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N U M I S M A T A 
 
 DISCOURSE 
 
 MEDAL S, 
 
 Antient and Modern. 
 
 Together with fome ACCOUNT of 
 
 HEADS and EFFIGIES 
 
 0 F 
 
 Illuftrious, and Famous Perfons 
 
 1 N 
 
 SCULPS, andTAULE-DOUCE, 
 
 O F 
 
 Whom we have no MEDALS extant 
 
 AND 
 
 Of the Ufe to be derived from them. 
 
 To which is added 
 
 A Digreffion concerning PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 3" I- Evelyn, Efq; S. R. S. 
 
 Effigies hominum non fokbant exprimi, nifi aliqua iiluftri causa 
 tuttatem merentium. Plin. Nat. Hift. Lib. XXXIV. Cap. , 
 
 L 0 N V 0 N, 
 Printed for <Bmy Tooke at the Mtddle- Temple-Gate, in Btetflreet. 
 
 M DC XC VII. 
 
( 
 
NOBILISSIMO JUVEN1 
 
 FRANCISCO GO DOLPHIN, 
 
 SIDNEII GODOtPHIN 
 
 ^ Baronis de R I A L T O N, &c. 
 
 Zh(uper Fifci Regit Quaftbris Trimarii, uniufque de 
 Septem totius Anglic fuftitiariis 
 
 F i l i o Unico & H 1 R E D I, 
 
 - . V * S. P. D. 
 
 ULLA mihi dubitatio erat , Dile- 
 diffime FRANCISCE, cuinam 
 hoc dedicandumforet deNUMIS- 
 M A T I B U S Syntagma, quo Adolefcentium 
 noltratium animos ad h^c Studia capefienda 
 conatus fum accendere. Tu enim co Patre 
 natus cs, quo Amicorum omnium ufus fum & 
 intimo, & integerrimo ; qui, fi quifquam alius 
 in hoc Regno, de Antiquis Imaginibus jure 
 gloriari poteft ; nec folum a Majoribus fuis 
 Splendorem arceffit; fed & illos viciffim fuis 
 ipfe Virtutibus illuftrat & cohoneftat ; fum ma 
 Prudentia, confummato Judicio, maxima in 
 rebus maximis Experientia ; antiquis Moribus 
 & Fide : Tu es, quern quotiefcunque afpicio, 
 toties in Te Matris tuaeincomparabilis, in Coe- 
 licolarum numerum jam olim adfcriptae (quam 
 
 A % animo 
 
D E D I C A T I O, 
 
 animo vultiSque quafi redivivam refers} & ag- 
 nofco, & tantum non veneror Imaginem* 
 Quid, quod & Patruos habeas, Viros & mihi 
 amiciflimos, & omnibus bonarum Literarum 
 Laudibus florentiffimos ? 
 
 Tu facito, cum mox matura adoleyerit atas, 
 its memor : & te animo repetentem exempla tuorum 
 Et pater JEneas, & Avunculus excitet HeBor. 
 
 Nefas vero effet non memorare, unique 
 hie tecum conjungere Nobiliffimum ilium 
 CAROLUM SPENCERUM qui & 
 Sidneios veftros inter Avos fuos numerat, 
 in eoderft tecum Curridulo verfantem, xquif- 
 que paflibus antecedentem ambos in Senato- 
 rium Ordinem cooptatos, ambos eleganti huic 
 NUMISMATUM Supelledili, & lite, 
 ratis Divitiis, dignum pretium ftatuentes. 
 
 Qpare, accipe,mi fuaviffime FRANCISCE, 
 Pignus hoc & t^^m Amoris erga te mei, qui 
 Pietatem tuam, Eruditionem, cseterafque e*xi- 
 mias praeclara Indolis & Ingenii Dotes, colo 
 & fufpicio ; quas etiam ut caeteri tui Ordinis 
 Adolefcentes aemulentur & ftudiofe imitentur, 
 Temper erit mihi in votis. Vale, & nos ama, 
 
 IVottcnu apud Reg. 
 VII. Kal. Novemb, 
 cto fae xevn. 
 
 T O 
 
TO THE 
 
 READER, 
 
 "^BT" T is now almofl five Years Jince, that finding fo little written 
 on this Subjetl of Medals in Englifh, and fo very much in 
 the Italian, French, and the moft Learned Languages ; I 
 -A- imployed fome hours in putting fome Notes together, and 
 into fuch Method, as might ferVe (I thought) for Inftitution: 
 But whilft part of it was already ingaged, and the reft finifh- 
 ing for the Prefs, I was told, the Learned, and my Wor- 
 thy Friend, Mr. O. Walker (than whom, none of our Country- 
 men, that 1 know, is better able ) was publijhing a *Book upon the 
 fameVefign-, which caufed me to deliberate, and leave it off, left 
 I fhould actum agerc : But when I had perufed that Excellent 
 (piece, and Hiftorical Tart, and confidered how many Authors of 
 the Learned ft Nations about us, had notwithftanding the plenty of 
 Treatifes, publifl?ed large and ample Volumes on this Subjetl (for 
 I could reckon more than Forty ) and that tho* there pojfibly might 
 no wide and fpacious Fields be left uncultivated; there were yet fome 
 Corners, and little Wafts, not altogether fubatled, and fo ImproVd, 
 as to admit of no more miffing* 
 
 Upon this Account, 1 have inferted all that 1 thought material, 
 and fo handfomly delivered to us by many others j efpecially, by the 
 Anonymous Author De la Science,^, publifhed long fence this was in- 
 gaged, but to which 1 acknowledge my f elf greatly, and almofl only, obli- 
 ged. Jhat therefore in this Difcourfe, I now and then feem to repeat 
 what is already faid ; neither can, nor indeed, ought by any means to be 
 omitted : All who write for Inftitution ( of whatever Art or Science ) 
 commence with Principles and Poftulata ; Grammarians with Ele- 
 ments and Letters : The Mathematician ( after five hundred Volumes 
 publifhed of that Study) begin with Points and Lines, and the 
 ftmple/l Figures : And tho I therefore needed no Apology on that 
 account ; 1 have yet contratled very much 1 had prepared, and was 
 neceffary, out of^efpetlto what 1 found already fo well performed : 
 Tf?e P(eader will yet find fomething New, and Entertaining, and I 
 hope, not unufeful in this EJfay; at leaft accept of my Good-Will, 
 
 which 
 
To the R E A D E R. 
 
 which is all I ask, hefides his Pardon ( or Act of Oblivion indeed 
 rather ) of Typographical Errata, and my own Imperfections. 
 
 hi the mean while, as to what I have advanced concerning Modern 
 Medals, and their Reverfes ( in Chap. III. ) J do not pretend, much 
 lefs affirm, that all, whofe Types are there exhibited, were Stamp' d 
 by Tublic Decree of the Prince or Magiflrate ( as neither were all 
 of the Greek and Roman Medals yet extam:) (But as they are 
 Juch as relate to the Confirmation of Jome remarkable Matter of 
 Fact, difcover the Genius of the Age, and link the Hiftory of divers 
 7iotorious Tajfages of the latter Centuries and Revolutions ; and 
 thereby incite others, who have better Store and Opportunities of Per- 
 fecting what 1 have fir ft Begun, and to Supply my Defects. 
 
 One thing more I am to acquaint the Reader, who may wonder 
 to find that feeming Digrejfion concerning the late, and ( I wifh I 
 could not fay ) prefent Diminution of Money in the Chapter of Mints, 
 as unfeafonably Refumed after fo many able Perfons had already 
 publifbed their TI?oughts upon it : (But, as that was written when 
 that Epidemical and dejlruBiVe Villany was yet flagrant ; Jo was it 
 long fince by me prefented out of this Copy, to one of the Right 
 Honourable the Lords of the Treafury, and which, fence 1 could not 
 retrieve from the Printer, will, I prefume, juftifie me, as well as 
 what I have faid Page 42. concerning the Duke of Savoy, with 
 fome other C P off ages : Which, with all the other Defects of the Book, 
 and Errors of the Prefs, will, 1 hope, obtain the Favour of the In- 
 dulgent Reader si 
 
 TABLE 
 
TABLE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CHAPTERS. 
 
 Introduction. %t. 
 
 CHAP. I. Of the Ufe of Medals, whether, for Money, or to 
 preferve the Memory of Worthy Actions j their Antiquity, 
 Materials, Si%e, Model, &c. p. } 4 
 
 II. Medals relating to feveral Nations, Civil and Barbarous. 
 Of Heads and Effigies, and their Impreffions : Of Ornament, 
 Conlular and Imperial Medals, p. 1 8. 
 
 III. Of ^everfes Antient and Modern, as they relate to Hi- 
 ftory, Chronology, and other parts of Erudition, p. 48. 
 
 IV. Of other Verfons and Things, worthy the Memory and 
 Honor of Medals , p. 157. 
 
 V. Of InfcriptionSy p. 177, 
 
 VI. Inftructions how to Collect, and Procure fuch Medals as 
 are Antique , and %are • and to Diftinguifh the True from the 
 Falfe, for the prevention of Frauds and Impoftures, p. 198. 
 
 VII. Of Mints, and of the moft skilful Artifis, Authors, ColleBors 
 and Colletlions : How to Methodize and Difpofe of Medals 
 for the Cabinet and Library, with fome Reflections on the 
 Modern Clipping and Diminution of Coin, p.iiu 
 
 VIII. Of Heads and Effigies in Trints and Taille- douce ; their 
 Ufe, as they relate to Medals, p. 256, 
 
 IX. A Digreflion concerning Thyfiognomy, p. 202, 
 
 With a copious INDEX df the particular Matters. 
 
 E MEN- 
 
EMENDANDA. 
 
 CD AG. 8. Lineij.dele more. 9. i.lege which coft. 9. ullus. 32.Ele1fV.rum. i». penult, fome 
 * fuch./u 1. /. 3* dele by. /.14. /. 8. CCCCLXXX Year. Q. O Gallus. /.»8. Cities dWe 
 f.iy./.2o. Ptolemy paffim. 32. Roman, 2y. fuch, d>/e 5 . /.5.diftinguifli'd. 1 5 d'or dele of, 
 <rwd" 4// f&e Commas of that line after Or. 1 8. was ample field. 15. dele , after Street. 3 6. 7. 
 haply. 37. Critic dWe ,. />• 17- /• 19. of Gold. 32. they exceed, p. 18.1.17. r.Toinard />. 19. 
 /. 13. r. Charles the Fifth, p. 20. I. 38. other Revers'd, dele 15. 39. rfd"d" the. p.zi.l. 5. Family 
 Afrania. 28. after all. 3?. r. Camden paffim. p. il. I. 36 r. by Monfieur. /> 23. /. 1 3. ?-. that 
 at any time. 18. ftamp'd. 19. r. probable relation, p. 26. marg. add V. Urunun in Genre 
 Plotia & iElia. /. 19. dele of. />. 29. /.i 8. r. Crowns. /.2y. Vidtorius. />.3o. fwtfrg. r. Miflbns. 
 /. 16. r. & permanent. />. 33. /. 16. r. Mitre. 17. Tiara. /. 21. r. fimpulum. 55. /. 10. r. 
 ingenuous, p 36. 1, idt. r.in the Family, p 37. 1. 1. r. is veiled. ^. 38. /. 3. r. Tcthys. 10. a'rx. 
 />. 39. /. 1 9. Pergamus. />. 40. /. 25. dW* out. />. 4 1. 1. 3. r. Popes from St.Peter. p. 42. /. 1 3. r. 
 Da&yliothecae. /. 38. lfiaca. ult. confularibus, dele .. p. 44. /. dV/e and Augultus. /. 37. r. 
 him fave Ap. p. 46. 1. 6. r. ferenocjue. /. 16. Men, dele ,. /. 30. is, dele ,./>. 48. /. 29. Mone- 
 taries. p. <to.l. j.r. Leat. /. 30. r. where we find. I. penult, r. Metropolis's, p. fi\ I. 29. r. or 
 Trib Pot. p. 5 2. /. 6. r. Dertota. dele the reft of that, and the next line. I. 27. r Lucullus. p. 5 3. 
 / 3 t . r. an Elephant, antepenult, r. miftaken. ult. Seguin. p.^4. l.}6. r. Capitel. p. 5 6. I. 3. r. 
 Caflia, Papia, Coelia, Parthia. /. 36. r. GEN1TR1X. /. 29. r. for the Veneration, p. 57. /.y. 
 r. Sirenes. p. y8. /. 10. r. Ofiris, Eumenithia. p. 6 1. Lzy. r. AfTcs head, or Dragon. /. 37.r.Sun, 
 Pomegranade or Rofe. p, 64. 1. 28. Phialam. /. 29. Arcadas. p. 66. I. 1 8. r. flammam. p. 67. 
 /. 19. r. Inclination and defire of being known, p. 70. /. 16. r. Curious ; that. p. 72. /. 2. r. 
 Julianus Csefar. p-i^.l. 13. r. Reddition. p.n.t.9. diverting. I.30. dele Terreftnal. 34. Java. 
 p. 76. /.2f.r. Without any lading, p. 80. /. 1 1. r. licerit. 23. Adminiltrandum. p. 89. 1.11. r. 
 Ed*ward. f.92. /.19. r. Hiftories. p.91. 1. 1. after Reverfe add Fecit VTRAMQVE. VNAM. 
 1558. /. 3. Scotland dele :. r.with thofeof the Dolphin, p. 101. /. u. r. falling Band. p. 103. 
 /. y. r.Hand and Sword, dele from Heaven holding, p. 126. /. 8. r. interlac d. #. 152. /. ic. 
 Empercs. />. 153- I 14. r. MONSTRIS. DANT. FVNERA. CVNjE. /. 1 y. after Reverfe, 
 add, The Princes Arms. FVLTA.TR1BVS. METVENDA. CORONA. i*88. p 1 y 4 . /. 8. 
 1VN1I. 1688. /?. 157. / 1 1. r. Medals there remain. /. 22. r. alferr. ^. 1 58. /. 24. r.they would 
 not have been ro feek of fuch as. S. F. D. p. 1 5 9. /. 2. above thofe hundred, p. 162. /. 29. r. 
 Arts Illiberal, p. 1 6 5 . /. 4 . r. on the firft. p. 167. / 3 j. r. Orators Tiro. p. iho. /. 7. r. florid. 
 p. 184. /. 31. dele the period between M R. />. 186. A 4. r labarum. /. 39. r. ENATCS or L 0 
 for the nineth year, the Numerals fometimes placed JE,, the fifth year. p. 188. /. 6. r. Geni- 
 trix. 191. 2d". Column, r. Juno, Sofpka, Mater. 203. /. 36. r. where is found h;s own 
 Head with that of Hercules, p.m. I. 32. r Palace at Rome. p.zi8. I. 22. bedded in, dele in. 
 p.m. I. 27. and p. zz$. I. 32. r.Camden. p. zz6. 1. 3. r. ingenioufly. p.t^z.l. 18. r. Pafet>lo°i. 
 p. 234. /• 9. r. ever thofe. />. 238. /. 6. r. who are indulg'd. p. 24 1. /. 17. r. revive. /. 1 3 and 
 above, dele and. />.242. A9. Intaglia. f .i43- / 28. r. of lerious, d"e/e the. p. 244. /.3s. r. Abbor. 
 /M4-,. / ( y. r. Sir Thomas Fanfhaw. /.3s. add 4/ier A.Hill,WiIl.Kingfley 0/ Canterbury Efquire % 
 •Aif.Thornfley of Leeds iwYork-fture. p.i^6.l.i^. r. Types. ^2+7. 1-9- r. look on. p.zei. U.r. 
 Thorius. p.z6\. l.iz. r. Coadjutrix./'.265. / 6. r.e contra, Barkllead. p.z6y. I. 9.7. Bourbon. 
 p.Z7\: 1. 10. Genebrand. p. 272. /. 8. r. as alfo J. Vitqeli with his Indulgence, de7<? upon pre- 
 tence of. among the Names, r.Caelius. Drufius. Oecolampadius. p. 298. /. 25. r. 'tis the molt 
 perfe&./>. 311./. io- r.losMoros. p. 326./. 3 1- r. Picos. p. 333. /. 4. add" Vol. XVIII. N.20. 
 
 INTRO- 
 
NUMISMATA. 
 
 A 
 
 DISCOURSE 
 
 MEDALS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 EVERY one who is a lover of Antiquities, efpe- 
 ciaily of Marbles and Infcriptions, may yet neither 
 have the faculty to be at fo vaft a Charge, or oppor- 
 tunity of Collecting them at fo eafie and tollerable 
 an Expence, as he may of Medals j which Well and judicially 
 chofe, have always been efteemed (and that worthily) not 
 only an Ornament, but an ufeful and neceffary Appendage 
 to a Library. And verily, if we confider Medals in refpect. 
 of the Matter ; they are, for ought appears, the moft lad- 
 ing and (give me leave to call them) Vocal Monuments of 
 Antiquity. 
 
 The Egyptian Pyramids are indeed vaft and enormous heaps 
 of Stones, burthen ing the ground on which they ftand j but 
 they are mute and dead, without any Soul, or fo much as 
 Character on them, to tell us by whom, or to what end they 
 were erecled. Wherefore among all the various ways that 
 
 B men 
 
A Vt/cow fe of M fc D A L S. 
 
 men have fought Immortaliry and Freedom from Oblivion, 
 by Marbles, Statues, Trophies, &c. Nay even by 'Books (Holy 
 Scriptures, dictated and preferved by their Divine Author, only 
 excepted) there is nothing in all this- Trait, of Time tfya't has 
 proved more lafting than thefe Nummi Memoriales, which we 
 cz\\ Medals: Witnefs thofe infcrib'd JE TE%NITaT1 <sr 
 PE%P ETV1TAT1 AV'GVSn, %QMJ£ MTE% 
 NjB, jETE%NJE MEM0%lJB, andthelike. Nay 
 even the very ]%mes as well" as Actions of many famous 
 Perfons* had been long fince.as upknowrj. as if they- hactnever 
 been at all, Cut Tor thefe final f pieces of Metal, whichTeem 
 to have broken and worn out the very Teeth of Time, that 
 devours and tears in pieces all things elfe. 
 
 We cannot without grief confider, that of once fo many 
 thoufand Statues, nay (as Pliny affirms) in number almoft e- 
 qual to living Men, there are hardly four or five at this day ex- 
 tant intire and unblemifhd. Neither could the Coloffian magni- 
 tude of fome of them fecure them from decay. Marbles with 
 their deepeft Infcriptions crumble away, and become no more 
 legible : Piclures and Colours fade. What's now become of all 
 thofe admired Works of Apelles, Zeuxh, Phidias, Praxiteles, 
 and the reft of thofe Celebrated Artifts ? What of fo many 
 antient Books as once filled thofe Koble and Royal Libraries 
 at Pergamus and Alexandria ? 5 Tis deplorable even to confider, 
 what irreparable lofs t he Learned World has differed by fo ma- 
 ny Conflagrations and other funeft Accidents, as have not only 
 diflipated, but quite confum'd infinite numbers of Voiumnes - 
 fo as of all that Noble and Venerable Sto.re s fo very few in 
 comparifon are left us, that there is hardly, to be found a Manu- 
 fcript in the whole World which can hoqeftly pretend to above 
 eight hundred, or a thoufand years Antiquity, and to have fo 
 long efcap'd the rage of Fire, Wars, or (what is worfe) bar- 
 barous Ignorance, and Fanatick Zeal : whilft Medals .(though 
 even thefe Iikewife, as all other Sublunary things, be not 
 wholy exempt from diminution, through the Avarice of fome, 
 who have melted down all they ; could get of them, of Gold or 
 SHver)ha.\e furvivcl; and out- Lifted the mod antient Records, 
 and tranfmitted to ps the knowledge of a thoufand ufeful things 
 of twice a thoufand years paft. Tis on this, account chat there 
 is lately an Academy of Medalifls in Paris - f w(iere in the (Royal 
 >" * Palace, 
 
A Vtfcourje of MEDAL S. 
 
 3 
 
 Palace, all thole Gentlemen meet, whole Curioiicy and Genius 
 lead them to the ftudy of Medals, Infcriptions, and like Anti- 
 quities. And indeed the advantages which Divines, Htflorians, 
 Chronologers, Critich, and other Learned Men (witnefs Scalier, 
 Lipftus, Salmafius, Teireskius, Vojfus, Holjlenius, Gottofredus, 
 Sign'or Noris, (once Chief Library keeper of thcKitican, and 
 now Cardinal) Jntonie Tagi of Aix, Zsrc. and (ome few of our 
 Nation, as Camden, Selden, Sir John MarfJ?am, Sir Simon D' Ewes, 
 Mr. Greaves, the late Bifliops Walton, and Tear/on, have deriv'd 
 from the light which Medals have contributed to their Studies ; 
 and the benefit that may accrue by them even to the greateir. 
 Princes and Politicians (as the Learned Cuperm fliews in that cu- 
 rious Diflertation concerning the Apotheofts of Homer, fpeaking 
 of In/criptions, and antient Marbles ; but inflar omnium the ex- 
 cellently Learned Spanheim) fufTiciently difcover for what Rea- 
 ibn they are and have been cherifh'd and learch'd after with fo 
 much Paffion and Jnduftry in other Countries ; though fo little 
 underftood or minded in this of Ours : where yet the fymam 
 once fixed their Victorious Eagles, planted fo many Colo- 
 nies, and left fo many Monuments of their Refidence. 
 
 With the afliftance then of many Learned Foreigners who 
 have exprefly written of Medals, as well in their own Languages 
 as the Latin Tongue ; that I might in fome meafure cultivate 
 fo ufeful and diverting a Study, and fupply the want of Books 
 in our Own, I thought a Treatife on this Subject might not 
 be unacceptable. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Of the life of Medals, whether for Mony, or to preferve the 
 Memery of worthy JElions j their Antiquity, Materials, Size, 
 Model, &c. 
 
 I Shall not here detain the Reader with any prolix Difcourfe 
 of the antient Moneys and their Value, fo maoy Ages ago 
 full ufed in Trafick, and fucceeding that Original Barter, or 
 Commutation or one Commodity for another, which Tacitus 
 
 B 2 and 
 
A Ttifcomje of M EDALS. 
 
 and Pliny affirm was previous to Money (efpecially among the 
 antient Germans) till iome more precious Matter, as Metal, for 
 its rarity and beauty, durable texture, and cafinefs of carriage, 
 became the Price of things, as Ariftotk fhews us in his (Politicks: 
 But in all appearance the firft Purchafes were generally with 
 Cattel, the Rjfhitah or Lamb ; wherein confifted the innocent 
 Riches of elder times, before there was any Money known or 
 coin'd. Whence fome Expofitors for centum Nwnmis (Gen. 
 c. 33. V. 19.) will have it read centum Agnis ; though it will 
 ftill remain a cjueftion, whether Agnus there do fignifie proper- 
 ly a Lamb, or rather Money marked and (lamped with the 
 image of a Lamb. For Grotius thinks that the Patriarch Jacob 
 being fo great a Mafter in Cattel, and abounding in Flocks, 
 might probably fet that figure on the Silver or Money which he 
 us'd. And indeed that Money was in ufe very early j the three 
 and twentieth Chapter of Genefts and other Texts which men- 
 tion probatam Monetam, feems to make clear, both as to the 
 Weight, Species, or both. And as among the Romans from the 
 Figure of Cattel ftamped and imprelTed upon the Metal, 'tis 
 generally conceived the name of Money obtained, a Tecore Te- 
 cunia j of which fee Va.no, Pliny, Plutarch, and the Medal in 
 Gente %ujlia mentioned by Urftnus : fo Jacob's Money might be 
 call'd l^efiitab from the Imprefs of a Lamb. So a fort of Coin 
 was called <Bos antiently at Athens, as now Corpus at 'Bafil, from 
 the Figures imprelTed on them; and not many Ages fince 
 Mouttons among the French, as bearing a Sijeep on the Coin : 
 and fo Ko'est/, imiyt & luxZvaj' of old among the Athenians, Va- 
 lerians, Aurelians- as we Jacobus's, Caroluss, Horfe-men from 
 the Figure or Effigies they bear • nay fometimes from the Ar- 
 tift or Workman ; as heretofore our golden Florens in the Reign 
 of Edward III. coin'd by certain Florentine Moneyers, who were 
 it feems imploy'd here in England. 
 
 As to Copper or other Metal, ufed in Traffick, whether 
 form'd into VelTels, Oeconomic Utenfils, and Inftruments of 
 Husbandry, which thole who had more than they need, might 
 exchange for other necelTaries, or afterwards cut and divide in- 
 to Plates, and value by weight or pound, not unlike to what 
 is mil familiar among the Sweeds rich in Copper (or when any 
 Stamp or Deviie was firft fet on it in the feveral Kingdoms and 
 Republicks by Authority of the Magiftrate, to render it more 
 
 Current, 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Current, than otherwife its natural and intrinfic Value alone 
 would amount to, and which apparently at firft prevailed) I 
 am not in pain about. But that at firft it was plain and with- 
 out Character, is the moft probable and received Opinion, 'til 
 that was added by thofe to whom belonged the Prerogative of 
 Coining upon a Legal Account, for theeaie and benefit of Com- 
 merce. This is certain, that among the Romans the firft Species 
 antiently minted, namely !Brafs, was without any mark at all, 
 till the Reign of Servtus Tullus, who ftamp cl it nota pecudum 
 from whence it was called Tecunia, as we have already obferv'd. 
 Before his time it was payed by Weight only ; fo as there was no 
 Buying or Selling witnout the Scales. And the firft defign of 
 Coining in every Country was to fave the labour and trouble 
 of Weighing ; the Stamp being a publick Teftimony, that 
 fuch a piece was of luch a Weight, and fo might pals in Traf- 
 fick without the trial of the Scales. At firft therefore among 
 the %>mansxhz As was adequately of a : 3 ound or Twelve Ounces 
 Weight ; whence alio it was called Ltbella : And thus it con- 
 tinued, till the publick neceflity in that fliarp and expenfive 
 War (the firft againft the Carthaginians) made them ill in the 
 old AJfes, and Coin new ones weighing no more than two 
 Ounces a piece ; though of the lame reputed Value and Name 
 with the Old. Thele new Coined ones had on the front a 
 double Janus , on the fyverfe a Trow of a Ship ; the former 
 Effigies of the Tecus being laid afide. The like Exigency re- 
 turning in the Second Tunic War, reduced the As ftill lower; 
 and new ones were ftamped, weighing only a fingle Ounce : 
 Alter this a Law was Enacted, to meltdown thofe Ounce AJJes, 
 and let out new ones of half an Ounce. And at this laft pitch 
 they generally concinued, during the time of the fypublick. Be- 
 fides the As, other imallcr Moneys of Copper were in ufe ; as 
 the Semtjfis, the Triens, the Qyadrans, the Sextans ; each having 
 its appellation from the proportion it bore to the As, The 
 Quadrans was ol old called Teruntius ; becaufeit weighed three 
 Ounces, as long as the As weighed an intire Pound ; But when 
 the As was reduced to half an Ounce, the Quadrant by degrees 
 loft its old name, being diminifhed proportionably to the eighth 
 part of an Ounce. 
 
 The 
 
A Vijcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 — — 1 ~ 
 
 The firft Silver (lamped at ^pme, was a little before the firft 
 <Punic War : the Denarius, fo call cl from its Primitive Value, 
 which was Ten Affes of Brafs *, the Qginarius worth Five, and 
 the Seflertius worth Two and Half. But in the Second (Punic 
 War, when there was a neceffity of inhancing Mony to iup- 
 port the publick Extraordinaries • as in the Firft they had 
 raifed the Price of (Brafs Mony j fo now the Denarius (though 
 of the fame weight as before) was made ecjual in Value to Six- 
 teen Affes, the Quinarius to Eight, and the Seflertius to Four. 
 The Imprefs on the Silver Coin at firft was a Chariot: After- 
 wards the Devifes were varied, as the Mint-Mafter pleafed. 
 That Piece which bears the Head of <l{oma with a winged Hel- 
 met on, and frequently fome Sacrificing Veflel, intimated (as 
 fome conjecture) that ^pme had by her Arms, Diligence, and 
 Care of Religion, been made Emprefs of the World : and 
 S. Aupifline himielf has fomething to this Senfe, in his City of 
 God, fpeaking of the wonderful luccefs of that Common wealth. 
 
 In thefe Moneys of Silver we fometimes meet, befides Figure 
 and Device, with other Marks and Characters, denoting the 
 Value of the Pieces : Thus X damped on the Denarius {igai- 
 fies denos oeris, and declares it to be worth ten Affes of % afs : 
 V the mark of (Luinarius, five Affes • and H S the note of the 
 Seflertius, two and an half. But we meet with fome few De- 
 narii marked wich XVl, and Quinarii with VIII j an indicati- 
 on, that they were coin'd in thole times, when the Value of 
 the Denarius was inhaunc'd from its original Value of Ten 
 Affes to that of Sixteen. In the Con/ulars of fir afs the Price and 
 Weight of the Mony is fometimes denoted by a certain number 
 of Points, fignifying fo many Twelfths of the As : fo the 
 Sextans is marked with two points, the Quadrans with three, 
 and the Trims with four : And thus remained the antient Mony 
 with thofe Stamps and Emblems, whilft that glorious Repub- 
 lick continued j after which we find how the fucceeding Em- 
 perors adorned them with their own Heads, Effigies, and De- 
 vifes according to their feveral Fancies. 
 
 But now after all we hav e faid of Gtyman Mony, none is there 
 fo frequently and honorably mention d, none fo peculiarly de- 
 
 ferved 
 
A Vifcowrfe of MEDALS 
 
 ferved the name of Nummus, none has fo much exrrdied the 
 Criticks^s the Sejlertius, wearing for its Badge Caflor and Pollux 
 with the Head of ^oma ; marked by H S, and called Scftcrti- 
 us quaji Semitertius, from its primitive Value, two 'Affes and 
 an half of the Third. And here our Young Me daii/ls mud 
 take notice of a peculiar way of fpeaking in ufe armong r the 
 (Romans-, that is, whereas Seftertius fignifies a fingle Sefterce, 
 and pecem Seflertii, io many fingle Sejlerces 5 yet Decern Stfler- 
 m (in the Neuter Gender) fignifies ten thouland of them,, and 
 Decks Seftertium (in the Neuter Singular) no lefs than ten hun- 
 dred thouland. 
 
 The laft Metal that came to the (Roman Mint was Gold, 
 fixty two years after Silver, C. Claudius Nero, and M Livms 
 Salinator II Cos. ftamped generally with the fame Devices^ 
 as the Silver Mony, weighing two Ounces of Stiver, and 
 was valued at twenty five of them; the worth of Gold to 
 Silver of equal height bearing then the Proportion of twelve 
 and a half to one. Though in the earlieft times Gold had 
 only a decuple value of Stiver, both among the Romans t and 
 Greeks. 
 
 sms Lnrjotifc 3/ 'b ni bnuo} yW*i ^nbd t y:b£f£cj ibfll noil 
 This may (uffice then for a taft of what aritiently • were 
 the Products ot the ^oman Mints: Thole who would be more 
 accurately Inftru&ed, may confult the learned Buddus, Agri- 
 cola, Hottoman, Jacobus Pontius, Scaliger, Snellius CapeUus.. oV 
 vot our Country-men Breerwood, Greaves ; and for the mo- 
 dern of all Nations at ptefeni Trafficking through out the 
 World ; that ufeful, and excellent Account given us in Malms 
 Lex }dercatoria 5 the late Lexicographers and others treating ex 
 profejfo of Coines and Mony, their Definition, Notation, Chara- 
 cter, Efttmate, Fabricky&c. together with- the Notttia Imperii ; 
 where the Curious may find a full Account of thefe, and of the 
 Trocuratores Momtarum^ pf which every Mint had one distinctly 
 to govern it, and (under the Comes Largttionum) to inlpe& thefe 
 matters. 
 
 icw) r,ri f rhi/lv/ • toibnufl wirb ft) ov;i a/odf* logniruoDorta 
 I pafs by (ome other Coins laiger in bulk and fhew, as the 
 Major ana m ) iond in the Cade of Theodofius, being of Silver 
 debated with Copper j as I alio do the fiezantines and others 
 
 counted 
 
8 A Difcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 counted by Weight and not by Pieces ; as Hkewife thofe of the 
 later Stamp and Empire, the Gratia or Siliqua , Miliareufe y 
 and the Follis, Ore \ and now proceed to Conjular Coins, as Me- 
 dals ; not as priz'd for the intrinfick worth of the Metal only, 
 but for the Knowledge they communicate to the Learned, and 
 fuch as on that account prefer them to fordid Gain j fince it 
 may happen, that a Medal of Copper may be of more Value to 
 the IQiowing, than its weight in Gold, as an Otbo in the Grand 
 !Bron%e. In the mean time I am far from being convine'd, 
 that what we call Medals did always pals for bare and fimple 
 Mony y as the name feems to import and challenge by the found. 
 The Problem is indeed learnedly difcufs'd by jntonius Aa- 
 gu(linus y Sebaftian Eri^jus, jEneas Vtcus and others, and con* 
 eluded generally in the affirmative ; but I think all, except the 
 Jefuit Hardoin make exception to Medalions, Imperials^ and 
 thofe of larger fize . For thefe could not be defign'd for ordi- 
 nary Mony, being evidently ftamp'd (to me jmnix efpecially) 
 upon lolemn and extraordinary Occafions and Events ; as the 
 more curious and elaborate fyverfes, Legenda, and lnfcriptions 
 evince, as well as the Shape and Model, for the moft part too 
 large and thick for common Exchange and Ufe ; Not to men- 
 tion their paucity, being rarely found in that great aboundance, 
 and of the fame Emperor and Percuffion, as are daily the 
 fmaller Monies , more accommodate to Commerce. And 
 though the Senat and People of fyme honoured their Cdfars 
 (as we fhall come to {hew) by decreeing their Effigies fhould 
 be fet on their Coins (as we may learn from our BleiTed Savi- 
 ours Queftion to the Captious Jews) yet does it not, I think, 
 infer, that where we find an Emperors or Confuls Head on a 
 Medal, it muft therefore be common Mony : Nor does the Rea- 
 fon weigh light with me which was alledg'd by Cobergeus to 
 the Noble ( Peireskius y confulting him about this matter - y name- 
 ^fjr>?c// P^ki |X> the impoffibility of Medals being made for current Mony; 
 ^ , . forafmuch as the very Type, and Form of one (ingle Stamp, 
 
 y& YtyAu f would have taken up at leaft two months time of the moft 
 
 diligent Artift to finifti it for the Hammer, and then not endure 
 the Coining of above two or three hundred ; which being great- 
 ly batter'd and impair'd (if for Mony) the Charge of Workman- 
 fhip would far have exceeded the value of the Species. To this it 
 being anfwered, that the Romans ufing the Induftry of their nu- 
 merous 
 
A Vtfcourfe f M E D A 1 & 9 
 
 — — ■ — ~ & "c/l — — 
 
 merous Slaves, [tf^cofl: them liccle or nothing) Cobergtus re- 
 plies, that could riot be, fince Slaves and lervile Perfons, 
 were by an cxprcfs Statute prohibited the Painting any thing, 
 or fo much as Learning, or ufing the Art of Drawing and 
 Defign ; without which addreis it could not poflibly be ac- 
 complifhed ; For that ingenuous Quality being taken into the 
 Liberal Arts, it was, as rimy tells us, defended <Perpetuo In- ^ at 
 terditlo, ne fervitia ddcerentur, neque in hat , nec in Toreutice ' ? 
 ullfus qui ferVterk opera celebrantur : So that it Was never leen 
 that any excellent Piece of that nature, was the Work of a 
 Slave or fervile Hand. But to proceed. 
 
 Had Medals been look'd on as Pieces of Money only, they 
 Would not (as we (aid) have been held in that eftimation, 
 as we find they were; and by the Emperour Adrian, and 
 other Princes, given and received as Jewels ; Prefents and 
 Miffilia made of them as marks of Honour. But not to a- 
 mufc the Reader with thele Refearches, (which have already 
 taken up large Volumes well deferving theperufalj) 'tisfuf- 
 flcient for the Dignity of Money abftra6ted from Medals, that 
 the Scriptures repeat the ancient life of it for the Purchafe of 
 Lands and Corhmbdities; and that Gold and Silver, as moft 
 pretious, beautiful, and leaft obnoxious to ruft and decay, 
 (fuchas was proved and refin'd 0 were the Matter, valued 
 for its intrinlic Goodnefs, long before We hear of it in Pro- 
 phane Authors ; however in after Times, not only all 6- 
 ther Metals were imploy'd, but their purity debated, and 
 alloy'd wich ignoble Mixtures and Adulterations, asneceflity 
 and occafion recjuir'd : Of which Plutarch, Zonaras, Xipki- 
 I'm, <Paulus Diaconm, and other Hiftorians afford many in- 
 ftances. Thus we read s that Alexander Severus (tho an in- 
 comparable Prince) composed a Melange of a fifth part of 
 Silver, and a fourth of Gold j (by Tliny call'd Eleetrum) Ca- 
 racalla difhonoured it with Lead j or to reckon better, the 
 degeneration not of Money and Metals only, but of all the 
 politer Arts, fucceeded that Inundation of the Goths, not fo 
 much invading as invited in to their Deftruction. 
 
 Here then ended the luftre of Medals, Riches, and Glory 
 of that renowned Empire, counting from the Dicfotoifhip of 
 Cefar, imprefs'd on the fineft Siher j and fo continuing till Se- 
 Verus, or as fome fay, from Tompey the Great , to Caracalla 
 (whom now we mentioned ;) when after this Gordian made 
 his Coin, half of Brafs, ti\\ the Toftbumi, and lb down to /«- 
 
 C ftiniap,- 
 
io A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Jlinian, who indeed reftored it to fbme degree of fplendor. 
 both as to the Matter and Form pgain, until about the Reign 
 of Thocas, when Church-Tyranny began with that of the 
 Turk, and both Eaft and Weftern Empire were Ruin'd, by 
 the Ambition of the one, and Arms of the other. 
 
 The truth is,after the firft three hundred years of the Cefars, 
 there was very little care of any Coins, prefer ving the ^pman 
 Majefty by Medals. For from thence to Theodofuu, we meet 
 with none but fmall, thin, defpicable Pieces, without Re- 
 lievo ; and from the Divifion of the Empire, fince the death, 
 of that Prince, nothing fave barbarous in Figure, fyverfe, 
 Cbara&er, Legend, <src. fo as none looked any more after 
 them : Nor recovered they any fort of value for either their 
 Beauty or Metal, for almoft a Thoufand Years ; when Taint- 
 ing and Architecture began to revive, and rofe as it were out 
 of the duff. This firft Refurrection one may reckon to be 
 about the time of Ferdinand of Aragon, or the Reign of John 
 Emperor of Con/lantinople fomewhat before, when there was 
 ftruck a Golden Medal, reprcfenting the Council of Florence with 
 fbme tolerable Art. 
 
 As to other Nations, the Carthaginians Coin was firft in 
 Lead ; that of the Lacedemonians Iron 5 and even fbme Me- 
 dals both of the Republick and Imperial, are foliated with 
 Silver upon this fturdy and inflexible Metal of which our 
 Anceftors the Britains had not only Plates engraven with 
 Flowers and Animals of hideous fhape, but Chains and Rings 
 of it inftead of Money. Our learned Selden (Tpeaking of 
 the Bratleate Coin) feems to infer their beating it extremely 
 thin a long while after, to prevent its being counterfeited ; fo 
 as a Piece of Money which was then worth but a Penny, made 
 fquare, and with Coins or Corners (as then they fhap'd it, till 
 Henry the Firft turned it round again) might eailly be broken 
 into two, or four parts for Half pence and farthings, as fomc 
 
 rJecl^fsl! °^ our worn ' ouc an d detrited Harry * Groats, might now 
 ver com w into Pence. Whether this magnificent Prince after ihofeex- 
 rd T '™i trava g ant Summs he Luxurioufly lavifh'd and confumed, 
 ar " defcended to make ufe of Leather; it has not been my hap to 
 fee any of it. But one who made almoft as great a 
 noife in the World, Frederick JEnoharhus was forced to pay 
 his Souldiers with A fucn matter, Scorteis Nutnmis. But more 
 remarkable is that which Martin Crujhs tells us of another 
 
 Frederick , 
 
A Vilcoiirje ©/"MEDALS. M 
 
 Frederick, (peaking of the Siege of Faventia and other Places, 
 during the Wars oiltdfy: The Emperor, fays he, (meaning 
 Ferdinand the Second) Omni pecuma, c&terifque preciofis rebus 
 con fumpt is, Monet am ex Coiio fecit ; incujus una parte, 1m per atoris 
 Imago erat, in altera Veto Jquila Imperii. Mandavit, ut durante M Cr $fa s 
 hoc belh, ab omnibus in cmendo <(? vendendo acciperetur, precio Annul. Sut- 
 nummi aurei AUGUSTAN I. Nam confeEto hello, pro fin- ™°r. lib. u 
 gulis Coriaceis, totidem aureos venientibus perfolutum in , &c. 
 And Tbilip Comines fays , that Money was fo exceedingly 
 fcarce in France after the Ranfom of King John , Son of 
 <P/;/7. de Valoh, that they did life Leather Money, through 
 which a fmall Bofs-nail of Siher was ftruck in the middle, 
 as we now find a little piece of Copper in our Tin Farthings, 
 to give them ftrength and value. The fum of the Ranfom, it 
 feems, was fo vaft (as Money then was precious) that their own 
 Hiftorians tell us, that befides feveral Lands, Territories 
 and Seigniories, e£r<r. Homage done by great Perfons (re- 
 taining the Titles of Sovereignty both of Sea and Land) there 
 was pay'd no lefs than Three Millions of Crowns, which is, cry jom&j 
 One and Twenty Millions, Four Hundred and Twelve Thou/and ^jffiy J ^ 
 five Hundred Livers of their money at this day. In the mean ^^fj^y^ 
 time, if it be true, that Nwna usd Leather Money, a truly 
 anticnt Piece were an extraordinary Rarity, and would fpeak 
 its value. We read, and have feen of Taper Money, nay of 
 baked and figillated Earth • Turcelan, Coral, Salt, Linnen, Cot- 
 ton, Fruit,8cc, incomparifon of which Achate and Jeate (which 
 have been alio us'd for money) bear fbme intrinfic Worth. 
 Mention is likewife made of Shells, Tibbies ( I rather 
 
 think amvSij^i, or JEnei Calculi ferving for Lots) nay Bones of 
 human Skuls, (which if of an Enemy flain in War, were of 
 great Value among fome barbarous <Peo pie) and other Bones 
 are Traffick at this day among the rude Americans ; but of 
 what Animal we are not told, only that 'tis yet fo great a 
 fecret with them, that the moft induftrious Nations Bartering 
 with them, have not hitherto been able to impofe upon them 
 43^, any thing they have endeavoured to Counterfeit it by. In 
 fliort, thefe bale and inferior Materials, were among the 
 civilizd Nations never made ufe of, fav'e in utmoft exigence, 
 as was that on Card, or Paper, in the famous Siege of Leideru 
 Upon other occafions 'tis remarkable , that wherever the 
 Species is much debafed, the People are fo too, and ever un~ 
 
 C 2 der 
 
 4. 
 
, z A Vijcuwfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 der grievous OppreiTions. Thus chat Tyranc Dionyfius, and 
 thole of Sicily money'd Tin, and corrupted the Coin ; and fo 
 our Chronicle tells us, that when there were in England, tot 
 fReges, vel potiusTyranni, quot Domini (almoft as many Kings 
 or Tyrants, as Lords of Caftles) they ftamp'd what they 
 . pleafed : But then ( as Mr. Selden notes ) was the whole 
 Kingdom milerably torn in pieces, and the Rights of Ma- 
 jefty fliattered, which obtains to it felf no little luftre from 
 Coining Money. Indeed the Cities of Canterbury, ^ocbefter, 
 • As Arch- and fuch as had * been Garrifons of old, and fome other Cor- 
 bifhop Ceol- porations and Towns, Abbots and Bifhops had betore the Con- 
 before <jueft, their jtEdes Monetarii, with Privilege Flandi, Feriundi, 
 King Ethel- &c. at pleafare ; but we (peak of thofe who had it not, but 
 
 ftans who abus > d k# The j aft j tIlink among Qur p relats 
 
 was the great Cardinal Wolfey, of whom there are yet to be 
 feen fmall Coins with his half Face Effigies, ftampt at Dur- 
 ham ; and fome of Cutbert Tun/ial, and there is a Piece of 
 Archbifhop Cranmer ; I do not fay from this Privilege. 
 
 And now after all we have faid of thefe Debafements 
 of the barbarous Ages, there were, and ftill are extant of 
 Lead both Conjular and Imperial Medals, with fome Greek ve- 
 ry Antient, nor lefs Auchentick, and for that caufe purchas'd 
 now and then with Gold it felf. 'Tis true, they were after- 
 wards prohibited by a Law exprels, which did but inhaunce 
 their value among the curious as did fome of the nobleft 
 Metals that were call'd in, melted down, and abolifh'd in 
 deteftacion of Tyrants, and fuch as unworthily abus'd their 
 Power ; Nero, Tiberius, Commodus, Caligula, the oblcene He- 
 'Brought hi lagabalus ; that of our late Regicide and others. But as to 
 ^hilmiAn c ^ ac Metal ( whatfoever it were) the debafers of Gold and 
 in Refining Silver (rho mighty Princes) loft their Reputation, it being 
 and Coming- almoft the only blemifh of that virtuous Emperor Marcus 
 Sterlfng" W<? Antoninus, for but covering his Coin with thin Plates of Sil- 
 from the ver< Be it therefore to the praife of our renowned Elizabeth 
 Star' ufuaUy ( a ^ cr " ^d been corrupted almoft ever fince Richard the 
 mark J m Fir ft, and the Standard eftablifh'd by K: Edward the Firft) 
 the money. w ho made this Reformation fo great and mining a part of her 
 ^fromth?' R° va l Care, tho fomething had been done in it before by 
 Saxon word, the German * Eflerlings, about the Reign of our Second Henry 
 M'ifii* above Five Hundred Years fincc. 
 
 .Weigh, 
 
*A Vtfcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 But however Mo?iey y and Medals of Gold and Silver, were 
 ever had in higheft Estimation for the Matter (as having 
 thole tranfcendent and eiTential Conveniences, Metallum, To?i- 
 dus w Figura) Thofe of Copper have no lefs been fought af- 
 „ter for their egregious Form, Antiquity, and that commonly 
 they bear the Figures and Reveries io accurately, as not fel- 
 dom to difpute it with the richcft Ore. Indeed whatever we 
 find in either of thofe precious Metals, is alio found in Copper, 
 but not Vice versa : All is not to be met with in Gold and 
 Stiver which are often found in firafs and Copper. As for 
 thofe other Materials mentioned, whatever cogent neceffity 
 might fometimes introduce, antient Moneyers own but thofe 
 Three authentick Metals, uiually mark'd by the Triumvir 
 A. A. A. F. F. Auro, Argento, JEre, Flando, Feriundo, <?c. 
 
 Medals then a Metallis ; for we allow the Name in this 
 following Dilcourfe to no other Material, diftinguifh'd (as we 
 fhall fhew) from current Money and Coin, by feveral other 
 Characteriftics and Circumftances relating to the Workman- 
 fhip, variety of Subject and Erudition, not frequent, or of 
 any notable Ufe in common Money, Head and Effigies on- 
 ly excepted. 
 
 Having thus difpatch'd the Matter, we come next to the 
 Time when the feveral Metals came into Ufcj and I am in- 
 clined to think, that the hard and more vulgar Iron and Cop- 
 per, as mod ufeful for the Field abroad, and Houfe within- 
 doors might be of the elder date ; there being no queftion yet 
 of the Antiquity of Gold and Silver next to thofe : The dif- 
 ficulty is, when firfttliey began to Coin either, toourpur- 
 pofe of Medal, &c. Homer fays, the antient AchiYt us cl no 
 money ftamp d, but a rude rnais of Iron and Copper, which 
 they Barter'd as the wild Indians now do for Baubles, Knives> 
 Glafs-Beads, and as of old the Scythe, Seres, Sar mats, theLw- 
 fitani, Lacedemonians, Bi^antines and others: And, for ought 
 I find, jEs Grave in the lump, and 'Bullion it felf (as many 
 Ages after they paid Sums in France by Lingat, as well as in 
 Coin, to the time of Philip the Fair) continued without any 
 elegant Form orlmpreffion, till Seryius Capio, and Cn.Sempro- 
 nius being Confuls ; or as others, from the beginning of the 
 Building of (Rome, to the time of King Vyrrhus, before they 
 fet any mark or ftamp upon Silver : And their Copper at firft 
 was flat, without any Sculpture at all, until Servius Tullius 
 
 a 
 
A Vt/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 (I fpeak of the Romans) made an Ox or Sheep, or fome fuch 
 Animal be Coined on the (ReVerfe. But ftill ( as we faid ) 
 the Matter was only Copper ; whence the Quccjlors or Trea- 
 furers of the jErarium had their Denomination, and fo con- 
 tinu'd it all the time that the nobler Metals were in ufe 5 
 which, as Pliny affirms, (fpeaking of Silver) was not till a- 
 y bout the GBfrXXV. year after the foundation of the City,un- 
 der the Confulfliip of Fab'tus Pitlor, and^. Callus, five 
 years before the Firft Punick War ; nor ftamp'd they any 
 Gold at all till the LXII. year that the other had been in com- 
 mon Ufe ; fome affirm above Two Hundred Years after: 
 A good note to caution ones not being impos'd on by Me- 
 dals, tho of that precious Metal, pretending to have been 
 {truck by any King or Conful before chat Date. In the mean 
 while is it not ftrange, that in the late Difcoveries of America 
 neither Gold nor Stiver, fo greedily coveted, were thus made 
 ufe of, where thofe rich and precious Metals do naturally 
 grow ? 
 
 Now as touching Impreffions (which as we obferv'd, were 
 very rude and fimple at firft) 'tis probable they began them 
 with their Deities, and next with their Kings, whom they 
 Worfhipped and often made their Gods. 
 
 Then appeared (Roma Galeata, with her Helmet often 
 wing'd, Caftor and Pollux on Horfeback, the Figures of Vtclo- 
 ria in the double or triple Car - } whence the 'Bigati, Trigati, 
 Quadrigati, ViEloriati, <&c. on the Denarius, were of the ear- 
 lieft ftamp: Sometimes the Tutelary of the Place, Name and 
 Effigies of the Prince, Magiftrate, (3$$^ Foundation, De- 
 dication, or Monetarie Triumviri (who during the Conjulat Go- 
 vern'd the Mints a long time as they pleas'd) for what ufe, 
 of what Matter and Weight we have partly Oiew'd. Hence 
 are fprung the Alginates, Gigates, Staters of Croefus, Darics, (phi- 
 lippics, and other Denominations, known, as we noted, by 
 the Heads, Places, Characters, Zsrc. And tho doubtlefs ac 
 firft (even among both Greeks and (Romans >w\\\\il thatRepub- 
 lick Flourifh'd) the Title, Note or Cypher exprefs'd the lim- 
 ple weight of the Metal only, 5. C. or fome Confular Mark 
 (as already fliew'd) Yet as the Republick declined and the 
 People became Flatterers of the haughty Conqueror they 
 eafily lubmitted to whatfoever alteration might gratifie the 
 ambitious Prince, by Engraving the Name, and celebrating 
 
A THJcourfe (MEDAU, 
 
 the Exploits of the afpiring Man: And then began their Ef- 
 figies, with the various ^verfes, expreffing their moft fignal 
 Actions, Exploits, and Heroic Undertakings, to adorn their 
 Coins and Medals ; fo very ufefu! for the clearing of many 
 obfcure and recondit PalTages of Hifiory, Chronology, and ci- 
 ther parts of Erudition: Or which in the following Periods. 
 To proceed then. 
 
 Medals are in chefirft place to be confider'd, not only as to 
 the Metal and Impreffion, but in relation to the St^e and Mo- 
 del. We pafs therefore from the Matter to the Form and Sub- 
 ftanc?, which was antiently neither fo thick nor large as af- 
 terwards, ' nor the ^evcrfes of their ampleft Medalions exceed- 
 ing three Inches Diameter, and thence diminishing to three 
 quarters of an Jnch, ufually diftinguiflied by their feveral 
 magnitudes, which are Three. 
 
 Of the firft ( fuppos'd of Greek. Original ) were thofeof 
 Copper (ytc not excluding Gold) more frequently met with 
 of the two later dimenfions, de moyen 'Bronze, or middle fize, 
 fome few sxcepted j as thofe of Philip Father of Alexander 
 Magnus, Lyjtmachus, d'finoe, Berenice, the (Ptolomjes, with 
 (bme others ; and thofe Coined by the infamous Elagabalus, 
 ( more rarely found ) with fuch as Tiberius Conjlant'me is re- 
 ported to have fertt to Chilperic King of France (defcrib'd by 
 Taulus Viaconus) and as were ufually given to great Princes 
 upon occafions extraordinary, and not feldom likewiie fcat- 
 tered among the Mobile and Spectators on days of Triumph, 
 Jubilees, and folemn ProceiTions ; of which fort Caligula long 
 fince fprinkled a confiderable Large/shorn the Palace of Julia, 
 which rendred them more common. Some of thefe were 
 Medalions of the large fize, de grand Bronze ( as the French 
 Term is) more fubftanrial, and in higher ^etoo, which are 
 very rare ; efpecially the ^omanf, by reafon that the Injcrip- 
 tions, Heads , and %everjes are more legible and confpicuous, 
 as having been ftruck on Publick and lblemn Occafions, and 
 Ceremonies of State • fuch, as Suetonius tells us, Augustus was 
 wont to prefent to his Favorites during the Saturnalia ; 
 and we at this day fee frequently ftamp'd in Gold, as hono- 
 rary Tokens appendant to Chains of confiderable value ; and 
 even to Orders of Knighthood, as that of S. Mark at Venice, 
 Or. alfo to Soldiers , Seamen, Commanders, Matters of 
 Ceremonies, Heralds, great Scholars, Poets- for fuch a Me- 
 
 \ 
 
1 6 A Vifcourfe of MED A L S. 
 
 dal, tho but of Silver, the witty Ovid fomewhere celebrates, 
 
 Argentum felix, omnique beat'ms auro : 
 
 For its bearing the Effigies of that Demy God Auguflus : And 
 fo famous Painters , Sculptor $ 9 and other Peribns of diftingui- 
 fliitfg Merit wore Medaliws. They were given likewife to 
 Amhajfadors, and fent to States-men, as was that to the Swijs 
 by Henry the Fowrfk of France with his Effigies $ the ^everje 
 an Altar between two Columns, wreath'd about with Palms 
 and Laurels, and fupporting a Crown ; the Exurge. E X. 
 A\i%0. F%ANC\GENA. ANNO. FOEDERIS. 
 ^ENO V ATI. EFFOSSO. and in the Circle this Chrono- 
 gram y M. DC II. %egh SaCra FoeVera MagnL But like to 
 thefe truly antient,and of Cold, were a rarity ineftimable, fuch 
 a one as that Voflhumus of the, French Kings, that weighs Six 
 LoVis d Orj^and a Gratian&'m the Imperial Cabinet e£ above 
 twenty, approaching the fize of the largeft Brafs. Such, I 
 fay, were ineftimable ; forafmuch as befides the intrinfic Va- 
 lue of the Metal, there wctf ample field to contain the Sub- 
 ject, reprefent the Figure, Hiftorical <%everfes and Erudition 
 in bolder Relievo (as that of Adrian, and fome others) where- 
 of a Collection, tho of Brafs or Copper, were precious indeed; 
 but a perfect Series would, I fear, not only be very difficult 
 to procure, but impoflible to be met withal in any Cabinet 
 of the beft furnifhed Prince in Europe. He that arrives to four 
 or five hundred fuch Pieces is Mafter of a great Trea- 
 fure. 
 
 Thofe of the Greek confiding of all Metals, and of very 
 moderate fize, and little elegancy, are every where to be had ; 
 and the varioully denominated Attic Obolus, with the Head 
 of Mmerva and Notlua, of as vulgar Ufe as our Farth'mgs y 
 but hardly by half fo large as the Tokens which every Ta- 
 vern and Tippling- Houfe ( in the days of late Anarchy a- 
 mong us) prelum'd to ftamp and utter for immediate Ex- 
 change, as they were paflable through the Neighbourhood, 
 which tho feldom reaching farther than the next Street, &z 
 two, may hapjfjjly in after times, come to exercife and bu fie 
 the learned what they fhould fignifie, and fill whole 
 Volumes with their Conjectures ; as I am perfwaded feveral 
 
 as 
 
A T)i[courje of M £ D A L S. 17 
 
 as arrant trifles have done, and ftill do, cafually ment ioned 
 in antient Authors. 
 
 Another fort of Medalions (nor altogether Co ample, nor 
 fo skilfully wrought, and ever in Copper) are by our Anti- 
 quaries call'd * Contomiati, fometimes diftinguifh' d by a cer- * 7 be Itali- 
 tain hollow bordure, or fmall (hallow infculp'd Figures, Tup- ™*J*™. n 
 pos'd to be about the date of Tbeodofms, or at fartheft Seve- 'J™^"^ 
 rus, or not much before; rarely enough to be met with : Home. 
 But for this chiefly eftimable, that they received their Imprei- 
 fions whilft moll of the antient <%ome was yet fubfifting ; and 
 for which Medalions of the largeft Volume are ever to be va- 
 lued : For in thole it is we fometimes meet the Heads of Ho- 
 met, So/on, Pythagoras, Euclid, Socrates, Ap. Tyaiuus, Olym- 
 pic Victors, Palms and Charrioting • whether refembling the 
 Perfons or not, and therefore their Antiquity a little quefti- 
 oned. Thofe in Silver, from Pompey downwards, are not 
 fo rare ; relating chiefly to Kings and Cities, as of Syria, Ma- 
 cedonia, <fc\ Of which fee the learned M. Vaillant. 
 
 Medalions of Gold and greater volume, I think there are 
 very few, if any at all, or of the reft larger than our new 
 Half- Crown Pieces,andthoie ( as I faid) of Copper only, rarely 
 of any other: But towards the lower Empire, there are fre- 
 quently found great and fmaller, of which the largeft are 
 Gold, Tome equalling the weight of our five Pound Pieces ; 
 more or lefs eftimable for the Stamp and Perfbn. Next thefe 
 we reckon Medalions of the larger Copper, fomewhat broader 
 and thicker than our Horfemen ; and of Silver very rare. 
 The Grand 'Bronze, after Pofthumm (when, as we noted, the 
 Coin was alter d) is a Medalion ; thofe of the middle fize, 
 and the fameSpecies, are fomewhat (mailer. Next to thefe, 
 being the very imalleft, whether Copper or Silver, (and which 
 perhaps might pafs commonly for Moneys-Exceed not much 
 our new Mill'd Shillings, nor are fome fo large, elpecially 
 towards the Has Empire. We frequently meet of the firft in 
 Gold and of more fubftance, till approaching the later Reigns 
 they diminifh'd extremely. 
 
 Here it is they critically Note, as to the three dimenfions 
 of Copper Medals (namely the larger,middle,and fmaller Bronze) 
 that in cafe one of the firft fize for breadth and fubftance, 
 bear a Head no bigger than one of the fecond or middle 'Bronze, 
 it is to be reckon'd but one of the fecond Clafs j where- 
 as another, tho not fo thick and (ubftantial, yet bearing a 
 
 D deeper 
 
A Vifcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 deeper and more extant Head, (hall take place before one of 
 the flrft Form : Tho there be Medals of theleaft fize of much 
 greater Value and Efteem, for their being rare, and chal- 
 lenging preeminence of the largeft. To conclude, as to 
 Model and Size of Medals ; we meet with both Gold and Sil- 
 ver of not above half the Weight and Subftance of the flrft 5 
 nor are the laft we mentioned any thing fo rare, as thofe of 
 Gold. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Medals relating to fever al Nations, Civil, and Barbarous. Of 
 Heads, Effigies, and their Impreffions. Of Ornaments j Con- 
 fularand Imperial Medals. 
 
 MEdals are farther confiderable as to the State and Peo- 
 ple to which they relate ; diftinguifliable and to be 
 known by the Make, Fabric and Symbolums, whether He- 
 brew, Tunic, (Barbarous and Modern, and tho not lb much 
 fought after, are yet not altogether to be neglected j as we 
 fliall come to fhew. 
 
 Thofe of the Jews, or Hebraic, were the Side or Shekel, 
 venerable, if truly genuine, which few are thought to be. 
 The Drachma or Obolus (as we have noted) doubl'd, or di- 
 minifh'd, as Exigences and Circumftances of the Imall Com- 
 merce that peculiar Nation had in the World rcquir'd : And 
 therefore had they Coins both Silver and Copper of all fizes, 
 fpecifying the value $ but whether they ftamp'd any of Gold is 
 not fo evident. To be fure, they Coined none for Medals 
 upon any Hiftorical account, whatever we derive from them, 
 tho Monjieur "Foinard be of another opinion ; who from the 
 date of certain Medals with Samaritan Infcriptions, illuftra- 
 ting (as he thinks ) that remarkable Paflage in 1 Mace. iiL 
 calculates the Time of Sions Deliverance there mentioned : 
 But this I believe very rarely, fince they would endure no 
 Human, or Animal Figure at all, till the (Romans had fubdu'd 
 that ftiff-neck'd and refractory People as may be obferv'd 
 in thofe frequent Reverfcs of Vefpafian and Htus, reprefent- 
 ing a difconlblate Woman, leaning on her Arm under a Palm 
 Tree (which was the Symbol of faUflina) with JudtaCapta 
 
 in 
 
A Vijcourfe (MEDALS, 
 
 \9 
 
 in the Exurge, and not feldom with a Wlxat- jheaf, a Clufter 
 oi Grapes, Vine-leaf or Lotus. In others we have a Crater , or 
 landing Goblet, and now and then the Harp, Portico of a 
 Temple or Sepulchre ; mod of which being long fince their 
 laft and final Captivity and Difperfion, with Hebrew Cha- 
 racters, are looked upon but as modern, and for the mod 
 part of caft Metal ; whilft the more antient (or at lean: Co 
 reputed) bear the ftamp of the Tot of Manna, as fome con- 
 ceive ; or as others, the Cenfer or Thuribulum, carting forth a 
 cloud of Incenfe, and not feldom Revers'd with a iprig of 
 Opo (Balfamum, or the Rod of Mr on, as is conjectured, for 
 they do not all agree ; only as to the Legenda, the Shekel in- 
 viron'd with Samaritan Letters ( tho IQrcher mentions Jffy* 
 nan ) is lead of all fufpecled. But of thefe confult Veljer, 
 Hottinger, Conringius, and others, who give ample Accounts, 
 befides that much commended and fhorter Treatife oi Henry 
 Thukn of Erford, De Varus Siclis <Csr Talcntis Hebrdorum, and 
 our learned Countrymen Brerewcod, Mr. Greaves, and out 
 of them the no lefs learned and induftrious Dr. Walton late 
 Bifhop of Chejler, in his prolegomenon to the Tolyglotte Bible. 
 But, as we noted, thefe Medals, even the moft reputed Ge- 
 nuine, referv'd in the Library at the EJcurial, collected by 
 the Emperor Charles the Eifp^ have not the univerfal fuffrage 
 of being Authentick. 
 
 We have fpoken of the Greek, of which the largeft and 
 moft valuable, (exceeding not our Silver Crown-Pieces) and 
 they of Copper only, were by fome thought to have been 
 us'd only for weight, under the Names of Drachma, Stater, 
 <&c. others there are more common, and not fo large by half, 
 tho iomewhat thicker both Copper and Silver. Finally, to 
 thefe fucceed Coins of all metals and fizes, diminifhing (as 
 we noted) to lefs than our ordinary fingle Pence: Such of 
 the Greeks as we find of Gold in the 1 mailer Pieces are moft 
 efteem'd : Of other Metals (tho for the moft part Copper, if 
 ftruck under the Emperors) there are not a few ; for the vaft- 
 ly fpreading Conquefts of that People, by the wonderful and 
 iuccefsful Expeditions of the Great Alexander, had fcattered 
 innumerable Medals and Coins , w T herever their Armies 
 came, bearing the Effigies of their victorious Leaders, the 
 Cities and Places they won , who had then obtained the 
 Power. 
 
 D % Wg 
 
A Vijcourfe of- MEDALS. 
 
 We mould now come to the Symhola, but we refer ve it 
 to the ^everfe, and proceed to fhew, that thofe Medals of 
 Gold (tho of the moll; refin'd) are, as we noted, by no means 
 the moft eftimable, excepting the ancient Greek of fuperfine 
 Metal, and thofe of the higher %>man Empire, as pure ; as 'twas 
 poffible to render it malleable, for the intrinfic Value,and for 
 that every one cannot go to the price of them : Such are thofe 
 of the firft Emperors, rare indeed both for weight and workj 
 and fo the Siher j but above all thole of Copper, as far as 
 Severus Alexander, as we have already fhew 'd ; but thence 
 from Caracalla to Dioclefian, both Stamp and Metal became 
 defpicable : Albeit we afterwards find Medals of the fineft 
 Silver from Heraclius to Pertinax, and of excellent Matters, 
 but thence lamentably declining. 
 
 Such Medals as have been ftruck in Spain, or any part of 
 Africa fubject to the Carthaginians, bearing the Effigies of Dido, 
 whom they affirm to have firft Coined Money among them, 
 are to be reckon'd Punic, and pretend to great Antiquity : 
 And there is yet in the hands of the curious (and which they 
 have imitated in Spain) fome that ferv d for Traffick : But 
 whether the Medal ftamp'd with the Head of that famous 
 Queen, with a Reverfe of an Horfes Head, and infcrib 'd with 
 inexplicable Characters be authentick, is to be doubted. 
 
 The like may be fa id of the (Phoenicians ( as of the fame 
 race) of which fome we have ofCopper, bearing a fair refem- 
 blance of the Samaritan Letter : Nor pafs we by the Egyp- 
 tian and Arabian, nor Greek of the letter Afia, even before the 
 Conqueft of Alexander; which would be well and diligently 
 confider'd, as of great Importance to the clearing of feveral 
 Hiftorical Paflages : Forafmuch as the Greek and P^oman 
 have hitherto taken upalmoft the whole Study and Application 
 of the curious in this fort of erudition, exclufive to all the reft. 
 
 To thefe in like manner belong the Per pan or Dark, which 
 being of Gold only, reprefent the Head of that great Prince, 
 with fometimes a Sagittarius, or Bow- man on the P^verje; 
 both thefe, and the Parthian bearing frequently a kneeling 
 Figure, holding a Bow in one hand, and Dart or fliort Ja- 
 velin in the other ; is PjversA with a Rowing Galley. Laft- 
 ly, to thefe we add 
 
 jfaJBarbarous, whether Antient or Modern, whofe wretched- 
 ly Ingraven work betrays their Pedigree, elpeciaily appearing 
 
 muce 
 
iA Vifcourje of MEDALS. 
 
 mute and without Infcription, or any relation to good Hi- 
 ftory. 
 
 We do not forget the German, Csrc. with what Urfiius 
 and others have plac'd next the Confular, under the Family 
 Afrani&, bearing Characters relernbling the antient Hetru/ci : 
 Tho(e of the Goths, Huns* Lombards, Cc. belong to this 
 Clafs ; as of Atalaricus, Totila, <t?c. with the (Reverjes oi a 
 ruftic Cart or Wagon drawn by a pair of Horfes, in bafe 
 Metal and ruder Sculpture, very little improv'd even to the 
 Time or Charles the Great, and many Ages after. Olaus 'Mag- 
 nus, yet mentions divers of their Kings both in Gold and Sil- 
 ver, as well as Copper, and fbme very large ones, from the 
 time of Heraclius, when that truculent and lavage People firft 
 invaded that glorious Empire : But of thefe, as we obferv'd, 
 many bear no Letters at all, and therefore of no life or In- 
 ftruilion worth the looking after • but in the mean while, 
 fuch as have, arc not wholly to be flighted : For notwith- 
 ftanding the (Roman Empire had after all its grandeur fuf- 
 fered thofe deplorable Inundations, under the Gothic and o- 
 ther barbarous Nations, we fhall rind the City of (Rome (till 
 preferv'd her antient Elopes of IN VI CTA and JE TE^NA, 
 isrc. in her Coins and Medals : Nor of all her infolent Con- 
 querors was there above one who fb much as attempted to ra- 
 vifh that honor from her. Atulphus going about to change her 
 Name (as did Adrian once that of old Jerufalem) from (ROMA to 
 GOT Hi A in the Publick Money, with a %^ei?/e pf the 
 old City, and Infcrib'd ME MO %IA GOTHIJl,md in- 
 ftead of AUGUST I, U<RJBS ATUL<P HI After all, 
 could not the ambitious man obtain his end, her venerable 
 Name emerg'd again, which file has kept to this day. 
 
 Of the Saracens ( who likewife are to be cenfed a- 
 mong the Barbarous) we meet With nothing, nor indeed of 
 thole we mentioned in any good Author who has made it 
 his peculiar work. 
 
 Coins purely firki/h we find in our learned Camfden, and 
 induflrious Speed, and many my worthy Friend Dr.'P/or has Caft 
 mentioned in his Natural Hijiories of Oxford and Stafford/hires ; 
 and I have feen a Series of our antient Moneys ( I dare fay 
 no counterfeits) from Edward ConfeJJor, to our prefent times, 
 (Richard the Third excepted, which it has not been my hap 
 to light upon, and 'tis probable the Mint might not be 
 
 much 
 
iz A Vtjcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 much imploy'd during the fhort Reign of that Ufurper,which 
 render them fo rare!y found. There is a fmali hollow Coin 
 ieeming to be Gold, but of a mixt or Oblige iort, which has 
 on it aHorfe, rudely defign'd, with the Letters Conob, which 
 (bme will needs have to fignifie Conflantinople ; others, with 
 good reafon, fome Britifl? Prince of ours : But as none of 
 them pretended any Title {Conftantine himfelf excepted, and 
 Britifl? by his Mothers fide) to the Eaftern Empire, it is not 
 agreed to whom it may belong : and what indeed if thofe 
 who fancy it a Britifl? Prince have taken it for our Cunobelin ? 
 The very firft of Britifl? Coin ftamp'd ^pman-like abour the 
 time of Auguftus , reprefenting two ayerfe Faces, and in 
 many of them anHorfe: The miftake of one fingle Letter 
 has often miflead wife Men into as great an error. Befides 
 this, the renowned Foadicia, and fundry other Moneys (fome 
 without any Letters at all) are in the hands of the curious ; 
 fince the Britifl? Kings, even under the ^pman Government, 
 . , were all along permitted to Stamp and Coin, which they 
 fometimes made a little hollow on the ^everfe- y but wherein 
 if any thing intitle them to Hiftory, it is the various Figures 
 which one meets with of fome Animal, Tree, or Plant, (par- 
 vie Ca bd t ^ cu ^ ar ^y ears °^ C° rn ) for diftinction, as may be conjectu- 
 Notar. 7d rec l according to the Nature or Species of the Tribute, by 
 Brit. Numif. an Ordinance of Cefars : But thofe we mention not as Me- 
 dals, moft of them being in fo fmall a Volume, with Heads 
 and (Rcverfes fo vilely bungled, as do not pretend to the 
 name of Sculpture, till about the time of our Henry VlIL 
 from whence forward, 'tisalmoft miraculous, how wonder- 
 fully it improved on the fudden by fome Italians, Germans 
 and other Artifts, who had been invited by that magnificent 
 Prince, for the finifliing of that fumptuous Tomb all of gilt 
 Copper, defign'd for Wind/or, whereof you have the defcrip- 
 tion, as I remember, in my Lord Cberbury : And to what 
 mfi.HenX degree of perfection it is fince afcended by our Synwns, 0{aw- 
 linsy <&c. of our own and other Countries, (and mrMonfieur 
 ^oti efpecially) appears not only in our common and air- 
 rent Moneys, but in fundry noble Medals and Medalwns for 
 Work and Elegancy, emulous of the moft celebrated An- 
 tients } of which hereafter. 
 
 Of 
 
U T>ifcour/e of MEDALS. : 
 
 Of Saxons y Danes, and Normans, are extant many full-fac'd 
 Princes, tho rarely with any tolerable or llgnificant %.y>erfe, 
 yet fometimes endeavouring to prefent us the Gothic Front or 
 Porch of feme Church or Monaftery, as one may fee them 
 pictured in King Alfreds Life with his Cypher, and in feveral 
 of Charlemaines and his Succeflbrs. 
 
 Hitherto we have fpoken of the mod refin'd and precious 
 Metals, Gold and Silver, with thofc of Copper and other 
 mixtures, whilft Medals, even of the bafeft Lead, are fome- 
 times of good Anticjuity, tho chiefly valued for, and during 
 the ^oman Saturnalia, at which times their Slaves kept holy- 
 day, and ^ere of Cuftom indulged to play the Matters : 
 But *t that A any time Lead was current Money, we find no 
 great likelihood j tho a paflage in Plautus, and another of 
 the Poet Martial feem to hint fome fuch matter. One Me- 
 dal indeed there is in Fulvius Pedant* gentis, rarely any where 
 elfe. But thofe Pieces which concern the Saturnalia have 
 commonly ftamp*1ipon them a Swine, or lome fuch Grotefque 
 Figure, or odd Bird, without any profeable Relation to no- (l? 
 bier Hiftory, all Royal Coins being prohibited, whilft this 
 Mock-Reign continu d. Nothing all this jolly time but L«- 
 fusmdjocus • no body was to be ferious, nor yet any thing 
 fpoken malicioufly Abufive, or in cold and ftudied Railery, 
 but ingenious Parodias and Wit upon the fpot : And there- 
 fore both at Athens and at ^ome there was fometimes a Prize 
 and a Garland given to the Perfon who made the wittieft 
 Jeft, during this relaxation, as may both be gathered out of 
 Sophocles, Horace and others. 
 
 In thefe Lihertate Decembr't, the Mafters of the Family us'd 
 themfelves to ferve at Tables, or at leaft fit Cheek by Jole 
 with their Mancipia. Hence Lucian calls them Kjngs of the 
 Table ; of whofe Election Arrianus on EpiEietus,Lib. i . 2*- 
 iDpyochlois "ht^sryg Ba<nA<*U, &c. (Bochartus (-in his Phaleg) pre- 
 tends the Cuftom at leaft as antient as Noahs Malediction on 
 Cham ; that his Pofterity mould fcrve their Servants, and that 
 the Ufage was Univerfal. Nay Becanus lays, 'twas begun 
 in the Ark it (elf, upon the day of the Patriarchs firft dilco- 
 very of the tops of the Mountains : The Jubilation of the 
 Jews refembling fomething of (uch a Feftival Relaxation, 
 But returning to our Medal, 'tis not altogether improbable 
 their ridiculous King, to render it the more fantaftical, might 
 
A Vtfcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 be permitted to Mint this ignoble Money during his Reign, 
 with the Name of his Patron, Office, Sport and Buffonry, 
 fomewhat refembling our Lord of Mi/rule at Chriflmas in the 
 late Age of Englifh Hofpitality. A kind of Prince of the 
 Grange, happening about the fame idle Seafon of the year, 
 when they were wont to facrifice an Hog, as 'tis ftiil the chief- 
 eft time of flaughtering that impure Animal. A great deal 
 more there might be added here concerning thefe Saturnalia, 
 and other times of indulgence and diversions ; their various 
 Symbols, and other extravagancies, of which Authors give 
 large accounts j as that they were inftituted in memory of 
 the Golden Age, when there was an univerfal Parity among 
 all Mankind. Of the Feaft in Babylon, obferv'd in honor of the 
 Goddefs Dercetha, which lalting five days, the Mafters were 
 under the Dominion of their Servants j and one among them 
 call'd the Sorgan or Prince, was wont to be Royally Vefted. 
 Human Sacrifices were at this time alfo offered, in after- Ages 
 abolifh'd by Hercules, and changed into Bone-fires, Illuminati- 
 ons, and Properties mSde of wax, <src. Of the Syntheps or 
 Garment the Mafters wore, whilft they Feafted thus in com- 
 mon. The Cuftom of lending Prefents, Stren<e, and New- 
 Years Gifts, with a deal more which we pals over as foreign 
 to our Subject There is in the mean time this obfervable, 
 that whenever we meet any Medal of this Grotefque and Bi^- 
 %ar fort, one may conclude it a Saturnalia, as fometimes the 
 Letters S. C. Saturni Confulto, or Con filio fhews ; having, as we 
 noted, at this time of Carnival and Libertinifm, permiflion 
 to play^Xj fay and do all kind of ridiculous Impertinences. 
 Now and then we likewife meet with the C before S, which 
 may perhaps alter the Legenda to Conjuetudim, or Convivio 
 Saturnalium, as Monfieur fiaudelot conceives, or fbmething to 
 that tune. 
 
 But other Medals of this ludicrous Nature I find not, nor 
 read I that thole grave and heroical States impreft any, fave 
 upon grave and ferious Occafionsj Raillery in Medals was 
 not then in ufe, however fince degenerated, and ferving to 
 perpetuate as well all Acts of great Injuftice and Inhuma- 
 nity, as Revenge and Jnfults. Indeed Indatyrfus a Scythian King, 
 is reported to have fent Darius a Bird, a Frog, a Rat, and a 
 Dart, intimating, that unlefs he could fly like a Bird, fwim 
 the River like a Frog, and get home again like a Rat, he 
 
 fliould 
 
A Difcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 not efcape the Scythian Dares. And Boleflaus King of Poland 
 fent one of his Palatines an Hare and a Diftaff to reproach 
 his Cowardife and Effeminacy. Of the fame kind was that 
 of the Dolphin of France, whofent to our Fifth Henry aTun 
 of Tennis Balls, as to a foft and idle Prince : But which he 
 foon returned with Bullets that made ail France weary of the 
 rude Play. But thefe were but tranfient Boafts, and for re- 
 proof j nor find we any fuch fharp and provoking inftances, 
 m noble Medals which were lafting, and had been of evil 
 confequence, to the keeping up of eternal Feuds, and glo- 
 rying in Acts of Cruelty. Such as is that Medal of Tope Gre- 
 gory the Thirteenth, Revers'd with the reprefentation of thofe 
 inhuman Butcheries committed on fo many Thoufands of 
 innocent and brave Perfons as perifh'd in the Tarijian Majfa- 
 cre ; and another of like nature which we have lately feen, 
 not only of the abolition of repeated Edicls againft all that 
 is (acred in Oaths and Obligations among Mankind ; but 
 the more favage Executions of the Dragoon Miflions, expref- 
 fing thefeveral Modes of Converfion to theCatholick Church, 
 by an ample Medalion, Inperpetuam tffyi Memoriam* Thofe who 
 may imagine us partial in exaggerating either of thefe inftances, 
 may do well to read the defcription of the firft, by that moft 
 impartial and illuftrious Hiftorian Tbuanus j and for the latter, 
 the prefent and daily fufferings of fo many Thoufands more 
 of Loyal, Valiant, Learned and Noble Perfons, and others, 
 who 'tis impoflible fhouid all agree (in this difperfion) or 
 be able to make the World believe, that all is mere Fable 
 and Invention (as we are told by many) and that they are 
 burnt alive, drag'd through the Streets, expos'd to Dogs and 
 Vultures, chain 'd to the Gailies, ftript of all they have of 
 fecular, and live in Exile, whilft there is no fuch things done 
 or lufFered at all ; and glad I mould be to find this folidly 
 confuted, which I confefs as yet I have not. 
 
 Charles Emanuel Duke of Savoy ( the fame who not long 
 after attempted Geneva by Scalado) eafily leiz'd on the Mar- 
 qui/ate of Saluces, during the Civil Wars of France ; when 
 elated with that fuccefs, he ftruck a Medal, which had in 
 %el>erje a Centaure trampling on a Gallic Crown, with this In- 
 fcription, OTTO ^TU NE. The Broils and Troubles 
 in France being fhortly after compos'd, Henry the Fourth 
 fends an Army into Savoy, and quickly ftript the haughty 
 Duke, not only of that he had taken,but of all he elfe poflefs'd 
 
 E on 
 
26 
 
 A Difcourfc of M E D A L S. 
 
 on this fide the Alpes, requiting him with another Medal, on 
 the ^everfe of which was Hercules with his Club, treading 
 undet toot the Centaure, with the word 0 <P (P ORTU NlUS. 
 Thefe were noble and ingenious, and free from cruel and in- 
 human. 
 
 To the Form of Medals belongs Impreffion and Figure of 
 whatfoever kind. We begin with Heads, as beft determi- 
 ning and guiding the Series ; and tho there is likewife fome- 
 thing to be expected on both Tables, and that now and then 
 we find no Head at all, yet, for diftindtion fake, one fide 
 y iirjinuni i s called the Head, the other the ^evtrje. Medals without 
 iri C &x ^ %?ver[e are never antique, but may without Head be good ; 
 
 as tnat °^ ^uguftus's Mint-Matter, JRl'B. TOT. and ano- 
 ther of Vitellius which has only two hands joined, with FIVES 
 EXE^CITUUM. The ^eyerje a Figure with CONCOR- 
 DIA (p^JEro^UNO^UM. 
 
 The naked and fimple bare Head, and unadorned, was 
 moft antient, which tho ufually fignifying the Son, or A- 
 doptive Heir, or e&fuch as died before they came to Reign, 
 ( as Drufus, Germanicus, Aurelius, and others) yet we find 
 fome among them who were actually Emperors bare-headed : 
 Nero, Galba, <?c, and even Auguftm himfelf, tho more fre- 
 quently with a Laurel or Diadem • but which few, if any 
 of the Cefars or prefumptive Heirs, prefum'd to wear, ex- 
 cepting fome of the Family of the Conflantines • of which, 
 and of feveral Coverings, more anon. 
 
 Seldom does the ESlype or Effigies (humerorum tenus) reach 
 below the breft, and the more antient Medals fhew only a 
 naked neck, as if Eras' d or amputated from the fhoulders, if 
 farther, not much below them, rarely to the middle in 
 or dreffed in Armour, unlefs an Emperor, or fome great Cap- 
 tain, and that feldom, but more frequently with fome fmall 
 part of the Confular loofe Garment, the Taludamentum , or 
 Royal embroider'd Mantle, the Imperial Trdtexta, or Mili- 
 tary Chlamys, 0~c. for they had of old no diftinguifhing Ha- 
 bit but the Purple Robe. 
 
 Ladies have their Teplus, a fort of flight Scarf, button'd 
 or halp'd on the Shoulder or right Arm a little under the 
 Pap, as we commonly find the Epkfian Diana, and other 
 female Statues. 
 
 But 
 
A Vijcourje (MEDALS, 
 
 27 
 
 But as to the Face, feldom or very rarely meet we with the 
 full Countenance, or fo much as what Painters call the three 
 quarter or Philip F/ice,but in Profile only, excepting in Pgverjes, 
 where fomctimes many fmall Figures meet, and where iri 
 the antient Greek, or modern P^oman Medals we find them 
 Bearded, as thole of (Brutus, Hadrian, firft of all the C&fars 
 (for they generally fhav'd dole before) Trajanus • two or 
 three of the good Emperors following, and in fome of Toft- 
 humus but Julian Affectedly, I mean not nicely, but that 
 he might appear like a Philofopher, for which he was de- 
 rided by thofe of Jntioch , and afterwards fufficiently re- 
 venged himfelf. And indeed moft of the antient Kings of 
 (Rome were barbati, nor left they off that grave mode, till a 
 good while after, (Barbers being interdicted and expelled the 
 City. All the Parthian Kings were Pogonati, wearing pro- 
 lix Beards ; fo did feveral of the Greeks, Demetrius, and others 
 of the Seleucid Family, tho with only a Lanugo about the 
 Chin. Many of the Philofophers alfo Bearded, as we find 
 Plato in a certain Reverfe of Auguflus. 
 
 In fome again we meet Capita adverfa, Face againfl: Face, 
 as in that Medal of Severus, and the Emprefs Domna. Others 
 Averfa, Poll to Poll, but more frequently Jugata, or Jun&a 
 rather, as in that of Cleopatra and Antiochus VIII. Nero and 
 Jgrippina, as in iome of our Kings and Queens formerly and at 
 prefent : And the Dii Penates alfo were with two Heads, and 
 fome had Faces and Heads on both fides, as Antoninus Philofo- 
 phus ; nay fome were ftamp'd with Three ; for fo we find 
 Valerian withGallicM and his Brother ; Otacilla with her Huf- 
 band and Son ; but indeed thefe encounters are not frequent. 
 
 Nor do they only give us Heads, but we likewife very 
 often light on Medals reprefenting the full length of the Bo- 
 dy and Perfon, in proportion to the Field or Table ; fuch 
 especially as reprefent fome Deity, difcovered by their Symbola 
 and places of Worfhip, of which not a few among the Im- 
 perials and Cities born in the P^oerfe. Some of thefe are in the 
 pofture of fitting, Veiled, and fo exquifitely defigned to the 
 Life, as eafily to be known ; as in fome of Hadrian, M. Aure- 
 lius, Severn* : Others like Demy -Gods and Genius's, in honor 
 of their divine Virtues nay, two, three or more Figures, 
 as in that Medal of the three famous Sifters Agrippina, Dru~ 
 (ilia and Julia, &c. but fuch indeed are hardly to be diftin- 
 guifhed by their Effigies; and yet has Monjteur Pgti (Gra- 
 
A Vifcourfe o /MEDALS, 
 
 r ver to his late Majefty Charles II.) To accurately expreis'd the 
 / countenance of the Vutche/s of in the Head of 'Britannia, 
 in tht ^eyerfe of fome of our Coin, and efpecially in a Me- 
 dal, as one may eafily, and almoft at firft light, know it to 
 be her Grace : And tho in fmalleft Copper, both for the Per- 
 fons reprefented, and performance of the Artift, fuch as may 
 juftly ftand in competition with the antient Matters ; to 
 name only thofe which he has made Medalions, Gold and Sil- 
 ver of the largeft Volume. Indeed fuch care was taken that 
 no bungler, or but moderate Workman mould be employed 
 on thefe occafions heretofore ; That tho fome Emperors and 
 Emprefles did now and then affect to be drefs'd and difguis'd 
 like Deities, a skilful Artift (by comparing them with other 
 Coins,theDefcriptions and Characters in Suetonius {Plutarch and 
 others, who have written their Lives) may without difficul- 
 ty know by their countenances, whether their Faces were 
 done by Fancy, or (as Painters fpeak) after the Life. But 
 of this lee the learned Seguins Epiftle to Qottofred, De Num- 
 misVompeianis. Whilft in my opinion (Monfieur Vadlant on- 
 ly excepted) his Sculptor has approach'd neareft to the Ar- 
 chetype and original Medal, of moft I have feen j nor are thofe 
 of JEneas Vicus, and De Bries Cefars far moft. 'Tis pity 
 there had not been the like care taken by other more gene- 
 ral Authors who have adorn d their ample Treatifes on this 
 Subject with the 'Burin. 
 
 We come now to the Greeks, of all others the moft ve- 
 nerable for Antiquity, and long before <%ome was a City, tho 
 not at firft the moft elaborate ; and therefore whether juftly 
 to the fo perfect refemblance of the Effigies they prefent us 
 with, I dare not ftipulate, when they offer us Tmolus, Ar- 
 chelaus, and go beyond Amyntas, and the yet more antient 
 Heros: But from thence arriving to that perfection of skill, 
 as I doubt not but we may fafely rely upon thofe of his Son 
 (Philip, and Grandfon Alexander; the Seleucid<e fb accurately 
 defcribed, and fet forth in ftamp by the learned VaiUant, tho 
 they pretend to Ages long before ; nor need we much to 
 queftion thole which we find of the Republicks in general, 
 and fome particular Cities, with their Names and Characters, 
 or their Kings and Magiftrates, whofe Heads are frequently 
 Radiant like the Gods in whatever Metal, under the names of 
 Drachma and Stater, or what other denomination we have al- 
 ready mention'd. Theie 
 
%A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 19 
 
 Thefe Regal Heads with the word BASIAEas, are coni- 
 inonly drefs cl with a Diadem, wreathed ftrap or fillet about 
 the Temples, the ends of which ufually (not always) hang 
 dangling behind the knot ; and fome without any Diadem 
 or Rays at all, but bearing fome other Symbol; as in that 
 Gdaris of Ttgranes. Others we find Gemmated and Studded, 
 as in that oi Con ft amines, and (bmetimes with a Cask let with a 
 rank of Pearl, being, I think, one of the firft who wore 
 Jewels in his Diadem, inftead of the more antient plain %b- 
 bon, or fimple Laurel (laid afterwards afide, as having rela- 
 tion to the Heathen Gods) and granted firft to the firft Ce- 
 far, as a mark of the higheft Honor, as well as to hide and 
 fliade the thinners of his hair. For the Kings of the Romans 
 never wore a Diadem,but carried a Scepter or Spear and there- 
 fore where we meet any of them Diadem d, as Numa, An- 
 cm Martius, <&*c. to be fure they were ftamp'd long after their 
 deceafe. Others alfo of the Bafs-Empire, and fome of the 
 EmprelTes, we alfo find with Diadems and Crown^ (but +L 
 not before ) and let on their Heads with great and devout 
 Ceremony , when they became Chriftian ; as now at our 
 Coronations. The younger Juftin being the firft who put 
 it on the day of Inauguration, and therefore not at all effen- 
 tial to the Title of Soveraignty, feveral Kings ufing none at 
 
 2 11. duJ* 
 
 Other Victoria^ Enfigns were the Obfidional, Mural, <Ro- 
 jlral, Ifthmian and Agonal ; (ufually held in their Hands) but 
 indeed as Emblems rather in memory of fome bold Exploit 
 and military Service, than properly loiid Crowns ; And in- 
 deed naturally, and ah Origine, Garlands, and Chaplets, 
 made of the Leaves of Trees, as of Oak ( ob Cives Servatos) 
 common Grafs, Lotus, Smallage, Cty. were of higheft Repute^ 
 which, how plaited and made up, fee in a ^everje of Nero, 
 Hadrian , and fome other Medals, In the mean time that 
 which Auguftus gave to Agrippa upon his naval Victory, was 
 of majfy Gold; and luch as we find on the Heads of Deities, 
 local Genius's j Expugnators or Protectors of Cities, Caftles, 
 and the like, are Turrited, but none of them fo antique in 
 Medal as the naked and natural Head alone, without any 
 ornament, rill (as we noted of the Romans) fauning Syco- 
 phants began to flatter ambitious Princes, attributing Divine 
 Honors and Titles to mortal men. For thofe %ayes we fo 
 
 frequently 
 
;o A <Difcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 frequently find about their Heads, were doubtlels marks of 
 the fplendor which they fancied to be Emanations invironing 
 the Celeftial Being, (whence Painters Radiate the Heads of 
 Saints,) or from fome Tradition of the luftre and fhiningof 
 Mofes's Face, after he was defended from his forty days Con- 
 rerfation with Almighty God. For however our Interpre- 
 ters, St. Hierom, nay Grotius favour the Cornuta fades ; and 
 thence our Painters reprefent this great Legislator with Horns; 
 the miftake without queftion fprung from that Homonymia Vq- 
 xxxiv. Ex c i Sj pp J^arn, (whence the Latin Cornu) importing a Ray 
 pp * 9 ' or Beam of Light, Majefty, Strength, Power, <src. The 
 thing indeed was the fplendor and brightnefs iffuing from the 
 Countenance of that extraordinary Perfon ; as we obferve that 
 the Rays of the Sun appear pointed, reflecting from any 
 bright and polifh'd Metal. But to put this difficulty beyond 
 difpute, that they were real and folid Beams, {Horns 
 in good earned) 'tis reported, they not long fince fliew'd one 
 of thefe very Horns of Mofes in the Treafury of Cliques at 
 St. Marcellus ; and a yet more rare and illuftrious Sight than 
 Monf. Mif this, namely, one of the Beams of that miraculous Star, 
 
 *£hZf\. which we read of > % htd and conduded the Three Wife-Men 
 38. to Bethlehem : But, it feems, they are both of them now va- 
 nifli'd, fo as the Controverfie ftill remains undecided. But 
 to be ferious, be it one or other, Horn or Beams, 'tis not un- 
 likely this might be deriv'd by the Gentiles from the Hebrews, 
 who grounded almoft all their Fictions upon that oblcure 
 Nation, however difdaining to acknowledg their Tlagia and 
 Thefts from a People reputed fo very deipicable, and little 
 known in the World. And 'tis obfervable, (not to infift on 
 Memoes, by fbme thought to be this fignal Prophet, adord 
 by the Egyptians) that their Jupiter Hammon, and Bacchus, 
 (both Compatriots) were the firft which we find thus repre- 
 fented in antient Medal. 
 
 Thus when Alexander the Great had fubdu'd that Nation, 
 we meet him frequently Diadem d with two confpicuous 
 Horns, denoting his Empire over the Oriental World. But this 
 in Tranfitu. The Reader who has a defire to lee more on this 
 Subject, may be furnifh'd with abundance or Erudition in 
 the learned Spanhemius, and other Critics. I oniy note, that 
 altho thofe radiated Circles have fince been bar'd, and made 
 to clofe at the top, covering the whole Head ; to which the 
 
 Em- 
 
J Vifcourfe of M £ D A L S. 51 
 
 Emperor Jujlinian firft added aCro(s,and Thocas another to the 
 Scepzer (as now our European Kings do wear them) the Cu- 
 ftom is yet altogether modern, nor at all fo glorious and he- 
 roic, as when the fimple Diadem or Laurel impal'd the Con- 
 querors Brows, unlefs out of reverence it were to leave the 
 glory and beams of Light to God alone, the Author of it/ 
 For that they were firft of all appropriate to the Deities j 
 thofe of Rhodes y Tenedos, Trape^untia, and divers capital Ci- 
 ties, radiated their Apollo and the Gods whom they worfhip- 
 ped ,• fince moft of the Syrian and Egyptian Medals reprefent 
 thefe Beams darting up as it were out of their very Skulls, 
 and through the hair oftentimes, without any apparent Cir- 
 cle, in w hich one muft elfe imagine their Bafes to be fix'd: 
 But thus, as we laid, it belonged only to that God. Of this 
 the moll remarkable is that Medal of Antiochus Tbeos, whom 
 they call'd God, and to whom accordingly they built and 
 dedicated Temples, erected Altars, Statues, and ordained 
 Priefts, nay, and armed fome of their Idoliz'd Princes with 
 Thunder-bolts as did the Athenians their Timon; and of late 
 the egregious Flatterers of a neighbour King, whom they 
 have refembl'd to the Sun in all his Glory, and that in no 
 fewer than feventy (even Medals and In) captions. But to leave 
 this blazing Comet a while : We -find an Head in Gente Tlau- u r r inus tn 
 tia whofe Rays feem pointed and tip'd with Pearl, not ua-Fam. R°m. 
 like the Coronets of our Earls ; but the Cuftom was not afc 
 fum'd and taken up by the Romans till after they begun to 
 court their Emperors with the Style of DiVt, to whom not 
 only upon Apotbeofes and Confecrations after their deceafe, piorus 1. 4 
 (Nero being the firft who alfumed the Rayd Crown before) ». 
 but even during their Lives they us'd the fame adulations and 
 fuperftitious Rites: Nor thefe alone to their firft Cefar (who 
 fufTered likewile the fame Devotions to be paid him with the 
 Gods i and his Radiated Statues to be plac'd both in Tem- 
 ples and Theatres) but to that affe&ed Antoninus, Helagaba- 
 lus rather (as his Syrian Name imports) who call'd himfelf the 
 Sun, and even to lome of the ambitious TroConfuls, of which 
 frequently we meet the firft in Medals of Auguftus, Tiberius 
 and Caligula, tho not lo generally before thole divine Honors 
 were arrogated D EO. AUGUSTO.N E<P 0 N. ©E02, 
 Nor did this Pagan Relicjue laft but till the time of Conjian- 
 iine the Great's Converfion, and that he totally a bolifh'd their 
 
 impious 
 
3 i A Ttifcourfe o/MEDALS, 
 
 impious Rites ; for until then we meet both that renowned 
 Emperor and his Sons, with Radiations, and flattered with 
 Confecrations : Nor truly was ic fince wholly fo laid afide, 
 but that feveral of his Succeffors made bold to put them on 
 again, and wear them in their Medals and Medahons, as far as 
 down to Arcadjus, Honorius, and lower yet among the Greeks, 
 where we meet them with a certain Nimbus or Glory about 
 their Heads, as in Monki/h Manuicripts and antient Altar- 
 Pieces we find the Saints depicted. It is indeed reported, as 
 if Conftantine (even after he had embraced the Chriftian Faith) 
 ordered the Radiant Crown to be let on that famous (Por- 
 phyritic Column, which he caus'd to be tranlported to his 
 new <%ome from the old ; and I remember Thiloftorgius tells 
 us, that belldes Wax Tapers, there was both Victims and 
 
 Ex Vale f. in Sacrifices offered to it, even by fome fuperftitious Chriftians; 
 
 excerpt but tne C recuc °f tnac Hiftorian,we know, is not over-great. 
 
 That they fet up lights, nay and kneeling before it, implo- 
 ring help and healing of their Infirmities, both (pbotius, Tbeo- 
 dorit and Nicephorus affirm whilft, as to the other, the mi- 
 ftake has been difcovered ; that Statue having been made long 
 before by the hand of the famous Widias to reprefent Apollo, 
 and by no means for that Religious Emperor, tho he hono- 
 red it with his Name, after he had caus'd to be inclofed 
 within it (as they write) fome of the Nails which his Mo- 
 ther Helen is, we know, reported to have miraculoufly dif- 
 covered with the real Crofs, fome time before. But to dif- 
 patch this matter j we do not only in Medals meet with 
 Princes Radiant like Gods, but with all other circumftances 
 of Deity. So Julian was reprefented like Serapis, and others 
 we find often in their company - y Apollo in the ^ever/es of 
 Auguftm^ Domitian with V alias ^ with Commodus, Hercules; 
 Hadrian with Romulus , Maximianus with Mars ; Diode pan with 
 Jupiter <src. And as thefe haughty Emperors, fo their Em- 
 prefles, Daughters, Neeces and Mijjes to be fure, would come 
 in for their fhare, affecting the Garb, Attire, and Symbola 
 of Goddeffes, and fometime Priejlejfes, as did Antonia the 
 Wife of Drujus Nero. 
 
 Pliny mentions an amorous Painter who drew all his Mi- 
 ftrelTes to reprefent fome Deejs\ for which Jujlin Martyr re- 
 proaches the Pagans worfhipping their Courtezans. What 
 would that holy Man now have laid to thofe Chriftians who 
 
 not 
 
A Vifcourfe of M E D A L S. 3 j 
 
 1 not only fee up, and inthrone their MtJJes Pitlures over 
 their Altars, to reprefent the B. Virgin with the Babe in her 
 Arms, but kneel and pay their Devotions to them. But fa 
 Painters with Poetic liberty, Quidlibet Audendi — fet up, and 
 infhrine thefe fair finners as (o many Idols. And thus we 
 have Cleopatra drefs'd like Diana, Sabina the Wife of Hadrian 
 like to Juno, Faujiina with Venus-, as in another rare Medal 
 we fee her mounted upon a Pegafus, carrying her up to the 
 Clouds, and To of others, all of them marks of Deification • 
 for fuch in Medals are thofe who appear veil'd, and with Stars, 
 Altars, Temples and Eagles perching on them, Peacocks, the 
 Plxznix, Elephants, Mules, and Chariots drawn by Lions and 
 the like. 
 
 Let us now delcend again to the Barbarous : The Par- 
 thian, Armenian, and Perfian Monarchs, had their diftinct 
 Crowns ; fome of which refembl'd the Epifcopal Mutt, or 
 Tjiara : Nor was it new, lince there are Medals that prefent 
 us Qefar, and others of the Emperors , arrogating pontifical 
 Dignity, and facerdotal Offices , with their veil'd Heads, 
 us'd by both Sexes, and not feldom with the Lituus, Patera, j irn pu£o<j>-> 
 Siftrum, $tlj ) Lium, and other (acred Utenfils and Characters " 
 of Prieftly Function and Augurie; Mercuries Petafus was 
 wing'd ; Vulcan, and the Cyclops Caps were without brim 5 and 
 Caftor and Pollux had a Star by them. The Phrygian Bonet 
 was what the Polonians ule at prefent, or rather the Venetians 
 Doge : Nor feldom meet we both fexes Headed (fhall I fay, 
 or Hooded with the fpoils of Lions, Wolves and Panthers ; 
 fbme with the Tusks and Promufcis of an Elephant ; others 
 in Casks crifted with the Horns of P^ms, Goits, Bulls, and 
 other Animals of the Herd, which now and then are wing'd, 
 denoting fortitude, terror, fublimity of Mind, expedition in 
 Affairs ; or the Monfters they had fubdu'd , which divers 
 Hero's and Emperors would be reprelented by, in imitation of 
 Alcides, the brawny Commodus fancying himlelf defcended from 
 him, Jupiter Hammon, and others of the Gods and God- 
 defles. For as to Horns, which at this day but to name alone 
 in Spain, would indanger ones Life, (but which the moll il- 
 luftrious of the German Families, and nobleft, bear fb fre- 
 quently on their Cimiers and Crefls) it feems the Cornuted Head 
 was no fuch Character and Mark of Ignominy, as the learned 
 Spanheim fhews in that PafTage of his excellent Woxk,De ufu,<& 
 prttjlantia Numifmatum, which tho not fo very pertinent to our 
 
 F Argument, 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Argument, is yet very entertaining, and worthy a curious 
 Reader. 
 
 To conclude, (and before we leave the Imperial Diadem) 
 we fhali find Tome, even among our Saxon Kings, wearing 
 the Regal Circle after the manner of the Greeks. Edward the 
 ConfeJJor had of early days a Barr'd Crown ; but mod con- 
 fpicuous is that of Edward the Fourth. How would a neigh- 
 bour Monarch have boafted this, whole Predeceflor Lewis 
 the Twelfth, had but a fingle Bar ArclVd over his Crown, a- 
 bout the year 1500, wearing only a Cap or Bonnet before 
 (as teftifie his Coins ftamp d at Mian, Genoa, Naples, <zjrc.) 
 till he Marry'd our Henry the Eighths Sifter, who afterwards 
 Efpoufed Charles Brandon. Henry the Third brought the closed 
 Crown into Poland, foon imitated by the Swedes : Philip of 
 Spain took it not till after his Marriage with Queen Mary of 
 England; and Maximilian Grandfather to Charles the Fifth (and 
 Great Grandfather of Philip) firft wore an Arch over a Ducal 
 Coronet. A little after which James the Fourth, upon his 
 Marriage with Margarite Daughter to our Henry the Seventh, 
 Barr'd the Crown of Scotland and the Kings of Denmark 
 not until after Chriftian IV. made his Brotherly Vifit to our 
 King James the Fir ft : But that of Portugal was firft worn by 
 John Bragan$a, late Father to the moft Serene and virtuous 
 Queen Dowager. From all which inftances it appears, that 
 the Monarchs of England were of the Firft in Chnjhndom that 
 pretended to the Arched Crown. And as for the French, till 
 their Firft Francis, they were for the moft part contented with 
 an open Flowry Bordure only, little different from the Ducal 
 Coronet, which fome of the Saxons had of Silver, and others 
 wore the copped Helmet (as Cnutus the Great) Miter-like. But 
 more of Crowns fee in a Diflertation of M. de Cange. Whilft 
 by the way we cannot but take notice of what we meet with 
 in the famous Donative, pretended to be from the Great Con- 
 ftantine; wherein, among other particulars, which Impoftors 
 would obtrude on the World for authentic, (but which has 
 unluckily dilcover'd the fraud) this is one • that from him it is 
 the Bifhop of P^pme claims the Dignity of wearing a Crown 
 of Gold, like to that of Kings and Emperors, tsre. Whereas 
 all the learned World who have any knowledge in Medal and 
 good Hiftory can tell ; that there was never any fuch Crown, 
 nor any other us'd by the Emperor himfelf, till Thcodofius j 
 but they were content with a plain and firnple Diadem or Coro- 
 net. 
 
A Tfifcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 net. Nor is it likely, that the Topes who were then, and 
 many Ages after, but Subjects to the Emperor, mould be 
 dignified not with one alone, but with a Triple Crown, which 
 notwithstanding they did not yet prefume to take up till near 
 Four Hundred Years after ; nor indeed Co much as a fingle 
 Crown, until about the Reign of Charles the 'Bald. But as 
 they grew in Power and Ulurpation, arrogated this proud 
 Enfign to rank, nay to advance, themfelves above all Kings 
 and femperors. Tis true, Conflantine wore his Diadem or Fil- 
 let, ftudded with a double row of Pearls and precious Stones 
 (not unlike Tome Hatbands which perfons of Quality now 
 and then yet wear) whilfl the Princes his Predeceflbrs, had 
 more Majorum, but a fimple Purple Ribbon, Strap or hfula 
 tied atxmt their Temples, as we have already fhew'd. So 
 much then for that Fourb of the Triple Crown and Donative, 
 exploded by all ingenious Writers even of that Commu- 
 nion. 
 
 But neither did the Heads alone of thofe great Princes bear 
 the Enfigns of Imperial Majefty, but their Hands likewife • 
 which we often fee in Medals, holding as well the Orb or 
 Mund, as the Sword and Scepter, upon the top whereof 
 fate an Eagle , till, as we noted, <Phocas plac'd the Crojs 
 wben arm'd with Helmet and Shield, they commonly held 
 a Javelin in their Hand, or on the Shoulder, or that array 'd 
 in Confular Robes (fis are mod of the Conflantinopolitan Em- 
 perors) they fway'd the Scepter, till the <Bas-Empire exchanged 
 it for the N APe H s or Ferula, as did the antient Greeks ; or 
 a roll of Parchment, like to what we fee in the hands of Con- 
 fuls , tho really what it is, is not yet determined. But that 
 the Scepter is feen in antient Coins, we find it in the hand of 
 the Great Augujlus, reprefented in his whole Figure, and fo 
 in that of ^pma ; and where Vefpafian delivers, as it were, the 
 Empire to his Son Titus; and in thofe more rare Medals of 
 Pertinax, from Hadrian very often, even to Charles the Fifth, 
 inverting his Son Philip in that of Spain and the Netherlands. 
 
 Now in collecting fuch Imperial Heads as prefum'd to 
 take on them the Marks and Enfigns of the chief, and major 
 Deities-, thofe of the minor Gods, and Tutelar Genius's, &c. 
 are to be diftinguifffd and plac'd after them. Next fol- 
 low (accompanied fometimes with fome fierce or ftrange 
 Beaft, Elephant or Dragon) the reputed Demy -Gods, Hero's and 
 
 F 2 famous 
 
A Vifcourfe t/MEDALS. 
 
 famous Captains, fiich as Alexander, Cyrus, Scipio, Hanibal, £?-c. 
 The antient Legiflators, Philofophers, and other renowned 
 Perfons, fuppofing we had the true Effigies of them (as I fear 
 we have but few^) diftinguimed for their Virtues, and the 
 great Figure they made in the World : For it was not permit- 
 ted every body to have their Effigies honoured in Medal they 
 were Icrupuloufly and nicely jealous ol it, and Co very frugal 
 of proftituting that Privilege, that it was (like Crimen Tecu- 
 latus) almoft capital for any, fave the Prince and chief &4agi- 
 ftrate, fo much as to be feen in Metal without Ipecial leave 
 and indulgence ; fo as even the Kings of Terjia themfelves 
 were with difficulty permitted to (lamp their own Effigies on 
 Silver only. Hence are we told of Ariadnes, being punifhed 
 by Darius, tho Tr^efeSl of Egypt; and that Commodus condemn'd 
 (Perennius; Severus Tlautianus. Nor had the Confuls, ox^oman 
 Citizens themfelves, this Immunity during their Magiftracy, or 
 whilft they were alive,till Julius Cefar rather ufurp'd, than fair- 
 ly obtain'd it; and yet when Augujlus after all this, us'd it mo- 
 deftly, 'twas looked on as a novelty: nor find we any of the firft 
 Cefar s fingle and alone in the Grand Bronze and larger Medals ; 
 thole of that great Princes Head in ^eyerfe, being Coined 
 after his deceafe, none among them all had any proper 
 Medal fave Agrippa only, that was ftruck in his life-time by 
 order of the Senate, S. C. which indeed was done, tho *he 
 was neither Emperor nor Cefar : For that of Drufus Nero Son 
 otTtberim, was not Coined till after his Death, by his Son 
 Claudims command : And as to that of either Scipio' s Tri- 
 umphs (if at leaft that which BenediBus <Bacchinus has lately 
 given the Type and Account of to Signior Magliabequo be a 
 genuine Piece) it may happly pafs for one of the very firft, 
 which for their great and extraordinary Services (even to the 
 faving %ome it felf ) the Republick might give Indulgence to. 
 And if any fincehad been fo pre fumptuous (as where we find 
 the Heads of Metellus, Lucullus, ^gulus, Junius <Brut,us, Sylla, 
 <Pompey, and fome of the reft) one is not to imagine them 
 ftruck in their days, but by ftealth, and fuch as were of the 
 Republick Party, or by fome Defcendant, or Relation who 
 happened to be Mafter of the Mints, who frequently fet their 
 own Heads and Names, under protection of fome Deity, with 
 ^everjes of their Actions, and as Monuments of their An- 
 ceftors, and to do them Honor. Hence^the Families of the 
 
 AEmilii) 
 
*J 'Difcourfe of MEDALS. 37 
 
 jEmilii, M. Lepidus, <Pont. Mzx^Vefted like a Conful, in the 
 Action of Crowning the young Ototomy. 
 
 They durft not yet (as we obterv'd) appear in Stamp till 
 after their deceafe, when (perhaps being Coin'd in (ome o- 
 ther Country or Province) they thus ftole abroad by degrees, 
 and then too in a time of diforder, during the Civil Wars, V r f ni /^ m 
 when the Laws were fulpended, and every one did what they Rom. 
 pleas'd. For whilft the Republick flourilh'd (as now the 
 United Netherlands reprefent their Commonwealth by a Vir- 
 gin holding a cap of Liberty, and a flieaf of Arrows) the ^0- 
 mans rarely made ufe of any Figure on their Coins, than (as 
 we noted) that of their Tutelars, the Image of ,( I(pme like a 
 Galeated Lady or Virgin in a flowing Veft, with Capor and 
 (Pollux, ViBoria, &c. on the %everje, as we fee in thoie 
 Conjular Medals, (fo nam'd becaufe ftruck during the time of 
 their Government) till Cefar ( as we faid) invaded all their 
 Privileges, and brake the Rule, by impreffing not only his 
 own Effigies, but giving Licence to his Favourites and Mi- 
 nions, as well as to his Kindred, and even to Women, Wives, 
 and Concubines, 
 
 Thus we find (befides divers Empreffes) 'Brutus with Ce- 
 far, Mark Antony and Cleopatra, Lepidus and Augujlus, &c. 
 What were afterwards ftamp'd by the Greeks and other Na- 
 tions, was out of pure Flattery to the (Romans, now become 
 their Matters > whilft in the mean time fuch Medals of theirs 
 as we find in Gold, were for the moft part the Heads of their 
 own Emperors. I fay, before the [ %pman Conquefts, in- 
 ftances of which were the Effigies of Abgarus King of Edeffa, 
 in complement to Septimius Severn*, and fbme few be- 
 fides. 
 
