Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Getty Research Institute https://archive.org/details/descriptionofvie00burf_30 ROYAL, PANORAMA LEICESTER SQUARE THE CITY OF BETWEEN REVOLTED SEPOYS HER MAJESTY'S TROOPS AND THE ALSO LUCKNOW WITH ITS MAGNIFICENT PALACE AND SURROUNDING SCENERY AND W. J. Golboubn, Printer, Princes Street, Leicester Square, \ BANK OF DEPOSIT - NATIONAL ASSURANCE AND INVESTMENT ASSOCIATION, No. 3, PALL-MALL EAST, LONDON.—S.W. (HEAD OFFICE); No. 2, ST. ANDREW SQUARE, EDINBURGH ; No. 202, UNION STREET, ABERDEEN ; No. 8, CHERRY STREET, BIRMINGHAM ; No. 9, PAVILION BUILDINGS, BRIGHTON; No. 6*, HIGH STREET, LEWES; No. 9, WESTMORELAND STREET, DUBLIN. Established, May 1841. U R F O R 1), IIENRY CL SELOUS AND ASSISTANTS, From Drawings bg Captain Robert Smith, R.E, iUmtron: PRINTED BY W. J. GOLBOURN, G, PRINCES STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE PRICE SIXPENCE. 1858. ' DELHI. Delhi, the nominal, and for a long period the actual capital of Hindostan, and the residence of the Mogul sovereigns, the trophy and bulwark of Ismalism, and a dangerous memento of past ages of conquest and splendor, is one of the largest and most picturesque of the native cities of India. But far above its other claims to notice, it has of late attained a most un¬ enviable notoriety and painful interest, from having been the centre of a mighty conspiracy to overturn the British Empire in the East, and to exterminate, without any exception, every Christian in India; and in furtherance of such object, has been the scene of the most fearful crimes and revolting cruelties that the most atrocious and diabolical natures could conceive—the dreadful but just retribution for which, that has been so quickly inflicted on the perpetrators, forms the principal subject of the present Panorama. The view is taken from the esplanade on the south-west of the palace, looking towards the city, in the north-east corner of which it is situated. In this extensive spot, which forms the whole foreground of the picture, is represented one of those terrific encounters between the British troops and the mutineers, that were of daily, indeed almost hourly occurrence, during the time that intervened from the assault to the final occupation of the whole city—a fearful spectacle of carnage and the horrors of war, as well as a faithful and vivid picture of many interesting incidents and sanguinary single-handed encounters, which, although they did not actually take place at the precise time, or on the exact spot, have, with an artist’s licence, been introduced to give greater spirit and effect to the scene. In one part are seen the Sepoys, sullen and savage, with the reckless¬ ness of men who feel that they must either succeed or perish, presenting a bold front against the well-sustained volleys of their assailants; in other parts, where the conflict has become too hot to allow time for loading, the bayonet is carrying all before it, or the clubbed musket is, in the words of the Duke of Wellington, “ doing bludgeon work.” In the general melee are seen Sikhs, with their natural impetuosity, cutting down all who oppose them, and the hardy little Ghoorkas of Major Reid’s division, undoubtedly the best and bravest of the Native troops, allowing no Pandy to escape their long knives. In every direction the Sepoys, although fighting with the ferocity of wild beasts, their eyes scowling hatred and fanaticism, are giving way before the cool courage and stern determination of their opponents; the wretches who knew no mercy have none shown 4 to them, and fall by hundreds, mingling their foul blood with that of Some of the best and bravest of their foes, who fell in one of the noblest struggles that ever consecrated warfare. Half-distracted women are seen mingling in the fight, in the vain hope of saving some beloved husband or relative, and affrighted children are seen running wildly here and there, but unmolested, for they were everywhere respected and saved; the British soldier fought to the death against the ravisher and the murderer, but even in the heat of revenge, respected women and children. Beyond the immediate scene of action, fugitives are seen escaping from the city, their elephants and camels heavily laden with hastily-collected property, and bodies of cavalry and artillery advancing to the fight; whilst on the extreme left H. M.’s 61st foot, assisted by H. M.’s 60th Rifles, are assaulting the Lahore gate of the palace. On the one side the view is bounded by the lofty and elegant gates of the palace, with the intervening curtain and towers, the prevailing dusky hue of which is agreeably relieved by the rich foliage of a number of nym trees in front of them. In the opposite direction are seen the three principal streets, stretching as far as the eye can reach, above the ruined and shattered bouses of which rise the domes and minarets of many mosques, the most conspicuous being the Jumma Musjid, the largest and most beautiful of the Mabomedan temples of India. Inderput, or ancient Delhi, according to Hindoo tradition, was founded by Dela, more than three hundred years before the Christian Era, or by Yudisthira, who is said to have died about the year 3101 b.c. In its glory it is said to have extended over upwards of twenty square miles of country, and to have contained more than two millions of inhabitants: and the surprising collection of ruins still extant bear ample testimony to its evident grandeur and prosperity, as the capital of the greatest Hindoo sovereigns, long before the invasion of India by the followers of Mahomet, bv whom it was taken, the last King being slain by the Sultan Baber, in 1525, who then ascended the throne, and founded the Mogul Empire. Akbar, his successor, fixed the empire on a firm basis, and for some years during bis reign the city enjoyed the greatest prosperity and tranquillity ever known. Jehanghire, the son of Akbar, deposed his father in 1605, and after a reign of twenty-five years was succeeded by bis grandson, Shah Jehan, who shortly after erected the new or present city of Delhi, or, as it is called by the natives, Shahjehanabad. Many of the principal inhabitants at once removed into it; others followed, to be near the court and markets, so that the old city became neglected and unsafe, and was shortly after altogether abandoned. In the reign of the great Aurungzebe, who dethroned his father and assumed the crown, the new city became one of the richest and finest in India, but it very shortlv was much impoverished by repeated wars with the Mabrattas; and at his death, in 1708, the fierce wars amongst bis family for the succession, caused a general revolt through the whole kingdom, which for nearly half-a-century was laid waste by the Mabrattas, Ttohillas, and other tribes. Thus, by the invasions of foreign foes, and the destruction caused byjjihe mercenary troops whose aid had been called in 5 to repel them, and who committed every sort of plunder and violence, desolation and ruin seemed to threaten the city on all sides, and it became a mere skeleton of its former greatness, and from one of the richest, sunk to almost the poorest of the cities of India. During this period of rapid dismemberment, the British laid the foundation of their vast empire. In 1739, Nadir Shah, with the Persians, who invaded the country, not so much for the purpose of conquest as to enrich himself by plunder, took the city, and slew upwards of two hundred thousand of its inhabitants. His army, who were fifty-eight days in Delhi, committed every species of cruelty to extort contributions; and it is said the amount of plunder carried away exceeded eight or nine millions sterling, in coined money, together with jewels, plate, rich goods, &c., to the amount of twenty millions more. Ahmed Shah again plundered the city seventeen years subsequently, as did Abdalha, King of Candahar, in 1701. After the battle of Assaye and the fall of Alighur in the Maliratta War, the celebrated Holka besieged the city with an army of seventy thousand men, in 1804, Lieut.