Gift of the Society for International Numisma * ' I i * A ' A DICTIONARY OF ROMAN COINS. A DICTIONARY OF ROMAN COINS, REPUBLICAN AND IMPERIAL: COMMENCED BY THE LATE SETH WILLIAM STEVENSON, F.S.A., MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON ; REVISED, IN PART, BY C. ROACH SMITH, F.S.A., MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON J AND COMPLETED BY FREDERIC W. MADDEN, M.R.A.S. / / • / MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON; ASSOCIE ETHANGER DE LA SOCIETE ROYALE DE LA NUMISMATIQUE BELGE J FOREIGN CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA; FELLOW OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MONTREAL. ILLUSTRATED BY UPWARDS OF SEVEN HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD, CHIEFLY EXECUTED BY THE LATE F. W. FAIRHOLT, F.S.A. i LONDON: GEOROE BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET, C'OVENT GARDEN. 1889. NORWICH NORFOLK CHRONICLE MARKET COMPANY, LIMITED, PLACE. PREFACE. This voluminous work, corresponding in size with Smith’s “ Dictionaries,” was left incomplete, as to the last letters [UV — Z] at the time of Mr. Seth Stevenson’s death, and its publication has been mainly delayed by the difficulty of finding anyone sufficiently versed in the subject and willing, as well as able, to devote the necessary time to the task. His son, the late Mr. Henry Stevenson, took a deep interest in the completion of the work, and with his assistance the proprietors obtained the valuable co- operation of Mr. F. TV. Madden, M.R.A.S., formerly (1861- 1868) one of the Editors of the “ Numismatic Chronicle,” and author of “The Handbook of Roman Numismatics” (18(51), “Coins of the Jews” (8vo., 1864; 4to., 1881), &c., by whom the work has been brought to a satisfactory conclusion. The woodcuts necessary for this portion of the Dictionary have been elfectively executed by Mr. Miller Smith, of Norwich. Mr. F. W. Madden desires to record his best thanks to Mr. H. A. Grueber, F.S.A., Assistant in the Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum, and to Mr. Bernard Jackson, B.A., for much valuable assistance. Amongst the Numismatic friends of the author who took a warm interest in this laborious undertaking during his life- time, may be mentioned the late Dr. Lee, F.R.S., F.S.A., President of the Numismatic Society, and the late Mr. J. Y. Akerman, 'F.S.A., Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, VI rKKFACE. Loud. ; and of those still surviving, Mr. John Evans, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., now President of the Numismatic Society; and Mr. C. Roach Smith, F.S.A., &c., Temple Place, Strood. The latter, whose practical acquaintance with the Dictionary extended to a revision of the remaining MS., from letter L to letter T, and furthering, so far, the completion and printing of the volume, remarks, in a short memoir of Mr. Stevenson in his recently- published “Retrospections,” The descriptions arc lucid and comprehensive ; and the style is easy and attractive. Altogether the Dictionary is just the work wanted, not merely for the young student but also for the more experienced numis- matist. To both it is as indispensable as the dictionary of a lauguage is to the most educated, as well as to the schoolboy. The scope and object of the work itself will be best understood by a perusal of the Original Prospectus written by the Author, and issued at the time when the earlier portions were passing through the Press. THE PUBLISHERS. ORIGINAL PROSPECTUS. It is admitted by all, who are really conversant with the subject, that no branch of Archaeology offers greater intellectual advantages than that which leads to a correct knowledge of Ancient Coins in general, and of the Monetu Romana in particular. The last-named department of numismatic research opens, indeed, a field replete with instruction, no less valuable than varied, no less useful than interesting — a field which enables those who enter it, in the proper spirit of inquiry after truth, to share the benefits of that reciprocation, by which History so often throws its explanatory light on the hidden meaning and mysterious import of certain monetal devices and inscriptions — whilst those metallic monuments of antiquity serve, in their turn, to stamp on facts narrated in numerous passages of the old historians, otherwise left in doubt and uncertainty, the strongest and most striking impress of corroboration and support. — To facilitate and encourage the study of Roman coins, as well of the Republic as of the Empire, there already exist some excellent Manuals which may be regarded as the Grammars, and also some very complete Catalogues which equally well constitute the Nomenclatures and descriptive classifications of the science. With the exception, however, of the Spaniard Gusseme’s work, and of that wonderful monument of human patience and laborious perseverance, the voluminous Lexicon of the German Rasche, both which professedly take a range through the res universa of antique medals, there is no Dictionary that treats of Roman Numismatics — certainly there is not as yet any publication exclusively devoted to them, in that form and in the English language. A Dictionary, therefore, written in our vernacular tongue, and entirely limited in its aim at affording information, to those products of the Roman Mint, which bear Latin legends, seems still to be a desideratum. And the continued non-appearance of any such literary undertaking, by a more competent hand than his own, has at length induced the Author of this prospectus to do his best towards supplying the deficiency, by venturing, as he does with unaffected diffidence, to submit the result of what has been his leisure hours’ occupation for the last ten years, to the indulgent consideration and patronage of the educated public. — Ir. making this attempt, it has been the object of the compiler, if not to “popularise” the study of Roman Coins and Medallions, at least to assist in rendering it sufficiently attractive to the taste, and familiar to the acquaintance, even of the classical scholar. Rut the chief hope which influenced him to begin, and has incited him to ORIGINAL PROSPECTUS. viii pursue liis task, is that by thus offering the gist of authentic observations, scattered over, and as to all general good intents and purposes, buried, in no small heap of Latin, French, Italian, and English tomes, his humble endeavours may prove acceptable to that numerous class of his countrymen, and countrywomen too, who do not come within the category of “ learned ” persons, but who, nevertheless, possessing intelligent and well-cultivated minds, may yet desire to initiate themselves in the above-named branch of the Medallic Science. The volume, whose subject matter is briefly set forth in its title, will, when published, be found to contain, in alphabetical order of arrangement — • 1. An explanation of the principal types, symbols, and devices, which appear on Coins with Latin legends and inscriptions, minted under the government of Ancient Home, both consular and imperial, including those struck in the Colonies. 2. Biographical, Chronological, and Monctal References to the Emperors, Empresses, and Crasars, from Julius (b.c. 44) to Mauricius (a.d. 602). 3. Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Notices, in elucida- tion of curious and rare obverses and reverses. The whole has been compiled, with careful attention to the descriptions, and commentaries of the most eminent writers, from the times of Ursinus, Tristan, Vaillant, Patin, Seguin, Morell, Spanheim, Ilavercamp, of the elder and middle school ; Banduri, Liebe, Pellerin, Beauvais, Froelich, Khell, of a subsequent period ; down to Eckiiel (Facile princeps artis numarije), Mionnet, Akerman, Hennin, and others, whose works have successively appeared during the last half century — works not of greater elaborateness, nor of profounder erudition, nor evincing more of zealous ardour in the cause of Numismatology than are displayed in the productions of their predecessors ; but whose respective authors, from superior advantages accruing fo themselves, through greater experience and in a wider scope of investigation, have been enabled to secure more of that first essential, accuracy ; to exhibit clearer views, together with more judicious discrimina- tion and less fanciful discursiveness, and consequently to impart to their labours a more decided character for practical utility, and for trustworthy reference. The work will form one volume of about 1,000 pages, printed uniformly with the Dictionaries of “ Greek and Roman Antiquities,” and of “ Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.” The illustrative wood-cuts, exceeding seven huudred in number, will, in every instance where an original specimen is accessible, be engraved either from the coins and medallions themselves, or after casts skilfully made from them in sulphur. A DICTIONARY ROMAN COINS. M' A. A. A. F. F. A, the first letter of the Latin Alphabet, which consists of 21 letters, very often occnrs as a single letter on Homan coins. Sometimes it serves as the initial of a City, an Emperor, a Consul, &c. Sometimes it seems to be used as a mint-mark, and to have many other signifi- cations. A. is written in various ways on Homan Con- sular coins. — Sec Eckhel, Dud. num. vet., vol. v. p. 73. A . — Aulus , a prenomen . a. vitei.l. Aldus Vitellius. A. AHrarium. AD. A.D. Ad ararium de- tufisset : concluding letters of inscription oil denarius of Augustus. — Rasclie, Lexicon rei num. vet. — A. in the exergue denotes the first mint, as ant. a. coined at Antioch, in the first mint. — Akerman, Numis. Manual. A. A. A. F.F. A tiro, Argento, Aire, Flando , Feriundo. This alludes to the monctal trium- virs, appointed for the coining and stamping of gold, silver, and brass money of the Homans. It was their office to take care that the public coinage should not be counterfeited, nor its ma- terial adulterated, nor its proper weight dimi- nished. — On a consular denarius of Cossutius, one of Julius C.csar’s moneyers, we read, c. cossvtivs maridianvs, followed by a.a.a.f.f. in the field. There is also a second brass of Au- gustus, which bears on its obverse, caesar AVGVSTVS TRIBUNI. FOTES. (Tribunitifv potes- tate) ; and on the reverse, c. plotivs rvfvs mviR. a.a.a.f.f In the middle S. C. This ABDEIIA. virs of the mint, who, by the invariable inscrip- tion of the above characters, appear to have made themselves officially answerable, as it were, for the genuineness of the money, struck by their authority. There is also a second brass, on the obverse legend of which is caesar avgvst. pont. max. (Pont f ex Maximus) tribyni. pot. with head of Augustus, and on the reverse M. salvivs otho i ii vi r. a.a.a.f.f. SalviusOtho was another of those moneyers of the Republic, whose name is associated, in like manner, with the issues of gold, silver, and brass, in the early coinage of Augustus. — With regard to the ex- pression flando, feriundo, the former word doubtless was intended to designate the process of preparing the globular lumps of metal form - 1 ing the material for the coin ; whilst the latter word shews that they were submitted to the stroke of the hammer, for the purpose of re- ceiving the impress of the die. These were the tw'o principal operations of the ancient mintage! For other specimens of this class of the Con-) sular coinage in silver and brass, see parens patriae — See also Moneta. A. or AN. Annus . — See A. n. f. f. ABBREVIATIONS. — The legends and in- scriptions of Roman coins, as well imperial as consular, present many particularities, in the shape of abbreviations, monograms, and isolated let- ters, open to research, and susceptible of various explanations. The ancients, indeed, both Greeks and Romans, in order to bring their monetal inscriptions within the smallest space, adopted the use of sigla, monogrammatic and conjoined letters. At first these were confined to proper names. Subsequently, they were employed to signify titles of authority and of dignity, and made to stand for certain words and for certain phrases. It is this objectionable custom of em- ploying abbreviations in writing, which renders the explanation of legends, for the most part, so unsatisfactory, and at the same time, gives rise to so many false interpretations. ABDERA. — A maritime town of Hispania Boetica, founded according to Strabo, by the Carthaginians. It is now called Adra, in 2 ABVNDANTIA. Andalusia, on the shores of the Meditcrancan, near the gulph of Almeria. The coins of this place are Latin imperial, middle brass, and 1st brass. A second brass of Abdcra has the lau- reated head of Tibe- rius, and is inscribed TI. CAESAR. DIVI. AVO. F. AV6VS- tvs; and on its re- verse a tetrastyle tem- ple, of which two of the columns have the forms of fish, between which we read the letters a b d e r a. — The characters inscribed in the pediment of the temple, form, according to competent interpreters, the Phoenician word for the city in question. An article, by the late M. Falbe, in a recent number of the Numismatic Chronicle , leaves scarcely a doubt of such being its signification. On this point reference may, with advantage, also be made to the authority of Mr. Akerman, who, in his scientific and accurate work on “ Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes,” has given a fac simile illustration of this remark- able coin, from the collection of the British Mu- seum, whence the present wood-cut is faithfully copied. Referring to Atkenams, lib. vii. c. 17, be observes, that the two singularly formed columns arc supposed to represent the tunny fish, which abounded on the shores of the Medi- terranean, and were sacred to Neptune, to whom it was the practice of the fishermen to offer one as a propitiation. — Abdcra Baetica seems to have been one of the few colonies established by Tibe- rius, although it docs not, as Vaillant remarks, appear to have been honoured with the rank either of Colonia or of Municipium. Temples were erected (as Tacitus states, 1. i.) after the apotheosis of Augustus, by imperial license, on the petition of the Spaniards, in honour of the deceased Emperor. ABDICATION of the Empire. — This event, in the case of the Emperors Diocletian and of Maximinian Hercules, is marked on their coins. — See the respective legends of Procidentia Dcornm. Quies Augg. — Requies Oplimor. Merit. ABN. Abnepos . — A great grandson. ABVNDANTIA. — Abundance : Plenty. — This allegorical divinity bad neither temples nor altars erected to her honour ; but she appears on seve- ral medals and monuments of the Homans. — On ABVNDANTIA. these, whether represented by herself, or as per- sonifying the liberality of the Emperor or Em- press, she figures as a handsome woman, clothed in the stola, holding a cornucopia:, the mouth of which she inclines towards the ground, and lets the contents fall in seemingly careless profusion. In his illustration “ of Roman medals by the ancient Poets,” Addison says, “ You sec Abund- ance or Plenty makes the same figure in medals as in Horace. Tibi Copia Manabit ad plenum benigno Ruris honorum opulenta cornu." Spanheim, in his translation of the Cmsars of Julian, ascribes a silver coin, exhibiting auvn- daxtia avo. and a woman pouring money out of a horn of plenty, to Alexander Severus. And he goes on to observe, that “ it serves to mark, amongst several others, the liberality ex- ercised by that excellent Emperor towards his soldiers and subjects, in his distribution to them of portions of the JErarium publicum, or public treasure. — Neither in Eckhcl, nor in Mionnet, however, do we find an Abundantia of Alexander Severus ; but both these authorities, together with Akerman, describe a similar reverse, on a silver coin of Julia Mamma, the mother of Alexander, an ambitious woman, to whose avarice and intermeddling disposition he owed that un- popularity with the army which proved fatal to them both. ABVNDANTIA AVG. (Abundantia Augusti) S. C. — In his equally pleasing and instructive work on the large brass coins of his own choice collection, Capt. W. II. Smyth, R.N., F.R.S., &c. thus describes, and comments on, a finely pre- served specimen of the mint of Gordianus Pius, bearing the above legend. — The type presents “a female standing, who, habited in the stola and wearing a diadem, is emptying the Amaltluran horn, from which a shower of money descends. Abundantia was a profuse giver of all things, at all times ; but Copia seems to have been applied to provisions, and Annona was restricted to the management of the supply for the cur- rent year. — This type of Abundantia illustrates Horace Aurea frvges I/aliam pteno diffudit copia corny." ABVNDANTIA AV Gusli. S.P.Q. R.— A billon denarius of Gallienns bears this legend, and the type of a recumbent river-god. Bnhlini considers these to indicate the abund- ance of provisions obtained for the city of Rome, after Egypt (alluded to in the personification of the Nile), was rescued from the oppressions of the usurper /Emilianus — unless indeed the Tiber is meant by which the annona was conveyed. ABVNDANTIA TEMPORVM. — A very rare brass medallion of Saloninn, the wife of Gal- licnus, has for the type of its reverse, a woman seated, supporting a eornucopiir, which she ex- tends towards, and pours out before, five children, a woman on each side standing, one of them holding the basin para. The epigraph of Abundantia Tempornin is ABURIA. — ACCI. here new to Roman coins. The Empress is repre- sented under the attributes of Abundance, for some noble .act of characteristic munificence as- cribed to her, as is seen on another coin bearing the legend Annona. — (Eckhcl, vii. p. 18.) — The historians of the time, (from a. d. 253 to 268) apparently preferring to record stirring events rather than benevolent actions, otter no tribute to the retiring virtues of Salonina. It has been left for numismatic monuments to rescue from oblivion the modest merits of her, who has been called, and without flattery, “ the Cornelia of the Lower Empire.” Salonina not only caused dis- tributions of coni to be made to the people ; but she also took little children and young girls uuder her care and protection. And here, on this coin, we may probably recognize the attest- ation of a redeeming fact, that the Empress’s goodness restored temporal abundance, and re- lieved social destitution, in a degenerate age, under a profligate prince and a disastrous reign. The legend of Abvndantia Avg., and the type of a woman standing with horn of plenty reversed, are found on gold of Trajauus Decius, on silver of his wife Etruscilla, and on third brass of both the elder and younger Tetricus. On a small brass of the latter, the prefericulum , or sacrificial vase, is the accompanying type. ABURIA : a plebeian gens. — The family sur- names, on coins, arc Cains and Marins. The cognomen common to both is gem., which Pighius, and others following him, read Gemi- nns, but, as Eckhel thinks, on no certain authority. The pieces in bronze, ascribed to this family, are parts of the As. There are five varieties. Silver common. — The following type is the rarest : gem. a helmed head ; before it X. — Rev. c. abvri., M ars, with trophy in right, and spear and shield in left hand, stands in a quadriga, at full speed. Underneath, roma. — (Thesaur. Morcll. p. 2, fig. iv.) — No satisfac- tory interpretation of this type of Mars ; nor of the derivation of the name Aburius, has yet been given. — See mars. AC. Accept a . — a. pop. fevg. ac. A. C. — Absolvo. Condemno. — These letters appear on a coin of the Cassia gens. — See Tabella. ACCI, in llispauiaTarraconcnsis (now G nadir cl Viejo), a colony founded by Julius Ciesar him- self, or by his adopted son Augustus, partly for B 2 ACCOLEIA. 3 the veterans of legio vi. Ferrata, and partly for those of leg. vi. Victrix, from which twinship of two le- gions, this colony (says Vaillant) was calicd Gemetla. Its coins are limited to the reigns of the three first Emperors, viz., Augustus, Ti- berius, and Caligula. — On these, Acci is entitled col. gem. acci. Colonia Gemella Accitana ; or in abbreviation c. lulia G. A. — A first brass of this colony, bears on one side the head of Augustus ; and on the other, acci. c. i. g. l. ii., which, with the type of two legionary eagles between two ensigns, shews that it was a military colony. — See Akerman’s Coins of Ilispania, p. 61, from pi. vii. of which work the above cut is copied. ACILIA gens. — The Acilii had for their sur- names Aviola, Balbus, and Glabrio ; the two first of whom would appear certainly to have been plebeian. But, says the author of Doctrina, with respect to the last name, we find Herodianus, in allusion to the Glabrio of his time, recording him as “ omnium patriciorum nobilissimum as being one who derived his ancestral origin from -Eneas, son of Venus and Anchiscs. And Auso- nius favours the same popular opinion : — Stcmmate nobilium dcductum nomcB avoruni, Glabrio Aquilini, Dardana progenies. [Eel. vi. 63.] There arc 18 varieties in the coins of this family, Silver common. The copper pieces are the As ; or parts of the As ; and are more or less rare. For the remarkable denarius, having on its obverse salvtis, and a female laureated head — on its reverse nv. acilivs, iiivir. vai.etv., and a woman standing, with serpent held in her right hand, her left elbow resting on a small column. — See Salvs and Valf.tvdo, in Ursinus, Fain. Rom. Numis. p. 3. ACCOLEIA gens. — This is classed among the plebeian families, of which no particulars are mentioned in history. One type only presents itself on the coins of this house, but for which (and, as Dr. Cardwell adds, one ancient incription in Grater's collection) it would scarcely have been known at all. P. ACCOLEIVS LARISCOLVS — A female head. Rev. Three females standing, their heads terminating in trees. — Silver R. We have here an adumbration of the fable of Phaeton’s sisters changed into larices, allu- sive to the name of Accoleius Lariscolus, a 4 ACCLAMATIONES. monetal triumvir, who caused this medal to be struck. According to the myth, Phaeton wish- ing to drive the chariot of the Sun, fell a victim to his temerity. His three sisters, inconsolable for his death, were metamorphosed into poplars or larches. Accoleius, in representing this fictitious incident on the medal, refers to the name of Lariscolus, which he derived from one of his ancestors, renowned no doubt for his zeal in cultivating the larch tree. — Eckhel, v., 118. “ It appears to me not improbable (says Dr. Cardwell) that Accoleius was of the Colony of Aquileia, which, as we learn from Livy, was founded on the Adriatic in the year B. c. 181, and afterwards became a place of considerable importance. The name of the family implies of itself some probable connection with it ; but the supposition is much strengthened by the device which accompanies and elucidates it. The word Lariscolus shews still further the connection of the family, with that neighbourhood and with the shores of the Adriatic. Vitruvius says of the larix, that it is unknown, except to those citizens (rnunicipibtu) who inhabit the banks of the river Po, and the shores of the Adriatic sea. 1 le also states that the wood is not easily ignited ; so that we may doubt whether the word, which we commonly translate larch, does not really in- clude a species of poplar.” — Lecture viii. p. 104. ACCUSATIVE CASE, rarely used on ltoman coins, more frequently expressed on Greek money. AVe read GALLlENVil avg. p. r. (populus lio- m attics venerator ) — and martem propvgna- TOREM, of Gordianns Pius. — Rasche. ACCLAMATIONES, or customary words shouted out by the populace at public games, in the circus at Rome, and in other great cities, to express their aspirations for the success of their favourites in the contest : such as evtimi. VINCAS — OLYMPI. NIKA 01‘ MICAS — PLACEAS. ACERRA. — These formula acclamalionum are to be found inscribed on contorniate medals, and other pseudo-moneta. — Nika is the Greek word cor- responding in signification to Vincas. Acclama- tions of the same kind are exhibited on ancient gems, but of the period of the Lower Empire. — Eckhel, viii. 301. — They were also a species of benedictions, which consisted in wishing to the reigning Emperor, life, health, and victory : such as that which is seen on a coin of Con- stantine — Plura nata/ilia /elicit or ; and on that of Constans, Felicia Decentialia [see the words]. The respective legends on a large brass of Had- rian, and a denarius of Alexander Scverus, may also be placed amongst these acclamations. — See A. n. f. f. ; also aeternitatibvs. Referring to a large brass in his own col- lection, having on the obverse “ a laurelled head of Haiiriancs Augustus, and for legend of reverse Consul Tertium Pater Patrice s. c.,” Capt. Smyth says (p. 102), “This is an accla- mation medal. The Emperor stands on a tri- bunal, decorated with rostra, before a temple, lie is haranguing the public, and making a welcome announcement ; the latter arc represented by three togated citizens, who lift their hands in the fulness of admiration and applhuse ” For a type similar to this very rare reverse, engraved from a coin in the British Museum, see cos. in. p. p. S. c. of Hadrian, in this Dictionary. ACERRA. — The small box for holding per- fumes held in the hand of the female figure re- presented on Roman coins, bearing on the re- verse the legend pietas avg. This box is of a cylindrical form on the coins of the earlier Emperors, but, at a lower period of the empire, the Accrra appears to have been of a different shape, as seen on coins of Faustina the Elder, of which an example, in the cabinet of Dr. John Lee, is here given : — On the gold coins of this Empress the same object is represented of similar form. The cele- brated vase discovered in one of the Bartlow tumuli is of copper, exquisitely enamelled, of precisely the same form, and was doubtless used to hold perfumes at the interment, when it was deposited with the remains. Fcstus (s. v. Acerra) gives us a passage haring a two-fold illustration, shewing that it was the common practice to burn perfumes at the Roman burials, and that the term Acorn w'as also applied to the attar as well as to the vessel — “ Acerra ara quic ante mortmun poni solebant, in qua odorcs inccndcbantur and Pollux informs us, that the attar also was called Acerra, This arose doubtless from the circum- stance of a light or portable altar being used in such ceremonies exclusively for the burning of perfumes. — The above explanatory uotice of the Acerra, its form and sacrificial use, is derived from the information contained in a letter, illus- trative of an ancient enamelled vase, and ad- dressed by John Yonge Akerman, Esq., Resident Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, to Capt. Smyth, Director, through whose joint kindness the compiler of this dictionary' has been allowed to use the wood-cut, employed in Archceologia, vol. xxxiii. ACI1AIA. — On this part of Greece, and rspc- ACROSTOLIUM.— ACT. IMP. daily at Athens, the most munificent public benefits, of almost every description, were be- stowed by the Emperor Hadrian. — Eckhel, vi. p. 487. See restitvtori achaiae. ACHILLIS, on a contorniatc medal. — Sec PENTESILEA. ACHILLEUS, an usurper in Egypt, in the reign of Diocletian, defeated and put to death by that Emperor. No certain coins arc known of AchiUeus. — Akerman, Be.icr. Cat., vol. ii., 182. ACISCULUS, an instrument like a hammer, used by workmen in stone quarries, the repre- sentation of one appears on a denarius of the Valeria family, allusive to its cognomen of Acis- culus. — See Valeria gens. ACROSTOLIUM (and Acroterium), a sort of ornament on the prow of an ancient galley. — “ Vaillant (in Coloniis, ii. p. 245), publishes a coin of Salonina, struck at Bcrytus, on the re- verse of which a female figure is described by him as standing on the acrostolium. This writer says, acrostolia erant extrema; partes navis, quas Latini vocant rostra or as he more clearly, though briefly, defines it in his index to vol. ii., “ Acrostolium , hoc rst navis rostrum.” Another coiu of the same colony, struck under Gallienus, according to the engraving in Vaillant (vol. ii., p. 239), exhibits with the legend of col. ivl. avg. pel. BEii. the type of a half-naked woman (Astarte), with left foot planted on a ship’s prow, holding in her right hand a banner, and in her left (what he denominates) the acrostolium. Sec Apl iist rum, or Aplustre ; see also Bergtus Colonia. A. C. I. V. — These letters appear on 3rd brass coins of the Pacuvia, or Pacquia gens, with the accompanying type of a boar lying down. Eckhel, in his numismatic notice of this family, (vol. v.) observes, that he had formerly , interpreted the above initials as follows : — Antonins Colonia I ulia Vienna. But Scstini, he adds, interprets them Colonia Veterana \nvicta Apros ; and ascribes these coins to a city of that colony, which is placed by Pliny and Ptolemy, in Thrace, and called Apros. ACT. — Actiacus or Actium. ACT. IMP erator [X. or XII.] Apollo, clothed in the stola, holds the lyre in his left hand and the plectrum in his right. On gold and silver of Augustus, struck v. c. 742, b. c. 12. — The figure and abbreviated word act. bear allusion to the battle of Actium, which gave Augustus the empire of the world, and at which, according to the poetic flatterers of that Prince, Apollo flew to his sup- port. The gratitude which Augustus professed towards Apollo is testified on many coins, and other monuments, as well as by ancient writers. But Suetonius states that, before the great game of Actium was played, Augustus had begun to manifest his devotion to the worship of Apollo. — There are those who suppose the figure on this reverse to be one of the Muses, substituted for that of Apollo ; but this is a wrong conjecture ; AD. FRV. EMV. 5 because, on a coin of the Antestia family, a similar figure in the stola, is accompanied by the inscription apollini actio. — Eckhel (vi. p. 107) says, Nota est Citharoedorum, et Apollinis citharoedi stola, sive palla cum ex monumentis, turn scriptoribus (see coins of Nero inscribed PONT, max.) And Tibullus speaking of Apollo citharoedus (the harp-playing Apollo) says, Jma videbatur talis illudere palla, Namqvc hac in nitido corpore vestis era!. Actius Apollo was worshipped by the Romans after the time of Augustus, in memoiy of the battle of Actium. — See Apollo. ACTIUM, a city of Epirus, on the coast of Acamania (now Prevcnza) in the Ambracian gulf. In the earliest period not a large town, it was celebrated for a temple of Apollo, also as a safe harbour, and for an adjacent promontory of the same name — afterwards rendered more splen- did, on account of the decisive naval victory gained near it by Augustus over Antony. ADFINIS (Affinis) cousin. By this term of relationship Constantius I. is called on 2nd and 3rd brass medals of consecration and dedication, struck under Maxentius, viz. imp. maxextivs divo constaxtio ADF1NI. — See Affinity and Kindred. ADDITION of a letter is observed in the legends of some family coins, as feei.ix, vaala, viirtvs — for Felix, Vala, Virtus. AD. FRV. EMV. EX. S.C. — Two men habited in the toga and seated ; on either side of them, an ear of corn . — This denarius of the Calpur- nia gens informs us, that Piso and Servilius Ccepio were sent as Quaestors, ad frumentum emundum ex. s. c. (to purchase corn, in obe- dience to a decree of the Senate). But in what year the event happened, and when the money was struck, are points apparently unascertained. A similar reverse is exhibited on silver coins of Critonius and of Fannius, auliles of the peo- ple. The bearded head on the obverse, Eck- hel (v. p. 159), considers to be in all proba- bility that of Saturn ; not only from the scythe placed near it ; but also because, according to Plutarch, Saturn was regarded by the Romans as the deity presiding over Agriculture, and the productions of the earth ; and in this view the obverse and reverse tally admirably. Satuni, armed with a similar instrument, may be seen on coins of the Mcmrnia and Sentia families ; but the most undoubted type of Saturn occurs on coins of the Neria gens. ADI. Adjutrix : a Legion so surnamed, as aiding, or auxiliary to, another. — See Legio. ADIAB. — Adiabenicus. ADIABENI, a people of the east, on whom the Emperor Septimius Scverus made succcssfid war (a. d. 195). — See arab-adiab. 6 ADLOCVTIO. ADIUTRIX AVG. — Diana standing, at her , feet a bow and quiver. On gold and silver of Vic- torinns senior, who invoked the aid of that god- dess, in setting out on his expedition against Gallienus. Tanini gives a 3rd brass of Carau- sius, with the same legend, but for type the bust of Victory. ADLOCUTIO. — Allocution. — The custom of haranguing the soldiers was frequent with the Emperors, as is evidenced by a variety of their coins. This ceremony was performed, either at the moment when an individual obtained the imperial purple, or when the reigning prince adopted some one with a view to the succession ; or when he admitted another person into imme- diate participation of the empire, of which exam- ples are often recorded by historians. Memorials of these military orations, which an emperor de- livered before some expeditionary force, at the time of its going out on a campaign, or of its returning after a victory — in which the soldiers were to be reminded of their duty ; or rewarded for their good conduct and success, with praises, and, “ not least in their dear love,” with dona- tives also — are preserved on many of the very finest coin3 of the Augusti. On these reverses, a raised platform or tribune, more or less lofty, called by the Romans sug- ffestum, is exhibited, on which the Emperor, habited cither in the toga, or the pal tula men turn, is seen standing, with his right hand elevated, as if appealing to the sentiments of the troops, or beckoning for silence. Frequently the Pnctorian Prefect, in some cases two Praetorian Prefects, appear standing behind the Emperor. Below, is a group of the legionaries, from three to five or six generally in number, with their faces turned towards their prince ; some holding the eagles, vexilla, and en- signs ; others their bucklers and spears. With re- gard to the customary attitude and gesture of the speaker in addressing the troops, Cicero affords an illustrative passage, in his oration, against Gabinius — “ When (says he) the general (Intpe- ratorj, openly, in the presence of the army, stretched out his right hand, not to incite the soldiers to glory, but to tell them that they might make their own market” ( Omnia sibi el empta et emenda esse. — Provinc. cons. c. 4.) ADLOCYT. COH . — ( Adlocutio Cohort 'turn — speech to the Cohorts). The Emperor Cains Cirsar (Caligula), habited in the toga, or ADLOCVTIO. senatorial vestments, stauds on a tribunal, before a curule chair, with right hand elevated, as if in the act of haranguing five military figures. — Touching this by no means rare, but extremely beautiful, reverse, in large brass, Schlegel is of opinion, that it refers to the oration delivered by Caligula, from a suggestum, raised in the midst of that bridge which, with foolishly ap- plied skill, the architect Baulis built, in the sea at Puteoli. But Eekhel treats this supposition as erroneous, and considers the legend and type to indicate the allocution which that prince addressed to the Pnctorian Cohorts, at the period of his accession to the supreme government; and that the same mode of recording the event was repeated on a later occasion, either for the sake of adding to his coinage, or because he had ad- dressed other cohorts in a set, and indeed an eloquent, discourse; for Tacitus himself docs uot deny Caligula’s talent for public speaking. While expressing, however, all due deference to the authority' of Eekhel, Capt. Smyth does not think that it was struck in the first year of the tyrant’s reign (a.d. 38) and points to the tribuuitiau date and the p. p. in the legend of the obverse, as rendering such a fact questionable. “ An adlo- cution (he adds) was made to the Pnctorian cohorts on Caligula’s accession, but the coins which commemorate it, bear merely the legend C. CAESAR AUG. GERMANICVS PONT MAX. TR.P. The one just described, I am inchned to date a.d. 40, though the consulship is not marked, and the occasion may have been, the expedition to Britain.” It is to be observed that the S. C. (Senates Consulto) is omitted in all Roman brass coins, bearing the title and portrait of this Em peror. “ Was it (Eekhel asks) because the senate, uot authorising it, they were struck by order of the Prince himself, and distributed by him amongst the Prtctorians ?” Be this as it may, the military ceremony of the Allocution was first represented on the coins of Caligula. And it is to be noted that the one in question, though clearly of Roman die, has not the mark of Senatorial authority. — Doct. a it in. vet. vi., 221. These military harangues occur many times afterwards in the mintage of the Imperial go- vernment, as will be seen by the following list, drawn out in chronological order : — ADLOCVT. COH. S. C. Brass medallion and large brass of Nero. — Emperor, Pnctorian Prefect, and three soldiers. — “ Nero, attended by Burrhus, both togated, on a tribunal, stand- ing near a circular edifice with columns, which may be emblematic of the pnctorian camp, lie is addressing three soldiers who stand before him, bearing military ensigns, and is probably promising the donative on which they proclaimed him Emperor; whence we may conclude the medal to have been struck a.d. 54.” — Smyth, 41. ADLOCVTIO. On the field S. C.- I.i-t brass of Galba. — The Emperor stands, with the chief of the Pnctorian guards, on a raised platform, and harangues the Cohorts, who arc generally represented by their standard bearer. In another Allocution, given by Haver- camp, (Mas. ChrisliiurJ, of the same Em- ADLOCVTIO. j)cror, the cavalry of the guards arc repre- sented by a horse, the head of which is seen amongst the foot soldiers. This coin (struck a. d. 68) is, by most numismatic antiquaries, thought to designate the occasion of Galba’s speech to his legionaries in Spain, when he first revolted from Nero. ADLOCVT. AVG. (Adlocutio Augusti.) — First brass of Nerva. — Emperor and two other figures on an cstradc ; four figures below. ADLOCVTIO. — First and second brass of Hadrian. — Emperor addressing his soldiers : first brass, and ADLOCVTIO. COIL PllAETOR ( Cokortium Pratoriarum — Allocution of the Body or Life Guards) with similar type. ADLOCVTIO. — Brass medallion of Marcus Aurelius. — Emperor addressing soldiers, one of whom holds a horse by the hridlc. — (Mus. de Camps.) ADLOCVT. AVG. COS. III.— First brass of Marcus Aurelius. — The Emperor, on a svg- gestum, accompanied by two prictorian prefects, is addressing three standard-bearers of the army. “ This coin was struck a. d. 170, on Aurelius’s waging war with the Marcomanni, a warlike people, who, leagued with the Quadi, the Sar- matians, the Roxolani, the Jazyges, and other barbarian nations, had invaded the Roman fron- tier. This opened one of the severest contests that ever Rome sustained.” — Smyth, p. 136. ADLOCVTIO. — Brass medallion, and first brass of L. Verus. — Emperor haranguing his soldiers. ADLOCVTIO.— Brass medallion of Macrinus. — Emperor and his son (Diadumenianus), and four military figures. ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTI. — Emperor and soldiers : on a first brass of Alexander Scvcrus. ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTI. — Emperor and soldiers, on a brass medallion and a first brass of Gordianns Pius. ADLOCVTIO AVGG. ( Augustorum ) — The two Philips, addressing their troops — on a brass medallion and first brass of Philippus, sen. ADLOCVTIO A V G V S TO R V M.— Three figures in military habits, standing on a raised platform, under whom appear three soldiers with legionary standards. In reference to this legend and type, as found on a large-sized silver me- dallion, having on its obverse the head of Valcrianus, Spanhcim makes the following re- mark : — “Valerian before his captivity and im- prisonment (by Sapor, King of Persia), asso- ADOPTIO. 