 T hus far of fingle Heads. There are fome Medals which 
 (as we noted) prelentus with Two Heads, either on the fame, 
 or oppofite fide ; of which one of them is almoft conftant- 
 ly the frinceps Ju^entutis, or defign d to Empire (excepting 
 fuch as we meet with of M. Aurelius, and Commodus of the 
 high Empire) diftinguifh'd eafiiy by the word C jES A 
 without addition of AuniHus. 
 
 Here then comes in that of Janus Bifrons, or rather Saturn, 
 (by which the Romans feem to difpute with the Greeks for 
 precedency in point of Medals) whom fome will have to be the 
 Patriarch Noah figured by Janus, to whom they attribute the 
 
 firft 
 
3 8 A Vifcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 firft Coining of Money. The Romans indeed made a Ship 
 the Symbol of Saturn, feigning him and his Wife %hta to 
 proceed from Oceanus and Thetis, and that they were brought 
 into Italy by Sea. Others, that in recompence of his hofpi- 
 table Reception he taught him ( befides the Art of Hus- 
 bandry ) the life of Money ; before which it had no Stamp 
 or Impreflion upon it. In Recognition whereof, he joyn d 
 the Head of Saturn with his own in a Medal, ^vers'd with 
 * Faftor. the Ship which conducted him, whence that of OYid-, 
 
 Et bona pofleritas puppim formavit in <crfrf 
 Hofyitis adventum tejlificata T>en 
 
 Hence Macrobius's double-fac'd Janus, and the Caput and 
 NaVis, (the Crofs and Pile, Heads and Women, of our Boys 
 play) comprehending both Tables of the Medal: The truth 
 is, 'tis rather a double Face, than a double Head, one Head 
 ferving for both, looking feveral and contrary ways. But 
 why the antient Coin bare l*^ $nrd>awnv h^vet, and tAo/b «J- 
 n!^ » f s^es^v eyx£%tesiy$jlvj on the G(everje and Adverfe parts, 
 
 Plutarch gives ample account in favour of Saturn, for the ex- 
 Rm ' cellent and ufeful Things he introduced : For there were others 
 that came into Italy by Sea, as Evander, Apneas, &c. who 
 # brought nothing with them relating to Arts or Manners, to 
 
 be compared to what the Hiftorian recounts of Saturn ; 
 which therefore fome will needs alcribe to Noah, and the 
 Ship to his Ark j which they deduce from that which the A[- 
 fyrians report of their King Xtfutherus about the time of Sa- 
 turn, the prediction of the Flood, Fabrication of liich aVef- 
 fel , and other Circumftances; as namely the fending forth, and 
 return of certain Birds to explore the temper of the Earth, o*c. 
 Add to this the Jpamean Medal of Septimius Severus, whole %e- 
 verfe was a Ship, with a Man and a Woman looking out of a 
 Cabin Window, and a pair of Doves with Branches in their 
 Bills j a confiderable prefumption at leaft of the Tradition of 
 that dreadful Cataclyfm, derived to the Heathen World ,doubtlefs 
 from the true Hiftory thereof in Genejls,^ is at large dilcufs'd by 
 rhaleg. 1. 1, tne Earned (Bochartus. I know there is another with almoft 
 the fame P^verfe, bearing the Head of the Emperor Philip, 
 (concerning whofe being a Cbrifian there's no fmall difpute) 
 with this only difference, of Four Perfons appearing in the 
 Veffel. But after all this, it is upon fair Conjecture thought 
 
 rather 
 
 c. I. 
 
A Dijcourfe n/MEDALS, 
 
 rather co reprefent the good Intelligence and Commerce which 
 there was between thole of Alexandria and the City Apamea, 
 which Place,and Country all about it,receiv'd their fupplies of 
 Corn out of Egypt. The miftake of both (who would have 
 it relate to the Patriarch) without cjueftion proceeding from 
 the dividing of the Superfcription AaESANAP and N n E, 
 as it were under- written ; which when join'd together and 
 read backwards, the NftE made AAEXANAPfiflN, 
 namely, thole of Alexandria. 
 
 As for the k/£»t©. fignifying Apamea, it was ( as we laid) 
 the Jpotheca.znd Corn Magazine of the Country. The four 
 Men repreienting the Inhabitants, or perhaps Merchants be- 
 longing to either City ; and laftly,the t>ovt and Olive Branch, 
 the Symbolum of Peace, Amity, and good Correspondence 
 between them ; which likely Interpretation vacates all Mt.Fal- 
 coniers Conjectures, and indeed all that is any where con- 
 tended for about it. Nor were the like Correfpondences and 
 ftricT: Alliances at all unufual, bearing the word OMONOIA, 
 as in that Medal of Sardis and Ephejws, Smyrna and Terga- 
 mVgJ&c. In the mean time to return to the Ship •, this is 
 remarkable, that the ( %omans us'd no other ^everje than the 
 %itis or Trow, as long as they continud to Stamp and Coin 
 only Copper 5 that is, till they made ufe of Gold and Silver, 
 which was ( as we have fliew'd ) five hundred years after 
 the Foundation of the City. 
 
 But to dilmifs this Pretence, and Challenge concerning An- 
 tiquity, and their Cytbical Inferences. 'Tis certain the i(pman 
 Medals are moft worthy our Collection, as not only cafier to 
 be obtained, but bed underftood, as they are commonly di- 
 flinguifhed by Confular and Imperial ; and of which there are 
 found Coins of all the ufual Metals and Models, 
 
 Among the Confular and ^pman Families, a Series of the 
 moft Antienc of the Latin ( ufually in Silver An the fmaller 
 Volume, but fome in Copper of all fizes ) appears to be of 
 large extent, amounting to no lefs than fourteen or fifteen 
 hundred, without comprehending any, tho llnce call'd Con- 
 juls (even as far down as to Juftinian) having the Name on- 
 ly without the Power. The true and genuine Medal reaches 
 no farther than to the Decadence of the Republick, and in- 
 deed have little remarkable in them till the Imperial began, 
 as bearing only thofe badges we have already mentioned. 
 
 Buc 
 
A Vifcourfe (MEDALS, 
 
 But among thefe (I mean the Confular) we fometimcs meet 
 with other Nations Diadem'd Kings,as of the lafl: Macedonian 
 Philips, Jugurtha, and feveral other famous Perfons ; both 
 the (Brutus 's, Metellus, Marcellus, Pggulm, Sylla, Pompey, La- 
 bienus, <?c. for the raoft part Silver, with fome Medalions both 
 Greek and (Roman. The like of the Imperial alfo, infcrib'd 
 with both thole learned Characters, and that as far as from 
 Pompey to Pojlhumius of the Latin, or as fome, down to the 
 Thirty Tyrants, and of the Greek to Heraclius, about which 
 time the moft valuable Collections ufually determine. How- 
 ever the curious may, if they pleafe, continue their fearch e- 
 ven to the Reign of P>a]azet, who fet a period to that once 
 renowned Empire : And tho they are in no fort comparable 
 for Sculpture or Defign, yet belong they to the Hiftory, and 
 are on that account worth thefmall expence. 
 
 I (hall not need repeat, that under the Emperors there were 
 alfo ftruck divers Medals in honor of other famous Men, who 
 were not concerned in the Political Government ,• we have 
 nam'd Pythagoras of Apulia, and more of that rank, not for- 
 getting the Impoftor Apollonius, and feveral others ; of which 
 hereafter. But thus you may obferve, and by what has been 
 already fpoken of the Origin and Progrefs of Medals, and 
 from their rude beginnings, perfection, decadency and revi- 
 val, how they (till kept pace with the Commonwealth, State 
 and Empire ; which falling in the Gothic Revolution, or 
 time of the Heruli, may from that JEra be reckoned the bar- 
 barous Period ; of which the moft Modern concern Europe 
 only, (for we meet with nothing confiderable eliewhere of 
 this nature,) and are of recent Stamp -.But thence indeed begin- 
 ning a frefh to dilcover fome glimmerings of new Day, name- 
 ly, about the Fourteenth Century, when about fifteen Years 
 after, were Coind and difpers'd, the memorable Effigies, 
 Martyrdom, and Predictions of John Hujs, &c. from which 
 time forwards were divers Medals made in France, and other 
 Countries, on fundry occafions.But what we find more antient 
 than thole we firft mention'd, are generally to be fufpected, 
 unlelsluch as ferved for Money only, and oflefler model, till 
 tfiofe of the %pman Pontif, which began to appear with Pope 
 Martin, An. 1417. fince which there are fpawn'd innumera- 
 ble fry of Papal Medals and Medalions ; for fuch I call thofe 
 of the Cardinals, famous Biftops, and Ecclefiaftick Courtiers, 
 
 Nepoti, 
 
A Vifcourfe of M E D A L S. 4.1 
 
 Hepoti , <&c. who have had the ambition of Medals. 
 
 Cardinal Francis <Barbarim (late Nephew to Tope Urban VIII.) » 
 defignd to have made & Series of all the f Po/?ex^from S. Te- 
 ter in Mda/, from whatever Image or Reprefentation he 
 could hear of in Statue, Picture, or Monument, to a/lift the 
 Invention of the Sculptor ; but the Favorite dying before it 
 could be executed, that Collection remains imperfect. We 
 have yet from P. Martin, and, I think, all his Succeflors 
 fince, to the piefent Bifhop. But it was Paul the Second, 
 who about Fifty Years after (others fay Sixtus the Fourth) 
 was the firft who imitating, or emulating rather, the ^p?nan 
 Emperors, caus'd his Effigies to be Stamp'd in Medal, tho 
 they Coined Money before. 
 
 Lewis the Twelfth of France followed his Holinels; for 
 'tis certain, that before his Reign for near a Thoufand Years, 
 that is, from Charles the Great, there was very rarely found 
 the Head of a French King fo much as in Coin j and then 
 came up the Tefloons, (or Heads) as ftill they call them, tho, 
 as if they endeavoured to fupply that defect, they have'ren- 
 der'd the prelent Monarch as cheap as Counters, every Stone- 
 wall and Sign poft bearing the Head and Effigies of Lodovi- 
 cus Magnus, radiated like a young Apollo. 
 
 And now that we have mentioned Counters (Computatio per 
 Calcuhs) fo denominated from their help in Suppuration, and 
 much in ufe about4oo years paft.,and ftill in conftanc Practice 
 in France (especially in all tranlitory Reckonings among the 
 Vulgar, befides what Gamefters ufe at Cards, &rc.) lb in- 
 credible has been the variety for the Subject and Emblem, as 
 has amounted to at leaft Two Thoufand feveral Defigns and 
 Fancies, bearing the Heads and Effigies, Arms, Cyphers and 
 Devices of Kings, Princes, and other ill uftrious Perfons ; lbme 
 in Silver, (but Tor the mod part in Brafs and blanch 3 d Metal) 
 feldom in Copper; and others which I have feen accurately 
 Printed in Horn , Tortoife [hell, <jrc. This Spawn of Coun- 
 ters, or Mock Medals, began about the time of Francis the 
 Firji, fimple and without Figure, as ferving for Calculation 
 only; but afterwards they were curioully MuTd, and lome 
 of them not without elegant Sculpture. Nor did the Spa- 
 niards long abftain from vindicating by Counters, the vaft Do- 
 minion of that once faftidious,now declining Monarchy, when, 
 according to the boafting Genius of that Nation, Philip the 
 Fourth not long fince vaunted in a Counter, what the Indies had 
 
 G brought 
 
A Vifcourfe o/MEDALS. 
 
 brought him, with his H1C TAG US. ET. G ANGES. 
 but which foon after Lewis the Thirteenth paid him in Kind 
 and Coin, by a ^everje wherein there was an Olbe-Trce cm- 
 brac'd by a Vine, and ripe Corn growing underneath, with 
 the fame Motto, intimating, that the great Fertility of France, 
 fo far exceeded that of Spain, as brought not only all that 
 the Indies produced, but preferved Spain it felf from ftarving. 
 
 Asking pardon for this trifling Digreflion. I fliall not infill 
 on any other Collection of this nature, tho I cannot but ap- 
 prove of any thing relating to good Antiquity and Art- among 
 which come in Tali/mans and Sculps in Gemms, efpecially the 
 Onyx, Sardonyx, Achat, Cornelian, <?c. to be reckoned among 
 lntaglia, and other precious Furniture of the Cabinet, Datly- 
 lotheccp, and peculiar Ga^c of Princes, and curious Perfons 
 ( fuch as was Jacomo Maria FaVt, who, when he could not 
 purchafe the Originals themfelves, procured the Impreflions 
 of innumerable choice Things, delcending even to modern 
 Seals, Ore.) divers of them truly Antient, others pretending 
 to AJlrological Secrets, Names, and extravagant Figures, re- 
 puted to be of Magical Energy and Vomer, by vertue of 
 their Character : Some of the great Elixir^ and others to be 
 worn as Vhylatleries and (Periapta, of high Veneration and 
 life among the Arabs, Egyptians, and other Eaftern People $ 
 as fundry Incantated Medals and Baubles , are at this day 
 among the no lefs fuperftitious and ignorant Chriftians ; 
 tyopulusvult decipi. 
 
 And here, whilfl that magnanimous Prince the Duke of 
 Savoy is in danger of fo unmerciful an Enemy, as burns and 
 deftroys wherever his Armies come (by a barbarity exceeding 
 the mod Savage Nations we have mentioned) I cannot but 
 apprehend the poflible Fate of that invaluable Collection of 
 (Pyrrhus Ligorius, containing in twenty fix Folios an Infinity 
 of Draughts of Medals, Inscriptions, %elie'Vos, (<rc. with innu- 
 merable other Monuments of both Greek and fyman Anti- 
 quities, befides fix other Volumes Geographical, purchafed 
 by one of thole illuftrious Princes at the price of eighteen 
 Thoufand Ducats, together with the famous and original 
 Men/a I/iacy. which the learned Tignorius has Interpreted. 
 Of this kind and fubject are thofe four noble Volumes of 
 Duke Alberts of $a~)>aria, beftow'd upon (and now kept in 
 the Archives of ) the <%pyal Society, by their late munificent bene- 
 factor the Duke of Norfolk^ De&mfalmkaJ, Numijmati*,{?c. 
 
 con- 
 
A Vifcourfe of M E D A L S 
 
 4-3 
 
 containing the Images and Effigies of the (fyrnan Kings, Con- 
 fuls, DiBators, J^iiigbts, Tribunes, and other great Officers, 
 and Circum (lances of Antiquity, from the Foundation of the 
 City, to Julius Cdfar, fo accurately Defign'd, and in large, 
 as may greatly conduce to the afiiftance and information of 
 a ftudious Medalift. 
 
 And now after all we have faid of Heads and Effigies, 
 what would one not give for the true Picture of the Hero's, 
 Heroines, and other illuftrious Perfons whom we have men- 
 tion'd, and that have made fuch a noife in the World ? 
 
 What for Cexrops, Cadmus, Tliefeus, Evander, Agamemnon, He- 
 Bor, Ulyjfes, ^Priamus, Menelaus, Archelaus, Simonides, Ari- 
 fiodemus, Arijlides, Tbemiftocles, Mtltiades, Alcibiades, Critolaus, 
 Agatbocles, Epaminondas, Agejilaus ? (who never would furTer CiCt 
 his Picture to be drawn, nor Statue made of him, and therefore ad Luccei- 
 the more defirable ; ) What for Thrafybulus , Telopidas , um ' 
 Codrus, Conon, Lyflmachus, Lyfander, Leonidas, Hannibal, 1- 
 pbicrates, Seleucus, and the reft of the Captains of the 
 Great Alexander ? What for Cimon, (pififtratus, Tyrrbus, Hie- 
 ron, Afdrubal, Hamilcar, MaJJiniJfa, Cajfander, Sapor, Torus, 
 Artabanus, Mitbridates, Arifton, Epimenides, and the reft of the 
 Arcbontes, &rc. What for the LegiJIitors, Lycurgus, Solon, Dra- 
 co, Cbarondas ? For Antenor, <J(omulus, lSLuma,Tullus, Ancus, 
 Sc.tVola, Vuillius, T. Manlius, ^egulus, Mar alius, Quintus 
 Lincinnatus ? The Fabii, Coriolanus, JEmilius ? The Scipios, 
 Gracchi, Mete Hits ,Caius Marius } Appius Claudius,the Cato's,M.Tortius 
 and Uticenfis, Brutus, Cra[fus,Lucullus> What for Cicero, QHor- 
 tenfiusl What for Zoroafler, Trifmegiftus, ^Pythagoras, Socrates, 
 tplato, Ariftotle, Hippocrates, Democritus, Zeno, AriHippus, Dioge- 
 nes, Cbryfippus, Epicurus, EpiBetus, Hterocles? For Ariftarchus, 
 Archytas, Hipparcbus, Eudoxus, Archimedes, Euclides, S'rabo, 
 Tbrafyllus, (ptolomy, Sojlraius, VitruVtus'i What for Dcmo- 
 flbenes, Theopbrajius, Varro, Tomponius Atticus, Meaenas ? What 
 for the antient Hiftorians Sancboniatbon, Herodotus, Thucydi- 
 des, Xenopbon, Polybius, Dion, Dionyf. Halicarnajfdus, Diodo* 
 rus, Taufanias, LiVie ? &c. What for Hefiod, Homer, Pindar, 
 Sappho, Epimenides, old Anacreon, Empedocles, Sophocles? For 
 (plautus, Lucretius, Terence, Virgil, Ovid, Horace, &c. and in- 
 numerable more whom I might * name; Kings, Conluls, * See tbofe 
 Emperors, renowned Captains, Legiflators, Philoibphers, ^/j™"/ 
 Hiftorians, Orators, Poets, Mathematicians, Phyficians, Per- Mamlms/i 
 
 G 2. fons Sphaer* 
 
44 A Tiifcmrfe t/MEDALS. 
 
 fons famous for their ftupendious Exploits, skill and dexte- 
 rity in Government, Learning, ufeful Inventions, and other 
 fignal and diftinguifhing Virtues ? moft of which, and ma- 
 ny more than I have aflernbled, the excellent Sfanbeim af- 
 firms to be yet extant in Medals. 
 
 And if thefe fo defirable, how much more would one 
 part withal for the lively Effigies of Adam, and the Patriarchs 
 2$oah, Abraham, Jofeph,Jojbua,Jephtba, Sampfon, David and 
 his Worthies : Judas Maccabeus, and his Brethren, Solomon and 
 his who is greater than Solomon, whole Portrait no human 
 Invention ( let Vemetrius and the Crafts-men, and thole who 
 are concernd, talk what they pleafe of S. Luke his num- 
 berlefs original Paintings, and the Veronica ) could fo well 
 have preferved, as Medals, and as we find by thofe yet re- 
 maining of the Greek, and (Romans, efpecially the Cdjars and 
 their SuccelTors • fince as to the reft ( namely thole antient 
 Heros we have enumerated before them ) nay even of the 
 Confular, there is lefs credit to be given to rnoft of them, 
 being, as we faid, made after their deceale by their Friends 
 and Relations. The fame doubt occurs even of thofe cut 
 in Gemms and Marbles, on which (whatever is pretended) 
 we feldom find any of their Names ingraven ; tho if in any 
 (and fuch perhaps we may beft rely on) thofe which have 
 been defign'd from the mod antient Marbles and Gemms 
 in Fuhius lirfinus, Leonardus Augujlinus j and from them, as 
 to the old Philofophers in the learned Menagius's Edition 
 of Laertius. I do not fay there are not fome to be found 
 even of the raoft antient ; (Romulus, Nutna, Ancus, Tullus, or at 
 leaft whoever may have liv'd within the compafs of two 
 Thoufand Years, llnce there are Medals yet remaining, believ'd 
 to have been ftruck fo long ago, and Statues doubtlefs long 
 * Quantum before, from which they might be copied. But as to the Ge- 
 ut?t /'fegefah and their refemblances to the Archetype in Medals, I think 
 Alexandro we have little reafon to queftion 5 fince they were (as we fhew'd) 
 l^exifiiLT ^° delicate and fulpicious in this particular, that we read 
 mm ; qui f e Alexander and Auguft m- would fuffer none to * paint or carve 
 T J[ ng il al> \ n *' m * ave ^pelles and Lyfippus ; nor of later times Charles V. any 
 Fmj!i £ Ly- ^ ave Titian, and fuch excellent and unerring Hands. And 
 fippotantum- (bme Medals we have feen fo accurately graven and wrought 
 
 Vaf *Max t0 ^ ^ e ( as tne Y ca ^ W tnat * fi rm ty believe, when we 
 /. s.'tf. if, happen upon one that is perfectly fair and antient (Tuppofe 
 
 it 
 
*A Vifcowfe of MEDALS. 4.5 
 
 it a Julius, or Auguftus) we may as fafely affirm it like the 
 Perfon, as any which our modern Coins prefent us with; 
 
 Sic Vultus, Jtc or a ferebat : 
 
 Which would raife ones indignation (as I have * elfewhere *Hiftor 
 complained ) againft the preiumptuous Expofures, which chakogra- 
 Kings and Princes at this day furTer of their Effigies, by every ? hy% 
 wretched Dauber on every Sign-Poft among Cats and Monkeys! 
 By the way, as to the Images of our Venerable and BleiTed 
 Saviour (of whom I have feen many with Reverfes fill'd with 
 Samaritan Characters) there was not any ftamp'd on Medals, 
 till a thoufand years after his Incarnation 5 that is, till that 
 Age of almoft palpable Darknefs, in the Reign of the Em- 
 peror John Zemijca, when the IHS did ufually accompany it 
 inftead of the Crofs, ufed from Conftantim downwards with- 
 out any Effigies. But to proceed, 
 
 5 Tisto be confidered, as to the Refemblance in Medals of 
 the fame Perfon, different in feveral Medals ; that it is not 
 always an infallible Mark of their not being like; the feve- 
 ral Ages, and other Accidents, often and almoft always 
 fomewhat altering the Countenance. This, for inftance, 
 is efpecially confpicuous in Coins of Charles the Bald, as be- 
 fore him, of the Great Conftantim and others, as the learned 
 Frefnius fhews mFamiliis Auguftis By^antinis ; caufed partly by 
 the unskilful Graver, or, as we faid, through the real Al- 
 teration of the Countenance it felf ; obferving yet hardly any 
 Age fo far to change and confound it, as wholly to oblite- 
 rate the Mafter-ftrokes of Nature. In confirmation of which, 
 there are extant Medals of Adrian, of all his Ages : How ea- 
 fily they are otherwife to be known by the Stamp, compa- 
 red with their Character and Defcriptions, even beyond their 
 fuppofed <Bufls and Statues (to which they fo rarely left theit 
 Names infculp'd) let the curious ( for example ) judge by 
 taking the Picture of one of t\\zC<efars from thofe who often 
 both law, and conversed with them, or liv'd lb near the 
 Times when fo many of their Statues and Effigies were frefli 
 and newly made , fome in Marble, Copper, Wax, <?c. 
 wrought and moulded by the Life, nor need we go further 
 than to Suetonius s Augujlus. S JT M 
 
 Forma fuit eximia, <(sr per omnes <ztatis gradus venuftijfima, Sec, 
 He was (fays the Hiftorian) an extraordinary handlome and 
 
 beautiful 
 
A Vifcourfe f MEDALS. 
 
 beautiful Perfon, and continued lb through all the Periods 
 of his Age ; yet fo incurious and little nice, and far from 
 tiffing and fprucing himfelf, that for hafte he would now 
 and then fuffer two or three Barbers at the fame time to be 
 clipping and (having him together. 
 
 Vulttis erat 7 vel in fermone vel tacitus, adeo tranquillo ferc- 
 noiqe &c. His Countenance was fo open and ferene, whe- 
 ther he fpake or was filent ; that a noble Perfon of France 
 confefs'd to fome of his Country- men, he was fo mollified 
 and charmed with it, that it prevented a Refolution he had 
 once taken, of breaking his Neck from a Precipice as he was 
 paffing the Alps and approaching him. 
 
 Oculos habuit claros ac nitidos, quibus, &c. His Eyes were fo 
 bright and fparkling , as there appeared fomething divine 
 and extraordinary in his Looks ; fo as he feem'd pleas'd to ob- 
 ^ ferve jriffie lookt fixtly upon, call: down their Eyes, as 
 if dazzled with the Sun- beams. 
 
 Capillum leniter reflexum , <sr fubflaVum , &c. His Hair 
 and Locks inclined to Fair, decently buckl'd and curled at 
 
 the ends Supercilia conjunEla, His Eyebrows met. 
 
 Mediocres Aures 9 Najum (sr a jummo eminentiorem, <& ab imo de- 
 du&iorem, &c. His Ears were of a midling fize, his Nofe 
 Aquiline, and bending towards the Top : in fumm, a Per- 
 fon he was every way proportioned. 
 
 I mention only thofe who are commonly reprefented to us 
 in Medals ; other Defcriptions were eafie to be produced out 
 of the fame and other Authors, living in the times of the 
 firft Crffars, to juftifie their Refemblances. 
 
 Cardinal Borromeus (now Sainted) who was of a very 
 hard favour'd and crabbed Look, is, by Painters and Statua- 
 ries, made of a very fweet and lovely Countenance. I do not 
 therefore affirm that all the Mafters of thefe voluptuary Arts 
 were heretofore more free from flattering great Perfons than 
 now they are ; but that fometimes they might impofe upon 
 future Ages,as 'tis reported of fome Macedonians, that they made 
 and buried Armor of enormous and gigantic Proportion, to 
 make the World believe, what extraordinary Men they were 
 by whom Alexander had vancjuifhed them in his Indian Expe- 
 dition. But I am perfuaded Medals are the leaft to be fu£ 
 pecked, in the Effigies of the Cajars efpecially, fo perfectly 
 agreeing with their Characters. 
 
 As 
 
*A T>ifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 As for thofe Heads we have extant in Print and TaUk-Douce, 
 certainly thofe exhibited by Monfieur Vaillant of the Syrian 
 Princes and other Medallifis, feem to be mod; accurate, and 
 would have been of more Authority, had he and the reft 
 given us as many Heads and Effigies as they hav£ of %evcrfes, 
 and as we might yet hope from that numerous Collection 
 which has been long expected from Monfieur Morel, who 
 has been fo ill, and fo unjuftly recompenced among the reft 
 of his perfecuted Brethren : I fay, how defirable were it that 
 the fame Circumfpection had been uled by Ingravers in 
 other Books of this Subject, as in that which the induftrious 
 Leonardus (whom we but now named) Antiquary to the late 
 Pope Alexander VII, has fet forth, defigned from the beft O- 
 riginals, any where to be met withal among the Curious - 
 with the learned Preface, Explanation and Erudition of the 
 excellent GronoYuis, who has tranflated it into Latin. In the 
 mean time I muft not omit to give Notice, that fuch Medals 
 as perfonated the Gods and Heroes, are commonly reprefented 
 in florid and vigorous Youth, without Beards • excepting Ju- 
 piter, Neptune, Vulcan, Mars, Pluto, Hercules, who is yet 
 fometimes reprefented as a young Child imberbis, ftrangling a 
 Serpent, and by feveral Names of Places, Labours and E- 
 pithets : Bearded are alio Tan, the Satyrs, Silenus, and fome- 
 times Bacchus, the River Deities, and there is a Fortuna bar- 
 bata. 
 
 And here, before we pafs to the following Paragraph, I 
 cannot but mention a Curiofity of Medals, and other Intaglia, 
 painted in Miniature, to that perfection fo extant, and bold- 
 ly fwelling out, as would almoft perfuade one they were re- 
 ally ftamp d : of thefe I have feen (and poflels a few) very 
 accurately reprefenting the Dead-Life (as our Painters call it) 
 that is, the natural Metal wrought in Relieve-, Achats, Corne- 
 lians, and other Out-Cuts • which , fince a Series of them 
 might be contriv'd in a Book, were a great and ufeful Curi- 
 ofity, and worth the Value of fome in Gold • but which I 
 wifh might be fupplied by fome learned and induftrious Per- 
 fon, and that fuch a Collection were more exactly dcGgncd 
 and ingraven in Copper, after the beft Originals ; the feveral 
 Ages compared, and not defigned haftily at adventure, 01 
 negligently, as we find too many are. And this AiTembly 
 (hould be univerfal , well attefted, and judicioufly chofen, 
 
A Vifcmfe of M £ D A L S. 
 
 and collated with the different Ages of the Perfons as near 
 as could be, for reconciling the Difficulties of the fame Em- 
 peror, or Perfon, as we have noted above : I affirm inch a 
 Collection (the laudable Defign and Purpofe of Monfieur 
 Morel) would not only be greatly afliftant to fuch as have 
 not the Faculty or Means of ftoring themfelves with the real 
 Medal 7 but acceptable like wife tothofe who have ; and may 
 thereby confider them at more leifure, than others who have 
 but a fuperficial View; being commonly rcferved in the 
 Cabinets of great Princes, to which there is not fo eafie ac- 
 cefs for mod eft Scholars. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of Reverfes Antient and Modem , ai they relate to Hi/lory, 
 Chronology, and other parts of Erudition. 
 
 HAving now finifhed what for the prefent I thought 
 necefTary to be faid concerning Heads and Effigies - 
 we turn next to their Reverfes and In factions, with Figure and 
 Emblem reprefenting Action ; which are indeed to be prefer- 
 red, and for which chiefly Medals are fo deferable, and enquird 
 after by the Learned (not to fay only for their fake) fo in- 
 finitely fruitful and full of Erudition j that had we a perfect 
 and uninterrupted Series of them, we fliould need almoft 
 no other Hiftory ; fuch Fragments as yet remain, furnifhing 
 the Studious on fo many Occafions. 
 
 For we have in Reverfes (befides now and then the Effigies) 
 the SuccefTions of the nobleft and moft illuftrious Families, 
 their Names, Titles, Imprefes, Honors, Dignities, Crowns, 
 Garlands, Marks and Rewards of Magiftracy, &c. 
 
 We meet there with Ceres, Saturn, and the Tr^fetlus An- 
 nondj the Morftaiies , with Vulcan and his Forging Tools : 
 They give us the Habits and Robes of Confuls, Kjngs and 
 Emperors, Flamens, Veftals, and other Royal and Sacerdotal 
 Garments ; we are fhewd by them what the Tripos, Lituus, 
 <Pater a, Siftrum, Simpulum, Knife, Ax, the Luftral Sprinklers, 
 and other Vaja, and Utenfils of Sacrifice, Libations and Augury 
 were. Their Chariots, Arms, Ancilia, Shields, Enfigns, En- 
 gines, Harnefs, and Weapons of War. 
 
 We 
 
A Vifcour/e of M E D A L S. 49' 
 
 We have in ^e^erfes the Forms of antient Gallies, and 
 other Veffels, with their manner of Naval Combat : they 
 fhew us the Ations and Exploits of the greateft Captains ; 
 their Military Expeditions , Legions , Cohorts , Colonies, 
 Difcipline, Stations, Caftrametations, Victories, Trophies, 
 Triumphs, Largefles, Benefactions, Remiffions, Confede- 
 rations , Truces , Ctflations , Iudulgences , Relaxations of 
 Tribute, Encaenias, Dedications, and Vows • their Ludi Se- 
 culares, Circenfes, Cereales, Jftbmian, Olympian, TSleme&an and 
 divers others : HPAKAIA, AlOSKOTPIA, OEOrAMf A, 2EBA2- 
 MIA, <j?IAAaea$EIA, OECUMENICA, <tf hardly, if at all 
 to be met with any where fave in Medals only. To thefe 
 add, the Letlijiernia, Marriages , Births , Funeral Pomps, 
 Tyra, Apotbeojes , and Confecrations , at which they often 
 changed their Names (as now our Topes at their Inaugura- 
 tions) but not in Medals of the firft C^/ars. And fo Families 
 and Adoptions, and lometimes both , as NerVa Trajan , 
 Titus Vejpafianus ; and when (as often) the Name remain- 
 ed, DIFUS was only added. 
 
 They prefent us with the moft magnificent and ftately 
 Buildings that ever flood upon the Face of the Earth : Bafi- 
 lies and Royal Palaces,Temples, Altars, Afyla, Sacrifices, <&e. 
 
 In them we behold with Admiration, their ftupendious 
 Amphitheatres, Theatres, Forums, Therms, Xyfti, Forties, Nau- 
 machU, Hippodroms, Mau/olea, and Sepulchres: their goodly 
 and uleful Aqueducts, Fountains, 'Bridges, Crypto, Vne, Caflra, 
 Mete, Termini, Cippi, <Bafes, &c. 
 
 They afford us the Profpect of their Triumphal Arches, 
 Obelisks, pyramids, Coiojfuss, and other Royal and Magni- 
 ficent Fabrics of venerable Antiquity, long fince collapled and 
 buried in cheir own Ruines ; but from out of which, by (2^- 
 yerfes and Medals , have almoft all the antient Orders and 
 Ornaments of Architecture (well near loft or corrupted) 
 been much revived , reftored and vindicated from Gothick 
 Barbarity • nay, and thofe yet lafting, after Charles the Great 
 had put a ftop to that prodigious and univerfal Inundation • 
 fince it is little more than a Century, that Building and other 
 Arts began to emerge in good earneft, and to hold up their 
 dejected Heads ; as may be leen by what the Topes have done 
 at (Rome, (where thefe learned Ruines are chiefly extant) the 
 Dukes of Tujcany at Florence, and at Ferrara, Tarma, and 
 
 H other 
 
50 
 
 A <Difcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 other Princes of Italy ; Philip the Second in Spain-, in France, 
 Francis the Firft, whom they called the Father of Arts in that 
 Kingdom ; and lately yet in our own Country, where fome 
 part of Somerfet-houfe in the Strand remains the almoft only 
 poor Attempt that I know of j not omitting the Earl of Salip 
 burys Houfe at Hatfield ; the noble Seat of the moft noble 
 Lord Vilcount of Weymouth at Long-leet, and very few others 
 which can pretend to any thing of tolerable : for the Ban- 
 queuing* Houfe at Whitehal is of much later date ; and the 
 manner now in general life, firft introduced by the Encou- 
 ragement of that great Lover and Patron of good Arts, the 
 Illuftrious Thomas late Earl of Arundel and Surrey ', who (tho 
 neglecting his own Palace) incited others to build with 
 Stone and Brick after the prefent Gufto, and which Inego Jones 
 fince purfued in that ftatcly Pile at Whitehal now mentioned, 
 the Church and Piazza in Cogent Garden after the Model of 
 that in Ligorne, &c. But which is at this day exalted (name- 
 ly Jrchitetlure) to a much greater (I might fay, even to the 
 higheft Pitch of Perfection) by my moft worthy Friend 
 Sir Chriftopher Wren, Superintendent and Director of His Ma- 
 jefty's Buildings, who will leave more noble Monuments of 
 his vaft and comprehenfive Knowledge in that and other 
 ufeful Arts, than has any one Architect here thefe thoufand 
 Years. 
 
 Moreover, what is learned from <%everfes (fince the Incur- 
 fions of the Goths, Turks, and other barbarous People, who 
 chang'd and confounded the antient Names of things and 
 places) other lingular Aids to good Hiflory, Chronology, and 
 antient Geography (to name no more) the Learned Scaliger in 
 his Eu/ebius (when? we find him to have recourfe to Medals 
 for the clearing many difficulties) gratefully acknowledges; 
 and fince the often cited Monf. Vaillant in his Syrian Hiftory, 
 and the Works of Lucas Holslenius, late Library- Keeper at 
 the Vatican, and other learned Perfbns give luculent proof of. 
 
 To thefe add the Jefuit Hardouin in his Notes onTlmy, 
 with feveral more, who, from the Reveries of Medals alone, 
 have recovered and illuftrated the true Names of divers Re- 
 gions.Iflands, Rivers, Mountains, Ways, Limits and Boun- 
 daries (and how by degrees they extended their Concjuefts) 
 Colonies, Cities, Metropolis's, their Founders, Privileges and 
 Immunities j the Value of Moneys and Weights; the An- 
 nual 
 
A Vifcottrfe of M E D A L S. 5, 
 
 nual FaftijJFia Cdjarum, AZra's, Epockas,Scc, of fuch exceed- 
 ing ufe in computation of Time and Years, when feveral 
 famousand memorable Things happen'dand were performed j 
 others that had been quite forgotten ; Writers having fome- 
 times abolifh d the very memory of (bme Tyrants, and other 
 unfortunate Princes (who are commonly but of fhort Reigns) 
 Medals alone have prcferv cl the Names of, and other Cir- 
 cumftances of great ufe in Hiftory ; witnefs the famous Medal 
 rfEfi imius King of London, whence our learned * Anticjuaries * ^ urt j tm 
 have alferted her Metropolitan Title, againft all the Critics and Ant. p.i 59 
 Cavillers, tho llie was no tffyman Colony, 
 
 Hence we may thus deduce many Claims and Titles In 
 cafes of Ufurpation, Ov. For inftance,that fignal one,wherein 
 is found that from Charlemaine, Louis le Debonair , down to 
 Lothanus, Zjrc. thofe Princes had their Monies Coin'd at 
 <${ome, and other Medals, atteftingand vindicating their Claim 
 and Title to that City, as appears in that learned Diflerta- 
 tion publifh'd by Monf, lefilane, and fubjoin'd to his Hiftory 
 of the Moneys and Coins of France, In which he proves, 
 that the fiifhops of (Rome were never lawful Sovereigns of any 
 part of Italy, much lefs of that Capital City ; but of old al- 
 ways Subject,*, Governd, Elected, and (as occafion requi- . 
 red) Depofed by the Emperors ; together with an Account 
 by what fubdoious Arts they got footing in the large and 
 vaft PoiTeffions they now enjoy, and ufurp the prefent 
 Power. 
 
 But to return to Epocba's (wherein the Greeks were themoft 
 accurate and particular ) we fhall beft reckon from (Roman 
 Medals by the Conjulateoi Tribu&p£' tho in that aifo there is Vol 
 difficulty, by not knowing the precile years of their refpe- 
 ctive Offices when the Medal was ftruck 5 whereas the Greek 
 gives the very year of the Princes Reign. 
 
 Moreover Colonies difcover their Epocba's in Medal 5 as in 
 that under Tbiltp, An, VuT. under Decius, An. XL <&c. which, 
 'tis faid, fome have fo improv'd, as to be able to tell us the 
 very Age of the Emperor by the Medal, of which more when 
 we come to Infcriptions. In the mean while as to Colonies y 1 
 we find them bear the Names of the Founders, or of fuch 
 as either fortified or fettled them j V. g, thole cail'd JulU 
 were founded by Julius C<jzfar, as was that at Berytus ; Mu» 
 nicipium AugnUa <Bilbilis, by Auguflus and the like 5 thefe by 
 
 H 2 {ingle 
 
% A Vifcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 fingle Perfons : But when more were exprels'd, as fome- 
 times two Names together immediately, and without di- 
 ftinction, or any word between (and not elfe) one is then 
 to reckon the firft to be the Founder, and the fecond the 
 Reftorer. Thus in the Medal where we read Colonia Julia 
 Augujia Deffofa, then Julius fculM and planted the C olony ^ 
 and Jugujlus Raiuiltd ii . Dul when Attgujh t> s is let bd o ic - 
 - Julius, there Augufius Repaired only what Julius Founded, 
 as Monjieur Vailiant nicely criticifes. By the way oblerve, 
 that we meet with no Heads in any Italian Colonies, that ho- 
 nor it feems being allowed to thole Cities only which were 
 Priviledg'd to ftamp Money, which Immunity is mark'd 
 upon the Medal, whether granted by the Senate alone, or 
 together with the People, or folely by the Emperor : When 
 by the firft the mark is 6\ C. tho the Medal be Greek : If by 
 the People A. E, Upon Antioch of Tijidia S. %o( the fame 
 import. So Colonies when Priviledg'd by the favour of the 
 Emperor, it is Vermijfu Claris, or Augufti, the Indulgence 
 always exprelsd, <&c. As to the now mention'd Antioch oi 
 *Pifidia> 'tis obferv'd to be the only City among fixteen of 
 the fame name, which affected to bear the Legend in Latin. 
 We moreover learn of him, that fuch Colonies as were lent 
 out by the Confuls before Cafars Ufurpation, bare the Name 
 oilman. For example, that of Sinope in Afia, which ftruck 
 a Medal in recognition of the young Gordian, C. % I F.S. 
 Colonia ^omana Julia Felix Sinope, An. CCCVlIJ. the Epochs 
 Hup noting the year that Lentulus made it a free City and Colony, 
 after he had vancjuifh'd Mkhndates^ and which Julius Cej or 
 confiderably enlarg'd. Nor did Cities and Colonies only 
 do honor to the Emperors, and Benefactors in Medals and 
 <%everfes, but whole Provinces alio ; as Syria to Irajan, Pa- 
 cia to Tbilip, &c. 
 
 We mention'd Dedication of Cities, the a^sto or Conditor, 
 as %>mulo Conditori ; and fo the Foundations, as in that of 
 Ntcopolis by Augufius after the Victory at Actum ; in which 
 Medal there is noted its Privilege and Immunities : In that 
 of Hadrian the Year and Date when the City Amijus reco- 
 vered her Freedom under Augujlus : So that of the City Soli 
 mdlicia, chang'd to (pompeiopolis her Benefactor; in others l{e- 
 ftauratorUrbis,\y\\o was efteem'd equal to the Founder : Such 
 again for inftance was that of Conjiantinople its Vies Natalitius y 
 
 fuppos'd 
 
U Difcourfe of M EDALS. 53 
 
 fuppofed co be the very Day when that Medal or Coin was 
 
 ftruck, like that of old %pme cum Urbis Imagine, tho as 
 
 * Tome think, the Dedication was not at the laying of the * Zonaras. 
 
 firft Stone or Foundation (as now the cuftom is) but rather 
 
 at the finifhing and confummation of the Work 5 and thefe 
 
 ufually bore the Heads of the Founders, or fuch as rendred 
 
 them famous ; as the Tarentines and others. Thus thelfland 
 
 Coos had Hippocrates, Samos the Image of Pythagoras ; Smyrna 
 
 that of old Homer, tsre. tho happly not ftamp'd at the time 
 
 when they flourifti'd, but from fuch Pictures, or antient 
 
 Statues as were doubtlefs thought to refembie them. 
 
 Nor is Crtttca and Grammar (befides what concerns Reli- 
 gion, Hiik>ry,Jurifprudence,and other parts of the politer Eru- 
 dition) oblig'd a little to this delightful Scudy. The D/- 
 gamma F invented by Claudius we read in Medal, and much 
 more inferr'd from that fingle inftance of the learned Sigonius's 
 Treatife De Nominibm ^pmanorum, fubjoin'd to his Fafti Con- 
 Jul. And to be gathered from the Dialogues of Agoftino y 
 Volfiuss Etymological Lexicon, the Orthographic Abbreviations 
 of Words, <C?c. fo as they no longer wonder to find why 
 Medals ftamp'd fo long fince at Corinthus, fpake Latin in 
 their hfcriptions under the %oman Empire, feeing the Colo- 
 nies which that victorious People planted and lent forth, 
 had fo worn out and extinguim'd the natural Inhabitants 
 and their Language, that the Greek was in a manner totally 
 difus'd and forgotten. 
 
 As to Names what more Vulgar, than that the Caefars 
 wasderiv'd ah utero defo (by * Solinus's miftake of Pliny, at- *Vid.Grav. 
 tributed to the elder Scipto) but if that of Spartianus might s"^ v,m 
 pafs, they would deduce it ah Elephanto Cdjo, divers Medals Edit, i™^ 
 bearing znfffclephint, with the word CjESA% and a (2^- 
 verje fili'd with fuch Weapons and Inftruments as the Romans 
 made ufe of to kill and deftroy them : And indeed Servim t , 
 relates a ftory of that Emperors Grandfathers killing an Ele- 
 phant in Africa, that was fo aiil'd in the Punic tongue, as 
 if he had thence deriv d Lib Name : Whereas doubtlels it 
 was from neither, but from Ldjaries rather ( and the Critics 
 herein all miftake^Ane Inftruments on the ^everfe being 
 only fuch as belonged to Sacrifice ; Of which the learned 
 Sequin*, in Nominib, P^m. 
 * 9 We 
 
A Vtfcourfe (MEDALS. 
 
 We have already fpoken of a %everfe in the Conjular of 
 Lep'tduss being delegated by the Senate and People of G^ome, 
 to young (ptolomie of Alexandria. And in another, Marcus 
 Antonius's careffing of Cleopatra. In a third, Marcus Brutus, 
 with the Reverie of a Poniard and Cap of Liberty, deno- 
 ting his bold attempt to have freed the Commonwealth by 
 the death of Julius i<tfar. But what is moft lingular and 
 confpicuous in it is, the Notation of the very day, when 
 that bold ftroke Was given, namely, on the Ides of March, 
 of which he had fair warning before. 
 
 In a Q(everfe oflrajan we have reprefented the manner of 
 their reftoring Kingdoms to avanquifh'd Prince j andfo in 
 others of the Imperial there might be produced abundance 
 of Examples illuftrating the like Hiftories ; fome of them (as 
 we laid J no where elfe to be met withal , others confirming 
 things doubtful, &c. 
 
 To return to Names, Hiftorians had not known that the 
 Son which Antoninus had of his Wife Fauftina was call'd 
 M. Annius Galerius Antoninus, but by a Greek Medal of that 
 Lady or that Barbia Orbiana was Wife to Alexander Seve- 
 rus ; or Hetru] cilia the Spoufe of Trajanus Decius, and not of 
 Volufianus. It is in the Qfyverfe of Medal, that the know- 
 ledge of many antient Families are preferved, which neither 
 Urfinus, or any other Author makes mention of ; as among 
 feveral more Alitia, <Barbatia, Carrilia, Epira, Fabricia, Gra- 
 ma, Helvia, JuVentia, Menia, Nautia, (papilia, Sextilia, 
 Trebonia, Vatinia, Ov. enough to fill an Alphabet. It is in 
 the %everfe of Medal only where we are fhew'd in what 
 manner that Statue of Colofs Magnitude, reprefenting the 
 noble Emperor Trajan, was clad and plac'd ( which that 
 egregious Painter Julio Romano has defign'd, and the learn 'd 
 Ciacconius defcrib'd) upon that ftupendous Co/«w»,vefted in his 
 Imperial Robes, and holding in one of his hands a Golden 
 Ball, in which were contain d his own Afhes ; in the other 
 a Scepter, with the Cancelli of Copper about the Plinth of the 
 CapitU j it being the only Column in (Rome which, I think, 
 had any confiderable Figure upon it. There are befides 
 what this Pillar exhibits divers Medals of this Prince, whofe 
 G{everfes fhew us his Aquaeduils, Vta, Forum, Circus, Tri- 
 umphal Arch, and the Bridge he made over the Danube, be- 
 fides thofe of his Reduction of Armenia, Me/opotamia, wc. 
 
 W e 
 
A Vijcourfe (MEDALS, 
 
 We learn from the ^everfes of Medals, as well as by Sta- 
 tues, that of old they made ufeof no Stirups to get up, or 
 eafe their feat on Horleback, and other things of new In- 
 vention. 
 
 Again, we gather from %everfes of Medals the extraordi- 
 nary care they took of the Sea and Navigation, as well as 
 to celebrate their Victories. In that of Auguflus, Neptuno 
 Confervatori ; ViEloria TSLep. in that of Gallienus ; and efpecial- 
 ly that of (Pompey the Great, with his Titles of Trtfeclus 
 Claffis, Zjr or& Maritime together with a Trophy on the Prow ; 
 and in the tffyverfes of Auguflus, whom we mentio/i'd, fre- 
 quently with the judders, ^pflra, Tridents, Ships and Gal- 
 lies, and other marks of Sovereignty. 
 
 Moreover, we behold in ^everjes of Medals the manner of 
 Military Adlocutions, Congiaries, Liberalities, and Royal Vona- 
 tives to the People, taken, as they report from Catliftratus, 
 who, that he might incourage the People of Athens to come 
 and frequent again the Courts and Publick Affemblies of the 
 City (now during the Civil Wars in a manner quite de- 
 ferted) caufed Money to be flung and fcatter'd among them 
 in thofe Places : In imitation whereof great Princes do at 
 this day dilperfe Coins, Nummi Augur ales, and Medals at their 
 Coronations, and other lolemn Occafions ; as was that at 
 the Nuptials of Frederick Duke of Au/lria, with Ann Daugh- 
 ter to Uladtflaus King of Hungary, An. 1515. Thus alio 
 the Pope, when he is Crown'd, fcatters Money and Medals 
 among his Adorers, which is firft but of <BraJs, pronoun- 
 cing the words of S.Teter, Argentum & Aurum non eft mihi, &c. 
 Silver and Gold have I none, but fuch as 1 have give I you ; and 
 then by and by (as foon as his Holinefs is lifted up, and 
 exalted in his pontifical Chair ) he fprinkles Silver, with 
 that of the Pfalm, Dedit pauperibus, &c. He hath given to the 
 poor 5 his righteoujnefs endureth for ever. With this holy %ai- 
 lery (porting with Scripture after a pleafant manner. But 
 to proceed, 
 
 The fyverfes of Medals gave intimation of extraordinary 
 Laws and Ordinances • as that of Tenes againft Adultery, 
 ftampcat Tenedos, anddefcribed by our learned Graves, who 
 from a Medal of his own, recites the Hiftory at large out 
 of Heraclides. For as it was accounted a glorious Thing 
 to have enacted wholfome Laws and Constitutions revok- 
 ing 
 
A 'Difcourfe of M £ D A L S. 
 
 ing others ; fo was it often exprefs'd in thefe more lading 
 Records 5 witnefs amongft the Romans, thofe Medals of the 
 Families Cafjid, Vapid, Coel'ut, Tarth'ut, <&c. and in that fa- 
 mous one of Auguflm de Maritandis Ordinibus ; with other 
 excellent ones of the Emperor Cocceius Ner\>a to the public 
 Benefit 5 the generous ^emiffion of this noble Emperors Right 
 over the Vthiculation, and all the Carriages of Italy, which 
 was fb grievous an oppreffion to his Subjects, is, I think, 
 made known to us from the fyverfe of a Medal only, which 
 the People caus'd to beftamp'd in Recognition of the Grace. 
 To thele add his eftablifhing free Commerce, reprefling 
 Diforders in the Commonwealth ; which procurd him thofe 
 deferv'd Tides of SJLUS GENESIS HUMjNI 
 in his Medals, where commonly the tyverfes exprefs fome 
 Symbols of them ; as in their due place. 
 
 And now that we have mentioned Symbols in ^everfes of 
 Medals, they fhew us, with the Images and Names of the 
 Pagan Deities, Cuflodes, Aufpices, ( Patrii, Genitales, Kutritores^c. 
 their Enfigns and Diftindtions : Jupiter by the Eagle by the 
 Harp or Chelys Jpollo^nd fometimes a Gryphon j Neptune by his 
 Trident and Rudder, fometimes on a Dolphin, but never on 
 the Marine Horfe, tho it be Confecrated to him ; <Pluto his 
 Fork 5 by the Tyger or Panther 'Bacchus ; Hercules by the 
 Club and Lions Skin; by a Serpent Efculapius, <&c. Venus 
 by Cupid , or the Doves, Helm of a Ship, and fometimes 
 VICT^IX by a Target, Cask, Bow and Arrow, to ex- 
 prefs the power and force of Love. Nor was that Symbol 
 of the Doves attributed to their nobleft Venus for their fala- 
 ciry, as th? common miftake is, but-ie^ the veneration they 
 acquired by the ftory of S emir amis, w 7 hom they report was 
 fed by thole gentle Birds, into one of which fhe wasfain'd 
 to be Metamorphos'd, and in that fliape ador'd by the Sy- 
 rians under the Name of dfta>-te. There is yet a more vir- 
 tuous Goddefs of the Name, the Celeflial Venus, reprefented 
 holding an Apple in one hand, and a Spear in the other; 
 and if with a little Infant, G ENjETQ^IX or FELIX, 
 betokening the fecundity of Marriage ; Juno has her Peacock ; 
 Diana her Crefcent, quiver of Arrows, Dog, and fometimes 
 wc find her naked and full of Breafts, a Basket of Fruit on 
 her Head, as they picture Nature, and not feldom alfo with 
 a brace of Harts or a Doe ftanding by her: fhe islikewife 
 
 accom- 
 
V 
 
 A Dtjcourfe (MEDALS, 57 
 
 accompanied oftentimes with fome Egyptian Deity, as Sera- 
 pis , Ifis. or Apis, and now and then the Pharos, for the 
 Friendfhip between Epbefus and Alexandria. Others there are 
 relating to Arcana Imperii, and Myfteries of State, Gryphons, 
 Harpies , Sjrenes, tsrc. requiring Study and Interpretation. 
 And hence we now and then encounter with Sphinges in 
 the P^yerfes of Augujlus, fignifying Prudence and Courage ; 
 and if plac'd before a Temple, the Myfteries of Religion. 
 The Thunder- bolt according as 'tis plac'd, betokens feve- 
 ral Paffions, as well as Regal Power , or that Sovereign 
 Princes are more immediately under the Divine Protection : 
 For Jupiter tho but one, we find, denominated from divers 
 Places and Attributes, according to which he is benign, propi- 
 tious ,difpleas'd or offended ; as where he is Capitolinus ,0lympius t 
 Con/erVator, Stator, Liberator, Optimus, Maximus, Ultor, Eul- 
 gurator, &c. In like manner for his Age, Crefcens, * Ju-* Jovenon- 
 venis. A naked Youth with a Glory about his Head, and^*£{*£ 
 holding a whip in his Hand, denotes the Rapidity of the 
 Suns diurnal Courfe. Mercury wing'd Cap a pie with the 
 G*</«cew*,intimates peace,diligence,and conduct in Enterprifes. 
 
 But to commence at the Head in this Recenfion alio 
 (befides what we have already mention'd) without infifting 
 on the Laurel, which was the Symbol of Apollo (and of that 
 Genius of the Senate eEA XTNKAHTOC and TEPOYCIa; 
 every body knows, that Ears of Corn, Chaplets of P^fes, 
 and other Flowers • Ivy, Tine, <&c. belong to Ceres, Flora, 
 Bacchus, Tan, and their Companions : Casks and Helms 
 to the God of War ; and when with the iDtt)l> to M- 
 nerVa. The Phrygians wore a crooked Bonnet pointing 
 backwards, the Perfians forward; and fometimes upright, 
 not unlike the Commodes affected by our Ladys at pre- 
 fent : The fame was challenged by the Epicame God Lu- 
 yins (as of either Sex; ever reprefenced with the Crefcent be- 
 hind his fhoulders, in great Veneration among the Antiochi- 
 ans of Pifidia : Juno is cover'd with a Elameum, and in the 
 larger Veil is Pronuba: If in a Goats Skin, Horns and all, 
 {Tie is Sofpita. Pantheons are coifed, and have their heads 
 drefs'd like feveral of the Deities ; fometimes with a Bufhel 
 like Serapis, fometimes like the Sun with beams. Jupiter 
 Hammon wears Rams-horns; and with thefe, and divers 
 other Pagan Superftitions often adorn'd they their peculiar 
 
 I Lares s 
 
5 8 A Vifcourfe of M E D A L Si 
 
 Lares ; nor were the Gemi y Topic, as well as Perlonal, want- 
 ing in Reveries : They were fignr'd by naked young Men, 
 holding the (patera in one hand,and in another a Horn of Plenty y 
 fometimes (landing by an Altar pouring out of the Taterk^ 
 and were as many as there were Places, Societies, or Per- 
 ions under their imaginary Guardianfliip. 
 
 The Egyptians (whofe 'Ay^'s Am^v was a Serpent) had 
 their Apis figur'd like a 'Bull with the Flower Lotus between 
 his Horns, a white blaze in his forehead, under a Crefcent : 
 The fame have Ofjris, Ifs, Canopus, and the Deefs Etme- 
 nythia, with a Lily-form Flower, or as fome, the Abroto- 
 nus. We like wife find Campus in the fhape of a large Ear* 
 then Jar or Pitcher, out of which there peeps an human 
 Head ; but the Bu(l of Anubis is a Dog's Head. Ama^ms 
 carry the Battle-Ax on their fhoulders, or a fmall Felt or 
 Buckler Crelcent-fafliion : In deeper L>ufls and the %everfis 
 of larger Medalions, we meet fome of thefe with Cask and 
 Shield holding a bridl'd Horle, betokening Victory in Fight, 
 or fome Publick Shew. If the Figure have lying by it a 
 Sledge, Hammer, Anvil, Tongs, Or. conclude it Vulcan, 
 or fome of his brawny Cyclops. 
 
 As Heads and <Bu(ls in the Reverfe of Medals (as before 
 obferv'd) To are Hands, and what they hold and carry ia 
 them to be confider'd. Thus the Hajla pura, or unpointed 
 Javelin fuits with all the Gods, denoting their univerfal Be- 
 nignity : So does the Scepter, rounded or blunt on both ends 
 like a Generals Commanding ScafF , or what they call 
 Tara^pnium (frequently taken for a fhort Sword) found in 
 fome ^eVer/es of the Emperors Galba, 'Domnian, Vejpafian, 
 and others, about which the Critics yet are not well agree'd; 
 for in that of Antoninus Pius, 'tis a Javelin or half Pike arm'd 
 at both ends. 
 
 The Patera, or fome fuch Religious Character, did ufu- 
 ally accompany the Emperors, which lometimes they held 
 in their hand, Teeming to pour an Offering upon the Altar. 
 
 Termini, are Figures without either Arms , Hands, 
 or Feet, fo reprefented, fays Polybius, to fhew that ail qua- 
 rels and contehrs about the Limits were determine! Such 
 is the Mercurius Herma in a Reverfe of AuguHus, (landing 
 upon a Thunderbolt, which lome interpret to be in relation 
 to that Emperors Device, Feftina Lente. 
 
 A 
 
A Vifcour/e of M E D A L S. 59 
 
 ^ - ... - — - — w .. ■ ■ 
 
 A branch of Laurel in the hand of an Emperor, fignifies 
 Victory j of Olive Peace, and hand joined in hand Friendfhip 
 and Unity, alfo Adoption, as in that of Trajan and Cocceius 
 "Kerya, where two figures take hands, infcrib'd Providentia 
 Senatus. 
 
 In whole and intire Figures are commonly reprefented the 
 Vcrtues applied to the fyman Emperors by their Flatterers, as 
 Tiety like a veil'd Matron, holding a Temple, or box of In- 
 cenfe with a Stork (landing by; but fefta with a Taper ; (Pro- 
 cidentia feems to touch a Globe with her ftaff $ Tudicitia is 
 modeftly veil'd with one finger at her lips. If preffing them 
 with two Fingers, taken for Silence ; to this add Moderatio, 
 Quies, Indulgentia, (Religio, Utility Publica, ptefcfyU^ (jrc. 
 jEquita* holds the balance, and fo does Monet a, who is faid 
 to be a Deity, reprefented by three Figures with the Cornuco- 
 pia, and near them as many melting Furnaces, and a heap 
 of Money, to note the three principal Metals, infcrib'd JE- 
 quitas publica, or Moneta Jug.. 
 
 The Graces are alfo three naked and beautiful Virgins, 
 holding each other by the hand ; by the fame number is 
 fymbolized ALternitas (haded with a fwelling fail over their 
 heads, importing time paft, prefent and to come, and fome- 
 times by a fingle Figure holding the Sun in one hand, in the 
 other the Moon. Laftly, the Eumenides and Furies, arm'd 
 with a Torch, a Poniard, and a Serpent; "Nemefis or Re- 
 venge is pourtrai'd with a Wheel, fhewing that tho Divine 
 Vengeance has long patience, it comes at laft with fpeed : 
 But the Wheel which we find at the foot of Fortuna , 
 denotes inconftancy. She is alfo fometimes fitting, fome- 
 times ftanding, and failing, with her hand on a Rudder, or 
 Cornu-Copia, diftributing good and bad, and is but one and 
 the fame Deity. Security is typified by a woman leaning neg- 
 ligently upon a Chair. The four Annual Seafons are repre- 
 lented by as many naked Figures, one excepted, who is clad 
 for winter. The other three have an Hare, a Basket of 
 Flowers, and a Sickle. We fometimes meet a little Child 
 beftriding a Dolphin, and fuch equally appertain to Melicer- 
 ta, PaUmon, Tortumnw, three names of the fame Deity. Fi- 
 gures cumbent upon Pitchers and Jars, reprefent great and 
 famous titjvers, and fometimes the Buft only emerging out 
 
 I i of 
 
A Vifcourfe (MEDALS, 
 
 of the VelTel. Nilus has feveral naked Boys playing about 
 him, to fignifie his many ftreams : Where we meet Figures 
 lying along upon Beds, a Letlijiernium is reprefented, on 
 which they ufaally plac'd the Image of Apollo, Diana, Nep- 
 tune or fomc other Idol, with folemn Ceremony in time of 
 calamity, or Epidemic Sicknefs, as well as upon more joyful 
 and feftival entertainments. 
 
 To go on with things animate upon ^e^erfes ; the Whenix 
 fymboliz'd Confecration, and Immortality ; the Stork Piety 
 and filial Duty ; the 'Bird of Athens Wifdom and Science, Vi- 
 gilancy and Providence, as one fees in a Medal of Conflantine : 
 the Cock is often with Mercury ; the Horfe feeding repre- 
 fents a Country in peace , rich and abounding ; the Ele- 
 phant fome Publick Spectacle, and fometimes Eternity; as 
 the Serpent AZfculapius, or the Deefs Solus, and is now and 
 then the mark of a Genim, or fome famous Hero , and there- 
 fore Victory if under foot ; Nero had fuch a ^everfe ; a Ser- 
 pent within a Garland of ears of Corn and Poppy, import- 
 ing Plenty : the Ox fignified ftrength and patience, and when 
 accompanied with a veii'd Prieft, fome Colony > if for Vttlim 
 deftin'd, the Bean: had Ribbons dangling about his Horn ; 
 Liberty of Commerce and Dominion on the Sea, were both 
 reprefented by 2. Dolphin clinging about a Trident, <src. 
 
 Characters of Inanimates on the ^fverfes of Medals were 
 likewife frequent. Thus the Cap, or Hat and Wand, pro- 
 claim'd Freedom, Slaves being uncovered and under Difci- 
 pline ; the Cornu-Copia, or Amahhean horn was the Symbol of 
 Plenty ; as Serapis's Bufhel was of Providence : the Port or 
 Gate of a City, found in the %everfe of fome Medals, with 
 the word Trovidentia Augufti, ihews a Magazine and Provi- 
 fion of Corn for the People ; and if a Star appear over 
 it, the City of Conjlantinople in particular: A fortified Camp 
 is exprefs'd by a fort of Calthorp-, a Tripos with the Jackdaw 
 and Dolphin, is the mark of the XV. Vtri, deputed Keepers 
 of the Sibylline Oracles- the Sacerdotal Cap or Miter, is 
 known by the appendant Apex and Flamine, either alone, 
 or with lacrificing Inftruments, denoting Pontifical Dig- 
 nity. 
 
 Bucklers and Votive Tables pro Salute Vrincipis, and other 
 Ocaifions, are very frequent in (J{ever/es-, a Wheel is the Cha- 
 racter of fome famous Way made or repaired by the Em- 
 peror j 
 
A Difcourfe of M E D A L S. 61 
 
 peror ; as in a ^everfe of Trajan. In fhort, the Zodiac de- 
 lcrib'd in all its Figures with the "Moon in Center , was 
 Emblem of the univerfal Happinete of a Princes Govern- 
 ment ; fuch as we meet in a ^everfe of Alexander Severus j 
 and Augujlus was fortunate under Capricornus. 
 
 The Temple of Janus fliut proclaims an univerfal Peace 
 thro all the ^oman Empire : A Gaily, or Veflel under Sail 
 and in Courfe, betokens Joy, Felicity and profperous Suc- 
 cels ; but if we find it placed beneath a Figure wearing a 
 Turrited Crown, fliews it to be a Port of Commerce ; if 
 under a Victory wing'd, the vanquishing of an Enemies 
 Fleet. 
 
 But befides all thefe, Kingdoms, Countries and Provinces, 
 are diftinguiftied in ^everjes by their refpective Symbols 5 
 Europe by the Horfe, or the Rape by Jupiter - fome affirm 
 there never was any ^everje at all appropriate to her ; Afia is 
 known by the Serpent and the Rudder of a Ship, as a 
 Country of Commerce accefijble by Sea, and the firft of Na- 
 vigators ; Africa is Cask'd with the head or fpoil of an Ele- 
 phant, having by her a Scorpion : Of the European Provinces, 
 Macedonia is reprefented by a Carter with a whip in his hand, 
 as a Country of excellent Horfes, and fometimcs alio by 
 Elercules's Club 5 Achaia had a Flower- pot • Dardania a Cock; 
 Spain a Coney , or Olive- branch,and a woman in a Soldiers Caf- 
 fock, a fmall Target and two Javelins ; Gaule is with a Spear, 
 and in the clofe Military Coat or Sagum y Vacia is figured by 
 a Woman with a Spear alio, and fometimes an JJfes Head ^c^ ra 9° 
 tPannonia by two Women warmly clad, with Military En- 
 figns, denoting the coldnefs of the Country, and courage of 
 the Inhabitants ; Italy is reprefented by a Royal Lady Crow- 
 ned with a Tower, fitting on a Globe and holding a Scepter 
 with an Horn of Plenty ; Germany by a goodly Dame with 
 a long Shield, and holding a Spear ; Britannia reprefents 
 a Virgin in a flowing Veft , fitting on a Rock or I- 
 fland with a Spear in her hand, and leaning on the Rudder, 
 the Prow of the Ship at her Feet ; 'Bceotia has the God Bac- 
 elms Tbyrfus, or a Cluftcr of Grapes j Rhodes the Sun/ont^'^- 
 <nC%ple the Solar Flower; Sicilia fhews three Thighs and 
 Legs, lfiuing from a Man's Head in the Center, to fignifie 
 the three famous Promontories of that Ifland, and fometimes 
 by a Sickle and Ears of Corn,denoting Plenty and Felicity ; of 
 
A Vifcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 Ajia, Jud<ea is reprefented by the Palm-Tree j Arabia by a 
 Camel, Perfiaby a Dart; Armenia by a Cap or Hood, Bows 
 and Arrows 5 Tarthia by a Woman in that Country Drefs, 
 with the like Weapons and a Quiver, to fhew their extraordi- 
 nary dexterity in (hooting ; Cappadocia has a Woman wearing a 
 Turrited Crown, and fometimes with the Mountain Argaus in 
 her hand or near her feet. And now we fpeak of Mountains, 
 we find in the Re^erfes of fome Medals a rude Stone in fhape 
 of a Mountain drawn in a Charriot, reprefenting the Sun, as 
 he was ador'd by Helagabalus his Prieft, fancying that glo- 
 rious Planet an huge Ignite Stone with the Star or Tho/phorus over 
 it, preceding its Riling, to diftinguifh it from thofe of Cara- 
 calla : But Stones have other fignifications ,• as that in the 
 form of Tyramis with a pair of Turtles placed in a Tem- 
 ple refembiing that of Venus s worfhip'd at faphos - y and Ju- 
 piter was himlelf fometimes ador'd in the fhape of a Moun- 
 tain j whence perhaps it is we meet Arg^us lo frequently in 
 Reverfes. But to return to Countries; 
 
 Mesopotamia is reprefented between the two famous Rivers 
 Tigris and Euphrates, with a kind of Miter upon her head. 
 In Africa, Egypt has the Crocodile and Ibis for Symbolum, and 
 fometimes the antient Taber, an Inftrument play'd on by 
 their Priefts, as was the Siftmm by thofe of Ifis. With thefe 
 a Medali/l has notice of the m©ft famous Rivers by their 
 feveral Figures, Tiber, Rhenus, Danubius, Niks, &c. 
 
 With the Nymphs, Naids, Syrens, Satyrs and Sylvan Dei- 
 ties ? The true Figures of the Hippopotamus, Crocodile, Rhino- 
 ceros, Elephant, Cameleopard, Panther, and other rare and exo- 
 tic Animals, ufually led, and cxhibiced in Triumph, or 
 prepared for Combat and the Amphitheater, are expreffed to 
 gratifie and divert the People, efpecially during the Secular 
 Shews. Other Reverfes prelent us with divers Flowers, Fruits 
 and Plants, <(src. 
 
 And as Countries and Rivers had their feveral Emblems 
 fo had their chief Cities : Rome her Romulus and Remus fuck- 
 ing the Wolf ; Corinthus , Tegafus and Bellerophon : the 
 Sphinx and H^, the City Gabala in Coelofyria ; Conftantinopk 
 the Thunny, and other places abounding with that Fifh • Ty- 
 rus, the Spaniel with the purple Shell, the Shell is common a- 
 lone upon thofe Reyerfes, but the Dog is rare • Ephefus is re- 
 prefented by the Hart or Stag, facred to her Diana. But I 
 
 con- 
 
<tA Vifcour/e of M E D A L S. 6; 
 
 confefs fomeof thefe belonged rather to their Coins as Money, 
 which, as we noted, had denomination from thefe Badges ; 
 for fo that of Ephefuswzs ftampt with the Image of D^ana j 
 thofe of Creta, Jupiter $ the Egyptians with a Crocodile or Ibis, 
 Nilus or Serapis j Laced&mon with the Head of Lycurgus • 
 Delphi, the Fifh of that Name j of which fee more in 
 Alexander ab Alexandria and other Authours. Lib, 4, c - 
 
 A Military Enfign plac'd upon an Altar, denotes a new Co- 
 lony of Veteran Souldicrs , whole Felicity depends on the 
 Gods, If there be many Weapons, it fignifies their being 
 drawn out of (everal Legions , but Military Enfigns alone, 
 if more than one, fbmetimes import the Victory of fome 
 particular Legion, or betokens an Oath of Fidelity to the 
 Emperour. 
 
 Befides the Eagle, which is the Standard- Enfign of every 
 Legion, the Reft are diftinctions of Cohorts only, or Guidons 
 and Cornets of the Cavalry. 
 
 The Acroteria or 'Ax-ep^A**, which is the ornamental ben- 
 ding Prow, gives notice of a Naval Victory, or fome Ma- 
 ritime City : the judder of a Ship on a Glooe with the Faf- 
 ces, is fovereign Power: fo a Spear lying crols a Curule Chair, 
 fignifies a Conjul, JEMe or fome perfon of Pontifical Dignity, 
 it is likewife a Symbol oijuno and Confecration : By the way, 
 there is an Ivory Chair at Somerjet-houfe, faid to be a <I{oman 
 Curule, but the Shape of it does by no means anfwcr ; for 
 they were not only plainer, but made with arched Legs and 
 round-back'd, more refembling that eafie Chair, which is 
 wont to be plac d under the Imperial or Canopy of State, at 
 Court. 
 
 The Cornucopia is common to all the Deities, Symbols of 
 Beneficence and Abundance Kl efpecially where there are two 
 nor is the Caduceus always, attributed to Mercury alone, but to 
 Royal and Univerfal Power and Authority - for fo 'tis found 
 with a Horn of Plenty and the Pontifical Mitre in a Reverie 
 of* Julius. 
 
 Abundance is alfo fymbolizd by Ears of Corn appearing 
 out of a Bufhel, with the heads of Poppy, which of all 
 Plants produces the greaceft plenty of Seeds. Other Chara- 
 cters or Abundance and Fertility are Clufters of Grapes, Pa- 
 niers of Flowers and Fruits, <Csrc. With the Augural Lituus, 
 we oftentimes fee two Pullets, or fome other Bird which 
 
 they 
 
<$4- A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 they kept for Divination, and not feldom in their Coops and 
 Cages, Or. And may thefe fuffice with others enumerated 
 by Mr. Walker and the late Author of the Science, and fuch 
 as we have already named ; where one has their defcriptions 
 more at large, but which for being fo very neceffary to be 
 known and remember'd, ought not to be counted a needlefs 
 Repetition : For Heads and Effigies may be eafily diftinguifh- 
 ed by their Infcriptions, not fo tffyyerfes, which having rela- 
 tion to Symbol only, recjuire particular Explication, as do 
 other Emblems, Vevifes and Hieroglyphtcks, inclofing Morals, 
 recondite Myfteries and Actions ; recommending and repre- 
 fenting the moft confpicuous Virtues of the Per Ions and 
 things they relate to. And thus all that was heroicai and 
 great, peculiar and eminent, and properly regarding Amient 
 Hiftory, its Circumftances and AcceiTories, is, we lee, fetcht 
 
 Ca P- *?• out of Medals and their Pgverjes , as Agoflino amply, and 
 Suarefius more contra&edly have given us a Tafte. 
 
 Upon this account it is,that fuch Memoirs were configned to 
 the moft lafting Materials j and that the Heroic Ages bore fuch 
 Veneration to Antiquity and the Exploits of their Renowned 
 Anceftors, that they hung up the Skins andSpoils of Lions and 
 Serpents, and other deftructive and furious Beads as wafting 
 whole Countries, had been killed and cleared by them. 
 
 They adorned the Veftibules and Porches of their Temples, 
 Halls and Palaces with Armour, Weapons, Trophies, Sta- 
 tues , Urns, Tables and Infcriptions, and all forts of Antiqui- 
 ties. As among the Gadita?ii (for inftance) they fhew'd 
 Pygmalion's Auream Olivam the Argives, Atrei Phialam the 
 Skin of the Caledonian Boar apud Arcades ; thofe of Delphi, 
 Pindar s Chair; as did the Metapontines that of Pythagoras ; 
 the Parma Ant mi made danger famous ; Phalariss Bull^ thofe 
 of Agrigentum ; Ledas Egg, thofe of Lacedtmion j the Area. 
 Cypjeli, thofe of Olympus, Z*rc. Others the Spear of Achilles ; 
 the Harp of limotheus ; Fair Helens Necklace j the Lamp of 
 Epiftetus. Thefe, and the like (long fince loft and decay'd, 
 and not to be compared with Medal ) rendred many Coun- 
 tries and Cities famous ; and fo fond they were of them, 
 
 In Verrem. that Cicero tells us, Nulla unquam CiYitas tota Ajia & Gneaa 
 Jtgnmn ullum, Tabellam pitlam, ullum denique ornamentum urbis, 
 JuaVoluntate cuiquamyendidit, >Zsc. They would not alienate 
 or part with them for any price ; as neither of late years 
 
 would 
 
A Difcwfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 6f 
 
 would they of ^pme fell to that magnificent Collector of An- 
 tiquities, Thomas Earl of Arundel and Surrey , the fragments 
 only of a broken Obelifc which had lain neglected fo many 
 Ages in the Ore of Caracalla, fince piec d together, and erect- 
 ed on that goodly Fountain of Tia%$a Nayona by the fa- 
 mous <Bemini y a ftupendious Monument of his admirable 
 Talent. 
 
 There are ftill at <%gme, Florence , tsre. other Anti- 
 quities belonging to the Cities, and daily purchased and aug- 
 mented, Sratues, Hiftorical Columns, Trophies, Altars, 
 Urns, Inter iptions and Pictures, which they keep to adorn, 
 and for the honor 0 of the Place and Nation, which I know 
 not that they do in any other 3 for if they did, thole Statues 
 and other venerable Antiquities fearch'd out, and with fo 
 great diligence, affection and vaft expence, brought from 
 Athens , Delphi , Smyrna , and other parts of Greece by that 
 noble Earl, would not have been difpers'd, as I find they 
 were j thole Infcriptions only excepted, which were frankly 
 beftow'd on our Athene (the Univerfity of Oxford) at my 
 fole Requeft to the late illuftrious Duke of Norfolk > and I 
 had his promile of that Colojfian Mtnerva to have followed, 
 but his Grace's fo unexpected Death prevented my timely 
 getting it remov'd. I know not whether it was not fince pur- 
 chafed with many other Statues by the Lord Vicount Lemfter, 
 who for his great love of all that is magnificent of this kind, 
 and for his no lefs civilities to me, I think my (elf oblig'd 
 to mention with much regard glad that they are fallen in- 
 to the hands of one who both knows how to value and 
 prelerve them. For by luch Colleclions (as I laid) Countries 
 and Cities become Schools of Art, attracting learned Perlbns 
 and many Strangers to vifit their Antiquities, as now abroad 
 to the Churches, Shrines, and reputed holy Places. Nor 
 did all or any of thefe Circumftances of old Smyrna , with j n t y en 
 the advantage of her famous Port and Haven, render it fo Orat. 4. 
 celebrious as the ancient Picture of Agathocles j nor the Ma- 
 mertinesy as that one Collection of C. Hejus, of which the 
 Orator (defcribing the Antiquities of his Palace near Meffina 
 in Sicily) Meffanam ut quifque nojlrhm venerat, bate vifere fo- 
 lebat : Omnibus h&c ad vifendum patebant quotidie-, Domus erat non 
 Domino magis ornamento y quam Civitati, Cc. One nobly fur- 
 nifh'd Houfe was not, it feems, a greater Reputation to the 
 
 K illuftrious 
 
66 yi Difcowrfe of M £ D A L S. 
 
 illuftrious Owner, than to the whole City it felf. And thus 
 Tliepfia for an excellent Statue of Cupid only ( the work or 
 Praxiteles) was vifited by Travellers and Strangers, nam alia 
 vifendi caufa nulla eH : It had nothing elfe, fays Cicero, in it 
 worth feeing. Upon this account it is, that the Talaces and 
 Studies of the Farnefi, Medici, (Barberini, To^i, Angtloni, 0"C. 
 tt<%pme- y the Duke of Tufcanys at Florence; Septalius's at 
 Milan, with their Cabinets of Medals, Statues, Inscriptions, 
 and other Antiquities, &*c. make Italy ftill venerable in her 
 Salufi. very Ruins : And for what Ufe and End all this Coil and 
 Curiofity we are told by that noble Hijlorian (de %e\\o Ju- 
 gurth,) not for nothing or merely to look upon and delight 
 the Eye with only : Nam fepe audizi Q. Maximum, <P. Set- 
 pionem, prater ea Civitatis nojlra praclaros viros folitos it a dicere, 
 cum majorum imagines intuerentur, vehementiJJJme fibi animum ad 
 virtutes accendi : Scilicet, non ceram Mam, neque Figuram tan- 
 turn vim in Jeje habere ; fed memoriae rerum ge ft arum, earn 
 flnmam egregiis viris in petlore crefcere , neque prius Jedari , 
 quam virtus corum famam at que gloriam adccquavcrit. The 
 very fight of their Effigies calfd to their minds the 
 glorious Actions they had performed, and even inflam'd them 
 with an Emulation of their Virtues ; nor did it reft there 
 till they themfelves alfo had done fomething worthy their Ex- 
 ample. To this the incomparable Cicero again ( pleading 
 Orat. po the caufe of an excellent Poet) Quam mult as nobis Imagines non 
 Anhfa. f 0 l um a d mtuendum, verum etiam ad imitandum, fortijjimorum 
 virorum expreffas Scriptores & Grxci, O* Latini reliquerunt - 
 quas ego mihi femper in adminifiranda tf^epub. proponens, animam 
 Zsr mentem meam ipfa cogitatione bominum conformabam, dec. 
 And in good earneft, where there is no more Superftition 
 paid, than what upon the fight of modeft Pictures, Statues, 
 Medals, and other productions of Art, thefe learned Tagans 
 fliew'd them for ought appears : I mould be no lconoclaft 
 and Demolifher, tho I abhor Idols, and cannot but wonder 
 that Men of Reafon and Power to Reform, mould oive 
 and continue Scandal to fo many excellent Chnjtians, and 
 to fo many who are not Chriftians but would be fb, were 
 they either taken away, or (if left (landing) their Cult abo- 
 lifli'd, not the imitation of the Sanctimony and Virtues of 
 thofe whom they reprefent. For thus (to return to ( fyl>erfes) 
 k feems they fo inlpir'd Men with their very looks, that 
 
 the 
 
A Dijeomft (MEDALS, 67 
 
 the noble Jlphonjus us'd to fay, he never beheld C&jar in 
 
 Medal without iomc extraordinary Emotion, inflaming his 
 
 breafl: with an Emulation of imitating his greatnefs of Mind 
 
 and conlpicuous Virtues. For the fame reafon of old, they 
 
 piac'd and fee up their Signa* Bufls and Pictures in their 
 
 Tittacothecas and Repofitories, efpecially in the Veftibules and 
 
 Prima JEdium parte, Porches, Halls, and particularly in their Valerius I 5 
 
 Libraries, Tome of Marble, others in Wax ; nay fays Tliny, cap. 8. ex- 
 
 Kon Jolum exauro, argentove, nut certe cere in 'Bibliotbecis & can ~^>fa'\fc * 
 
 tur illi, quorum immortales animje in iifdem locis ibi loquuntur ; cap. 2. " r 
 
 quimmo etiam qua non Junt, finguntur, pariuntque defideria non 
 
 traditi vultus, fscut in Homero evenit ; quo majus {ut quidem ar- 
 
 bitror) nullum e/l fozlicitatis fpecimen ; quam femper omnes fare 
 
 cupere, qualis fuerit aliquis, &c. Celebrating thofe immortal 
 
 Hero's, who feem to breath and fpeak to us as they ftand. 
 
 Thus things not really prefent, appear at lead' as if they were, 
 
 inciting us with a defire of enjoying the abfent Perfon : 
 
 For inftance, the Poet Homer; there being in my opinion 
 
 (favs,he) no greater felicity, than this univerfal Inclination r& 
 
 or Imcftv^Eg- what manner of Man fuch and fuch a Perfon 
 
 was. ^ 
 
 How flrong a paffion the fight of Alexanders Statue alone 
 kindled in Cejar, when it made him flied Tears, out of An- 
 guifh or Ambition, that fuch a (tripling in comparifon to 
 his Age, mould have fo far exceeded his Conquefts ! having 
 fubdu d the whole World almoft, e're himfelf had yet been 
 Miller of a Province. And doubtlefs there is nothing does 
 more (timulate a noble and generous Spirit than a Virtuous 
 Emulation ; and therefore Sir Tboma* Moor allow'd the ule 
 of Statues alfo, in that ingenious Idea of his Republic (where 
 otherwife we find him very fparing of unneceffary Pomp 
 and Expences) when difcourfing of Rewards and Punifli- 
 ments • Non paucis (fays he) tantum deterrent a flagitiis ; fed 
 propofuis quoque honoribus ad Yirtutes invitant : Ideoque Statuas 
 vim i)i(tgmbi0 y & de %e'p. prxclare meritis in foro collocant, in re- 
 rum bene geflarum Mmoriam, fimul ut ipforum pofleris majorum 
 fmrum gloria calcar & incit amentum ad Virtutem fit, &c. And 
 therefore of old they never decreed thole Honors of Statue 
 or Medals, but to fuch as had perform'd fome fignal Exploit, 
 or Invented fome uleful Thing. In this manner they Dig- 
 nified and made them Noble, as JBmilm and others : and 
 
 K z again 
 
"~^8 ~lfVifcourfe of M E D ALS. 
 
 ae,ain, overthrew and broke their Images in pieces, and re- 
 call'd their Medals, when upon any vile Action, or notorious 
 Treafon they defer v'd ill, or betray 'd their Country ; of which 
 Hiftories afford innumerable Examples. And indeed, when 
 Men (be they never fo great and well born) degenerate from 
 their illuftrious Anceftors, 
 
 Stemmata quid faciunt ? quid prodefi, Tontice, longo 
 Sanguine cenferi, pitlofque oflendere vuitus 
 „ „ Maiorum, <? ftanteis in curribus JEmilw\os y 
 Et Curtos jamdimtdws, humcrojq ue mmorem 
 Corvintm, ts* Gaibam auriculis nasofy carentem ? 
 Tota licet veteres exornent undiq- y cer& 
 Atria ; Nobilitas fola eft atq-> unka virtus, 
 
 .What is't our Anceftors to fliow 
 
 In Paint or Statues ? the jEmilii plac'd 
 
 Intire in Chariots, Curii to the waft, 
 
 CorVmusy that by th' flioulders lefs appears, 
 l And Galba wanting both his Nofe and Ears ? 
 
 e ' The Houfe, why do fo many Gen'rals fill 
 
 Breathing in Marbles ? 
 
 Fill all thy Courts with old wax Imag'ry, 
 
 Venue's the true and fole Nobility. 
 
 They put them (as we have fhew'd) not only in mind of 
 thoie brave and glorious Perfons they reprefented, but they 
 look'd on them as yet alive, and obfervers of their Actions j 
 and were fo charm'd with their Convention, that they car- 
 ried them in their Triumphs, and went with them to their 
 very Funerals and Graves ■ nor would they at any hand fell 
 or alienate them from their Families, but fixt them as Houfe^ 
 Looms to the Inheritance. He that could {hew the greateft 
 number of them (as we now Coat- Armor and Pedigree) was 
 reckoned the Nobleft. Tis really ftrange to what prodigious 
 numbers the Statues and Figures or this fortlhould other wife a- 
 mount, when in the little liland of ^Jjodes alone were counted 
 Elem. of Ar- above thirty thoufand • thole of Olympia and Delphi more ; in 
 cbitetf. Corinth innumerable. By a noble Contention (fays Sir Henry 
 Wotton) in Point of Fertility, 'twixt Art and Nature, and not 
 only arguing an infinite plenty of Artifts and Materials, but 
 hkewiie of magnificent and glorious Thoughts, even 
 
 in 
 
%A Vtfcour/e of MEDALS. 
 
 in the common Perfons of thofe Ages, befides the Relation 
 thofe goodly Monuments and Memoirs of well doing and 
 meritorious Perfons had to nobler Deligns } not as a bare and 
 tranfitory entertainment of the Eye only, or gentle decep 
 tion of the Time, but that it had a fecret and powerful In- 
 fluence, even towards the advancement of the beft of Go- 
 vernments, by their continual repreientations of great and 
 virtuous Examples ; So as in that point Art became a piece 
 of State. 
 
 Remarkable for this fort of Magnificence,and one of the flrft 
 was Marcus Varro (the moft learned and knowing Perfbn of the 
 Age) who made a Collection of all the famous Men from the 
 Foundation of fymc to his own Times. Cicero, Atticus and 
 others, followed him to that height of Curiofity, as 'tis re- 
 ported of Alexander Secerns, that he fought to have the Pour- 
 traits of our BleJJed Saviour, the Patriarch Abraham and o- 
 ther extraordinary Perfons, as well as of Achilles, Alexander, 
 <Plato and others of the Gentile Hero's and Philofophers. 
 
 We have feen, how inftead of Enfigns and painted Ban- 
 ners, they carried them in Pomps and ProcefTions of State, 
 ftamptand cut in all forts of Metal, Stones of price, Por- 
 phyry, and the moft durable Marbles • and this they did for 
 almoft Two Thoufand Years, efpecially in Money and Me- 
 dals innumerable, whereof much is yet remaining, much 
 more 'tis probable than what is yet come to light, found 
 here and there cafually in fingle pieces, and often in heaps, 
 full Urns and Jars, to fhew the immenfe Treafure of that 
 once flourifhing State, and vaft Extent of its numerous Colo- 
 nies, which not only inlarg'd their Conquefts over Men, 
 but (as in recompence of the Changes and Devaluations which 
 they made) Civiliz'd the Barbarous World by their Laws 
 and Learning, ufeful Arts, and exemplary Virtues. 
 
 And now after all we have produced in favour of Statues, 
 Medals and other Collections of this nature • we are far from 
 approving or encouraging that abandon d and paffionate love 
 which fome havefhew'd, in a reftlefs and expenfive purfuit 
 of thefe Curiofities, and that like Damajippus Infantum veteres 
 Statuas emendo, as fome ill advifed, and, as I may fay, Luxu- 
 rious Antiquaries have done, to the prejudice of their For- 
 tunes, or any nobler Parts of Life, ranging over all the world, 
 and compaffing Land and Sea to feed an unbounded- Appe- 
 
 tite^ 
 
7 o A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 tite, and turn that into Fault and Vice, inftead of a lauda- 
 ble and ufeful Diverfion; Eft modus in rebus — — I remem- 
 ber a French man ( lover of Intaglias ) who told me he had 
 for many years long 'd for the death of a Gentleman, who 
 having an Head of the Emperor Hadrian cut in an Onyx (an- 
 tique and very curious) which he would by no means part 
 with ; he hop'd that he might obtain it of his Executors, as 
 at laft he did. And I could tell of another Great Perfon , 
 who, when the Turks Invaded Candy, and alarm'd the Ve- 
 netians, was wont ( not without fbme fecret pleafure ) to 
 reckon, at how eafie rates Statues would be purchased, mould 
 the Turks fet foot in Italy. 
 
 Asking pardon for this digreflion, not altogether foreign 
 to our Subject of Heads and Effigies, and the plenty of Star 
 tues, Medals, and antient Coins which may be yet extant in 
 the hands of the curious.,* That which has been perverted 
 by ignorant Mechanicks, and Avarice of others, may, for 
 ought we know, be as much as what remains intire. 
 Fignor.Epft. Laurentlus Tignorius, writing to the Abbot 'Ban/onus, tells us 
 (with no Imall indignation) what a World of Antiquities lie 
 buried, broken, and neglected. And as to Medals, or a 
 Venetian Merchant that melted down abundance of rare Coins 
 to make a Chain of Gold for his Wife to wear. And Schot- 
 tus, of a SpanifJ? Apothecary who caft a Morcar fortheufe 
 of his fliop of an invaluable Collection of Medals, which had 
 been left him by his curious Father : Digitus utiqueipfepifiiMs; 
 Jed in grandiore Mortario Jnaxarcbi more tundi : Nay, my Au- 
 thor adds, that when, An. 1506. at <3tyme a Goldfmith was 
 wont to caft little Shrines and Statues of gold and filver Me» 
 dais-, he did often ufetoboaft, that he made none but of 
 fuch precious things. Such another encounter I remember 
 * Busheej. e- the noble Busbequiu* * tells us he met withal in his Embafly 
 pP* pafling through Amafta to the Ottoman Comx. : That enquiring 
 of a Brafier whether he had any Medals (or as the Turks cA\ 
 them, Infidel Money, ufing them for weights only) the Pagan 
 Tinker told him, he had a (hop-full of them a day or two 
 before, but that he had newly melted them all, to make 
 tPots and Kettles. But this of old the nobler Romans 
 (as if forefeeing it) took fuch careof,that befides a Law exprefly 
 prohibiting the melting down of any Coin or Medals to 
 preferve all other noble Monuments from being fo much as 
 
 any 
 
A Vifceur/e of M E D A L S. 
 
 any ways marr'd or injured (expos'd as many of them were 
 abroad in the flreets and about the Cities) they had their Curator 
 Statu arum, as well as their Tnbuni rerum Nitentium ; efpecial- 
 ly Libraries, Buildings of Magnificence, and other publick 
 Decorations and Ornaments. 
 
 The truth is ( whatever care there was of old) 'tis not a- 
 bove an Age fince they were even at ^me it felf lo negli- 
 gently Barbarous, that fome Harpies would have demolifh'd 
 the Arch of Confiantine, and fo obliterated the Memory of 
 that great Emperor and Revolution, as far as in thefe wretches 
 lay, had not Tope <Pau I 'the Fifth taken care to prevent them; 
 They had already pull'd down the Septizonium of SeVerus, fo 
 as there now remains no Veftigta of that noble and fingular 
 Antiquity, nor of many a Triumphal Arch befides (as that of 
 Drujus over the Germans and others) except it be in the Me- 
 dal i and were proceeding upon the only remaining Amphi- 
 theater of Titusy miferably defae'd already ; fo as that renown- 
 ed City had by this time been hardly known k> much as 
 in her Ruins. 
 
 To refume then our Subject, and at once, 0 s inftar om- 
 nium, to fhew their incomparable Ufe, and how vaftly they 
 might contribute to the Univerfal Republic of Letters, were 
 it poffible to make a complete Collection, and uninterrupt- 
 ed Series of Greek and Gtyma?i Coins, as doubtlefs they have 
 been ftamp'd and diftributed upon all fignal Occafions,when 
 great numbers were utter'd and difpersd from time to time, 
 befides thofe which were alfo frequently found under the 
 Foundations of Public Edifices (on whole (fyverfes was ufu- 
 aliy the Model or Picture of the Fabric ) I affirm, were fuch 
 a Treafure to be met with, the learned World would be 
 furnifli'd and inrichd with a World of rare Antiquities - 
 vouchers fubfidiary to good Hiftory, and of what there has 
 paft of Memorable, with far more certainty than from any 
 other perifhable Records whatfoever, fince Medals are not 
 juftified by Books and Authors, but Books and Authors by 
 Medals rather. I cannot ( fays the illuftrious Scaliger ) but 
 admire how many noble Records, rare and recondit Myfte- 
 ries are contain'd, and have been tranfmitted to us in Medals 
 and inferiptionsj qiut nos fugiunt, and of what we could never 
 elte have had luch clear and perfpicuous Teftimony But he 
 who has a mind to fee how Medals vindicate and fupport 
 
 antienE 
 
7 z A Vifcourfe o/MEDALS, 
 
 antient Hiftory preferrable to Books, may confult the lear- 
 ned Spanheims Preface and Notes on Julius Ctfar. 
 
 And here I muft acknowledg, that I have been more con- 
 firmed by that <Bafs Relieve ftill extant on that Triumphal Arch 
 of Titus, which at my being at (Rome I caus'd to be moft 
 accurately Delineated by Carolo Morotti (fince, for his incom- 
 parable Talent advanc'd to be the Popes chief Painter, and 
 worthily now efteem'd the firft of Europe) with all the La- 
 cuna and Detritions in fo long a tract of Time, to prevent 
 the being impos'd upon by moft, if not by all thole Sculp- 
 tors (not excepting Francis terrier , efteem cl to be the moft 
 faithful) whole Prints I have ever feen, and who prefume 
 to fupply what is quite worn out with their Conjectures. 
 I fay I have been more edified by this undoubted Antiquity, 
 and by the Medals reprefenting to us the fad and deplorable 
 Everfion of that once glorious Temple, and Deftru&ion of 
 that obftinate People for their prodigious Ingratitude and Ma- 
 lice in putting to Death the Son of God, than by all that 
 Jofephus, and other Hiftorians of that time or fince, have 
 left us in their Books. 
 
 I am not ignorant that many palTages of moment have 
 been fal (el y grounded upon thefe venerable Monuments- as 
 Afohg. x. from that known Infcription SJNCTO. S JNCO. S E- 
 MO N 1, Zsrc. by the Holy Martyr S. Juftin and others fince; 
 whilft prejudice and fuperftition make others to miftake the 
 moft grofly ; as the learned Dr. Spon clearly fhe ws in his Let- 
 ter to Father Cbaife, who pretended to derive and prove the 
 Antiquity of the Topiff? Majs from a Medal ftampt in the time 
 of Conjl amine the Great - y becaufe forfooth, in a certain (RgVerfe 
 of that Emperor, one fees a little round thing upon an Altar, 
 which being more needfully inlpected (without the aid of 
 Micro/copes) evidently appear'd to be a Mund or Imperial Globe 
 only j but which the zealous Jefuit took for a Conlecrated Wa- 
 fer-.Thus quod Volumus facile credimus. But the inftances we have 
 hirhcrto producd are Authentic and without Reproach, evin- 
 cing and eftablifhing what is pretended from them beyond ex- 
 ception. And for the Hiftorieal Part, by what is already 
 among the Curious and lovers of this Study; we cannot rea- 
 ibnably queftion, but thole Kingdoms and flourifhing States 
 who took fuch care to prefervc and tranfmit thole noble 
 and worthy Actions to Pofterity, were not lefs diligent and 
 
 curious 
 
A Difcottrfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 75 
 
 curious not to differ any thing of Signal and Illuftrious tc 
 efcape them, than a very Modern State and Commonwealth 
 near us, have to this day (to our reproach or neglect at home 
 be it fpoken) in their mod laudable Imitation of the wifeft, 
 mod renovvn'd and profperous Commonwealth we find Ce- 
 lebrated for their Wifdom and Virtue. 
 
 An egregious Inftance of this may be ieen in what Mon- 
 ficur Bizpt and his Continuator have Publifh'd , in the 
 Htftoire Metalique de la (Rep. d Holland (Printed firft in Folio, 
 fince in three elegantly Defign'd and Infculp'd Ottavos ) 
 where one has the intire Hiftory of whatfoever has pafled of 
 Public and Memorable by Sea or Land, in Peace or War of 
 any fort, relating to that wonderful Commonwealth. All 
 of it deducd, reprefented and fupported by, and from the 
 Records of Medals, Stampt and Publifh'd in the year, and 
 at the times when fuch and fuch Actions happen'd to 
 be done and were frefli in memory ; and that from the 
 very Infancy of that State, and defection from the Crown 
 of Spain to this day ; together with appofite 'Devifes and In- 
 fcriptions both of Things and Perfons, Monumental, and high- 
 ly conducing to divers PaiTages of our Modern Hiftories and 
 Revolutions (abating of fome Liberties which perhaps might 
 decently have been pais'd by, not fo well becoming the gra- 
 vity of Medal , but which are yet Matters of Fact) namely, 
 their Wars, Sieges, Expeditions, Truces, Peaces, Alliances, 
 Negotiations, Difcoveries, Colonies, Adventures, Plantations, 
 Companies, and Improvements of Arts and Manufactures. 
 In a word, nothing Memorable has efcap'd the Medal ; nor 
 what of other Countries that have had any relation to them : 
 Sometimes to the Honor of their Nation, uleful and full, of 
 profitable Diverlion : Verily a Curiofity, together with the 
 Hiftorical Difcourfes upon them, worthy both the Collection 
 and Cabinet of the Curious. 
 
 To proceed therefore with their (Re'Verfes : We have there 
 reprefented ( befides Heads and Effigies ) all that has fall'n 
 out of Great and worthy the notice of Hiftory, frequent E- 
 vents referring to moll: Actions not of Europe only, but of 
 both the Indies and the whole World, in any fort relating to 
 (I think) the moft Induftrious People in it. For inftance, 
 
 They have Medals of the very firft occafion of their (Re- 
 volt and Emancipation from the Tyranny and Opprcffion of 
 
 L fbUlf 
 
A Vifcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 (Philip II. under which they groan'd, upon his endeavouring 
 to introduce the Inquifition , and in order thereunto erect- 
 ing new Bifliopricks and Tribunals, infringing their antient 
 Immunities and Conftitutions : And how from that con- 
 temptuous Name of Geux and Vagabonds, to High and 
 Mighty ; they in lefs than a Century aflerted their Rights and 
 Liberties againft all the Power and Policy of then, the moil 
 potent and formidable Monarch of Chriftendom. 
 
 We have in the Reverfe of their Medals, their Original 
 Confederation and Union with Utrecht ; their early applica- 
 tion and fubmiflion to Queen Elizabeth for her Protection j 
 the Cautionary Towns and Fortrefles made over to, and Gar- 
 riioned by her, with their Raddition , their deplorable and 
 cruel Sufferings after their firft Governor Philip EmanuelDuke 
 of Savoy , and Governefs Margarete Dutchefs of Parma; Car- 
 dinal Gr anvil, under that fierce and truculent Alvarez^ de To- 
 ledo Duke of Aha ; his Son Frederic, Von Lovis de ${equefens 5 
 Don John of Auflria ; the Arch-Duke Matthias - the Princes 
 of Parma-, Count Mansfield; Arch-Duke Albert ; Clara Eu- 
 genia ; the Cardinal Infanta ; the late Fran, de Mela ; LeopoU 
 dus-, Monterey and the reft. 
 
 They reprefent the Executions, and Cataftrophes of Count 
 Egmont and Horn ; the feveral Maff acres which follow'd ; 
 the Heroical Acts of Prince William of Najjau ; his Aflfaffi- 
 nation ; the Effigies and Exploits of thofe who purfued that 
 great Perfons Victories j what was ( or rather indeed what 
 was not done) during the Government of the Duke of Alen- 
 fon, and our Earl of Leicejler • the wonderful SuccefTes and 
 Triumphs of Grave Maurice - y Henry Frederic, William the 
 Second and Third, the Renowned Princes of Orange, even to 
 the late ftupendious Revolution. 
 
 We have in the PgVerjes of their Medals, the Surprizes of 
 (Brill (which was their firft Exploit) and Harlem ; the me- 
 morable Siege of Leyden ; the Stratagem at (Breda, Sluce, Ber- 
 geti-op~$oom, Bois le Vuc, Venlo, ^uremond, Sasde Gand, Hulfi, 
 the later Siege of Maeflricht, Z?c. the famous Leagures and 
 Battels of Ottend, Newport, Seneff, with the Heads and Pour- 
 traits of Sir Francis and Horatio Veres, and other Engliff? He- 
 ro's ,• their brave Exploits and Succeftes againft Don Juan, 
 Parma, Spinola, and others the moft renowned Captains 
 and Commanders of that Age. 
 
 There 
 
A Difcwr je (MEDALS. 75 
 
 There is a Medal of Prince William the Second's March to 
 Amflcrdam, and of whatfoever elfe has fall'n out of Remarka- 
 ble for more than an hundred years paft. But thefe, for 
 being acted in their own Country, I mention together, not 
 forgetting fuch Exploits as their Medals have Conlecrated to 
 their Renown abroad upon the Sea, and in other Lands ; as 
 a ^eyerfe of the famous Battel of Lepanto; the bold Action 
 at Vamiata \n Egypt; the Naval Fight in Eighty Eight, upon 
 our difperfif>nyof that Invincible Armada, with that other 
 fignal Combat in An. 1639. their furprizing of the Spanifh 
 <Plate Fleet ; feveral Cornells with ours during the late Re- 
 bellion, with their Admirals Trumps, de ^uyters, Opdams, Or. 
 Engagements with the Duke of York, Prince Rupert, Duke 
 of Albemarle, and Earl of Sandwich (worthy a kinder fate) 
 and, to our reproach, their Infult at Chatham, and Action 
 at Bergen ; Relief of Denmark and Copenhagen, when ftreight- 
 ned by the Swedes : there is a large Medalion of de <l{uyters Ex- 
 ploits in Sicily> Succours formerly yielded to other Princes 
 their Allies, as during their Peace with Albert and Ifabel, in 
 the affair of Cleve zndjuliers ; they ftampt Medals of the late 
 Incurfions and Excurfions of the French An. 1673, fi° cet he 
 Peace of Nimegue, and feveral other Treaties and Conven- 
 tions fince that general one at Munjler, and what pals'd with 
 that Martial Biftiop ; Groningen, Narden, Breda ; the Triple 
 League, and feveral others with Foreign Princes and Po- 
 tentates. 
 
 There is a Medal afferting their Liberty of Commerce; 
 of their Expeditions to the Eaftern Indies by the Cape of 
 Good Hope ; in fum, of their Circum-Navigations of the 
 whole T-mvjbirin err aqueous World, penetrating to the Anti- 
 podes, and even to the light of both the Poles : Others of 
 their Wars with the Indian Monarchs ; the Eftablifhment 
 of both Eafl and IVeft India Companies ; their Colonies, Ci- 
 ties, Forts, Factories in the Moluccas, JavaX, Ceylon, and o- 
 ther Spice Iflands; their Fifheries and Adventures at Nova 
 Zembla, and attempts on the North weft Palfages ; of their 
 Expeditions and Succefs of Prince Maurice in Brafile. In 
 fhort, there's not a Difcovery, Colony, Munition, Plan- 
 tation, Negotiation, Factory or Scale of Commerce, City, 
 Citadel, State-houle, Bourle, Church, Hofpital, fumptuous 
 Edifice, Harbor, Canal or the like Public Charge, but they 
 
 L % fhew 
 
A Vtfceurfe o/MEDALS. 
 
 {hew in Medal : Witnefs thofe ftruck of the Erection of 
 Leiden, and other Cities into Schools and Uniycrpties ; the Ef- 
 figies of their famous Profeflbrs and Countrymen, renown'd 
 for their Learning, Souldiers, Statefmen j Medals of the 
 Authors of feveral Inventions, Arrogating the Arts of Print- 
 ing, Tainting in Oyl ; Mills and Machines • their veliferous 
 Chariot, and other great and ufeful Things. 
 
 They ftruck Medals of feveral Triumphs and magnificent 
 Pomps on fundty occafions, fetting forth the Reception and 
 Marriage of the unfortunate Frederic Prince Eletlor, and La- 
 dy Elizabeths Landing at Fluffing ; another, when the King 
 and Queen of (Bohemia took their fad flight after the decre- 
 tory Battel of Prague; they caufed Medals to be made of the 
 Refuge which they gave to Mary de Medices, Mother of lb 
 many Crown'd Heads when fhe had none to flielter her own : 
 Of the Nuptials of Prince William the Second with the Daugh- 
 ter of England ; another of the generous Entertainment which 
 they gave our late King Charles the Second at IBreda, and of 
 his Tranfportation into England at his Reftoration. 
 
 To thefe fucceed their Medals of the late Duke of Mon- 
 mouths Invafionj the Birth of the Prince of Wales j of our 
 Bifhops confinement in the Tower of London-, as formerly I 
 had found one in memory of the Gun-Powder Confpiracy ; 
 a delivery (for ought I know) wholly neglected by us who 
 were moll: concerned, with^any lafting Record of this nature, 
 or bare Infcription. 
 
 The late ftupendious Expedition, and Defcent at Torbay 
 is celebrated in a large Medalion-, as is likewife the Recels 
 of King James II. and the Coronation following. 
 
 They ftamp'd a Medal upon the memorable Siege of Lon- 
 donderry in Ireland, with fundry more relating to divers o- 
 ther PalTages and Events extraordinary and worthy Record. 
 
 I haveleen a Qfyverfeot the famous Synod at Dort; of the 
 fortunate eicape of the learned Grotius ( Author of fo many 
 incomparable Works) conveyed out of a ftrong Prifon, in- 
 ftead of a Trunk of Books, whilft his unfortunate Compa- 
 nion Olden-^arnevelt loft his head • of which, as of the un- 
 happy De Wit and his Brother Cornelius there are Medals. 
 
 They ftruck a Medal and feveral Medalions on the Viola- 
 t on of the folemn Ediil of Nantes, and of the enluing, and 
 prefent Perfecution of the French Proteftants and feventies ex- 
 
 ercifed 
 
A Vifcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 crcifed upon them ; another of the Prophetic Jurieu, and of 
 that of the Count V Avaux in contradiction to him • and 
 to give them their due, they freely confign to the Record 
 of Medals, as well their difafters as their Triumphs ; the Inun- 
 dations of their Country, and feveral Conlpiracies againft it. 
 
 All thefe, and many more which we pafs over, elaborate- 
 ly and curiouily Defign'd, Engraven and Coined in Gold, Sil- 
 ver and Copper, together with apt Infcriptions and Symbols j 
 fa that none feem more laudably ambitious either of Im- 
 mortalizing their Actions, or for the benefit, incitation, and 
 imitation of Pofterity, or vindication of Authors and Inven- 
 tions than this Republique ; none more addicted to Public 
 Works and Improvements, therein emulous of, and in fome 
 things even tranfcending the antient Greeks and { ^pme herfelf. 
 
 It is true, that Jaques de Eie did, in the year 1646. fee 
 forth his France Metalique, beginning at Tharamond (accor- 
 ding to their Genim of Romance) to the Father of the prefenc 
 Monarch Louis XIV. exceedingly well Engraven and Ex- 
 plain'd, but with little of thole faftidious, Twelling and in- 
 tuiting Titles, the Flatterers of late have publifh'din a more 
 pompous Volume. But as it is intirely taken up in thofe fla- 
 vifh Deferences, fo to the diflionor of thofe excellent Ufes 
 we have celebrated Medals for ; we ftiould altogether have 
 omitted the mention of what we do in this kind, were no: 
 fome paflages fo notorious, and fome of them fb di (inge- 
 nuous, and fuch as may ferve to convince the prefent, as well 
 as future Ages, that whatfoever impartial Hiftory fhall here- 
 after record, of Aclions themoft inhumanly Barbarous that 
 any Age has produe'd among Chriflians (or indeed themoft 
 Savage Nations) may be juftified by the Medals and Injcrip- 
 tions both Stamp'd, and daily Publifh'd to acquire the Name 
 of GRAND, and eftablifli it upon unheard of Ambition, 
 Cruelty and Oppre/fion, and the fhedding of human Blood, 
 Banifhments and Deflations; which, methinks, is fo far 
 from deferving the Honor of Medal, Injcriptionmd Triumph, 
 as the bed of Princes have merited them all, by the grateful 
 and immortal Memory of true and lafting Glory ; not by 
 Titles only of Piety, Zeal and Juftice, but by their Clemency 
 and OB. CIVES. SE^VATOS. 
 
 From the year 1638. to this prefent, we have the Majo- 
 rity, Coronation, Marriage, Children; Education of this 
 
 Greas 
 
A Vtfcourfe of M £ D A L S. 
 
 Great Monarch his Sieges, Conquefts, Buildings, Acade- 
 mies, Treaties, Truces, Leagues, Conventions, Parliaments, 
 Laws, Abolitions, Military Orders, Marifbals, Colonies, 
 Forts, Triumphs, <&c. It would require a Volumne but to 
 recite a little of them all ; nor indeed am I willing to believe 
 them half approved of by the Prince ; tho by thofe Royal 
 Flatterers (Perault, Carpentier, La Chapel, and other Court- Wits 
 they feem to be, who have labourd thofe Inscriptions, divers 
 of them appearing fb boldly prophane, and with Attributes 
 of Omnipotence ; others fo fulfomly Arrogant .and Vain-glo- 
 rious, and fome again fcandalous ; mean, and trifling ; which, 
 tho added to the French fecond Edition, are yet Hiftorical 
 of confiderable PaflTages. To give a Specimen of but few. 
 
 There is a Medal reprefenting the King (landing between 
 the two Cities of Genoa and Luxemburg, holding the World 
 on the point of his Sword : 
 
 ViFiori perpetuo, ob expugnatas urbes ducentas. 
 
 That is, Tyrgopolinices like, laying whole Cities and Coun- 
 tries in Afhes and Defolation. Another, [ 1tyeno, r BataYifque 
 una fuperatis \6yi. upon that furprizing Invafion, and fince 
 more fatal one Ultimo Aditu Hojlibus Germanis Gallia, &c. 
 and actually, during all theBlood-fhed and Violation of the 
 folemneft Treaties, Tacatori Or bis ; which brings to mind 
 that Raillant Medal Gaiiena Augufla, with the Legend Tax 
 ubique, when, through his negligent Government, the whole 
 Empire was torn in pieces by Thirty Tyrants. Thus now, 
 as of old, Ubi folitudinemfaciunt, Tacem appellant. But what 
 is moff, ftupendious LudoYicus Magnus XI V. <src. The 
 verfe two Columns upon one Vedeftal, one of which is thrown 
 down, with the Edifi of Nantes lying by on the ground ■ 
 upon the other is ingraven domain ou (Rebel, Papift or Re- 
 bel : On the Pedeftal Editlum Nantejium, Nimefiumque abro- 
 gatum eft menfeOElob. 1685. In another Harefts extintla E- 
 ditlum OElobris 1685. And contrary to the moft Sacramen- 
 tal Obligations and Acknowledgments of the good and great 
 Services his Proteftant Subjects had done the Crown, reward- 
 ed by Templis talYinianorum ever/is, with that Triumphal one 
 of Vicies centena Millia Calviniana Ecclefta revocata, z?c. For 
 having converted Two Millions of Proteftants by a Million of 
 IDjfljJOQnS } fuch terrible In/criptions are extant of Diode fian, 
 (Nomine ChriHianorum Deleto } <&c.) but of no Heathen Emperor 
 elfc that I can learn. j 
 
*A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 I confels when I turn over Code Louis XIII. from An. 1598 
 for now almoft an hundred years, comprehending at large 
 all thefe Editls with that fblemnity Reiterated, Verified and 
 Regiftred in feveral Parliaments, and other Sovereign Courts, 
 confirmed and granted under the Hands and Seals of Henry 
 the Fourth, and all his Succeflors fince ; together with the 
 Oaths of the Supreme Magistrates, and Judges, to obferve it 
 as a Law perpetual and irrevocable, as if Enacted by the 
 Medes and Terjtans, without any exception. I cannot, I fay, 
 but be aftonifh'd at what is fince done, and made boafl: of 
 not only in time of peace, but without the leafl provocation 
 of his fuffering, and (by his own confeffion) meritorious 
 Subjects ! But fuch is this Monarchs pleafure - y 
 
 Stat pro { %atione, Voluntas. 
 