-Col. Ochterbury, at that time British resident, and Colonel Burn, Commandant of the Garrison, in the most gallant manner holding the walls for several days, with a very weak and insufficient force of native troops, until the arrival of Lord Lake’s army, thereby securing to the British a stronghold from which it would have been difficult to dislodge the foe, had he gained possession. The ancient dynasty was then restored, in the person of Akbar II., the lineal descendant of the great Tamerlane, who, under the protection of the British Government, ascended a nominal throne, and was treated with the same outward ceremonials of respect and submission, as when he was lord of half the Indies, instead of his dominions being bounded by the walls of the palace, and liis only revenue that allowed by the East India Company, of fourteen lacs of rupees annually. From this time the city has been in the hands of the British, and has recovered somewhat of its former importance, being one of the principal channels of the Oriental trade with the western w T orld, as well as being celebrated for several of its own manufactures. It was also the largest magazine of military stores in the north-western provinces of India. The fearful insurrection, which has no parallel in the whole history of our relations with the East, and which burst upon the Government like a thunder-clap, has been of such recent occurrence, that its dreadful aud harrowing details are well known to all. Disaffection had for some time been smouldering amongst the Mahomedan and Hindoo Sepoys of the Bengal army, especially since the annexation of Oude, and a proclamation had been ; extensively circulated by the former, drawing attention to a prophecy “ that the reign of the Feringhis in the East would cease on the 23rd June, 1857, precisely a century from the battle of Plassey, and the followers of the Prophet once more gain the ascendancy.” A well-laid plan of military revolt had been concocted, in which several of the highest chiefs were implicated, and a secret and rapid communication was kept up to all parts by means of symbols, charpatty cakes, lotus flowers, &c., and a favorable 6 opportunity was anxiously waited for, which was shortly after furnished by the introduction of the Enfield rilie and greased cartridge, by which the Hindoos were led to believe they were to be tricked into becoming Christians. Eighty-five men of the 3rd Native Cavalry who had refused to use these cartridges, at Meerut, were on the 9th of May publicly stripped of their uniforms, fettered, and taken to the common gaol, to undergo an imprisonment of ten years, pursuant to the sentence of a court-martial passed upon them, when, on the following afternoon, whilst the British troops were at church, it being Sunday, the 3rd Cavalry broke into open mutiny, murdered Colonel Finnis and their other officers, and having been joined by the 11th and 20th Native Infantry, proceeded to liberate their comrades, together with some twelve hundred felons, the very dregs of society, from the gaol. They then commenced a most ferocious and indiscriminate attack on all Europeans, men, women, and children, whom they treated with the most horrible and revolting bar¬ barities, until, as night advanced, sated with blood, and not caring to face the British troops who had by that time assembled, they left the city and took the road to Delhi. Brigadier Graves, who commanded the military in Delhi, strange to say, had not a single European soldier under his command, excepting the officers of three native regiments, and a few men employed at the Magazine; the pensioned descendant of the Great Mogul, with a titular sovereignty, reigned supreme in the city, which was strongly fortified, and contained ordnance stores and treasure to a vast amount, British property, •which, to gratify Mussulman pride, had of late years been wholly confided to the care of a native garrison, at that time consisting of the 38th, 54th, and 74th Regiments of Infantry, and the 3rd Company of the 7th Battalion of Native Foot Artillery. On the approach of the mutineers, Brigadier Graves ordered the gates to be closed, paraded what troops were within the walls, and marched out by the Cashmere gate to meet them. At a short distance he encountered the 3rd Cavalry, on whom the 54th, who led the van, was ordered by their colonel to fire, which they did, into the air, and then divided into two ranks, leaving their officers exposed to the cavalry, by whom they were immediately cut down. All discipline was now at an end. The soldiers returned into the city, and a fearful work of destruction began. Brigadier Graves retired to the Flagstaff Tower, where he was joined by all who could effect their escape from the city ; those who were unfortunate enough to fall into the hands of the rebels, were remorselessly murdered— the most revolting outrages and unheard of barbarities being perpetrated, especially on the women and children. For three days the city was a scene of plunder, bloodshed, and excesses of the most fearful character. By that time every European was supposed to have been sacrificed, it being the avowed determination of both Hindoos and Mahomedans wholly to exterminate the hated Christians. Then it was they resolved to strengthen their position against any force assembling for their destruction. For this they had ample means, having found in the city a large siege train, and stores of every description in abundance, although the principal magazine was prevented falling into their hands by 7 an heroic act of self-devotion. They also elected the titular sovereign King of Delhi, and being shortly joined by several other mutinous regiments, became a well-organized and fully appointed army of at least twenty thousand men, each day increasing by fresh arrivals. General Barnard arrived before Delhi on the 8th of June with a small force, hastily collected, and partly composed of native troops, on whom but little dependance could at that time be placed. On his march he defeated a large body of the enemy, which had been sent to oppose him, and then took up a position partly in the old cantonments, behind some rising ground, varying from twelve to fifteen hundred yards from the walls, on the northern side of the city, thereby securing