cleansing as in re- ceipt No.94, and all other dark colours that are lia* ble to rack, Sec. ^7tlu FOR BLJCK. TO twenty yards of cloth, take three quarters of s. pound of blue vitriol, add to fair water, boil well, run your cloth three quarters of an hour ; then aidd six pounds of logwood chips, and one pound of fu&- tick chips, boil one hour, run your cloth one hour, then add two ounces of verdigrease, pulverised and b^yer's companion. dissolved in vinegar, as before described, and one gallon of sig, run your cloth twenty minutes ; then add one pound of copperas^ and handle, with the dye boiling, till your colour pleases, 97 th. FOR BLA€K. TO twenty yards of cloth, take one bushel of but- ternut or chesnut bark, or both mixed together t boil till the strength is well out, then run your cloth one hour, then sadden with copperas till it is quite dark ; then air and rmce, and shift your cop- per, fill with fair water ; then add four pounds of logwood chips, half a pound of fustick chips, boil well till the strength is well out, then run your cloth one hour ; air, and if it is not black, or near a black, run again ; then add one pound of copperas, aM one gallon of sig ; boil well, run your cloth boilings and handle till your colour suits your fancy. ' ^ The precedit% Rfeceipts are calculated for twenty ysird&of>fuIed cloth ; but thin^ cloth may be dyed as well as thicky and' all kinds of woollen goods, as yarn, wool^ Silks -mtiy be dyed in most of the dyes before mentioned ; but the dye requires to be G »YER*S COMPANIOK. stronger for silk thaA for woollen. Those dyes that will not answer for silk, I shall mention hereaf? ter. Receipts for Cotton and Linen, COLD JlND HOT', 9Zt7u BLUE'. — FOR CoT'TOK^ LiNENy YjRNjtfc, ^ ]L^O a tub that will hold thirty-six pails of water, take twelve pounds of stone-lime, slack it, put it in, stir it ten or twelve minutes ; then add six pounds of copperas, dissolved with hot water, stir it ^s be- fore ; then add six pounds of indigo, ground fine, stir it incessantly two hours ; for three days, stir it three or four times in a day, then let it stand fifteen or twenty hours before the yarn is put in, lay sticks across the tub, to hang the yarn on, that it may not reach the bottom ; move the yarn round every fif- teen minutes. Six hours is sufiicient for the first colouring of the dye ; as the dye grows weaker, longer time is required; rinqe and dry it in the »hade. «>yer's comj^axion. 75 When the dye is reduced, then recruit in man- ner and form as in setting, 'only when there is a great quantity of sediment at the bottom, then the dye must be dipped off, leaving the sediment in the bottom ; then throw away tlie sediment, shift the dye back, and if the tub is not full enough, then add more water, (rain water is required in this dye in setting and recruiting). The dye must not be worked at too soon after recruiting, or sitting, and it must not be crowded too full in colouring, hut judgment must be used by the dyer, kc. 99th, BLUE-^FQR corroN and linen, cold. TO set a tub of twelve gallons, take ten gallon* of good sig, to which add three gills of spirits, one pound of good indigo, three ounces of pearlashes, a quarter of a pound of good madder, and a pint of wheat bran ; put the indigo in a bag, and rub it in the dye till the indigo is dissolved, and stir the dye well together with the ingredients ; let it stand twelve hours covered close and kept warm, and ma- na?^e it in the manner and form as iii receipt No. 2, till the dye comes to work. After the dye has come to work, wet the yarn in hot water, with a lit- tle pearlash in it ; let it cool, then put it in the dye loose ; let it lye in the dye twelve hours, then wring 76 »YSR*8 COMPAKlCm/ it out and let it air ; and if it Js not dark enough, then put it in again. There ought tobe something at the bottom to keep the yarn ofF of the sediment. There may be a saving in colouring cotton or lin- en, by first colouring brown or purple, as I shall hereafter mention. Silk may be dyed in this dye^ but not in the blue vat. BLUE — FOR corf ON and linen— nor HEAT water sufficient for your yarn, say for five pounds of cotton or linen yarn, take five ounces of blue vitriol, run your yarn or let it lye in the dye one hour, then add three pounds of good logwood chips, boil well, and put in the yarn ; let it lye one hour, then air and add two ounces of pearlashes, let it lie thirty minutes ; then, if it is not dark e- nough, add a little blue vitriol ; put it in r.gain, and you will have a good looking blue, but it will not be so lasting a colour as the two forms before men* tioned. 101*t. To take t/ie Colour ouf of Si/ Cotton^ or LU nen, ivhen sfiot ted or another colour is wished.— ^Hot, TO one barrel of hot water, take half a gill of BYEU'S COMPANION. oil of vitriol, put in the goods ; run them fifteen mi- nutes, air and rinee them in fair water immediate- ly, lest it should endanger the goods. I have reduced black without injuring it, and made a yellow of it in this form, \02d. For Green m 8ilk. — Hot, TAKE two pounds of fustick, boil well, till the strength is well out, then take out the chips, and add a quarter of a pound of allum, and six ounces of blueing, prepared as in receipt No. 6 ; stir it with the dye till it is well mixed, then handle your silk fifteen or twenty minutes ; stir it lively, and keep it open and Icose in the elye ; (silk should never be wenched as woollen goods) air, and jf not deep enough, add a little more blueing ; and if not yel- low enough, then a little allum, run again fifteen minutes ; then air, and if the colour suits, rince im- mediately. The dye ought to be so; fixed as to co- lour quick, and there* must not be a great quantity coloured at once in a dye ; for the dye will get too strong with the vitriol, which will endanger the silk ; but with proper care, it may be coloured without any danger. 78 dyer's companion. 103c/. Green on Cotton or Linen TO set a dye, take two pounds of logwood, and one pound of fustick chips, boll well, then add a quarter of a pound of allum, and run your goods one hour ; then add a quarter of a pound of blue vit- riol, run your goods thirty minutes, then add twa ounces of pearlash ; run again, and handle till your colour pleuses. 4» — \Oith. Yellow on Cotton and Linen, — Hot: TAKE two pounds of the leaves or peelings of onions that are clean and clear from dirt ; put them in fair water, boil well, then add half a pound of al- lum, run your goods one hour, and you will have a good colour. 105th. Orange Colour m Cotton and Linen^ TAKE two pounds of copperas, dissolve it in hot water, and have the liquor very strong ; let it stand till nearly cold, run your goods one hour, then dip it in ^ood lye, handle till perfectly wet ; then let it drain, and hang it in the sun fifteen minutes, and the sua will turn the colour \ continue to manage \ Cool. dyer's companion. 79 in this manner, dipping it in the dye and hanging it in the sun, till dark enough. 4, 106^/;. Flesh'CQlour on Cotton and Linen.— Hot^ TAKE one and an half bushels of black-birch bark, and half a bushel of hemlock bark, boil well ; then add a quarter of a pound of allum, and two ounces of pearlash ; run your cloth or goods till your colour pleases. \Q>1th. Red on Cotton or Linen Cold, TAKE six pounds of Nicaragua chips, boil them till the strength is v/ell out ; then add half a pound of allum, and let it stand till cold ; run your cloth or yarn in hot water, with a little pearlashes in it ; then air, and put it in the dye, frequently handling €ver till the colour suits, 4* ' 108 /A. Cotton and Linen Redish Brown — ^Hot» TAKE butternut, sassafras, black alder, and be$i^' 80 dyer's companion. lock bark, a bushel of each ; boil well, run your good's " one hour, then add two pailfulls of lye, or a quarter of a pound ®f pearlash ; run your cloth or goods, and handle till your colour pleases. lO^th. For Plumb 'Colour or Fur/iley on Silks. Ho (. TAKE six pounds of logwood chips, and three pounds of redwood chips, boil well till the strength is well out of the chips ; then add one pound of al- luna, and run your goods one hour ; then add one ounce of verdigrease, made fine and dissolved in sig, described before, and add one gallon of sig ; run your goods thirty or forty minutes, and if your colour is not d^rk enough, then add a little blue vitriol, and handle till your colour pleases. tlOth. Purfile on Cotton or Linen.^Cold. TAKE three pounds of logwood chips, boil well, till the strength is well out and the dye very strong, (for all cotton dyes require to be strong ;) then add half a pound of allum, and one ounce of pearlash ; let it stand and get cold, dip your goods into hot wa- ter, air, and put them into the dye loose, handle over once in fifteen or twenty minutes j let them lie -dyer's COMFANlClt. SI ui the dye in this manner till the colour suits. It must be observed in dying cottons and linens in cold dyes, that the air and sun are very necessary to brighten and strike the colour m. Let the goods lie in the air and sun, three or four times in the course of your colouring, fifteen or twenty minutes at a time. This preparation is suitable foi? blue, as mentioned in receipt 99th, ' — 4' — with. Brown on Cotton and Linen.'-^Cold, TAKE of maple or white oak bark, one bushel, boil well till the strength is v/ell out, then take the bark out, and have dye sufficient to wet the goods ; then add one pound of copperas, let it stand till near- ly cold ; run your goods in hot water with a little pearlashes first ; thea put it in the dye, and handle ever once in ten or fifteen minutes, and air, as de- scribed before in receipt 1 10th ; and handle in this naanner till the colour suits ; then rince clean. This is the brown mentioned in receipt 99th, for a saving in blue ; but I prefer the purple ; but when colour- ed blue, after it is dry, it is necessary to scald it m salt and water, to bind the colour. 62 ©YER*S COMPANION'. 1 \ 2th. Dove or Lead-Colour^ on Cotton or Linen,-^ ColcL TAKE one pound of «utgalls pulverised, boil in "water one hour, then add tAvo pounds of copperas \ let it stand till cold, and have liquor enough to wet the-goods ; (it requires to be very strong) put your goods in the liquor, and handle once in five or six ininutes, wring and air once in half an hour ; dip in this manner three hours, then rincc. This liquor ought to be put in a tub, and another liquor prepar- ed in another tub, in this manner, viz. — ^take six pounds of sumac, of one year's growth, cut and well dryed with the leaves all on, in the summer season, and three pounds of logwood chips, boil well till the strength is well out, then shift it in the tub, and let it stand till cold ; then run your goods in the same manner as before describee!, handle in this two hours ; if the colour is not then dark enough, run again in the copperas and galls liquor, then rinccand run in the logwood again, and handle in this manner till your colour suits. N. B. Cotton and linen, v/hen dyed in cold dyes, must always be wet and run in hot v. ater half an hour,' and then aired ; and a little pearlashes is good in the water^ to cleanse the goods for colouring, dyer's companiox. Cold dyes ^Yill remain good always if properly rq* l\3th, Olive on Cotton and Linen, — Cold, TAKE one pound of nutgalls pulverised, put them in water, boil one hour, then put it in a tub, then add two pound§ of copperas, have the liquor strong, and enough of it to wet and cover the goods ; then dip in the hot water ; then stir the galls and copperas together, then put in your goods and han- dle over once in five minuses, that no part shall be confined, wring and air every half hour ; handle in this liquor two hours, then rmce, then add three pounds of fustick and one pound of logwood chips, boil well till the strength is well out ; then add five' ounces of good madder, and two ounces of allum ; let it simmer a few minutes, then shift the liquor into a tub, and let it stand till eold ; then handle your goods in the first liquor two or three hours till the colour is well raised ; and if it is not dark e- nough, then take tM^o pounds of fustick, and one pound of logwood, boil well ; let it cool, and sadden with copperas as much as is necessary, and hancjl© till your colour pleases. prun Sed. DYER^S COMPANIOK. 114//^ Olive on Silk, Cotton, or IJnen.'-^I/oH TAKE five pounds of fiistick, and two pounds of logwood chips, boil well ; then add a quarter of a pound of blue vitriol, and a quarter of a pound of al- lum, run your goods one hour ; then add one pound of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. If the colour is not dark enough, you may add more copperas, Sec, J15^A. Light Olive on Cotton and Lineni'r--^Ifo, TAKE four pounds of fustick chips, and. half.av pound of logwood chips, boil well, then, add two-, .ounces -of allum, and one ounce o,f blu,e vitriol ; then run your g.Qods till the strcxigth is well out of [ therj luye ; then sadden with copperas, to. your liking, ami ' Jiandl^ till your colow pleases, i 1 6th, Slate Colour on Cotton unt^Unom^^Iht, T AKE hot water, a^d dissolve ,one pound of cop*» peras j run your goeds forty minutes, then air and rince, and shift your liquor from your copper ; fill ^yith fair water j then add thrive pounds of logwood, dyer's companion. bofl well, run your goods one hour, then add a quarter of a pound of blue vitriol, and haddle till your colour pleases. — 4. — 1 17 th. Black on Cotton and Linen.-^Hot* TAKE four pounds of good logwood, and two pounds of fustick chips, boil well ; then add a quar- ter of a pound of blue vitriol, run your cloth one hour, or till the strength is well out of the dye, then sadden with two pounds of copperas, and one gal- lop of good old sig ; run your cloth, and if it is not black, you must rir and rince, and shift your liquor from your copper, and set another dye in manner and form as the first, and handle again, and depend on havmg an excellent black at last. But if it is at- tended with a rusty brownness, you may put in one quart of brown ashes, or two ounces of pearl-ash, and handle lively, which is necessary in all hot silk^ cotton, and linen dyes. —4* W^th, Black on Cotton and Lipen.'^Cold* TAKE one pound of nutgalls pulverised, boil in one pail-full of water one hour, then add two pound* of copperas, shift it into a tub, and add water suffi- H »YE2l's COMPANION. % cient to cover, and handle your goods veiy strong; then take fair water and fill your copper, add four pounds of logwood chips, two pounds of sumac well dryed, of one season's growth, and one pound of dr]i alder bark, boil well till the strength is well out, then dip off the dye into a tub, the chips r^mainin^ in the kettle ; let it stand till cold. The dye must be managed in this manner ; — first run your goods in hot water, with a little pearl-ash- es in it ; run in this half an hour, then air and lay your goods into tlie copperas and galls liquor ; han- dle over every eight or ten minutes, and air every half hour ; handle in this two hours, then riiice clean and lay it in the logwood liquor ; handle as in the other three hours, then if it is not black, put wa- ter in the copper upon the chips ; before running in the copper, let it steep and cool again, and add one pound of copperas ; run in this one hour ; but if it has a rusty brown appearance, which is occa- sioned by the logwood, then add two ounces of pearl- ashes, or brown ashes will answer if you have no pearl-ashes ; run in this half an hour, then air and rince clean, and if it is not black then, recruit thq liquors and make them stronger, and manage as be- fore in the first preparation ; and never fear but you will have a fine black. After you have rmced clean, to keep it from BYER's COMPANIOTf.. 