 But the following are modeft, Sufficit Orbi. 
 
 They radiate the King with the Sun-beams (nor do they 
 more in their Pictures of God the Father) as if alone fuffici- 
 ent to govern the Univerfe ; 
 
 TSLon alio cerni Majejlas fe velit ore y 
 Non aliud Mundus pofcat habere caput. 
 Comparing his Majefty to that illuftrious Planet in no fewer 
 than (eventy five T>eVifes and Infcriptions. To which add 
 ( what moft of all they feem fond of ) Nec pluribus impar. 
 But which was indeed the Imprefs of Philip the Second of 
 Spain (as already we have fhew'd) written about a Globe 
 of the World $ which, how fince from lb glorious a Rife 
 and Meridian it is declin d and ready to Set, might be a Do- 
 cument, and fliew how fliort and tranfitory all worldly Pro- 
 fperity is 5 but, to prevent that fate, we are told in another 
 (Reverfe, Nec cejfo, nec erro. And, Ce/^r-like, in another, 
 Ut Vidi, Yici ; nay, far exceeding all the Ctefars, Satis eft vidifte, 
 kills with his very looks and fodoes the King of Serpents 
 the Bajilisk: And in another Solo lumine terret, fending forth 
 Rays no: like the benign Sun to light and comfort, but to 
 burn and deftroy. Thus in another upon the Conejueft of 
 the Franche Compte, where the Pgverje reprefentsa Mountain 
 of Snow diiTolving at the Suns approach and of the fame 
 kind that unfatiably Ambitious one, 
 Nufquam met a mih'u 
 I know no bounds. 
 
 Swal- 
 
A Vifccurfe o/MEDALS, 
 
 Swallowing all under the pretence of Appennagcs ■ which re- 
 minds me again of another of the former Philips, Non juf- 
 fiat Orbis. The Q\everfe a Spanif? Courier unbridl'd, and 
 galloping round the Globe of the Earth. But we haveiecn 
 how lamentably he was tired before he came to his Journeys 
 end, within eight or nine years afcer. 
 
 But what may not he do, whole Law is his Will ? For 
 fo 'tis declar'd in the Medal Bombarding of Genoa: 
 £U0D. LIBET. LICET, 
 What 1 lift is Law. 
 Whereas in truth, Pandora licet ei quam 'ulli, cui licet omnia. 
 
 Thefe, and the like, exceeding all that's Model!, truely 
 Great, and Chriftian, makes me with good reafon cjueftion ; 
 whether thefe Medals were ever fo much as leen, or approv- 
 ed of by Le ^py Tres Chreftienne, the moft Chriftian i\ing. 
 Wherefore, after all, I cannot but impute them all to than 
 bane of Princes, and worft of Subjects, Sycophants and Flatte- 
 rers ■ who, to (hew what he has perform'd by Sea, as well 
 as at Land, 
 
 Tu Dominaris Toteftati Maris : Ut Maris Imperium 
 Virtute paratum, [ !(eli<riow tueretur, Seminarium 
 (Breftenje extruxit : EI <P AIRBUS S0C1ETJT1S JESU 
 Adminiftrandttm commifit , An. 1685. Under whom to 
 be fure it cannot but profper, unlefs they chance to meet 
 an Englijk Fleet, which will not fo eafily part with this 
 Dominion; 'tis however a glorious Boaft, and ftiould make 
 us look about us, whilft we fee in another ^everfe 
 'Bello & Commercio Nautarum 
 LX Millium Conjcripto 1685. 
 That he has Threefcore Thoufand Seamen. in Pay ^ e^c. 
 We pafs over the Sub umbra alarum Smc'ue ; the Sidera 
 LodoYicia ; Satellites, about Saturn, &rc. but muft not omit 
 that glorious Medalion of the Adorations paid by the Ora- 
 tors \cgis Siam, 1686. refembling that which we read, and 
 fee pictured of the Queen of Sheba, when fhe came from the 
 utmoft ends of the Earth, to hear the Wifdom of Solomon, 
 Ob Famam Virtutis, as tho a greater than Solomon were here. 
 
 There are others reprefenting the Junclure of the Ocean and 
 Mediterranean-, the mighty Aqutedutl he is leading through 
 Rocks and Mountains to his Palace of Verfailles ; attempts 
 
 trufy 
 
A Tfifcourfe of MEDAL S. 8 f 
 
 truly Great; and like another Alexander (which I do not 
 reprove) Vl%0 IMM0%TALL We fum up all in 
 that Epigraph on the Pgverfe of another illuftrious Medalion 
 /truck in the year M. DC. LXXXVII. 
 
 LVDOVICO. MAG NO. QVI. BAT A. VIS. DEBELLATIS. HlSPANIS. 
 TOTIES DEVICT1S. HOSTIVM CLASSIBVS. FVGATJS. ET. 
 INCENSIS TOT. FERE. EVROPAE. CONIVRATAE ET. 
 FOEDERATAE. PACEM. DED1T. IMPERAVIT. 
 
 That is, in fhort, of mere pity, having vanquifli'd all the 
 Powers of Europe, he commanded her to accept of the Peace 
 which he vouchfafed to offer, 
 
 fygna fuperftat, Qui regnare jubet. sUo ^ £ 
 
 Or, as another has writen under his Effigies, foil Taneg. 
 
 Nutu, <%ex ftabunt ^egna cadentaue tuo. Ant - Au t- 
 
 — At his nod, all 
 
 Kingdoms do ftand and fall. 
 Lovis quotor%jeme y Pgy de France^ les delices, & 
 la terreur du genre Humain. 
 Lewis the Fourteenth, King of France, the delight ( truly faid 
 of that incomparable Prince Titus Vefpafian ) and terror of 
 Mankind : Which I think was never recorded or faid in Pa\- 
 negyric of any Chriftian Prince, or perhaps Pagan before, 
 excepting Jtilathe Hunn; which makes me perfift, and ftill 
 to doubt, and even to hope, that thefe flattering Titles are 
 the product only of thofe abject and (ervile Parajites, the Pefl 
 of Courts and of Princes. And of this I am the more con- 
 firm'd, by the deferv'd Cenfure which I find given of the 
 * Publisher, to difabufe the curious Monf. Schermeier, who * Rat. Rdai, 
 valu d and look'd upon his Collection of a great deal of this Reia ^ 
 fluff, as a Treafure to his Cabinet of Medals. *' p ' 54 ° 
 
 And yet what is all this to the Medalion of the Statue fi- 
 lleted by the Duke de la Feuillade in the Place ViBoirel 
 The egregious Vanity of which (not to fay Profanenefi) 
 with all that Herba Parietaria of Emblems , and Symbols and 
 Adulatory Devices about it , is publifli'd and majces up a 
 whole Volume too long here to recite, as they are defign'd 
 by thofe great Mafters le !Brun y Mignard, Varin, Cheron, 
 P^uffel, Bernard, Molart, de la Hay, and the reft. 
 
 Thofe who thirft to fee, and would be entertained with 
 abundance more of this kind of Pageantry, may pleafe to 
 perufe the Hiftory of Lewis the Great , fet forth in a 
 pompous Folio by the Jefuit Menejlrier, 1601. whofe De- 
 dication thus belpeaks him. M Tc? 
 
A Vifcowfe of MEDALS. 
 
 To Lewis the Grand. 
 
 The Invincible^ the Wife, the Conquerour, the Wonder of his 
 Age, Terror of his Enemies • Lover of his Teople : Arbi- 
 ter of Teace and : Administrator of the Univerfe, and 
 Worthy to be its Master, <jrc. are offer'd with profound 
 Submiffion , the Medals of an Accompli/h'd HERO: 
 Prefenting him the Hiftory of a ^eign Worthy Immortality , 
 and the Veneration of all -^w. 
 
 To which fomebody has unhappily Subjoyn'd by way of 
 Reprifal 
 
 Les Heros de la Ligue, on la Trocejjion Monaeale y conduite par 
 Lovis XIV. p our la Converjion des Froteftans, de Jon (Roy* 
 aume } &c 
 
 In good earneft, who can ferioufly allow any Countenance 
 to this Abufe of Medals and Infcriptions, which I look upon 
 and efteem as the nobleft Repositories of great and ferious 
 Matters? So as I have frequently wifh'd , that we of this 
 Nation had oftner imitated the laudable Examples of thole 
 Wife and Noble People, who ( as we have fhew'd ) fufTer'd 
 nothing of truly Great and Worthy to pafs, which they did 
 not tranlmit to Pofterity by Medals and Infcriptions ; Modeft 
 ■and Pertinent, and far from that turgid Vanity and grols A- 
 dulation, as to the moft perennial and lafting Records. 
 
 Nor does this Excefs of Flatteries reign among the Wits 
 and Toets only, or fuch as (Blafpheme for <Bread $ but is gotten 
 among the Clergy too : nay and crept into the Monasteries 
 and Cells of the very Minimi- Monks and f elf- denying Ord?rs y 
 without any Reprehenfion or Notice at all taken by their Su- 
 periours, to dilcountenance or reprefs it : Witnefs their late 
 publick and famous Tbefes, in which Intrepidly and fans re- 
 JerVe, they compare a Mortal Prince, whofe Breath is in his 
 Noftrils, to the True and Eternal God y no fewer than twelve 
 times ; afcribing to him all thofe Attributes and Perfections, 
 which the Holy Scriptures make only due to the Divine Majefly - 
 thereby inferring, that the Iranjcendent Wifdom of the moft 
 Cbrifiian King, is Argument alone fufficient to Convince all 
 Atheifis of the Exiftence of the Deity, and of his Angels too : 
 
 which 
 
A Vifcourje of MEDALS. 8 ? 
 
 Which , whilft thcfe meek and creeping Souls , who profefs 
 fo much Evangelical Simplicicy (and would above all others, 
 be diftinguifh'd for their extraordinary Sanctity) prefume to 
 affirm ; gives not only great fcandal to others, but to fbme 
 worthy Perfons alfo or that Communion; wondering that 
 the 'Bijhops and Clergy (who are fet to be the continual Pro- 
 tectors and Guardians of thofe Boundaries which are plac'd to fe- 
 parate that which is due to God alone from that of Cctfars) fhould 
 fufTer fuch Bold and Impious Tbefes to efcape the Spunge and 
 Index, fo worthily perftring'd by * Monfieur Jmelot in his*j L f^™* 
 learned Treadle of Flatterers , upon the Morals of Tacitus, to j e j a pi atgn 
 which I refer the Reader: But fo (as one well obferves) thefV", i68£ 
 Great Alexander, by his Adulators, was made at laft to believe, 
 not only to be himfelf a God; but that he had power to 
 make Hcphejlion a God alfo ; fo True is that, 
 
 Nil e(l, quod credere de fe 
 
 Non pojjit, cum laudatur Diis aqua potefias. Juven. Sat, 
 
 Once equal Men to Gods, there's nothing they Iv * 
 Refufe to credit Flatterers can fay. 
 
 But of this Pagan and Slavifli Adulation of Princes, fee co- 
 pious Infhnccs in Cafaubons Animadver, in Athenjtum, lib. vi. 
 c.c. 14, 15, &c. 
 
 In the mean time, let not yet the ill ufe which two or 
 three Prodigies of Men, and their Varafites have made of 
 them (for we read but of few exceeding that number, even 
 amongft the Domitians and Pagan Emperors) who prevented to£*~Vt* 
 thofe venerable Monuments of the braveft Actions ; and were ' 
 therefore noted with Infamy ; had their Statues broken, their 
 Medals call'd in, and Effigies defaced t I fay let them not 
 difcourage us from Imitating thofe Illuftrious Princes and States, 
 who have modeftly deliver'd to us many brave and profitable 
 Notices, by their Medals, which had elfe utterly, and perhaps 
 irrecoverably been loft to che Learned World : For fo the 
 Lives, and worthy Memories offeveral Great Emperors are left 
 and tranlmitted to us (as thofe of Julius, Augujius,Vefpafian^Titm, 
 ISlerva, Trajan, Antoninus, M. Aurelius, Septimius Sever us, See, 
 with innumerable Rare and Remarkable Things and PalTages 
 of their Reigns, by the Study and Induftry of many learned 
 Authors upon this Subject* 
 
 Since 
 
84. ^ Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Since then the greateft Nations for Renown and Virtue 
 have been thus celebrated, and incited to brave and glorious 
 Actions, by having the Memories of them, among other laft- 
 ing Monuments and Records, thus confign'd : It would raife 
 Pity, with juft Indignation, to find a Kingdom fo fertile 
 of Gallant and Illuftrious Perfons, fo poorly furniflied, to 
 fhew (by any accomplifh'd Hiftory or Series hitherto extant) 
 what has been done and atchiev'd by Anceftors truly Great, 
 and permit me to add, worthy the Confederation in Medal ; 
 and whofe Effigies alone were deferable for their Virtues, 
 equalling many of them to the moft Celebrated of the Antients, 
 and deferving the ftamp of the moft precious and lafting 
 Metals. I grieve to find fo very few Medals of this kind 
 among us, in an Age fo polite and knowing, during all the 
 Changes, Revolutions , and fignal Events either of this, or 
 foreign Countries, where we have been concerned in Voyages 
 and Difcoveries, Conquefts, Colonies and Plantations : So 
 many prodigious Fights and Conflicts at Land and Sea, wherein 
 thofe Heroes have fignaliz'd themfelves comparably with any 
 which former Ages can produce : For what People of the 
 Univerfe can boaffc of greater Men for Arms and Arts ? But 
 to name them, and yet neglect them, would be more to our 
 Reproach. 
 
 For befides fome Coronation-Pieces and Medals ftamp'd on 
 the Births, or Nuptials of two or three late Princes, <&c. We 
 have ('till Charles the Firfl of BleiTed Memory) almoft nothing 
 to fhew which can well pretend to Medal ; 'Tis true (fpeak- 
 ing of the Barbarous Ages) we have fummarily mention'd 
 what Uritifh, Saxon and other later Coins remain among our 
 Modern Collections, genuine, and of good Antiquity, as to 
 this Ifland (exceedingly well engraven in Mr. Speed's Chronicle 
 from the Coins themfelves, collected by Sir Robert Cotton, and 
 now augmented, and improv'd in the new Edition of Camden) 
 without { l(everfe, Shield or Infcription; befides perchance a 
 rude Crofs, Name of a King, and fometimes of the Mint, 
 with that vulgar Sentence Dieu £?• mon Vroit, in ufe till King 
 James the Firft, and the Union with Scotland made fome little 
 alteration ; none of which are to be look'd upon, or confider'd 
 as Medals, but as Money only. 
 • Nat. tiift. My worthy and learned Friend * Dr. flot tells us of a 
 cap. x. Coin, or Token rather , bearing the Head of Edward Con- 
 fejfor, fomewhere found in his Perambulation of Qxfordfrire, 
 
 which 
 
'A Vifcourfc of M EDALS. 85 
 
 which by an hole or appendant Ring , he conjectures to 
 have been given to wear about the Necks of fuch as had been 
 touched for the lyings-Evil ; that Religious Prince being it 
 feems, the flrft who had the Charifma and Sanative Gift, de- 
 rived to his Succeffors l\ings of England: But this, tho' for 
 its Antiquity, (and as it related to that particular Effect) it 
 deferv'd our Notice ; yet is it neither to be reckoned amongft 
 our Medals, as having neither Legend not %evcr(e. 
 
 To commence then with the very flrft and earlieft that 
 it has been my hap to fee of Hiflorical y and which may 
 pafs for Medal : A Golden <%oyal of Edward the T hird , reprr 
 fents him (landing compleatly Arm'd in the middle or a 
 Ship at Sea 5 holding a Sword in his right hand, the Shield 
 with the Arms of England and France, in his left: The Royal 
 Standard arbour d, and difplaid at the Stem, &c. Juftifying 
 as well his Title to the Dominion of the Sea, as Soveraignty 
 of France : This Medal, for fb I call it (tho' it alfo pals for 
 Money) being purely Hiftorical, appears to have been ftruck 
 about the time of the Treaty of Peace between that glori- 
 ous Monarch, and King John of France, in behalf of them- 
 f elves, and their eldeft Sons 5 namely , Edward the 'Black 
 (prince, and Charles Duke of Normandy, the French King be- 
 ing Prifoner. This Treaty, dated the 8r/; of May, Jn. \ $ 60. 
 near Chartres in Britany, was confirmed at Calais in Picardy ; 
 whereupon Hoftages were given us by the French King, 
 who was himlelf obliged to come in Perfon, and pay the 
 Ranfom we have formerly made mention of. The Medal 
 follows. 
 
 U ffity. Cey* 
 
 Jit 5? fa Peace- /fnftfrAr*, ;;e*//A>&r 
 
 : till Thirty ^yfdf^i $0»<f crfacAij KtKr 
 
 r.-wr /iou^foi- ^By/>/^/ ffa&vt m-ontcj; t£<?y must ujefr 
 
 ' MU44^,&ffort Pit ret L&jTvrcC T 
 
$6 
 
 A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Medal I. 
 
 7 <z 
 
 €DWftRD. DI. GRK. R6X. SNGL. Z, FRSN. DNS. IB. 
 
 %ever(e y 
 
 ( whence alfo call'd the (^o/e NoWe) with many Rays 
 (jw extending to four Lions pajfant ; over them a Ducal Coronet, 
 ^ and as many Flour de Lyes in a Compartment of eight Gode~ 
 room, Infcrib'd, 
 
 lJPSKVTTRSNSieNS.peR.M6DIVM.ILLORV.IBST. 
 
 Which fome Interpret Enigmatically of the Secret of the fa- 
 mous Elixir j by which the Gold was made : Others for an 
 Amulet , fuperftitioufly applying the Words of the Gofpel y 
 which render'd the Wearer thereof Invulnerable. But this 
 Remark is obvious, that we find no fuch Pretence by any 
 Authentic Medal or Claim of the French Kings, or of any o- 
 ther Potentate: That Stamp in the late Wapen or Arms of. 
 Zeland,being nothing to this purpofej as Importing only the Si- 
 tuation of thofe few Iflands : concerning which, and of all 
 that is faid of Allecius to corroborate our Claim and antient 
 Right, fee the Learned Seldens Mare Claufum, lib. II. cap. 25. 
 There was another of Henry V. and Queen Mary of lels 
 . Value, which likewife bare the fame Shield and a Crofs in 
 , / Li If- 6 ^ themidftofa Ship 5 <%el>erfe, St. Michael and the Dragon ; but 
 c /',, . neither of thefe, or of the former have I feen in Silver. There 
 
 . .. was alfo Golden Money ftamp'd at Paris, and in Normandy 
 by the fame Henry , bearing the Angel s Salutation of the 
 Bleffed Virgin; but for that they contain nothing of Medal, 
 I pais them over. Another goodly Medal of the lame Metal 
 * who firfi ( as I am allured, but have not feen ) and of confiderable 
 quarter a [the Y&\uc, bearing the Effigies of Kins Henry * VII. and his Queen 
 
 Arm <f . z 1 1 ° . , \P- XT f ° 
 
 France tn joying hands, with this Verle, 
 
 Silver as Ed. \ M 
 
 Ml. did m jungimus optatasjuh Amico Mere de>trss. 
 
 Gold. M 
 
 the <I{cVerfe was not told me. His 
 
Mis Son and Succeflbrs Effigies half Facd (which was 
 neither ufual in his Coins or Picture ) arm'd in !Buft ; a flat 
 Bonnet on his Head, a Ducal Coronet in a void Place behind* 
 
 HENRICUS. VIII. ANG. FRAN. ET. HIB. REX. 
 
 ifyverfti 
 
 A penfile" Cataratla or fortclufe and Coronet between the 
 Chains. 
 
 SECURITAS. ALTERA. 
 
 with relation to his locking up the Seas - y as was alfo after- 
 wards on the Coin made for the Eafclndia Company. 
 
 This MedaXion was ftamp'd both in Gold and Silver, at 
 what time Henry had the Emperour Maximilian in Pay, and 
 Militating under his Banner, at the taking of Tournay from u ef ^ ic 
 Lewis XII. of France, Ann, 1515. as the whole Triumph is BarUndu 
 incomparably fet forth, in that ineftimable Painting of Hans m chron - 
 Holbein, ftili frefli and at large among his Majefty's Pictures **' 
 at Whitehall. 
 
 Of the fame date we find another of James IV. of Scotland. 
 
 With 
 
88 A Vifcourfe of MEDAL S> 
 
 Medal Wl 
 
 With his Effigies in !Buft y Arm'd ; about him the Order of 
 St. Michael crown'd with a Crown of two Bars. 
 
 IACOBVS. MI. DEI. GRATIA. REX. SCOTORVM. 
 
 Reverfe. 
 
 A Doric Column upon a Bank or Rock, near the Sea, having 
 on its Capitol a Janus , or two-headed Figure twin'd with 
 Laurel 1 , regarding oppofite Capes or Promontories jetting 
 into the Sea. 
 
 Over the (Biceps, 
 V T R V N CLV E. 
 Which Medal was it feems coined in that fatal Year this 
 young Prince was (together with a great (laughter of Scotifb 
 Nobility) (lain, Invading England during the abfence of our 
 Henry, then upon that famous Expedition above- mention'd. 
 
 A Fourth is indeed that truly Remarkable one , being a 
 Medalion with the Effigies of Henry half fae'd in his ulual 
 Bonnet, Furr'd Gown, and invaluable Collar of Rubies, fold 
 fince abroad to give the Royal Family Bread. 
 
 Medal IV. 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 8<? 
 
 The Legenda taking up a double Circle. 
 
 HENRICVS. OCTA. ANGLIC. FRANC. ET. HIB. REX. 
 
 FIDEL DEFENSOR. ET. In the fecond inner Circle, 
 
 IN. TERR. ECCLE. ANGLI. ET. HIB. SVB. CHRIST. 
 
 CAPVT. SVPREMVM. 
 
 Note, That the Circles made into four equal parts, have 
 the fyfe, Vortclufey Tleur-de-Lp and Harp crown a. 
 
 Qhverfe. 
 
 H. R. 
 
 \viv- mi 
 
 ENPIKOX. O. OrAOOX. TPIX 
 BAXIAETX. nlXTEHX. IJPO- 
 XTATHX.EN.TH, EKKAHXIA. 
 THX. AITAIAX KAI. IBEPNI- 
 
 ax. rno. xpixTft akph 
 
 * H. KE*AAH * ) 
 Londini 1545". 
 
 I omit the Henry Noble, little different from that of ffemy. 'Ec/U^ 
 the Third. 
 
 Edward VI. 
 
 Of King Edward VI • I remember not to have feen any Me- 
 dal, fave that of his Money, which is indeed elegantly ftampi ; 
 though I cannot but think fome Memorial muft needs have 
 been of that hopeful and virtuous Prince ■ whilft in the mean 
 time, other Countries did not fail of taking occafion to cele- 
 brate an Exploit of theirs againft him, in a Medal ftruck by 
 Henry II. of France } when Bulloin was delivered to him. 
 
 N 
 
 The 
 
The %€verfe was Andromeda* being freed from the Monfter; 
 The Words, 
 
 0BO2. AnO. MHXANH2. 
 
 upon the unexpe&ednefs of the Surprife : But this for not be- 
 ing to our Honour ( though it concluded in a considerable 
 fum of Money, and a Treaty of Marriage intended to be be- 
 tween a Daughter of Henry and Edward ) I only mention, as 
 belonging to the Hiftory of his fbort Reign. 
 
 Queen Mary, 
 
 Qf Q. Mary there was a very large Medalton ftruck upon 
 her reftoring the fyman Religion : her Head is dreiTed in 
 
 plain 
 
A Vtjcourje of MEDALS. 91 
 
 plain Coiffure (as flies commonly painted) with a Lace, or 
 Fillet fee with Pearls and Precious Stones, Infcrib'd, 
 
 MARIA. I. REG. ANGL. FRANC ET. HIB. FIDEL DEFEN5ATRIX. 
 
 $(tverfi* 
 
 Reprefents Peace with a Radiant Crown, half- fitting on a 
 Curule- Chair and kneeling on a Cube: in her Right hand a 
 Torch letting fire to an heap of Arms and Trophies, before 
 a Temple at Antique ; in her Left, branches of Palm and Lau- 
 rel, as delivering leveral People out of a Dungeon covered 
 with Imoak and flames, under which runs a ftream of Water >• 
 'tis fuppofed in allufion to that of Tfal. lxv. Tranfivimus per 
 ignem <sr aquam> & eduxifli nos in refrigerium, which the Do- 
 ctors of that Church ufually apply to Purgatory. 
 
 CECIS. VISVS. TIMIDIS. QyiES. 
 
 This Medalion is faid to have been ftampt Ann. 1555. foori 
 after the Defeat of the Duke of Northumberland y and the Ri- 
 fing in Suffolk; upon which followed her Coronation, and 
 at which Solemnity there were fcatter'd ^jals of broad Gold,, 
 The Qyeen Veftcd in the (Regalia and Inthron'd. 
 
 MARIA. D. G. ANG. FRA. Z. HIB. REGINA. M. D. LDL 
 
 About 
 
Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 About the $(eT>erfe, 
 
 Which is a plain Efcutcheon of the Arms of England and 
 France quarter 'd, and placd in the Center of a <%pfe full blown. 
 
 A. DNO. FACTVM. EST. ISTVD. Z. EST. MIRA. IN. OCVL. NRIS. 
 
 There are of this Queen divers Coins of Money, wherein 
 file is join'd with her Husband Philip II, in lome whereof he 
 has the Title of AnglU fyx. 
 
 The Reverfe !Bellerophon killing the Chimera, reprefenting 
 the Suppreflion of the Weftern Infurrection of Wyat and Carew 
 Ann. 1554. as alfo that of St. Quintin, Ann. 1557. 
 
 The Angelot of this Queen bears the Arms of England quar- 
 tered with France j the Shield fix'd to a Crofs erected in the 
 middle of a Ship at Sea, on each fide of the Crofs M4-58. 
 the ^eyerfe ^Michael and the Dragon. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 During the long, profperous and prudent Reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth, I find very few Medals ; at which I the more won- 
 der, when I confider how many famous Exploits and fignal 
 PalTages the Hiftory^of her Life are full of; The very firft 
 which I have feen, and that I think may properly come into 
 this ^ecenjton as it concerns the Srory of that Renown d Queen, 
 is a Medal of Mary Queen of Scotland 2588. and her Huk 
 band, whofe Effigies are Face to Face, a Crown between them. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 FRAN. ET. MAR. D.G.R.R. SCOTOR. DELPHIN. VIEN, 
 
 %e\>erje 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 dfyverfe. 
 
 Afluming the Arms of England and &Mhm t? in another 
 ( which I could never light on ) Jthofe of the Dolphin, which Ca ™% 
 was laid as a Capital Crime to the Charge of that unfortunate 
 Lady ; another with thole of France and Scotland only, and a 
 <3{everje of the initial Letters of their Names, &c* with thele 
 Words, 
 
 Virit Leo de Tribu Juda. 1 5 60. 
 
 which becaufe they little concern us I might pretermit; the 
 other being in the Year of Elizabeth's entring upon her 
 Reign, but of which I find (as yet) no Inauguration Medal, 
 or any befides, 'till the Year 1574. when there was made an 
 ample Oval of her Majefty in Bu(l, and about a double Circle 
 
 ELIZABETHA. D. G. FR. ET. HIB. REGINA, 
 
 HEIM1HI.QVOD.TANTO.VIRTVS.PERFVSA.DECORE 
 NON.HABET.iETERNOS.INVIOLATA.DIES 
 
 Gfyverje. 
 
 A Thenix rifing out of flames, over its head E. R. crown'd. 
 
 FELICES.ARABES.MVNDI.QyiBVS.VNICA.PHOENIX. 
 
 PHOENICEM.kEPARAT.DEPERlVNDO.NOVAM. 
 
 O. MISEROS. ANGLOS. MVNDI. QVIBVS. VNICA. PHOENIX. 
 VLTIMA. FIT. NOSTRO. TR1STIA. FATA. SOLO. 
 
 This 
 
A Vtfcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 This Medal is faid to have been ftruck, to exprefs the ex- 
 traordinary AfFe&ion of the People towards this incomparable 
 Princefs; but not by any publick Order, as was that ever 
 memorable and Triumphant Piece of the Defeat of the Spa- 
 nijh Armada {Anno Mrabili 1588.} which in its Antic and 
 Fore-Table prefents us with 
 
 A formal Convention of the Pope and Cardinals, !Bifl?ops, 
 Emperour, K. Philip IT. and other Potentates in their Robes of 
 State, fitting in Confultation j bound about their Eves and 
 Blindfold ; the ends of the Fillets iticking up ( miftaken by 
 Monjieur Bigot for AJfes Ears) on their feveral Heads, on 
 which this 
 
 Infcription. 
 
 O. COECAS. HOMINVM. MENTES. 
 O, PECTORA. COECA. and about the Circle, 
 DVRVM. EST. CONTRA. STIMVLOS. CALCITRARE. 
 
 In foftica: 
 
 A Fleet of Ships dafti'd againft Rocks and finking. 
 
 VENI. VIDE. VIVE. 
 1588. 
 
 About the Circle, 
 
 TV. DEVS. MAGNVS ET. MAGNA. FACIS. 
 
 TV. bOi.VS. DEVS. This 
 
A Difcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 This Medal weigh'd in Gold near three Ounces. Speed tells chm. 
 us there were feveral more ftampt upon this fignal Deliverance 
 and Defeat, with the Words, 
 
 Intpius fugtt nemine fequente. 
 
 The next in order of time, is one which thoft of Zeland 
 coin'd in Silver, with an Englif? Infcription. 
 
 Glory to God alone. 
 
 Thc^perfe a Ship finking : the Exerge, 
 
 I Came y Went, Was. 
 Ann. 1588. 
 
 Befides this, there is that of the Confederate States of the 
 ftelgtck Provinces, when the Queen received them into her Roy- 
 al Protection ; the Hiftory whereof being fo fully let down by 
 our Learned Camden, I only prefenc in Medal. 
 
 XL 
 
 Two Hands Manacled , and lifted up towards an Heart 
 Crown'd, on each fide whereof P. B. (Provinc. 2fe/g. ) and 
 over the Chain between the Hands, 
 
 SPES. 
 
 About the Circle, 
 COR. NOBILE. AFFLICTIS, OPITVLATVR. + 
 
 fit- 
 
9 6 A Vifcourfe if MEDAL S. 
 
 ■ ■ ' '■ 11 "* ' " " ' " — ~~ — — I — ■ 
 
 1 5 U. BELGIA. HISPAN. TYRANNIDE. OPPRESSA. 
 PORTV. SVBITA. VI. OBRVTA. AVXIL. A. DEO.ET. 
 SER. ANGLLE. REG. EXPECT. 
 
 We have in a Second, their delivering of the Sword ( En- 
 figns .of Sovereignty) to her Ma jetty feated on her Royal 
 Throne, and receiving their Oaths of Fidelity and Allegiance, 
 Reprelented by the Book, l?c. 
 
 E. REGINA. EST. ALTRIX. ESVRIENTIVM. EVM. 
 
 1586. 
 
 <2{everfe. 
 
 Jehoya in Hebrew Characters, with a Clowd and Flames 
 about it, and a Naked Sword pointing up. 
 
 SERMO. DEI.QVOVIS. ENSE. ANCIPI. ACVTIOR. 
 
 Another bears the Arms of Zeland, reprefenting a Lion e« 
 merging out of the Sea. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 LVCTOR. ET. EMERGO. 1586. 
 
A Ttifcourfe of MED A LS. 97 
 
 The fame, environ d with the Enfigns of Eight more of the 
 Provinces. 
 
 AVTORE. DEO. FAVENTE. REGINA. 
 
 This Medal ftampt in Gold, wasftrow'd ( fays my Author ) K. Dinotbui 
 among the People, in Recognition of the AfEftance they re- ? Jf m p p J r J* m 
 ceived from the Queen. tn opera 
 
 There were feveral more Stampt and Publifh'd by that op- chronograph. 
 prefs'd People of the Low-Countries ; which becaufe they have 
 lb ingenuoufly acknowledged in their Hijloire Metalique, we do 
 not repeat. Thefe were coind Ann. 1586. with another, a- 
 bout Fifteen Years after, as appears by the Date, very elegant- 
 ly and curioufly Ingraven, furrounding the Queens Effigies 
 with this bifcription^ 
 
 XIV, 
 
 VN VM. A. DEO. DVOBVS. SVSTINEO. 
 
 ^ever/e m 
 
 het Majeftys Cypher Crown'd, 1 60 1 . 
 
 AFFLICTORVM. CONSERVATRIX. 
 
 Which I mention, for that it appears to have been ftampc 
 in England, by the Queen's exprefs Order : for I willingly re- 
 ceive none for Genuine ( and fit to come into this Series) fave 
 what had the Allowance of the Regnant Power, or were o- 
 therwife Notorious and Matter of Fatt : Such as is that which 
 
 1 
 
 Robert Dudley , the Great Earl of Leicefter, caus'd to be made 
 in Gold, and diftributed among his Friends ,• reprefenting che 
 Complaints were made of him; at which, having born himfelf 
 morelmperioully than his Commiffion from the Queen allow- 
 ed (and for which he was recall'd) he took high Offence j 
 
 O prefuming 
 
98 A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 prefuming that the great Power they had inverted him with, 
 would have juftified his Behaviour. That it was indeed ve- 
 ry ample, we have the Authority of an excellent Hiftorian of 
 their own. 
 
 Trrtfettura totius tBefoi&z, quails Caroli temporibus fuerat, & 
 
 ti.virotuu J n> ■ 1 fits • 11 Ai ■ -a 
 
 ub. V. An- omne lerra, Manque { J\egtmen y cum Tecum* public* Admmtjtra- 
 >;.»/. 1586. time: Senatus it a Hit additus ; ut Jdfeffbres e Nominatls iffe le- 
 gem, quodammodo omnium fuffragiis unus nequaretur. 
 The Earl of Lelcejler ( fays Grotius ) was look'd upon as 
 
 the fole Reftorer of their loft and divided Fortune, So as 
 
 the 'Belgians offer him the Government of the Low Countries in 
 as ample manner, as in the time of Charles the Emperour ; to- 
 gether with the Abfolute Command at Sea and Land ; the or- 
 dering and difpofing of the Publick Fifque, and in the Senate, 
 Power to Ele<5t AlTelTors out of fuch as fhould be Nominated, 
 with Definitive Voice in all their publick Suffrages, Crc. But 
 to our Medal. 
 
 XV. 
 
 The Earl's Effigies in Buft Arm'd • 
 ROBERTVS. DVDLEVS. COM. LEYC BELG. GVBER. 
 
 (fyverfe, 
 
 a Sheppard's Dog, looking difdainfully back upon the Flock 
 he was leaving and going from: 
 
 Under the Dog's Legs, Exurg. 
 
 INVITVS. DESERO. 
 
 About the Circle, 
 NON.GREGEM. SED. INGRATOS. 
 
 Divers 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 99 
 
 Divers more of this nature were on both fides retorted a 
 little Sarcaftical, which I chufe rather to pafs by, than that 
 which follows ; to fhow how wonderfully Interefts and Poli- 
 ticks arechang'd in Europe, within leisthan an Age; and the 
 Houfe of AiiflrU ( which we now behold fo defpicably low) 
 gave Terroryo a Monarch, who is now culminating and 
 growing up in its place. 
 
 : xvr 
 
 The Medal of the Arms of England, France and Belgia U- 
 nited with a threefold Knot, and let down by a hand out 
 of the Clouds ; reprefent a Triple League againft Spam, upon 
 the Al'Arme menacing thofe three Nations, on the Surprife of 
 Calais, which was Ann. 1596. 
 
 RVMPITVR. HAVD. FACILE. 
 
 fyverfe. 
 
 a Navy of great Ships at Sea, over which the Name JehoVa, 
 inviron'd with a Glory, and this Epigraph, 
 
 QyiD, ME. PERSEQYERIS. 1 joo\ 
 
 Nor may we forget that other moft worthy of her Memo- 
 ry, for having reform'd the Money, and brought k to the 
 prefent Teft and Standard, e 
 
 1 
 
 In 
 
/ XVII. 
 
 :' -.v Qwest frifSvchftt 
 
 ViU WW cml&ir fa* J * JfW 
 
 tjwtffMi^i^fvri In gilt Metal, the Queen in full face, Crown'd, and drefs'd 
 $Jtw*i *Jf * * ' m her lar g e *^ ff > "> as ufuall y P^ur'd, 
 
 \-; t rm , talk ffvj/lM'Juyiur.S 
 
 U penurf neffmtJ&fk^r hfcribed, 
 
 ET. ANGLORVM* GLORIA* 
 
 tt(evirfe, 
 
 Moneta, fitting with a pair of Scales in her Right hand, and 
 a Sword in her Left ; Clouds and Rays over head, with a 
 Star or Sterling between two Mullets in the Exerge ; 
 
 About the Circle, 
 BENE. CONSTITVTA.RE.NVMARIA: 
 
 by which appears what early care was taken of that, which 
 by us has been fo long neglected 
 
 As for any other great Perfons in this Queens Reign, 
 (than which none, fince it was a Nation, had greater and 
 wifer men managing Publick Affairs ) I find one onely Medal, 
 with the Arms ot Sacfoil within the Garter, <&c. 
 
 Suferfcribedy 
 
 T. SACKVIL. B. D. BUCH. Ang. Tbef. % Jurat. 
 
 %tverfe, a Lyon. % 
 SEMPER. F1DELIS. 1602. 
 
 77 e>-e was a- 
 nother efR.. 
 Cecil, Ld. 
 Treaf. alfo, 
 with a Re- 
 verfe of bis 
 Arms only. 
 
 in which Year that moft Renowned Queen departed this Life, 
 and made room for her SuccelTor, King 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS, 
 
 King James I. 
 
 The firft Monarch of Great Britain, whom we behold iii 
 his Imperial ^pbes, Ihrone and Titles. 
 
 JACOBVS. D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET. HIB. REX. 
 
 $t/perfe t 
 
 the Arms of Great (Britain placed in the middle of a large Rofe, 
 juft like to that we defcribed already of Q. Mary^ and with 
 the fame lnfcription, which 1 therefore omit : it was coin'd in 
 Gold only^ and iometimes ( though rarely ) receivd as Money; 
 Another in Silver. 
 
 XVIII 
 
 the King's Effigies depicted in a narrow baling Band, a Lau- 
 rel about his Head ; Bujl ArnVd. 
 
 J AC. L BRIT. C^E. AVG. H^E. CiESARVM. CiE. D.D. 
 
 (^everfe, 
 
 a. Lyon Rampant Crowned, holding a Beacon on fire in his 
 Paw, a Wheat-fheaf in his left. 
 
 ECCE. PHAOS. POPVLKiSALVS. 
 
 This Medal is faid by Scaliger, to have been fcattered as a ,. 
 Largels at his Coronation, but was afterwards it leems call'd caigera 
 in and re coin'd ; whether for the Caefar Cdfarum ( which that 
 Critic a little ridicules ) or for what other Caufe I pretend not 
 to judge. 
 
 Effigies 
 
Effigies, 
 
 J ACOBVS. D G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET. HIB. REX. 
 
 (fyverje. 
 
 HENRICVS. ROSAS. JACOBVS. REGNA. 
 
 alluding to the Union of the two Houfes of York and Lancafter * 
 reprefented by the the ^ed and White iRofe, on which John Owen 
 beftows a Witty Epigram. Lib. 3. 
 
 XX. 
 
 Efflgxes y 
 
 JAC.I.TOTIVS.INS.BRIT.1MP.ET.FRANCET.HIB.REX. 
 
 fyverfe. 
 The Kjngs Arms Crown d, 
 JVGI. CONCORDIA. FLORENT. 
 
 Another 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 103 
 
 Another in Silver. 
 
 /XI 
 
 JACOBVS. SEXT^s! REX. SCOTORVM. 
 
 <2{everje 
 
 1 XXL 
 
 ,w / V-,r 
 
 kj> %t. v e /v " £ . 
 
 a Crvurn <k firf* W 
 unokt loc H ;V 
 
 $nk*#ti<*> J*™ 
 
 LtA< 
 
 a Hand " faflii Ikatocn lining Sword pointing up to a 
 Crown, wich that Worthy Saying of the Emperour Trajan, 
 delivering a Sword to the Tretor 5 
 
 PER. ME. SI. MEREOR. IN. ME. 
 
 But this I fuppofe mull have been ftruck in Scotland^ as per- 
 haps might that which follows,being the only Medal I have ften 
 of that Hopeful and Beloved Prince Henry. 
 
 PRO 
 
 XXII 
 
 Effigies in full-Face, Arm 'd to the <Buft, 
 HENRICVS. PRINCEPS, 
 
io4- 
 
 A Vifcourfe of MEDALS; 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 ^^erfey 
 
 his Arms with the Label and Coronet over it, Beams out of 
 the Clouds. 
 
 FAX. MENTIS. HONESTY. GLORIA. 
 
 agreeable to his Magnanimous and Princely Mind. 
 * 
 
 This Medal of his Mother Queen Ann, for the Elegancy of 
 the' Drefs, and that it is Rare, <?c. 
 
 ANNA.D.G.REGINA.MAG.BRIT.FR.ET.HIB.FILIA.ET. 
 SOROR. REG V. DANI/E. 
 
 %everfe y 
 
 the Arms of Denmark, with two Scutcheons of Tretence, under 
 a Coronet. About the Circle, 
 
 ASTVTIA. FALLAX. TVTIOR. INNOCENTIA. 
 
 XXiV. 
 
 xxiv 
 
 CHARLES 
 
A Vifcourfe of MED ALS. 
 
 i 05 
 
 CBA%LES the Firfl. 
 
 His Effigies Crown'd, Veiled in the Garter, Robes, Collar, 
 and Ruff. 
 
 CAROL VS.I.D.G.MAG.BRITAN.FRAN.ET.HIB.REX. 
 An Arm out of the Clouds arm'd, and holding a Sword, 
 
 DONEC. PAX. REDDITA, TERRIS. 
 a Exurge, 
 
 CORON. Z.FEB. 
 \ 616. 
 
 Being for ought I have feen, the onely Inauguration -Medal, 
 
 XXV 
 
 xxy. 
 
 The King's Effigies as in the former. 
 CAROLVS. I. D G. ANG. SCOT. FRAN. EX HIB REX. FIDEL DEF, 
 
 ( fy'verfe. 
 
 The Atchievement, or Arms of his Kingdoms in the fame Ek 
 cutcheon. In another joyn'd to it, the Arms of France Crown- 
 ed ; between the Points or Bafe or the Shield, the Queen's Cy- 
 pher Crown di 
 
 P HENER. 
 
io6 AVifcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 HENER. MAR, J30RBON. D G. MAG, BRIT FRAN. ET. H1B. REG. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 I 
 
 The King in his Ruff, George in a Ribbon about his Neck, 
 looking on the Queen dreft in her Hair curl'd up fliort, with 
 fomething like a knot, of Ribbons on the top : about her flioul- 
 ders a Band or Gorget plaited and ftanding up fpred like a Fan,* 
 a Necklace of Pearl, another rope of Pearl above, hanging 
 down before her Breaft $ Clouds and a Glory over their heads. 
 
 CH. MAG. ET. HEN. MA. BRIT. REX. ET. REG. 
 
 fyeverje. 
 
 Cupid ftrewing Flowers,tf(o/« aod Li7w,Clouds and Rays above. 
 
 Exurge, 
 
 1625. 
 
 Ahout the Circle, 
 
 FVNDIT. AMOR. LILIA. MIXTA. ROSIS. 
 
 This appears to have been a Nuptial Medal 
 
 There is yet one more ftruck three Years after, which, imce 
 by the Date it might perhaps have been upon Occafion of an 
 Expedition for the relief of $(pchel, I here fubjoin. 
 
 Effigies, 
 
A Vi/cour/e of MEDALS. 
 
 107 
 
 Effigies. 
 
 K. Charles I. in complete Armor on Horfeback, much like our 
 faireft Half-Crown Pieces of his Reign, the Infcription alter cL 
 
 O. REX. DA. FACILEM.CVRSVM. 
 
 ^everfe. 
 
 The Arms of England , Scotland, France and Ireland within ari 
 Oval Shield croWn'd, the Year of our Lord 1628. 
 
 About the Circle, 
 
 ATQYE. AVDACIBVS. ANNVE. COEPTlS. 
 
 upon a fecond Attempt to have reliev'd that City, fatal to the 
 Great Duke of Buckingham. 
 
 To this I fubjoin another fmall Medal. 
 
 XXVIIL 
 
 xxvnr 
 
 The King, bare-headed in his Ruff. 
 
 CAR. D. G. ANG. SCO. FRAN. ET. HIB. REX. 
 
 %el>er)e 
 
 the Scepter and Trident lying crofs, add bound together by 
 loofe Knot. 
 
 REGIT. VNVS. VTROOJE, 
 
 P % 
 
Effigies Naked to the Breaft, crown'd with Laurel ; his left 
 Lock of Hair appearing, as then the Mode was to wear it long- 
 er than the other, and which Fafliion his Majefty kept till the 
 Civil War began. 
 
 CAROLVS. I. D. G. ANGL. SCOT. FR. ET. HIB. REX. 
 
 %everfe> 
 
 Three Crowns in a Knot of as many Bowes. 
 
 VNIT2E.INVICT2E. 
 
 Another. 
 
 1 
 
 Effigies Crown'd in the Garter, Robes, wearing a Falling 
 Band j which new Mode fucceeded the cumbedom (Ruff : but 
 neither did the Bifhops or Judges give it over fo Toon, the Lord 
 Keeper Finch being, I think, the very firft. 
 
 , CAROLVS. 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 109 
 
 CAROLVS. D. G. SCOTIA. ANGLL£. FR. ET. HIB.REX. 
 
 In this Scot tip? Coronation- Medal are both the Orders, that 
 of the Garter and of the Thiftle. 
 
 fyverfe, 
 
 HINC. NOSTRA. CREVERE.ROS;E. 
 
 by that prudent Match of Margarite Daughter of Henry VII. 
 Married to James IV. of Scotland, Uniting the Wlnte and 
 Rofes. 
 
 Exurge. 
 
 CORON. 1 8. Iunii. 
 1633. 
 
 To this I add another, in whofe ^everfe is the Thiftle only, 
 as growing out of the Ground. 
 
 After which returning out of Scotland, we fee the King on 
 Horfebaek, Crown'd, and in complete Armor, pointing with 
 his CommandingsftafF to a Providential Eye in the Clouds. 
 
 ■ 
 
 CAROLVS. A. VGVSTISS. ET. INVICTISS. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET. HIS, 
 
 MONARCHA. 
 
 ^eVer/e, 
 
 The Sun in his Meridian over the City of London, 
 SOL. ORBEM. REDIENS. SIC REX. ILLVMINAT, VRBEM. 
 
o 
 
 A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 We do not Infert fuch Medals as were ft ruck upon the 
 Nuptials of the Lady Mary Daughter of England, and her 
 illuftrious Husband, Son of the Valiant, Wife, and Fortunate 
 Henry Frederic Prince of Or ange, &c. hapning in thofe Intervals 
 already fet forth: But return to this Triumphant Medal, 
 reprelenting this glorious Cavalcade following, not many years 
 after ( which my fell beheld) with the Univerfal Acclamati- 
 ons of then the Happieft People under Heaven : A fhort Par- 
 liament following, and a too long one after it, mewed quam 
 Irenes Topuli ^pmani amores ■ and how uncertain all worldly 
 Profperity is : For that unhappy War enfuing, fbon chang'd 
 the glorious Scene to the Miferies and Confufions, which wan- 
 tonly, and without all Reafon, were brought upon a Nation ; 
 After which happy time (which had been much in Queen 
 Elizabeths ; all the Reign of K. James the Firft -> and till our 
 unnatural Divifions broke out, for almoft a full Century of 
 Years of a Golden- Age, and thegreateft Tranquillity that any 
 Nation could hope, or almoft wifh to Enjoy, whilft Men are 
 not Angels, and the beft of Men obnoxious to Paflions and 
 Infirmities ) upon what Provocation the King found himfelf 
 obligd to fecure his Sacred Perfon and Character from a 
 Violent, and Turbulent Party ( by what Plaufible pretence 
 foever, fome worthy, and well meaning Perfons were unwa- 
 rily drawn into it) the many Declarations, Conceffions,a.nd gracious 
 Offers publiflied from time to time, fufficiently Teftifie ; and 
 that he was not readier to AlTert and Juftifie his Own, and Sub- 
 jects Rights j than always difpofed to Terms of Grace and 
 Reconciliation. 
 
 Thefe taking no Effect, upon the firft Signal Battel given 
 by his Majefty ( and in which he was judged to have had the 
 Advantage ) there was ftruck one of themoft Comprehenfive 
 HiftoricaT Medals, that was made during all the War ; which 
 being cafuaily found in a Field of mine, and very ${are, I have 
 Cauo'd to be Ingraven. 
 
 The 
 
A Difcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 xxxu. 
 
 The Medalton repretents King Cbarks the Ftrft compleatly 
 Arm'd and Crown'd, fitting hand in hand with the Queen, 
 the Sun over his head, the Moon over her's , and both of 
 them Treading a Serpent underfoot with this Circumfcription y 
 
 fkifioMnc Xfil.lVL. 
 
 CAROL. ET. MARIAE. 
 M. B.F.ET.H. 
 R.R. 
 
 IN.VALLE. KEINTON. 
 AVSP1CAT. OCCVRRENT, 
 ET. 
 
 FVGATO. IN. OCCIDENT. 
 
 REBELLIVM. 
 VICT. ET.PAC. OMEN. 
 OXON. 
 M DC. XL. II. 
 
 Thole who are but a little Vers'd in thefe Devices, will 
 readily Interpret Tytkon to denote a Viperous brood ; which the 
 Union of Thoebus and Diana ( the King, &c. ) had undoubted- 
 ly crufli'd and deftroyed ; had his Majejly purfad, and Im- 
 prov'd that one days Succefs, and marched directly to the 
 Head of that pernicious * Dragon, inftead ot going a quite * Dragons 
 Contrary way \ the fatal Conference whereof I need not ' ^ 
 here inlarge upon. *Jrml/' 
 
 In the meanwhile, we cannot but take notice, how about 
 this time, his Majejly alter 'd the ufual Inscriptions of his Coins 
 (to which we may obferve he was chefirft who put the Garter 
 on it) toEXVRGAT. DEVS. DISSIPENTVR. INIMICL 
 And inftead of the Shield of Arms in the Fejje- point of the 
 verje ( over which three Fie ur fa Lyjfes and value of the Piece ) 
 
 RELIG. 
 
1 1 z A Vifcourfe of MEDAL S. 
 
 RELIG. PROT. LEG, ANGL. LIB. PAR. 1641. 
 
 Which in the larger Pieces coin'd at Oxford were in a Scroll : 
 That he might by the mod folemn, and univerfal Symbolum, 
 Declare and Proclaim to all the World, how little Reafon his 
 Subjects had to be Jealous of what was fo dear to him (namely, 
 the %eligion, and juU (Rights of his People) that to preferve 
 them both, the (Royal Martyr lay'd down his Life. 
 
 After many gracious Overtures Rejected, yet ftill retaining 
 his inclinations to Peace, I found this Medal 
 XXXIII. • 
 
 £ffigws Crown'd with a Laurel a la (Romain, &c. 
 CAROLVS. D. G. ANG. SCO. FR. ET. HIB. REX- 
 
 (ReVerfe. 
 
 An Olive branch lying Crofs a Naked Sword, on each fide 
 the Letters C. R. under Crowns. 
 
 IN. VTRVMQVE. PARATVS. 
 1643. 
 
 Appofitely therefore here I next place the following noble 
 Medal 2nd ' Efigies > Incomparably the moft Refembling his 
 Serene Countenance when fulleft of Princely Vigour. 
 
 The 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDAI& 
 
 112 
 
 The 'Buft is in plain Armcm 
 CAROL. I. D. G. M. B. F. IT. H. REX. & GLOR. MEM. 
 
 ^Derfein the Table, 
 
 REX.^ACIpICVS. 
 ^ICTVS. 
 VINCEBAT. HOSTESj 
 VICTOR. 
 TRIVMPHAT. IN. 
 COELIS. 
 
 For tley had now taken away his Life, as Men of Blood 
 had v ' among others) that of his Vrdcurfors ; who about four 
 Years before, fell uider the Difpleafure of a furious and an- 
 gry (Parliament. 
 
 Tis a very fine Medalion of the Archbifliop of Canterbury, 
 in his %uffznd Epifcopal Veftments. 
 
 GVlLi 
 
G VIL. LAVD. ARCHIEPISC. CANTVAR. X. IAN. 1 644; 
 
 Two Angels fupporting a Crown ,nd a Mund over the City of 
 London j Another carrying up zMitre and Crofter to Heaven, 
 joining with other Angels and Climbs. 
 
 SANCTI. CAROLI. IR,ECVRSOR. 
 
 The (Relieve is excellently performed. 
 
 Upon this Occafion I am not to forget tVc Jubile, which 
 the Sacrifice of this great Prelate caus'd among ihem at Gtyme'', 
 it being my hap to be in that City, and in Company of di- 
 vers or our Englijh Fathers ( as they call them ) ana Clergy 
 of that Church, when the News of his Suffering, and the 
 Sermon he made upon the Scaffold, arrived there : which I we\l 
 remember they read and Commented upi>n with exceeding Sa- 
 tisfaction and Contempt, as of one taken off, who was an E- 
 nemy to them, and flood in their wiy ; whilft one of the 
 mod Capital Crimes imputed to him here, was ( as we may 
 call to mind ) his being tpopifily Affiled. 
 
 There were many Brave, Worthy Perfons, and ^pyal Con- 
 feffbrs ( befides fuch as devoted rheir Lives and Forcunes in 
 this Manner ) that underwent incredible Hardfhips and LolTes 
 upon the Caufe of Loyalty, who deferve to be remember'd 
 with Honour, and of whom I have feen fomc M^/j,which 
 
 I cannot 
 
A Difcourje of M E D A L S. rij? 
 
 I cannot retrieve at prefent : but none of them more fair than 
 a Medalion of Col. Strangwajs, which may ferve as a Specimen. 
 
 XXXVL 
 
 Effigies in Busl a U G(omaM, 
 
 Infcrihed, 
 
 /EG1DIVS.STRANGWAYS. DE. MELBVRN. IN. COM.DORCEST ARM. 
 
 tf^everfe 
 
 reprefents that part of the White Tower of London, called 
 Crtfar's Tower 5 the Royal Standard difplay'd, and the Sun 
 darting light out of a Cloud. 
 
 DECVSQYE. ADVERSA. DEDERVNT. 
 
 Exurge, 
 
 INCARCER ATVS. SEP. 1 645. 
 LIBERATVS. APR. 1 648. 
 
 The Graving is of QtytL 
 
 But to return a little back, and refume our Metallic Hiflory. 
 The firft Martial Leader of the Rebellion, was that Idol of 
 the abus'd People the difcontented Earl of Ejfex ( and laft of 
 that Antient Family D'Evreux's ) of whom I have teen a clum- 
 fy Oval Medal bearing his Effigies in Full-face, and arm'd 
 holding a naked Sword in his hand, another over his head by 
 an Arm out of the Clouds, with this Legend, 
 
 CI z THE 
 
1 1 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 T>ifcoMje of MEDALS. 
 
 THE. SWORD. OF. THE. LORD. AND. OF. GEDEON. 
 
 reprefenting both Houfes of Parliament j and about it, 
 
 IN. THE. MVLTITVDE.OF. CO VNCELLORS. THERE. IS. PEACE. 
 
 To this follows another of his Succeflbrs, who likewile head- 
 ed the fame Cerberus. 
 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 XXXVI1J 
 
 THO. FAIRFAX. MILES. MILIT. PARL. DVX. GEN. 
 
 ^verfe, 
 
 In the Circle, POST. HAC. MELIORA. 
 
 In the Middle, MERVISTI. 1645. 
 
 And now for Ten Years that the Rebels ( under the fame 
 Godly pretence, New Models and Projects of Government 
 
 and 
 
A Vifcaurfe of M JE D A L S. ~ ^ 
 
 and Reformations ) had perpetrated that execrable Tarricide ; 
 and that tkauglv ch^al^i^WUftbkion, Avarice and Hy- 
 pocrite of their Chiefs and Parties they could fettle in nothing; 
 a Bold and Crafty Man among them, fnatches the Ball they 
 had fo long been toffing, from them. all. 
 
 Here then Enters the ArchMfurper 0, CRQMWEL, 
 
 Reprefented in Ejfigte Arm c! 7 and Infcrib'd 
 
 THE. WORD. AT.DVNBAR.T^EXORD.OF. HOSTS SEPTEMB. 1 6# 
 
 It was but a little before this, that having prevail'd on the 
 Weaknefs of Fairfax ( who had been hitherto the Tool and 
 Journeyman ) he firft made himfelf General-^ and by the fame 
 Arts of Diffimulation and Ambition ftill culminating, Ufurps 
 the Regal Authority under the name of Troteftw, and ftrikes 
 Medals in the following Style : 
 
 His 
 
A Ttifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 XL. 
 
 Hkr Sfgks Ch/m 4ikt, Ciu w M mih ' LiiM il. 
 
 XL! 
 
 OLIVARIVS. DEL GRA. REIPVB. ANGLIAE. SCO. ET. 
 
 HIB. PROTECTOR. 
 
 A Lyon fupporting, or rather grafping the Arms of the New 
 Commonwealth, ( as then call 'd ). 
 
 Infcribed, 
 
 PAX. Cjy^RIT VR. BELLO. 
 
 fft J Zfftjt* &9*rOfe Cr^*^**»*f 
 
 OLIVAR. D. G. ANG. SCO. ET. HIB. PRO. &c 
 
 9(e?erf? 9 
 
 1 
 
 With the Ufurper's Paternal Coat wichin a Scutcheon of Tretence, 
 between St. George's, St. Andrew's Crojfes and the Harp, under 
 the Imperial Crown of England. 
 
 PAX. 
 
A T>ifcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 PAX. Q.V;£RIT VR. BELLO. 1658. 
 
 And infolently about the <%imb> 
 
 NEMO. HAS. NISI. PERITVRVS. MIHL ADIM AT. 
 
 for fo Confident was this Bold Man of Eftablifhing hirrt- 
 felf and Pofterity ( having now filled and taken fojjeffion ) that 
 his Prefumptuous Son ftampt another Medal, 
 
 — XLII 
 
 Reprefenting his Father in Arms and Titles as above. 
 
 ^everfe. 
 
 An OliveTree, and a. Shepherd with his Flock feeding under it. 
 NON. DEFICIET. OLI VA. 6ty 3 . 1 6 5 8. 
 
 But this Scourge being at laft taken away, the rotten Foun- 
 dation quickly finking (not able to fuftain the incumbent 
 weight) they fell into Confufion and Intanglements among 
 themfelves; when God Almighty call'd one from the North to 
 revenge the Injured, and Relettlethis difordered and milerably 
 fhaken Frame, on its genuine and fteady Bafts again. 
 
 Let therefore the Memory of that Illuftrious HERO live 
 in the Annals of our Hiftory, and the Medal which preients us 
 his Effigies, 
 
 No 
 
1 20 
 
 A Vifcowfe of MEDALS. 
 
 • 
 
 XLIII. 
 
 No Infcription about the Head. 
 <]{ey>erje 
 
 GEORGIVS.MVNK.OMNIVM.COPIARVM.IN.ANGLIA 
 SCOTIA. ET. HIBERNIA. DVX. SVPREMVS. ET. 
 THALASSA'RCHA. JEtat.51. 
 
 And Worthily he Merited all the Honours that were Con- 
 ferred upon him, who had reftored a Nation, with an Exiled 
 and an Injur'd Prince. 
 
 CHARLES the Second. 
 
 During whofe Reign, and Royal Brothers fucceeding him, 
 Medals and Medalions were ftruck, for Largenefs, Defign and 
 Excellent Workmanfhip, equalling many that we have left us 
 of the Antient Greek and Romany by thofe rare Artifts the Qtytis. 
 
 We do not reckon thofe Natalitun and Ju?uration Pieces of 
 
 CO 
 
 theirs,, with feveral others ftruck upon Emergencies, whilft the 
 Royal Family was Eclipfed, and during the Civil War j but as 
 they are Eftimable for the Hiftory, I begin with 
 
 IN. 
 
IN. HONOR. CARO. PRINC. MAG. BRI. FR. ET. HIB. NATL 
 
 May. 19. ANN. 1630. 
 
 ^everfi. 
 
 The Arms of England, Scotland, France and Ireland in feve- 
 ral Shields, with the Star that then appear d at Noon-day, 
 radiating from the Centre of the Medal, Infcrib'd, 
 
 HACTENVS. ANGLORVM. NVLLI. 
 
 As indeed being the very firft Prince ( excepting one that 
 died an Infant ) that was ever Born Heir to Great Britain. 
 
 There is another without a Star of the fame, Infcrib'd with- 
 in a fcjuare : and a Third better wrought, wherein the Shield 
 is Crown d with a Prince's Coronet : Motto as above, buc 
 
 XLV. 
 
 The fyverfe differing. 
 
 MEM. CAROU PRIN. MAGN. BRITANN. FRANC 
 HIBERKNATI. XXIX. MAIL BAPTIZ. IVN. 
 M. DC. XXX. S, 
 
 K Another. 
 
Charles I. in Honour of the Inftallation of our late Sovereign 
 Charles II. caufed fome Emblematic Medals to Be ftamp'd, 
 With the Q($yal Oak under a Princes Coronet, overfpreading fub- 
 nafcent Trees and young Suckers. 
 
 SERIS. FACTVRA. NEPOTIBVS. VMBRAM. 
 
 fyverje 
 
 The Legend on the Table of the Medal y within the Garter of 
 the Order. 
 
 CAROL. M. B. REGIS. FILIVS. CAROL. PRINC. 
 INAVGVRATVR. XXII. MAIL MDCXXXIIX. 
 
 Another. 
 
 XLVH. 
 
 The Prince in 'Bufl full-fac'd, in the Garter, Robes and Cap. 
 
 CAROLVS.PR1N.MABR.NORORD.GARTJMILES. n. Maii itf 3 8. 
 
 %e\>erfe ? 
 
A Vi/courje of MEDALS. yt] 
 
 i > 
 
 The Prince of Walts % Arms within the Garter, and on the out* 
 ward Circle, 
 
 MAGNI. SPES. MAGNA* PARENTIS. 
 
 X'LVUL 
 
 There is yet one more, in which the King his Father in <Bujl 
 Arm'd and Crown'd. 
 
 CAROLVS. I. D. G. ANGL. SCOT. FR. ET. HIBER. REX. 
 
 The Prince on Horfeback behind the Arras of the Prince of 
 Walts, 
 
 ILLVST. CAROLVS. PRINCEPS. WALLLE. 
 
 Under the Horfe, 
 
 Two C's link'd together between <Palm branches and Laurel 
 
 Befides thefe I find not any other Medals ( though fome there 
 may have been ) ftruck, 'til after his Royal Father's Martyrdom-, 
 when I meet with one Lozgngd, and two Oclogone Objtd'wnal 
 Tiects circumfcrib'd, 
 
 R z 
 
/ 
 
 1 24. Ttifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 ■ *mm—m — " | ■ ■ 1 1 1 ■ " * " ' ■ ■-■ 1 ■ , - — -i — ■■ 
 
 Thefirft: 
 
 XLXIX.- 
 
 OBS. NEWARK, 1646. 
 
 <$(everfe 
 
 The Crown of England, and under XXX. 
 The fecond, 
 
 c , . - — — — . 
 
 : 1 • 
 
 CAROL. II. D. G. MAG. B. F. ET. H. REX. 
 
 Under a Crown, 
 HANG DEVS. DEDIT. 1048. 
 
 fy^erfe, 
 
 TontfraSl Caftle, over which thefe Letters P. C. and on the 
 fide OBS. 
 
 Epigraph, 
 
 POST. MORTEM, PATRIS. PRO. FILIO, 
 
 Another 
 
Another much like the former, with an Hand coming out 
 of the Toures, holding a naked Sword ; on the other fide 
 OBS. and under it 164&. fevers d with a Crown oyerC R, 
 
 Infcribed, 
 
 DVM. SPIRO. SPERO. 
 
 For it feems Lieutenant Col. Morris and Cornet Blackburn had 
 bravely held it out, as long as there were any Hopes of being 
 Reliev'd. 
 
 We proceed next to fuch as were ftamp'd upon and afcer 
 the ftupendious Revolution of 1660. which his Majefty grace- 
 fully acknowledges, magnifying the Almighty Diipoier in the 
 following Medals. 
 
 Ul 
 
 The Arms of England Crown'd. 
 
 PROB ASTI. ME. DOMINE. SICVT. ARGENTVM, 
 
 tffyverfe, 
 
126 A Vifcorirfe MEDALS 
 
 LIU. 
 
 fyverfe. 
 
 MAGNA. OPERA. DOMINI. \66o. 
 
 A fecond. 
 
 The Kings Effigtes Crown d with Laurel. 
 CAROLVS. IL REX. 
 
 The Arms of the Four Kingdoms in feparate Shields : The 
 Kings Cypher interlaid and Crown d with a Star in the Center. 
 
 MAGNALIA. DEL 
 
 1660. 
 
 And 
 
A Difcmrfe of MEDAL S 
 
 it 
 
 And in a Medalion of the largeft fize, exquifitely defigned, 
 his Majefty's Effigies, C<efar-\\ke to the Breaft. 
 
 CAROLVS. SECVNDVS. D.G, MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET. HIB. REX. 
 
 ^everfe t 
 
 Juftitia holding the Fafces With the Balance in her left hand, 
 and with her right delivering the Olive- branch to Britannia fitting 
 under a Cliff by the Sea ftiore, with a Spear in one hand, and 
 the Union- Shield in the other ; Dallas, Hercules and Fame (land- 
 ing by ; An Angel over all with a Talm, and beneath, 
 
 FELICITAS. BRITANNLE. 
 20. MAY. \66o. 
 
 Alluding to that of the Royal Prophet, Mercy and Truth are 
 met together, Juftice and Teace have hifsd each other. The Erle<5ts 
 of which expr.efs'd in the following Medalion. 
 
 The 
 
The Kings Effigies in fliort Hair %main Antique. 
 
 OPTIMO.PRINGIPI.CAROLO.lI:D.G.M.BRIT,FRAN.ET.HIB.REGl* 
 
 <PhiL <%otu 
 
 Incomparably reprefenting a Matron half-Veil 'd, fitting, and 
 holding a naked Sword and Cornucopia in her right hand; in 
 her left a Book opened, in which is written FIDES. Under 
 her feet LIBERT AS. 
 
 ( 
 
 fofcription about the Circle y 
 FIDEL DEFENSOR^ RELIGIONIS. REFORMATAE. PROTECTORI. 
 
 About the (Rjmb. 
 
 ARCHITECT VR^.NAVALIS. ET. MONETAE. INSTAVRATORI. 
 
 Nor indeed could lefs have been (aid of a Prince the mod 
 .knowing in Nayal Affairs, and vigilant to Improve and Main- 
 tain the Safety and Glory of thefe Kingdoms in its highefl and 
 chiefeft Concern, which is certainly its Strength at Sea ; and 
 appears to be the glorious Defign now fee on foot, of a truly 
 Royal Foundation at Greenwich, defer ving a Thoufind Medals, 
 
 The 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 LVl 
 
 The King in <Buft, Garter, Robes and Coller, CrownU 
 CAROLVS. II. D. G. ANG. SCO. FR. ET. HI, REX, 
 
 %everfe, 
 
 The King fitting in his Robes and Crown'd , holding the 
 Scepter ; An Angel touching the Crown with his right hand, 
 in his left a Branch of Olive. 
 
 EVERSO. MISSVS. SVCCVRERE. SECLO. XXIII. APR. itftfi. 
 With another Coronation-Medal 
 
 LVII 
 
 LVll 
 
 Effigies Crown cl^ and in the Coller of the Order. 
 
 CAROLVS. II. D.G. MAG. BRI. FRA. ET. HI. REX. CORONATVS- 
 
 * ' <Reyer/e, 
 
 The King at length in a Qfyman Sagum, ftanding with a Ta- 
 floral Crook like a Shepherd in the middle of his Flock feeding. 
 
 DIXI. CVSTODIAM. XXIV. APRIL, i66u 
 
 s Aii 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 All things now fecure and in happy Peace both at Home 
 and Abroad, is exprefled in this following Medal 
 
 Effigies to the Shoulder, fhort Hair. 
 
 CAROLO. SECVNDO. P. R. 
 tifeyerfe. 
 
 A Lyon Couchant- dormant, over him QYIESCIT. 
 
 Exurg. 
 BRITAN. 
 
 LIX. 
 
 King in Qeruke, Laureat, Buft a la domain. 
 
 CAROLVS. II. D. G. M. BR. FR. ET. H. REX. 
 
 A Ship under fail. 
 
 NOS. PENES. IMPERIVM 
 
A Vi/cour/e of MEDALS. 
 
 131 
 
 His Majefiy had now Efpoufed the moft Serene and Virtu- 
 ous Infanta of Portugal , who bringing the greateft Portion^ 
 both in Territories and Treafure, that did ever any Qyeen of 
 England before, deferv'd the Celebration of the following Medal 
 
 LX 
 
 LX 
 
 The King and Queens Effigies, <&rc. 
 
 CAROLVS. ET.CATHARINA. REX. ET. REGINA. 
 
 Qfyverfe, 
 
 A Terreftrial Globe, reprefenting Europe, Africa, with part of 
 A[ia and America, 
 
 DIFFVSVS. IN. ORBE. BRITANNVS. 1 670, 
 
 Another thus, 
 
 LXI 
 
 LXl 
 
 His Majefty's Effigtet, Laurel, tot, 
 G AROLVS. II, D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET. HIB. REX, 
 
 S % 
 
i ? x Vifcourje of MEDAL S. 
 
 fyperfe 
 
 Her Majeftys Head, Infcrib 'd, 
 
 CATHER. D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET. HIB. REGIN A. 
 
 There is another of a larger fize, rarely Infculp'd with the 
 Qyeens Effigies. • 
 
 LXIL 
 
 CATHARINA.D.G.MAG.BRLFRAN.ET.HIB.REGINA. 
 
 %e\>erje 
 
 The Figure of St. Catharine at length, holding a Sword point 
 down in her left hand, a Palm in the right, and (landing by 
 the broken Wheel. 
 
 PIETATE. INSIGNIS, 
 
 Thi, 
 
A Difcourfe of M E D A L S. " |Y* 
 
 This Medal of Stu Catharine ftanding on a Shield, with a 
 Reveife of Fame holding a Branch of Oliye; 
 
 Jnfcrib'd 
 
 PROVINCIA. CONNAGH. 
 
 together with the next, feem to have relation to Ireland. 
 
 LXiV. 
 
 Where a Crown'd King is (as We pi&ure David) playing 
 on the Harp, over which the Crown of England. 
 
 FLOREAT. REX. 
 
 <%el>erfe, 
 
 A Mitred Biftiop ( or St. Patrick, ) holding a double Crofi, 
 and ftanding between a Church and a Serpent, which he teems 
 to drive away. 
 
 QyiESCAT. PLEBS. is, I think Jrl(h Coin. 
 
 LXV. 
 
 The Kings Head without any Ornament 
 CAROLO. SECVNDO. 
 
 fyevtrfe, 
 
7^ A Ttifcourfe o/MEDAU 
 
 G(everfe 
 
 A Gtpfe full-blown upon the growing Bufli. 
 
 ANTE. OMNES. 
 Returning to the King. 
 
 A very noble Medalion in !BuJl, ftiort Hair and Gfamanlikc. 
 AVGVSTISS. CAROLO. SECVNDO. P. P. 
 
 fyverfe 
 
 tPrudentia with Wallas fupporting upon an Altar a Shield, in 
 which there is reprefented Britannia ; about whom ftand <Pax> 
 Hercules , Mercurius and Jbundantia, the laft a cumhent Figure 
 with this Infcription, 
 
 NVLLVM. NVMEN. ABEST, 
 
 Exurge 
 
 BRITANNIAr 
 
 in 
 
A Difcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 In another 
 
 LXVIL 
 
 CAROLVS. II. D. G. MAG. BRI. FRAN. ET. HIB. REX. 
 
 ^everfe. 
 
 Pallas fitting on a Bank, with a Spear in her left hand piercing 
 Envy under foot, and pointing with her right hand to t his h» 
 Jcription, 
 
 INVlDIA. MAIOR. 
 
 But all thefe being Fruits and Productions of Peace and Pro- 
 fperity, were fometimes interrupted by thofe unhappy Miftakes 
 and Difputes with our Neighbours ; which caus'd his Majefty 
 to turn his Thoughts on his Concerns at Sea, and to aflert his 
 Undoubted Title on that Element ; according to the various Succef- 
 fes whereof there were ftruck the following Medals., 
 
 LXVin, 
 
 Head 
 
1^6 A Vi/courfe of M E PAL S. 
 
 Head Crown'd with Laurel. 
 
 Infcribed, 
 
 CAROLVS. ft D. G. M. BR. FR. ET. HIB. REX. 
 
 <%everfiy 
 
 The King in a Chariot. 
 
 ET. PONTVS. SERVIET. i66<>. 
 
 This appears to be at the beginning of the firft War. 
 
 Another noble Medalion of the largeft fize. 
 
 ■•> < 
 LXIX. 
 
 Head in Peruke bound with a Laurel. <sc, 
 CAROLVS.SECVNDVS.DEI.GRATIA.MAG.BRLFRAN.ET.HIB.REX.+ 
 
 %everfe y 
 
 The %jng at length in the legman Military Habit and Valu- 
 damentum. Handing under a Cliff, with a Battoon or Com- 
 manding-ftaff in his right hand , and pointing towards the 
 Sea ■ where a Fleet is reprefented ingag'd , and one of the 
 Ships finking. 
 
 Exurge 
 
A Vifcowfe of MEDALS. 
 
 »37 
 
 PRO.T ALIBVS. A VSIS. 
 
 Which Medal was doubtlefs for an honorary Badge , to fuch 
 as had moft fignally behav'd themfelves. 
 
 There is another of the fame defign, in (hort Hair, and 
 which I here fubjoin. 
 
M 8 A Vifcom/e of MEDALS. 
 
 Effigies in Buft, Crown'd with Laurel. 
 
 CAROLVS. SECVNDVS. DEI. GRATIA. MAG. BRIT. 
 FRAR ET. HIBER. REX. 
 
 Britannia fitting by the Shoar under a Rock, holding in her 
 right hand a Spear, and the Arms of Great Britain in a Shield 
 with her left hand ; looking towards a Fleet ac Sea, the Sun 
 fliining and diflipating the Clouds* 
 
 FAVENTE. DEO. 
 
 Exurg. 
 
 BRITANNIA. 
 
 About the <%imb, 
 
 CAROLVS. SECVNDVS. PACIS. ET. IMPERII. RESTI- 
 
 TVTOR. AVGVSTVS. 
 
 And indeed it is a moil Augujl Medalion, however lefs well 
 perform'd by the Graver here. 
 
 LXXI. 
 
A Vifcourje of MEDALS. 
 A fair Medalion of his Majeftys Head Laureat, <jrc. 
 
 CAROLVS.SECVNDVSDEI.GRATIA,MAGBRI.FRAN,JiT.HIB.RE>:, 
 
 »ivi*v2 vrfi ibl iVub&il^pCfr .L>n?, qijhG Y'nrmlol oci bluorTl 
 
 The King in the (Roman Military habit, ftanding on a fquare 
 fPedeftal, alcended by fix round Steps, and holding a naked 
 Sword with his left hand point downward, in his right a 
 Commanding-ftaff j the Sea behind him full of Ships (ailing 
 to and fro. 
 
 REDEANT. CQMMERCIA. FLANDRIS. 
 
 1666. 
 
 Neither is a far lefs remarkable Medal, both in reipect of the 
 Stamp and Infcription, to be here omitted j ftruck about this 
 time, & flagrante bello, contending for this glorious Dominion 
 at Sea. 
 
 The Kings Effigies Crown cl with Laurel, &c, 
 CAROLVS/A. CAROLO. 166 j ? 
 
 Britannia fitting as ufually reptefentecf. 
 
 Jboui the Circle. 
 
 Qy ATVOR. MARIA. VINDICCX 
 Underneath 
 BRITANNIA; 
 
 T i k 
 
140 A Vifcour/e of MEDALS. 
 
 It being therefore upon the greater!: Importance of thefe 
 Kingdoms Concerns at Sea, that his Maje/ly Founded a Semi- 
 nary at Chrifl-Church for the Inftitution of Children ; who 
 (hould be folemnly Difciplin'd, and made fit for the Service 
 of his Royal Navy ; this glorious Medalion was defigned and 
 (truck. 
 
 The King m$uft, fliort Hair, richly Arra'd 4 1' Empereur. 
 CAROLVS. SEGVNDVS. D. G. MAG. BRI. FRAN. ET. HIB. REX. 
 
 %el>erje 
 
 A Blue-Coat Boy with his Toaq or Bonnet under his arm 
 ( by the Sea fide in view of Ships impell'd by Winds ) is re- 
 prefented as newly Examined by the Arts Mathematical ; Arith- 
 metick laying her Hand on the Childs Head ; Geometry i, Aftro- 
 nomia and Mercurius- y Angels and Hara above in the Clouds, 
 founding Trumpets and pouring down Fruits out of the A- 
 maltkean Horn. 
 
 Epigraph, 
 
 INSTITVTOR. AVGVSTVS. 167$ 
 
 Upon 
 
A Vifcourfe 0/ ME D A L S, 
 
 Upon what Occafion, or whom ic does concern I need not 
 inform the World, which has ever heard of the great and 
 important Services Sir Sahiuel Morland did his Majefty from 
 time to time, during the late Ufurpers Power, by the faithful 
 Intelligence, he fo conftancly gave him. 
 
 The Kings Head Laureat. 
 
 CAROLO. II REGI. INSTlTVTORL AVG, 
 
 ■ , • r i 1 
 >» n«V«r \rt rtvi. 1 ? Irrifd rfic •i'4*'it't l Of It nliHl^Jv J") *i'!*'V'r III ) \\ ' ■ 
 
 In the Table of the (Rgyerfe, 
 
 IN. ADVERSIS. SVMMO. VfTAE. PERICVLO. 
 IN.PROSPERIS.FELICIJNGENIO.FREC^ENS.ADFVlf 
 
 Which he told me, his 1 Majefty gave him leave to wear, as 
 an honourable Badge of his irgnal Loyalty. 
 
 There remains yet a Medalion bearing only his Majefty s Ef- 
 figies in <Buft, which fot the accuratenefs of the Work I adcF 
 to the reft. 
 
 CAROL, 
 
CAROL. IL D. G. ANGL. SCOT. FRAN. ET. HIB. REX. 
 
 fyverfe, 
 
 Difplays the Achievement or Arms of Great Britain, France and 
 Ireland Quartered within the Garter, and ufuai Supporters, 
 Helm, Creft and Mantling. 
 
 DIEV. ET. MON. DROIT. 
 
 . iVpg . i \, (pi f.pj <:r • :>^- 20* 
 
 For fuch and the like Medals were now and then given as 
 Gratuities of RefpecT;, appendant to Chains of Gold which 
 puts me in mind of what was made by the prefent King of 
 Sweden, in Memory of his hftallation ; and the Honour he re. 
 ceived from his late Majefty Charles II. when he was prefent- 
 ed with the Order of the Garter, 20. May, 1671. 
 
 CAROLVS, 
 
A 'Difcour/e of MEDALS 
 
 1 + 
 
 CAROLVS. XI. REX. SVE. EC\ No*. Orl Teri/c. Inaug. 
 
 ^everfe. 
 
 The Garter pafs'd through two ^egal Crowns, with both thcfe 
 Letters Dclink'd together; St. Georges Crofs and Blaze all 
 within the Coller of the Order. 
 
 About the (Rjmb. 
 
 SALVS. POPVLORVM. CONCORDIA. REGVM. 
 
 And indeed Medals were frequently giveri, and fometimes 
 knighthood, as honourable Prefents and Rewards to thofe 
 IQngs of Arms, and others, by whom that Noble Order was 
 brought to Foreign Princes ; of which fee Mr. AJhmok, ^ mole ln ' 
 where we alfo meet with a Medal of the Crofs of the Ordcr/il*'*' 
 ftruck byK. Charles I. Ann. 1629. in the Qtybes of Injlallation, 
 with the Crofs of St. George Radiant in the %everfe y which I 
 here fubjoin. 
 
 LXXVII. 
 
 1 xx vn 
 
 CAROLVS. I. D.G. ANG. SCOT. FRAN. ET. HIB. REX. FIDEL DEF. 
 
 ^eyerfe 
 
 PRISCI. DECVS. ORDINIS. AVCTVM, 1 620, 
 
 To Chew that the Glory iffues from the Crofs ( as 'tis re- AffonoU p. 
 ported to have appear'd to the Great Conslantine) not from 21 6 - 
 the Garter. 
 
 We are come now in order of Time and Succeflion, to his 
 <%pyal Highnejs the T>uke of York, afterward King JAMES 
 . the Second. In 
 
i44 
 
 .J Difcourfe of MEDALS; 
 
 LXXVIII. 
 
 In a Medal within a Chaplet of fyofes and Lilies. 
 
 IACOBVS. DVX. EBOR. NAT. 1 5. Oft. 
 BAPTIZ. 14. Nove. i6n. 
 
 <%p>erfe 
 
 The Arms of England, with Label, <&c. under a Ducal Coronet. 
 NON. SIC. MILLE. COHORTES. 
 
 Relating doubtlefs to the numerous Offspring God was 
 Blefling his Royal Father with ; that would more Eftablifli 
 and Secure the Crown, than a Thoufand Guards and Armies ; 
 fo fhort are humane Reckonings of the Event of Things. 
 
 Upon the firft Engagement with the Holland Fleet (in 
 which his Royal HighneTs fignaliz'd himfelf and gained a me- 
 morable Victory ) there was ftruck the following Medalion. 
 
 The 
 
A Difcourje of MEDALS. 14.5 
 
 The Dukes Effigies in clad in the (%pman Mantle; 
 
 IACOBVS. DVX. EBOR. ET. ALBAN. DOM. MAGN. 
 ADMIRALIVS. ANGLLE. &c, 
 
 Q$ey>erfe 
 
 Reprcfents the Admiral and whole Fleet in Conflict. 
 
 NEC. MINOR. IN. TERRIS. 
 5. June 1 66 j. 
 
 And upon the fame Action, another no lels glorious Me- 
 dalion, in memory of (perhaps) the moft dreadful Battel 
 that any Hiftory has Recorded to have been ever fought up- 
 on the Seas; 
 
 U 
 
 The 
 
1^6 JVifcourfe of MEDALS, 
 
 The Dukes Buft, fliortHair, <tsrc. 
 
 IACOBVS. DVX. EBOR. ET. ALBAN. FRATER. AV- 
 GVSTISS. CAROLI. II. REGIS. 
 
 A 7rophy and Ships in Fight. 
 
 GENVS. ANTIQ.V VM. 
 
 Meeting no Medal of his, firft Efpoufals (though I prefumc 
 there may and ought to have been ) of the Second we have 
 the following. 'Ijl 
 
 LXXXI. 
 
 i 
 
 The 
 
1 
 
 A Vifcourfe (/MEDALS. 
 
 '4-7 
 
 The Dukes Effigies, Sec. 
 
 IACOBVS. DVX. EBORACENSIS. 
 
 $(everfe, 
 
 The Head of her Royal Highnefs the Dutchefs, Sec. 
 
 MARIA. DVCISSA. EBORACENSIS. 
 1680. 
 
 The next and mod Remarkable, is a Medalion ftruck upon 
 his Royal Highnefs's wonderful Prefer vation ; returning by 
 Sea from Scotland , when lb many perith'd in the finking 
 Veflel. 
 
 LXXXII. 
 
 orb ilom; 
 
 ]ACOBVS*DVX.EBORACENSISJET.ALBANENSlS.G.B.F 
 
 x -sM zia bhfi ni yv.o |nnJ sonmmb oiu ; towtoK 
 
 IMPAVIDVM. FERJVNT. 
 When KING, 
 There was Coin'd this Noble Medal. 
 
 U i 
 
 IACOBVS. 
 
14-8 
 
 LXXX1II. 
 
 A Ttifcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 LXXXffl 
 
 \ 
 
 JACOB VS. IL D. G. ANG, SCO. FR. H. REX. 
 
 gnbmiV" iM- tii bnlroq ^tii&^'^b'ifeffe ~ r fettfc\toV4 moil w2 
 
 H(eyerfe 
 
 A branch of Laurel upon a Cufhion , with an Arm'd hand 
 ouc of the Clouds holding a Crown. 
 
 A. MILITARI. AD. REGIAM. 
 
 : Exurg. 
 
 INAVGVRAT. 2$. Apr. 
 1685. 
 
 I next place the following Medalion , though almoft the 
 fame that was flamp'd when he ; was Duke of York and High 
 Admiral ; the difference being only in the Style, and his Ma- 
 jefty in longer Hair. 
 
 oTHYl/lii'i .MVGlVAflMI 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 LXXXIV. 
 
 u ) 
 
 sbnocpicj ruirlw itv 
 
 a £ dim 
 
 LXXXV. 
 
 ■y>tt\n^ io .sbft rtajr.) no 
 
 ^ .T!V>1 .AG :\Vc! .3 JAM .OlTidMA 
 
 The King in Crown'd wirh Laurel, plac'd upon 
 a large Bafis or ^/wr ; on the front of which rhe Arms of Eng- 
 landj tsrc, within the Garter, and over it the Crown. 
 
 Exurge 
 
o 
 
 A Difcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 Exurge 
 
 ARAS. ET. SCEPTR A. TVEMVR : 
 
 Upon the Altar lie four Sceptres , bearing on their tops the 
 $ip[e, Lilly, Ihijlle and Harp ■ upon each fide is Repreiented 
 the Sea, with God Neptune holding the Trident, drawn in a 
 Chariot by Marine Horfes, with two VelTels under fail on the 
 other fide. 
 
 Infcriptiony 
 
 IACOBVS. II. D.G. MAG.BRI. FRAN.ET.HIB.REX. 1685. 
 
 %everje 
 
 Jufiice ( upon whofe head the Sun darts his beams, and Light- 
 ning iflues out of a dark Cloud ) with Sword and Balance, 
 holds in one Scale Mural Crowns which preponderate the other, 
 in which there is a Scimiter, a Troteftant Flail ( as then call'd) 
 with a Serpent; whilft (he tramples on another Serpent near 
 two headlefs Bodies, their Heads lying on two fquare Blocks 
 on each fide of Jufiice ; on that of the right hand, 
 
 JACOBVS. DE. MONTMOVT. 
 
 On the left y 
 
 ARCHIBALD. D'ARGYL. 
 
 Upon one fide of the Carcafes are Reprefented Soldiers rout- 
 ed and flying away ; on the other a Caftle with two H^ds 
 fix'd on fpikes over the Gate, and on the Pedeftal, 
 
 AMBITIO, MALE. SVADA. RVIT. 
 
 \ • . .^J|Q 
 
 In 
 
We have the Effigies and <Buft of the Duke of Monmouth him- 
 felf, without any Infcription at all. 
 
 (fieverfe 
 
 Reprefents a young Man precipitating from a fteep ^ock in 
 the midft of the Sea, upon which are plac'd three Crowns a- 
 mongft Branches and Shrubs. 
 
 SVPERI. RISERE. IVLY. 6°. 1685. 
 
 Upon Occafion of the Spanijh Silver Wreck, out of which 
 great Trealure had been gotten from the bottom of the Sea, 
 by our Bold and Ingenious Urinators ( after it had lain lubmef- 
 ged for many Years) was the following Medalion ftruck,bcar~ 
 ing the Effigies of both their Majefties. 
 
 LXXXVH- 
 
A Ttifcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 IACOBVS.II. ET.MARIA. D.G. MAG.BRI.FRAN.ET.HIB. 
 
 REX. ET. REGINA. 
 
 tifyverfe, 
 
 The Ship at Anchor which carried the Divers and Engineers. 
 SEMPER. TIBI. PENDEAT. HAMV& 
 Exurge, 
 
 NAVFRAGIA. reperta. 
 1687. 
 
 There is another of the Queens alone, drefs'd in her Hair, 
 with a Laurel a f Empferfofl^;; a very fine MedaL 
 
 MARIA. D. G, ANG. SCO. FR. ET. HI. REGINA. 
 
 fyverfe, 
 
 A Lady fitting upon a Bank, InfcrWd, 
 
 O.DEA.CERTE. 
 
 Alluding to that in Virgil -> when JEneas was furpriz'd at the 
 Beauty of his Mother. Laftly, 
 
 And indeed I think the very laft which was ftruck by this 
 
 King, : J 0 | fcfei bid ii tsfif) sroteroiU zuoinsghf ba& bloH too yd 
 
 LXXXVIIl 
 
 The 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 ! *3 
 
 The Arms of England, in a Crown'd Shield, fupport- 
 ed by four Angels ; one or them holding an Efcutcheon with a 
 Ducal Coronet ; another the Feathers or Prince of Wales s Arms. 
 
 Infcrib'd, 
 
 HONOR.PRIN.MAG.BR IT. FRA.ET.HIB. NAT. 10. IVN. 
 
 1688. 
 
 Reprefents a naked Infant let on a Cufhion near the Sea; two 
 Angels founding Trumpets , and holding a Crown over the 
 Babe, and a Scroll in which one Reads. 
 
 VENIAT. CENTESIMVS. HEROS. 
 
 XT 
 
 LXXXIX. 
 
 To which we add another in the hands of few, where a 
 little Child like another young Hercules, is made ftrangling a 
 
 Scrpent ' /ncndtm cUtit \ 
 
 fyverfe, 
 
 'The ?£rUt*. 
 
 There were two or three Memorable and Historical Medals 
 befides thefe, which were ftruck about this time, that are not 
 to be omitted. 
 
 X Shews 
 
Shews the White Tower of London, Standard difplay 'd, Ira- 
 prifonment and Delivery of the Seven fit/hops, after their fa- 
 mous Trial at the Icings-Bench. 
 
 PROBIS. HONORI. INFAMLEQYE. MALIS. 
 
 Exurge 
 
 ARCHIEPIS. CANTVAR. EPISCOPI. S. ASAPH. BATH. 
 ET. WELS. ELY. PETER. CHICHEST. BRIST. 
 INCARCER. 5. LIBERATI. 15.TVNIL x6%8. 
 
 tf$everfe y 
 
 A Balance let down from the Clouds, with the Sun in one of 
 the Scales and the Moon in the other. 
 
 SIC. SOL. LVNA'QV E. IN. LIBRA. 
 
 There was likewife another of the fame Volume. . 
 
 Reprefentiag 
 
A Vifcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 155 
 
 .if :G 
 
 xio - ; bait oun 5f!o no iu\\&\ A 
 
 3HT 
 
 rto 2£ t nohibrn 
 
 Reprefenting the Archbifhop of Canterhury to the middle in 
 his Efifcopal Robes. 
 
 GVILIELMVS. SANCROFT. ARCHIEPISCOPVS. CAN- 
 TV ARIENSIS. 1688. 
 
 Q(eT>erfe, 
 
 In fmaller Circles fix of the abovenamed Prelates, with the 
 Bifhop of London's Head in the Centre , plac'd among the 
 Stars. Nor unlike to this was a Medal Pubiifli'd in Memory 
 of the like number of Judges and advocates , who Pleaded 
 and gave Sentence for the Accjuittal of thefe Venerable Pre- 
 lates. 
 
 Finally in a leiTer fize this Emblematic. 
 
 fcnn tofyf 
 tt/Atk- n? 
 
 xcir. 
 
 X 2 
 
 » 
 
t<f 6 A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 A Jejuit on one fide and a Frier on the other, undermining a 
 a Cathedral Church, fupported by an Arm from Heaven, with 
 this Inscription in Englifl? : 
 
 THE. GATES. OF. HELL. SHAL. NOT. PREVAILE. AGAINST. IT. 
 
 All which Medals znd Medalions (with a few more we 
 fliall have occalion to take notice of anon ) being ftamp'd and 
 Published before the loon following Alterations, and pregnant 
 of Matter of Facl and Popular Circumftances , I think fit to 
 mention, as the very laft which I have feen whilft King James 
 remained in England. 
 
 I fliould now proceed to thofe which have been ftruck fince 
 the late fignal Revolution ; were they not already extant in the 
 late Hifloire Metalique de Guillaunie III. Published , and very 
 Artiftly Ingraven and Hiftorically illuftrated by N. Chevalier, 
 in FoUq, Amfter dam, ,,160.1. which will both deferve and re- 
 quire* Volume apart. 
 
 3rli ^fiomfi bi)'>lcr tj'iJns ) 3H3 fii Lsi i~i z \u'sii;oA in ooffl'ff 
 viormM ni bVIHidu*! tataix/L £ 2£7/ girls 01 * \\Ftm 10W g'ici<t 
 b^bsoKi oriw c taiwovf^K brts ivjbw^' io yxicnuri ' tJ^if 3(1? 1c 
 
 ( 1 lOJ - 
 
 CHAP. 
 
A T>ifcourje of MEDALS. 
 
 f *7 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of other Per/oils and Things, worthy the Memory and Honor 
 of Medals. 
 
 i 
 
 NO W albeit I will not Affirm that we can boafl: of fuch 
 Numbers of Medals and Counters, as a Great Potentate 
 does ; We have yet you (ee, gotten together fuch a Collection, 
 as with a few Links more, would ferve to compofe a Series 
 Capable of furnifhing an Hiftorical Difcourfe with a Chain 
 of Remarkable Inftances , and Matters of Fact, without 
 Fiction or Vain Hyperboles. 
 
 In the mean time, what other Medals there remain^ of this 
 Sort, relating to our Country in the hands of the Curious ; I 
 can give no farther Account of: I am yet well pleated to find 
 thofe of his late Majeffcy ( Charles the Second ) his Return, and 
 Reftauration ; Though I could have wifh'd the Qfyverfes had 
 been more exprefllve of that fignal Providence, as it concerned 
 the Church and ftate of this Kingdom ; having ever looked 
 upon it as a Miracle ( and fince fome there are who eftablifh 
 their Faith fo much upon the frequency of them ) next to 
 that of the <Babybnijh Deliverance, rightly confider'd in all its 
 Circumftances, extraordinary and rare Events ; by far fur* 
 paffing any thing that boafting Party can produce to Ajjeft ft 
 their Caufej fince the Great Conjlantine, to this day. 
 
 I have been the Longer in giving Account of what Holland 
 alone has publifhed in her Medals and ^e^erfes ( Memorial, 
 Votive, Triumphant, Gratulatory, lnauguratory, Objldhnaly &c. ) 
 becaufe the Series is fo Intire, and Hiftorically Inftructive, as 
 may ferve to fhew what we have loft of the Antients; who, 
 as frequently we have noted, left nothing Memorable in 
 danger of being forgotten by Pofterity, which might be per- 
 petuated in fome more durable and noble Matter, than Egypti- 
 an Reeds, Skins of Beafts, Paper and Parchment. And we 
 lee with what Succels the Learned and Curious have Improved 
 their Diligence in this kind; by their being able to deduce and 
 juflifie fo much of the Greek, ^oman and other noble Hiftory, 
 even out of thele few Medals alone that are come to light : Few, 
 
 f 
 
8 A Di/courfe o f MEDAL S. 
 
 I fay in Companion of the Numbers ftamp'r, and which yet 
 lie buried. To how much Greater Perfection then, and Cer- 
 tainty might it be advanced, hadweintire, and un-interrupted 
 Series's and Collections of thofe which were truely Antient 
 ( yet defiderate and Wanting ) to fupply thefe Chafms and 
 defects! We fhould then have had our Caratlicus, Cajfibelan, 
 Alfred^ Athelftans j our Edgar s, Artbyre, tffyehards , Henries 
 Firft and Fifth in frequenter Medals : Edward the Ftrft , 
 Third, and Fourth , and the reft of our Renowned Princes. 
 
 It is yet apparent, by what we have produc'd ; that as our 
 Kings have not been altogether Negligent of their Own, and 
 confequently, of the Nations Honor, by preferving the 
 Memories of Sundry Famous Actions j So there are Innumerable 
 others, both of our own Princes, and even of their Subjects ; 
 whofe Virtue, Courage, and noble Exploits ( Emulous of the 
 moft Heroick and Brave of Antient times ) merit the moft 
 lafting Records: So as when I again Confider how many 
 Great and Memorable things, Illuftrious Perfons, Renown 'd 
 for Arms and Arts, worthy Confecration, thefe Nations have 
 produc'd j I go on to Inquire ( but without much fatisfaction 
 I confeis ) what Medals were Stamp'd from the Reign and 
 Revolutions of our Seventh and Eighth Henries time, to almoft 
 this Age of ours? Had fuch Actions and Events happened 
 among the Reft of the Polifh'd World • we mould not be 
 now to leek for the Heads of Sir Francis Drake , Cavendijh, 
 Hawkins, Frobifher, Greeny il, Fenton, Willougby, and the reft of 
 the Argonauts ; And furely they that firft Circl'd this Globe of 
 Earth and Sea ( in whole Entrails fo much Gold and Silver, 
 and all other Metals are contained ) might at leaft be thought 
 Worthy the Honor of a Copper Medal ] which yet I no where 
 find. 
 
 To thefe Gallant Mens further Atchivements and Merits we 
 number the defeat of that Invincible Armada in Eighty Eight ; 
 in danger of being quite forgotten, as to any fuch durable 
 Monument among us, when ever thofe Incomparable Tapftries 
 that now Adorn the Houfe of Teers ( io lively Repiefenting 
 to the Eye both the Perfons, and Circumftances of that Glo- 
 rious and Renowned Action ) fhail be quite worn-out; or by 
 other fatal Accident, mifcarry : I have therefore often wondcr'd, 
 that lb many Great Princes , and Noble Lords , to whom 
 that Jus Imaginum more elpecially belongs (divers of whole 
 
 Anceftors 
 
A T>ifcourfe of M E DA L S 7^T~ 
 
 Anceftors are found in the Bordures of thofe Rich, and well 
 defigned Pieces ) fliould for about thiscHundred years paft • {/ijpC 
 neglecl: the having them fo much as Accurately Copied-out^ r 
 and Publiftfd by fome skilful Graver: But much more' 
 that they have not yet been Painted in their full dimenfions' 
 in the Galleries, andRomesof State of thofe Noble Perfons' 
 ( Builders for Magnificence &c. ) inftead of Idle Met amor phofes y 
 and other Fiftions and fruitlefs ftories, as have of late propha- 
 ned the Walls of fo many ample Apartments. 
 
 Certainly, we might felecl: as Choice, and Noble Subjects 
 pet forrrfd by our own Nation ( and in which none were fo 
 much Concerned as the Progenitors of our Nobility ) to 
 Decorate and Adorn their Courts and Palaces. They will there- 
 fore pardon this Zeal and occafional Excurfion. 
 
 OHike Argument are thofe admirable Paintings of Holbein 
 in his Majeftys Privy- Chamber at White-Hall ; reprefenting 
 the Perfons of the Two famous Henries and their Wives ,• 
 together with thofe other Pieces ( by the fame hand ) Hifto- 
 rizingthat Expedition to 'BuPogn: The Juft, and Triumph at 
 the Congreis with Francis the Firfl ■ The Juncture with 
 Maximilian the Emperor, Militating, and receiving Pav under 
 the Banner of St. George ; The Battles of Spurrs, though of an 
 Inferior Pencil : thole of Crejfey, Poicliers, Floddonfield ■ The 
 famous Gvalcade of Qtteen Elizabeth, when fhe went to the 
 Camp at Tilbfirj, and that of the late Charles the Second through 
 London, at his P^Uauration ; than which there was nothing 
 more Auguft and Solemn, fince the Triumphs of the Czfars, dec. 
 with fundry more, whereof our Annals of former and latter 
 times are full : And ah! what an Illuftrious Table would the 
 Conflict of Agincourt, fought by our Henry the Fifth againfl: 
 the whole Power of France, in the Reign of the Sixth Charks 
 (as already depi&ed, and described in that noble Poem of 
 Michael Drayton ) produce ; painted by the hand of a <l{ttbens, 
 or Verrio ; as is the Apotheofis of J^ing James the Fir/l in the 
 Banqueting Houje at White- Hall • and Inauguration of the Black- 
 Prince in St. Gcorgs at Wind/or, the magnificent Cavalcade of the 
 Four hns of £owri. Anno 1633. bribed in S.B. Whitlocks 
 Memoirs. His Majefty's Charles II. Entrance at his Reftauration, 
 1660, and the Anabajis at Tor- .bay ? I fay, how would thefe 
 Out-fliine the Stories of the drunken Lapith<e y Sancho <Panca, or 
 the Golden Jfs, &c. Things Ridiculous and ImpofTible, and 
 that ferve to no brave Thoughts. 
 
 But 
 
1 60 A Difcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 But to return to fuch as deferv cl that of Medals for Exploits 
 . at Sea ; I reckon not gnly thofe who found out New Worlds, 
 Planted Colonies and Enlarged the BritifJ) Empire : But even 
 thofe Brave , though Unfuccefsful Attempts to difcover the 
 Nor -Weft, and other hitherto impermeable Paflages. 
 
 I know not whether there were any Medals of the Earl of 
 Effexs Expedition to Cales, and the Heroes who accompanied 
 him i and what though Sir Walter Raleigh mifcarried at Gui- 
 ana, he was a Perfon of extraordinary Merit for his Learning 
 and Experience ; and who is he that deplores not his being fo 
 unhappily cut off ( and our fince want of fuch as Raleigh was) 
 *CoWeGo»- to g rat ^ e tne ^Crafty and Malicious? 
 datmr I have feen nothing of our taking Ormus in the Gulph of Ter- 
 
 fia ; nor of thofe famous Navigators Victorious Conflicts and 
 Difcoveries of our Owen Gwinedd and his Son Madoc ; of Macha y 
 of Sebaflian Cabot, born at Brifiol ( whom we may therefore 
 Challenge ours ) nor of the brave John Oxenbam ; for I have 
 already mention'd Sir Fr. Drake, Hawkins, &c. But here come 
 in again the Valiant Sir Richard Greenvill, Sir John Summers, 
 Sir Thomas Button, Bennet, Cherry, Carfeil, Edge, Sir Henry 
 Mddleton, Sir Hugh Wdloughby , the Heroical George Earl of 
 Cumberland-, out Gilbert, Chanceler, Thorn, North, Ellis, Jones, 
 bonnet, Toole, Jacfon, Jackman,<src. wh© were our Nearchuss y 
 * Graiorum TI)efeus's , Ja/ons arjd Ulyjjess , that did, and * performed far 
 ^Gloria!' greater Things and Actions in Truth and Reality , than all 
 quins ohm thofe put together were ever fain'd to have done: We have 
 fuM Nava* not rnenfion'j tne j ace Action at Ber?en 3 let it be forgotten ; 
 
 les per acies . f . r r 1 • ^ -, 
 
 afferuemnt^ not lo the Bravery and Succels of our daring young Capr.i&r- 
 nm duko man jD efore Cadi;^ in the fight of innumerable Spectators yet alive. 
 *rum&jlr- Have any Medals o{ Blake, Law/on, Dean, Sprag, Mings, 
 tuna, & Munden, Allen, t\empthorn, Wetwang, Tyddtman, loung, Curtis, 
 Tilda Gro Haines^ Haward and others, and of what was Acted on that 
 Annai.1. 1.' angry Element? Hay nothing of our Buccaneers, Morgan and 
 the reft j becaufe the moft daring Exploits and Events, fa- 
 mous only for Spoil, Robberies, Cruelty and Injuftice, ought 
 to blot the Memory of their very Names were it poffible : but 
 when the Caufe is Juft and Laudable , Brave and Heroick 
 Facts merit all Encomiums. 
 
 And here may fome perhaps <perftringe me for Celebrating 
 the feveral Bloody Conflicts during the late War, and diffe- 
 rence with our Neighbours of Holland, <src. I enter not into 
 thofe Politicks, leaving them to fuch as were fuppofed to be 
 
 the 
 
A <Difcourfe f MEDALS. i 
 
 the Judges of Right arid Wrong ; whilft yet the Actions of 
 thole Great Captains and Sea- men in National Wars, not tainted 
 ( that ever I heard ) with barbarous Cruelties are highly worth 
 our Remembrance : And fuch in the firft Rank, was his then 
 <Royal Higbnefs the Duke of York, the llluftrious Prince fyiperti 
 George Duke of Albemarle ; the Noble Earls of Sandwich, Marl- 
 brough, Portland, Muskerey ; Sir 'Thomas Smith, Ayfcogh, Holmes 
 and other flout Commanders, who lignaliz'd themfelves : 
 Their Names are yet frefh, and both their Actions and Effigies 
 due to Medal for what they did and fuffer'd : Nor do I believe 
 there were braver Men in all that numerous Lift of the tla.pa,%xjoi, r/*w. 
 {States- General of thofe Provinces) mentioned and celebrated by 
 bid Homer, and now on Record above two thoufand Years. 
 
 Nor are we wanting of fuch as Honor'd their Countries, as 
 well by Land as Sea : The 'Black Prince and his Glorious Fa- 
 ther, Humphrey Duke of Glocejler, ^ichardPlantagenet, Thomas of 
 Wood/lock, John of Gaunt, Charles Brandon, the Noble Talhots ter- 
 rible to the French j Sir John Hawkwood (whom the Italians have 
 ♦ honor'd with a Statue of Brafs ; ) the llluftrious Feres, Sidneys, 
 Cecil, Norris, Sir Charles Carlifle, Erpingham, Clifford Earl of Cum- 
 berland, the Ogles, Bajfet, 'Burrows, Cotton, Paulets, Chejler, Gilbert , 
 Tellium, Udal, K^iolls, Broughton, Fabafor* Baskerfield, Harbert^ 
 Gerrard, Tyr ell, Sutton, Bingham, Wilford, AflAey, Audley y &c. thefe 
 and more abroad ; the famous Wallworth, our Lindjey^ Montrofs, 
 Capel, Lucas, Vifle, Birons, Langdale, Hopton, Granyil, Stawel y 
 Cavendifr, Smith, and fuch as unfpotted Loyalty ingag'd at 
 Home ; too many to ennumerate without Envy and Regret : 
 Others, to be deplor'd for being the Occafions which depriv'd 
 thefe Kingdoms of fo many Generous and Magnanimous Spi- 
 rits, wnofe flagrant Courage, Performance and Behaviour in the 
 Field ( abftracted from the Caufe ) pretend to Records of , 
 Medal : But 
 
 Cedent Arma tov& — — 
 
 briJilatei'J .',!io // lr . .. ^TV. ■ » 
 
 For how fhould one rejoyce to find in more lading Matter 
 than painted Cloth, the true Effigies oi fuch as were Famous for 
 botfi.' Such as were our Sidney, Raleigh, Henry Howard Earl of 
 Surrey, the Cardinals Poole, Allan; the Chancellor Cromwell {Burleigh, 
 Cecil, Buckhur Leicefier, Sir Fran. Walfingham, Sir Tliomas Smith, 
 Carie, Challoner, If am, Wotton, (Randolph, &c. with feveral others, 
 who ferved their Princes and their Country with their Prudence 
 
 Y and 
 
i62 A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 and Counfel, to the Envy and Reproach of the following 
 times. 
 
 Our lateDifcoveries of New JVorlds^md Conflicts at Sea, the 
 Sanglant Battels that have been fought at Land, the Fortitude 
 and Sufferings of an Excellent Prince, the Reftauration of his 
 Succeffor, the Conflagration and Re edifying of the Greateft 
 City in the World in lek than Twenty Years, ( which had been 
 near Two Thoufand in Building, nor then half (b van;, 
 call aloud for their Medals a part : We yet fee none of the Co- 
 ^ 5 lumn ( erected in Memory of that dreadful Fire ) the Biggeft, 
 Col "47" ' an< ^ \ believe, the * Higheft all Europe has to fliew : And infinite 
 Roman feet, pity 'tis, that it had not been fet up where the Incendium and 
 Antonme'j *3 urn j n g ceas'd, like a Jupiter Stator, rather than where it fatally 
 don 2c 9 . began 5 not only in regard to the Eminency of the Ground, 
 Enghjhfeet. but for the reafon of the Thing, fince it was intended as a 
 grateful Monument and Recognition to Almighty God for its Ex- 
 tinction, and fliould therefore certainly have been plac'd where 
 the devouring Flames ceas'd and were overcome, more agree- 
 ably to the Stately Trophy, than where they firft took Fire 
 and broke out, and where a plain Lugubrous Marble with fome 
 appofite Infcripuon had perhaps more properly become the Oc- 
 *72*Thea- ca fi° n •' ^ uc tms was over-ruled, and I beg Pardon for this pre- 
 rre«fOxon. fumption, tho' I cjueftion not but I have the ArchiteB himfelf 
 Chdfe 1115 on m y wn ofe Rare and Extraordinary Talent> and what 
 College, he has * performed of Great and Magnificent j this Column and 
 The Royal wna t he is ftill about, and advancing under his Direction, will 
 Hamoton- fpeak and perpetuate his Memory as long as one Stone remains 
 Court, &c upon another in this Nation. ; n 
 
 «/ctnXt Heie the Improvement of Jrtspberal (as they are called ) 
 Tie ub iry and Mecbanicks put in their Claim to Medal : For if Ariflotle 
 cilery* pronouncd || him worthy of a Statue, that firft invented 
 Camb^- &c. KepTwmjyyKtj Rattles and Childrens Baubles, becaufe they ferv'd 
 „ Atch fM {o bufie and hinder their reftlefs Spirits from Ipoiling better 
 things : How juft a Title to the Honor of Medal have they, 
 who have at any time excelled in Mechanical Works, ufefui and 
 necedary to human Life, Eafe and Refrefliments > To this 
 we might add the Example of Simon Coriarius, whofe Shop the 
 Car J Je Cm Great and Wife Socrates was us'd to frequent, let us hear Cardan ■ 
 folat. Ub. 1. 2\[on contemnenda Eruditio Artificum, c Ater or um Uteris carentium, 
 tanquam ab intelletlu aliena ; fed ut diet fokt, Quantum ab Athenis 
 Megara, tantum a Megaris Athene : Sic quantum Eruditus loquendo 
 Artificcm vincit, tanto Art if ex fua cognitione pr aflat Erndtto y 8cc. 
 
 Scholars 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDA I S. i<5 ? 
 
 Scholars and Learned Men ( fays he ) have no reafon to de- 
 fpife the ingenious Mecbanick, becaufe fovlooth, they are not fo 
 profoundly Book-learn'd as themfelves : For as the Proverb 
 goes, Megara is as near to Athens, as Athens is to Megara : What 
 our Doitor exceeds the Artift in Talk and Speculation ; the 
 other may go as much beyond him in the Knowledge and Skill 
 of real and ufeful Things. 
 