communication with the Punjaub, whence supplies and reinforcements were to be drawn. Here the army remained during three of the most inclement months of the year, waiting for the siege train and more troops, certainly not inactive, for scarcely a day passed without a sortie being made, and fighting was almost incessant. The defence was more obstinate and skilful than was anticipated, consequently no assault could take place, and as the troops were too few to make a regular investment of the place, the enemy continued in full communication with the open country, and were constantly receiving supplies of men and material, whilst those which arrived iu the camp but little more than replaced the losses by war and sickness. During this interval, General Barnard died from an attack of cholera, and Major-General Reid, who succeeded him, was compelled by sickness to retire. Brigadier-General Wilson, on whom the command then devolved, had the honor of bombarding and taking the city, and proved by his skilful arrangements that he was fully equal to the task. At length, early in September, the long-expected siege train began to make its appearance, and other reinforcements daily arrived, so that by the 8th of the month the effective force was estimated at six thousand five hundred Infantry, one thousand Cavalry, and six hundred Artillery, Natives and Europeans, with a powerful array of guns and mortars. As the guns arrived, no time was lost in getting them into position and opening fire, which was accomplished during the nights of the 8th, 9th, and 10th, under a constant fire from the walls, and the annoyance of several sorties. The front attacked, consisted of the Moree, Cashmere, and Water Bastions, and the curtains connecting them, on the northern side of the city; and the batteries were advanced to within six hundred yards of the walls—indeed, one under cover of the buildings of the old Custom House, to within one hundred and eighty yards of the Water Bastion. On the morning of the 11th, at day-break, a general and furious cannonade and bombardment was opened simultaneously from the four batteries, which were heavily armed with about fifty guns and mortars, and was continued night and day until the 14th, to whioh the enemy most ably replied, even after all their guns on the battlements were silenced, from a large gun they had brought to bear through a hole in the wall of the curtain, with rockets from the Martello towers, and a furious storm of musketry from au advanced trench they had thrown out on their right. 8 The bastions having been sufficiently demolished to prevent the guns being worked, and two practical breaches effected in the connecting curtains, the storming took place at day-break on the morning of the 14th, the blowing-in of the Cashmere gate being the signal for the general assault. This duty was most gallantly performed by the officers and men who had devoted their lives to the purpose, and the troops rushed in with a resistless torrent, overcoming a strenuous opposition from the enemy’s Infantry, and several pieces of heavy artillery that had been brought to bear on the different points. The storming party was formed into four columns and a reserve. The first column, under Brigadier-General Nicholson, composed of three hundred men of H.M.’s 75th Begiment, two hundred of the 1st Bengal Fusiliers, and four hundred and fifty of the Punjaub Infanty, carried the breach on the proper right of the Cashmere gate, under cover of H.M.’s 60th Rifles, 1st Battalion. The second column, commanded by Brigadier Jones, composed of two hundred and fifty men from H.M.’s 8th Regiment, two hundred and fifty of the 2nd Bengal Fusiliers, and three hundred and fifty of the 4th Regiment of Sikhs, also covered by the 00th Rifles, stormed the breach on the proper left of the Water Bastion, in a most gallant and successful manner. The third column, commanded by Colonel Campbell, composed of two hundred of H.M.’s 52nd Light Infantry, two hundred and fifty of the Kemaoon Battalion, and five hundred of the 1st Punjaub Infantry, entered by the Cashmere gate directly on its being blown open ; and the reserve, commanded by Brigadier Longfield, composed of two hundred and fifty of H.M.’s 61st Regiment, four hundred and fifty of the 4th Rifles, three hundred of the Beelooch Battalion, three hundred of the Jheend Rajah’s Auxiliaries, and two hundred of H.M.’s 60th Rifles, who joined after the assault had been effected, subsequently entered at various parts of the assault, occupying posts, and thus enabling the other three columns to clear the walls and push forward into the city. The fourth column, commanded by Major C. Reid, about a thousand strong, consisting of the Sirmoor Battalion, the Guides, Dogras, Ghoorkas, &c., supported by the Auxiliary Troops of the Maharajah Rumbier Singh, under Captain R. Lawrence, were to have attacked the enemy’s strong position in the suburbs of Ivissengunge, and then to have carried and entered the city by the Lahore gate; but the strength of the position, and the determined opposition offered by the enemy, withstood all their efforts. The two first columns immediately"ascended the walls, and successfully swept the ramparts from the Cashmere to the Caubul gates, occupying the bastions and defences, capturing the guns, and driving the enemy before them. In the mean time, Colonel Campbell, with the 3rd division, advanced into the city by one of the main streets, towards the Jumma Musjid, with the intention of occupying that post; but meeting with strong opposition from the great concentration of the enemy on the spot, and from a most galling fire of musketry from the neighbouring houses, he found it prudent to retire. The base for future operations being established in the neighbourhood of the Cashmere gate, the church, college, and the adjacent buildings were occupied as head quarters and by the troops. 9 The advance was at first somewhat slow, being retarded by the usual licence of the army, which invariably accompanies an assault on a large city, and by the vast stores of spirits found in the part of the town first assaulted; but order was very soon restored. Whether the spirits and wine were the produce of plunder brought in by the sepoys, and placed for their use during the siege, or whether the result of deep strategy on the part of the mutineers, as is most probable, the common love of liquor by Europeans, as well as Sikhs, Glioorkas, and Affghans being well known, has not been ascertained; and the result might have been fearful, had not the anxious and unremitting care of the officers, and the high state of discipline of the British soldiers, soon put an end to these excesses. On the 16th the Magazine was shelled and taken by assault, and on the following day, the strong buildings of the Bank were captured, giving our guns—including fifty-five taken on the works, and a hundred and seventy-one found in the Magazine—complete command for the first time over the palace, Selimghur, and the bridge, on which a constant fire of shells was opened. On the 19th the Buree bastion was assaulted and taken, and the Lahore gate occupied; and on the following morning