87 cracking', use beef galls, as nienlioned in receipt ■iMiffJiii ^ nm^ i — OEJSTERJL OBSERFJTIGA'S. COTTON and linen dye is the best cold in gr-ne^ - ral f for it is almost impossible with me to colour cotton and linen in hot dyes without spotting ; for the cotton, &c. are of a cold deauly nature, and the steam of the dye has a bad effect on goods of this kind. All kinds of cotton and linen cloths, yarn and thread, may be coloured by follovv^ing the preceding receipts for dying cotton and linen. In tlic receipts for dying silk, cotton and llnellj 1 have not specified any particular qu an lily of yards or weight. There is so much diiTerence in the weight of goods of this kind, that no rule could be given in yards ; and no certainty can be affixed to a general rule of weight, because of the diiTerence of the quality of the goods. Silks diiTer, so do cottons and linens ; no regular system can therefore be adopted* The dyer is to proportion his dyes ac* cording to the receipts, following his judgment as the goods vary ; and if he closely pursues the di- rections lor proportion and maBagementj he will not 88 dyer's COMPAKIOjr. find a single receipt that will not answer tke pur- pose designed. I shall hereafter speak particularly ®f the powers on which the dyes depend. niRECTIOm FOR BRESSLVG CLOTH. IN dressing cloth, there are various forms in use With almost every workman in the business ; but I shall only point out the way which I conceive to be the best. There are also different kinds of tools and utensils made use of, which I shall leave to the discretion of the practitioner. FOR FULLmG CLOTH. CLOTH to be fulled, should be wet with soap sufficient to cleanse it of the dirt and grease, then scoured clean and dryed ; then burl or pick out all the nap and specks that v/ill injure the cloth in dress- ing ; then wet with soap so that the cloth will work and turn lively in the mill. Let proper attention be paid to handle the cloths from the mill, so as to keep them smooth ; and be cautious not to let them grow together, for it is very hurtful to the cloth, and det- ilmental in dressing*. The fulling-mili must be tended with care. When the cloths are fulled suf- ficiently, then scour clean from the soap : And if there is any of the first quality to be dreiised, then card lightly over, so as to lay and straighten the nap ; then shear this nap off ; then take clothier's jacks, and raise a nap sufficient to cover the thread ; then shear this off and raise another nap vvith teaz« les. I prefer teazles to any thing else to raise anap on cloth ; they are much milder and softer to cloth than jacks ; but where they cannot be had, jacks may be substituted in their place. After raising the third nap, then colour the cloth ; cleanse it well from the dye, and lay the nap straight and smooth out of warm Vvater with jacks that are limber ; then dry, keeping the nap smooth t when dry, first shear on the back-side, then shear smooth and even on the face side, and as close as you can. When sheared, burl clean, and lay the nap with a sand-board or brick, or brush, but not with a jack ; some errone- ously use a jack ; a jack is good and necessary to raise a nap, but not to lay it. Lay the nap smooth v/ith the sand-board, and then the cloth is fit for the press. Have smooth papers, put it in the press, let the heat of the plate be just hissing hot ; screw it moderately in the press, for the beauty of most thick cloths is destroyed by pressing too hard. The beauty of thick cloth depends on drying, and not on ^ pressing 5 the coarser the cloth is, the harder it re« Ha 9i byer's companion. quires to be screwed : all thick cloths are not dress- ed alike, but according to quality, some requiring once shearing, some twice, and so on, to the num- ber uf times mentioned before ; six times is suffi- cient for the first quality, managed as before men- tioned. Some fulled cloths do not require shearing, which are dressed Avith a thick nap, sufficient to co- yer the thread ; this may be raised with common wool and cotton cards ; this kind of cloth is called bear-skin or coating. Bearskin should be pressed in the cold press, never in the hot-press. Baize or flannels should be fulled lightly, the grease and dirt scoured out clean ; then, if it is to be coloured, dye and raise a nap with a mild easy card or jack, and a stuffed board, and dry smooth, and press in a «old press ; but if it is to remain white, raise a nap as be- fore, and dry smooth ; then have a stove, or some proper tight place, with conveniences to hang the cloth up loose ; then, to lOG yards of flannel, burn one pound of sulphur or brimstone under the cloths, and it wiU cleanse them from all specks of dijrt, and leave them as white as need be ; but when you find it necessary, you may have your copper cleaned with fair hot water, with a little compound of bluing in it ; run your cloth in this a few minutes, and dry smooth ; put in clean pap^ers, press in the cold press, &c. Some, when they stove their cloth with sul- phur, wet it in clean soap suds'", and hang the cloth or goods up wet ; but I prefer the water with a lit- dyer's COMPANIOir. tie bluing, to whiten the cloth before stoving, for it will wear handsomer, and will not grow yellow S(» soon. FOR THm CLOTHS, THIN cloths should be well coloured, cleansed well from the dye, dryed smooth, and pressed dou» ble ; thin cloths require to be much moister than thick cloths ; the press papers should be hard, thin and smooth and the press hotter than for thick cloths. It must be serewed very hard, for the beau-^ ty of thin cloth is in the gloss given by pressing.. The heat of the press should be kept regular, and the cloth will be smooth, Sec. TO DRESS SILK AND COTTOJV^ Ej'c, SILK must never be pressed, but cleaned well from the dye-stuff, then dryed ; then dissolve gum Arabic in water, wet the silk thoroughly in this, wring and squeeze as dry as you can, so as it shall not drip ; then strain it out smooth every way, and dry. This will finish the silk dressing. Oyer's companion. Cottons. Some do not require to be pressed, as Velvets, corduroys, * and similar cloths ; they re- quire only to have the nap laid when v^et ; fustian must have a nap raised dry v/ith teazles, and then pressed. Almost all kinds of cotton and linen cloths, except those before mentioned, such as nan- keens, jeans, muslins, Sec, require to be jTi^ssed quite hard ; not as hard as thin woolen cloths, but harder than thick. N. B. Silk, cotton and linen cloth, must never be put in the fulling'-mill to scour at any time, for \i i^in ruin them. dyer's companion. 9$ Observations on the Difference of Colours^ and their defiending Powers^ with directions as to the me of Dye-'Stuffs^ and their Properties and Effects, T HE five Material Colours are these, Blue, Yel- low, Red, Brown and Black ; the three powers are these, the Alkali, the Acid, and Corrosive ; these are the depending powers of all colours ; which I shall endeavour to shew in each colour in course. First, The Blue. The Blue with intiigo de- pends on the power of the alkali, sig or urine ; pearl-ashes and pot-ashes, and the lye of lime are all alkalies : so it evidently appears that indigo, al- though the best dye drug in the world, (except co- chineal) is of no effect without the power of the al- kali. There are other materials used with the in- digo, but are of no other use than to support and as- sist the indigo : Woad will dye a blue, properly prepared, without the indigo, and indigo without the woad ; so woad serves only as an assistant to the indigo, Woad is a very useful dye drug in carry- ing on large manufactories ; but it will not answer any useful purpose in our small business. Madder is a strong drug, serving to brighten and darken the blue, vfhich greatly assists the indigo. Wheat bran serves only to soften the water, and urine or sig pre- pares the dye to come to work sooner than itotlier- ]|?yer's cobip anion* tvise would. Borax is an alkali which softens all parts, and causes it to rest easy, and come to v/ork Well and soon. Bias with indigo is coloured with drugs altogether. Prussian Blue is of a different nature ; it is de- pendant on the polver of the acid, which I shall de- scribe hereafter. Blue with logwood is of a differ- ent nature from any other real colour. I think this is possessed of all the powers and iTiixed pow- ers ; with regard to logwood I have imbibed an idea that it was icciding and alHed to a blue. I have tried one power and another, until I have been brought to this conclusion. Madder to strengthen the log- Wood ; allum is an acid that raises the lustre of the blue, but !iot sufficient of itself, it being a weak acid ; verdigrease is evidently possessed of two pow- ers, I think ; itag-rees with the acid and-corrosivcj but is most powerful ?.s a corrosive. Sig is a v/eafe * alkali, which shoYvS that the powers are mixed; it rouses and gives lustre to the logwrr rnd makes a fine blue. Thus we find the thr ' s may be mixed together in a real colour, although much a- verse to each other. Blue \itriol is possessed of two pov/ers, acid and corrosive, and powerful m both ; it has a speedy eflect on loc^wocd ; and is very good in the latter part of a dye, to raise, bindj and darken the colour. In the 5th receipt I have placed the two power* dyer's C0MPA1 CORBEAU is a mixture of two colours, red and brown ; these ccloursj in this one, dependent on two powers, and but one principal subject. The powers are an acid and corrosive ; the subject, cam- wood and the best of dye-wood. The red depends on the oil of vitriol for an acid ; the blue vitriol be- ing possessed of two powers, intercedes for the brown, supports the red and raises the lustre, which is the gl®ry of these colours when united together ; the cloth or goods, in a direct view, will be brown, but v/hen glsinced by the eye or looked across, it will appear with a fine lustre of red. The acid is a guard to the red, but that would not give admittance to the brov/n, wxre it not for the blue vitriol being of two powers, which inter- pose for then^ mutual good* Copperas, the strong- est of corrosives, is harsh and fiery, and v/ants to be softened down notwithstanding the blue vitriol. Were it not for another assistant uniting v/ith the corrosive, you would fail in the union of these two colours ; by dissolving the copperas in vinegar, it softens the copperas ; the vinegar being an acidous power, uniting with the corrosive, causes the two powers to unite. The logwood assists the cam- v/ood in com.pleting tlie necessary union. Tiius when these two colours, which are in opposition to each other; have occasion to unite; it must be by 106 tlie Kiediation or the subject of two po%rcrsj as t shall shew more plcunly in the next place. COnnEJU WITH J^ICARAGUJ. K^ICARAGUA, riOtofso spirited a nature, re* quires the greater assistance of the powers* This fias the assistance of three powers, and has assisting subjects; the fustick, as an assisting subject, raises the lustre of the red ; and yellow alv/ays depends on the acid ; the blue vitriol guards the acid against the corrosive, keeps it from danger, and fits it to receive tlie subject of logwood ; the verdigrease -supports the acid, raises the lustre of the red, and vmites with the corrosive ; the copperas feeing sof- tei>ed by the si?:, "^he weak power of the alkali. So by the union of the three powers, and t\; o mixed powers, and the subjects, (the Nicaragua the chief,) the two colours are brought to an union. COIIBEAU WITH REDWOOD, REDWOOD has spirit sufficient, but is slow in motion, and is a feeble subject ; and yet is a subject of great use : however, it requires assistance, oth- dyer's companion. jcnvise it would fail. It is supported by the thre(f powers, the acid and corrosive are its main depends encies ; but I have placed them in different forms, as you will see by the receipts for corbeau and Lon- don brown with redwood. The powers must sup- port the different subjects according to the differ- ent order in which they are admitted. I have left some,*deficient of the power of the corrosive, to the assistant subject logwood, and the power of the weak alkali sig ; but in case the colour is not dark enough, then the dyer's judgment will call his at- tention to look on the receipts before mentioned, and he will see the corrosive will be admitted — -the cop- peras or verdigrease, which is commonly best to guard the red, and powerful in darkening. Thus we find the acid and corrosive are necessary with this mixture of red and brown ; and sometimes softened by the power of the alkali. The dyer wiH always find these colours must be supported by the power of the acid and corrosive. The acid the power of the red always ; the corrosive the com- plete power of the brown. The reddish brown and Spanish brown are dependant on the same powers, }^ut not altogether on the same subjects, &c. LOjYjDOA SMOJK. THE London Smoke is a mixture of yellow and 108 BTEll'S COMPANION. brown. The yellow is dependant on the acid, and is the substance and life of the colour. Fnstick is the prhiclpal subject for the yellow, and allum the acid, but the bark is a guard to the yellow, and is a subject in favor of all powers. The smoke is a vq- vy dark colour, bearing a little red with the yellow ; tlius, the butternut bark substantiates every part of these cololirs ; the Nicaragua raises the reddish hue, the logwood assists the copperas in darken? ing, and the sig supports the colour in every part, and enlivens it tq^give place to the corrosive. Thus the three powers are united in this mixed colour, • with many powerful subjects which stand well to the last. cmj\rAMOjy BRoii\y. CINNAMON colour is a mixture of three co- lours, red and yellow in perfect union, and is de- pendent on the acid ; and the brown, the corrosive and alkali. So the three powers, and three sub- jects are united in this mixture! The smoke and liver browns are simply the same as London smoke, only differing in their subjects ; the camwood and madder corresponding with the^fustick, and laying a foundation for the brown. Thus the subjects will unite so perfectly well together, that they are 1>YER*S C0MPANt01f# 10> tt peace with all the powers but the corrosive ; and ^this binds all these subjects and unites the colours^ 4. OLIVE BROWJSr. THE Olive differs nothing more, from smoke than this— it is not so dark, has no hue of red, and is not depending on the alkali ; but the weak alkali may be admitted, (as sig) but is dependent on the powers of acid and corrosive ; and the subjects of the olives are fustick the principal ; the otters, which are many, serve to alter the complections and give different shades. Butternut, logwood and mad- der unite as to shades ; the bluing gives a different shade. Thus*it is left to the discretion of the dyei'S to make use of what form they please. # ' ; S^UFF BROWN". SNUFF Colours are formed of three colours ; dependent on the yellow for lustre, and the red and brown for the shades. The snuff colours are de- |>endent principally on the power of the acid and cor- rosive, and a little on the power of the alkali ; and tke many different subjects have correspondence %rith these powers. Their union in this manner K -^410 I)YER'6 COMPA]SIQK. causes the difference in compJectioins, So as to^ the powers^ properties and effects of these browns, they are simply all as one, but differing in complec? tions ; I mean the smoke, the olive and snuff. It is dependent on the fu stick and the acid : the red is dependent on