 Leo Africanus tells us, That in Cairo, the firfl Inventor of any 
 Ingenious Devices, ride's thro' the City in a kind of Triumph, 
 vefted in Cloth of Gold, accompanied with Mufick and other 
 circumltances of Ovation, the People throwing him Monies as 
 he pates along ; and we not only admire the Machinaments of 
 'T>dda\us,Archytas, Ccteftbius, Here, 8cc. But Myrmecides and 
 Callicratess Tifmire, little Ships and Chariots that a Flie might 
 cover : ^egiomont amiss Wooden Eagle, nont of which (lays JE- 
 lian) a Wile Man would much commend but as triflers of time. Var. iiifi. L 
 Yet to thefe, and even to him who enclofed the Iliads in a Nut- C - 7- 
 pel, I might oppole our Calligrapher * Peter 'Bale, and Mark* SuCAt. 
 Scaltots Flea, with the Chain of three and forty Links, Lock and 
 Key made all of Steel, and weighing a fingle Grain only, and 
 thefe Recorded by many grave Hiftorians too ; whilft to our 
 Reproach, we have not fo much as the || Name (or very un -^ e ^ °l Cu 
 certainly) of that ingenious Scholar, who Invented the Weaving r J e }' n a f 0 ^ c 
 or fitting Machine, which with a pair of hands only,difpatches °H cur « P a >* 
 fuch variety of Work in fo fhort a time, enough to Em-^ SdTex ° 
 ploy an hundred. It is about Sixty Years fince, that the poor f 
 Man's Wile it feems, being fain to Knit for the Support of her 
 Indigent Family, he turn d his Head to find out by what ho- 
 neft way he might alleviate the continual Pains flie took, and 
 at laft lighted on this wonderful Invention, which being by 
 ftealth gotten abroad, and now propagated thro' France, Italy 
 and other Countries of Europe - t earns the Livelihood of many, 
 who would otherwile want Bread to fuftain them : And does 
 not this Perfon deferve a Medal of Copper, who merits a Statue 
 of Gold ? Yea, and as Plato fays ( fpeaking of thole that found T) e L°r 
 out luch ufeful things) to be look'd upon as of middle Natures 
 between Gods and Men, and were fometimes number'd among 
 the Deities. 
 
 Who was the firft Author of the fo accurate dividing In- 
 ftrument, for the exad cutting the Teeth of Wheels, and Fufie , 
 Machine for Watches and Clocks ? Sir John Backhouje ( Affiftant 
 with Sir Hugh Middleton for the bringing Water to the City) 
 
 Y 2 product 
 
A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 produce! (as 'tis faid ) the firft Way-Wifer, an Inftrument of 
 fo great life and Pleafure, were it improved, that I have often 
 wonder'd it has been fo much neglected, and not applied to 
 more forts of Vehiculation and Mtafuring. 
 
 Who does not admire Wat/on the Blac k- Smith of Coventry s late 
 elaborate Piece of Clock-Work? Its intricate, regular, and irregu- 
 lar, Periodic, and yet conftant Motions and Revolutions far ex- 
 ceeding the Silver Heaven fent by Ferdinand the Emperor to 
 Solyman the Magnificent ; and what a* Reputation have our 
 Tampion Watches gain'd for the Juftnels of their going, which 
 give Sound, and are heard to the fartheft parts of Europe ! Works, 
 I affirm, and Workmen, that would have been Celebrated by a 
 Claudian, as was the Sphere of Archimedes. 
 
 Nor may I here omit, without Injuftice to his Merits, that 
 Ingenious * Gentleman, who has brought to perfection the now 
 fo Ufeful, Cheap, Certain and Expeditious Intercourfe of Letters 
 by the Teny-Toft ; fuch likewife as firft fet on foot the late Ex- 
 pedient for the Extinction of Cafual and Ruinous Fire, or that 
 have Invented more convenient Lights in Cities, &c. Authors 
 and Perfectors of whatfoever other Polychrefls, Inventions^and 
 things of univerfal or multifarious life : Such as thefe (how tri- 
 vial and mean foever the Inftances may feem) would have had 
 their Statues in my Lord Ferulams Solomons s-Houfe. 
 
 Nor let the Miladventure of the Double I\eel in the lead ex- 
 tenuate the Merit of the late Sir William Petty, whole accurate 
 and expedite Survey of a large and ample * Kingdom, admi- 
 rable and comprehenfive Genius, highly deferved the Honor 
 of the richeft Medal, for tho' in the firft we name he did not 
 fucceed , 
 
 — magnis tamen excidit Aufis. 
 
 nor did it perifh (for ought I can yet learn, or is believed ) thro' 
 any defect of the Machination, or rather Contignation , but 
 where 'tis likely no Veflel whatfoever could have then efcap'd, 
 no fewer than Seventy Sail befides fufTering in the fame Misfor- 
 tune in a Sea reputed the moft Tempeftuous and Dangerous 
 the whole World has upon its Surface, namely the Bay of <Bifcay, 
 and that after it had already made a profperous Voyage and 
 Return before : I mention this the more particularly, and with 
 the Circumftances of that brave Adventure, to flop the unkind 
 Cenfures of fuch as would turn it to the Reproach of that extra- 
 ordinary 
 
A Ttifcourfe of M E D A X & 165 
 
 ordinary Perfbn, and and difcourage all Attempts that do not 
 emerge upon the firft Eflay : But they who imagine and con- * Nulla res 
 demn for foolifh and impoffible all things which are not Ac- c ™f" mT "f a 
 compliQied, or Succeed not ony* firft or fecond Trial, buxFp!. Sen^Q. 
 which afterwards come to be the happy Products of Time and N u - llb 6 - 
 united Aids, may repair for Cure of their Prejudice to my cap ° 
 Lord 'Bacons Injlauration, remembring that of Seneca, Veniet n u <e?. Mat. 
 tempus quo ijla qud nunc latent, in lucent Vies retrahet, longio- l-i- e. 25. 
 ris dvi diligentia. 
 
 We Read that Columbus Was firft Ridicul'd in England, and 
 are told by Divines, that Noah was laught at for an hundred 
 Years together, whilft he was building and preparing the Ark, 
 and doubtlefs he was thought a bold and daring Man ; 
 
 qui fragilem truci u ou 
 
 Commiftt Velago ratem 
 Primus 
 
 And yet five hundred Wrecks deter not from adventuring ftill 
 to the remoteft Indies : Jt is not therefore the Conceit or Fancy 
 of Men alone, that is fufficient Authority to condemn the moft 
 unlikely things for Impoflible, unlefs they have been often at- 
 tempted in vain by many Eyes, many Hands , many Inftru- 
 ments, many Ages : Then 
 
 Mifchtef, and true Viflmior fall on thofe fl^i 
 Who would to Laughter or to Scorn expofe 240. 
 So Virtuous j and fo Noble a Dejign ; 
 So Human for its U/e, for Knowledge fo Divine. 
 'The Thing which thefe proud Men de/pife and call 
 
 Impertinent, and Vain, and Small ; 
 Thofe fmalkfl things of Nature let me know, 
 father than all their greatefi ASiions do. 
 Whoever would depofed Truth advance 
 
 Into the Throne ufurpd from it, 
 Muft feel at firfl the Blows of Ignorance, 
 
 And the fharp Points of Envious Wit : 
 So when by various turns of the Celejlial Dance > 
 
 In many Thoufand Tears, 
 
 A Star, fo long unknown appears , 
 Tho Heayen it felf more beauteous grow, Cowley to 
 
 It troubles and Alarms the World below, the Royal So- 
 
 Voes to the Wife a Star, to Fools a Meteor jbow, Under 
 
 ciety. Stanz 
 
1 66 A Vlfcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Under this Head therefore I place the celebrated Naupegi 
 of our late Monarchs : The <I(oyal Sovereign^ the Prince, Bri- 
 tannia and other Capital Ships, for the Nobeft, moft Ufeful j 
 and in a Word, moft Stupendous Creatures that mortal Hands 
 produce : In the mean time 
 
 I do in no fort put the late Reverend Author of the %eal Chd- 
 ratter among the unfuccefsful, whofe ample and generous De- 
 fign fhall one Day find a more grateful Recognition, large and 
 univerfal as was his Mind, and as is that incomparably ufeful 
 Work, manuduclory to no \e[sP(eal J^nowledge. 
 
 Once more, and to Atone for all trfat may bethought Redun- 
 dant or Deficient on this Occafion, (and e'er we take leave of 
 thefe Great Men ) To whom is the Confecration of Medal,Statue 
 or even Pyramid more juftly due, than to our Sagacious Harvey, 
 and the late Illuftrious (Boyle ? the one for finding out the Circu- 
 lation of the Blood, the other for the happy Improvement of 
 Otto Guericks Magdeburg Exhaufler, and for his Profound and 
 Noble Refearches into all the abftruler Parts and Recefles of the 
 mod: ufeful Pbilofophy, and his Generous communicating of them, 
 both of them Celebrated by all the Learned" World, with a 
 world of more to be enumerated, with all his other Vertues and 
 Performances, by that Learned Hand ( for fo it needs muft be ) 
 who ever mail oblige thePublick with his Life. 
 
 Other new and rare Difcoveries, hflances both of Light and 
 Bruit, have been made in Anatomy ,Aftronomy,Optick.s, and other 
 Parts of the Matbematich, due to feveral of our Country : I might 
 here alfo name the Author of the Medicina Infuforia, and that of 
 the Transfujion of 'Blood, attributed to a Clergy-man fomewhere 
 about Wtltfhire, now more than fifty Years paft (improv'd by 
 Sir Chrifl. Wren) however turn'd fince into Ridicule by our Fat 
 Buffoons, and late Virtuofo 'Maffix : I conclude then with him, 
 who ever the Perfon was, that firft brought to fo clear a Light, 
 the late furprizing both Dry and Licjuid Pbojphorus and Notli- 
 Vrina. lucas, whether Extracted out of Blood (or that which flows 
 from, and is tin&ur'd with it ) perfected from the Principles of 
 the moft Noble Boyle : Nor name I this bright Experiment with- 
 out Refie&ion on a Providence extraordinary j that it being 
 found out, and fo improved by Perfons of much Integrity, it has 
 elcap'd the Hands and Heads of fome who (before 'twas divul- 
 ged) might poffibly have made ftrange and prodigious Ufe of it 
 to Religious Impoftures and Pious Frauds : Some more to this 
 Glorious Clafs I yet might add, but I have named the Illuftrious 
 Boyle, and fix his Trophy here. May 
 
T^Difconrf e' of MEDALS \'6y 
 
 May thefe then fuffice (for I am not tranfcribing Pancirollus\ 
 but confine my felf to a few Inftances inftead of infinite others,' 
 the Produit of our own Nation, inferior, as I (aid, to none for 
 what they were wont to Deify their Antienc Herds and Demi- 
 Gods^ Patriots, Benefactors, and Perlons any way Eminently ex- 
 celling, as who have jiift Right and Title to the Honor of Me- 
 dal ; and even He, that Glorious Man among the mod Illujlrioui 
 (if I may predict without Offence to the Envious, and Tribe of 
 Scoffers) who (liall one Day emancipate from a yet precarious 
 Station,and by Building, or fome noble and ample Endowment, 
 enlarge the Conveniences of that S 0 CIETYzz Gr eft? am College y 
 will be the nobleft Subject of Medal and Statue, and of all that I 
 have hitherto faid of Great and truly Honorable, to Crown the 
 Memory of the mod Munificent Benefactor of this or any Age : 
 This Period, if to any obnoxious, they fliall find it jumfied in 
 the preface to the laff. Edition of Sylva. 
 
 And now let none of thefe Inventions here and elfewhere * ci-* Set cap. 8. 
 ted, be thelefs Efteemed, becaufe Modern, feeing the mod An- 
 tient once were fo ; and therefore we fhould be Curious to Col- 
 lect, befides the Inventions and Improvers of other Arts- Print- 
 ing, Chalcographie ; Painting in Miniature, Oyl, Frefca ; in Glafs, A- 
 mel ; the ftupendious ufe of the Magnet^ Algebra, Specious Aritb* 
 metick, Tatlics, Engyfcops, Micro/cops, and other Optick Glaffes • 
 Pumps, Quench Fires, &c. What our bold Urinators and Divers 
 have excogitated and brought to that perfection for the taking 
 up of Trealure, fubmerged Ordnance and other Wrecks from the 
 bottom of the profoundeft Seas improvements in Shipping, 
 Coaches, Plows, Mills, 'Barometers, Thermometers, Speaking-Trumpets, 
 Dulcifying Sea-Water, Sheeting of Ships with Lead, and fundry o~ 
 ther Polychrefts, Machins and Instruments ufeful to humane Life, 
 mod of them due to the Englifh and thole of the (Royal Society : 
 To thefe add Tachygraphy and Sfort Writing as they call it ( fo far 
 exceeding the Orator/iiro, for its lingular Ufe and Expedition) 
 as of things, many of them altogether New, and unknown to 
 the Antients ; but by whom the Authors would have been Cele- 
 brated among the Miners as, Vulcans, Declaims, and as we faid, 
 even the Demi Gods, and fliould have Mercurius on the Reverfes 
 of their Medals, as by fome of which ( to name only Printing, 
 Gun-Powder, and the Nautic Box, in P(e literaria, Militart, 
 $ Kavali ) the whole Face and Frame of the World, ( as 
 my Lord 'Bacon obferves) has almoft quite been changed; 
 
 Nor 
 
i68 A Vi fcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Nor this out of Vain-Glory, Orientation, or Ambition of a 
 Name ( tho' Honos alit Jrtes and is its due ) but for Encourage- 
 ment, aud the Benefit of future Ages, as well as of the prelent : 
 For who can Divine ( as all things are in continual Flux in this 
 fublunary State, obnoxious to Changes and Viciffitudes ) what, 
 or when the Period of things, feemingly never fo fixt and ftable 
 may be ? fince we our felves have leen, daily read, and have be- 
 fore us the Fate and Cataftrophe of the moft polifffd and civil 
 Nations - y the Greeh and Romans, that of China and other Fa- 
 mous and Antient Empires, over- run by barbarous People, 
 who burnt and deftroy'd all thofe goodly Monuments and re- 
 mains of Learning and Ingenuous Arts, fubject to fuch Deluges, 
 Invafions and Revolutions : I fay, who can tell but Medals may 
 yet revive, furvive and out-live the Generations and Ages to 
 come, as they have fince done this of ours ? For how many 
 oblcure Paflages of Hiftory, Geography and other parts of ufeful 
 Erudition have been, and ftill are illuftrated and fupplied from 
 Medals and Infcriptions alone ! They have we fee ( and is abun- 
 dantly made out ) difcover'd the Religion, Rites and Superftiy- 
 ons of the Antients, the Deities of the feveral Countries, the Ori- 
 ginals and Rife of Illuftrious Families, Brave and Heroical Acti- 
 ons and Things as well Facinorous and Tragical, Events which 
 have efcap'd the Teeth of Time, and furviv'd all its Revoluti- 
 ons ; they have given us the antient Names of many Cities, Si- 
 tuation of Countries, Rivers, Monuments, Temples, Solemn 
 Feafts, and a thoufand other ufeful Notices, no where elfe to be 
 met with, or if nam'd, very corruptly, and fo of divers Tontifs, 
 Governors and Troconfuls, &c. not to be found in any Book : In 
 a word, Medals (the trueft Lydian Touch ) have often prov'd the 
 Beft and Trueft Comments on Authors, and are the moft De- 
 lightful and Inftru&ive Compendia's and Maps of the Antient 
 World, in the moft flourifhing State. 
 
 But to go on, or return rather to the modern and later Cen- 
 turies" ( which we left behind ) one fhall find, who among the 
 * Bizot few mo ft Curious and publick Spirited had begun the Metalick* 
 uieur. * Hiftory of Holland antecedent to namely the Antique-Mo- 
 dern Medals of the Famous Princes of Sicily, Milan, Florence, Ve- 
 nice, Genoa, &c. for the moft part moulded, and in the large 
 Volume and richer Metal ; with thefe may Luckius and 7} pa- 
 rtus be confulted as the only Authors (Iconceiye) that have taken 
 any confiderable Notice of the feveral States and Republicks,and 
 as Molinet, thofe of the Popes; to which may be added other 
 
 Famous 
 
A Vi/courje of MEDAL S. 169 
 
 Famous or Infamous Perfons, celebrated or mentioned in later 
 Hiftory, whether Princes or private Perfons. 
 
 The Studious therefore will feduloufly inquire after the Me- 
 dals John Hufs } and his Companion Jerom of Prague, Maxi- 
 milian, Francis the Firfl, and Charles the Fifth his Expedition 
 into Africa, Anno 1555. as before this of Solyman the Magni- 
 ficent s Siege of Belgrade, 1521* and that of Vienna Eight Years 
 after ; Philip Villiers de I' Ifle Adam brave and ftrenuous Defence 
 of (Rhodes, Anno 1522. Of CW/wDukeof Bourbons Sacking 
 of (Rome, and Imprifoning the Pope, 1527.^. Of the Smal- 
 caldian Famous Convention of the Treteftants, 1 5 2, o. Zsrc. Of 
 the Difference between Henry the Second of France, and our 
 Sixth Edward when Bulloign was gotten from us already menti- 
 on'd. That of Charles the Fifth's ( indilputable) Abdication and % 
 (fycefs, 1555. That remarkable one of the life of the Cup in 
 the Holy Sacrament of the Eucharifl indulged to the People of 
 (Bohemia, 1 5 64. Valettas glorious Defence of Malta, befieg'd 
 by the Turks, 1565. with the Reddition ofNicofia in the Ifle 
 of Cyprus to Selymus, 1 570. Of the Famous Battel and Victory 
 of the Venetians at Lepanto, Anno 1573. and the Year before 
 that of the barbarous, bloody and inhumane Maffacre perpe- 
 trated by Charles the Ninth thro' France, inlcribed, Virtus infye- 
 belleis, the <I{everfe is two Columns, which was the King's De~ 
 vife or Symbol, with this Infcription, Pietas excitavit juftitiam : 
 In another, round his Head, Carolus Nonus, ^ebeltium Vomitor \ 
 the Reverie Hercules fighting againft Hydra with a Flaming 
 Torch and Club: But above all, Pope Gregory the Thirteenth 
 Reverting his ftern Effigies with a Representation of that bale 
 and Antichriflian Murder of the Admiral, the words Hugonotorum 
 Strages, fo honeftly and impartially defcribed and dctefted (as 
 we noted) by the Pen of the Illuftrious and Learned * Tlmanus $ * W e- 
 to which one may oppofe that obfervabie Medal of Lewis u i m ; ne ^ ld 
 the Twelfth, upon his being interdicted by Julius the oecond. infantum de- 
 PERDAM. NOMEN. BABYLONIS. # 
 
 time vete- 
 
 rum Imperatorum Laus in tarn dete(tando facinore quajita } nam cuft Nttmi Argentei & Aurei, 
 Regiq- ill. Nen. vTl^r. Oblati in quorum antica pane Regis in Throno fedentu Effigies depifta 
 trat, cum hfcriptione , &c. Thuan. Hift. Lib. III. A 0, C1D> ICLXXli. 
 
 Moreover, there are Medals of all thofe fignal Perfons and 
 PalTages, Sieges, Battels, Treaties, Marriages and other remark- 
 able Actions ( Argument of Hiftory ) not only happening in 
 Europe, but in other parts of the World, where Chrifiian Princes 
 have been concerned : But before I difmifs this Paragraph, I 
 
 X mud 
 
A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 mud not omit fuch as have on fmall Occafions, and unlikely 
 Caufes and Accidents, produced wonderful Effects, threatning 
 thefudden Subverfion of States and whole Kingdoms,- belides 
 Tome of antient Times,thofe nearer our own. Instances of thefe 
 are the Medals which thole notorious and truculent Enthufiafls, 
 John of Leyden, I\iupper dolling and their Aflociates, ftamp'd with 
 their Effigies and Heads during the Siege of Munjler, Anno 1534. 
 whole Story you have in Sleiden. To this Series belongs Mafinello 
 of Naples , SabbathiSeVi, and fuch as like him have endeavoured 
 to make any fudden Changes among the Mobile. 
 
 There is a Curious Medal ( but very rare ) ftruck with the 
 Trince of Condi's Head, about which was infcrib'd, 
 
 Tremier tityy Chretien des Francois. 
 
 as Brantome affirms in his Hommes lllujtres • but from what o- 
 ther Author Spondanus has it, I know not: Sunt (fays he) 
 Mores qui ajferunt, Conddum apud Sandionyfium ^gem a fuis Co- 
 ronatum ejfe, Monetamque auream imprejfam cum bac Injcriptione, 
 
 LODOVICVS. XIII. DEI. GRATIA. FRANCORVM. REX. 
 PRIMVS. CHRISTIANVS. 
 
 Monfieur le Blanc affirms that he found fuch a Medal in a Gold- 
 jmittis Shop in London, which he could not procure for any 
 Price. Laftly, 
 
 Not to pretermit fuch as among us here at home have lately 
 diftinguifli'd themlelves ( belides thole already mention d, and 
 during our flagrant Broils and Exile of Charles the Second) un- 
 der feveral Denominations $ Divines, Lawyers, Pkyficians and 
 Soldiers ; Mr. Primi, Dr. Baftwick, Burton, &c. The Loyal 
 Judge Jenkins, Mr. Clement Walker Author of the Hiftory of Inde- 
 pendency, or Cromwell "s Slaughter- Houfe ; to which may be added, 
 filling no Murder ; and that Stout and Couragious Affertor the 
 Famous Lilburn, who flood the no lels Famous Tryal under 
 the late Arbitrary Ufurper, whofe Medal is a Record. 
 
 The 
 
A Diftourfe of MEDALS 
 
 The Medalion Reprefents his Effigies to the Life, with this 
 Remarkable 
 
 Jnfcription, 
 
 IOHN. LILBORNE. SAVED. BY. THE. POWER. OF, 
 THE. LORD. AND. THE. INTEGRITY. OF. HIS. 
 1VRY. WHO. ARE. IVDGES, OF. LAW, AS. WEL. AS; 
 FACT. Oft. 26. 1649. 
 
 In feveral Circles one within the other, a Rofe in the Centre j 
 
 MILES PETTY. STE ILES. ABR SMITH. ION KING, 
 NICMVRIN. THO DAINTY. EDM. KEYSAR. EDW 
 PARKINS. ROL PACKMAN. WIL COMINS. SY. 
 WEDON. HEN TOWLIN. (Mob. 16. 1649. 
 
 The fad Catajlrophe of Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, with the won^ 
 derful Conferences following it, and the Part it is likely to 
 take up in the future Stories of our Times, prompts me to the 
 mention of fome Medals that I find were ftruck concerning 
 him. 
 
 The Medal reprefents his Effigies in Buft, with two Hands 
 appearing to draw a Cravat about his Neck, 
 
 Z % C£R~ 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 XCIV. 
 
 CERVICE. FRACTA. FIDEM. SVSTVLIT. ALTAS. XNS. 
 
 1678. 
 
 Within the Circle. 
 
 MORIENDO. RESTITUIT. REM. E Godfrey. 
 
 fyverfe. 
 
 The Pope holding forth a and a Man ftrangling ano- 
 ther on the Ground. 
 
 TANTVM. RELIGIO. POTVIT. 
 
 xcv. 
 
 Another reprefents hina at length, walking with a Sword 
 thruft through his Body, and coming out at his Shoulder • 
 Head and Neck bending down as broken. 
 
 hfcrib'd, 
 
A Vifcourfe (f MEDALS. 
 
 7? 
 
 Infcrib'd, 
 
 Godfrey walks up Hill after he is Dead. 
 ERGO. PARES. 
 tityverfe, 
 
 St. Denis with his Head in his Hand. 
 lnfcrib'd> 
 
 Xteww jWAj ^okw carrying his Head. 
 SVMVS. 
 
 At the bottom upon one fide PRO. on, the other PA. de- 
 noting Trotejlant and p*/>i/?. 
 
 There is another with the like Infcripcion, but the ^erfe 
 
 XCVL 
 
 prefents one carried on Horfe-back, held upright by a Man 
 riding behind him ; another leading the Horfe near the fide of 
 an Hill, and pointing to thefe Words, 
 
 EQVO. CREDITE. TEVCRL 
 
 And there follows yet one more Tragical, where in a large 
 Medalion 
 
 we 
 
174 
 
 A Ttifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 XCVII. 
 
 wc have Sir Edmond ftrangling by fcwo Friars ; : a rich Sedan 
 conveying a Perfon in it j this between two Infcriptions ; on the 
 upmoft of which, appears the Ttpe and Devil, with the Names 
 of GRENE. KELY. HIL. & BERY. Under this, IVSTICE, 
 KILLERS. TO. HIS. HO. beneath which Sir Edmond lies on 
 the Ground with a Sword thro' him. 
 
 On the Circle. 
 
 ROMES. REVENGE, on SR- EDMVNDBERRY. 
 GODFREY. MVRTHERED. IN. THE. POPES. 
 SLAVGHTER-HOVS. 
 
 1678. 
 
 I have feen nothing of Coleman: But 
 
 It were yet a greater Wonder, the Famous Dr. Oates, and 
 Mr. Bedloe, &c. fhould not appear in Medals , but of whom I 
 have yet fecn none fave this Sarcaftical one, 
 
 XCVIII. 
 
 representing 
 
A Ttifcourfe of MEDAL S. 
 
 reprefenting two Perfons in Butt, with their Heads jfanus-\ikc t 
 looking contrary ways ; the one in the Habit of a Minifter, the 
 other of a Shaveling, a Jefuits Cap covering them both j the 
 Words, 
 
 WHY. SO. FICKLE. 
 
 fyverfe. 
 
 A Group of Seven Heads, whereof one in full Face and Perruke, 
 the other fix half Faces, fain cl to refemble the Detectors of the 
 late Topi/h Plot, 
 
 Infer ib'd, 
 
 BIRDS. OF. A. FEATHER. FLOCK. TOGETHER. 
 
 Invented no doubt, to the Reproach of thole who expecl: ** Prance, 
 diftinct Memorials, and will have name in our future Annals. Dangpuid^ 
 To conclude, The extraordinary Activity of the Perfon du- 0 e ^' Q 
 ring this reftlefs and jealous Period, fuffers me not to omit the 
 Medal which follows. 
 
 Efigies. 
 
 ANTONIO. COMITI. DE. SHAFTSBVRY. 
 
 ^verje, 
 
 Is the Sun behind a Cloud, darting his Beams on the City of 
 London. 
 
76 
 
 A Vifcourje of M E PALS. 
 
 About it. 
 
 L.ETAMVR. 
 
 Under, 
 
 24. Nov. 1681. 
 
 On which Mt.Dryden has been pleated to Comment in a 
 Poem under that Title. 
 
 And now after this Aflembly, and thofe many others whom 
 I have fet down in the Catalogue of both Worthies and Un wor- 
 thies ( and whom for many different refpects, one would be glad 
 to have remember'd ) I do not as I faid, affirm that there are 
 Medals of one half quarter of them ; But I mention the Names 
 of thofe that are Confpicuous for their Virtue and Worth, as 
 well as Notorious for their Villanies and Ambition ; all of them 
 Matter and Argument {ox Medal of great Ufe in good Hiftory, 
 and by no means to be neglected or flighted of the curious and 
 diligent Collector, as Occafion or Opportunity may one time 
 or other prefent them, and for the Reaions I produce. 
 
 And thus having now done with HEADS and Effigies, 
 which are the (Body, and chiefly affect the Vulgar with the Pi- 
 cture and outward Psrfon, and given as fuccinct an Account 
 of REVERSES as the copioufnels of the Subject would 
 admit ( which with the Legend* is the Soul and Spirit that ani- 
 mates all the reft ) we in the next place proceed to I N S C R I P- 
 T 1 0 N S, and to what remains of this Difcourfe. 
 
 10 yliD 
 
 > inn 
 
 CHAP. 
 
A Vifcourfe of M £ D A L S. 1 77 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 Of I N^S C %I T T I 0 3^S. 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS upon whatfoever Species, as they 
 pafs'd for Money, and were only valu'd as fuch, were 
 doubtlefs, at firft but very plain and fimple things, bearing 
 only (ome Mark or Character denoting the Weight and Worth 
 of the Metal ; but when ambitioufly they began to fet Heads 
 and TiSlures, and to blaze their Actions on the Tables and 
 Gfyverfes of them ; it was then they became valuable, not only 
 for the intrinfic Worth of the Metal as Money, but for the Light 
 they afforded to the Learned; and that fo much Superiour to 
 the other, that a fmall piece of Coin, or morfel of Copper 
 came to be eftimated above its weight in Gold or Silver : This, 
 as we ftiew'd, being firft begun by the Monetarily and follow'd 
 by thole Princes and Great Men who affected Glory ; they often 
 preient us with their Names, Families and Titles, even before 
 the Cefars durft fo much as fhew their Faces on a Medal ; that 
 is, till the afpiring Julius ufurp'd the antient Government : Nei- 
 ther yet did the Flatterers of thofe who fucceeded him To far 
 prevail, as that they ufed any Superfcription about their Effigies, 
 lave that of the bare Name (and that with Caution too) or 
 Quality of the Perfbn for a confiderable time. 
 
 But here, before we pate any farther, there is an hypercriticifrii 
 ftarted by the late Author of the Science, concerning the Diffe- 
 rence between Infcription and Legenda, as to Propriety and nice 
 Application; whether one to the Head and Effigies (or rather 
 inftead of %f»erfe where there is no Figure or Head at all ) the 
 other to them both. The Firft ( according to this Learned 
 Man ) is properly where the Words or Epigraph are on the 
 Table of the ^e^erfe without any Figure or Emblem at all, 
 as in that Medal of Antoninus, (befidesthe Head fide ) COS. Ml 
 is all we can find on the fyverje-, which nicely, and according 
 to our Critic, is a lawful In/cription : That only allow'd to be 
 the Legenda, where the Words are engraven about the Figure 
 and explain the Meaning. In this Senie every Medal then may 
 be faid to have two Legends, one about the Head or Image, 
 and another about the Q^everfe, The Firft notifies the Perfon 
 by his proper or accjuir'd Name, Office or Dignity ; the Second 
 
 A a proclaims 
 
8 A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 proclaims his Virtues, Memorable Exploits and Glorious A- 
 ctions : Such for Inftance is another Medal of the fame Prince, 
 with the fame Title on the Head fide, Antoninus Auguftus. Pius, 
 Tater PatrU. Trib. Tot. COS IIII : where we have his Name 
 and Quality : On the <Reverfe three Figures reprefenting the 
 Emperor fitting, before whom (lands a Woman holding an 
 Horn of Plenty, and a Tablet marked with four Points j ano- 
 ther fpreading her Lap in pofture of Receiving \ the Legenda, 
 LIBERALITAS QVARTA, intimating the Fourth Act of 
 Bounty confer'tl by the Emperor on his Subjects, in diftributing 
 certain Meafures of Corn among them. By this it appears 
 that the Rule is not always conftant, but that now and ihen, 
 both Office and Names are mingl'd and interchang d, pare on 
 the Front fide and part on the %e^erfe, with this Note, that the 
 Title of *Pater (patri* is moft ulually on the Head-Table, or that 
 of Cenfor, <Pontifex Maximus, Augur, &c. on the Table of d e 
 (^everje, together with the Symbols and Inftruments of their 
 Dignity, as may be Teen in a %everfe of Vefpafian and other 
 Emperors. Nor are thefe Offices without their different Rela- 
 tions in Medals of Families, diftincl from the (Royal and Impe- 
 rial, In Medals of the Firft occur the particular Charge and 
 Office only, whereas in the Imperial, mention is made or the 
 higheft Office and Dignity, as Sacred and incommunicable to 
 any other, as we fliall fee anon. In the mean while the Legend 
 is then properly turn'd into an Infcription, when ( as we laid ) 
 there fortunes to be a %everje without any Head, as in that of 
 Tiberius, ftruck in Memory of the Care he took in Re-edifying 
 certain Cities in Afia, which had been iiibverted and ruined by 
 an Earthquake. Here we find that Emperor on his Curule 
 Chair, Civitatibus A[i& %ejlitutis ; and upon the %everje, a 
 fimple Legend, without any Head, Tiberius Coefar Divi. Aug. 
 Films. Juguftus. Pont. Max. Tr. Pot. xxi. 
 
 But thele Examples indeed concern Imperial and Royal Me- 
 dals only : Thofe of Cities or Provinces bear commonly the 
 Head of fome Genius or Deity in particular Veneration among 
 them j the name of the Place, Magiftrate, or both for the Le- 
 gend j for the Q^eVerfe, fome Emblem or Symbolum ; and for the 
 reft, the worthier!: and moft fignal Action of the Perfon repre- 
 fented in it, whether by Figure or Device explained by the Le- 
 gend, and is therefore to be looked on as the I(ey of the Type, 
 and as already we have fhew'd in that of Trajans concerning the 
 Parthian King, ^ex Partbis datus ; or by the Emblem, as where 
 
 Julius 
 
A Difcourfc (MEDALS. 170 
 
 Julius and Augufluss Victories are fymboliz'd by the Crocodile 
 with sEgypto Capta ■ the like by Trophies, Talms, Afia Subatla, 
 &c. determin'd by the Legcnda, celebrating their Singular Vir- 
 tues and Actions of the Perfon, and that in a fliort and conciie 
 Mot, appofire to the Subject, proper and unaffected : yet Great, 
 Noble and as Comprehenfive as may be, referving the longer 
 ones tor Publick Edifices, Columns, the Fronts of Temples, Tri- 
 umphal Arches, &c. where they are in their proper places, but in 
 Medal would be impertinent, and inftead of gracing, detract 
 hom^oman Majefty. Thus we meet the Name of an Emperor 
 or Cypher only, and fometimes nothing more ; other whiles that 
 of the Magiftrate, as ^ JEmilius. M. Agrippa. Cof. defignatus : 
 In another the Simple mention of the City or Inhabitants only. 
 Ctfar. Augnft. Sagobriga, or perhaps an Epoch without any fuftian 
 or fwelling Epithets : In a word, that one word Tiocvnyj^s, ferved 
 to exprefs whole Provinces aflembling at publick Shows, and 
 other lolemn Occafions. For they did nor then ( no not in the 
 time of their greater!: Pride and Elevation of Empire) farce 
 their Titles and Infcript'wns wirh haughty and infolent Expreffi- 
 ons, like the pielent Eaftern Sultans, and lome that are nearer 
 to us: But as a Learned and Ingenious * Author of ours ob- * Mr.vkx- 
 ferves, Licet veteres ingenio plane diVino pollebant, clegantius ta- ™^„fo ■ 
 mm nimias laudes numeros plufqumi pcrfcclos, Jemper confultb p. i ?. J 
 fn^ubant, C> hi hfcriptioinbus, bre-vitaii, non objcw\t jludebant 
 jmftP, &c. So extreamly mrftaken rn this point is Mdnfteur 
 <Teratdt in I is late Parallel between^ the Jntient and Modern 
 Learning, ib amply perfhirig'd by the Learned Mr. Wot ton. 
 -itWhar we have already * noted of a preient Monarch's * P ^ ?8# 
 charging the Marbles with large and lofty Titles , Teems here- 
 ditary ro the late Trench Louijes, but a remarkable Modcfly in 
 Louis le Grand s afcribing to hirrifelf the Explanation of Ducen- 
 tas Cwitates, Two Hundred Cities only, whiUr, we read" in 
 an Intewption (erected by Cardinal ^ichiieu) under his Fa- 
 thers Statue, the taking of no fewer than Three Hundred Ga- 
 lilei (in the Air) and ^pchelle above all ; in which Action, Om- 
 nia Mundi Elemcnta vicit. The Epigraph contains above Fifty 
 Lines of this Stuff, but to which it leems, fomcbocfy * has made 
 an Antilogmm with much more Truth. And now, tho' T'do 
 not affirm this Vanity to be only French, lince tis reported thac 
 Francis the Efrflr, to whomCharles- the Fifth fent a Letter 'mYd 
 with innumerable Royal and 'Imperial Titles (how many 
 Kingdoms and Mighty Territories he was Monarch of ) began 
 
 A a % his 
 
"igo A THJcourfe of M E D ALS. 
 
 his Anfwer with only Franctfcus Dei Gratia FrancU ^ex, @p Do- 
 minus Gone/f^ (which is one of the wretchedeft little Villages 
 in all his Dominions ) I know not whether were the more Am- 
 bitious of the two. 
 
 But however the Stile runs now a-days, it was then fuf- 
 ficient fo they open'd the Meaning of the Type without 
 thole ffiorjid Sentences and Additions promilcuoufly uied by 
 the <Bas Empire, and for the mod part among the very worn: 
 of them {Commodus, Caracalla, Julian, 8cc) with the moft 
 flatttering Epithets, Publica Orbls isr Temporum felicitas , that 
 were the moft unhappy and pernicious to the Ages they liv'd 
 in : Of this fort are thofe with S*culum aureum, &c. comparing 
 them to Bacchus, Hercules, Serapis, Alex. Magnus, &c. but with- 
 out the leaft Title to thofe Vertues which render Princes truly 
 Great and Grateful to their People, and which indeed are the 
 moft ordinary and familiar in ^eyer/es, as that of Clement, Thus, 
 Juft, which is fometimes join'd to their worthy Name : So Con- 
 flantia Augufti, Spes. Augufti, &c. So far, I fay, were thefe 
 Heathens from this turgid Exuberance of Ibme in our days, that 
 * Trajan fo even that * He} -ba Parietaria himfelf, is faid to have gloried 
 called frcm more in the Title of Optimus and Clemens^ ( Qualities of real Me- 
 'numfer^of tlt ( not as afterwards of Cuftom ) which the Senate beftowed 
 inferiptions on that worthy Emperor ) than he did in Magnus, Partkicus, 
 which were j) aclcliSy and all thole other lofty Attributes and Strains of the 
 Reign" " Flatterers of Princes, fo as nothing was more fliort and concile, 
 elpecially where any Benefit was exprefs'd : v. g. Fundator Pa- 
 ds, Gaudium ^ipublic*, AJfertor Public* Libert atis: Recogniti- 
 ons S. P. Q. R. Ob Cives Seryatos, &c. and fometimes more di- 
 ftinctly, Via Trajana, (fyjlitutor Monet*, Vehiculatione ItalU re- 
 mtjfa,&.c. which were Graces, Conce/Tions and publick Bene- 
 factions: To thefe add, lingular and extraordinary Events, 
 Victories and things highly monumental , diftinguifhed by 
 the Legend, as Victoria Navalis, Tortus Ojlienfis, Forum Trajani,8cc. 
 In a word, the fhorter and plainer the better, and therefore 
 fragments of Ver/e and points of Wit, were always rejected, 
 and to be fufpected wherever we meet them in Medals, and to- 
 lerable only in X>evifes and Emblems of Parade and Ca- 
 rousels. 
 
 As to other Adjuncts, that of Surname was given for diftin- 
 ction of Families, and therefore continu'd Hereditary among the 
 Qfymans, even after the Coalition with thzSabines ; and fitch as 
 they aHumed were the Geniilitia y Cognomina Agnomina ( refer- 
 
 ving 
 
A'Vijcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 ving ftill the ^ramomen as we noted ) as being deriv'd from the 
 Place, Exploit, Vertue or what other Accident or Circumftance 
 happen'd : Thus TITVS.QyiNTVS. PVBLIVS, Sec. Some- 
 times the (Binomen, as SCIPIO AFRICAN VS, who was the 
 firffc that affum d a Surname, affected and follow 'd afterwards 
 by others, as that of GERMANICVS by Commodus; by SeVerus 
 PARTHICVS j and tho' rarely after this fingly and alone, yet 
 in Medals leldom or never exceeded three : But above all was 
 the Name C/ESAR AVGVSTVS taken up by all the fubfe- 
 cjuent Emperors as a Dignity, and AVGVSTA by their Wives, 
 not (more veterum) for any Noble Action or Vertue extraordi- 
 nary, but by whatever Art or Policy they obtaind the Power, 
 and fince of Cuftom retain'd to this day. As to the Name of 
 Cefar, one is fometimes to confider it as Succeflbr to the Em- 
 pire, fometimes as Cognomen, and again, as denoting only the 
 Family; and fo Titus Ce/ar differs from IMP. Gejar Vefyafian 
 Aug. Sec. 
 
 After thefe came the Offices and Dignities frequently annex'd 
 to the Family, as III. VIRI : Monet arii. A. A. A. F. F. AEdiles, 
 Qutfftor diftinguifliing them from the Imperial/m which we only 
 meet the moft Eminent and Confiderable, PONT. MAXI- 
 MVS. IMPERATOR. TRIBVNITIA POTEST AS. CEN- 
 SOR. PATER PATRIAE, which laft was introduced with 
 the Orator Cicero , upon his detection of the Catiline Confpi- 
 racy, tho' given at firft to Jupiter only as Chief of the Gods : 
 So COS. or COSS. Conful, Confutes. Laftly, as to Families, we 
 may not forget, that they often put the Effigies of (bme Emperor y 
 as in that of Gentis Cornelue, Arria and others, ftamp'd by 
 their Friends in Honor of their Relations. 
 
 They had alfo their Cognomina, not only as an Adjunct, but 
 Eiruvufjy>s, from fome more confpicuous and fuperlative Ver- 
 tue, as was that of PIVS given to Antoninus ; the Clemency, 
 Moderation and pacific Difpofition of other Princes, honoring 
 them with thofe Epithets , as did that worthy faying of his, 
 Malle fe unum Civem Jervare, quam mille hofles occidere, which was 
 indeed the brave Scipio's before him, as Capitolinus tells us. 
 
 And in this manner were diftinguifh'd the Imperial Medals 
 by their Legenda, from fuch as bare the Images of the Gods ; 
 to whom yet ( as we fhew'd ) even fome of the Emperors would 
 be joyn'd : Others we have expreffing their Devotion and Re- 
 cognitions to them as Patrons and Protectors : Hence that of 
 Gordian IOVl STATORI. 6^c. The like among the Emprejfes 
 
 IVNONI 
 
A Vi/cmfe of_ MEDALS. 
 
 IVNONI LVCINi£ for eafy Travel, and VENERI GE- 
 NETRICI, &c 
 
 In the Infer iptiom of FortrelTes, Provinces, Rivers, and* the 
 like, we fometimes meet Tiberis, IDambius, Nilus, &c. and lo 
 of Vacia, Africa, Alexandria, (Bilbilis, together with their Quali- 
 ties and Immunities, v. g. COLONIA IVLIA AVGVSTA 
 FELIX BERVTVS : MVNICIPIVM ILEROA^c. of which 
 we have given Inftances before. 
 
 Moreover the Legenda acquaints us with the Names of the 
 Military Enftgns, Legions, Cohorts, and indeed of whole Armies, 
 as that Anthony had no lefs than xxx. by the numbers exprefs'd, 
 LEGIO. I. II. III. isc. together with their diftinctions, whe- 
 ther defign'd for Land or Sea Service : v.g. LEGIONIS PRI- 
 MAE AN TIQVAE. LEGIONIS XVIL CLASSiCiE. LEG. 
 xx. Hifpanicz, &c. So in like manner COM. PRiETO- 
 R1AN/E. Armies and Expeditions. EXERCITVS. BRIT. 
 Expeditto Judaica, Tarthica, &c. And when the Emperour him- 
 felf defign'd to lead it, we read PROFECTUS AUG. AD- 
 VENT VS AVG. Trajetlus Augujli, Sec. To thefe add their 
 Dilcipline, Jdlocutions, Oaths of Fidelity, Publick Shows and 
 VOTA, which rarely extended beyond xxxx. few Princes 
 Reigns exceeding that number, tho' in their Muchios Annios, 
 VOTA X. MVLTIS, and Acclamations, they flatter'd them 
 with abundance more, of all which, confult the Learned 
 Monfieur Cange. 
 
 In like fort the Confular ( whilft that Wife and Glorious Re- 
 publick flour ifli'd) are known not only by their Heads, Gar- 
 ments and ^everfes, but by the mention of their refpeclive 
 Charges and Employments in the Legend. TRIVMVIR. Ai- 
 DILE. QViESTOR. PROCONSVL, wfr I fay, whilft the 
 Republick flourifh'd, and fome fhort time afterwards, efpeci- 
 ally during the two firft Emperors Julius and his Succeltor ; for 
 fo long they retain d indeed fome fort of Credit, but foon it 
 became a Title of Courtehe, till they quite loft them both. 
 Great Light in the mean time would the Dates of the Confulates 
 afford both to Hiftory and Chronology ; and it were defirable An- 
 tiquaries had oftner given us Heads as well as the %everfes, 
 fince it is on that fide is frequently found the Marks of Conjulate* 
 which reached down as far as to Juftinian : But this may be 
 much fupplied and affifted out of our Countryman Tlm ias 
 Lydiats Series Summorum Magijlratuum, <sr Triumphorum <${oma- 
 norum, or by the Iribunitia potejias, which does not feldom 
 
 make 
 
TVi\comfe of M £ D A 1 S. 
 
 make up the defeat, by fhewing the Year of the Emperors who 
 CmccTiierius ufually aflum'd the Title, i fay ufually, becaufe 
 not always, fome for Years only, others refilling it, or confer- 
 ring it on others, yet for the mod: part, taking it upon them- 
 felves, fo as one may reckon the Tribunitial Power to keep even 
 pace with the Years of the Emperor. Thus Vefpafian gave it 
 to his Son Titus, with the addition of Auguftus, two Years after 
 he was made Emperor, and fo X or XL TRIB. POT. tho' he 
 Reign 'd but three Years after his Father. Other Examples 
 occur in M. Aurelius, Caracalla, Geta, &c. mention'd by the 
 Learned both in the Greek and Latin Medals. 
 
 We have already fhew'd how tenacious thefe Princes were 
 of whatever venerable Title created any diftin&ion, as that of 
 High Trie ft, Cenjor, Tribunitial Tower tho' ufurp'd from the Com- 
 mons as the other from the Confuls, reducing that once Mil- 
 ftrious Oiai .icier to a Cipher only • and yet with what ten- 
 demefs they at firft feem'd to tafce them up, efpecially that of 
 tsjng ( Women invijum ) and odious only but to Name, and 
 therefore wifely contenting themfelves with that of Emperor , 
 as then fignifying no more than General of the Forces, till the 
 SuccefTors of Julius, infenfibly, and by little and little, aiTum'd 
 all thofe Dignities and Degrees without controul : Auguftus yet 
 himfelf appeai'd at firft with Gcfar Divi Films only, after- 
 wards lmpcrator, and by Degrees, Triumvir %eip. &c. Domi- 
 tian being both the firft and laft who ftiled himfelf Cenfor per- 
 petuus, and none before JUlianus or Aurelianm uiing that of 
 I)ominus, thence defcending to Bafileus of the Greek Emperors, 
 who alfo afterwards omitted it, or very rarely bore any ex- 
 traordinary Title, or fo much as the Scuips of their own Efft- 
 gies, to give place to that of JESUS CHRISTUS, or to fome 
 peculiar Saint, firft begun by Zemifcus already mention'd. 
 
 In Medals of the later Emperors of Conjiantinople, we read, 
 AECnOTHC, which (like that of Seignior or Vominus) was 
 certainly an abatement and decadence from that of KJng, as 
 in a manner anfwering what the Name of C<ejar did to that 
 of Auguftus. For albeit the Greeks gave antiently the Title Ba- 
 fileus to the Ctfars, yet they would no more indure the Name 
 of (I{ex, than that of Tyr annus ( which was at firft a Glorious 
 Title ) to fhew what malevolent Influence the abufe of Power 
 has upon the beft of things : Notwithstanding fome they yet 
 flattered with the moft blajphemous Titles of ATTOKPATOPE2. 
 BEOS. ATTOKPATfiP, as fo many God Almighties-, nay, geot 
 
 TlOX 
 
, 8 4 A T>ifcourJe of MEDALS. 
 
 TI02, which tho' 'tis faid Auguflus did not like, yet 
 proceeded they to that height of Infolence and Pride, as 
 that fome of the Greeks would be call'd Icings of IQngs, Eu- 
 pator.es , Swn^, Saviours ( as in fome Medals with Apollo and 
 /E/culapius ) Epipbanei, Theopatores, in fhort, 0EOI Gods j arm- 
 ing themfelves with Thunderbolts, and other Symbols of Deity 
 as already we have fliew'd. With the fame Adulation to the 
 (Romans (when under their Dominion) we find 0EA PftMA, 
 with the Monfter Nero, and tho' more frequently Dhus only, 
 yet feldom read we Dens in the Latin, tho' they often made 
 too bold with his DiVine attributes, as Magnus, Maximus, In- 
 viftus, Juflus, Felix, <BeatijJimus, &c. In fumme, nothing was 
 more falfe than the flavifli and flattering Eulogies attributed to 
 fome of the very worft and moft abandon'd Emperors and 
 Emprejjes, auguring long and happy Reigns and many Years 
 to them, whom they wifli'd dead a thoufand times, and pro- 
 claiming them Cbafi, Pious, Juft, &c. who of all others were 
 the moft vicious and impioufly wicked, and this towards fome 
 of the later Emperors efpeeially, whilft with more modefty the 
 very Pagans were content with that of Pius, firft us'd by that 
 mod excellent Prince Antoninus, and their EmprefTes, with *Pi4, 
 Felix, Augujia, tho' by fome indeed who were not of that De- 
 gree j nor was yet that well deferved Surname given and be- 
 ftow'd upon him by the Senate, granted to his SuccelTor on the 
 fame account, but as a peculiar Honor to him alone, as was 
 Optimus to Trajan : The Name of Pius Felix ufurp'd by Commodus 
 and thofe who follow'd, being a mere Title only, and as fuch 
 affected by their Wives, without the leaft Merit or Right to it. 
 
 Other exorbitant Titles were Julia Genetrix Orbis, Mater Se- 
 natus ; and as Pater, fo would they be alfo Matres PatrU too. 
 In the lower Empire V. N. M^ R Venerabilis nofter Mater, we 
 find on a Medal of an Apotheojis or Confecration, Coin'd by 
 thofe of Naples in Honor of Conftantine, with the Effigies of his 
 Mother Helena : Nor indeed were Mothers honor'd in Medals 
 only, but Kindred, Friends and Alliances, as in the ^Ao^k^ of 
 Ariobarzanes, Pbtlopator, Pbiladelpbus, &c. The Names of Pater, 
 Mater, Filius, Filia, Soror, Cognatus, &c. of no fmall light to Hi- 
 ftory. 
 
 And here we may obferve how the fame Perfon now and 
 then quitted their adopted Names, <?c. for fome other Com- 
 pellation : Inftance of this we have in Jrajaris taking that of 
 Nerva (who indeed firft advanced him) and not long after 
 
 leaving 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS, 
 
 leaving that off again $ the like did Hadrian. Others ambiti- 
 oufly affected Titles of fuch as had them both. Thus the pro- 
 per Name of Antoninus was ufup'd by no fewer than fix Empe- 
 rors, even down to Caracalla, and the Monfter Elagahalus ; 
 that of Trajan afTum'd by Decius, &c. which not feldom 
 creates no fmall Difficulty among our Latin Medali(ls y as find- 
 ing, neither Date or Epoch to direct them, which one does 
 commonly among the Greek, religioufly exa£r, in that particu- 
 lar • and it is indeed of great Importance, fince but for that, 
 all Hiftory would be imperfect, and hardly would Authors 
 have diftinguifh'd the Antiochus's, Ptolomees, and other Princes fre- 
 quently found in them, without this Affiftancc to give Inftance 
 in no other. 
 
 Of this, and much more which I am yet to fay ( as in par- 
 ticular of the Names of Magifirates both in Greek and Latin 
 Medals ) Authors afford plentiful Accounts. One thing as to 
 Families ( which I had almoft forgotten ) is to be obferv'd, that 
 among the latter Greeks, Comnenus and the following Emperors 
 took the Title of nOP$TPOrENNHTOC, from that fplendid 
 Apartment or Chamber in the Royal Palace, which was pav'd 
 and curioufly inlay 'd with that precious Marble, and in which 
 it feems the Emprejfes were brought to Bed \ the Heir when 
 born being alfo wrap'd in purple Mantles. 
 
 We have already noted, that the Title of Princeps Juventutis 7 
 belonged to the young Heir Apparent, or fo defign'd, from the 
 time of Auguftus^ tho' not found in the more antient Medals : 
 C<efar with Auguflus was afterwards taken up by the Emperors 
 themfelves 5 but neither C<zfar given as a Title, but a Name 
 only, 'til Adrians Adoption of JElius Vtrus. The young Philip 
 Auguflus was filled Nohilis Gefar, a Title given afterwards to 
 thofe who had part of the Government committed to them , 
 fuch as were thole four Gefars which Vioclefian created ; much 
 of which may be illuftrated by that Noble Medal in which we 
 find Adventus Severi Filiorum, after the Conclufion of the 
 Parthian War, in which their feverai Faces may eafily be di- 
 ftinguifhed, tho' in fo fmall a Volume, as they fit Galloping 
 in a Pofture of Commanding, and tho' unarmed j Severus in 
 the middle, Caracalla on his right fide Laureated as principal in 
 the Expedition, and acknowledged Partner in the Empire • Geta 
 on the left hand, with the Name of Gefar, bare-headed. 
 
 Now as they were Concife and Frugal of the Legend on <%e- 
 fyerfes, in like manner were they no lefs /paring in the Infcnp- 
 
 B b tiori 
 
i8tf A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 tion about Heads and Effigies, fo as in fome ( and thofe no very 
 modern ones neither ) a Monogram oftentimes ferv'd the turn, 
 as we find in thofe of Martianus, Tlacidia, Valentinian and the 
 La$um of the Great Conftantine, wich divers of the lower Em- 
 pire, efpecially from Charles the Great (who 'tis (aid, could 
 not fo much as write his own Name ) and thence down- 
 wards, tho' 'tis not always to be taken for a (ingle Letter only, 
 but many time for the Cipher or Character of the Prince (as 
 now our Merchants ufe to mark their Goods and Embalments ) 
 Lli> - 1 as may be feen in (ome of Trajan ■ but of this, * Mabillon de <%e 
 Viplomatica abundantly. 
 
 In this manner we meet the Greek n in the Coins of the 
 firft Chriftian Emperors ; and as for that ^ of Conftantine 
 which is fometimes found upon his Cash and Banner j it had 
 II Symbol. E- indeed been born long before, as || Tignorius well obferves in 
 pijt. xxiv. JJvers Medals of the ^Egyptian Ttolomies, and might happily 
 compendioufly iignifie the Name of the Monetaries, as Chreftus, 
 Chryfogonus , Chremes , Cbry/ippus or the like, and yet be 
 afterwards made ufe of for the Venerable Character of our 
 <BleJfed Sayiour, who firft took away Ihe Ignominy of the 
 Cro/s ; there being likewife feveral other things profan'd by the 
 Pagans, which were afterwards introduc'd among the Chriftian 
 Rites and Ufages. Thus the Crofs it felf -g- ( decuflated at 
 Right Angles) forming a Stigma of Infamie (abrogated fince 
 by the fame Conftantine) and commonly branded on the Fore- 
 heads or Collars of fugitive Slaves, with the Names of their 
 Patrons and Matters to whom they belonged (as do now our 
 Falkners and Matters of Field-Sports, on the VerVds of their 
 Hawks and Dog~Collars ) is now exalted to the fublimeft part 
 of the (Papal and Imperial Crown. 
 
 The very fame Character we likewife meet with among 
 the Xpnsoug&lzi, Notes us'd by Criticks, as Loci Laudabiles, of 
 which Plato feems to have made ufe of feveral, as both the 
 Learned Cajaubon and Menagius in their Comments on Laertins 
 defcribe the Figure. 
 
 Epoches are fometimes noted in words at length, as ETOC 
 AEKATON j but more frequently by the Cipher and Abbrevia- 
 tion, v. g. ET. A. B. r. &c. and ufually too for the Year L. 
 So ELN ATON. N. L. E. for the fift Year ; the Numeral fome- 
 times placed thus, Je, the ninth Year. So "A by the Greek for 
 Annus^ho as an ambiguous Figure rarely met with. Nor in any 
 Authentick Medal the Number I V, but by III I ftrokes. Epoches of 
 
 Cities 
 
A THfcourje of ME DAL S. 187 
 
 Cities began at the loweft Letter - } for Inftance, that Pompeiopolis, 
 which bears the Heads of Aratus and Chryfippm. ©• K. C. not 
 C. K. 0. &c. And now we mention Cities, it was a piece of 
 errant Flattery in Complementing the Emperor, to begin a 
 new JEra or Epoch upon lome fignal Action, or extraordinary 
 Benefit received, and in token of Recognition j as did they of 
 Antioch upon Julius C^far's permitting them to be govern'd by 
 their own Laws. And fo in another Medal of Auguflus after 
 his Victory at ABium, of which fee the Learned * Hardoin.* Anttrr. Je 
 Monfieur Vamant believes that by one of thefe Arttiochian Mr as Num ^ t A & 
 (of which he reckons four ) may be made out the certain TSSr^iumeif. 
 of our blejjed Saviour's Nativity, which according to his Com- 
 putation happen'd on the 749 th - Year V. C. Laftly, 
 
 In the *Bas Empire of the Greek, we fometimes meet the 
 Year in the Latin Letter, as in that of Juflinian thus, 
 
 A* 
 N x 
 N . * 
 Olbii 
 
 Caution is here given, that in Reading hfcriptions we mi- 
 ftake not the Names of Letters, as HS. LL. ( which are 
 the Marks of Seftertius, Dipondius, (Bilibris, See.) for the Le- 
 gend, and efpecially not to take them for Proctors, or Numerals 
 for Trovinces, and Vice versa, as it feem^ lome have done • and 
 others t;hat exceed ordinary Ciphers and cannot be reckon'd for 
 Epocba, fuch as ( tho' rarely ) are met with in the fyverfes of 
 Families, and in the Lower Empire xxx. xxxx. xxxxv. by 
 none hitherto clearly explained. Laftly, Whilft we fpeak of 
 Numbers, the Gift of Largejfes and Congiaries in Provifions of 
 Corn, i?c. appearing in the (ReVerfes of thofe bountiful Princes 3 
 by Figures fpecifying how often the People had been thus fup- 
 plied : Congiarium and Liberalitas Jug. II. III. IM. V, Ore. which 
 is the true Reading : In like fort where one meets COL. AN. 
 X. XII, XIHj <%c, denoting how many Years that Colonie had 
 been fupplied under the Emperor named. 
 
 In fome Greek. Medals, Letters are now and then plac'd Jtni- 
 ftrorfum, like the Phoenician j and in other ^pman we fometimes 
 find the Legend varied as to place : For Example, that of Optimo 
 (principi in Trajan's is not conftantly in the lame Table: That 
 of Felix Tins in Commodufs ( which his SuccelTor took up) is 
 ever on the Head fide : And fuch as betoken Victory over 
 
 B b 2 Provinces 
 
88 A Difcourje o f M E D A L S. 
 
 Provinces, as Britanmcus, Dacicus, Germanicus, &c. we meet 
 fometimcs on the Head, and fometimes the ^everfe ; but fiich 
 as denote Grandeur and Power, always on the ^ezerfe, as 
 Genio Topuli ^pm. ^eftitutori Orbis Terrarmn, Sec. found in fe- 
 veral Medals, unlefs it happen to be where the other Sex is con- 
 cern^, as Genetris Orbis in that of the young Lady Fauftina, 
 Mater PatrU, Sec. of which we have already fpoken. The 
 fame alteration of Locality, may be alfo taken notice of in Me- 
 dals of Confecration, where we read Divus, Diva j 06©., Me- 
 morite <etern*, and the like. 
 
 We have likewife fhew'd how the Title of Imperator was 
 given, or wifely taken up by Coejar and his SuccefTors as a 
 Surname, to decline the odious Name of I\ing ( tho' we fome- 
 times find Bccntevs) fince it did the bufinefs as effectually as 
 AuTBxe^Twf , which is tant a mount Augujlus, and Soveraign 
 Power ; albeit, given now and then by way of Acclamation, 
 or otherwife, as Cognomen to a great Captain after fome fignal 
 Victory, without other Epithete or Addition. The diftinclion 
 to be heeded on this account is, by obferving the Locality, and 
 placing fuch Titles as we find before and after the Name of 
 Emperor, and of the Figure or Number which often fhews 
 how the fame Perfon merited both the Titles : Thus IMP. II. 
 fometimes repeated in the fame Infcription, fpeaks his having 
 been more than once faluted Emperor. 
 
 It is further to be heeded, that the Pofition of the Legenda 
 diftinct from the Superfcription, is generally but fince the Em- 
 peror NerVa within the Grand Circle • beginning to read from 
 the left Hand to the right, which wasuiually the contrary in 
 thofe Medals of the firft Qfars - fome on the Exerge only, 
 others in parallel Lines one above the other beneath the Type, 
 and fome few .Salter wife • others in Tale, or at the fide of the 
 Figure in the middle, and Fejfe point, (to fpeak in Heraldry 
 Language ) cut as it were by the Head or Figure ; fome in 
 <Botdure. In fhort, 'tis likely as pleas'd the Artift without any 
 invariable Rule ; nay, fome Medals were without fo much as 
 my Legend at all, (hewing an Head only, and confecjuently a 
 Body without a Soul ; for fuch are not only met with among 
 the Confular, but Imperials, as before is noted. There are flfc- 
 verfes likewife that are but half animated ; feverai Juguftus's 
 bearing no Infcription, and a world there be of flark Mutes, 
 or lpeaking only the Mmt-mafters Name, or the fimpie S. C. of 
 which fort there are three or four very rare Medals of Pompeius, 
 
 with 
 
A Vi/courfe c/MEDALS. i 8 
 
 terminus 
 
 with very curious fyverfes ; two of Julius Ctfars, and others of 
 Galba,8cc. ail of them charged with feveral remarkable Figures 
 and Hiftorical Emblems : But the fatairft Error is, when either 
 Letters or Numbers are miftaken , which caufes great Con- 
 fufion, efpecially in Epockes, and only to be rectified by com- 
 paring them with other Medals of the fame Emperor : Thofe 
 in the Orthographic are not fo dangerous and material, tho' H 
 be frequently omitted, as in Ercules, Abe for Aue, Bixit for 
 Vixit, ^Benus for Venus ; for Valens, Salens ■ Jubentus for Ju- 
 yentus, ^nobatio for tffynovatio, Fabefor Fave, and the like. 
 
 The Capital REST, ^e/litnit betokens fome Renovation, 
 or the Memory of fome Famous PredecelTor, v. g. Claudius's 
 reftoring certain worn out Medals of Auguftus : Nero, Titus, &c. 
 thofe of almoffc all their Royal Anceftors,- Gailienus ( without 
 any Infcription) new Coining the Consecration Medals of the pre- 
 cedent Emperors. 
 
 Now as above it was obferved of the Latin, fo have we 
 likewife the Names of fome Archon or Magiftrate in Greek Me- 
 dals ( of whom * Viognetus was the laft among the Athenians ) * M *™ 
 as of the P^man Kings (Romulus, Quirinus, Ancus y Tullius ; Thole \ ' 
 of Mauritania, Numidia, Macedon ; Philip Juba, Jugurtha y and the 
 reft. But of 
 
 Nummi lconici, fuch as reprefent Heads and Effigies only, 
 without any Hiftory , and fuch as have neither Head nor 
 Name to {hew ( for fuch there are ) the Coliedion is little 
 worth. 
 
 In the Infcriptions of Chriftian Emperors of Conftantinoplel 
 one is not feldom puzzled and perplex'd what to make of 
 them, where one meets Initials only, as in that Medal of 
 Confiantinus Copronymus C.LEON. PAMVL. © (id eft) Con- 
 ftantinus Leoni Perpetuo Augujlo, Multos Annos, at leafl: as Mon- 
 fieur du Cauge renders it ; and in a Latin one of Antoninus Pius 
 S. P. QR. A. N.F. F. Optimo Principi Pio- y that is, SenatusPo- 
 pulufque %pmanus Annum Nonum FauHum, Feltcem. Here alio 
 note, that F (landing with P, if in Elogie of fome Legion, it 
 fliould be read Bdelis, as LEG. II. PART. VII. PiaVlL 
 Fidelis, &c. Laftly, 
 
 One thing more is to be obferved in Reading of Greek Inscri- 
 ptions, ( not fo in the Latin ) that the Proper Name does for the 
 mod part run in the Genitive, as if or vofjua^ were under- 
 ftood j foBa£7jA«w{ AAgfowfya, the Effigies or Money of Alexander., 
 In the ^oman Medals we rr.eet with almoft all the Cafes, v. g. 
 
 In 
 
I?0 
 
 A Vifcourfe of MED A L S. 
 
 In the Good Fortune of Princes, Fortuna Augufta, Terpetua, 
 Fortune Felici, Fortuna %edux , Marti Ultori , Tropugnatorem, 
 <src. The fame likewife of Names, as Gefar Auguflus, Divi 
 Julii, Imp. Nerv* j the Accufative excepted, or very rarely ufed 
 among the Latin. Others there are more abbreviated, efpeci- 
 ally ^man Titles both Confular and Imperial, and accordingly 
 give no fmall Interruption to the unacquainted ; we will there- 
 
 •Hi(tw.Nu- fore borrow the Affiftance of the Learned * (patin for our Tyro 
 
 mif. a xxiii. w j tn f ome f ew Additions. 
 
 T>e Notts &r Vocum abbreviationibus qu<z in Numifmatibus 
 
 tf^pmanis occurrunt. 
 
 A. 
 
 A. Aulus. 
 
 A. A. A. F. F. Aere. Argento. 
 
 Auro. Flando. Feriundo. 
 ACT. A&iacus,W A&ium. 
 ADIAB. Adiabenicus. 
 AEO. CVR. iEdilis curulis. 
 AED. PL. iEdilis plebis. 
 AEL. iElius. 
 ALBIN. Albinus. 
 AET. ^Eternitas. 
 AFR. Africa, vel Africanus. 
 ALIM. ITAL. Alimenta I- 
 
 taliae, 
 
 ANT. Antonius, vel Antoni- 
 nus. 
 
 AQYA. MAR. AquaMarcia. 
 ARAB. ADQ. Arabia Adqui- 
 fita. 
 
 AVG. Auguftus, vel Augur. 
 AVGG. Auguftiduo. 
 AVGGG. Augufti tres. 
 AVR. vel AVREL. Aurelius. 
 
 B. 
 
 BRIT. Britannicus. 
 BRVT. Brutus. 
 BON. EVENT. Bonus Even- 
 tus. 
 
 C. 
 
 CAEL. Caelius. 
 C. Caius. 
 
 C. A. Caefarea Augufta. Car- 
 thago Antiqua. 
 
 C. vel CAE. vel CAES. Gefar. 
 
 CAESS. Carfares. 
 
 CEN. Cenfor. 
 
 CENS. P. Cenibr perpetuus. 
 
 CEST. Ceftius vel Ceftianus. 
 
 C.G.I. HP. A. Colonia Gemella 
 Julia Hipponenfes Augujia, 
 
 C. L. V. Colonia Julia Vidhix, 
 vel VALENTIA. 
 
 CIR. CON. Circum condidic, 
 vel potius Circenfes concef- 
 fit. 
 
 CIVIB. ET.SIGN.MILIT.A. 
 
 PARTH. RECVP. Civi- 
 
 bus & Signis Militaribus a 
 
 Partitis recuperatis. 
 CN.Cneus. 
 COL. Colonia: 
 COL. NEM. Colonia Nemau- 
 
 fenfis, 
 
 CONS. SVO. Confer vatori 
 iuo. 
 
 CONCORD. Concordia. 
 
 CL.V. 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 1 9 1 
 
 CL. V. Clypeus Vocivus. 
 
 COMM. Commodus. 
 
 CLOD. Clodius. 
 
 CL. vel CLAVD. Claudius. 
 
 COS. Coniul. 
 
 COSS. Confules. 
 
 CORN. Cornelius. 
 
 CVR. X. F. Curavit Denari- 
 
 um faciendum. 
 CARTH. Carthago. 
 
 ^x^l ~Jk*%& .J 
 D. Decimus. 
 DAC. Dacicus. 
 D. M. Diis Manibus. 
 DES, vel DESIG. Defignatus. 
 DICT. Dictator. 
 DOMIT. Domicianus. 
 D. N. Dominus note. 
 D. D. N. N. Domini noftri. 
 DID. Didius. 
 D. P. Dii Penates. 
 
 E- 
 
 EID. MAR. Idus Marti*. 
 EX. CONS. D. Conjenju Dccu- 
 rlonum. 
 
 EX. S.C. Ex Senatus Confulto. 
 EQ ORD1N. Equeftris Or- 
 dinis. 
 
 EX. A. PV. Ex Argento pub- 
 lico, vel Autoritate publica. 
 ETR. Etrufcus. 
 
 F. 
 
 F. Filius, vel FILIA. vel Felix, 
 
 Vel Faciundum, vel Fecit. 
 F F. Flando feriundo. 
 FEL. Felix. 
 FELIC. Fclicitas. 
 FL.Flavius. 
 
 FORT. RED. Fortune reduci. 
 
 FOVRI. Fourius pro Furius. 
 
 FONT. Fonteius. 
 
 FRVGIF. FrugiFeras ( Cereri. ) 
 
 G. 
 
 GERM. Germanicus. 
 
 G. P. R. Genio Populi Romani. 
 
 G. T. A. Genius tutelaris Algypti, 
 vel Africa. 
 
 : H. 
 
 HEL. Helvius. 
 
 HER. Herennius,WHerennia. 
 HEL. Hel'topolis. 
 
 I. 
 
 JVN. Junior. 
 
 JAN. CLV. Janum Clufit, vel 
 Claufir. 
 
 IMP. Imperator. 
 
 IMPP. Imperatores. 
 
 I. S M. R Juno Sofpita Ma- 
 ter Regina vel Magna. 
 
 ITE. Iterum 
 
 IV L. Julius, vel Julia. 
 
 1VST Juftus. 
 
 H. S. Seftertius. 
 
 I. O. M SACR. Jovi Optimo 
 
 Maximo Sacrum. 
 
 II. VIR. Duumvir. 
 
 III. VIR. R. P. C. Triumvir 
 Reipublicae Conftituendae. 
 
 IHI. VIR A. P. F.Quartun Vir, 
 vel Quatuorviri Auro, vel 
 Argento publico feriundo. 
 
 L. Lucius. 
 LAT. Latinus. 
 LEG. Legatus. 
 
 LEG. PROPR. Legatus Pro- 
 praecoris. 
 
 LEU. 
 
91 
 
 A Vijcourfe o f MEDAL S. 
 
 C. S. Ob Cives Serva- 
 
 LEU. Legio Secunda. 
 LEP. Lepidus. 
 LENT. CVR. X. F. Lentulus 
 
 curavit Denarium faciun- 
 
 durru 
 
 LIBERO. P. Libero Patri. 
 LIC, Licinius. 
 
 LVD,Si£C.R Ludos Saxula- 
 res fecit. 
 
 M. 
 
 MES. Meflius. 
 M. Marcus. 
 M ! . Manius. 
 
 MAR.CL. Marcellus Clodius. 
 M. F. Marci Filius. 
 M. OTACIL. Marcia Oca- 
 cilia. 
 
 MAG. vel MAGN. Magnus. 
 MAC. Macellum. 
 MINER. Minerva. 
 
 OB. 
 
 COS. 
 
 p. 
 
 P. Publius, vel Pater. 
 
 P. P. Pater Patriae. 
 
 P. M. vel PONT. MAX. Pon- 
 
 tifex Maximus. 
 P. F. Pius Felix. 
 PAPI. Papius vel Papirius. 
 PARTH. Parthicus. 
 P.L. N. Tecunia Londinii 2Zo- 
 
 tata. 
 
 PERT, vel PERTIN. Perti- 
 nax. 
 
 PESC. Pefccnnius. 
 P. R. Populus Romanus. 
 PR. Praetor. 
 PROP. Propraetor. 
 PROC. Proconful. 
 PROQ. Proquaeftor. 
 
 M. M. h V. Municipes Munici- POMP. Pompeins. 
 
 PRINC. JUVENT. Princeps 
 
 Juventutis. 
 P. vel POT. Poteftate. 
 PERP. Perpetuus. 
 PLAET. Plajtorius. 
 PRAEF. CL AS. ET.OR. MA- 
 RIT. Prefects Claflis & 
 Oras Maritime. 
 PRON. Pronepos. 
 
 pi Julii Vtkenjts. 
 MON. vel MONET. Moneta. 
 MAX. Maximus. 
 MAR. Martia (aqua) 
 MAR. VLT. Marti Vlcori. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. C. Nobiliffimus Caefar. 
 N. Nepos vel Nofter. 
 
 N. N. vel NOSTR. Noftri vel PROV. DEOR. Providentia 
 
 Noftrorum. Deorum. 
 NAT. VRB. Natalis Vrbis. PRIV. Privernum. 
 NEP. RED. Neptuno reduci. PVPIEN. Pupienus. 
 
 PAC. ORB. TER. Paci Orbr 
 O. Terrarum. 
 
 OF. Of dm. 
 
 OPEL. Opelius. Q. 
 ORB. TERR. Orbis Terra- Q; Quintus, vel Quatfor 
 
 «um. QC. M. P. I. Quintus Carcilius 
 
 O. Optimo. Mete! lus Pius Imperator. 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Q. P. Qu*eftor Praetorius. 
 
 Q. P R . Quaeftor Provincial. T. 
 Q. DESIG. Quaeftor Defigna- X Titus. 
 
 tus. TI. Tiberius. 
 
 TER. Tcrcntius vel Tertium, 
 R. TEMP. Temporum. 
 
 R. P. Refpublica. TR. P. vel TRIB. POT. Tri- 
 
 R. P. C. Reipublicae Conftitu- bunitia Potcftate. 
 
 endae. TR. MIL. Tribunus Militum> 
 
 RECEP. Receptis (fignis) vel TRIVMF. Triumphator. 
 
 Receptus. TREB. Trebonianus. 
 
 REST. Rcftituit. 
 
 ROM. ET. AUG. Romae & V. 
 
 Augufto. V. Quintum. 
 
 VII. VIR EPVL. Septcmvir 
 S. Epulonum. 
 SARM. Sarmaticus. VIB. Vibius. 
 
 SALL. Saliuftia. VIL. PVB. Villa Publica, 
 
 S. C. Senatus-Confulto. VlRT. Virtus. 
 
 S. P. Q. R. Senatus Populufque VIC. Victoria. 
 
 Romanus. VESP. Vefpafianus. 
 
 SEPT. Scprimius. V. C. Vir Clariffimus. 
 
 SER. Servius, vel Sergius. VOT. X. MVLT. XX. Votis 
 SEV. Sevcrus. Dccennalibus Mulriplicatis 
 
 SEX. Sextus. Vieennalibus. 
 SOP. ASIA. Scipio Afiaticus. 
 S* M. Signata Moneta. X* 
 STABIL. Stabilita ( Terra. ) X. Decimum. 
 SIG. RECEP. Signis recep- XV. VlR.SACR.FAC.Quin* 
 
 tis. decim-vir Sacris Faciundis. 
 
 SEC. ORB. Sccuritas Orbis* XIV. Quartum-decimum. 
 
 XIIX« O&avum- decimum. 
 
 With abundance more, affiftant to the Reading of fuch 
 and other Infcriptions, as either occur in Medals or antiene 
 Marbles ; for which may farther be confulted Goltqus, Ser- 
 torius, Urfatus's Commentary de Notts fymanorum $ or the 
 Abbreviation of him fubjoin'd to the end of Mr. Prideaux's 
 Edition of the Marmora Oxon-ArundeU Mr. Fleetwood and o- 
 thers. 
 
 But beildes thefe, different are Languages and Infcriptions, 
 according to the feveral Countries and Nations where Coins 
 
 C e and 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDAL S. 
 
 and Medals receiv'd their Stamps and Impreflions ; efpeciaily 
 thofe of modern Times, whether ykdals or Money, of Which 
 there are fome Per fqns as Curious ifl Collecting, as of the mod 
 Antientj cho' they* W &j ho means of equal Conference to 
 rhe : Le-aWd upon that Account 
 
 By^thc ttui^antlnt^A^^ (in what Counercy or Place fo- 
 tfrK ■^if^flhd-fte^wAand Latin Totigues ftill 1 . pre- 
 vailed, as tHf febl? Dbmftiant atUj'Uiiiverfal \ and as firft be- 
 gun the 1 'Grte'h t\&%mjis followed : and even after their 
 havirfg-furitftted &ajfM«feny yeb^iy ^medi^ fobmit in this, 
 and do -Honor to ! &e'>(bree\ Language in their Medals, tho 
 ftamp'd in Italy it felf, and other parts of £«r«p* i out of Greece. 
 It is true, we meet alfb with ^m^^m^eriAi* Medals Coined 
 among the Greckf i: £fid ll (5huls too, wearing Latin Injaiptions^ 
 but noV frequently ; • fbY the Greeks in flattery to the Emperors, 
 and indeed before*' ifai-f ^#ere lubdud, would. dfcen imitate the 
 Latin Infcriftions, as' tuii^t we?!, t'&>voix, 
 ere. 'for Concordiaj ■ 'Boha ' For tuna, Procidentia, &c. Medals 
 are alfo found to Ypeak the fartheft Oriental Languages, 
 Hebrew, Arabic, Sec: ' btft fiicK asva»?c' liable to great Exceptions, 
 as to their genuine" ^Antiquity ; tho' there may probably be 
 many, wfeh might perhaps have courfe among thofe Na- 
 tions with Hebrew or Samdritan Letter, as upon the Shekel 
 in^ Half ^Shekel, aild other Pieces of various Type, as already 
 we have fhew'd. Thoftf in Arabic are not fo rare, fome of 
 them bearing the Head of logger K&ig of Stcily, Saladin, and 
 other Famous Mahometan Princes wretchedly vlnfculp'el I But 
 the Punic and CartfaaginiaH ( altho 5 Minted in Spain, and among 
 the Moors and Saraceni ! ! in Africa, whofe- Inleription- Characters 
 are much alike, arid pflfy it is they are not legible) are not to 
 be rejected ; fome of ihern being of good Antiquity, Coin'd 
 by the Libyan Kings fince -Julius Gefar as that of Juba, with a 
 P^verfe in Characters, not yet revealed • and others in the 
 Punic Letter, as what we mentioned of Queen Dido, Sec. con- 
 cerning which, Antiquaries are not yet agreed. We have alfb 
 fpokenof the Barbarous and Gothic, whereof (ome do yet retain 
 obfeure Footfteps of the %omdn Majefty ; as do thofe of 
 Theodofius, Athalaricus, and a few of the Vandal Kings reigning 
 in Spain zndAfrtc, of which fee Ant. Auguftims. For the reft, 
 they are fo frightful both in Figure and Letter, as betray an 
 extream Stupidity : Very odd Inventions and extravagant 
 Fancies we likewife fometimes meet with in divers of our 
 
 Saxon 
 
A Vij courje of MEDAL S. 195 
 
 Saxon both Coins and Marbles ■> of the latter of which fee 
 Copious Types in the late Edition of Cambdens Britannia ex- 
 plained by Mr. IValker, where you have the (Runic and other 
 Alphabets out of Bouterovius, and an Account of Alfred's 
 changing the Old Saxon Letter near the (Roman as then in ufe. 
 Laftly, Thofe of the Turks ftruck fince Mahomet, are by fbme 
 thought worth notice, as of ufe for the Hiftory of the Caliphs 
 and Saracen Emperors. 
 
 And now tho' both the Greeks and Latins did certainly 
 compofe the moft Noble, as well as the moft Antient In- 
 fcripttons, whether in refpect to the Purity of the Language, 
 or to the Proportion and Elegancy of the Letter : Yet as there 
 is nothing under Heaven remaining long without change and 
 alteration, fo thefe had their Turns, Acme and Decadence ac 
 laft alfo to a ftrange degeneracy. The Greeks (who as we 
 faid, ftruck Medals before (Rome had lb much as a Name in 
 the World ) us'd the large and ample Capital, without any 
 confiderable Mutation: Indeed the Letter 2 was unwrinkl'd 
 into the fmoother C after Domnian but the Beauty of the 
 Character lafted down to Gallienus ; albeit, afterwds not al- 
 together fo full and round. In fome Medals we meet with 
 Mixtures of Greek and Latin, as E for H. O for a. Z for 2 and 
 e contra, and fometimes even jn the Colonies of the High Em- 
 pire we read SRF. for CP* (of which the Illuftrious 
 Spanheim ) and therefore one is not always peremptorily to 
 condemn fuch Encounters. 
 
 Since the Reign of Conftantine, for the fpace of Five Hun- 
 dred Years, they made ule of the Latin only, tho' the Medal 
 were ftamp'd in the City, bearing his Name ; yet >now and 
 then with a mixture of the, Greek Character on the %e\>erfe, 
 v. g. *N. . for Focas, &c. Michael Curopalata, Mafter of. the Pa- 
 lace, who came ^forwards to be Emperor, being the Firft 
 where the Legenda began to appear in Greek again $ it fo one 
 may call the Tongue and Letter, both which then began to 
 decline and be corrupted with the Latin ; whilft yet the 
 Latin Letter in its higheli Perfection, Elegancy and Beauty had 
 prelerved it felf as unmix'd,as it, was in.tJbe Reign of Jugiflus : 
 I fay, till the Greek Empire it felf fail'd and was no; more. 
 Tho' one might perceive it languifhing, and by degrees decay 
 from the Reign of Vecius, when the Character was nothing 
 lb well fliap d and eafy to be read, fo that hardly one could 
 diftingirifh the N from M j tho* it reviv'd again, and lo conti- 
 
 Cc z nued 
 
1 96 d Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 nued till Juftinian, after which it not only relapfcd into Rude- 
 nefsand Barbarity in Shape and Character, but the very Words 
 and Language were corrupted: Not to infift on Orthogra- 
 phical Errors, becaufc they are not always an infallible Sign 
 of 2 modern or uncultivated Age ; fince we frequently meet 
 with V for B. Oforll. F for PH. as in Danuvius, Volcanus, Tri- 
 umfus, &c. all of antient ufe. Teireskius fent the Ectype of zMedal 
 to Sir Robert Cotton, in which 'Britannia was with both a double* 
 and fingle N. 
 
 To Medal-lnfcriptions of the feveral Furopean^Scc. Nations both 
 of the prefent and latter Centuries , their moft confiderable Actions 
 and Exploits, as likewife concerning Counters and Mock-Medals 
 (which ulually have the Legend and Epigraph of the Language 
 and Letter where they areCoin'd) we have already fpoken. 
 And of fuch of greater Antiquity, as have their Letters lo mifc- 
 rably defae'd, exeded and worn out by Tract of Time, or the 
 Nature of the Metal, or other Accidents ; that they either are not 
 at all Legible, or with much Difficulty to be recover d ; there's 
 nothing more to be faid, but to deplore the common Lois, 
 becauie there are many fuch ; tho J there have been Attempts to 
 rcftore them by Cunning Artiits, with the Tuntion, the ufe of 
 Aquafortis and iuch like Corrofives ; by the one to raife the 
 Letter a new, and by the other', to take off the roughnefs of 
 the Stroak, fo as a Skilful Medalifi fhall not fuddenly difcover 
 it : But when all is done, they will by no means bear a thorough 
 Infpection, efpecially what they do by the Tuntion. In the mean 
 time,it feems as if fome hjcriptions ( t\\o I remember not to have 
 read of above one ) have been very neatly Inlay'd, after the 
 manner of Damasking in Relievo, as they heretofore railed 
 Flowers and other Fancies upon our Spurs, I(jiives and Sword- 
 Handles. For fuch a Piece, bearing the Effigies of young 
 Auguftus ( when going under the Name Tburinus ) Suetonius 
 feems to fay hehimfelf prefented the Emperor, who received 
 it as a very precious Jewel ; you may be fure he means to 
 the Emperor Trajan or Adrian, whofe Secretary that Noble Hi- 
 ftorian was. 
 
 And now how infinitely more eafy had been the Reading 
 to V'*w/£°^ c k°k * l n f crl P tms which fucceeded the Antient ones, had 
 e J,t hat there they (till continued the Old ; Capital and Umial Letter, which 
 
 were extant xm { A JO[] isfittfilD 3fb fttflW <i I > ■- TO - < 
 
 a yet better Alphabet of the various Charatlen fatpft of Lt'tert met withal in an- 
 tient Manuforipti, Coins an J Saxon Monument s t -wit o\ an Explication of the AbUevtattons. 
 Set PhiloC Tran(. N. ^9. Anno 16S7 
 
 .in I 3 D rha 
 
A Vifcourfe of MED A t S 
 
 the Barbarous Goths firft deform'd both in their Coins, and 
 indeed wherefoever they left their Cruel Marks. Thus we 
 often meet the Micron or little o among the talleft Capitals, 
 and fo of other Letters both on Metal and Stone and as to 
 their Money ( for one is to expect no Medal of Account from 
 them ) we fbmetimes find an Head with a Fillet or Coronet, 
 without any Name at all, unlefs it be fometimes of the Mint : 
 The fame {hew alfo feveral of our "Saxon Coins, together with 
 the Names of the Place, when ftruck, and Mafter of the Work, 
 whereof in the Chapter following the next. In the mean 
 while as concerning • other Titles and Super/criptions , that of 
 GRATIA DEI, <?c. worn about the Head and Effigies of all 
 Chriflian Princes ( that of puffin, I think, excepted ) how long 
 our firitifl? Monarchs have fucceffively Challeng'd it , is no 
 part of our Enquiry here ; and as for thole we have fpoken 
 of above, let Monjieur dt Ctmge be cdnfulted ; and for the reft 
 (namely the genuine and truly Antient) farther facilitating 
 the Interpretation of Titles $x\& Infcriptions as they relate to the 
 Topics of lawful Medal (befides Goltzjus's Tbefaurus, digefted 
 after the Method of Advtrfaria) the Learned and Angular- 
 ly Judicious Adolpjms Occo y as improved by his lare Editor 
 Mezzpbarbi, is fo inftructive as little can be more defir'd, as 
 far as concerns the Qtyntan Emperors, Wives and Families j 
 and were the Second fo much expected Volume publifh'd, 
 doubtlefs the Greek likewile. 
 
 imuN/ ' *fc.mfl -aril t b2Jon 3W2£,j<rIv' ,3)l{l->fb' '^afe^baio^H h 
 ?on 3*rta bnr. t i£biipncD sofa 
 
 z b'^o'il) v'kulxD il ; ;nu£',dkf£ 
 
 on? m bsnud \iqyj t j brjti$* twiio *>rn3u- , 
 
 - 
 
 Bbafi& rbul 'ic 
 
 CHAP. 
 
io8 
 
 A Vifcowfe of MEDALS. 
 
 C H A P. VI 
 
 Mr bus ' /SiBWr bnr. h>VJI/». no nx»n • nrw T retljo jr«oi r;.fl£ 
 
 InflruBions bow to ColleB and Trocure fuch Medals 
 as are Antique and Rare, and to T)i(tingui(h 
 the True from the Falfe, for the Trevmion 
 of Frauds and Impoftures. 
 
 A 
 
 N D thus we are almoft arriv'd to the conclufive Part 
 of this Difcourfe, to which after one Chapter more 
 we fliall put a Period, recommending here fome brief and 
 necelTary Directions how to procure fuch Medals as are wor- 
 thy the Charge and Pains of Collecting j what to Choofe, 
 Rejeft, Avoid, be Cautious of, that one be notlmpos'd upon, 
 with fome few other ObferVatiom not Impertinent to the 
 Subject 
 
 For the Firft of thefe : The means of Procuring the moil 
 * Under Authentick and likelieft to be truly Antient, is frequently 
 which they f rom Countrey Teople, who Labour with Ploto and Spade, and 
 Medals ^ ucn as are Employed in Digging about old Banks, Mounds, 
 did of latter High- ways, Foundations and R,uins, where happly Stations, 
 Pau f i I r 7 ^ e 0 Caftrametations have formerly been ; where Legions have Quar- 
 caufed great rered, Battles been Fought, * Buildings and publick Works 
 Erected, and the like. For as we noted, the (Roman Wealth 
 Medals was difpers'd thro ? all their Conquefts, and that not in drib- 
 ft am? d with lets and inconfiderable Sums as cafuaily drop'd and loft, but 
 f;; e fjf£^in vaft Quantities : Full Jarrs, Urns and VelTels of large Ca- 
 denhe Foun- pacity, being often found deeply buried in the Earth, or 
 Building" ^ c m P^ aces a ppearing more like deferted Caves, Vaults and 
 More Ve Magazins, which probably were heretofore, parts of Stately 
 terum. Edifices, and where fometimes they might have Publick 
 II A Mint || Mints, and Coin'd Money ; abundance of their Flasks and 
 y ported to ^ Calling- Moulds, made of the fineft Clay, being not feldom 
 Jr Valagnes turn d up among the Rubbifh of fuch Places. There is hardly 
 near a large City, Town or Caftle, Port, Old Roman Folfe, Caufeway 
 Jar^frlm"°he ot & c m ar kable Eminency near them, whether now or anti- 
 the Sea *»ently (landing and appearing in any County of England, 
 
 Bas- Nor- 
 mandy, where was taken up a great Treafure of antient Medals, hoth Confular and Imperial, 
 and abundance wore, (atd te have been found in Denmark h Labourers this prefent Tear. 
 
 where 
 
A Difcourfe of MEDAL S. 1 90 
 
 where Medals and Coins, ^oman, Saxon, ^iinic, Norman, 8ct 
 have not been found, and are daily yet difcover'd : Nay, f hiVe 
 been told that in fome fuch likely Places, they will give more 
 by the Acre for Land in purchafe, in hope of fomc' lucky 
 Chance; * 
 After this it will not be hard to fatisfy fome that I have 
 known to wonder, how filch mighty quantities of Treasure 
 fhould be found thus buried here in Britain : It is to be con- 
 fiderd, that the coming of the Saxons upon the Gtymans ( nine 
 Years after the Sack of that dominant City ) was fo fudden, 
 with fuch a Flood, and fo unexpected, that running away 
 into France with all the haft and fpeed imaginable, they 
 had no leifure to tranfport arid carry away their Riches a- 
 long with them, and that which they could not carry, they 
 hid under Ground in (evcral places , as carefully as - the 
 time would permit , not without hope that they might 
 pofllblyone Day return again, as our Saxon Chronicle informs 
 us : Hie ^pmani Tbefauros omncs qui erant in (Britannia ( inventi ) 
 coacervaverunt, quorum aliquot in terra occultarunt, ne quis homo C ccc vm, 
 inde yeperire pojjlt, aliquot autem fecum in Galliam abduxertmt, dec. 
 I repeat this therefore, that Countrey People, and Labourers 
 fhould be encouraged to bring to Gentlemen what ever of this 
 kind they commonly offer the next Market-day to the Gold- 
 Jmith of the Neighbouring Town, or to fome Brafter, who 
 for a trifling piece of White current Money, gets now and 
 then a rich Prize under a rufty out -fide. Thele poor People 
 feldom come to Curious and Learned Perfons here, as they do 
 commonly in Italy, and other Foreign Countries, more Inquifi- 
 tive, and abounding in Anticaglia of this Nature : Goldfmhbt, and 
 other Shops, who expofe Curiofities, and fuch as deal in (pawns 
 and firokage ; Tinkers and Founders are often to be vifited. 
 Moreover, by Acquaintance and the Favour of Ambajfadors, and 
 Afliftance of fuch Fa&ort and Travellers as refide at Conftantt- 
 nople, Smyrna, Aleppo, Alexandria, Cairo and other parts of the 
 Levant : But above all, Inquiry is to be made, where any 
 Cabinets or Collections of Medals axe to be difpofed of, /whe- 
 ther by Autlion or privatly. Since by this means (as he who 
 would fumifh his Library with excellent Books ) more may 
 happly be procur'd at once, and at tolerable Price, than one 
 {hall be able to find, and get together in many Years, by 
 Collecting them one by one. And there is likewife this En- 
 couragement, that Traffic for Medals between Gentlemen and 
 
 the 
 
A Vifcourj e of M E DAL S. 
 
 the furious, either by Money or Exchange, is ever efteem'd 
 an honorable Commerce. Now as among the moft Efti- 
 matye^ the Choice and Rarity of a Medal confifls in its Beauty, 
 .( for it-cannot, as one obferves, be affirm'd of them ; what the 
 Italians fay of Military Enfigns, Quanto lacera piu } tanto pit* 
 bella, the mote torn and ragged, the more honorable ) fo does 
 it in Excellency of the Defign and Workmanfhip of the Perfon, 
 with its Hiftorical %ever[e, Legend and hfcription, whether 
 about the Figure, or upon the Exerge ; fome of which there 
 are yet (b frefli and well preferv'd, as after fo many Ages to 
 look as if but newly Minted, and who would not be glad to 
 fee the Faces of thofe Famous Princes of Macedon, Syria, Aigypt, 
 Sicily, Pontus, Bitbynia, Mauritania, Sec. of whatufe and utility, 
 fee Monfieur Vatllant. 
 
 One is alfoto confider the Compofition well (or as Artifts 
 and Painters call it, the Groupe ) that it be with Judgment $ 
 for the Antients do feldom crowd many Figures together, and 
 in Gutters, but as they might ftand loofe and cafy by one 
 another, as one fees in Allocutions-, where in one of Faufiina's } 
 tho' indeed we meet no fewer than twelve Perfons, yet they 
 are plac'd without the lead Confufion. Such another is that 
 ample and noble Medal of a like number, doing Sacrifice be- 
 fore a Temple, SMTPNAiaN. nPHTON. A2IA2. B. NE&KO- 
 PflN. TON. 2EBA2TON, with more of the like, as I find by 
 a very Learned Perfons taking occafion to fpeak of the 
 Necwxo'^ we fo often meet withal in Medals, frequently taken 
 for thofe AfTemblies ufually reforting to the Temple of fome 
 famous and peculiar Deity : Such, for Inftance, as was that 
 dedicated to the Epheftan Goddefs, xix. Aft. 3 5. which City the 
 Town Clerk tells the unquiet People, was the TloKu veux6&s, 
 the devoted Editua or Cultrix of the Great Diana ; fuch a- 
 nother alio was that of jE/culapius at Pergamus, that of Venus 
 at Miletus, &c. The like Confecrated Places they flatter'd fome 
 of their Emperors with, where Conventions, Feafts, Publick 
 Shews, Vota, Panegyrics and Speeches were made and celebra- 
 ted upon Solemn and Feftival Days ; the Numerals B. r. A &c. 
 now and then marked on the ^everfe y denoting how often 
 they had been held under fuch and fuch a Prince ; the People, 
 Inhabitants or Corporation to whom this Honor and Privi- 
 ledge, and the Title of Ncwxo'e^ was granted as Guardians 
 of thofe Shrines and Holy Places (as now our Ladies at 
 Loretto, St. James's of Compoftella, &c. not failing to fet it forth 
 
 in 
 
A T>ifcGwfe of MEDALS. 201 
 
 in publick Medal wich all the Luftre, Pomp and Magnificence Mor * °f 
 imaginable, and wich rhe moft exquifite Sculpture : But this r /"/^JJ 
 by the way only. M^<r of 
 
 Clem. Ed- 
 monds, annexd to his Obfervations upon Carfare Commentary. 
 
 With this of the Groupe, it is alfo requifite that a juft Decorum 
 (le Coftume, as Italians call it) be duely obferved, as, that the 
 Perfons reprefented be properly Arm'd and Vefted after the 
 Guife and manner of the Age : For Example, letting forth an 
 Adlocution, or any fuch fignal and folemn Occafion, that the s p - 
 Emperor or Tribune have on the T aludamentum ; that Jma^ons Petit olf 
 be Arm'd with their Telta and Bipennis, and as thefe are clad, f mm - Je A ~ 
 fo that Genii be always reprefented naked and unclothed, tsrc. 
 
 From what has now been fpoken above concerning the 
 Number of Figures in Medal, our beft Painters ( and in par- 
 ticular the Famous Annibal Carraci ) would feldom or never 
 reprefent above Twelve Perfons in a Table or Picture, ex- 
 cepting fuch an Hiftory as the Rape of the Sabines, or tome 
 Battel, rarely I think, met withal in Medal. Painters there- 
 fore fhould be skilled in thefe Antiquities, as well for the ac- 
 curatenefs of the Defign and Draught, as that both thefe Arts 
 were almoft Coevous in Perfection and Decadence ; the one, 
 long before the Gefars, at its height in Greece j the other, al- 
 moft totally extinguifh'd, till within little more than Two 
 Hundred Years, after it had fo barbaroufly been abus'd and 
 neglected for above a Thoufand. 
 
 Moreover, a perfect Medal has its Profile and out-ftroaks 
 fharp ( Nummus a/per ) and by no means rugged j the Figures 
 clean and well polifh'd $ the Contours neatly trimm'd, and ex- 
 actly round and carefully preferv'd ; that the Extancy and 
 Relievos correfpond with the Ingraving, and have not fuffer'd 
 in Tercujfion ; in all which, there is a certain Spirit of Anti- 
 quity and Excellency to be difcem'd in Ancient Medals almoft 
 inimitable. 
 
 . And forafmuch as fome are wich greater Difficulty to be 
 met wichal than others, 'cis to be obferv'd, that thole in Gold 
 are moft Eftimable, not only for the Matter and incrinfic 
 Value of che Species (which if cruly Ancique, is ever the 
 more refin'd) but that almoft univerfally, they are the beft 
 and rareft Medals, efpecially if the larger Size ; thofe of Silver 
 are more frequent, yet neither in abundance ; for the Greeks 
 being under the %oman Yoke, were very fparing of the more 
 
 D d pretious 
 
A Difcourje (M ED A L S. 
 
 precious Metals, whereas there are plenty of Copper in the 
 fmaller Volume, and of the ordinary Form and Size innu- 
 merable, efpecially of the latter Empire down to Gratian, of 
 which, (lore are daily found meanly fculp'd, not fo thick 
 and fubftantial, well finifh'd and exactly round, as in the 
 antient Medal, by any comparifon. 
 
 Of this fort, namely of the fmaller Size, mod of all ^are 
 and Eftimable ( that we may give a Taft of fome few ) are 
 the Greek, of which thofe are to be reckoned, as bear the Heads of 
 their own Emperors with Greek Infcriptions, equal, if not in 
 Number more than of Latin, and for the Workmanfhip, fome 
 think Superiour. 
 
 Alexander Magnus, clad like Hercules with his Club, Bows, 
 Quiver in the fyverfe. 
 
 Alexander Tbeopator. Silver. 
 
 Alliances. All Medals of Alliances are Good and Rare, as 
 Cities with Cities, Zrc. feidom found in Hiftory. 
 
 Amyntas, King of Macedon. Gold. 
 
 Antoninus Tius with Hercules, or where Crown 'd, with a 
 Vttloria. Another with a %ever(e of Plenty, offering the 
 Cornucopia. Another Inlcrib'd A. N. F. F Annus Novus, Fau- 
 fius, Felix, as fome read : Alio with Col. Ccef. Antiocb. &c. 
 A Medalion ; tht^everfe, Orpheus, Beafts following him. And 
 here we are to note, that there being fo many of this Good 
 Emperor s Name, 'tis no eafy thing to diftinguifh them from 
 thofe of Caracalla and Elagabalus, both affecting the Name of 
 that Excellent Prince, without the leaft Title to his Vermes. 
 But the Ufurper, or Monfter rather, may be difcover'd by 
 his blubber Lip, and Caracalla by his furley and ill natur'd 
 look,* tho' the furer Mark be the Star in thofe Medals of 
 Elagabalus, as the Title Germanicus to the other j but in fome 
 there is neither : Thofe in Greek, M. ATP. ANTaNElNOS, ex- 
 prefling the Name only, are the moft obfcure ; the Heads arc 
 alfo lefs refembling. Rare is likewife this Prince with the three 
 Goddefles and Taris. And fo 
 
 Antoninus and Fauftina, as are all with Two or more 
 Heads. 
 
 Antiocbus Eupator, a Medalion. Silver. 
 
 M. Aurelius, a Medalion j fyverfe a Temple, with AE2- 
 
 BlflN. KOIN. 
 
 Artemifta with the Maufoleum in %£ver[e, a large Medal. 
 'Britannicus, Greek ; very Rare. 
 
 Bruti 
 
A Vi/cour/e of MEDAL S. 
 
 Brnti Fdia, Rare. The 
 
 Cefars Heads Laureated before they came to be Augufli and 
 Emperors. 
 
 Caracalla with the Funamble : Alfo a Medalion, tyverfe, the 
 Ephefian Diana betwixt CaHor and Pollux. 
 
 Cities in general Rare, efpecially of the High Empire in 
 Gold (few of the Antient being in Silver ) if Coin'd in Italy, 
 as were tome of the Greek, and very few of the larger Copper, 
 till Seyerus, but of all other Cities common : And here note, 
 that many Cities derive their Names from Perfons, and di- 
 vers Perlons from Cities, which renders us as many Heads 
 of Homer, as Places that contend for his Birth. Rare like- 
 wife are thofe Infcrib'd Ttfovm* Senatus or Conventus Senio- 
 rum. 
 
 Colonies univerfilly Rare, according to the Type and Hi- 
 ftory y the (Reverjes (for Colonies are without Heads) is com- 
 monly a fingle Ox, or a Yoke drawing a Cart, and led by 
 a Trieft, or with fome Military Enfign, and fometimes the 
 Cart is alone, importing that the Colony was planted by the 
 People only ; if accompanied with Soldiers, or With both 
 Horfe or Foot, the Standard fhews it : Sometimes alfo the 
 Legion is exprefs'd, and now and then the Founder, v. g. CoUa 
 Julia Berytus, &c. of which fee the Learned Vaillant. Laftiy, 
 There fometimes is the Epoch, and by the like ^everjes we 
 learn what Famous Cities had Privilege of ffifaman Denization, 
 expreffed by Qfemului and his Brother fucking the BitchU'o//. 
 
 Cleopatra ; Silver, Rare, and as a New Goddefs Ng«-ne$t* 
 Gold. 
 
 Commodut, with the ward- Magnificentia, or- the NaYts fru* 
 went aria, as are all thofe Medals, where one meets it, de- 
 noting lome extraordinary Shew \ and; fo in general are all 
 fuch as mention any antient Plays and Spectacles, Certamina, 
 Floralia. The Nemetan Agmzs ,.&c. The Tytbian in Honor 
 of Latona Iripolitanorum, Thofe with QeoyaLfMa, amfpfyd^ ce- 
 lebrating lome Marriage, as that of Trojerpina and Vlutot 
 Alfo the Medalion where his own with the Head of Hercules, 
 Janus-tike, the Reverie, Tellus half fitting, four Figures about 
 a Globe. 
 
 Conftantinus, with the Sun ftamp'd before he was Cbriftwu 
 Conjular, Medals in general. L. CL. 
 Cornelius Cojfus, Rare. And (b is 
 Crifpuia. 
 
 D d % %)idius» 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Didius. Decried. 
 Dionyjius Syriacus. 
 
 Domitianus <Princeps Juventutis, with a (%am, or a Woman 
 and an Elephantine Helmet, denoting Alexandria. 
 
 Elagabalus ; Medalion, in the Q(eVerfe a Chariot, £ in it an 
 Eagle ] drawn by four Horfesj many others of his decried and 
 eafi'd in for his Infamous Life. 
 
 C. Fabritius Lufcinus, Silver, with the Head of Juno Mo- 
 neta the fyverfe Inftruments of Coining ; Infcription, Sa- 
 lutaris. 
 
 Fauftina ; with Eternity, and fometimes like Juno, Venus or 
 Ceres ; for as we noted divers of the EmprelTes would be 
 cali'd Deorum Comites and ©EAI j thus the Two Cleopatras : 
 yea and Saviors too, Brothers and Sifters to the Gods, as the 
 Ttolemees and their Wives (Berenice and Arftnoe ; and indeed the 
 Empreffes were many of them Rare, efpecially with CEBACTHN, 
 as that of FL. TITIANA, leading to the Knowledge of 
 the Emperors and Relations, as that MarcU OtacilU Sever*, 
 who fome fay was a Cbrijlian Lady : Such are alfo Rare with 
 MATER. PATRIAE. 
 
 Gallienus, with a Caduceus ; on the <Reverfe joyn'd Hands, 
 Eternity, tsrc. thereby llgnifying the long Reign of thofe 
 Princes : But after thefe we meet few Medals of the Emperors, 
 ftruck either in Greece, Cities or Colonies. It feems either that 
 Privilege was taken from them, and other Provinces that en- 
 joy 'd the fame Prerogative, or the Diforders of the Times 
 and Revolutions happening ( being jealous and uncertain what 
 Eiince to pleafe ) they thought fit to neglect it. There is 
 alfo a Gallienus of Gold with Tax Ubique very rare, and ano- 
 ther with Sagittarius. 
 
 Germanicus, rare, as are all the Tlwee 
 
 Gordiani, efpecially the younger, with a %ever[e of Mercury, 
 and the Afric ; Greek, exceeding rare : Alfo a Medalion where 
 in the <RjeVerfe an Allocution. 
 
 Hadrianus, with his Ganymed and Minion Antinous Heros, 
 alfo a Medalion with Two Heads : fyverfe, one facriflcing to 
 his Genius, 
 
 Herodes Antipas, very rare. 
 
 Imperials. 
 
 Jul a. Gold. 
 
 Julius dtfar, with the Star. 
 
 Julia 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS* 
 
 Julia Sabina, with Diana. 
 Julianus, with Anubis and Sift rum, 
 Lucius Cxfar, with a Greek InfcriptioH. 
 Macrianus. 
 
 Macrinus, a Medalion, a Chariot drawn by Harts on thd 
 Reverfe. 
 CI. Marcellus. 
 
 Maximianus j Greek, rare. 
 
 Maximin and Maximus, a Medalion with Cd/for and <Po//«x on 
 foot ; Reverfe Qu^zm. 
 2Aithridates. Gold. 
 
 Nero, on whofe Reverfe the Farnefian Hercules, or Temple 
 of fhut. 
 
 Nerva, that large one with the Figure of Liberty ; Infcrib'd 
 
 EAcu«3*ei<x Sty* «. 
 
 Otlavia Aug. Filia. 
 
 Otho, with a <I{everfe a Woman holding in her Right Hand 
 VtBory, a jfro/jfy in her Left ; Infcrib'd KPA2I2, Temperance 
 and Moderation : in Copper with Serapis ; and indeed thro' the 
 whole Series of that Metal,but common in Silver : And here with 
 Caution, that one be not furpris'd with the Q{eVerfe in Moyen 
 <Bron%e. It has been long pretended that there was no true 
 Otho at all in Copper, but Men are now convincd of the con- 
 trary by their Plenty, tho' mod of them Coin'd in Syria and 
 yEppty and fome at ^ome ; but they do not refemble him k> 
 well as the Gold and Silver, which laft is not fo rare as thofe 
 of the Grand <Bron%e, which are truly ineftimable, and even 
 thofe of the middle Size , not counted dear at the Rate of 
 Forty founds Sterling. For fome Medals and Medalions, like 
 Unios of Pearl, for their being fo very Rare and hard to come 
 byj cannot be purchafed too dear : For Inftance, in this Em- 
 peror, an Otho on Horfe-back ; that of Agrippa C&far^ third 
 Son of Marcus Agrippa and Julia, adopted by Anguftus with 
 Tiberius, and other ineftimable Medals 3 and on this Account, 
 one may now and then with Glaucus prefer X«A^a j^rikt^ 
 without Reproach. 
 
 <FeJcennius,m ample Medalion, Greek, Silver; Was lately in the 
 hands of Mr. Falkmer with us in England but is now fwal- 
 lowed up in the French f(ings Cabinet ; who has by his Cu- 
 rious and Induftrious Emiflaries, gleaned an immenfe Trea- 
 fure of all that's Rare in this kind, 
 
 Pefcenniui 
 
zo6 A Vifcourfe of MEDAL S. 
 
 (pefcennius Niger, with Apollo Santlus, and Santlus Tacifer. 
 
 Tapirius, Silver ; Head of arm'd with a %oJlrum ; 
 
 %ver[e, Victory drawn by four Horfesj L. PAP1RJ. L. F.S. 
 P. N. Curfor. 
 
 (Pertinax, facrificing, a Noble Medalion ■: His Reign of fo 
 few Years, makes all his Rare. 
 
 Tofthumius with his Son, two Heads ; the Father, f icrificing 
 to Hercules in the ^everfe. 
 
 (pompeius, Legend Magnus bnperator • the tityverfe a Scepter 
 between an Eagle and a Dolphin, intimating his Soveraignty 
 over Land and Sea» 
 
 Vbilippus, Reverfe ex Oraculo Apollinis, with a Temple of that 
 God, exceedingly Rare, with another of his <l{evvfe, a Dog 
 and the Fifli Tbocas. 
 
 Trobus. 
 
 TyUmenes Euergeta, and an Ox's Head. 
 (Pyrrbus. Gold. 
 
 Republics, thpfe of the Greeks we have in Mr. Walker. 
 
 ^wer Deities, for bearing the Ant'tent Names of good ufe, as 
 in that Medal of Severus. 
 
 Sabina Tranquillina, Wife to Gordianus III. with a Latin In- 
 fcription, Concordia Aug. not long lince found at the Famous 
 Siege of Vienna. 
 
 Serapis, Gold, of the fmaller fize. 
 
 Severus, with the Amphitheatre of Titus ( which he repair'd ). 
 held to be the only Medal of that kind, and never feen but in 
 the Cabinet of Ginetti at <%ome ; with Geta and Caracalla, three 
 Heads rare, and rarer yet where more. The fame with Julia 
 Domna. 
 
 Titus, Reverfed with his Amphitheatre or Tern plum /Paris, an 
 eftimable Medal-, as alfo is that with Trophies DE. IVDyElS, 
 and inch generally as bear their own. 
 
 Trajanus, with Ariadne carried up to Heaven, Silver ; alk> 
 that with *Pax and Concordia joyning Hands j Ears of Corn 
 and Cornucopia, to fliew in what Tranquillity and Abundance 
 the Empire flourifh'd during his Reign. 
 
 Tribonian, with Apollo Clarius. 
 
 Trophies. 
 
 Tryphon. 
 
 Tigranes, very Rare. 
 
 Valerianus 
 
A Ttifcourfe of MEDALS. 207 
 
 Valerianus Son of Gallienus, and indeed all Medals with two 
 Heads as before noted : That Medal likewife of his with the 
 River Cayflros. 
 
 Vefpafianus and Titus together. 
 
 Volujianus with the Temple of Juno Maritalis. 
 
 Zenobia, Gold j fmall, rare, as are many others. 
 
 For we give a touch only here, referring the Studious to good 
 Authors, and to the Converfation of the more Learned and 
 Experienc'd Medalifts : Monfieur <Baudelot, as generally thofe of 
 Heads; and above all, Monfieur Vaillant, what are Rare in 
 particular. 
 
 It is moreover to be confider'd, that foaie Medals are very 
 <I(are, but in one Series, fome in all, fome common in certain 
 Gaffes and no other j and Rare in fome Countries and Places, 
 which in others are common enough, v.g. Thofe of Voftbumus 
 in France, Rare in Italy. JBlius in the large Copper in France alfo, 
 in other Places not fo. 
 