the Aijmere gate and earthwork were found to be deserted. During this time an unceasing and heavy fire was kept up with a most destructive effect on all the portions of the city occupied by the enemy. Street by street the rebels contested every foot of ground with a courage and determination worthy a better cause, combining organization with the resolution of despair; cannon were placed wherever they could be brought to bear, and belched forth showers of grape, whilst a constant fusillade was kept up from the houses ; but nothing could withstand the courage of the British, they fought to avenge their fallen countrymen— they fought to avenge cruelties, worse than death, practised on women and children; they understood no mercy, the bayonet did good service, and for every drop of blood wantonly shed, thousands were exacted; post after post was carried, and by 5 o’clock, p.m., on the 20th, the palace, Selimghur, and the whole of the city were in the hands of the victorious army. Thus ended this memorable siege, every event of which established most conspicuously the arduous character of the operations undertaken. The entire British force, at the time of the assault, did not number five ,i thousand men, many of whom had been exposed to the fatigues of unremitting warfare for three months; the garrison out-numbered them four to one, and were the very pith of the mutiny, sustained by the inexhaustible resources of a fortified arsenal, with stores of cannon and an ! unlimited supply of the munitions of war; upwards of twenty-five thousand men, not composed of loose bodies of insurgents, or of rebels without organization or cohesion, but of the best and most disciplined of the native army, who had marched by battalions to the head quarters of revolt, and I who were ready to fight to the death, with the guilt of murder on their I heads, their hands reeking with the blood of women and children; and i they exhibited on all occasions a degree of intelligence and skill, which i proved how greatly they had benefitted by the instructions they had received from their British officers. The enormous price paid for the 1 capture of the city, however, clouds for a while the glory of the triumph, 10 During the assault, sixty officers fell killed or wounded, and one thousand one hundred and seventy-eight men were put hors de combat, and in the previous three months’ siege, upwards of two hundred officers and four thousand men were killed or severely wounded. The number of the enemy who were killed, for no prisoners were made, is not, nor, perhaps, ever can be known, but it must have been enormous. Delhi stands on a low rocky range, on the right bank of an offset of the river Jumna, and within a very short distance of the river itself. It is built in a semicircular form, and covers a space of more than three square miles. With the exception of the side bordering the water, it is surrounded by a strong wall of red sand-stone 24 feet in height, and about 12 feet in thickness, excepting towards the top, which is a mere parapet, not more than 3 feet in thickness. This wall, at the time the city was first taken possession of by the British, was in a very ruinous state, but was shortly after thoroughly repaired, and new fortifications were planned and executed by Capt. G. Hutchinson, of the Bengal Engineers, and after him by Capt. R. Smith of the same corps, nearly as they now stand; the ground was also cleared from ruins, and several ravines filled up. Lord Auckland also had extensive repairs executed in 1838, making the whole as strong as an irregular fortification of such extent could well be. Along the whole enceinte are a series of bastions, with regular faces of flanks of masonry, and properly cut embrasures, each mounting nine large guns; also Martello towers at intervals, accessible only by drawbridges from the walls, each mounting a long gun on a pivot, also bringing the foot of the walls under fire of musketry. Outside the wall is a very wide berm, and then a ditch, 16 feet deep, and 20 feet wide, with a steep escarp and counterscarp, the latter unrevetted, the former revetted with stone, and 8 feet in height. A good sloping glacis also covers the lower 10 feet of the wall from all attempts of distant batteries. The side to the water is but badly defended, the walls of the palace, and the terraces of the gardens of the houses of some of the omrahs, covered by the guns of the old fort of Selimghur, forming its only security. There are seven principal gates, each indicating by its name the direction to which it leads; as the Delhi, Lahore, Aijmere, Caubul, Turkoman, Mohur and Cashmere Gates. There are also four minor ones, towards the water. The space within the walls is not entirely covered by buildings, there being several large gardens, amongst them, that of the Begums is of very considerable extent. The two principal streets extend from the two gates of the palace to the Lahore and Delhi gates of the city. The first, called Chandni-choult, is three-quarters of a mile in length, and ninety feet in breath; it contains the principal shops, and was the favorite promenade. Down the centre is a small raised aqueduct of red sand-stone flowing with water from the canal, the sides of which were formerly planted with trees, which have now mostly disappeared. The second street is similar, but somewhat longer, but the buildings and shops are much inferior. The remaining streets, with few exceptions, are narrow, tortuous, and very badly paved, but are still much better than those of most Indian towns. n Delhi contains, besides the Jumma Musjid, about forty mosques; they are mostly small, and unworthy notice, some few are handsome, and, being kept in good repair, their lofty and elegant minarets and gilded domes form conspicuous ornaments to the city; they are nearly all built on the same plan, and differ only in size and material. There are many Hindoo temples, but they are small and mean, the Hindoos in general being very poor. Inhere is also one very handsome Christian church. The houses are not built according to any general plan, but at the caprice or taste of the owners. The older palaces are mostly very ruinous, having been plundered by the Mahrattas, and never repaired ; the families of the princes and omrahs, their founders, are nearly all extinct, those few that remain being mere hangers-on to the court of a feeble and powerless king, the last of his race that will be permitted to bear the empty title, or sit on the shadow of the throne of the Great Mogul. Many handsome and commodious houses have been erected by the English in the neighbourhood of the residency, but most of the Europeans had bungalows on the heights, and on the road leading from the Cashmere gate to the cantonments. According to the latest estimate, the number of houses was 25,618, of which 9,945 were shops; they are mostly one-storied buildings, very few indeed being above two stories in height. Some are of stone, but in general they are brick, stuccoed, and painted of some gay color; some have a remarkable appearance, from being built in alternate stripes of red sand-stone and white marble; the meaner houses are of wattled