7 ciatcd his son Gallieuus, in the empire, as we see on medals their two heads and the words Concordia Augustorum. There is also another medal on which arc three heads, viz., those of Valerian and his two sons Gallicnus and Valeria- na s, jun., though the latter was then only Caesar.” The three figures standing on the sug- gest am, in the silver medallion above described, were therefore most probably designed to repre- sent the same three imperial personages. ADLOCVTIO AVG. and ADLOCVTIO TACITI AVG. — Brass medallions of Tacitus. — The Emperor, attended by tbc Prictorian prefect. ADLOCVTIO AVG. — On a brass medallion of Probus. — Accompanying this legend, there is a remarkable type in which that Emperor and another personage are represented, stauding together on an estrade ; three soldiers on each side carry military ensigns ; and before the estrade are four kneeling figures. (Mus. l)e Camps, p. 117.). — For an illustration of this re- verse see Probus. ADLOCVTIO. — Third brass of Maxentius. Besides these reverses, in which the legend itself identifies the type with the occasion of an Emperor’s speech to his troops, there are some splendid examples of Allocutioual representations on brass medallions, such as the tides exek- citvs of Commodus, and the fidf.i militvm of Sept. Scverus — See the former illustrated. In the foregoing examples the distinctive word adlocvtio, or ADLOCVT is, for the most part, inscribed on the exergue. It can hardly fail to occasion some degree of surprise, that no Allocu- tion should have been recorded on the coins of such eminently warlike and victorious princes of the earlier empire, as Vespasian, Titus, and Trajan. — [The adlocvtio ascribed to the first named Emperor, engraved as a brass medallion, in Numismala Cimelii Vindobonensis (p. 15), being “ nonni/iil suspecluin.”'] ADOPTIO : Adoption. — The act of a person adopting another as his son, was performed among the Romans, either in presence of the Praetor, or before an assembly of the people, in the times of the Republic ; and under the Em- perors by their sovereign authority. — An adopted Roman (says Eckliel, v., p. 59), wa3 so com- pletely translated into the gens, or race, of the party adopting him, that the name of his own family was put aside, and lie received all the names of his parent by adoption — which names, however, were lengthened iuto the letters anvs. — Thus, iEmilius Paullus, being adopted by Publius Cornelius Scipio, was called P. Cornelius Scipio j-Em ilianus. — C. Octavius, afterwards Augustus, adopted by the Dictator Csesar, became C. Julius Ciesar Octaviawaj. — So, on coins, we see a. licinivs nerva SILiarazw; and T. qvinc- tiys crispinvs svLFiciawiM. — This custom, nevertheless, was frequently departed from. For example, M. Junius Brutus, (he who killed Ctesar) after his adoption by Q. Servilius Coepio, was called Q. Coepio Brutus, the surname being still retained, for the sake of his own family ; whereas he ought to have bceu called Q. Servilius Coepio Junianus. Tims again 8 ADYEMTS. ADOPTIO. Sci])io, who took part against Julius C;csar in Africa, adopted by Q. C;ccilius Metellus Pius, is termed on coins Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, not Comelianu*. Nor does it appear, that the adopted Homans were very particular in using the names to which they succeeded. M. Junius .Brutus, notwithstanding his adoption, is called on several of his coins, only brvtvs imp. — And P. Clodius, adopted by Fonteius, continued to the end of his life, to be called P. Clodius. Also, by virtue of adoption, the surname was lengthened, as in the instance of Marccllus of the Cornelia family, afterwards called Mar- cell inns. ADOPTIO. — Two figures, in the toga, joining hands : round the type parthic. divi. traian. avo. p.m. tr. p. cos. p.p. — This coin of Hadrian, in gold and silver, commemo- rates the adoption of Hadrian by Trajan. The former scat- tered abroad many monumen- tal evidences of that fact, as there had bccu much doubt on the subject : for, says Spar- tian, “there are not wanting those who assert that, after the death of Trajan, Hadrian was, through the intrigues of Plotina, taken into adoption.” For this reason, adds Yaillant (Impp. Rom., ii., p. 136), who con- curs in the sentiment of this quotation, was Hadrian so diligent, at first, in assuming the cognomina of his father by adoption. Adoption self -assumed. — There is exhibited on first and second brass coins of Sept, Sc- verus an evidence of that Emperor’s adoption of himself into the family of M. Aurelius ; the legend of the reverse reading Divi. M. pii. f. &c., and the type representing Severus, in the imperial paludamcntum, crowned by a helmetcd figure holding a club in the left hand. Tliis preposterous and unprecedented assumption, of which nearly all the old writers take notice, is thus nnmismatically confirmed. It was after so unwarrantable a use of the adoptative process, that the above named Emperor proceeded to trace his descent, in an uninterrupted line from Ncrva, as is attested by many inscriptions on marble, more diffuse than those on coins — see Gruter, quoted by Eckhel vii., p. 173. Sec also DIVI. M. PII. F. ADQ. — ADQVI. — Adquisita, added to (the Homan empire). — Sec arabia adquis. ADSEKTOKI LIBERTATIS PYBL1CAE. S. P. Q. R. in an oaken or civic garland. — With this highly eulogistic title of “ Maintainer of the Public Liberty,” was Vespasian honoured by the Senate and People of Rome, on a large brass I coin. — It is one of the rarest of that Emperor’s mint. The inscription occurs solely iu the in- stance of Vespasian. S. C. is omitted simply 1 because S. P. Q, R. equally constitutes the im- | press of senatorial authority. Sec Spanheim, ii. 528 — and Ilavcrcainp, iu Thesaur. Morel], vol. iii., Tab. xiii. — see also Eckhel’g comment, vi. p. 322. The obverse of this medal, on which appears the laurcatcd head of the Emperor turned to the left, presents the legend of imp. caps. | | VKSPASI AX. AUG. P. M. TR. P. P. P. COS. III. which, “as well as all those struck iu a. ii. 71 , proves Suetonius to be mistaken in stating that Vespasian was not invested with the tribunitiau power, nor dignified with the title of Father of J his country, till the latter part of his reign.” — Smvth, p. 56, No. lxx. ADV. or ADVENT.— AVG. or AYGG. — Ad- vent us August i, or Augustorum. ADVENTUS. — Inscriptions of this kind com- memorate the imperial sovereign’s arrival at Rome, either at the commencement of his reign, or on his return from a distance. They also refer to his advent iu some city or province of the empire. At their accession to the throne, em- perors were not conveyed in a chariot nor in any other vehicle, but went on horseback, and some- times even on foot ; and thus they made their first public entry into the capital of the Roman world. The fact of the equestrian procession of J emperors into Rome, even if it were not authen- ticated from other sources, is abundantly estab- lished, by the type of an Imperator eqnes, ac- companying the legend of adventvs av- ovsti, stamped on so numerous a scries of coins. The other custom, viz., that of their arriving on horseback at the gates of the city, and then entering it on foot, is not, and indeed could not, with the same degree of clearness, be elucidated by means of monetal designs ; but the fact is described by Dion Cassius, in his ac- count of Scptimius Sevcrus’s pedestrian entry into Rome. — That emperors occasionally set out from the city on foot is shewn on a large brass of Caracalla, the reverse type of which represents him marching, followed by a soldier. — See PRo- riiCTio avg. The Emperor’s departure. The Adventus legend appears on coins of Nero, Trajan, Hadrian, M. Aurelius, Comino- dus, Sept. Severus, Caracalla, the Philips, Trebonianus Callus, Volusianus, Valcriuuus, Gullicnus, Cams, Claudius Gothius, Tacitus, Probus, Diocletiauus, Maxiinianus Hercules, Carausius, Allcctus, Constantine, Joviauus. The types (with the exception of those on Ha- drian’s inscribed Adventui Augusts) consist ge- nerally of the Emperor or Emperors on horse- back, with their right hands elevated, some- times preceded by a figure of Vietorv ; in other instances, by soldiers hearing standards. These are aU on 1st or 2nd brass. There is an Ad- vent us Aug. of Elagabalus in silver; and an Adventus Augusts of the same Emperor in gold. ADVENTU8 AVGVSTI. — This memorial of an Emperor’s progresses, is offered most fre- quently, ns well as most interestingly, on the coins of Hadrian, always with the addition of the name of the province, or city, which that great prince had visited : viz., Africie, Alexandria:, Arabia 1 , Asia:, Bithynia 1 , Britannia:, Cilicia:, Gnlliic, Hispaukc, Italia:, Judaea:, Macedonia 1 , Maure- tania:, Moesia 1 , Phrygia 1 , Sicilia 1 , Thraeiie. — These arc all on first brass, but seven of them (sec Akcrmau’s Desrr. Cat. vol. i.) arc also to be found on second brass, and three on gold and silver. — The solicitude of Hadrian to become acquainted, by oeular observation aud personal y ADVENTVI. inquiry, with the customs, manners, laws, and condition of the various peoples, comprehended within the limits of his vast empire, induced him to he continually travelling through its different provinces, and colonics ; to visit the chief cities, and to inspect the principal legion- ary masses of the Roman army. He made these excursions (of greater or less extent, and occupying more or less time) accompanied hy only a few attcudauts, generally ou foot and often harc-headed, seeing every thing, investi- gating every thing, and ever)' where establishing the greatest order. — The accomplishment of numerous jouruies and visitations were, hy his direction and with the sanction of the Senate, chrouologically recorded, in a scries of coins, which are remarkable for their tine style of work- manship. It comprises, as already noticed, all the Roman provinces, and confirms what History tells us of this emperor’s voyages. 'Hie number of these geographical coins is considerable, and they are with good reason sought for. Some arc very rare, others sufficiently common. The first class of them includes the names of the provinces and towns through which Hadrian passed. On these the countries, cities, and rivers, are represented by a figure and some attribute; as Egyptos, Alexandria, Nilus. The second ex- presses the satisfaction which the people expe- rienced, or were supposed to have experienced, at his arrival among them : an event which is indicated by the legend of the reverse — A d- ventvi Avo. ; whilst the type (as in that of Africa, Judaa, Macedonia, &c.) exhibits the Emperor, and the Genius of the Province, stand- ing opposite each other, and an altar (with its victim) between them, at which they are per- forming sacrifice. — The third class shows, through the medium of ingenious allegories, the benefits and reliefs which Hadrian bestowed ou the op- pressed provinces. In this branch of the series the Emperor is called Restitutor, the restorer of the particular country, (as Achaia, Asia, Africa, Gallia, Ilispania, &c.) and he raises up a kneeling figure. A fourth and last class refers to the military exercises, which he caused to be practiced, and to the discipline which he main- tained amongst his legions, in their respective encampments and garrisons. The review of troops by the Emperor in person is usually figured by a type of allocution, with the name of the army, as in his f.xercitvs dacicvs, germanicvs, mavretamcvs, &c. on which are an equestrian figure, and four or five foot sol- diers carrying military ensigns. ADVENTVI AVG. AFRICAE.— On gold of Hadrian. The Emperor, clothed in the toga, is seen hold- ing his right hand elevated towards a female C ADVENTVS. figure, who is distinguished by the trunk of an elephant covering her head as personifying the Roman province of Africa, and is in the act of sacrificing at a tripod. “We find (says Addi- son) on the several medals, struck in comme- moration of Hadrian’s progress through the empire, that on his arrival (adventus) they offered a sacrifice to the Gods, for the reception of so great a blessing. Horace mentions this custom, (Od. 2, lib. 4.)” ADVENTVS AVGVSTI. G. P. (Gracia Pe- ragrata .) — A second brass of Nero, of colonial fabric, bearing this legend, and an ornamented praetorian galley, is considered to record the return of that prince from Greece. — Others with a similar type, and the abbreviation c. cor. in the field of the coin, designate his arrival at Corinth, for the purpose of celebrating the Isthmian games in that city. — (Vaillant in co- loniis, vol. i.) ADVENTVS AVG. PONT. MAX. TR. POT. COS. II., S. C. — Rome helmetcd, seated on a heap of arms, joins right hands with the Emperor, who habited in the toga, stands opposite to her. — On a large brass of Hadrian, struck in the year of Our Lord 118. Having ar- ranged all things in Syria, (where he commanded when Trajan died), Hadrian proceeded through Illyria to Rome ; and that this occurred in the year above mentioned, the present coin shows by the inscription cos. ii. — E ckhcl, vi. 477. ADVENTVI AVG. IVDAEAE. S. C— In this example amongst the numi geographies of Hadrian, the Emperor, with his right hand uplifted, stands opposite the province, which is personified under the figure of a female, robed and veiled : she holds a patera over an altar, at the foot of which is the victim : she carries a ball, or, as Mr. Akcrman suggests, in reality the Acerra imperfectly represented, in her left hand, and be- side her are two naked children, bearing each a palm branch — allusive to Judiea, of which, as part of Palestine, the palm tree is an emblem. This type, struck between a.d. 130 and 135, is of historical interest. It represents the arrival of Hadrian in Judaea, not, as in the case of most of his visits elsewhere, on a mission of benevo- lence and mercy, but to confirm the stern imperial sentence, after a bloody war, of de- struction to devoted Jerusalem, and of insult and humiliation to the rebellious Jews. — For a further numismatic reference to this fulfilment of Our Lord’s prophecy, see Ae/ia Capitolina Colonia. 10 ADVENTVS. ADVENTVS AVG. BRITANN1AE. — In the exergue s. c. — An altar with the lire kindled, placed between the Emperor (who is clothed in the toga), holding a patera, and a female figure with a victim lying at her feet. On a large brass of Hadrian, engraved in “ Coins of the Romans relating to Britain.” — PI. 2, No. 5. Hadrian’s arrival in Britain is commemorated by this coin, struck in the year of Rome 874 a.d. 121. “In the reign of this prince,” observes Mr. Akerman (see his ably written, correctly illustrated, and highly interesting work above- named), “ the Britons revolted; and Julius Seve- rus was recalled to proceed against the Jews, who had made an effort to regain their liberty. The Caledonians also destroyed several forts, which had been erected by Agricola. Hadrian, with three legions, arrived in time to prevent the Britons from throwing off the Roman yoke ; and, to protect the northern frontiers of the province, built a wall which extended from the Tyne in Northumberland to the Eden in Cumberland. The w r ar does not appear to have been of long continuance, and the Southern Britons, protected from the incursions of their savage neighbours, w r erc probably content to bear the yoke.” p. 22. ADVENTVS AVG. — M. Aurelius crossing a bridge. — On the reverse of a large brass the Emperor is seen, followed by five soldiers, two of whom bear standards ; and the others have their spears advanced as if to encounter re- sistance. They are passiug over a bridge con- structed on three boats, “ precisely (says Capt. Smyth) like the one over the Istcr, represented on the Trajan column. The bridge before us was no doubt over the same river ; since the Mar- comanni, in abandoning Pannonia, sustained a dreadful overthrow, whilst crossing it. — The legend of this reverse is imp. vi. cos. iii., with v hit vs avo. on the exergue. There is another large brass of Aurelius, with the above reverse, but inscribed Advent us instead of Virtue, and recording imp. vii. whence it affords a sure testimony of the Emperor’s return to Rome, a. d. 174.” — For an illustration of this reverse, sec imp. vi. cos. hi. ADVENTVI AV Gusli FELICISSIMO. S.C. — This legend appears on the reverse of a large brass of Scptimius Severus. The type represents the emperor on horseback, either alone, or pre- ceded by a soldier on foot. — After having re- established peace in the east by the destruction of Pescennius Niger, and with the design of march- ADVENTVS. ing against Albinus, Scvcrus returned to Rome, where his entry was magnificent. That was the same Felicissimus Adventus — “ the most auspi- cious return” — which is alluded to here. Capt. Smyth (p. 186) assigns the return to Rome which this device commemorates, to the year 196 of the Christian sera ; and adds — “ The first public entry of Severus was under every possible demonstration of joy : yet he committed unheard of cruelties. After commending the character of Commodus to the Senators, who had declared his memory infa- mous, he executed a number of their body, with- out trial ; and Rome was filled with bloodshed. At the same time, however, he executed retri- butive justice on the insolent, venal, and trea- cherous Prrctorians, whom he disanned, de- graded, and ignominiously banished to the dis- tance of a hundred miles from Rome.” In describing an Adventus coin of the elder Philip, whose equestrian figure is repre- sented with the same “ extraordinary dispropor- tion between the steed and its rider,” as is ex- hibited on the above reverse of Severus, the intelligent writer above quoted, observes (p. 266) — “ the Emperor is probably mouutcd on the Aslurco, or ambling nag, os a more appro- priate emblem of returning peace, than the Equus bet/a/or, or charger.” — This is a shrewd conjecture ; but it does not fully account for the under-sized horses on which we see emperors mound'd, in various types of the Roman mint. These, indeed, arc for the most part relatively diminutive, whether the imperial rider is habited in the pacific toga, or in the garb of war — under the legend of adventvs, or that oi ex- ERCITVS ADVENTVS AVGVSTI. S. C.— On a large brass of Elagabalus, with this legend of reverse, the type presents “ an equestrian figure of that emperor, with his right hand elevated, a sceptre in his left, and the chlainys floating behind his shoulders. Mirsa, well aware of what Macrinus had lost by not proceeding to Rome immediately after his election, urged her grand- son, who was wallowing in brutal debauchery at Nicomcdia, to repair thither. She prevailed ; and he eutcrcd Koine a. d. 219, where he was received with great demonstrations, largesses being distributed to the populace, and public shews exhibited.” — Smyth, p. 214. ADVENTVS AVGG. (Adventus Aug ustorum). — Two military figures on horseback galloping. — This legend and type appear on a brass medallion, ADVENTVS. struck in honour of the Emperors Trebonianus Callus, aud Volusianus, jointly, about a. d. 252, the computed year of their arrival in Home, after the death of Trajanus Decius, whose son Hostilianus had already been associated with Trebonianus as an Augustus. On the obverse are the laurelled heads of both father and son, surrounded by the legend imp. GAXLVS. AVG. IMP. VOLVSIANVS. AVG. — TllC above cut is copied from the volume of Buonarotti (pi. xviii.), who praises this medallion as equal, in point both of design aud workmanship, to the best examples of die-engraving, to be found in the mints of the earlier empire. Thus much for art and taste, as still occasionally found manifested even in the lower age of the imperial coinage. But the device of two equestrian warriors, one with couched lance, as if preparing to charge an enemy, is a more appropriate type for a decursio, or a profectio mi/itaris, than for the peacefid approach of two newly-elected Emperors to the gates of “ the eternal city.” There is, moreover, something more than strange in the assumption of the imperial title by both Gallus and Volu- sianus — a circumstance which, as the learned and acute author of “ Osservazione Istoriche” re- marks (p. 312) — “fa motto sospettare die Os- tiliano, non vedendosi nominato, fosse gia mor- to, o di peste, o di morte vio/enla, procuratagli da Gallo, per getosia d’ Imperio.” The suspi- cion of foul play, in this case, is of the two, by far the more probable hvpo thesis. ADVENTVS CARL AVG.— 1 The Emperor on horseback, with right hand raised, and a spear in his left. — This reverse appears on an aureus of Cams (struck a. d. 282-3.) — Some writers think it probable from this coin, that Cams actually went to Rome, from Pannonia, before he proceeded on his Persian expedition. But, at this period, to speak of the advent of the Emperor was not always intended to indicate his arrival at Rome. (Eckiiel, vii. p. 588). This observation is also justified by the mint of the Emperor Tacitus. ADVENTVS S. D. N. AVG.-— The Emperor, with the nimbus round his head, on horseback, in the garb of Peace. — [Akerman describes this equestrian figure as “wearing the diadem.”] This appears on a gold coin- of Marcianus, published by Pcllcrin (Mel. 1. p. 103), who reads the legend — Adventvs Second us Domini Nostri Xvausti, meaning the second arrival of the Emperor. Eckhel, on the other hand, deems it more likely that the single S constitutes part of the imperial title of Marcianus, and should rather be read S acralissimi. — [The opi- nion of Eckhel is entitled to the greatest re- spect, and his interpretation is probably correct, but on Greek coins the second advent is re- corded. Sec Mr. Akcrman’s remarks on the Coins of Ephesus, in Num. Chron. The S. pre- ceding D. N. appears to sanction Eckhel’s ren- dering.] ADVENTVS AVGG. — There is a silver me- dallion, edited by Buonarotti, bearing on its obverse the head of Saloninus Valerianus Caesar, without laurel crown, on the one side ; and face C 2 AED. 1 1 to face, with that of Gallicnus, his father, laureated, on the other side — the legend being Concordia avgvstorvm. — The reverse exhibits three galcated figures on horseback, their right hands raised. Victory preceding them, and live soldiers accompanying them, three of whom bear military ensigns. Near the horses’ feet are two captives seated on the ground. See con- cordia avgvstorvm. ADVERSA. — The obverse, or principal face of a coin; in contradistinction to the term aversa, or the reverse side. ADYTUM, the most sacred place of a heathen temple in which stood the image of the princi- pal deity to whom it was dedicated. — See Tcm- plum. AEBUTIA gens. — It is uncertain to which order, patrician or plebeian, this family belongs. Its name is found on brass colonial coins of Ccesar Augusta (Sarragozza) in Hispania Tarra- conensis, and also of Corinth. There are four varieties. AED. — Aedes or JEdificia, Edifices. — AED. S. AE 'dibus Sacris. AED. P. or POT. — JEdilitia Potestate. AED. DIVI. FAVSTINAE. — A temple of six columns, in which Faustina stands, or, as in others, is seated. Silver. To this may be joined the legend of another denarius of the same empress — viz., dedicatio aedis. The same building but no image within. This represents the aedes, or templum, with which, after her death, the elder Faustina was honoured by Antoninus Pius. According to Capitol inus, it was situated in the via sacra, and was at first dedicated to Faustina alone. But, after the decease of the husband, religious rites were paid therein to him also. This temple, the ruins of which at Rome are still ex- tant, bespeaks its original appropriation, for on its frontal the following dedication is still legible, viz., DIVO ANTONINO ET DIVAE FAVSTINAE. ex s. c. The same edifice is likewise represented on other coins of the same empress, inscribed AETERNITAS, or pietas. — Eckhel, vii. p. 39. — See templvm divi. avg. rest, engraved in Cavlus, No. 493. AED. (in others AEDE) DIVI. AVG. REST. COS. III1. — Aides Did Augusti Restitute. — On silver and large brass coins of Antoninus Pius (struck about a. d. 159) are the foregoing legend, and a temple of eight columns, with two seated figures in the intercolumniation. The pediment and entablature of the edifice arc also adorned with statuary. 12 AED1LIS. This temple of Augustus first appears ou coins of Tiberius struck A.u.e. 787 (a.d. 34) ; also in the mint of Caligula of different years ; and here it is exhibited on coins of Antoninus, of the year above-mentioned (Eckhel, vii., 25). These, supplying what history has neglected to notice, teach us that such repairs and restorations, as either the decays of age, or the effects of casual injury, had rendered ueccssary, were made by the piety of Antoninus. The two statues in the temple are of Augustus and Jidia, the latter placed there by the Emperor Claudius. Gold, silver, and brass of Antoninus, with the same type, but inscribed templvm. divi. avg. also refer to this historical fact. — See Teinplum. AED. Acdilis.— AEG. PL. JEdilis Plebis.— A ED. CVR. ASdilis Curn/is. /EDI ITS — A Roman magistrate, who exer- cised the Edilcship, which was of three kinds : Plebeian, Curule, and Cereal. — See an able article, under this head, in “ the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, edited by Dr.W. Smith.” /ED I LIS PLEB1S. — The plebeian edilcship was the most ancient of the offices above named. It embraced many functions, amongst which were the maintenance of the baths, aqueducts, common sewers, streets, and highways: also t he preservation of the public records and archives, deposited in the temple (tales) of Ceres. The plebeian ediles were, moreover, charged with the superintendence of commerce, and of what is now called the police ; together with the ma- nagement of provisions. llavcrcamp (in Morel], Thesaur. Fain. Rom.) gives two denarii referring to the office of Plc- beiau Ediles. One of these is of the Panina, the other of the Critonia gens. Both these exhibit on their respective obverses, the head of Ceres spicifera, with the abbreviated words akd. pi,. AEdilium Plebis ; on each of their reverses are two togated men, sitting upon common sedi/ia. Behind them is P. a. or Publico Ar- gento (meaning coined with the public silver) ; below we read M. fan. L. Cltrr. Marcias Fan- nins and Lucius Critonius ; the two ediles em- ployed on the occasion to which the coin re- fers. — Eckhel, v. p. 198. /EDILES CURDLES. — Under the dictator- ship of Kurins Camillus (». c. 308), the pntri- cians obtained the nomination to flic edilcship of tivo of their own order, under the distinctive AEDILES. appellation of / Ediles Curules ; because they had the curule chair, the pratextu, or long white robe bordered with purple, the jus inuiginis , or right of images, like the superior magistrates ; privileges never attained by the plebeian ediles. To the curule ediles were entrusted the care of the sacred edifices (especially the temple of Ju- piter), the tribunals of justice, the city walls, and the theatres ; in short, all that was essential to the religion, defence, and embellishment of the city, came under their cognizance. — l’itiseus, Lex. Ant. llom. The symbols of the curule edilcship, both in legend and in type, arc found on denarii of the Livineia, Phctoria, Plancia, Plautia, and other families. In some of these, the curule chair pre- sents itself on one side, and the dignity of AED. cvr. is stamped on the other, as in the above coin of the Furia gens. Others present the figures of the two ediles, sitting between two measures filled with ears of corn, as in a denarius of the Papiria family. Also a modius, or measure, be- tween two cars of corn, as in silver of L. Licineius Regains, one of which on the obverse has the head of Ceres adorned with a crowu of corn ears, accompanied with the epigraph of akd. cvn. (See Livineia gens.) Likewise on a denarius of the Flaminia family, a head of Ceres with the letters, designating the Curule Edilcship, ap- pears on one side, whilst on the other are figures of two men, clothed in the toga, sitting together, having each a corn car beside him, and below is inscribed t. flamin. t. f. l. flag. p. f. ex. s. c. meaning Titus F/aminius, Titi Filins , and L. F/accus, Publii Filius, Ex Senates Con-vdto. (Sec Havercamp in Morell — numi consu/ares.) The addition of ex. s. c. denotes that those Curule Ediles purchased wheat for the supply of the Homan population, with the public money, by authority of the Senate. This purpose is more explicitly referred to, in the epigraph of ad. fry. emv. already given (p. 5). Eckhel observes, that the curule edilcship was not unfrcqucntly attended with vast expense both to the state and to the individuals w ho held the office. That of M. Scaurus (which according to Pighius, took place iu the year of Rome 690 n.c. 58) is reprobated by early Roman w Titers, for the excessive magnificence of the public shews, and the amount of largesses, almost beyond belief, which, with a prodigal ostentation of luxury and profusion, he lavished ou his official year. /EDILES CEREALES. — This third class of Ediles was of much later appointment and of more questionable origin, clashing ns they did iu functional operations with the other two. Under the free republic, the number of Ediles had been limited to four ; viz., two plebeians and two patricians. But according to Dion, two Curators, with the like number of Cereal Ediles, were in- stituted by Julius Cicsar (when about to pro- ceed ou his expedition against l’arthia), fur the purpose of assisting in the conveyance of corn from foreign lands to Rome, and of distribut- ing it among the people. (See Annona). This fact is confirmed by the inscriptions on two AEGYFI'YS. marbles, cited by Ursinus, bearing the words aedili ri.EB. CEBIAL. — A denarius of Cri- tonius, who was a Cereal Edile, in the year of Rome 710 (b. c. 44), has for the type of its ob- verse (like Fannin above), the head of Ceres. “ And appropriately too” says Eckhcl, “ for we learn from Cicero, that the care of providing annona, and of preparing the Cerealian games, belonged not less to the plebeian than to the curule ediles. The eminent author of Doctrina num. vet. then makes an apposite quotation from Livy, shewing expressly that on one of those occasions, when L. Valerius and M. lloratius were consuls (b. c. 449), the sacred ceremonies in the temple of Ceres were, by a senates con- sult um, placed under the jurisdiction and ma- nagement of the Plebeian Ediles.” — See ceke- ai.es. The Edilcship was continued uuder the Em- perors, and it was not until the reign of Con- stautine the Great that the institution itself was abolished. — Pitiscus. /EGYPT VS; Egypt. — Augustus, having taken possession of Alexandria, the capital city of the Delta, in the 724th year of Rome (b. c. 30), formed the whole country into a Roman province, and entrusted the government to some individual member of the equestrian order ; prohibiting sill senators from going to Egypt, without special permission. Egypt is distinguished on coins bv the crocodile, the sistrum, the ibis, the lotus, and cars of corn. The Nile, Jupiter, the Sun, the Moon, Apis, Osiris, Isis, Scrapis, as objects of worship with the Egyptians, arc also amongst the numismatic recognitions of that country. Egypt received no colony, after Julius Caesar’s time ; but, as a province, was governed by an imperial prefect (preefectus augustalis) to whom, however, the privilege of the fasces was not assigned. AEGYPTOS. — Egypt personified under the image of a woman seated on the ground, holding in her right hand the sistrum, resting her left arm on the canistrum, or basket filled with fruits, and having on her right foot the Ibis standing. This reverse which appears on coins of Had- rian, in all the three [metals, was struck on the occasion of that Emperor’s visit to Egypt, after having been in Judaea and Arabia, probably about the year u. c. 883, a.d. 130. (Eckhel, vi., 488.) The type is elegant, on gold and first brass, and is peculiarly appropriate to AEGYPTOS. 13 Egypt. The sistrum was a musical instrument sacred to Isis, in whose worship it was used, and national to Egypt. [See the word.] The canistrum, or basket of wheat, signifies the fruit- fulness of the country, which is caused by the inundation of the Nile. In reference to the sacred Ibis, a bird so pecu- culiar to Egypt, that it was said to die, if taken to other countries, Cicero has observed, “ the Egyptians, whom we are apt to ridicule so much, conferred honours upon animals only in propor- tion to the advantage derived from them. Thus their reason for worshipping the Ibis, was be- cause it destroyed the serpent.” A large brass of Hadrian, the reverse with- out legend, but with s. c. in the field, “ ex- hibits a majestic figure of the Emperor, with his left foot on a crocodile : he is in armour, with the paludamentum at his back, his right hand is supported by a spear, with the point peacefully downwards, and his left holds a parazonium. This was probably minted in re- membrance of his visit to Egypt, and its date may therefore be nearly approximated — for Hadrian, having passed through Jud;ea and Arabia, arrived at Pclusium a. d. 130, where he repaired the tomb of Pompey.” — Smyth, Descr. Cat. p. 103. AEGYPTO CAPTA.— This historical legend appears on gold and silver of Augustus. The obverse presents the head of that emperor, with- out laurel, behind which is the augural lituus, and around is read caf.sar. cos. vi. — On the reverse are the foregoing words, accompanied with the figure of a crocodile, to the right. — The sixth consulate being inscribed on this denarius, shews it to have been struck in the year of Rome 720 (b. c. 28), under Augustus, to renew the memory of the capture of Alex- andria, and thereby the conquest of Egypt, by his great uncle, and father by adoption, Julius Ca:sar. [The original silver coin is neither rare nor high priced, but the same type restored by Trajan is valued by Miouuet at 100 francs.] iEGIS. — This, according to the Greek ety- mology of the word, was the skin of a goat; some authors affirming it to be that of the goat Amalthsea, others pretending it to have been the skin of a destructive monster, iEgis, whom Minerva fought and slew — after which she is said to have placed its skin over her breast, partly to serve as a garment, partly as a pro- tection against dangers, but also as a lasting evi- dence of her bravery : in the sequel she placed on it the snake-haired head of Medusa. Roman Em- perors often appear, in their statues and on their coins, with tlieir chests covered with the /Egis 14 AEMILIA. AEMILIANTS. as with a cuirass ; and several coins of Domitiau and of Trajan exhibit those Emperors, with the head of Medusa affixed to the bust, as part of the body armour. — Sec Lorica — also Domitianns. AEMILIA gens (origiually Aimilia), a patri- cian family of great antiquity, as both writers and coins serve fully to attest. It was famous for the exploits and public services of its members, insomuch that they filled office, as chief pontiffs, dictators, governors, senators, consuls, masters of the horse, military tribunes with consular power, and triumvirs reipubtiae const it uenda , together with all the other magisterial and sa- cerdotal functions. Buca, Lepidus, Paulus, and Scauras appear as surnames on the medals of this gens, and there are 43 numismatic varie- ties. Gold, of the highest rarity ; Silver com- mon, except scarce reverses. There arc silver restored by Trajan. The brass are colonial. Por the cognomen of Buca, see aimilia [Basilica] ltKP ecit S. C. — For that of Bantus see ter Pavlvs. — For Scaurus see rex aretas. — The following relates to Lepidus. The coins of the Lcpidi are re- markable for their commemoration of warlike achievements performed by persons belonging to that branch of the Aemilia gens. — There is a denarius belonging to this family, which bears on its obverse, a female head with a diadem. On its reverse, an equestrian figure with a trophy on his shoulder; around the type an. xv. pr. li. o. c. s. ; on the exergue m. lepidvs. The meaning of this abbreviated legend on a well known and interesting silver coin is — M. LEPIDVS A y norum xv. l’l Vetextatus. 1 lost cm Occidit deem S ervavit. — Tims inform- ing us that M. Lepidus at the age of fifteen, still Pnelextatus (that is, wearing the robe peculiar to a patrician boy) killed an enemy [in battle] and saved [the life of] a Roman citizen. — Vale- rius Maximus (1. iii. c. i. n. i.) relates this fact in almost the same words : — Aemitius Lepidus pner etiam turn progressus in aciem tiostem intermit, cicem seroacit. Cnjus turn memo- rabi/is (he adds) open's index est, in Capito/io statua buttata et incincta preetexta S. C. posita. — According to the above-named Roman histo- rian, a statue of Lepidus, dressed in the costume appropriated to the male children of noblemen till 17 years of age, was placed in the Capitol, by order of the Seuate, as an honom-ablc record of this precocious act of valour and patriotism. — After further citing a passage from Macrobius, to shew that, in the times of the Kings, a similar deed, under similar circumstances as to age and bravery, had been performed, and had met with a like recompense — Eckhel calls to mind (vol. v. 123) that on the obverse of another of these Acnarii, a crown of oak leaves, the honour con- ferred on him who saved a citizen, is added in the field of the coin behind the woman’s head. AEMILIA gens. — There is a denarius of this family engraved in Morcll’s Thesaurus, which bears on its obverse roma, and a female head. On its reverse M. aemilio, and an equestrian statue on a bridge ; referring to the building of the Pons Snblicius, of stone, at Rome, between 6C0-688 u. c. (94-04 b. c.) AEMILIAXUS (Marcus or Cains Julius -Emi- lius), was born in Mauretania, of an obscure family, about the year of the Christian era 208. A good soldier, and of an enterprising character, he arrived at the highest dignities, and was honoured with the consulate. Appointed gover- nor of Maosia and Pannonia, he repulsed with great slaughter an invasion of the Goths, whom he also drove out of Illyria and Thrace. In ad- miration of his valour and firmness, as con- trasted with the timid and yielding policy of Trcbonianus Gallus, the Macsian and l’annouian legious proclaimed him Emperor, a. d. 253, he being then forty-six years of age. Ad- vancing, after his election, into Italy, he de- feated Gallus and Volusianus in a pitched battle ; and those two princes having been slain by their own troops, yEmilianus was acknowledged by the Senate, who confirmed him in all the imperial titles a. D. 254. Shortly after, being com- pelled to march against Valcrianus, who liu^ been elected Emperor by the legions of Rhctiu and Noricum, lie was killed by his own soldiers, near Spolctum, in Umbria, on a bridge after- wards called “ the bloody bridge,” in August of the same year. On his coins (which are of highest rarity in gold, rare in silver, and very rare in 1st and 2nd brass), he is styled imp. m. AEM. AEMILLANVS AVG. — IMP. CAES. C. IVL. AEMILI ANVS PIVS. FEL. AVG. The above engraving is from a large brass coin, of the legends and types on which the fol- lowing is descriptive : — Obv. IMP. AEM1LIANVS PIVS FF.L. AVG. (Imperator, iEmilianus, Pius, Felix, Augustus) — Laurelled head of iEmilian. Bee. paci. avo. — (To the Peace of the Em- peror.) — Peace holding the olive branch and the liasta, and leaning ou a cippus, or short column. AEM ILIAN" VS (Alexander), au usurper of the purple, in ./Egypt, during the reign of Gal- lienus. — No authentic coins. — Akerman, vol. i. p. 81. AELIA and ALLIA. Plebeian gens. — The surnames of this family, as they appear on its coins, arc Bala, Lama, Partus, Sejnuus. Twenty- AELIA. AELIAN. 