AZTEC PLACE-NAMES THEIR MEANING AND MODE OF COMPOSITION 7b 84-B 25816 LECTED FROM THE SPANISH OF AGUSTIN DE LA ROSA, ANTONIO PENAFIEL AND CECILIO A. ROBELO FREDERICK STARR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SECOND EDITION; REVI5ED CHICAGO Privately printed by the author 1920 PREFACE Before trying to understand Aztec hieroglyphic writing the student should gain some ideas as to how Mexican words are constructed and what changes word elements suffer in being compounded. No words are more interesting or suggestive in this direction than geographical names. This is particularly true because the hieroglyphic material most conven- iently accessible to the student chances to be a list of place-names. The method of study we borrow from de la Rosa's little work Explication de algunos de los N ombres de la Lengua Mexicana. His mode of analysis and presentation is direct and simple. De la Rosa's arrangement has been followed in detail. The name is first presented in full; the meaning is then given in bracketed print; the elements are then presented, parts which are dropped in the compound being italicized; the meaning of each element is given in parenthesis; suggestions or explanation of special points are added in some cases. The list of Rules of Composition is taken from Dr. Antonio Penafiel. Robelo is generally followed in questions of meaning. The student is expected to learn the rules, to learn the meanings of the place-names, and to study the analyses sufficiently to be able to explain the construction of any name given in the list. After this material has been mastered additional exercises in sight-reading and analysis of new place-names should be undertaken. Frederick Starr Chicago, June 21, 1920 RULES OF COMPOSITION FOLLOWED IN THE MAKING OF AZTEC PLACE-NAMES. — (After A. PenafieL) 1. Geographic names commonly end in some special particle indicative of place, as co, e. g. — Anal-co. 2. When a particle indicative of place is added to a noun, the singular form of the noun only is used, even when it carries a plural force. 3. When a particle indicative of place is added to a noun, the noun is usually modified — generally dropping its terminal letters or syllable, e. g. — Anahuac from a//, nahuac. 4. When more than one noun are compounded before the particle indicative of place, each commonly drops its final letters or syllable, e. g— Coacalco from Coa//, cal/z, co. 5. For sake of euphony some nouns in composition may remain entire, e. g. — Tzinacanoztoc from tzinacan, ozto//, c. 6. Not more than three elements or words besides the postposition occur in geographic names. 7. When two nouns only are compounded into a place-name, the first loses its final letters or last syllable, while the second remains entire. The first is a qualifier of the second and follows it in translation, e. g. — Tecalli from te//, calli = " house (calli) of stone (tetl). ,y 8. In place-names compounded of an adjective and a noun, the adjective pre- cedes, e. g. — Iztacuauhtli from iztac, cuauhtli = "the white (iztac) eagle (cuauhtli). ,, 9. In place-names compounded of a noun and a verb, the noun precedes, e. g. — Cacalomacan from cacalo//, ma, can = " where they hunt (ma) crows (cacalotl). ,, 10. In place-names compounded of a numeral and a noun, the numeral precedes, e. g. — Macuilxochic from macuil/i, xochitf/, c. Macuilli (five). 3 LIST OF AZTEC PLACE-NAMES Acalhuacan. [Place of those who have canoes.] Compounded of acal/z (canoe); hua, which is a possessive particle; can (place). Acamilixtlahuacan. [Where are level fields of rushes.] Compounded of aca// (reed); mil/i (field); ixtlahuaca (level expanse); can (place). Acamiltzinco. [Place of small fields of rushes.] Compounded of aca// (rush); mil/i (field); tzin//*, diminutive particle; co (place). Acapan. [Place of rushes.] Compounded of aca// (reed, rush); pan (place). Acapetlatlan. [Place of rush mats.] Compounded of aca// (rush, reed); petla// (mat); tlan (place of abundance). Acapolco. [Where the rushes were destroyed.] Compounded of aca// (rush); -poloa (to destroy, to lose); co (place). Acatepec. [In the mountain of reeds.] Compounded of aca// (reed); tepe// (mountain); c (in). Acaticpac. [Over (or above) the canes.] Compounded of acat/ (cane); icpac (above). Acatzinco. [Place of small rushes.] Compounded of aca// (rush) ; tzin//*', diminu- tive particle; co (place). Acatzochic. [In the flowers of the cane.] Compounded of acat/ (cane); xochi//; (flower); c (in). Acatzochitlan. [Among the flowers of the cane.] Compounded of acat/ (cane/) xochi// (flower); tlan (among). Acayocan. [Place full of canes, or rushes.] Compounded of acayu// (full of canes); can (place). Acayu tl = aca// (cane) and yutl (full of). Acazacatla. [Where is abundance of rushes and straw.] Compounded of aca// (rush); zaca// (grass, straw); tla (abundance). Acocozpan. [In the very yellow water.] Compounded of a// (water); cocoztic (very yellow); pan (in, place). Acolhuacan. [Place of the Acolhuas.] Compounded of Acolhua, a tribal name; can (place). Acolhua = acol/i (shoulder) and hua, a possessive particle. Acolnahuac. [Near the Acolhuas.] Compounded of Acol^wa, a tribal name; nahua (near). Acozpa. [In the yellow water.] Compounded of a// (water); coztic (yellow); pa (in). Acuitlapan. [In the water of the filth.] Compounded of a// (water); cuitla// (excrement); pan (place, in). Ahuacatlan. [Place of many ahuacates.] Compounded of ahuaca// (ahuacate, alligator pear) ; tlan (abundance). Ahuatepec. [In the mountain of live-oaks.] Compounded of ahua// (live-oak); tepe// (mountain); c (in). 4 Ahuatzjtzinco. [Place of the very small live-oaks.] Compounded of ahua// (live- oak); tzitzin//, emphatic of diminutive particle; co (place). Ahuehuepan. [In the cypresses.] Compounded of ahuehue// (cypress) ; pan (in). Ahuexoyocan. [Place of groves of water- willows.] Compounded of ahuexo// ( water- willo w) ; yocan (place full of). Ahuilizapan. = (Ahauializapan.) [In the river of joy.] Compounded of ahauializ//i (joy); atl (water, river); pan (in). Through forms perhaps like Ahulizapa, Ulizaba, Olizaba, it has come to be the present Orizaba. Amacoztitlan. [Where is abundance of yellow paper.] Compounded of ama// (paper); coztic (yellow); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (abundance). Amatlan. [Where there is abundant paper.] Compounded of ama^l (paper); tlan (where abounds). Amaxtlan. [Where the water divides.] Compounded of a// (water); m&xactli (split, crotch); tlan (place). Ameyalco. [Where are springs of water.] Compounded of a// (water) ; meyak' (a spring, from meya, to issue); co (where). Apancalecan. [Place of owners of houses with water troughs.] Compounded of apana// (water trough); cale (house-owner); can (place). Atenanco. [Place of the wall of water.] Composed of a// (water); tenami// (wall); co (place). , Atenco. [Place on the river bank.] Compounded of atl (water) ; tentli (lip, bank) ; co (place). Atlan. [Where water abounds.] Compounded of a// (water); tlan (abundance). Atlatlauhcan. [In the place of red water.] Compounded of a// (water) ; tlatlauh- qui (red); can (place). Atlhuelic. [In the good tasting water.] Compounded of a// (water; huelic (good tasting); c (in). Atlicholoayan. [Where the water falls.] Compounded of 2il (water) ; choloa (to fall, as in a cascade) ; yan, a verbal termination. Atotonilco. [Where is hot water.] Compounded of a// (water); totonil/i (hot); co (place). Atzacan. [Place of confined water.] Composed of a// (water); tz&cua (to con- fine); can (place). Auchpanco. [In the acqueduct — i.e., road of water.] Compounded of sitl (water); ochpan//i (highroad); co (place, in). Axocopan. [In the sour water.] Compounded of a// (water); xococ (some- thing sour); pan (place, in). Ayotlan. [Where turtles abound.] Compounded of ayo// (turtle); tlan (place of abundance). Ayotochco. [Place of armadillos.] Compounded of ayotoch// (armadillo); co (place) . Ayotochcuitlatla. [Where armadillo excrement abounds.] Compounded of ayotoch// (armadillo); cuitla*/ (excrement); tla (place of abundance). Ayotzintepec. [Place of the little calabashes.] Compounded of ayo//i (calabash) ; tzin, a diminutive particle; tepetl (mountain); c (in, where). Tepee may 5 often be rendered place. Some authors make this name, "place of little turtles," from ayotl (turtle). Ayoxochiapan. [At the river of calabash flowers.] Compounded of ayotli (cala- bash); xochitl (flower) ; a// (water, river) ; pan (place). Azcaputzalco. [In the ant-hill.] Compounded of azca// (ant); potzal/i (earth heaped up); co (in, place). Aztaquemecan. [Place of capes of white heron feathers.] Compounded of azta// (white heron); quemi^ (feather cape); can (place). Aztoapan. [In the water of the white herons.] Compounded of azta// (white heron); a// (water); pan (in). Cacalomacan. [Where they take crows.] Compounded of cacalo// (crow) ; m&itl (hand); can (where). Calimayan. [Place where they make