bamboos, covered with mud. The fixed population, according to the last census (1849), was 137,977 souls, of whom 327 only were Christians, and 66,120 were Mahomedans, being many more in proportion to the Hindoos, than is to be found in any other Indian city, the Hindoos numbering 71,530. To this number may be added the populations of the thirteen villages that compose the suburbs, 22,302, making the total 160,279. The great commercial advantages, however, that Delhi enjoyed, from its central position, as the chief mart of the western provinces, made it the resort of merchants and petty traders, who at certain periods were so numerous as to swell the population to nearly double its usual amount. Since 1849 the number of inhabitants has somewhat increased, and at the outbreak of the revolt was estimated at 180,000 which may be taken as the correct number in the city during the siege; for although numbers fled with their families to less troubled localities, and many thousands were killed, yet the loss was fully compensated for by the daily influx of troops and people from the adjacent towns and villages. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE. No. 1 .—Mussulman Burying Place. Nadir Shah took Delhi from the Emperor Mahomed III in 1739. After the conquest a report was raised that Nadir was dead, and the inhabitants suddenly rose, and killed several of his soldiers ; when quiet was restored, Nadir ordered a general massacre of the inhabitants of the city, which his troops but too willingly executed. The carnage commenced at sunrise, and lasted until noon, when, on the intercession of the un¬ fortunate Emperor, it ceased; in which time, about 120,000 persons are said to have perished, most of whose bodies were deposited in this ground. A gate, leading from the ground to a small bazaar, in commemoration of the event, still retains the title of “ Slaughter Gate.’’ During the taking of the city on this occasion, and by the massacre, Delhi lost 200,000 of its inhabitants. No. 2 .—Zeenoo t- Ool-Nissan , Musjid, The “ Ornament of Women ’’ Mosque was founded by the daughter of the celebrated Arungzebe, and rivals in beauty, but not in size, the Jumma Musjid. It stands on a terrace, overlooking the river Jumna, and is built of red sand-stone laid with white marble, and is, in all its details, a very elegant building. No. 3.—Delhi Street , One of the principal streets of the city. It leads in a straight line from the Delhi gate of the palace, to a gate, similarly named, opening on the remains of the ancient city. It is about a mile in length, and about ninety feet in breadth. The houses on either side, which are mostly second rate shops, are rarely above one story in height, and have rather a mean appearance. Down the centre of the street, runs an aqueduct of red stone, which is well supplied with delicious water from the canal, a noble work, constructed at the sole cost of Ali Murdaun Khan, a Persian noble, in the service of Shah Jeban. 'The water is taken from the Jumna, about a hundred and twenty miles above Delhi, where, being near its source, it is pure and wholesome, and falls into that river again a little below the city, after having, in its windings, flowed through a channel one hundred and eighty miles in length, in some places cut through the solid rock, and in a stream thirty-five feet w r ide and thirty feet deep, giving fertility to a vast extent of country on its banks, and being the sole source of vegetation to the gardens of Delhi, as well as furnishing the inhabitants with the only drinkable water within their reach, that of the .Tumna and the wells being so strongly impregnated with natron as to be most unpalatable. During the troubles on the decay of the Mogul empire, this noble work fell into decay and became choked up ; Loid Hastings had it completely restored, at the cost of twenty-five thousand pounds, much to the delight of the inhabitants. No. 4 .—Moxuffer Khan Roushun-ud-Doivlah Musjid. The Sonora, or Golden Mosque, so named from having three copper gilt domes. It stands in the Delhi Street, arid was erected in 1721. It is a pretty building, but its chief interest lies in its having been the spot whence Nadir Shall witnessed, from the gallery of one of the minarets, the slaughter of the inhabitants, coolly smoking his hookha and praising Ali, 13 No. 5,—Cashmere Musjid, A small but elegant structure, in a state of decay and fast falling into ruins. All the mosques are built upon tie same plan, and are in general very plain, They have usually two lofty minarets. No. 8. — Kali's Bazaar , A small bazaar or market. From the right-hand corner of the bazaar, the middle dis¬ tance is occupied by a range of shops, one of which is occupied by a dealer in dried cow dung, which is sold by weight, and is used for fuel, wood being extremely scarce in Pelhi, No. 9 .—Jumma Musjid. This splendid mosque, one of the finest and most perfect specimens of the Arabic Byzantine style of architecture, and the most superb temple of Mahomedan worship in India, is the admiration of all who behold it. It stands on a small rocky eminence, nearly in the centre of the city, and of sufficient height to allow the whole building to be seen from a distance, above the surrounding houses. The platform, which is thirty feet above the general level, forms a square court, of four hundred and fifty feet each way, and is paved with fine red stone. On each of three sides it is entered by large handsome gateways, approached from below by noble flights of steps ; the remaining portions of the sides having open arched arcades, with light octagonal pavilions at the angles, and at convenient distances, the whole being of red stone, with the exception of the domes of the pavilions, which are of white marble. On the fourth or west side, stands the rnosque, which is said to have been erected from Shah Jehan’s own designs, and which, for imposing grandeur, magnitude, and the richness of its materials, is un¬ surpassed by any similar structure in India. It is of an oblong form, two hundred and sixty-one feet in length, and is entered, from a broad flight of several steps, by a mag- njficent Gothic arch in the centre, and five smaller ones on each side, occupying the whole front of the building, there being also similar arches at the ends; these are all open, but are provided with screens or curtains, used when necessary. The whole is of red sand.stone and white marble, in alternate stripes, which has a singular, but by no means unpleasing appearance. Along the cornice, above the arches, are ten compart¬ ments of white marble, inlaid with inscriptions from the Koran, in the Nuskhi character, in black marble. Many other parts are also richly carved and profusely ornamented, and the whole is surmounted by an elegant egg-shaped central dome, of large demensions, having similar but smaller ones on either side, all three being of white marble, striped with black, and each being crowned with the elegant shaped ornament called cullus , and gilded secra or spire. Two small minarets are placed one at each side of the central portion of the building, and at each extremity of the farjade is a lofty and