the redvyood, cajpriwood and madder^ and on the power of the alkali ; the brown on the barks, the logwood, and sumac ; and is dependent on the corrosive. Thus by changing the orders of the subjects and powers, the different shades may be produced in those colours ; and this I have left to the discretion of the dyer. BAT'WmG, SLATE^ DOVE OR LEAD, FEARL OR SILVER GREY, AJW J^RAB. AS to these colours, they are a mixture of all co- lours, except black, and are depending on all the powers and almost all the subjects. Some shades are very light, merely changed from white ; the different subjects corresponding with the powers, causes the complections to differ. So with regard to the powers, I think I have described plainly be» fore ; the union of the subject and colours ai-e of so extensive a nature in these different shades, it in vain to describe them in manner and form as I have the rest, for it Avould swell a volyme* I hayc l)tfcii^s ebMPAi^roif. ' 111 httti tfery particular in the receipts, and giveh rules sufficient, and ati e^itensive assortment of shades j but in short, they are all browns of differ- ent coitipkxions, being of ^ weak and feeble make, and must be nuried with care-, othenviie they will never m*rire to fi state of miiturit j% THE Raven is a mixture of two colouri, blue and black ; black direct, and blue by the glance of the eye. Now the blue is dependent on the power of the acid and alkali, and the black on the power of the corrosive. The wheat bran softens the goods ; the vinegar as zn acid cleanses them and prepares them to meet the subjects, and the madder a^d al- lum rouses it up for the logwood ; lying and sour- ing gives penetration and admittance to the remain- ing subjects, and the corrosive power, ' • — — CROW WITH COFFER J CROW colour differs not much from the raven. If any, only in form ; but I think there is a differ* euce— the crow is attended with a little brownish 112 dyer's companion* hue, and is dependent on the power of thfe corrosive,, and the subject of the logwood, &c. — 4» — CROW WITH COMPOUND OF JBLUUSTG. THE bhie part is raised wjth the bUiing which has been described before ; the black on the corro- sive ; the logwood the principal subject ; the ver- di grease intercedes for both, and unites both co- lours together. CRO W WITHBL UE-VITRlfft. BLUE Vitriol being connected with two powers, the acid and corrosive, forms an union with these two colours, and prepares them to meet the subject of logwood, and brings them on terms never more to part. BLACK. BLACK is a colour of all colours. It has but one shade, and that is the shade of darkness. Black is dependent on the power of the corrosive, and has 2>t£Il'S COMPANION. 113 mtiiiy subjects ; bur logwood is the principal, thcs Others serve as assistants to the logwood; Thus tfht potver aind 6^^t subject form the substance of this cotdur- There are drfferefit shades of all co- rotlfs except biack. » Some men, and evd-n philcsopher's, have endea- Tored to shew that black is not a colour ; but I shall endeavour to refute them. Black is madeof materi- al's, as any other colour ; darkness is caused by ma- terials, by the earth and the material world ; by the shadow of these darkness comes ; and by the sub- jects of material?, white is changed to black. So men may as well argue that light is darkness, as to say that black is not a colour. Light is not dark- ness, nol^ white black ; but were the light to re- main with us, we should not perceive the darkness ; and if we were not blessed with materials, we should not change wdiite into colours. Light is changed by materials ; the light of this world Is of a nature to be changed, and white is of the same substance, depending for its changes on materials of dye-stuff ; by our faculties we use them, and obtam the desired effect which God in his wisdom has designed. Blue, yellow, red, brown and black are made of materials ; they are ail colours, and ai^e all of equal rank, form- ed from white ; yet black is most powerful, for that may be made to overshadow all other colours, and cause darkness to reign over them all, S© it is evi- K 2 114 byer's companion. dent that black is a colour of all colours. But black and white mixed together is no colour. If light and darkness were mixed together, we should have neither : the God that made the world separated the light fi'om the darkness ; so in like manner he has given us materials, and a faculty to use them, to change white to black. Thus we find that black is a colour. It is said that orange and violets are colours, but they are not in themselves so, but are compounded of colours. No mixture can be a real colour. Having endeavoured to give you my ideas of the properties and effects of colours ; I request to be read with candor, and hope to be of some benefit. If I have committed errors, I wish they may be cor- rected for the public advantage. COLOURING SILK. Silk is of a nature dififerent from wool, cotton, and linen ; it is of a deadly nature : however, the most of preparations for dying woollen will answer for silkj only the dye requires to be stronger. It :< dyer's^ companion. 115 iias also such an union with cotton and linen, that most of these preparations will answer for either. So it appears that silk is of a substance between wool, cotton and linen, and it unites with them as to colours, &c. 4- — BY ma COTTOjY AJsfD LmEN. COTTON and Linen are of a cold and deadly nature, and require different preparations and man- agement in colouring'. It is the best way in colour- ing cotton and linen, to have the dye cold ; they be- ing of so cold a nature. As to the colours of cotton and linen, I shall say but little : As to the powers, the principal is the corrosive, the next the alkali, and sometunes the acid ; which you will see by the receipts. The subjects are many, but the grand subject is nutgalls ; the others are so numerous, I shall not mention them now. I have endeavoured to explain them explicitly in the receipts for cotton and linen, and think it needless to mention them again here. As to the powers and the union of the subjects, they have been explained before and the best way is to examine the rules for im- provements, and follow the receipts close in proper order, and I presume to say they will have the de» ^ sired effect, in all colours and shades. OBSERVAflONS OIT 'THE PRESENt SjtUA" '2' ION OF 7' HE DrER's BUSINESS. -i. ■ Observation First, w E think ourselves masters of our biisinesi^ before we are, and undertake to do that we know no- thing ©f. By this our business is ruined, our cus« tomers imposed upon, and our country impoverish- ed ; this is the present situation of our business* ObservatiQTi Stcond.^Hho^^ invjwstors injurdi their fellow-funetioners as well as the public,' by dis- couraging mamifaGtorTes. Finding* they fail of thei^ intentions, they begin to encourage their customers by promising to do better, and to work very cheap ; by these impostors, people are deliKled, and their goods not unfreqnently ruined. With the custom- er, who knows nothing of dressing, cheapness is every thing. The workman who is a complete "master of his business is often GOHipelled to regu* late his prices of work by the charges of those who are ignorant of the trade ; consequently the work \^ slighted, or the mechanic cannot obtain a living ; and the employer is a loser in the end, as the good^ ai*e badly finisiied, or perhaps entirely ruined. DYEK^S COMPANION. 11/ Let those who practise in a business make thenv selves masters of it ; then fair and just prices may^ be obtained for their labor, and the employer will be better satisfied, and real justice bo done him^— ^ Thus our manufactories would be increased : The interests of the employer and employed would both be enhanced ; they are inseparable : selfishness counteracts its own views ; the injustice we do our country, we do to ourselves. / As a nation we can never be really independent^ until we become our own manufacturers of articles of the first necessity. To arrive at this desirable point ought to be our constant endeavour ; and eve- ry real patriot will use his exertions, not only in word but in deed, to hasten the period. Observations on Manufacturing CloTh. TO make fine Broadcloth, take your wool and sort it carefully ; take the shortest and finest of the wool, leaving no coarse locks with it; then break the wool all together, and card it into rolls by one person or machine, then spin well the filling cross banded ; give it a good twist, but not hard so as to be wirey ; let it all be twisted alike, and spun by one person, then let it be well wove, with the threads closed together, but not too hard. T'fie^ take the long wool, and have it eombed into wors-* ted ; have it well spiin^ tmsted well, and wova firm. iThin cloths depend on the twisting and firm weaving ; but the other, after it h w^li tif\.\nufac* tured, depends on the fulling to clost* and make it firm, and on the dressing for beauty. The cloth, if well manufactut*ed> well fulicrd, and mil dfed and dressed, will appear equal to tmy importetj cloths ; but if not well manufactured, it will not be handsome. If you have coarse woijI and fine mixed together. It cannot be a fine piece ; if it is not broke and card- ed together, it will not work well ; it is liable to be streaked, and pucker or cockle in the mill. If not well spun, or if spun by two hands, it will liave the same effedt ; and if two weave on one piece, one thick and the other thin, it will cause it to pucker ©r cockle. With proper care and attention in the manufac- turing and dressing of cloths, we may equal any in workmanship and beauty, and afford them one third cheaper than those imported. £J\rD OF THE FIRST PART. THE DYER'S COMPANION. PART S E C O JV D. THE t)YER'S COMPANION. RECEIPTS, &e. 1 . To Jack or harden Leather for IIorte?nati^s Cafiff^ Holsters, ^c. I HAVE found by experience, that saddle leath- er is the best for caps and holsters. In this case, let the cap, kc, be perfectly dry ; and on the block when jacked ; take melted rozin, as hot as is con- venient, rub it on with a small swab, then pass the cap back and forth through a light blaze, and hold it to the fire till it strikes in ; repeat it a second time. It is a repellant U) w^ater, and keeps the work in its place. For leather that has not been oiled, add to three ounces of rozin, ounce of ess -wax, and half an ounce of tallow. 4 USEFUL RECEIPTS. 2d, To make Varnish for Leather, TAKE three ounces of gum shellack made fine, and one ounce and a half of Venice turpentine, put them' into one pint of double rectified spirits of wine, place the bottle in hot sand or water for six hours, shake it often, and apply it with a soft brush or the fingers when blood warm. Repeat i,t three or four times in the course of twelve hours, 3t/. To firepare Feathers^ Fur and Hair^ to receive Red J Yellow or Green. THIS preparation is necessary as the oil must be extracted previous to colouring. For one ounce of feathers, take one quart of water, add to it one gill of sour wheat bran water, one ounce of cream of tartar, and half an ounce of allum ; simmer this together ; then after the feathers are washed and rinced, put them in, let it stand twelve hours, keep- ing the liquor hot. N. B. White only will receive the above colours. ^ 4 th, To Colour Feathers^ Fur^ ifc. Red. TAKE half an ounce of cochineal made fine, mix iSKl'^rL nECEIPTS. 5 il ^vlih an ounce and an half of cream of tartar to one quart of water ; ^vhen simmering- hot, ^dd a tea-spoon-fuil, let it stand ten minutes, then put it in the feathers, and so on each ten minutes, until exliausted. In all colouring', the dye must not be crowded, and soft water must be used. After the whole of the cplourine^ is in, let it stand fifteen min- utes, tlien rince them in clear water ; whilst in the dye. five or six drops of aqua fortis may not be a- mibs, as it sets the colour more on the scarlet, ^Jh, To Colour Feathers^ Fur^ Hair^ and Woollen or Sil/c^ Biue^ of any shade^ r NO preparation is necessary except washing and rincing. To eight ounces of oil of vitriol, add one ounce of indigo made fine, a tea-spoonfull of each six or eight minutes, shake it often ; it must stand two or three days before it is fit for use ; indeed the longer it stands the better : one tea-spoonful of this to one quart of water, when hot as is convenient for flesh to bear, maVe an azure blue ; by adding or di- minishing, any shade is produced. It is not re- commended for woollen, except for women's light vv'ear, stockings, Sec. as the colour is not very du- rable on the wool. Those light articles being easi- ly re-coloured, it will be found the most convenient L 2 G USEFUL RECEIPTS. and expeditious method of colouring, as ten or fif- teen minutes is sufficient for any of the above arti- cles to colour. It is also very useful to revive old dye that has decayed ; also, a few drops put into rincing water for silk, stockings, &:c. gives the pri- mitive clearness. I am sure, if the use of this was^ known, that scarce a family would be found without a phial of it in their house. 4» — 6th, To Colour Feathers ^ i^'c. Yellow and Gresn^ TAKE two pounds of fustick, chip it fine, boil it in two gallons of water four hours, keeping the quan- tity of water ; then take out the chips, and add one ounce of curkemy root, and an ounce of allum ; boil the two gallons to two quarts, let the feathers he in the dye one hour to makfe them green ; add two tea-spoonfuls of the oil of vitriol and indigo. They require to be only rinced after colouring. 7th. To Colour Feathers^ Ijfc, Black. THIS is the most difficult colour to set. The feathers must lay in a preparatory liquor twelve hours ; as follows — To each quart of water, add one tea-spoonfui of aqua fortis; it must be kept hot USEFUL RECEIPTS. the whole of the time : then, for three ounces of feathers, take two pounds of logwood chipped fine, and one pound of common sumac, put these into three gallons of water in an iron kettle, boil it four or five hours, take out the chips, and add two ounc-^ es of English nutgalls pounded fine ; boil the three gallons to three quarts, then put in the feathers, let them be twelve hours ; then take three ounces of copperas, and one ounce of verdigrease made fine, put them into half a pint of urine, and stir it on a moderate fire ten or twelve minutes ; put this to the dye, it will set the colour ; let them be in twelve hours more, then they must be washed or rinced perfectly clean. It; is possible that hatters and others who deal in black, may find something in this to their advantage. St/i. To Lacker Brass and Ti?i'Ware, TAKE gum gamboge one ounce, make it firie;^ put it into four ounces spirits of wine, let it be kept warm four hours : the method of using it for small ware, such as buckles for harness. See. put them on ^ a piece of sheet iron, heat them hissing hot, then dip them in the lacker one at a time, as fast as you please. For large work, let the ware be heated, ap- ^8 tJSEFUL RECEIPTS. ply the lacker v/ith a fine brush ; it gives a mo%t beautiful yellow. 9t/i, To make Oil-Cloth for Hats^ Umbrellas^ i!fc. TAKE one pint of linseed oil, add one ounce spi- rits of wine, one ounce of litharge of gold, and one ounce of sugar of lead, simmer them togetlier half an hour ; take persian or sarsnet, tack it within a frame, a common case knife is used in laying on the oil ; tvf ice going over is sufficient. — -t— \Oth, To make Oil-Cloth fur Carpets. TO one gill of dissolved glue, add one gill of ho- ney, and one pint of water, simmer these togeth- er, stir in it five or six ounces of Spanish white ; the cloth being tacked as above, rub this on till tlie pores are filled. If the paint be properly prepared, it will neither break nor peal oiT. < — — Wtk. To boil Oil for Painting, TO one gallon of oil, add one ounce of white vit- USEFUL RECEIPTS. 