 In England there have been, and are every Day * Medals ] u ! "^ h 
 found of feveral of the <%oman Emperors, ef^ecially Pefpafiari, J* h 
 Domitian, Trajan, Adrian, Antoninus Tius, M.Aurel. Verus, Commodus, f ure the y *re 
 Gordianus, Alex. Severn* and Septimius, Vertinax, Tbilippus, Vibius Attthentic - 
 G alius and Volufianus ; Valerian, Gallienus, Conflantinus Cblorus, 
 Helena, Tbeodora j Conflantinus Magnus, Licinius, Crifpus, Conftantia, 
 Jun. Conftantius ; G alius, Magnentius, Julian, Valerian, Valens^ 
 Gratian, Valentinian, Jrcadius, and feveral more ■ and that in 
 great quantity and different from one another ( a great Indi- 
 cation of fome Legions being (ettl'd in thofe Places ) I do not 
 lay all of them Hiftorical, yet fome with very ufeful ^e- 
 ver/es : Befides thefe, many Saxon and %unic Coins, tsre. 
 found ( efpecially of the ^pman ) about Old Sarum, Clarendon- 
 Park, Malmsbury, CombSijfet, Wmcbfield, Cbippenbam, I^embel and 
 other Places in Wilts. At Oxenford, Craydown, Woodcot, Gatton, 
 Godalming, IQngflon in Surrey. £At Arundel, Lewes in Sujfex. At 
 * ^ecuher, Sbeppy, <%pcbefter, Milton , Dover in IQnf. At Conquefi . 
 in Huntington [hire j and about <Bridg-Water ; Caerleon, St. Julian, ro^htSw 
 and plentifully about Bath in Somerjet-fhire-, on Malvern Hills in >»ore r 0 - 
 Worcejler-flnre ; about Wmchefter in Hampshire j Cilcejter injj^ 
 Serfo i Old Verulam in Hartford- [hire ; Hog-Magog in Cambridge- found, than 
 [hire, in Cambridge Town and Caftle j lebworth in Sk^o/A ; » 
 Bradburn and Vorcbefter in Dor jet- [hire ; in Glocefterfhire about < ^ El, ^ and 
 the Cot/wold j in Bartonfield and Mansfield in Hereford- [Jure j and ^r»^ 
 
 Northampton , /fo/r/Al 
 
♦ 
 
 208 A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Northampton, Stony- Stratford-, at Maldon, Colchefier, in EJfex- y 
 in, and about London and Middlefex ; Llangmonas in Venby-fhire ; 
 at BoVerton in Monmouth- flnre, where they dug up Coins of the 
 thirty Tyrants very rarely found ; at Chefier Aldburrow and 
 Catar'ick in 1ork-(lnre ; Shawell in Leiceffer-fhirt, Braunflon, &c. 
 at Brougham in Cumberland, and farther North at Lancafler and 
 about Severus's Wall. To which might be added thole men- 
 tioned by the Learned Camden, and Dr. 'P/of in his Ufeful Hi- 
 ftoriesof Oxorc. and Stafford- (hire-, and as I doubt not but he 
 would likewife have furnifli'd us with abundance more of his 
 Native Country, I^ent, by his late Itinerarium, had he liv'd to 
 perfect it ; whilft I am (in the mean time ) much oblig'd for 
 Hoi. Vol. I. moft of thofe above-mentioned to Holinfied, and to the Kind- 
 nefs of Mr. Aubries Inquifitive and Laudable Perambulations : 
 Here likewife would be confulted Mr. Burtons Tabula Geo- 
 graphica. 
 
 Nor are yet the Antient Emperors, &c. the only valuable 
 Medals, but divers likewife of the latter, whether of Gold or 
 Silver-, efpecially their Emprejfes, bearing Greek Infcriptions, 
 ever obferving ( as more than once we noted ) that thofe Me- 
 dals which in the High Empire are frequently found of the large 
 Copper, are much more precious in the fmaller, quite contrary 
 in the Ba* and Lower Empire , and fuch as are with Greek Infcri- 
 ptions, to be generally prcferr'd whether Antient or Modern. 
 
 And here may our Young Curiofo and Collectors reckon and 
 efteem thofe for Antique, which reach down to near the Reign 
 of Patens, or at fartheft, to about the Year four Hundred j the 
 reft for Modern, or Antico Moderni to Charlemaine, always ex- 
 cepting thofe which conclude the Greek Empire, which are 
 Mungrels, and to be accounted neither Antient nor Modern, and 
 next to Barbarous, Laftly, 
 
 Of the middle Size, Store there are among fuch as carry the 
 Effigies of Heads of the Antient Legislators, Hero's, Poets, Foun- 
 ders of Cities, Publick and Magnificent Works, Colonies, Reverfes 
 of Stately Edifices, Liberalities, Consecrations, and fuch other 
 Subjects as we have already enumerated fpeaking of %everfes y 
 importing any extraordinary Event or Expedition, which are 
 Univerfally to be accounted Rare and worthy the Collection, 
 eipecially of the Greek, of which there is no danger of being 
 over-ftock'd ; only if you chance to meet any of the fame 
 Stamp (which not feldom happens) it may iuffice to make 
 Choice of fuch as are moft perfect, and above the reft, 
 
 fuch 
 
A Vi /courje of MEDAL S. : 
 
 fuch as retain any Numeral Letters, for Reafons already men- 
 tion'd. 
 
 There has been within this laft Century, great Inquiry after 
 this fort of Antiquity, which hath occafion'd the careful prefer- 
 vation of innumerable Coins and Medals, that doubtlefs had 
 elfe e'er this, beeni long fince melted down, and converted to 
 other Ufes. And yet notwithstanding all this Store, fuch as 
 have made the neareft Calcute and Guefs by what they have 
 obferv'd among the • Curious, and beft furnifh'd Cabinets, do 
 not reckon above Five or Six Hundred of Gold ; tho' fome af- c - 
 fitm many Hundred more of Imperial ; of Silver about Three c 
 Thoufand ; of Copper of the ordinary Size, Six or Seven Thou-^ 
 fand, all Imperial ; and of Kings, Cities, 0"c. without number : «* 
 In a word, fuch abundance as La^ius affirms himfelf to have 
 feen, and counted no fewer than 700000 in his time ; but this 
 is without doubt a Cifer at leaft too much. 
 
 And now afcer all this Travel and Diligence, Coft and 
 Caution in this (as in moft things elfe) one is perpetual- 
 ly in danger of being deceiv'd, and impofed on by Cheats, 
 Falfaries, and Mercenary Fourbs : I do not mean our ordi- 
 nary Coiners of Falfe Money by Mixtures, or Alchymkal So- 
 phiftications only ( which among both Pagan and Chriflian 
 Princes were by the levered: Laws put to Torture, amputation 
 of Hands and cruel Deaths ) but by fuch as make a common 
 Trade of Impoilng upon the unexperienced in this particular 
 of Medals ; upon which occafion I may not pafs by that extra* 
 vagant Piece of Forgery, related by Dr. (Burnet ( now Lord 
 Bilhop of Salisbury) in his Travels thro' Germany ; that at the 
 Siege of Bonne, clearing the Ground to plant a Battery, was 
 found in a Vault, a Cart full of Medals ( or Medalions rather ) 
 of Gold, to the Value of One Hundred Thouland Crowns, fo 
 big and ponderous, as one of them weighed Eight Hundred 
 Dolars of the fined Ducat- Gold, bearing Impreflion of ^oman 
 Medals, but done To Courfly, as every body pronounc'd them 
 Counterfeits ; thofe which feem'd Trued, were Greek Medals. 
 It is the Doclors Reflection ( as well it might ) what fhould in- 
 duce a Man to make a Forgery upon fuch precious Metal, in fo 
 vaft a quantity, and then to bury them under Ground ? efpe- 
 cially, in an Age in which Gold was near Ten-times the prefent 
 Value j it being judged to have been done Four or Five Hun- 
 dred Years fince. 
 
 We 
 
A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 We have mention d Enquiry after Countrey- People, Day- 
 Labourers, and fuch as dig about Old Foundations, that by 
 their Simplicity, one would little fufpect mould deceive us ; 
 nor are we as yet, I think, arriv'd to that Subtilty practised in 
 other Countries, where even thofe feemingty plain and boorifli 
 People have now and then impos'd upon the lets wary Medalift; 
 as frequently in Italy, and not long fince, even in Holland, where 
 there was a great deal of Trafli brought about, pretended to 
 have been cafually found near the Arx 'Britannica, Catwick, and 
 other places of that Coaft. 
 
 To obviate thefe Impoftors, who do not only impofe on 
 us falfe Metal, but falfe and Counterfeit Medals too ; fome ufe- 
 fui Directions may not be unreafonable. For as the Beft and 
 mod Genuine are mod of all imitated, fo the fufpected are 
 fuch as to Supply the Chafm, and Compleat the Series, Inge- 
 nious Artifts have endeavour'd to Copy out from the Antients; 
 obtruding them not only upon the Ignorant, but now and 
 then even upon the moft knowing. Thus where one meets 
 Veni, Vidi, Vici, to fancy it a Julius C*far ; or find this Empe- 
 ror on the larger Bronze ; thofe which we meet on the ^everfe, 
 wereCoin'd after his Death. Counterfeits, are the Dolphin ad- 
 hering to an Anchor, with Auguflus's Feftina Lente ; feveral of 
 the fPtolernees ; no Antiochus QiAo/m™? but E^pa^ • no Clarion. 
 Spurious is the Head of Ariftotle with his hard Word 'E^Ag^x : 
 Artemijia, Friamus, and the Trojan Horfe; Carthago Subatla; 
 ViHoria Cimbrica j Scipio Africanus for the moft part, and in 
 Truth for the greateft part moft of the very Antient Greek and 
 tftyman Hero's ; ^Pythagoras, (priamus, JBneas-, Socrates, Euclid, Dio- 
 genes, Jpollonius ; Cicero, Seneca, Saluft ; Homer, Virgil, Horace, &c. 
 which fome Contorniati prefent us with, and more deceitfully 
 jEnea* Vtcus, charg'd with Venerable Titles and In/criptiom, 
 fome ridiculous enough ; uncertain when or where Stamp'd, 
 tho' the likelieft of them, not before the Reign of Honor ms, as 
 fome conjecture. 
 
 Of this fort are thofe pretended JewifJ? Coins of Mo/es, David, 
 Solomon, and other Hebrew Kings (unlefs of the latter Herods 
 and their Succeflbrs, which now and then we meet ) fome of 
 our <BlejJed Saviour in Samaritan Letters, importing Deus Homo 
 f alius eft, &c. of all which fee John fyiskms, Exerctt. HiftorU 
 de Imaginibus in Medals and Money, In fhort, all that have the 
 Pictureofany Animal (the 'jews prohibiting all fuch Sculpture) 
 reject as Falle, Spurious and meer Figments of Modern ^bbies. 
 
 Upon 
 
A Ttifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Upon one of che Shekels there is fometimes found the Figure of a 
 Crofs (by leaving out the lower Stroak of the s Aleph) whichCrofs 
 they pretend to have been the firft Letter of the Hebrew Alphabet. 
 The Shekel whereon Aaron's Rod with Leaves, fufpected, where 
 fliould be Fruit with Blofloms and Buds. There were yec 
 many fuppofed very Antient Coins of the Jews which have 
 been melted down by the Chriftians. But to return to <Homan 
 again, Counterfeit are Gordianus of Africa, Pefcennius or Maximus 
 of Gold: There's no flotinus, Mattdia, Didta Clara of the middle 
 Copper j no more than Othos with certain ^everfes of that Size 
 and Metal, and fufpicious are thofe even of Gold and Silver of 
 this Emperor, where they find not the Hair of his Head fo 
 compt and elegant : For tho' indeed one meets with one fuch 
 Coin d in Italy, they may yet be Authentic and True, unlefs 
 one happens on a Tafaan, who has fb exactly imitated them 
 on the larger Copper. It is therefore worth the while taking 
 notice of both Metal and Si^e in Medals of fb great Value ana 
 Price as are thofe of this Emperor. 
 
 All Antient Medals of Gold, Greek or <%oman, that are not of 
 the very Alloy y are to be counted Impoftors, excepting fome 
 fince Alexander Severus, and a few Old Gothic and Tunic : To 
 thefe add fuch as borrow the Head of an Emperor with fome 
 fantaftick fyverfe, or enigmatical Infcription, which has no 
 relation to the Perfon, or that appertain to fome other, or feem- 
 ing to Hiftorize fome New and Extravagant Thing, never 
 heard nor read of in any good Author before $ fuch alfb as 
 prefent us tedious Infcriptions without Abbreviations, or that in 
 <Profe.clions fpecifle the Place whither the Emperor is marching, 
 <{jrc. But thofe with the Labours of Hercules are not all to be 
 condemned, many of them having beenftruck in the Reigns 
 of Antoninus Tius, and very often after that incomparable Statue 
 of Glycon, yet extant in the Farnefian Palace of (Rome* 
 
 Thefe, I fay, and fuch like, are generally to be fufpecled, 
 and fuch we frequently encounter in Medals of the Lower Em- 
 pire, and about the Dominion of the Thirty Tyrants, agreeable 
 enough to the Diforder and Confufion of thofe Times : And 
 accordingly they now and then ftruck fome New and Strange 
 Head to an Old ^eyerje, which had no manner of relation to 
 it ; the Perfon in Authority being fb often chang'd and difplac cl, 
 as theie was no Care taken of New and fitting Ornament, every- 
 body doing what they pleas'd,as they ever do under all Anarchical 
 giddy and unconftant Government, till they come to be fober 
 and fettled again. E e % Apocrypha 
 
A Difcourfe of MEDALS. ■ 
 
 Apocrypha are likewife Medals in Buft, and Effigies of any 
 Popes before Sixtus Quartus; or of the Modern Emperors, Kings 
 of Spain or France it felf ( what ever they Vaunt ) before the 
 Father of Charles V. Philip I. and Charles VII. the reft being all 
 falfe, and yet greedily Collected by the Credulous and Un- 
 wary : Nay, and not feldom by the Curious and Knowing, 
 to fill up ( as we faid ) what may be wanting to perfect their 
 Cabinets, until they light upon fuch as are unqueftionably 
 Antique. 'Tis true, that by the help of fuch Medals ( or Money 
 rather ) one might procure a Succeffion even from Charles the 
 Great to this very time. Nay, Strada has begun his Collection 
 from Julius C*/ar without Interruption, but not without fome 
 ( as 'tis thought ) of his own Invention. 
 
 And now, what if there be fome fo Nafute and of that Con- 
 fidence in their great Sagacity above others, as to undertake 
 the difcrimination of Antient Medals by the very Smell and Feel- 
 ing only ? (for fuch we may read of) they fliould add all the 
 reft of the Senfes too, and all of them hardly fufficient. But 
 to pafs thefe fanciful Pretenders, Medals of Copper truly Antient 
 (befides other Indications) frequently diftinguifli themfelves 
 from the Modern ( as we faid of Graving ) by a certain and 
 altogether (I think) inimitable Fernifh and Politure, Green as 
 the Emerald, and fome of more Tnrcois 'Blue $ others of a <%ed- 
 diJJ? 'Brown, or Bronze Colour; but moft eftimable is the 
 Greenijh Blue: Thefe whether Artificial, or Contracting thac 
 hue by long continuance of Time in certain Earth, is noc 
 yet determin'd ; but an Antient <%pman Sword here lately found, 
 where it had been deeply intend, colour'd, and exactly po- 
 lifh'd like to the Vernifli we defcribc ; and that upon a tough fort 
 of Copper mixture ( for of fuch was the Romans, and fuch is the 
 Metal of this Weapon, as is plainly difcoverable by the Fra- 
 cture, which in Digging, the Mattoc or Spade has caus'd, by 
 breaking the Blade in two Pieces ) makes it very Evident ; the 
 reft being intire, and wanting only the Crofs-bar and Po- 
 mel of the Capulum. This Polifh fo perfectly refembling 
 that beft of Vermfbes, does almoft command my Belief ; thac 
 what we fo Admire, is only the Effect of Age and Burial, 
 which all our Falfaries are not able to accomplifh with their 
 Sal-Armoniacs, Vinegar, Paperfeinging and other Applications 
 and Compofitions hitherto attempted. There is indeed & Green 
 Verm/l? ordinary enough, and very pretty, and only applicable 
 toBrafs, but it is fo quick and fierce, that it betrays it felf: 
 
 What 
 
A T>ifcourfe of MEDALS. 213 
 
 What of this fort they lay on Silver, ferves only to Ruft and 
 Canker it the fooner, and is therefore to be cleans'd and gotten 
 off with the Juice of Lemons, or well rectified Spirit of Vinegar ; 
 the Truth is, all other Vernijhes fucceed much alike, and very 
 rarely hit. 
 
 One is alfo to take notice of the Quality of the Metal: For 
 inftance, in thole but lately mention'd of Gordian or Tefcennius, 
 Maxunus, &c. For a Medal (as we have fhew'd) mall be com- 
 mon in Gold, which fhall be very rate in (Brafs, and another rare 
 in Silver, yet very common in Gold and Copper. 
 
 In like fort for Stamp, an Head or Qfyverfe fliall be very 
 rare in one Species, and in another nothing more ordinary : 
 Thofe Medals of the fo much celebrated Corinthian Brafs ( not 
 much unlike to our Trinces-Metal) and fo call'd, as is pre- 
 tended, for being a certain fortuitous Mixture of feveral Metals 
 accidentally meeting together at the Conflagration of that Su- 
 perb and Coftly Ephejine Temple, are generally fufpected; or 
 if any true, very few. There were indeed many exquifitely 
 wrought VelTels faid to be of that precious Melange, but fome 
 expert in Separation, have ingenuoufly confeffed, they never 
 could difcover one Grain of Gold in any of them, tho' Plutarch Pint. Defect 
 affirms there was. 0rac: 
 
 Several other forts both of fBrafs and Copper made ufe of for 
 Money and Medals, are eafily diftinguifh'd of the Skilful by their 
 Colour, as fyd in Medals of ordinary Size ; thofe of the larger, 
 by the Yellow Bronze ■ and fbme that have been ftamp'd upon 
 two different Coppers, difcoverable now and then by the depth 
 of the Infcription, efpecially in fome Medalions of Commodus, 
 Hadrian, &c. But of Medals of the pure unmix'd Metal, there 
 are many very Antient and Valuable, and of feveral other 
 forts of <Brafs and Copper Money there are enough, whereof 
 fbme we find are Silver d over, or Laminated only with a thin 
 Foil of richer Metal, after they have firft receiv'd the Impref- 
 fion, and of thefe fome fince Tofthumius, or lefs Antient from 
 the firft Cxfars, hardly difcoverable without Incifion, or a very 
 nice and accurate Infpection, efpecially about the ^ms where 
 certain Notches ufually appear : And for the better effecting 
 this, Monetartes have melted old Coins, and taking a flight 
 Proportion o Silver, cover'd the Copper, and new ftamp'd it; 
 thele among Medaiifts are called Tlated, or Fttrrd Medals. In- 
 deed by Clefts Riks and lelle- Cracks, one fhall not perceive 
 them, fo inienfibly and by degrees to terminate and loofe 
 
 them- 
 
^ TVifcourf e of M EDA L S. 
 
 themfelves in fuch curioufly Small, and as it were Capillaries, 
 hairy Lines and tender Rays, as in the genuine Antique, which 
 may proceed from the force of the Hammer in the Percuflion 
 and Coining ; but all fuch Accidents happening in Authentic 
 Med.ils, are not for that to be prefently rejected, provided the 
 Type be tolerably Fair : Betides, 'tis good Indication that the 
 Medal is not Moulded, There are likewife fome Silver Pieces 
 (Serrata NumifmMa) indented as it were, which Challenge 
 good Antiquity among the Confular to Auguflus, but rarely 
 after. 
 
 The track of the File is another Care, and which they are 
 fore'd to ufe for the better fmoothing of the Edges, which 
 would elfe appear ftain'd and flubber'd after they have been 
 newly Caft, whereas a true Medal is either curioufly CrennelTd, 
 or finely indented and Cover'd over with a Polifh that feems 
 to be natural : Indeed a Medal may be found a little abated 
 with the File, to adapt and fit it to the Neft of the Cabinet, 
 and yet prove a good Medal ftill ; but one had better widen 
 and inlarge the place, than render fuch a Medal fufpected, for 
 an unneceflary piece of Nicety. 
 
 But to return to Moulding ; Medals are certainly more eafily 
 Counterfeited by carting off in the Flask, or in the Mould, if 
 the Work man be his Craft-Mafter, and have Judgment to 
 Trim and Repair them well ; giving the Profiles and Contours 
 that Spirit, Life and Sharpnefs, which the Antients exprels'd 
 in theirs, together with that Morbidez&a and Tendernefs, which 
 we find in the truly Antient ; neither can they be polifh'd lb 
 accurately, but one (hall detect fome Freckles, which the fineft 
 Sand they can be moulded in, is apt to leave, and which, tho' 
 they endeavour to hide and cover with Varnifli, is nothing fo 
 hard, and confecjuently not fo fmooth, as the more durable 
 Antient : And in cafe they polifh the Fund with any Tool, 
 'twill then leem to have been trimm'd with more Nicenefs 
 and Formality than is Genuine, which has a certain Firmnefs 
 joyn'd with the Polifh that diftinguifhes it : But this is a con* 
 fiderable, and indeed peculiar Addrefs, and fo is the making 
 them to hold Weight according to their appearing Subftance, 
 which is another Criterion. For they are commonly more lax 
 and porous, and lefs clofe and pond'rous than what have pals'd 
 the Stamp and Stroke of the Sledge or Trefs, which renders 
 the Metal more compact : Nay, the very Counterfeit ftamp'd, 
 do feldom anfwer the Weight j fome giving the Modern Pound 
 
 or 
 
A Difcmfe c/"MEDAL& 
 
 or Ounce weight to the Antient fyman, between which there is 
 a confiderable difference. There are yet fome Antient Medals 
 thought to have been Moulded and Caft originally in their 
 Matrices ; from all which 'tis evident, how difficult a thing it is, 
 to light upon a Virgin Medal, and that never has been vitiated or 
 re touch cl. 
 
 One fhall now and then meet with Gilded Pieces, but they 
 are ufually fuch, as tho' haply Antient, are fpoil'd and no- 
 thing worth : But by a like Fraud, were the CaracalU Nummt 
 utter'd, with which that Emperour cheated the Senators. 
 
 Almoft as little valued are thofe alfo (tho' true as to their 
 Antiquity ) which the unfteadinefs of the Vie or Stamp has 
 made, reprefenting Two Heads for One j confounding and 
 dilordering the hjcription by the jumbling of the Letters toge- 
 ther j fuch as we frequently find among the Gothic Coins : We 
 likewife meet with fome Medals of Copper, both Confular and 
 Imperial, which bear fome embofs'd Effigies on the ^eyer/e, and 
 are as hollow as if they were a kind of Moulds to Caft in ; and 
 this happens when in working with the Balance % or other Ma- 
 chine of preflure, the Operator has forgotten to take and remove 
 that away, which has already received the Stamp, and Aid ano- 
 ther in between, which makes one in the fl^el'ievo Convex ; the 
 other inward, and fo become Concave. Laftly, There are 
 Medals ( if fo I may call them ) that are quite plain, the Field 
 without any %tverfe at all, and fome few of thole Antient too, 
 but frequently among the Modern, which are good lor no- 
 thing 5 but a blemifh on the Countermark in lome Medals is in- 
 considerable (fet as it is now and then upon one fide, Tome- 
 times upon the other ) nor detracts it any thing from the Va- 
 lue. Thus we find N. P. R. O. B. M. Not a Probata Monetae, 
 N. C. A. P. R. Not a Cufa d Topulo (Romano, &c. Others there 
 be, which what they fignify is not indeed fo perfpicuous ; and 
 fome whofe Counterfign is (ome one Emperor's Head or more • 
 others with the Amalthaean Horn, 
 
 Moreover, there are as we noted, Medals both of Block-tin, 
 and of bafer Lead, which being skin'd or incrufted rather with 
 a fort of fine Varnifi? or harder Laccar ( compos'd perhaps with 
 fome diffolution of Maflic or Amber in Spirit of Wine, as they 
 do their Japan Work neatly laid on ) have deceived not a few. 
 Others, one fhall perceive to have been fiTd away, and abated 
 at one of the fides lo low, as to make it capable of receiving 
 fome other Head or ^eyer/e new moulded and embofTed upon 
 
zi6 A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 the old, and fo clofely adhering, as not foon to be e/pied : 
 Nay, they will now and then Raife and Carve another Empe- 
 rors Effigies out of fome other Antique Head j for Example, 
 an Otho out of Nero's • Periinax or Tejcennius out of a Severus's ; 
 and fo Families, as of the JEmiXii in Grand Bronze, they will 
 ufually difguife by the Philips, whofe Countenance much re- 
 femble them, and extreamly inhaunces their Value : And what 
 thus they do on Heads, they alio as dexn oufly practife upon 
 ^everfes, by fubftituting fome new and rarer Figure : Thus a 
 Titus with a %everfe of his Father Vefpafian ; Diocletian with an 
 Allocution ; nay, beyond all this, they have the addrefs to flic 
 and divide afunder two feveral Medals, and with a certain te- 
 nacious Cement, joyn the ^everfes of one to the Head of ano- 
 ther, and (b repair and trim the Edges, that 'tis almoft impof- 
 fible to difcover the ingenious Fraud ; yea, they can take off 
 part only of a Relievo, and apply it to another by the fame 
 Artifice and Dexterity ; as the Author of the Science gives In- 
 ftance in a Domitian in dure magno, where the ( %everfe was in that 
 manner feparate, to make room for the Infertion of an Ampin- 
 theater, taken clearly off from one of Titus's ; tho' a very iaga- 
 cious Eye might perhaps efpy fome fmall difproportion or com- 
 mifure, or upon fufpicion, examine where tfiey joyn by the 
 point of a ( Burine or fome fit Inftrument. 
 
 They are likewife able if need be, to alter and change the 
 Title, efpecially where there happen to be but few Letters to 
 accommodate them - } thus a young Gordian has been Metamor- 
 phosd into a Gordian of Africa, by giving a little Beard to the 
 Chin, and by altering P. F into AFR. or AFR inftead of 
 PlVS. which being all of them precious and rare Medals, many 
 are deceived by, only the AVG on the (fieverfe, not at all 
 agreeing wich the Africanus ( which is ever marked with GG) 
 is apt to betray the Cheat to the more knowing Medalijls j fo 
 JEternitas Aug. jEquitas Aug. Adlocutio, Securitas Aug. ever accom- 
 panying the Gordians of Africa. In this the Skilful Seguin was 
 himfelf impos'd on by an Otho that had been form'd out of a 
 Copper Nero, by turning NER. into O0 7 which one would 
 think not fo eafily done, as in thofe SororU Liter* ( Sifter- 
 Letters as one calls them ) C into G. M into N. P. R <?c, 
 which confift of half rounds, or down right Stroaks. 
 
 They have farther, the Art, not only of Repairing as we 
 faid, new Raifing detrite and worn out Letters, but of alter- 
 ing lnfcriptions, where no Letters were at all remaining, by 
 
 refufekating 
 
A Difcourfe f MEDALS. 
 
 refufcitating new ones, Mafiicking them over very Artificially, 
 and polifhing the Funds, that is, in defect of Metal fufficient 
 ( eaten away by the contracted Run; ) to elevate both the Fi- 
 gures and Letters with the Vernifl? - nor is this foon detected 
 without fome fharp and well pointed Tool, which upon trial, 
 they'll find to be fofier and more brittle than the Metal : Befides, 
 one fliall perceive fome places ruggeder, others deeper, and not 
 of an equal evennefs ; but indeed, the too accurate forming 
 of the Letters themfelves does not feldom difcover it ; for the 
 Antient Letters had their Stems lefs ftrait, and were not alto- 
 gether fo beautiful as M for M, &c. 
 
 Mr. Walker informs us ( and that truely ) how induftrious 
 the 'jews ( the beft experienc'd at all Impoftures ) have been to 
 put off fuch falfe Ware, and make Advantage of all thefe kinds 
 of Frauds ; but after all this, there's one Diminution, from 
 which Medals are happily exempted, and for ever fafe ( but to 
 which Current Money is at prefent more than ever, the moft la- 
 mentably and fhamefully expos'd ) and that is, from Clipping, 
 which utterly marring the Rotundity, and injuring the Legenda 
 and Injcription, they cannot put in practice without difcover- 
 ing and quite abating of the reputed Value and due Eftimation 
 of a Medal above the intrinfic Worth, of which more in the 
 Chapter following. 
 
 I had almoft forgotten to fpeak of fome who have endea- 
 vour'd to promote their Frauds by burying Medals on purpole, 
 and out of Defign, near the Ruins of fome ( %oman Works, and 
 then pretend to have found them there by Chance, and dug 
 them up again, as 'tis reported a certain Statuary did, who cut 
 that Tjeudo- Hercules, yet ftandirig in the Teriflyle of Farnefe's 
 Palace (where the true Heicules is fince placed by it) and 
 Sold at a great Price, before this ]aft fo juftly admired Statue 
 was difcover'd ■ whether the Tradition be True or not, I do 
 not warrant : That the other is no infrequent Practice, I do 
 no more queftion, than I do that which I remember Monfieur 
 Feltbien mentions in the Life of the Famous Michael Angelo. 
 It feems that Noble Sculptor ( as well as 'Painter and Jrcbitetl ) 
 to try how far he could impofe upon the Curious in that Art, 
 and Judges of Antiquity, made the Statue of a 'Cupid, break- 
 ing off one of the Arms from the Shoulder, and burying the 
 reft of the Body under a certain Ruin, where they were wont to 
 dig in fearch of Marbles, which accordingly found, paft among 
 the moft Learned Antiquaries, and Skilfulleft Statuaries for an 
 
 F f • Authentic 
 
zi 8 A TH/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Authentic and Unvaluable Piece of Antient Art, till Michael 
 himfelf ( after they all had fpent their Verdict ) produced and 
 fhew'd them the Arm which he had purpofely broken off, and 
 fo exactly fitted the Fracture, as convine'd them of their Igno- 
 rance ( and how fallible the mod confident and affured may 
 fometimes be ) to his great Renown. 
 
 To conclude, 'Tis the Opinion of fome Skilful Medcdifts, 
 that it is almoff, impoflible to meet with Two Medals of the 
 fame Stamp, which has not its Counterfeit attending it ; nay, 
 that when Two Medals of the fame Impreflion be in every part 
 alike, without any apparent Difference, one of them muft be 
 Falfe, if not both, and that every Stamp was made by a feveral 
 Workman, or particular Print j but I conceive ( befides the 
 vaft Expence ) this is not conftant, there being fb often found 
 fuch great number of Medals of the very fame Perfon and Coin, 
 buried as we have fhewed, in places where Old 'Banks of Ex- 
 change, Magazines and Mints have formerly been eftablifh'd, and 
 Treafure hidden. For Inftance, above Two Thoufand Sifoer 
 Medals of Sahina the Wife of Hadrian found at one time in 
 Germany j befides, the very quality of the Metal it (elf, and na- 
 ture of the Earth, impregnated with Niter and other Corro- 
 fives, in which they have lain bedded in fo many Ages ( efpe- 
 cially that which had not been put into Jarrs and Pots accu- 
 rately clofe) mufl needs have confiderably alter'd fome of 
 them more than others ; and perhaps from the Gravers repair- 
 ing them afterwards, the fharpnefs being worn off ; but what 
 ever they be of truely Antique, provided any one of the Tables 
 reprefenting Head or (Reverje be tolerable, a rufty and exeded 
 Medal would not be utterly rejected : but fuch indeed as are al- 
 together wnj^ij and fo blurred by any accident, as to fhew 
 neither Figure, Letter or Hiftory undefae'd, are fitting only;, 
 for the Tinker, but the fmaller the blemifli and defect is, the 
 better. 
 
 Here now might I fet down fome pretty Mechanical ways 
 for the taking off any Medal or Relievo, hollow or extant, which 
 (tho' Curious, and might happiy Gratify the Vtrtuo/i) I was 
 thinking to omit ; but fince it may at one time or other be of 
 life to (Tipply a Series from fome Medal or like precious Intaglia 
 ( which one may fooner borrow of a Friend than purchafe ) I 
 fet down fuch as I have been taught. 
 
 cur 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDAL S. 
 
 I. 
 
 CUT thin frreads of Parchment, fleep them in fair water 
 during twenty four hours, then waft? them "Very clean, and put them 
 into a clean Tipkin over a gentle Fire, till it become a clear and 
 tranfparent Glew • dijfolve I&hyocolla ( Fifh Glew ) in water 
 for two Days, and mingle it with the other oyer a foft Fire, Jlir- 
 ring with a Spoon or Spat al, till throughly incorporated, and of the 
 confiflence of Joyner'j Glew, then percolate and flrain aU thro 3 a 
 clean Lumen Cloth, and fo referve it in a Galley pot for nfe ; it 
 will lafl good for eight or ten Days. 
 
 The Medal or Intaglia you -would make a Mould of, being ex- 
 atlly clean and free from Dufl, flrike over with a gentle Cloth dipp'd 
 in a little Oyl, Jo as only to render it jomewhat flippery j then lay 
 it on a /mall piece of Board, or wooden Trencher, and make a 
 fBordure of Clay of an Inch high, and half thichnefs about the Medal, 
 the Glew being gently melted, pour upon it to the brim of the Circle, 
 and cover it with a Taper to prejerve it from cleaving to any 
 thing elfe ; then place it where it may leafurely dry, but by .no means 
 in the Sun, and it will become Very hard ; the Medal flipping out y 
 you will find ( // on an In cut ) imbofsd, if upon an Out-cur, 
 a Mould to cafl in any fort of Tafle or fine Tlafler j or if you 
 make your Mould in Tlafler, you may cafl therein a tranfparent 
 Medal, ting d with Brafile and Lime-water, Verdigreafe, Saffron, 
 flrain d, mix'd and temper d with the Glew, which is much better 
 than White-Lead or Oakcrs, which are toogrojs and not jo clear. 
 
 II. Another. 
 
 Steep Gum Tragacanth five or fix Days in fair Water, till it 
 be very ftrong of the Gum ; into this flrew the Powder of Chalk, 
 Smault, Red- Lead, Umber ( or what other Colour you pleafe ) to- 
 getber with that fuper-fme Wheat-meal Dufl, which ujually flicks 
 to the Hopper, and other places about a Corn-Mill ; in this, being 
 all well kneaded and impafled, mould off your Medal, firft a little 
 oyl'd as above, and it will become hard enough to polifb or take any 
 Vernifh. 
 
 Ill Another. 
 
 Take of the fineft Wlnte- bread Crums, newly drawn out of the 
 Oven, knead it with your Fingers, and pafs a polling- pin over the 
 
 F f % Dough, 
 
110 
 
 A Ttifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Dough , till it be as (oft and pliant as foft-Wax warmed by the 
 Fire, your Medal or Intaglia a little moyftend, apply it thereon as 
 you would with a Seal, and let it dry in the fhade * you may mix a 
 little Aloes in the Tafte, to preserve it from the Worms. 
 
 IV. Another. 
 
 Take White Taper which is pretty Hrong and not too limber, dtp 
 and moislen it in fair Water, fo as applying it to the Medal it fall 
 gently into, and about every part and fold of the Emboflment, 
 there fujfering it to dry ( as foon it will ) take off the Taper wa- 
 rily and 'tis done. To this 1 add, that it may afterwards be cut 
 round, and neatly pafted down to a Card of fitting fe%e. 
 
 There are other Arts of Cajiing, Moulding and taking off 1m- 
 bojfments made with Wax, Sulphur, Tlafler of Tarts, and ( which 
 is more lafting,and indeed to be preferred) with Lead eafily 
 enough to be done and learned, together with the Bronzing a- 
 mong Sculptors; nay, the whole Myftery of Ingraving, making 
 and tempering of the Stamp and Vie, with the impreffive En- 
 gine, mechanically defcrib d by Monfieur Theltbien in his 
 (Principles of Architetlure and Sculpture, to which accurate Piece 
 I recommend the Curious. 
 
 CHAP, 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 -j 
 
 ZZ I 
 
 CHAR VIL 
 
 Of M I N T S, and of the mo/l S%lfid Artifts, 
 Authors, Colle&ors and Collections ; Hov> 
 to Methodise and T>ifpofe of Medals for the 
 Cabinet and Library, with fome ^fleBions 
 on the Modern Clipping and 'Diminution of 
 Coin. 
 
 AMONGST the many admirable and ufeful Inventi- 
 ons of the Antients, the lofs of the Mechanical Part of 
 the Mint \s to be deplor'd ; but more, that (ince the breaking in 
 of thofe barbarous People who were the Caufe of this Lofs, 
 and of that glorious Empire, it was riot reftor'd to any tole- 
 rable Form or Regulation by any more honeft and skilful Un- 
 dertakers, than fuch as were firft Employ'd about the Money, 
 efpecially in thefe Northern Parrs, and here in England, at that 
 time fo little polifh'd and fo very ignorant, as not to difcern 
 how greatly they were abufed and impofed on, whilft they 
 totally committed the Coynage and Management of the Mint 
 to certain cunning and avaritious Jews, Genoe/es and crafty Italians 
 not at all inferior to the Jews in all the Arts of knavery and dif- 
 honeft Gain. 
 
 It was by thefe that Princes were uni'verfally circumvented, 
 and under pretence of bringing vaft Advantages to the Publick, 
 perfuaded to admit of thefe many Alterations, Debafement of 
 the Species and Advancement of the Coin above its genuine and 
 univerfal Value, which never ended without the Lofs, Impove- 
 rifhment and Ruin of their Subjects, whilft thofe Mifcrearits 
 grew exce/Iively Rich by their Frauds and Extortions. It muft 
 therefore be confefs'd, that We know little more of the Antient 
 Mint, Greek or fyman ; than that every Capital City of the Pro- 
 vinces had commonly their refpective Mints, and (bme of them 
 two or three ( as OF. II. III. MI. &c. ) befides other peculiar 
 Marks. For thofe of Old, the place of Minting we frequently 
 find in the Circular Infcriptions at large , e. g. in that of 
 M. Jntoninus LVGDVNI. and in the Exerg. P. or S. TR. 
 Signata or TercuJfaTreveris. P. AR. Arks, asin one of Helena 
 (Mother of Cwjlantine) CON. OB. Conflantinopoli Obftgnata. 
 
 M.S. 
 
A Vifcourje of M E D A L 3. 
 
 M.S. ANT. Antioch, with the Numerals A. B. r A. <&c. the like 
 of other great Cities, as of the Latin MD. PS Mediolani percujfa, 
 and many befides, which, tho' carrying on them the Names 
 of Spain, Germany, JBgypt, Arabia and other remote places, 
 might yet for all that, be ^pman Coins and Medals, not leldom 
 bearing the Figure or Symbolum reprefenting the Province, as 
 that of the Cony did Spain, which the Learned <Bochartus derives 
 from Saphan in the Phoenician Tongue, to fignify that little Ani- 
 mal abounding in that Country. 
 
 Thefe Monetary Officin& had their TrtfeEli JErarii ( Inftituted 
 by Augufius ) Qu<cflors, Treafurers and other Officers belonging 
 to them ; but the Great and Paramount Superintendent Magi- 
 ftrate of them all, was the Triumvir, Matter indeed of the Mint, 
 and of all the Bandi, Feriundi periti, having the fole Fabrication 
 of all the three Metals, and was of fuch high Authority, that he 
 frequently ftamp'd Money and Medals, bearing his own Head and 
 Effigies, Names and Titles like a King ; but this Priviledge was 
 exceedingly abated by that Emperor, who after he had divided 
 the Government of the Provinces between him and the Senate, 
 leaving to them the Coining of Copper only, referved that of 
 Gold and Silver as Royal Metals to himfelf j wherefore very rare- 
 ly or never, find we any of their Names after Tiberius, tho' 
 the fyman Coin was a long time after current here. Thofe of 
 Silver therefore, in which we fometimes meet the Triumvir, S. C. 
 or in thofe Copper with TRIB. POTEST, <&c. we may look 
 upon as (truck before AuguUuss time. 
 
 The like Offices we are told by Cambden were fettled here at 
 London by the Great Conftantine, who, as appears, Coin'd Mo- 
 ney in the City in Honor of his Father, P. LOND. S. fecunia 
 Londini Signata, or P. L.N. under the Comes Largitionum, toge- 
 ther with the glorious Title of Trtpofitus Tbefaur. Augujlenjium 
 in Britannia. 
 
 Since the Decadency of the Empire, the Antient Money bare 
 ordinarily the Prince's Head, fometimes his Name only, and 
 upon the ^everfe a blunt Crofs or like Figure, with notice of 
 the Place where it was Coin'd, and in others, the Name of the 
 Monetarie and none elfe ( Triumvir-Yikt ) very frequent in our 
 Saxon Coins, and thofe of the Franks, with fometimes a Me fecit, 
 which perhaps might be that of the Grafter, 
 
 Trocopius tells us that the Kings of France did not fee their Pi- 
 ctures at all upon their Money, till they had firft obrain'd Leave 
 of the Emperor Juftinian, tho' le Blanc denies it j and even with 
 
 us. 
 
_A J)ifcmJe of MEDAL S. 
 
 us, when molt of the great and confiderable Payments were 
 made Honefth ( that is by Weight ) it was without any Head or 
 Effigies, whether Gold ox. Silver. 
 
 As in France, where they ftill employ divers Mints, Capital 
 Letters A. B. C. #»c. ( without altering the Infcription ) fliew 
 the place of Coining, as Taris, Lions , Tboloufe, Jix, Amiens, 
 "Rants, gourde aux, Tohiers, See. In like manner with us in 
 England, there were divers Countries and Cities (befides London) 
 where Money was Stamp'd fome upon Occafion for a Time 
 only • others that had Jus Monet*, by peculiar Priviledge. We 
 had a confiderable Mint at Calais in Ticardy, and in fome places 
 more than One, for London had no fewer than Eight • Canter- 
 bury as many within one, Five belonging to the IQng, the other 
 to the Archbifbop and Abbot, ^pchejier had Three, Two the 
 Kings, One the Prelates. Dover, ^eculver in I^ent, in Ejfex, 
 Cbicbesl(r, Lewes, Hajl'mgs, One. Jork, Wallingford, Ipfwich, 
 Shaftsbury, Shrewsbury, Darby, Leicester, WorceHer, Lincoln. Nor- 
 wich, Exceter, Chesler, &c. and as Cowell tells us, there were 
 Mints creeled all over the Kingdom, and wherever the King's 
 Council thought convenient for thofe numerous Fabricks 
 were always very chargeable and highly prejudicial to the Pub- 
 lick by reafon of the Corruption, and therefore wifer Princes 
 reftrained them to as few, and asfoonas poffibly they could. 
 King Charles the Fir [I, Coin'd indeed both at Oxford, Newark, 
 Shrewsbury, and I think at York and TontfraB, but it was in cafe 
 of Neceflity, whilft the ftanding Mother-Mint was, and ftili con- 
 tinues at the Tower, where yet no Gold had been ftamp'd be- 
 fore Edward the Third ; fome affirm him to have been the firft 
 who Coin d Groats, tho' fmaller Pieces were in ufe fince Henry 
 ihzFirfl, and afterwards Half- pence and Farthings, of which, 
 and all other obfolete, fmall and wretchedly minted Coins^ 
 !BritiJb } Saxon, Danifb, &c. fee the Notes before Cambden already 
 mentioned, and what we find in his Remains concerning our 
 Mint at preient in the Tower \ : the Author of England's Hotitia 3 
 gives a particular Account, and of the feverai Officers and Efta- 
 blifhments there, together with their Salaries (very accurately 
 as I believe ) which as to the matter, I have fomewhere read, 
 was heretofore a certain Portion of the Bullion $ and in France 
 (where they had Laws innumerable for the ^eglement of their 
 Mints and Money ) the One and Twentieth Part j and the Offi- 
 cers elected by the Counts and Governors of the Provinces, who 
 fware them about the Alloy, and fometimes ftamp'd their own 
 
 Names 
 
2 24. A Vi/courfe of M E DA L S. 
 
 Names and Effigies upon the Coin, with variety of Infcriptions 
 and <I(everfes y efpecially in thofe of Henry the Third. 
 
 And now we have mention'd Laws relating to theM«tt,one 
 cannot without juft Indignation, but deplore the unfufferable 
 Abufe of it, by that curfed Race and Swarms of Clippers, and 
 their Aflociates in Iniquity, who with an Infolence unparallel'd, 
 and fuch as perhaps no Age or Record of Hiftory ( that of 
 Henry the Thirds excepted, yet not coming up to this Degree) 
 ever mention'd, perfift and go on ftill to juftify their Practice (as 
 if it were no Crime at all ) cho' one of the moft wicked, injuri- 
 ous and diabolical Villanies Men can be guilty of. For (as a 
 See Mr Learned Perfon fhews ) Money being the common Pledge and 
 Fleetwood / Pawn between Man and Man, becomes the Standard and Mea- 
 S rJ™°"fc e ~ fare of the Worth and Value of every thing befides; as often, 
 IA. Mayor, and as long as they ftand in mutual need of any thing another 
 1694. doth poffeis, for a juft and realonable Compenfation. For as 
 to the Effigies and Image of the Prince, it ought not to be look'd 
 upon as merely ftamp'd for Ornament or Honor, or to pro- 
 claim and fet forth Titles only, where or when they Reign'd, 
 but as publick Vouchers of the real and intrinfic Value of the 
 Species and Matter according to the conftant and general Efti- 
 mation of the World ; the Prerogative being in fuch manner 
 concredited by the Subject to the Supream Magiftrate and Reg- 
 nant Power, and to none elfe whatfoever, upon Truft and 
 Confidence of his Juftice and Integrity • fo as he that either di- 
 Lexfalfi a- m ^ n i^ es or fophifticates it, does as much as in him lies, make 
 gainjt Cor. the King as great a Cheat and Impoftor as himfelf, by (as 
 mpters of we fad ) a m0 fl- ignoble, wicked and devil ifh Fraud, for 
 which no Punifhment feems too great to be inflicted. 
 
 Indeed lo fcrupuloufly delicate were they of Old, to prevent 
 thefe Practices, that to protect it from the leaft Diminution/and 
 to fhew how Sacred a Thing it was ; the publick Treafures 
 were ufually kept in their Temples, as both at Delphi in Greece , 
 net a. &de Saturni at %ome, and even in that of Jerufalem it felf, and 
 in their moft fumptuous Sepulchres, which they believed none 
 would prophane and violate, making it highly Capital, and no 
 lels than Sacrilege, that what was dedicated to fo noble and 
 ufeful a Purpofe (as the Subfiftence and Intercourfe of all Man- 
 kind ) fliould be any ways abus'd • thus Dame Moneta became 
 a Goddefs, and even Omnipotent, as fhe ftill continues, and has 
 innumerable Votaries, who ftill make her the only Deity they 
 worfhip. The Romans ( as we noted ) decreed her a Temple, 
 
 accounting 
 
 Sacra Alo~ 
 
A Difcourfe of MEDALS. 225 
 
 accounting her fo Venerable, that Tiberius (though diflblute 
 enough ) made k Death to carry or fpend any thing ftamp'd 
 with his Image into the Lupanar, undecently, and to fo fcan- 
 dalous a purpofe ,• whereas the Chriflian Tontifoi that Famous 
 City, 'tis faid, indulges thofe infamous Places and Shops of 
 Lewdnels, for the Tribute they receive from the wanton Sex. 
 %pmana Scorta (fays the * Author) in Jingulas hebdomadas * ^oooo Da- 
 Julium pendent Tontifci ; qui cenfus annuus nonnuncpuam viginti™"^*^* 
 millia ducatorum excedit,&cc. a pretty Sum for thofe times • for I Set. 
 would be loth to affirm it without good Authority. But now, 
 whether it be afterwards Confecrated, how difpos'd of, or pu- 
 rified by 'Luflrations and Holy Water, I do not inquire j Only 
 I think, that as the price of a Whore was not to be brought 
 into the Sanctuary ; fo there's fomewhere another Text 
 which tells us, Evil is not to be done, that good may come Rom. 5. % 
 of it. 
 
 That now our current Mdl'd Moneys have all this while been 
 lefs obnoxious to this injurious Practice of Clippers, is certainly 
 due to either a lefs degenerate Age, or the Contrivance of the 
 Grcumfcription about the Tranche or Edge of the thicker Pieces, 
 and Crenneling of the fmall and thinner, which for ought I 
 know, is Modern, and its Inventor (who ever he were) wor- 
 thy the Honor of Medal himfelf ; whether due to Monfieur 
 <Blondaau, our Induftrious Rawlins, or Symon (Brother to the 
 late fqualid Embojfer) Gravers of the ^pyal Mint to King 
 Charles the Firjl and Second, or improv'd by the Direction 
 of (Sir <Ralph Freeman's Succeffor) Mr. Slingsby, to whom I 
 fuggefted the Veens <sr Tutamen out of a Viniet in Cardinal de 
 ^ichlieus * Greek Te ft anient, printed at the Louvre, hinder- * k«w»9. 
 ing his intended Addition ( in Armis ) which neither would B ' K * ? ty ' 
 have become the Imprefs , nor flood gracefully in the 
 Circle. 
 
 As to the Engine, Mill, Balance and <Prefs now in ufe ( by 
 which not our Tonfors only, Clippers and Falfe Monyers, but 
 fbmetimes Great Perfons among them were much defeated of 
 their Practice in France ) whether arrogated or juftly chal- 
 lenged by Monfieur le Blanc, to have been the Invention of his 
 Country Men, I undertake not pofitively to determin ; fince 
 I find Hierom Cardan, fpeaking of one at Venice (where that 
 Noble Mint, the Zeccha is Eftablifh'd ) who long fince (he fays) 
 deviled an Engine, which both Stamp d, Cut and funded Money 
 by one Operation only, for which he was Rewarded by the 
 
 G g State 
 
zz6 A Vifcourje o f M EDM S. 
 
 State (as well he deferv'd ) with an ample Penfion : But that 
 it was firft of all fet up, and. pra&ifed here with us, before the 
 French, is ingenioufly acknowledg'd. 
 
 The Combination of thofe concern'd, was it feems fo power- 
 ful, as to engage, not only the Hammermen, but the very Court 
 of Monyers it felf to decry and damn the Invention , fo that 
 Monfieur Briot, who pretends to be the Author, and had in- 
 deed given fo many convincing Proofs of the perfections of it 
 (fuperior to all others for preventing the Milchiefof Diminu- 
 tion ) being difcourag'd, and defpairing of Succefs, came over 
 into England, where he fet up his Machine, and made the No- 
 bleft Money in the World : Nor had France, perhaps till this 
 day, ufed the Invention, if ( out of meer fliame of their Mi- 
 ftake and Reproach ) their Great Chancellor Seguier had not ob- 
 liged them to re-call, and at the fame inftant erect it at Talis, 
 which was about the Year 1 645. when firft they began in ear- 
 ned to leave the Hummer , and fell to ftamping their Golden 
 Lovifes, and fincethat, to imitate our Circumfcriptton about the 
 Edge, of which I have already fpoken. 
 
 But this Abufe of Coin was it appears fo univerfal, that in 
 the time otCharlemain (tho' at no time fo notorioufly fcandalous, 
 as with us at this day ) the Emperor order'd that no Money 
 fliould thenceforth be made, but in his own Court (and there 
 is a Piece infcrib'd Talatinu Moneta) fo as wherefoever the 
 Prince removed, the Mm with all its Inftruments and Work- 
 men followed j which calls to mind, how in almoft the like 
 Circumftance the late French King Lewis XIII. did not think his 
 Mint fecure from thefe wicked Practices, until he had housed 
 it in the Louvre, which, that great and worthy Minifter and Vir- 
 tuofo, Monfieur de Noyers, placed in the fame Apartment with 
 * Monfieur the %pyul (printing- Houfe ; that ( as my * Author adds ) he 
 Freart. m ighc allie together Two of the moft univerfal and moft per- 
 manent Monuments of Kings, 'Books and Money, fpreading them- 
 lelves over all Nations, and remaining for many Ages. The 
 exceflive Abufes found in the Years 1635 and 39. both in the 
 Title and Weight of the greateft part of the Coin ( as well of feve- 
 ral other Countries as France ) which had been changed or de- 
 ftroyed, flood in need of timely Reformation : Nor was it 
 poffible to remedy it on the fudden, without putting Commerce 
 into very great Diforder, and was therefore for a while conniv'd 
 at. But as this dexterous and public k- forked States man or- 
 der'd it, he well knew how to derive the greateft Advantage 
 
 to 
 
A Difcourfe o/MEDALS. 
 
 227 
 
 to the Benefit of the People, and Honor of the King, by Poli- 
 ticly permitting, and indeed authorizing the Abufe, which 
 could not elfe have been fo eafily encounter'd ; whilft: in the 
 mean time, it invited thofe of all the neighbouring Countries 
 and States in hope of Gain, to Tranfport into France all their 
 Light Gold and Stiver which they had, and which remained 
 there, by reafon of its being decried a few Months after, bear- 
 ing now the Arms of France, and Effigies of Lewis le Juft, by 
 that noble Converfion which he order'd to be made of it. 
 
 Whilft this ftrange Matter was united to ours, he alfo fought 
 out and difcover'd prompt and eafy Expedients of giving it that 
 excellent Form which fince it bears, Curing at the fame inftanr, 
 and by the lame Remedy, both the prefent Inconvenience, and 
 that to come. Thus we fee that its juft and equal Q^oundnefs, 
 the Grenetis which is about it, and the Toliture which is on the 
 flat of every Piece, not only defends it from the Clipping, the 
 File, and Operation of Strong-Waters, but even renders its Imi- 
 tation in a manner impoffible to our Fal/e Coiners ; fo as we 
 may affirm of this Money, that itisthemoft Artiftly contrived, 
 and the moft commodious that was ever us'd in Commerce, 
 there being ftamp'd in lefs than four Years time, above an Hun- 
 dred and Twenty Millions, and that after fifteen or fixteen Years 
 that the War had laded, and the Kingdom feemed to have been 
 utterly exhausted, ere. 
 
 Perhaps this Paflage, of which I gave Account more than 
 thirty Years fince, in a Dedication to his late Majefty CharUs II. 
 might have been taken notice of, the Inftance being fo pregnant, 
 and (o like our prefent Ca(e 
 
 But as fome Kings and Emperors were Famous for their Care 
 in reforming thefe Abufes ( Aurelianus calling in all the Coun- 
 terfeit Money, and giving out New, to obviate the growing 
 Mifchief and Confufion ) fo there were others as Infamous for 
 their not only neglecting it, but for doing worfe, in not only 
 conniving at them, but who did themlelves vitiate and debaie 
 their own Coin. Such of old among the ( I(pmans (after the 
 Age of Commodus, whofe excefles had fo debauch'd the People ) 
 were thofe from Gordum to the Toftbumi, when they began to 
 pervert the Standard, which fo long as that Wife and Glorious 
 Empire religioufly maintain d it in all its Purity, did infinitely 
 prolper • fo as <Plmy fpeaking of the Ifland of laprobane, tells W,wmcai. 
 
 poxdtr* dtnmi ejitnt m 6*pttva pecnma t cum dtverfa imagines indtcartnt d fluribus faciei 
 
 G g % that 
 
2i8 A Ttijcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 that the moft Barbarous Nations at vaft diftance held friendly 
 Commerce and Correfpondence with the Romans, looking 
 upon them as juft and worthy People from the conftant Value, 
 Goodnefs and Integrity of their Money. But no fooner did 
 they once give way to the adulteration or railing of their 
 Money beyond its real worth ; but the Government it felf grew 
 degenerate, and foon fell after it ; Nor is there a more fatal 
 Symptom of Con/umption in a State, than the Corruption and 'Dimi- 
 nution of the Coin ; under which denomination I comprehend all 
 other Practices on the Species, however dignified by Names and 
 Character. The very Truth is, to put a King's Title or Effi- 
 gies to unweighty Money, and not of authentic Value, is ( as 
 we faid ) to render the Prince himfelf a Faux Monoyeur, or as the 
 V? ci L! ^ earnec ^ * Pafquiers Expreflion is, donner un fouflet au G{py, and 
 bouffet Majefty. Thus Henry VI. diverted, or perverted ra- 
 ther, by the mean and beggarly Shift of Alchymy and other So- 
 phistications, cndeavour'd to fupply his Extravagances, as after 
 him another profufe Henry of ours, until his Renouned Daughter 
 Q by more wholfome Counfel reforming it) reduc'd the Stan- 
 dard to the Purity of Edward the Fourth. But it was our Firft 
 Bdward t who firft of all eftablifh cl the Engltfb Sterling from its 
 ambulatory and uncertain Motion and Value, and which alL 
 the wifer States of Chriftendom did imitate afterwards. This 
 calls to mind another Edward ( that moft hopeful and incom- 
 parable Prince the Sixth of that name) who having as yet hardly 
 arriv'd to the Thirteenth Year of his Age ( upon Confideration 
 of themiferable Plight to which his profufe Father had brought 
 the Coin ) took fuch Care and Pains to inform himfelf of the 
 State and Condition of the Mint, Exchange and Value of Money, 
 • Ordinal h and to Regulate thofe Matters, as (by turning over the * Journal 
 Libw^anA wr i cten ' n his own Hand ) I find among other grave and ferious 
 now pu'b!i(h- Remarks he did, fo far exceeding either the ulual Capacity or 
 *R*formf' ^ ears °^ an ^8 e f° Immature, as it reproaches thofe who being 
 Boo!TiL much more Advanc'd, minded nothing but trifling, childifli or 
 Pm u vicious Diverfions. 
 
 To ftep a little back again to the Hiftory of thele depraved 
 Cuftoms abroad ; It was about the Reign of Charles the Simple, 
 that moft of the Great ones (efpecially Governoursof Provin- 
 ces, Caftles and principal Cities) took on them to Coin, and 
 looked upon the Priviledge as it were hereditary and indepen- 
 dent ( for fo did they fometimes here in England too, tho' it 
 lafted not long) but the Mifchief became fo infupportable by 
 
 reafon 
 
A Vifcourje of MEDALS. 
 
 reafon of the Corruption, that when the King would have ab- 
 rogated the caufe of the Abufe, he found it fb very difficult, 
 that he was fain to give it over, and content himfelf with a 
 (mail proportion to difcharge the Mintage, and this was thought 
 not a little Progrefs. 'Tis in the mean time evident ( as to that 
 of France) they might thank themfelves and their perpetual 
 Quarrels with England, from the very Reign of their Famous 
 St. Lewis (and above all, that of Philip the Fair and Charles IX. 
 when we endanger'd France , as it now does us ) which mov'd 
 them to debafe, and yet to inhance the Value of their Coin, to 
 the unfpeakable lofs of the Publick, and difhonor of the Prince 
 and Government; the mixtures being two third- parts of Copper 
 to one of Silver, fo as three Veniers of the New Money, was 
 not worth above one of the Old, and the Effect was accor- 
 dingly, namely, an univerfal Decay of Trade throughout the 
 Nation ; and io very odious was the Practice, that within little 
 above an Age part, there being but a very fmall part of Coin 
 decried in Aquitain ; the Detriment was fo grievoufly refented 
 by the People, that they no more computed from the Year of 
 the Lord, but from their Vecurtata Moneta, and debafement of 
 the Coin. What prodigious Confufion this unworthy Shift, 
 and falfe Polity oiP^aifing and Sinking has feveral times wrought 
 in Spain and Portugal ( notwithstanding all that affluence of 
 immenfe Treafure from both the Indies ) the lamentable and 
 aftonifhing fudden Ruin of that late formidable Monarchy 
 fhews, as well as of many private Perfons within our remem- 
 brance, and may in great part be imputed to it ; whilft their un- 
 fatiable Avarice, Ambition, Cruelty and Injuftice, may and 
 ought to be a Document to other Princes and Potentates, who 
 think to eftablifh their Grandeur by indirect Policies, however 
 for a time, they feem to flourifh and carry all before them. But 
 to return to thole Corrupters once more. 
 
 Henr) the Fourth of France began to Reform this Evil, but 
 foon they relaps'd, until the Father of the prefent King attemp- 
 ted the Regulation, and at lafl: ( not without exceeding Cla- 
 mour and fedicious Commotions) hardly, and with difficulty, 
 effected it. We meet indeed with fome fair Pieces of Henry the 
 Second ( by fome Invention imitating the Prefs ) which were 
 Coin d in the Jar din des EjluVes,Kn. 1553. ^ uc lt n€Ver arr i v ^ to 
 perfection, till Monf. Varin, lntendant of the Mint (whom I knew, 
 and who was himfelf the moft Excellent Artift any Age fince 
 the Greek and %oman has I think produc'd ) took in hand, and 
 
 us'd 
 
230 A Vifccurfe of MEDALS. 
 
 us'd the Mill effectually, as we had in Tome fort before, wit- 
 ncfs thole Pieces of our Edward VI. and his Glorious Sifter 
 Queen Elizabeth, which we may efteem as Medals : And happy, 
 happy I pronounce that State and Kingdom, whole Princes 
 (as both thefe, efpecially the latter) make it their early Care to 
 preferve the Standard, intrinfically valuable, by a Law as Sacred 
 and Inviolable as that of theMif and Terfians. This le 'Blanc 
 himfelf acknowledges to have been done in England only of all 
 the Kingdoms, not of Europe alone, but of all the World be- 
 fides. And undoubtedly, Money, ( which is All tilings in 
 Power and Effect ) fhould be made as near as is poflible, of 
 fuch proportion of Alloy, Weight, Value and Security from Di- 
 minution, as the Species is worth in Metal, whac 'tis pretended 
 to be in Payment, exclufive to the Fabrick, <&c. as near as 
 may be, and as when of old, it was cut from the (olid Lingot j 
 and then let Men in God's Name traffick freely with it, as 
 with other Commodities, it will never prejudice the State. 
 Where this is honejlly obferv'd, there will ever be moft plenty 
 Mo °^ ^ one y» an< ^ tnac S fate an ^ Kingdom the moft flounlhmg : 
 '* Mart- What People then would defile their Fingers with their Monnoy 
 Noire, and other fictitious trafh, light and vitiate, however 
 blanched with adulterate Mixtures, or endure the genuine Metal 
 fhould be ftretch'd beyond its real Value ? The pernicious 
 Conferences of which, is abundantly made out, by that our 
 Learned and Judicious Antiquary, the late Sir Robert Cotton, both 
 before Queen Elizabeth and King James the ErB, and the Lords 
 of the Council • and finceby Sir William Tetty, whofe Catechifm 
 (as I beg leave to call it) and Thoughts about this Matter, 
 coincident with that of Sir Chriftopher Wren, and lately ( fince 
 the writing of this ) the incomparably Judicious and Learned 
 Mr. Lock, with the worthy Author of the ^Yiew, I prefer to 
 any thing I have hitherto met with, pretending to anfwer the 
 prefent ill-boding Exigences under which we luffer. 
 
 It were eafie to deduce the Original and Caule, State and 
 Progrefs of Money itfelf, from the Rifing, Culminating and 
 Meridian, to its decline and aimed fetting in our Hemijphere, 
 as to Goodnefs and Integrity : For fo it firft flione brighteft in 
 the Easl, as we learn from Sacred Writ, when they dealt by 
 Weight j and the moft ancient Records of Hiftory, where 
 there is any Record of Credit from the firft and middle Ages 
 and of the latter, for Species, Character, Value, Fabric, Sec. out 
 of <Bud<tus, Jgrkoh, our Brerewood, Malines, Sir Thomas ^oe, 
 
 Mr. 
 
A <Difcourfe of ME DALS. 
 
 Mr. Vaughan ( an Excellent Piece ) and Lift or Omnium, the 
 moft laborious tQocfous de Airano, whither the Curious of An- 
 tiquity may relort for the Metal, Standard, Coin, Laws, Abufes, 
 and Remedies, together with the Charge of the Treafwer, and 
 other both high, lubordinate and Inferior Offices and Officers 
 relating to Money the Confultations of the moft politick 
 Princes and States upon the greatefl: Emergences, and in general, 
 for whatlbever eife falls under this ample Subject, in I think 
 all the poflible Difficulties which ufually arife, incident to this 
 important Branch and Nerve of the Power, Juftice and Pro- 
 fperity of a Nation, Historically deduc'd, and that with German 
 Induftry. But as it fuits not altogether with my purpofe to 
 compile a pompous Volume out of fo many Authors, as have 
 dilcuis'd this Argument ( and which were eafie to do by Men 
 of leifure) fo mould I not have nam'd them here, but for this 
 Oblervation, that by the univerfal Suffrage of them all ( I am 
 fure, of the moft Learned, Judicious and Able of them all, I 
 dare appeal to all the Politicks from Ariflotle to !2W/«,and fo forth 
 for Two Thoufand Years ) the railing of the Value of Money 
 at any time beyond its real Worth, has been almoft equally 
 decried and condemned with the very worft of Sophistications, 
 Debating and Diminution of it, and from the conftant Expe- 
 rience of the fatal and deftructiv eConfecjuences which have ever 
 attended it : One needs but to read the Story of Livius Vrufus, 
 the Diforder caus'd by thol'e Practices until Marius Gratidianus, 
 who had his Statue erected by the Commons, to which in Ve- 
 neration they burnt Incenfe, for his Care and Regulation about 
 the Mint. 
 
 On the other hand, how foul a Stain it left on the very beft 
 of the ^oman Princes, as oft as they yielded to thefe falfe Expe- 
 dients, their beft Hiftorians have acquainted us ; nor indeed 
 was it at all to their Credit, that even in their greatefl: Extre- 
 mity of the Tunic War, they had recourfe a while to this ignoble 
 Shift ; feldom or rarely pradtifed but by Tyrants, the negli- 
 gent, vicious and profule of all that Government, and never 
 failing fore-runners of Calamities enfuing both in the Wefl 
 and Eajlern Empire alfo, from thefe nag^^ra!, an< ^ debau- 
 chers of the Species fbon after Conftantine to fo many Ages, 
 until it was broken at laft in Pieces like the Fragments of their 
 antient Coin. 
 
 The Divifions and perpetual Quarrels about (Religion, be- 
 tween the Orthodox Arms and other Sedts ( as now afrefh 
 
 revived 
 
i A Vtfcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 reviv'd again amongftus) menacing a no lefs total Subverfion, 
 than what let into Europe that Inundation of Saracens, lurks, 
 Goths and other barbarous People, are melancholy Profpecls. 
 Let us but compare the Times, Periods and Revolutions, pre- 
 fent Schifms and other Circumftances of this Degenerate, Fa- 
 natick and Self-Interefsd Age ; and how little of generous and 
 publick Spirit, moral Probity, fober Bravery and true Cbriftian 
 there is among us, with the Caufes and Accidents of thofe De- 
 folations in the EaHern World ( fubject to that once Glorious 
 Empire) and fee if ever any Age did more refemble it, and whe- 
 ther fomething like to Turcifm (befides Coffee) do not at laft 
 emerge and fpring from this Cataclyfis and Medly of Opinions 
 abounding among us 3 and no (Religion : Nor let us imagine or 
 flatter our felves with an Impoffibility of falling into the like 
 Circumftances. Thofe who lived in thofe yet flourifliing 
 Countries and brighter Days, among the moft polifh'd Greeks, 
 doubtleis as little dreamt it poffible that the Succeffors of the 
 7 tpJtiologtfantacuzent, Noble and High-born Torphyrogeneti fhould 
 7 from their Illuftrious Race (Heirs of Crowns and Scepters) 
 ; literally now be keeping Sheep and feeding Camels in barren 
 ; and fandy Deferts ; that the whole Pofterity of that once proud 
 and conquering People fhould lo(e both their Religion, Country, 
 Laws, Liberty, Eafe and Splendor, nay, their very Language and 
 Native Tongue ( the moft Learned, Copious and Univerfal 
 under Heaven ) in far fhorter time than any Nation we ever 
 read, or I think, heard of under it/ 
 
 Nor am I much departed from my Text by this Preachment 
 or Prophecy (call it which you pleafe) whilft I fhew what dread- 
 ful Confufions naturally flow from, and attend the lupine Ne- 
 gligence of fo long fuffering this Diminution of our Treafure 
 (which a more timely Care and Thought might have pre- 
 vented ) and extream difficulty of redreffing and recovering it 
 to its priftine Courfe and Value. Ob ft a Trincipiis is as infallible 
 an Aphonjm for healing of the Body Politick as any in Hippocrates 
 for the Natural ; the moft dangerous Evils creep now and then 
 infenfibly, when if neglected, they oft become irremediable 
 or defperate. The Source of ours is obvious 
 
 Concijum Jrgentum in titulos 
 
 with other concurrent Circumftances $ and if the Ruin of the 
 Athenian State was fore-told, becaufe the G{ats had gnawn and 
 
 eaten 
 
 Jwv. Sat. 
 XIV. 
 
A 'Dtfcourfe of MEDALS. 235 
 
 eaten flatos Commonwealth, what may thefe Vermin, Clippers, 
 Corrodcrs, ^egraters, and vile Perverters of the Riches and vital 
 Subftance, not of an Ideal, but of a %eal Commonwealth and 
 Kingdom fore-bode ! I wifli at leaft, it may not prove a fata! 
 Indication ( among other Omens ) of fome furprifing and pub- 
 lick Mifchief, if not prevented for the future by fome fpeedy 
 ana effectual Courfe ; for 'tis not enough to Coin, ^e-coin and 
 make good the Faulty, without future Caution and Sanclions 
 inviolable. 
 
 In order to this, I was glad to find that fo many able Per- 
 fons, had by the Prudence of the Lords of the Treajury, been 
 encouraged to take this Article into their ferious Thoughts, and 
 by the Search and Recital of many antien: and pertinent Records 
 ( we fhould hardly ever have elfe infpected ) given us the 
 * Hiflory of our Mint and Coins ; whilft tho' I own the great* By Mr. 
 Satisfaction I received in Reading their Judicious Remarks, I L ?™ as ™j 
 muft at the fame time acknowledge, that I always wifh'd there %wk Ex- 
 might fome Expedient be found, which might ( if poffible ) chequer, 
 lupply the Nece/Ticy of altering the Value and Eftimation °^1\q//sL 
 the Species beyond its intrinfic Worth, which has (as Ihaven/x Ac- 
 fhe wed ) in all Ages and Exigences proved To mifchievous in the cm t ts » &G - 
 Event. 
 
 In fliort, whatever pretends to add or detract from the Value 
 of Money, muft of neceffity Influence, and infenfibly Affect 
 all that's, neceftary, not only to the well-being, but to the very 
 Form and Ejjence of a Kingdom. All Pacts and Covenants, 
 Bargains, Obligations, Eftates, Rents, Goods, Credit and Cor- 
 refpondences whatioever (becoming dubious and uncertain) 
 muft fink and be at an end : If once People want wherewith 
 to purchafe Bread ( which includes and comprehends all other 
 Neceffaries ) the Fifque and publick Treafure fupplied by the 
 People fuffers in all its Branches and Relations, as the moft 
 fiouiifhing Tree does from its wither'd and dried up Roots 5 
 and that State and Nation becomes Defencelefs and a Prey. 
 Let France ( as formidable as now it feems ) be Inftanee 5 in 
 the often named Philip the Fairs Reign, when it lay fo dan- 
 geroufly expos'd. 
 
 'Tis true that of early Days, even herein England, fuch 
 things had been done : Richard the Fir ft corrupted the Coin al- 
 moft Six Hundred Years fince and that after Henry the Second, 
 the Firft Edward ( a Wife and Prudent King ) had in good'inea- 
 fure fixt the Standard, and fettled uniformity of Money j and 
 
 H h that 
 
i ?+ A Difcourfe of MEDAL S. 
 
 that Noble and Renowned Prince Edward III. ftating its Value, 
 did raife it alfo aliquoufque, and that it has fince frequently been 
 vitiated, efpecially by the incontinent King Henry the Eighth ; 
 but all this while, to the infinite Detriment and Difhonour of 
 the Nation, until (as we (hewed) that Fortunate and well- 
 confulted Princefs Elizabeth, intirely reftor'd it to its genuine 
 Value and antient Dignity. And here agaki 'tis worthy 
 Remark, that the moft profperous and glorious Potentates, and 
 mod beloved, were even thofe who took the greateft Care to 
 prefervc the Species chaft and intemerate ; Inftances we have in 
 Charles the Great, in whofe time the Weftern Empire was in its 
 higheft Afcendant fince the (Roman Ctfars ; as on the contrary, 
 how prodigioufly it funk and languifh'd, as often as they fell 
 to Tricks and ignoble Shifts, even to the late German Empe- 
 * Notts in r °r s » u p on which the learned * Teller ( fadly complaining, for 
 Klock : want of timely Remedy, fufFering fuch wretched Leaches, that 
 Se thefe* as w * tn US ' ^ perfifted to abufe the Publick) breaks out into 
 Qu£ nunc y this pathetic Exclamation ( and fo may we ) Morbum ipfum 
 t,,..mM»*"- j) eus curet ( tne L or( j nave M erc y on us) <ts* itte qui eum in 
 
 ^Tolnimpenr tents reprefentat : For if his Majefiy, and thofe in Power did 
 mfiro 'xi n0 t fpeedily take the Cure into their Hands, Conclamatum efl, our 
 ^lam fru Condition would be defperate, and the Nation ruined. What 
 ftra bmc France has fufTer'd we have fhew'd in Philip, and from him till 
 T»J°o Utie- Carles the Fifth, and therefore call'd the Wife for his Care 
 ms Jefuda in re-fettling his Mint on a firmer Bafe 5 but after which it hor- 
 vermt wi ribly relaps'd in Charles VII. and IX. and frequently fince,- but 
 
 paiam nevcr without its pernicious and natural Conferences. 
 eft. ' But now fince we are fall'n into this fore Calamity, the Dif- 
 
 ficulty is, how to heal the Wound,fupply the prefent Deficiency, 
 and not only feek whence to derive a timely Stream equivalent 
 to that which is iffued out, but to remove the Dams and Impe- 
 diments that obftrud the flowing Current, till which, to be 
 lure, it mud and will continually be finking, and the very 
 dregs and pittance of what refts, be raifed, to a yet greater lofs, 
 be the prohibitions what Superiors pleafe. 
 
 There was a time ( not long fince ) when fpirited with 
 Zeal and wanton Eafe, the ahufed People, and of all degrees, 
 fpontaneoufly brought in their [ Tlate : Many maffively great 
 and other Pieces of curioufly wrought VeHels a I my felf beheld, 
 batter 'd and defaced to flatnefs, by the rude Sledge and crow- 
 ded into the Melting-pots in Guild-Hall ( which was fiird to 
 to the Roof almoftj upon the Credit of the publick Faith, to 
 
 ruin 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 nun the beft eftablifh'd Church and kingdom under Heaven ; and 
 I little queftion, but would they do To now to preferve what 
 God has fince reftor'd,and fave from the Danger it is in, by a 
 free and generous Oblation of it, without any future expectation 
 of being re-imburs'd by fo infupportable a Tax, as will be ne- 
 ceflary to anfwer the mentioned Lofs ( but which muft at laft 
 come out of their own Pudes and Eftates ) it would almoft, 
 if not altogether, heal the gaftly Wound : And who that were 
 touch'd with a true Zeal and Affection to his Native Country, 
 would not be ready chearfully to part with the moft (plendid 
 Superfluities, and eat and drink with more Content and Satif- 
 faction in Earthen-Difhes and Wooden-Cups (as the brave 
 Romans did whilft they were truly brave) rather than in the 
 brighten: Cold and Silver, to fupport a finking Nation ? Were 
 this and all the imprifon'd and undiminished Money produced, 
 and none of it lurTer'd to be Hoarded, Cull'd, Clipp d, privately 
 Melted down or Trai if ported, or what is falfe Imported, upon 
 any unjuftifiable Account ; and all Commodities necefTary td 
 human Life, Decency, and of daily life, rated in fome tolerable 
 proportion to the prelent Exigences, and by no means left in 
 an Arbitrary manner to be inhaunced by the IngrofTer and Re- 
 tailer, as inevitably it muft, and will be unlefs prevented ; and 
 that Money rife not beyond its real Value ( what ever Laws 
 or Edicts be provided againft it ) it would go a very great way 
 to our Relief in the prelent Circumftances. But if this be too 
 hard a Chapter, and look more like a Platonic Notion, than pra* 
 cticable in this lelf-Interefs'd and degenerate Age,let us acquiefce 
 and leave it as becomes us to Superiors,and to Expedients juftified 
 by fuch folid Funds, as the collective Wifdom of the Nation 
 {hall think proper and moft effectual, which upon no Pre- 
 tence, Screfs or Occafion whatever, lefs than immediate Pre- 
 fervation, imminent and inevitable Ruin, ought to be diverted, 
 much lefs invaded, In a word, were there a round Impofition 
 ch^'d all future Superfluities, with a total prohibition of 
 other Luxuries of Parade and Shew, by ftanding, welkexe- 
 cuted Sumptuary Laws (yet with diftinction of Qualities) as 
 it would create a' marvellous Change, and for the better, lb 
 would it loon compeniate the parting with the want of many 
 unneeeffary and coftly Trifles, which minifter to our Extrava- 
 gances, and make Men eager to obtain them at any Price, 
 Better, far better were it that a few Shops of Voluptuary Arts 
 and Traders in Modes and fantaftic Drefles, as well as— — . — . 
 
 H h % and 
 
2? 6 A T>ifcourJe of M ED A L S. 
 
 and other Publicans, with the whole Tribe of Demetrius and 
 the Crafts- men were reduc'd or confin'd to their former Shop- 
 Trade only ( and would in fome States, and fuch Exigences 
 be obnoxious ) who evidently obftruct, garble and drain the 
 very Vital of the Nation. I fay, better they were totally abo- 
 lifh'd, fupprefs'd and broken, than a whole Nation be undone, 
 as unavoidably it muff be, if fuch, and other unfatiable Gulphs 
 be not flopped $ and that God Almighty raife not up fome 
 Wife and publick fpirited Patriots, to ftand in the Breach, and 
 fet their Hands and Heads to prevent it, with all imaginable 
 diligence. In the mean while, let thefe worft of Men ( and 
 as one calls them, Ultima Satan* Excrementa ) beware the Fate 
 of Stephen <Barbet and his Fellows, who from the like fordid 
 Gains (and from nothing of Family or confpicuous Vertue) 
 rais'd themfelves to Ejlates of Princes in fo fhort a fpace, and 
 by unknown Extorfions and Depredations on the Publick, made 
 Vaft Pur chafes, rofe to mighty Fortunes, and built fumptuous 
 Palaces in the Reign of the (o often mentioned Philip. The 
 defer ved Juftice inflicted on him and his Complices, may be a 
 timely Warning ; that ill-advis'd and unhappy Prince, fadly, 
 but too late, and on his Death-bed, attributing all his Mif- 
 fortunes and the lofs of his Subjects Affection ( the greateft 
 Jewel on a Prince's Crown ) to his rcmiffnefs in this Important 
 Concern. Farther Inftances might be produced of the like Ca- 
 taflrophes ( befides what befel in Turkey in the Reign of Amurath 
 the Fourth, Brother to Ofman ) in other States of Chrifiendom. 
 But I am tedious and beg Pardon for the Liberty I have taken, 
 with good Intention, fince 'tis hoped we may, and fhill find 
 great Effects from his Majefty's great Care, the prefent and en- 
 luing Parliaments, and the Confutations of thole Gentlemen of 
 the Council of Trade. But to look for, and to carry it on, Cre- 
 dit muft be reftored, and the Reputation of our Exchequer by 
 protecting of our Ships and Mercantile Commerce abroad, 
 which can only bring home thofe Effects to replenifh it a and 
 which would be of infinitely more Advantage to us (and far 
 lefs chargeable ) than all our Efforts on France, enrich'd by fo 
 many Thoufands of ouxVeffels, and Millions of Treafure taken 
 from us. And now after all, tho' I fhould expect but little 
 Thanks of fome for what I have faid, yet, I comfort my felf 
 with the Senfe and Suffrage of all, to whom the true and folid 
 Intereft of the Nation is dearer than their Lives. And if I 
 fore-tell that what I have predicted fpring from the natural 
 
 Conlequences 
 
A "Difcour/e of MEDALS. 
 
 Conferences of the Premifes ; it is what I have fortified with 
 undeniable Inftances and irrefragable Truths, unleis all 
 Europe, and all the negotiating World befides, agree to Revcrfe 
 all that their mod prudent Anceftors have upon the long Expe- 
 rience of fo many Ages and Turns of Governments, fettled and 
 built on, as the moft reafonable and lafting, fince there would 
 otherwife be no boundary or end of Railing, DepreiTing and 
 Cheating, till all fell to the Ground. 
 
 In the mean time, of This I am morally certain, and muft 
 adhere to as a fteady Maxim ; that the only juH and righteous 
 Expedient muft be to make our Money of equal Finenefs and 
 intrinfic Value, under whatfoever Denominations or Shifts we 
 can devife as to fmaller Pieces, &k. to ferve the prefent NeceU 
 fity pro hie & nunc, during the Coinage and Scarcity of greater 
 Sums, which fhould hold and be paid in full Weight-, fince 
 after all , 'tis not Vultus Impcratoris, Figura Imprcffio ; no, nor 
 <Proba Materia alone j but P O N D U S and Weight which ren- 
 ders Money truly valuable to all intents and purpofes. This 
 effected, and Money reduced to its Primitive Inftitution ( when 
 Mankind dealt honeftly and ftncerely with one another) we may 
 hope for a <Blej]ing from Almighty God. 
 
 But now c dhwticulo in viam. 
 
 From Mints and Money to Medals again, come in the Names 
 of the moft celebrated and experienced Artifts who have not 
 only approach 'd, but almofl exceeded the Antients. 
 
 Cavifto, the famous Tddoan and Tarmefano were of thofe who 
 did Wonders in this kind with New Stamps : The firft with 
 great Force, the latter with more of the Delicate and Tender. 
 They were ihefe who skiU'd to imprefs a New-cut Stamp 
 upon an Old Medal, fo as hardly to be difcern'd from the Ori- 
 ginal, unlefs it were that their Works, tho' full of Spirit, yet 
 the ^lieVo not altogether io bold and extant, render'd fome 
 of them the Iboner lufpe&ed. Such in fine they were, as to 
 this Day, and ever will impofe fometimes upon the moft 
 confident and knowing, and fuch it feems as in Veneration of 
 their Excellency, have their graving Tools and Inftruments 
 kept as great Rarities, amongft the Curiofities of the Library 
 of St. Genevieve at Paris ; for lo are thole of the f armegiano as 
 Q(eliques of no fmall Value. 
 
 Of this Oafs was the Vmcentino, 'Bellas, Leon Leoni, and ano- 
 ther, who, as I am told, being for a Capital Crime at ^ome, 
 
 adjudged 
 
2? 8 A Vifcourfe o/MEDALS, 
 
 adjudged to fuffer Death, is faid to have pleaded, and obtained 
 his Pardon, thro' the Favour of a certain extraordinary and par- 
 ticular Law, that whatever Criminal can prove himfelf to be 
 the moft excellent and confummate Work-man in any ufeful 
 Art or Myftery ( like lome Felons here with us, obnoxious to 
 the like Punifhment, are indulged their Book in Favorem Vtu, 
 and to incourage Learning) may Challenge (fome Crimes 
 excepted only, as in particular Falfe Money) the Benefit there- 
 of in Favorem Artis, for the firft Fault. Nor were the Antients 
 without ingenious Counterfeits, injurious to the Public, llnce 
 Pliny reports it of one who had Honors done him for his Sagacity 
 in detecting Frauds of this nature. 
 
 The beft and choiceft Medals for the Workmanfhip (Gold and 
 Silver) were fuch as had been graven at ^pme and in Italy, with 
 S. C. by Order of the Senate, or upon the Place in the time of 
 the Great Auguflus: Nor were they in mucfc 1 els perfection 
 when the Noble Hadrian caus'd Medals to be ftamp'd with ex- 
 quifite Sculpture, and after him Commodus and other of the Em- 
 perors, for Prefents and Largefles, of which already. The reft 
 Coined in the remoter Provinces and Dominions, did nothing 
 refemble the Originals, and became therefore the more eafily 
 difcover'd j befides, that they frequently drefs'd them in fome 
 odd unufual Habits or Ornaments not properly dfyman, as like- 
 wife by the Subftance and Fabric of the Pieces themfeives, fome 
 of them being deeper, fome fhallower, nor in the fame Metal. 
 { I(oman Medals are more eafily diftinguifh'd by their univerfal 
 accuratenels ; the ^Egyptian by their Edges ; thofe of Syria by 
 their thicknefs, as the Spanif? by the contrary, fhallow and lLghjr 
 Relieve. 
 
 We have in George Vafariess Lives of the moft Famous fain- 
 ters ( wherein he mentions Sculptors ) the Mechanic Part of 
 Medal- cutting in any fort of Metal or Precious Stones, together 
 See Budetius with the Temper of the Matter ,• the Machine, Tools and In- 
 Art^cuden ^ ruments t0 inkulp and prepare the Mould and Matrices, but 
 da Momt*. which is fince exceedily improved by Monfieur Feltbien whom we 
 have already mentioned. 
 
 There were fome who thought that Medals were firft Caft, 
 and afterwards had the Stamp applied to make^ne Work deeper ; 
 but how this could be effected in Caft and molted Metal, 
 which renders it exceeding brittle, I cannot well conceive. 
 
 To return then to our Mafiers, Excellent in their kinds at 
 prefent, are, if living, Hameranus> < Bo/JJer, Goujon, Carteron, and 
 
 above 
 
A Ttifcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 above all Varin, of all the French Modern, the rareft Mafter, 
 both for his Art and Improvement of the Mint whilfl: he go- 
 vern'd it. Engravers among us were Symons, Rawlins (already 
 nam'd ) and now Mr. Harts, Cbriflian, &c. laudable for many 
 Productions of their Skill and Ingenuity } whilft Monf. <3{pue 
 and his Sons continued their Fathers Travel, who have given 
 the World fuch proof of their Abilities in performances of this 
 kind, as may rightly paragon them with many of the cele- 
 brated Antients. After all, 
 
 For the Honor of our Countrey-men, I cannot here omit 
 that Ingenious Trial of Skill which a commendable Emulation 
 produced in a Medal I have feen perform'd with extraordinary 
 accuracy, by one I lately mention'd, who having been defer- 
 vedly imploy'd in the Mint at the 'lower , was not willing to 
 be fupplanted by Foreign Competitors. To make this good, 
 I need have given no other Defcription, if the following Type 
 of the Piece it felf had reach'd the Original ( which indeed it has 
 not ) yet reprefents the Figure, and about the %ȣ,the Artifts 
 appeal to a f rince who was an exquifite Judge. 
 
 Omitting the ufual Infcriptions on the Tables] the %mb is as 
 follows. 
 
 Thomas Simon tnoft humbly frays your Majefty to compare 
 this his Tryal-Piece with the Dutch 5 and if more truly Drawn 
 and Embofs d, more Gracefully order d, or more accurately Ingraven, 
 to fylieye him. 
 
 This laudable Contention was it teems in the Year, 1 66 j. 
 
 Of 
 
A Vi/courfe of M E D A LS. 
 
 Of this Rank and Form (befides Giovanni del CaVuo, and a 
 Son of his ; Gellini, Leone Aretino, Jacopo da TreJfo,Fred. Bon^aga 
 and the incomparable Giovanni Jacopo ) Gio: del Cornivole comes 
 in, who was fo call'd for his rare Talent of working in Cor- 
 nelian, improved by the Milanese Cameo, who firft recovered 
 the Art of Intaglio in the Onyx and other precious Scones, after 
 the Antient manner had been loft and neglected 1500 Years. 
 Next to thefe Ptetrp Maria de (pefcia, Marmida and his Son 
 LodoYic, Valerio Vmcentino ( already nam'd ) who had been in 
 England in the time of Queen Elizabeth, and left a Sardonyx, 
 which I think he cut here, reprefenting the Head of that Re- 
 nowned Heroine, inferior to none of the Antients. There was 
 likewife Micbelino, who with LodoVic and Vincent had gotten 
 fuch Fame for Counterfeiting antient Medals and fuch another 
 was Luigi Arichini and Alejfandro Crtfari call'd the Greek, fo highly 
 Celebrated for that Noble Medalion of Tope Taul the Third 5 and 
 the Head of fhocion the Athenian, which he cut in an Onyx, com- 
 parable by univerfal Suffrage to any of the Old Mafters. To 
 thefe might be added Antonio de Qtyffi, Cofimo de Tre^p, Fran, 
 ^aibolini, Philip Negarolo, Gafpar and Gerolamo Mifaroni, Tietro 
 fPauloGaleotto, Tajiorino di Sienna ; not omitting the Renowned 
 Tharodoxus of Milan. Fran. Furrims, Severus of %avenna, Trecia of 
 Milan zKo, who is faid to be the Firft, who with wonderful 
 Succefs, cut the King of Spain s Arms on a goodly Table Dia- 
 mond, no Man hitherto having adventur'd to encounter that 
 unconquer'd Stone. 
 
 From what has been faid, I fliall only obferve, that it be- 
 comes one that would be an accomplifh'd Medalifi, not only 
 to be well acquainted with thefe great Mafters, and their way 
 of Deflgn, but to be able alfo to perform fomething in the 
 Manual part it felf. For fuch were thofe Virtuojl and Ingenious 
 Spirits, the Illuftrious Giovanni Baptijla of Sienna, ^ojfo Giugni of 
 Florence, Gentlemen of Note j as at prefent, the no lefs Skil- 
 ful Monfieur Morelli, who both Deiignets and Ing»ayes the 
 Medals which he publifhes. 
 
 But of this as to Gravers, I hfve long fince given a fuller 
 Account in my Hiftory of Chalcography to whic^ r ad,U the 
 Preface of Molmet, who has 1 &ecorded\^4e Namei^ .ofitl^.Ce- . 
 lebrated Medal Cutters and others, for near^tfiefe TwJ^Jdl4>«dred!. 
 Years paft, and by whom they were refbmVd h$m\C9fting xot/ 
 Stamping after the Antient manner. 
 
 >Y :>fIj ni zctv&lu 8$v/ uohsmncD Mt-Luri iu\T 
 
 And 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 14.1 
 
 And now fince co the perfect Underftanding of Medals, not 
 only in refpect co the Beauty and Elegancy of the Workman- 
 fliip, and difcovery of Frauds and Impoftures j but ( for what 
 this Difcourfe is principally intended) the Ufe and Benefic to 
 be deriv'd from themj nothing can more conduce than the 
 Study and Direction of fuch Authors as have with greateft 
 Judgment and Succels written on, and cultivated this Subject: : 
 I (hall here prefent the Scudious with the Names of the moft 
 reputed Authors and inftructive Nomifmatographi. 
 
 Monfieur du Choule, a Noble, Curious and Learned French- 
 man, did about an Hundred Years fince, publifh a Difcourfe 
 of the Religion of the Jntient Romans, worthy perufal,as giving 
 lingular Light to this ufeful Science, which feemed almoft to- 
 tally neglected till within about half a Century before, when 
 certain Learned Perfons in Italy, efpeeially of the Illuftrious 
 Houle of Medices ( as 'Bigotius tells us ) began to cultivate and 
 review the Study of Medals ; chief among thefe were Andreas 
 Fulvius Urfinus ( augmented lately by Dr. Vatin ) for the 
 Confulars and (Roman Families, and above all, as moft accurate 
 of any for likenefs to the original Sculps and Defign. And for 
 Injlitutton, the moft Induftrious Hubert Golzjus, whom we find h <z$/ 
 dignified with the Honor of being made a Citizen of <%ome for 
 his extraordinary Talent in that his laborious and ufeful Work, 
 for the Greek Cities efpeeially, and for the Elements of this 
 Study, as explain d by Nonius; where alfo of the Fajli and ^ / 
 (${pmanTriumphs,&.c. Like wife Anthony de [ fois, GorUm,Wolfangm^ r ^\ ? ^ 
 Latins ; the Dialogues of Augufiinus ( another fit Author to . ' tnt )^ l j naf ^ 1 
 begin with) George Sambucus, Triftan a St. Amante, one of** * \ o^«<V 
 the firft who treated of the Greek Imperials Learnedly j but \ n Vf™j.™Xw 
 this to blame, that he fill'd Defefts with fome Medals defign d^"^ ; UH nc ^ 
 from fuch as were imperfect and drawn by Fancy, ToffeYm,"^?^ ' 1*V 
 Cuperus ; Bemalarius of Antwerp for moft of thofe in Gold, as<^ F^l^UaCo v* 
 (Putin thole of Silver Falconerius, Teter Bellorius, Oyfelius andA» M*tn,: J-vriut- 
 Gevartius for ordinary Medals, Ten^eliuss Selecla Numif??iata, Oa/c wl-./* t > r: 
 &c or as Alphabetically recited by Suarejius, not forgetting ^ $v 
 Monfieur Toynard, the late Dr. Spon ( Companion in Travel 
 and Inclination to thele laudable Studies, with the worthy 
 Sir George Wheeler ) whofe Learned ^efearches on this and di- 
 vers other ufeful Productions have exceedingly obliged the Cu- 
 rious. To thefe add Hulfius's Twelve CeJ ars ,<P anVmmss Fa/li, 
 Savotius for the Metal, Weight, Value, Type, Argument, Sec. with 
 fuch as have explain'd any particular Medals : As that Difler- 
 
 I i cation 
 
t A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 tation of Cbiflet de Otbonibus treis j Falconerius de Nummo Apa- 
 menji ; T>e Camps upon a GreeA of Ant. Car acedia j 
 hhj de Nummo Britannko ; Gronovius de Sejlertiis-, Conrbigius of 
 the SWfe, &c. Dr. Pari?*, de Nummo Hor. Coclitis, and 
 
 of that where the Emperor Auguftus is with Plato, which minds 
 me of the abovementioned Cbiflet's Socrates, fh>e de Gemmis in- 
 fculp'd with the Image of that Philofopher, &*c. Jo. Macarims 
 Abraxas de Gemmis Bafilidianis, and fuch others as have written 
 Learnedly upon Intalia in Seals and Stones of Price, Jacobus de 
 Wild his Nummi fygum, and of the Kingdoms, Regions and 
 Cities illuftrated by Medals ; to thefe I add Albertus (Rubens ( Son 
 of that late famous Painter ) who has publifli'd a DilTertation 
 in Latin concerning Medals ; Adolpbus Occos Imperials, with the 
 Count Me^zaBarba : The firft, namely Occo, Alphabetically and 
 Elegantly enough explained, of ib univerfal ufe as may no 
 more be wanting to a Medalifi, than a Dictionary to the Learn- 
 ing of a Language. Befides, we have in that Induftrious Work 
 an Account and Series from the Great Pompey to Heraclius, which 
 is as long as any Medals were tolerable, together with a juft 
 Character of their Perfons, and a fuccinct Hiftory of their 
 * Lives and fignal Actions out of the moft approv'd Authors, 
 with Hiftorical and Chronological Notes, the Year when ftruck, 
 and upon what occafion ; in fhort, a Work acceptable to the 
 Curious, and fuch as may ferve for an ample Repertorie on 
 many Occafions 'tis pity we had not what was expected from 
 , him of the Greek. Since thefe, Authors of the firft Clafs (and 
 . which are not to be pafs'd by without a thorough Acquain- 
 tance ) are Monfieur Faittant's Seleucidarum Hifloria and Latin 
 Colonies: Canges Byzantine Hiftory and for thofe of the <Bas 
 Empire : The Jefuite Hardouins Antirrhetic, and other Pieces on 
 this Subject to be reckon d amongft the moft Learned that have 
 written ; together with the Illuftrious Spanheim, of whofe 
 abfolute and incomparable Vijfertation de pr^ftantia I? ufu Nu- 
 mifmatum, nothing can be faid too much to recommend it for 
 Fruit and the Advantages which it fhews may be gathered from 
 the Culture of this noble and ufeful Study. In expectation ftill 
 of Monfieur Morellh fo long promifed Work, an Account of 
 which we have in his late Specimen, and of his wonderful Indu- 
 ftry, to the delineation of no fewer than Twenty Tboufand feveral 
 Medals Rare and Antique, preferved or any where to be found 
 in the Cabinets and Collections of the greateft Princes and curi- 
 ous Perfons of Europe, and this above Twelve Years fince-, 
 
 How 
 
A THfcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 r — 1 — — ; — ■ . 
 
 How many then certainly by this time ! All of them drawn and 
 defign'd by his own Hand, with the greateft accuracy, which 
 is a peculiar Talent and Addrefs, hardly to be found among 
 our skilfuleft Painters themfelves ; Medal Figures having a cer- 
 tain Air of Antique, free and eafy, different from other De- 
 fign, be the Sculpture never fo Curious, and better fucceeding 
 in the naked Contour , without hatching to fet them off ; but un- 
 der which the Medals in this Difcourfe have fuffer'd to pleafe 
 the Book/eller, who was fo much charm'd with the Hollandia 
 Metallica, that I could not prevail with him to fpare that Coft, 
 during my almoft continual abfence whilft they were En- 
 graving ; Jed nuttenda Lec, and to conclude, Monfieur Morelle 
 bringing up the Rear ; there will be left little more behind to 
 the full and intire AcompUpmient of this part of Erudition. Ic 
 is yet moft true (after all we have fpoken of thofe Excellent 
 Authors for Knowledge and Direction) there have been 
 miftakes fometimes made : Gol^jus, Occo, Me^a Barba and 
 others not excepted , tho' perhaps in fewer Inftances ; and 
 therefore worthy is the Undertaking of Monfieur Morelle in fe- 
 parating the fulpected Medals of Gol^ius and the reft, from the 
 genuine and truly Antique : But as it were next impoflible, 
 that among fo many Heaps and Numbers, the moft Sagacious 
 flbould not fometimes Err and be impofed on, fo may it cau- 
 tion the moft circumfpect and critical Medalifl in examining 
 all the Circumftances hicherto mention'd, and that it requires 
 no flight Induftry and Skill as well as Learning and Modefty, 
 before one does too confidently adventure to Build or Support 
 any part of the ferious Hiftory, or other weighty Matter upon 
 the Reputation of Medals only j tho' of all Records ( tranf- 
 mitting to us antient things ) they prove the moft Authentic 
 and certain Reporters, preferable to any other, whether Tales, 
 Itifcriptions, Fasli or Memories whatsoever - fince albeit, thefe 
 were alfo very numerous, fet up and exposed in all the re- 
 moteft Parts and Provinces of that Vaftand Extenfive Empire ; 
 Medals, for being chiefly ftruck at ${ome, the Capital City, and 
 Miftrefs of the known World ( to which from all its Domi- 
 nions, the knowledge of the greateft and moft renowned A- 
 (5tions came and were cxamin'd ) muft needs be of the greateft 
 Credit and Eftimation. I have only one more to mention 
 (highly deferving for what he has lately publifhed on this Ar- 
 gument ) and that is the Learned Mr. Walker, whofe Book, 
 tho' printed fome Years after this was firft written, might 
 
 I i 2 well 
 
A Vifcourfe o/MEDALS, 
 
 well have anfwer'd all that was neceflary to the knowledge of 
 this Science, had not this been engag'd to the Stationer, and in 
 the Printers Hands before. 
 
 There now remains thofe of the Modem, whereof Luckius is 
 one of the firft, who fee forth his Sylloge of many Uluftrious 
 Perfons of the laft Century ; Typotius, Molinet and Boffier, Medals 
 of the Topes , Cardinals and Eeclefiafticks ; Jaaues de Bie, la France 
 Metalic ; to him add the Jefuite Meneftrier : But none who have 
 taken any considerable notice of Countries and States compara- 
 ble to what is wanting, befides the Abbot <Bi?ot and his Conti- 
 nuator, in that of the Republic of Holland by a flngle Inftance, 
 and of which we have already given a large Account. Some 
 others there may be, but thefe I fuppofe may fuffice to furnifh 
 the Metalic Library, and ferve for Direction ; in the mean time, 
 as to the reft, fuch as travel abroad, will not neglect vifiting 
 the leveral Cimeliarcha and %epofttories of thofe Noble Perfons 
 and others, whofe Curiofity and Genius has inclin'd them to 
 to the Cultivation and Adornment of fo gentile a Study and 
 Diverfion, taking along with them the Advice and Directions 
 of the Learned and Induftrious Tatin, ( with Sir George Wheeler 
 and Dr. Spons Voyage into the Levant ) who has given the 
 Publick an Account of the Royal Ga^as and Princely Trea- 
 fures to be any where met with of this kind thro' all Europe y 
 For fuch Eminent Collectors have been Charles the Fifth, ( ^udoU 
 phus, and indeed all the German Emperors fince to this Day; 
 Frederick King of Denmark, Queen Chriftina of Sweden, the late 
 Charles Prince Elector, Prince Leopold of Florence, and all of the 
 Medicean Family ; %anuccio Farne^e gathered by the Cardinal 
 Alexander his tinkle • the Cardinal C. Barberini, the Counts 
 Soderini, de Maximis, Mafcardi, Morojtni, and Gar^oni - La^ara 
 at ^ome, Venice, Verona, Tadoa, Sec. as indeed every great and 
 learned Perfon in Italy, who have to their Libraries, Cabinets 
 richly fufnifhed with Medals and the like Antiquities. So in 
 France, efpecially among the great Officers and Minifters of 
 State, not for Oftentation, but fome of them as Knowing as 
 Curious ; fuch as Lomenie, Count de Brienne Secretary of Scate, 
 HarUus Procurator General, Chancellor Seguire, the late Mon- 
 fieur Colbert, the Abbe Seguin, with others innumerable, which 
 has caufed the French King ( who is doubtleis Mafter of the 
 greateft and beft Collection of Medals in Europe) among other 
 his indeed laudable Munificences for the encouragement and 
 promoting of Letters, to erect an Academy where the Medalifis, 
 
 Antiquaries 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Antiquaries and Vtrtnoji, meet and confer at his Palace of the 
 Louvre. 
 
 Now albeit among our own Country- men, we are but fome- 
 what thin of Writers on this part of Erudition j yet had we, 
 and ftill have many Worthy and Illuftrious Perfons both Know- 
 ing and Curious, whofe Collections have done Honor to them- 
 felves and to the Nation ; Thorns Earl of Arundel and Surrey, 
 Earl Marfhal of England ( that Great Mec&nas of all the politer 
 Arts, and boundlefs AmafTer of Antiquities ^ had in that rich- 
 ly farnifhed Cabinet I mentioned, as rich a Collection of Me- 
 dals gathered by Daniel Nifum ; the like had the Great Duke of 
 (Buckingham ,the Marquis (afterwards Duke) Hamilton , Sir William 
 <Pa/lon, Grandfather to the prefent Lord Yarmouth, who I fup- 
 pole, is ftill in pofleflion of them, as of other his Choice Col- 
 lection of Rarities ; Sir Simon Fanjhaw of Ware-Park ,• Sir 'Thomas 
 Hanmer of Hanmer, whilft he lived, my moft worthy Friend; 
 the lace <I{alph Sheldon of Wefton Efquire, now in the Hands of 
 his Virtuous Kinfwoman Mrs. Frances Sheldon, late Maid of 
 Honor to the now Queen Dowager ; John Harvey Efquire, late 
 Treafurer to her Majefty the Queen Dowager ; Sir James Long of 
 Draicut ; Elm Ajhmok Efquire, both lately deceafed ; and 
 amongft our more Eminently Learned Antiquaries, Sir Robert 
 Cotton, Grandfather to the prefent Sir John Cotton, who perfift- 
 ing in the fteps of that Illuftrious Perfon, is ftill augmenting the 
 un valuable Treafure of Medals and Manujcripts, obliging the 
 Learned World by his Generous Communication of what has 
 been (o left, and is fo improv'd by him. What fingular Ufe 
 our Learned Cambden ( whom next I am to mention ) made of Not* ad 
 his Collection, to juftify and adorn his Britannia, is to be feen Brit.Numt/i 
 every where in that Glorious Work, as alfo in that of Mr. Speed. 
 Add to thefe Sir Henry Savil and Spelman, Sir Simon dEwes, our 
 Learned Selden, Skjohn Mar /ham, Mr. John Greaves, Mr. Brere- 
 teood, &c. and at prefent living, the Right Honourable Earl of 
 Peterborough, Dr. Sharp Archbifliop of York, the Right Ho- 
 nourable Sir William Trumbal late Ambaflador sxConjlantinople and 
 now Principal Secretary of State, Sir Edward Sherburn 5 my moft 
 Honoured, Learned and Worthy Friend ( and now Old EelUw^/i frnjf&j *f 
 Traveller ) Thomas Henjbaw Efquire, Abraham Hill Efquire, Iv4r. Ca»*e*&*y 
 Falkner, Dr. Johnfon, the Learned Mr. Laughton of Trinity h** ^^o^LL' 
 College in Cambridge, inferior I am told to few, Mr. Guillhard, ^ 
 cum multis aliis. 
 
 And 
 
xU A Vi/courfe of M E D A L~S. 
 
 And that even the Ladys may not be defrauded of the Honor 
 due to the Favourers of this Noble Diverfion, the Lady Ann 
 Boynton (Daughter to John late Earl of ^pchefier) who I ana 
 told, has not only made a Curious Colletlion of Medals , but is 
 herfelf very Knowing in them. 
 
 There are doubtlefb many others whom I have not the Ho- 
 nor of being known to, and fhould have enrich'd this Catalogue 
 with their Names and Merits always referving a more diftin- 
 guifhing Recognition, with infinite and particular Obligation 
 to the prefent Earl of CLARENDON, whofe molt am- 
 ple Collection of the moft Noble Medals, and Glorious Medalions, 
 both for Number and Choice ( together with what of Modern 
 he has contributed to the Type here exhibited ) is worthy the be- 
 ing reckoned amongft the moft Illuflrious, and his Lordfhip 
 for many other lingular Favours, to be ever mentioned by me 
 with the greateft Regard. 
 
 Nor may I ( on this account ) forget Mr. Charleton of the 
 Middle-Temple, without fignal Ingratitude and want of difcern- 
 ment, who has ( befides a Glorious Collection and Univerfal 
 Series of the G{areft Medals ) a Cabinet of other Natural and 
 Artificial Curiofities, far exceeding for Choice and Perfection 
 any that I have met withal Abroad, or believe will eafily be 
 found in Europe befides. To which let me add, not only his 
 extraordinary Knowledge of the Treajure he poflefles, but the 
 Obligingnefs and great Civility of a moft Generous Perfon. 
 
 I conclude this %ecenfton where indeed I ought to have begun, 
 when I mentioned the Great and moft Illuftrious Perfons of Eng- 
 land ( emulating the moft celebrated Cabinets of the Greateft 
 Princes of other Countries ) namely, that (Royal Colletlion of Me- 
 dals at St. James's, begun by that Magnanimous and Hopeful 
 Prince Henry, and exceedingly augmented and improved by his 
 Brother King Charles the Martyr, from the Teftimony of his own 
 Learned Library- keeper Patrick Junius ( in his Notes on 
 St. Clement's Epiftle to the Corinthians) Qyem locum (fpeaking 
 of St. James's ) Ji Vietnam Tinacothecam, Bibl'iothec* celeberrima con- 
 junclam : Si N U M I S M AT A Antiqua Gr<zca, ac Rpmana ; 
 Si ftatuas Signa ex JEn & Mar more conjideres j non immerito 
 The/aurum Jntiquitatis & Ta/Ataoy Infirutliffimum nominare potes,8cc. 
 Car.Vatin To which add, that of another Learned Medalifl, Carolus <Pri- 
 lamtl. Rcm. mus m e y[ a g m <B r itanni<z (Rex, ceteris Europe Trincipes omnes hoc 
 poJJeJJionumGenere, vincebat; which how at this Day impair d, 
 and miferably imbezel'd, not only by the (Rebels during the late 
 
 Civil 
 
A Tttfcourfe u/MEDAiS, 
 
 Civil Wars, but even fince, thro' the Negligence of others, is 
 of deplorable Confederation ; if any hopes yet remain of its re- 
 vival again to fome tolerable degree of Luftre and Repair, wc 
 muft beoblig'd to the indefatigable Induftry of the late Super- 
 vifor, the obliging and univerfally Learned (whilft he lived 
 my excellent Friend ) and lately deceased Monfieur Juftel; and 
 from hence forward to the no lets accomplifh' d ( in all folid 
 Learning and feverer Studies ) Dr. Bentley, his worthy Sue- 
 ceffor. 
 
 This for the Books and Manufcripts, among which there are 
 ftill many Choice and Ineftimable Volumes, befides the Fa- 
 mous and Venerable Alexandrian Greek Bible of St. Tecla ; but 
 the Medals have been taken away and purloined by Tboufands, 
 and irrecoverable. Their late Majefties had yet a very rich 
 and ample ColleSlion, which I well remember were put in Or- 
 der, and Methodiz'd by Mr. Ajhmole, loon after the Reftaura- 
 tion of King Charles the Second, which I hope, and prefumc 
 may be ftill in being and to be recovered. 
 
 Let none therefore reproach our Country, look or fpeak de- 
 fpifingly of Medals ( thofe Immortales Charts and (Perennial Re- 
 cords ) as Pieces of Canker d Brafs and Rufty Copper, without 
 that Regard and Veneration due to Antiquity, and what the 
 greateft Emperors, Kjngs and Famous Perfons, Knowing and 
 Learned Men have honoured and cultivated with fo much Coft 
 and Induftry for the Public Good : But ( as of old, thofe who 
 could fhew the Heads and Butts of Renowned Anceftors ) let 
 us rather call the Lovers and Improvers of this fo Noble Study 
 ( and with as much Right ) Homines multarum Inuginum, with- 
 out reproach, and being brought upon the Stage. 
 
 And now in the laft place lomething fhould be laid concer- 
 ning the Method of Ganging, Marjhalling and Tlacing of this 
 Learned Treafure. 
 
 In Order to this, one may confider the (everal Sizes and Vo- 
 lumes 5 thofe of the Grand Bronze or Maximi Moduli ever in the 
 firft place, as excelling all the reft for the Excellency of the Re- 
 lieve and Hiftorical fyverfe ; among which fome yet thruft in 
 thofe of a lefs Size, and on the contrary (according as they Fancy) 
 ranging the larger among the Medii <eris for the fake of a rate 
 Otbo, Antoninus, a Vrufus or Germanicus j every Size deriving ics 
 Eftimation from the Learning and Inftruction of the %r<jerfe> 
 preferable to the Head and Effigies. 
 
 Thofe 
 
A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Thofe of the fecond and next Model, take the next place as 
 much more fruitful in variety of ^everfes, Greek and Latin Colo- 
 nies, &c. than thofe of the firft ; and thofe of the very leaft Size, 
 have their peculiar Value, as they greatly ferve to fupply the 
 Cbafmt and Interfaces of the other two, efpecially of the lower 
 Empire. 
 
 A Series of the firft Volume in Are magno ( as we long fince 
 noted ) hardly reaches below Vojlhumus, and fuch as do are 
 exceeding Rare, and as meanly wrought : But of the fecond 
 Model, the Collection is not difficult, even as low as to the 
 loweft Occidental fyman Empire, and Oriental tPaleologues, or 
 as far as down to Heraclius ; not but that there were more Me- 
 dals of them, but that Men did not care to enquire after things 
 fo wretchedly defign'd. 
 
 A confequence of the fmall Copper and minim* form*, is 
 yet more common and eafily procur'd tofurnifh the lower Em- 
 pire, even to the laft of the Greeks ; but from Julius Coefar, 
 where ufually they did begin ( namely to the Pofthumi) 'tis hard 
 to compleat a Saw, and in a manner, impoflible from Tbeodojtus 
 to the <PaUologi, without a mixture of Gold, Silver and fome ex 
 tere Medio : In fliort, were it to be compafTed, one fbould 
 ehufe not to mingle Si^es, or indeed any that were of different 
 Metal. But this is a Curiofity for Great Trinces to accomplifh, 
 and that with Difficulty too, as well as Charge; and there- 
 fore advifable to aim rather at a Series 6f either Species and Mo- 
 dels by themfelves, and of what Metal foever in cafe of necef- 
 fity with thefe Infertions as occafion offers, and take them as 
 they come to hand. 
 