houses.] Compounded of cal/i (house); mai// (hand); ayan (where something is made), a verbal in yan of the verb ay, to make. The a of ma and the initial of ayan are reduced to one. Caltepec. [In the mountain of houses.] Compounded of cal/i (house); tepe# (mountain); c (in). Calyahualco. [Place surrounded by houses.] Compounded of cal/i (house); yahual/i (a circular object); co (place, in). Camotlan. [Where there is abundance of sweet potatoes.] Compounded of camo^ (sweet potato); tlan (where is abundance). Capulapan. [In the irrigated place where capulins grow.] Compounded of capuk'w, a kind of fruit tree; a.tl (water); pan (place). Centzontepec. [In the four hundred mountains.] Compounded of centzontli (four hundred, many) ; tepetl (mountain) ; c (in) . Cihuateopan. [In the temple of Cihuacoatl.] Compounded of cihua// (woman), here by antonomasia used for the goddess Cihuacoatl; teopan (temple). Cihuatlan. [Where are many women.] Compounded of cihua£/ (woman); tlan (where is abundance). Cilia. [Where are many snail shells.] Compounded of cilin (a snail shell); J la (abundance). The t is dropped, when coming between 11. Citlaltepec. [In the mountain of the star.] Compounded of citlalm (star) ; tepetl (mountain); c (in). The volcano Citlaltepec is now known as Orizaba. Coacalco. [Place of the house of the snake.] Compounded of coa£/ (snake); cal/i (house); co (place). Coaixtlahuacan. [In the plain of snakes.] Compounded of coa// (snake); ixtla- huaca (plain, level expanse); can (place). Coatepec. [In the mountain of snakes.] Compounded of coa// (snake); tepefy (mountain); c (in). Coatlan. [Where is abundance of snakes.] Compounded of coa// (snake); tlan (where is abundance). Cocotlan. [Place of doves.] Compounded of cocotli (dove); tlan (place). Colhuacan. [Place of the Colhuas.] Compounded of Colhua, a tribal name; can (place). Place of those who adore Coltzin (the bent, curved, or twisted god); coltic (twisted); tzin, reverential particle; hua, holding or possessing; can (place). Robelo, Dist. Fed. pp. 56-73 gives long discussion. 6 Coliman. [Place where Colhuas were captured.] Compounded of Colhua, a tribal name; mai// (hand); n (place). Comaltepec. [In the mountain of griddles.] Compounded of comal/i (earthen griddle); tepe// (mountain); c (in). Comitlan. [Place of making pots.] Compounded of comitl (pot); tlan (place, abundance). Coyohuacan. [Place where are coyotes.] Compounded of coyo// (coyote); hua, possessive particle; can (where). Robelo suggests — Coyohuacca [Place of the lean coyote.] Compounded of coyo// (coyote); huac^wf (lean); can (place). Coyolapan. [In the water which tinkles.] Compounded of coyol/i ( = coyulli, bell); a// (water); pan (in, place). Cozamaloapan. [In the water of the cuzamatl.] Compounded of cuzamatl ( = cuzatli, a species of mustela) ; a// (water, river) ; pan (place, in). Cozohuipilecan. [Place of owners of protective tunics.] Compounded of cozo . (from cozauhqui, a yellow thing); huipile (owner of a hiupil or skirt); can (place). Cuahuacan. [Place where they have trees.] Compounded of cuauhwz// (tree); hua, a possessive particle; can (place). Cuahuitlixco. [Place at the edge of the woods.] Better Cuauhtlixco. Com- posed of cuauhtla (wood, groved) ; ixco (before, in front of, at the edge or on the surface). Cualac. [Where there is good water.] Compounded of qual/i (good); a// (water); c (in, where). Better Qualac. Cuatzontepec. [In the mountain of the tresses.] Compounded of cuatzon//£ ( = quautzuntli, a tress of hair); tepe// (mountain); c (in). The hieroglyph is double. Cuatzontepec of Cuatzontlan. Cuauhnahuac. [Near the grove.] Compounded of cuauh//a (grove); nahuac (near). This name has become Cuernavaca. Cuauhquecholan. [Where there are eagles of rich plumage.] Compounded of cuauht/i (eagle); quechol/z (rich); tlan (in, where, abundance). Cuauhquemecan. [Where they have capes of eagle feathers.] Compounded of cuauh//^ (eagle) ; quemz// (feather cape) ; e, a possessive particle; can (in, where). Cuauhtecomatlan. [Place of cuauhtecomates.] Compounded of cuauhtecoma// (the crescentia, a tree the gourdlike fruits of which are made into vessels); tlan (place). Cuauhtecomatzinco. [Where are the little cuauhtecomates.] (See preceding.) Cuauhtitlan. [Among the trees.] Compounded of cuauh// (tree) ; titlan (among). Cuauhtlan. [Where eagles abound.] Compounded of cuauh/// (eagle); tlan (abundance, where). Might be where trees abound from cuauh// (tree); tlan — but the hieroglyph gives preference to the first. Cuauhtochco. [In the place of the mountain cats.] Compounded of cuauh// (tree); ocotochtli (lynx); co (place, in). Cuauhxayacatitlan. [Where are many wooden masks.] Compounded of cuauh// (tree, wood) ; xayaca// (mask) ; ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place of abundance) . 