9 riol, and an ounce of sugar of lead, a quarter at a time 5 boil one hour. — 4- — 12 fh. To make Stone Colour. TO fourteen pounds of white lead, add five pounds of yellow ochre, and one ounce of ivory black. \Zth, To make Pearl Cdour^ TO twelve pounds of white lead, add one pound of stone yellow, half an ounce of Prussian blue, and two ounces of white vitriol to dry the paint. Vit- riol is used in all paints for drying. To make deefi Blue% TO three pounds of white lead, add one ounce of Prussian blue* 10 USEFUL RECEIPTS. \5th. To make Sea Green. / To two pounds of stone yeUow, add one oulide of Prussian blue* \6th, Vej'digrease Green, TO one pound of vefdigrease, add two ounces of white lead. \7th, Oraiige Colour for Carpets^ TO four pounds of stone yellow, add two pounds 6f red lead. \^th. To Slack Verdigreaae. TAKE a kettle of hot wet sand, wrap four or live ounces of verdigrease in a cabbage leaf, put as many of those parcels in the sand as is convenient, leaving two or three inches between ; let them be in four hours, keeping the sand hot. The verdi- grease being thus slacked, a man may grind three times the quantity in a day as of unsl^icked. 9 • USEFUL RECEIPTS. \9th^ To make VerinHlioii^ AKE of quick-silver eighteen pounds, of flow- ers of sulphur six pounds ; melt the sulphur in an earthen pot, and pour in the quick-silver gradual- ly, being also gently warmed, and stir them well to- gether with the small end of a tobacco pipe. But if from the effervescence, on adding the latter quan- tity of quick-silver, they take fire, extinguish it by throwing a wet cloth (v/hieh should be had ready) over the vessel. When the mass is cold, pov/der it, so that the several parts maybe well mixed to- gether. But it is not necessary to reduce it, by nicer levigation, to an impalpable state. Having then prepared an oblong glass body, or sublimer, by coat« ing it well with fire, lute over the whole surface of the glass, and working a proper rim of the same around it, by which it may be hung in a furnace, in ^nch a manner that one half of it may be exposed to the fire, fix it in a proper furnace, and let the pow- dered mass be put into it, so as to nearly fill the part that is within the furnace, a piece of broken tile teing laid over the mouth of the glass. Sublime, then, the contents, with as strong a heat as may be used without blowing the fumes of the Vermillion 9Ut of the mouth of the sublimer. When the sub- limation is over, which may be perceived by the a- batement of the heat towards the top of the body, fjiscontinue the fire ; and, after the body is cold, 12 USEFUL RECEIPTS, take it out of the furnace, and break it ; then col- lect together all the parts of the sublimed cake, se- parating carefully from them any dross that may have been left at the bottom of the body, as also any lighter substance that may have been formed in the neck, and appears to be dissimilar to the rest. Le* vigate the more perfect part ; and, when reduced to a fine powder, it will be Vermillion proper for use ; but on the perfectness of the levigation de* pends, in a great degree, the brightness and good- ness of the vermillion. In order, therefore, toper? form this, it is necessaay that two or three mills, of different closeness should be employed, and the la§t should be of steel, and set as finely as possible. ^&th. Of Rose Lake^ commonly called Rose Pink. TAKE Brazil wood six pounds, or three pounds of Brazil and three pounds of peachy wood. Boil them an hour with thi'ee gallons of water, in which a quarter of a pound of allum is dissolved. Purify then the fluid by straining through flannel, and put back the wood into the boiler with the same quanti- ty of allum, and proceed as before ; repeating this a third time. Mix then the three quantities of tincture together, and evaporate them till only two quarts of fluid remain. Prepare in the mean time, eight peunds of chalk, by washing over ; a pound USEFUL RECEIPTS* 13 of allum being put into the water used for that pur- pose, which, after the chalk is washed, must be poured oft', and supplied by a fresh quantity, till the chalk be freed from the salt formed by the allum ; after which, it must be dried to the consistence of stiff clay. The chalk and tmcture, as above pre- pared, must be then well mixed together by grind- ing, and afterwards laid out to dry, where neither the sun nor cold air can reach it ; though if it caa be conveniently done, a gentle heat may be used. The goodness of rose pink lies chiefly in the brightness of the colour and fineness of the sub- stance ; which last quality depends on the washing; well the chalk. The more the hue of rose pink verges on the true crimson, that is to say, the less purple it is, the greater its value* 21 . FOR PR USSIAJSr BL UE. TAKE of blood any quantity, and evaporate it to perfect dryness. Of this dry blQod powdered take §ix pounds, of the best pearl-ashes two pounds ; mix them well together in a glass or stone mortar^ and then put the mixed matter into large crucibles or earthen pots, and calcine it in a furnace, the top of the crucible or pot being covered with a tile, or M u USEFUL ^lECEIPTS. ather such convenient thing, but. TOt luted. The calcination should be continued so long as any flame appears to issue from the matter, or rather till the flame becomes very slender and blue ; for if the fire be very strong, a small flame would arise for a ve^ ry long time, and a great part of the tinging mat- ter would be dissipated and lost. When the matter has been sufficiently calcined, take the vessels which contain it out of the fire, and as quickly as possible throw it into two or three gallons of water ; and as it soaks there, breali it with a wooden spatula, that no lumps may remain ; put it then in a proper tin vessel, and boil it for the space of three quarters .of an hour or n>ore. Filter it while hot through paper, and pass some water through the filter when it is run dry, to wash out the remainder of the lixiviun^ of the blood and pearl-ashes : the earth remaining in the filter may be then thrown away. Jn the mean time, dissolve of clean allum four pounds, and of green vitriol or copperas two pounds, in three gaU Ions of water : add this solution gradually to the filr tered lixivium, so long as any effervescence appears to arise on the mixture ; but when no ebullition or ferment follows the admixture, cease to put in more. Let the mixture then stand at rest, and a green powder will be precipitated ; from which, when it has thoroughly subsided, the clear part of the fluid must be poured off, and fresh water put in its place, and stkred well about with the green powder ; an4 15 after a proper time of settling', this ^7ater' must be poui^l off like the /ir&t» Take then of spirits of salt, doable the weii^Iit of the g-reen Yitrit?!, \vhich was contained in the qiiantity of solution of vitriol and allum added to the lixivium, whicli will soon tiirn the ^retW inatter to a blue colour ; and after s^DHie tim^, add a ^Di*0'i5er quantity of water, and wash the colour in the same mamier as has been' directed for lake, &c. and when properly washed, proceed in the same manner tt> dry it in lumps of convenient size. IT is necessary, in all paintm^, that all paints, when mixed together with the oil, to grind it till it Is a perfect salve, so as when you- rub it between your llMgCro yGuCaijrjOt leet Uii^ ix/U'gljntrSS Vt i'vll lt> but feel perfectly smooth as oil ; then it is gTouiid fit for use — then add oil, and stir it together what is ne- cessary, or accordiiyg to your liking. Oil must be ftbilcd in aii painting. ^— 22. FOR MAKLYG BLACK lA'K. TAKE one quart of rain water, or water with ripe Walnut shooks soaked in it, or the water soaked with oak saw dust ; strain it off clean, then add one quarter of a pound of the best blue galls, two oun- ces of good copperas, and two ounces of gum ara- 16 tJSErUL RECEIPTS. bic ; put it in a bottle, stop tight, then shake it well every day till the ink is fit for use — but the older the better. The above articles must all be pulverised, beforc they are applied to the water- To keep ink from freezing, apply a little spirits of any kind. To keep ink from moulding, apply a little salt therein. 23. FOR RED mK. TAKE three pints of sour beer (rather than vine* gar) and four ounces of ground brazil-wood ; smi^ mer them together for an hour ; then strain off and bottle, well stopped, for use. Or you may dissolve half an ounce of gum Sene- gal, or arable, in half a pint of water ; then put in a penny worth of vermillion ; put into a small earth- en vessel and pour the gum water to it, and stir it well till it is well mixed together, and it will be fit for use in twenty-four hours — but requires stirring before using, in the same mannei; and form. You may make it from any other coloured ink, as blue, green, yelloW; purple, Sec. USEFUL RECEIPTS. MEMOIR On a method of Painting nvith Milk-^bij Jo J. Ca- det ele Vaux : Memhcr of the Academical Society of Sciences,'-'From the " Decade Philoaojihique.'* I PUBLISHED in' the Feuille de Cultiva- teur," but at a time when the thoughts of every one were absorbed by the public misfoi-times, a singia- ^kr economical process for painting, which the want pi materials induced me to substitute instead of painting in distemper. Take skimmed milk, two quarts. Fresli slacked lime, six ounces. Gil of carraway, or linseed, or nut, four Ounces, Spanish white, live ounces. Put the Hme into a vessel of stoneware, and pout upon it a sufficient quantity of milk to make a smooth mixture ; then add the oil by degrees, stir- ring the mixture with a small wooden spatula ; then add the remainder of tlie milk, and finally the Spa- ish white, Skhnmed milk, in summer, is often curdled ; but this is of no consequence to our pur- pose, as its fluidity is soon restored by its contact with lime. It is, however, absolutely necessary that it sheuld not be sour ; for in that case it would form 'vs ith the lime a kind of calcareous acetite, sus- ceptible of attracting moisture. Tlie lime is slacked by plunging it into water^ drawing it out, and leaving it to fall to pieces in the Ma iS tSE^UL RECEIPTS. air. Itis incUfTerent which uf the three oilsabove-^ mentioned we use ; however, for painting white, tfte. oil of carraway is to be preferred, as it is colourless. For painting the ochres, the commonest lamp oil may be used. The oil, when mixed with the milk aad lime, disappears ; being entirely dissolved by the lime, with which it forms a calcareous soap. The Spanish white must be crumbled, and gently spread upon the surface of the liquid, which it gradually imbibes, and at last sinks ; it must then be stired with a stick. This paint is coloured like distemper, "with charcoal levigated in water, yellow ochrcj Sec. It is used in the same manner as distemper. The quantity above mentioned is sufficient for painting; the first lay^r of six toises, or fathoms. One ef the properties of my paint, which we may term milk distemper paint, is, that it will keep for v/hole months, and require neither Hme nor iire, nor even manipuktion ; in ten minutes we may prepare enough of it to paint a whole house. One may sleep m a chamber the night after it has been painted. A single coating is sufficient for places that have alrea- dy been painted. It is not necessary to lay on two, unless where grease spots repel the first coating ; these should be removed by washing them with strong lime water or a ley of soap, or scraped off. New wood requires two coatmgs. One coating is sufficient for a stair-casc; passage, or cieling. 1 USrElrUL RECEIPTij. 19 have since given a far greater degrqe of solidity to this method of painting : for it has been my aim, not only to substitute it in the place of painting in distemper,but also of oil paint. 25. Resinous Milk Paint. FOR work out of doors I add to the proportions of the milk distemper painting, two ounces of slacked lime^ two ounces of oil, and two ounces of •Vhite Burgundy pitch. The pitch is to be melted in oil by a gentle heat, and added to the smooth mixture of milk and oiL In cold weather the milk ought to be warmed to prevent its cooling the pitch tWQ suddenly, and to facilitate its union with the milk of lime. This painting has some analogy with that known by the name of encaustic* I have employed the resinous milk paint for ou»t« side window shutters, that had been previously been painted with oil. The cheapness of the articles for this paint, makes it an important object for those people that have large wooden houses and fences.—. An experiment has been made with this paint in this country, and it at present appears to answer per- fectly the discription of the inventor. ^0 HQ. Jn easy and cheafi Method to siaifi Cherry a Mahogany Colour, TAKE Gommon whitewash of lime atid wg^er^ white wash the wood, let it stand perhaps twenty- four hours, then rub it off, after polishing the wood apply linseed oil. By using a small piece of wood you may find when the colour suits. — — — 27. To Stain any kind of WhitcWood a Dark KeJ. TAKE two ounces of drugs called di-agon*s blood, Biake it fin€ ; put it into a pint of double -rectified spirits of wine ; let it stand six or seven days, shake k ofijen, brush it on the wood till the shade suits, 23» To make Green, or any kind of TV Ail e Wood, TAKE a yellow liquor as described in receipt 6tii, add the vitriol and indigo, less or more, to make what shade is wanted. In all shades, it is ne- cessary to repeat colouring three or four times, Jeaving time for the wood to dry betwixt each co- louring ; the colour grows darker by standing.—* The wood will not do to varnish short of ssix or se- ven days after staining. VSEFXJL RECEIPTS. 21 29. To make a Cherrt/ Bed, on White Wood of any kind, TAKE of the brightest of logwood two pounds, boil out the strength, take out the chips, add a table spoonful of the raspings of gallant gill root, boil this one hour, stain the, dye and boil it down to one quar- ter of the quantity ; brush it on the wood when hot; repeat it till the colour suits. 4. 30 . To stain White Wood the colour of Mahogany^ or Black Walnuts TAKE logwood liquor, as described in No. 7, be- fore the dye is set, then add to one gallon of water eight ounces of madder, let it stand twelve hours, keeping it warm, strain it off, then mix it with an equal quantity «f the logwood liquor ; it is applied SIS other stains. 31. The be^t Red Stain for Wood. THIS is made by boiling two pounds of redwood in two gallons of water, in the same manner as log- wood, Sec, is boiled ; it is necessary to boil this in brass : when boiled down tp » proper quantity, add one ounce of oocbmeal, and two oilnces of cr^m' of tartar made fine ; boil this half un hour, or till there is but one quart of the liquor ; apply it warm, and add a- tea-sp6oiiful of aqua fortisj. — 4^— S± foitcdn W6'od atatlt. TAKE logwood liquor to give the ground work, then take two ounces of Eri^iiislrnutgalls made fincj put this in one quart of water, let it stand four days,' sliake it often, thto brusli'it on, t¥f ee oi* fbtir times ; when almost dVy, rub it over two or three times with strong copperas water ; like other stains it grows darker by siunulag, S3, To colour Hats Green cn the under side* TAKE two pounds of fustick, chip it fine, put it into two gallons of soft* Water," boil it four hours in brass, keeping nearly the quantity of Water ; take out the chips, add two ounces orcurliemy root, and one ounce of allum ; boil this to three pints,^ brash this on the hats twice OTef*, then add to one quart of this yellow liquor, three tea-spo'onf\ils of the in- dfgo and Titrioly (as mentioned' ift a former receipt) )yill nx^ke it .greei>, brush this on the hat twxj or three time^, ^lejavipg tinie between for, the bat ,tQ be nearly dry, 34. Varnish for Wood either Stained or Fainted, THIS is made the same as in receipt 2d, except, instead of three ounces of gum shellapk, take of it one ounce and a half, and one ounce and a half of gum sandrick ; it must be laid with e soft brush, ' and several tunes repeated ; after it has stood three or four days, take rotten stone made fine and sifted, niix it with water, then with a sponge or soft linen^ f ub it on till sufficiently pohshed. 