 Augufius is common in all Volumes and Sizes, fo the Colonies 
 in the middle <Bron%e ( for they ftruck no Medalions ) and are 
 with others rare in the Greater ; and thus affifted by them all, a 
 Curious and Induftrious Perfon may be Mafter of a very hand- 
 fome Cabinet of Medals, without any confiderable Interruption 
 from the Period of that Glorious and Renowned Commonwealth 
 by the ambitious Julius, to almoft the prefent Age, andjuftify 
 the Hiftory of near Two Tboujand Years, which is more than 
 any profane Hiftorian or good Author extant, pretends to do 
 upon the fcore of his own Authority. 
 
 You now will ask, in what Method it were befl: to place this 
 Learned and Venerable AfTembly ? Doubtlefs, the mod Natu* 
 ral according to theit Antiquity and Chronology, beginning with 
 Heads and Efigies. 
 
 Now 
 
A Vifcourfe (MEDAL S. 24.9 
 
 Now Heads (as our Authors fhew) may be confidered 
 under Five Capacities. As firft, %tngs, Greek and Latin in 
 general or particular, of which we have given us the Hiftory 
 of fome, and of their SuccefTors, as in that Excellent Account 
 of the Sekucim Potentates by Monfieur Vaillant : Under this 
 Head come in others of the Greek, and even of the Jews, Nu- 
 niidians, Tunic, Tarthian, Armenian, Arabs, Spanip?, French, Goths 
 and Barbarians, all of them ufeful for Illuftration in their 
 turns. 
 
 After thefe the Cities, Greek and L<tfm alfo, as well before as 
 after the Foundation of the ^ptnan Empire, to the number of 
 above two Hundred only Greek : Here entei? thofe Colonies and 
 Municipia which give fuch Light to the antient Geography; 
 Gol%ius, the above-named Vaillant, and efpccially the very Learn- 
 ed Hardovin on Tliny may be confulted, who gives us this 
 Note j That the Heads upon thefe Medals ( for fome have none 
 at all ) are either the Genius of the Place, or fome Deity which 
 they had in Veneration there ; but of this I think, I have fpoken 
 already. 
 
 Under the Third Head are ranked the Confular or ( %oman 
 Families, of which there be at prefent 1500 Medals. The 
 Head of %oma, fome Deity or Charrioted Vitlory on the ^everfe, 
 did firft appear upon their Money. But after thefe ( which are 
 not confiderable for their Erudition ) entred the Monyers and 
 their Relations who took their Liberty, as did the Triumvirs 
 and others, to (lamp what they pleafed without control, until 
 Julius as we fhewed, put an end to their freedom and antienc 
 Government, and fet his own Effigies on the Coin. Here OUr 
 Collector may have recourfe to Urfinus and his Continuatbr 
 Dr. Tatin, who marfhals them Alphabetically. Whatever elfc 
 the number of thefe may be, there are counted a Thoufand of 
 Silver only. 
 
 Next thefe come the Imperial, efpecially from the firft C<efar 
 as far as to the thirty Tyrants, thence to Conftantine, and down 
 even to Heraclius, decaying in Sculpture with the decadence of 
 the Empire : For thefe fee Occo improved by Count Me^abarba. 
 Noting, that they may be continued with both the Orient and 
 Occidental Emperors, almoft to the prefent, amounting to a 4 vaft 
 number. Laft of all fucceeded the Deities in Head, <Bujl and 
 whole Figures with their proper Symbols and Attributes, and 
 thefe followed by the Heros, Heroines, and other Brave and 
 Renowned Perfons Greek and Latin, accompanied by the 
 
 K k Famous 
 
15 o A TUfcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Famous Legiflators, miofophers, Mathematicians, Pbyjicians, <Poets, 
 &c. 
 
 In feating them according to their ^e^er/es ( which are in- 
 deed the mod Inflructive and fulleft of Learned Variety ) they 
 appear 'd at firft as meanly as their Heads : But no fooner did 
 the Monetaries and Matters of the Mint begin to Illuftrate and 
 Adorn their Medals with their own Exploits ( as fbmetimes ) 
 or of their Anceftors and Relations ; but the %everfis became 
 confiderable, and fought after by the Curious Antiquary, efpe- 
 cially fuch as afterwards the ^pman Emperors themfelves and 
 their Flatterers caufed to be Ingraven and Stamped with utmoft 
 Art, exprefling the mod fignal Actions and Parages of their 
 Lives, to the great Advantage of the Learned. 
 
 Now thefe may be ranged either as they belong to their 
 refpective Emperors, according to order of time diicoverable 
 by the Confulate or Tribune ; or as Oifelins has perhaps by a better 
 method plac'd them, and more agreeably as they fuic in fome 
 peculiar Curiofity and Variety of Subject. 
 
 The Author whom laft we named, in his Seletlorum Nu- 
 mifmatum Antiquorum Thefattrus (by way of Adversaria and 
 Common Place ) feems to have taken in and comprehended all 
 in a very uleful Sylloge, from Julius Cxfar down to Conft amine 
 the Great, for the ready and expeditious finding out the Hifto- 
 rical and moll ufeful part of the ^everfes under Ten Localities, 
 which I conceive may fuffice, 
 
 I. The Heads of the Emperors. II. ^everfes of Regions, Pro- 
 vinces , Cities, Colonies, Olivers, &c. for Geographical Light. 
 III. Deities and Genius s. IV. Virtues, Moral, Symbols and Em- 
 blems. V. Military Expeditions, Allocutions, &c. VI Ludi- 
 Circenfes, Liberalities, Adoptions, Marriages, &c. V II. Apotbeojes 
 and Confecrations. VIII. Edifices, Temples, Arches, Torts, Brid- 
 ges, Vitlortes, Triumphs, Trophies. IX. Sacerdotia, Augur es, Sa- 
 cred Utenfels and things belonging to Religion. X. Mi/cellanies 
 that cannot Co aptly be placed under any of thefe Chapters. 
 
 I conclude with the Specimen of Monfieur Morclle, which per- 
 haps may appear more agreeable, by placing them according 
 to their feveral Sizes, and which doubtlcfs is molt Beautiful, 
 I fay not the molt Inftructive without Tome proper Index. 
 For this, lee what he has exhibited in Sixteen Tables. Laftly, 
 what I have lately been fhewed of Mr. (Vanle/s Dilpofition in- 
 
 tended 
 
~" T'Difcourfe of MEDALS. 151 
 
 tended for the Medals belonging to the Bodleian Library of 
 Oxford, I cannot but much commend as very comprehenfive 
 and Ingenious. 
 
 Thus, or by any other Method prefcribed by Learned Me- 
 dalijls, a Collection may be ranged and ufefully difpofed of 
 for the prompt and eafy finding out what one has at any time 
 occafion for. 
 
 The French IQngs Cabinet of Medals ( who has doubtlefs 
 one of the very beft and moft glorious Collections in the 
 World ) confifts of no fewer than Twenty Thoufand, which yec 
 is no fuch mighty Boaft, compared to what <Peter de Medices 
 had collected an Age fince, which zsThilip de Comines tells us, 
 amounted to an Hundred Thou] and of all the Metals, all which 
 he yet loft at once, when he was Banifhed. Nay, and Scaliger 
 fays, GorUm (a very ordinary Man, and far from being a Trince) 
 had above Thirty Thoufand rare Medals, whereof above Four 
 Thou/and of Gold, which exceeded the French- Kjngs Collection 
 by Ten Ihoufand. They are ranked according to the Dates, 
 and kept in Cabinets of Cedar, the Drawers elegantly Gilt and 
 Titled : Nor are his very Counters ( which concern any parti- 
 cular Notice relating to Hiftory, as many do ) neglected, or 
 deemed unworthy of a diftinct Repofitory. 
 
 It will not I fuppofe be necefTary (after all that has been 
 laid ) to acquaint the Lovers of this fort of Antiquity, how re- 
 quifite fome competent Knowledge in the Greek and Latin 
 Tongues is to the Studious, and thole who would indeed be 
 profound in this Noble Science ; tho' ( to difcourage no other- 
 wife Ingenious Perfon ) we find by Hub.Gol^ius, and the above- ^./f/ 
 named GorUus (both ignorant of either Tongue ) how far ex- 
 ceeding Induftry, Affection, and Application may attain to and 
 arrive. To this appertains like wife fome Skill in the antienn 
 Geography, Hiftory, Chronology, Pagan Mythology ; Affiffant to which 
 of the Modern, may { ^hodiginus, tityfuws, Ortelius be ; Tana- 
 roQms "Hotitia, Cd/ar (Rjpas Iconologia, and fuch as Treat of the 
 Images of the Gods and Goddeffes, with other- Subfidiaries. 
 
 But I have now done as foon as I have fliewed you how to 
 prevent the often handling oi your choiceft Medals, as well as 
 to facilitate the taking any of them out of their refpective Nefts 
 and Localities ( in which they are placed ) by what I obferved 
 of Mr. Charletons, who has very Ingenioufly faften'd one end 
 of a fmall and narrow Label of Velume, or piece of %hbou to 
 the bottom of every Nich, IV far under the Medal, as that 
 
 Ik 1 taking 
 
A Dijcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 taking up the lobfe end of the Parchment or Ribbon (which is 
 purpofeiy left to appear a little beyond the edge of thcNeft) 
 one eafily raifes up the Medal, fo as either to fee the Gfyverfe or 
 Head, or take it quite out without pinching or digging it forth 
 with one's Nails, which is inconvenient, and often fullies it. 
 Upon every fuch Label, there is alfo ( as I remember ) noted 
 with a Pen, what Medal it is, which being extreamly neat and 
 ready, I recommend for others imitation. 
 
 I had propos'd to conclude this Inftitution with a Cata- 
 logue ( by way of Specimen ) of both Antient Greek and (Roman 
 Medals, for the Eale and Benefit of Tyros, and fuch as are not 
 yet accuftomed, and fo ready to Decipher their Infcriptions after 
 the Method of Monfleur Baudelot, beginning with the %oman, 
 and (after the Con/ular) with him, to whom after the decretal 
 Battel at fbarfalia, the Senate permitted the Dignity of having 
 the Victor's Effigies ftamped on his Coin, and which (as we 
 Read ) render'd his own Sacred, and was indeed the mod tran- 
 lcendent Mark of Honor they could flatter him withal. But find- 
 ing my lelf prevented by that large and uleful Account which 
 Mr. Obed. Walker has already publtfhed • I wholly omit it, wkh 
 the Addition only of thole who fucceeded Jovianus ( where 
 Mr. Walker has left off) who, tho' nothing fo confiderable as 
 his Predeceflbri Emperors ; yet fince to affift that Collection, 
 fome may happly defire an Account of fuch as followed ( and 
 that there was any fort of Civility or tolerable Arc remaining ^ 
 I fhall recite them down to Heraclius, which happened to be 
 about the Second Century from Valens, the Seventy Third Em- 
 peror, about the Year 364 after the Incarnation. 
 -zo i f ;l won ( 'ju^noT ijfi3U 1o JnxiOfii/i niod) ^w^\acO b^rnxn 
 
 75. F L. MAX. CONSTAN- 
 
 D.N. VALENS. MAX. Aug. TIA. R. R. 
 
 a. Common Medal %eigied 14 D. N. FIRM VS. P. F. Aug. 
 Years, Lived 50. Died 17]* - R.R. 
 
 i n Thrypa. A Y. T. KAIC. ©EODHPOC 
 
 Albia Dominica Aug. very EVC. CEB. K. 
 ■> Rare., G jy. u b< • 
 D.N. PROCOPIVS. P.F. Au?. 75- 
 
 R:R. <%ei*ned id: m: D.N Flau. VALENTINIA- 
 
 NVS IVNIOR. 
 74. P. Fel. Aug. C. Reg. \6. Vix, 
 
 D.N.F. GRATIANVSP.F. 26. Mor. 301. 
 Aug. Comm. %egnavit. tj. , 
 
 Vixtt.iy* More. 1^0. ^ D.N. 
 
A Vifcourje of ME DAL S. 
 
 D.N. MAG. MAXIMVS. P. D.N. IOVINIANVS. P. F. 
 
 FEL. Aug. Com. Mort. in Gal. Aug. R. R. 
 
 3 88. D. N. IOANNES. PiF./Augi 
 
 D, N. F. L. VICTOR. P, F. R.R. WJtaL. J\ Ji . ] 
 
 Aug. %an Mort, in Gallia. . iguA i J I 
 
 .h?}W* .101 0JJ1-JV.G 80. 
 
 76. D.N. PLAC.VALENTINI- 
 
 D.N. F. L. THEODOSIVS. AN VS. P. F. Aug. R. R. 
 
 P. F. Aug. Com. 17. . 4j2. .: j 
 
 fix. 60. Mor. ; 9 z, EVDOXIA. Aug..R.. . 
 A ELI A. FLACCILLA. 
 
 Aug. R. 81: 
 
 GALL A. PLACIDIA, Tia D.N. MARCIANVS. R. R, 
 
 . : -Felix Aug. R. R. 6. V.m* M. 45 j/i 
 
 D. N. EVGENIVS. P. F. Aug' . FL, PULCHERIA Aug. R. 
 
 R. in Gal. Ger. R- L M. 3 9. D. N. FL. ANICIUS. MAXI- 
 
 MUS.R.R. R.I.V. — 
 
 77- • • m 45.4V 1 .". ia 
 
 D. N. Fia. ARCADIVS. P. F. ,. 
 
 Aug. C. (%. tip Ft, $\. 82. 
 
 jWor. 405. D. N. FL. M A^CILIUS. A VI- 
 
 Aelin. EUDOXIA. Aug. . T V£ R..R. SL.Q&1 7H M, 
 
 R.R. 444. .1 * 
 
 78. 85. 
 
 CENT. V. D. N. FL. Vab LEO. P. F. 
 
 D, N. HONOR I VS. P.F, Aug. Aug. Cm. R. 1 3, H&Ji M. 
 
 R. $1. V. 38. H 411. 474. . : i . 
 
 FL. ML. VERINA. Aug. 
 
 .51 .5) : R.R. 
 
 D. N. Flau. THEODOSIVS. ; . i . j L 
 
 P.Fel.Aug.&JMP.XXXIL v , 84. \u ! 
 
 COS. XVIL P. P- %om- %• D. N. FL. LEO 1UN. R. R. 
 
 48. Vix'it 48. Man. 449. R. 1 3. V.f^ M. 474- 
 
 EVDOXIA, Aug. fyfc JIJI.2VOEIJ12Aa.l3 H.Q 
 
 P. PRISCVS. ATTALUS. . ; 85. 
 
 P. F. Aug. %are. D. N. JVL. MAIORINVS. 
 
 D. N. IOViNVS. P. F. Aug. RR. R. 4. V- M. 460. 
 
 <I(an. /, : . , .a --.\ x yu\ - 01 [AM$ 
 
 D. N. HERACLIANVa P.F. %6. 
 
 R. R. D. N. LIB. SEVERVS. P. F. 
 
 D.N. PETRONIVS. P. Fel. Ao^ K. R. Ri 1L/L\5 JA .Nl. 
 
 Aug.%R, tAtfh ■ cfJIVjJj 
 
 87. D.H 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS 
 
 87. 97- 
 
 D.N. FL. ANTHEMIVS. D. N. FL Valerius. ANASTA- 
 
 R. R. R. 6. V— M. 467. SMS P. Fel. Perpetuus. Aug. 
 
 FL. MARCIA Augufta. Com. R. 29. V. — M.517. 
 
 R. R. D. N. FL LONGINUS. P.Fel. 
 
 Perpetuus. Gol%ji. R. R. 
 
 88. D.N. FL. VITALIANUS. 
 D. N. RIC1MERVS. Fl. Aug. Perp. Gokji. 
 
 R. R. 
 
 98. 
 
 89. D.N. JUSTINUS. P. F. Aug. 
 D. R Fl. Anic. OLVBRIVS. Flavius. Anicius. Perpet. 
 
 R. R. Mor. 491. Com. R. 9. V.— M. 526. 
 
 Fl. PLACIDIA. Augufta. FL. EUPHEMIA. Augu- 
 
 R. R. fta. R. 
 90. 
 
 D. N. GLYCERIVS. Per. P.F. 99. 
 
 R. R. R-V-, Mor. 472. D. N. JUSTINIANUS. Aug. 
 
 Fl. Amio. Perpet. Pius Felix. 
 
 91. Com. 
 D.N.LEO.IUN.P.Fel. Aug. ft THEODORA. Aug. 
 
 R.R. i. R. R. 
 
 92. 100. 
 
 D. N. FeU ZENO. P. FeLAug. D. N. JUSTINVS. Perpet. P. 
 
 R. R. V 490. Fel. Aug. C. R. 13. V 
 
 M. 578. 
 
 92. Fl. SOPHIA. Aug. R. R. 
 
 D. N. Fl. Jul. NEPOS. P. Fel. 
 
 Aug. R. Aliquot Menfes. 101. 
 
 D.N. TIBERIUS. Conftan- 
 
 94- "nus. Perp. P. Fel. Aug. C. 
 D. N. F 1. BASILISC VS. R.R. K . 7. V M. 592. 
 
 N. 3. Abdicat. 477. Fi. Anaftafia. Aug. 
 
 95- 102. 
 
 D.K Fl. LIONTIUS. R.fub D.N. Flau. MAURITIUS. 
 z eno. Tiberius. Perpet. Aug.R.R. 
 
 9<S- 20. V. 65. M. 602. 
 
 D.N. Fl.MOMMILLUS. AU- 
 GUSTUS. R. R. _ 470 \ 
 
 103. D.N. 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. z? 5 
 
 R_ V- Mort.rfio. 
 10;. LEONTIA. Aug. R. 
 
 D. N. Fl. THEODOS1US Per- 
 
 pet. P. Aug. R. M. 602. ioj. 
 
 SECUL. viT D.N. HERACLIUS. R.P; 
 
 33. V— 640. 
 
 niiw 
 
 104, 
 
 D. N. Fl. FOCAS. Aug. R. Hie Terminus Efto. 
 
 For after this, there's little worth Collecting, or at lead very 
 rarely ; tho' now and then, and by Chance, one may perad- 
 venture light upon fomething which may ferve to explain 
 and fill up (bme part of later Hi/lory in thofe dark Ages en- 
 fuing, which will bed be difcovered by the Fabric of the 
 Medal. 
 
 AND now I have but a Word to add before I come to 
 FINIS : And it is the Earneft Recommending to fuch Per- 
 fons as are PoiTeflors of Medals, Intaglias, Infer iptions, Statues 
 and other Rare and Curious Antiquities, Collections and pecu- 
 liar Treafure of Princes and Great Men ( fuch as were King 
 Charles the Firft, the Illuftrious Earl of Arundel, and the reft 
 we have named) the Entertaining of fome Learned and Know- 
 ing Perfon, who with the Library might have the Charge and 
 Keeping of their Cabinets, Nummi Tkylacia, and Cwiofities 
 of this Nature, and be qualified to Difcourfe pertinently upon, 
 as well as fhew them to Learned Strangers and others, whom 
 the Fame of fuch Rarities may invite with a Decency be- 
 coming Learned Men ; and not ( as too ufually ) leave and 
 abandon them to the Cuftody of a Valet- de-Chambre 7 or iome 
 Ignorant Mercenary, who knows neither how to Value, Pre- 
 ferve or fliew rfaem as they ought, and to the Credit and 
 Honor of their Mafters. 
 
 Were this reformed, we fliould then, as in Italy, France, 
 Germany, (and other Polite and Learned Nations) have fre- 
 quent Catalogues of what were mod %are yet extant, and 
 in being of Antient and Ufeful Erudition, derivable front 
 thele Precious fymains in the Cabinets and Archives of the Cu- 
 rious, and of which the Learned peepers of fuch ^epofiiories 
 would give Notice, and Exerciie their Talen;s by publishing 
 fomething of Ule and Advantage to the Republic of Letters, as 
 lb many Antiquaries and Knowing Perfons have done Abroad 
 
 CO 
 
A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 to the Honor of their Countries ( fpreading the Reputations 
 of thofe Generous and Noble Perfons to whom they belong ) 
 for the Benefit of the Learned World> and not keep them fb 
 wholly to themfelves, as few or none are the better for 
 them. 
 
 It is to this Senfe, and without vanity, I would therefore 
 apply that of Iheognis and the Satyrift, 
 
 Scire tuum nihil eft, nifi te fcire hoc fciat alter. 
 
 'Tis nothing worth that lies Conceal'd, 
 
 And Science is not Science till Reveal'd. 
 
 Mr. Dryden. 
 
 CHAP. VIIL 
 
 Of Heads and Effigies in Prints and Taille douce : 
 Their Vfe as they Relate to Medals. 
 
 I Have for thefe many Years been much importuned, and 
 by many, to Publifh a fecond and more ample Edition 
 of my Hiftory of Chalcography, which indeed (being the very 
 firft of that Subject, written that I know of in any Lan- 
 guage ) I might have exceedingly and ufefully Improved ; 
 But having of a long time given over thefe Diverfions, I 
 cannot now oblige the Curious with any confiderable Addi- 
 tions to my own Collection : The Lovers of Taille-douce 
 may yet find wherewith to fatisfy the utmoft Curiofity, by 
 confulting that large and ample Catalogue which has been 
 publifhed ( fince mine ) of what the late Abbot Maroles part- 
 ed with to the French King fome Years fince, and which 
 are now in his Library at Paris in divers large Folios, to the 
 Value of many Thoufand Crowns: 
 
 Nor perhaps would it ac all be difficult to add what may 
 have fince been fet forth worthy the Collecting by our beft 
 
 Artifts 
 
A Vifcourfe ofMEDALS. 
 
 Artifts and Ingravers, efpecially in Me^oTinto (as they call 
 it) of which I gave the firft incimation to the World, and 
 which is now arrived to that height of perfection for its tender 
 and delicate touch, as does fometimes contend with, and not 
 feldom feem to exceed the Pencil of the moft Excellent Minia- 
 ture Chiar-Ofcuro, 
 
 But that which I would chiefly befpeak to the Curious of 
 (Prints, fhould amongft the reft be a Collection of the Heads 
 and Effigies of Famous and Illuftrious Perfons, fuch as were 
 either done Originally from the Life, or from the bed Paint- 
 ings that were fo ,• and I do in particular recommend it to the 
 Studious of Medals, as what may in great Part, and with no 
 great Expence, fupply what one cannot hope to procure and 
 obtain in more rich and lafting Materials ; as alfo in as much 
 as befides the Heads and Pourtraics, they feldom or never ap- 
 pear without Infcriptions of the Names, Qualities, Virtues, 
 moft fignal Works and Actions of the Perfons whom they 
 reprefent, which makes up the defect of (Reverfes. 
 
 In Order to this, I had taken the Pains of Collecting the 
 Names of the moft Renowned, Famous and Illuftrious of our 
 own, and other Nations worthy the Honor of Medal, or atleaft 
 of fome Memory, as might in any fort upon one occafion or 
 other, poflibly contribute to the Hiftory of the Times and 
 Perfons under the Titles of 
 
 Scholars and Divines; Hijlorians, Cbronologers ; Antiquaries, (pjx* 
 toriaans, Grammarians ; Critics, Orators, Poets, and extraordinary 
 Wits ; Philologers, Pbilofopbers • Pby/icians and Naturalifts ; Cby- 
 mifts, Botanifts j Mathematicians, Muficians; Jurts-Confults and 
 Lawyers; Great Travellers and Difcoverers; Worthy 'Benefa- 
 Hors; Perfons Famous, or Pretenders to Curious Arts y Painters, 
 Sculptors and Mechanitians of all Sorts j Setlaries, Enthu[iafls> 
 Jmpojlors, Confpirators ; bold Ufurpers and Famous for any de- 
 iperatc Villany of either Sex, Virtuous, Learned or Lewd ; Co- 
 medians, Mountebanks, Juglers and other Perfons Remarkable 
 for any Extraordinary Accident of Age, Stature, Strength^ Shape, 
 &c. but efpecially ( and which indeed I mould have named 
 in the firft place) the Heads and Effigies of Emperors, tQngs, 
 (princes and other renowned Perfons, conipicuous for their 
 Birth, Title, Courage, Counfel and Policy, or any Famous and 
 Heroic Exploits by Sea or Land ; in Church or State, 6^c. 
 which amounted to a very confiderable number of Prints, 
 well chofen and properly difpos'd of in this, or fome other 
 
 L 1 Method 
 
258 
 
 A Vifcourje of MEDALS. 
 
 Method, and in Books ; to which might be farther added, fliort 
 Notes pertinent to the Perfons, 
 
 Whilft I am on this Topic (and for Reafons hereafter not to 
 be contemn 'd ) give me leave to call over the Names of fome 
 of thofe Famous and Illuftrious Perfons, both of our own and 
 other Nations, as I had Collected them for the Defign I men- 
 tioned i I begin with the Reverend Clergy, 
 
 Scholars and Tthines, Engliflh, Irifh, Scots, &c. 
 
 A. 
 
 Bbot Georg. 
 A.B. Cant. 
 
 to fevera 
 Faculties. 
 
 * In this He * 
 cenfion of 
 Names,thro 
 
 all the fol- <%ob. Bp, Of 5. 
 
 lowmgCiaf-^^ 
 
 les, I do not . 
 
 oblige my Amjewortb. 
 
 felf ftrialv Alexander ah Ales, 
 fbahtitd Andrews, B. W. 
 
 Order be- Armachanus. 
 yond the I- 
 
 mcial Let- r r\n 
 
 rer,fbmeal- BaUus, B. ot OJJory, 
 fo are pur- Babington, Ep. Wig. 
 plated as 6 Bancroft, A. B. C 
 applicable (Barlow, Ep. Lin. 
 Barrow. 
 Becon. 
 Bedel, Ep. 
 Blar.ford Ep. 
 Bradford, M. 
 Brambal, A. B. A. 
 Brizhtman. 
 Braugbton. 
 Burton. 
 
 Cameron. 
 Car let on, Ep. 
 Cart write. 
 Caftel. 
 
 Cbdlingwortb. 
 Chnghton, Ep. B. W. 
 Collet. 
 
 Columbanus. 
 Cofii, Ep. D. 
 Coyerdak, Ep. 
 
 Cox. 
 
 Crakentbrop. 
 Cranmer, A.B. C. M. 
 Cudwortb. 
 Cumber. 
 Sr. Cutbert. 
 
 Davenantj Ep. S. 
 Dod. 
 
 Volben, A. B. Ebon 
 Don. 
 
 Downam, Ep. 
 Duppa, Ep. W. 
 Duport. 
 
 Earle, Ep. Sal. 
 
 Farington. 
 Fell, Ep. Ox. 
 Fern, Ep. 
 Forbs. 
 Fox. 
 
 Fuller, T. 
 
 Gataker. 
 Gauden, Ep. Ex. 
 Godwin. 
 Gouge. 
 Gregory. 
 
 Grindal, A. B. C. 
 Grofthed. 
 
 Gunning, Ep. El. 
 HackwelL 
 
 Hacket, Ep. L G 
 Hales. 
 
 Hall, Bp. N. 
 
 Hammond. 
 
 Harjnet. 
 
 Hart. 
 
 Hewet, M. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 Hold/worth, Ep. 
 
 Holiday. 
 
 Hooper, Ep. 
 
 Humphries. 
 • 
 
 Jackfon. 
 Jewel, Ep. &*. 
 hgulphus. 
 
 King, Ep. lo. 
 and-C/?. 
 
 Langhbain. 
 Langham. 
 
 Latimer, KLond. M. 
 
 Law;/, A. B. C M. 
 
 Lightfoot. 
 
 Littleton. 
 
 Livelie. 
 
 Lyran. 
 
 Major. 
 Mede. 
 
 Montague^ 
 
A ■Di/cowje of MEDAL S. 
 
 59 
 
 Montague, Ep. C 
 Morley, Ep. W. 
 More. 
 
 Morton, Ep. 
 Nowel, D. P. 
 
 A. B. York. 
 Saunderfon, Ep. 
 Sihbs. 
 
 Sparrow, Ep. 
 Spencer. 
 
 Steward, D. P. ■ 
 
 Overal, Ep. Taylor, Ep. D. C. 
 
 Outram. Thomfon. 
 
 Tborndyke. 
 
 Parker, A. B. Cwf. Tillotfon, A. B. dwf. 
 
 - Ep, Ox. Tindal, M. 
 
 Parkburfl. I Tower jon. 
 
 S. Patrick. Trivetb. 
 Pear/on, Ep. C/?. 
 
 (Perce. Vaughan, Ep. Low. Clever. 
 
 Perkins Valentine. Dod. 
 
 Focock, our Learned W/for, A. B. Goodman. 
 
 Wtllbrode. 
 
 White. 
 
 Willet. 
 
 Williams, A. B. tortf 
 Wilkins, Ep. C 
 
 Wfow, Ep. H. 
 
 Presbyterians, Inde- 
 pendents W 
 rtar Diflenters. 
 
 Baxter. 
 Calamy. 
 
 PhtlaraJ?. 
 Prideaux, Ep. J0g. 
 
 (Reynolds. 
 %dly, Ep. L. 
 
 Pagers, M. 
 
 Hinder f on. 
 
 Walton, Ep. C. IQiox. 
 
 Ward, Ep. <Sar. Manton. 
 War ham, A. B. Cdwf. 
 
 Warner, Ep* <2fy^. Okwz. 
 
 Wharton. Primerofe. 
 
 Whitaker. Sedgwick. 
 
 Whitehead, D. D. Travers. 
 
 Bancroft, A, B. Gwt. Wlritgift, A. B. Gwf. Twijfe, and other 
 
 Sanders, M. 
 
 /fe, Card. 
 
 Bonner, Ep. L. 
 
 Carpenter, 
 Creffy. 
 
 Davenport. 
 DurUus. 
 
 Fox, Ep, ffiw. 
 
 Gardiner , Ep. 
 
 Romanifts. 
 
 G# 
 
 Hadrian IV. Pap. 
 Hal cot. 
 Harding. 
 Howard, Card. 
 
 Ocham. 
 
 Par Jons. 
 Poole, Card, 
 
 LI 
 
 Smeclymnians* Jam $2&*7Aa/L 
 
 P^tynolds. /Tlafc flecsw** 1 ** 1 - 
 
 ulupertusm — • — ' 
 
 &s*»* _ . J'fiLZCTy/n/iuu.r 
 
 Scotus and £hg. ^ . . •/ z 
 
 Tunftal, Ep. 2). ^ a j^/<^ 
 
 Vane. t 
 
z6o 
 
 A Ttifcomje of MEDALS. 
 
 Wainfleet. 
 Walter Merton. 
 Waljh, 
 
 Warren. 
 
 White ab Albiis. 
 Widdrington. 
 
 Wilfrid. 
 
 Wolfey, Card. <?c. 
 
 Hiftorians, Antiquaries, Critics, Philologers^c. 
 
 
 Eliot. 
 
 Lydiat. 
 
 Savel. 
 
 Afcham. 
 
 
 Littleton. 
 
 Selden, 
 
 Fabian. 
 
 
 omttb. 
 
 Baker. 
 
 tarnaby. 
 
 Malmesbury. 
 
 O 9 
 
 opeeae. 
 
 'Bale. 
 
 Filmer. 
 
 Marfham. 
 
 Spelman. 
 
 Bayns. 
 
 Fuller. 
 
 Melvtn. 
 
 Spot/wood. 
 
 Ven Bede. 
 
 
 Moore. 
 
 Staniburft, 
 
 Breerewood. 
 
 Gildas. 
 
 Merton. 
 
 Stow. 
 
 Buchanan. 
 
 Grafton. 
 
 
 Summer. 
 
 
 Grtmjlon. 
 
 Nubrigenfis. 
 
 Sumner, 
 
 Camden. 
 
 
 Cambrenjts. 
 
 Hacklyt, 
 
 face Sirflfr*. 
 
 Turner. 
 
 Capgrave. 
 
 Harding. 
 
 (PttSi 
 
 Twi/den, 
 
 LbeeKe. 
 
 T 7 I" 
 
 jh/eyltn. 
 
 Turchas. 
 
 FT 
 
 lwyne. 
 
 Cotton, 
 
 Hollmgfhead. 
 
 
 Cuff. 
 
 Howel Jac. 
 
 Raleigh. 
 
 yerBegan; 
 
 ^ Cooper. 
 
 William. 
 
 ^euchltne. 
 
 Crighton. 
 
 Huntington. 
 
 <%ider. 
 
 Walfingham, 
 
 
 %i[hworth. 
 
 Ware. 
 
 Dempfter. 
 
 Knatchbull. 
 
 
 Wendover. 
 
 I) Eves. 
 
 J^nolks* 
 
 Sands Edw. 
 
 Weftmmfl.Matl 
 
 Digs. 
 
 
 Georg. 
 
 Wheares 
 
 Dugdal. 
 
 Leland. 
 
 Sarisburienjis. 
 
 Whitlocky &c. 
 
 * Who living \ 
 n ° n \h fblin 
 
 nim/d "* g — —Ferulam. Digby. 
 
 mong the Bo'lU. 
 ving. 
 
 Philofophers. 
 
 Cams, Fulk, 
 Hobbs. 
 
 Lock Dr. * 
 flat. 
 
 More D. Hen. White, &c, 
 
 Phyficians. 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 261 
 
 
 Phyficians. 
 
 
 
 Ent. 
 
 Jeyltfe. 
 
 Scarbrow: 
 
 Jlfton. 
 
 
 Short. 
 
 Anthony. 
 
 _. 
 
 trajer. 
 
 Ltnacer. 
 
 Sidnehaml 
 
 
 Lifter Sir. A£ 
 
 Stanley. 
 
 Sate. 
 
 GliJJon. 
 
 Lower. 
 
 Browne Sir T. 
 
 f~tf\A ,-ifn 
 KjUblur U. 
 
 
 Thorice. 
 
 Burrows. 
 
 
 Meverel. 
 
 Topfel. 
 
 sutler. 
 
 Hamy. 
 
 Moufet, 
 
 Turner. 
 
 
 Harvy. 
 
 
 Cams. 
 
 Highmore. 
 
 Trujean.' 
 
 Wharton. 
 
 Charleton. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 Willis. 
 
 Crook: 
 
 
 
 Wotton. 
 
 To whom add our Famous Botanifts, Chirurgians, and Lithoto- 
 mifts, Gerhard, Hotter, Jackfon,Johnfon, flight } Molins, Mori/on, 
 WiJ eman, Woodward, &c. 
 
 Mathematicians. 
 
 Cambridge. 
 
 Gafcoygne. 
 
 Moreland Sir S. 
 
 Petty Sir Will 
 
 Bond. 
 
 Geltbrand. 
 
 More Jonas 
 
 Briggs. 
 
 Gilbert. 
 
 <%idgleyi 
 
 Brounker Ld. 
 
 Greases. 
 
 Napier. 
 
 <$ook ' 
 
 
 Gunter. 
 
 Neile. 
 
 
 CaVendift? Sir C. 
 
 
 Normam 
 
 Sacrobofco, 
 
 Colms. 
 
 Harriot. 
 
 Nordem 
 
 Saxton. 
 
 
 Heydon. 
 
 Norwood. 
 
 
 Dee. 
 
 Horrox. 
 
 
 Ward, Ep. 6V, 
 
 Dudly Tit: 
 
 Humph. D. of 
 
 Oughtred. 
 
 Wells. 
 
 D. Korthumb. 
 
 Glocefter. 
 
 Wlnte, 
 
 
 <Pecham A.B.C. 
 
 Wtikins. 
 
 For Her. 
 
 Lydiat. 
 
 mi. 
 
 Wright, 8cc. 
 
 To whom add thofe Viri notow&wt*, (highly meriting, 
 and inferiors to none we have Celebrated ) Sir Chriftopher Wren, 
 Dr. Watts, Newton, Flamjled, Hook, Hally, &c. Fellows of the 
 Qtyyal Society, whom none but the 'A^w^TptDi and Ignorant, 
 fuch as have nothing to Commend them, will envy the Honor 
 of Medaly even whilft they are living, and their Works fpeafo 
 for them. Lawyers 
 
A Vifcourfe of M EDAL S. 
 
 Lawyers and J. G 
 
 Dyer. Jenkins Sir L. Qtyftal. 
 
 (Bratlon. peeves. 
 Briton. Finch, L. Ch. Lombard, ^lle. 
 
 Fit^ Herbert. Latch. 
 Cafar. Fleta. Littleton. Selden. 
 
 Cook. Fortifcue. Lindwood. 
 
 Cowel. Thornton. 
 Crooh Glanvil. Maynard. 
 
 Grimfton. Vaughan. 
 Davis. Noy. 
 Doderidge. Hales. Zouch. 
 Duck. Plowden. 
 
 To thefe add Judge Jenkin, Mr. <Prin y &c. ftout Aflertors of 
 their Country's, Laws, againft the late Ufurpers. 
 
 Alabafier. 
 
 Poets and Great Wits. 
 
 Crap?aw. 
 
 Sarkley. Daniel 
 
 (Bathurft. Davis. 
 
 (Beaumont. Denham. 
 
 (Brown Will. Don. 
 
 (Buchanan. Drayton. 
 
 (Butler ( Hudi* Drummond. 
 
 bras. ) Dyer. 
 
 Carew. 
 
 Challoner Am- Edward E. of Llewellyn. 
 baflad. Span. Oxon. Lydiat. 
 Author of Elderton. 
 that celebra- 
 ted Poem 3 £te Fairfax, 
 (fiepub. Angl. Fanfhaw. 
 Inftauranda. Fletcher. 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 Chaucer. Gafcoine. 
 
 Corbet. Gave/ion. 
 
 Cowley. Gower. 
 
 Grevil S.Fulk* Ogilby. 
 
 Overbery. 
 Harding. Owen. 
 Herbert. 
 
 Hoskins. Randolph. 
 Humes. ^ofcomon Ld. 
 
 John/on. ' Sandys. 
 Jofeph of Exon. Sedulius. 
 
 Sherley. 
 
 Marlows. 
 Marvel. 
 May. 
 Milton. 
 
 Najb. 
 
 Oclandi 
 
 Shakefpere; 
 
 Sidny Sit Tbil, 
 
 Spencer. 
 
 Stanley. 
 
 Stephens. 
 
 Suckling. 
 
 Wake Sir Ja. 
 Waller. 
 Warner j Sec. 
 
 Nor 
 
A -Di/cour/e of MEDAL S. 
 
 Nor lec any ftomach Hopkins, Sternhold, Wi/cman , Withers „ 
 Quarks, (Pagan Fijher, honeft Tuffer and Jo. Taylor, all of 
 them Poetdt fuorum gencrutn. 
 
 And who would not have the Pi&ures of Allen (Founder of 
 the College at Ttulwkh ) Burbidge, Lowin, Pollard ; the Ver- 
 fipelles— Lacy, Lee, Tailor, Tarleton, and other egregious ^ofcians 
 and Tantomimes of our Theatres. 
 
 Wtllby. 
 
 Muftcians. 
 
 BerKinjJ?aw. Veering. Ives. P. Philips, 
 
 'Bird. Vowlang. (Pur cell. 
 
 'Bull. Morley. 
 Butler. Euct. S(m fM 
 
 Lanier e. 
 
 Campion. Humphry. Laws. 
 
 Carew. Young, &c. 
 
 Great Travellers. 
 
 Blount Sir Hen. Gage. Mandevil. Shcrley Sir (Zfy, 
 
 Booz Sir Jer. « /*////;<?>!. 
 
 • 7 rj r , Sir f/;o. 
 
 ,~ . j HrberL v 
 V ampler, and c , 
 
 the reft of the • fW>, &c. 
 
 ^ Knevet. bdwin. 
 
 [Buccaneers. v 
 
 By no means forgetting our Renowned Leg- jlr etcher, Thomas 
 Coriat of Odcomb, Sec. 
 
 
 Worthy Benefactor s. 
 
 
 
 Grefham. 
 
 Pindar Sir Pa. 
 
 Sutton. 
 
 Abbot. 
 
 Pope Sir Tho. 
 
 
 
 Lambert. 
 
 Price Hugh.. 
 
 Waddanu 
 
 Balliol. 
 
 Laude. 
 
 Wainflct. 
 
 Bathurfi. 
 
 
 Sheldon A.B.C 
 
 Ward. 
 
 Bodlcy. 
 
 Mary Countefs 
 
 ( Founder of 
 
 Warner. 
 
 of Richmond. 
 
 the Oxford 
 
 Wenman. 
 
 Chichley. 
 
 Middle ton. 
 
 Theatre. ) 
 
 Wbitington. 
 
 Collet. 
 
 Morley Agnes. 
 
 
 W. of Wicham 
 
 Colwah 
 
 Smith. 
 
 Wol/ey,8cc. 
 
 
 
 
 with 
 
z 64. A Vifcourfe of MEDAL S. 
 
 with the reft of thofe Royal and Munificent Benefactors, 
 Founders of Churches, Colleges , Schools, Hojpitals, ( fuch as chat 
 of Chelfey already finifhed, and at Greenwich now erecting ) 
 Torts, 'Bridges, Repairers of High Ways, Publick Work- Hon fes, Sec. 
 for the Advancement of Learning, Relief of the Poor, Eafe 
 and Safety of Travellers, and other Pious, Charitable and Ufe- 
 ful Works. Laftly, 
 
 To give fome Inftances of the Learned, Virtuous and Fair 
 Sex. How fhould one fufficiently value a Medal of the Fa- 
 mous Heroina Boadicia Queen of the Iceni ! The BritiJJ? Lady 
 Cardelia ; the Chad: Queen Emma, Elfreda, Abbefs Hilda, were 
 it poflible to meet with them, or at lean: their true Pourtraits, 
 with that of Julian Barnes who wrote a Poem of Hunting and 
 Hawking, dedicated to Edward the Fourth : The Lady Jane 
 Grey, Elizabeth Care w, the Lady Mary Nevil, fo often celebrated 
 by our Cambro-Britan Epigrammatift ; Mrs.^oper and Learned 
 Daughters of Sir Thomas More, and another of Sir Anthony Cook : 
 Mrs. Wefton, who befides other things, writ a Latin Poem in 
 praile of Typography : Anna Afcue, Catherine J^ilkgrew and her 
 Sifter, skilFd in both the Learned Tongues : Mary Countefs 
 of ^Pembroke ( an extraordinary both Beauty and Wit ) Sifter 
 to Sir Thilip Sidney, and fome fay, Coajutrix in that Famous 
 Acadia. The Lady Arabella Stuart ; Anne Cooke Mother to 
 the Lord Chancellor Bacon, Learned in the Latin and Greek : 
 Here then we celebrate the Incomparable Queen Elizabeth, 
 knowing in all the Learned Tongues ; witneis her Magnani- 
 mous extemporary Speech in Anlwer to that of Sigi/mond the 
 • Sealiger. King of (Poland's Ambaflador : * Scaliger fays fhe (pake five 
 Bt ^ a ' T f b ham Languages, and knew more than all the Great Terfons then Living. 
 &c.' We have our Learned Camden (and others of undoubted 
 Credit) telling us of her Vifit to the Univerfity of Cambridge, 
 Vijcedens (fays he) Oratione Latina valedixit^ &c. where he 
 fees it down. And fuch was another Elizabeth (eldeft Daugh- 
 ter to Elizabeth late Queen of Bohemia, Sifter to Charles the 
 Martyr) not long lince deceaied, to whom the great Philo- 
 t T-ptft. ajfopher j" Des Cartes dedicates his Works with this Account, 
 Tri»op. Phi ( among other Perfections, and in Admiration of her extra- 
 Ufofb. ordinary Capacity of the mod abftracted Sciences) f2*tod Te 
 unam hatlenus inverter im, quae Tratlatus ante b&c a me vulgatos, 
 perfefie omnes intelligas^c. That her Highnefs was the only 
 Perfon of all that ever he yet had met with, who perfectly 
 underftood and comprehended what he had published. 
 
 Among 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 16s 
 
 Among thofe Royal and Illuftrious Ladies, we do not for- 
 get the late Dutchefs of NewCaJlle, either for her Learning, 
 offer at, or Love of Learning 5 nor for both, Mrs.(P/;/7//>j, and 
 our Sappho Mrs. <Behn ; Mrs. Makins, the Learned Sifter of the 
 Learned Dr. (Pell ; nor without the higheft Ingratitude for the 
 Satisfaction I ftill receive by what I read of Madam Aflalls of 
 the moft Sublime : Befides, what lately fhe has propbfed 
 to the Virtuous of her Sex, to fliew by her own Example, 
 what great Things, and Excellencies it is Capable of, and 
 which calls to mind, the Lady of that Proteflant Monastery, 
 Mrs. Farrer, not long fince at Gedtng in Huntington- /hire the 
 Hiftory whereof we have at large written by * Dr.Hacket. Not • inthe Life 
 without my hearty Wifhes, that at the flrft Reformation in this ^ ^"^P 
 Kingdom, fome of thofe demolifhed Religious Foundations 1 ,dms * 
 had been fpared both for Men and Women ; where fingle 
 Perfons devoutly inclined, might have retired and lived with- 
 out Reproach or infnaring Vows ; tho' under fuch Reftraint and 
 Religious Rules, as could not but have been approved by the 
 moft averfe to Popery or Superftition, and as I have heard, is 
 at this Day practiced amongft the Evangelical Churches in 
 Germany. And what fliould ftill forbid us to promote the 
 fame Example, and begin fuch Foundations, I am to learn 
 more (olid Reafbns for, than any I confefs, as yet I have. But 
 whilft I am fpeaking of the Ladies, 
 
 It would be an Omifllon unpardonable, not to Coiled: the 
 Effigies of thole Lords and Illuftrious Perfons, Favourites, great 
 Officers and others, who had, and will have Name in the fuc- 
 ceeding Hiftories of our late Civil War, for their Loyalty, 
 Courage, Counfel, Imployments or Intereft in the publick 
 Affairs, ( befides thofe already enumerated Chap. IV. ) fuch 
 as the Dukes of Albemarle , (Buckingham , Hamilton , New- 
 Caflle, Ormond and his Illuftrious Son , the late and Valiant 
 Earl of OJfory, by me never to be mentioned without the 
 moft grateful, and indelible Senfe of a long and intire Friend- 
 ship, begun many Years abroad, and continued, till with ex- 
 tream Sorrow, I clofed his Eyes. The Earls of Arundel and 
 Surrey , Arlington , Ajhley, Berkley, fBiron, Briftol, Carlifle, Caer- 
 marthen, Capel, Cherbery, Clarendon, Cleveland, Cork, Darby , VeVon- 
 fhire, Marquis of Dorchefler, Earl of Effex the Learned Lords 
 Falkland, Goring, Marquis of Hartford, Lord Hation, Earl of 
 Holland, Lords Holies, Hopton, Huntington • Earls of Inchequin, 
 tsjngjlon^Langdak ; Duke of Lauderdale, Earls of Leiceflcr,Lindfey, 
 
 M ra Loughberow, 
 
66 
 
 A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Loughborow, Manchejler, Marlborough ; Vifcount Montague, the Re- 
 nowned Marquis of Montrofs, Hallifax; Earls of Mulgrave, 
 Nortbampton^Nortbumberland, Norwich ,0rery Peterborough j Duke 
 of (Richmond ; Earls of Rpche/ler, Shrewsbury, Southampton, Straf- 
 ford i Lord Siawel, Earl of Sunderland, Lord Wentworth, Mar- 
 quis of Worcefler, &c. Signal for their Service, or Remarkable 
 for their Actions, whofe Names will (hine in our future Annals, 
 as they deferve to do in Medal to their lading Honor ; as per- 
 contra, <Brad[haw, (Brack/lead, Corbet, Cromwell, Cook, Vorijlaui, Gar- 
 land, Goff, Hewfon, Holland, Ireton, Lifle, Ludlow, Martin, Okey, 
 Hugh Peters, (Pennington, Scot ,Tichburn, Whaley, Ven and other 
 our Clements, (Rayillacs and Lopezes, with the reft of thofe Infa- 
 mous Parricides, who defervedly fuffered, or deferved to fuffcr 
 to their endlefs fhame. Laftly, 
 
 Thofe who difcovered the late Plots and Confpiracies, whe- 
 ther real or pretended, and fuch as mifcarried in them before ,and 
 fince the Revolution. Nay, I would not care if I had the Heads 
 and Pourtraits of Pelagius, Robert Par Jons, Stapleton, the Martin- 
 Mar~Prelates,Garnet,FattX,Catesby ; the villanous 'Burgundian (who 
 affaffind the mod Heroic Prince of Najjaw,) Joe-Straw, Tom 
 Tiler, Simnel, Perkin Warbec, Trejtlian, Emfon and Dudley, Gavijlon, 
 Towel, Felton, Sindercum, (Blood who made that bold Attempt on 
 the Royal Gazppbylacium in the Tower, and for a while robb'd 
 it of the Imperial Crown, 0*c. To thefe add the French Ero- 
 flratus Hubert, who is faid to have fired the City of London, 
 after it had ftood as many Thoufand Years, as the Temple at 
 Ephe/us had been Hundreds in Building ; and let this Rear be 
 brought up with Hannum and Whitny, Clavel the learned Pad- 
 der, Dr. Lamb, Elizabeth Barton, Mai cut-purfe, and the German- 
 Princefs. 
 
 I would fee the Faces of Scoggin, Archee, Hob/on the merry 
 Carrier of Cambridge, and others ejufdem ordinis. 
 
 In this Clajs enter the celebrated MiJJes and illuftrious Strum- 
 pets •, fuch as Rofamond, Jam Shore, Gratiana and other Thaijes 
 ( of no mean Titles ) as have debauched Great (princes, and 
 contributed more perhaps to the Ruin of this Kingdom, than 
 all the Warrs, Fires, (Plagues and Plots which elfe have hap- 
 pened. 
 
 Others again are Signal upon different and extraordinary Ac- 
 counts, Rare and Accidental ; fuch as the late Stroker Gretorix, 
 the Famous Irtjh Gaftrimuth and Ventriloquus Fanning, our Mtlo, 
 ( and other Gaflrimargi ) Wood the great Eater of I{ent, Mar riot 
 and other Philoxcnuss. Oppofite 
 
A Vifcourje of MEDALS. 167 
 
 Oppofite to thefe, the Virgin Schreira, Eva Fleigen and Mar- 
 gar it e the Maid of Spire with the like Fafters and abftemious 
 Ajatct : Farley > who flept fourteen Days and Nights ; Calvert 
 who went from London to Calais and back again to London in a 
 Summer's Day, between Sun riling and fetting j Here likewife 
 may properly come in fiabo Earl of Jbenjperg, who being Fa- 
 ther of Forty Children, brought Two and Thirty of them, 
 (all alive, and at once) to wait upon the German Emperor; 
 The prolific Mrs. Honywood of Marjhbam in Effex; but above 
 all, Margarite Countefs of Honeberg ) who brought forth as 
 many Children at one Birth, as there are Days in the Year, all 
 upon * uncjueftionable Record. * Erafmus 
 
 Then for Perfons Remarkable for Age amongft us, Dame ^-^ r ^ r 
 J^erton the late Abbefs of Amesberry, who lived to an Hundred ' W < ^ 
 and Forty Years, married, and died long after the diflblution 
 of her Monaflery ; Old Tar, who furvived above One Hundred 
 Fifty and Two Years ; and the antient Countefs of Defmond, 
 of whom it is reported, that flie changed her Teeth three 
 times ; as a Queen of Hungary recover d her Youth and Beauty ™£ 
 by Virtue of the Water that bears her Name : To thefe add yn. Cap. 
 Old Simfon of Ellerton upon Swale in York- [hire, ( who dying 5 6 « 
 within thefe Twenty Years ) was judged to be Older than 
 Par by Ten Years : Other Neflors and Macrobians of this, and 
 other Nations, lee in the Learned and Induftrious Dr. Plot's Na- CAR VIII, 
 tural Hiftory of Stafford [hire ; where likewife of Men of pro- 
 digious Stature, fuch as (Bray of Cornwall Parfons, Porter to King 
 James the Ftrjl, whofe Picture I think, is yet, or lately was to 
 be feen in the Guard Chamber at White-HaU ; Midleton of Lanca* 
 [hire^&cc. Next to thefe, Jeffrey Dwarf to King Charles the 
 Fir ft y who grew to an ordinary Min's Stature after Fifty 
 Years ; Mr. %amus ( Pumilo to Thomas Earl-Marfhal of En- 
 gland ) who being Learned, and in the magnificent Train of 
 that Noble Lord, when he went AmbaiTador to Vienna ( about 
 the Reftitution of the Palatinate to the vanquifhM King of 
 Bohemia ) made a Speech in Latin before his Imperial Majefty, 
 with fuch a Grace, and lb much Eloquence, as merited a Golden 
 Chain and Medal of the Emperor : Nor may we here forget 
 the compendious Confort (yet living ) of the late Mr. Gib/on, 
 whofe Nuptials we find celebrated by our belt * Poets • and the •MrWdUr. 
 Minute Man (of Stature fuitable) defervedly numbered a- 
 mong our Talleft, and very bell Miniature Painters of the Age ; 
 which kindly calls upon me to gratify an inclination I always 
 
 M m 2 had 
 
8 A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 had to an Art fo ufeful and inftru&ive, as well as delightful ; 
 by celebrating fome of our own Country- men, who have out- 
 done all the World in Water-Colours ; fuch as Hild'rard, both our 
 Olivers, the inimitable Cooper, Carew, with the two Sons of De 
 Clyne, Sec. In Oyl, 
 
 Dobfon, Walker, Jobnfon, Fuller, Greenhill, Streeter , G{yHe f 
 Tierce, Sec. our Phidias , Praxiteles and Lyfippus — Mr. Gibbon 
 for the Statuary our tf^aulins, Simons, Sec. for Intaglio*, Sec. our 
 Billingfly, VaYis of Hereford, whp wrote in Laudem Artis Scrip- 
 torU, and taught the Noble Prince Henry to write ; Coker, 
 Gerin, Getbing, Skelton, and mine own Monoculus Hoare ; Compa- 
 rable for their Skill and Dexterity in Graving, Calligraphy and 
 
 * Calhcu- f a j r Writing, to the moft Renowned of the * Antients. 
 Elegiac ' ' Di- Hadrian Junius fpeaks of him as a Miracle, who wrote the 
 jlic in a Se- Apoftle's Creed, and beginning of St. Johns Go/pel within the 
 
 ^n/var'. comj P afs of a Farthin £- whac wouId ne have laid of our Fa- 
 Hift. mous Peter Bale ? who in the Year 1575. wrote the Lords- 
 Prayer, the Creed, Decalogue, with two fliort Prayers in Latin, his 
 own Name, Motto, Day of the Month, Year of the Lord, and 
 Reign of the Qyeen, to whom he prefented it at Hampton- Court, 
 II In nuct in- all of it written within the || Circle of a Single Peny, inchas'd 
 tUaHcm ' * n a *^ n S and ^ordure of Gold, and covered with a Chryflal 
 Carmen in fo accurately wrought, as to be very plainly legible, to the 
 membrana g reat Admiration of her Majefty, the whole Privy- Council, 
 PHn.*Nat. and feveral Ambaffadors then at Court : I think, he was alfo 
 Hift. Lib. the Inventer of the Art of Bracbygrapby, Cyfers and other Not* 
 VII. Cap. f urtiV £ now j n { ucn u f e amon g us $ ei } manum de 
 
 Tabula. 
 
 For I fliould never elfe have done to think of finifhing this 
 Piece thro' all its dimenfions and varieties, as wc did expect to 
 find it in what Mr. Turner undertakes, Sed quanta de Jpe ! I 
 defcend therefore to other Nations, producing Men of Name 
 or Merit for fomething Extraordinary and Confpicuous, whofe 
 Effigies in Medal or otherwife, were defirable upon the Ac- 
 
 * Concerning count we fliall hereafter * mention in favour of this feeming 
 
 Thrfognomy. I3jg re ffi 0 n. 
 
 Alpbonfus, ,the Learned King of Leon and Caflile, and a Duke of 
 Ferrara of that Name ; Andrea D'Oria, who fignaliz'd himfelf 
 at the Battel of Lepanto j Alexander Farneze ; Albert Marcjuis of 
 Brandenburg \ Alonzo Perez^de Gufman Duke of Medina Sidoma, 
 General of the Armada ( Surnamed Invincible ) againft England, 
 Anno 1588. &c. 
 
 It 
 
A Vifcour/e of MEDALS. 269 
 
 It would be tedious but to Epitomize their feveral Exploits 
 and Famous AtchievementS) which every body converfanc 
 in modern Hiftory, will call to mind upon the recital of 
 their Names only, which I therefore run over, and as I am 
 Writing. 
 
 Beli^arius the fortunate^ and unfortunate General under 
 Ju/linian ; Godfry of Bulloin ; the Noble 'Baldwin and other 
 Heros of the Holy War ; Carolus Magnus and Qtuntus ; Charles 
 Duke of Burbon, and Charles Duke of Lorain ; Charles the Ninth 
 of France , Carolus de Cojfe ; Matthew CorVtnus ; AJfaldus Longus, 
 Jloifius Muslus, Antonio Profpero Colunna Coftmo di Medicis, 
 Lorenzo, and Peter ; John Cafmire ; Von Juan de Caftro and 
 Auflria ; the Cardinals of Lorain, P^cblieu and Ma^arin ; Lovis 
 de Bourbon Prince of Conde, and his Father Henry ; the Chevalier 
 Bayard-, Gafpar Colligny the Admiral, aflaffir/d in the Bloody 
 Panjian Majfacre ; r $ofny Duke of Sully; Charles Son of King 
 Philip the Second of Spain, put to Death by his Father, fufpected 
 of favouring a Reformation j Chriftiern the Second and Fourth 
 Kings of Denmark ; Ef icius and Guflavus Adolphus the Victo- 
 rious Kings of Sweden ; Frederic King of Bohemia-, Bethlem 
 Gahor Prince of Tranfylvania Ifaac Conyno Emperor of Trebe- 
 %ond ; Sebajiian Zani Doge of Venice ; Bartol Covillon ; Fagio- 
 fanus Bufonius ; Caflruccio Cajlricani ; Varellus, the Waivod 
 Draculus \ Jofeph King of Morocco ; Taffalet ; Benjamin Bucher } 
 Hamar Effain the Turk ; Ifaac King of Tombut ; Demetrius, and 
 the truculent Vafilovits Emperor of P^ujfia\ thrift. Bernard of 
 Munfter $ the Famous Pyrare Baibarojfa : I have feen Pictures 
 of Montezuma Emperor of Mexico j Athabaliba the Ynca ; Pa- 
 raccujji King of La Plata • Oran Zeeb, Zaga Chrifli, Tomabes the 
 lad Soldan of Egypt ; Simon the Georgian Prince ; Geo. Caftriot $ 
 Sahach Abba Sophy of Per fin ; Sultan Amur ad, and Mahumed Se- 
 cond and Third ; Selymus, and the Magnificent Solyman ,• Aibie- 
 rius Cham of fartary j Ferhates Bacha and Chu/eines Bacha of 
 Carmania, Zeriff of Fe^, Muleajjes King of Tunis ; the late Kh 
 zjer Cuproli, Jo. Cigala, &c. To which may be added other 
 extraordinary Perions,former,and later AmbafFadors from India, 
 Morocco, (fyijjia ( done by our beft Painters ) Hamet Ben Hoddu 
 Ottor ; ^aia Nebee, Naie Wt-Praia his Collegue-, AbiJagaSedana ? 
 and Peter jo. Potemkin of Mo/co y Pawhatan Emperor of Virginia 
 and Matoaka his Daughter, Wife to Efq ; Qfylj/f, with the 
 painted Prince Giolo lately fhew'd in Public. To return to 
 Chriftendom.— — 
 
 Ferdinando 
 
7 o A THfcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Ferdinando Gonfalvo de Cordova and Soto ; Fie/co of Genoa ; Fer- 
 dinand Gajpar de Gon^aga j Guatimala ; Gafp. Je Gu/man Conde 
 de Olivares ; Guidantonio Guidobaldi Duke of Urbin, and Fra. 
 Maria, Marquis Galeatius ; Gaftion de Faux ; the great Duke of 
 Gui%e\ Francis the Firft; Marifhal de Gaffion- the Duke of 
 fto : OBoban ; Anna Dutchels of Memorency ; Henry the Fourth of France ; 
 <Blaife de Monluc j Mich. Hofpitalis 3 Fran. Lefdiguieres, the late 
 Henry de la Tour Marifhal of France ; the Princes of Conde and 
 Conti ; Armand de Biron ; Ludov. de Trimouille ; George Cardinal 
 I'Ambois j the Count de ftynois ; J 0 - Boucicault ; S/Vwon Monfort ; 
 Scevola de Chajlillon ; Olivarius de CHJfon ; Bertrand de Guejlin ; 
 the late Count Pgchfacault ; 7°- Huniades j Hercules Duke of 
 Ferrara • P^aymundus de Ponto firft Mafter of the Order of 
 Mita ; George Elector of Brandenburg ; Jo/?/! Frederic of Saxony 
 great Patron of Luther, Sec. Jo. (Burgundus laft Mafter of 
 the IQiights Templars 5 Cardinal £7«£0 ; Malatefta ; Dow 
 
 Oquendo Admiral of the Spanifl? Fleet, Anno 1639. Jo. Je 
 Tfe?t * Buquoy ; Count 7?#y ; Waleftine Duke of Fridland ; Pe/wi 
 King of France, and Father of Charles the Gre<ir • Pbocas, 
 who murdered his Mafter the Emperor Mauritius, and 
 was Founder of the Primacy, Anno 602. To/ the 
 
 Brave Sw//} j the Noble Alonfo Perefus Piccinim ; Fran. Pe^aro ; 
 G^n* Eugenia the moft Prudent Governefs of Flanders, Sec. 
 Peter Fulgofus, AJfaldus Pi/o, Phil. Longus ; George ^agot^ius; 
 Jo. P^an^ovius ; %andolphus Adornus ; Chr. ^ad^iuil ; Peter Serini ; 
 Marquis Spinola ; Diego Sarmiento de Acunna ,• Sebaflian King of 
 Portugal-, Sigifmond King of Poland-, Count Staremberg who 
 fo bravely Defended Vienna ; Tho. Stro^i Ludovic. and Fran. 
 Sfor^a ; Cants Scaliger Princes of Verona ; Jacobus Trivultio • 
 Martin Turriano ; Virgilio Ur/ini ; Simon Vtgnotius ; Villiers and 
 Valetta, Great Matters of M*/ta and (ZJiWw ; Vajques de Gama ; 
 Farinata Ubertus ; Zifca ; Zamofchi Chancellor of Poland $ Henry 
 a fBrederode the moft Illuftrious and Heroic Princes of Orange, 
 William the Firft ; Maurice, Henry, Frederic ; William the Second, 
 and Third his "AvaUmt M. DC LXXXIIX. <&c. and amongft 
 the moft Worthy to be for ever Celebrated by that State, in 
 Medals of Gold 5 that Brave, and Courageous Patriot Offe, who 
 with his fecond Hajfenaer,h\ed his Fellow Citizens and Country, 
 from being tamely given up to the French before Amflerdam,\ 67%. 
 
 Fathers and Divines, as many as can be recovered with any 
 appearance of Refemblance, which I fear will be very few; tho' 
 the Monks in fome old Greek and Latin Manufcripts, pretend to 
 
 prefent 
 
A Vifcowfe of MEDALS. 
 
 *7 
 
 prefent us not a few, efpecially of the later Schoolmen and 
 iheolo«ucs of Note : Such as, 
 
 Alpbon jus a Caftro. 
 Aquinas. 
 
 Abbas Urfpergenfis. 
 Altingus. 
 
 G, de Saint Amore , 
 Angl. 
 
 Anaftajlus. 
 Anfelmus. 
 Arms Montanus. 
 Armachanus An<A. 
 
 CJ 
 
 'Baconthorp Anglus. 
 
 (Balfamon. 
 
 Baronius. 
 
 fBellarmin. 
 
 Berengarius. 
 
 Beffarion. 
 
 (Bertram. 
 
 Bkl. 
 
 fBonaventura. 
 Bradwardin Angl. 
 
 Cafa, Ep. BeneVent. 
 Cajetan. 
 Canus Melcb. 
 Capgrave Angl. 
 Cajfander Geo. 
 Cujanus Card. 
 
 Velrio. 
 
 Vionyfius Exig. 
 M. de Vominis. 
 Voffat. 
 Drexelius. 
 VubraVms. 
 Ductus Fronto. 
 Durandus. 
 Vrufus. 
 
 Ejpenfc 
 
 cCUS. 
 
 Efcobar. 
 
 Faggius Paul. 
 
 Fonjeca. 
 
 Fuhentius. 
 
 Ga^a Theod. 
 
 Genebrand. 
 
 Gerfon. 
 
 Goranus Angl. 
 Granata. 
 Grojlhed Angl. 
 
 Hampolus Angl. 
 Heresbacbius. 
 Mtncmarus. 
 Hugo Cardinal. 
 Hofius Cardinal. 
 
 Jacobus de Vorag. 
 Janfenius, Ep. Iper. 
 Iccoltus Cardinal. 
 
 A K^mp 'is Tbo. 
 
 A Lapide Corn. 
 Jo Laf carls. 
 LeJJius. 
 
 Pet. Lombard & Fra- 
 tres P. Comejkr. 
 Gratian. 
 
 Lyra Nicb. Angl. 
 
 Maldonat. 
 Mapus Angl. 
 Molineus. 
 Mont — Luc. 
 
 Necbam Angl, 
 Nigellus Angl. 
 
 Ocbam Angl, 
 
 Paguinus. 
 Pagritgarola. 
 Pamelas. 
 Pafcaftus. 
 
 P.Paul' Sarpi, Au- 
 thor of the C. of 
 Trent. 
 
 PallaVtcinl Card, his 
 Antagonift. 
 
 Perotus Nic. 
 
 Perron Cardinal. 
 
 P^abanus Maur. 
 ^benanus Beat, 
 (fttbadineira. 
 Gfygaltius. 
 
 Sa Emanuel. 
 
 Sadolet Cardinal. 
 
 Salignat. 
 
 S aimer on. 
 
 Sarvanerola. 
 
 Schelflrate. 
 
 Serarius. 
 
 Soto Dominic. 
 
 Stapulenjis Fab. 
 
 Suare%. 
 
 Tapperus. ' 
 Tolet Cardinal. 
 Torretius. 
 Toflatus. 
 Toff anus. 
 
 Valentius Gm. 
 
 Valejlus. 
 
 Vafque^. 
 
 Vatablus. 
 
z 7 i 
 
 A Vifcourfe of MEDAL S. 
 
 Vatablus. Valeria Cyprian. ~Xmenes Cardinal. 
 
 Vtves LudoVic. Hugo DeJ. Vitlore 
 
 Vulcanius. Angl. Zabarella, &c. 
 
 Tothefe add the Founders of Monaftical Orders, Specially 
 St. Dominic, Francis, Ignatius Loyola, 'Kayerius, 6\ Bruno the Car- 
 thuftan, Philip Neri, &c. And were it poffible, Peter the Fa- 
 mous Hermit and zealous Preacher of the Crufado, exciting the 
 Chriftian Princes to undertake the Holy War ; as &dhJohn Vet^eli 
 ^ H ^ Indulgence!, upon pretence of another Pious Fraud in the time 
 of Luther ; together with the contemplative Men St. Anthony, 
 Paul, Sym. Stylites, Sec. 
 
 Proteftants and Reformed. 
 
 Junius Hadr. Pifcator. 
 Patr. 
 
 
 Curio C<el&. 
 
 Amyraldus. 
 
 CurceUxus. 
 
 ARMINIUS. 
 
 
 Aubertin. 
 
 Daille. 
 
 
 De Vieu. 
 
 tBecanus. 
 
 DIODATI. 
 
 (Berenger. 
 
 jDonellus. 
 
 BEZA. 
 
 Drelincourt. 
 
 (Bibliander. 
 
 Drufus. 
 
 <Blondel 
 
 {Bochartus. 
 
 Epifcopius. 
 
 BUCER. 
 
 VEfpine. 
 
 !Bullenger. 
 
 Fagius. 
 
 CALVINVS. 
 
 Farell. 
 
 Culixtus. 
 
 
 Cameron Ansl. 
 
 Geraldus. 
 
 Cc^liuu 
 
 Gomarus. 
 
 CaftaHo. 
 
 
 Colerus. 
 
 Junius Fran, 
 
 A Lafcojo. 
 
 tfiyet Andr. 
 
 Scbichardus. 
 Scultetus. 
 Simlerus. 
 Sturmius, 
 
 Ttlems. 
 TREME- 
 (LIUS. 
 
 Marlorat. 
 Marnixius. 
 Martyr Pet. 
 Mercerus. 
 Meflri^at. 
 MOLIN Pet. 
 MORNEUS Jti U ams ' 
 
 (Phil. Ftretus. 
 Muerjius. Voetius. 
 Munflerus. 
 
 Mufculus. - WALDO of 
 Oecalampadius. mm ^ mU 
 Parous. 
 
 Pelicanus. Zwinglius, Sec. 
 
 Of the dugujiau Confeflion. 
 
 <Beaummanus. Chemnitius. Eckhartus. Hutterus. 
 Vrentms. Cruciger. fflmcusFU 
 
 Gerharaus. 
 
 Calovius. Dia%ius: Groninger. linger. 
 
 Labin 
 
A Vifcour/c of MEDALS. 
 
 LUTHER. 
 
 Major. 
 Martinus. 
 Meifner. 
 MELANC- 
 (T HON. 
 
 Ofiander. 
 
 Qfeffinger. 
 
 Quiftorp. 
 
 Salmutb. 
 Scbibler. 
 Scbmidius. 
 
 Urfinus, 
 Wegelin. 
 
 Vergerius Paul. Zimmerman, 
 Volkmarus. ( Sec. 
 
 Hiftorians 3 Philofophers , Philologers , 
 
 Critics, &c. 
 
 Agricola Geo. 
 Alberti LeoBap. 
 Allatius Leo. 
 Aldus, A. P. F. 
 Akx.abAlexan. 
 (P. de Alliaco. 
 Alvare^. 
 Aljhdlus. 
 A p pi anus. 
 Aretin (pet. 
 
 Fran. 
 
 Argyropylus. 
 Aubefpin. 
 Aventine. 
 Auguftinus Ant. 
 T> Av'ila. 
 D' Avity. 
 
 Barbaras Her. 
 
 Van. 
 
 Baudius, 
 
 Bayfius. 
 
 Bembus Tet. 
 
 Bengardus. 
 
 Bertram. 
 
 B'wnoru 
 
 Blondus. 
 
 Bonamicus. 
 
 Bongarpus. 
 
 Borricbius. 
 
 Boterus. 
 
 Briffonius. 
 
 Brodaeus. 
 Broulart'tus. 
 Burger /dictus. 
 Buxtorf. 
 
 Cagnolus. 
 
 Chalcondylas. 
 
 Calderinus. 
 
 Calepin. 
 
 CalVipUs. 
 
 Camerariuso 
 
 Campanus. 
 
 Canterm. 
 
 Caninius. 
 
 Caflalio. 
 
 Carp^pVms. 
 
 Caro Hanib. 
 
 Cafaubon. 
 
 Caflelvetro, 
 
 tatanceus. 
 
 Comes Natal. 
 
 Du Cbe/ne. 
 
 Cbiftetius. 
 
 Cbry/oloras. 
 
 Ciacconius. 
 
 Clemengis. 
 
 Cderus. 
 
 Commandinus. 
 
 Columna titer. 
 
 and Fab. 
 Comenius. 
 
 Comines Thil. 
 Conrinvius. 
 
 o 
 
 Contarenus. 
 Cun&H*. 
 Cremoninus. 
 Crinitus <Pet. 
 
 Decius Tbil. 
 
 Delrio. 
 
 Defpauterius. 
 
 Deufing. 
 
 Doletus. 
 
 Donatus: 
 
 Dou/a Janus. 
 
 T>ruftus. 
 
 Duditbius. 
 
 Elmacinus. 
 
 ERASMUS. 
 
 Erpenius. 
 
 Everardus. 
 
 Eujlatbius. 
 
 Faber Honor at. 
 
 . Nicolam. 
 
 — —Tetrus. 
 
 Tanaquil. 
 
 Faernus. 
 Ferrarius. 
 Feneflella. 
 Ficinus* 
 N n 
 
 Fremfbemius. 
 Froiffard. 
 
 Garc'uLaffo de 
 la Vega, who 
 writ the Hi- 
 ftory of the 
 Incas. 
 
 Gar^. ab HortOa 
 
 Gauricus. 
 
 Ga%a. 
 
 Gemiflus. 
 
 Gefner. 
 
 Gi/anius. 
 
 Gocknius. 
 
 Godefcalcus, 
 
 Golius. 
 
 GorUus: 
 
 Gruter. 
 
 Gryndus. 
 
 Gronovius. 
 
 GROTIUS, 
 
 Grdvius. 
 
 GraVms. 
 
 Grucbius. 
 
 Guillandinus, 
 
 Gulielmius. 
 
 Gyraldus. 
 
 Du Hamel: 
 Hehicus. 
 
 HeraldiM* 
 
A Vtfcomje of MEDALS. 
 
 Hzraldus. 
 Heereboord. 
 Hermann.Ccntr . 
 Jiermolaus r B. 
 HEINSIUS. 
 
 (P. F. 
 Holflenius. 
 Hortenjius L. 
 
 Le Jay. 
 Imola Jo. 
 Imperator. 
 Jovius. 
 Junius Hadr. 
 Jujlellus Pat. 
 
 l\eckerman. 
 l\ircbmannus . 
 
 Laet. 
 
 Lambinusi 
 
 Ldtus. 
 
 Landinus. 
 
 LeunclaVius. 
 
 Lajcaris. 
 
 Latomus. 
 
 Leopardus* 
 
 Lett Greg. 
 
 Leo Africanus. 
 
 LeunclaVms. 
 
 Licetus Fortun. 
 
 Ligorius. 
 
 Ltnfcbotcn. 
 
 Lindenbrogius. 
 
 LIPSIUS. 
 
 Longolius. 
 
 Madruftus. 
 Maimburg. 
 Majoragtus. 
 Malbrancb. 
 
 Manutius Pat. 
 
 Fil. 
 
 Mariana. 
 Martinius. 
 MaJtus. 
 Maffonms. 
 Meibomius, 
 Menagius. 
 Menocbms. 
 Merula. 
 Meurftus. 
 Me^eray. 
 Molinaus. 
 Monardus. 
 Morhovius. 
 Munfter. 
 Muretus. 
 Mufurus. 
 
 ISLannius. 
 Naudrtus. 
 Nannejtus. 
 
 Olaus Mag, 
 Oldorpius. 
 
 P actus Jul. 
 Palmerius. 
 Pancirollus. 
 Panvin. Onup. 
 Partita. 
 <Pafcal. 
 Pafferatius. 
 Pafquier. 
 Patricius Fran. 
 Paulus Venetus. 
 Piereske Fabr. 
 <PelliJon. 
 (percheymer* 
 Perottus. 
 Petavius. 
 Petitus Sam, 
 
 (philander. 
 Pbilelpbus. 
 Picolomini. 
 Pitlorius. 
 Jo.Picus Mir an. 
 (Pierius. 
 Pighius. 
 Pignorius. 
 Pinellus. 
 Pitboius. 
 Platina. 
 Du PkixScip. 
 Poggius. 
 Polttianus. 
 Pontanus. 
 Tortus Cntenfis 
 Puteanus and 
 (Frat. 
 
 %tguf<tus. 
 
 G{amus Pet. 
 
 G(amuJio. 
 
 Qfypbelengius. 
 
 ^iccobonus. 
 
 fitter fbufius. 
 
 tftytgerjius. 
 
 Qtycca Angelus. 
 
 ^pbortel. 
 
 tityjinus. 
 
 fyinejius. 
 
 Sabellicus. 
 
 Sadoletus. 
 
 SALMASIUS. 
 
 Salmeron. 
 
 Sambucus. 
 
 SCALIGER. 
 
 (P. F. 
 Schottus. 
 Scioppius. 
 Scriperius. 
 Scultetus. 
 
 Schindlerus. 
 Sigonius. 
 Simlerus. 
 Siri Victor. 
 Sleidan. 
 Speronius. 
 Spondanus. 
 Stepbanus Hen. 
 
 %ob. 
 
 Cbar. 
 
 Stobms. 
 Stuckius. 
 Sturmius. 
 Sylburgius. 
 
 Tartagnus. 
 
 Telefinus. 
 
 Tbe^et. 
 
 Tbcvenot. 
 
 Tbomafinus. 
 
 THUANUS. 
 
 Tbyjius. 
 
 Ttlenus. 
 
 Tiraquellus. 
 
 Torrenlius. 
 
 TrapezuntiuSd 
 
 Tumebus. 
 
 Tufams. 
 
 Trijfinus. 
 
 ValU. 
 
 Valefius'. 
 
 Varenius. 
 
 Varillas. 
 
 Velferus. 
 
 Verdier, 
 
 Vergerius. 
 
 Vtttorius. 
 
 Vignier. 
 
 Virgil <Polyd. 
 
 Vlitius. 
 
 Ulpbila. 
 
 Voetiuu 
 
A Vifcmrfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Voetius. 
 Volai err anus. 
 VOSSIUS 
 (P. F. 
 
 Accurfius. 
 Alciat. 
 
 (Baldus. 
 
 fBartolus. 
 
 Becanus. 
 
 'BonaVuus. 
 
 BUDi£US. 
 
 CovarruVtas. 
 Cujacius. 
 
 Urfinus. 
 
 Wicquefort. 
 Wierus. 
 Wendelinus. Wolpbius. 
 
 Juris-Confults. 
 
 tie cms PbiL Imolenfis Alex, 
 
 Feneflella: 
 Fulgofus. 
 
 Gencilis. 
 
 Hottoman. 
 Hottinger. 
 
 Menocbius. 
 Minjlnger. 
 
 Packs juL 
 tPanormitan. 
 Papinian. 
 Paulinas. 
 Paulus de Cajlro 
 
 IVower. 
 
 Xylander. 
 Xipbilin, &c. 
 
 Puffendorf. 
 
 Selva. 
 
 Ttraquellus; 
 
 ULPIAR 
 
 Wtdmanftade, 
 Sec. 
 
 Phyficians, Naturalifts > Chymifts and Botanifts, 
 
 Indeed we (bmetimes meet with the Heads of JEfculaphs 
 himfelf, Hippocrates, Tbeopbraftus, Mitbridates, &c. in Gems and 
 antient Marbles : But I remember not to have feen any of 
 Galen, Celfus, Sec. tho' 'tis not unlikely there may perhaps in 
 Spain be fome true Pictures of Averroes, Avicen, A%ptb y Me/ue 0 
 tyafis, Serapio, Stc. as I make no doubt but there is of 
 
 Acofla. 
 
 Crato. 
 
 De Graff. 
 
 M%aldus. 
 
 Aquapendente. 
 
 Crollius. 
 
 Mollerus. 
 
 Anentarius. 
 Ajellius. 
 
 Gufius. 
 
 Godartius. 
 
 Mayern. 
 
 
 
 Matbiolus. 
 
 Jlpinus Pro/per 
 
 Valecbamphs. 
 Dodon&us. 
 
 Heurnins. 
 
 Nipbus. 
 
 (Bartholin. P. F. 
 
 Vuret. 
 
 Jobnftonus. 
 
 Parens. 
 
 (Baubmus. 
 
 
 Patin, P. F. 
 
 (Bello)iius. 
 
 Etmullerus. 
 
 Vander Linden. 
 
 Platerus. 
 
 BeVeroyicius. 
 
 
 Lemnius. 
 
 Plempius. 
 
 !Borricbius. 
 
 Fallopius. 
 
 Laurentius. 
 
 Pontanus. 
 
 Borellus. 
 
 Fernelius. 
 
 La%ius. 
 
 Pighius. 
 
 Bontius. 
 
 Fierovantus. 
 Foreflus. 
 
 Leonicenus. 
 
 <Pt/o. 
 
 Paludanus. 
 
 Capivaccius, 
 
 Fracaflorius. 
 
 Malphigius. 
 
 
 £<zjalpims. 
 
 Fuchfius, 
 
 Mtrcurialis. 
 
 Qyercetanus. 
 
 N n z 
 
 V. <%hee< 
 
176 A Ttifcowfe o/MEDALS. 
 
 Vtityeed. Sala. Spigelius. Tragus, 
 
 tifyverius. Sambucus. Spon. 
 
 (Rtolanus. Sahianus. Steno. Veflingius. 
 
 G(ulandus. Safoatico. Sylvius de Boe. 
 
 QUondeletius. Sanclorius. SchreVelius. Wierus> 
 
 (Ruellius. Sennertus. Septalius. Wormius,8cc> 
 
 Regius. Sinibaldi. Severinus. 
 
 Other famous Perfbns, Adepti, Qtpji-Crucians, Empirics and Pre- 
 tenders to curious Arts, and extraordinary Secrets : 
 
 Jrnoldus de Villa Nova, the Abbot Joachim, Trevifanus, 
 Trithemius, Artephim, Cornelius Agrippa, Bafilius Valentinus, Jacob 
 Behmen, Campanella, Cardan, Cofmopolita, Dr. Fauftus , Nicolas 
 Flamel, Geber, Glauber, Van Helmont, John de Indagine, I\elly, 
 Lullius, the Merlins, Noftradamus j the two Famous Monte- 
 banks Orvietano and John Tunteus, Paracelfus, Baptifla Porta, 
 Qtypefcijfa, Weckerus, Wyerus the Noble Defpagnet Author 
 of Enchirid, (Pbyf. ^eftitut. and other Novators ; the more 
 Learned Jews, Abrabanel, Benjamin, Manajjes !Ben Ifrael, 
 Maimonides, % David Cbimci, Leo} Modena, Leo Juda, Elias 
 Livita. Befides other 
 
 Impoftors, Herefiarchs and Heterodoxi, &c. 
 
 Arius, Barcocab and the Tfeudo-Meffias's j Sarcoid, nor more 
 expect we to meet either in Medal, Marble or Picture Simon 
 Magus, Cerihthus, Manes, Pelagius, Donatus, Lucian, Porphyria, 
 Celfus, &c. Mahomet, Sergius, Haly ; tho' perhaps Adam Pafior^ 
 Abbas Joachim, Sartor, Eraflus, Calderinus, Vaninus, Gordianus, 
 Bruno, (Pomponatius, Pomponius Laetus, Socinus, Crellius, Anthony 
 Urceus, Schliclingius, Vorflius, SerVetus, Martin Gondifaho, Gualter 
 Lollard, Munjler, David George, Heffling, WaldemarJac.Heraclides ; 
 the Vifionary Poftellus, John of Ley den, IQiipper dolling, Sabbat at 
 SeVi ; the falfe Seba/lian of Portugal ^^ujlan, Muggleton, George 
 Fox and (Berkeley our Princes of Quakers and Penfihanians, the 
 Quietifl Molinos, Anthoneta de Borignon, &c. 
 
 Next to thefe enter the Famous Viragos, Jean la Pucelle d' Or- 
 leans, of whom there was long fince a Medal ftruck, and divers 
 Pidures • the Papijfa Joane or John the Eight. Add to thefe 
 Majfanello of Naples, and others of remarkable Note. 
 
 Perfons like wile diftinguifhable for any Rare and Extraor- 
 dinary Accident or Quality j fuch as were the two Famous 
 
 Philophilijh 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 277 
 
 (pbilopbilifts ( the modern Pylades and Oreftes of the late Age ) 
 
 Nicolas Barbadians, the Marquis Trevifanus, who fb Nobly 
 
 contended to die for one another. To whom add, Joannes de ) t$y 
 
 Temporibus Standard-bearer to Charlemain, who is reported to 
 
 have lived Three Hundred Years ; Battadeus xhzWandriw Jew: 
 
 any of the Seven Sleepers ; the temperate Cornaro ; George of 
 
 Fronsberg the Swedes y Nic. flanker j fytocxva of Poland ; Burgo 
 
 the Spaniard, with the Zelander fotall and ftrongly limb'd, as 
 
 at the Nuptial of the French King Charles the Fair, he brought 
 
 into the Feftival Hall two Tuns of Beer, in either Hand a Tun: 
 
 The Noble Silejun fo ftrong, as with his Hands could break 
 
 the thicken; Horfe-Shooe, and held at the fame time three Men, ' 
 
 two under his Arm, and one by his Teeth ; and who hunting 
 
 a vaft Wild Boar, taking him by the Snout, kill'd him with 
 
 his Sword, and could at a Dinner quaff off a whole German 
 
 Ohm of <Rbenif}). And now we fpeak of Germans and Boars, 
 
 I read of a Boor or Country- Fellow of that Nation, who upon 
 
 a Wager, devoured an entire Hog, Entrails and all, raw and 
 
 alive, beginning at the Tail. Other Athletic and Gigantic Men 
 
 were Quamambe the American Prince j but none of thefe came 
 
 near Von <Pedro & Spanifi Gentleman ; who tho' but of a juft 
 
 Stature, did at * Naples perform things fo prodigious £oy* Ssq j oB 
 
 Strength, as well may Juftifie all that we find reported ofp^ vlyl 
 
 Sam/on, Milo, Titormus and other Heros of old ; nor thefe the^* Lit> IV" 5 
 
 Stories of fufpec"ted Authors, but as Eye* Witneffes, recorded by ap * ll ° 
 
 Maiolus, Cardan, Camerarius, Thuanus, Scaliger, Fa^el, Goropius 
 
 and others of fufficient Credit, 
 
 To thefe add Lazarus the Italian, whofe Brother grew out 
 of his fide- but above all, thofe Scotch Twin Monfters, who 
 living both to be Men, often difcourfed and diiputed with one 
 another, and fometimes wrangled and fell out. To thefe be- c ~ 
 long Barbara the hairy Maid, whofe Picture we have itova^ ee -J/J-^^~ 
 the Life by Hollar, and the Cornuted Woman } the little Manikin I* 1 °<$- L JjfJi ) 
 lately carried about in a Box, ancTthe prodigious fat Child. To^^ caj4lr£ 
 this Clafs belong extraordinary Zanis and Farcers, Scaramuccios, 
 Trivelin, Harlequin, Tulchinello and fuch as excel in flight of 
 hand; the late Famous Funamble Turk> Jack- Adams, and the Dutch- 
 Woman Tumbler ; by no means forgetting our late Troteus Clark, 
 who tho' grofs enough of Body, was of fb flexible and fubtile 
 a Texture, as to contort his Members into feveral disfigurati- 
 ons, and to put out of joynt almoft any Bone or Vertebra of 
 his Body, and to re-place it again. Laftly, Thomas the German ^ 
 
 _ who 
 
278 A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 who performed any thing with his Feet that others could 
 do with their Hands, celebrated by the Excellent Poet 
 Pofihius, &c 
 
 Eminent Travellers and Vifcoyerers were, 
 
 (Paulus Venetus, the jew Benjamin, Leo Ajricanus, Poflell, 
 Fernandus Pinto, Busbequius, Bellonius, Jo. Maria Favi, Le Blanc, 
 Bernier, Monconis, Mandeljlo and Olearius, %auwolf, Ibevenot, 
 Tavernier, Sir John Chardin, my moft worthy Friend j Vanjlebe, 
 with the late Famous Mifftonaries, (Riccius, Adam, Semedo, Mar- 
 tinius, Magalian, the Jefuit Le Compt, Trigaultius, P. de la Valle, 
 and above all thofe ever Renowned Difcoverers of the New 
 World, Vefpufius, Columbus, Vertamannus, John Major, Sebaflian 
 Confalvo, Gome^, Nigno, Fogefta, Vafc.TSlune^, Peter Covilan, 
 P.Ahare^, Almeida, Aharedo, Zanches de Hueha, Zeno, Ubbon, 
 Sylvanus, Piccolomini $ our Owen Cuynedd, Annius Hemiskirk, 
 Barenfon, Car. Q(tp. Machero, Gonfafoo and Triftan de Va^, 
 Pigafetta, Spileberg, Schouten, VEremit, Bathencourt, cum multis 
 aliis, whofe Pourtraits are to be found. 
 
 Much defirable were certainly the Heads and Effigies of the 
 antient Sophifls, tyetoricians, Critics, Men Renowned for their ex- 
 traordinary Learning, &c» Such as 
 for many Varro, Demetrius Phalereus y Plotinus, Hierocles, Longmus, 
 %hlf G T k Q& nt 'd* an > both the Plinies ( of whom I wonder we fee neither 
 Wetftein" Authentic Medal or Statue ) Solinus, Maximus Tyrius, A. Gell'ms, 
 late Ednion Atheiuus, Pyrrbo the Sceptic, Lucian, Libaniusfenforinus, Tlwniftius, 
 erwx g or\a- Severinus Boetbius, and others whom we have named, not 
 tber thofe of omitting the Witty JEfop, and incomparable Phtdrus, &c. 
 5 e r°v5' ^ or rememDcr * to have feen any Medal ( one could confi- 
 thKe/on- dently rely on ) of the Father of Hiftory Herodotus, Ihucyd'tdes, 
 gmais yet re- Xenophon, Polybius, Plutarch and the reft of that Venerable 
 mamni. ^ Qr j nc | cec j Q c ^ j^ atm Writers ( Cafar excepted ) or 
 
 very few of the Ages fucceeding ; but which yet might have 
 been done as to the Effigies in their Manuscripts , by the Pens 
 of thofe who in their Author's Life-time copied their Works, 
 and had been skilful in defigning with the Pen, as many have 
 done in later times. 
 
 Matbema- 
 
A Vijcourje of MEDAL S. 
 
 2 79 
 
 Mathematicians* 
 
 What fliould one not give for a genuine Medal oi the Divine 
 Archimedes, Arcbytas, Ariftarcbus, Callijlbenes Diophantus, Euclides, 
 Eratoftbenes, Hipparcbus, Mela, Ptolemee, Strabo, Apollonius <Per- 
 gdtus, Tappus, Tyrrbo the Lydian, Sefofiris, Sec. of the Antients? 
 Ulugb 'Beigb Nephew to great Tamerlain ; Alha^en, Almanfor, 
 Geber, l[r. Abulfeda, &c. ^adolpbus the Second: With no 
 great Pains we may find the Effigies and Stamps of the Noble 
 Tycbo, Copernicus, GaliUus, f(epler f De Cartes, Gajfendus, Vteta y 
 Schemer, Hevelius (of whom I have feen a very fair Medalion.) 
 To thefe number, 
 
 Apian Tet. Areolus, Des Argues, Auzput ; Benardinus Baldus, 
 'Berttus, Bettinus, 'Borellus, Bullialdus, Cajfini, Cavallerius, ClaYius^ 
 Commandinus ; Eicbjladius, Eujlatbius de DiVmis, Fermat, Oro?2tius 
 Findus, Fournier, Fermantius j GaliUo, Gemma Frifius, Guido UbaU 
 dus j Herigon, Hondius ■> Janellus, Jubertus ; Kjrcberus ; LudoVtcus 
 a Ceulen,Lubin ; Ger. Mercator, Maurolycus, Merfennus ,Mercurialis ; 
 ISlicero j Ortelius ; Ta/cbal, Tena, Teqtiet, Teutinger, Turbacbius ; 
 <%J?amufius, ^tidbeck, %agufius, tf{obault, ^icciolus ; Snellius, Stadius, 
 Scbotti tStevinusfitouffter $ Tacquet,Torricellius,Tartaglia, Turrianus , 
 Fitellio, De Wit, &c. 
 
 Defpairing of Hippia* the Tyrant, fifijlratus, Tiphys, Tbefeus, 
 Daedalus, Talamedes, Icarus, See. Worth in the mean time were 
 the procuring the Effigies of Firgilius Bifhop of Salisbourg, 
 condemned as an Heretic, for affirming there were Antipodes-, 
 ^egiomontanus, Flayio Goia of Amalpbi, who found out the 
 <Pyxis Nautica ; and of that Devil in aCoul,the Monk Anklitzjn, 
 or Scbwarts of Friburgh, who invented Gun powder and Artil- 
 lery : But above all, the Famous Cojlar of Harlem, or who- 
 ever elfe he was, that brought the ftupendious Art of Typo- 
 graphy into the World, of which 'tis yet believed, the fore- 
 named ^egiomontanus gave the firft hint j the Heads of both 
 the Learned and Induftrious Improvers of it, deferving indeed, 
 not only their Medals, but Statues of Gold, and would doubt- 
 lefs have been lo honored in a more grateful Age : How much 
 more than he, or they, who hrft invented Letters, and the 
 Symbolical Magic of Writing, for the Communication of our 
 Thoughts to the Abfent or the fartheft Antipodes j Nay, of the 
 Dead, by joyningpf thofe Elements together ? 
 
 Famous 
 
8 o A Difcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Famous (Printers were Oporinus, <l{apbeleng'ms, Tlantin, the 
 Stephens, Aldus^ Moretus, Grypbius, Froben, Morelius, the El%e~ 
 • viers, Bleau, Vitre, our Day, Winkyn de Work who Printed here, 
 if not firft of any, yet the fecond, 1496. in the Reign of 
 Hemry V Jl- Caxton, ^ajial who married a Sifter of Sir Thomas 
 More Lord Chancellor ; Tboma/tus, <Bee, not forgetting John Tate, 
 who made excellent White Taper fo long fince, for 'John Caxton 
 here in England : The Invention of the ^olling-Trefs, ( how cer- 
 tainly I know not ) is alcribed to the Learned Jufius Lipfms, 
 but 1 believe it was long before. To thefe add Joannides, fac. 
 Mefius, Upper fern, Vkellio, GraYtus, GaliUo, Sir Taut Neile, &c. 
 all of them contending to have been the firft Inventors, or 
 •out An- who wrought or brought * Spetlacles, Terfpetlive and othec 
 r?0 °' Optic and Tele/copic Glajfes to that perfection we now have 
 them, and fee their Effects as in that prodigious Syftem, reducing 
 the irregularities of Saturn, with other wonderfuj Difcoveries. 
 Here come in Leeuwenhoek, Swammerdam, &c. Difcovercrs of 
 fuch Wonders and Magnalia Dei in Mitiimis by their Mi- 
 cro/copes, after our Sagacious Dr. Hook, had (Tie wed the way. 
 To thefe add, 
 
 Taulinus Bifliop of Nola, who 'tis faid, invented (Bells, or ra- 
 ther brought them firft in ule to Congregate the People. 
 Stirrups to Saddles are modern ; fo is the poliming of Armour, 
 milled Lead and fheathing of Ships with it, drawing of Wire, 
 and flitting Steel and <Bords by Mills j Refining, and indeed 
 Inventing Sugar, and other fuch like Works ; as making of 
 Hats, improving Taper and Figuline Ware by Talifjys White 
 Gla^e 5 with the great Improvements of that antient and ufe- 
 ful Art, by our Mr. Doit ; the finding out of feveral forts of 
 Stuffs, Calandring and Chambletings, Cements, Vernifhes, Tafts and 
 Lackers, artificial Marbles, and the way of ftaining and colour- 
 ing it. The Monks who brought out of Terfia into Europe 
 the firft Eggs of the Silk-Worm to Juflinian, and other felici- 
 tates hujtts Stfculi ( as one calls them ) which may be reckon'd 
 among the Nova reperta of the latter Ages, in number and 
 ufe, far fuperior to any of the former. 
 
 Cornelius Drebble was Famous for his perpetual Motion • the 
 "Noble Hunniades Inventor of the Scarlet-Bow Die, fince the lofs 
 of the antient Turple ; Stevinus, who (befides feveral Geome- 
 trical Inftruments ) framed the Veliferous Chariot, celebrated by 
 the Learned Grotius ; (Baniger, who made a failing Tlow, and 
 built a Veffel to row it lelf, and another to pais under the 
 
 Seas j 
 
A Vifcowje of MEDALS. 18 
 
 Seas ; nor muft Guil. Buchildius be omitted, who Anno 1 3 47. 
 found out the way of Curing Herrings bringing in that Im- 
 menfe Wealth to thofe of Holland, that the Great Emperor 
 Charles the Fifth went on purpofe to where he lay obfcurely 
 buried, and caufed a Noble Monument to be erected over 
 him. Our Baylie for his Engine to deepen obftructed Rivers,, 
 does here come in thofe alio who have of late perfected the 
 way of Diving and Urination, carrying Light, Writing, fend- 
 ing Letters and Working under Water in the profoundeft Seas, . 
 by which great Treafures and Wrecks have been recovered. 
 And here Cola Pe/ce the Famous Sicilian is not to be forgotten. 
 Thofe who likewife firft excogitated, or improved Calcula- 
 tions of Automata : The Equated Ifocrone Motion of the Weight 
 of a Circular (Pendulum, in a Paraboloeid, and as applied to 
 Clock-Work, who brought them to repeat the Hour, and added 
 the Spring-Balance to Watches. The Laws of Motion and Geo- 
 metrical ftreightning of Curyelines are due to Sir Chr. Wren and 
 Mr. Kale-, and what we have mentioned above, to the Fa- 
 mous Oughtrcd, Hugens of Zulichum, Dr. Hook-, Mr. Barlow, &c. 
 As formerly to our (Robert Norman and W. Burrows, the rinding 
 out of the Variation and Inclination of the Needle. To our 
 Harriot, the Area of Spherical Triangles, and Quantity of Solid 
 Angles. The Periphery of Plight Tangents and Secants, which 
 we have of ^egiomontanus and Napper, were fhewed us by 
 Erafmus P^inhold, &c. The Detection of the way of Epheme- 
 rides (unknown to the Antient ) is afcribed to Purbachius 5 
 and Ludovicus d Culen is Famous for his Geometrical Problem. 
 And now what New and Nobler Flights, our Learned Newton 
 has made in thefe fublime Studies, worthily Advancing him to 
 the Truft he is in, and where without Envy, he may Itamp his 
 own Medal. 
 
 Torrecellius and Otto Geric claim thofe ufeful Experiments 
 about the Air. Among the moft Ingenious Mechanicks may 
 be reckoned, Gil. Nornfon, who about Thirty Years fince, 
 made that Famous Clock of St. Johns at Lions in France, with 
 whom we would compare our prefent Coventry Black-Smith, 
 and Pochard Wallingford Son alfo of another Black-Smith ; who 
 made luch anocher Mafter-Piece almoft Four Hundred Years 
 paft, as our Chronicles tells us. William, and Thomas Bleau, 
 'johnfon, San/on, Tavernier and other Excellent Compofers of 
 Maps, Charts, Globes, Spheres, &c. Our Mr. Blagrave both In- fee vim. 
 ventor and Maker of his Mathematical Jewel The Plowing, Lib. 
 
 O o Sowing, 56o 
 
i8z A Vifcourfe (MEDALS. 
 
 Sowing, Setting and Harrowing Corn at one time, with feveral 
 more Ingenious and ufeful Inventions ( which we fhall here- 
 after fpeak of ) deferve a mention. 
 *Jfetftbt Among thefe may come in the Diligent and Curi- 
 Dukes of ous * Collectors of both Artificial, and Natural Curiofi- 
 Branden- t j eS) Types, Models, Machines, <src. fach as were Favi, 
 Munic, V AdroMandws, Imperanti ; Mafcardi, Septalius, Wormius, Paule 
 Saxony,Ba- Contant, Calceolarius, Pifo, CaVal. Po^p, Ferdinando Gofpi, Jo. 
 rua 9 &e. f ra faf cant ^ anc ] above them all, the worthy Mr. Charleton, 
 Sec. 
 
 And now whilft we fpeak of Heads and Pourtraits, the moffc 
 celebrated Modern Painters, Sculptors and Archite&s challenge 
 their Place, fuch were the great Reftorers, Gmabue, Geddi, 
 Giotto, Mich. Angelo <Buona (Roii, (Raphael d Urbino, Titian, Julio 
 (Romano, Paulo Veronese, Leonardo Da Find, Pet. Perugino, 
 Correggio, Caraccio, Polidoro de Car ay agio, Parmegiano, BaJJano y 
 Georgione, P^JJo, Andr. Mantegna, Del Sarto, Perin del Vagua, 
 Gentile ( a Son of Bellino ) Famous for his Journey to Conftanti- 
 nople, to draw the Picture of Mahomet the Second, and the Re- 
 proof that Tyrant gave him, for leaving a Neck too long 
 and out of proportion, in a Piece of the decapitation of St. John 
 Baptifl, by taking off the Head of a poor Slave before him, to 
 {hew him a demonftration of his Error. 
 
 To thefe add Julio Cloy to, Scayoni, Sahiati } D'Arpino, Domini- 
 chino } Baroccio, Palma, Bandinelli, Zucchero, Ttntcret, Lanfranc> 
 Cor tone, Peruzjsj, Porcellus, del Piombo y Pordonon, Franco, Maze- 
 voli, Guido PJiene, Pantormo, Salviati, Beccafumi, Lomafius, Pet. 
 Tefta, Vannius, Void, Maratti, Albert Durer, Holbein, Luc. Van 
 Ley den, Breugel Udine, Rjibens, Van Dyke, Morus, Le Brun, Poufm y 
 'Bourdon, Lely, Bronkborjl, Culemberg, Gentile/cus, De Crete, Florus, 
 Honthorfl, Meytens, Polenburgh, Syndere, Paul Brill, Snellinx, Vo- 
 flerman, Pjmbrand, Brower, Bavor, Boll, Dankers, Eilcheimer y 
 Eix, Eyck ( John, and Hubert efpecially ; who invented the Ufe 
 of Gyls in Colours, Anno, 1410.) Guttembergh, Hemskerk, Kejfcl, 
 Levins, Reyffcus, Van Orf, Peters, Segars,Swarts,Voerft,8cc. 
 
 Nor was all the praife due to Men alone, as of old were 
 celebrated Timarete, Irene, Calypfo, Lala, &c. Famous Pitlrices 
 in, and near our times, were Artimijla Gentile fchi 9 Chriftma Pop- 
 pinch, Marietta Tintoreta, Magdalena de Pas, Sufanna de Sandrac, 
 Lucretta Mrandulana, Propertia of Bononia y the Abbefs Plautilla, 
 the Learned Anna Maria a Scurman, and another Anna of Nieu- 
 burgh, Phonisba of Cremona, and Propertia Pfffi, who was both 
 
 PiBrix 
 
A Vifcourfe of M EDALS. 
 
 PiHrix and Sculptrix ; not forgetting the Virtuous Lady of the 
 Chevalier Charles Pattin (fo well delerving of the Medalifts) 
 skilful in the Latin Tongue : But above all, the Princefs LoYtfe, 
 Daughter to the late Queen of Bohemia, who had that raft and 
 extraordinay Talent of drawing the Effigies to the Life, of an 
 ablenc Perfon, by Memory only. 
 
 Eminent Chalcographers were Vurer, Sadeler, Cort, M. A tony, 
 ^et. Pontius, Boljvert, Nantevil, Natalis, Voflerman, Melan, which 
 calls to mind the late Melanochalcographer N. de Seigen ; who in 
 the Year 1 648, firft produced the Mezgp-Tinto Graving ( of 
 which before j ) Calot,Boffe, De la (Bella, Blomaert, and innu- 
 merable more : But among all we have recited, the never to 
 be forgotten Hub. Golems, whilft we write of Medals. 
 
 Renowned Architedis and Sculptors 
 
 Were divers of the Painters nam'd above $ M. Angelo, Pri- 
 maticim, Pantormo, John de Bollogne, Francis Flemingo, the two 
 laft celebrated for the Statue ot the Duke of Florence erected 
 in the Piazza at Ligorne $ Henry the Fourth of France (land- 
 ing on the Pont-Noeuf at Paris ; and the Santla Veronica in 
 St. Peters at tifyme ; but above all, Dominico Fontona, who ele- 
 vated the Ghelifc before that fumptuous Pile 5 Bernini, who 
 built the Cupola ; Bramante, Vignole,Scammo^i, Alberti, De I'Orme, 
 Serli, not forgetting John de Vdine, Inventor, or Reftorer of the 
 Art of Stucco - y with blind Sculptor of Florence, who cut, 
 and moulded Faces, and made them to referable by his Feel- 
 ing only. Laftly, Francifco Tadda, who after the cutting and 
 working in Porpbyrie had been loft many Hundred Years, 
 found out a certain Juice, wherewith he hardened and gave 
 Temper to his Tools and Inftruments, by which the Fa- 
 mous Jufticia, there is faid to have been his firft fuccefsful EtTay 
 in Statue, after the Fountain of fifteen Foot Diameter, which 
 he made for Cofimo di Medices, who, 'tis by fome reporced, gave 
 the Receipt to Tadda, now loft again, to the reproach of luch as 
 either out of Sloth or Envy, neglect, or refufe to difcover any 
 profitable and ufeful Secret; fuffering it rather to Die with 
 them, than Benefit the future Age, by which many Noble, and 
 Rare Inventions have periflied with their ill-natur'd Authors. 
 Other skilful Archite&s and Mechanicks, Bellou, %imelli, Cans, 
 Zonca, &;c. whofe Books are commonly adorned with their Ef- 
 figies 5 efpecially, fuch as contain the Lives of thofe Artifts,' 
 
 O o z Geoi 
 
z84- 
 
 A Vi/courje of MEDAL S. 
 
 Geo. Vajfari, Baglioni. 8tc* but by none fo amply, as by 
 Monfieur Pbelibten, and the lace Cavalier Sandrart ; where one 
 may find them altogether, both Antient, and Modern moft ele- 
 gantly Engraven. In the mean time is it not ftrange that among 
 all thofe Glorious Artifts, famed for their incomparable Pieces ; 
 and who took fuch pains to Paint and Cut the Statues of (b 
 many Princes and Heros of old ( fome of whole Works are 
 ftill in being) there fliould be neither Medal, Pitlure or Statue 
 of either Polygnotus, Tetepbanes, P India* , Praxiteles , Ly/ippus, 
 Zeuxts^ Apelles, Micun, Apollodorus, Callimacbus, Parrbajius, Glicon 
 and Cleomenes, (who ftill live in the Famejian Hercules and 
 Medicean Venus >) Timantes, Eupbranor,and a Thoufand more, 
 cultivated and honored as were thofe Artifts, by the greateft 
 Perfons of all Ages ; Fabius, Hadrian, Severus, Valentinian, di- 
 vers Pbilofopbers, many of the Poets managing the Pencil, whh 
 the fame Hand they held their Scepters and Pens ? 
 
 Poets, Wits and Romancers. 
 
 
 
 Cafmir. 
 
 Ariojlo. 
 
 
 Celtes. 
 
 Aretine. 
 
 
 Cervantes. 
 
 Auratus. 
 
 
 Collenutius. 
 
 St. Amant. 
 
 
 Corneile. 
 
 BarUus. 
 
 
 Dantes. 
 
 !Baudius. 
 
 
 Dejports, 
 
 Cartas. 
 
 
 V'Urfe. 
 
 Bellay. 
 
 
 (Boccacio. 
 
 
 Fabritius G. 
 
 (Balzac. 
 
 
 Fracaftorius- 
 
 Boilean 
 
 and 
 
 Scarron 
 
 the 
 
 Gemma Cor. 
 
 Frencb 
 
 Hh- 
 
 Grajferus. 
 
 dibras. 
 
 
 Guarini. 
 
 Calderon. 
 
 
 Marini. 
 
 Calprenade. 
 
 
 Mantuan. 
 
 Capilupus. 
 
 
 Marolles. 
 
 Marrot. 
 Mdliere 
 Idarullus. 
 Muretus. 
 Mdijfus Paul. 
 
 Palinjrenius. 
 
 Pajjeratius. 
 
 Perrerius, 
 
 Petrarcba. 
 
 Pibracius. 
 
 Poggws. 
 
 Politianus. 
 
 Pont anus. 
 
 Quevedo. 
 QlimBmus. 
 
 tfiablais. 
 P^anjoVtus. 
 
 ^apintts. 
 ^njard. 
 
 Sammartbanus. 
 
 Sana^arius. 
 
 Sanfovinus. 
 
 Saracin. 
 
 Savedra. 
 
 Secundus Jo. 
 
 Scriverius. 
 
 Taffo. W/fo 
 
 Tbeopbile. 
 
 Ttjjanus, 
 
 Vakrianus Pet. 
 ViElortus. 
 Vida. 
 Voiture. 
 
 Of the Antient Bards, Greek and Latin, we fometimes meet 
 in Medal and Statue ( whether true or not ) the Heads of Old 
 
 Homer 
 
A Vifaur/e of MEDAL S. z8y 
 
 Homer and Ovid, and I have (een Virgil and Terence but very 
 rarely Plautns, Lucretius^ Horace ; ol Juvenal and Terfius, whofe 
 Effigies the Writers of Lives prefent us; none of Martial or the 
 reft, lave what are copied from Intaglio*. 
 
 Mujlciam. 
 
 Guido Ajetjne, who devifed, or improved the Scale >a.nd fet the 
 firft Gamut. Prince Maurice, and William Landgraves of HeJJe y 
 Lud. Vifto/ia, Orlando di La/Jo, Alphonjo Ferabo/co, Horacio Fecchi, 
 Giovanni Ooa, Luca Marineje, Ma^otbi, Meibonius. 11 Prencipe 
 Vennofi, Cherubim, Lorenzo Corfiniy &c. for of any others I find 
 none, or very few, whole Compofitions excel, excepting of the 
 French, Gaultier, Mercure ; Du Tre for the Lute. Laftly, 
 
 We bring up this glorious Train with thofe incomparable 
 Ladys, the Images of whofe more beautiful Minds were not 
 ieldom Engrav n in their very Countenances. 
 