very elegant minaret of red stone, striped with white, having three projecting galleries, and being crowned by a light octagon pavilion of white marble. The whole interior of the building is lined with white marble, richly sculptured, and the pulpit and kibla are of the same material, beautifully carved. On great occasions the whole is covered with a profusion of rich Persian carpets, on which no Christian is allowed to tread ; but at others, the whole rvas open to inspection, the only exception being the galleries of the minarets, which command a view of the interior of the private court of the harem of the palace. In the centre of the outer quadrangle, is a large marblo reservoir of water for the religious ablutions of the moslems. It is supplied, by some very complicated machinery, from a well of great depth, sunk in the solid rock by Shah Jehan, and recently repaired, at a great outlay, by the British Government. This beautiful work was commenced by Shah Jehan, in the fourth year of his reign, and employed several thousand men six years to complete, costing, it is estimated, above one hundred thousand pounds sterling, about one-fourth of the sum it would have cost in 1 urope. The whole was substantially repaired in 1851, by order of the Govern¬ ment. 14 Col. Campbell, with the third column of attack, advanced from the Cashmere gate on the I4th, by one of the main streets, through the Durwaza bazaar and the Begums Bagh or garden, to the Chandni-chouk, with the intention of occupying the Jumma Musjid, which, from its elevation and central position, would have been an important post; but he found that the gates were closed and the side arches bricked up, and having no artillery nor bags of powder, and the enemy being concentrated in vast num¬ bers in the mosque and the adjoining houses, from which they poured a most galling fire of musketry, he was at last, after having been severely wounded, compelled to retire. The mosque was subsequently shelled, and finally taken on the 20th, with but very little opposition. No. 12.— Chandni-chouk. Silver Street, or the street of the silversmiths, is the principal street of Delhi. It runs in a straight line from the Palace gate to the Lahore gate of the city, a distance of three quarters of a mile, and is above ninety feet in breadth, having an aqueduct down the centre, planted on either side with trees. The bouses are larger, more regular, and of better elevation generally than in other parts ; but their ruined and dilapidated con¬ dition, at present, bear ample testimony to the vigour and precision with which the iron storm had been directed and maintained against them. The best and richest shops were in this street, but they never made much external show ; the traders in a city where property was so uncertain, not caring no exhibit too much to excite the cupidity of their unprincipled rulers. The Lahore gate, at the farthest end of the street, is a handsome and well-defended structure, it was to have been carried by Major C. Reid’s division ; but the strength of the gate and the determined opposition of the enemy in the immediate suburbs rendered the attack abortive. Beyond the gate on the north-west is a range of rocky hills, from which the greater part of the fine red sand or free stone, used for the buildings, was quarried. A fine red granite is also found in the hills more to the southward. The Chandni-chouk was, before tbe mutiny, the fashionable promenade of Delhi, and, in fine weather, presented a splendid, curious, and interesting spectacle, from the num¬ ber, variety, and magnificence of the different costumes of the various tribes. Elephants with earrings of gold and anclets of silver,covered with gergeous trappings, and bearing state howdahs, in which some native prince reclined ; camels richly caparisoned ; palan¬ quins of every shape and size, with coverings resplendent with scarlet cloth and embroidery ; and ruts or native carriages drawn by bullocks, together with hundreds of horsemen, rich Mahomedans, and Hindoos, with numerous trains of attendants and followers, with punkahs of silk or kincob and chowries of peacocks’ feathers ; added to these were groups of Nautch girls, dancing, snake-charmers and jugglers performing their extraordinary deceptions, and a multitude of vendors of drinks, &c. A more busy and exciting scene seldom met the eye, whilst at the same time the ear was saluted by tbe trumpetings of the elephants, the bellowings of the camels and bullocks, the incessant clamour of the hurkarus, chobdars, &c., and the everlasting beating of the tom tom, or Indian drum. No. 14 .—Street leading to the Cashmere Gate , The third of the principal streets of Delhi; but neither so long, so straight, nor so well built as the two before mentioned. It is much to be regretted that a portion of tbe city so important and so interesting as that to which this street leads could not be seen from the point of view at which the panorama was taken. It leads to the Cashmere gate, the principal and holy gate of the city, opening to the road to the cantonments and the British camp, on the borders of which were situated the bungalows of most of the Euro¬ pean residents, previous to the outbreak. The gate was strongly fortified some few years back, under the direction of Captain Smith, of the Bengal Engineers, who has displayed both taste and skill in the work. The blowing-in this gate on the first assault of the city, by Lieutenants Horne and Salkeld and their brave companions, was one of the most heroic and gallant actions of the attack, and will bear comparison with any such act of self-devotion on record. 15 In the immediate vicinity of the gate are also several other buildings of considerable interest, amongst them may be named the English church, a very handsome structure, with a noble dome and two towers, which was erected by the munificence of Lieu¬ tenant-Colonel James Skinner, of the Company’s Irregular Cavalry, at a cost of twenty thousand pounds, having near it the house of the same gallant officer and the British residency, which formed bead-quarters on the first occupation of the city. Also the Magazine, memorable for another remarkable instance of self-devotion and unflinching valor, on the parts of Lieutenants Willoughby and Forrest, who, being in the works, with two or three assistants, at the time the outbreak first took place, and finding defence or escape impossible, from the great number of their assailants, rather than the powder it contained should fall into their hands they set fire to it, and by the explosion killed and wounded, at least, one thousand of the enemy, sepoys and rabble. The Magazine was stormed and re-taken on the morning of the 16th, without much opposition. No. 16 .