35. Varnish. AN excellent varnish has recently been discover? ^d, made of one part of sandarac not pulverised, and two parts of spirits of wine, made cold and the solu- tion promoted by frequent shaking. • # AS the method of preparing Copal Varnish, is generally kept secret by those who are acquainted with it, and as a tradesman who is desirous of 54 USETUL RECEIPTS. knowing H, is obliged to give some times an hun- dred dollars to another, to let him into the secret, ^\nd that upon condition of not imparting it to any l>ody else—- the following to some may not be unac- ceptable. 56. To make Amber or Copal Varnish i TAKE of white rosin four drachms, melt it over a lire in a glazed vessel, after which put in two ounces of the whitest amber you can get, finely pow- dered : this last is to be put in gradually, stirring it jiil the while with a small slick over a gentle fire, till it dissolves ; pouring in nov/ and then a little oil of turpentine, as you find it growing stiff, and con- tinue this till your amber is nielted. When the varnish has been thus made, pour it into a coarse linen bag, and press it between two hot boards of oak, or flat plates of iron. Great care must be ta- ken in making the vamish, to not set the house on fire ; for the vapour of the oil of turpentine will er ven take fire by heat. — If it should happen so to do, immediately cover the pot with a board or any thing that will suffocate it ; by which means it will be put put. USEFUL RECEIPTS. 26 tj7. CQMPOSIflQN FOR GIVING A BEAUTIFUL Fo^ LISH ro MAHOGANT FURNI'TURE. DISSOLVE bees-wax (equal parts) in oil of turpentine, until the mixture attain the consistency of paste, — After the wood intended to be polished is well cleansed, let it be thinly covered with the a- bove composition, and well rubbed with a piece of oil carpet, until no dirt will adhere to its surface. 58. To SOFTEN S^EEL-^FOR ENGRAVING^ tfc, MAKE a very strong lye, of unslacked lime and white oak ashes, of each an equal quantity ; put in the steel, let it lay fourteen days — it will be so soft as easily to be cut with a knife. # 39. The Chinese method for rendering Cloth WAl'tR PROOF, TAKE one ounce of white w^ax, (melted) add one quart of spirits of turpentine ; when thorough- ly mixed and cold, then dip the cloth into the liquid and hang it up to dry till it is thoroughly dry. By the above cheap and easy method, muslin, as %vell as the strongest cloths, v/ill be rendered quite N 26 trSEFUL RECEIPTS, impenetrable to the hardest rains ; and that with- out the mgredients used either filling up the pores of the eloth or injuring, in the least, its texture, or damaging, at all,' the most brilliant polours, 40. A Rcceifit to make an excellent American Win^ : communicated to the Burlington Society for promo^ ting Agriculture and Domestic Manufactories ; bij Joseph Cooper^ esq, of Gloucester county^ JVeW' Jersey^ .1 PUT a quantity of the comb, from which the l^oney had been drained, into a tub ; to which I ad- ded a barrel of cider immediately from the press : This mixture was well stirred, and Jeft to soak for one night. It was then strained, before a fermen- tation had taken place ; and honey was added until the strength of the liquor was sufficient to bear an egg. It was then put into a barrel ; and after thp fermentation commenced? the cask was filled every day, for three or four days, that the filth might work out of the bung hole. When the fermentation mo- derated, I put the bung in loosely, lest stopping it light might cause the cask to burst. At the end of five or six weeks the liquor was drawn off into a tub. and the white of eight eggs, well beat up, with a pint of cjean sand, were put into it. — I then added a gallon of cider spirit j and after mixing the whole tSEFUL RKCEIPTS. 27 together, I returned it into the cask, vvhich was well cleansed, bunged it tight, and placed it in a propet* situation for rackin^^^ oiY when nnc. In the month of April following, I drew it olt into kegs, for use ; and found it equal, in my opinion, to almost any for- eign wine. In the opinion of many judges, it was superiour. This success has induced me to repeat the exper- iment for three years ; and I am persuaded, that by using the clean honey, instead of the comb, asa- bove described, such an improvement might be made, as would enable the citizens of the U. States to supply themselves with a truly federal and whol- some wine, which would not cost one quarter of a dollar per gallon, were all the ingredients procured at the market price j and would have this peculiar advantage over every other wine hitherto attempted in this country, that it contains no foreign mixture, but is made from ingredients produced on our own farms. By order of the Society, W M. CoxE, jun. Secretary. 41, Wonderful Cure of the Drofisy^ by Dwarf Elder* From the Massyichusetts Magazine, SOME years ago, when the invalids from Chel- sea were ordered to garrison at Portsmouth, there 28 tifSEFUL RECEIPTS. was among them a man grievously afflicted with / the dropsy. He had already become so unwieldy as to be rendered incapable of doing any thing whatso- ever, and was at last so corpulent that he could pro- cure no clothes to fit him. In this critical situation, an herb doctor chanced to come by, and seeing the man in that situation, said, ' Well, friend, what will yovi give me if I cure you ?' The poor object, (who had already spent nearly the sum of forty pounds on the medical gen- tlemen, without relief) eyeing the doctor with a look of contempt, scarce vouchsafed to return him for answer, that his cure was impossible — and was pre- ])aring to leave him, when the doctor, stopping him, offered to cure him for a glass of rum. So extra- ordinary a proposal did not fail to awaken the atten- tion of the man, who considered the extreme reason- ableness of the demand, followed the doctor, with- out speaking a word, into his laboratory, who taking out a bottle containing a black liquid, presented it to his patient, telling him to drink it ofP that day, and when gone, to fetch his bottle for more. Upon a curious examination of the contents of the bottle, finding it not unpleasant to the taste, the dropsical man wisely concluded there could be no harm in it, if there was no good ; and accordingly, taking the bottle, he at night (though despairing of success) ventured to drink, before he went to bed> USEFUL RECEIPTS. 29 about one half of the liquor, and immediately com- posed himself to rest. But he had scarcely been a quarter of an hour in bed, before the physic opera- ted so strongly that he was obliged to get up and search for the necessary utensil. This was pres- ently filled — upon which he groped about for the one belonging to his comrade, vv^hich, having found, he also filled — and (strange to tell) a tub which was in the next room, was nearly filled. — So strong an evacuation of urine produced, as we may well sup- pose, a very material alteration ; for the next morn- ing he was able to buckle his shoes, which he had not done for a long time. He did not fail to call on the doctor for a fresh supply, which having obtained, he continued drink- ing at meals. Sec. with such good effects, that he was completely cured in less than a week. A matter of such importance could not fail to at- tract the attention of the whole regiment, among whom I chanced ^to be an eye witness of it ; and asked him what the liquid was — he informed me that It was a decoction made of the leaves of dwarf elder. Yours, Sec. # 42. CURE FOR THE DROPSY, TAKE a six quart jug of old hard cider, put N2 30 USEFUL RECEIPTS. therein a pint of miistarcl-seecl, one double-hand full of lignum vitJe shavings, one double -handful! of liorse radish roots ; let them simmer together, over a slow fire, forty-eight hours, when it will be fit for use. Take a tea-cup full of this liquid, three times a day ; and it will work off the disorder by urine/ without any trouble to the patient. A most surprising histance of the efficacy of this simple medicine, has lately taken place in the case of Mr. Wm. Wray, of Lunenburg, v/ho, from the- w^orst state of the dropsy, has by it been restored to perfect health. FROM A PHILADELPHIA PAPER. The Editor having received from a friend the follow^ ing Recipe for the Cure of a Cancer^ is induced from the veracity of the 'writer^ and the imfiortance of such a remedy to many afflicted individuals y t9 lay it before the public. 43.^ SylFE JJVB EFFICACIOUS REMEDY FOR THE CJACER. TAKE the narrow leafed dock-root, and boil it in water till it be quite soft, then bathe the part af- fected in the decoction as hot as can be borne three or four time? a day ; the root must then be maralx- cd ai^d applied as a poultice^ USEFUL RECEIPTS. v5 I This root has proved an effectual cure in many in- stances. It was first introduced by an Indian wo* Irian, who came to the house of a person in the country, who was much afflicted with a cancer in her mouth ; the Indian perceiving something was the matter, inquired what it was, and on being in- formed, said she would cure her. The woman con- sented to a trial, though with little hopes of success, having previously used many things without receiv- ing any benefit. The Indian went out and soon re- turned with a root, which she boiled and applied as above, and in a short time a cure was effecied. The Indian was very careful to conceal what these roots were, and refused giving any information respecting them ; but happening one day to lay some of them down, and stepping out, the woman concealed one of the roots, which she planted, and soon discover- ed what it was. Not long after, a person in that neighbourhood being afflicted with the same com- plaint in her face, she mformed her of the remedy, and in two weeks she was cured. S©me time after, a man was cured of a confirmed cancer upon the tack of his hand ; after suffering much, and being unable to get any rest, being told of this root, it was procured and prepared for him : he dipped his hand in the water as hot as he could bear it for some time ; the root was then applied as a poultice, and that night he slept comfortably, and in two weeks Im hand was entirely cured. 8^ USEFUL RECEIPTS. Daniel Brown's father, having had a cancer in his bead, had it cut out, and apparently healed ; but sorne of the roots remaining, it again broke out ; his doctor then informed him that nothing more could be done, except burniiig it out with hot irons ; this being too harsh a remedy to submit to, he was much discouraged. The dock root was soon after recommended,-and it cured him in a short time, In the beginning of the winter of 1798, a hard lump appeared in the middle of my under lip, and in a short time became sore : it continued in that situation;; till spring, when it increased and became painful : I then shewed it to a person of skill, and isoon found he apprehended it to be cancerous ; af- ter two or three different apphcations, the complaint increased and spread rapidly. Lot Trip, having heard of my complaint, mentioned this root — I call- ed on him to know the particulars of it ; he gave me the necessary information : the root was procured, and used in the manner above mentioned, taking a mouthful of water in which the roots were boiled, and let it drop over my Hps as hot as I could bear it ; this I drd three or four times a day, and then kept the root to it a day and a night ; and in two days the pain entirely left me, and in two weeks it was cured. USErUL RECEIPTS. 53 44. Remedy for Cancers^ BURN half a bushel or three pecks of green old field red oak bark to ashes ; boil these ashes ia three gallons of water until reduced to one ; strain that one gallon off, and boil it away to a substance similar to butter-milk or cream ; apply a small quantity on a piece of silk or lint to the cancer, but iio larger than the place or part affected. I have known two plaisters to effect a cure, whei^ the can- cer lay in a proper position for the medicine imme- tliately to penetrate to the roots of it ; otherwise, it may take several plaisters, as the medicine must be repeated every two hours until the roots of the can- cer are killed ; then apply healing salve, with a lit- tle mercurial ointment mixed thereon, and dress It twice a day until cured, which vnW certainly be the case in twenty or dnrty days at farthest. I have known several persons entirely relieved by the above prescription : and one in particular, after two attempts by a skilful physician to remove the cancerous parts by exusion. After being greatly alarmed myself from a can- cer about three years ago, and having followed some time the directions of an experienced physician, I, contrary to his orders, and notwithstanding the fears of my family, happily applied two plaisters of the 34 V8EFUL RECEIPTS. above medicine, and no symptoms of it have ap* peared since. 45* Reci/iefor the Cure of the Hydrojihobiay or the Bite of a Mad Bog, [By a Physician of respectwubility in New-York.] PLACE a blister on the wound immediately* the sooner the better ; and even if this has been neg- lected till the wound has healed, it is necessary to apply it ; also, apply blisters to the inside of the an- cles, wrists, and betvv^een the shoulders of the pa- tient, keeping two running at a time. Keep the patieiit in the free use of vinegar, either in food or drink ; and if he has not got a tight room, make it so by hanging up blankets ; then boil a quart or two of vinegar, place it in the room of the patient on a chafing-dish or kettle of coals, and let the patient continue in the room fifteen minutes at a time morning and evening, and often wet his ancles^ feet and wrists with it. Give him three or four doses of the following me- dicine in the course of three weeks, that is, as of- ten as one in five or six days : — Calomel eight grains, native cinnabar and salt of amber each four ounces^ to each dose; to be taken in the morning in ¥SEFUL RECEIPTS. molasses ; also, give him a decoction of tea, made of sarsapharilla root and guiacum chips, (common- ly called lignum vitse dust). If the patient is actu- ally labouring under the symptomsof the hydropho- bia, give the several remedies more frequently ; if soon after the bite, as above. If the patient actual- ly has the disorder, when first attended to, repeat the remedies until he recovers ; if immediately af- ter the bite, it will be necessary to attend him for three weeks, which generally -clears him from in- fection. His diet must be light and easy of diges- tion generally, though he may make a moderate use of animal food ; but he must strictly avoid the yse of spirituous liquors. The above is the ge- neral plan I follow. LOT TRIP, 46. Cure for the Bite of a Mad Dog. THE roots of elecampane, (the plant star-wort) pounded soft, boiled in new milk, and given plenti- fully to any thing that is bitten, during forty-eight hours, (keeping the subject from all other food) liave been found an effectual remedy for this dread- fill and frequently fatal malady. — JV, Y, Pajier, USEFUL RECEIPTS. 