15 four varieties. Silver and first brass common. The brass were struck by the monetal triumvirs of Augustus, or are colonial of Bilbili3, iu Spain. The following denarius is the least common : — Obverse, head of Pallas, behind it X. Re- verse, f. paf.tvs, below, roma. The dioscuri (Castor and Pollux! ou horseback. — The word roma shows the coin to have been struck at Rome. The dioscuri on horseback, with spears in their hands, and the pileus on then- heads, with stars over them, arc frequent and accustomed types of the ancient denarii. It re- fers to Publius JElius Pattis, who was consul with Cornelius Lentulus, a.u.c. 553 (b.c. 201). AELIA CAPITOLINA. — Under this name was distinguished the colony established by the Emperor Aelius Iladrianus, in the very capi- tal of Judica, which, under its ancient and sacred appellation of Jerusalem (Hiet osolyma), was, a. D. 135, destroyed by Titus. Ha- drian having suppressed a great rebellion of the Jews against the Roman government, proceeded to expel them from Jeru- salem ; and, after des- troying the once Holy City, which he prohi- bited the Jews from ap- proaching on pain of death, he built on its site a new city, and called it after his family name AELIA. lie afterwards sent a colony there to people it, having commanded a temple of Jupiter Capitolinus to be erected on the spot where the Temple dedicated to the worship of the True God had stood, lienee the colonial title of the place, col. ael. cap. Co/onia Aelia Capitolina. The coins of this colony bear none but Latin legends, and are brass of the three modules. — Extending from Hadrian down to Hostilianus, they comprise the intermediate reigns of Anto- ninus Pius, M. Aurelius, L. Verus, S. Sevcrus, Diadumeniauus, Elagabalus, Trajanus Decius, and Hcreuuius Etruscus. Pellerin gives a middle brass of this colony, which is of material historic importance, inas- much as its legend does what no other ancient monument appears to have done, viz. it cor- roborates the truth of the fact asserted by different writers, that Hadrian was the founder of the colony built on the rains of Jerusalem. It is described as follows : — Obv. IMP. CAES. TRAIANO. HADRIAN'. LaU- reated head of Hadrian. Rev. col. ael. capit. cond. A priest driving two oxen at plough, to the right ; in the field, a military ensign. — (See the engraving above.) Here we see the title of founder given to Hadrian, by the term cond itor. “ Probably (says Pellerin), it is one of the first of the me- dals that were struck at /Elia Capitolina, as it exhibits the type of a plough conducted by a minister of religion, who wears the sacerdotal dress. It also shews by the representation of a military ensign, that Hadrian began by form- ing this colony of veteran soldiers ; but the legion to which they belonged is not marked on the standard.” — Melange, i. 242. The total expulsion of the Jews, the desecra- tion of their capital by the extinction of its ancient name, and the profanation of its Zion to heathen idolatries, arc events shadowed forth in a rare middle brass, engraved in Vaillant’s valuable work on the Colonics (vol. i. p. 152. — On the obverse is IMP. CAES. THAI. HADRIAN, with the laureated head of that emperor. The reverse exhibits the name of of his new colony, col. ael. cap. aiid a temple of two co- lumns, within which arc three figures, viz. Jupiter seated, between Pallas and the Genius of the city, standing. The types adopted by the moncyers of this imperial colony, besides the legionary eagle, the trophy, and the victory, comprise Romulus and Remus with the wolf, Bacchus with his thyrsus, the Dioscuri, Astartc, “ the abomination of the Tyrians and Sidouians also Isis and Serapis, “ the abomination of the Egyptians.” A coin of JElia Capitolina, struck under Antoninus Pius, has on its reverse a hog walking (“ an abomination” to the Jews). Whilst Capito- line Jove figures predominantly, with the eagle at his feet, and in one instance (Hostilianus), with a human head iu his hand. In short, it would seem to have been the study of the Roman government in Juda:a to insult, and horrify, as well as to oppress, the once-favourcd people of Jehovah. ASUAN BRIDGE. — On the reverse of a first brass coin of Hadrian, without legend, is the type of a structure, which is designatad by some as the ./Elian Bridge, at Rome, built by that emperor over the Tiber, a structure which still remains, under the name of the Ponte di San Angelo, communicating with the castle of that name; the mausoleum of Hadrian, and one of his many great architectural works. — “ The medallion with the Pons AE/ius (observes Air. Akerman), quoted by early numismatic writers, is a modern fabrication.” AELIANA PINCENSIA. — Within a garland of laurel. — This legend on a second and third brass of Hadrian, has been supposed by Froelich and others to indicate certain public games cele- brated at Pincum, in Mocsia, to the honour of -Elius Hadrian. But Eckhel (vi. p. 445) regards it as one of the numi metallorum, or coins of the mines, which are found inscribed with the name of Trajan and of Hadrian. By supplying the omission of the word metallum, he considers the meaning to be clearly elucidated ; metalla aelia. PINCENSIA. That is to say, JEliana, (so called, from its institutor, Allies Iladrianus) and Pincensia from Pincum, near which city [on the Danube, in the neighbourhood of what is now the town of Gradisca] these mines, or metalla were worked. 16 -^vwu* w’- fjfj -it. *}/>)/-//» 4 ^ v * 8a%iI*c& . AELIl'S. I TINEAS. AELIANUS (Quintus Valcns) ; one of the so-calleil tyranni, or pretenders to imperial aud augustal rank and authority, during the reign of Gallicnus. The Museum Thenpoli contains the following description of a 3rd brass coin, which Eckhel supposes to belong to this usurper, but its authenticity is doubted by Mionnct. — Obv. IMP. C. Q. VALENS AELIANVS. P. AVO. And on its reverse iovi. conser. avgg. with type of Jupiter, standing; the thunderbolt in the right and the liasta in the left hand. On the exergue s. M. i. AELIUS C/ESA R — (Lucius Aurelius Ccjo- nius Commodus Verus) was the son of Cejonius Commodus, a man of consular rank, descended from an illustrious Etrurian family. The date of his birth is unknown. On the death of Sabina, he was adopted by Hadrian, A. U. c. 888 or 889 (a. d. 135 or 36), and destined to the succession of the empire ; declared Cicsar under the name of Lucius /Elius Verus, made Prsctor and Tribune of the people ; and ap- pointed prefect of Pannonia, which province he governed with wisdom and courage; created, for the first time, Consul, a. d. 137, and elected to his second consulate the following year. He was brother of Annins Verus and of Faustiua the elder; married Domitia Lucilla. Of a hand- some figure, dignified in physiognomy, and stately in carriage, he possessed a highly cul- tivated understanding, was learned, eloquent, and wrote with elegance in both prose and verse. Refined in his tastes, but effeminate in his habits, he fell an early victim to the inroads made on a weak constitution by voluptuousness and dissipa- tion. .Elius returned from Pannonia to Rome a. d. 138, and died on the very day appointed for him to deliver a florid eulogium in honour of Hadrian’s kindness to him. His body was de- posited in the tomb which Hadrian had built at Rome for his own mausoleum, now the castle of St. Angelo, aud that emperor caused several temples and statues to be raised to his memory. On his coins he is styled I,, aei.ivs. caesar. They are more or less scarce, in all the three metals. His brass medallions are of the highest degree of rarity. — /Elius is represented on all his coins with bare head, curly hair and beard, aud a majestic countenaucc. liavcrcainp (in Masco Christina , p. 69) has engraved, and Capt. Smyth cites from his own collection, a large brass of this prince, which with no other legend on its reverse than tr. pot cos. ii. ends. c. on the exergue, typifies “Fortune with her rudder and cornucophc, meeting Hope, who advances in light vestments and bears the blossom before her. This elegant device alludes to the fortunate exaltation of /Elius, and the expectation of his becoming Emperor. But the hope was vain; and Hadrian, who had cele- brated the adoption with magnificent games, a public largess, and a donative to the soldiers, could not conceal his chagrin on perceiving that /Elins was passing to a sepulchre rather than a throne. Alluding to the approaching apotheosis of the sickening Ctcsar, the Emperor exclaimed — * Ego Dirum adoptavi , non filinir.' And the event verified the prediction.” (Descr. Cat. p. 114.) — The type above described is evidently taken from fortuxa spes on an aureus of Hadrian. — See Caylus, Sunns. Aurea Lapp. Rom., No. 350. /ENEAS, a Trojan prince, the fabled son of Venus by Anchises. — Arrived at manhood, he accompanied Baris, the seducer of Helen, to Troy, where he married Creusa, daughter of Priam, by whom he had a son named Ascauius. After taking that city, the Greeks proclaimed that every free man might carry aw ay some por- tion of his goods. /Eneas, in consequence, bore otf his household gods (Penates.) The Greeks were so touched by this action, that they gave him the same permission a second time. /Eneas immediately took his father on his shoulders. They then liberated all his family, and left him to take whatever belonged to him ; at the same time assisting him with means for quitting the country’. After a variety of adventures, the incidents of which are immortalised by the Muse of Mantua, /Eneas arrived in Italy, with the remnant of his Trojans; gained frequent vic- tories over the native tribes and states , and at length, having killed Turnus in single combat, obtained of King Iatinus his daughter Lavinia in marriage. It was in honour of that lady that, according to the Roman legend, he built a city called Lavinium : and the further result was the union of the aborigines with the Trojans, under the common appellation of Latins, ft is added, that he died in battle with the Rututi, on the banks of the Numicus. From .Eneas Sylvius, his son by Lavinia, are said to have descended all the kings of Alba Longa ; and lastly Romu- lus and Remus, founders of the city of Rome. — (Pitiscus, Lexicon Antiq. Rom. — Millin, Die- tionnaire de la Fable.) yEnea Pi etas : The filial piety of /Eneas — This hero is represented, on many imperial coins, in the act of carrying the aged Anchises on his shoulders, and the Trojan palladium (image of Pallas) in his right hand, Ascnnius following him. Sometimes the palladium is omitted, and the boy has hold of /Eneas’s hand. This son of /Eneas was also called lulus, and the members of the Julia family pretended to derive their origiu from him ; a claim which is frequently indicated on the coins of Julius Cicsar. An- A5NEAS. oilier allusion to so favourite a theme of national flattery, with the Romans, is seen on a very rare denarius of the Livineia gens, struck by Livi- neius Regulns, monetary triumvir under Augus- tus. Amongst the splendid and interesting series of bronze medallions, struck at Rome under Antoninus Pius, is oue (of which the above is a copy after Mionnet’s plate), with the legend p. M. TR. P. cos. hi. and the type of .Eneas bearing Anchises from Troy, and leading Ascauius by the hand. The old man, covered with a robe, holds a casket; the youth wears a Phrygian bonnet. The reference on this medallion to the piety of the Trojan chief (says Havercamp), is to be re- garded as connecting itself with the surname of Pius, which Antoninus bore, and as conveying an euloginm on the filial virtues of that Em- peror. — Capitolinas, speaking of the afl'ection which Antoninus evinced towards his parents, states that the name of Pius had been conferred on him, because, in the presence of the assem- bled Senate, he had given his arm to his father- in-law, who was broken down by old age, and thus assisted him in walking. There is a very rare first brass, with a similar type, minted between the third and fourth con- sulates of Antoninus (a. d. 140 — 45), and both were probably designed as a compliment to the good Emperor, whose dutiful attachments as a son were further shewn by the statues which he dedicated to the memory of his father and mother, as well as to others of his defunct rela- tions. — See Havercamp, Medailles de Christine, pi. xvi. p. 77- Amongst the contorniate medals, which have on their obverses the respective heads of Nero and Trajan, is one with aeneas for legend of reverse, and for type the group of .Eneas, An- chiscs, and Ascanius : that well-known subject having been copied from earlier coins, Greek as well as Latin. JEnere Adventus. Arrival of ./Eneas in Italy. — In his celebrated work “ De la rarete des Medailles Romaines,” Mionnet has given a beautiful engraving (whence the subjoined is carefully copied) of a brass medallion, which on its reverse, with remarkable minuteness of graphic illustration, typifies the description, given by Virgil, of this aboriginal legend of Rome. On the obverse, we read antoninvs avg. pivs p.p. th. p. cos. vi. and are presented with a re- D AEQUITAS. 17 markably fine portrait of that Emperor. The re- verse, which is without epigraph, depictures /Eneas and Ascanius, disembarking from a vessel an- chored close to shore, on the coast, as may be supposed, of Latium. Opposite to this group lies a sow suckling its young, under a tree : above which are to be discerned the walls of a city. Here, in the first place, we are reminded of the Trojan’s dream, in which, while “ laid on Tiber’s banks, oppress’d with grief,” he was addressed by “ the Father of the Roman flood,” in these words : — Jamque tibi, ne vana pntes haec fingere somuuni, Littoieis ingens invents sub ilicibus sus, Triginta capitum foetus euixa, jacebit, Alba, solo recubans, albi circum ubera nati. Hie locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum : Ex quo ter denis urbem redeuntibus aunis Ascauius clari conilet cognoiniuis Albam. AZneid, viii. 42. And that this nightly vision may not seem Th’ elfect of fancy, or an idle dream, A sow beneath au oak shall lie along, All white herself, and white her thirty young. When thirty rolliug years have run their race, Thy son, Ascanius, on this empty space Shall build a royal town, of lasting fame ; Which from this omen shall receive the name. Drydcn's translation. Next, we have the fulfilment of the sign given to ./Eneas, according to the promise of Tiberinus, as described a little further on, in the same im- mortal poem : — Ecce autem subitum, atque oculis mirabile moustrum. Candide per silvam cum foetu concolor albo Frocubuit, viridique in littore conspicitur sus. Now on the shore the fatal swine is found : Wondrous to tell ; she lay along the ground : Her well-ted offspring at her udders hung ; She white herself, and white her thirty young. The city delineated on the above medallion is clearly Laviuium. AEQVI. or AEQVIT. AVG. — -Equitas Au- gusts — (The Equity of the Emperor). AEQVITAS. — The Equity, referred to on Roinau eoius, signifies that virtue so much to be desired in sovereign princes, which prompts them to administer the affairs of the public (especially in re monetarid), with impartial de- votedness to the interests of the people. Aequi- las is almost always represented under the figure of a woman, clothed in the stola, generally standing, sometimes but not often seated, with a pair of scales, or (but very rarely) a patera, in the right hand, and in the left a cornucopia;, or the hast a pura, or a sceptre. “ The scales, that natural emblem of Equity, are used by Persius to express the decision of right and wrong — the cornucopia; signifies the good which results from examining into the real merits of cases.” — Smyth. The epigraph of aeqvitas (or aeqvitati) avg. or avgvsti, belongs to the mints of Vitel- lius, Titus, Domitian, Antoninus Pius, Pertiuax, S. Severus, Alex. Severus, Macrinus, Maximinus, Gordianus Pius, Volusianus, Macrianus, Quietus. 18 AEQU1TATI. AEQVITAS PVBUCA, Of AEQV1TATI PVBLICAE presents itself on medals of S. Sevcrus, Julia Domna, Caracalla, Gcta, Elagabalus, Gallienus. AEQVITAS AVG. — Equity with scales and horn of plenty. Silver. — See Voi.lsia.vvs. AEQVITAS AVGVSTI. — A woman holding in her right hand a pair of scales, in her left a cornucopia;. The inscription of Aequitas , in- appropriately stamped on the medals of Vitellius, of Domitian, of Commodus, of Sevcrus, of Cara- calla, of Elagabalus, and such like tyrants, is with no more than strict justice engraven on coins, struck under the reigns of a Titus, a Nerva, and a Pertinax, by whom that quality appears to have been strictly and sincerely che- rished. It is indeed a virtue worthy of an em- peror, as the bridle and rule of liis sovereign power — a virtue which Ammianus calls the de- spised mother and the nurse of the Koman world; Mquitate calcata parente nutrieeque Orbit Ro- mani. — Spanheim. AEQVITAS II. — A woman standing with ba- lance and horn of plenty. A silver medal of S. Sevcrus (struck a.d. 194) with this unprecedented feature in the legend of its reverse, was first pub- lished by Eckhcl in his Sglloge , i. p. 103. lie observes that in the mark a. it presents Equity and Liberality divided into numbers ; a cir- cumstance noticed neither by Mediobarbi, nor by Vaillaut. But the meaning of this Equitas Duplicata he cannot make out. There is a coin of Julia Domna with the same reverse. Vol. vii. 167-190. AEQVITATI PVBLICAE. S. C.— The three Moneta standing ; each holds a balance in the right and a cornucopia: in the left hand ; at the foot of each is a vase. On first brass of Sept. Sevcrus. The three female personifications of the Roman mint, each holding balances and cornueopiic, with vases, or with conical heaps representing the three metals, at tlicir feet, occur continually on coins of the imperial series, from Pcrtinax and S. Severus downwards, especially on me- dallions ; but these are for the most part accom- panied by the legend monetae avq. or avgg. and serve to shew, that the princes of the lower empire assumed to themselves the supreme power of coining money, in every metal, as signified by these imagines monetarnm. — Sec Monkta. There is a first brass coin of Aquilia Severn, with the legend of aeqvitas pvbi.ica. s. c. on its reverse, the type of which exhibits three .ERA. females standing in full robes, with the attributes of Fortune (i. e. cornucopia: and rudder). “This (observes Capt. Smyth) is an uncommon device for medals in honour of females ; and is only known upon this and one of Julia Paida — so that it may be taken for an allusion to the high for- tune to which Elagabalus elevated those ladies. But in this sense the device has little relation to the legend.’’ — Havereamp, in Mus. Christina, has given an engraving of this reverse. ERA. — Era, or Epoch, is the poiut of com- mencement, from which years are reckoned, as taken from the date of some memorable event. Thus in Cliristeudom, especially Christian Eu- rope, we compute the number of years, from the era of Our Lord’s incarnation. The different cities and peoples of antiquity by whom the Greek language was used, began the year from the season of autumn, namely, about the autumnal equinox, or from the calends of September — although, after the correction of the calendar, promulgated under Julius Cirsar, the beginning of the year was taken from the calends of January, in some Greek cities influenced by Rome. The commencement of numbering is expressed both in the Varronian years from the foundation of Rome, and in the vulgar era from the birth of Christ. The year u. c. (Urbis Condita), according to Tercutius Varro, began 753 years before the Christian era. — According to Cato, Rome was founded in b. c. 751 ; according to Polybius in B.C. 750; accord- ing to Fabius Pictor in 747. — Visconti ( Icouo - graphic Romaine, i. p. 14, 8vo. edit.) says — “ Jc preferc, avec la plupart des chronologistcs, le calcul dc Varrou, qui fut lc plus suivi par les ancicns, depuis lc sieclc d’Auguste.” From amongst the more illustrious epochs of cities, and those of more frequent occurrence, the following are selected, as bearing relation to Roman History: — /Era Pompeiana — the period when Cn. Pom- pey, surnamed the Great, having made peace with Tigraucs, King of Armenia, and driven Mithridatcs, King of l’ontus, out of his domi- nions, assumes the government of affairs in Syria as a Roman province, subdues Phamicia, and takes Jerusalem — began about the year of Rome 691 (b. c. 63.) JEra Casariana, so called in honour of Julius Ciesar, the conqueror of Pompev, began with the battle of Pharsalia, a. u. C. 706 (n. c. 48). The mnrder of Ciesar took place B. c. 44, Mur. 15, in his 4lh Dictatorship. /Era Artiaca, derived from the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, by Octavianus (afterwards Ciesar Augustus), at the battle of Actium, dates from a. u. C. 723 (b. c. 31.) — [But this mra, in Egypt and in some cities, takes its commencement from the following year, viz. U. c. 724 (b. c. 30) ; in autumn amongst the Greeks.] /Era Angvs/a/is, in which Octavinnus Ciesar accepted the title of Augustus, is taken from the year of Rome 727 (b. c. 30), or from the follow ing year. ERAR1UM. The Exchequer or Public ASRARIUM. Treasury ; the place where the annual revenues of the republic were deposited, and which de- rived its name from the metal of the money of the Romans, viz. ties (brass). It was in the temple of Saturn ; and thence were drawn the funds to defray all needful expenses, as well in peace as in war. This JErartum was generally filled with immense riches ; and rarely, indeed, did it happen, that the state laboured under any want of money. The custody of it was confided to officers, selected from the people, and who were called Tribuni JErar'u ; they were required to be men in high repute for great riches, pro- bity, aud disinterestedness. Resides this ordin- ary treasure, there was another, which bore the appellation of Sanctius /Erarium, because it was in the interior of the temple, or perhaps because it was not allowed to he resorted to except in pressing emergencies. Julius Caesar, wanting money for his own purposes, during tire civil war, took forcible possession of this deposit of public wealth, anil carried away vast sums, as is acknowledged by all the historians, although they do not agree as to the quantity. — In addi- tion to these two treasuries, there was likewise the jErarium Mililare , formed by Augustus, for the maintenance of the Roman troops, the an- cient funds proving insufficient to furnish pay for all the legions. — See l’itiscus. On gold and silver coins struck by L. vini- ctvs. l. f. one of the moneyers of Augustus, we read the following inscription, which, as containing the initial letter of the word JEra- rium, may, with propriety, be cited in this place : viz. s. r. Q. u. imp. caf.. qvod. v. m. s. ex. ea. P. Q. is. ad. A. DE. Senalus 1‘ojml us- que Romanus, Imperatori Casari, Quotl Via Munita Sint Ex Ea Pecunia, Quam Is Ad aera- rium Letulisset. A monument this of public gratitude to the Emperor above named, who by making and repairing great roads, had contri- buted to the public safety ; and who did this so far at his own cost, that he had caused to be conveyed to the Treasury of the State, that money which was the fruit of his victories, and of the advantages he had gained over the foreign enemies of his country. — See Eckhel’s remarks on a coin of the Neria family, corroborative of the fact that the JErarium, or public treasury, at Rome, was in the temple of Saturn. — See also the word Saturnvs. jERUGO. Rust of a peculiar kind in- creases the price of brass coins, being an or- nament imparted by nature alone, which the utmost rivalship of art has not yet been able successfully to imitate. There is, indeed, some particular earth that communicates to the metal in question a coating and a colour, which in its hue of blue jasper, or turquois, sometimes even excels the gem of that name. The crimson or ruby, which adheres to other coins, is a sign of genuineness. Others are covered with a natural vernis, or varnish, of shining and splendid vio- let or purple, leaving far behiud, in point of brilliancy and of exquisite smoothness, that brass out of which statues are cast — a quality which never fails to be recognised by those possessing D 2 iESCULAPIUS. 19 the most ordinary acquaintance with numis- matics, inasmuch as it greatly surpasses the colour so easily obtained from vinegar and am- moniac. The true aruyo is in general decidedly green, and at the same time forms a very thin covering, insinuating itself over the surface of the coin in the most delicate manner, without obliterating anything ; somewhat in the way of an enamel. This, however, as already observed, solely applies to brass coins : for viror and rust corrode silver coins, and for that reason it is proper to rub it off from them, with juice of iemons. — Johert, Science de Med. i. p. 335. AERUGO NOBILIS; the perfection of pa- tina, which is the smooth, coloured varnish of time. — Smyth. AES. — llrass and copper were the metals first used as money by the Romans. Hence the word served afterwards, with them, to designate every kind of money, whether gold, silver, or brass. And even at that period when the wealth of the Republic was at its highest pitch, every species of current coin continued to be denominated Aes. — The aes grave, it is evident from the de- scriptions of their writers, was brass (or copper) in bars, of the weight of a pound (ponclus libralis) used as money, before the introduction of a silver coinage. Eckhel, in support of this opinion, cites Ecstus, who says — Grave aes dic- tum a ponder e, quia deni asses, singu/i pondo libra, efficiebant denarium, ab hoc ipso numero dictum. The collecting of such heavy masses, to any great amount of value, became so ex- tremely inconvenient that, according to Livy, the aes grave was obliged to be conveyed to the treasury in waggons. Subsequently, in order to obviate this objection, pieces of copper, of less weight, but without any mark, were roughly cut; and these, on accoimt of their uncouth form, were called aes rude. This improvement is by some ancient writers ascribed to Numa. Rut it was not until the reign of Servius Tul- lius, that the Romans are, with any due degree of authority, affirmed to have begun striking round coins of brass, with the type of a bull, &c. to which they gave the name (according to Pliny) of Aes signatum. — See Brass — also As. AES CYPRIUM; the copper on which the Roman dupondii or second brass were minted. — See Smyth, xv. /ESCULAPIUS, in the more general opinion of mytliographers, was regarded by the ancients, as the son of Apollo and of Coronis, daughter of Plilcgius, King of Thessaly. According to the same fabulous authority, his reputed father con- fided his education to the centaur Chiron, who instructed him in medicine and other sciences, comprehending a thorough knowledge of plants. Conformably to the custom of those early ages, he combined the practice of surgery with the faculty of a physician ; and with so high a degree of success was his career attended, that to him was superstitiously ascribed the power of curing, by words alone, all kinds of wounds, contusions, fevers, &c. It was even alleged that he had raised many persons from the dead. So great, in short, was the celebrity he acquired, 20 jESCULAPIUS. that divine honours were paid to him after his decease ; and he was venerated as the tutelary god of the healing art. jEsculapius had tem- ples in many parts of Greece, Asia Minor, &e. lie was especially the object of worship at Epi- daurus (a city of Agria, in the Peloponnesus), the place of his birth. This pagan divinity is usually portrayed, under the figure of a sedate-looking, middle-aged man, standing or (but rarely) sitting ; wholly or partly covered with a cloak ; and holding in his right hand a staff, round which a serpent is entwined. — A denarius of the Homan family Acilia exhibits, on its obverse, the head of jEs- culapius laurcated, and on its reverse a serpent coiled round a staff. (Morell). — On a 1st brass of Galba, the God of medicine is represented stand- ing, naked, with right hand extended, and the left resting on his staff, round which the ser- pentine attribute is enfolded. — A brass medal- lion of L. Vcrus presents him on the same re- verse with Hygeia, flic goddess of health ; and on other medals he is seen attended by the little Telesphorns, who appears to have his ori- gin in Egyptian mythology, and to be identical with Ilarpocrates, the god of silence. In de- scribing a middle brass of Caraealla, on which gEsculapius stands between Tclesphoms and a small globe, Pat in observes, that the Romans as well as the Greeks, worshipped him, as the author of the health of Augustus, and after- wards of every reigning emperor, for which rea- son he often appeal's on their coins ; especially on those of Caraealla, Albinus, and Gallicnns. AESCVLAPI VS. — The only production of the Roman mint, on which the name itself of iEscu- lapius appears, is a fine medallion, in bronze, struck under Antoninus Pius — specimens of which very great numismatic rarity are con- tained in the cabinet of (he Bibliotheqve Ra- tionale, at Paris, and in that of the Imperial Museum at Vienna. — The obverse exhibits a laurcated bust of the emperor, wearing the paln- damentum, around it is read ANTON IN VS avg. i*l vs. p. P. tkp. cos. mi. — The reverse has for its type a serpent darting from a galley, under a bridge of two arches. Before it is the Tiber personified, sitting in the midst of the water. The right hand of this river-god is ex- tended towards the serpent ; fhc left holds a reed, and rests on an urn, whence flows a co- jESCULAPIUS. pious stream. Near it are several buildings and a tree, situate on a rock. The word aescv- LAPivs is on the exergue. The inscription and type of this reverse bear reference to the curious legendary narrative— one third probable fact and two thirds superstitious fable — concerning tbc arrival of jEsculapius at Rome ; which Ovid describes in his Metamor- phoses (lib. xv.) ; and which Valerius Maxi- mus and other old writers have taken the pains to give, in substance as follows: — In the 463rd year from the foundation of the city (b.c. 291) the plague made great ravages within its walls. The pontiffs appointed to consult the Sybilline books, found that the only means of restoring health in Rome was to cause jEsculapius to visit it, from Epidaurns. Accordingly, a deputation of ten principal citizens was sent there, with Q. Ogid- nius at their head. Whilst these persons, on entering the temple of the demi-god, were ad- miring the beauty of the statue, the serpent, which the inhabitants of Epidaurns seldom saw, and which they honoured as jEsculapius himself, made its appearance in the most frequented parts of the town, moving slowly about, and mildly looking around. After having thus shewn him- self, during three days to the people, he pro- ceeded to the harbour ; entered the Roman gal- ley, and ensconced himself snugly in Ogulnius’s cabin, where he peaceably remained coiled up. The ambassadors having made themselves ac- quainted with the manner in which the serpent was to be honoured, immediately set sail and landed at Antium. There the serpent left the vessel, and entered the vestibule of the temple of jEsculapius. After remaining there three days, it re-entered the ship, in order to he con- veyed to Rome ; and whilst the deputation were disembarking on the banks of the Tiber, the ser- pent swam across to the island, where afterwards the temple of jEsculapius was built. 1 1 is arri- val, it is gravely added by the Roman historiun, dispelled the contagious disease, for which his presence had been sought as the remedy. “ On the medallion of Antoninc (observes Millin in his Dictionnaire Mythohgique), the Tiber appears tinder the usual figure of per- sonified rivers. Near him is the isle of the Tiber, called Mesopotamia, because it is in the middle of that river. It has the form of a galley, as indeed was the case; and to this day there still remain some fragments of it, which have escaped the injuries of time and the inun- dations. I pen fhc to]) of the prow of the ship, which the isle in question is made to resemble, is represented a serpent, in tortuous folds, ad- vancing its head, in a contrary direction to the current of the water. The temple of jEsculapius built on the isle had a high reputation. The privtor Lucretius contributed greatly to its em- bellishment. It is now the Church of S. Rar- tholomeo net iso/a, which is still one of the most celebrated churches in Rome.” On n denarius of CarncaUa, bearing for its legend of reverse r. m. tk p. win. cos. mi. p. r. (Sovereign Pontiff, invested with the trihnnitinn dignity for the 18th time, consul for the 4th /ESCULAPIUS. AETERNA. 21 time), -Escidapius is designated by his insepar- able attribute, and by liis side, or rather at his feet, we see his dwarfish companion Tc- lesphorus. The fratricide son and successor of the mer- ciless Severus, who caused this silver coin to be struck, is said by Herodianus to have visited Pcrgamos, about a. d. 215, “in order to place himself under the tutelary care and heal- iug influence of iEsculapius,” to whom, amidst combined tortures of mind and body, the fero- cious tyrant was profuse in prayers and sacri- fices. Under the frenzied illusions of a guilty conscience, he saw his brother constantly before him, brandishing a naked sword, and launching the most terrible threats against him. Often did he invoke the manes of the dead, and chiefly those of his father, who appeared always accom- panied by Geta. He had already implored Apollo in vain to restore him; and now he sought jEsculapius, who, having no respect for murderers, was also deaf to his remorseful sup- plications. On silver and second brass of Albinus (the latter with cos. n. for legend of reverse), iEs- culapius appears, upright, resting his right arm on his serpent twisted staff, lie also is found, with his usual attributes, on silver and third brass of Gallienus, sharing, as conservator avg Hsti (the Emperor’s preserver), those sacri- ficial honours which that rash and reckless prince, amidst a world of calamities, physical, social, and political, was at the same time in the habit of paying to Apollo, to Hercules, to Jupiter, to a whole Olympus of other false gods, whom he vainly invoked to save him and his distracted empire from impending destruc- tion. 2ESCULAPIUS and his BOG, on a brass me- dallion of Antoninus Pius. — Sec Bog of / Escu - lapius. For a representation of -Eseulapius, as a young man, making his first essay in the healing art, on the wounded foot of an ox, see DEO aesc. SUB. or subven, on a coin of Parium. Types of /Eseulapius also appear on Latin colonial coins of Babba, Corinth, Damascus, Dcultiun, and Patrne. But it is on the Greek imperial that we find the effigy and the vari- ous attributes of this demi-god, most fully de- veloped. And on the medallions, in parti- cular, this object is accomplished, with great beauty of design and display of artistic skill : the figure of -Esculapius being, in these in- stances, generally grouped with that of some princely petitioner for his tutelary favours, and also with the goddess Hygeia AET. JEterna. — vict. aet. avg. Victory walking. — Billon of Gallienus. — Banduri, i. 180. AET. JEternitas . — See aet. avg. of Trajan. AET. ASlernitas. — See gold of Vespasian. AFTER. AVG. JEternitas Augusti of Hadrian. AETER. Mtemo. — d. n. diocletiano ae- ter. avg. — On second brass of Diocletian. — Vaillant, Pr. i. 252. AETERN. AVG. Augustoimm. — Quadriga of lions, with Cybele on a car.— Silver of Julia Domna, mother of Caracalla and Geta, who is here represented as Cybele, as though she had brought forth eternal sons. — Vaillant, Pr. ii. 233. AETERN. AVG. N. Augusti Noslri. — On a coin of Maxentius. AETERNA. — Rome is so called, either to distinguish her from other cities, or on account of the ancient opinion of the Romans that their citv would be eternal. — (Raschc.)— See Roma. AETERNA EELICITAS AVG. — Wolf with the twins, on 2nd brass of Maxentius — Banduri, ii. 157. AETERNA MEMORIA. — A circular temple, with front of six columns, resembling a mauso- leum, one of the doors half open ; an eagle on the top of its dome ; in the exergue, most p. or most q. or most s. The obverse lias the veiled head of Coustantius Chlorus ; with legend IMP. MAXENTIVS DIVO CONSTANTIO ADFINI (or COGN.) — Second brass, engraved in Bandiui, ii. p. 90. This immortal memory (remarks Spanheim, in reference to the above described coin of Constantius I., father of Constantine the Great), this /Eterna Memoria was the great object, and esteemed the most glorious recompense, of a conqueror’s exploits. From this strong senti- ment of warlike ambition, and from the no less strong desire to be remembered by posterity, have proceeded not only the above inscription, but also those of Memoria Perpeiua and Memo- ria Felix, which arc found on the coins of some of the Roman Emperors, struck after their deaths, and which clearly shew what must naturally have been the true sense and meaning of their consecration. For the same reason, such in- scriptions are accompanied with representations of temples, lighted altars, eagles, or of cars destined for public processions, which consti- tuted the ordinary marks of these apotheoses. — (See Cicsars of Julian, 211.) — From the legend of the obverse we learu that this coin was struck by order of Maxentius, in honour of his deceased relation Constantius. — See Adfinis. AETERNA PIETAS. — A soldier standing, in helmet, military dress, and cloak, a spear in his right hand, and a globe in his left, surmounted by a cross and monogram of Christ. — Eckliel (viii. 92), authenticates this as a 3rd brass of Constantinus Magnus, in the imperial cabinet ; and Begcr gives a print of it in vol. ii. p. 805, Thesaurus Brandenbitrgicus. The obverse of this coin affixes, in its legend, to the name of the Emperor, whose head is veiled, the old mark of heathen consecration, viz. diws: consequently it must have been struck after his death. The mixture, how r ever, of Christian emblems with Pagan observances, in the inscriptions, is in perfect keeping with the character and conduct of this able but most un- scrupulous prince ; a merciless conqueror, a cruel father, and an unjust judge, — a man whose “ piety'' even after his openly professed conver- sion to the religion of that Cross, through the 2 2 AETERNITAS. sign of which (in hoc signo) he boasted of having “ overcome” his rivals, and attained the purple (a. d. 311), would seem from coins, and other monuments, to have been much more of the l’agan than of the Christian sort, and whose policy, in its whole tenor, shews that things, not “ Eternal” but, temporal and secular, were those which he sought and prized. AETERNAE MEMORIAE.— A round-formed temple, one of the doors of which is half opened. On the top of its dome stands an eagle, with expanded wings ; on the exergue, post. — This legend and type appear on the reverse of an unique gold medallion, which Maxentins, a. d. 309, caused to be struck to the everlasting remem- brance of his son Romulus Cmsar, whose youth- ful bust, clothed in the toga, and with bare head, appears on the other side, with the legend mvo romvlo nvuis. cons. — The above cut is accu- rately copied from the engraving in t. ii. p. 202, of the MedaiUes liomaines of Mionnet, by whom this fine mcdallic relic of the lower em- pire (15 lignes, French measure, in diameter), is valued at 1200 fr. — See some remarks on the words nvbis. cons, in their place. A legend in the same dedicatory form appears on two second brass coins of (Jalerius Maximi- anus, one with the circular temple and eagle on its summit, and the other with a square altar lighted, and a branch placed in the middle, on which stands an eagle, with a crown in its beak. — Banduri, ii. p. 133. AETERNITAS.