—Imperial Palace. This magnificent structure was commenced by Shah Jehan, in 1640, and completed in eight years, and is in all respects worthy to be the residence of the governor of one of the mightiest and most splendid empires the world has ever seen. Its form is an irregular quadrangle, upwards of a mile in circumference ; on three sides it is enclosed by a strong and well built wall of red sand-stone, forty feet in height, flanked by forty-five small round towers and bulwarks, and embattled and machicolated ; it is also surrounded by a broad moat, and an esplanade of considerable extent separates it from the streets; it was, therefore, safe against any invading foe unprovided with a battering train. On the fourth side it is defended by the river Jumna, a wide and rapid river, and by the old fort of Selimgbur, whose guns command the whole range of the gardens, as well as the Pontoon Bridge across the river, by which the main body of the rebels fled when the city was taken, but which is not visible from the point of view. The Palace has two entrances from the city, the Delhi and Lahore gates, both large, well defended, and handsome structures, especially the former, which is probably not surpassed by any architectural structure of the same kind in the whole world ; the lofty embattled walls, the stupendous towers surmounted by elegant pavilions, the noble domes and gilded minarets, form together an unequalled assemblage of taste and magnificence, and give a high idea of its former splendor. The inner or main gate is flanked by two massive angular towers, embattled to correspond with the surrounding walls, which are surmounted by two elegant octagonal pavilions, with white marble domes and gilt spires; the central portion rises considerably above tbe towers in the form of an elaborately carved screen, supported on a double row of slender columns, with minarets at each end, and above all seven small marble domes with gilt spires; just above the gateway is a covered gallery, capable of bolding a number of persons, probably used when the emperor gave audience or dispensed justice in the gate, an ancient custom now nearly obsolete. A succession of gateways, and a long vaulted chamber, resembling a Gothic cathedral, all of red stone, richly ornamented with sculptures and inscriptions from the Koran, conducts to the interior, which still possesses sufficient vestiges of its former splendor to show that in the meridian of the glory of the empire it must indeed have been a splendid place, but now mixed with so much shabbiness and dirt as to produce melancholy rather than agreeable reflections. The two principal halls are named the Dewani Aam, or Hall of Audience, and the Dewani Khas, or Private Council Chamber; the first is a spacious elegant building, open at the sides, tbe roof being supported by white marble pillars; the throne is of white marble, adorned with mosaics, arabesques, and sculptures in relief. The second is a most tasteful and beautiful building, also open at the sides, the vaulted ceiling of alabaster, beautifully ornamented, being supported by thirty-two columns of white marble, in double rows. The pillars, arches, &c., are tastefully inlaid with precious agates, cornelians, bloodstones, &c., representing birds, flowers and arabesque ornaments. Here once stood the celebrated Peacock Throne of the Great Moguls, which was a complete mass of gold, diamonds and precious stones ; on either side it 16 was supported by a peacock, whose out-spread tail glittered with every description of precious stones, and above all was a parrot, the size of life, cut from a single emerald, The value of the throne was estimated at between six and seven million sterling. Timour plundered it of some of the most precious jewels, and Nadir Shah completed its destruction by carrying off the remainder; since which the throne has been a gilt chair, ornamented with a few worthless stones. On the canopy above still remains the couplet copied by Moore, in his Lalla Rookh, If there be an Elysium on earth, It is here—it is here. The private Mosque of Futtehpooree is also a perfect gem of oriental architecture, beautiful taste, and elegant simplicity. It was built by Aurungzebe, and is in fine preservation. The gardens, which are said to have cost a million sterling, are neglected and desolate ; the baths, fountains, and other buildings, are ruinous and deserted, and the whole now forms a ponderous monument to the departed glory and splendor of the ancient Mogul empire, and to the last shadow of the dynasty that will ever sit upon its throne. The palace was shelled from the 17th to the 20th of September, on which day the gates were forced by a party of H. M.’s Cist Foot, covered by II. M.’s 60th Rifles, but it was found to be all but deserted; the emperor, his seraglio, and his various dependants, numbering it is said at least four thousand persons, who were entirely supported by his pension from the government, having all precipitately fled, taking with them their most valuable property. The walls were found to be nearly intact, and, comparatively speaking, but very little damage of consequence having been sustained by the buildings, General Wilson at once established his head quarters therein. Printed by W. J, Golbqurn, Princes Street, Leicester Square, BOND’S PERMANENT MARKING INK, rPHE Original, requiring no Pre- X paration, for writing Initials, Names, or Cyphers, upon Linen, &e., for the purpose of identity. This composition unites every requisite for marking towels, sheets, table-cloths, and wearing apparel, and is admitted to be the only article similarly used that has given satisfaction to every purchaser, for its fixity and neatness of impression. Prepared by the inventor, JOHN BON D. Chemist, 28, Long Lane,West Smithfield, and sold by most Stationers, &c. Price One Shilling per Bottle. 52, FLEET STItEST. R. HOWARD, SURGEON DENTIST,has introduced an entirely New DESCRIPTION OF ARTIFICIAL TEETH, fixed without springs, wires, or ligatures. They so perfectly resemble the Natural Teeth, as not to be distinguished from the originals by the closest ob¬ server. They will never change colour or decay, and will be found very superior to any Teeth ever before used. This method does not require the extraction of roots, or any painful operation, and will support and preserve Teeth that are loose, and are guaranteed to restore articulation and mas¬ tication ; and, that Mr. Howard’s Improvement may be within reach of the most economical, he fixes his charges at the lowest scale possible. Decayed Teeth rendered sound and usefulin mas¬ tication.—52, Fleet Street. At home from 10 to 5. KEATING’S GOUGH LOZENGES. “ A SLIGHT COLD,”—if its first symptoms are not arrested, too often x\- lays the foundation of a variety of Pulmonary Complaints, including Winter Cough, Asthma, and other constitutional derangements. The evil consequences ot these disorders maybe easily averted or subdued, by keeping at hand a supply of the above celebrated Lozenges, which have now stood the test of public experience for upwards of half a century. The Testimonials to their efficacy have been voluntarily given by the most eminent of the Faculty, as well as by all classes of private indi¬ viduals. Containing neither opiates nor any injurious anodyne, they may be safely taken by the youngest child or the most delicate female. Prepared and sold in Boxes, Is. 1 Jd , and Tins, 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., & 10s. fid. each, by Thos. Keating, Chemist, &c., 79, St. Paul’s Church Yard, London. Retail by all Druggists and Patent Medicine Vendors in the world. N.B.