47. Cure for the Bite of a Mad Dog, THE following remedy for the bite of a mad dog is recommended in the French papers : — A new laid egg is to be beaten up and put into a frymg-pan, with oil of olives, cold drawn, and dressed, but not too dry. Into this is to be put a great quantity of powder of calcined oyster shells, which is to be sprinkled in such quantities as the mixture will ab- sorb. This is to be given as a dose which is to be repeated for nine days fasting ; and the wound is at the same time to be washed with salt water. The author of it professes to have tried it with repeated success, on man, dogs, and other animals. — # — FROM A CHARLESTON PAPER. 48. The Infallible Cure for the Dysentery. I HAVE been acquainted with it nearly forty years, and never knew it to fail. I have cured all that ever had it on my plantation, and myself seve- ral times. Not forty days past, I was afflicted with the dysentery, and cured myself with the receipt un- der written. About thirty years ago, I cured two persons in Charleston, who had been under the care of three physicians, and it had baffled tkeir arjt and rSEFUL RECEIPTS. ; yet this receipt cured them in a few clavs» The public may rely on the efBcacy and infallibility of the receipt, viz.— As soon as you find the flux is bad, if possible before it comes to the dysentery^ drink three or four tea-cupfuls of melted suet dai- ly, say a cup full every three or four liours ; let the food be the flour of well parched Indian ccrn made into a pap v. ith new milk, and sweetened with loaf sugar ; and let the drink be nothing else but a strong tea made with chipped logwood, or red oak bark, and sweetened with loaf sugar, though it will do without sweetening. When yon find it is check- ed, make the tea weaker ; should it stop too sud- den, take a flttle salts. With the above simples, I can cure tliousands without the loss of one. The cure will be elfected in five, six or seven days. # " 49. Cure for the Dysentery* TAKE of the roots of the low-running bkuiibe?- Ty vine, one large handful ; make a strong tea of them in the same manner as you would make other tea, only let it stand on the coals a little longer. — . Give two tea-cups full to an adult, and one to a .child. After it has operatetl, give the patient a plenty of low balm tea, or cold water if preferred. Be careful when the appetite returns, to give them o 58 USEFUL RECEIPTS. but a liitle to eat at a time, and that as often as the - appetite calls, and no oftener. This blackberry root tea operates as a thorough but gentle purge in this complaint, and as soon as it operates, it changes the nature of the stools ; that is, instead of blood, ^c, the stools will be of a greenish froth, and so will continue to be until they become natural. 50. Cure for the Dysentery, Tx\KE new churned butter without salt, and just skimming off the curdy part, when melted over a clear fire, give two spoonfuls of the clarified re- mainder, tVvice or thrice within a day, to the per- son so affected. This has never failed to make al^ rnobt an instant cure. 4:— 51. For the Dysentery ^ Colera^ or Fo?mting, TAKE oil of pennyroyal, two drops to a table- spoonful of molasses, syrup or honey ; after being well stirred up, let one tea-spoonful be administer- ed every hour until it has the desired effect, which from experience, I can safely assure the public, will be found in every case of the above disorder^ tg USEFUL RECEIPTS. 3^ be a speedy and certain cure. For a grov/n person, the dose may bi^ doubled, and given in the same manner* From an Old lady. 62. An Infallible Cure for the St. Jiithomfs Fire. I x\M neither pliysician, surgeon, apothecary nor nostrum-monger, (says a correspondent) but totally ignorant of the materia rncdica, except tliat I have swallowed large draughts of it, to care me of pain- ill! returns of St. Anthony's Fire at spring and fall. In vain, alas ! did I swallow ; for the saint was con- stant in iiis visit at the accustomed time, notwith- standing the repeated prophecies of niy doctor and apothecaries to the contrary. Fortunately for me, ten years since, I was favoured with a visit from a good lady, during the spring confinement.^ v/ho told me, if I w^culd at the time, take the elder tree blos- soms and in the spring of the year, at each season, for a month, drink every morning fasting, half a pint of elder fiov/er tea, and the same in the after- noon, that it v/ould drown the sairit. The next season of the elder tree blossoming, I followed her advice, as also the spring following, and have done so these nine years ; since which time, the saint has not tormented me in the least. I have recommi end- ed this tea, from my e:^perience of its efucacy, to 40 tlSEFUt RECEIPTS. ten of my felloY^-sulTerers since my ov/n case, every* one of whom has found it a specific remedy. When the elder tree is in blossom, a sufficient quantity of the flowers should be gathered, in a dry day, and dried with great care for the spring use. The tea is made, by pouring a quart of boiling wa- ter on two handfuls of elder flowers, when green ; a less quantity will do when dry. It may be drank hot or cold, as best suits the stomach. Each sin- gle blossom is not to be picked off, but the heads from the main stalks. — 4' — 53. For St, jinthony^s Fire^ TAKE a purge ; and anoint with the marrow of mutton. ^ 54. An admirable Recipe for a Consimption. TAKE of Madeira, (or good generous moun* tain) wine, two quarts ; balsam of Gilead, two ounces ; albanum in tears, (grossly powdered) two ounces, flowers of Benjamin half an ounce,^ let the mixture stand three or four days near the fire, fre- quently shaking; then addtheretO;of Narbonne honey 4} four ounces, extract of Canadian mciiclen hair eight ounces, shake the bottle well, and strain off the li- quor. The dose two tea-spoonfuls, to be taken once in four hours, in t^olt-foot tea or v/ater, sweet- ened with capiilaire. N, B. The Canadian maiden-hair, which we now import from thence in gi'eat pk-nty is inunitely su- perior to that v/hich grov/s in England. A strong infusion made of this herb, sv/eeteried with honey or sugar candy, is the best ptizan which can possi- bly l)e drank by consumptive people, and v/iil of it- self cure any recent cough. 55. Cure for the Heart -Burn, EAT two or three meats of peach-stones, of any kind of peach, and it will effect a cure immediately. Those which are dry are preferable. mOM A VIRGINIA PAPER. 56. Irt fallible and Effectual Cure for the Stone. THROUGH the channel of your paper I request a publication of the following cure for the stone by O 2 42 USEFUL RECEIPTS* dissolution. The p^entleman by wliosc consent and desire, and upon whose authority the subsequent facts are offered to the public, is a Mr. Richard Major, of Loudon county, in this state, minister of the baptist society ; a man of integrity, and much respected. Beinf^ in company with him a few days ago, I had the following relation from his own mouth : — . That having for a number of years been afflicted T/ith that painful disease, he was at length inform- ed that a certain physician, his liarne unknown, la- bouring under the same disease, being at Berk- ley sprirg, a negro man there profferred to cure him : This he at first disregarded, but expecting a speedy dissohition unless some aid could be obtained, afterwards sent for the negro, who agreed to cure him for three pounds. lie ac- cordingly undertook, and in a short time efiectualiy. eradicated the disorder. The physician then gave him his clioice of freedom by purchase in lieu of the contract betv,'ixt them, on condition he would disclose the means of tlic cure ; to w^hich the slave agreed. The receipt is the expressed juice of horse-mint and red onions ; one gill of each to be taken morning and evening till the complaint be re- moved. That he, Mr. Major, being urged to a tri- al of the above-mentioned remedy, submitted to it-, though with some reluctunce, as he conceived his USEFUL RECEIPTS. 43 term of life to be but short at most. Not having it in his power to procure green mint, so as to get the juice, he used instead thereoff a strong decoc- tion of the dried herb : in other respects strictly ad- hering to the prescription, which had the desired effect. He began the experiment in August, and within a week he had occular demonstration of dis- solution by the slightest touch of a particle that had passed from him, which continued so to do without pain or the least obstruction, until the stone was en- tirely dissolved, and the cure coropleatly effected before the ensuing spring. That from the time the disorder began to yield as aforesaid, lie daily reco- vered his health, strength .^and flesh, and was in as good plight as ever, ag^e excepted, being at the time seventy two years of age, with an appearance corresponoiing with his own account ; and as he farther said^ without the slightest attack of the dis- order from the time he began to use the above means of cure. This, at his request, is communi- cated to the public by DANIEL ROBERDIEU, #— 57. Indiem Method cf Curing Sfiitting cf Blocd, [Communicated in a letter to the late Doctor Mead.] THE following case is a very extraordinary onef 44 USEFUL R EC Gifts. but I know the gentleman to be a man of veracity ) and had this accomit from his own mouth. lie was of a thm, hectic constilution, and laboured un- der a troublesome puhnonary coug;h for some years ; at last he was taken with an hxmoptce, for Avhich he had the best advice he could get in Maryland, h\\t grew rather worse under the care of two physicians who attended him for several months ; and at last he was prevailed upon to put himself under the care of a negro fellow, who is the Ward of Maryland : for he has the reputation of performing some extra- ordinary cures, though nature has the chief claim to tbem : but indeed this was not the Ccse here.--. In short, he advised the gentleman to go into a warm bath twice a day, and sit up to his chin in it, for two or three minutes at a time7 and to wear flannel next to his skin. This method soon reliev- ed the gentleman ; and when I left Maryland, which was about seven or eight years after the cure, he re- mained free from his hsemoptoe, eased very much of his cough; and went through a good deal of ej^er- cise. # 58. .4 Receifit for Bitters to ^ir event the Fever aiid Jgue^ a7id all other Fall Fevers, TAKE of common meadow calamus cut into small pieces, of rue, wormwoQd camomile; tJSEFUL RECEIPTS. 45 or centaury, or hoar-hound, of each tv/o ounces, add to them a quart of spring water, and take a wine glass full of it every morning fasting. This clieap and excellent infusion is far more eflectual than raw spirits, in preventing fevers, and never subjects the person who uses it, to an offensive breath, or to the danger of contracting a love for spirituous liquors. 59. A certain Cure for Corns, TAKE two ivy leaves and put them into vinegar for twenty-four hours ; apply one of them to the corn, and when you End its virtue extracted, apply the other, and it will eiiectually and speedily re- move the corn without the least pain. 60. To make the most cheep and simple Electric Machine, TAKE a piece of plank eighteen or twenty inch- es square, place two small posts at a distance that Avill take the length of a bottle that will hold perhaps a quart ; the bottle must be round, and of fiint glass, (they may be had at the apothecaries for Ss. or 3s. 6d.) put in a hard wooden stopple, at the oth- er end stick on a piece of hard wood with any glu- 45 USEFUL llECEirxS tirious matter, such asslioemaker's wax cr theiike ; make a small hole in the center of thi^ wood f and the stopple, to receive two points which come thro' the posts ; thus the bottle being himr^ in a rolling position, l. t a band go round the neck, and be con- veyed to a wheel, eight or nine inches over, w^hicli turns with a crank. Then take an ci^j^iu ounce vi- al, coat it inside and out v/ith tin foil ; this may be stuck on with st'lT glue or candied oil ; the vial mubt have a large nose, or it will be diffic^ilt to coat the inside ; cork it tight, havino; a wire run Lhrough the middle of the cork with a common leaden bullet on the top ; bind the wire so that the ball may come within hi-lf an inch of the cylinder or lai^ge bcttle ; place it in the center of the cylinder, then hciving a piece of d:ci-skin leather sewed up and stalled in form of a pincushion, . having amal- gam rubbed on one side, hold it to the cylinder cp- I CL'te to the ball ; put the machine in motion, and the fire will collect and iill the small vial. To take a shock, hold the vial where it is coated with one hand, touch the ball with the ether. If a number pf persons wish to take a b' ock at once, the person at one end of the circle holds the vial, whilst that on the other touches the ball ; the vial must not be- coated within one inch of the top. To make amalgam, take half an ounce of speltar, melt it; mix with it half an ounce of quick-silver ; USEFUL RECEIPTS. 47 whilst warm, grind it to a powder. This machine •is very useful where a stagnation of blood, or any kind of numbness has taken place ; for sudden pahi, Sec. The writer has reason to speak well or this machine, as it was one time the means of sav^^ig,- his life. It is sincerely wished that a physician or some other person v/ould kveep one in each town ; the expellee is no more than seven or eiglit siiil« lings. 4, 61. To Cure Children in the worst stage of Into x-. ication, THE writer has tv/ice knov/n the instance of children, insensible of the effect of spirituous li- quor,drinking tothat degree that life was despaired of. On their being placed in a tub of warm v/ater Qver their hips, and a tea-kettle of cold v/ater bein^- pour- ed on their head, they imtr lately recovered, ;:nd are now in perfect health. If this receipt may be the means of saving the life of but one child in the course of tim.e, the v/ritcr will think himself richly paid for his trouble. ■ O 62, Cure for the Jgue, DRINK the decoctioiij (that is the boiling of any 4S USErUL R£CEIi;»TS» herb) of camomile, and sweeten it with treacle ; which drink when warm in bed, and SAveattwo hours* Or, to the wrists apply a mixture of rue, mustard> and chimney soot, by way of plaister. ' — - 63. Cure for Almonds of the fallen down, TAKE a little bole armniac in powder, and with it mix some Venice turpentme, and spread it on sheep's leather, as broad as a stccy, and apply it un^ der the throat from ear to ear, 64, A Cu7^e for Frost Bitten Feet, TAKE the fat of a dung-hill fowl, and rub the place or places affected with it, morning and event- ing, over a warm fire ; at the same time wrapping a piece of woollen cloth, well greased with the said fat, round the frost bitten parts. In two or three days they will feel no pain, and in five or six days will be quite cured. JsTote.—li the inner bark of elder, or the leaves of plantain, are first simmered in said fat, it will be the better. USEFUL RECEIPTS. 