 What a charming Object would it then afTord,had we a Series 
 of the Learned Sex alone among them, fuch as were Dilciples 
 of * Pythagoras and other ot the Tbilojopkers ! For not only he, * Iamblic in 
 but Epicurus and -the Divine 'Plato had divers Scholars, of whom Vua F l tba S- 
 fome became Teachers themlelves ■ for lo Socrates ( the Wifeft 
 of Men reputed ) took Leflon of Afpafia. Of the School of 
 Plato were Ariotbeca, Lajlhenia y and others skill'd in Matbema- 
 ticks and other Sciences. Arijltppus, inftructed by his own 
 Mother, had the Name of ^re^jW©* 
 
 ■j" Clemnis Ahxandrinus in the Tenth Book of his Tapiffcries, yjfx* 74 *' 
 reckons up abundance more ; not could fyme the Miitrels of 
 the World, be without conlpicuous Examples ol this kind, be* 
 fides Ovid s 1 weet Corinnaii who is laid to have lurpallcd Tindar 
 himfelf, and publilhed Fifty Books of Epigrams j Martia y 
 Portia ; the Emperels Fufoia, CoJJutia, Pompeia, Calphurnia, 
 Scribouia, LiVta Drufilla, Agrippitia, Alba Terentia, tiextilla, Petro- 
 nia, Galena Fundana y Vejpafia Pollia, FlaVia Domicilla y Arnctdia y 
 Donutia Lomina, Mania Wife ol Severus, Plotina of Trajan t 
 Atria Fatidtlla the Mother of Antoninus Pius y and his Conlort 
 Faufuna, Had) wis Sabina, Vomitia Cavilla, Crijpa the W if e of 
 Commodus , but above all, that Uluftrious Matron Cornelia, Sifter 
 to Scipio, and Mother of the Gracchi j the Wife of Varus Sifter 
 of Cormjicius *, AcTia Julia, Hypjicratea the Noble Confort of 
 Miihridates, who followed him in all his Conflicts ; Zenobia % 
 Queen of Talmya, who wrote the Hiftory of her Country ; 
 
 Htf pilot 
 
2 8d A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Hijpila* Mother- in- Law of the younger Tliny, and his Learned, 
 and Excellent Lady, whom he acknowledges to have been the 
 delightful Afliftant of his Studies j the Beautiful Mariamne, Wife 
 of the Cruel Herod ; Amalafunto, Queen of the Goths in Italy - 
 Tulcberia, Daughter to the Emperor Arcadius • Hypatia, Miracle 
 of the Reign of young Theodofius } and his Emperefs Eudoxia ; 
 Hildegarda, Wife of Cbarlemaine ; Gunegunda, who vindicated 
 her Chaftity by the Fiery Ordeal For the Cmflian School 
 flourifhed alfo with the Learned Sex, efpecially that of Alex- 
 andria under the Famous Origen. 'Tis reported of St. Catharine, 
 that at the Age of Eighteen, (he baffled, and put to fiience 
 Fifty Vhilofophers at once. How Learned the Noble Euftochmm, 
 and her Religious Daughter (Paula were in the Hebrew, Greek 
 and Latin Tongues we learn of St. Hierom ; Anna Comnem Daughter 
 to Alexius the Emperor compiled her Father's Hiftory ; Maria 
 Cunita Learned in the Matbematicks, dedicated her Urania (pro- 
 pria to Ferdinand the Emperor. But to come nearer home, 
 and the Ages fince : ( For of the Antient of all the fbilo/ophic 
 Setts, let the Curious confult what the great Menagins has pub- 
 lifhed of their Lives and Works, at the end of his Learned 
 * Edit Notes on * Diogenes Laertius ; where he dedicates above an 
 W|etften. Hundred more to the incomparably knowing Lady AnnaFaber 
 D'Aciere.) 
 
 Jfabella Queen of Caftile, and Wife to Ferdinand of Arragon 
 (of which Bed came Charles the Fifth and a New World ) 
 was the Mother of four Learned Daughters ; whereof one was 
 the Wife of our Eighth Henry, frequently celebrated by Ludo- 
 Vicus Fives ; Lucretia d' Efle of the Houfe of Ferrara, Dutchefs 
 of Urbin, a profound Philofopher ; Vtttoria Colonna, Wife to 
 Ferdinand d' Avila, Marquis of ^efcara, whole extraordinary 
 Vein in Poetry was equal with (Petrarchs • Hippolita Stro%%i y 
 Daughter to Francis Duke of Milan ; and another Hippolita called 
 Taunfla, efpoufed the Learned 'Balthazar di Cajlalio} Julia Gon- 
 %aga, the greateft Beauty of Italy j Mary of Arragon Marques 
 de Vafco-y Angela di Nugarola and Ifota ; Caffandra Fedele ; Hip- 
 ficratea Amonte 5 Fabiola Marella j Futyia Olympia Morata, cele- 
 brated by Gr. Gyraldi j l/abella Audreini, Clara Cerveda, <Proba 
 Falcoma, Modefta (Po^p praifed by <PhiL Tomafini- Laurcntia, 
 Countefs of Suja j Torna, Wife to Peter Medices, who tranflated 
 part of the Bible into Italian Verfe ; Aurelia Freddi the Famous 
 Italian Comedian and Poetefs j Thereja-Maria d' Efcobar j Loija 
 Sigea, and her Angela de Toledo j then comes Margarita de Valois 
 
 Sifter 
 
A Vijcourfe of M E D A X S. 
 
 Sifter to Francis the Firft, and Grande Mother of Henry the 
 Fourth, whole Novels equal Boccacios, and another Marj^arite, 
 Wife to that great Prince ; Lodovi/ia Saracennia a Phyfician's 
 Daughter of Lyons, who at the Age of Eight Years underftood, 
 and fpake Hebrew and Greek ; Catharine de ( %oches of Toitiercs, 
 an Eminent Wit j Claudia de Clemente Dutchefs of fyt^ j Silvia 
 Moliere ; Maria Gournay and Molinea, who frequently correfpon- 
 ded in the Learned Tongues with Maria a Scurman, whofe 
 Works are both in Hebrew, Greek and Latin, and has written 
 a Treatiie of the Excellency of her Sex; as has likewife 
 Lucretia Marinella, and of the Defects in Men, Anna Althuyfcnt, 
 &c_ 
 
 What fhall I add more to oblige the Virtuous and Fair? 
 Who has not been in Admiration of what's reported of the late 
 Cbriflina Queen of Sweden, not only for her Knowledge in the 
 Learned Tongues ; but for her Love of Letters and Lettered- 
 Men ! ( witnefs De Cartes, Salmafius, Blondel, Bochartus, Vojfius 
 and the incomparable Grotius, Sec.) and amongft other her rare 
 Talents to be celebrated here efpecially, both for her Glorious 
 Collection of Medals, and profound Knowledge in them. To 
 thefe add Seigniora G^pndanina, both rich, and in Medals exceed- 
 ing Skilful 5 Donna Maria Zaxa* ; Madam Guillaum, who has 
 compofed a Treatife of llluftrious Women ; fliewing how far 
 they furpals the Virile Sex in all forts even of Martial under- 
 dertakings and Affairs. The late Seignora Comaro, Daughter 
 of that llluftrious Family, not long fince honored the Doctoral 
 Degree at ( Padoa i where fhe kept a Solemn Acl ; and where 
 there now flourifhes the Learned Confort of Chevalier Tatin, 
 Profcflorof Vbyfic there, of whom we have already fpoken. 
 In fumm, we have the Memoirs of the Princefs Maria Mancini 
 Colunna, Sifter to the llluftrious Dutchels of Mazarin, with fe- 
 veral more great Wits of the beautiful Sex. 
 
 We would now bring up this glorious Proceeding with 
 Medamoifelle de Scuderi, read, and admir'd by all the Ladies for 
 her happy Succefles as long as the llluftrious Baffa Gran Cyrus, 
 Clelia, and Almaide live in their good Graces, and for which, 
 this laft, has newly been propofed, and admitted Solemnly 
 into the Academy of the ^covrati of <Padoa : I fay, I would 
 clofe this ( tho' long ) (hining Paragraph, with this diverting 
 and extraordinary Wit ; but for Mademotfelle d' Acier ( Daughter 
 of the Learned Tanaquell Faber ) whofe mafculine Talent in 
 all the parts of the politer Erudition ( and as Menagius ftiles 
 
A Vifcowfe of MEDAL 
 
 her, feminarum quot funt, quot fuere dotlifjlma) worthily diftin- 
 guifhes her from any, I fuppofe, this Age is likely to produce 
 among her bright Sex ; not for incapacity of either equaling, 
 or exceeding her ; but for want of Application. 
 
 Nor but as Foils to fet them off, and make them fhine in 
 greater Luftre, fhould I fo much as vouchfafe to name the 
 wanton Sempronia, the debauched Thais, the amorous Sappho, 
 the fhrew Zantippe, Jane Queen of Naples ; no, not the moft 
 beautiful Helen ( who fet all Greece in a flame ) or the Amazo- 
 nian Tbaleflris, who went To far to Court the Great Alexander; 
 Artemifia,Pentheftlea,Hippolita, Semiramis, Theomiris, Cleopatra,Scc. 
 tho' I could be content to polfefs any true Medal of the Chad 
 Penelope, Lucretia,MarpeJfa, Clelia- y much more of Debora,Jael t 
 Judith, Sufanna ; the Magnificent Queen of Sheba, who tra- 
 velled fo far a Country to hear the Wifdom of Solomon ; the 
 Prophetic Sibyls, and the reft of thofe Sacred Heroines-, not 
 forgetting the Famous Alceflis, Clara Ceryeda, Petrarch's beloved 
 Laura, Valdura, Hildegardis, Irene, and fuch as like thefe, have 
 excelled in Conjugal Love and Affection. I have feen a good 
 Picture of Catharine de Boren Wife of the Famous Luther, for 
 whom fhe left her Sanflimonia ■ Medals there are more than 
 enough of the <BleJJed Virgin ( tho' one exactly refembling were 
 ineftimable ) St. Ann her Mother ; of Mary Magdalen and other 
 Scripture Saints, pretended to be copied from Originals, painted 
 by St. Luke the Evangelisl, by thofe who have a mind to be 
 deceived. Laftly, Of our Bleffed Saviours Head, there were 
 many Coined during the (Bat Empire; until 3/aac Comnenus left 
 it off, for which Zonarus is much difpleafcd ; But of this enough. 
 Thofe who would enlarge, and amplify this Catalogue with 
 more Illuftrious Names, Perfons, and their Characters, may 
 turn over Plutarch, Laertius, Taulus Jovim, TbeVet. Gefner, Philip 
 Tbomajinus, Thuanus, Thijfier, Brantome, Ger. VoJJius, our Country- 
 Men Leland, BaUus and Pits with the reft of the Biographers 
 Antient and Modern, and yet perhaps not find fuch an Af- 
 lembly. 
 
 And now I confefs it may be wonder'd, why I fhould call 
 over fo extravagant a Lift of Names, and what my meaning 
 is ? fince it were madneis but to fancy that there fhould bw 
 found Medals of the hundredth part of all thisv Be ad roll or 
 that after all this, I would proftitute the Dignity of Medal ( fo 
 much celebrated ) with the Effigies of every rich Clown, or 
 impertinent, who was able to be at the Charges of a Stamps 
 
 tho' 
 
A Vijcourje of MEDALS. a 8<? 
 
 tho' I find (as Damaftppus) they did of old infamre veteres flatus 
 emenJo and were univerfally fo ambitious of Infcriptionsjhn they 
 fet them up, and left their Marble Titles in every Corner ; as at this 
 day upon the Marriage, Birth of Children,&rr. every Brewer, rich 
 Burgher and even Mechanic in Germany, ufually ftrikes a Medal. 
 
 To this I anfwer, my Meaning is very fir from it ; but by 
 this ^eanflon, I endeavour to point out, how fome of all Ca- 
 pacities, fignal for any Thing or Action extraordinary, and 
 that poffibly may enter into any part of Hiftory, may at fome 
 time, or upon fome occafion or other, fetch Matter and Sub- 
 ject proper for Ule, out of an univerfal Stock of Medals and 
 Stamps , tho' they be not ail Heads and ^everfes of Heros. 
 
 Let my Reader therefore know, that it is for their fakes who 
 are making Colletlions of (Prints in Taille douce, and would fur- 
 nifh them! elves with the Heads and Tourtraits or Famous Per- 
 fons, which in Medals they never hope to obtain. 
 
 The great Amafler of this innocent and ufeful Curiolity 
 ( fince the Noble Atticus, and the moft Learned of the Romans 
 f M. Varro) was the late Abbot de Vdkloin already mentioned,- * Plin. 
 whole numerous Collection the French iQng haspurchafed for j^** ***** 
 a very confiderable Sum, to enrich his incomparable Library cap. ilfU 
 with ; fo as no Author or Perfon almoft whatfoever, Renowned the ^ a I a i^ 
 for Letters, Arms or Arts 5 but may be feen in his lively Effigies 
 amongft that prodigious Aflembly of Prints- a fuller Account 
 whereof is given in the Abbots own Life written by himfelf. 
 
 Next to this Curious Man, Cornelim (Beughen, has ( upon a like 
 Defign) gotten together a very great Number of Stamps ,and pub- 
 lifhed his Mujeum, or Syllabus Iconum IUuflrium, wherein he gives 
 an Account of them, and of the Excellent Order he has marfhard 
 them in, with this Introduction as it relates to Medals : 
 
 Extra ullum eft dubium, quod ad cognitionem Kumifmatum <sr Hi- 
 floriarum, non ultimum locum fibi vendicent Icones, & Qrofopogr aphid 
 Vtronmjam Mart-e^quam Arte illuftrium ; quamfrugiferum hoc fit flu- 
 dium, non meum erit hxc mult is Encomiis refer re, quippe qui in pr^fenSy 
 nonOratorem fed Colletlorem agere con/}itui,8cc. Doubtlefs, lays he 3 
 the Images and Pourtraits of Perfons Famous, and Confpicuous as 
 well for Arms, as Arts, do not a lirtle contribute to the know- 
 ledge, and Underftanding of Medals and good Hijlory : How 
 Advantageous the Study thereof is, I purpofe not to celebrate 
 with many Encomiums here, who recommend them at prelent but 
 as a Collector, not as an Orator, Sec. 
 
 To thele add Lorenzo Crajfofialea^pfiualdo Trior atofaiffardi 
 Icones, &c> Thevet acquaints us where he had moft or his ^ 
 
 P p and 
 
2 9 o A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 and De I'Afne, has himfelf Graven Three Hundred Pourtraits to 
 the Life : And the Plenipotentiaries of the Famous Treaty at 
 Munfter are alfo in Stamp, and fo are likewife all the great 
 Generals and Commanders of the Imperial and Swedifl? Armies 
 from the Year 1630. The Popes, and Cardinals by Augujlinu* 
 Oldorpim, befides a newer Set of them by a later Hand j as 
 in thofe above named, the Effigies of all the Learned, as well 
 as other llluftrious Perfons of Italy, and other Countries. 
 
 To thefe may be added Peter Laurembergius de Pulchritu- 
 dine, Philippus Ihomafinuss Illufirium Virorum Elogia - where you 
 have not only the Effigies of all the Learned Perfons then in 
 Italy, from about the Fourth Century to the Twelfth -, but feveral 
 Medals alfo that were ftruck in Honor of them. Befides thefe, 
 Philip G alius of Antwerp, 1577. published in Stamp the Heads 
 of all the Italian Modern Poets, and luch as among the Greek-, 
 revived that Tongue in Europe ; and the often named Lnperialis 
 in his Mufeum Hijioricum, prelents us with the Icons and Elogies 
 of fundry other Famous, Great and Learned Perfons, after the 
 manner of Paulm Jovius. Janus Strada (aMantuan Antiquary) 
 has in Taille-douce, the Pourtraits of the Twelve P^man Cdfars, 
 together with many of their Relations j and with great accu- 
 ratenefs, the Learned Gr&vius, in his Thefaurus Antiquita'um 
 P^manarum ( befides innumerable rare Things) gives us the lame 
 Effigiesftom "Julius to Conjiantine the Great ,defigned from Medals. 
 * Se [ t ^*' d But above all (befides what is already publifhed of Leonardus 
 %tL?rinter Augujlinus, Antiquary to Pope Alexander VII. ) That which the 
 peter Van Curious may expect, from the Incomparable Gronovius, of the 
 Ieyien /{Heads, and Effigies of the moft llluftrious Greeks, pofiibly to be 
 *>mg a Urge found in Medals or Statues, and to be Ingraven by the moft fa- 
 ?biT n mrk mous Artifts ; together with other pretious Antiquities, relating 
 wttbtbeCon'to the Subject, inrich'd with the Notes, and Diicourfes of this 
 diiiom to the Learned ProfefTor, in three large Volumes in* Folio. 
 Sufcn ers. j_j eac j s Q f ^ {j^p ma n,znd German Emperors from Charles 
 
 the Great, are fet forth by Gualdus, Engraven by l\ilian, and 
 Dominicus Cuftos, together with thofe of the Dukes of (Bavaria- 
 the Heads, Stems and Genealogies of the moft Renowned Princes 
 of Germany-, Count Palatines of thePJiine; divers of the French, 
 Spantfl?, Danifb, Swedijh, and Polijh Kings. ; the Arch-Dukes of 
 Auflria, Venice, Florence, Savoy, Parma, Mantua, Ferrara, 'Bur* 
 gundy, Lorain, (Brunfwic ; the Princes of the llluftrious Houles 
 of NaJJau, Conde-, Generals and great Captains ; with lundry 
 Mahumetan Princes, and other Famous Perlons, not forgetting 
 that pompous Volume of thofe Noble French, which Cardinal 
 
 . Richelieu 
 
A Vtfcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 'f- . , 
 
 Qsjcbelieu. caufed to be painted at length, and fee up in his 
 Palace-Gallery at Taris, Ingraven with great accuratenefs by 
 Hience and *Bignon ; to which the Chevalier Wolfon has fubjoined 
 an abftract or their Lives and Actions, with many Heroical 
 Emblems. After thefe, Henry Hondius prefents us the Effigies 
 and Elogies of fuch Divines, as have moll: llgnaljy oppofed the 
 Errors of the Church of (Rome, under the Tide of Antichri/lian, 
 Ingraved by Jac. Verheiden. And laftly, for the Engli(h, Per- 
 fons Renowned for Birth, Learning, Arms and Arts ; from Anno 
 1500. to the beginning of the prefent Century, are publiflied 
 by Crifpin Tafaus, a very accurate and diligent Graver: But 
 for the Excellency of the Draught, and Reiemblance to the 
 Life, there's none in Competition with thofe defigned, and 
 fomeof them alio Etched, by the Hand of the Famous Van 
 Dyke, without Controverfie the mod incomparable Morpho- 
 grapher and Painter of this, or perhaps any former Age ; moft 
 of them Cut by the beft Chalcographers then Living, and fee 
 forth in a large Folio, containing the Icons of an Hundred Per- 
 fons of the greateft Quality among us. To conclude. 
 
 The Curious Monfieur 'Began, Intendant de la Marine de Gfoch- 
 fort, is now publifhing the Heads of all the Literati, and Illu- 
 ftrious Perfons of the prefent Age, which he is caufing to be 
 Engraven with their Elogies, and that from the beft Originals 
 he can any where procure ; and gets many to be defigned and 
 drawn by Stealth, and Privately, from feveral to whom he is 
 not known, and that know nothing of his intended Work as 
 in particular, the Effigies of the fo much talked of Farillas, 
 who would never fuffer his Picture to be taken, afhamed 
 perhaps to fliew his Face to the .World, which he has egre- 
 gioufly abufed by his Romantic Hiftories and Mercenary Pen 5 
 as the late more worthy Monfieur Menagiits acquaints us, whofe 
 Pourtraic, with abundance of other Learned Men, we fliortly 
 may expect ; together with the two pompous Folios, faid to be 
 already finifhed by Monfieur Perault, upon a like defign. 
 
 Among thofe of our Nation that have made this any part 
 of their fearch, and for the fame purpofes, I know of none 
 who merits more Regard, than my Worthy Friend Samuel 
 tPepys Eicjuire, (late Secretary to the Admiralty ) as he is a dili- 
 gent, and laudable Collector of this, and of whatibever elfe is 
 Curious, and cf iolid Benefit to the Public • as it will undoub- 
 tedly find, if God lpare him Life, Health and Repofe, for the 
 perfecting of that Noble, and truly ufeful Work, the Nautics, 
 Under the Hand of the moft Able to accomplifli it, not only 
 
 P p i of 
 
2 <?i A Difcourje of MEDALS. 
 
 vv 
 
 of England ; but, as I am perfuaded, of any one in Europe. 
 Finally, 
 
 To return to Prints and Taille- douce s, where Medals cannot 
 be expected, efpeeially of our Modern Heros, and Perfons wor- 
 thy of Note; let the Reader caft his Eye upon what themoft 
 
 * Dijjcrt. <lc Learned * Spanheim has publifhed of the incomparable life 
 ffi'tf^of Medals upon this very Account, where they are to bepro- 
 "abimag^'il cured, and apply it to what we have faid concerning Prints, 
 luftrium. which may be had. 
 
 CHAR IX. 
 
 iA Tiigrefjion concerning Thyfiognomy. 
 
 I T H fuch a Collection, as we have mentioned in 
 the precedent Chapter, did Vincent Tinelliy and 
 Tignorius (Learned Venetians) adorn their Famous Libraries ; fo 
 J^cV. 4c! as w ^ en tne tvro g reat Cardinals 'Bellarmin, and Baronius (whom 
 Tinelli had never leen before) came to give him a Vifit incog- 
 nito} he readily falutcd them by their Names, to their no fmall 
 Admiration: Nor was it a New ; but (as we have already 
 fhewed ) an Antient, and Noble Decoration ( not only to fill 
 
 * imaginum whole Volumes with the Names, but) to fet up the * Titlures 
 
 at rljk «!»- anc ^ ^ ma Z es °^ Le arne d and Famous Per fons, in Places Confe- 
 g Jam Vefta crated to the Mufes, and the Study of thofe Authors, whofe 
 funt Atticm Effigies they delighted to Contemplate. 
 
 tlleCtceroms ° ' ° r 
 
 edito de his Volumine, & Marcus Varro benignijftmo invento, infertis Volum'mum fuorum foecun- 
 ditati, non nomimbus tantum feptingentorum Illuftrtum , fed & alt quo modo Imagtmbus, non 
 fajjus intercidere figuras, aut vetuflatem <evi centra homines valere, tnventione muneris ettam 
 Dtis invidiofi, (\aando imrnortalitatem non folum dedit, uerum ettam in omnts terras mifit J 
 ut p tfentes ejje ulique, & cerm poflent. Plin. N. Htft. Lib- xxxv. Cap. i. 
 
 But befides the Curiofity and Diverfion, how would filch 
 a Collection, in defect of more coftly Medals, Statues, &c. 
 See Dr.Spon whether to be procured in Painting or Stamp ( which laft 
 DiQmat. ,14. would be of no great Expence as now Improved, and En- 
 J^7w/g rave ^ fr° m c ^ e beft Originals, or from the Life it felf) con- 
 mgfrmMe duce to the Spirit of Hiftory, and Satisfaction of the Studious 
 Heads'"!*- Reacler °f Lives and Actions ? and by fixing the Ideas of the 
 duces to that Perfon, and comparing Lineaments, Improve our Studious 
 "f V^ Uo zJPhyfiognomijl, among whom there are fome of no fmall Re- 
 ULuions- putation j who have undertaken to difcover, and make out by 
 f the Mind, the different Countenances of Men, not only the Refemblan- 
 ces they carry to the feveral [pedes of brute Animals ; but to 
 their very Natures and Difpofitions alfo ; Man being not 
 
 only 
 
A Vifcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 only all the Creatures in Synopfi and Compendium ( for what 
 is lingular in them, is in him united) but in whom all the 
 Imperfections, as well as Perfections, centre : Nor doubt I 
 (as Arijlotle has at large,and in particular infhnced in his Trea- 
 dle UeeA cn^gyvi rtfJ m^m. ) but that thofe parts of Men, « Co „j e g Um 
 which are like to thofe of Brutes, fhevv naturally much alike ram dtmo- 
 
 * Inclinations • confidered always in thofe Characters Only,'***' 
 which are peculiar to their kind, not fuch as are common withc^JnL&c. 
 others, and this is Tlatos Opinion alfo ; nor perhaps was thQ^Plm.H. 
 knowledge by the very Countenance of the Nature of Brute ^ ^ H * 
 Animals, unaffiftant to our || Firft Parents, in giving them!|Gc«.ii. 19, 
 fuch appoflte Names. ™- 
 
 Thus, fome are confpicuous for their Aquiline Nofes • and $ etc ^frhjjbcatfy 
 look like Hawks and Eagles, are of fublime and towring Spi- in ou - r M<V .Coke* 
 rits ; others are Sheepifr, Hog-jaw d , Rabbet ?nout h d ; forne^'^^ ^ ■ ^*^y 
 <Bird-facd, as well as witted, whom my Lord Verulam would b A/^° <rj 
 have hxed by ftudying Mathematics j and there are who refemble^^i--^'^ • — j^ 10 * 
 Owls, Buzzards, Storks, Wood- Cocks Sec. fome are errant Foxes g %>Tyer- £w 
 fly and crafty ; there be whofe Byes and Looks are Serpentine ;/fa/yf (ejl • 
 there are remarked the Coat, and !B«^-headed, and they are li* ujov* oA 
 bidinous and ftupid- and I well remember the Mafter of an /f^ usvrjy -rzert 
 BngUfl? Ship at Venice, who had the Grimnefsof a Lion, H&ir 9 g yC t/9/ficcif err ary? 
 Nofe, Eyes, &rc. fo like that King of Brutes j that the Italians ^o^th <rfjfette*7 jIjlU 
 would know him by no other Name, than Capitano Lione ; of /A C i^- je^rcro^ 
 fuch without queftion were thofe Valiant Gadites, who repairedy^^^^^>2//7>^/Wv 
 to David: The Text fays, Men whofe faces were like Lions -ic^w.xii. 
 fuch as <Benaiah one of 'David's Champions, who flew, a Lion- v ^ am ' ^ 
 like man of Moab j and I could point to one or two, that have cnypfnfrm? 
 the Faces and Muzzels of Cats, and Leopards, and many who' a ptfi }cruhb 
 refemble Apes and Monkeys, nor much unlike in Difpofitions . 1 ~ °Ju j 
 and ApiOi Tricks ; for fo alfo the Skilful in Metopofcopy ^ ! 
 
 ferve ; that they participate as much of their Manners, as ofc^ csv™ wcJ- ootfi 
 their Shape and Lineaments, as Tlato inftances abundantly ; ~ 
 and therefore not without reafon, have fome named the Coun- /uy&y . j$rvo>7v 
 tenance, the Mirror of the Soul, as reflecting all our^Paffions J?^* ^ fifefrlcZ 
 and Affections, Love, Jealoufy, Hatred, Shame, Sorrow, Fury, 
 <src, unlefs ( as Socrates made good to Zopyrm ) where Edu- 
 cation, and Philofophy have luperinduced a Change, or the 
 Cbriflian ln/litution inter pofe, undertake, and effect the Cure, as* « ... 
 
 „ J 1 1 1 11 'Da mibi 
 
 * Latlanttus has made the Challenge. yi rtt t* i ra . 
 
 • cundum i cu- 
 
 pdnm t avarum ; da timidum t &G, Laftanr. de falfa Relig. Lib. In. Cap. to. 
 
 But 
 
i9± A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 But before we pafs any farther, I am fufficiently fenfible, 
 that to judge, and pronounce from Externals, is very liable to 
 great Miftakes, and confecjuently to Cenfure ; That I may 
 therefore obviate this Prejudice (and for the Inftru&ion, and 
 Diverfion of our diligent Collector of Heads in laille-douce and 
 Prints, in favour of this Digreffion) give me leave to fay • that 
 the Graveft Authors, Learned, and Wifeft both of former, and 
 later Ages, have almoft unanimoufly confented in the fame Ob- 
 fervations. 
 
 To commence with the Head ( which with the Face or riep- 
 aump rather, prefents to us the moft beautiful, and confpicuous 
 
 * /»r/w/o.Part) it is by * Plato, Jpuleius, and others reckoned for the 
 
 whole and intire Man ; the moft divine Member, in fumm, the 
 Intelkciual World, or univerfal Orb, compofing the moft com- 
 fl c«rwc^«/p rc henfive, and perfect || Figure refembling it : Moft aptly 
 ^^' here then, have the reft of the Philofophers, by as it were an 
 S. AmbroC univerfal Agreement, placed, and inthroned the Intelkciual Soul 
 Hex. Lib.V. as Sovereign Princefs,for the Government of all the pofTibleHa- 
 aII forma bicudes, Difpofitions, Pa/fions and Affections, natural ingenit 
 faaes. Powers, and Impotences, difcernable by the Phyfiognomijl, from 
 the various Phenomena, Characters, and Indices legible in the 
 Countenance. To Anatomife it therefore a little, the general 
 Rules are as follow. 
 
 From Heads, as they are more or lefs Globular, Oval, Flat, 
 
 * 4>o& tijj Copped and * Faftigiat, Grofs Cafiitones, or fuch as the Italians 
 ^Th^rfitef ca ^ &c - Conjectures are made of Capacities, and In- 
 il. p. 'capacities for Memory, Learning, Wifdom, Craftinefs, and 
 
 their contraries j little and (mall Heads, little Eyes, little 
 Nofe and Mouth, and all remarkable Diminutions of the 
 Countenance, are evil Signs ; as well as over-large and great $ 
 the mean Proportion (as in all things elfe) is beft. 
 
 From the Fore bead, that Templum Tudoris (and as Cicero calls 
 it, Animi Janua ) as it happens to be Exporretla, Spacious and 
 Clear ; ObduSia, Cloudy and Lowering ; Corrugata,^etorrida y 
 IfrZom- Wrinkled, || Contracted andClofe; PerfriEl, Prominent, Flat, 
 mended. <^ c . Judgment is made of an Ingenuous Opennels, and Se- 
 tter. Od. 1 1. ren j tv c fMindj Liberality, Clemency, Modefty j Morofenefs, 
 Severity, Impudence, Stupidity, Folly and Diftraction. So 
 very particular is that part of the Countenance, and remark- 
 able above the reft ; that tho' the common laying be Frond 
 nulla fides, our Metopofcopifi pronounces nothing more perem- 
 ptorily, 
 
A Vifcowrje of MEDALS. i 95 
 
 prorily, than From the ftructure, and fhape of the Fore bead; 
 th.it it being too much fwelling, flsfliy and Ox-like, ic betokens 
 Hebetude j the lean, more Subtilty ; the over- narrow, Indocile i 
 the too round, Unfteady ; the convex and Afinine, Folly ; de- 
 prelTed, Effeminate ; the fquare and ample L/o>i-like, Courage : 
 (pompey is laid to have had a fore ward out-face, a note of Va- 
 lor and Ambition ; Plutarch commends the long, and ibme- 
 what like a Do^'s, for Sagacity above others; and that fuch 
 was Plato s, a little Gibbous before, and behind moderately 
 preiled towards the Ears, and rather oblong than round • and 
 that fo was Pericles Dog-headed and never the worfe ; that 
 Animal being of the moft various kinds, having the moft dif- 
 ferent fhap'd Head, and confequently,fome exceedingly Crafty, 
 as the Fox, which is of the fame Tribe ; others of rounder Heads, 
 ftark Fools, Indocile, Shie, Churlifh and Treacherous ; others 
 again, Flattering, Loving, Faithful, Sagacious, of great Me- 
 mory and Courage ; as may likewife be difcerned by the very 
 Eye and Countenance of that Creature ; and therefore the AE- 
 gyftjaris made their Anubis a Kuvox*<pat?\ge y refembling him to 
 Mercurius for his Nimblenefs and Sagacity* I remember BJ^ac Entretiem 
 fpeaking of 'Birds of the fame kind, affirms fome Nightingali i& Balz " 
 to be much more Scarpans les uns que les autres -, there's as great 
 a difference ( fays that Famous Wit ) between Nightingal and 
 Nivhtingal, as betwixt Poet and Poet, and a Man does no more 
 differ from an Afs, than Man from Man ; there being fome fo 
 infuperably ftupid and heavy ; that (as Chryfippus faid of Swine) Varro en 
 their Souls feem to have been given them inftead of Salt, to 
 keep them from putrefaction. 
 
 But fpeaking here ofDo^and their Capacity by the various 
 Structure of their Heads ( applicable on this occafion ) brings 
 to mind what I have fometiraes heard from the Mouth of the 
 late Queen ( Mother to Charles the Second ) who exceedingly 
 delighting in thofe Melitenfes and little Bolognian Spaniels, had 
 made many, not vulgar Obfervations of them. She had fome, 
 which her Majefty told me, were ftark Fools and Idiots, that 
 would be taught nothing in comparifon with others^ which 
 were wonderful docile and apprehenfive ; and this flie imputed 
 to the Depreffions, which they ufually make in their tender 
 Skulls, by flatting of their Noles when Puppies-,- .in whieh the 
 Ladies ( who have thefe Animals in deliciis ) take to confift: their 
 Beauty, tho' in my Opinion, quite the contrary ; and lure I 
 am, k corrupts their Breath, and renders it very unfavory. But 
 
 Jmuft 
 
296 A Ttifcoutfe of MEDALS. 
 
 I muft go no farther on this familiar Animal ; tho' ( were it 
 not foreign to my Difcourfe of Humane Countenances only ) I 
 have good Authority from Arifiotle him 1 elf, who not only 
 brings in ; but all along compares this Tberiologtc Thyjiognomy, 
 and refemblance of (Brutes, to the Heads and Faces of Men, as 
 a fecundary part of the Science, and which fome extend even 
 to things inanimate alfo, by the Doctrine of Signatures. 
 
 But to return to our Conjecture of Foreheads, modify 'd by the 
 more confpicuous wrinkles and furrows, which if long-ways, 
 V/uiQcQQC^r%° f° r ^ Mark of Eloquence and Judgment,- fuch was Julius 
 J A (4 { Cdfars, and that of Cicero, as may be leen in all their Statues. 
 
 ohJlt t/ jf curv 'd and bending, of Wrath and Difpleafure. If ri- 
 
 iiccnftr ht fing Arch=wife, Pride and Dildain. Over early wrinkles in 
 Ctuij-^ , £w Youth, betoken ferious Cogitation ; to have none at all, Free- 
 
 S y- j^nfzQ/hvrQ? dom fr° m Care an ^ Perturbation ; and fuch is by Sidonius Jpol- 
 «J f j fa Unarii , attributed to the Philolopher Epicurus. If the ftroaks 
 <V ^za/Ap oj "V/ cj ecu flf ate anc j cro f s one another, a folicitous Trijlitiam. The 
 2sl /cujl- chearful Forehead is explicit and fmooth, fuch as Plutarch tells 
 
 PaycQ' /?2cbu^ us was r ^ at °^ S a P t0 Africanus always Serene. In a word, 
 /- moulding of the Head, like that of a Ship, equally built for 
 
 Stowage and Sailing, Capacious, and Nimble (and there- 
 fore of chat Model) is of that vaft Importance to the Intelle- 
 ctuals and other Abilities ; that Mid Wives, and Nurfes are fe- 
 rioufly admonifhed and inftructed how in their Operations, they 
 handle Infants newly extracted from the Womb ; and as to 
 the placing and laying them in their Laps, when they bind, 
 fwath and drefs them j that it be not in too prone a pofture, 
 or too much and long upon their Backs, with the like Care, 
 when applied to the Breaft, which cuts, flattens, and is apt 
 to deprefs both the fore, and hinder part of the yet tender Head 
 and Seat of Memory ; endeavouring to fliape it rather mode- 
 . rately Oval and Oblong, than Round and Spherical. The 
 Poet Vantes had fuch a fhaped Head, and fo had that incompa- 
 Vt Tram- rable and confummate Prince, the Learned Count of Mirandula, 
 vTi?Cap!a5. anc ^ our m °ft hopeful, and for his Years, extraordinarily qua- 
 lified, King Edward the Sixth. 
 
 From the 'Brows we have already thefe Signatures out of the 
 * P ft '/ Ixi ^ atura ^ > * Qyibus porrigitur in retlum, quihus juxta Nafum 
 clp.Yl j»jfl exu > qwbus juxta tempora inflexa , quibus in totum demijfa, 
 fo Galen wi As they happen to be fmooth and even, farther afunder 
 
 both out of 
 
 Hippocrates ^eJVq. Aer. & locis j and efpecially Ariftotle'* Hift. Animal. Lib. I. Cap. 8, 9, 1 o. 
 
 or 
 
A Vi/ccur/e of M E D A L S. "297" 
 
 or nearer; more or lets arched and bending, lifted up or de- 
 pleted, Ore. notes of Effeminacy, Chearfulnefs, Envy, Wrath, 
 Gravity, Application, Care and Thoughtfulnefs, and according 
 as they are exalted or frowning, Faftuofi, Trifles, Seven, fuper- 
 cilious and inclined to Pride, which, tho' born, as he acknow- 
 ledges in the Heart, hie fedem habet, has its Throne, and domi- 
 neers in the Face and Forehead. 
 
 From the Kofe (that hone ft amentum faciei, as 5 'caliper calls it,and 
 of all in mod variety cither for Grace or Deformity ) if Aquiline 
 or Adunc ; long, fhort, fliarp, fat,fimous, obefe and blunt, Ov. 
 Characters of Magnanimity, Prudence, Ambition (fuchashad 
 the great Sfor^a, Scanderbeg, Cyrus, Demetrius, (Pyrrkus, &cc. ) 
 as the Emuncl Judicious; the * Nafute witty and facetious ; J ^ on e *jW* 
 the Su/penjc, lubdolous and given to -j* deride: If over grown, Ctn^dum 
 thick or much deformed (like that of Tonglianus's in the Epi-\ irrifms 
 yum) heavy and dull ; and there are figns of Incontinence,^- 
 Impudence, Avarice, Cuiiofity and over-Bufinefs, and the like 
 of Wrath and Choler, Ira cadit Nafo, &c. Noftrils, if wide, Perf. 
 Generous, Bold, and fometimes Pertinacious and Cruel. 
 
 From the Mouth, that Veflibulum animi {2ls Apuleius elegant- 
 ly ) narrow, ( iuch as Dares afcribes to Helen ) mark of Ef- 
 feminacy, long, wide, round ; and fo for the Lips, as the fuller 
 Chdones y Labwnes, Brocbi and blubber-lip'd, furlily (ailing-over, 
 or pouting, the under-Jaw thrufl: out, the thin Lip, Carp- 
 mouthed, tsre. ufual figns of Voracity, Vociferation, Garru- 
 lity, Irrifion, Dildain, Timeroufnefs, Refolution, Conceited- 
 nels, Negligence and their contraries : For there is the Os Tro- 
 bum, fuch as was || obferved of <Pompey betokening a noble n viuta, 
 mixture both of Gravity and Clemency, with an univerfal^, ?om 
 amiablenefs, as indeed his Medals fhew. There is another * s ' 
 fmiling decorous compofure of the Lips, which are feldom 
 wanting in Perfons of great Eloquence and Elocution, as I have 
 frequently noted, which calls to mind what is reported of the 
 Famous * r J{aphelengius, Forma ipj a faciei, aliquid etiam Uo^uyAurfft* Sand, de 
 pr& fe jerens • that one might dilcover he was a Linguift by &np.Fi a »J m 
 his very Countenance. Alexander had an out-Chin, a mark 
 of Promptnels, Magnanimity and Courage ; the double Chin'd 
 ever indulgent and good natur'd, luch was M. Antoninus s. 
 
 Nor forget we the lupport of all, the Neck, moft confpi- 
 cuous in Medal ; the thick Bull- Neck imported a dull and 
 heavy Undei Handing, luch as was noted in Claudius ; Caligula's 
 was fhort and very thin j JuliuSs long, and fo was Cicero's, 
 
 Q cj but 
 
\ 9 % A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 but flender withal ; the extrcamly (mall was a mark of Ra- 
 pacity, Fraud and Pufillanimity. The fat, Cholerick, fuch was 
 Nero's. Then for the Pofture and Inclination : if to the right 
 fide, Prudence and Courage, if to the left, the contrary ; which 
 
 • in Vita makes me wonder at * Plutarch's defcribing Alexanders bending 
 Alexand. to t he left. The Protuberance,No<fe, or Knot under the Throat 
 
 was held a mark of Difcretion, Caution, Meditation and Subli- 
 mity of Thought. 
 
 We proceed to the Ear, that Organ of Inftruction ( not 
 above one being ufually feen either in Medal or Picture ) as 
 it is broad, flefhy, long, JJinine and Midas-like, flrarp and 
 Satyr A\Vt : Thin, fhort or round, and Jpe-likc^ oval and well- 
 lhaped, irk Prelages of Dulnels {StultitU note, fays Pliny) 
 Sloth, Impertinence, Incontinence, Avarice,- and on the con- 
 ^ trary, the ftiff Ear and erect, of great Ingenuity, Acutenefs of 
 tbim l<SwWitand II Memory. In like manner from the inflation and 
 vellit &aJ. turgid nefs of the Cheeks, as well as from the linking, depref- 
 Vii"g Ecl ^ on an< ^ no ^ owne ^ s ; Pri^e, Anger, Malice, Peeviflinefs, Me- 
 lancholy, 0"c. As from their comely Fulneft, giving a grace- 
 ful turn to the Countenance • the charming Gelatin and dim- 
 ple of the Cheek and Chin, ever a fign of chat we call Good 
 Nature the lean are Curious, the too round Delufory, the 
 contracted Foolifli, <&c. all which being yet but the Objects of 
 a fingle Senfe ( for this Vaticination as to our purpoie, pretends 
 
 * OcuUs fo- to no farther tho' named * laft of all ) tis the moft per- 
 fi remo, " lbo 'i^. confummate and remarkable of all, and indeed, in which 
 
 mme forma- ' . u ' . 
 
 rr, and of ail (above them all) all thele Characters meet as in their Focus 
 Animals ^of an d Center, namely the 
 
 rietyofCo- Ej €s i chofe KaWT^t m ^v^s and Nuntii Cordis ; whether 
 lour. round, oval, large, wide, fwellingout, finking in, o*c. giving 
 Ut vukus a noc j ce Q c a thouland Pafiions, fb as Galen will have the whole 
 ficOcnh<vul- Head to have been made for the Eyes alone, In quibus totus 
 i^Hift con /P^ tur anmks > Let us hear || Pliny in his own excellent 
 Lib. \i 'Language; Neque ulla (fpeaking of this admirable Organ) 
 Ca P' 17- ex parte majora animi indicia, cuntlis animantibus, fed bomim ma- 
 x'tme \ id eft moderations, clementU, mifericordioe, odii, amoris, tri- 
 ftitia, UtitU : Contuitu quoque multiformes, truces , torvi, fl<t~ 
 grantes, graves, tranfyerjt, timi, /ummijji, blandi • profetlo in oculis 
 animus inhabit at. Ardent,inttnduntur,humetlant, connivent: Hinc 
 UU mijericorditt lachrimoe : Hos cum ofculamur, animum ipjum 
 D%.Uo ^i^emur attmgtre j and indeed what not ? For io * n^W 
 vm. «9>A|«w, &c. The Eyes are All, and in them the molt in- 
 fallible 
 
A Difcourfe of M E D A L S. z 99 
 
 fallible Indices of our Paflions and Affe&ions, and therefore John j. 
 'tis obferved by Plutarch, that tho' Wantonefs and Lubricity f xv 
 be attributed to no other part fave the Eye only, the Virgin i Pet. ii.24, 
 and the Proftitute lie there in the fame Bed together. They 
 have befides this, a peculiar * Language of their own, which • Hahent e~ 
 no Tongue can fo naturally exprefs. nim 0culi > 
 
 ° ' A From & ipfe 
 
 Vultus s funm 
 
 0 blandos Ociilos & itiquietOS, Sermonem. 
 
 Et quadam propria nota loquaces, &c. P1,a 
 
 And in earned, fuch Weapons, as no Darts, no Arrows pierce 
 fo deep j fuch are thofe irrefiftible Emanations, that in a mo- 
 ment wound and transfix the Hearts of Lovers, and conquer 
 at firft fight ; create Veneration, diipofe to Alacrity j others 
 that ftrike a damp into whatfoever Company they come : 
 Such was C<efar Borgia's Viperine Afpecl:, which affrighted thole 
 who looked on him even when he moft feemed to be pleated; 
 and all this without (peaking a word. Such a Paradox is the 
 Eye. The very much contracted Pupil fhews Acutencfs ; the 
 over-large, Dulneis; the too fmall, fervile, covetous and un- 
 certain. I intend not here that inconftant tremulous Eye, by 
 Nature timerous, whofe Motions are not to be defcribed in 
 Picture ; nor the Lufci or Pur-blind, tho'. fo admirably cx- 
 prelTed in the Effigies of the Learned Blondel by the incom- 
 parable Nantueil I But that they are commonly prudent^ Mercu- 
 rial, fagacious, looking into themfelves and others :' I have rarely 
 found Str abb's without Judgment and Underftanding, or thof 
 
 Ovid. 
 
 yet I knew of great Learning and Probity 
 Who were my SchooH- Fellows; butf I fpeak orthe more no- 
 torious and deformed 'Tlxrfites's, quos natura fignavit x znd whom 
 1 would not fo resdily truft, as the fix'd and fteady Eye. J 1 
 know there are tome of thefe, md other Marks jocularly cen- 
 
 fured, and many times without Caufe. 
 
 .:>:& ^lyvy wo^ wuw wh '■■ c«£ 'ss> h\\ ^^V\ 
 
 Crine ruber, niger ore, brevispede, lumine lufcus y 
 ffym magnam prdftes, Zotle, ji bonus es. 
 
 Mart. Li bo 
 XII. Epigr„ 
 54- 
 
 And fo from a White Spaniard^ a Black Germany a Red 
 Italian, Libera nos Domlne. 
 
 Q cj % And 
 
A Difcourfe ^MEDALS. 
 
 And in England we fay, That 
 
 f >l> . ova 
 
 37* if Witty, the Brown Trufty, ... 
 
 7k Tale Teevtfh, the <Black Lufty* 
 
 And therefore, 
 
 to a <%ed Man read thy <]{ead, 
 At a Tale Man draw thy Kyife, 
 With a Brown Man break thy Bread, 
 From a Black Man keep thy Wife, 
 
 All which were yet fufficiently fafe as the Italian has it, 
 
 Se V huomini piccoli f offer o patienti, 
 E 3 Y huomini grandi foffero volenti y 
 E'gli rojfi foffero leak, 
 Tutt' il mondo farebbe uguale. 
 
 Ml z\ 70'' £ tiUL "* L'lCV&'fi J9f?i /i£3Cli jIjOi iJiW. rBiu" 1 lift fjfjflj*' 
 
 if little Men but Patient were, 
 The Tall of Courage free, 
 And Red Men trufty and fincere, 
 The World would foon agree.. 
 
 I know 'tis eafily faid that all the(e are but Proverbs, trite 
 and vulgar Sayings. Be it fo, and therefore by no means 
 to be flighted, as gathered from the long and conftant Obfer- 
 vations of fo many, confirmed by much Experience, and 
 founded upon the moft infallible Reafons and Philofophical 
 Refolutions.. There is indeed no Rule fo general, but has 
 its Exception i and we have fhewed upon what account in 
 this Science of the Countenance; But as denominations take 
 place from the plurality of Inftances ; Troyerbs are ftill, and 
 ever will remain in Force, for as to what we have eked from 
 them, how rarely does that of Facetus fail ? 
 
 ■ 
 
 Inconftans animus, oculus vagus, inftahilis fes, 
 H<ec triafigna viri, de quo mihi nulla bonifies, Sec, 
 
 And again, 
 
 tf^are breves humiles vidi, rufofque fideles, 
 Albos audaces, miror magnos fapienter. 
 
 In 
 
A Vifcour/e of MEDALS. i>ol 
 
 In a word, gaiideant bene nati ; 'tis an Happinefs and a Blef- 
 fing to be of a comely Perfonage, whence we are bid a fig- 
 fiatis rave, arid 'Ovtiv a<&W ipf&v oyik& ( fpoken of the White- 
 liver d as we call them ) were early Cautions. A Man ( fays 
 * Siracides) may be known by bis Look, and one that hath Un-*J^ cc £f'* x *- 
 derftanding by bis Countenance : Nor it feems did the Orator at Gen. xxx. 
 all neglect thefe Signatures ; Non deceperunt me oculi tut, fuper- M* .\. r\ 
 cilia, from deniquc totus, qui fermo quidem tacitus mentis eft; his j?* V1,1 *' 
 very Looks betrayed him, and in truth I think one needs be — xv. 
 no grea: Conjurer to divine, fides me (cries the little Slut) 
 nec auguria no\n, nec Mathematicorum Coelum curare fo\eo\ ex vul- 
 tibus tamen hominum mores colligos & cum fpatiantem vidi, quid 
 cogites jcio ; for fo the wancon gueffed of Encolpus without 
 gazing on, or consulting the Stars. And I cjueftion not at 
 all of the Witty Tlautus's being well feen in this Art, fo un- 
 luckily dcfcribing the manners of Perfbns by their Looks, and 
 which leems to have made both him and Juvenal fo expert in 
 Characterising their feveral Humors; But to defcend to Irt- 
 ftances. 
 
 We have long fince produced that of the great Auguftus, 
 and the Perfon who would have broken his Neck off the 
 Alps as he was walking along by him. 
 
 Pythagoras is reported to have been of fo awful an Afpecl, 
 as made a young Man ( whom he fliarply reproved ) to hang 
 himfelf. Such a fierce look had Tyrrhus. But what a Light- 
 ning muff needs be fhot from the patfionate Eyes of that 
 Woman, who caufed an hungry Lion broke forth of his Grate 
 at Florence, and feizing a Child in the Street, to let it go at 
 the fight of the Mother, and run away affrighted ! 
 
 Such (but indeed by another AfpeB) Were the Looks of 
 Cains Marks, Catiline ( as SaluU fets him out ) Attila of the ' 
 Hunns ■ and of later times LaUus Urfinus> Alphonfus d' Efte fe- 
 cond Duke of Ferrara, and others I might name, who by what- 
 ever unaccountable Fafcination, or other material Quality of 
 Maftring Spirits, have created Friends of deadly Enemies, and 
 looking others Dead, who carne with intentions to Murder mW**** I*- 
 do them Mifchief, have prelerved themfelves more by their "T 5 f anos 
 
 . . 11 i • * f—g-t i ' tnj autre co- 
 
 Looks, than by all their armed Troops and attendant Guards; gum. 
 On the contrary, others were laid to have a fanative Vertue,< 
 even in their very Countenances ; as Aurelianus, Vefpafian, Sec. 
 
 Others again malign and plainly Venomous ; and iuch z 
 Perfon (Borellus fpeaks of, that (confeious of the Effect) was BorelLCent. 
 
 wont ?'O brer '9 b - 
 
? oz A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 wont to give notice where he came, that they fhould keep 
 little Children and Women with Child from coming where 
 he was, whilft the Vertue ( fhall I call it ) or Property was 
 of a long time unknown to himfelf. No wonder then that 
 fome ( perhaps innocent poor People ) have been accufed for 
 
 temros luL^ tc ^ es anc * ^ v ^^ Q0 ^ ers as tnev ca ^ tnern > whiles in the mean 
 mtht fafcmat time,who can tell but that there may poffibly be as much danger 
 agnos. Virg. j n me Glances and Emiffions of fome Bilious, as of Itlerkal Per- 
 fons? or of fuch as Monfieur Chauvin ( a Parifian Gentleman 
 See concern dwelling in Diep ) who, the lame Author affirms, he knew to 
 *(h 'of C /tc'b nave ^° Lyncean and penetrating a fight, that ufing Spectacles, 
 firange Ef- fuch acute and keen Vapours darted from his Eyes, as in a 
 ff'*p Mar - fhort time, excavated and wore out the very Glaffes themfelves, 
 Comment. J»P^ erc ' n g tne Cryflals thro', and rendering them ufelefs, fo as 
 Tlut. convi- he was fain to be often fupplying them. Prodigious there- 
 vTn. Cap '^ ore mu ft needs be xho fc Aporrhaa's, and Emiffions that could 
 pervade and pafs thro' a Subftance which is capable to re- 
 ftrain the moft rectified Spirits even of Aquafortis it felf from 
 the leaft avolation. 
 
 'Tis reported of the Emperor Adrian, that he was fo great a 
 Proficient in this Science, as to difcern by the Countenance 
 whether a Witnels fummoned to give his Teftimony upon 
 any doubtful Matter, fpake true or falfly - and we find in Arifto- 
 tles Dedication, that it was recommended to the Great Alexander 
 as a Princely Quality, fit for Minifters of State, and therefore 
 kept among the fecrct Myfteries of the Pythagorean and Socratic 
 Fro Rofdo. Philofophers ; and I remember Cicero fpeaking of the Arc Di- 
 *De Sapient. Wandi ex Facie (which * Cardan prefers fo much before 
 L«b. II. Aflrology, Chiromancy, Prediction from Dreams, which fays he > 
 Impofloris artem aliquo modo redolent, fmell of the Cheat) ad- 
 vifes that Kings and Princes fliould above all others cultivate 
 this Study. I have been told that Philip Earl of Pembroke, 
 who had not only a Collection of Rare and Excellent Pi- 
 ctures ( as has ftill that moft Noble Perfon who now inherits 
 his Titles, and what is greater, his Virtues) but great Judg- 
 ment in Painting likewife, had fo wonderful a Sagacity in 
 diving into, and difcovering the Intentions of Men by their 
 Countenances, that he could fhrewdly guefs at the very fe- 
 cret of their Negotiation ; fo as King James the Firft 
 made no fmall ufe of that his extraordinary Talent on 
 the firft arrival of Ambafladors at Court. To this per- 
 haps may be applied that paflage of my Lord Bacons, (peak- 
 ing 
 
A 'Difcourfe of MEDALS. io ? 
 
 ing of chat Prince's ufual laying ; That indeed the Tongue /pake lingua «*- 
 to Mens Ears, but it was the Geflure which /pake to their Eyes/Zf™'\* e J 
 Etenim lineamenta Corporis animi inclinationes, &c. 1 The Linea- cuhs alloqm. 
 4 ments of the Body (fays this noble Philofopher) difcover the In- tur - 
 4 clination and Proclivities of the Mind in general ; but thofeof 
 
 * the Countenance do not only fo, but farther declare the Ac- 
 4 cefles, Seafons and Indications of the prefent Difpofition, and 
 4 of the very Will it felf ; and therefore a number of old, fub- 
 
 * tie and crafty Perfons, whofe Eyes dwell upon the Faces 
 4 and Fafhions of Men, obferve it diligently, and can turn ic 
 4 to their own Advantage, as being a main part of their Abi- 
 4 lity and Wifdom. Neither indeed can it be denied, but that 
 4 there is a great dilcovery ot Diflimulation in another, and a 
 4 principal Direction for the chufing of Seafons and Opportuni- 
 4 ties of approaching to Perions, which ( as he ohferves ) is not 
 4 the meaneft part of Civil Prudence. But let no Man think 
 1 that fuch a dexterity may fomewhat perhaps avail in refpect 
 4 to fome particular Perfons, but cannot be comprehended un- 
 
 . * der any certain Rule ; for we all laugh, and weep, and blufh, 
 4 and frown much after the fame manner j and fo for moft part 
 4 in other more fabric Motions. Thus far my * Lord. In • De Aug- 
 a word, it appears to have been in fo univerfal ufe among ^'^ im ' 
 fome, that Zacharia the Arab tells us, they heretofore trufted 1 ' 
 to nothing more for the chufing of their Slaves and Servants 
 
 Upon thefe and the like Remarks, we read of that Famous 
 Egyptian 'Tby/icgnomijl, who cautioned M. Antony to avoid and 
 beware of Oclayius, asTlutarch tells us ; and fo it was fore- 
 told the Noble Germanicus, that he fhould come fhort of the 
 Crown, however likely to fucceed, by the Villany of his Uncle 
 Tiberius ; and by another Artift, thatHm* fhould be Emperor, 
 long before there was any great appearance of it. I remember 
 I Jofepk Scaiiger (peaking of his Father Julius, deicribing his H Epijt. ad 
 goodly Perfonage, Corpus, Incefjm, Gejlus, and (lately Mcen,^ an ' DoKSm 
 io as every body who beheld him was ready to cry out, 
 Efr®. *%iav <TvesLwi£&, he looked fo like a Prince, adds ( a- 
 mongft other his incomparable Endowments ) wvrga, in colli- 
 gendis ex yultu hominum moribm, his skill and dexterity of Read- 
 ing the Dilpofitions of Men in their Faces ; that he would di- 
 vine likewile of their Fate and Fortune, inftancingin whatbe- 
 fel the little Audetlus, a Child he was fo infinitely fond of, 
 for the Sweetnels of his Countenance j but which he never 
 
 ufed 
 
;o4- A Vifcour/e of M JS D A L 5. 
 
 uled to look on without trouble and emotion. This his Lady 
 taking notice of, with much Importunity, he plainly told her 
 it would be over- laid, as it unhappily came to pa fs ; tho' to 
 prevent it, they took it immediately from the Nurfe, weaned, 
 and committed it to the Care of a young Maid, in whole 
 Bofom it was foon after found dead with its Mouth on the 
 Face of the drowfie Wench. 
 
 Now as to Paffions and natural Inclinations, there is no doubt 
 but much may be conjectured, and that upon a Vhyftcal ac- 
 count, as both TheopbraftuSy Galen and others frequently fhew j 
 and therefore the Study of it, efpecially recommended to thofe 
 of their Profeffion. 3 Th ftoried of the Famous Hippocrates, 
 •that one day paffing by a brisk young Maid, he fainted her 
 by the Name of fair Virgin, whom meeting again the Morning 
 after, he bid good- morrow Woman, diicovering by her looks 
 fhe had play'd the Wanton, and been vitiated the Night be- 
 fore. But as to thefe and the like Encounters and Inftances of 
 Prediction, fore telling particular Events, there feems more in 
 the Artift than one would think fhould be detected by bare, 
 infpection of the Countenance only. 
 
 Cicero is indeed very peremptory in what he fays of Cberoea, 
 impleading his Client fyfeius, from what he obferved in his 
 Face: Nonne ip/um (fays the Orator) Caput, fupercilia iH a 
 penitus abrafa, olere malitiam & clamitare calliditatem videntur ? 
 he /pied Knave in his very Looks, The like we find him pro- 
 nounce of Verres, Vatinius, Tifo, Gabinius and others. But ftill I 
 fay, to be able to tell of future Events, and what fha'l be- 
 fal one in his Life, if not beyond the Skill of MetopoJcopie> 
 is certainly very Extraordinary j and therefore tho' when we 
 i Reg.vWl read and Confider how wiftly the Prophet Eli[J?a fettled and 
 fixed his Countenance upon Ha^ael ( who was fent toconfult 
 him about the recovery of his fick Mafter Benhadad King of 
 Syria) until it drew Tears from the venerable Man ; one 
 • ofienJem would almoft think he faw fomething in the Tray tor's * Face, 
 feventatem, which moved that tender Paffion. Yet it is faid, That the 
 ttlultu.'™ E v *l which he told him he jhould do to the Children of IJrael, was 
 Cajecan. in revealed to him from God. And lb was likewife the Deftinies 
 Loe. c f (p/ 14rd0 /,' s Chief Butler, and Baker to Jojeph, who yet we 
 find took fpecial notice of their Countenances, as did his Fa- 
 ll Pet. Apo- ther of Labans, of which the Famous || Conciliator. 
 
 nenfit. 
 
 I might 
 
A t>ifcourfe of M E D A L S. 305' 
 
 I might have produced many other Examples, but tofhew 
 that thefe were not the Observations of Heathens only, but of 
 Cbriftians too ; and among other, one of the greateft Fathers 
 of the Church; * Gregory Nazjan^en fore telling of the Apo-* orat.2 
 ftate Julian, from fomething remarkable in his Looks and con( - GenV 
 Meen (which he had obferved) what a Plague he fhould 
 prove to the ^oman Empire. Such, 'tis likely were the Cha- 
 racters found in the Countenance of the fhort-Chin'd Nero, 
 and the narrow Maximums ; Juba was cruel ; but above ail the 
 Modern, that mercilefs and truculent Mofcovite, John 'Bafilides, 
 defcribed by Oderborn, who has publifhed the Life of that fa- 
 vage Tyrant ; and fuch was the fierce, and auftere <Baja%et the 
 Fir ft, Tamer lan, Charles Duke of (Burgundy, and others. 
 
 In the mean time, much we c©nfe(s is to be attributed to 
 Age, Infirmities, cruciating Pains, macerating Studies and Elu- 
 cubrations; hard, and bodily Labour j to outward Lodes and 
 Afflictions ; inward Remorfe, religious Severities ; to Want, 
 Poverty - y much to Diet, and other Ufages : All of them Abate- 
 ments in thefe Conjectures, and without prejudice to the Vir- 
 tue, and worthy Inclinations of many Perfons, whofe Looks 
 may feem to bear the Characters of vitious and immoral 
 Men ; when all this while, they fpring only from Impreffions 
 caufed by unavoidable Accidents j befides fuch adlcititious 
 Habits, as may poffibly be contracted by Inftitution, Difciplinc 
 and Cuftom : One is therefore firft to inquire into the Conver- 
 fation, Education, Condition, and other Circumftances of their 
 Lives ; before we give hafty Sentence of their Natures and 
 Difpolitions. Every hard-favoured Man fhould not prelently 
 be concluded a Cruel and Ill-natur'd Perfon ; fince the Linea- 
 ments even of Majefty, and fuch as create both Love and Ve- 
 neration j tho' there be fomething of more referv'd, and lefs 
 tender are yet extreamly different from thofe of Fierce and 
 Cruel, as was obferved in Titus Vefpafian, and is feen in the 
 Medals ar.d Statues of Trajan, Antoninus, Seyerus; and in the 
 Modern Emperors, the two firft Maximilians, %adul$bus ; and 
 more remarkable yet, in the Countenance of our late King 
 Charles the Second ; wherein a ferious Majefty was attemper'd 
 with fuch ftrokes of Vebonaire, as won Love, and Reverence 
 from all who approached him, by a certain rare, and lingu- 
 lar Interpolation of qualifying Lines. The fame Modifications 
 of otherwife Stern and Severe, are alfo plainly confpicuous, and 
 to be leen in his Brave, and Heroic Grand-father, Henry the 
 
 R r Fourth 
 
k 
 
 iog A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Fourth of France ; than whom, never were two Princes more 
 refembling one the other, comparing their Pictures, abating the 
 Beard and <Peruke only. 
 
 "Tis reported of Ifmael the fferfian Sophy, that he had evi- 
 dent Marks in his Face, of a Great and Noble Soul, endow'd 
 with many Virtues, quite contrary to thofe of Selyman the 
 Magnificent ( of both which we have feen Medals and Pictures ) 
 who had all the Signs of Haughtinefs and Cruelty 5 fuch re- 
 pugnant Strokes, and Figures there are Ingraven in the Coun- 
 tenance : For as we have noted in our Charles, Majefty does 
 notconfift in a grim and crabbed Look, fuch as perhaps might 
 Maniltut. b e Syllas, * Stritli Catones, and the Cenfor 5 but in a grave, 
 ftaid, and undated amability, and thus 
 
 in una fede morantur 
 
 Met am. %. Majefias Amor, 
 
 fomething like what my Lord Bacon defcribes to be in one of 
 the venerable Governors of Solomons Houfe ( in his pretty At- 
 lantic Utopia ) prjtfeferens quafi miferantis ; that his Gravity had 
 fomething in it, which looked m if he pitied Men, the Ex* 
 predion I confefs pleafed me. 
 
 And thus have we briefly fhewed, how the Proportion, 
 Harmony, and Difcord of Parts, varioufly configur'd and 
 difpos'd, give notice of our Inclinations, and fupport the 
 Conjectures by frequent Examples. What likewile our Opi- 
 nion is of fuch as ( like to that Race of Scottifh Divines, or 
 Second- fight-Men, as they are called ) Prognoftick of Events to 
 come : I fay briefly, becaufe it were Argument of much longer 
 difcuffion, than this Digreffion will allow. 
 Raraeficon- But here comes now a Queftion ; How it happens, that we 
 cordia for- Q fe n £ nc j [ 0 mafl y Q f tne f a j rj anc j beautiful Sinners of the Sex, 
 
 "pudiciuVl in divers of whofe Countenances there appears to dwell fo 
 Juv. Sat.x. much Innocency, Sincerity, Modefty and Goodnefs ; and fuch 
 perhaps as was in Helenas, Laiss, Faufiina's, <t<rc ? To this is 
 anlwered ; That the Perverfion does not fpring from any of 
 V. TUtoms x\\oit Signatures* which if truly fuch, do really, and naturally 
 pXTT™- difpofe to all thole perfections and virtuous Habitudes ac- 
 mmetiam **cordingly ; but take their Rife from fome other external, ad- 
 ventitious Caufe and Corruption ; fuch as neglect of Educa- 
 tion, early and religious Principles and Institution, Want, Po- 
 verty, and above ail, from the evil Examples of the Age, 
 and Converfation with others fo tainted ; for fo inficitur terra 
 
 fordibus 
 
 rere 
 
A Vifcomfe of M E D A L S. 307 
 
 JordibuS nnda fluens , the cleareft, and moft chryftal Streams 
 pafiing thro' a Sink, are fooneft fbined and poluted; and in 
 this Cafe indeed, the Proverb takes place, Fronti nulla fdes ■ f r f^ *!J^ 
 God alone being the infallible Kap^oy/aW, fince they are all vide Sener- 
 of them Accidents fufficiently capable of expofing their frail- tumdefigms 
 ties to Temptation; corrupt and fpoil the fweeteft Nature \ 1^^*11 . 
 not that I believe (with fome) that there is any eiTential Per-o.- Mathe- 
 fection of Souls among Individuals of the fame kind, \vhit. m ?\ s " et ' r ' 
 
 a ' alcnbcd to 
 
 ever difference we find in perional Endowments $ tho' Icon* Galen. 
 fefs, there may yet for ought we know, be various degrees 
 of Capacities, as among the very Angels themfelves. But the 
 Countenance does for the moll part, dhcover it at one time 
 or other j and corporeal Habitudes may lie conceal'd, and the 
 Proverb verified, Fair and FooliJ]?, Sec. But as (Beauty does not 
 confift in Complexion only (as we call it) but in Symmetry, 
 Features, and a certain Elegancy of Motion fo the Defects 
 of the greateft Beauty as to Morals, or Intellectuals, may fpring 
 from internal and hidden Caufes in the Organic Body j elfe, 
 wherefoever there is indeed univerfal Symmetry ,. content of Parts, 
 Natural, Vital, Animal (in tetate media <jt florente, as Thy/icians 
 fpeak) there muft refute from them all other Graces and Per- 
 fections, according to that of * Amelia, Ubi eft pulchritudo* n - T ™ el 
 form* quae rationalis eft anima, confequenter materia debet form* pi^cJp' 
 re/pondere formofitati ; and wherefoever it falls out otherwife, like ; - Symmet. 
 Saturn, or Mars in the Seventh, or Ninth Houfe, malevolent V ' 
 to the Radical Tromijfors of the Geniture ( tho' with them, there 
 may be other fortunate, and lucky Signs ) there would fome- 
 thing be difcover'd to be amifs in the Scheme, and * Counte- * o quam 
 nance of the moft charming out- fide of a wanton Hypocrite, dl ffi clle e A 
 by one who were a Graduate, throughly skill'd in Metopofcopy.pr^ereZl 
 Befides, that I do hardly believe, there ever was any Creature 
 fo tranfeendently, and in quarto modo perfect, fince the very 
 firft of the Sex , || the fair Helenfinus, Cynthia (Goddeffes them- \f" d ™ %' 
 felves ) had their Moles and Spots: The fame is alfo to be faid b a - 
 of Learning, Wit, Eloquence, and other {Lining Talents 5 that Ww - Da * 
 they are not always found in the comlieft Figures, %aram .\acitExcid?Tr?* 
 mixturam cum fapientia forma ; nor had Socrates his Wifdom • Nonius. 
 NorviJ/op, Galba^nd * Sappho their Wit and Ingenuity from*^ 
 their beauteous fhape and out fide : L Metellus had the Looks mTdalna 
 of a Fool; nor was Ulyjfes's Eloquence feen by his Counte- r ^ eW ". 
 nance, and the plicatures of his Face, £^5° V,d ' 
 
 'Am' oti $n f oka, ok WifhQ, '/<|, &c. IA y. Eccluf. xviij 
 
 R r 2 But*' 6, 
 
_ . _ , ■ - ' I ■ ■ , . ■ - ■ _ _ 
 
 3 oS A Vifcourfe of M E D A L S. 
 
 But when once he began to fpeak, there was nothing fo fluent, 
 nothing fo charming : In a word, the raoft ineftimable Jewel 
 loofes nothing of its Value, for not being kept in a Velvet 
 Cafe. An illuftrions Inftance of this have we in an old Ac* 
 Ept/l. LXVl quaintance of Seneca's, the whole PalTageis worth reciting. 
 
 Claranum condifcipulum meum vidi, poft multos annos, non puto 
 expetlas, ut adjiciam, fenem s Sed mehercules viridem ammo ac Ve- 
 getum, & cum corpufculo fuo collutlantem. lnique enim fe natura 
 gejfit, <sr talent animum male collocavit : aut fortaffe voluit hoc 
 ipfum nobis oftendere, pojje ingenium fortijjimum ac beatiffimum 
 fub qualibet cute latere. Vicit tamen omnia impedimenta : Et ad 
 cetera contemnenda a contemptu fui venit. Err are mihi vifus eft 
 qui dixit. 
 
 Gratior eft pulchro veniens in corpore virtus. 
 
 NuHo enim boneftamento eget : ipfa & magnum fui decus eft, & 
 corpus fuum confecrat. Certe Claranum noftrum coepi intueri • for- 
 tnofus mihi videtur, <& tarn reSlus corpore, quam eft animo. To* 
 tejl ex cafa Vtr magnus exire : (potejl ex deformi humilique cor- 
 pufculo, formofus animus ac magnus. Qyofdam itaque Yidetur mihi 
 in hoc naturales generare, ut approbet Virtutem omni loco nafci. Si 
 pojfet per fe nudos edere animos, fecijfet. Nunc quod amplim eft y 
 factt. quojdam enim edit corporibus impeditos, fed nihilominus per- 
 rumpentes obftantia. Claranus mihi videtur in Exemplar editus : 
 
 Plato in ut fcire pojfemus, non deformitate corporis fcedari animum j fed 
 
 fbad. pulcht'ttudine animi corpus ornari. 
 
 I met ( lays Seneca) my old School Fellow Claranus, whom 
 of a long while before I had not feen : I fuppofe I need not 
 fay an Old Man : But in good Earneft^Spriteful and Vigorous, 
 (~by ftriving to get the better of his little Boy. Nature I confefs, 
 has dealt a little unkindly with him, in lodging lb great a 
 Soul in fo homely a Cottage, unlefs perhaps it be to fhew 
 us, that the greateft, and happieft Wit, may lie under any 
 the courfeft out -fide. In the mean time, he has overcome all 
 Impediments, and by vanquifliing firfl himfelf, triumphs over 
 all things elfc ; fo as methinks he's miftaken who faid, 
 
 Virtue's more graceful in a beautious Body. 
 
 Certainly, Che needs no becoming drefs, who is an ornament 
 to herfelf, and renders her very Body a confecrated Place: 
 
 Really, 
 
A Vifcour/e of MEDAL S. 
 
 — - — — — i. 
 
 Really, I began to look earneftly upon him,and to me he feem'd 
 as amiable, and upright in Body, as he is in Mind : A great 
 Man I fee, may come forth of a little Hovel, and a bright and 
 magnanimous Soul, from a mean, and ill-fram'd Body. Thus 
 Nature feems to bring forth fome on purpofe, to fliew, that 
 Vertue may be born any where, and that if it were poflibleto 
 produce Souls ftark naked, (he would have done it: She has 
 now done a greater thing, brought forth fome clogg'd with 
 Body, that yet iurmount, and break thro' all impediments : 
 Claranus, I think, was born on purpofe to let us know, that 
 the Soul contracts no fullage from the deformity of the Body j 
 but on the contrary, that the Body becomes much more beauti- 
 ful by a fair, and vertuous Soul. So true is that of Avicen, 
 Natura jupplet ingenio, ubi deficit corpus : The great Apoftle 
 St. Taul is defcribed little of Stature ; Agefilaus, nay the great 
 Alexander himfelf , and his Learned Preceptor, Ariftotle, were 
 but little Men; the innate and vital Spirits, becoming more 
 clofe and vigorous ( as having a more eafy and quick inter- 
 courfe by the nearnefs of the Heart and (Brain) and there- 
 fore Naturalifts obferve 'Bees, Ants, Spiders and minuteft Infects 
 to be the moft Ingenious. 
 
 Abating for thefe, and fome other Accidents, it mult be 
 confefs'd, that the Countenance is not always an infallible 
 Guide, no more than a gilded, and finely graved Dial-plate, in- 
 dicates the Goddefs of the Motion, and Contrivance within a 
 Watch i Tiumbea machara in aurea vagina i whilft the unfufc 
 ferable Pride of Antifthenes , was plainly feen thro' his tattered 
 Mantle. Many who appear like Angels of Light, have cloven 
 Feet j and iuch were the Strenes, and Harpies, thofe Volucres 
 <PueUd that had Fifbes Tails, and Cultures Tallons. But this 
 does not prohibit that a, great regard mould be had to remark- 
 able Externals, to which Apuleius attributes fo much j that ( as 
 if fome Divinity were to lodge in ic ) he thought the moft 
 beautiful Youths were to be chofen, as moft proper for Divi- 
 nation. Alcibiades was in all his Ages from a Child, to his End, 
 of incomparable Beauty j and fo was Demetrius, whofe Coun- 
 tenance fyiutarch defcribes to confift of fuch a charming mixture 
 of Gravity, and Manfuetude, Serious and Sweet, as no Painter 
 could ever exprefs; and indeed the Charms of Beauty are fo 
 powerful and attractive, that as Socrates calls it, brevem tyran- 
 j^idem^ io where joyned with Virtue, and Knowledge (as in 
 fome of thele it was ) k is a tranfeendenc near Perfection 
 
% 16 A Vifcourfe of MEDA L S. 
 
 fuch were Alexander, Cyrus, Hiero, Scipio Jfricanus, and Auguflui 
 of old ; Perfons ( tho' not without their "Faults ) of great Ex- 
 cellency ; and of our latter Age, that Phoenix ( of perfection 
 both of Mind and Body ) the llluftrious Picus Prince of Mir an- 
 duUy but they are rare. And after all, it has been much ob» 
 ferved, that very beautiful Perfons have feldom met with lucky 
 Deftinies ; hence the Tragedian, in Hipp- ^ara forma Viris {[tenia 
 fro/pice) hnpunita fuit-, of which might be produced divers 
 Inftances of our own Country, bellde the great Duke of 
 (Buckingham, his Son Francis ; the late Duke of Monmouth, and 
 others, of which, fee Murctus, Cantarus, Sec. In the mean 
 time, where we meet with an ample Head, a fpacious Fore- 
 head, a fulnefs about the Temples ; the Eyes, Nofe, Mouth, 
 rather large than contracted ; the Features in general Manly, 
 and Serious, and the reft of the Parts well proportion^ ; there 
 feldom failes a ftrong, and capacious Memory, folid Judgment, 
 with a ftock of Induftry and Prudence, in rebus agundis. In a 
 word, very ferious, and thinking Perfons, have commonly 
 ferious and com poled Looks ; and the Light, the Trifling, 
 and the Wanton, is difcovered in the Face, whilft not the 
 Fair and Effeminate j but that the nobleft Beauty in Man, 
 which creates neither Contempt, nor Wonder, 
 i Sam. xvi. Samuel was forbid to look on Eliab's Countenance, or height, 
 Chap.xvif. °f Stature (fuch as the unfortunate Saul and Abjalon were 
 4i. eonfpieuous in ) for that the Lord fees not as Man fees • for 
 JWiW^ 01 ' ^ m hofotb on the outward appearance, but the Lord looketh on 
 the Heart, &c. The miftake of the Prophet was, that he took 
 Comlinefs of Perfon, to be the only Character of ^yalty ; fucfi 
 as was the Kings whom he had anointed before j for the fame 
 Hiftory tells us after atew Verfes, that David was Ruddy, cum 
 pulchritudine oculorum <s? decor o of peElu, of a beautiful, or rather 
 manly Countenance, and goodly to look to. 
 
 And now after all that has been produe'd, it is likewiie to 
 be confider'd, what Judgment, and Conjectures are to be 
 made with regard to other Nations, Countries, Climates and 
 Cuftoms, which not only change the Shapes of Brute- Animals 
 of the fame j pedes, but exceedingly alter the Countenances, 
 Complexions, and Characters of Men and Women alio. 
 
 To inftance only in the Head and Face (without ftraying 
 Irom our prefent Subject ) the more Northern Inhabitants or. 
 Europe, incline to Fair ; our Faces are more oval our Eyes 
 upon the grey and blew ; our Hair bright, or brown ; I fpeak 
 
 for 
 
A Vi/courje of MEDALS. 
 
 for the mod parr. Thofe of Q{u(Jia, Poland, Germany, Hungary, 
 People of manly AfpecT: ; their Nofes blunter, and moderately 
 arched ; and fo the Italians, but longer and more tapering, efpe- 
 cially about Tnfcany and forwards. 
 
 The Venetians are of a jufter Proportion, and generally well 
 favoured : The Swifs, and dwellers among the Alps, have acciden- 
 tally flrumous Throats, which draw their Faces a-wry, imputed 
 to their drinking Snow-water. Remarkable for Copped, and 
 Sugar-loav'd Heads, are thofe of Genoa. In Spain and Portugal 
 ( not Limpos de la Sangre de los Moros ) they draw towards the 
 hew, and form of thofe People whom they fo inhumanly, as 
 well as impoliticly, banifhed, and yet retain a mixture of. 
 
 Greece, and the lefTer AJia, afford well featur'd Per(ons, and 
 we are told of the moft charming Beauties about Georgia, and 
 Mngrelia, until farther North Weft of the Eux'me, and where See Sir Ji. 
 they mingle with thcTartar (as if Nature delighted in con- Tr ^ V g^ 5 
 traries ) the Race degenerates to narrow Eyes, broad and bony 
 Faces, ( I fpeak of the Men ) even to frightful uglinefs. From 
 thele have the Chinefes (according to their various and ex- 
 tended Climates ) much of their Figure, tall and grofs, fcjuare 
 Vifage, large Ears; flattifh fmall Nofes ; long, narrow Eyes; 
 thin Lips ; middle- fizd Mouths, and above all, little Feet, 
 efpecially the Women, whether Naturally or by Art, Authors 
 differ. For a Majeftic Comlinefs, the Perfians and Armenians 
 have been remarkable, in the Aquiline Royal Nofe; which 
 with other virile Features, feems in a manner Gentilitian, and 
 no where elfe fo univerfal. Plutarch tells us, Artaxerxes had v"ide j*& 
 an Eagles Nofe ; but fo had Demetrius, Gryphus, Neoptolemus, ^P^. 
 Auguftus, Galba, Conftantine the Great, Scandtrbeg • the brave ton. Zona*. 
 Solyman Son of Seiimus, Emperor of the Turks, who were &c - 
 all Warlike, Liberal, and of Heroic Spirits; and antiently it 
 was called the Pgman Cognizance, but they have no more pre- 
 tence to it now, than fome other Europeans. Thofe of India 
 have naturally high Fore-heads and out-Nofes, unlefs fuch as 
 are blended with the Portugueses, and others not fo far 
 South. 
 
 The vafter Tracts of Lybia appear in fome of them, to be 
 inhabited by a Race of Drills \ the Neger Africans have their 
 Fore- heads, Nofe and Faces extreamly flat ; great Heads; large 7 
 and full Eyes ; blubber Lips covered with a lanuginous, woolly 
 hair: Thofe of North- Africa bordering on the Mediterranean, 
 mingled with the Spanijb- Moors, fufficiently refemble them, 
 
 until 
 
A Vifcour/e of MEDALS. 
 
 until one comes almoft to Jigypt, where they are more fwar- 
 thy, rounder Vifag'd and hollow Ey'd, which dafh runs thro' 
 Arabia alio. 
 
 The North Americans, as to the fabric of their Mouths, bony 
 Faces, large Ears, and flaggie Hair, are like the Upper Tartars; 
 the reft Southward, as blended with the Olivajler Spaniard 
 and other Nations, who having planted Colonies among them, 
 partake of their likenefs ; whilft the Native, and truly In- 
 digin, are generally very well (hap'd, yet varying in other 
 Climats. 
 
 Mountains and Jlpeflral Sierra*, breed Men for the mod 
 part robuft, and of manly Countenances, as well as Sta- 
 ture, and fewer deform'd than the Plains and Vallies, which 
 as they are fituated low, or near the Marfh, vary both in 
 Colour, Growth, Shape and Conftitueion ; to Pale, Low, 
 Flefhy, Weak and Effeminate. Imperials (who of all the 
 Peripatetics , has beft difcufled this Subject) attributes all to 
 the degrees of Heat and Cold, Dry and Wet. That in ex- 
 ceffive hot Countries, the Inhabitants are commonly fbolifh, 
 or of no great reach - } Heat diffipating the Spirits, as Cold 
 on the contrary, hinders them from due Motion. Moifture 
 obnubilates, and condenfes Humors, and is inimicous to all 
 Ingenuity, great and heroic Thoughts : of fuch Confequence 
 is the Clime, and Situation to the Difpofition of a People. 
 The Sea- Air being warm and dry, thro' the freer Operation 
 of the Sun-beams, drawing up the cherifhing Vapour; the 
 bordering Dwellers are ufually more crafty than others about 
 them ; as was obferved of thole of Carthage, Calabria, Sicilia, 
 and fo generally near the Southern Iflands, where the Heat is 
 benigne, and not fo intenfe. Hence, Infulanos ejje malos, 57- 
 cilianos autem peffimos grew a Proverb ; but when the Ex- 
 halation is over-thickned with Cold, 'tis followed with con- 
 trary Effects. In like manner Diet, and Nourifhment by 
 Meats and Drinks is to be confiderd ; and therefore great 
 Care fhould efpecially be had of it, as to young Children, 
 and to the Manners and Difpofitio'n of Nurfes. 'Tis report- 
 ed that Puppies which have been fuckl'd with Milk of Bitch- 
 Wohes, or Foxes, become abundantly more fierce, and Crafty 
 than other Dogs. Scotus tells of a Boy, nourifljed with the 
 Milk of a Sow, that could never be reclaimed from running 
 into Ditches and dirty Puddles ; and of another to whom a 
 Goat gave fuck, that inftead of walking, was always leaping 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 and climbing. The Scories of Romulus and <%emus, Lycafte> 
 <ParrhaJia, Te)ephus y &c. are well known, and therefore curious 
 Huntf-men take great Care, not only of the Breed, but of the 
 Diet of their youug Whelps ; How much more ought we 
 then of Childrens Difpofitions fuck'd in with the Milk of their 
 Nurfes ? Let us hear poor Dido imprecating her deferring, and 
 hard-hearted Gallant. 
 
 Wow tibi diva parens generis, nec Dardanus Author , 
 
 Terfide, fed duris genuit te cautibus horrens 
 
 Caucafus, Hircunaeque admorunt ubera Tigres. W» 
 
 Thou, nor of Venus art, nor Dardans Race, 
 Thee, on fome Rock did Caucafus beget, 
 Perfidious Man, fed at a Tygers teat. 
 
 And indeed, * Thavorinus the Philofopher, Avian and others, 
 give fpecial Caution of the Inconveniences that fpring from j. " 
 Milk vitiated by their Paflions and natural Inclinations, whe- 
 ther prudenr, fbber, foolifh, fearful or furious • of (uch impor- 
 tance was the Election of a well tempered Nurfe. And then 
 again, as to Diet, that Food of the lighted Digeftion, is apteft 
 to generate the beft Blood, and confequently the refined'ft Spi- 
 rits, to ftrengthen the Memory, and fharpen the Fancy. Let- 
 tua , Tabacco ( as Narcotics ) difpole to drowfinefs ; Coffee, 
 and Tea to the contrary : In like lore, Riches and Dignities, Vide lmpe> 
 Profperity, Misfortunes, Religion ; the Nature and Subject of ^Xil 
 our Studies, have their feveraL Operations upon us, as already bus, feu fig. 
 we have fliewed. ms ingemo* 
 
 But co return to the Make, and Figure of the Countenance, 
 one Toon difcovers in what * Countries mould Men are caft, * Vid. W- 
 and may give a fhrewd Guefs to what Nation they refpe&ive- ™J u ™ art f m 
 ly belong, and thence conjecture of their Inclinations, Ani- pnma it Af- 
 mal, Rational as well as Natural, with regard as we fod,fc&*'^ & 
 to the Dilpofition and Temper of the Air and Region. »«^Cap." 
 
 Tr <H.i ^pnt (pvcnj <ra ttdn a^As^a, Was, We knOW, Z COnftant ob- V". Cordit 
 
 fervation j whence Hippocrates de Acre, Aquis, 0* Locis *™-™tlmhlmt- 
 butes lo much to the Effects of thofe Elements, and the Situ- »« & nati- 
 ation of Countries (as Ttolemy to the vertue of the Stars) 0 "" *j* tnvt : 
 and that from thence, the Scythians are all fo alike to one& Ct 
 another, and fo very unlike to other Nations. The fame 
 was remarked by Strabo, in the Manners and Inclinations of 
 
 S f the 
 
5 , 4 A Vifcourfe cf MEDALS. 
 
 -■- . ■ — - — ~ ~ ~ ^— — — — — — — — — — — — — — —————— . 
 
 the Medes and Armenians ; of fuch Importance are Codum and 
 See Bodm Solum , as not only appears in Horfes, Dogs, Cocks, Hawks, 
 kepub.Lib. anc | otnCr Animals, but is plainly evident in the virtue of 
 Plants, and other productions of the Earth, which are found 
 to vary exceedingly both in their Texture and Operations j 
 fo as what is large, procere, goodly, and beautiful to look on , 
 fourain, and fanative ; gentle, and benign in one Country, is 
 in another Clime a low, dwarf, repent, and dwindling Plant 3 
 difagreable, churlifh, and of noxious Quality. In like manner, 
 fome Nations are totally Barbarous, Ignorant, Slothful, Luxu- 
 rious, Effeminate, Slavifh and Unfaithful : Others again, more 
 Civil, Humane, Wife, naturally Sagacious, Active and Indu- 
 ftrious ; Temperate, Valiant, Sincere and Generous: In a 
 word, where Peace, and Liberty is prudently managed, Men 
 excel in all the Moral Improvements; where Tyranny reigns, 
 Ignorance, Sloth, Dejection of Spirit, and Superftition a- 
 bound. 
 
 The Afiatics ( who Hippocrates fays, are the talleft, and beft 
 proportioned in the World ) are now juftly noted for Luxury, 
 and Slavifhnefs, under the Barbarous, Thievifh Arab, and In- 
 folent Turk. Thofe of China, under the former Politie, a 
 Steady, Regular, Prudent, Induftrious, Witty and Ingenious 
 People, now more Soft and Effeminate. The Armenian Un- 
 conftant 5 the Scythian Sad and Auftere ; thofe of JEgypt Wife 
 and Subtile 5 the Phrygians Light and Vain ; Syrians Covetous, 
 as of old, the Phoenicians naturally intent on getting Wealth j 
 the Babylonians Prudent; the reft of Perfia, India, Japan, Siam, 
 Idle, Proud, Crafty, Falle, Cruel. The various Tracts of 
 Africa, which heretofore bred divers great Wits, and excellent 
 Perfons ; as now corrupted by the haughty, and injurious 
 Mahumetan, more than by Pagans, are become Ignorant, Ser- 
 vile, Rafh, Perjurious, Superftitious. The Negers accordingly, 
 are in general Fearful, and confequently Cruel, Treacherous, 
 full of Revenge ; and like the wandring Nomades and jEthiops, 
 Foolifh and exceeding Beftial : Thofe of America lefs expos'd 
 to the Sun, lefs Paffionate, nor fo Luxurious and Falfe, where 
 they are unmingled, and remain yet uncorrupted. 
 
 Thofe of Europe, by natural Temper of Air and Soil, War- 
 like, Induftrious, Liberal, Plain, lefs Subtile, Tenacious of Li- 
 berty, and Lovers of Change; This for the general. 
 
 In particular, as the far North gives check to the Blood, the 
 People are Dull and Unactive,- the reft, like the Bear (under 
 
 whofe 
 
A tyifcourfe (MEDALS. ? 1 1 
 
 whofe Influence they dwell, and where that fierce Animal 
 abounds J partake of a rigid and furly Ferity. Hence the 
 Saurom-us, thole of Tartar) and Qfytjjia are more brurifli, rude, 
 flavifhand fraudulent, nor foCouragious as we are made be- 
 lieve, by their oft, and numerous Inundations ; Conquering 
 more with Numbers, than by Valor j and compelled thro' 
 extream Poverty, to feek new Seats, and make Incurfions South- 
 ward ; not out of Military Glory, or for Empire, but of pure 
 NeceiTky ; and therefore it is, that we leldom or never read, 
 that thole of the South, or Eafl invaded the North or Weft upon 
 thefe accounts. 
 
 The Tolander is very Imperious, Haghuty, Unquiet, Liberal, 
 Superfluous. Thofe of Hungary, bellicofe, brave, impatient 
 of reftraint. On the contrary, the Greeks in a more benign 
 Clime, heretofore naturally difpos'd to all the perfections of 
 Mind and Body, Learning, Wildom, Courage, Politic j great 
 Legislators and Aflertors or Liberty ; by accidental and barba- 
 rous Revolutions and Mixtures, become at prefent the moft 
 ignorant, ruftic, abject, falfe and univerfally degenerous. 
 
 We call the Spaniard Proud, Oftentous, Formal, affecting ' jattabuttJi 
 Gravity, Slow, Deliberate, Patient, Conftant, Valiant, Loyal, Maternus. 
 but extre^mly Bigottifh and Superftitious, which renders them 
 Cruel : The Italian is naturally Cautious, Prudent and Fru- 
 gal, Temperate, Polite, of an acute refined Wit, Amorous, 
 Jealous and Vindictive of Injuries. 
 
 Contrary now to both ( and almoft to all other Nations Gentem in 
 of Europe befides) the French, Verfatile, Unconftant, Loud j™"" **• 
 Lovers ot Noife, Ceremonious, Prompt, Confident, loon (sL-Tam^Uv 
 miliar, bufie in all places, and ever impofing upon, and mo- L&.I. Dec. 
 letting their Neighbours, elated with the leaft Succefs, and as^f'J; 
 ibon dejected upon the flrlt. repulfe. Gai.L. 
 
 That great Wit, and police Scholar Mothe le Vayeur ( l ate ^ WW,M *»< 
 Preceptor to Monfieur, Brother to the prefent Monarch ) who xv7 
 has publifhed an exprefs Treatife of the Contrariety of Humors • 
 observing the different Situations of Countries, and particularly 
 that of France and Spain, naturally feparated by the (Pyrenean 
 Mountains; the.firft, expofed to the Eafl, and North; the 
 fecond, to the Weft, and South : Spain, Hot and Dry ; France, 
 Cold and Moift, (comparatively fpeaking) replenifh'd with 
 Rivers, and Streams : Spain feldom difturb'd with Winds, but 
 at proper Sealbns ; France, perpetually agitated with them : 
 Spam, not lubject to Wet and Rain ; France obnoxious to both 
 
 S f i (together 
 
J _ , - s 1 — I . — 
 
 316 AVifcourje o/MEDALS. 
 
 ( together with feveral other Antithefes y he there enumerates ) 
 little wonders at the Contrarieties, and Repugnances of their 
 Natures ( to which he alfo adds their Stature, Shape, and Com- 
 plexion ) that tofhew how little Injury I have done them in the 
 Picture I here Copy , he gives this Character of his Country - men, 
 „ + ; . ' , ' That they are Mutable as th§ ^ir 
 
 La Francoifc aufh chanrtant que [on Atr } t . , . . J . T * L 1 rvf 1 
 
 & a*£i legere Vents : Volages, plems they breath Irt j Light, as the Wind 
 
 it boMtaies\ Caufeurs } Meiifans ieltar Com- < that bloWS ; Giddy, UnCOttftant and 
 
 patriots cbex, Us Eftrangeres ; Jurants, & < o 11 p vprlaftina Talk pre . f^t* 
 
 U/><^^ &c - of wh,ch fee a * reat deal r dden * ^erlaiting 1 alkers j Uo- 
 more, with divera pJeaknc Refleaions, ' loriaus, even to the ipeaking ill oi. 
 and infinitely Witty, m Garctais Anupa- < tne j r own Country- men to Stran* 
 
 tta ie los France es y Ejpagvoles. e x A J* 
 
 1 gers ; Impatient, Contending more 
 ( with Strength of Body, than Force of Wit ; and Fighting 
 * with more Fury than Counfel or Difcretion ; Terrifying People 
 c with horrid Oaths, and Storming where ever their Souldiers 
 4 come. Infhort, that their Humors are fo widely different 
 4 one from the other ; as one would almoft cjueftion, whether 
 ' they iffued the fame way out of their Mother's Womb : In 
 c a word, that a French man is a Spaniard Reversed, turn'd ia* 
 c fide outward. And certainly, much* of this is true, as to 
 their natural Temper, jefalting from thofe Caufes; wbilft cl- 
 viliz'd by Arts, and good Education ( in both which they are 
 extreamly happy ) no Nation exceeds them for Wit, Learn- 
 ing, Invention, Diligence, and Conduct in Affairs; Huma- 
 nity, Courtefie, Gallantry and the Nobleft Achievements, 
 
 And thus our (pby/tognomoues is throughout, and all along to 
 be underftood, as diftinguifliing Inclinations in general, and in 
 purls Naturalibus ; and not fuch as arc improved by Guftom 
 and Inftitution, which is a fecond, and better Nature. 
 
 We have fpoken of the Manners and Properties of fome Na- 
 tions, how nearly they approach to the Ferity, and other Qua- 
 lities of thofe brute Animals, naturally bred among them : But 
 fxirci^x' c ^ s c ^ e Learned Scaliger endeavours to refute, inftancing in 
 vii&Exer. thofe of Epirus, where the numerous Flocks, and Herds of other 
 cclxxiv. CaK^ are extreamly tame ; the People of all other, the mod 
 Rude and Barbarous ; and by the way, beftows no little 
 Mark of his Kindnels on our Nation too, for our exceflive 
 Eating and Devouring; the/ our Country he conteffes, breeds 
 no greedy, or Voracious Animal whatfoever : That thofe or 
 Sa\>oy y Swijjerland, and many parts of Germany, which abound 
 in Foxes, &c. arc the dulleft, fimpleft, and moft uncautelous of 
 all their Neighbours ; not confidering, as tooui Country, that 
 
 the 
 
4 Vifcwfe of MEDAL S. 
 
 the Plenty, and Hofpitable Nature of the Englift? above all 
 other People, deferved a civiler Character ; and that tho' there 
 be not fo many Foxes in thofe other Countries, there are Bears, 
 and Waives, and Wild Boars among thoie Stern* tho' lefs Crafty 
 Inhabitants he mentions. 
 
 Moreover, that in Liguria> and other parts of Italy, which 
 rarely breed any Foxes, the People are the futtleft, cunning, 
 and over-reaching in the World ; and thinks that Nature or- 
 dain'd Brute Animals in other Countries, rather to reform the 
 Manners of the Inhabitants among which they are bred ; But 
 left none in Liguria, Genoa, &c. becaufc fhe could create none 
 fo very Brutifh 2nd Wicked, as might reprefent the prodi- 
 gious Impiety, Avarice, PerfidioUfnefs, and Vanity of thole 
 People. 
 
 As to Climati arid other Accidents, Cardan obferving that 
 where Trees take bm (lender, and {hallow Roots, or the 
 Country is fubject to furious and tempeftuous Winds ; the 
 People are unconftant and unliable alio. To this, his Learned 
 Adverfary oppofcs the unconftancy, and unfteadinefs of thofe 
 about Cremona, one of the richeft, and moft fruitful Spots of 
 all Italy ; and where the Trees are moft profoundly rooted ; 
 magnifying the Steadinefs, excellent Temper, and other Feli- 
 cities of thofe of Java, obnoxious to the moft impetuous 
 Storms ; and fo the Cinajfians, Thracians y Macedonians and other 
 exposed, and perflatile Countries, affirming withal, that thefe 
 continual Winds, do rather ferve to attemper and alloy, than 
 caufe thefe pretended Verticities for that ex trtijlione fit Con- 
 ftantia, and by the fame Logic, thinks to have confuted that 
 Univerfat Maxim of Mens Manners, correfponding with the Tem- 
 per of their Bodies, becaufe (as he perfifts) the Dog % which 
 of all other Animals is the moft Teftie and Choleric Crea- 
 ture, is of (o very cold, and chilly a Conftitution : Indeed 
 vicious Habks are found under all Tempers, Climes and 
 Countries. But thefe are Paradoxes, and we muft not be 
 angry at the Great and Learned Man, whilft in the Heat, 
 and Spirit ol Contradiction to his fubtile, and acute Antago- 
 nift: But a fingle Witnefs and Opinion againft the con- 
 itant Experience of all the World befide, is of no great mo- 
 ment. 
 
 To proceed then ; The Swedes are Warlike, Rapacious; 
 the Danes, Honeft, Civil, lels Crafty ; the German Slow, Pa- 
 Ofni, Hardy, Valiant, Refoluce, Plain, Sincere, very Labo- 
 rious, 
 
il Vi/cwrfe of MED A L S. 
 
 rious, Chaft, Friendly and Hofpitable, but fomecimes exceed- 
 ing in Free, and Genial Compotations. 
 
 Thofe of the !Belgic Provinces and Lower Germany , Dili- 
 gent, Induftrious •, not very Ambitious ; ftand not on PuntiUos^ 
 Frugal, Vigilant ; Intent on their Intereftj Signal Patriots ; ex- 
 tream Lovers of their Country, and other Virtues of Republic 
 Politie. 
 
 ljlanders and Confiners, are to be Cen/ed among the Bordu- ' 
 rers, or next Continent, from whence they are commonly 
 fiift Peopled: In a word, 'H ^ 9f/« xe^fcsw, as all Virtue 
 coniifts in the middle between the Extreamsj fo thofe of the 
 middle Climats, are thought to be the moft Prudent, Virtuous, 
 and accompliflvd Perfons, of which thole who dwell fomc- 
 what Northerly, are the more Martial and Active ; and there- 
 fore Vegetius advifes, that Souldiers fhould be cholen thence ; 
 but for Counfel, and Prudence, the more Meridional, agreeable 
 to that of the Poet. 
 
 l ucams Quicquid ad Eoos tratlus, mundique teporem 
 
 Labitur, emollit gentes dementia cadi : 
 Omilis in ArHois populus quicunque pruinis 
 Nafcitur, indomitus belli eft, <(sr mortis amator. 
 
 And to the lame Caufe, Ovid attributes the Salacity of thofe 
 of Thrace, 
 
 prohumqm genus regionibus illis 
 
 In Venerem 
 
 s^Lucius's But thefe 2lxc Regional there are Topical Inclinations likewife, 
 ?*^"* t Jdiofyncratical and peculiar. Hence the Genoese are of all others 
 of Rtgiom reputed the moft Crafty and Subtle-paced. The Venetians Grave, 
 and citmats. Deliberate, extreamly Circumlpect, Jealous, Sedate, and Mo- 
 AlexG««w derate, Friendly, Conftant to their Maxims. Thole of Flo- 
 Dies, Lib rence (where the Air is very pure and dry) have ffiarp, de- 
 IV. Cap. 3. f ecacej an£ j polite Wits', and are generally Couragious, inven- 
 tive, and as we faid, of refined Underftandings. The pre- 
 fent ( %pmans are Grave, Courteous, and Affable, as more ac- 
 cuftom'd to Strangers. The Neapolitans Generous, Superb, 
 and Stately like their Cities ; Subdolous, Luxurious from their 
 Clime and Plenty. Thofe of Sicily, Acute, Sufpicious, and 
 as the Calabrian, not much to be trufted. In fhoit, Gr<zca 
 
i 
 
 A Vt/courje of MEDALS. 3 i 9 
 
 Fides grew Proverbi.il, and tbofe or Carthage had the like Cha- 
 racter : Nor were thefe Attributes of late Impofition, or hafty 
 Cenfures,- but the Antient, and Conftant Obfervation of Wife* 5«_PhiIo 
 and Confederate Men. folybius fays of the Athenians, thaty^^J^' 
 they were * Wittieft of all the Grecians-, and yet Melecides led , Quod 
 was but a Fool. Cicero reports of Thebes, that it bred none b™™ber° 
 but Block- heads. Abdera in Thrace, was Foggy, and fo was 
 (|£<rof/4, imputed by the Voet, to the Groflhefs of the Vapours, jf^'J; ^ 
 as from another Poet, the Apoftle himfelf, fc. 
 
 Kp>ms a« |^7stc/ Aratm. 
 
 That thofeof Crete were always Liars, Evil-<Sedfts, Slow-BeQies.Tttus iii. 
 And this Teftimony not at randum, but St. Taul fays, really 
 True. But after all, that Learned and Gallant Men, may 
 yet be pioduc'd in the trucked, and worft of Climes, Ana- 
 char fis the Scythian, Vemocritus, and feveral others fufficiently 
 evince. 
 
 Summits pojje viros, <sr magna exempla daturas Javen. Sat. 
 
 Vervecum in p atria, crajfoque fub aere nafci. 
 
 Of which Buchanan, r Bark.eley,Creighton,Erafmus, Grotius, Heinfius, 
 <Barleus, De Wit, dec. are pregnant Examples near home. 
 
 Nor is it all this while to be underftood, that where ever 
 we oblerve any eminent Refemblance of an exotic Counte- 
 nance ( fuppole an acuminate Head, narrow Eye, or promi- 
 nent Fore-head ) the Perlon muft needs be as fubtle as a 
 Genoese ; fince with us the copped Pate is look'd on as a con- 
 trary Sign, or foolifh, and faithlefs as the Negro, becaufe the 
 Nole is flat j or that the Eagle ihzf'd, and Terfiannosd arc 
 all of them Cyrus's, and alike magnanimous, Cc. fince we 
 every day find Perfons of the mod unpromifing Counte- 
 nances, Men of extraordinary Talents, and no lels Virtuous, 
 as has been inftane'd in Claranus, Diogenes fays, Arijlotle him- 
 felf had narrow Eyes, and no very advantageous Looks ; and 
 others, that Cicero s Head was of the fmalleft Size, fupported 
 with a long and (lender Neck. But of the Wife Socrates 
 'tis faid, that People could hardly forbear laughing in his Face, 
 he was of fo odd a Figure ; Simis naribus, recalva fronte, pilofti 
 humeris, repandis cruribus, as St. Herom defcribes him. And 
 fo others of the VhilofopberSy whole Pictures hung in the 
 
 (prytaneum 
 
?z0 A Vifcour/e of MEDALS. 
 
 <Prytaneum at Athens with Aratus, Zeno, Epicurus, Xenophon, 
 Chryftppus, Cleanthes, &c. as Sidonius reports. This as to the 
 Perfon ; but what is meant here is to ffiew, that every Na- 
 tion has for the mod part, certain evident Characters, and 
 Impreffions on their Countenance, by which they are diftin- 
 guifhable from others, peculiar to, and generally reigning 
 among them, which frequently difpofe them to thole 
 different Tathemata, and Inclinations we have fpoken of. In 
 a word, fo various, and uncertain are the Effects of Climats, 
 that 'tis obferved, People of the fame Latitude and Diffance 
 from the ABquator, nay even ol the fame City, as the Ground 
 on which it ftands, lies high or low, are more or lefs in- 
 clin'd to Sedition, as 'twas noted in ^ome, a^ Famous for in- 
 terline Divifions, as for her (even Hills ; nor therefore was it 
 wonder'd, that in Athens there were fo many different Fa- 
 ctions. The upper part of the City would have a Popular 
 Government the lower Town an Oligarchy, and that next the 
 Rtpubl. Lib. Piraeus an Arijlocracy. So <Bodm fpeaking of the fturdy Swifs 
 V. Cap. i.(tho' for the common Safety knit in the clofeft Confederacy 
 of any Nation ) obierves the Gri^pns, and thofe of the Moun- 
 tain Cantons, to be of Humor fo untraceable, and different 
 from the Vallies ; that with much ado and difficulty, they 
 Ferodores hold together. What a world of Difficulty did the JEtolian 
 lAtokquam ( wnom Li vy Arianus, and others, make to be very like the 
 
 pro tngenus v, « * . « T, ^ iri i • i 
 
 Grawum, trench) give the Conquering Romans ; and lo long, and with 
 ^ fuch obftinacy, thofe of the craggy Apennines , and Genoe^es held 
 out againft them ; that nothing but a tranfplantation of them 
 S^Servius * nto C ' ie P^ a * n Grounds, and gentle Air, would tame, and 
 */£». VI. ' make them governable. And no doubt, Alpeflral, hilly, and 
 how [uch barren Countries, obnoxious to cold and turbulent Winds, 
 Vlten^Na- hardening fierce People, gives them great advantage over thofe 
 ture. who being bred in the rich, more benign, and milder Climes, 
 are more difpos'd to Eafe and Luxury, which renders them 
 unactive and effeminate, and fitter for the Study of Arts and 
 Sciences, than for Arms and painful Expeditions ; and there- 
 fore feldom make they any Conquefts which they hold. Thus 
 fPhilofophy, Mathematics, and contemplative Studies firffc began, 
 and came to us from the warm, and more Southern Eajl. 
 Mechanical Inventions, and fuch as require more Patience, In- 
 duftry and Application, than Speculation, flourifti among the 
 Germans, and Northern Climes ; whilft the depths of Policy, 
 JuriJ prudence, Eloquence, Oratory, Logic, and the Arts of Wran- 
 
 g lin g 
 
A Vijcour/e of MEDALS. 
 
 gling (by which the Greeks, and 'Demagogues pretend they go- 
 verned, and fubdued the World) Arijlotle attributes to the Ef- 
 fects of the middle Situation of his Country, between the ex : 
 treams of North and South ; which 'tis confefTed, is the moffc 
 likely to compoie a benign, and harmonious Temper, and 
 might contribute to their good Fortune, whilft Wife Men 
 governed. And yec for all this, we find, that what at any 
 time they got by their Craft, and Arts of Policy j the ruder, 
 undifciplin'd, ignorant and unarmed North, foon over-ran, 
 vanquifh'd and fubdu'd both Greek and (Roman ( fortified as 
 they were, with the ftrongeft Holds, and armed Legions) 
 poflefling their goodly Countries to this day ; fo as they arc 
 no more what they were, either as to their Perlbns, or Incli- 
 nations ; fuch an Afcendent has the change of Climat. Comines 
 indeed does well oblerve, that what the Englifl? obtain'd by 
 Battel of the French, they loft again in Treaty ; and the fame 
 Advantage had the Spaniard and Italian, who being of a more 
 Melancholy, Contemplative and Sedate Temper, ftili out- 
 witted the Bilious, and Impatient French ; who all upon the 
 fpur, ftaid not to digefb Matters as the other did ; Notwiths- 
 tanding we have feen, that being North of Spain, to what a 
 low and defpicable pals, they have now reducd that late 
 formidable, and redoubted Nation. Nor do I cjueftion, but 
 did the Englijh heartily Unite, and vigoroufly make Ufe of 
 thofe Advantages, the Site and Nature of our Country affords 
 both by Sea and Land, fhe might yet anfwer their Politics, 
 and encounter all their Stratagems, by which they afpire to 
 an univerfal Monarchy. It muft be granted, that the French 
 are a brisk, adive, and induftrious People : But I know not 
 whether amongft other their Encomiafls, they are much ob- 
 lig'd to their Country-man (Bodin, when he tells us, that Italy, 
 and Spain fwarm with them, to perform thofe fervile Offices 
 among them, which itfeems, they are too Proud and Lofty 
 to condefcend to themfelves, how poor foeven 
 
 To Conclude, when all is faid, I find Writers are fo Par- 
 tial to their own Countries, and that Nejcio quanatale folum— 
 fo governs* and prevails upon our Judgments, that 'tis hard to 
 meet an Ingenuous Character among us all, when it once comes 
 near our home. Aift.ode, magnifies the Greeks j Cicero, the 
 Romans • Julius Scaliger, Italy ; the Lawyers, Bodm and .Coniw, 
 France, &c. Nor are we more Juft in imputing Vices, or 
 Virtues to the Nature and Conftitution of the People, with- 
 
 T t out 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 out confidering the accidental Caufes. Continence, lefs Jea- 
 loufy, Abftinence and Temperance in Eating and Drinking, 
 Amours, Zsrc. are really and truly attributable to the Effects 
 of Heat and Cold, and fuch other Qualities, as more oriels 
 incite, or bridle the fenfual Appetite, and make the Perfon 
 more Liberal, Indulgent to his Palate and Inclination : And 
 accordingly, an Italian or Spaniard ( much more any further 
 South) coming into England, where the external Air, and 
 cooler Clime, creates a warmer Stomach, will find it necef- 
 fary to feed, and drink more plentifully,- as an Englift-Man 
 travelling into Spain, or Italy, where the outward Heat dif* 
 fipates the Spirits, and calls that forth, which was before with- 
 in, will be fatisfied with as temperate a Meal, as any of the 
 Natives 5 which plainly fhews, that the Abftinence, and Tem- 
 perance they fo much boaft of (to the reproach of the Nor- 
 thern People ) does not proceed from any perfonal, or innate 
 Vertue, abftracted from thofe Caufes ; but from what we have 
 alledged ; wherefore Inhabitants dwelling near Maritime Coafts, 
 obferved to be more falacious, perfidious, crafty and over-reach- 
 ing, than other People farther off ( and therefore no fit Situa- 
 tion for a Platonic City, for fear of corrupting the Manners of 
 thofe Utopians ) do not contract thofe Vices from any other, 
 than fuch adventitious Caufes ; namely, from the irritation of 
 a, J aline Air j their continual huxtering with cunning Mer- 
 chants ( and fuch as frequent Sea-Ports for Gain and Traf- 
 fic ) rather than from any Vice inherent in the Perfon, as above 
 is noted. We have already fpoken of the Effects of Inftitution, 
 Pbilo/ophy, Poetry , Painting, Mufick> and other voluptuary Arts 
 of the warmer, and more genial Countries : Nor after all, are 
 we wholly to regard thefe Contrarieties, without great refpeel: 
 to a Wife and peculiar Providence, whereby is kept an even 
 ( at leaft a tolerable ) Balance among all the Nations of the ha- 
 bitable World j that the Crafty, and Circumventing ( who 
 would elfe Ufurp, and get all by their Wit and Policy) may 
 receive a Check, by the Plain, Honeft Force and Courage of 
 others ; and the Progrefs of the Inlblent, prevented, by the 
 more Prudent, tho' inferior, and lefs in Power : And accor- 
 dingly, 'tis worth obferving, that Cod does commonly fb 
 order this Oeconomy, that the Wifeft Kings and Princes, 
 reign much at the fame time 3 and thofe of weaker Parts, and 
 lefs Policy in another Period^ of which it were eafy to pro- 
 duce fufficient Inftances, both from former and latter times, 
 
 were 
 
A Vifcomfe of MEDALS. 
 
 were it agreeable to my prelent Subject, from which I may 
 be deemed to have wandered too far already, having (aid no- 
 thing yet of 
 
 England : Nor let me be thought to pais a Complement 
 upon my Countrv-men, if I affirm ( and that without Par- 
 tiality) that as the faireft Garlands, fweeteft Nofe-Gaies, arc 
 culTd and composed, not from any one fingle Beauty of the 
 Rowry -Parterre, but from the %>fe, and the Lily, the Jafmine, 
 Tuberofe, and the reft of the fragrant Tribes ; fo the Inclinations of 
 the Englifh, fcem to refult from the great Variety of the People ; 
 which as fo many glorious Flowers from time to time, have been 
 tranfplanted into our Britip? Elyfium : Few Nations that I know 
 of under Heaven ( in fo fliort a time ) confifting of fo many 
 Ingredients, by Revolutions, and Succeflions ; (Britains, ^omans^ 
 Saxons, Vanes, Normans, (Belgians, &c. which certainly, as it 
 ought to incline us to be the moft hofpitable, and debonair of 
 any Nation, which is a Virtue ; fo it evidently does, to be 
 the moft unfteady, humourous, peevifh and morofe, which 
 is a Vice ; where ( as we have fhew'd of others ) better Edu- 
 cation, Religious and Sober Principles, do not intervene, pre- 
 vent, and re&ifie "Nature, with fomemore than ordinary Force 
 and Energy. 
 