- To prevent spurious imitations, please to observe that the words “KEATING’S COUGH LOZENGES’’ are engraven on the Government Stamp of each Box, without which none are genuine. € A li I® 12 T S. R OYAL VICTORIA FELT CARPETING.—The present period being peculiarly one of economy, the Public should purchase this description of Carpeting, the advantages being durability, beauty, and novelty of design, imperviousness to dust, brilliancy of colour¬ ing, style equal to Brussels, and at a cost of half the price. Purchasers are cautioned against spurious imitations, the Felt Carpeting being always stamped “ Royal Victoria Carpeting.” It can be procured at all the respectable Carpet Houses in Loudon and its vicinity* and in all the principal Towns of the United Kingdom. The Patent Woollen Cloth Company also manufacture Table OnTers, embossed and printed, of the latest possible designs, and in every variety of style and colour . Thick Felt, for polishing plate glass, steel, marble, tortoiseshell, &c. &c., likewise for Veterinary purposes; Felt Waistcoatings, Cloths for Railway Carriage Linings, Upholsterers, &c. &c.; Piauo Felts. Manufactories — Elmwood Mill, Leeds; and Borough Road, London. Wholesale Warehouses only at 8, Love Lane, Wood Street,Cheapside. ALLEN’S ILLUSTBATED CATALOGUE OF PATENT PORTMANTEAUS, DESPATCH BOXES, and TRAVELLING BAGS, with Square Opening, with a List of Five Hundred other Articles, forwarded upon Receipt of Two Stamps, J. W. and T. ALLEN, Manufacturers, 18, & 33, WEST STRAND. CHRISTENING-ROBES for PRESENTS, 2i GUINEAS. BABIES’ BERCEAU-NETTES, 2i GUINEAS. Baby Linen, in Complete Sets, of Varied Qualities. All the beautiful Materials used in the business Sold by the Yard. MARRIAGE OUTFITS COMPLETE. Everything necessary for the “ Trousseau,” as well as the inexpensive things required for the “ Indian Voyage.” White Dressing Gowns, 1 Guinea; Cotton Hosiery, -2s. 6 d .; Patent Corsets, 16s. 6d.; Heal Balbriggan Hosiery. THIS PART OF THE BUSINESS UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF MRS. TAYLOR. LADIES’ RIDING TROUSERS, Chamois Leather, with Black Feet. Waterproof Riding Talma, 1J Guinea. Young Gentlemen’s Superfine Cloth Jackets, 35s.; School ditto, 25s. Young Gentlemen’s Shirts, 5s. 6 d. Naval Cadets’ Outfits, complete. RIDING HABITS, 5£ TO 8 GUINEAS. Linsey Riding Habits, for little Girls, 2£ Guineas. ■ i * Every thing of the Superior Excellence, for which the House has been • • - celebrated for Thirty Years. 53, BAKER STREET. W. G. TAYLOR. NOW EXHIBITING, ROYAL. Square. PANORAMA Leicester GRANADA, WITH THE ALHAMBRA; ALSO, N I M R O U D, PART OF THE CITY OF NINEVEH; AND THE BERNESE ALPS. OPEN PROM TEN TIX.X. DUSK. HOLLOWAY’S PILLS. ITOLLOWAY’S PILLS, a Certain Cure for Dropsy.—Extract of a lett er front Mrs. Leedham, of f-L Leamington, dated October r5, 1850 :—“ To Professor Holloway. Sir,—It is with gratitude I write to inform you of the wonderful cure effected on myself by taking your pills for a severe case of Dropsy. The disease appeared about live years since, and notwithstanding the various remedies I tried, and the different medical men I consulted, all seemed unable to check its progress; at last I was so much swollen that I could scarcely walk ; at this crisis I commenced taking your valuable pills, by means of which, and strict attention to your printed directions, I am now perfectly cured.,’—Sold by all Druggists, and at Professor Holloway’s establishment, 244, Strand, London. HEW ROOM-NATIONAL SUBJECT. Which has given general satisfaction, and elicited the highest encomiums. The MAGNIFICENT SHRINE or MEMORIAL, in honour of the late illustrious DUKE OF WELLINGTON, representing him as in the olden time, reposing under a splendid canopy of velvet and cloth of gold, on his tented couch, covered with the mantle of the Order of the Garter, which he so nobly gained, surrounded by emblems of his dignity. The Portrait Model, clothed in a Field-marshal’s uniform, wearing the various Orders of Knighthood ; a sight which cannot be seen without vibrating in every British heart. Also a full-length Model of the Great Duke, taken from life during his frequent visits to the Napoleon Relics, of which it was said, that “ If this figure alone constituted the Exhibition, it would well repay the trouble of a visit.”— Evening Sun 52 , FLEET STREET. A NEW M^COYERY IN TEETH. M R. Howard, Surgeon-Dentist, 52, Fleet Street, has introduced an entirely nf.w description of artificial teeth, fixed without springs, wires, or ligatures. They so perfectly resemble the natural teeth, as not to be distinguished from the originals by the closest observer : they will never change colour or decay; and will be found superior to any teeth ever before used. This method does not require the extraction of roots, or any painful operation, and will support and preserve teeth that are loose, and i< guaranteed to restore articulation and mastication. Decayed Teeth rendered sound and useful in mastication. 52, Fleet Street. At home from Ten till Five. CARPETS. pOYAL VICTORIA FELT CARPETING.—The present period being peculiarly one • V> of economy, the Public should purchase this description of Carpeting, the advantages being durability, beauty, and novelty of design, imperviousness to dust, brilliancy of colouring, style equal to Brussels, and at a cost of half the price. Purchasers are cautioned against spurious imitations, the Felt Carpeting being always stamped “ Royal Victoria Carpeting.” It can be procured at all the respectable Carpet Houses in London and its vicinity, and in all the principal Towns of the United Kingdom. m The Patent Woollen Cloth Company also manufacture Table Covers, embossed and printed, of the latest possible designs, and in every variety of style and colour; thick Felt for polishing plate glass, steel, marble, tortoiseshell, &c.&c., likewise forVeterinary purposes; Felt Wnistcoatings, Cloths for Coach and Railway Carriage Linings, Upholsterers, &c. &c.; Piano Felts. Manufactories—Elmwood Mills, Leeds, and Borough Road, London. Wholesale Warehouses only, at 8, Love Lane, Wood Street, Cheapside. KEATING’S COUGH LOZENGES. U PWARDS OF FORTY YEARS’experience has fully confirmed the superior reputation of these Lozenges, in the Cure of Asthma, Winter Cough, Hoarseness, Shortness of Breath, and other Pulmonary Maladies. They have deservedly obtained the high patronage of their Majesties the King of Prussia, and the King of Hanover; very many also of the Nobility and Clergy, and of the Public generally, use them under the recommendation of some of the most emi¬ nent of the Faculty. They have immediate influence over the following cases :—Asthma¬ tic and Consumptive Complaints, Coughs, Shortness of Breath, Hoarseness, &c. See. Prepared and sold in Boxes, Is. lid., and Tins, 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 10s. 6d. each, by THOMAS KEATING, Chemist, &c., No. 79, St. Paul’s Churchyard, London ; and Retail by all Druggists and Patent Medicine Vendors in the Kingdom. N.B. To prevent spurious imitations, please to observe the words “KEATING’S COUGH LOZENGES” are engraved on the GOVERNMENT STAMP of each box.