— Eternity, to whom the Ro- mans paid divine honours, although neither temples nor altars were dedicated by them to her worship, is represented on coins of the im- perial series, under the personification of a matronly woman, clothed in the stola ; some- times veiled, at other times without a veil, some- times seated, sometimes standing, in various attitudes and with various emblems and attri- butes. She makes her first monetal appear- ance, under the reign of Vespasian. It is on gold and silver of that emperor that she stands near an altar, supporting in one outstretched hand the radiated head of the Sun, and in the other the crescented head of the Moon. Next she is seen on one of those first brass coins, which were struck a. d. 141, and following year, by order of the Senate, in memory of the elder Faustina, whose supposed immortality, her “ not wisely but too well” loving husband, the worthy Antoninns, delighted to honour with the title of diva, and with the symbols of aeter- nitas. The type is here a seated female, hold- AETERNITAS. ing a sceptre, or the hasta pura, in her left hand, and a globe surmounted by the Phoenix (see that word) in her right. Amougst the attributes (says Eckhel, viii. p. 457) borrowed by the emperors from the deities of their mythology, that of Eternity seems to have claimed the foremost place. The Romans called that eternal which had no end ; which stood opposed to, because emancipated from, the conditions and restrictions inseparable from mortality — in a word, something divine. But the term eternal was also applied to that which from its nature might admit of comparison therewith — inasmuch as it was considered capable of long duration. For this reason the Phirnix (itself a fabulous bird) was a recognised symbol of eternity, because its life was, according to popular belief, circumscribed not by years but by whole centuries ; on which account Claudian calls it (sterna avis ; and the elephant, from its reputed longevity, was likewise figured to signify eternity. There were other things which the law deemed eternal, as the fire of Vesta, the ex- tinguishment of which demanded great atone- ment, and was viewed as a fearful omen. Some derived this attribute from public opi- nion, as koma aetekna, a common legend on coins ; others from a vow, although an useless one, as AETERNITAS iMPK.nii, on a coin of Caracalla ; and as aeternitatibvs, on a coin of Alexander Severus. The word eternity was appropriated not only to deceased and consecrated emperors, but also to living ones ; and that not solely on coins and marbles, but likewise by the pens of ancient writers. Of this latter class of authorities, one instance may suffice to be ad- duced — namely, that of the younger Pliny, w ho, in his letters, frequently addresses Trajan as ee/ernilas tua. But, in the case of living princes, the use of such an appellation might be allow- able, because there was scarcely any other that could be employed with respect to them, except the votuni diutemi imperii ; at least it is thus only that one can understand and explain the following allusion of Horace to Augustus : — Serus in coclum redens, diuque Latins intersis populo Quirini. “Oh ! late return to hcav’n, and may thy reign “With lengthened blessings fill thy wide domain.” AETERN1T VS. — This legend i- commented upon by Eckhel as appearing on a brass me- dallion, in the Imperial collection at Vienna. Struck under Pcrtinax, about a. i>. 193, it is de- scribed to have for the type of its reverse the AETERNITAS. statue of tliat emperor seated in a quadriga of elephants. The epigraph of the obverse is divvs. peiit. pivs. pater, with the bare head of the emperor. A passage in the historian Victor explains the legend of the obverse, namely, that in which he says, that at the consecration of Pertinax by Sept. Scverus, the people shouted till their voices failed — pertinace imperante securi virimus ne- minem timuimus; patri pio, Patri senatus, Patri omnium bonorum. — In reference to the type of the reverse, Eckhel cites the following short but elucidatory passage from Dion : Pracepit Severus, ut statua ejus aurea curru elephantorum vehe- retur in Circum. It was it appears, therefore, by Severus’s order, that the golden statue of the murdered Pertinax was carried round the Circus Maximus at Rome, in a chariot drawn by four elephants. [This coin is not described in either Mionnet’s or Akerman’s catalogues.] AETERNITAS. P. R.— Victory approaching the Emperor (who is clothed in the paluda- mentum, and holds a spear in his left hand), offers him the Palladium. A large brass coin of Vespasian, with this legend and type, was first published by Eckhel (in his Syl/oge i.) ; and he observes that, although the expression jEtemitas Augusti is common on medals from the time of Vespasian, yet that of Eternitas Populi Romani was till then unknown. Victory here holds out to the Emperor the palla- dium, or figure of Minerva armed ; a super- stition derived from Troy, the safety and eternity of which city was believed to be dependent on its possession of that symbol. The same palla- dium, by whatever means brought to Rome, was supposed to bestow' the same protection and good fortune on the Trojan exiles and their descend- ants, wherever they went. This coin, Eckhel adds, was struck in the same year (u. c. 823, a. d. 70) that Vespasian (having just before re- ceived the empire, whilst at a distance from Rome) first entered the city. Accordingly Vic- tory offers to him the above-named precious pledge of the stability of the Roman coinmon- wealth. AETERNITAS. S. C.-On a first brass, which bears on its obverse the veiled portrait of Faustina senior (diva avgvsta), we see this legend associated, on its reverse, with the image of Cybelc, who, resting the right hand on her customary attribute of the tympanum, is seated AETERNITAS. 23 on a car drawn by two lions; signifying (as Havereamp observes), that the Empress, thus compared to the Magna Mater Drum, and placed amongst the divinities, is no longer subject to the accidents of mortality. — On another large brass coin, struck in memory of the same princess, the same legend accompanies the type of two, and even four, elephants (with their drivers), drawing a canopied chariot, in which is the seated statue of the consecrated Faustina. AETERNITAS AVG. — AVGVST.— AVGVS- Tl. — AVGVSTA. — AVGVSTA E. — A\ GG.— AVGVSTORVM. — (The Eternity of the Em- peror, of the Empress, or of the Emperors. — When any of these inscriptions are combined with the title of the reigning prince, or with that of the wife, son, or other branch of the imperial family, the accompanying types repre- sent, amongst other devices, sometimes a female veiled, seated on a stag, and holding a torch in her left hand, as on a brass medallion of Faus- tina, junior ; sometimes a crescent and seven stars, as on gold of Pesccuuius N iger ; some- times an equestrian statue, as on first brass of Gordianus Pius ; or an elephant, with driver on its back, as on silver and first brass of Philip, senior, and on brass of Val. Maximianus. Three radiated heads, the centre full-faced, accompany the same legend on gold of l’ostumus. — A temple with image in the adytum ; or a woman resting one arm on a column, and holding a globe in the other hand, as on first brass of Faustina senior. Two hands joined, on billon of Gallienus.— A tliensa, with the Empress’s statue on it, drawn by two elephants, as in first brass of Faustina, the elder.— A female stands holding a globe, surmounted by a phoenix, on sil- ver medallion of Treboniauus Gallus, and 1st brass of jEmilianus, and 2nd brass of Carinus. — The sun, with right hand raised, and holding a globe in the left, on small brass of Valerianus. — Ro- mulus and Remus, suckled by the wolf, allusive to the eternity of Rome, on billon of Gallienus, and on second brass of Maxeutius. The Em- peror crowned by Victory, on second brass of Tacitus, &c. &c. AETERNITAS, symbolized by the images of the Sun and Moon. — Allusion has already been made to gold aud silver of Vespasian, on which a female figure, in the stola, holds in her hands the heads of the Sun and Moon. The same type appears on a middle brass of Domitian, as given in Morell. The reason why we see types of these planets, exhibited on imperial coins, in asso- ciation with the legend of Eternity, is that Sol and Luna were believed by the Romans, in common with the rest of the heathen world, to be eternal ; and eternity was cither feigned to he an attribute of, or prayed for (vota) as a blessing on, the Emperors. Thus, in the famous inscription, published by Grater, is read soli AETERNO. LVNAE. PRO. AETERNITATE. IMPERII. ET. SALVTE. IMP. CA. ... SEFTIMII. SEVERI. &C. 24 AETERNITAS. And iu another, lvnae. aeter. sack, pro SALVTE. IMP. CAES. L. SEPTIMI. SEV. &C. — Oil these inarliles we see eternity ascribed to the Sun and to the Moon, together with health promised, by vow, to the Emperors. These symbols were doubtless borrowed by the Romans from the Egyptians. According to the authority of Homs Apolliuus, the two great lights con- stituted, in the glyphic language of Ancient Egypt, the element, which indicates sieculum, uevurn, cetemitas. This point of the subject is further illustrated by the author of Doctrina, tjfc. (vi. 23), in a coin of Trajan, which has for the legend of its reverse as follows : — A ET. AVG. Aeternitas Augusti. — A woman standing with the head of the Sun in her right hand. Eekhel thus describes, as from a specimen iu the Vienna cabinet, under his own eye, a silver coin of Trajan, struck in that emperor’s 7th consulate. It furnishes, in conjunction with a similar legend and type on gold of Vespasian, one of the earlier among numerous proofs, that the Ro- mans assigned eternity to their Emperors, as a certain mark of divinity. The eternity of Trajan is here typified by those two “ eternal stars” the Sun and Moon. That prince affords a particular example of this custom in allowing His Eternity to be recognised not only on his coins, but in his most confidential correspondence (see Pliny’s Letters, 1. x. cpist. 87). Amongst the ancients, Eternity was symbolized by the Sun and the Moon ; because, says Mamertinus, Quulquid immortale est stare nescit , ceternoque motu se servat ceternitas. (Whatever is immortal knows uo rest ; and eternity maintains itself by eternal motion). “ His throne” (says the Royal Psalmist) “ is as the Sun before me, and as the Moou eternally.” — Eekhel also quotes Diodorus Siculus, to shew that the most ancient Egyptians, iu contemplating with astonishment and admira- tion the universe above them, were led to think, that there were two eternal and principal deities, viz., the Sun and the Moon, of which they called the former Osiris, and the latter Isis. — Tristan (vol. i. 381) describes a coin of Trajan with this legend, and as having for its reverse type, the figure of a woman, who holds the effigies of the Sun and Moon — qui en soul (says he) el comme it est assez eogneu, les vrais sgmboles. — Sec Doct. Hum. vet. vol. vii. p. 181, for a commentary on a coin of Sept. Severus, struck about a. d. 202, on the reverse of which is inscribed concor- diae aeternae, wherein further light is thrown on the subject of the Solar and Lunar types, appropriated to their coins by the Roman emperors and empresses, as symbols of their own deified immortality. — It is to be ob- served, that no mention is made of the above coin in either Mionnet or Akerman. AETERNITAS. S. C. — Among other coins, which M. Aurelius caused to be minted A. l>. 140 ; whilst he was himself engaged iu the infatuated employment of rendering “ the divine honours” of the apotheosis to his, “ aud every man’s,” Faustina, viz. the younger of that name ; there is one in large brass, on which the Empress, or rather her “ deified spirit,” is re- AETERNITAS. presented, with a sceptre in her right hand, “ like another Juno” (as Spauhcim expresses it). sealed between two gracefid young females, who, lightly treadiug, hold her chair uplifted from the ground, as if on the point of currying her hea- ven-ward. Each of these nymphs holds a scarf of gossamer drapery, floating in an arch-like form above her head. — Eekhel describes this beautiful coin, from a specimen in the imperial cabinet, at Vienna. AETERNITAS AVGG. — Apollo, or the Sun in a quadriga, elevating the right hand towards a globe, which appears in the air, and bolding in the left a sceptre or a whip. — [This legend and type are exhibited on a large brass of Tctri- cus, jim. a fac-similc engraving of which is published by the author of Lefous ite Humis- matique llomaine, from that excellent writer’s own collection. It is not noticed by, aud most probably was not known, at the time, to Mion- net. — Sec Tetri cus, jun. AETERNITAS IMPERii. — Figure of the Sun walking, his right hand lifted up, and a whip in the left ; on silver of Philip scuior. For Eekhcl’s remarks respecting the Sun, as connected with the mouctal legend of aeterm- tas, sec the AET. Avo. of Trajan, iu the left hand column of this page. AETERNITAS AVG. N. — ( Augusti Host re) Castor and Pollux standing, the former on the right side, the latter on the left. They hold spears in their right hands, and their horses’ bridles iu their left hands ; between each are the wolf suckling Romulus aud Remus. On silver and 2nd brass of Maientius.— See Angcloui, p. 298, and Banduri, ii. 150, 151. AETERNITo* IMPER/7. — Laurcated heads of Sept. Severus and Cnrncalla face to face. — Silver. On another coin, in gold and silver, with the same legend, the heads of Caracalla and Gcta face to face : the one lamented, the other bare. — Caylus, Hum. Aur. Impp. No. 682. The eternity of the Roman Empire, to pro- pitiate the realization of which, according to Suetonius (c. xi.), games had been established by Nero, is here typified by the |>ortmitures of the sons and successors of Severus, whose race became extinct in a single generation afterwards. AETERNITAS. S. C. — The type which ac- eompanics this legend, on the reverse of a lnrge brass coin, struck under M. Aurelius to record the consecration of FAVStina PlA — represents her, “ wafted through the skies,” upborne on the shoulders of a winged female, who bolds a AETERNITATI. AFRANIA. 25 large torch in her hands. — -The airy figure last described, from its light aud flowing- drapery, and the office it is perform- ing, might be at once pronounced to represent a celestial genius, or an- gel. But Occo styles it Victoria volans ; Agos- tini, a winged Eternity ; Oisclius terms it simply a Victory ; and it accords with that described in the dream of Alexander Severus. Tristan treats the typification with merited sarcasm " Here (says he) we behold the wife of Aurelius, carried aloft on the wings of Victory, or of Minerva, snrnamcd the Victorious. Aud this is done for her wise and virtuous conduct, and for her hav- ing been victorious over vice and incontinence, of which that goddess was the declared enemy.” — Capt. Smyth. AETERNITAS AVGG (/Etcrnitas Augusto- rum). — On silver and first brass of Philip senior, the reverse presents a caparisoned elephant, with a naked rider, who holds a goad in his right hand, and sits on 'the animal’s back. (For an engraving of the silver type see philippvs avg). AETERNITATI AVGG. — A bearded man, hooded, and in the toga, standing with a harpa or sickle in his left hand. (See Harpa ). — Banduri gives an engraving of this from silver of Valcrianus, vol. i. p. 103. — Eekhcl (vol. vii. 383) observes, that the type, which also appears on silver of Gallieuus, is a new one, and of re- condite interpretation. After alluding to the conflicting opinions of Banduri aud Tanini re- specting it, he argues, with his usual ability, acuteness, aud judicious discrimination, chiefly resting on the appearance of the harpa in the hand of the figure, that it must be that of Saturn. He then extends his inquiry, as to the connexion existing between the type of Saturn and the inscription of AETERNITAS. It has already been seen that the Sun was the most usual symbol of Eternity. Now, Macrobius affirms that Saturn was identical with the Sun, and he also shews, that Saturn was the same as Time. Euripides calls Time the Son of Saturn. “ Therefore as Eternity consists of a perpetual succession of Time, so we see Saturn very pro- perly serving to represent it. And truly the selection of such a type is the more appropriate in this instance, inasmuch as he, who is said to have established the Golden Age in Latium, was also best enabled to furnish forth a Golden Eternity.” — See Satumus. AETERNITATIBUS. — A woman stands with a globe in her right hand, her left arm resting on a column. Silver of Alex. Severus. The epigraph of this reverse is to be placed among those acclamations, which it was cus- tomary to make to the Emperors, and of which great plenty arc to be found (some applicable to the present inscription), in the life of Alexander Severus, bv Lampridius. — See acclamationes. AETERNITATIS AVGVSTAE CVTT.— Coloni a Victrix Togala Tarraco. — See Akcr- E man’s “ Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes,” p. 108, No. 3, pi. xi. Deo. avgvsto. Ilispania Tarraconeusis. ADF1NIS or Afjinis. Cousin. — By this term of relationship Constantius Chlorus is called, on second and third brass of Consecration and Re- membrance, struck under Maxcntius — viz. imp. MAXENTIVS DIVO CONSTANTIO. ADFINI. — The term cogx. or cognat. (Cognato), is also used on other coius dedicated by Maxcntius to the memory of his kinsman. — See Aeterna Memoria. AFFINITY and Kindred. The titles of father and mother ; of grandmother, son, daugh- ter, grandson, and great grandson ; cousin and kinsman ; are marked on Roman coins. Thus we find, Caius Cicsar, Did Julii Filins (son of the Divine Julius.) Caius and Lucius Cirsarcs, August i Filii (sons of Augustus). Drusus Cicsar, Tiberii Avgusti Filins (son of Tiberius Augus- tus). Germanicus Ca'sar, Tiberii Augusli Filins, Did Augusli Nepos (sou of Tiberius Augustus, grandson of the Divine Augustus). Caius Caesar, D. Augusli Fro-nepos (great grand child of the Divine Augustus). Divo Maximiniano Paid (to the Divine Maximinian, the father). — In another instance, the coin is dedicated Divo Maximiniano socero (father in law). Divo llo- mulo Ft! to (to the son of the Emperor Maxen- tius.) Divus Constantins Adfinis or Cognalus (cousin or kinsman perhaps) of Maxcntius. — Agrippina Mater Caii Ctesaris Augusli (mother of Caius Cicsar [Caligula] Augustus). Agrip- pina Aug. Did Claudii Casaris Neronis Mater (wife of the Divine Claudius, mother of Nero Caesar). Domitella Divi Vespasiani Filia (daugh- ter of the Divine Vespasian). — See Jobert, par Bimard, vol. i. p. 256. AFR. Africanus. The African. — Africani. The two elder Gordians were thus surnamed. AFRANIA gens plebeia. — There are eight varieties in its coius. The silver are rare. The brass are As, or some of its parts (see As ). — Tbc following is the rarest denarius of this family : — Obv. Galeated head of Pallas, with X (mark of the denarius.) Rev. Victory in a biga, at full speed ; below, S. AFRA. ROMA. The letter S. of the prenomen is generally read Spurius, but it also may be meant (says Eckhcl, v. p. 132) for Sextus; as on marbles Sextus as well as Spurius is found prefixed to the family name of Afranius. Ursin, who con- fidently adopts the former, admits that of Spu- rius Afranius no mention is made on any ancient monument. AFRICA. — The region, which the Roman geographers comprehended under this name, was limited to the northern part of that vast conti- nent, extending along the shores of the Medi- terranean, from about the present pashalic of Tunis, to the furthest extremity of the modern kingdom of Fez and Morocco. As a Roman province, it was one of great dignity and im- portance. It fell to Mark Antony’s share, after the battle of Philippi. — The annexed wood cut, from a large brass of Hadrian, exhibits some of 26 AFRICA. th# numismatic symbols of Africa, all of which are well described by Addison : personified as a woman, the province “ is always quoifed with the head of an elephant, to shew that this ani- mal is the breed of that country, as for the same reason she has a dragon [or serpent], lying at her feet . The lion on another medal, marks her out for the Leona m arida nutrix. The scorpion, on a third reverse, is another of her productions. Lucan meutions it in particidar, iu the long catalogue of her venomous animals. quis fata putaret Scorpion, ant vires ma/une mortis habere ? Ilte minax noilis, el recto verbere saves. [Lib. 9.] Who that the Scorpion’s insect-form surveys, Would think that ready death his call obeys, As fierce be rears his knotty tail on high ? This part of the world has always, on medals, something to denote her wonderful fruitfidness, as it was indeed the great granary of Italy. Hence we see the genius of Roman Africa hold- ing a handful of corn cars, or a cornucopia;, and resting her elbow on a basket of wheat, or fruits. These are all emblems of her great fertility, and signify what Horace alludes to in the words : Frumenti quantum me/it Africa. — [Sat. 3. lib. 2.] Africa is personified, on a denarius struck under the republic, by the head of a woman, covered with the skin, tusks, and trunk of au elephant’s head. — Sec engraving in Cestia gens. AFRICA. — Gold, silver, and first and second brass coins, with this legend (the brass bearing s. c. in the exergue), struck under Hadrian, represent the Province seated, with attributes of elephant’s head, scorpion, cornucopia;, and canistrum; in others with those of lion, and corn ears. — [Hadrian, according to Spartianus, bestowed many benefits on that province. — Sec HESTITVTORI AFItlCAE.] AFRICA. S.G'. — A robed woman, whose head- dress is distinguished by au elephant’s proboscis, stands holding out corn ears in her tunic. At her feet is a lion. — First brass of Sept. Scverus, engraved iu Havercamp’s Medailles de Christine, tab. xriv. Spartianus supplies the explanation of this coin (struck a. d. 194), when he relates that Scverus, on his first arrival, as Emperor, at Rome, sent soldiers into Africa, lest, if Pcsccnnius Niger should have iuvaded that pro- vince, there would have been a deficiency of corn-provision iu Rome. Besides, ns Africa was the birth-place of Scverus, he doubtless bestowed many benefits upon it. That he treated Carthage AFRICA. | with great favour, coins of his (bearing the legend of indvlgentia in cakth.) plainly testify. Ou | which account (as Spartianus states), lie was worshipped as a God by the Africans, — but then it was under Roman domination. — Doct. Num. Vet. vii. p. 171.] AFRICA. S. C. — A woman standing, holds a cornucopia: in the left hand, and in her ex- tended right hand a large crown, or garland. First brass of Antoninus Pius; struck a. n. 139. Ou other first brass, a dragon lies before the feet of the province, and behind her are three corn cars. — (Medaittes de Christine, tab. xv.) As in the mint of Hadrian, so in that of Antoninus, personifications of various provinces of the empire are exhibited, of which this is one, — namely, that granary of Rome, Africa . — Eckhel coiisidcrs the object which the female figure has in her stretchcd-ont hand is meant for the aurum coronarium, or garland-like crown of gold, which it was a custom among the Greeks, afterwards copied by provinces, conquered by the Romans, to offer to those who were held in honour, or whose favour jvas sought. At first it was a voluntary gift; but afterwards it became an oppressive exaction by tyrant emperors, on the more distant quarters of their dominions — vast sums of money being at length required instead of golden coronets. — In Bartoli’s en- graving of the coin (MedaiUes de Christine, tab. xv.) the African province is eagerly step- ping forward to present a crown of the’ largest size, as a gratefid dedication to the really good Antoninus. — Sec Aurenm Coronarium, in this Dictionary. AFRICAE (ADYENTVT AVG.)— Sec p. 9. AGir. SI’E. FESEVS. — The naked figure of Theseus, helmetcd, standing with spear and shield, compels a Centaur, who holds a lyre, and on whose neck his hand is laid, to fall down ou his knees. This type appeal's on a contor- niatc medal, given in Morcll's Emperors, with the head of Nero on its obverse, bearing the above legend. — See Thesaurus Impp. Rom. t. ii. tab. viii. fig. 15. The group has evidently reference to Theseus at the nuptials of his friend Pirithous; on which occasion, as Ovid’s fable [Metam. xii. 227] re- lates, Eurytus offered violence to the bride Hippodamia, and with the rest of his fellow - centuurs, was severely punished for their insult- ing conduct, by the Lnpithic. — Of the words inscribed on the reverse no satisfactory attempt has yet been made to elucidate the meaning. By AGRIPPA. the lyre, iu the hand of the Centaur, it would seem that, after the example of Chiron, this bi- membered race cultivated the musical art. — [Eckhel, viii. p. 288.] AGNOMEN. — Pitiscus explains this word by- saying, that it is the syupnyme of the cognomen (or surname) conferred by the act of Adoption. — Eckhel appears to entertain a similar opinion. The adopted Roman took the name, the pre- ncmen, and the surname of the adopting party, keeping only the name of his own family. P. Cornelius Seipio, for example, being adopted by Q. Cmcilius Mctellus, quitted his prenotnen and his name, calling himself Q. Metellus Seipio ; thus he retained only the agnomen , the name he derived from his father, and was indebted to the adoption for the three other names. — See nomen, cognomen, prenomeu (in suis locis ). — See also Adoptio. AGRIGENTUM — a sca-port of Sicily, situate between the rivers Agraga and Camicus, formerly celebrated for its commercial importance, and rauking next to Syracuse. It is now called Girgenti. Its Latin coins consist of autonomes in silver and brass, and of colonial Imperial, struck under Augustus, who made it a Roman colong. The colonial exhibit on their obverse the triquetra and three corn ears ; and on their reverse the Latin inscription agrigentvm, on two lines, within a crown of laurel. Prince Torremuzza, amongst other coins of this city, has given the following Colonial of Augustas: avgvsto P. P. AGRIGENTI. Bare head of the Emperor. — Rev. h. clod io kvfo. puocos, iu three lines, in the midst of a circular legend salasso. comitiae. sex. UEO. livin'. — See Mionnet, Suppl. t. i. 368. AGRIPPA (MARCUS VIPSANIUS), a re- nowned commander both by sea and land, chosen by Augustus to be amongst the most familiar and inti- mate of his friends, and afterwards to become his son-in- law. Bom in the year of Rome 691 (63 before Christ), of a family not highly distinguish- ed, Agrippa was raised, by his military talents and by his personal merits, to the first dignities of the State. A brave, sensible, honest, prudent, and labori- ously active man, he was made Praetor in his 23rd year; appointed to the government of Transalpine Gaul at 25 ; and next to the com- mand in chief of the Roman fleet. lie tilled these several posts with equal honour and suc- cess. He defeated Sextus Pompcius in a naval engagement, and compelled him to abandon Sicily. lie shared in the Victory at Philippi ; defeated Mark Antony at Actium, a. u. c .723 (b. c. 31) ; and afterwards effected the complete submission of Spain to the Roman arms, by vanquishing the Cantabrians and Asturians, so long the champions of national independence iu E 2 AGRIPPA. 27 that country. Agrippa married Julia, daughter of Augustus, after the death of Marcellus, her first husband, 733 (b. c. 21) — was invested in 736, with the Tribunitian power, which was continued to him for five more consecutive years, — viz., to 741 (b. c. 13). — Being sent ns governor into Syria, he reduced Jitdiea, and offered in the temple of Jerusalem a sacrifice of a hundred oxen. — This great general and con- summate statesman died in Campania, on his return from Paunonia, 742 (b. c. 12) aged 51 years, having been governor of Rome, three times consul, and destined by Augustus to succeed him iu the empire. The remains of Agrippa were interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus. He adorned Rome with many magnificent edifices, amongst others the celebrated temple of the Pantheon, which still exists. His coins are, iu gold (if genuine), of the highest rarity — in silver, very rare — in middle brass, common; ditto, restored by Titus and Domitian, rare. — On the obverses of the gold and silver appear his head, with the legend M. AGRIPPA COS. ( Consul) and that of Augustus on the reverse. The following describes one of his second brass, a well-known historical coin ; struck between the 30th and 28th year before the birth of Christ. AGRIPPA (M) L. F. COS III. (Marais Agrippa, son of Lucius, Consul for the third time). Head of Agrippa, ornamented with a rostral crown. Reverse. S. C. (Senates Consulto) Neptune stands holding in his right hand a dolphin, and in his left a trident. The majestic figure of the Sea-sove- reign is finely de- signed, and a pal- lium, or a paluda- mentum, is grace- fully thrown over the right arm and left shoulder. The types on each side of flic above coin, bear allusion solely to the naval victories gained by Agrippa. The image of Neptune is appropriately introduced on the reverse, inasmuch as Agrippa, by his success at sea, had signally humbled the pride of Sextus Pompcius, who had passed himself off for the son of that god. The rostral crown (see Corona) on his manly but austere brows, points to his office of Prafectus Classis, or high admiral. It was a circlet of gold, relieved with figures of the prow-s and stems of ships ; and this mark of distinction was presented to him by Octavianus (afterwards Augustus) Caesar, alter the fight he won near Mylce, together with the cceru.leum vexillum (a blue, or sea-wave coloured flag), in- dicative of warlike triumphs on the domains of Neptune. “ Agrippa, it would seem, like an- other Nelson, wore this identical naval crown, at the battle of Actium ;” but unlike our own hero, escaping the fatal catastrophe to which so con- spicuous a decoration must have exposed him, | the Roman commander survived many years, to 28 AGRIPPINA, receive fresh honours at the hands of the man, whom his prowess, wisdom, and strategic skill had raised to the sovereignty of the world. — Virgil alludes to this last decisive action, and the important share which Agrippa took in it, in the 8th Book of the jEncid, v. G78 : — llinc Augustus agens Italos in pradia Cttsar, Cum patribus, popaloque, Penatibus, et magnis Dls, Stans cclsa in puppi ; geniinas cui tempora flam mas Laeta vomunt, patrinmque aperitur vertice sidus. Parte alia ventis et Bis Agrippa secundis, Arduus, agmen agens; cui, belli iusigne superbu in, Tempora navali fulgent rostrala corona. Young Caesar, on the stern, in armour bright, Here leads the Romans and their gods to fight : His beamy temples shoot their flames afar, And o’er his head is hung the Julian star. Agrippa seconds him, with prosperous gales ; And, with propitious gods, his foes assails. A naval crown, that binds his manly brows, The happy fortune of the fight forc-shews. Dr ij f!cn 3 Translation. AGRIPPA (M). PLATO RIN VS I11VR. Bare head of Agrippa. lieu, caesar avgvstvs. Bare head of Augustus. — Silver. — See Akerman, 1, plate iv. No. 2, ]). 142. AGRIPPA (M). COS TER. COSSVS LEN- TVLVS. — Head of Agrippa, with the mural and rostral crown. Rco. avgvstvs cos xi. Laurcatcd head of Augustus. — Gold and silver. Also restored by Trojan. These effigies of Augustus and his son-in law were struck on the same respective coius, by the monetal triumvir Platorinus, on the occasion of their serving the cousidate together, in the year of Rome 727 (b.c. 27) ; the same year in which Octavianus Caesar took the title of Augustus . — Sec platorinvs, and Su/picia gens. See also Corona muralis et ruslrata. AGRIPPA, the younger, sumarued Postumvs — third and last son of M. Agrippa and Julia, born in the year of Rome 742 (b. c. 12), after the death of his father. Adopted by Augustus 757 (a. d. 4), he was styled agrippa caesar, after the decease of his brothers Caius and Lucius. But, for subsequent misconduct was banished to Sorentum, in Campania, a. u. c. 7(>0 (a. d. 7), and put to death by order of Tiberius, at the age of 26. The only coin known of this young prince is a small brass of the colony of Corinth, bearing on its obverse the legend agrippa cae- sar corinthi. with the bare head of Agrippa Postumus. — Engraved in Vuillant’s Colonia, vol. i. p. 62. AGRIPPINA, senior — daughter of Marcus Agrippa and of Julia, grand daughter of Au- gustus, was born in the year of Rome 739 (b. c. 15). Married to Gcrmanicus, nephew of Au- gustus, she proved, by her conjugal fidelity, by her feminine modesty, and by her more than feminine intrepidity of mind, how signally de- serving she was of that hero’s choice. Beautiful as virtuous, a little too much haughtiness of temper and demeanour was the only reproach that the vindicatory and eulogistic pen of history AGRIPPINA. attaches to her character. lu the year u. c. 770 (a. d. 17), she joined her husbaud in Syria, only to see him perish there by poison adminis- tered by the agents of Tiberius. Her fortitude rose superior to this calamity, though it was the source of almost all those other afflictions, w hich at length overwhelmed her. Accompanied by her child, she brought the ashes of Gennanicus to Rome, at the gates of which they were re- ceived by the Senate, followed by the whole body of the population, and deposited in the tomb of Augustus, amidst the united lamenta- tions of the army and the people. Nevertheless, by the command of that cruel emperor, w ho was her chief caliunuiator and persecutor, she was sent in banishment to the island of Pandataria, where Tiberius suffered her, after three years’ privation and misery, to die of hunger, in 786 (a. d. 33). Her son Caius (Caligula), at the commencement of his reign, brought back to Rome the ashes of his mother from the place of her exile ; paid her the honours of the Circensis and Carpentum ; caused the remains to be laid in the magnificent tomb of Augustus ; and coins of fine fabric to be struck to her memory. Those of Roman die arc very rare in gold and silver ; in large brass, common. The portraits of this princess, in gold and silver, are on the reverse of Caligula’s coius, struck after her death, aud of which the subjoined is an example. Agrippina MATer c aii r.\ES aris wousti GEVManici. — The head of Agrippina. C. CAESAR AVG. GERM. P. M. Til. POT. — The head of Caligula, laureated. The large brass coins, minted by a decree of the Senate, in honour of Agrippina, present her head on their obverse, and have on the reverse the carpentum, or car drawn by mules, indicating her apotheosis. The legend is, s. p. q. it. .me- moriae agrippinae. (The Senate and the Ro- man People to the memory of Agrippina.) Ou the obverse she is styled agrippina m. r. mat. c. caesaris avovsti (Agrippina, daughter of Marcus, mother of Caius Ciesar Augustus.) Her titles on other medals arc agrippina m. f. germ anici CAESARIS (by implication, uxor — meaning wife of Gcrmanicus.) — Sec Memorise Agrippinas. AGRIPPINA. PRVSILLA. IVLIA. S.C.— Three women standing, with a cornueopiie, of whom the one on the right rests her right hand on a little pillar, and with her left touches the middle figure, who holds in her right hand a patera, while the woman on the left has the helm of a vessel in her right hand. First brass. — Patin has giveu a similar coin, but in middle brass. — Schlcgel quotes coins with this type, and the legend tie pot. hi. iiii. (Morel), Impp. AGRIPPINA. AGRIPPINA. 