7 Cuauhxilotitlan. [Place of cuauhxilotl.] Composed of cuauhxilo^ ( = cuajilote, an edible plant, species of Parminteria) ; ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place) . Cuauhximalpan. [Among the chips.] Compounded of cuauhximal/i (chip); pan (in, where). Cuezcomahuacan. [Where there are granaries.] Compounded of cuezcoma^ (granary); ti, a euphonic particle; can (place). Cuezcomatitlan. [Where are many granaries.] Compounded of cuezcoma^ (granary); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place of). Cuicatlan. [Place of song.] Compounded of cuica// (song); tlan (place of). Cuitlapan. [Place of excrement.] Compounded of cuitlaj/ (excrement) ; pan (in, place). Chalco. [Place of the Chalcas.] Compounded of Chaka, a tribal name; co (place). This etymology is doubtful. Chalco-Atenco. Compound name. See Chalco and Atenco. Chichicuauhtla. [Where are many chichicuauhtl.] Compounded of chichic (bitter); cuahui^ (tree); tla (abundance). The "bitter- tree,' ' chichiquau- huitl, is described by Hernandez. Chiconquiauchco. [Place of seven rains.] Compounded of chicome (seven); quiahwi// (rain); co (place). Probably chiconquiauhuitl should here be considered as a date. Robelo says only twenty (cempoalli) and four hundred (centzontli) are used in Aztec as hyperbolic numerals. Chilapan. [In the water of the peppers.] Compounded of chil/i (pepper); a.tl (water); pan (in). Chiltecpintla. [Where are many of the little red peppers.] Compounded of chiltecpin^/i (small and very sharp red pepper); tla (abundance). Chimalpan. [Place of shields.] Compounded of chimal/i (shield); pan (place, in). Chipetlan. [Place of Xipe.] Compounded of Xipe ( = Totec, "frightful and terrible Lord"); tlan (place). Ehecatepec. [In the mountain of Ehecatl.] Compounded of Eheca// (god of the winds); tepetl (mountain); c (in, place). Ehecatlapechco. [Place of the altar of Ehecatl.] Compounded of Eheca^ (god of the wind); tlapech//i (altar, stretcher); co (place). Ehuacalco. [In the furrier's shop.] Compounded of ehuayo// (skin, fur); calli (house); co (place). Epatlan. [Where there are fox whelps.] Compounded of epa// (fox whelp) ; tlan (place). Etlan. [Place of frijoles.] Compounded of etl (frijol, bean); tlan (place). Huaxtepec. [Where there is huaxin.] Compounded of huaxiw (a tree of the family Leguminosae) ; tepe// (mountain); c (in). Huaxyacac. [In the promontory where is huaxin.] Compounded of huaxw (as above); yaca2/ (nose, projection, promontory); c (in). Huehuetlan. [Place of the old god.] Compounded of huehue (old man); tlan (place). Because in the hieroglyphs heads are constantly deities, Penafiel assumes huehue stands for Huehueteotl. 8 Hueipochtla. [Place of the great Opochtli.] Compounded of huey (great); OpocMi (god of fishing); tiara (place). Hueyapan. [Seaport.] Compounded of hueiaJ/ (the great water, sea); pan (in, place). Huilotepec. [In the place where are doves.] Compounded of huilo^ (dove) ; tepetl (mountain); c (in). Huitzannaola. [Where are many spiny pineapples.] Compounds of huiztli (spine, thorn); annowa (pineapple); 2la (abundance). Huitzilapan. [Place of humming birds.] Compounded of huitzitzilm (humming bird); &tl (water); pan (place). Huitzilopuchco. [Place of Huitzilopochtli.] Compounded of Huitzilopoch^/i (the great god of the Aztecs); co (place). Huitznahuac. [The thing surrounded by thorns.] Compounded of huitz^' (thorn); nahuac (around). The hieroglyph shows double use of this word, which in Spanish is biznaga, a kind of cactus. Huitznahuac- teopan and Huitznahuac-calli = Huitzcalco. Huitztlan. [Place of thorns.] Compounded of hmtztli (thorn); tlan (place of). Huixachtitlan. [Place of huizaches.] Compounded of huixachm (a species of acacia or mimosa); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place). Icpatepec. [Above the mountain.] Compounded of icpac (above) ; tepetl (moun- tain); c (in). Itzamatitlan. [Place of writers.] Compounded of itztli (obsidian splinter); amall (paper); ti, euphonic particle; tlan (place). Itzcuintepec. [In the place of the dog.] Compounded of ixtcuin// (dog) ; tepetl (mountain); c (in). Itzihuquilyocan. [Place