49 65. To Cure the Asthma^ or Shortness of Breath. TAKE a quart of aqua vitse, one ounce of anni- ieed bruised, one ounce of liquorice" sliced, and half a pound of stoned rafsins ; let them steep ten days in the abovementioned, then pour it off into a bottle, ^vith two spoonfuls of fine sugar, and stop it very close* 66. Method of making Afiple Brandy. THE following receipt for making Apple Bran- dy, was communicated by Joseph Cooper, esq. of Cloucester county, New-Jersey, accompanied with a specimen of the liquor, made in the manner he represented. The hquor is mild, mellow and pleas- ant ; and greatly superiour to apple spirits procured by the common process. Put the cider, previous to distilling, into vessel ^ fi^ee from must or smell, and keep it till ill the state which is commonly called good, sound cider ; lent not till sour, as that lessens the quantity and injures the quality of the spirit. In the distillation, let it run perfectly cool from the worm, and in the first time of distilling, not longer than it will flash when cast on the still head and a lighted candle applied P 50 XJSKFUL RECEIPTS. under it. In the second distillation, shift the vessel as soon as the spirit runs below proof, or has a dis- agreeable smell or taste, and put what runs after with the low wines. By this method, the spirit, if distilled from good cider, will take nearly or quite one third of its quantity to bring it to proof ; for v/hich purpose, take the last running from a cheese of good water cider, direct from the press, un fer- mented, and in forty-eight hours the spirit will be milder and better flavoured than in several yeai^s standing if manufactured in the common way. When the spirit is drawn off, which may be done in five or six days, there will be a jelly at the bottom^ which may be distilled again, or put into the best, cider, or used for making cider royal, it being bet- ter for the Y>nrpose than the clear spirit, as it will greatly facilitate in refining the liquor. JOSEPH COOPER, 57. A most excellent Method of inaking Butter^ m now practised in. England^ which effectally pre^ vents its changing and becoming rank* THE day before churning, scald the cream in a clean iron kettle, over a clear fire, taking care that it does not boil over. As soon as it begins to boil, or is sufficiently scalded, strain it; \vheu tlie parti? Useful receipts. 51 cies of milk which tend to sour and change the but- ter are separated and left behind. Put the vessel in which it was strained in a tub of water, in a cellar, till next morning, when it will be ready for churn- ing, and become butter in less than a quarter of the time required by the common method. It will also be hard, with a peculiar additional sweetness, and, will not change. The labor in this way is less than the other, as the butter comes so much sooner, and saves so much labor in working out the buttermilk. By this method, good butter may be madci in the hottest Weather. , 4, . 68. Good Cider* as easily made as ^ad. TO make cider of early or late fruit, that will keep a length of time, without the trouble of fre- quent drawing off — Take the largest cask you have on your farm, from a barrel upwards ; put a few sticks in the bottom, in the manner that house-v/ive^ set a lye cask, so as to raise a vacancy of two or three inches from the bottom of the cask ; then lay over these sticks either a clean old blanket, or if tha^ be not at hand, a quantity of sv/indlino- flax, so as to make a coat of about a quarter of an inch thick, then put in so much cleaned washed sand, frora a beach or road, as will cover about six or eight inches 52 USEFUL RECEIPTS. in depth of your vessel ; pass all your cider from the press through a table cloth, suspended by the cor- ners, which will take out the pummice ; and pour the liquor gently upon the sand, through which it must be suffered to filter gradually, and as it runs off by a tap inserted in your vessel, in the vacancy made by the sticks at the bottom, it will be found by thi& easy method, as clear as cider can be ex- pected by the most laborious process of refining ; and all the mucilaginous matter, which causes the fermentation and souring of cider, will be se- parated so as to prevent that disagreeable conse- quence. N. B. Other methods may be easily invented for passing the cider through the sand, which is the on- ly essential part of the above process. 69. A Method of making Currant Wine^ which ha$ been firactised by many and found to be genuine^ [Extracted from the Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia.] GATHER your currants when full ripe ; break them well in a tub or vat ; press and measure your juice ; add two thirds water, and to each gallon of mixture, (juice said water) put three pounds of tfSEFUL ai:CEIPTS. BiiiS(.jvad.j Sill gar, tlie cleaner and drier the better ; very coarse sugar, first ciariiied, will do equally as well : stir it vv'ell, till the sugar is well dissolved, and then bung it up. Your juice should not stand o- ver night if you can possibly help it, as it should not ferment before mixtvu'e. Observe tliat your caL>k be s\,\:;-: uud clean. Do not be prevailed on to add mo\x tl^an cne third of juice, as above prescrib- ed, for tiiat would render it infallibly hard and un- pleasant : nor yet a greater proportion of sugar, as it M ill certainly deprive it of its pure vinous taste. OF MAKING SUNDRY SORTS OF BRITISH WINES. TO. Currant IVl/ie. PICK the currants (when they are full ripe) clean from the stalks, then put them into an earthen ves- sel, and pour on them fair and clean hot water, that is, a quart of v/ater to a gallon of currants ; then bruir>e or marsh them together, and let them stand and ferment ; then cover them for twelve hours, strain them through fine linen into a large earthen crock, (as they say in Sussex) and then put the li- quor into a cask, and thereto put a little ale-yeast j Pa 51 irSEFUL RECEIPTS, and when worked and settled, bottle it off. This is exceeding pleasant, and very wholesome for cool- ing the blood. In a week's time it will be fit for bottlinij. 4, , 71, Artificial Claret. TAKE six gallons of water, two gallons of the test cider, and thereto put eight pounds of the best Malaga raisins bruised ; let them stand close cover- ed in a warm place for two weeks, sth-ring them eve- ry two days w^ell together ; then press out the liquor into a vessel again, and add to it a quart of the juice of barberries, (which perhaps is best) to which put a pint of the juice of black cherries : work it up with mustard seed covered with bread paste for three or four days, by the fire side ; after which, let it stand a Vv^eek ; then bottle it off, and it will be- come near as good, if not so as to exceed, common rlaret. — ^ — 72. Gooseberry Wine, THE best way is to take for every three pounds of fruit one pound of sugar, and a quart of fair water ; boil the water very well, but you must put in the aforesaid quantity of ¥SEFUL RECEIPTS, •55 sugar when it is boiled ; bruise the fruit, and steep it twenty-four hours in the water ; stir it some time, then strain it off, and put the sugar to it, and let it stand in a runlet close stopped for a fort* night ; then draw it off, and set it up in a cellar^ and, in two months, it will be fit to drink. # 73. Rasjiberry Wine. TAKE the raspberries clear from the stalks ; to a gallon of v/hich put a bottle of white-wine, and let them infuse in an earthen vessel two or three days close covered ; then bruise the berries in the wine, and stram them through fine linen gently ; then let it simmer over a moderate fire ; skim off the froth, and then strain it again, and, with a quarter of a pound of loaf sugar to a gallon, let it settle ; then, in half a pint of white wine, boil an ounce of well scented cinnamon, and a little mace, and put the wine, strained from the spice, into it, and bottle it up. 4, 74. Damson VVhie, DRY the damsons in an oven after you have tak- en out your bread, then to every quart of damsons USEFUL RECEIPTS. put three quarts of fair water, but fu'st boil it very- well ; then put the water aud damsons iiito a runlet with sugar ; and having stood a tlaie suLlkientj bot- tle it oif. 7 5 • Ft 7?/ c of G rap es , WHEN they are fully ripe, in a dry day, pick oiT those grapes that are ripest ; and squeeze them in a vat or press i^iade Kn iLat liU^po;.: ^ hi which must be a Hae canvas bag to contain the grapes, and v/hen in tiie press do not squeeze them so liai d as to break the seeds if you can help it ; bt caiite the bruised seeds will give th^ v-'.^- a cUsafri^eeable taste : then strain it well, ?.Lid it', it s-u!e on the kes in such a cask or vei:;scl as you may draw it off, without ralsi.^g the bottom ; then season a crsk well with some scdding water, and dry it or scent it with a linen rag dipped in brimstone, by fixing it at the bouge, by the bung or cork ; then put the w ine in- to it, and stop it close for forty-e"ght hours ; then give it vent at the bouge, with a hole nmdc with a gimlet ; in which put a peg or fj.wcet, that rnay be easily moved with the nngers : thcD, in iiLcut two days time, it will be fit for drinking, aad prove al- most as good as French wme. USEFUL RECEIPTS. 57 76. TVine of ^traivberries or Raspberries. MASH the berries, and put them Into a Imenbag, as aforesaid said for the grapes, and squeeze them into a cask, and then let it work as in the aforesaid grape receipt. Sec. In this manner may cherry wine be made ; but then you must break the seeds, contrary to what was said before concerning the grapes. — * — 77. A short ivay for Cherry Wine. SQUEEZE the juice of cherries into a cask, and thereto put a small quantity of sugar, correspond- ing to the quantity of juice ; and when stood a month, it will be a pleasant liquor. 78. Black Cherry Wine. IN the same manner, take a gallon or more of the juice of black cherries, and keep it in a vessel close stopped till it works ; and after it is fine, add an ounce of sugar to each quart, and a pint of White wine* •0 18 USEFUL RECEI?TS. 79. ]M.ad. TAKE six- gallons of water, and thereto put six quarts of honey, stUTing it till the honey be tho- roughly mixed ; then set it over the fire, and when ready to boil, scum it very well : then put to it a quarter of an ounce of mace, and as much ginger, and half an ounce of nutmegs, some sweet marjo- l^am, thyme, and sweet briar, together a handful : then boil them in the liquid, then let it stand by till cold, and then barrel il up for use^ 4. . 80. To make Beer^ nvithout MaU, TAKE thirteen gallons of water, boil and scuna it, put two pounds of brown sugar and two pounds of. treacle to it ; boil them together half an hoiir, strain the hquor thro' a sieve, and put to it a penny worth or two of baum, when cold ; work it a day and a niglit, then turn it : let it stand m the barrel a day and a night, then bottle it, and put into each bottle a tea-spoon full of brown sugat*. - — 4* — 8 1 . For Jireserving J{ifil€S thro^ the nvinter, THE secret of prebcrving apples through thf trSEFUL ^RECEIPTS. winter, in a sound state, is of no small importance. Some say that shutting them up in a tight cask is an cflTeGtual method, and it seems probable ; for they soon rot in open air. But an easier method, and what has recommended itself to me by tlie experi- ence of several years, is as follows : — I gather them about noon, at the fi:Ii of the moon, in the latter part of September or beginning of Oc- tober. Then spread them in a chamber or garret, where they lie till about the last of November Then remove them into casks or boxes, in the cel- lar, out of the way of the frost ; but I prefer a cool part of the cellar. With this management I find I can keep them till the last of May, so well that not one in fifty will rot. 82. To pickle Cucumbers j green. WASH them, and dry them in a cloth ; then take water, vinegar, salt, fennel tops, some dill-tops, and a little mace ; make it sharp enough for taste ; then boil it awhile, then take it off and let it stand till cold ; then put it in the cucumbers and stop the j^essel close,and within a week they will be fit for use. 60 USEFUL RECEIPTS. 83. 7b fiickle French Beans. TAKE them while young, and cut off the stalks, then take good vinegar and boil it with pepper and salt ; season it to your palate, and let it stand till cold ; then take the beans and put them into a stone jar, placing dill between the layers, and then put in the pickle, and cover them close for three weeks ; then take the pickle and boil it again, and put it into the beans boiling hot ; cover them close, jind when cold they will be fit to eat. Or, French beans may be pickled thus : Take your beans and string them, li^il them tender, then take them off and let them stand till cold ; then put them into pickle of vinegar, pepper, salt, cloves, mace, and a little ginger. S4. To pickle Walnuts^ to eat like mangoes, T AKE green walnuts, before the shell has grown to any hardness in them ; pick them from the stalks and put them into cold water, and set them on a gentle fire, till the outward skins begm to peel off ; then, with coarse cloth, wipe it off ; then put them into a jar, and put water and salt therein, shift- ing it once a day for ten days, till the bitterness and ITSEFtJL RECEIPTS. 61 discolouring of the water be gone ; then take a good quantity of mustard seed, which beat up with vine- gar, till it becomes coarse mustard ; then take some clove of garlic, some ginger, and a little cloves and mace ; make a hole in each nut, and put in a little of this ; then take white -wine vinegar, and boil them together, which put to the nuts boiling hot, with some pepper, ginger, cloves and mace, as also, some of tiie mustard seed and garlick, which keep close stopped for use. FIRST blanch them over the crowns, and barb them beneath ; then put them into a kettle of boil- ing water, then take them forth and let them drain ; when they are cold, put them into your jar or glass, and put to them cloves, mace, ginger, nutmeg and whole-pepper ; then take white-wine, a little vine- gar, and salt ; then pour the liquor into the mush- rooms, and stop them close for use. 86. To Pickle Lemon and Orange PeeU BOIL them in vinegar and sugar, and put them into the same pickle ; observe to cut them into 85. To Fickle Mushrooms: 62 IJ,SEFUL RECEIPTS. small long thongs, the length of half the peel of your lemon ; it ought to be boiled in water, before it is boiled in vinegar and sugar. 87. To Preserve Fruit green. TAKE pippins, apricots, pears, plumbs, pr peaches, when they are green ; scald them in hc>t water, ai:id peel them ; then put them into another water, not so hot as the lirst ; then boil them very tender, and take the weight of them in sugar, and put to them as much water as will make a syiup to cover them ; then boil the syrup till it be somewhat thick, and when cold, put them together. ^ 83. To Preserve Raspberries. TAKE good raspberries that are not too ripe, but very v/hole ; take away the stalks, and put them in- to a Hat bottomed earthen pan ; boil sue!;ar, and pour it over your raspbevries, then let them stand to be cool ; and when they arc cold, pour them softly in^ to your preserving kettle and let them boil tiU your s>rup be boiled pretty thick : scum them very well in the boiling ; this done, put them in pots^an4 when cold, coYor them up close for use. \jSeful hhceipts. BO, To Preserve Barberries^ TAKE one pound of barberries picked from the stalks, put them in a pottle-pot, and set it in a brass pot full of hot water, and when they are stewed, strain them, and put to the barberries one and an half pounds of sugar, and to them put a pint of rose- water, and boil them a little ; then take half a pound of the filrest clusters of barberries you can get, and dip them in the syrup while it is boiling ; then take the barberries out, and boil the syrup till it is tiiick, and when cold, put them in glasses with the syrup. — 4» — 90. To Preserve Currants, LAY a layer of currants, and then a layer of su- gar, and then boil them together as before prescrib- ed for raspberries ; scum them in boiling till the syrup is pretty thick ; then take them off, and when they are pretty cold, put them in gallypots or glass- es closely stopped. — 4>— 91, To Preserve Walnuts green, BOIL the walnuts till the water tastes bitter, then take them off, and put them in cold water 5 USEFUL RECSrPTS. peel off the bark, and weigh as much sugar as thef weigh, and a little more water will then wet the su» gar : set them on the fire, and when they boil up^ takei them off ; let them stand two days, and the^ l^oil again., ^ # 92. 