29 vol. i. 622), but their genuineness is doubted by Eekhcl . On this coin arc represented the three sisters of Caligula. At tin; commencement of his reign, when he was affecting a regard for the members of his own family, in order to gain popularity, Caligula advanced them to the highest posts of dignity. He went so far as to give orders, that in all oaths the names of his sisters should be joined with his own, and to assign them all the honours of Vestals ; but ending by seducing them all three. When his passion was cooled, he banished them all to distant islands, with the exception of Brasilia, who escaped that fate by death. It was, then, during the ardour of his attachment to them, that the coins in question were struck, on which the three sisters arc represented under the forms of Securitas, Pielas, and Fortune. AGRIPPINA, junior- (Julia), the daughter of Gennanicus and Agrippina the elder, born in a town on the Rhine, subsequently called after her Colonia Agrippinensis, now Cologne, in the year of Rome 709 (a. d. 10), was the grand daughter of Antonia, sister of Caligula, and the mother of Nero, by her first husband, Cn. Domitius Ahcnobarbus, a senator, whom she married 781, (a. d. 28). After his death, she was espoused to her uncle, the Emperor Claudius, 802 (a. d. 49), and obtained the title of Augusta. She was a woman of great beauty, but of the most profligate disposition ; of lofty and penetrating genius; of a proud imperious nature; of cruelly vindictive temper, and of insatiable ambition. — When her vile ungrateful son, for whose ad- vancement she had acted most criminally, found himself uuablc to restrain her immoderate thirst for power, he caused her to be put to death, 812 (a. d. 59). She was the first of the Au- gustes, who obtained brass medals from the Senate. One exhibits a female seated, another a triumphal arch. She is represented, as is shewn in the above cut, on a coin of Caligula, in company with her sisters Drusilla and Julia; the word aghippina being inscribed near her image. The head of this princess, ornamented with a wheaten crown, appears on the reverse of gold and silver coins of Claudius. In the following denarius, we see, on one side, the words agrippinae avgvstaf., with her head; and on the other, ti. clavd ius caesar avg. germ. p. m. trib. pot. p. p. with the head of the Emperor Claudius. — On other coins, minted under Claudius and under Nero, she is also styled agrippina avgvsta mater avgvsti. — AGRIP. AVG. DIVI CLAVD. NERONIS. CAES. MATER. — There arc silver medallions of hers struck in Asia, on one of which is a statue of the Ephe- sian Diana, within a temple. All her coins, in every metal, arc rare ; silver medallions in the highest degree. — Of the large brass, Capt. Smyth says — “ I have never been able to procure a single specimen ; nor is there one even in the British Museum. Vaillant has figured two of this magnitude, with reverses of Ceres and a triumphal arch ; but there arc no Latin brass of the other sizes. Agrippina was the first of the wives of the Augnsti whose effigies appeared ou gold and silver coins of the Roman mint.” AGRIPP. (or AGRIPPINA) AVG. DIVI. CLAVD. NERONIS. CAES. MATER. EX. S. C. — (Agrippina, wife [by implication] of the Divine Claudius, Mother of Nero Cicsar, by a decree of the Senate [this medal, was ordered to be minted.]) Reverse type. Two figures, the one male the other female, both seated on a quadriga of ele- phants. — The obverse presents the jugated heads of Nero and Agrippina, around which is in- scribed NERO CLAVD. DIVI. F. CAES. AVG. GERM. imp. tr. p. cos. — See Akerman, Descrip. Cat. i. p. 159, plate iv. No. 6. — Gold. Vaillant, in explanation of the reverse, cites the following passage from Suetonius (c. 11) — Claudius procured a decree of divine honours to his grandmother Livia, and of a car drawn by elephants, in a Circensian procession, similar to that of Augustus. — Nero and Agrippina caused this coin to be struck (in gold and silver), in order that the images of both Augustus and Livia should thereby be exhibited to the honour of their memories. Nero also dedicated statues to them, which are represented on one of his coins, with the epigraph of avgvstvs. avgvsta. — See the words. AGRIPPINA, &c. Same legend as preced- ing. — The type of the obverse exhibits the heads of Agrippina and Nero, face to face. — The re- verse is NERONI. CLAVD. DIVI. F. CAES. AVG. germ. imp. tr. p. — The letters EX. s. c. within an oaken garland. — See Caylus’ plates of Roman Gold coins, in the Cabinet de France, fig. 102. Of this coin, minted at Rome, in gold and silver, Agrippina occupies the most distinguished place, namely the obverse side. She styles her- self (by implication) the wife of Claudius, and, in direct terms, the mother of Nero ; as though the government of the empire had been in her hands, and her son only Ca;sar. It is on this account that Tacitus (Ann. 23), asks — Vhat help is there in him, who is governed by a woman? It is not to be wondered at therefore, adds Vaillant, if the oaken garland was decreed to this woman and to her son, as it had already been to Cali- 30 AHALA. AHENOBARBVS. gula and to Claudius, ob rives servatos, by the Senate, whom she assembled in the palace, where she sat discreetly veiled. — Priest. Nun. hupp. ii. 60. AGRIPPINA COLONIA, a city of Gallia Bclgica, now Cologne on the Rhine. To this oppidum Ubiorum, which, according to Tacitus (Annal. lib. xii. c. 27), was the birth-place of Agrip- pina junior, mother of Nero, aud last wife of Claudius, that clever, assuming, and uusenipidous wo- man, sent a colony of veterans, in the tenth year of her imperial hus- band’s reign, about u. c. 804 (a.d. 51), and gave it her owu name. It was to this town, as Sueto- nius relates, that Vitellius sent the dagger with which Otho killed himself, for the purpose of its dedication to Mars. — Goltzius has recorded some medals of Co/onia Agrippina ; but they were suspected by later numismatists, and particularly by Vaillant, who has made no mention of them in his work on Colonial mintages. The annexed coin (in base silver or billon), registered by Banduri (i. 311) and of which an engraving as well as a description is given by llaym (Thes. Brit. ii. ta b. xxvi. p. 283, No. 5), as from the Duke of Devonshire’s cabinet, is considered, however, to be indubitably genuine. llaym notes it as of good workmanship and well pre- served. Mionnet also (in his Sledailles Ro- mainesj, recognises the following legends and types, as those of a Latin imperial coin of Postu- mus, minted in the above named Roman colony, viz. : — Obv. POSTVirvs p. f. avo. Radiated head of Postumus. Rev. col. cl. agkip. cos. mi. A woman standing, with balance and cornucopia:. Mionnet describes the type of the reverse as L’Equite debout, avec ses attribute. The let- ters cl. serve to shew that the place now so well known under the name of Cologne (for- merly the City of the Ubii), teas made a colony under Claudius, as Tacitus has affirmed. AHALA. Accompanying this surname, which is that of the Scrvilia family, the bare head of C. Servilius Ahala appears on a denarius minted by Marcus Brutus, who assas- sinated Julius Ciesar. On the obverse of the same silver coin, is the bare head of L. Brutus, one of the first two Consuls of the Roman Re- public. The circumstance of these two portraits being included on the same medal, conclusively iden- tifies it with the yoiuigcr Brutus. For, as on the father’s side, he was believed to be de- scended from Lucius Brutus, so on that of his mother, Servi/ia, it is certain that he had among his ancestors, Servilius Ahala, who, according to Plutarch, under the dictatorship of Cinein- uatus, a. u. c. 315 (b. c. 439), slew with his own hand, Spurius Melius, for aiming at the sovereignty. — Eckhel, with his usual felicity of citation, quotes a passage from Cicero, as throw- ing light (which it does in a remarkable man- ner), on this denarius, in the following words : — Brutos ego impellerem, quorum uterqve L. Bruti imaginem qnotidie videret, alter etiarn, AhaL/E? [Should I (asks the great Orator) in- cite the Bruti, both of whom daily gaze on the portrait (or effigy) of L. Brutus, and one of them on that of Ahala also ?] — Sec Junia gens. Visconti, who, iu his Iconographie Romaine (8vo. edit. t. ii. No. 6), gives an engraving of this denarius, makes, inter alia, the following remarks (p. 51) : — “ On the coins which Marcus Brutus, or his partisans, caused to be struck during the civil war, the head of Servilius Ahala was placed on the reverse of that of Lucius Brutus, whom the murderer of Ca?sar affected to rcckou among his ancestors. He doubtless thought, that those domestic examples would form an excuse for his homicidal outrage in the eyes of the Romans. This portrait of Servilius Ahala had probably been taken, like many others, from one of those images which the families of the nobility gloried in preserving. — The legend aiiala designates the personage re- presented on this side of the coin. — Cicero re- marks that this surname of Ahala had becu formed by the suppression of the r, and by pro- nouncing the word asri/la (arm-pit), a nickname given to one of the ancestors of Servilius, in allusion to some particularities relative to this part of his bodily frame. The Fasti Ctjiilolini exhibit the name of Servilius, sometimes with the surname of Ahala, sometimes with that of Axilla ; in consequence of which Pighius has at- tempted to distinguish one from the other, con- trary to the opinion of Cicero, who, in conver- sation with Marcus Brutus, respecting this same Servilius, gives him both surnames, without dis- tinction. The Fasti Capitolini prove that these surnames existed in the Servilia family before the time of the Ahala who was general of cavalry to Cincinnatus.” AHENOBARBVS. — This surname, which appears on a denarius of the Domitia gens, has reference to one of the most popular legends of early Rome. — The news of the importaut victory achieved by Postumius, over the Latins, near lake Regillus (b. c. 498) reached and sprrad AHENOBAR. through 'the city, with a rapidity, which, not- withstanding the short distance between the two places, was regarded by the credulous and over-joyed populace as a prodigy. Two young soldiers, as the story goes, had met Lucius Domitius, a distinguished citizen, who was on his return from the country. Announcing to him the news of the battle and the success of the Romans, they charged him to make it known to his fellow-citizens ; and in order to win his con- fidence by a miracle, they touched his checks, the black beard of which instantly became red. (Suetonius, in Nerone, c. i. Plutarch, Vita Pauli JEmilei, § 25). — It is said to have been for this reason that Domitius was afterwards called Alienobarbus, red beard, or beard of the colour of brass ; a sobriquet which attached itself, for many ages, to one of the most illus- trious families of the republic. — The Domitii, doubtless, were in the habit of exposing to view, in the vestibule of their house, the waxen image of that man, to whose eyes Castor and Pollux had condescended to make themselves visible, and whom they had chosen to be the bearer of such good news. — (Visconti, Iconographie Romtdne , tome ii. p 48.) — At the period of the civil war waged against Cassius and Brutus, a member of the family above named, Cueus Domitius Alienobarbus, had allied himself to their party, and was placed in command of a formidable fleet, which, crossing the Iouian sea, blockaded the ports of Italy. This indivi- dual, to defray the expenses of his expedition, caused money to be minted, on which were stamped the head of his ancestor, the Lucius Domitius of the early republic, designated by his surname ahlnobakbvs. The reverse type is a trophy raised on the prow of a galley, allu- sive to the victory gained by Cneus Domitius Imperator (Emperor, that is to say Commandcr- in-Chief. — The battle alluded to was fought on the Ionian sea, between the port of Brundusium, whence the fleet of Octavius Caesar (afterwards Augustus) had sailed, and Epirus, towards which it had steered. The event took place the same day that Cassius and Brutus were defeated at Philippi, in the year 42 before the Christian era. (Appian Alex, de be/lo civili , cited by Viscouti in his work above-named.) AHENOBAR. — The denarius on which this abbreviated word appears is a numismatic monu- ment of the greatest rarity. Of this the eru- dite antiquary above-meutioned, has given an engraving in his Roman Iconography (tab. v.*) and he presents it as preserving the portrait of Cneus Alienobarbus. It is (says Visconti) a piece of gold money, which was probably struck at the period when this Roman admiral received intelligence of the death of Cassius and of Brutus, and regarded himself as the head of the repub- lican party. The head, entirely shaved, is seen on one side of the coin, of which the surname AIIENOBARia* forms the legend. On the re- verse we see his other names, and his title, CN. DOMrrrvs. I., f. imp. (Cneus Domitius, sou of Lucius, imperator). The letters NEPT. stamped in the field of the reverse, point to the temple of AIMILIA. 31 Neptune, which is the type, and in all proba- bility was designed to represent, that edifice which Cneus Domitius Alienobarbus, one of the ancestors of the personage in question, had built in the circus of Flaminius at Rome, in honour of the god of the sea, and which he had filled with sculptural chefs d’ceuvre from the chisel of Scopas. Cneus Alienobarbus seems thus to ascribe to the zeal of his progenitors for the worship of Neptune, the constant safety and success of his own vessels on the stormy waves of the Adriatic.” — p. 221-22. — See also Morell Thesaur. Fam. Domitia gens. AIMILIA (Basilica) RE Veda. S. C.— This legend, with the name of m. lepidvs below', ap- pears on the reverse of a denarius of the Aemilia family, the accompanying type of which repre- sents a building, with two stories of columns, and shields inserted between them, commonly called the Basilica Aemilia, or Basilica Pauli . — On the obverse of the same denarius is the veiled head of a woman ; on one side of which is a garland, and on the other the simpulum. [By a graphic mistake the legend auiilia is not made to appeal - at the top of the reverse.] It bears allusion to L. iEmilius Paulus, who served the consulship in the year of Rome 704 (b. c. 50), and to whom the merit is ascribed by old writers of having begun the reconstruction and adornment (b. c. 54) at his own expense, of the above-named public edifice, in the Eorum at Rome. Being, however, left in an unfinished state by the founder, it was at length completed, and dedicated, by Paulus Acinilius Lcpidus, in the year U. c. 720 (b. C. 34), according to Dion Cassius. The chief ornaments of the edifice were its columns of Phrygian marble, of which Pliny speaks in admiration. The zEmilian Basilica was twice repaired, after damage by fire. The first time in 740 (b. c. 14), when the temple of Vesta was also destroyed, and it was then re- stored (refecta) by Augustus and the friends of Paulus. The second time was during the reign , of Tiberius, on which occasion Lepidus, with consent of the Senate, rebuilt and adorned it at his owti cost. — Eckhel agrees with Havercamp in considering this denarius to have been coined under Augustus — not under Tiberius — and points to the head on the obverse as doubtless that of Vesta, allusive to the temple of that goddess, destroyed in the same conflagration, which con- sumed the Basilica, and was restored by Au- gustus. The archaism too of aimilia (the an- cient spelling of aemilia), bespeaks it to be of the age of Augustus, rather than that of Tiberius. — Doct. Nina. Vet. v. 127. This coin is valued bv Mionnet at 18 fr. The same, restored by Trajan, he prices at 100 fr. 32 ALAMANNI. ALBINUS. ALACRITATl. — To Alacrity ; with figure of . Pegasus. — The foregoing legend occurs for the first, and indeed the only time, in the imperial | scries of coins, on a very rare middle brass of Gallienus. The type also is found on one of the billon pieces minted under the same emperor, but with a different legend [leg. i. &c.] Respecting this singular reverse, and its ap- propriate device of a winged horse (previously noticed aud engraved by Angeloni and Banduri), Eckhcl says, “ I do not remember any altar, de- dicated by the Romans to Alacrity. It seems probable that this virtue, or good quality, in a sovereign, to have been here commended in Gal- lienus, in consequence of his having, imme- diately on his accession to the empire, and dur- ing his first consulate, prepared an army in Ger- mauy, with great expedition, and sent it forth against the revolted Gauls.” — See Peyasns. ALAMANNI, or ALEMANNI. — Under this title are to be considered as included the Ubii, the Sicambri, the Tenctcri, the Usipetes, the Catti, the Chcrusces ; that is to say, the inha- bitants of the upper and lower Rhine, aud those beyond that great river, such as the Westpha- lians, the Hessians, and the Saxons, as far as the Elbe and the Wcser, on the bauks of which, as well as on the Rhine and the Meuse, Drusus, in the time of Augustus, built forts and esta- blished garrisons, to hold the natives in check ; at the same time that he opened a road for his troops through the llyrcanian forest. The vic- tories of Drusus (brother of Tiberius) over the Alamanni, are commemorated ou medals, under the inscription de gi;um axis (see the word.) — But those exploits were not followed by the en- tire subjugation of the Germanic nations, nor was their country reduced to the form of a pro- vince, in the same effectual manner as Augustus succeeded in doing with regard to Gaul, .Spain, Illyria, Egypt, aud other regions, over which the Roman arms had been victorious. At a later period, however, of the empire, the Alamanni, inhabiting that part of Germany, which is situ- ated between the Danube, the Upper Rhine and the Mayne, were subdued, first by CaracaUa, aud afterwards by Proculus, in the reign of Aure- liau. Afterwards Constautius Chlorus, whilst Cirsar, overthrew them with great slaughter. — They continued, nevertheless, from time to time, to wage war against subsequent emperors, from Constantiuc tbc Great to Gratiauus and down- wards. Nor were they finally brought to sub- jection until a. n. 4'J(5, when they met with a decisive defeat by Clodovauis, king of the Franks. ALAMANNIA. — The reverse of one of Con- stautinc’s gold coins has for its type, a woman seated at the foot of a trophy, supporting her j head ou her arm, as if lamenting her captivity. | Round the field appears gavdivm romanouvm ; aud on the exergue is alamannia. — Engraved iu Caylus, Anrea Nmnis. Rom. Impp. No. 108. “ This medal (says Spanbeim, iu his Ciesars of Julian), refers to the victories of Constan- tine over the Alamanni, aud nlso over the Fraud, a nation between the Rhine and the Wcser. — With regard to Alamannia, Zozimus I relates that, after haring defeated Maxentius, Constantine passed into Gaul, and directed his march against the Celtic tribes. With respect to Francia, other writers make mention of the bridge which lie caused to be thrown over the Rhine, in the territory of the Ubians, now the diocese of Cologne, iu order to attack the Fraud, or people of Westphalia, and towards the Isscl.” There is nlso a similar legend aud type on a gold coin of Crispus, to whose ill-requited valour his father was mainly indebted for this triumph. ALAMa««ia ET FRANCia. — See Francia A L A M AN N I A D E V I CT A.— Victory, at whose feet is a captive bound, holding a trophy aud palm branch. This legeud and type appear on third brass of Crispus, natural son of Coustautine the Great. They constitute another proof of the lead- ing share taken by that heroic but ill-fated young prince, in vanquishing a most powerfid coalition of enemies, and compelling them to acknowledge for awhile the asceudenev of Rome. — “ Placed (says Banduri, who pub- lishes the coin) in command of the Legions in Gaul, Crispus fulfilled the hopes and objects of his imperial father, by suppressing a formidable rebellion of the Fraud and Alamanni.” — Spau- heira has given this reverse to a coin of Con- stantines, juu. ; but it is not included in thnt emperor’s mint by either Eekhel, Mionuet, or Akcrman. ALB. ALBINVS. Albinas — surname of the Postumia family. ALBA. — Ou a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, without legend of reverse, arc represented the fortified walls of that city. Within are the sow aud its young ; above is /Eneas carrying his father ; behind him the fig tree, and before a circular temple stands an aitar. — See Scrofa. ALBOGALERUS, a sort of cap of white wool, which the Flamen Dialis, or priest of Jupiter, alone had the privilege of wearing. It was made from the llcece, or skin, of some white animal sacrificed to Jupiter, and was surmounted with a small sprig of olive. Iu the coins of Julius Crcsar, this albogalcrus is seen to indicate the office of pontifex maximus. — See Apex. ALBINAS (Jbecimus Clodius Sept uni us ) — born at Hadrumctum, in Africa, had for his father Cejonius Poslumus, and for his mother Aurelia Messalina. Highly educated, especially in geographical aud strategical knowledge, he became, from a captain of Illyrian cavalry, one of the first and most successful generals of his time, in the chief charge and couduet of armies under Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, being at length placed in command of the legions iu Bithynia, a. u. 175. Tall and portly iu statiue, with round visage, frizzled beard, large mouth, but with a very feeble voice, he was said to be retiring and melancholy in disposition, severe in matters of discipline, and of a repulsive hnmour ; but his bravery and skill as a soldier, his love of justice, nnd his respect for senatorial % ' ALBINUS. rights and popular privileges, gained for him the attachment of all classes in the state. He was manly in his habits, free from enervating luxury, and, except his being a prodigious eater, without intemperance. Governor of Britain and Gaul, at the time of Pertinax’s death, he made pretensions to the sovereignty, and was elected Emperor by the legions he commanded, in the year of Rome 940 (A- u - 193). He succeeded in causing himself to be declared Cicsar, by Sep- timius Severus, the same year : that merciless but artful man being at the time sufficiently occupied in subduing the eastern provinces of the empire. In the following year (194), Al- binus served his second consulship with Severus himself for his colleague. But no sooner was Pescennius destroyed, than Severus led his army against his rival in the west. “ The British legions under Albinas were opposed to those of IUyricum ; and the troops on each side combated with such bravery, that the result was long doubtful.” But, after many sanguinary engage- ments, fought with alternate success, Albinus was defeated by his competitor in a decisive battle, on the plain of Tinurtium (now Trevoux), between the Rhone and Saone, near Lugdunum (Lyon), in France. Aud under circumstances of gra- tuitously brutal triumph on the part of the con- queror, Albinus lost his life, in the year u. c. 950 (a. d. 197). He was much looked up to by many ; and, indeed, was as much beloved by the Senate, as they hated Severus, on account of his fearfully vindictive cruelty. On his coins, which are found in the three metals, and of all sizes except small brass, this prince is styled d. CLODIVS AI.B1NVS CAESAR IMP. — also D. CLOD. SEPT. ALBIN. AVO. — and IMP. CAES. CL. SEPT. albin. avo. (on reverse P. p.) — His gold and brass medallions are of the highest rarity. Silver, and first and second brass, are also rare. The large brass, from which the subjoined cut is engraved, was struck a. d. 194, as the mark of his second consulate attests. Obi ;. d. clod. sept, albin. caes. — Bare head of Albinus. Rev. FELiciTASCOS.n. s. c. — Felicity stand- ing with caducous and hasta put a. — See Felicitas. Khell, in his supplement to Vaillant (p. 10G), has given an engraving of a most rare and ele- gant gold coin of Albinus, from the Vienna cabinet, with provid. avg. cos. for legend, and Providentia, with her attributes, for type of its reverse. Albinus (remarks the intelligent author of Lemons de Numismatique Romaine) hopiug to keep on an amicable footing with Severus, paid him F ALEXANDER. 33 all kinds of deferential attentions ; and the types on the reverses of his earlier coins bear testimony to his being influenced by this policy. But in the subsequent passages of his career, being forced to enter into an open struggle with his subtle rival, he declared himself Augustus as well as Cicsar. And from that period, the medals in which he takes this title, no longer evince the same character of caution and mo- deration. It is, however, necessary to observe, that the latter (with the titles of imp. and avg.) are not to be found in gold aud silver ; whilst the bronze coins were still minted exclusively at Rome, and could not accord to him a title which the Emperor (Severus) aud the Senate refused to grant him. In reference to this question, Mr. Akerman also observes, that those coins of Albinus, which bear the title of “ Caisar” are considered to have been struck at Rome, Severus having consented to his assuming that title : and that those which have the styles “ Impcrator” and “ Augustus,” were struck in Gaul, after the entry of Albinus into that country. — A coin in the Vienna cabinet has Pater Patr'ue ou the reverse, the bead side bearing the title of Caisar. Another is described as having p. p. on it and avg. on the obverse. — lienee Mionnct supposes that Albinus had a Council or Senate, in Gaul, who conferred on him the honourable title. — “ How- ever (adds the judicious compiler of the “ De- scriptive Catalogue of Roman Coins,”) its as- sumption by Albiuus without license, must not be wondered at in an age w hen Emperors aspired even to divine origin.” On the same point, Captain Smyth says, “ such medals of Albiuus as bear the title of Augustus, arc without the s. c. and are pro- bably from the officina of Lugdunum — since those minted by consent of Severus, were issued before Albinus had assumed that title.” ALCE, or Alces, an animal of the cervine species. — A representation of this remarkable quadruped is found on one of the saecvlares avgg. 1st brass of Philippus senior. — See Me- dai/les de Christine, tab. xxxv. No. 18. ALE. — Alexandria casus — (struck at Alex- andria.) It is read on the exergue of second brass coins of the lower empire, as in Diocle- tianus, Gal. Maximianus, &c. ALEX. — Alexander. — imp. caes. m. avr. sev. alex. pivs. avg. — The Emperor and Cicsar, Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander, the Pious, the August. ALEXANDER SEVERUS (Bassianus Alex- ianus), born at Area (Cicsarca Libani), in Phoe- nicia, a. d. 205, was the son of Gessius Mar- cianus and Julia Mamsea. The care which bis 34 ALEXANDER, mother bestowed on his education, amply com- pensated for his early loss of a father ; and from his infancy he gave promise of those qualities and excellent abilities which distinguished him through life, lie soon became a favourite with the best as well as noblest society in Rome. Through the sagacious policy and persuasion of Mresa, his grandmother, he was adopted by Ela- gabalus. — Declared C:esar a.ii. 221, he took the names of Marcus Aurelius Alexander; served his first consulate the following year ; and after the frightful reign of his execrable cousin, the Romans beheld a youth of scarcely fourteen years of age, on the throne of their emperors, possessed of talcuts, courage, correct morals — every human virtue and eveiy personal accom- plishment. His goodness as an individual, and his wisdom as a rider, recalled to their remem- brance the happier times of the empire, and formed a striking contrast to the hideous vices and misgovernment of his immediate predecessor. On the death of Elagabalus, being saluted Augustus and Imperator (a. d. 222), by the en- raptured Senate, he at the same time received the titles of Augustus, Pater Patri®, with all the marks of imperial dignity ; and from that period uuited to his other names that of Sevc- rus. — In 229, lie proceeded consul for the 3rd time, having for his colleague that year Dion Cassius, the celebrated historian of Rome. It was during the reign of this emperor, that Ar- tabancs IV. King of the Parthians, was killed by Artaxerxcs, who re-established the Persian monarchy, and caused himself to be declared king. In consequence of the hostile progress of this prince against the Romans, Alexander Scvc- rus led a formidable army into the east, (about a. d. 231, according to Eekhel;) and having in a great battle defeated Artaxerxes, whom he drove back from the frontiers of the empire, re- turned to Rome, where he received triumphal honours for his victory over the Persians. The same year he accepted the title of Pivs. In 235, he engaged in another successful campaign. It was against the Germans, who had taken advant- age of his absence in the East, to ravage the Gal- lic provinces. This was his last achievement. A band of factious soldiers (instigated by the Thracian savage, Maximinus, at that time ad- vanced to be one of his generals), slew him and ! his mother (Mamma), in the year of Our Lord 235, and the 27th of his age, after his having bravely commanded the Roman armies, with as consummate generalship and as much glory as any of his predecessors, for 13 years, llis death was universally deplored, as that of the father of his country, the friend of his subjects, and one of the most just and generous of princes. The honours of consecration were awarded to him by the Senate, and a festival was instituted to his honour, which continued to be celebrated down to the reign of Constautinc. — Alexander was the first Emperor who positively favoured the Christians, with whose moral precepts he scents to have been acquainted ; for he caused to be inscribed over the palace gate, the golden ride of the Gosjicl — “ Do as you would be done by.” ALEXANDER. ( Quod tibi fieri non vis, atteri non feceris.J — Alexander Severus had three wives. The name of the first is not known ; the second was called Memmia ; the last Barbia Orbiana, of w horn only there are coins. He does not appear to have left any children. — The monies of Alexan- der Severus arc very numerous. Some pieces represent him with Jidia Mamma, and with Or- hiana. His gold and silver coins (usual size) arc common ; first and second brass also com- mon ; gold, silver, and brass medallions, arc of the highest rarity. Ou these he is styled m. avr. ALEXANDER. — IMP. C. XI. SEVERVS ALEXAND. nvs avgvstvs (sometimes P. P.) The cut at the head of this biographical notice is from a silver coin. On the obverse, imp. ALEXANDER pivs ayg. Laureatcd head of the Emperor. The legend of the reverse, iovi puopvgnatoki (to Jupiter the defender, whose image stands bran- dishing a thunderbolt), frequently occurs in the mint of Alexander, which also has Ju/jiter Con- servator, Stator, and Ultor, among its types. Alexander occupied himself sedulously in re- forming the abuses which prevailed in the state of the Roman mint. Hence the legend rf.sti- tvtoh monetae on some of his medals, he be- ing the only one of the Augnsti who was styled on coins a restorer of money, lie also used electrum. “ About his time the sestertii (or large brass) diminish in magnitude, public events are given in less detail on the reverses ; and the deities and moral virtues appear more frequently. The coins arc however mostly common, and arc retained in choice collections, only according to their perfection or individual interest.” — See Captain Smyth’s remarks on this prince’s cha- racter and reign. — Descr. Cat. 22G. ALEXANDER (commonly sumamed Tyran- nus ) an usurper during the reign of Maientius. Born of Paunonian peasants, or, according to some writers, sprung from an equally ohsenre origin in Phrygia, he entered the army, and though of no great military talent, nor of any very distinguished valour, became in his old age, pro-pncfcct of Africa. In consequence of the ex- treme severity of Maxentins towards him, he threw oil' his allegiance to that arbitrary prince, and drawing into his revolt the soldiers who had invested him w ith the purple, caused himself to be proclaimed emperor, a. d. 308. For three years Alexander maintained his usurped power at Carthage ; but was at length defeated by the troops of Maxentius, taken prisoner, and put to death, A. D. 311. llis coins, with Izitin legends, in silver and brass, are of the highest rarity. They were minted in Africa ; probably at Carthage. On these he is styled mr. Alex- ander p. F. avo. — The above engraving from a ALEXANDRIA. second brass, presents the laureatcd head of this a9), there is a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, without legend of reverse, which exhibits the infant Jove sitting naked on the back of a goat, before an altar, with an eagle apparently sculptured on it, placed close to the trunk of a tree. On the reverse of a billon coin of Gallienus, inscribed Jovi Con servatori August i, there is, instead of the usual majestic figure of the king of “ gods and men,” a goat, representing Amalthea. This piece of mythology is still more clearly alluded to, on a billon of Gallienus, and on gold and billon of his son Saloniuus, which coins have, each for their type of reverse, a naked boy riding on a goat. — See tovi CRESCEXTI. A M AN DUS (Cneus Silvius), an usurper, in the joint reign of Dioclctiauus and Maximianus Hercules, assumed the title of Augustus, in collcagurship with /Elianus, a Gaulish chief, a. n. 285. But both were slain a. d. 207, in battle with the armies which had been sent against them by Maximianus. — Of Amaudus no gold nor silver coins are extant. There is, how- ever, a third brass assigned to him by Banduri (ii. p. 87), on which, with radiated head, he is styled imp. c. c. amaxdvs; reverse legend srKs. PVBUCA ; and type Minerva standing with spear and shield. Besides which, in the Pem- broke collection is engraved, as a third brass, imp. s. amaxdvs p. f avo. and radiated head, AMMON. on the obverse ; with vf.nvs avg. and the goddess standing, on the reverse, clothed in the stola, holding an apple in the right hand, and the hasta in her left. — Both these arc cited by Eekhel, without any doubt expressed by him as to their authenticity. But Mr. Akerman, as as well as Mionnet, states them to be strongly suspected. Indeed, from their discrepancy in the prenomen, one of them must be false. AM E de la MedaiHe. This expression is ingeniously enough applied by some French numismatists, of the elder school, to the Legend, which they profess to regard as the “ soul of the coin,” whilst they designate the type, or figures, as the body. “ For example (says Pure Jobcrt), we see on a (silver) medal of Augustus, two hands joined, holding a cadu- ceits, between two horns of Amalthea — this is the body. — The word Pax, which is engraved on the medal, marks the peace which this prince had restored to the common-wealth of Rome, in reconciling himself with Mark Antony, which had brought back happiuess and abundance to the people — this is the soul. And on a medal of Ncrva, by means of the word Concordia EXEBCrrwM, the same two hands joined [hold- ing a military ensign on the prow of a vessel], served to mark the fidelity of the soldiers, both by sea and land, to their new Emperor.” — Science des Medailles, i. 216. AMBIANI, now Amicus, in France. — AMB. Ducange and Bimard dc la Bastie both conjec- ture that the coin of Magnentius, on the exer- gue of which they read the above letters, was struck at Amiens (Ambianis). Whilst Yafllant fPra.it. iY inn. i. 360), interprets it A. M. B. An- tiochia moneta officina secunda (money of the second mint of Antioch.) — See Rasche. AM ICTUS. — This word chiefly refers to the clothing or covering of the head, with crown, diadem, helmet, spoils of the lion, proboscis of the elephant, &c. AMMON, a surname of Jupiter. — Alexander the Great styled himself the son of Jupiter Ammon ; and his successors, the kings of Syria, and those of Cyrenaiea have, on coins, their heads adorned with the horns of n ram, or of Ammon, the symbol of their dominion over Lybia. This deity appears ou a great number of coins, and of engraved marbles. ITie Egyp- tians, whose popular divinity he was, regarded him as the author of fecundity and generation. The same superstition afterwards introduced it- self among the Romans, who worshipped Ammon ns the preserver of nature. — In the consular series of the Roman mint, the head of Ammon is found on coins of the Cornuficia, Lollia, Piunria, Papin, and other families, and in the Imperial, on those of Augustus, Trajan, Hadrian, Aurelius, Sevcrus, and Treb. Gnllus. — The head of Jupiter Ammon exhibits itself on a denarius of Augustus, (sec Pembroke Collection, p. iii. tab. 9). — Eekhel (vi. p. 87) referring to this, observes, that it is a type of an unusual kind in the mint of that prince (then simply Octa- vianus), but he accounts for it from the circum- stance of its having been struck iu Africa, by AMPIIINOMUS. AMPHITHEATRE. 41 Pinarius Searpus, one of his Lieutenants. — On a denarius of the Antonia family, given in Morel!. Thesaur. we read M. an to. (Mark An- tony) cos. in. imp. mi. The type is Jupiter Ammon, as designated by the attribute of a ram’s horn, on the side of a bearded head. — For this device see Cornuficia gens. AMOR.— This legend is found inscribed above the figure of a horse, on a rare contorniate medal, published by Havercamp (Hum . Contom. fig. 10), and which he considers as either de- rived from the love, or attachment, which a master bears towards a horse that has carried olf the palm of victory at the Circensiau games ; or is used to denote the noble nature of that animal. AMORES. — Two Loves, or Cupids, drawing Venus in a chariot, appear on a denarius of the Julia family — engraved in Morel], (tb. i. fig 4.) AMOR MVTVVS AVGG. ( A uyustorum ) . — Mutual affection of the Emperors.— Two right hands joined. This legend and type appear on large sized silver of Balbinus and of Pupienus, who were the first two emperors elected to reign with precisely equal rights. — For an example of two right hands joined, see Mussidia gens, and HERENNivs etrvscvs. — See also Hands joined. AMPIIINOMUS and ANAPIS (or Anapias), two brothers, of Sicily, respecting whom it is related that they saved their parents, at the peril of their own lives, from the flames of Etna, at the moment when an eruption of that volcano threatened their immediate destruction. This was a favourite subject with the ancients, in symbolising filial piety; and is often represented on Greek coins of Catana (Catania), where this noble actioii is alleged to have been performed. Of these tw T o Sicilian brothers, types of that devoted love, which is ever cherished by good children towards the earthly authors of their being, Cornelius Severtis, alluding to Mount Etna, thus expresses himself : — Amphiuomus fraterque pares sub munere fortes. Cum jam viciuis streperent incendia tectis, Accipiunt pigrumque pattern, matremque sentient. “ Amphiuomus and his brother, both equally courageous in the performance of a duty, whilst the flames murmured their threats against the neighbouring houses, rescue their decrepid father, and their aged mother.” On a wel l knowrn denarius of Pompeius Mag- nus, struck in reference to his naval command, and to his I victoi ies over the pirates on I the coasts of Sicily and of Italy, this popular legend is clearly alluded to, by a typiii- cation, in which Neptune forms the centre of a group; whilst on each side of him is a naked young man, carrying on his shoulders an aged figure, clothed. It is thus that on Roman coins, after the example of the Greek, Amphiuomus and Anapis arc, seen res- elling their father and mother from the perils of the burning mountain. — Sec praef. clas. f.t okae. MAitrr. — The above is engraved from the G silver coin restored by Trajan, valued by Mion- net at 300 fr. (£11 17s. lOd.) AMPHITHEATRE. This is a word which, even by its compound formation, desig- nates an edifice consisting of two theatres facing each other, and leaving between a void space, called the arena , wherein different kinds of public games and spectacles were exhibited, especially combats of gladiators and wild beasts. The nature of these contests, which obliged the com- batants alternately to pursue and be pursued, necessarily required an elongation of ground from the centre, and resulted in producing an oval instead of a circular form. Amphitheatres were peculiar to the Romans : they were un- known to the Greeks. These buildings were not covered in ; but during grand displays, an awning was occasionally stretched across from the top to screen the spectators from the intense heat of the sun’s rays. The arena was sur- rounded with dens (carceres), in which were confined the ferocious animals destined for the different fights. Immediately above these dens, there was a gallery running round the whole arena, and in which the most distinguished per- sons took their respective places. Rehind this gallery, the scats or steps rose in gradation to the summit. The lower tiers were for people of rank ; the others were appropriated to the lower classes. The exterior of an amphitheatre was divided into stories, each ornamented with arcades, columns, and pilasters, in greater or less number, and sometimes with statues. Be- sides the circular rows of steps which served for scats, inside, there were also some which, in the form and for the purposes of staircases, inter- sected the others from the ground to the highest part of the structure. These formed the baltei , or belts. The portals of the vaulted avenues, through which the amphitheatre was entered, were called vomilaria. The successive rows, comprised within two staircases, bore the name of cunei ; because the most elevated steps were broader than those which were nearer the arena, the whole presenting the form of a wedge. AMPHITHEATRUM Flaviamim, eel Titi. — Of the four amphitheatres of Rome, whose ruins arc still to be seen, or whose memory is at all preserved, that of Titus, denominated in his days the Colossscum, now called the Coliseum, is the most remarkable. This build- ing, of superb architectural design and of vast dimensions, was commenced a. n. 77, by Ves- pasian ; and was finished and dedicated by his son and successor Titus, during a. u. c. 823 (a. n. 80). The same year a coin was minted, in large brass, having for the legend of its ob- verse — IMP erator Titus CAESar VESP««««w AV Gust us Vontifex Maximus TRI bunicia Tot es- tate Yater Y atria COmSk/ VIII. (The Emperor Titus Ciesar Vespasian, the August, Sovereign Pontiff, enjoying the Tribunitian power. Father of the country. Consul for the eighth time.) — Head of Titus laureated. On the reverse (without epigraph) is the Flavian Amphitheatre, originally so called in honour of Vespasian’s family name. 42 AMPHITHEATRUM. The type is marked with its proper number of stories or areades ; and from the open top it is seen to be filled with people, whose heads appear in the uppermost rows. On the right and left of the amphitheatre, as represented on this very rare coin, are what were meant for “ the Meta Sudens and the Domus Aiirea, as it was actually situated,” observes Capt. Smyth, in some instructive remarks on his own speci- men of this most interesting reverse. The edifice itself is of an elliptical form ; covers nearly six acres of ground ; and it was said to he capable of containing 70,000 spectators; hut (adds the accurate writer above-named) “ in a troublesome process of admeasurement, I could not make it contain more than 50,000.” — Martial, who w itnessed it in the integrity of its vast dimensions, thus encomiast ically speaks of it. Omnis Ccesareo cadat labor Ampkitheatro , Union pro cuiictis Tama loquatur opus. [“ Let every laborious enterprize yield the palm to this Amphitheatre of Ciesar; and Fame, neg- lecting all others, blazon henceforth this one achievement.”] Of this colossal structure such is the solidity, that it would, even to this period, have re- mained almost entire, if the spoliative barbarism of more modern times had not, to a great extent, despoiled it of materials for the purpose of build- ing therewith both public and private edifices. (Kolb, i. 133). — “In using the expression, that to build this work Titus ‘ turned from their course rivers of gold,’ Cassiodorus (observes Eckhel) must not be considered to have spoken hyperbolically ; for Barthelemy and P. Jacquicr, after taking the admeasurement, and making their calculations, concluded that the walls of its enclosure alone would cost, in our days, nearly seventeen millions of francs (about £673,000 sterling.) So important was it (adds the illustrious author of Doctrina) to lavish immense wealth, in order that a people, already athirst for monstrous pleasures, should be supplied with a fitting theatre, in which (as Arnobius complains) they might look on at human beings, delivered up to and torn in pieces by wild beasts; and kill- ing each other for no other reason than the gratification of the spectators ; and where they might spend in gencrul dissipation, and festal hilarity, those very days on which such atrocities were perpetrated. — (vi. 358.) AMPHITHEATRUM. To commemorate the building of this stu- pendous monument, the Senate, it appears, caused two coins to be struck, namely, the one above described, which was minted in Titus’s life-time ; and another first brass, a short time after his death (a. it. 81), with the following legend on the obverse: viz., divo. avg. t. divi. Vespasian, s. c. on the exergue. Titus seat- ed on spoils of war.