where plants of indigo abound.] Compounded of itztli (obsidian); xihuquiM (indigo); yocan (place of abundance). Has this indigo leaves shaped like flint knives? Itzocan. [Place where they paint or stain the face.] Compounded of itzoca (to have the face dirty); n (place). Itztlan. [Place of obsidian.] Compounded of itztli (obsidian); tlan (place). Ixcoyamec. [In the plain of the peccaries.] Compounded of ixco (surface, edge, level); coyame// (wild pig); c (in). Iztacalco. [In the house of salt.] Compounded of izta// (salt) ; calli (house) ; co (place, in). Where salt is made. Iztatlan. [Place of salt.] Compounded of izta// (salt); tlan (place). Macuilxochic. [In the five flowers.] Compounded of macuil/i (five); xochitl (flower); c (in, place). Malinalco. [Place of malinalli.] Compounded of malinal/i (a fibre-plant); co (place). Robelo suggests Malinalxochoco, where they adore Malinalxochitl. She was the sister of Huitzilopochtl. Mamalhuaztepec. [In the mountain of the fire sticks.] Compounded of mamal- huaz//f (fire-stick); tepetl (mountain); c (in). Mapachtepec. [Where there are mapachi.] Compounded of mapach/ (a sort of raccoon); tepetl (mountain); c (in). 9 Matlatlan. [Place of nets.] Compounded of matla// (net); tlan (place). Mazatlan. [Place of deer.] Compounded of maza// (deer); tlan (place). Metepec. [In the mountain of magueys.] Compounded of me// (maguey); tepe// (mountain); c (in). Miacatla. [Where there are canes for arrows.] Compounded of mi// (arrow); aca// (cane); tla (abundance). Mictlan. [Place of the dead.] Mictlan (dead). Michapan. [In the river of fishes.] Compounded of michin (fish); a// (water, river); pan (in, place). Michmaloyan. [Place where they fish.] Compounded of michin (fish); mal/z (captured) ; yan, a verbal ending. Mixcoac. [Place of the cloud snake.] Compounded of mix//i (cloud); coa/Z (snake); c (in, place). Mizquitlan. [Place of mesquites.] Compounded of mizqui// (mesquite); tlan (place). Molotla. [Where sparrows abound.] Compounded of mob// (sparrow); tla (abundance). Nacochtlan. [Where are ear ornaments.] Compounded of nacoch//i (an ear ornament); tlan (place). Nochtepec. [In the mountain of cactus.] Compounded of noch//i (cactus); tepe// (mountains); c (in). Nopalla. [Where nopals abound.] Compounded of nopal/z (a cactus) ; tla (abun- dance). The t is dropped between 11. Ocelotepec. [In the mountain of ocelots.] Compounded of ocelo// (a feline animal); tepe// (mountain); c (in). Ocotepec. [In the mountain of pines.] Compounded of oco// (pine); tepe// (mountain); c (in). Octlan. [Place of pulque.] Compounded of octli (pulque); tlan (place). Ocuilan. [Where worms abound.] Compounded of ocuik'w (worm, maggot); tlan (place of). The t is dropped between 11. Olac. [In the black water.] Compounded of olin (black); a// (water); c (in). It belongs to Xochimilco, as the hieroglyph shows. Olinalan. [In the place of movement, i.e., earthquakes.] Compounded of olin (movement, earthquake); tlalli (earth); //an (place). Olintepec. [In the mountain of earthquakes.] Compounded of olin (earthquake) ; tepe// (mountain); c (in). Otlatitlan. [Among the canes.] Compounded of otla// (cane, bambu); titlan (among). Otonpan. [Where Otomi live.] Compounded of Otomz//, a tribal name; pan (in, place). Oxitipan. [In the place where they prepare oxitl.] Compounded of oxi// (a black unguent); ti, a euphonic particle; pan (place, in). Oxitlan. [Where there is oxitl.] Compounded of oxi// (a black unguent); tlan (place). Oztoticpac. [Above the cave.] Compounded of oztot/ (cave); icpac (above). 10 Pantepec. [In the mountain of the flag.] Compounded of pan//i (flag); tepetl (mountain); c (in). Petlatlan. [Place of mats.] Compounded of petla// (mat); tlan (place). Pipioltepec. [In the place of the mountain bees.] Compounded of pipiolm (a honey-making mountain bee) ; tepetl (mountain) ; c (in) . Poctepec. [In the mountain of smoke.] Compounded of poctli (smoke); tepetl (mountain); c (in). Poctlan. [Place of smoke.] Compounded of poctli (smoke); tlan (place of). Popotlan. [Place of popote.] Compounded of popotl (a sort of grass); tlan (place) . Quetzallan. [Place of quetzals.] Compounded of quetzal/z (a bird of brilliant plumage); tlan (place of). The t is dropped between 11. Quetzalmacan. [Where they capture quetzals.] Compounded of quetzals (a bird of brilliant plumage); m&itl (hand); can (where). Quetzaloztoc. [In the cave of quetzals.] Compounded of quetzals (quetzal); oztotl (cave); c (in). Quetzaltepec. [In the mountain of quetzals.] Compounded of quetzal/m (quetzal); tepetl (mountain); c (in). Quimichtepec. [In the mountain of quimichins.] Compounded of quimichw (a kind of rat-like animal; tepetl (mountain); c (in). Quiyauhteopan. [Temple of the rain.] Compounded of quiyahm'l/ (rain) ; teopan (temple). Tamazolapan. [Where there are toads.] Compounded of tamazol/m (toad); a,tl (water, river); pan (where). Tamuoc. [The name is Huaxtec; meaning not considered.] The Aztec hiero- glyph is phonetic — tamac/wa (to measure something) ; otli (a road) ; c (place, in). Teacalco. [Place of stone canoes.] Compounded of tetl (stone); acal/i (canoe); co (place). Tecalco. [Place of stone houses.] Compounded of tetl (stone) ; calli (house) ; co (place). Tecamachalco. [Place of the stone jaw.] Compounded of tetl (stone) ; camachal/i (jaw); co (place). Teciuhtlan. [Place of stone-rain.] Compounded of tecihuitl (hail, or volcanic cinders — lit. stone rain); tlan (place). Tecmilco. [Fields belonging to the government.] Compounded of tecpan (the official building) ; mil/i (field) ; co (place) . Tecoloapan. [Where there are owls.] Compounded of tecolo// (owl) ; a// (water, river); pan (place). Tecozauhtla. [Where yellow ochre abounds.] Compounded of tecozzuhuitl (yellow ochre); tla (abundance). Tecpatepec. [In the mountain of flints.] Compounded of tecpa// (flint, flint knife); tepetl (mountain); c (in). Tecpatzinco. [Where are small flints.] Compounded of tecpa// (flint, flint knife) ; tzin, a diminutive particle; co (place). 1 1 Tecualoyan. [Where fierce beasts prey.] Compounded of tecuam ( = tequani fierce beast) ; yan, a verbal termination. Tecuantepec. [In the mountain of wild beasts.] Compounded of tecuam (wild beast); tepe// (mountain); c (in). Tehuitzco. [Place of the rocky place of sharp stones.] Compounded of tetl (stone) ; huitz//i (thorn, spine); co (place). Robelo suggests tehuizt//i, a tree with spines as hard as stones; co (place). Temazcalapan. [In the water of the sweat-baths.] Compounded of temascal/z (sweat-bath); a// (water); pan (in, place). Temohuacan. [Where all go down.] Compounded of temoa (to descend, to go down); can (place). Tenanco. [Walled place.] Compounded of tenami// (wall); co (in, place). Tenantzinco. [Place of small walls.] Compounded of tenami// (wall); tzin, a diminutive particle; co (in, place). Teoatzinco. [Place of the sacred water.] Compounded of teotl (god) ; a// (water) ; tzin, a diminutive or reverential particle; co (place). Teocalhueyac. [In the high or upreared temple.] Compounded of teocal/* (temple); hueyac (high, prolonged). Teocaltzinco. [Place of the small temple.] Compounded of teocal/i (temple); tzin, a diminutive particle; co (place). Teocuitlatlan. [Where there is gold.] Compounded of teocuitla// (gold — i.e., divine excrement, from teotl, god and cuitlatl, excrement); tlan (place of). Teochiapan. [Where is the sacred chia.] Compounded of teotl (god, hence sacred or dedicated to religion); chia (a species of salvia); pan (place). Teonochtitlan. [Where there are sacred nopalli i.e., nopals, or cacti belonging to temple properties.] Compounded of teotl (god); noch//*, a cactus; ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place). Teopantepec. [In the mountain of the temple.] Compounded of teopan//* (temple); tepe// (mountain); c (in). Teotenanco. [Place of the sacred enclosure or wall.] Compounded of teotl (god) ; tenami/Z (wall); co (place). Teotlalpan. [Place of the divine lands.] Compounded of teotl (god); tlal/i (land, earth); pan (in, place). Teotliztacan. [Place of the white deity.] Compounded of teotl (god); iztac (white); can (place). The white deity may be Iztaccihuatl. Tepechpan. [In the rocks.] Compounded of tepexitl (rocks); pan (in, place). Tepemaxalco. [In the divided mountain.] Compounded of tepe// (mountain); maxal/ic (a thing divided or cleft); co (in, place). Tepetitlan. [Place of mountains.] Compounded of tepe// (mountain); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place, in). Tepetlacalco. [Place of the houses of tepetate.] Compounded of tepetla// (tepetate, a kind of lava); cal/i (house); co (place, in). Tepetlaoztoc. [In the tepetate cave.] Compounded of tepetla// (tepetate); ozto// (cave); c (in). Tepetlapa. [In the tepetate.] Compounded of tepeta// (tepetate); pa (in). 