 This being truly lb, of all thofe Nations, and People about 
 us ; there would, I am perfwaded, none be found, that could 
 afford fo fpacious a Field for our Metopofcopift, wherein to ex- 
 ercife, and improve his Talent. Our Countenances, Air, 
 Eyes, Hair, Complexions, Stature, and other Agreements, 
 confifting and compos'd of fo charming a Variety, divided 
 from the World, divided from ourfelves; the moft unlike, 
 and yet the moft amiable, and agreeable. A true Englijh Man 
 has the true 'Brittfh Courage, the <i(oman Bravery and Civility, 
 the German Probity, the French Politure, the Belgian Induftry 
 to which add ( as flowing from them all ) innate Courage, 
 Liberality, Mercifulnefs , Good-Nature j is foon reconciled, 
 Chaft, Generous, a Lover of Liberty and (Religion to fome 
 extreams. , 
 
 'Tis not in the mean time to be denied, that the Climate, 
 infulary and unconftant Air (tho' feldom in excefs) does 
 generally difpofe to Commotion, Melancholy, Morofeneis, 
 and a certain peculiar Strangenels, which often fowefs the 
 Convention, raiftaken oft for Pride : But then the Plenty, 
 the Freedom, our juft and eafie Laws, correct, fweeten and 
 
 T t 2 reconcile 
 
A Vtfcourje of M E DAL S. 
 
 reconcile again, which elfe would be very inconvenient. The 
 fole, and indeed, the only Vender ate therefore to be wifti'd for, 
 to render us the moft confummately happy People, and Na- 
 tion under Heaven ( fince we cannot all be Angels ) were ( com- 
 paring Circumftances with the reft of the World about us) a 
 con ft ant Steadinefs, and a true Difcemment when we are Well, and 
 at our Eafe, to endeavour to keep our [elves fo : But this muft 
 be the Effect of Sound and Steady Religion, a more public 
 Spirit, folid and united Counfels, and acquir'd Virtue ; and not 
 to be expected from the Nature, and Temper of the Clime, and 
 Elevation of the Tote, which are evidently averfe, and lefs 
 benign. 
 
 But I am ftraid too far again, and to enlarge much far- 
 ther on this Subject, would require a large Difcourfe, and per- 
 haps not be fo agreeable. What I have produe'd being only 
 to (hew, that the Art of Divination from the Countenance, is 
 a Science of as large, and wide Extent, as the Face of the Earth, 
 which we inhabit, and is not to be confined to one Part, Pro- 
 vince, or People of the World, but to All in general ; eftablifh- 
 ing its Canons and Conclufeons upon more than Fancy, or mere 
 Conjectures only; namely ( as all along we have {hewed) 
 upon the Conjugation and Concurrence of divers ferious 
 Caufes. 
 
 It may after all this perhaps be faid, that thefe are only ge- 
 neral Opinions, or if true, are yet but fuch as you confefs 
 are drawn from the Effects of the feveral Climes, and Situa- 
 tions of Countries ; as Men happen to dwell nearer to, or 
 more remote from thofe powerful Influences, which according- 
 ly intend, or remit their Operations on the Inhabitants, as to 
 Colour, Feature, Stature and thofe other Inclinations you have 
 mentioned. But ftill you tell us nothing upon what (principle 
 ( as every Art requires ) you advance, and ground your Judg- 
 ment of Particulars j and how it comes to pafs, that the fame 
 Country, nay almoft every Family, produces Perfbns fo dif- 
 form, and unlike to one another ? For 'tis fuppos'd you will 
 not affirm, that the being Born in the Garret, middle, or lower 
 Floor of the Houfe, fignifies any thing to the Structure of the 
 Body, or Elegancy of the Countenance. 
 
 To take oft this Objection, I was once beginning to frame 
 a Table of Proportions, drawn ( as from Tolycletus's Canon ) 
 not only from the Medals of Alexander, Hiero, (Pompey the 
 Gteat,Juguftus y Germankus, &c. but likewife from their Statues, 
 
 as 
 
A Vifcourfe of M E D A~LS. 
 
 as thole of the Medicean Venus y Cleopatra, Apollo, Antinous, Me- ConfuUGu 
 leager and others, famous ( and yet extant ) for their exact Sym- % t ^i 
 metry and fignal Beauty, as their Meafures ftand in that very Vbyfiog. 
 Curious, tho' little Piece, publifh'd about forty Years fince, 
 by Abraham Bojfe a French Chalcographer ; compared with thole 
 of Albert Vurer^ Lomatius, Leon 'Baptifla Alberti, and other 
 Artifts of the Moderns. And according as the mod confpicu- 
 ous Parts of Men's Countenances, <src, remarkably deflecting 
 from thefe ftandard Proportions ; fubjoyn d the natural Caufes 
 of their unconformities, as near as might be to the Rules, 
 and Maxims of Phyftognomijls • taking in the Affiftance of 
 Sigifmund El [bolt , who has in his Anthropometria, done fome- 
 thing of this Nature with extraordinary accuracy of Judgment s * 
 to Oiew, that their Sentiments were far from being the bare 
 Conjectures, and Speculations of Men of more Leifure than 
 Judgment but the Refults of Rational, as well as Natural 
 Caufes. 
 
 Every Body will confent I prefume, that an ample, and 
 well form'd Head, which is neither too great, nor too little ; 
 ( broad, round, fcjuare, flat or too copped and turbinated ) has 
 likely the Advantage of the reft we have mention'd, as well 
 in regard to -the due Situation of the Ventricles of the Brain, 
 and intercourfe of Spirits, Animal, and Vital • whether carried 
 thither from the Heart, by the Carotides and Arteries of the 
 Keck ; or degenerated, and exalted in that Receptacle, which 
 being over- much comprefled, ftraitned, dilated, or otherwife 
 obftructed, muft needs have inflnence upon the underftand- 
 ing Faculties, and other Functions of the Body alfo. 
 
 But how then happens it (fay they) that y®u judge of 
 thofe Effects and Habitudes from (uch other Irregularities, as 
 have lefs Commerce with the more Vital, and Noble Parts ? 
 For what has the long, or fhorter Nofe ; full or narrow Eyes ; 
 thin, or more flefhy Ears, c^c. which may accidentally be 
 loft, quite cut off, or mutilated ( without the lofs or dimi- 
 nution to the Underftanding, in the leaft ) to do in this 
 Cafe ? 
 
 I might once for all, Anfwer to this Queftion, with the 
 conftant Dodtrine, for near Two Thoufand Years, of the 
 Great Hippocrates, Galen, Famous Phyfecians, Peripatetics the 
 whole Turba Philofophorum of old, building their Hypothefes's 
 6n the various Temperaments, and Humors arifing from the 
 natural Actions, and Pa/lions of Prime and Firfi (lyalitie$ ? and 
 
 their 
 
16 A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 their Effects ; according as they happen to be equally mixt, 
 or predominate in the Body, more eminently vifible in the 
 Countenance, Upper Regions, and inner Man of the Head : 
 So as He, in whom thofe Perfections are found ad <Pondus, as 
 they fpeak ( which is Proportion Arithmetical ) or what is neareft 
 to it, ad Juftitiam (which is the Geometrical) where neither 
 Cold nor Moift, Hot nor Dry domineer, but amicably meet 
 in equal Poife and Meafure, or at leaft in Temperament fuitable 
 to the feveral Functions ; that blefled Eo>ce**j* muft needs ren- 
 der the happy Perfon, as Beautiful in Mind as in Body: For 
 every Part being furnifli'd with fo juft and benign a mixture 
 of Heat and Moifture, perfectly contemper'd, giving motion, 
 and fpritefulnefs to the Blood ; a due, and juft proportion of 
 the whole muft of neceflity accompany it, with Vivacity in 
 the Eyes, Colour in the Cheeks and Lips, a decent Elevation 
 of the Nofe, and more prominent Parts ; a fmooth, and ferene 
 Forehead, chearful compofure of the Mouth, a tender plump- 
 nefs of the Vifage, tsrc. in fhort, where nothing is in excels, 
 nothing deficient in the outward Structure ; there will be found 
 a natural Affability, Generofity, Courage with Difcretion; 
 quicknefs of Apprehenfion, great Ingenuity and Invention - y 
 Eloquence in the Tongue ; a facetious Eafinefs in Conven- 
 tion, with aptnefs to the fofter Paflions of Love and Friendfliip, 
 and a fincere Candor in all his Actions. On the contra^ 
 where any of thefe ( vulgarly nam'd ) Humors, jar, and hap- 
 Met. pen to difagree, and as in the Poets Chaos 
 
 Frigida pugnabant calidis, humentia fecis, 
 Mollia cum duris 
 
 are at Variance with one another, notice will foon be given 
 of it by the contrary Effects \ as ( to fpeak with the Peripa- 
 tetics) where Choler, Heat and Drinefs domineer over the Cold 
 and Moift, (src. the Parts are apt to be diftended, and thruft 
 out, as more confpicuoufly in the Nofe, Forehead, Chin and 
 other eminences of the Face ; as Subterranean Fires and Erup- 
 tions, raife Ticof, and inequalities on the Surface of the Earth ; 
 And luch are commonly Slender, Lean and Tali ; their Heads 
 and Faces oval j their Veins large, &c. naturally Iracund, Am* 
 bitious, Contumacious, Conceited, Prompt, Vigilant, Subtile, 
 Curious, Impatient, little Conftant, and fomecimes Petulant ; 
 unlefs corrected with fome Quality attempering the Bilious 
 
 Heat 
 
A Vtfcourje of MEDALS. 
 
 Heat with a due Moifture, which makes a wonderful altera- 
 tion, turns Ambition to a Generous Courage, and Magnani- 
 mity of Mind ; Refolution, to a fteady Prudence ; Referved- 
 nefs, to Deliberation in Affairs; with Temperance, Modefty, 
 and all other Heroic Virtues. 
 
 And as here thefe Characters in the Face, are remarkably 
 ftronger and higher ; fo, where we find them notorioufly con- 
 tracted and fhrunk ; for Inftance, the Nofe lefs vaulted, ben- 
 ding in, fhorter, <&c. the Eyes narrow, the Skins corrugated ; 
 Cold and Dry areinexcefs, and they betray it in the fadnefs 
 of the Countenance, by a Saturnine, filent, monkifh, morofe Hu- 
 mor ; they are Paflionate, Peevifh, Envious, Sufpicious ; not 
 eafily reconciled, yet Friendly and Chearful by fits; Con- 
 templative, extreamly Fanfiful, and full of odd Imaginations; 
 in fhort, Deus aut V<emon : But being a little fpirited with 
 the brisk and airy Sanguine, allaying its aduft Mordacity, as 
 of all Tempers foonelt affected with the reft of the Humors ; 
 lb we fee it alter both the Shape, and Inclinations according- 
 ly and lometimes to that degree, as none become more 
 Active, Modelt, Abftcmious, Dtfcreet ; lefs Splenetic ; Jocund, 
 and better Company. Melancholia (lays Cicero, and he out of 
 Arijlotle) omnes ingeniofi: TUto, Socrates, Seneca the graved:, and 
 greateft Philofophers of them all, Politicians, Wits, and Poets 
 were obliged to a more than ordinary dafh of this otherwife, 
 unfociable Humor. 
 
 We might proceed to the ffituitous, pallid, (Phlegmatic and 
 very worft of Conftitutions, rendring the parts Obtufe, Flefhy 
 and Grofs, thro' the want of a generous difcuflirtg Warmth ; 
 fo as where this is Afcendent, it difpofes to Sloth, Drowii- 
 nefs, Timidity, Defpondency, Unactivity, and an whole Train 
 of other Infirmities, fuppGrted with great Patience, and an 
 over-Eafinefs of Nature : And might here inlarge into an 
 ample, and fpacious Field of Qualities, by repeating what; 
 John Baptifta Porta has fo copioufly written concerning the 
 natural Caufes of all thefe Effects, under their feveral Titles, 
 icatter'd thro' his Treatife, and fumm'd up in his Fourth 'Book 
 upon this Subject ; befides the Suffrages of innumerable more, 
 as Famous for their profound Knowledge, as the World has 
 any, if Number, and mighty Names would carry it. 
 
 But now comes a tat of Newfbilofophers, introducing as 
 New a Theory of Trimordia, which plainly Overthrow all 
 that ouv old Matters had eftablifli'd., and hitherto maintain'd 
 
 by 
 
A Vifcourje of MEDALS. 
 
 by fo long prefcription, without their being able to rally any 
 eonfiderable Forces to oppofe them ; quite exploding out of 
 the Schools, their real Entities, pofitive Qualities, and particular 
 feparated Subftances, as condiment, integral Parts of that pure 
 Elixir the S/ooi, varioufly denominated in their Doctrine of 
 Humors, according to its Confidence : And ail this at once, 
 by that happy, and noble Difcovery of its Circulation, fubfti- 
 cuting a Confidence but of one Homogeneous, fimple Humor ; 
 and attributing all thofe Caufes, Effects, and Operations ( we 
 have been fo long queftion'd about) to the Motion, Figure, 
 Texture, various Schematifms and other Modifications, and 
 Mechanical Affections of the parts of Matter only. 
 
 To thefe, 1 cannot fay as Auxiliaries ( but ftill agreeing in 
 their defign of deftroying the old Humorifts ) come in a Troop 
 of Spagirits, with their Sal, Sulphur and Mercury ; which tho ? 
 differing Principles, have not yet all this while been able to 
 change the Terms-, nor indeed that of their Caufes, which ftili 
 go under the Name, and common Notion of Qualities, Habits, 
 and Elements, falfly fo call'd : Nor is it denied, but that this 
 exalted Liquor being oftentimes fired, over-heated by ferment- 
 ing Jporrbaas i fometimes too much diluted, clogg'd, invifca- 
 ted, diftemper'd and vitiated ( by whatfoever Change or Mo- 
 difications of the Particles) does little differ in Operation from 
 what they call Choler, Melancholy, Tituit, and the reft, not refi- 
 ding in their proper Veffels ; when at any time they grow 
 Mutinous and Exorbitant, affecting the Animal Spirits • whe- 
 ther ( as we faid ) made and elaborated here, or tranfported 
 from the Heart to the Head j or fpecified in the Brain from 
 that Mafs of Blood, and carried to the Medulla oblongata, and 
 Seat of common Senfe, by whatever Impreffions upon the 
 Nerves, which terminate there, and thence into the Spinal 
 Marrow, for the performing all thofe Actions of Senfe and 
 Motion, by which all external Objects are tranfmitted to the 
 Soul it felf. In a word, 'tis plainly the Modification of thofe 
 Particles of which the Blood confifts, which produces thofe 
 Qualities we call Humors and Conflitution ; provided the Defect 
 be not in the organical Structure of the Organ, and in that 
 Cafe, a privatione ad habitum non datur regrejfus : A natural 
 Fool can never be made a Wife Man, but the naturally Dull, 
 Sluggifh, Bafhful, and Timerous ; Irrefolute, Stingie, 111- 
 natur'd, Fierce, Silent, Morofe, Penfive, Indifferent, and the 
 like 3 we find to be Artificially (and in few Moments ) made 
 
4 
 
 A Di/cour/e of M E D A L S. Jic, 
 
 is it were other Men than they were before ; and this, not by 
 
 the invifible Charms, or Modes of Mujic, the Eloquence of 
 
 Demagogues ,and power of Oratory, the fafcination of Beauty - y 
 
 all which have wrought ftrange and wonderful Effects : But 
 
 by the Virtue and Operation only of fome generous Wine, or 
 
 fpirituous Liquor, which ( by a noble Hyperbole ) is faid to 
 
 clear both God and Man. Did we but perfectly understand the 3Mf • jx-r ? 
 
 giving, or taking of it in the juft Dofe and Proportion ; and ^ g/Jrli ifi 
 
 could with that Temper, and Command of our felves, bci8.&c 
 
 fure to flop at the right Nilotic Mark • skrew, and keep it up 
 
 to the juft pitch and Tone between flat and fharp, like a well- 
 
 tun'd Inftrument. What Muftc, what innocent Harmony 
 
 would it not afford our Conventions ! What a new * Life * Kmc Rac- 
 
 does it not as it were give to the drooping Soul! WhatCou 
 
 rage to the timerous 1 What Motion, and Activity to the dull nepw^am, 
 
 and indifpos'd ! The filent and morofe, become Pleafant, f J l od . ' vmum 
 
 l . . n _^ r , uberiui po- 
 
 Witty, and Eloquent even to Rapture. It creates Confidence tum t curas 
 and Affurance in the over-bafhful ; it changes the fower and & 
 furly into good Nature, and difarms the Furious, whilft it^J'^^J" 
 infpirits the Irrefolute,- chafes away Self-Intereft, and inlarges dn ; dum hi- 
 the narrow Heart, and all this without danger j provided, larior "fait 
 I fay, Men knew to adjuft the Meafure, ftop in due time, *L Mun- 
 and could command it as God does the unruly Waves, Hither- fterus. 
 to [halt thou come and no farther. And from whence all this, 
 but from the putting the fame 'Bloody with the 'Blood of the 
 generous Grape, into a due and benign Ferment, without 
 damage to the Health of the Soul, or prejudice to the Body. 
 The danger only is in Excefs ; when once indeed we look on Prov. xxiii. 
 this noble Vehicle, and admire its Colour, quando fplendueriti 1 ^*^' 
 in Vitro, and fparkles in the Glafs ; tho' it go never fo lmoothly 
 down j in noViffimo mor debit ut coluber j it bites like a Serpent, and 
 diffufes its Venom like a Cockatrice. 'Tis then indeed that the 
 Eyes are apt to wander, and the Heart to utter perverfe things, 
 when Men ftay long at Wine, Et ftudent ( as the Wife King 
 fays) calycibus tpotandis. Give * Strong-Drink to him that is* Inebriaa- 
 ready to pcrijh, and Wine to thofe that be of heayy Heart ; let him . m 
 drink, and forget his Poverty, and remember his Mifery no more, is 
 the charitable Advice of the Mother of Lemuel, and fhould not 
 perhaps be condemned in fome, whofe natural Apprehen- 
 iions and Fears, do oftentimes betray them to act or fuffer 
 unbecomingly in a juft and worthy Caufe ; nor doubt I, but 
 upon this account it is, that the butch are faid to allow a 
 
 U u Whet 
 
A Vifcourfe cf MEDAL S. 
 
 Whet of 'Brandy to their Sea men, and others, previous to a 
 folemn Engagement with an Enemy. It brings at leaft: to 
 mind, what I have been told of an Engli/J? Merchant refiding 
 (if I miftake not) at Aleppo, who having a bold, but juft 
 Complaint to make to the Bacha, offered his Interpreter a con- 
 fiderable Reward to carry it to him ; 1 dare not attempt it 
 Sir, fays he, for my Head. Tempted yet at laft with the 
 Money, and after many perfuafions taking a Vofe of Opium, 
 he comes to the Merchant again: Now Sir (fays he) I am 
 ready to ferve you, and not only to tell the Bacha what you jay, 
 but to give him a Box o'tb Ear too, if you command me. 
 
 Was this then the effect of Choler only, or his Refufal and 
 Fear from (Phlegm or Melancholy, as a peculiar and Heterogenous 
 Quality ? Certainly not at all, but purely from the Motion 
 and Modification we have afligned, putting him into a temper 
 apt to incline and excite the Undertaking of a bolder Action, 
 than naturally he was difpofed to : Nor does this give the lead: 
 incouragement to Intemperance, but to that juft Mediocrity, 
 which between Extremes, is the Seat, and Soul of all the moral 
 Virtues, as the Ethics teach us. Other Examples, and Argu- 
 ments of no fmall Weight, might be produced ; but let thele 
 luffice. Nothing here is dangerous , but what is fo in all 
 things elle, whilft the moft Golden Temper, and even all that's 
 Great, and Good in our Actions, is in a fort acquirable from 
 the juft Conftitution, and Harmony of this fingle Principle ; 
 call it Humor, or what you pleafe. And therefore whatever 
 it be, which begets any of thofe pernicious, and ill Impref- 
 lions in theUniverfal Vehicle ; (diffused by she Veins, and Arte- 
 ries through the whole Body, by Aduftion, acrimonious Gall, 
 (harp, or acid Juices ; feculent and flimy Dregs, or other 
 noxious excrementitious Matter, which manifeftly obftructs, 
 or any ways diforders and impedes its Function ; and where- 
 by the Animal and other Spirits become degenerate, flow, or 
 over- Active and ungovernable.) It may juftly be imputed 
 to what they ftill continue to call, the Four firft Qualities, as 
 producing the like Effects and Symptoms, hitherto (tho' 
 ialfiy ) attributed to them ; and taking Denomination from 
 the feveral Degrees of Motion, inftead of Compofition, and 
 fo all Parties reconcil'd. Laftly, 
 
 To thefe there are others who are calling in the A/Iiftance 
 of Genitures, and erecting Schemes ( which would alio fain 
 put in their Claim ) attributing all fublunary Changes, 
 
 and 
 
A Vtfcourfe of MEDALS. 351 
 
 and Temperaments, to certain Af peels and Configurations of 
 the * Stars and Celeftial Signs i as the fhort and thick Neck^^ff 
 like that of Neros; the great and baffle Head ( like Vitellines ) pfyfig. p la- 
 long and lender Parts to dries, Taurus, Gemini, and fo the reft 
 of our Bodies and their natural Tendences, to che Energy, 
 and Operation of thofe Chimeras in the Zodiac : Not that I 
 totally reject the Power and Vertue of thofe celeftial and glo- 
 rious Bodies ( the Planets efpecially ) their Effects and Influences 
 upon thole Countries and Climes, lying under their Triangles r - 
 to whofe , Difpofitions and Energy they are fubject, and may 
 confecjuently operate on the Humors and Inclinations of Men: 
 Herodotus celebrating the Wit, and Civility of the Egyptians, 
 and that famous Aflrologer Ptolemy (in his Quadripartite) at- 
 tributing it to their Verticals, being lb near the Circle under 
 which the Planets move; thofe of the fartheft North, muft 
 needs be more dull and heavy, remote from the tjuickning 
 Sun, tho 5 of ftronger Constitutions, fair and tall, the effects 
 of Moifture, which in thofe hotter Regions is dried up, and 
 thence the Inhabitants fwarthier, low of Stature, and fhorter 
 liv'd. I dare not I (ay, peremptorily reject the Doctrine al- 
 together ; but leaving this point to be difcufs'd by the -j- Learned, f ^<?5>.chr. 
 and thofe Extravagances to the Figure*flingers ; it may not im- ^j^V 
 properly be yet confider'd, how the Cardinal Virtues have been Aftroiogy, 
 held to fpring ( as far at lead, as Nature contributes to our Cap.xxill 
 beft Inclinations ) from the perfect: Congruity, and Combina- 
 tion of the Qualities we have enumerated. 
 
 Prudence, confifting in a great deal of Coolnefs, with the 
 other Humors ; and therefore more often found in Perfons of 
 years, who are ufually more deliberate, wary, and flow in 
 determining, and.wifely confulting before-hand ; fuch are com- 
 monly pituitous, with a portion of Bile. 
 
 Juftice is humid, with an equal Ingredient of Sanguine, uniform- 
 ly flowing, and diffufive ; which that it may not exceed, is fix'd 
 with a little Melancholy, which by its drinefs moderates and cools. 
 
 Fortitude ( as in Lions and Cocks, and other generous Animals ) 
 confifts in Heat, moderated with an allay of Pituitz and 
 Phlegm; and therefore 'tis obferved, that true Courage does 
 not io much proceed from purenefs and fpritefulnefs of the 
 Blood ( as Wit and Fancy do ) but from that which is fome- 
 what fibrous, difpofing to a more composed and fteady ll J?°™? u T 
 Temper 5 whence it is || Niquetius thinks thofe of the North, phyiiog. 
 fo much exceed thofe of the South in Valor. Laftly, human./.;*. 
 
 U u 2 Temperance, ' 
 
A Vi/courfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Temperance, the relult of a drier Compofition, is of an ab- 
 ftemious Nature, neceflary for the moderation of Appetite ; 
 and therefore Melancholy being Cold and Dry, cjuickned with 
 a dafh of Sanguine, (which is hot and moift) infpirits it 
 with a decent Activity, which indeed ought to be an Ingre- 
 dient in all other Virtues. In all thefe ftill ( as has all along 
 been faid ) underftanding the feveral ^Etiologies, Caufes and 
 Effects-, not as proceeding from any difparate, contrary, or 
 oppofite Subftances and primary Qualities, as they are call'd : 
 But as the Operations of the various Texture, and Modifica- 
 tion of the Matter, which according to its Motion and Fi- 
 gure, difpofcs to thofe feveral Paffions, Virtues, and Affe- 
 ctions ; by imprefling them with the Idea of the Imagination, 
 whereby they inlinuate themfelves into the (Brain, &c. as we 
 have already fhewed. 
 
 And thus one fees from what Indications Judgment is made 
 concerning all Moral Actions, and Difpofitions, Habits, and 
 inconvenient Cuftoms ; by applying fuch Remedies as are 
 to be found in the Converfations, and Difcourfes of Divines, 
 (pbilofophers, and Thyjicians • by which the perverfeft Natures, 
 and greateft Difficulties are, and have been furmounted and 
 overcome. Other Advantages might be likewile made, by di- 
 recting what Calling, or Profeflioti one mould chufe, and ad- 
 dict ones felf to, by confidering what Quality is moft apt to 
 bear the fway. Socrates,who was fo profound a Philosopher, would 
 perhaps have made but a bungling Sculptor ; or Ovid, who was 
 lo excellent a Poet, not fo good a Lawyer, to which Piofeffion 
 his Parents defign d him j it being fo extreamly difficult to 
 eradicate Habits, or the bent and ply of Nature fo perfectly, 
 but that it will incline, and now and then recur, without con- 
 tinual Watchfulnefs and Refoiution. Thofe therefore who 
 are of a drier Conftitution, commonly emerge in the Studies 
 of Theology, Mathematics, and the abftrufer Sciences ; others of 
 more Heat, fucceed in Eloquence, Poetry, Muftc; others of 
 colder Tempers, profper in Mechanics, fic de ceteris. 
 
 To conclude, twas the faying of Menander, OC ^a«« 
 
 pyjJAvov iv yi>w& oiOXiiw, aM<x yywdz rls <xMhs, that it Was IlOt fo well 
 
 faid by the Wife Man, l^now thy /elf, as I{now others. Yet 
 certainly, if that be the beft Thilofophy, which beft teaches us 
 to know our felves ( without which it is impoffible to know, 
 or do any thing as we mould ) the Study of that which 
 inftructs us to know both our felves, and others, is to be pre- 
 
 ferr'd 
 
A Ttifcourfe (MEDALS. 
 
 ferr'd to all other, and to be efteem'd no inconfiderable part 
 of Moral Wtjdom. 
 
 Let me conclude all, with the Suffrage of the Learned 
 Dr. Gwitber ((philof. Tranfaft? Num. 20.) difcourfing on this 
 Subject : 4 That whatever Impoftors, and ignorant Pretenders 
 4 may have done to the prejudice of this Doctrine • a fober 
 c and diligent Artift, he doubts not, but may difcover fuffi- 
 4 cient Truth in Thy/tognomie, which may be ufeful to the well 
 
 * folving of all its Vhtnomena intelligibly. Soft Wax, fays he, 
 f cannot receive more numerous and various Impreflions, than 
 4 are printed in Mens Faces, by Objects moving the Affections j 
 4 and not only the Objects themfelves have the Power, but 
 4 their very Images and Ideas alfo, tti%% any thing that puts 
 4 the Animal Spirits into the fame Motion, that the prelent 
 4 Object did, will have the fame Effect with the Object.- 
 4 To prove the firft, Let one obferve a Man's Face looking 
 4 on a pitiful Object, then a ridiculous, then a ftrange, then 
 4 a terrible or dangerous Object, and the like. Or for the 
 4 fecond, That Ideas have the fame Effect with Objects real, 
 4 our Dreams confirm too often, and Virgil's Verfe can in a 
 < little time make one's Face reprefent Shame, Fear, Love, 
 4 Anger, Sorrow, Ore. the Animal Spirits being moved in the 
 4 fenfory by an Object, continuing their Motion in the Brain, 
 
 * and propagating it to this, or that part of the Body, as is 
 4 moft fuitable to the Defign of its Creation ; having firft 
 4 made an alteration in the Countenance by its Nerves, efpe- 
 4 cially the Tatbetic and Oculorum motorii, actuating its nume- 
 c rous Mufcles, as the Dial plate to that ftupendious Piece of 
 
 * Clock-work, which fhews what is to be expected from the 
 c ftriking part • not that he thinks the Motion of the Spirits 
 4 in the Senfory continued in the Impre/Con of the Object 
 c all the way, as from a Finger to the Foot ( as being too weak, 
 ' tho' the tenfenefs of the Nerves favour it ) but as effected 
 4 in the Medulla of the Brain, where the common Stock of 
 4 Spirits refide, as in an Organ, whofe Pipes being opened 
 4 and uncovered, admit the rufhing Air, until the Keys be- 
 
 * ing difmifs'd and let go again, they are ftopp'd and filent. 
 4 Thus by repeated Acts, or frequent Entertaining of the 
 4 Ideas of a favorite Paffion or Vice, which natural Temper 
 4 hurried, or Cuftom dragged one to j the Face is fo often 
 4 put into that Pofture, which attends fuch Acts, that the Ani- 
 , 4 mal Spirits find fuch open, and eafy Paffage into the Nerves, 
 
 4 that 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 that it is (omeiime unalterably fixt ( as the Religious Indians 
 are by continuing their ftrange Poftures in their Pagods:) 
 But mod; commonly fuch an Habit is contracted, as to fall 
 infenfibly into that Pofture, when ever fome prefent Object 
 does not obliterate that more natural Impreflion by a new 
 one, or fome dilflimulation hide it. Hence it is, we fee great 
 Drinkers with Eyes generally let towards the Nofe 5 the addu- 
 cent Mufdes being often employed to fhew them their be- 
 loved Liquor in the Glafs whilfl: they are drinking, and 
 therefore called Bibitory. Lafcivious Peribns are remarkable 
 c for the Qculorum mobilis petulantia, as Petronius calls it. From 
 4 this alio we may folvc the Quakers expecting- Face, awaiting 
 f the pretended Spirit, and the melancholy Face of Setlaries ; 
 1 the ftudious Countenance of Perfons of great application of 
 c Mind; revengeful and bloody Men like Executioners in the 
 ' Act, and tho' filence in a fort may a while pafs for Wif- 
 c dom, yet fooner or later, Sir Martin peeps thro' the Difguife 
 c to undo all : Not that what has been (aid, is always with- 
 c out exception great, and virtuous Souls abfconded now 
 c and then under unpromifing externals, like to that of Claranus 
 c in Seneca ; but (peaking for the moft part, and as commonly 
 1 it falls out. Thus far the Learned Doctor. 
 
 And thus have we at laft gon thro' the Caufes, and Princi- 
 ples of the Pbyfiognomical Divination, as they concern the Face 
 and external Countenance (our Artifts peculiar Province) 
 deducible not only from Effigies, in Taille-Douce and Prints y 
 but from antient M^Zs alfb; as Samuel Fuchfius has in particu- 
 lar exemplified in his Metopofcopie, from that of Pertinax, Maxi- 
 mums and others, without expatiating upon Colours and Comple- 
 xions as they call them ; the Tone of the Fie/]?, and other par- 
 ticulars, whether tender, hard, coarfe, fair or fwarthy - y and 
 fo of the Hair, as to its being gentle, harfh, thick or thin, not 
 lo perfectly difcernable, whilft yet the long and prolixer Beard 
 was ever a mark of Gravity and Wifdom in Men 5 but a Woman 
 with an hairy Chin, was'ialuted as a Monfter, by a Peal of 
 Stones at her. Of the thin and whey- coloured Beard, twas 
 ufually faid, Toco barba, e men colore, Sotto 7 cielo non e peggiore. 
 Dares fays, Achilles 's Hair was curl 'd, and ever a fign of Courage, 
 fo was Pompeys j but the leviter inflexa was that of Auguflus. 
 Deprefled and flat co the Fore-head, a mark of Cruel, <&c. but 
 thole manly Diftinctions being now no more the Mode, chang d 
 univerfally into the Peruke ; our Pbyfiogwmijl goes no far- 
 ther, 
 
A Vijcourje of MEDALS. 335 
 
 ther, tho' ic mull: (I think) be acknowledged, chat the na- 
 tural Covering was not given to be ufed altogether as an Ex- 
 crement, but ovdained for a natural, decent, and becoming 
 Difcrimination-, let us hear St. Ambrofe elegantly, tk j at ies refe- 
 renda eft in Sembns, Vcneranaa in Sacerdoiibus, terribilis in <Bella- 
 tonbus, decora in Jdvlefcentibus, compta in Mulieribus, dulcis in 
 <Pneris. Hair ( fays the Holy fti/hop ) is reverend in old Men, 
 venerable in Prielts, terrible in Soldiers, becoming in young 
 Men, elegant in Women, fweet and lovely in Children. 
 
 But of thefe Acceflaries only in Medals, and Picture in Prints; 
 tho a Phyfiognomift can take little notice, lb as to make any 
 certain Judgment, for want of Colour j they may yet from 
 other likeniTes, make almoft the fame Conjectures, as from 
 the Life it felf ; as 'tis reported of that Artift, who from a 
 Picture only drawn by the great Jpelles, predicted by what 
 Accident the Original fhould perifli. And I have been told, 
 of the famous Architect and Statuary, the late Chevalier Bernini, 
 who cut that rare 'Bnft of Charles the Firft at tffyme in white 
 Marble, from a Picture painted by Van Dyke (yet extant, and 
 to be feen in one of His Majefty's Apartments ) that he fore- 
 told lbmething of funeft and unhappy, which the Countenance 
 of that Excellent Prince fore boded. We have (aid nothing 
 of the Voice, the Object of another Senfe, whether fririll, loud, 
 hoarfe, broken, fmall, harmonious and agreeable, Or. by which 
 much might be difcover'd, as appears by that of Socrates, who, 
 tho' fo skilful in Metopojcopie, bid the Boy ( whom they brought 
 him) to /peak, that he might fee what was in the Youth: Eioe } uereut 
 This, I know, was meant of the Wit and towardlinefs of the' e Vlitam - 
 Boy ; But what if the Voice alone affifl: the difcovery of that 
 too ? and yet even without the Voice, Et fronte, vultu, 
 etiam in ipjo oris filentto natura fequitur, as Adamantius. For 
 tho' Picture be not vocal, the Eyes and Countenance often 
 iupply the Tongue, and fpeak the very Paffions, and interior 
 ot the Soul j to which add that of Porta, Eft enim fimilkudo, 
 Ptttus fermo, O* Pittura loquens, quoe quovis fermone, quibufve 
 notis valentior. And now we mention Picture, fince the Po- 
 fture, or Stroak of one fingle Line, does often difcover the 
 Regnant Paffion 5 De Frenay (fo elegantly publifhed by 
 Mr. Dry den ) forgets not to recommend the Art of Phyftognomy 
 to the ftudy of Painters. 
 
 One thing move ( whilft we are difcourfing of Heads and 
 Faces ) who can but take notice of that Wife, and Wonderful 
 
 Providence, 
 
} 56 A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 .juyj Providence, which has ordain'd fuch variety of Looks, and 
 Countenances among Men, whilft the other Parts and Mem- 
 nm /at ^ u £¥^ Ders 0 f our Bodies are in companion (b little different, much 
 lefs the Heads and Faces (as I may alfo call them) of other 
 ■S Creatures, of the fame Species ? fince were it otherwife, and 
 : that Men had been made all like one another, the whole Go- 
 
 t vernment and Politie of the World, muft long fince have 
 
 c^Kuiri£*rJ. * run j nt0 Confufion and fad Diforder. For who could have 
 
 ma At t,ft a c ^ t/rx diftinguifh'd the True-man from the Thief ? There would be 
 cvt*- aw? />sv promifcuous^wzowrj, and innocent Adulteries as well as injurious: 
 /x^fe £ Gm xxvii. For the Wife could not know her Husband ( fo like Alcumena 
 12 ^ in Amphitryo) the Son would miftake his Father, the Father his 
 ^ n-vru- ^ on ' friend n * s Fri e nd, and there would be no more Juftice, 
 C "Cs no more Commerce, no more Living in the World : For 
 at. J<e'-rsteo.' Evil Men would deny their Crimes, and Good Men be often 
 & 7 ft'f^Q puniflied for the Faults of the wicked. For tho' in a Flock 
 
 of Ten Thoufand Sheep, 'tis laid, an Ewe will know her 
 piautus in Lamb ; Parents would many times miftake their own Chil- 
 Memchm. fa cn ^ as j § Q c zea among Twins, where Brothers and 
 Sifters have fo refembled one the other, as to have been cor- 
 rected for Faults they did not commit j but which neither their 
 Voice, nor any other natural Mark could difcriminate. Nay, 
 I read of fome who were Strangers to one another, as the two 
 Slaves of Mark Antony, tho born in feveral Countries vaftly 
 vim. NUt. diftant ; the one in Egypt, the other in Afia. Perfons exceed- 
 vl?'cJp i. ln &Y resembling, were Henry the Fourth of France, and the 
 Arifi. Hift. Miller of Languedoc ; Malatefta Duke of Bavaria and Marche- 
 XVII Ca fi ms a ^ m ' xc » nor without admiration have I fometimes con- 
 6 " fidered a poor Hedger and Day- Labourer of mine, fo extreamly 
 like the renowned Emperor Charles the Fifth, as no Flelh could 
 be more, if the beft Pictures of that Mighty Prince, be truly 
 repvefeated by the beft fainter, that perhaps has ever been, 
 the Famous Titian. Eryibrms, fays the Poet Sttphanius, was 
 like Virgil j Antoninus Tius, relembling Numa Tompilius • and 
 the Great Chancellor of France Mic. Hofpitalis, in Countenance 
 like Arijhtle. But as thefe happen rarely, fo a Tbyfpgnomifi's 
 Judgment is not at all ingaged to pronounce of their Fortune 
 or Advancement, referring various Events to :he bold Ajlro- 
 loger j or rather indeed, to the Providence of God alone ; and 
 as to Qualities, to their different Education, and other Cir- 
 cumftances. In fhort, fo has the Wile Creator tempered and 
 formed Mankind, that tho' we are all of us, compoied of 
 
 Members 
 
A Ttifcourfe of MEDALS. 337 
 
 Members and Paves alike, no Man is alike. Sic C finale s Minucius in 
 univerji Vtdemur, & inter fe dijfimiks invenimur, and with the °^ av - 
 Poet, 
 
 Fades non omnibus una eft, 
 
 ■ Nec diver fa tamen. 
 
 Ictmus 
 
 To what concerns the Voice, fo near of kin to the Counte- 
 nance, Vox in homine magnam vultus habet partem, &c. We AgnofcL 
 know a Man ( fays fliny ) by it, e er we fo much as fee him, mm > P riu P 
 tho' they be as different and unlike as their very Faces all theZl^noTa. 
 
 World OVer. liter quanta- 
 
 cnlis ; toti- 
 
 demtjttt funt ea, ejuot in rerum natura mortaks, & fua cuicjue, ficut fades. Plin. Nat. Hfi, 
 Lib. XI. Cap. 51. 
 
 And thus have we attempted the Reputation of a * Science * p%%» 0 « 
 not altogether, we fee, fo vain, fallacious and uncertain, as ^/^"* 
 fome imagine: One has (as we faid) but to read, and con- „ an{ n j e ™£ 
 fider what the great and mod Learned of the Antients, and ammo- 
 other fober and judicious Authors have written upon this $ UD -ffi™Ztuf 
 je<5t ; Ariflotle, Tlato, Hippocrates , ^Ptolemy, Galen, Theopbraftus^ue^r^orJi- 
 Qcero, Seneca, Tliny, Qyintilian, Dares Vbrygius, Adamantius and nata f en f u ~ 
 ipaUmon ; befides what we daily learn of great Travellers arid JZJiT'^ 
 Geographers, defcribing foreign Countries and Climes-, the. Na- 'fig**. God. 
 ture, and Morals of the People; with what we find in the p,XIIX> 
 Sfortian<z qiLeftiones, in NipbuSjCamillus^aldus's * Commen- * i» Ariftot. 
 taries ; Codes, Teter Montuus, Albertus Magnus, Michael Scotus, 
 Qbafis, Melitenjis, the Conciliator ; Bap. [ Vorta, Cardan, Campanella, 
 Kiquetius, Ttraquellus, and feveral more j not to infift upon 
 thofe who have made Divinations by Gelotofcopy as has 
 || Trofperus Aldovifius ; and Onychomantia from the Spots upon || l» Ug.il. 
 our Kails ; and io de Ndvis, Moles and other vain Fanfies, VU 
 of which, and of old, Hali Abenragel the Arabian: Melampus Num. ia. 
 Greens, and fome Books paffing under the Name of our famous 
 Merltn, and more lately by Ludovicus Septalius, the above nam'd 
 Cardan md others, efpecially the ingenious Author de £ Arte de 
 Cenni, which concerns the A&ions, Motions, and Poftures of 
 the Body. Our Defign being in this Treatife only, to give a 
 brief Account of the Conjectures which are made ( tho' fome 
 as very probable only, temporal and tranfitory, others almoft 
 infallible, fixt and inherent ) and the Reafons they exhibite, 
 upon the long Experience, and diligent Obfervations of Learned 
 Men from the Countenance, and from the Structure, Symmetry ? 
 
 X x 
 
538 A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 and Compofure of thofe Parts and Members the mod confpi- 
 cuous in the Face, expofed to fight. For as Ariftotle in his 
 Books on this fubjeCt, divides the Body into three Regions, 
 and the Notes, and Characters of this Art to be chiefly 
 gathered from the moft confpicuous and principal Parts, 
 
 "'O «R%t act ofJL/j^Ja 75 id fJtwnvv, <& ya^olKIw Xj 'a^pawmv, &CC. 
 
 the Eyes, Head and Face as moft in fight and expos 'd ; fo are 
 they thofe 'E<p' m ^^^viman nfh&srit ly&t'Epf'&&cL yivilaji^ which fhew 
 the moft likely marks of Wifdom and 'Beauty, together with thefe 
 Attributes given them upon all their Semiotics and Configura- 
 tions, as well to difcover the Affections, Paflions, and Inclina- 
 tions of the Mind, as the Crafts, and Conftitution of the Body. 
 Not ye: as the fame Author well admonifhes ( and as already 
 noted ) that one is to pronounce any fudden or rafh Sentence, 
 denominate the whole, from any one fingle or folitary Mark 
 (unlefs when it happens to prove fome notorious, generally 
 over-ruling one ) but by collating, and duely comparing the 
 feveral Notes together, how they confent, agree with, or 
 thwart one another, or over-vote in number and weight. 
 And therefore we determine nothing Dogmatically, but as they 
 ufe to (peak of Conftellations, that tho they Compel not, they 
 fhrewdly Vifpofe; where (as we faid ) Education, Religious 
 Principles, and Virtuous Habits do not timely interpofe, 
 Cic .JeNat. which we daily find to work ftupendious Effects, even in the 
 Deor.u 11 mo fl. aver fe ? anc j brutifh Natures, crofs and peevifh Diipofi- 
 *J* ri *%Jf « tiosis. So true it is, that all the fenfit'tve Idolas .and * App e - 
 tonus Mn[- tites ( denominated <PaJftons ) as far as they agitate and concern 
 cuhrum /«- the Mind, move and vellicate the Body alfo : If the Tongue 
 ParieJa*umbdi c the Heart, the Face commonly betrays the Tongue j 
 dtverfitatem and our Paflions are almoft as well difcovered in the Eye, and 
 ^m^lTdif ^ r °^ Countenance, as in the Soul her-ielf, were they as 
 crepanttam vifible: So obfecjuious are they to her Motions, that what 
 »j^F«w»M, tne Object forms in the Fancy, and transfers to the Appetite, 
 hfanttbu!&' ls foon difcovered by fome action, or alteration; asbythePro- 
 Aiuhit no- grefs and Motion of an Index, the Time and Hour of the Day. 
 **!2''n r Wherefore (to wind up all in theSenfe of that Excellent <Phi- 
 jtogmmi* lofopher, as well as Thyftcian, Dr. Willis ) 4 If fo it be, that the 
 ad g Anatom ' ^rcs of the Brain extend to the Heart, and even to the 
 c* procederet' very remotcft Parts of the Body, (b as there is not aSenfory, 
 
 deltneatio : 
 
 Ut credcretit itiam ammorum pojfe dart Ptfiuram. And again, Quadrat cum piclorie Sculptoriut 
 & Calatoriui ufm. See more Dijjertat. ?byfiog . Guil. de Reyne. 
 
 < or 
 
A Dijcourfe of MEDALS. 7.7,9 
 
 c or the leafb Mufcle but is affected : 'Tis not at all hard to 
 
 c comprehend, whence, and how our Inclinations, and Paffions 
 
 ' difcover,and betray them (elves in our Countenances. There 
 
 ' being no Stroak, or Motion fo tender and delicate made 
 
 6 upon thofe fubtile Strings, but immediate notice is given of 
 
 ' it to the Soul, which fhews the Content that there is betwixt ^aldum ' 
 
 1 the Vracordia, and the parts of the Mouth and Face, from** Cephd 
 
 1 a peculiar conformity of the Intercoftai Nerves. cad^f ° e 
 
 I repeat it therefore again (in Juftification of our Hypo- 
 thefes ) that by collation, and comparing the Effigies and Coun- 
 tenance in Medals and Pitlures, and by intently framing one's 
 own to them, upon occafion of Writing, or Speaking; I 
 
 will not fay with Cardan, or * Campanella (as the Paffage \s*Gaffar.Cu* 
 pleafantly related by Monfieur Gaffa) -ell ) that it were enough ™f- Cap. 
 to infpire one with the very thought of the Perfon it repre- Cum „ uis \' 0m 
 fented ; but very much with the fame difpofition of thinking, videt 
 and other Qualities. For who does not fee the addutlum vul- ^™ ™" r [ 
 turn ( as Suetonius notes) the clofe and furlie Looks otTtberius, tet f e nafum 
 even in his Medal ? The auftere Countenance of Severus and J**^*' ^ 
 Caracalla, as in that of Geta the quite contrary ? Socrates was^/^ & 
 bald, and Camus refembling a Silenus more than a grave Phi- vultum, & 
 lofopher ; nor was the Vhyfwnomones at all miftaken by that£ r<w * ww ' & 
 great Man s ingenuous Conteiuon, as to his natural Temper & tunc 
 and Inclinations : Nor Philemon's Judgment, by the Picture a f ecllis & 
 of Hippocrates, for which his Scholars were like to knock him lufoVrlplmt, 
 o'th Head, had not their Mailer ftopp'd them, with the fameW'f" b °- 
 Confeffion of Socrates. Dominatur autem maxime vultus, ^^^plpym 
 Qtiintiltan truely obferves j fpeaking of the Countenance of an quern tt a i 
 || Orator, how it expreffes, and fpeaks his Mind equally with ™^"*" do 
 
 his Tongue. Hocnonabf- 
 
 que rations 
 
 & ey per lent ia, Spiritus enint format corpus , & junta afftctus imatos, ipfutn fingit exprimitque 
 Campanella de fenfu rer. & Mart*. 
 
 II Qumtil. Lib. XIII. Cap. 3, 
 
 To give a few Inftances of our own, and others : Let 
 him that would Write and Read the Hiftory of the late 
 Times, particularly that of the late Ufurper Cromwell, but feri- 
 rioufly contemplate the Falls, and Lines of his ambiguous and 
 double Face ( as accurately ftamp'd in his Medal by Symmons, 
 or engrav'd in Taille-Douce by Lombard, from a TiBure of 
 Walkers, the moft refembling him ) to read in it, without other 
 Comment, Characters of the greateft Diflimulation, Boldnels, 
 
 X x 2 Cruelty, 
 
2^o A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 Cruelty, Ambition in every touch and ftroak ■ (6 like to his, 
 Tacit. inVit of whom 'twas fa id, SdVus ilk vultus & rubor, a quo fe contra 
 
 V UU Uanf e ruhorm WWkhtf, 
 
 In the Noble Earl of Strafford, painted by Van Dyke, and en- 
 graven by Lucas Vojlerman, a fteady, ferious, and judicious 
 Countenance. 
 
 In Henry the Seventh, painted by Holbein, a dole, dry, wife, 
 and careful Effigies, as in that of his PredecefTor Richard the 
 Third ; a twifted Face, and not a Line but what befpeaks 
 Hypocrifie, Craft and Cruelty. 
 
 In that of the Emperor Charles the Fifth, by the Hand of 
 Titian, a ftout, hardy, refolute, wife and determined Prince, as 
 that of a ftiff, bigotted, and formal Look in his Son (Philip 
 the Second. 
 
 In the Duke of Alva, of whom there are a Thoufand Pi- 
 ctures (not on Medals only, but upon every Jugg-<Pot and Tabacco- 
 iBox) (hewing a moft malicious , ftern, and mercilefs Apect, 
 fringed with a prolix and fqualid Beard, which draws down 
 his meager and* hollow Cheeks, Emblems of his Difpofirion. 
 
 In Count Gondamar ( which I have feen well painted, and 
 in Stamp) Craft, with a certain pert, and piercing Air, as lying 
 upon the Catch, not much unlike to the late Lord Treafurcr 
 Cottington ; but with a greater mixture of morofe, and warinefs 
 in the latter. 
 
 r jC In Erasmus (of Holbein) Quicknefs, with an eafie, pleafant 
 
 ^ facetioufnefs, and honeft Gravity. 
 k/jt CJEtfdcfcL In Sir Thomas More (by the fame Pencil) great Probity, un- 
 fy^l dera fteady and ingenuous Mind, an extraordinary Chearful- 
 
 0 In my Lord Chancellor 'Bacon ; a fpacious Fore-head, and 
 
 piercing Eye, always ( as I have been cold by one who knew 
 him well ) looking upward ; as a Soul in fublime Contem- 
 plation, and as the Perfon, who by ftanding up againft Dog- 
 matics, was to emancipate, and let free the long and mile- 
 rabiy captivated Thilo/ophia, which has ever fincc made fuch 
 Concjuefts in the Territories of Nature. 
 
 In Ben. John/on, a furly Pride, poficive and humorous. 
 
 In the incomparable Cowley s Countenance, all that could in- 
 dicate a moft candid, ingenuous, and agreeable Nature, with a 
 great Wit, and great Modefty. 
 
 Thofe who remember Mr. Hobbs, as I perfectly do ( and 
 whofe Pictures are perfectly like him ) might difcover in his 
 
 very 
 
A 'Di/cour/e of MEDALS. H , 
 
 very Looks, a fupercilious, Saturnine Opiniatrety, pleafed with 
 himfelf : as on the contrary, in the famous Mr. Oughtred 
 ( whole Picture etched by Hollar, and placed before his utrvh, 
 extreamly refembles him) that calm and placid Compofure, 
 which feemed to proceed from, and be the refult of fome happy 
 
 and Invention ; (uch as was that of Archimedes 
 
 when he difcovered the adulterate mixture in the Sicilian Princes 
 Crown ; or that of ( P)f/^ c gord5,demon(trating the equality between 
 the fides of a retlangular Triangle, and the fquare of its Bafe, 
 for Joy whereof, he paid an Hecatomb to the Gods. And 
 fuch another was that of our Renowned Harvey s, but with 
 ftroaks of more ferious and application. I will end in the 
 late Lord Bifhop of Chejler, Dr.lVilkins, of whom (tho' I 
 cannot fay, I ever faw Picture fo like him, as I wifh ) all who 
 knew him, mud acknowledge to find in him a judicious un- 
 affected Gravity, tempered with extraordinary fweetnefs ; a 
 ferene calmnels, and opennefs of Countenance, becoming the 
 freedom and great Ingenuity of Nature and Difpofition. The 
 late *Sir Robert Murray fhonld be the next in whom, with a* A cajl of 
 manly Prefence, and ferious A fpect, there met a difinterels'd,^^ 
 gentle, and debonair Temper, with great Affability and^^w/,' 
 Goodnefs. Grdhatn. 
 
 Several others I might fhew you, but I confine my (elf to College ' 
 fuch alone, whofe Effigies I have feen breathing- like, and 
 painted by the moft celebrated and skilful Pencils j and many 
 more are there yet before me, and in my Eye, of our own 
 Country, whofe Countenances juftify this Paragraph : But I 
 fpeak of fuch as are no more among us, fave in their Works, 
 Merits, and profitable Inventions, leaving Argument of im- 
 mortal Fame. For to have enumerated (uch as at prefenc 
 flourifh and remain^ trace and purfue the Progrefs daily made 
 by thole great Genius's, in fome part or other of the univer/al 
 Cycle, will be the Work of a fteadier hand, and is relerved 
 for Him, who (hall one day write the Hiftory of this Age 
 of Wonders, Were, I fay, my Talent rich enough to be their 
 Encomiajles, there are many (quibusego nominibus jemper ajfurgo ) 
 in my ken, of extraordinary Merit, for what they have 
 written, publifhed, and improved of the moft ufeful, expe- 
 rimental Learning; and which (after all a do ) is really, and 
 indeed, of all human Knowledge, the only true, and valid 
 Learning. Perfons, I fay, of equal Defert, with any which 
 paft, and former Ages have produe'd. In a word, we have 
 
 had 
 
A Vifcourfe of MEDALS. 
 
 had fome as great, and confpicuous Subjects, fie to have 
 been ftamp'd, and worn in Medals of Gold, and carv'd in 
 Marble, as ever Greece or ^pme, or any prefent ambitious 
 Potentate had any where, for extending their Dominions by 
 Slaughter, Blood, Fire, and Defolation, which difturbs the 
 Fruits and Labours of the raoft ufeful Studies. The great 
 Archimedes ( whom but now we mentioned ) was barbaroufly 
 flain by a rude and common Soldier, in the midft of his 
 Speculations, whofe Life was of more Value, than a Thou- 
 fand Syracufas, and ail the Conquefts of Marcellus* 
 
 p i &t i s. 
 
 INDEX 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 A B B 0 T S in England had 
 jusMoneta*. Pag.iz. 
 / m Abbreviations, 190. 
 / AbgarusA'. ^/Edeffa,37. 
 
 Abraham, 69. 
 Acad, of Medalifts, 2, 244. 
 Aft ions, Motions and Poflures, 337. 
 Adepti, 176. 
 Adoption, 184. 
 Adultery, jj. 
 i€des Monctarii, n. 
 iEginates, 14. 
 v£ia, Epccha 
 
 u&r thick and foggy often produces /harp 
 
 and great Wits .319. 
 itrarium, 1 4. Vid. Mint. 
 JEs grave, 13. 
 
 Africans, their Char after, 31 1, 314. 
 Agencourt Battel,i^. 
 Agnus, 4. 
 
 Alexander Magnus, 19. 
 
 Alexandria fupplys the Romans with 
 
 Corny 39. 
 Altars eretled to Emperors, 1 1 . 
 Ambaffadors had Medals prejented them, 
 
 16. 
 
 Ambitious Princes, and Tyrants unworthy 
 
 the Honour of Medals, without fome 
 
 Mark of diminution, 342. 
 Americans Charafter, 312,314. Abound 
 
 ing in the ricbeji Metals , made no 
 
 ufe of them, 14. 
 Anceflors, 66, 67, 
 
 Angels, whether of different Capacities, 
 
 19% 
 
 Ann,Queen e/England her Medal, 304. 
 Antiochus would be called GO D, 31. 
 Antiquaries, 260- 
 
 Antiquities, 6f. The Care the Romans 
 had to preferve them, 70. When mojl 
 neglected, 71, Demolijhed, by whom, 
 ibid. Vide Ruins. 
 
 Antiquity of Medals, 3, 44. V. Medals. 
 Apamea,38. Difpute about the Medals,^. 
 Apotheofis, 31,33. Vid, Confecrations. 
 Arches Triumphal, particularly of Titus, 
 72. 
 
 Ar chit eels, 283. 
 
 Architecture in England, 10,49, 5©- an ^ 
 other Countries, 71,283. 
 
 Ariftotle had no very promifing Counte- 
 nance, 319. To whom like. 336. 
 
 Armada Spanilh, M D LXXX VIIL 94, 
 159. 
 
 Artifis celebrated for Ingraving and Cut" 
 
 ring of Medals, 237, 240. 
 Arts Liberal and Illiberal, 9, 162, 137. 
 
 Conteft of Skill between two Gravers, 
 
 239. 
 
 Arts Voluptuary, 2 3 j, 3 2 2. Conflitution 
 proper for the attaining different Arts 
 and Frofejfions, 320, 332. Vtd. Pro- 
 feflion. 
 
 Arts improved by the incouragement of 
 King Charles II. efpecially Naval. His 
 Injtitution in order to it, 128. 
 
 Arundel Earl, a great Patron of Arts and 
 Antiquities, 50,^. 
 
 As, of what Value, 5. 
 
 Alia, 61. 
 
 Afiaties, Char afters, 311,3 1:4, 
 Afpett of fome, its wonderful Effefts, 30 
 
 302. 
 Altarte, 56. 
 
 Aftrological Genitures, 330, 331. 
 Auction, the fpeediejl way to furnifh a 
 
 Cabinet with Medals, 199. 
 Augural Inftruments in Medals, 33. 
 Auguftus, Title when firfi taken, 188. 
 Authors writing of Medals, 7, 14,245-, 
 
 and how to read Jnfcriptions, 1 90. 
 Authors writingof Phyfiognomy, 337, 
 Automata, 163, 164. 
 
 BAptA* 
 
INDEX. 
 
 B. 
 
 A RB ARIANS, 20, 33. 
 Barbers expelled Rome, 27. 
 
 Barter^ 4, II, 13. 
 
 Beards., 27, 47, 3 ,4, 335. Vide Hair. 
 Beafts, end Birds in Mens Countenances, 
 
 and Heads, 293, 2,95, 196, 3 II. A 7 . 
 
 Heads. 
 
 Beafts, andExotic Animals in Medals, 3 5. 
 
 Beauty, in what it confifls, 307. i/x 
 mighty Power, 300 Perfons of excel' 
 ling Beauty feldom Fortunate, 309, 
 
 310. 
 
 Bclghns, Character, 318. Acknow- 
 ledge Queen Elizabeth , and offer So- 
 vereignty to her, 95, 96, 99, &c. Vid, 
 Holland. 
 
 Bells, by whom invented, 280. 
 
 Bene fad: ions and Benefactor s, 161. 
 
 Bernini'j ominous Prediction upon fight of 
 King Charles I. Effigies, 335-. 
 
 Biflops Medal upon their Acquittal, &c. 
 Anno MDCLXXX1V. 154,15?. 
 
 Bloods injolent attempt to fteal the 1m 
 perial Crown and Regalia, 266. 
 
 Blood, its Circulation, and Modification, 
 de/lroys the Dctfrine of Humorifts 
 and pofitive Qualities, 328. The flu- 
 pendious Effefts of its various Temper, 
 319. &c. 
 
 Bonfires, 24. 
 
 Bocks, 2, 7. Of Medals, 73. V. Authors. 
 BOYLE Robert celebrated, 1 66. 
 Bos, 4. 
 
 Brachigraphy, vid. Short-hand. 
 
 Brafs, 5,6. When fir ft Jlamped at Rome, 
 
 13. Corinthian Brfas, 313. 
 Britains antient Coin, 22. 
 Britannia, Medal, 28, 61, 134. 
 Brute Animals oj the fame Species, vary 
 
 with the Climat, 3 1 4, 3 T 6. Some re- 
 
 fembtivg Men, vid. Beads. 
 Brutus Med. 54. 
 Buccaneers, 160. 
 Buildings, 162. ^//. Architecture. 
 Bullion, 13,223. Vid. Mints. 
 
 C. 
 
 CA B/NETS ofMedz\s,zo9. How 
 tofurnifh, methodize and order, 25 1. 
 Carfar Julius'j Name, 53. Ambition, yet 
 Caution in ajjuming the Title and En- 
 figns of Empire, 3 6, 3 7 , 1 83 , 1 8 5. 
 Calais fur prized, 99, 
 Calligraphy, 26$. 
 
 Campanella, and Cardan'* Conceit how 
 by the pofture of the Countenance, to 
 divine of another Perfons Thoughts, 
 339- 
 
 Canterburyj Archbijhop Medal, 113. 
 Capita adverfa, averfa, jugata,e^f. 27. 
 Capital Letters, vide Letters ; Inscri- 
 ptions. 
 
 Caps and Bonets, 34. Vid, Crowns. 
 
 Cardan 317. V. Scaliger. 
 
 Cardinal, and Ecclefiaftics Med. 40, 41. 
 Vid. Pope. 
 
 Cafting Medals, 214,238. Vid. Moul- 
 ding. 
 
 Caftor and Pollux, 14. 
 
 Catalogue of Greek and Roman Medals, 
 from Jovianus to Heraclius. 2 52. and 
 for a Collection of Heads and Effigies, 
 257. 
 
 Caution required in purchafing and chu- 
 fing of Medals, 209, &c. 338. 
 
 Caution in judging of Inclinations, 338. 
 Vid. Phyfiognomy. 
 
 Cecil Lord Treafurers Medal, 100. 
 
 Celeflial Signs , vid. Zodiac, 
 
 Ceratia, 8. 
 
 Chalcography, <WChalcographers, 256, 
 
 283, 240. Vid. Gravers. 
 Characters in the Countenance which fej- 
 
 dom fail the Phyfiognomift, 3 10, &c. 
 Characters general of Nations, ibid. 
 Charles I. King of England his Medals, 
 
 10%, &c. Fate predicted, 355. 
 Charles II. his Medals, 121, &c. Like 
 
 Hen. IV. of France, 305. 
 Charles the Great, 49. 
 Chineze their Char after, 314. 
 Chlamys, 26. 
 
 Choler, vid. Conftitution, Temperament . 
 CHRIST Effigies in Medals, 44,183, 
 288. 
 
 Chronology 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Chronology advanced by Medals, 48, 
 5-0, 51, 182. Vid. Epocha. 
 
 Chymifus, 275. Vid. Spagirift. 
 
 Cicero, 319. His Per/on defcribed, 
 ibid. 
 
 Cidaris, 29. 
 
 Cities fhould not Jell, or alienate their 
 Statues and Antiquities, 64, 66, 68. 
 Medals of Cities rare, 203, 249. Foun- 
 dation, Dedications, 52, &c. 
 
 Claranus, Seneca'j School fellow, 308. 
 
 Cleopatra, 54. 
 
 Climate alters, and influences the Man- 
 ners and Count en arces of People, $17. 
 and affects the Government) 320,323. 
 Vide Situation. 
 
 Clipping and Diminution of Coin, vide 
 Mint. 
 
 Coining, Stamps and Tmprejflon, 6, 10, 
 12. Vid. Mint. 
 
 Collection and Collectors of Medals, and 
 other Antiquities commended, 65, 66, 
 246, 247,25-5,282. Excefs of Curio- 
 fit y reproved, 69, 70. 
 
 Duke of Savoy'* Collection, 42. 
 
 Colonies Roman, 51, 52, 203. 
 
 Colours, 334. Vid. Painters. 
 
 Columbus ridicurd in England, propo- 
 fing the Difcovery of the Spanilh In- 
 dies, 165". 
 
 Colona Trajana, 5*4. 
 
 Columns Hifiorical, erected in London, 
 Rome, @c. 162. 
 
 Comedian Sf 163,277. 
 
 Commerce, Barter, Traffick, 4, 5", 6, 0, 1 r, 
 
 I?. *39- 
 
 Comes Largitionum, 7. 
 Completion, 338. Vid. Humor. 
 Conflagration, 2. Of London, 162. See 
 London. 
 
 Concubines and Favorites flamp'd in 
 
 Med. 37. Vid. Strumpets. 
 Congiarcs, 187. 
 
 Conjecture, 337. By what to be made, 
 
 294,310. 
 Conob. what, 22. 
 Confecration, 49. 
 
 Confpirators, and notorious Villains 226. 
 Conftantinople, 22. 
 
 Conftantinus Magnus, his Cipher, Sym- 
 bol, 31,31, 186. Pretended Dona- 
 tive, &c. 34,35-. 
 
 Conflitution, how it difpofes to the choice 
 
 of a Profejfion, 332. 
 Confular Medals, 8. Mark, r 4, 3 7, 44, 
 
 99, 182. R.vik in the Cabinet, 249. 
 Conful, Name and Dignity cclip/ul, 39, 
 
 183. 
 
 Contorniati, wh.it, 17. Vid. Med3]iens. 
 Copper, 4, 13, 39, 3. 
 Corinthian Brafs, vid. Corinthian. 
 Cornucopia, 60, 63. 
 Corvus, 4. 
 
 Council of Florence Med. 10. 
 
 Countenance, often failing the Phyfiogro- 
 mift'j Conjeflures, why, 306, 307,3 19. 
 Oftner agrees with them, 3 04, 3 o 6, 3 3 a. 
 How alter d by one flroke of the Pen- 
 cil, 335, and by many Accidents, 305, 
 &c. 310. 
 
 Counters, 41, 196, 251. Vid. Mock- 
 Medals. 
 
 Mofi Men partial to their own Countries, 
 321. 
 
 Courtezans vocrfhipped for Saints, for^ 
 
 merly, and at ptefent. 32. 
 Craft, who excede in it, 3x1, 
 Crafis, vid. Temperament. 
 Cretans, 319. 
 Critics, 16, 53, 260, 273. 
 Cromwcll'j Medal, 1 1 7, u 8. Hh Cha. 
 
 racier, 339. 
 ^^,31,32,^5,143. Vtd.&oxm In 
 
 Icription, 186. Other Ciphers and 
 
 Characters, 187. 
 Crofs and Pile, 38. 
 
 Crowns Obfidional,i2 4. NavaI,R 0 ftraI, 
 &c. Agonal^.29. Radiant,! 8,31] 
 &c. Crowns not ufedby all Kings, 29,3c 
 Nor Effential, 29. Mitred, Tiara,' 3 
 T ripleCrovon, i^.Ctok on the Crown,% 1. 
 Cidaris, 29. Crown of the Saxons, En- 
 glifh, before France, Swede, & c . ibid. 
 Bold attempt to (leal it. Vid. Blood, 
 
 Curule Chair, 63. 
 
 Cuflom, vide Tribute. 
 
 D, 
 
 DANE, Crown, 34. Character, 3 1 7. 
 Darie, 14, 20. 
 Delafement and Diminution of Coin* Q. 
 
 Vid. Mint. 
 Decorum, 20 r. 
 . Y y Defender 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Defender cf the Faith, vide Title, 89. 
 Deformity, no ftgn of Vice, 305, 307 
 308. 
 
 Dcicies, 14, 56, 57, 249, &c. 
 Denarius, 6, 14. 
 Des Cartes, 264. 
 Dcvife, 6, 
 Diadem, 16, 29. 
 
 Diamond, when firft Ingraven ly modern 
 
 A»ti(ls, Z40. 
 Dido, 20, 194. 
 Dignity, vid. Offices. 
 Difcoveries of the Englifli, 1 62. 
 Difpofitions imprinted in Mens Countenan- 
 
 ces, 310. Vide Pafjions. 
 Divi, 31. 
 
 Divination hy Phyfeognomy, 298, 301, 
 302, 303, 304, 3x4, 334, 335, 
 
 337, 
 Divines, 258. 
 
 Dogs of cold Conflitution, 317. Diffe- 
 rence in their Sagacity, 295-. Shape of 
 their Heads, advantagious in Men, 
 295. 
 
 Dominus, hy whom fir (I us'd, 183. 
 Dove, why Symbol of Venus, 56. 
 Drachma:, 18. 
 Dragoon-Miffionaries, 25*. 
 Drake, Sir Francis, 158. 
 Dudly, Earl of Leicefter, recall" d from 
 the Low-Countries, his Medal, 97, 
 
 98. 
 
 Duke of Monmouth' J Defeat and Decol- 
 lation-, Medal, 149, 150, <&c. 
 
 Duke of Norfolk, Munificence to the 
 Royal-Society, 42. 
 
 Duke of Savoy'j Medal, how anfwered by 
 Henry IV. ^France, 25". Collection 
 of Medals. and other Antiquities, 42. 
 
 Duke of York. Fid. King James //. 
 
 E. 
 
 EAGLE, 33, 35-, 5 6, 63, Vide 
 Symbol. 
 Ears,z$$. 
 
 Eaft-India Company, 87. 
 Edge-Hill Battel, m. 
 Education alters Nature, and difpofes to 
 
 different Inclinations, 306, 316. Its 
 
 Effects, 293. 
 Edward Confcllbr, 21. 
 
 Edward IF. 89. 
 Edward VI.zzS. 
 
 Effigies in Medal, 1 5, 3 6, 45". Refemhling 
 the Originals, ibid. Vide Heads , 
 Statues , how they create Emulation to 
 brave Actions, 66, 67. In Taille- 
 douce how they relate to Medal, 257. 
 Catalogue for a Collection, 257, &c. 
 Effigies of the Bleffed Virgin, Saints, 
 (jrc. 288. Not permitted every one to 
 ft amp their Effigies in Medals, 36- 
 When firft to the Roman Emperor and 
 others,^. Effigies of famous Perfons 
 deferable and ufeful, 44, 45. On com- 
 mon Sign~P oft s, reproved, ibid. 
 
 Elagabalus, 12. Medal, how to di- 
 (linguijh from thofe of Antoninus, 
 202. 
 
 Eledrum, 9. 
 
 Elizabeth £)ueen, how Learned, 264. 
 Reforms Money, 1 2. Affifts the Low- 
 Countries, 92, 97, 98. Defeats the 
 Spanifh Armada, 94, 95-. Is offer d 
 the Sovereignty of the United Nether- 
 lands, 96, 97. 
 
 Emblems, 6, 156. Vide Symbol. 
 
 Emperors, WEmprefles, 131, 180. 
 
 Englifli defective in Medals of Anceftors, 
 44,84. Medals of their late Kings from 
 Edward ///. Henry V, VII, VIII, & 
 feq. 86, 87. King James IV. of 
 Scotland, 77, 78. Henry VIII. 
 Vide Kings. Sovereigns of France, 
 85. 
 
 Englifli, Inventors of many ufeful things, 
 1 63 , 1,64,1 66 Expeditions and Exploits 
 worthy the Honour of Medal, 1 59, 
 160. And to be painted in Palaces, 
 Courts, and Rooms of State, rather 
 than the Fictions of Poets, 159, 
 160. 
 
 Enumeration of famous Englifli, 163, 
 265". Englifli over-reach 'd in Trea- 
 ties, 321. Character of Englifli, 323. 
 their Happinefs , and what wanting, 
 324. 
 
 Englifli formerly, and now living, cele- 
 brated, and meriting the Honour of 
 Medals, 341, 342. 
 
 Enthufiafts, 170. 
 
 Epochs exact in Greek Medals, 51, 
 i8f, 187, 189. 
 
 Erudition 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Erudition in Medals, yij, \6%,&c. vide 
 Reverfes. 
 
 Effex Earl, firfl General in th: late Ci- 
 vil War of England, Med. ii). 
 Europeans Character, 314. 
 Example, 69. 
 
 Externals, how a Phyfiognomin; is to 
 
 judg by them, 294, 309. 
 Eyes, fignification in Phyfiognomie, 198. 
 
 their wonderful Power and Effecls, 301, 
 
 301. VMt Afpecl:. 
 
 F. 
 
 FACE 17,194. of Augufius,&c. de- 
 fc nb'd by Suetonius, agreeable to 
 his Medal, 45, 46. Abuie in other 
 Medals, not fo in the Antient, ibid. 
 Wonderful Variety of Mens Faces, 
 and Importance of it, 335", 336. 
 Faces refembling one another, v. Twins, 
 
 and Countenances. 
 Faith vide Defender. 
 Fairfax, General of the late Rebellion, 
 116. 
 
 Families, 39, 54- 
 
 Famous Perfons befides Emperours and 
 
 Heroes of both Sexes, 157, ad 291. 
 Farthings, 123. V. Tokens. 
 Fafcination, 301. V. Eyes, Locks* 
 Feature, v. Beauty. 
 
 Figure, 6, 26. Blow many allowable in 
 
 oneM'^/,200,201. v. Group, Effigies, 
 
 Image, Statue. 
 Figures intire in Med. 17, 5*9. 
 Flatterers of Princes, how pernicious, 
 
 14, 59, 77, 81, 83. In their Statues, 
 
 46. 
 
 Fleets, v. Ships, Navigation. 
 
 Flood, vide Noah. 
 
 F tor ens, whence called, 4. 
 
 Follis, 8. 
 
 Fore head, 178. 
 
 France-Met aliqtie, 77. 
 
 France , Climate different from Spain, 
 
 French, their Character, 315, 3 1 5, 321. 
 Adulation, Vain-glory, Tyranny, 
 Cruelty, Perfidy, Perfecution, 77, 
 <ra? 83. 
 
 French King, when firft ufing a Crown, 
 34. and Effigiei in Stamp, 41. Prifo- 
 
 ner in England, and Ranlbm, 85-. Pre- 
 fers King's Cabinet, of Medals, z$i: 
 Abus'd by Flatterers, 81, 82, 83, 184, 
 188. In what commendable, 226, 
 24..1, 286, 3 16. 
 Friends and Fricndfliip, 277. 
 ; Front i nulla fides, when, 307, 309. 
 
 G. 
 
 GALE AT A Roma, 14. 
 Garlands, 29. 
 Garments, vide Robes. 
 Garter, 143. vide Knighthood. 
 
 Gelotofcopy, 337. 
 Geography in Med. £2, 168. 
 Geometry, 50. 
 
 Germans, Character, 311,317. Medals 
 ftruck upon Height Occafions, 289. 
 Gig antes, 14. 
 
 Gods, 31. Dii Major es, Minor es, Tute- 
 
 lares, Genii, &c. 35". 
 God fry, Sir Edm. Medal, 171, 172, 173, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Gold, when f.rft ufed among the Rom. 
 7, 14. Not always eligible for the 
 Matter in Medals 5 but for the mod 
 part, 20. efpecially the Greek, 201. 
 
 Golden Age, 24. in England, when, no. 
 
 Government how balancd, 322. 
 
 Gratia Dei, 197. v. Title. 
 
 Gravers, 2.3 7,23 8,240. None feve the 
 mod exquifite formerly employ'd, 
 28, 44, 47. Emulation among them, 
 239. v. Sculpture. 
 
 Greek and Grecians, Medals, 16, 19, 28. 
 Exacl: in Epoche, 185-. Character, 315-. 
 Gr. Tongue worn out by the Lat. 53. 
 Deplorable Condition of that Nati- 
 on at prefent, whence, 232. 
 
 Greenwich Marine College, a mod Royal 
 and neceflary Foundation, worthy 
 of Medal, 128. 
 
 Groats, 10. 
 
 Group what, 200. V. Painters, 
 Gun-powder, by whom invented, 279- 
 Treafon Med. 76. 
 
 HABK 
 
INDEX. 
 
 H. 
 
 T_T A B I T U D E S, 307. Howcor- 
 M reded and regulated, 332, 338.1 
 Habits, 26. Vid. Robes. 
 Hair, v. Beards. 
 Hands in Med. 35". 
 Haft a Para, 58. 
 
 Head of the Clour ch of England, in Med. 
 89. 
 
 Heads, 26, 39, 47, 57. Of Illuftnous 
 Perfons , vide Heroes. How refem- 
 bling, 28, 29, To whom Con- 
 ceflion of Stamping Heads in Medals 
 and Cc/w was granted, 36, 3 7. Heads 
 of one Emperor carved out of an- 
 other, 216. Heads in Med. how to 
 place in the Cabinet, 249. Heads, 
 their various Coverings, 33. Two, 
 or more Heads in the fame Medal, 
 27, 37. Heads join'd, 38. Heads of 
 the French King, 34. v. Crown. Heads 
 without Ornament, 29. Heads horn- 
 ed, 30, 33. V. Mofes. Heads in Taille 
 Douce, relating to Medals, 2.56. Con- 
 jectures Jrm Heads, 311, 319, 3 2 5- 
 Vid. Capica. No Heads in Med. of 
 Roman Colonies, 51. 
 
 Heart, known by God 310. How 
 difcovered by the Countenance, 338. 
 
 Henry VIII. his Medals, 89. 
 
 Henry IV. of France in Countenance re- 
 fembling A'iffg Charles II. 306. 
 
 Henry Frince 0/ Wales' j Medal, 1 03. 
 
 Hercules imberbis, 47. 
 
 Hcrefiarks, 276. 
 
 Herring, Fifhing, and Inventor of Cu- 
 ring, how honored by the Emperor 
 Charles V. 2S1. 
 
 Heros, Heroines, and renouned Perfons, 
 43, 169, 278, 286 ad 292. 
 
 Hieroglyphics,^//^? Symbol. 
 
 H'Jlory advancd by Knowledge in Medals, 
 56,158, 182, 243. 
 
 Hijtorians, 260, 273. 
 
 Hifhrical Columns, 162. V id. Columns. 
 
 Hollandia Metallica, 73 ad 77. contain- 
 ing the Hiitory of that Repub. 97,98. 
 
 Holbein, 87, 159. Vid. Painters. 
 
 Herns, 30, 3 i. By whom lorn, not always 
 reproachful, 33. Mofes painted with 
 
 Horns,30. Where yet to be fhowd, \b\d. 
 Houfe cf Peers, 158. 
 Human Sacrifices alolifhed, 24. 
 Humors, Dottrine of Humorifts and 
 
 Qualities, 325, 326, 327, &c. Vide 
 
 Temperament. 
 Hungarians Character, 31 5. 
 
 I. 
 
 AMES, vid. King. 
 Janus, 5, 38. 
 Idols Popifh, 66. 
 
 Jews Medals and Coins fufpecled, 210, 
 217. Their Frauds, 21 7. ^Shekel. 
 
 Ilanders, Characters, 312, 324. 
 
 Images of Ancejl or 5,6^67. Vid. Pictures, 
 Statues, Libraries. 
 
 Imperial Medals, 181. How long excelling 
 in Workmanfhip^^o. Their Rank in 
 the Cabinet, 249. How far they reach, 
 249. 
 
 Imperator, 188; Vid. Emperors. 
 Impoftors, 198, 201, 209, 210, 2 1 6, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Imprefllons of Coin and Money, when 
 fit fl : , 6, 14. Vide Mint. 
 
 Inanimats in Med. their Signification^, 
 6i, 67,68,&c. 
 
 Incantated Med. vid. Med. 
 
 Inclinations difcovered by the Countenance, 
 303. Of fever al Nations, 310, &c. 
 Regional, Topical, 318. 
 
 Infcriptions, 3, 8, 10,17 j,&c. Hebrew, 
 Samaritan, 18. Greek, 189. In- 
 fcrip. relating to no knowledge to be 
 rejected, 211. About Money, 225. 
 About the Theatre at Oxford, 65. 
 Should be concife, 179,185. How al- 
 terd, 216, Mingled, conterfeited, cor- 
 tupted, 195,196, 219. Should be mo- 
 deft, not turgid and fafligious, like the 
 French, 77, 179, 18c, 184. What 
 proper, 180, 182, 184. What they 
 Difcover of Antiquity, 182. Modern 
 Infcrip. 208. Abbreviations, 186,1 90, 
 191, 192. How to be read in Medals, 
 189, 190. and in different Languages., 
 I 93> 1 94> 1 95- Md- Legends, Ortho- 
 graphy. 
 
 Infecls, Ingenious more than greater Ani- 
 mals, why, $09. 
 
 Intaglia, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Images, jee Pictures, Statue*, 67, 68. 
 Imperial Med. 181. 
 Impoftors, 276. 
 Inanimats, 60,61. 
 
 Inlcriptions, what they acquaint us with; 
 
 They fhould be Concife, not lnfolent or 
 
 Boa'ting like the French, 1 80, 185. 
 
 Modern Inlcript. 208. 
 intagiu, 42. 
 Invajions, jee Armada. 
 Inventors and Inventions, how honoured, 
 
 163. 
 
 Inventors o/Polycrcfts and things of Vfe, 
 164. What Medals due to them, 167. 
 Some envioujly fuffer their Talents to 
 he loji, and dye with them, rather than 
 to impart them, 283. 
 
 Iron Coin and Money, 10, 13. 
 
 Judgment upon outward Appearance only, 
 3 ic. Requires great Caution, ibid. 
 
 Injtances remarkable, 308, 339. &c. 
 
 Julian Apoftata judged by his Countenance 
 <WMicne, 301, 30 5. 
 
 K. 
 
 KING, Name odious to tht Romans, 
 why, 183. Kings of England their 
 Medals, from Edw. Confeflbr, Edw. 
 lir. Henr. V. VII. VIII. 2 r, 86, 87. 
 Title Defender of the Faith; Head 
 of the Church, 89. Edw. VI. defe- 
 ctive of Medal. King James IV. of 
 Scotland, Medal y 88. King James I. 
 of England ,101, &c, Charles Land 11. 
 Medals, 105 j,?/ 126. James II. 148, 
 ®ct King William III. Medal, 156. 
 Vid. Queen. 
 King's- Evil, Med. 85. 
 Kings and Emperors, Painters, 284. vid. 
 
 Painters. 
 Kifliitah, 4. 
 
 Knighthood and Military Order, 1 5, 16. 
 Vid, Garter. 
 
 L. 
 
 LADIES and Women Learned, En- 
 glifli, and other Nations, 264, 26 j, 
 &c. 
 
 Languages, 193. Latin, Greek Per fe- 
 ci ion and Decays, 195. 
 
 Laud, Archbifhop of Canterbury 's MsdaJ, 
 rejoycing at his Death at Rome, why, 
 114. 
 
 Largcfs, 1 5-, 1 6. Vid. Miffilia. 
 Laurel, 26, 29, 59. Vid. Crown. 
 Lawyers, 262, 275-. and Laws, 56. 
 Leaden Money, and Medals, 12, 23. 
 Leather Money, 10, 11. 
 Legenda, 177, 178, 188. Vide Infcrip- 
 tions. 
 
 Letters, 2.79* Hoxo placed, Capi- 
 tal, Uncial ; how altered and corrup- 
 ted,!^^, 196. Vid. Abbreviations, 
 
 Leiden Siege, 1 1. Vid. Paper Money. 
 
 Libation, 48. 
 
 Libella, 5. 
 
 Library, Medals neceffary, 1, 2, 19,244. 
 The Royal Library at St. James'j,246, 
 247. 
 
 Lilbutn John, Medal afferting Trials by 
 Juries, 171. 
 
 Lines and Strokes in the Countenance, 
 
 335- 
 Lituus, 63. 
 
 London, 162. Metropolis, no Roman 
 Colony, j 1. Conflagration, and by 
 whom fir d, z66. 
 
 Looks, 301. Vid, AfpecT, Face, Coun- 
 tenance. 
 
 Luke St. 44. 
 
 M. 
 
 MAJOR ANA, 7. 
 Manufcript, 2, 247,278. 
 Marmora Arundeliana, 65. 
 Marolle Abbot, his Collection of Prints 
 
 in Taille-Douce, 289. 
 Mary gueen of England fetting up the 
 Popilh Mafs, 91. Med. reprejfmgthe 
 Rebellion, 92. 
 Mafs, proved by antient Medal, a ridi- 
 culous miflake, 72. 
 Maflacrc at Paris, &c. 25. Detefled by 
 
 honefl and learned Papifls, 1 69. 
 Mathematics, and Mathematicians, 1 66. 
 
 279, 281, 320. 
 Maximilian Emperor received pay under 
 
 Henry VIII. 87. 
 Mechanics, 162. 
 
 Michanical Inventions, 280, 281, &c. 
 Natural to the Germans, why, 320. 
 2z MEDALS, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 M E D A L S, 8, i o. Name } neglefted, 
 10,15. Antiquity, 45, 248. Erudi- 
 tion, and great Vfe, 49, 69. In Hi- 
 ilory, Chronology, fee. by learned Per- 
 fons cultivated, 3, S, 1 3, 1 5, 1 7. The 
 rnojl Authentic Records, 243, 248. 
 Monuments, furviving all Accidents 
 and Revolutions, 2,3, 71,83,1 68,243, 
 248. Ac quaint us with the moJt(ignal?zt 
 Tons, Families, Actions, and Exploits ; 
 Wars, Victories, Triumphs, Coun- 
 tries, Colonies, Cities, Temples, Dei- 
 tics, Religion, Laws, Government, 
 Kings, Confuls, Emperors, and other 
 MagiftrateSjd^c 40,48 ^198. Fid, 
 Pvevcrfes. 
 
 Medals, relating to feveral Nations, 18, 
 19, 20, 21, 2j, 210. On what ocra- 
 [ion flatter d among the People, 1 5, 19. 
 
 Medals not to be flruck on flight Subjects, 
 289. Nor dijhonoured with Railery or 
 Boafting, 24, 25, 41. Whether com 
 monly in ufe as Money, 8,85". More 
 precious fame of Copper, than Gold, 
 and in what more Rare, 8, 13,15, 39, 
 202,213,238. Sizes, 16,17,19. 
 In what vajl Quantity found, 19, 69, 
 70,189. Of whom to enquire, 199. 
 And Places where, 1 1, 207. Many of 
 the fame Stamp, 218. Roman Medals 
 heft worth Collecting, why, 3 9. How far 
 the mofi valuable reach, ibid, and 208. 
 
 Medals without Heads, 26. With Two 
 or more, 27,106. Men and Women 
 in the fame Medal, ibid. 
 
 Medals Incan tat ed, 42. 
 
 Medals how befl to collect, under (l and, and 
 diflinguifh true and antient from falfe, 
 and to detect Cheats and Irapoftors, 
 208, 209, 2I0 ad 211. 
 
 Medals only of all Coins free from Clip 
 pers, why, 217. Who have the befl 
 furnifhed Cabinets of Medal, 244, 
 245, 246, 251. How far a Scries 
 may reach, 212, 248. Peter de Me- 
 diccs numerous Collection exceeding the 
 French Kings long/wee, 251. 
 
 Medals Caft, Moulded and Stamps ill, 
 213,214. Sophifticated, 238. Of the 
 Vernifh whether Artificial, 212, 217. 
 Difficulty in meeting with genuine Me 
 dais, 215. Fraud by burying Medals, 
 217. 
 
 Medals when in perfection for the Matter 
 and Sculpture, 200, 238. When de- 
 clining, 9, 10,20,40. And again Re* 
 viving, 237 ad 241. Prints o/Med. 
 243. 
 
 Medalions, 8, 15, 16, 22. Contorniati, 
 17. Made honorary Prefects of to 
 Princes, Ambaffadors, Knights^ Com- 
 manders, Doctors, egregioujly Learned, 
 deferving Perfons and officers, &c. 15, 
 16, 137, 142. 
 
 Medals and Money fcatter'd among the 
 People, 15,19, 55, 91, 97, 101. How 
 to take off thelmpreffions 0/ Medals, 2 r 9. 
 
 Medals in Miniature, 47. And Taille- 
 Douce, ibid. Qualities moft requifite 
 to a Student of Medals, 240, 251. 
 Authors, who have befl written of Me- 
 dal Erudition, 241, 245. How to di- 
 fpofe of Med. in the Cabinet after the 
 befl Method, 247 ad 257. Vid. Cabi- 
 net. Who ought to have the Charge 
 and Cuflody of Medals, and other An- 
 tiquities, 255. 
 
 Modern Medals, too much neglected, 157. 
 What worth collecting, 40, 1 69. How 
 far a Series of them may reach, 208. 
 Medals of King Charles I. Coronation, 
 Nuptials, Relief of Rochel, Expediti- 
 on to y and Return from Scotland, Kien^ 
 ton Fight, Martyrdom, 105 ad 
 1 10. Natalitial of the Prince of Wales, 
 Hi, 1 23. Star appearing at Noon, 
 ibid. Natalitial Med. of Jacob. D. of 
 York, 144. Med. on the Reftaura- 
 tion of Charles II, 152, fjV. Coro- 
 nation, 129. Care of the Sea and 
 Navy; Inltitution of Sea- Boys; Ti- 
 tle to the Dominion of the Sea ; War 
 with the Dutch 5 Peace and Commerce 
 reflored 5 Inftallation Medals, Qfc, 
 Med. of Queen Catheiine, 121, 311, 
 &c. 172 ad 144. 
 
 Medals of /ting James I. fee King ; and 
 James II. his Birth, made Admiral, 
 Return from Scotland, Efcape at Sea ; 
 BeheadingMonmouth, Spanilh Wreck, 
 &c. Med. of Queen Mary,e£r. 144, 
 ad 153. 
 
 Medals of Efiex, Fairfax, and the Vfur- 
 per Cromwell ; General Monk, &c. 
 116 ad 121. 
 
 Medals 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Medals of Sir Edm. Godfrey, WPopilh- 
 Ploc Difcoverers ; of the Imprifond Bi- 
 fliops and Deliverance, Lawyers, C£c 
 154 ad 157. 
 
 Medals of the Popes, Cardinals and c~ 
 tber Ecclcfiaftics, Did. Pope. 
 
 Mcdalifts, vid. Academy. 
 
 Mock-Medals, vid. Counters. 
 
 Melancholy, fee Temperament, Humor. 
 
 Men cf low Stature, 309. Men of prodi 
 gious Growth, Strength, and other Aliti 
 ties, 267, 27 7. Faces like Brutes, 292. 
 
 Metallick Library, 244. 
 
 Metopofcopy, vid. Phyfiognomy. 
 
 Mezzo Tinto, its Excellency, 257. 
 
 Mid wives and Nurfes, how they fhould 
 handle new-born Infants, 296, 298. 
 
 Mills and other Machins, 226. 
 
 Milk, vid. Nurfes. 
 
 Milliarcufe, 8. 
 
 AUNT, 7, 1 2, 14, 1 7* Firfl tn En- 
 gland, z2 1. Where, and how many 5 
 wfow of governed and managd 
 fince, xxx, 213. 
 
 Mint- Mailers ftamtfd their own Effigies 
 on Money, 36. Priviledge of Coining 
 in England, and Recall d, 12. Villany, 
 and Abufes in Counterfeiting, Clip- 
 ping, Diminifhing and Sophifticating 
 Money; the Mtfchief it produces, 12, 
 2 J 1 ad 2 3 7. Pumftiment of the Crime, 
 234, 235,236. Rewards to the De- 
 tectors of fraud, 238. 
 
 Mint, ambulatory with the Court, 226. 
 Laws of the Mint, 224. 
 
 Money call'd in, 14. 
 
 Moneta Goddefs, 59, 224. Her Sym- 
 bol, 100. Miferable and unfortunate, 
 thofe Princes who negletled the Money, 
 zx j. Fatal to Princes, People and 
 States, 229, 232, 234,236. Profpe- 
 rous, who made it their Care, T2, 228, 
 230, 13 1. By what Policy drawn in- 
 to France, and fecur'd from diminu- 
 tion, 226. Corruption of Money, its 
 Hiftory, 228, 229. 
 
 Moneta Nigra, 230. ^Edes Monetarii. 
 Treafures kept tn Temples as Sacred, 
 224,225. Monyers, 249. and Officers, 
 4, 12. 
 
 Mills, Hammers, Ptefs, Balance, &c. by 
 whom ufed and invented; fet up fir]} 
 
 in England, then in France. Contrc- 
 verfy about it, xx6. 
 
 Money fir ft, 3 , 4, &c. Money without 
 Heads W Figures, 6, 13, 14. Englifh 
 Sterling, 228. Money of fever al Ma- 
 terials, Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron, 
 Lead, Leather, Paper, &c. 4, 11,12. 
 Who taught the Vfe of it firfl, 38. 
 Raifing and Sinking the Value cf Mo- 
 ney pernicious to a Kingdom, 229,23 3. 
 Abufes in the Mint and Money, re- 
 dreffed by Edward Vf. and Queen E!i 
 zabeth, 228,230. Expedients for the 
 difcharging Public k Debts, and pre- 
 venting the Ruin of a Nation, 235.236. 
 Authors and Writers on Coin?, and 
 Money, 7, 23c 231. 
 
 Mifiilia, 9, 15, 16. Vid. Largeffes, Con- 
 giares, &c. 
 
 Mixtures, 213. 
 
 Monogram, 186. 
 
 Monaftery o/Proteftants, and Reformed 
 Convents defirabie,x6$. Relation of 
 that at Geding, ibid. 
 
 Monk General Duke of Albemarle, 119, 
 120. 
 
 Monmouth Duke, Med. 1 57. 
 Monfters,<W Men of extraordinary Qua- 
 lities, 277. Vid. Men. 
 Money, vid, Mint. 
 
 Morells'j Specimen, Induflry, and much 
 expected Work relating to Medals, 
 242, 243. 
 
 Morland Sir Sam. Med. 14 r. 
 
 Mountains worfhipped, 6z. 
 
 Mountoone, 4. 
 
 Muficians, 263, 285. 
 
 Mylteries of State and Religion fymbo- 
 liz'd in Med. 57. 
 
 N. 
 
 NAILS of our Bleffed Saviour*? 
 Crofs, 32. 
 Names ana Surnames,^. 5 4, 1 1 8. When, 
 
 and by whim changed, 49. 
 Narcotics, 313. 
 Narthex, vid. Scepters. 
 Nations, whence of fuch various Dif por- 
 tions, 310. 
 Natural, and Artificial Curiofities, 282. 
 
 Navigation 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Navigations 55. and famous Navigators 
 
 and Difcovcrcrs, 160, 1 6 1. 
 Naupegi, and Naval Archite&S, Englifh, 
 
 166. V id. Ships. 
 Nautic-Box, 279. 
 Neapolitans Character, 3 18. 
 Neck, 297. 
 
 Negleft of the Englifli, not celebrating fig- 
 nal Aft ions and Perfons by Medal, 158. 
 Negros, 314. 
 Ng&»y£p5, zoo. 
 Newark Siege, 124. 
 Nightingal, 295". 
 
 Noah, 37, 38, 39,165. Vid. Saturn. 
 Nobility, wherein it confi/ls, 68. 
 Nobilis Cxfar, 185-. 
 Norfolk Duke, 42. 
 
 Northern People, 314. Their Incurfans, 
 
 sis. 
 
 Nofes Aquilin, &c. 297, 311. 
 Nummi Iconici, 189. & Mcmoriales, z. 
 Numifmata Serrata, 214. 
 Nummus afper, 201. 
 Nurfes, of what importance their Temper 
 and Difpofitions, 196, 31a, 313. 
 
 o. 
 
 OAK Royal, 122. 
 Oats Dr. and other concern d in 
 Difcovery of the Popifh Plot, 1 75. 
 Objections againfl Phyfiognomy, Anfwer* 
 
 ed, 324, 325. 
 Obolus Attic, 1 6. 
 Obrizum, zz- 
 Obfidional Med. 124. 
 Offices and Dignities Roman, 181. 
 Onychomantia, 357. 
 Opobalfamum, 19. 
 Orange Princes, vid. ^Anabafis. 
 Orb, Royal Symbol, 35. 
 Ormus, 160. 
 
 Orthography, 189, 196. Vide Infcip- 
 tion. 
 
 Otho, Medal rare, 8, 20?, 21 1. 
 P. 
 
 PAGAN Deities, 56. 
 Painters, 10. Their Liberty, 33. 
 Should be shjll'd in Phyftognomy,335. 
 and Medals, 201, Famous Painters, 
 
 Engliih, 268. and others, z8z. Who 
 firtl Invented Oyl Colours, 282. 
 
 Paludamentum, 26. 
 
 Paper, 11,280. 
 
 Partiality to ones own Country natural, 
 
 3zi. 
 Parazonium, 58. 
 Pajtons and Inclinations, 504. 
 Pecunia, 5. 
 Pembroke Earl, 302. 
 Penates, 27. 
 Peplus, z6. 
 
 Perfection, 2 J. Vid. French. 
 
 Ferjons worthy of Medals, 157, &c. ad 
 177. Famous /^rAge,Stature,Strength, 
 Shape, &c. or any extraordinary Qua 
 lity,226, 2j6, 266 ad 292. 
 
 Petty Sir William double bottom dVeffel, 
 164. 
 
 Phanatics, 276. 
 
 Philip iV. oj Spain, WLovis XIII. of 
 
 France, 41, 42. 
 Philologers, 260, Z73. Study of Philof. 
 
 320. Whatbefl: New Theory, vide 
 
 Humor. 
 
 Phlegmatic, -vid. Conftitution. 
 Phocas, 10, 3 1. 
 Phoenicians, zo. 
 
 Phofphorus, how it may be abufed, 166. 
 
 PHTSlOGNOMT,2 9 z. Principles, 
 534.335- A Science, 3 3 7. Afferted by 
 Learned Men, 338. ad finem Cap. IX. 
 
 Phyfiognomy may have been afftflant 
 to Adam in giving Names to Brute- 
 Animals, 293. Judgment by the feve- 
 ral Parts of the Head and Face, 294. 
 and Countenance, 304. &c. ad 341. 
 How applicable to Medals and Prints, 
 339.392. 
 
 Phyficians, 261, 275,291, 295. They 
 Jhould be knowing in Phyfiognomy, 
 304. 
 
 Pile, vid. Crofs. 
 
 Plots, and Difcoverers of them, z66. 
 Poets, Romancers, and great Wits, 262, 
 284. 
 
 Polanders Character, 315. 
 Policy, 321. 
 
 Pontfrait-Caftle Siege, 124. 
 
 Pope, Cardinals, and other Ecclcfiaftics 
 Medals, 40,41,169, 212. Revenue 
 received by the Pope for permitting 
 
 Courtezans, 
 
INDEX, 
 
 Courtezans, CSV. 225. Popes, no right 
 Title or Claim to Rome, or any part 
 of Italy, ft* 
 
 Porches, vid. Veftibulum. 
 
 Porphyrogenitus, x»hy fo called, 185". 
 
 Prcetexta, 26. 
 
 Prefects tnade cf Medals, 143. 
 
 Princeps Juvenrutis, 37,185. 
 
 Princes, who make unjujl, and ambitious 
 Wars, unworthy the honor of Medals 
 tt^/;Elogy, 342. Their Fates And Di- 
 fpofttions read in their 1,001^,305,33 5, 
 340. 
 
 Princes Idolized, 3 1. Princes Jhould net 
 
 fuffer thiir Heads to hang on Siga- 
 
 Pofts, 45. 
 Princes of Wales, 103, in 9 &c. 
 Printers famous, 280. Printing and Gun 
 
 powder have altered the face of the 
 
 World, 167, 2 79. 
 Prints in Taille- Douce, 256, &c. 289. 
 
 How they fupply Medals, ihtd. Who 
 
 have the bell Collections, 290, 291. 
 
 How they ajjift a Phyfiognormft, 335. 
 Priviledges, 51. 
 Procurators Monetarum, 7. 
 Prophamfs of feme Emperors, 31, 3*2. and 
 
 of //;<r French Kttrg'* Flatterers, 85. 
 Prcfeffton to chnfe, 332. 
 Prognoses, 306. 
 
 Propofers of ufefulThings, tho not at pre. 
 
 Jent certain, fhould not be difcottraged 
 
 and rejected, 1 56. 
 Proteftants and Reformed, 272. 
 Proverbs their Importance, 300. 
 Providenee admirable in the vatiety and 
 
 difference effaces, 336. 
 Punk, 5, 6. 
 Pyramids, 1. 
 
 Q. 
 
 QV/ESTOR, 14. 
 ^ Quadrans, 5. 
 Quadrigati, 14. 
 
 Quality, the four firft of the Peripatetics, 
 325, 32*. & feq. 
 
 Quatuor Maria Vindico, Med. 339. 
 
 Queen Ann, 104. Mary 91, 92, &c. 
 Elizabeth, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98. Queen 
 Ann, 1 ©4. Queen Mary, 106. Ca- 
 therine, 132. Mary, 152. 
 
 Quinarius, 6. 
 
 RAILLERT in Medals improper 
 and dangerous, 24, 25, 42. 
 Raleigh Sir Walter, 160. 
 Ratis, Vid. Ship. 
 
 Real Character of Bifhop Wilkins, 166. 
 
 Records by Medals, 243. See Revetfe. 
 
 Reformation of Money, 12. Vid. Mint. 
 
 Religion, hovr indangerd, 232. The Pro- 
 teftant Religion and Property afftrted 
 in a Coin cf Charles I. 112. 
 
 Reliques Popifli, 30, 64. 
 
 Refemblance of divers great Perfons one to 
 another, 336. 
 
 REVERSES of Greek and Roman 
 
 \ Medals full of Erudition, 3, 14, 15, 
 23,24. Cap. III. 48,^. The mo (I 
 Authentic Records and befl Commen- 
 taries, (herring the mojl renowned Ani- 
 ons of the Greek, efpecially the Roman 
 State ; Families, Names, Titles, Dig- 
 nities, Royal, ConfuJar, Imperial, Mi- 
 litary Offices, and Difcipline, Allo- 
 cutions,Armies,Legions,Enfigns,Sym- 
 bols, Weapons, Habillaments, Pro- 
 ceflions, Expeditions, Stations, Caftra- 
 metations, Naval Combats, Victo- 
 ries, Trophies, Triumphs, Crowns- 
 Rewards, Largeffes, Congiares, Bene, 
 factions, Privileges, Truces, Tributes, 
 RemiHions, Commerce, Confederates, 
 Cities,Co!onies, A mphitheatres,Thea- 
 ters, Thermos, Circus's, Hippodroms, 
 Naumachias, Fora, Portics, Columns, 
 Obelisks, Aqueducts, Bridges, Ha- 
 vens, Ways, and other fumptuous Edi- 
 fices , and pullick Works , efpecially, 
 Temples, Altars, Deities, Statues, Co- 
 lofliisj, Ludi, Pub. Spectacula, Vota, 
 Funeral Pomps, Confecrations, and 
 Apotheofes. In fnmm, The Religion, 
 Laws, Polity, &c. of the moft Heroic, 
 Learned, Wife, Profperous andAccom- 
 plifhed Monarchy in the World. 
 
 Reverfes prefent the figure of Exotic Ani- 
 mals, Inanimates, Vertues, Celeftia). 
 Signs, ana 1 give light to Hiilory, Chro- 
 nology, Geography, Critics, e&tf. 48- 
 ad 73 . and of the Modern, 73 ad ijj. 
 Vid. Infcriptions. 
 
 A a a Reverfe 
 
IN D E X, 
 
 Reveries without J nfcri prions, and Me- 
 dals without Revcrfes, 1 88. 215. 
 
 Reveries mo ft In ft r active, 250. 
 
 Revcrfes of the French King's Med. faul- 
 ty, 80, §?£. 
 
 Reflaurations, 116,127. 
 
 Revolutions, 156. 
 
 Richard III. little Coin of his, 21. 
 
 Robes, 26, 35, 48. 
 
 Rochel Expedition ' to Relieve , 106 , 
 107. 
 
 Romans difperfd their Wealth every where, 
 190, 198. Britain; 
 ■why not convey d away, 199. Roman 
 Empire delivered to Vefpafian, 35. 
 Emperors reprefented like the Gods, 
 32. Romans at prefent, their Chara- 
 cter, 318. 
 
 Rome, her Vermes and Succefs, 6. Con- 
 tinues its antient Name, 2 1 . 
 
 Roma Galeata, 14. Rome, and other 
 Cities and Countries expreffed in Me- 
 dals, 37. 
 
 Roman Pontifs pretended Title, 5 1 . Vid. 
 
 Donation. 
 Rofe Noble, 86. 
 
 Roti, and other excellent Medal-Sculp- 
 tors, 21, 28, 44, 47. Vid. Sculptors. 
 Royal Oak, vid. Oak. 
 
 Ruffs, when left off, fucceeded by Bands, 
 108. 
 
 Ruins, 70, 7 1 . Vid. Septizonium. 
 Ruffians Character, 311. 
 
 S. 
 
 QACERDOTAL Utenfils, 33. 
 
 k_, v Sackvill's Med. 100. 
 
 Saints, vid. CHRIST. 
 
 Sanguine, fee Temperament. 
 
 Saturn, 38,39- Vid. Noah. 
 
 Saturnalia, 23, 24. 
 
 B. Saviour's Effigies, 288. 
 
 Scaliger Jul skill 1 d in Phyfiognomy,303. 
 Conte(l with Cardan, 3 1 6. Seal. Jofeph. 
 Efleem of Medals, 71. Character of 
 Queen Elizabeth, 264. Cenfure on a 
 Medal of King James's, 101. 
 
 Scepter, 3 5, 58. and Spear, Symbols ofEm- 
 pire, ufed before Crowns, 29. 
 
 Schools of Antiquities and for Med. 65. 
 
 Scriptures abufed by the Pope, 55. 
 
 Sculps in Medals and Gems, vid. Ta- 
 lifmans, Taille-Douce. 
 
 Sculptors, and Sculpture in perfection, 
 Decay d, Revivd, 22,283. Vid. Ar- 
 chitects. 
 
 Second fight, 306. 
 
 Sea-Dominion ajferted, 85-. Security of 
 
 the Sea ajferted in Med. 87. 
 Semiflis, 5:. 
 
 Septizonium W <?f^r noble Ruins and 
 
 Antiquities, by whom demolijhed, yi. 
 Seftertius, 6, 7. 
 Sextans, 5. 
 Shekel, 18, 19. 
 
 Ships, Gallics, &c. 39. How long Stamp 'd 
 
 on the Roman Coin, ibid. 
 Shipping, 166. 
 Signatures, 296. 
 Siliqua, 8. 
 
 Silk-worms fir ft brought into Europe, 
 280. 
 
 Silver, when firfl ftamped and coined by the 
 
 Romans, 6, 14. 
 Simpulum, 48. 
 Siftrum, 6x. 
 
 Situation, and Clime how difpofing to the 
 Inclinations and Manners of People, 312, 
 313,322,^. Vid. Climat. 
 
 Slaves,23. Might not be Painters,9. How 
 Branded, 186. And Chofen, 303. 
 
 Society Royal, 16 7. 
 
 Socrates, 319. 
 
 Souls, whether any difference, 307. 
 Sovereignty of the Seas, 5 5-, 130, 135, 
 
 Spagynfls, 328. Vid. Principles. 
 Spain and Spaniards Character, eppofed to 
 
 the French, 3 1 5, 3 2 1. Invafion, 94. 
 Spanheim celebrated, 3, 242. & paflim. 
 Spear, 58, 63. Vid. Scepter. 
 Stamp or Die, 215. Vid. Taille-Douce, 
 
 Sculpture, Prints. 
 Stater, 14, 19. 
 
 Statues, 2,64,65,66, 67,68,69,70,284. 
 M. Angelos deceit, 2 1 7. Statues de- 
 molished, why, 68, 83. 
 
 StafF, 58. 
 
 Stirups, a new Invention, 55-. 
 Strangeways Col. Medal, 1 1 
 Strumpets and Mifles how pernicious, 266, 
 288. 
 
 Study, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Study, and Studious of Medals, -Aw to 
 
 be qualified, 240, 1.41, xf^ What 
 Authors to Confult, vid. Authors. 
 
 Studies and Arts Contemplative, and 
 Practical, who fucceed in heft, 320. 
 
 Sumptuary Laws expedient, vjf. 
 
 Sun, reprefenicd by a Stone, 62, 79. 
 
 Superftition,65. Where moft abounding,'/ i, 
 
 3 14. 
 
 Surnames Cognomina, &c. 1 81. 
 Swedes, Character, 3 1 1. gueen Chriftina, 
 
 287. 
 
 Swifs, Character, 311, 3 20 - r , 
 
 Symbols, of Deification, 39. Vertue 
 Vices, 59. Of Rivers, 60. 0/ King- 
 doms, Countries, Provinces, Colo- 
 nies, &c.6i, 63. 
 
 Symbola, 18, 56, 60, 63, <fr. Of Alli- 
 ance, 39. Vid. Emblem. 
 
 Symmetry, what it fignifies, 307. fid. 
 Beauty. 
 
 Synthefis, 14. 
 
 T. 
 
 TAILLE-DOUCE, %$6, 169, 
 289, 291. 
 
 Tachygraphy, 167, x^9- ^ Short- 
 hand. 
 
 Talifman, 42. Vid. Sculps. 
 
 Tapeftry in the Houfe 0/Peers, 1 59. 
 
 Tartar, Character, 311, 3 1 *- . 
 
 Telefcopes, W other Mathematical In- 
 flrurmnts, 280. 
 
 Temperament */ Body, W ft affects the 
 Mind, 317, p.6. Vid. Humor, 
 Conditution. 
 
 Temf crate Climats produce great and learn- 
 ed Men, 320. 
 
 Temple, Vid. Reverfes. 
 
 Teruntius, 5. 
 
 Theatre Oxon, 65. 
 
 Thoughts, how to dif cover, 339. 
 
 Tin, Block-Tin, 215. 
 
 Title, fee Infcriptions. Lofty Titles 
 fetted by the French, 179- Titles > / *" 
 &c. 1 8 3 , 1 84. MwW and un- 
 defined, ibid. Title to Dominion of 
 
 the Seas, 130,135, 136,139. /^.So- 
 vereignty. Titles dnd Claims afferted 
 by Medals, 51. 
 Tokens, 1 6. 
 
 Trajan, why calledUetba Parietaria,i8o. 
 
 His Column, 5-4, 162. Margin. 
 Travellers, 263, 278. 
 Treofon Gun-povvder, 76. 
 Treafurer, 1 4. Vid. Qu^ftor, Mint. 
 Triens, 5. 
 Trigati, 14, 
 
 Triumviri Monetarii, 14. Marked the 
 
 three Metals, 13. 
 Triple Crown, 34, 35". 
 Triple League, 99. 
 Triumphal Arches, 71,72,- 
 Turcifm and Atheifm advancing apace in 
 
 England, 132. 
 Turkifli Coins of what Ufe, 94. 
 Twins how refembling, and others {not 
 
 Twins) of dijiant Countries, 336. 
 Typography, 279. 
 Tyranny, 314. 
 Tyrants, 12, 183. 
 
 VAILLAtif, Learned Mcdalift, 
 28,47. 
 
 Varillas, would not be painted, 291. 
 Venetians, Character, 311,318. 
 Venus, 56. 
 
 Vernifhes of Med. 212. 
 Vertue, not always in the moft beautiful, 
 308. 
 
 Vertue and Vice attributed to the Cli- 
 mate, 322. 
 Vermes Cardinal, 331, 333. 
 Veftibula and Porches, how adorned, 54. 
 Victorian, 14. 
 
 Victories famous of the Englilh worthy 
 Medals, 159. And to be painted, vid© 
 Picture. 
 
 Virgin Mary, 288. Vid. Saints. 
 Voadicia, 22. 
 
 Voice, what it fignifies in Phyfiog. H5> 
 
 337- 
 Urinators, z8i. 
 
 WALES 
 
1 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 WALES Princes, vid. Prince. 
 War with Holland, 160. 
 Watches and Clocks, 281 . 
 Weaving Machine, 163. 
 Weight fl/Med, and Money, 56, 2x3, 
 
 2-30, 2,37. Vid. Mint. 
 William III. his Medal, 156. 
 Wilkins Bijhop Real Chara&er, and bis 
 
 onn, 166, 34I. 
 Winds, 317. 
 Witches, 3 ox. 
 
 Wine moderately ufed, its noble Effects, 
 
 319, 330. 
 Wolfey Cardinal, y?<rw/>W Money, 12. 
 Women Learned, vid. Ladies. 
 
 Wreck, •Treafttre taken out of it, Med. 
 Wren Sir Chriftopher, 40, i6z. 
 
 y. 
 
 Y°^^ Duke. 
 
 Z. 
 
 t^ODIAC, 61. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 PAG. ?9- line a. read Mythical, p. 105. 1. i.dcte 
 the K>ng on Horftbacl^, p. 343. L ult. r. Sy- 
 racufes, p. 1 1 8. Med. XLL fliould be XL: and placed 
 above the other. 
 
 p i *C i s. 
 
t 
 
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