— On the reverse, without epigraph, the amphitheatre, ornamented with statues. '1’he same reverse occurs again on a large brass of Domitian, with s. c. — The legend on the side of the head, is caes. divi. vesp. f. domitianys. cos. vii. — Vespasian, indeed, as has already been observed, began the construction of this amphitheatre, but his eldest son Titus finished and dedicated it. It was on the opening of the Colossicuui, that besides more than the usual display of gladiatorial homicides, he gave shews of wild beasts of every kind. Of these in one day 5000, according to Suetonius, (9000 according to l)iou) were slaughtered to please the carnage-loving populace of Rome. After this a “pratimn navalc” was given in the old nav- machia (or place for representing sea fights) where water was conducted into the interior of the building, and the extraordinary sight of (no sham but) a real engagement exhibited between opposing squadrons of gallies, took place, at great cost of human life and of the public money, this cruel and extravagant sacrifice having been allowed to occupy the protracted space of one hundred days ! “ To say nothing of so demoralizing a loss of time, these unintellectual pleasures of a half- starved mob must have cost more than three millions sterling, including the structure. When (observes Capt. Smyth) I wandered over this scene of guilt, I could not but regard it as a costly monument of prodigal folly and savage sensuality. Moreover, from the haste with which it was run up, there arc numerous archi- tectural eye-sores, which with its cumbrous attic, render it very inferior in design to the elegant amphitheatre at I’ola, in Istria.” Several other emperors were careful to bestow restorations on this most magnificent of all public structures. Antoninus repaired it. Ela- gabalus set about re-establishing it after the in- juries which it had sustained from the violence of a tempest, in the reign of Mauritius. What Elagabalus began was completed by his successor, Alexander Severus ; on which account the type of the same building appears ou the reverse of a first brass (engraved in Havereamp, Medailles de Christine, tau. xxxiii.), also a silver coin with the amphitheatre and five figures, all struck under the latter prince, with the epigraph of p. m. Tit. P. n. cos. P. p. — One of the brass medallions of Gordianus Pius also bears a re- presentation of the Colosstvum, with columns and statues, and a legend apparently denoting that the edifice had undergone reparations under his reign. In the arena is seen a hull nnd an elephant fighting, the emperor being in the midst of the spectators.— See XUNIFICEKTIA gokdiasi. AMPLIATORI. Many coins with Vespasian’s name and por- trait and this amphitheatre for the reverse type “ are exposed for sale now a days (says Eckhel), but they are all spurious.” AMPLIATORI CIVIVM. (To the augmentor [or enlarger] of citizens.) S. P. Q. R. within a laurel garland. Respecting this unique appella- tion, and the coin on which it appears, some difference of opinion has been expressed. — Span- heim, who was the first to publish it, in a note to his translation of the Cscsars of Julian, and who gives an engraving of it, pronounces it to be of genuine antiquity, and unhesitatingly ascribes it to Antoninus Pius. The legend of the head, it is to observed, is antoninvs avg. rivs. p. p. tr. p. cos. hi. — It was found some years pre- vious to 1683, with several other Roman coins, by workmen employed on the fortifications of Bonn, near Cologne ; and the eminent author of “ Dissertalion.es de usu numism.” atlinns that he “ had seen it with his own eyes.” — Spanheim moreover observes, that Antoninus Pius was worthy above all others to be denomiuated Am- pliator Civium, inasmuch as he had granted the right of citizenship (jus civitatis) to all the inhabitants of the Roman empire. — Eckhel (vii. p. 12) on the other hand treats the argu- ment of Spanheim as one more erudite than lucid, and remarks that “ other writers, influ- enced doubtless by a passage from Dion, have with great semblance of truth, ascribed to Cara- calla, the act of conferring this privilege on the whole Roman world, seeing that he also bore the appellation of Antoninus.” Nevertheless, after referring to the compendium of Valesius and Fa- bricius, for a note on these words of Dion, Eckhel concludes with making the following admission : “But after all, Antoninus Pius might, on various accounts, have been styled Ampliatori Civium, especially since, after the munificent example of Trajan, he made provision for the children of Italy.” (vii. 12.) — The coin being universally allowed to be genuine, it may indeed seem strange that any question should have been raised as to which Autoninus this singular epi- graph belongs. Certainly, the mind revolts at the bare idea of transferring such an honourable designation from the mild and beueficent suc- cessor of Hadrian to the tyrant son of Scvcrus. Still, it is not to be overlooked, that the same mendacious spirit of servile adulation, which pret ended to recognise another Autonine the Pious, in the person of Caraealla the fratricide, was not likely to deem it too great a stretch of monctal flattery, if it complimented this trucu- lent despot, on his having enlarged the number of Roman citizens. — It only remains to add, as sufficiently conclusive on the point of accurate appropriation, that Mionnet and Akerman concur in placing ampliatori crvrvM among the legends of brass medallions, minted under Antoninus Pius ( not Caraealla.) AN. Annus. — The Latin letters AN. with the numeral letter or letters added, on certain colonial coins, denote the year in which the colony was planted or sent out (deduct a.) — Thus in the coins of the Dacian province an. i. G 2 ANASTASIUS. 43 as far as x. occurs ; and in those of the colony of Viminacium, an. i. to xvi. are read, &c. — See Rasche’s Lexicon. AN. XV. PR. II. 0. C. S. — A horseman, or equestrian statue, with spear and trophy on his shoulder. On the exergue, m. lepidvs. — See jEiiii.ia gens, p. 14 of this work. ANADE.M A, a fillet worn as part of the head- dress by Roman ladies. On coins of Sabina Hadriani, we see the portrait of that empress bound by an anadema, and hanging at the back of her neck. This club-fashioned coiffure also appears in the medallic portraitures of Antonia, and the Agrippinas. — Smyth. ANASTASIUS I. Emperor of the East, was born at Dyrrhachium, in Illyria, of obscure parentage, (a.d. 430.) Simply an officer of the imperial household, he succeeded, after the Em- peror Zeno’s death, to the Byzantine throne ; and married Ariadne, the widow of his patron and predecessor, (a. d. 491). Anastasius died suddenly, having, as it was affirmed, been struck by lightning, a. d. 518. On his coins, which are in general common in gold, brass medallions, and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd brass, he is styled d. n. anastasivs p. P. AVG. or IMP. ANASTASIVS P. P. AVG. — His silver arc rare, especially those in which his name is associated on the same coin with that of Theodoricus, King of the Ostrogoths, and with the name of Baduila, the king of some other barbarous nation. — See Akerman, ii. p. 386. AN. B. or ANT. B. Antiochus officina secunda. — Coinage of the second monctal office, or mint, at Antioch, in Syria — where there were very many offices belonging to the mint- masters, who superintended the striking of the money, or were otherwise employed in the public mint. ANAGNIA, a city in Latium, now Anagna, in the States of the Church. — Mark Antony, during his triumvirate, had a mint for striking coins in his own name, at this place. — See Eck- hel’s remarks on coins of Roman die, minted extra TJrbem, vol. v. 68. ANCHISES, a Trojan prince, of the family of Priam, who, according to the poets and mythologists, secretly married Venus ; and she bore to him /Eneas, on the banks of the Simois. After the siege of Troy, his escape from that devoted city is described to have been attended with great (lifficidty, on account of his extreme old age. The representation of Auehises car- ried on the shoulders of his son, appears on de- narii of the C 'wcilia , Herennia, and Julia fami- lies : also on coins of Julius Ckesar, when Dicta- tor. — See AEnea Pietas, p. 27 of this work. ANCIENT COINS. — By the term ancient are meant all coins preceding the 9th century, or the age of Charlemagne ; and by modern all posterior to that period. (Pinkerton.) — The most ancient coins of the Romans are those stamped with the image of the ox, the sow, and the sheep ; the double-headed Jauus, the ros- trum or beak of a ship, or the foremost half of a ship, rat is. Hence the coin was called ratitus. — Rasche. 44 ANGUS.— A. N. F. F. ANCHOR (Aiicora). — This well-known nau- tical instrument, with which the personification of Hope is now-a-days painted, is not fouud to be amongst her attributes on ancient coins. — But the type of Annona has it on a medal of Alexander Scverus. — The figure of Asia bears it on a large brass of Antoninus [see the engrav- ing.] — A river god, seated on the ground, holds it in the right hand, on gold and silver of Ha- drian. — betitia sustains it in the same manner, as probably indicating stability, on coins of Gallieuus, Tetricus father and son, Florianus, Garausius, and others. — The goddess of health (Sal us) also appears with it, as in the instance of Tetricus senior and junior. — The anchor is likewise seen behind the helmeted head of Rome, on denarii of the Julia and Mussidia families, as given in Morel ; and these so united denote (says Havereamp) that such coins were struck at the expense of [the commander of] some ex- peditionary fleet. — There is a naval trophy, with anchor and trident, on a denarius of the Pompeia family, and ou a coin of the Salpicia family is another naval trophy, with oar, anchor, acros- tolium, prow, and two captives. (See Morell. Thesauri) — An anchor with a dolphin wound round it, forms the reverse type of a denarius of the Emperor Titus. — See Dolphin — also Pompeia gens. ANCUS MARCIUS, fourth King of Rome; grandson of Nuina Pompilius, and immediate successor to Tullus Hostilius. Ancus was the son of Marcius, chief pontiff under Numa, and of Pompilia, Numa’s daughter. He was a brave and victorious warrior ; revived the ceremonies for sacred worship which Numa instituted, but which had been neglected, aud did much for the embellishment, the health, and the security of Rome. His reign is said to have lasted 24 years, during which the town of Ostia, at the month of the Tiber, was founded, aud became the sea- port of Rome. ANGUS, and ANGUS MARGI. — Sec Marcia gens — also Nama. ANDRISCUS, King of the Macedonians, con- quered by Mctellus. — -See Ctecilia. A. N. F. F. — Annum Novum, Faustina Feli- cem. — The w ish of a happy and prosperous new year tendered for the Emperor. — On a large brass of Hadrian we read s. p. q. r. a. n. f. f. OPTIMO PKINCIPI (or HADRIANO AVG. P. P.), within a laurel garland. — Sena l us Popn/usijae Romanes, Annum Novum Faustina Felicem Op- timo Principi [i. e. adprecatur.'] This legend is the acclamation, by which the Roman Senate and people presaged for Hadrian a prosperous and happy new year. “ But there was in the case of the Emperors a double new year annually. The first of these was the one common to all classes, viz., on the Calends of January, on which small presents called si rente were usunlly sent from one house to another, often inscribed with these words in full — anptvm. nowm. favstvm. felicem. as wc are told by Fabretti. And this form of inscription furnishes us with the manner in which the initial letters on the coins now under consider- ANNUS. ation are to be interpreted. Good wishes for the well-being of a prince were customarily ex- pressed at the beginning of the year, namely, ou the third of the nones of January. [Sec the treatise De Numis votobum, in Dor/. Num. Vet. vol. viii.] The other new year was a day held sacred by the Emperors, as the one on which they commenced their reigns, being also called the natal day of the empire (dies natal is imperii). And indeed, it is in this sense that Seneca, in his satirical work entitled Apoco/o- cyntosis, calls the third of the ides of October, on which Claudius died, and Nero began to reign, “the new year, and the beginning of a most happy period” (annum novum, indium secu/i felicissimi). As, however, ou the return of both these new years, prayers were offered for the welfare of the Emperor, it is difficult to decide which of the two should be understood ou these coins; nor would the decision avail towards their illustration.” Thus leaving this point as much in doubt as he found it, Eckhcl (vi. 509) next refers to Haver- camp ; but it is only to expose the absurdity of that w'riter’s attempt to explain the legend of this coin, viz., S. F. Q. R. Anno N atali (i. e. Ur his) Vieri Yecit OPTIMO principi. — N ow what was the natal dag of the city ? Surely uo other than that ou which Romulus is said to hav e founded it. To accept the interpretation of Havereamp, therefore, would be to concur in supposing that these coins were dedicated by the Senate to Hadrian nearly nine hundred years before ! “ No doubt,” adds the author of Doc- trina, “ this writer on many subjects — this poly- graph — so learned on all other points, has in the present instance met the fate of those who eat of many dishes (polyphaga), and digest imper- fectly.” — It is with this sarcasm on the con- jectural propensities of his erudite, but not al- ways judicious, predecessor in the devious paths of numismatic criticism, that Eckhcl concludes his own ///conclusive remarks on the [mint in question — a point on which, from what Gapt. Smyth aptly calls “ the vexatious ambiguity of abbreviations,” doubt is still left as to the new year in this instance meant — whether from the founding of the city, the birth-day of the Em- peror or that of the kalends of January. — The s. c. is omitted from this large brass medal, the s. P. Q. r. being equally the stamp of senatorial authority. ANNUS NOVUS. — The famous marble of Narbonnc confirms the fact, that from at least the age of Augustus, the ceremony of benedic- tion, or of well wishing (bene prerandi), took place ou the commencement of a new year. Aud wc learn, that during the kalends of Janu- ary, there was the greatest eagerness, among the Romans, in proffering mutual good wishes for each other’s health and prosperity, with the most studied forms of expression. Nothiug was more the object of solicitude with them, than, on that good day, to say and do kind things, and to avoid all untoward speeches aud actions. Accordingly Ovid (Fas/orum, lib. i.) thus sings, as out of the mouth of Janus : — ANCILIA. Omina principiis, inquit, incsse sotent, Templa patent, auresque Deiim, nec lingua caducas Concipit nlla preces, dictaqne putidns habent. [Omens, says he, arc wont to shew them- selves at the beginning of a new year. The temples arc open, and so are the cars of the god3 ; nor does any tongue utter prayers, which are likely to fail, but every thing uttered has its weight.] Since, then (observes Rasche), at the begin- ning of a year-, every one wished and endea- voured to promote happiness to himself and friends ; it is surely not surprising to find the Roman people at large invoking prosperity and happiness for the reigning prince, on marble tablets aud on medals. ANCILIA — Bucklers, or shields, so deno- minated because they were cut sloping on each side. The Romans pre- tended that one had fallen from heaven during a pla- gue which had desolated their city, in the reign of Nimia ; and this miracul- ous present having stayed the pestilence, the arus- pices declared that the em- pire of the world was destined for the people, by whom this buckler should be preserved. — Numa, who so well knew the art of making superstition conduce to political advantages, or- dered several other shields to be made in exact resemblance to Ibis heaven-descended one, lest so precious a gift should be purloined ; and he deposited the whole in the temple of Mars. — From that sanctuary they were taken when war was declared. And twelve priests, called Salii, to whose care they were confided, bore them, on stated days, in procession about the public places and streets of Rome. It is this which they called movere ancilia, and it was a bad augury to go into the country before they were replaced, as Suetonius explains by these words : — Seel et mot is, necdurn conditis ancilibvs On denarii of P. Stolo, of the Licinia family — one of the moneyers of Augustus, is a reverse type of the ancilia, between which is the apex, or cap, of one of the Salii, with the inscription p. stolo. hi. vir. (an engraving of which is given above). — -The obverse of this silver coin bears the legend of avgvstvs tr. pot. and an equestrian statue of that emperor, to whose honour (about A. D. 23), the statue was erected. It was in the month of March, when the twelve Salian priests celebrated their rites, which consisted chiefly in carrying the sacred bucklers in the left hand, leaping, and striking in cadence on them, with a javelin, or rod, which they held in their right. This ceremony always finished with superb banquets, called Saliares Cccnce . — See Apex. ANCILIA. IMPERATOR. II. S. C.— On the reverse of a middle brass of Antoninus Pius, we see this legend, accompanied by a type, which represents two of the Ancilian shields. The legend and type of the obverse arc ANCILIA. 45 antoni.nvs avgvstvs pivs, and the laureated head of the emperor. Struck A. D. 140. The fonns of these “ sacred bucklers,” as represented on coins, and also on gems, do not exactly correspond either with each other, or with, the descriptions which are given of them in ancient writers. It will be observed that the ancile, delineated on the denarius of P. stolo (see foregoing cut), is an oblong shield, divided into three smaller shields, the central an oval one, which has a thun- der-bolt figured on it, and it is narrower than the other two ; so that each of the ends projects beyond the middle compartment. An inspection of this type renders intelligible the expression of Festus (in Mamnrius), that the buckler in question “was cut out on both sides, so that the top and bottom spread out from the centre ; and also agrees with Plutarch’s remark, that “ it was partly cut out in a curved line like an escallop shell, and did not present a continuous circum- ference like the shield called pelta.” On the other hand, the central bucklers of the two ancilia typified on the coin of Antoninus Pius, are nearly as broad as those at the upper and lower ends, each buckler appearing to resemble an oval shield in the centre, with very small rods, radiating at each extremity, aud terminating in a semi-circular form. It must not be omitted to be noticed, that there is a gem in the Museum Florentinum, which represents two of the Salii veiled in the Gabinian fashion, aud bearing, on their shoul- ders, six bucklers suspended from a pole. — In the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiqui- ties, edited by Dr. W. Smith, an engraving from this ancient relic is given (p. 47), to which the reader is referred. And, if the form of the shields, as copied from the antique gem, be com- pared with what appears on either of the two coins of Augustus and Antoninus (cuts of which are here respectively presented), it will be seen that, whilst a general resemblance to each other prevails in the shields on the coins, the shields represented on the gem, and de- scribed as six ancilia borne by Salii, are, in their contour and adornments, equally dissimilar to those associated with the word ancilia, aud to those which form so conspicuous a feature in the reverse type of the denarius, struck by the monetary III. vir. p. (Licinius) stolo. — Yet, knowing the superior degree of attention paid by the Roman mint of the early and middle empire, to matters of delineative likeness, where is the numismatist, that would not, as evidence to accuracy, prefer the die-sinker’s type to the lapidary’s design ? — See Clipeus. Since the history of Antoninus supplies no in- formation, it is left to be conjectured, that this type, from its connection with the word ancilia, was selected by the mint-masters, to gratify Aure- lius Ca;sar, his adopted son. On this point, Capi- 46 ANN. DCCCLXXIIII. tolinus says, “ Hadrian caused him to be ad- mitted of the Saliau college in his eighth year. While enjoying this sacerdotal dignity, he was favoured with the omen of sovereignty. When the assembled people, as was customary, threw garlands upon the banquetting couches, some fell in one place, some in another; while, on the head of Aurelius, one was fixed as by the hand of Mars. In the Salian priesthood, he was president (prresul), seer (vates), and master (magister) : he performed frequently the cere- mony of inauguration into office, aud also that of deprivation without a prompter, as he had himself learned by heart all the forms.” It was the duty of the Salii (as has already been stated), both to remove the ancilia, and to restore them to their place of safety. To ac- count for this type, we may perhaps conclude, that some peculiar solemnity connected with the ancilia, was going forward about this time, the honour of which was directed to both the Anto- nincs — to Marcus, as the President of the Order, and to Pius Augustus, as the Pontifex Maximus. Besides, another reason for placing, on the coin of Antoninus, the very name as well as the form of these sacred bucklers, is to be found in the well-known attachment aud veneration of that emperor for the antiquities aud traditions of the city. — See Eckhel, vii. p. 13. ANIMA — the soul, or spirit. — On a large brass of Autouiuus Pius, with reverse legend of consf.cratio. s. c., a cowering eagle is stand- ing on a globe, emblematical of the a/iima of that prince soaring to take its seat in the celestial regions. Conformably to the professed belief, involved in the Roman ceremony of consecra- tion, the spirit of Marcus Aurelius is typified on a coin (large brass) of that emperor, as carried on an eagle to its place amongst the stars. — An eagle is also seen on a consecration medal of the younger Faustina, conveying the soul of that empress to heaven. — “ It was the custom of the Romans, says Spanheiin (v. Ctesars dc Julien, p. 17), to represent the emperors, and their wives, borne to the skies, on eagles, or on peacocks, or on the wings of Victory.” ANIMALS figured on. Military Ensigns. — It was the practice of the Romans to distinguish the different Legions of their armies, not only by their number, but also by the representation of various animals, on their standards. Thus, on coins of Gallicnus, besides the images of Nep- tune, Minerva, Mars, and other divinities, we see the figure of a wild boar appropriated to Leg. i. Ital. vi. p. vi. f. — The wolf and the two infants to Leo. ll. — A crane to Leg. hi. — A lion to Leo. iiii. — An eagle to Leo. v. and vi. — A bull or ox to Leo. vii., viii., and x. — Also, among other fabulous animals, a Capri- corn (or sea goat) is the distinctive figure on the ensigns of the 1st, 14th, and 22ud Legions: a Pegasus and a Centaur, on those of the 2nd Legion, &c. — Rascbe. ANN. DCCCLXXIIII. NAT. VRB. P. C1R. CON. — This unique historical legend is found on the reverse of a gold coin, and also of a large brass, of Hadrian (the latter with S. C.) The ANN. DCCCLXXIIII. type of both represents a female seated at the base of three obelisks, or mehe, (the gold coin exhibits only one) which she embraces with her left arm, whilst she holds a wheel resting on her right knee. — The legend of the obverse is IMP. CAES. HADRIAN VS. AVG. COS. III. — The year 874 from the foundation of Rome agrees with the year 121 of the Christian sera. Had it not been for the inconvenient practice, adopted by the Romans in the inscriptions of their marbles, as well as in the legends of their coins, of abbreviating a whole word into a single initial, there would be scarcely a pre- tence, and certainly no reasonable ground, for the coullicting interpretations so pertinaciously given to the legend, on this interesting coin, in consequence of the very opposite meanings at- tached, by different learned writers, to the let- ter P. — But on the contrary, what surrouuds the device would have been as free from per- plexity or doubt as is the device itself; which evidently serves to record a particular anniver- sary of Rome’s foundation day, celebrate! with more than usual splendour by the addition of circensian chariot-raccs. Vaillant renders the P. by populo; and reads, Anno 874, natal i urbis Populo Circenses con- cesssil. That is to say, Hadrian had given to the People the spectacle of Games in the Circus at Rome, on the 87 tth anniversary of the City’s foiuidation. — In this reading he is followed by Ilavcrcamp, who nevertheless, strange to say, has allowed Bartoli, in cugraving from Queen Christina’s specimen, to leave out the ques- tionable letter, when copying the legend of the large brass . — Plebei is adopted by Hardouin. — Fogginus confidently suggests Pub/ici. — On the other hand, rejecting these interpretations. Billiard de la Bastie, in his notes on Jobert, (vol. ii ., p. 181), affirms the initial P. to stand for Primum. And, as usual with that truly judi- cious numismatist of the elder school, he sup- ports his views on the point in dispute, with so much acuteness and force, that we arc in- duced to subjoin the principal passage of his argument, clothed in an English dress : — “ To me it appears evident that by these medals of Hadrian, it was intended to preserve the remembrance of a new Institution formed during his reign, in honour of the Birth of the City of Rome, and to mark its precise epocha. Before this Emperor’s time, the people had neg- lected to celebrate aunnally the foundation of Rome, with the solemnities which the day seem- ed to merit. It was honoured only as the fes- ANN. DCCCLXXIIII. tival of the Goddess Pales, and was known under no other name than Parilia, or Palilia . — Nothing distinguished it from the most common festivals. In an ancient calendar (published by Gruter, cxxxiii.) we read, on the 21st April, par. N.P. Parilia Nefastus Primo ; that is to say, tliat it was only during the first part of the day, that the Tribunal of the Pnetor was shut, and that he began again to administer justice in the afternoon. Ovid, in his Fasti (l. iv. v. 721 to 802), gives a long description of the sacrifices performed by the people in honour of Pales, on the day of her festival, lie after- wards speaks of the anniversary of the founda- tion of Rome, which would occur on the same day ; but he does not tell us that solemn sacri- fices were made, and still less that public games were celebrated, on that occasion. In a word, up to the time of Hadrian, no monument, no author, is found to make mention of any games of the Circus, as celebrated to honour the anniversary of the foundation of Rome.” — The Baron Bimard then undertakes to expose the false, and to shew the true, reading of a passage in Dion Cassius; and from the facts so corrected, combined with the uegativc evidence of Ovid, who wrote under Augustus, and of Gruter’s calendar engraved in the time of Caligula and Claudius, he regards it as certain, that until the reign of Hadrian, the anniversary of Rome’s foundation was marked, neither by a solemn festival, nor by public games. But this Prince, considering it to be a worthy and suitable act, to distinguish so remarkable a day, by public testimonies of veneration and rejoicing, caused a temple to be built in Rome itself, dedicated to the City of Rome, as had already been done in the provinces. He moreover changed the name of Parilia, which had been given to the foundation-day, to that of Romana : and ordered that, for the future, it should be accompanied by public feasts and entertainments [as one of the principal Ferite or holidays of the Romans.] This fact, adds Bimard, we learn from Athenscus, who says, that on a subsequent celebration of this anniversary, whilst his Dipnosopliists were at table, the whole city resounded on a sudden w ith the music of flutes and of cymbals, mingled with the voices of singers. “ It appears, therefore, that Hadrian created a new establishment for the better celebration of an event no less interesting than that of founding the capital of the world. — Buona- rotti, whose notice the passage in Athenams had not escaped, is of opinion, that the superb temple which the same emperor raised to the Genius of the City, and of which Spartianus makes mention, is represented on one of his medallions. (See Osserv. Sopr. Medagl. Ant. p. 17.) — Besides building this temple, Hadrian instituted public shews and banquets. Nor, as Juvenal concisely but expressly assures us, was there anything which the Roman people then more eagerly desired than (pancm ct circenscs) the doles of bread and the courses of the circus. Hadrian took care to ordain that this spectacle should always make part of the festival annually ANN. DCCCLXXIIII. 47 celebrated in honour of the foundation of Rome. It has been shewn that there were no circcn- sian games marked against the day of the city’s foundation, in the Roman calendars anterior to the reign of Hadrian ; but after him attention was paid to that point, and they are seen marked in that published by the Jesuit Fathers Petau and Bucher, under the designation of these abridged words N. vrb c. m. xxim. that is to say, Natali urbis Circenses Missus, 24. It is the epocha of the first institution of these annual games, or contests, the recollection of which the medals before us were designed to preserve.” And for this reason (says Bimard, in conclusion), “ I think that the legend ought to be read thus : — AN No DCCCLXXIIII NATin, the type personifying the Goddess, with her attributes of the galley and the corn mea- sure. In giving this, as a silver coin of Coui- modus, Khcll (p. 94) observes that, “ though historians assign the great famine to the year of Rome 941 (a. j>. 188), yet the ship represented on the present reverse, shews a similar calamity to have happened in 937 (184), that being a sign of annona, or importations of corn, from some quarter, for the relief of the population.” — See below, Annona. ANN I QUATI OR TEMPESTATES.— The four Seasons of the year. — See Seasons — also FELICIA TEMPORA. ANNIA gens jdebeia , known to be so from some of its members having held the tribune- ship of the people. There are 28 varieties. — The silver rare. The brass coins of this family belong to the mint-masters of Augustus, and are common. The following is the rarest denarius : Obv. — Cains ANN l vs, T iti Filins, T iti Nc- pos, PRO. ConStife EX S enatus Consu/to . — Female head, with necklace, ear-rings, and head- dress, and accompanied sometimes with the balance. Rev. — L. FABI. L. F. IIISP. Lucius FA- Bltfj L ucii Fi/ins HISP««//7. — Victory in a quadriga, at speed, a long palm branch in her right hand. On other reverses, — Q ninlns TARQVIT/w.? P ublii Yi/ius. Victory, with palm, in a biga. — See Tarquitia gens. Several numismatic antiquaries have expressed their opinion that the C. Annins named on this silver coin, was the same to whom Plutarch re- fers, as having been sent by Sulla into Spain against Scrtorius ; and that L. Fabius and Q. Tarquitius, whose names appear on the reverses, were his qmestors. But Eckhcl takes strong ground in regarding the above allegation as in- volved in much doubt. The female head, on the obverse, especially when designated by the balance, the same writer considers to be that of AOguitas, or of Moneta. — (v. 135.) There is a colonial brass of Nero, struck at ANNONA. Corinth, which Morel classes with this family, and which exhibits on its reverse Venus Marina, in a car, drawn by a triton and a nereid. — It is noticed also by Variant. — See Corinth. ANNIVERSARY — the 1000th of Rome. — See MILLIARIVM SAECVI.VM. ANNO 1. II. &c. — It was under Justinus the First (a. d. 518), that the custom began of in- scribing the years of an Emperor’s reign on his brass coinage, especially those of the largest size. (See Kckhel’s Treatise on Coins of the Lower Empire, vol. viii.) — On the reverse of a first brass of Justinus I. Emperor of the East, we read anno pkimo, and in the midst of the field x. p. — (Banduri.) — On a brass medal- lion of Justinus 11. (a. d. 505) the reverse pre- sents — a f N X K B. On a second brass of the seme Emperor we read — a f v o s On a second brass of Mauricius (declared Em- peror a. d. 582), we read on the reverse anno Q uinto. a large M in the middle, surmounted by a small cross, below the M is an E, and at the bottom RAVEN. On the 1st and 2nd brass of Phocas (a. I). 002), the reverse bearing anno, with numbers added, mark the years of that usurping mur- derer’s reign up to VIII. Hcraclius I. and II. Constans II. Constantinus Pogonatus, and so downwards to Theophilus (a. n. 829), exhibit on their 1st and 2nd brass, as well as on their me- dallions of that metal, the same mode of noting that year of their respective reigns in which the coin was minted. ANNO 111 I. — A woman standing, holds cars of corn. In the field, A. In the exergue, a star between two palm branches. — Miounet gives this from the Catalogue d’Enncry, as a silver quiuarius of llonorius, and Mr. Akennan adopts it, with acknowledgment, into his Des- criptive Catalogue (ii. 343). Eckhcl does not notice the coin. ANNONA, a provision of victuals for one year. This word particularly applies to corn. Annona civilis, the corn which was every year reserved, and put into magazines for the sub- sistence of the people. Annona mi/i/aris, the com appropriated to the nsc of an army, during a campaign. This word also signifies the price which the Edilcs put on marketable commodi- ties ; for individuals, among the Romans, were not allowed to sell their merchandise, according to what each thought proper ; but the seller was obliged to abide by the value, which the nrngis- t rates assigned as the price of an article. Anno- nam macetti, says Tacitus, Senatus arbitral u, qnotannis temperari votnit . — By the code J)e Navicutariis, the mariners appointed to carry com from Egypt were capitally punished if they did not keep the proper course ; and if they did ANNONA. not sail in the proper season, the master of the vessel was banished. “Anuona was anciently worshipped as the god- dess who prospered the year’s increase. She was represented on an altar in the capitol, with the inscription “ Annona: Sanctac Aclius Yitalio,” &c. (Gruter, p. 8, n. 10), as a female, with the right arm and shoulder bare, and the rest of the body clothed, holding ears of corn in her right hand, and the cornucopia; in her left.” — Diet, of Gr. and Horn. Antiquities, p. 50. The duty of the Ediles to secure for the people an abundance of provisions (annorue co- piam), is plainly indicated on the coins of the Republic, in which the curule chair, ears of corn, and sometimes a cornucopia;, are seen ; as on denarii of the Flaminia, Lollia, Papina, Quinc- tia, Rutilia, and Valeria families ; some of which are inscribed with the abbreviated words aed. cvr. the mark of the Curule zEdileship ; or with the modius, between two ears of corn, as on a denarius of the Lioineia gens. — See JEdilis, p. 12 of this work. Besides the Ediles, both curule and plebeian, there were sometimes prafecti annorue, or ex- traordinary commissioners for affairs of pro- visions, appointed, who were furnished with the funds requisite to purchase and import wheat from those three principal granaries of Rome, the Sicilian, the Egyptian, and the African pro- vinces, for the general consumption of the citizens. Memorials of this watchful care, taken by the Senate, to guard against, or at least to abate, the evils of scarcity, occur on denarii of the Catpurnia and Servilia families. The purchase and importation of provisions by the state, is also signified on certain consular coins. For example, we find in Morel, amongst the incerta, but sup- posed to be of the Host ilia family, a denarius, the obverse of which exhibits the head of Ceres, adorned with a crown of corn cars. On the re- verse we read, C. MANCINaj, A uli Tilius — SKXria ATILw Mara Yilius SERRANVS. — The type figures two men seated, before the right hand of one of whom is a modius, filled with ears of wheat ; and behind the other is an ear of corn. — It is clear, that this denarius was struck in honour of the Plebeian Ediles, Sextus Attilius Serranus, and C. Mancintis, through whose care and exertions a great plenty of corn and other prolusions, at a cheap rate, were supplied to the inhabitants of Rome. Their edileship is referred to the year u. C. 609 (b. c. 145). — [See The- saurus Numi Consulares, tab. xviii. fig. 16.] It is not, however, until we come to the im- perial series, and then not before the 4th reign, that Annona appears on Roman coins personi- fied as a divinity. Her traits, habiliments, and attributes are nearly the same as those of Abun- dantia, or to speak more in chronological order, Abundantia nearly resembles Annona. But there was this distinction between them, that the latter name was limited to express the sup- ply for the current year, and like Copia, seems to have been applied to provisions, whereas Abun- dantia was a prodigal distributor of all kinds of things. Clothed in a long robe, and wear- 11 ANNONA. 49 ing a veil, which she partly turns over her left arm, sometimes seated, sometimes standing, the goddess is seen holding ears of corn before a measure with the right hand, and a cornucopise in the left. The first emperor by whose mint Annona is represented under the appearance of a woman, is Nero. Previously, six corn ears tied together, served to symbolize, what Mangcart calls, “ this deity of provisions for the mouth,” and to indicate a supply of corn abundantly pro- cured for the people, as on a coin of Augustus. — After Nero, she appears on reverses of Titus, Nerva, iElius Caesar, Commodus (see ann. p. m. &c. p. 48), Sept. Severus, Caracalla, Macriuus, Alexander Severus, Mamma, Gordianus Pius, Philip senior, Trebonianus Gallus, Gallienus, Salonina, Tacitus, down to Constantine. With one exception (viz. that of Annona Augusta, coupled with Ceres, and in that case, if genuine, referring to the two goddesses themselves), the legends are Annona Aug. or Augusti, or Augg. “to shew (says Mangeart), that it was through the care, and by the gcucrosity of the Emperors, that tills deity had become propitious ; that she had spread her gifts, and shed her blessings on the subjects of those princes, and was therefore a fit object of adoration.” ANNONA AVGVSTI CERES. S. C.— Ceres veiled, sitting with corn cars in her right hand, and a torch in her left. Opposite to her stands the Goddess of Plenty, or Annona, hold- ing a cornucopia; in her left hand. Between the two figures is an altar or cippus, on which stands the modius. In the back ground is a ship’s prow. — This legend and type appear on first and second brass of Nero ; also on a brass medallion of the same emperor, in the imperial cabinet at Vienna. Nero often ingratiated himself with the com- mon people, by the profuse liberality of his largesses to them — a fact proved by the coins struck under that prince, bearing the legend congiah. or congiarivm. This trait of conduct looks fair enough ; but the one recorded by Sue- tonius is most disgracefid, viz., that during a general scarcity at Rome, an Alexandrine ship brought a freight, not of wheat for the suffering inhabitants, but of dust for the Court wrestlers. It was at the critical time, when the revolt of Vindex in Gaul, had become openly known ; and Nero was loaded with the most insulting re- proaches from the populace (Eck. vi. 268.) — There is a second brass of S. Severus, aud a 50 ANNONA. A WON A. contomiate medal of Constantine, with the same legend and a similar tvpe. ANNONA AVGVSTA CERES.