12 Tepeyacac. [At the end of the mountains.] Compounded of tepetl (mountain); yaca// (nose, point, end or beginning); c (in). This is the place of the appa- rition of "Our Lady of Guadalupe." Tepoztitlan. [Place of copper.] Compounded of tepoz//i (copper) ; ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place). Tepuzcululan. [Place where copper is wrought.] Compounded of tepoztli ( = tepuztli, copper); coloa (to bend); /lan (place). Tepuztlan. [Place of copper.] Composed of tepoz//i ( = tepuztli, copper); tlan (place). Tequemecan. [Place of stony lands.] Compounded of tetl (stone); cuemitl (inheritance, worked land); can (place). Tetenanco. [Where is the stone wall.] Compounded of tetl (stone); tenami// (wall); co (place). Tetepanco. [Place where are walls of others.] Compounded of te (of some one, of another); tepan/fo* (wall); co (place). Teteuhtepec. [Place of many gods.] Compounded of teteu (pi. of teotl, god); tepetl (mountain); c (in). Tetlapanaloyan. [Place where they break stones — i.e., a quarry.] Compounded of tetl (stone) ; tlapanalo, from tlapana (to break) ; yan (place in which the action of the verb takes place). Tetzapotitlan. [Place of zapotes.] Compounded of tetl (stone); tzapo// (zapote, a fruit); tlan (place). Texcoco. [Place of rock fruits.] Compounded of tetl (stone) ; xocotl (fruit trees) ; co (place, in). Texopan. [Blue place.] Compounded of texotli (blue); pan (in, place). Tezcacoac. [Place of the snake-mirror.] Compounded of tezca// (mirror); coa/Z (snake); c (in, place). The snake-mirror, or mirror-snake may be the god Tezcacoac. Tezcatepec. [In the mountain of the mirrors.] Compounded of tezca// (mirror) ; tepetl (mountain); co (place). Tizatepec. [In the mountain of white dust.] Compounded of tiza// (white infusorial earth); tepetl (mountain); c (in). Tizayocan. [Place where tiza is prepared.] Compounded of tizayoa (verbal from tiza//); can (place where). Tlaahuililpan. [In the watered gardens.] Compounded of tlaauilil/i (watered garden); pan (place, in). Tlacotlala. [Where is abundance of potter's clay.] Compounded of tlaco// (jar); tlal/i (earth); //a (abundance). Tlacozauhtitlan. [Place of yellow earth.] Compounded of tlal/i (earth); cozauhi (yellow); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place). Tlachco. [Place of ball-play.] Compounded of tlach//i (ball-play); co (place). Tlachmalacac. [Uncertain meaning.] It is represented, perhaps phonetically by tlach//i (a ball-ground); malaca// (a spindle); c (in, place). Tlachquiauhco. [Ball-ground dedicated to Tlaloc?] Compounded of tlach/Zz (ball-ground); quiahm// (rain); co (place). 13 Tlachyahualco. [Place surrounded by ball-play yards.] Compounded of tlach^' (ball-play) ; yahual/z (a circular object) ; co (place) . Tlalatlauhco. [Where is a great barranca.] Compounded of tlal/i (land) ; atlauh- tli (great barranca, ravine); co (place). Tlaltizapan. [In the field or land of tiza.] Compounded of tlal// (land); tiza// (tiza, white, infusorial earth); pan (in, place). Tlaollan. [Place of husked and dried maize.] Compounded of tlaol/i (maize husked and dried); tlan (place). Tlapacoyan. [Place where they dye stuffs.] Compounded of a verbal from tlapa (to dye); yan (place). Tlapan. [Over the earth.] Compounded of tlal/z (earth) ; pan (in, over, place) . Tlatlachco. [Place of the earthen ball-ground.] Compounded of tlal/i (earth); tlach//i (ball ground); co (place). Tlatlauhquitepec. [In the red mountain.] Compounded of tlatlauhqui (red); tepetl (mountain); c (in). Tlaximaloyan. [Where carpentering is done.] Compounded of tlaxima (to carpenter); oyan, verbal ending. The word is originally Tarascan and the Aztec form is based not upon the sense, but upon an approximation to sound. The Tarascan name is Taximaroa. Tliltepec. [In the black mountain.] Compounded of tWi (black) ; tepetl (moun- tain); c (in). Tochtepec. [In the mountain of rabbits.] Compounded of tochtli (rabbit); tepetl (mountain); c (in). Toliman. [Where they gather tules.] Compounded of tollin (tule, a marsh grass or rush); mam (active participle of the verb ma, to take with the hand). Tollan. [Place of tule.] Compounded of tollin (tule); tlan (place). Toltitlan. [Among the tules.] Compounded of tollin (tule); titlan (among). So Robelo — de la Rosa would consider the ti simply euphonic and the meaning would be the same as the last. Tonanitla. [Where Tonantzin is venerated.] Compounded of Tonan/zw ("Our Mother," an Aztec deity); ti, a euphonic particle; tlaw (where, near). Tonatiuhco. [Place of the sun.] Compounded of Tonatiuh (sun); co (place). Totoltzinco. [Place of little