7b Preserve Cherries^ FIRST take some of the worst cherries, and boil them in fair water, and when the liquor is well co- loured, strain it ; then take some of the best cher" ries, with their weight in beaten sugar; then lay one layer of sugar, and another of cherries, till all is laid in the preserving kettle ; then pour a little li- quor of the worst of cherries into it, and boil the cherries till they are well coloured : then take them up and boil the syrup till they will button on the side of a plate ; and when they are cold, put thepi up in a glass close covered for use, 93. To Ca7idy Cherries, TAKE cherries before they be full ripe, and take out the stones : then take clarified sugar boiled to a "height, and pour it on them. USEFUL RECEIPTS* 65 94. Tq Candy Pearsy Plumbs^ Jfiricots^ ijfc, TAKE them, and give every one a cut half through ; then cast sugar on them, and bake them in an oven, as hot as for manchet, close stopped ; let them stand half an hour, then lay them one by- one upon glass plates to dry, and they will appear very fine and clear : in this manner you may candy any other fruit, 95. Of Jellies.. LET them be of apples, currants, raspberries, Sec. Take out the clear liquor when squeezed, and boil it with sugar till it is as thick as a jelly* Then put into glasses, and cover it close. 96. j1 method of Presaging Pggs, EGGS keep very well when^you can exclude air ; which is best done by placing a grate in any run* mng Vv^ater, and putting eggs, as the hens lay thern^ on the upper side of the grate, and there let them lie, covered with water, till you are going to use 66 VSEFUL llECEIPTS. them, ^vhen you will find them as good as if they had been lain that day. This way answers much l)etter than greasing. ; as sometimes one place is missed which spoils the whole egg : even those that are fresh never eat so well. In places where peo- ple are afraid their eggs will be stolen, they should make a chest with a number of sUts in it, that the water may get in freely ; the top ©f which being above the water, may be locked down. Mill-dams are the most proper for these chests or grates. N. B. The water must continually cover "the eggs, or they will spoil. 97. To Cure Hanis^ as is firactised in Virginia. TAKE 6 pounds of fine salt, 3 pounds of brown sugar, or 3 pints of molasses, 1 pound of s?Jt-pelre powdered ; Mix all these together, to serve for twenty-four hams : rub each ham well all over with this mix- ture, and pack them down in a cask or tub, and let them so remain for five or six days ; then turn them, and sprinkle some salt lightly over them, and so let them remain five or six days more, then vidd brine or pickle strong enough to bear an egg, and let them remain covered with it for a montb> when they will be fit to smoak. USEFUL RECEIPTS. 6f 98. Another Modcy equally as good and simple. TO four gallons of soft river water, add one pound of brown sugar, four ounces of salt-petre, and eight pounds of coarse salt. Boil all these togeth« er, and carefully take off the scum as it rises ; when clear, let it remain till cold, then pour it over the meat till covered, and the quantity of pickle must be increased according to the quantity of meat ; the meat must not be presbed, but put lightly into a cask, and remain in for six or seven weeks, when it will be fit to smoke. 99. For a water to Destroy Bugs^ Flies^ Ants^ and ether insects^ on tender Idanis, [Invented by C. Tatin, Seedsman and Florist at Paris.] THE receipt for this valuable composition, and which obtained for the ingenious author a reward from the Bureau de Consultam, who desired it might be made as public as possible, is thus given in the celebrated Annales de Chimic :~ Take of black soap four ounces, Flour of sulphur four ounces, Miishrooms of any kind four ounces^ USEFUL RECEIPTS^. Water wherein dung has been soaked, two gallons : and thus in proportion. Divide the water into equal parts ; pour one part into a barrel, vat or any vessel of convenient size ; which should be used only for this purpose ; let the black soap be stirred in it till it is dissolved, and then add to it the mushrooms after they have been slightly bruised. Let the remaining half of the wa- ter be made to boil in a kettle : put the whole quan- tity of sulphur into a coarse linen cloth, tie it vip with a thread in form of a parcel, and fasten it to a stone or other weight, to make it sink to the bot- tom. During twenty minutes, being the time that the boiling should continue, stir it well with a stick, and let the packet of sulphur be squeezed so as to make it yield to the water all its power and. colour. The effect of the water is not rendered more pow- erful by increasing the quantity of ingredients. The water, when taken oiF the fire^ is to be pour- ed mto the vessel, with the remaining water, where it is to be stirred a short time with a stick ; this stirring must be repeated every day, till the mix- ture becomes foetid, (or putrid) in the highest de- gree. Experience shews, that the older and more fcetid the composition is, the mere quick is its ac- tion. It is necessary to take care to stop the ves- sel well every time the mixture is stirred. When we wish to make use of this water, we need onl j tJSEFUL RECEIPTS. 6^ f^prinkle it on the plants, or plunge their branches into it : but the best manner of using it, is to eject it on them with a syringe, or squirt gun, — 4^ — 100. To Kill Lice on Cattle* TAKE a broad woollen list, as broad as your hand, that will go round about his neck ; then wet the list well in train-oil, and sew it about the beasts neck, and the lice will come to it, and it will kill them if there were ever so many ; daub some about the breast in several places, and they will come to it, and it will kill them. No flies in summer will come near any wound or sore, where this is ap- plied, for it will kill them. .III 101. To Destroy Bugs^ and rid Houses of them, TO remove these noisome and troublesome ver- min, take oil of turpentine, wash over the w^alls and bedsteads with it, or particularly where there are any crevices, cracks or crannies, and they will die away, and the room, after some time using it, no more be pestered v/ith them. The juice of wormwood aiid rue is very good to 70 ¥SftFUL RECEIPTS. wash the bedsteads, crevices, or any place where you suppose they are, and if you would lie safe a* mong thousands ia a room, rince your sheets irs water, wherein sassafras has been well steeped, and they will not enter upon them ; or you may lay that wood in slices among your linen, and it will have the same effect. Keep your rooms airy ani tlean always. AGRICULTURALv To Farmers, i02. .dn easy wet hod to JireHerve Wheat a?id Ry^ from the WeaviL AS you stack wheat, on every two or tliree lay- ers of sheaves, spread some elder leaves and branch- es. This was communicated to me by a farmer, who tried the experiment v/ith success last year. The same informant adds, that he has read in histo- ry, thr.t the same remedy has been applied in Eu- rope, when they have occasion to lay up a seven year's store, kc. As the remedy is easy, it is to be hoped that farmers will avail themselves of the ad- vantage. Exporters of fiour from the states have uothing so much to fear. Inspectors of flour aught USEFUL RECEIPTS. 71 to be guarded against this evil ; no such fiour ought to be suffered to leave the states. The cre- dit of our Hour abroad depencTs on the inspectors. N. B. Lime, applied as abovcj will produce the saxne effect. , rf, 103. To fireserve Indian Corn from Birds ^ ^Jfc\ TO prevent your Indian corn v^hen planted, froin being taken up by birds or destroyed by worms or insects, take about one pint of tar to a bushel of seed corn, and in the like proportion for a greater quantity, and stir it well together till every grain receives a part of the tar. Thi3 will effectually an-" swer the purpose required, — 104. For LiQCulating Fruit Trees, AUGUST and September are the proper months to innoculate or bud most kinds of fruit trees ; an operation that every landholder should have sotne knowledge of. When a tree has finished its growth for the year, a bud is formed at the very tip or end of the twig ; which denotes that it is in a proper ^tate to bud or inoculate. Some trees are indeed / USEFUL RECEIPTS. jan exception, as they continue growing alniost the whole season, and may be budded through all July and August. With a sharp knife, slit the bark of any twig not more than half an inch thick, and not less than a quarter of an inch. Carefully cut through the bark, but not to wound the wood under it. Let the slit be rather more than an inch long. In like manner cut half an inch long across this slit, at the bottom, so that the two cuts through the bark will resemble a X bottom upwards. Then take a bud of the fruit you wish t-o propagate, with its bark near an inch long, taking care to loosen it from the woody part of the stem, so as to put it off from your thumb and finger, separating the bark and the eye under the bud from the wood. If the eye is left on the wood, you must throw by the bud and take another. Then insert the bud under the jl, before described, and bind it down with woollen strings, or well soaked strips of bark of bass wood, leaving the eye of the bud to the air. In two or three weeks, the bud will tinite with the stalks, when the string must be loos- ened. The stocks may be cut away the next spring. This method is on many accounts better than graft- ing. It gives the farmer another chance, provided his grafts fail in the spring. Stone fruits succeed only or best with inoculation. Small twigs, too small for common grafting, answer well— -and above VSE^Ut RECEIPTS. all, in this Way, very little injury is idone to the stock. In a fruit country, this method ought to be well understood. A correspondent says, that cow- dung, with the addition of a very little salt, is a good plaister for the wounds of fruit trees. When large limbs are cut off, the stumps should be cover- ed to keep out the air% Too much salt will spoil the tree. 105. To take Fihn off a Horse's Eyc^ BLACK Pepper, finely ground, and sifted tliro a piece of gauze ; add thereto fine ground salt, of each as much as will lay on the point of a case knife, mixing them well together ; then take as anuch dough as will thinly cover an ounce ball, make it flat, place the pepper and salt thereon, and roll them up, making the same about the size of ^n ounce ball ; then put it as low down as possible an the off ear, fastening the ear so as to prevent its falling out. The above takes off the worst of films, and no way injures the horse. This receipt has been used ratany years in this place with the great- est success. t4 USEFUL receipts; 106. A Cure for Sheeti-Biiing . AN intelligent farmer in New- Jersey seized a dog whi<:h often worried and bit his sheep. He tied the leg of the dog by a tether to the leg of a strong active ram, and placed them on the top of a hill. The ram immediately began to kick and butt the dog, Avho after a little snapping, attempted to fly. The tether held him, so that the ram easily over- took, kicked and butted him. After a short time, the ram, e:Nxited to exertion, raced down the hill, and forced the dog after him. When the dog was so punished as not to forget it, he was let loose, and would never touch a sheep afterwards. 107. An easy and sure Method tojind due JVbrtfL T AKE a smooth piece of board, draw on it four, five or six circles, fasten it on the top of a post, stick a pin in the center which the circles are draAyn on within each other ; observe in the forenoon on which circle the shadow of the head of the piij and South, USEFUL RECEIPTS, Strikes, and make a mai^k ; then in the afternoon observe when it strikes' on the other side of the same circle ; then find the center on tb.e circle, then strike a line from one to the otl:::;r, which cannot fail of being north and south. INDEX. TPagr. O set a Blue Vat of twelve Barrels, 9 Form of a Vat- and other Utensils for Dying, 10 To fit Cloths for Dying, 12 Another method for Blue, 1 5 Another do. 1 6 Directions to be observed in common Colouring, 16 To Clean a Copper, 1 3 A General Rule, 18 For Blue, 19 do. 20 Prussian Blue, Compound or Chymick, 20 Another Method for Biumg or Compound, 2 1 Prussian Blue, 21 For Green, 22, 23, 24, 25 For Bottle Greett, 25, 2 S For Olive Green, 27 For Yellow, 27, 28, 3^ For EuiT Yellow, 29 To take the Colour out of Cloth, 29, 30 Scarlet Red, 51, 32 For Ciimson Red, 32, 33 For Red v^ith Redwood or Nicaragua, 34 Crimson Red v/ith Redwood, 34 For Red with Madder, 35 For Merroon Red, 56 For Polish-d Red with Madder, 3 7 For Portable Red, 38 For Claret Red, 39 For Claret, 39 For Madder Red to be dyed a Claret, 40 For Scarlet to be dyed Claret or any dark colour, 4# For Clierry Colour, 41 For Violet Colours, 41 For Pink Colour, 42 For Flesh Colour, 43 For Orange Colour, 43, 44? For Brown, 44 For London Brown or Corbeau with Camwood, 45 For London Brown or Corbeau with Nicaragua, 45 London Brown or Corbeau with Red-v/ood, 47 London Brown, 48 For Reddish Brown, 49 For Spanish Brown, 49 For London Smoke^ 50 Cinnamon Brown, 5 1 For Smoke Bro\vn, 51 For Liver Brown, 51 P'or Olive Brown, 52, 53 For a light Snuff Brown, 53 Fijv dark Snuff Brown, 5h For Snuff Brown, 54. 55 F(;r Bat-v,"lng' Brown, For Slate Brown, 5'r Foi' Dove or Lead Brown, 58 For Pearl or Silver Grey, 59 For Lii>;ht Brown, 60 For Ash Brown, 60 I 'or Dreib Brown, 60 For Drab, 61, 62 For Forest Cloth, 62 FoT liver Drab, 62 For Li^^'ht Liver Drab, 62 For a ]M adder Dr^b, 63 For a Green Drab, 6i For a Reddish Drab, 6 t For Lic^ht Drab, 6.; For Yellow Drab, 65 For a Yellow Drab, Dark, 65 For a Forest Bro>\nj 66 R 2 For a Dark Forest Brown, 66 For Paris Mud, 66 For a Ra\^en Cojour, 67 For Crow v/iih Copperas, ^ 68 For Crow, with Bluln:^ or Compound, 68 For Crow, with Blue Vitriol, 69 For Black, ' 69, 71, 72, 73 Rcccijits for Cotton and Linen, Blue, 74 do. Cold, 75 do. Hot, ■ 76 To tiike the Colour out of Silk, Cotton or Linen, wb; n b[:oc'::d. or another colour is wished — Hot,76 For Green on Silk— Hot. 77 Green on Cotton or Linen — Hot, 78 YeiIow™Hol, 78 Orange Colour, 78 Flcs'] Colour— riotj 79' -Ced—Coid, 79 Reddii^h ikown— Hot, 79 For Plum!) Colour or Purple on Silks— Hot, , 80 Fiir':)le on Cotton and Linen—Cold, 80 rrowu^Cold, ^ 81 I h)ve or Lead Coloui— Cold, . 82 Olive— Cold, 83 do. Oil Silk, Cotton or Linen—Hot, 84 Li?;ht Olive on Cotton and Linen — Hot,. 84 Slate CoIour-~.Hot, 84 Black— Kotr S5 do. Cokl, 85 Gener?! Obaervations, 87 Directions for Di essing Cloth, 88 For Fullin- Cloth, 88 For thin Cloths, 91 To dress Silk and Cotton, Sec. 91 Observatioiis on the component parts of Colours, and Dye-StuiFs, 93 Colouring Silk, 1 14 Dymg Cotton and Linen, 115 Observations on the present Situation of the Dyer's Business, 116 Observations on Ivlaniifacturlng Cloth, 1 17 pARf Second, To Jack or harden I.eatiVer for Caps, Sec. 3 To make Varnish ibr Leather, 4 To prepare Feathers, Fur, and Hah^, to receive Red, Yellovv^ or Green, 4 To colour Feathers, Fur, &c. Red, 4 To colour Feathers, Fur, Flair, and Woollen or Silk, Blue, of any shade, 5 To colour Feathers, l