— Tliis legend, with a type similar to the above, is given, as from a brass medallion of Nero (7 ncusej, in Thesaur. Morell. Impp. tab. vi. fig. 8, and as a contorniatc, in the same work, tab. vii. fig. 19. In the latter, an ear of corn is placed in the left hand of Ceres instead of the torch. ANNONA AVG. — In Morel’s Thesaurus (t. ii. tab. v. figure 32), there is a gold, and in Mcdiobarbus a silver coin, given as struck under Vespasian, with this legend, and the type of a sedent female. — In the Numism. 'Musei Theupoli, a silver coin of the same prince is described annona avq. Female figure seated, with com cars in right hand and laurel branch in left. It might indeed have been expected that the name and attributes of the goddess would appear on some generally recognized medal of that re- nowned emperor, were it only in grateful refer- ence to the prompt and liberal supply of corn which by his provident care (as mentioned by Tacitus) was sent in ships to the port of Rome, during a period of great scarcity. But to judge from the silence of Eekhel, Mionuct, and Aker- man on this point, there is no annona on any of the three metals, in the coinage of Vespa- sian. ANNONA AUGUST*. S. C. — A similar type to that of Nero’s coin. This reference to the discharge of a most im- portant duty in a Roman Emperor appears ap- propriately on a first brass of Nerva. That good prince, among other acts of provident attention to the welfare of his subjects, took care to furnish the city of Rome, and the whole of Italy, with victuals necessary for the subsistence of the people. ANNONA AVG. — A modius, out of which spring four ears of corn, on a denarius of -Eli us Caesar. It sccm3 strange and unaccountable, that whilst a coin with the above reverse should have been minted at Rome in honour of this indolent prince, who did not live loug enough to become emperor, there appears to have been no similar legend struck on coins of such men as Antoninus Fins and M. Aurelius, of whom history attests their vigilant care for the public sustenance. ANNONA AVG. — A robed female standing, holding a cornucopia! ; at her feet the modius ; in her right hand a small figure ; behind is the prow of a galley. On a first brass of Titus, iu Capt. Smyth’s cabinet. Neither in Eekhel nor Mionnet, nor in the later work of Akerman, is any coin of the above- named emperor to be found with the legend of Annona. In the possession, and with the autho- rity for its genuineuess, of so intelligent a writer and so practised a numismatist, this acquisition therefore becomes doubly valuable : not only ns an interesting specimen of the mint to which it belongs, but also ns serving to supply a reverse, which it was natural to look for amongst the J medals of a prince, who was distinguished be- yond any of his predecessors for liberality, hu- I inanity, and beneficence towards all classes of his subjects. This first brass bears no mark of senatorial authority ; but the same omission is to be no- ticed on the well-authenticated coin, which bears the type of the amphitheatre, struck under the same emperor. — Sec p. 42. ANNONA AVG. — A female seated, holding cars of corn and a cornucopia:, a modius at her feet. On silver of Mncrinus. — There are also first and second brass of this brief reign, with the same legend and type. It seems that Macrinus was sufficiently liberal ; and although congiaria were not usually given unless the donor was in the city, we have medallic proof that this restriction was waived, that he might ingratiate himself with the people. But the indulgence of Scverus, aud the prodigality of Caracalla, to the army, shackled the means of their suceessors, and indeed debilitated the whole empire till the days of Diocletian. With a treasury at low water, and guards at least quadrupled since Ciesar’s time, Macrinus was obliged, on proclaiming his son (Diadumcnianus) Augustus, to promise the old donative of 5000 denarii per man, of which he gave them each 1000 in hand. While the soldiers — who had already pocketed the Emperor’s first gift of 750 denarii — enjoyed these substantial pickings, the people of Rome were promised a eougiary of 150 denarii each. Such was the state of the empire, a. i). 218. — Smyth. ANNONA AVG. — A woman standing before a modius, with corn cars in her right hand and cornucopia- in her left. On an elegant quinarius of Alexander Severus. — Other quinnrii of the same reign give to Annona the appropriate at- tributes of the anchor, the rudder, and the prow. These reverses arc commemorative of the care- ful aud vigorous attention, which characterised the proceedings of that excellent emperor, with respect to the purveyorship of wheat to the people, brought to Rome, at his own expense, from abroad ; the frumentarinn fuuds having been left exhausted by his infamous predecessor. — Vaillant, Pr' '■ lent, Col. p. 131). — Similar y'l Jj reverses appear on coins of t—Jy Titus and Domitian. The Antiocheaus of Syria were the first to adhere to the cause of Vespasian, and were zealously attached to the Flavian family. Caracalla — M. avb. antoninvs. — Head of Emperor. Rev . — col. met. ant. antinonian. (Colon ia Metropolis Antiociiia Antoniniana). A female head, turreted aud veiled, before which is a cornucopia;. [Mionnet includes all the coins of Antiociiia ad Orontem, dedicated to Caracalla, amongst those with Greek legends. — The above Latin, how- ever, are published in the colonial scries of the Museum Thevpoli. — Eckhel also gives a third brass of Hadrian, of Roman mintage, on the re- verse of which is the legend cos. ill. s. c. and the figure of a woman, with turreted head, sitting on a rock, holding coni cars in her right hand ; a river god is emerging at her feet. This he con- siders to be a type of Antioch on the Orontes.] ANTIQYAE. — This appellation of a legion is found on a denarius of M. Antony. — leg. xii. ANTIQVAE. ANTONIA gens. — This family, says Yaillant, ranks amongst the noblest of those, who derive their origin from the first senators of the ancient stock, under the kings of Home. According to Plutarch, it pretended to a descent from Anton, or Anteon (see the word, page 51) the son, or companion of Hercules. Such was the vanity of the Romans, that they ascribed the origin of their great men to their deities, or to the sons of their deities. The most celebrated personage of the Antonia family was Marcus Antonius, t lie Triumvir. Its surnames arc Bed bits and Naso. The minting of the subjoined denarius is re- ferred by Yaillant and Ilavercamp, with whom Pigghius concurs, to Q. Antonius Balbns, who was Prector in Sardinia, afterwards ejected thence by Sulla, and slain in the year of Rome, 672 (b. c. 82). But Eckhel, pointing to the cir- cumstance that the medal is serrated, shews it to be likely to have been coined by a more an- cient Q. Halims, when he was Urban Praetor, although his name does not appear in the Ro- man annals. Obv. Head of Jupiter laurcated, behind is s. c. Rev. Q. A(N)TO. BA(L)B. PRa/or.— Victor)- ANTONIA. in a quadriga, at full speed, holds up the laurel in her right hand ; and a long palm branch together with the reins in her lefti Morel gives a hundred and thirty-eight varieties in the coins of the Antonia family. This ex- traordinary number arises from the medals of M. Antonius, without his portrait, being classed under that head. — See augur and legio ( suis locisj. — The gold coins are rare in the highest degree. The silver arc from common to the lowest degree of rarity. ANTONIA Augusta , daughter of Marcus An- tonius and of Octavia, married to Drusus senior, was the mother of Gennanicus, Livilla, and (the afterwards emperor) Claudius. She was born in the year of Rome, 715 or 716 (b. c. 39 or 38), and died 791 (a. d. 38), being the second year of her grandson Caligula’s reign, who according to Suetonius, was suspected to have caused her to be poisoned. She is spoken of, by historians, as a sensible, amiable woman ; of a handsome countenance and of graceful manners ; a noble exemplar of conjugal fidelity, and of honourable widowhood ; a character which remains unstdlied by the vague allegations of those who male- volently imputed a want of proper feeling to one, whose tenderness as a wife had proved itself too sincere to be associated, in the same breast, with maternal insensibility. Her coins, in gold and silver, are very rare. — The subjoined cut is engraved from one of her denarii : — Oho. ANTONIA avgvsta. Laurelled head of Antonia. Rev. constantiae avgvsti. (To the con- stancy of the emperor — meaning Claudius.) — Sec Constantia. The second brass of Antonia are scarce. One of these presents on one side the head of Antonia, “ with her hair twisted to the back of the neck, and a countenance expressive of sense and mild- ness,” and with the legend antonia avgvsta. The legend of the reverse is ti. clavdivs avg. l*. m. tr. p. imp. and the type a figure clothed in a long robe, and veiled, standing with a simpuliun in the right hand. Antonia was invested with the title of Augusta by her grandson (Caius) Caligida, who also caused the dignity of a Vestal to be granted to her. (See saceudos divi. avgvsti). But his filial attachment having been turned to hatred, no brass coins witli her name and portraiture were struck during her life-time, though the coin above described, and another, were after- wards dedicated to her memory by her son Claudius. — Antonia was called minor, to dis- tinguish her from her eldest sister, whose name was likewise Antonia, and who was married to ANTONINUS. 55 L. Domitius Ahcnobarbus, the grandfather of Nero. ANTONINUS PIUS (Titus Aurelius Fulvius Bojonius Arrius) whose paternal race came originally from Nismes, was born at Lanuviuin (a city of Latium) in the year of Rome 839 (a. d. 86.) He was the son of Aurelius Fulvius — a man of consular rank — and of Anna Padilla. Hav- ing passed through the offices of Quaestor and Praetor, with approved liberality, he served his first Consulship in the year u. c. 873, (a. d. 120) being then 33 years of age, in a magnifi- cent style. The emperor Hadrian afterwards appointed him one of the four ex-consuls, to whom the administration of affairs in Italy, was committed. Sent next as Pro-consul to Asia, he governed that extensive and most important province, with great wisdom and integrity ; in- somuch as to have exceeded in repute all his predecessors. On his return, a seat was as- signed to him in Iladriau’s council of state ; and, after the death of Aelius his brother-in-law, he was invested with the title of Caesar, and with the Tribunitian Power, in 891, (a. n. 138.) Hadrian at the same time adopted him, on the condition, that he should himself adopt M. Aurelius, the son of his wife’s (Faustina’s) bro- ther, and L. Verus, the son of Aelius Caesar. It was then that he took the names of T. Aelius lladrianus Antoninus. The same year, Hadrian dying, Antoninus received from the Senate the title of Augustus, and the surname of Pius. In the year u. c. 892 (a. d. 139) he accepted the title of Pater Patna. In 894 (a. d. 41) the third year of his reign, his wife Annia Galena Faustina died. In a. d. 145, he served his 14th consulship, with Marcus Aurelius Cmsar for his colleague. Antoninus gave the toga virilis to L. Verus ; dedicated a temple to his father by adoption, lladrianus ; and bestowed a congia- rium on the people, a. u. c. 899 (a. d. 146) he celebrated with secular games, the 900th year of the city; and in 901 (A. D. 148) paid the vows due (solvit vota) for the first ten years of his reign (Pnmi. Decenua/es.) From this pe- riod to the year of Rome 913 (a. d. 160,) an- cient annals are cither silent, or afford only vague and uncertain information, on the subject of events connected with the imperial govern- ment of Antoninus ; although during that inter- val of 14 years, a great variety of coins, bearing reverses of geographical, historical, and mylho- 56 ANTONINUS. i logically religions interest, arc extant ; shewing, ! by their legends and types, that this emperor had restored several public ediliees, and erected others, besides having concluded many important transactions, and given many public spectacles ( and largesses to the people. After a reign of 23 years, which the gratitude of his contempo- raries has handed down to the veneration of mankind, he died in his palace at Lorium in Etruria, universally regretted, on the 7th of March, a. u. c. 914 (a. d. 161) in the 75th year of his age. Antoninus richly merited the titles and dis- tinctions conferred upon him, as well before as after his accession to the throne ; not only by his many and rare virtues as an individual, but also because the welfare and happiness of his people were the constant objects of his care and occupation. Sagacious, learned, eloquent, benign, compassionate, and affable, he was peculiarly endowed with calmness and equanimity, well sustained, however, on all political occasions, by the requisite display of energy and firmness. Kindly disposed towards everybody, and free from vindictiveness, he anticipated, by acts of liberality and beneficence, the utmost wishes of his subjects. Distinguished for probity of cha- racter and for dignity of conduct, he delighted in rural retiremement and innocent recreation. Well formed in person, mildly expressive in physiognomy, active in disposition, exhibiting an air which commanded respect, and a deport- ment which conciliated the most favourable opi- nion ; he was plain in his dress, simple in his establishments, frugal at his table. Living w ithin the limits of his patrimonial revenues, of which a portion was always spared for the relief and solace of the wretched; he treated his friends as if he had been their host or their guest rather than their sovereign master. Ilis private habits were decorous and regular, though he was not altogether proof against the allurements of women. As a prince and a rider, his maxim was to administer strict justice equally to rich and poor, to high and low', to the weak and humble, as well as to the proud and powerfid. In attention to the sacred ceremonies and re- ligious institutions of his country, his inclina- tions seem to have assimilated with the policy of Noma, whom he was said to resemble, lie caused his adopted son, Marcus Aurelius, to serve all the state offices, and instructed him in the science of government, with a view to qualify him for the succession. Circumspect in his choice of ministers ; vigilant, wise, and for- tunate, in the management of public affairs, his sole aim was to rule the empire well, and to leave it in prosperity and peace to his suc- cessor. Chosen as an arbitrator by kings and peoples, at the most remote distauccs from Rome, he made a moral conquest of the world by his well-earned influence and pre-emi - nent reputation. Among other nations, the Ilvr- canians, and the Bactrians, sent embassies of sub- mission to him. Sovereign princes from Meso- potamia and from the further East, jicrsoually paid the homage of their admiration to the cm- ANTONINUS. peror at his own capital. Through his lieutenants and deputies, he subdued and kept in awe the Britons, the Mauretanians, the Dacians, and the different Germanic tribes ; he also suppressed a revolt of the Jews, and put down rebellions in the provinces of Actinia and Egypt. Under this sig- nally mild and tolerant prince, the Christians en- joyed comparative freedom from persecution, until about the 12th year of hisreigu (A.n. 151.) And even then he issued no edicts agaiust them. But in consequence of bishaving been induced, rashly and unadvisedly, to withdraw his protection, many virtuous followers of Christianity were put to death under laws of former emperors. After- wards, however, his own sense of humanity and justice again prevailed with him to grant certain indulgences to the Christians, who generally re- mained in peace and security throughout the re- maining period of his life. In his matrimonial union he bad been unfortunate, his consort being a woman of dissolute life. But judging from the honourable character of the man, there is every reason to believe, that he deeply felt the disgrace which his wife’s misconduct had brought upon his family and court, although the impolicy of bringing her to public shame probably operated, with other motives, in inducing him to be lenient, and even affectiouate towards her to the last. Still, nothing could justify the bestowal of “divine honours,” by the Senate, at his own gratuitous solicitation, on the faithless Faus- tina. The funeral of Antoninus was distinguished by all the imposing ceremonies of Consecra- tion ; and his ashes were deposited in the mau- soleum of Hadrian. To shew how much he was beloved by those whom he governed, each Roman family was accustomed to have a statue of him in their houses. “ No wonder, therefore, that,” as Spanhcim observes, “there should have come even to our days so many visible anil durable monuments of his reign, some of which also remain to us, and not falsely, on his coins ." — These indeed arc abundant, in each metal ; and it is surprising, how many fine and interesting brass medallions there are of his mintage. — Gold, common (except some in the third degree of rarity) — Silver, common (except some in the sixth degree of rarity) — Brass, common (ex- cept some in the eighth degree of rarity). — lle is thereon styled ANTONINVS XX Gust us PIVS. P. P. (Pater Pat rim) — also IMP eraior CAESor T. AELIVS. HADRLANVS. ANTONINVS PIVS. AVG. — The names of Aetins lladriunus (as has been already mentioned) were those of his adoption. — Some rare pieces, struck midcr this emperor, represent him with Hadrian, Faustina senior, Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius F eras. [The portrait at the head of this notice is engraved after the obverse type of a brass me- dallion, one of the finest in the Cabinet de France ; for the reverse of which sec Bacchus and Ariadne .] ANTONINE Coliimu at Rome. This monu- ment is delineated on a large brass of Anto- ninus Pius. — Sec Divo pio. ANTONIUS. ANTONIUS (MARCUS.)— The celebrated Triumvir, born about the year of Rome 671 (b. c. 83), was the son of M. Antonins Crcticus, and grandson of Antonius the orator, killed in the time of Marius; whence he is called, on his coins, M arci F iliut, M arci Nejios . — Created Tribune of the people in the year u. c. 704 (b. c. 50) at the age of 34, he soon re- vealed his hostility to the Senate and Republic, by leaving Rome for Gaul aud joining Julius Ciesar, whom he instigated to declare war against Pompeius a. u. c. 705 (b. c. 49). It was as Prefect that he commanded, with great dis- tinction, the left wing of Cicsar’s army at the bat- tle of Pharsalia (b. c. 48). In the year following, Julius made him Gcueral of his cavalry (magister equitum). He passed through the different grades of office under the Commonwealth ; but these civil functions did not hinder him from following the Dictator, to whose conquests he lent his powerful aid in Egypt and in Asia. — Consul in the year B. c. 44, lie caused the murdered Julius to be placed in the ranks of the Gods, delivered Cmsar’s funeral oration, read his will, and exposed his dead body, to the people. Antonius opposed, by every means within his reach, though eventually without success, the claim of Octavius to the heirship of his uncle ; and endeavoured to render himself master of the government. 1 n the year of Rome 711 (B. c. 43), the Senate, at the suggestion of Cicero, declared him enemy of the country. He thereupon assumed the government of Cisalpine Gaul. Caisar Oetaviauus (afterwards Augustus) with the consuls Hirtius and I’ansa, was scut against him at the head of a great army, and de- feated him in the neighbourhood of Bologna. But both consuls were slain in the battle; and Octavianus became commander in chief of the victorious legions, at the early age of 21. — Antonius now joined Lcpidus in Gallia Narbon- ensis ; and Octavianus seeing the policy of a reconciliation, entered with those two men into that infamous treaty of proscription, mis-callcd Triumviratus causa reipnblicce constituendce, by which, in reality, wholesale murder and con- fiscation were organised, and the slavery of the Romans was finally consummated. In the year 712 (b. c. 42), Antonius, united to Octavianus, vanquished Brutus and Cassius at Philippi. In 713 (b. c. 41) at the head of his legions he overran Greece, Cappadocia, and Cilicia, display- ing a more than Asiatic pomp, whilst lie arbi- trated on the fate, or adjusted the differences, of kings. It was during this luxurious expedi- tion of his, that, Cleopatra having given him the meeting at Tarsus, he became so enamoured I ANTONIUS. 57 of that artful woman, as to take the fatal step of follow ing her to Alexandria, -where he secretly married her. — In 714 (b. c. 42) irritated by his wife Fulvia against Octavianus, Antonius returned to Italy, and affairs looked warlike ; but Fulvia dying, peace was restored between the two rival triumvirs. A division of territorial possessions took place (b. c. 40) Antonius kept the east for his portion, whilst Octavianus retained the west, and moreover gave liis sister Octavia in marriage to his colleague. [See octavia.] Marcus then sent Ventidius against the Parthians, who, under the refugee Labienus (see the word), had been laying waste the Roman province of Asia. In 715 (b. c. 39), Ventidius routed the Parthians with great slaughter, and Labienus w r as slain. At the close of the same year, Antonius set out with his wife Octavia from Rome and wintered at Athens. In 716 (b. c. 38) by his Legates, C. Sosius [the same who, as one of the triumvir’s monevers, struck the coin engraved above], be overcame Antigonus, King of Judica, w hom, after scourging, he beheaded, aud then bestowed the kingdom on Herod the Great. At the close of that year, Ventidius having again beaten the Parthians, and Pacorus, son of King Orodes being slain in battle, Antonius took his first Par- thian triumph. In the year u. c. 717 (b. c. 37) he returned to Rome, ostensibly to assist Octavianus against Sextus Pompeius. [See Eckhel, vi. 45.] The following year, after making a disgraceful shew of going into Parthia and Media, he revi- sited Egypt, and (to the great displeasure of the Romans), distributed various cities and terri- tories amongst the children borne to him by Cleopatra. In 719 (b. c. 35), Sextus Pompeius, having, in the preceding year, been defeated by Octavianus Ciesar, and become a wanderer through Asia, Antonius caused him to be decapitated on the banks of the river Sangaris in Phrygia. Same year, proceeding from Egypt towage war against the King of Armenia, he learnt that his wife Octavia was on her way to join him. At the importunate entreaties of the seductive Cleopatra, he sent orders to Athens that she should go back to Rome : soon after which, leaving the affairs of his military expedition unaccomplished, lie returned to the embraces of the Egyptian Queen. — a. u. c. 720 (b. c. 34). In the spring of this year, being in Armenia, he, by a fraudulent manoeuvre, captured King Artavasdes, and carried that unfortunate monarch, with his wife aud children, in triumph to Alexandria. He then bestowed the finest provinces of Asia and Africa on his own children by Cleopatra, — a. u. c. 721, 722 (b. c. 33-32). It was after returning from his inglorious campaign in Parthia and Armenia, that lie divorced his wife Octavia, and insult- ingly sent her to Rome. The following year 723 (b. c. 31), in contempt of the law, he assumed the consulate (for the third time, as bis coins shew). The marriage of Antonius with Cleopatra having drawn upon him the hatred of bis countrymen, Ciesar took advantage of it, not less to serve his own ambitious designs, than to 58 ANTONIUS. ANTONIUS. in Asia, with the eftigics of Antonius and of to connect them with his well-known love of Cleopatra, either joined, or on separate sides. — parade and ostentation.” — (Lecture vii. 181.) On the reverse of one of these is the head of Plutarch informs us, that in the trimming of Cleopatra (or of Octavia) on a ristus between two his beard, the breadth of forehead, and the serpents; on another the figure of llucchus on aquiline nose, Antony resembled the statue of ANTONIUS. Hercules; aiul a tradition existed that the Antonii derived their origin from that demi-god through his son Anton, or Anteon. Acconding to Appian, Octavianus intimated to Antony, that Julius Crcsar had deliberated whether he should name him his successor, and that the sole obstacle in the way was the doubt, whether his pride would brook the change from the family of Hercules to that of rEucas. It was, doubtless, his exultation in this idea of high descent that led to his being exhibited, in the dress of Her- cules, ou Alexandrine coins, and on coutorniatc medals. That this lion of Antony should be re- presented clasping a dagger in his paw, does not appear susceptible of explanation ; but it is re- markable, (says Eckliel, vi. 44), that there was precisely the same device, on a ring of Pompey the Great; for Plutarch says, that there was engraven on it “ a lion holding a sword.” ANT. (M.) IMPER. COS. DESIGN. ITER. ET. TER. IIIVIR. R. P. C.— Two heads joined, viz., the bare head of Marcus Autonius, and a female head (that of Cleopatra, says Ilaver- camp), adorned with the diadem. 'Rev. M. OPPIVS CAPITO. PKOPR. PRAEF. ci.assi. f. c. — (Pro Prcetore Prafectus Classi Fieri Curavit.) — Two clothed figures, standing on a quadriga of sea horses. The above legends and types appear on what is given in Morel and Vaillant under the Oppia family, as a middle brass coin. Although, among the prefects of Antony, whose names arc en- graven on his coins, that of M. Oppius Capito occurs on no less than seven, yet ancient history supplies nothing respecting him. — See Thesaur. Oppia, fig. d. p. 305. The two following pieces belong to a class of medals called Cistophori (see the word). 1.— ANTONI VS (M.) IMP. COS. DESIG. ITER. ET TERT. (Marcus Antonins, Imperator, Consul Desiynatus, Iterum et Tertium). — The head of Mark Antony jugated with that of a woman: the former is wreathed with ivy, the latter is bare. Rev. — niviR. r. P. c. (Triumvir Reipublica Constituendrc.)— Bacchus, clothed in the stola, holding in his right hand the cantharus (a flagon) and in his left the thyrsus, stands on the cista mystica, between two serpents. The whole legend, that of the obverse followed by that of the reverse, reads — Mark Antony, Imperator (i. c. General in chief), Consid Elect for the second and third time. Triumvir to form (or reform) the Republic. — Engraved in llavercamp, Medailles de Christine, tab. xlii. fig. 13. — Silver medallion, struck in Asia. The woman’s head jugated with that of the Triumvir on the above two coins, has given rise to much controversial argument ; some learned numismatists regarding it as that of Queen Cleo- patra, whilst others consider it to represent Octavia, sister of Octavianus, and the lawful wife of Antony. — For the pros and cons of this question, see Eckhel’s commentary, vol. vi. p. 58, et seq. — For an explauation of the legends, see IMPER. — COS. DESIG. — and PROPR. PRAEF. &C. in their places. I 2 ANTONIUS. 59 2.— ANTONIUS (M.) IMP. COS. DESIG. ITER. ET, TERT. — Head of Mark Antony crowned with ivy. Rev . — iiivir. r. p. c. — The mystic chest or basket of Bacchus, between two serpents, and surmounted by the bare head of a woman. — On a silver medallion of Antony, struck in Asia. It will be borne in mind that the crown of ivy was one of the attributes of Bacchus. An- tony, who as a Roman claimed lineage with Hercules, wishing to pass himself off for Bacchus, in his oriental expeditions, the Asiatics, with whom these Cistophori originated, sought to ren- der themselves agreeable to him by restoring this Bacchanalian type on the coins which they minted in honour of the Triumvir. It was for the same reason that the types of the coins of the great Mithridates, King of Pontus, were in- cluded in similar crowns. The people of Asia Minor regarded that prince as a god sent from heaven to emancipate them from the Roman yoke, and they likened him to Bacchus, by a sort of superstitious adulation which was pecu- liar to them. And now the same Antony, who on a coi n of the year u. c. 715 (b. c. 39), is seen playing the part of Hercules, is here to he recognised as Bacchus by his crown of ivy, whilst abundant testimony of ancient writers goes to confirm the present record of his apotheosis. Dion Cassius and Seneca both relate, that Antony, ou his re- turn from Italy into Greece, in the year above- named, styled himself a second Bacchus, this title being even inscribed ou his statues; and that he insisted on its being accorded to him by others. And when the Athenians went out to meet him, they saluted him as Bacchus (an honour which, according to Diogenes Laertius, they had already conferred on Alexander the Great), and begged that he would not disdain to accept their Minerva in'marriage. To this he replied that he approved of the arrangement, but demanded as dowry 40,000 sestertii. — Seneca adds, that this appearing too hard a condition, one of the Greeks present said to Antony, — “ My Lord, Jupiter took thy mother Semele without a dowry.” Socrates, the Rhodian, in Athenams, tells us that Antony himself, during a Bacchic procession, commanded that he should be pro- claimed as Bacchus by the voice of the herald. — What Plutarch records to the same effect, oc- curred two years previously. For he says, that having gone into Asia after the defeat of Brutus, and entered Ephesus, he was received hy the women attired as Bacchanals, and by the men and boys, as satyrs and pans, aud was saluted 60 ANTONIUS. ANTONIUS. openly as Bacchus, the benignant anil genial, and that the whole city was tilled with ivy, thyrsi , psalteries, pipes, and flutes. This record respecting Ephesus has the greater weight, be- cause these coins, which present to us Antony in the character of Bacchus, were struck iu the pro- vince of Asia, where it is ascertained beyond a doubt that all the Cistophori first saw the light. But it is also well-known, that Antony was not the first nor the only one upon whom the same Asiatics conferred all the honours due to Bacchus. (Phis is shewn iu the instances of Alexander the Great, and Mithridates, already cited.) — Nor indeed did this infatuation of Mark An- tony’s give place to time; for Velleius informs us, that he, “ with a crown of ivy and gold, and holding a thyrsus, and with buskins ou his legs, was carried into Alexandria on a car, as Liber Paler ” and this piece of madness may be seen confirmed by an enduring monument, iu the coin- age of Balanea in Syria. That his favourite Cleopatra might not he wanting iu her own celestial honours, he called himself, while iu Egypt, Osiris and Liber Pater, and her Luna and Isis. — Of the date of both these coins nothing cau be said, than they were struck before the year u. c. 720 (b. c. 34), as we learn from the eousulate inscribed upon them. — See Eckhcl, vi. 64, et seq. ANTONIUS (Marcus the younger) son of the Triumvir, by Fulvia his second wife. — Invested with the toga virilis, after the fatal day of Actium, he was, subsequently to his father’s suicide, put to death, by or- der of Ootavianus, at the foot of Cicsar’s statue in Egypt, on the 30th of April, in the year of Koine 723 (is. c. 31.) The above coin, in gold, of the usual size, is ascribed to this young man, as minted at Koine, viz., M. ANTONIVS. M. F. Bare head of Antonv the son. Rev. ANTON. AYGar. IMP. III. COS. RES III. II1VIK. R. P. C. Bare head of the Father. Mionuet gives this aureus, as one of the first rarity, valuing it at 1000 francs. — According to Eckhel there are two specimens of it extaut : the one is in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna ; the other, formerly in Peter Seguin’s collection, is now in the French Cabinet at Paris. — See Seguiu, Select a Nuviismata, p. 112. ANTONIUS (CAIUS) brother of the Trium- vir. There are neither gold nor brass coins of this person, but a very rare silver coin of the Antonia gens, without portrait, is considered to bear his name and title, as the legend of its obverse : — viz. C. ANTONIVS Mum Yilius. PRO-CO»S«/. Bust of a woman with a broad shallow-lint. — Rev. PONTIFEX. The securis (or axe) and two simpnvia (or sacrificial vessels). — Eugraved in Morcll. Antonia gens, tab. i. fig. v. It has been made matter of controversy ns to which of the two Antouii this denarius is rightly assignable to. One of them is C. Antonins, bro- ther of Marcus. The other, the C. Antonins who was Cicero’s colleague in the consulship, and who was the Triumvir’s cousin -gertnau. — Eck- hcl, who places the coin in question amongst those of Mark Antony’s, struck in the year u. c. 718 (n. c. 42) gives some apparently good rea- sons for adhering himself to the opinion more generally prevailing amongst numismatic anti- quaries, and which assigns the coin to the bro- ther of Mark Antony. This Cuius Antonins fought against Catiline. On the death of Julius Ciesar he was sent as Pro-Consul into Mace- donia, and was there defeated by Brutus, who took him prisoner, and put him to death, 44 or 43 years before the Christian icra. — The pileus on the woman’s head is, doubtless, the broad shallow hat, worn by the Macedonians, but whether it was meant (as Ilavcrcamp contests), to allude to Macedonia, of which C. Antonins had. the government, is not so certain. He is called on this coin PONTIFEX — a dignity, which he seems to have obtained from Julius, w hen that ruler augmented the priesthood. — Doctrina, vi. 41. ANTONIUS (LUCIUS) another brother of Mark Antony. The follow ing coin, in gold and silver (unique in the former) is extaut, and at- tributed to him : — viz. L. ANTONIVS. COS. Bare head of Lucius Antonius. Rev . — M. ANT. IMP. AVO. 1I1VIR. R. P. C. M. NEUVA froq. p. ( Marcus Antonius Imperator Augur Triumvir Reipub/icis Const it vendee. Marcus Nerva Proquastor Provincial is (by whom the coin was struck.) — Bare head of Mark Antony. Declared in the year of Rome protector of the thirty tribes, he was appointed Consul in 713, (b. c. 41.) — During the absence of Mark Antony in Asia, Lucius originated what historians call the Pcrusinian war (helium Penuinum) by ex- citing the people of Etruria against Octavianns Ctesar, who had divided their lands amongst his veteran legionaries. The Consul defended him- | self in Penisia against the besieging forces of Augustus and Agrippa, by whom he was taken prisoner : but he afterwards made his peace with Ciesar, who gave him the governorship of Spain. The time of his death, like that of his birth, remains unkuown. ANVBIS, one of the monster-gods of Egypt. — See his dog-headed figure on a brass coin of Julianus II. with lcgcud vota tvblica. ANXUR, a city of Latium, in the country of the Volseiaus, afterwards made a Roman colony ; now Terracina, the episcopal see of the Cum- pagna di Roma. Virgil makes mention of this ancient place ns connected with the worship of Jupiter. — Sec axvb. APAMEA. APAMEA (Bithyniae) co/onia, now Merla \ niah-Mudagna, in Asiatic Turkey. There were several Greek cities of this name (Apameia) but that situated in Bithynia, on the southern shores of the Propontis (Sea of Marmora) near the mouth of the river anciently called Khyndacus, was the only Apamea, on which the Homans bestowed the rank and privileges of a colony ; and as such it is mentioned by Pliny (l. v. c. 32.) It was at first called Myrlea, and afterwards re- ceived the appellation of Apamea from King Prusias, in honour of his wife Apame. In the civil wars, the Apameanians took the side of Juliu^Csesar agaiust Pompcy ; and it was under Augustus that their city became colonial. Its sera is 457 of the foundation of Rome (297 B. c.) The Latin coins of Apamea (besides a few Au- tonomes) consist of colonial imperial, in brass These commence with Julius Caesar and Augus- tus : a cessation of coining theu apparently oc- curred (with the exception of a Germanicus Caesar and of an Agrippina, jun., struck under Caligula) till the reign of Nero — Then no more are to be found till we come to Titus, whence there is a skip to Trajan, and again to Antoni- nus Pius, and M. Aurelius ; thence the list in Mionnet displays a dedicatory scries of coins to consecutive emperors, with comparatively few omissions, as far down as Gallienus. The legends of their reverses are ns follow : — C. I. C. A. D. D.— and C. I. C. A. P. A. D. D. (Abbreviations for, Co/onia Julia Concordia Apamea, Decreto Decnrionum.) CONC. A PAM.— C. I. C. A. GENIO P. R. D. D.— APOLLINI CLARfwi. C. I. C. A.— I. A. A. P. A. COL. IVL. A PAM.— COL. IVL. CONC. AV- G usla APAM. — COL. A PAM. AVGw^a.— IVL. CONCORD. APAM. AVG. D. D.— CO- LON1A. IVL. CONC. AVG. APAM. A second brass of this colony (given in Pellerin, Melange, i. pi. xxii. No. 4) presents on its obverse imp. c. p. I.IC. VALERI ANUS. AVG. with the radiated head of Valerianus senior. On the reverse, (as on the annexed engraving) are for legend col. ivl. conc. avg. apam; and for type, the Indian Bacchus, naked to the waist ; he stands holding the cant haras (or wine-pitcher) in his right hand, and supporting himself with his left hand resting on a pole, round which is entwined a vine-branch with grapes. At his feet a panther. In the field of the coin the letters d. d. There arc various other types of reverses, as the subjoined alphabetical classification of them serves to shew : — Apollo C/arius (see the word) standing with patera, aud bow, as in M. Aurelius. AEneas, Anchises, and Ascanius ; in the usual inode of representing that family group ; as in Caracalla, (sec Pellerin Melange, pi. xviii. No. 7, p. 290), Macrinus, and Alex. Severus. Bacchus stands, presenting with one hand a APAMEA. 