water-hens.] Compounded of totolm (a kind of water-hen); "tzin, a diminutive particle; co (place). Tototepec. [In the mountain of birds.] Compounded of tototl (bird); tepetl (mountain); c (in). Tototlan. [Near the birds.] Compounded of tototl (bird); tlan (place, near). Toztlan. [Place of tuzas.] Compounded of tuzan (tuza, a small burrowing animal); tlan (place, within). Tuchpan. [Where there are rabbits.] Compounded of tochtli (rabbit); pan (place). Tuchtlan. [Place of rabbits.] Compounded of tochtli (rabbit); tlan (place). Tulantzinco. [Place of the small tules.] Compounded of tollin (tule, a sort of marsh grass or reed); tzin, diminutive particle; co (place). Tlayacac. [In the first place.] Compounded of tlayaca// (first); c (in). 14 Tlayacapan. [In the first place.] Compounded of tlayaca^ (first) ; pan (place, in). Tzapotlan. [Place of zapotes.] Compounded of tzapo// (zapote, a kind of fruit); tlan (place). Tzayanalquilpan. [In the place of tzatzayanalquiltic — or coaquiltic] Com- pounded of /zatzayanalquil/zc (a plant described under this name in Hernan- dez) ; pan (place, in) . Tzinacanoztoc. [In the cave of bats.] Compounded of tzinacan (bat); oztotl (cave); c (in). Tzinacantepec. [In the mountain of bats.] Compounded of tzinacan (bat); tepetl (mountain); c (in). Tzinacantlan. [Where are bats.] Compounded of tzinacan (bat); tlan (place). Tzompanhuacan. [Place where they have a tzompantli.] Compounded of tzom- pan//i (a frame upon which skulls of sacrificial victims were displayed) ; hua, a possessive particle; can (place). Xalan. [Place of sand.] Compounded of xalli (sand); flan (place, near). Should be Xallan. Xalac. [In the sandy water.] Compounded of xalli (sand); ail (water); c(in). Should be Xallac. Xalapan. [Place of sandy water.] Compounded of xalli (sand); ail (water); pan (place, in). Xaloztoc. [In the cave of sand.] Compounded of xalli (sand); oztotl (cave); c(in). Xaltepec. [In the sand mountain.] Compounded of xalli (sand)> tepetl (moun- tain); c (in). Xico. [In the umbilicus.] Compounded of xicotli (umbilicus); co (place, in). Xicochimalco. [Place of honeycombs.] Compounded of xicochimal/i (honey comb, cells); co (place). Xilotepec. [In the mountain of ears of maize.] Compounded of xilotl (jilote, an ear of corn; tepetl (mountain); c (in). Xilotzinco. [Place of small ears of maize.] Compounded of xilotl (ear of corn); tzin, diminutive particle; co (place). Xiuhcoac. [In the place of the turquoise snake.] Compounded of xinitl (tur- quoise); coa// (snake); c (in). Xiuhteczacatlan. [Zacatlan of Xuihtecutli — i.e., consecrated to fire.] Compounded of Xiuhtecw//i (Lord of the year); zaca// (straw); tlan (place). Xiuhtepec. [In the turquoise mountain.] Compounded of xinitl (turquoise), tepetl (mountain) ; c (in). Xiuhuacan. [Place where they have turquoises.] Compounded of xiuitl; hua, a possessive particle; can (place). Xoconochco. [Place of the fruiting nopals.] Compounded of xocotl (fruit); nochtli (a cactus, the nopal) ; co (place) . Xocotla. [Where is abundance of fruit.] Compounded of xocotl (fruit); tla (abundance). Xochimilcatzinco. [The little Xochimilco.] Compounded of Xochimilco (which see); tzin, a diminutive particle; co (place). 15 Xochimilco. [Place of fields of flowers.] Compounded of xochi// (flower); mWH (field); co (place). Xochitepec. [In the mountain of flowers.] Compounded of xochi^ (flower); tepe// (mountain); c (in). Xochitla. [Where flowers abound.] Compounded of xochi// (flower); tla (abun- dance). Xolochauhyan. [Where they live long.] Compounded of xolochahwf (to be wrinkled with age); yan, a verbal ending. Xometzoyocan. [Place where they gather metzollin fruit.] Compounded of xocotl (fruit) ; metzollin ( = comitl, a plant described by Hernandez) ; yoca&'a (to take possession of something); n (place). Xoyoltepec. [Place of xocoyolli.] Compounded of xocoyol/z (a species of rumex) ; tepe// (mountain); c (place, in). Yaunahuac. [Near, or surrounded, by yauhtli). Compounded of ysiuhUi (a plant with medicinal properties and ceremonial uses); nahuac (near, sur- rounded by). Yoalan. [Where night falls early.] Compounded of yoal& (night); tlan (place). Better written Yoallan. Zacatepec. [In the mountain of zacate.] Compounded of zaca// (straw); tepetl (mountain); c (in). Zola. [Place of zolin.] Compounded of zolin ( = zulin, a kind of bird); tla (abundance). Zoquitzinco. [Place of little mud.] Compounded of zoqui// (mud); tzin, a diminutive particle; co (place). 16