61 bunch of grapes to a panther, and holding the thyrsus in the other ; as in Geta, and Trajanus Decius. On a coin of Volusianus, the Indian Bacchus, stands clothed in a long robe, and bearded, a chlamgs falling from the top of his shoulders : he holds in his right hand the cantharus, and carries the left hand to his head : at his feet is a panther, (Mionnet, Suppl, t. v. p. 12, et seq.) Colonist, or Priest, ploughing with two oxen; as in Nero, Antoninus, and Gallienus. Diana Lucifera w'alking, with a torch in each hand; as in M. Aurelius, and J. Donma. Fortune, with her usual attributes ; as in An- toninus Pius, Philip sen., and Gallienus. Galley, with three rowers ; as in Commodus, Gordianus Pius, Tranquilliua, Otacilia, Philip jun., Trcbonianus Gallus, and Gallienus. Genius Populi Romani, c. I. c. A. Half naked male figure, stands with rudder in right hand, and cornucopia: in the left ; as iu Antoninus Pius. Genius of Apamea, represented under the same personification and attributes as the pre- ceding reverse, struck under Gallienus. Jupiter, seated, holding the patera and the hasta, as in Caracalla ; or standing, with the lower extremities covered with the pallium, the right hand raised, the hasta para in the left. — A lighted altar, aud the letters d. d. in the field, as in Gallienus. Military Ensigns. — The legionary eagle be- tween two standards ; (or 3, 4, and 5 ensigns on a reverse), as iu Nero and Caracalla. — [These j says Vaillant, are insignia of the veteran legion- aries originally placed iu the colony either by Julius or Augustus, and doubtless intended to shew the antiquity of its establishment under the Romans ; but none of the coins yet disco- vered exhibit the name of the legion, which was sent to Apamea. — Col. ii. 228.] Romulus, Remus, and the Wolf; as in VI. Aurelius, Caracalla, Maximus, aud Philip the younger. Soldier, standing on a trireme ; as in Trajan, and in Antoninus. Venus, seated on a dolphin, a rudder in her right hand aud the aplustrum in her left ; as in Commodus ; or carrying a Cupid in her right hand ; or standing as the goddess of beauty, on a coin of Julia Domna. — [The latter exhibits for the legend of its reverse venvs. c. i. c. a. avg. d. D. and for type the Venus Pudica — M. Du Mersan, in his description of select coins in the Allier de llautcroche cabinet (pi. x. No. 19) has given, as usual with him, a beautiful engraving of this elegant colonial imperial.] See venus pudica. Victory, walking, ■with a buckler in one hand and an oar in the other, as in Julius Csesar ; or w alking with lawcl crown and palm branch, as in Gallienus. Woman, turreted, with right hand raised, standing before a lighted altar, as in Gallienus ; or lielmctcd, standing with patera and cornu- copia:, as in Titus; or seated on a dolphin, a small figure of Victory in the right, and the G2 APEX, acrostolium in the left; as in Julia Domna. — Woman seated on a dolphin, which is swimming on the waves ; she has her right hand extended over the head of the fish, and with her left hand she covers herself with a light drapery ; as in Geta. — Vaillant. Amongst the numerous instances in which Pellerin supplies descriptions and engravings of colonial coins, not given in Vaillant’s work, is an elegant one minted in this colony, under M. Aurelius, having the young head of the emperor, and for legend and type of reverse dianae lvcif, c. l. c. a. Diana walking, with a lighted torch in each hand. — Melange , i. pi. xvii. p. 279- In a communication from Mr. Borrell, of Smyrna, addressed to the Editor of the Numis- matic Chronicle (Mr. Akerinan), and inserted in No. xix. (for Jan. 1843, p. 190) of that periodical, are given three (till then) unedited coins of this colony, viz., a Caligula with reverse of Germanicus, a Julia Domna, and a Cara- calla. A PART II. RECVPER. A Parthis Recu- peratis. — Recovered from the Parthians. This alludes to military ensigns, re-captured from, or restored by, those formidable enemies of both Consular and Imperial Rome. On gold and silver of Augustus. — See civib. et sig. mii, it. APER. — See Boar. APEX, a covering for the head, somewhat re- sembling a bishop’s mitre, for which its form pro- bably in after ages furnished a pattern. On the to]) was a pointed piece of wood, the base of which was surrounded by a little woollen tuft. Two filaments of the same material, hanging from the bottom of it, served to fasten it under the chin. The derivation of this word is not satis- factorily explained by learned writers. But its sometimes round — sometimes conical shape — and the pointed tassel on the top (Apes-) most pro- bably gave the name to the cap itself. It seems to have been first used by the Salian priests, and was afterwards worn by the Pontifex Maximus and the F/amines generally. [The various forms of the Apex, and its appearance on the head of one of the Roman priests, are shewn and ex- plained in the Dirtionary of G. and It. Anti- quities, edited by Dr. IV. Smith.] The Apex is found on a denarius of the Quinctia gens, as indicating the connection of Quinctius Flaminius with the priesthood of Jupiter. As a symbol of Valerius Flaccus being a Salian, or priest of Mare, it appears on a coin of the Valeria gens. The same is also seen between two ancii.ia, on a silver coin of P. stolo, of the Licinia family, a monetary tri- umvir of Augustus. These apices, or head gear, worn by the members of the sacerdotal order, whilst performing religious ceremonies, are to be seen on other family and consular coins, especially on those of the Julia gens. On many of these it is also exhibited, in combination with the securis (or slaughtering axe), the prrt- fericulum (vnse for wine, &t\), and the asper- gillum (water-sprinkler), all which sacrificial instruments serve to mark the Pontificate of Julius Cicsar. — Sec ancii.ia, p. 45 of this work. APLUSTRUM. A. P. F. Argento Publico Feriundo. — On gold and silver of the Livincia and Mussidia families, the legend of the reverse reads l. REGVLVS iiiivir. a. P. f. — R eferring to the Triumvir, or as in this case, Quatuorvir, one of the principal officers of the Roman mint, ap- pointed to superintend the gold and silver coin- age of the Republic. APIS. — The sacred bull, which the ancient Egyptians worshipped under this name at Mem- phis, was consecrated to the moon (Isis); as another bull, at Heliopolis was, under the name of Mnecis, dedicated to the sun (Osiris). Ac- cording to the belief which the Egyptian yriests took care to inculcate, Apis was the offspring of a cow, rendered fertile by a ray of the moon coming over her in a supernatural manner. Ilis appearance was that of a bull with black and white spots. IVhcu the animal died, search was made for another bull of the same pseudo- miraculous origin ; and if perchance his life was terminated before the appointed time, all Egypt put on mourning until he was replaced. His successor was chosen with great care, as to the same bodily marks, being honoured with equal veneration in his sanctuary. He served as an oracle both to Egyptians and to foreigners. Julius Cicsar, Germanicus, Vespasian, and many other Romans of eminence, travelled to Memphis to see and adore this “ divine” quadruped. Several Alexandrine coins exhibit Apis with the attributes that characterise him, and a great number of other monuments likewise preserve his image — including certain coins of Jnlianus II. in second brass. — Sec secvritas reipvbmcae aud ISIS FARIA. APLUSTRUM, or Aplnstre, the ornament of the poop, or stern, of vessels, amongst the Ro- mans, thus differing from the acrostolium (see the word, p. 5), which decorated the prow. It was composed of curved planks curiously carved, aud painted with various colours. Probably some of the decorations of the aplustrum served the pur- pose of a vane, on board the ships of the ancients. [From references, made hv numismatic writers in general, it would appear to be one of the con- ventionalities of the science, to apply the term acrostolium to that object or symbol, which, whether seen in the hand of Neptune, or at the stern of a galley, seems, from its peculiar form and position, designed rather to represent the Aplustrum. For examples of this species of naval adornment, as agreeing with the descriptions given by ancient authors, the reader’s attention may be directed to coins of the Fonteia and Cassia families — to the Nep. Red. of Vespasian, and to the Praetorian trireme ( FelicUati Any.) of Hadrian, &c. But a monctal specimen, ou the larger scale, is to be found on a brass medidlion of Agrippa, given by Vaillant fPnrst. Nam. hupp. Rom. iii. 104), who, having in his work on the Colonies, defined acrostolium to be " Navis Rostrum ” (the beak of a ship), here designates the wing-like figure, on the reverse of the coin in question, not as acrostolium, but as “ Navis Aplustrum.’' — See mvnicipi. parf.ns.] APOLLO. APOLLO. — According to the mythology of the Greeks, from which the Romans almost ex- clusively borrowed their own objects of religion? worship, Apollo was the son of Jupiter and of Latona, and came into the world with his twin sister Diana, in the island of Delos. The god of health, of literature, and of the fine arts, it was chiefly under the youthful grace, the noble form, the handsome lineaments of Apollo, that manly beauty personified itself in the classic periods of antiquity. He it was, whom as “the god of all versemen,” poets of old, in their “ fine frenzy” invoked, to imbue them with his divine inspira- tions. As the patron of music, the instrument on which he delighted to exercise his heaven- born genius, was the lyra, or cithara, presented to him by Mercury. This most attractive and accomplished, but at the same time most cruel, licentious, and vindictive, of those male deities, who held superior rank in the celestial realms of ancient fable, was moreover regarded as a skil- ful charioteer, guiding steeds no less fleet and fiery than those of the Sun. An unerring archer, too, it was an arrow from his bow, that delivered the earth from the serpent Python; — which hav- ing sprung from the slimy mud of the deluge, spread its ravages around the sacred district of mount Parnassus. He afterwards covered with that monster’s skin the tripod, on which the priestess of his temple seated herself when de- livering her oracles. Allusion to all these inci- dents and attributes of Apollo are to be found on Roman coins. His votaries distinguished him by a confused and inconsistent variety of names, epithets, and assigned functions. Under the title of Helios, Phcebtis, or Sol, as charged with the office of daily illuminating the world, he is represented on coins and other monuments, with his head radiated, and a whip iu his hand, either standing on the ground, or riding in a car drawn by four horses. Numerous edifices were dedi- cated to his worship, throughout Greece. And one of the richest and most superb of his temples was that built at Rome, by Augustus. Various games were celebrated to his honour. The py- thiau, in many places ; the deliquia iu Delos; and at Nicea in Bithynia ; the secular ( ludi sieculares Apollinares) at Rome, &c. As pre- siding over the Muses, mount Helicon in Bncotia was held sacred to him ; and numerous other places owned the superstitious influence of his godship. Among the animals consecrated to Apollo, were the wolf, the cock, the raven , the vulture, besides the fabulous Griffin — Among plants and fruits were the laurel, the olive, and APOLLO. 63 the tamarind. At his altars were sacrificed lambs, black bulls, sheep, and horses. The hymns sung to his praise were Pceans and Homes ; and Io Pean is considered to be an acclamation of Victory referring to Python. Apollo is depictured on ancient paintings, sculptures, and coins, in divers ways : with a juvenile countenance, a bare, a laurcated, or a radiated head — the hair some times adjusted and turned up ; at others, hanging down long and curled. Sometimes with bow and arrow as the archer and the dart-lliugcr; sometimes near a tripod as the rates or poet; with a serpent, either in allusion to Python, or as the inventor of medicine ; with the lyre or the harp as the patron of music ; with the pedum, or pastoral crook, as the tutelary god of shepherds ; driving a quadriga and holding a whip in his right hand, as the charioteer of the Sun. On a large brass of Alexander Severus, struck a. d. 231, during that Emperor’s campaigns in the East, Apollo stands in an easy attitude, his right hand point- ing upwards, and his left holding a whip, indi- cative of his power to promote rapidity, in allu- sion to his horses. With the exception of a mantle on the shoulder, the figure is naked, and the head radiated. (Smyth, 232.) Most fre- quently he is represented naked or half-naked, but sometimes clothed in a woman’s robe. Now, standing with elbow resting on a column, now seated on the tripod, or a conical vase, as if pre- pared for divination. On the generality of coins he appears as a beardless youth, aud even with feminine features, though there are instances cited of a bearded Apollo. Apo/lo’s head laurcated, with the lyre before it, the whole within a laurel crown, appears on a second brass of Augustus, as represented in the wood-cut at the head of this article. Apollinis Vejovis Caput . — The head of Apollo Ve-juppiter, occurs on a denarius of the Cassia gens — sec the word. Apollo's laurcated head appears on denarii of the following Roman families, viz. : Aquilia, llocbia, Ca cilia, Carvilia, Calpurnia, Cassia, Claudia, Coponia (diademed), Crepusia, Egna- tuleia, Fonteia, Juiia, Licinia, Lollia, Marcia, Meminia, Ogulnia, Opeimia, Papia, Pedania, Poblicia, Fomponia, Postumia, Servilia, Sulpi- cia, Vibia, &e. — [Those in italics are illustrated in their respective places.] Apollo's head, adorned with curled hair, and with a star above, occurs on coins of the Valeria gens; with the diadem in the Marcia; encircled with the fillet and a sceptre behind, in the Cassia, Claudia, aud Postumia families. [The sceptre so placed serves, according to Pigghius, to de- note that the Romans, in their sacred rites, worshipped, as sovereign of all animated bodies, the deity, whom, after the example of the Greeks, they identified with the N««.] Apollo’s head radiated is accordingly seen or- namented with the crown of rays, on coins of the Aquilia, Cacsia, Claudia, Lucrctia, Mussidia, Valeria, and other families. The same head, forming the obverse type of so many denarii, refers to the Apollinarian games. 04 APOLLO. Apollo’s head with the lyre, cither before or behind it, is exhibited on family medals of the Claudii, Flavii, &c., and as that of a female, crowned with laurel on coins of the Volteia gens. Apollo's and Diana’s heads present themselves together, on denarii of the i'outeia, and other families, allusive to the secular games. Apollo and Diana , both standing, the one with laurel branch and lyre, the other, with bow and quiver, arc found on the reverse of a silver coin of Valerianus, with legend of consf.kvat. avgg. contained in the imperial cabinet at Vienna. [Eckhel observes, that the association of Apollo with his sister Diana, under the title of joint preservers of the Emperor, occurs in this in- stance for the first time. — Khell remarks re- specting this type, that as in the tragical case of Niobe and her children, the idolatrous illusions of pagan belief were prone to ascribe that dire continuance of the plague, which was destroying thousands on thousands, to the wrath of both those vengeful deities — Apollo and Diana. — vol. vii, 383.] Apollo naked, with garland on his head, in a quadriga at full speed, holding a branch in the right hand, and a bow and arrow with the horses’ reins in the left, appears on a coin of the Bahia gens. — For engraved specimens of the above types sec Morell. Thesaurus, and Yaillant’s Tam. Rom. Numis. — See also Bahia. Apollo's name and image are also of continual recurrence throughout the imperial series, from Julius Cicsar to Julian the Apostate; among which the following are examples : viz. Apollo, the favourite divinity of Augustus . — There is a silver coin of this emperor, the re- verse of which displays Apollo, seated on a rock, playing on the lyre, and having beliind his shoulders what Spauheim (in Julian’s Cmsars, p. 304), calls a buckler, as a mark of security and peace after the battle of Actium, but which Mionuet terms the pi/eus. In the field of the coin is the inscription causae, divi. f. ( Casaris Divi Filins — son of the Divine Cicsar.) This denarius, which Eckhel regards as having been minted at Rome between a. u. C. 71 9, (b. c. 35) and 726 (28) forms another of the many testimonies, afforded by coins and in- scribed marbles, of the seemingly intense devo- tion paid by Augustus to Apollo, before as well as after the battle of Actiiun. — On this point Suetonius (c. 70) refers to letters from M. Au- touius, who satirises the secret banquet, com- monly called that of the “twelve” deities, at which the guests sat down, dressed in the habits of gods and goddesses, Octaviauus (i. e. Augustus) himself personating Apollo. See D. N. V. vol. vi. 107-8. — The sister of the same deity, was also an object of worship with Au- gustus ; for he ascribed his good fortune to both, acknowledging the tutelary aid of the Sicilian Diana (Diana Simla) for bis victory over Sextus Pompcins, as well as that of Apollo for his deci- sive success at Actium. — See sicil,. imp. Apollo seated, with his lyre, and the legend IMP. VII. cos. III. ou a brass medallion of M. Aurelius. APOLLO. Apollo and Bacchus, drawn by a goat and a panther, with Cupid riding on the goat, form the reverse type, without legend, of a brass medallion of Hadrian. — See Bacchus. Apollini sacer Coreas. Pedrusi gives, from the Farnese cabinet, the reverse type of a brass medallion of Antouiuus Pius, which represents Apollo, nearly naked in front, a long cloak hanging down his back — standing with a bow in his left hand, before a tripod, ou which a dead serpent (Python) is suspended. On Apollo’s right hand is a sort of table with a vase on it, behind which rises a tree, ou one of whose branches a crow or raven is perched. — The learned Jesuit takes no little pains in citing the reasons given by old writers, both in poetry and prose, for consecrating the corvus to Apollo. But whether it has reference to the god’s vindictive change of the crow’s plumage from white to black, for be- traying his secret amour with the nymph Co- ronis, or whether it relates to the croaking of this bird being more favourable than the singing of others to the pious frauds of augural divina- tion, is by no means clearly decided. — Sec vol. v. p. 1‘JO. — [The legend tii. pot. im. cos. u. shews that this beautiful product of the Anto- ninian mint was struck about A. d. 13‘J.] APOLLINI. ACTIO, or Artiaco. (To the Actiac Apollo.) — In a female dress he stands, holding the lyre in his right hand and the plec- trum in his left. — Sec act. imp. p. 8, of this work. Ou a denarius of Augustus, who, as his patron in the day of Actium, and afterwards as the reformer of his life and manners, affected (as Spauheim says) to resemble that god, at his festivals, in his statues, and ou his medals. — Apollo Actius, striking the lyre with an ivory plectrum, is alluded to in the following line of the epic poet Albinovauus, a friend and contem- porary of Ovid : — “ Actius ipse tyram plectra perensait ehumo." On another dcuarius of Augustus is the figure of Apollo, in the stota, standing on a substructure, ornamented with anchors and beaks of ships, before an altar, he holds a patern in the right, nud the lyre in his left hand, round the upper part of which we read c. antisti. VETVS. 1 1 IV lit. Struck a. u. c. 738, (n. c. 16), by one of bis monetary triumvirs, Antistius Vetus, this coiu adds nnothcr proof of the great devotion 65 APOLLO. APOLLO, professed by Augustus towards Apollo, to whom, — also APOLLINI CONSERVATOR!, on a in fulfilment of his vow, he had built a temple brass medallion, and APOLLINI coxserva. on at Actium, after his crowning victory over his competitor for the empire of the world. The legend of the head is imp. CAESAR, avgvs. tr. pot. iix. — Eckhel assigns this and other coins with similar types and legends to the year of Rome 742 (b.c. 12), in the mint of Augustus. — Sec Thesaur. Morell. Tam. Rom. Antistia gens, fig. iii. — and Impp. Rom. vol. iii. tab. xiv. fig. 36. APOLLINI AVGVSTO. S. C.— Apollo Ly- ristes standing in a female dress, holding the lyre and a patera. — On a first brass of Antoninus Pius, struck a. u. c. 893, (a. d. 140). It was in memory of the veneration rendered by Augustus to Apollo, that this coin was struck, in which the name itself of Augustus is given to that deity, who is represented in the same costume and attitude, and with the same attributes as in the denarii minted by Augustus, and bearing the legend of act. imp. x. and xii. — Apollo Augustus, says Eckhel, is the same as Apollo Ac tins. — See p. 8 of this work. There is a silver coin of S. Severus, with a similar legend and type, which Rasehe says was struck to commemorate the sacrifices which that emperor made to Apollo, on the occasion of Pcscennius Niger’s defeat and death. — The same legend .and type occur on silver and gold of Albinus. AVOL lint CONSERVATOR I. S. C.— Apollo, naked, beardless, and with flowing hair, stands holding a laurel branch in the right hand, his left resting on the lyre, placed on a rock. On gold, silver, and firat brass of .Emilianus. The plague which raged through the length and breadth of the empire, at the period (about a n. 253) when these coins were struck, was the special occasion of this devotiou to Apollo medians, in other words to him as the god of health. — “ Apollo (observes Capt. Smyth, de- scribing this coin, in large brass), was a most popular deity, though Lucian stigmatised him as a vain and lying fortune-teller, lie appears on the medals, of all sizes and metals, of this reign; not in the feminine apparel of the Palatine statue, but as a noble youth, delicate yet vigor- ous, with limbs free, and sometimes in an alti- tude not very dissimilar from that finest statue in the world, the Apollo Venator” (commonly called the Belviderc Apollo). — Descr. Cat. 292. APOLLINI CONS. A VO. (To Apollo, pre- server of the Emperor.) — On billon of Gallienus K first brass, of Valerianus and Gallienus. — Apollo standing, either with his right hand laid over his head, or [as in the preceding cut] holding a laurel branch; with his left resting on a lyre, placed on a pedestal. — (Struck between a. d. 254 and 266.) Not only Augustus but his successors had always paid especial honours to Apollo, whose temple at Actium commanded a view of the bay where the combat took place. The name and image of the god had frequently figured on the coins of Rome. But at the period, when paganism was on the point of expiring, its divinities were more than ever invoked by the emperors, who endeavoured to stem the progress of its fall. Apollo, in particular, was the object of their homage, in those dreadful times, when the plague spread itself to depopulate t he empire. — Logons Numismatiques , p. 239. — The same legend and similar type appear on gold of Vale- rianus. APOL. CONS. — Mionnct gives a gold Aurc- lian with this legend, and Apollo seated. — Vaillaut publishes (Tr. i. 213) an aureus of the same emperor, on which a male figure, naked, stands with radiated head, right hand extended, and the left holding a globe — a captive on the ground sitting near his feet. Here we find the name of Apollo identified, on the same coin, with the symbol of the Sun, and evidently referring to Aurclian’s v ictories in the East. APOLLINI CONSERVATORI.— This dedi- catory legend at full length, with a temple, in which appeai-s the statue of Apollo, is given in the Museum Theupoli, as from a brass medallion of Quintillus, Aurelian’s immediate predecessor, who reigned after Claudius II. only during a few months of a. d. 270. APOLLINI CONS. AVG— A Centaur, hold- ing a globe in one hand, and a rudder in the other , or a Centaur about to shoot an arrow. — On billon and 3rd brass of Gallienus. Why the figure of a centaur is here employed in association with the legend of Apollo, “the Emperor’s preserver,” it is difficult if not im- possible to discover; unless allusion be meant to the Centaur Chiron, to whom the myth assigns the tutorship of Apollo, and who was said to have been the first to teach the medicinal use of herbs. The signification of the globe and rudder is still more obscure. — There is a coin of Tetricus junior, with a centaur for its type, and the epigraph of soli conserv. On another base silver coin of Gallienus, with the same legend, the type is a gryphon, or griffin. — According to Philostratu=, that monster was sacred to Apollo, or Sol ; thus a fabulous animal is seen appositely consecrated to a fabulous deity. — On coins of Aureliopolis, in Lydia (says Eckhel), griffins are represented drawing the chariot of the Sun. APOL. MONET, (on Silver.)— APOL. MONETAE P. M. TR. P. XV. IMP. VIII. COS. VI. S. C. (on 2nd Brass.) — Apollo naked, r.o APOLLO. stands with his right hand lifted up to the top of his head, his left elbow resting on a column. Respecting this singular legend, found on coins of Commodus, minted in his sixth con- sulate — viz., a. u. c. 943, (a. d. 190) Eckhcl makes the following remarks: — “Although we find Juno Moneta, on coins of the Carisia fa- mily, and have the testimony of ancient authors to the appropriation of the title to that goddess, and even the reason why it was given, yet such is not the case with the inscription Apollo Moneta — a characteristic by which Apollo is distinguished only on the coins of Commodus. Unable to account for this circumstance, I will not spread my sails to the winds of conjecture ; for in the same Emperor’s mint, appellations are ascribed to deities, which were the offspring solely of the fertile brain of Commodus, who (as Lampridius says) made his alterations and addi- tions in religious matters, rather from caprice than from a serious feeling.” (vii. 123.) — Among the larger brass of the following year, we see the same Apollo Moneta repeated. Apollo’s Oracle is named on a coin of Philip the elder. — See ex ohacvlo apolldos. APOLLINI PROPV Gnatori. (To Apollo the Defender.) — Apollo in the act of discharging an arrow. Apollo, “ God of the silver how,” ns the supposed inflictcr of sudden death (especially if the deceased was “sun smitten”), as well as the stayer of pestilence, was at the period when this coin was struck regarded with more than usual veneration, on account of the in- creasing desolation of the plague. This malady seems to have travelled from Ethiopia, and is said to have raged 15 years, destroying incredible numbers of people. — Mionnet gives this among the first brass of Valerianus (about a. I). 254) ; and Akennan among the billon coins of Gallic- nus ; but Eckhcl omits to notice it. APOLLINI SANCTO. — Apollo naked, stands holding a branch in the right hand, and leaning on a column. Eckhcl and Mionnet both give this as from a silver coin of Pcsccnnius Niger. The former pronouuccs it to have been struck at Antioch, referring as the ground of his opinion to a second brass of Julianas II. which exhibits on one side apoi.i.oni (sic) sancto. (type of Apollo in the stola, with patera and lyTe), and on the other, of.nio antioxeni. Apollo is known to have been ranked amongst the prin- cipal divinities worshipped by the people of Anti- ochia in Syria. APOLLO. APOLLINI PAL. or APOL. PALATINO. — Apollo attired in the stola, (sec act. imp. p. 5), stands holding the plectrum in his right hand, and resting his left on the lyre, which surmounts a short column. On silver and first brass of Commodus. — A brass medallion of the same emperor, has for legend of reverse apoi.. pa la- tino. P. M. TE. P. XVI. IMP. VIII. COS. VI. P. P. and the type exhibits Apollo, in the same effe- minate dress assigned to him in the Aetiac de- narii of Augustus, holding with his left hand a lyre conjointly with Victory, who stands by his side. Sec Se/ec/a Numismata, in Mas. l)e Camps, per D. Vaillant, p. 53. These coins have reference to the temple, which Augustus, whilst as yet bearing no other name than that of Octavianus, erected at Rome, in honour of his guardian divinity in the I’ala- tium, attaching to it, according to Suetonius, a public library. Vic have the testimony of Dion Cassius, that the date of this event was a. u. c. 718 (b.c. 36.) In alluding to this tem- ple, Propertius describes the idol, its dress, and position, in these words: — Deinde, inter matrem deus ipse, interque sororem Pythius in long!! carmina vestc canit. [And next, between his mother and twin sister, lo ! the l’ytbian God himself, in flowing mantle, sings his lays.] The fact of his building this temple (says Eckhcl, vii. 124, 125,) is further continued by the statement of Augustus himself, on the mar- ble of Ancyra. (TAD. iv. V. 1.) TEMPLVMQVE. apollinis. in. palatio feci. — The re- nown of this Apollo Palatinns subsequently re- ceived augmentation, on the occasion of the vic- tory gained a.u.c. 723 (b.c. 31), over Antony, at Actium, near the temple of Apollo Actius ; Ovid himself ascribing that piece of good fortune to the intervention of this deity, in the following lines : — “ Visitc laurigero sacrata l’alatia riiccbo. “ Ille Panetouias mersit in alta rales.” Odd. Art. amor. iii. v. 389. [“ Go see the Palatia sacred to the laurel-bearing Phoebus. He it was, who sank in the deep the Parmtonian barks.”] The poet uses the word Paratonias for Aigyptias, from Panetoriiun a town of Mnr- marica, which had been added to the dominion of Egypt, and Cleopatra. — And this is the rea- APOLLO. son why Apollo Palatinus appears in the same garb, viz., the slola, as does Apollo Actius on numerous coins of Augustus, the mintage of which comes within the year u. c. 733 (b.c. 21), and also on denarii of the Antistia family, which arc found with the legend, apollini. actio. — On a marble, published by Murat ori, (p. 1119, i.) appears the following: — SACERDOS. DIA- NAE. VICTR. ET. APOLLINIS. PALATmh. Zosimus also makes meution of the Palatine tem- ple of Apollo ; and Ainmiauus Marcellinus re- lates, that during the reign of Julian the Apos- tate it was destroyed by lire, when the Carmina Cumana had a narrow escape of sharing its fate. APOL. SALVTA1US or APOLLm SALV- TARI. S. C. — Apollo, naked, stands holding in the right hand a branch of laurel, and in his left the lyre ; or rests his left on a tripod. On large brass, and in other metal and forms, of Trebo- nianus Gallus, and Volusiauus. To the misfortunes of preceding reigns, to the internal convulsions of the empire, to the invasions of barbarians, was added the scourge of a terrible pestilence, which ravaged the ltomau world, during the reigns of Trebouianus aud some of his immediate successors. These princes, tottering on their thrones, invoked in vain, aud in succession, those false deities to whom, under the illusions of paganism, they ascribed a power over the health of mortals. The epithet dedicatory to Apollo , on this reverse, evidently points to those prayers and vows. — Lefons Numismatiques, 231. Referring to the above coins, Eckhcl (vii. 356), also observes, that they were struck about a. d. 254, amidst the raging of that dreadful pestilence, which filled the world with mourning, and when Apollo, as the god presiding over health ( salutis prases) was invoked by the emperors, and pub- licly implored by the whole community, for the removal of so universal and destructive a scourge. During this grievous mortality, as Victor ex- presses it, “ Gallus and Volusiauus won the favour of Apollo, by the auxious and sedulous attention which they paid to the burials of the most humble individuals.” — Appropriately to the legend which propitiates the healing influences of Apollo, a branch of laurel, or of olive, is con- secrated to this divinity ; for both one and the other were used by the ancients in the ceremony of lustration. Thus Juvenal : Cnperent lustrari ■ si foret humida laurus. (Sat. ii. 157-J And Virgil — Idem ter socios punt circumtulit unda, Spargens rore levi, et ramo felicis olivae ; Lnstravitque viros, dixitque novissima verba. (Abteid, vi. v. 229.J “ Old Chorinaens compass’d thrice the crew, And dipp’d an olive branch in holy dew; Which thrice he sprinkled round, and thrice aloud Invok’d the dead, and tlieu dismiss’d the crowd.” APOLLO. 67 475,) sitting with laurel in right hand, aud the cithara in his left — see Raschc. — Also on an Apamean colonial, struck under M. Aurelius. — See Apamea. Apollo Salutaris. — The healing or healthful Apollo. — On a denarius of Caracalla, having for the legend of its reverse, P. m. tr. p. xviii. cos. mi. p. p. (i. e. Sove- reign Pontiff, invested with tribunitian authority for the 18th time, Consul for the 4th time.) Apollo is seated, he holds up a branch of laurel in his right hand, and rests the left arm on his lyre, which is placed on a tripod. This is one among several coins which were struck during the reign of Caracalla, and which bear direct allusion to the then precarious state of that execrable tyrant’s health ; racked as his guilty mind was with the pangs and terrors of remorse, at the remembrauce of his fratricidal crime. Finding no repose for his affrighted con- science, after the murder of his brother Geta, he bethought himself of imploring the tutelary divinities of health, and accordingly addressed himself to Esculapius and to Apollo. — A similar type of Apollo on a third brass of the same em- peror, the legend corresponds also, except in the tr. P. which is xvii. Apollo Sminthins. Amongst his various surnames, and distinctive appellations, that ot Sminthius was assigned to Apollo, (according to some writers) from the fact of his having de- stroyed, or driven away, the mice, by which, before his benevolent interposition, the town of Sminthc, or Sinintliium, on the coast of the Troad, had been over-run, and where, out of gra- titude, a temple was built to his worship. — Types of the Smiuthian Apollo appear ou colonial im- perial coins of Alexandria Troas, not far from which place Sminthium was situated. — For some notice (quite as much as the subject deserves) of what is eonflictingly stated by ancient authors, respecting the origin of this epithet as applied to Apollo, by the inhabitants of Asia Minor, see Boat. Num. Vet. vol. ii. 480. Apollo, standing with his lyre, his right hand holding ears of com, appears on second brass of Claudius Gothicus, with legend salvs avg. The following types of Apollo occur on colo- nial imperial coins, with Latin legends : — Besides those of Alexandria Troas and Apamea, above noticed, Apollo appears on coins struck in the colony of Cmsarea Palestinai, under Hadrian, Antoniue, and Aurelius — of Corinth, under Com- rnodus — of Patrse, under Nero, Domitian, M. Aurelius, and Commodus — of Deultum, under Maximus Caesar, and under Gonlianus Fins — of Tyre, under Trebouianus Gallus, and Gallienus. On a third brass of Maximus (son of Maximi- nus) struck at Deultum, Apollo stands holding a laurel branch in the right hand, aud placing with his left a lyre on a tripod. Before his feet is a lighted altar. — [“Apollo (says Vaillant, ii. 145,) bears the laurel, as consecrated to him on ac- count of his reputed gift of foretelling events — Apollo Clarius. Apollo had an oracle at Claros iu Ionia; hence the name Clarius, under which he was worshipped by the people of Colophon, aud by the inhabitants of Smyrna. — The image of this Apollo appears ou a coin of Gordianus Pius, (in l’atin’s col. Impp. Rom. p. K 2 68 APOTHEOSIS, the laurel tree, according to the Greets, confer- ( ring the afflatus, or divine inspiration.”] — The | tripod was the ordinary symbol of his oracidar power ; but Apollo’s distinguishing tokens were the lyre and the laurel. “ Whilst thus I sang, inflam’d with nobler fire, I heard the great Apollo’s tuncfnl lyre ; His baud a branch of spreading laurel bore, And on his head a laurel wreath lie wore.” (Ovid, Art of Love. Yalden’s translation.) On a second brass of Antoninus Pius, minted by the colonists of Paine, Apollo is represented, naked, standing ; in his right hand lie holds a patera, and rests his left on a lyre, placed on a cippus. — [Apollo leaning on his lyre, embodies the harmony of the celestial spheres, on which account he was called Musicus and Citharoedus. Vaillant, i, 72.] — In the last named character (the lyre-striking Apollo) Nero appears on one of his first brass coins, habited, as Suetonius observes, like the statues of the God, with the cithara in Iris left hand, and playing it with his right. On a second brass of Coinmodus, struck in the colony of Patnc, Apollo stands in a female dress, with his bow in the right hand, opposite to him stands Venus, holding up a shield with both hands. [Apollo and Venus were, in fabu- lous history, the offspring of Jupiter, the former by Latona* the latter by the nymph Dioue. — Vaillant, i. 216.] APOLLONIA 1LLYRICI, ouc of the places, extra urbem, where Roman coins were appointed to be minted, under the government of the Re- public. — See I). -V. V. voL v. p. 68. APOLLODO ltl’S of Damascus, the architect of Trajan’s bridge over the Danube, and of Tra- jan’s Forum. — Sec forvm. tkaiani. — E ckhel, vol vi, p. 432. Al’. N. Appii Nrpos — APPIVS, the name of a highly illustrious Roman race, of Sabine origin — the stock of the Claudia family, whence sprang the famous Censor, Appius Claudius, who con- structed the celebrated public road, called, after him, the Via Appia. A. POST, Aulus Posluiiiius — prcuomen and name of a mam — sec Postumia. APOTHEOSIS, that grand ceremony of Pa- ganism, by which its votaries pretended to place a man, or a woman, amongst the number of their deities. It was so named by the Greeks, who first practised the rite, and from whom the Ho- mans, especially under the Emperors, largely borrowed it, as is testified by their coins. — Called by the Latins Consecratio, it is symbolised on coins under a triple variety of types, viz., either by an eagle with expanded wings, or by a lighted altar, or by the rogus, or funeral pile. It is singular that an example of these three modes of typifying an Apotheosis is exhibited on the coins of an otherwise unknown young prince. The funeral pile appears on gold struck in memory of Nigriuiauus, the eagle on his silver, and the altar on his 3rd brass. “ The farce of the Apotheosis has been ascribed (remarks Captain Smyth) to a taint of the Py- thagorean doctrines; but it obviously originated A POP. FRVG. AC. in, what Tacitus termed * the epidemic spirit of adulation,’ long before the Samian was born. — * * * Neither the veil, nor the portrait, which was the distinctive mark of deification among the Romans, nor the other symbols of the Apo- theosis, were done away from medals, till after Constantine, when a hand from the clouds be- stowing a crown, was substituted.” (p. 297.) — See CONSECKATIO. APPELLATION (or Title).— In the most flourishing times of the Empire, nothing was esteemed more dignified, or more venerable, than the titles of hnperator , Cresar, and Augustus. Uut as the power of the state decreased, the power of names became augmented. Roman princes wished to be called Domini, seeing that the Imperator was head of the empire only, where- as the Dominus was head of the world, llcucc in the lower series, when, with less real strength of government, they aimed at appearing to govern all, they assumed the title of n. Dominus Nosier — or dd NN. Domini Nostri. — There was also a period in Home’s decline when, as their coins shew. Emperors appropriated to themselves titles or surnames borrowed from those of heathen deities, and which, conceded to them by the rile adulation of their contempo- raries, have been handed dowu to modern ages. Thus we read hekcvlivs, iovivs, &c. — See Rasche, vol. i., p. 73. APPLE. — An attribute of Venus, allusive to the prize obtained from the Trojan Paris. See the veneki genet it ici, of Sabina. — Several coins of Faustina, junior, also bear Venus with the apple in her hand among other attributes, on their reverses. APPULEIA, or Apuleia, a family of the ple- beian order, but of Consular rank, w hence sprang the turbulent L. Appuleius Saturninus. Its (brass) coins, which are rare, present three va- rieties, and arc the as or parts of the as. A.P.R. — A Popu/o Romano — or Aiictorita/e Populi Romani. — By authority of the Homan People. A POP. FRVG. AC. — These abbreviated words, preceded by those of cos. xml. l.vo. saec. appear oil the reverse of a first brass coin of Domitian. The type represents the emperor habited in the toga, seated on a suggest urn. Before him stand two (or, to speak after more minuteness of inspection, three) togated figures, one of whom holds in both hands, a sort of small sack, out of which he is in the act of pour- A POP. FRVG. AC. in" grain or fruits. Behind is a temple. On the exergue s. c. This coin forms one of a set, minted under the prince above-named, a. u. c. 841 (a. n. 88), to commemorate his celebration of the Secular Games. The legend, chiefly owing to the ancient practice of verbal abbreviations, presents a difficulty of no ordinary kind. — Spauheim con- siders that it is to be explained thus : — A. POP ulo FRVGei AC cepta, and that these words are to be referred to the first offerings of fruit, wheat, barley, and beans, which it was customary for the entire people to dedicate, at the com- mencement of these (the Secular) Games, to the deities who presided over the solemnities, and which on their termination were, as Zosimus observes, distributed amongst the citizens. Ac- cording, therefore, to the opinion of Spanheim and other writers, it was the people, who re- ceived the fruits, or, to adhere to the phraseology of the coins, by whom the fruits were received (“ fruges accepta sunt.”) An author of great learning, Steph. Antonins Morcellus has ad- vanced another mode of explaining the abbre- viations, viz., COS. XII II. LV IX, ? SAECa- laribus VO? ulo FRYG«? AC cepit, and expresses his surprise, that it should not have occurred to Spauheim, when that eminent writer, with his usual erudition, has pointed out the allusion to the offering of the first fruits by the Poutifex Maximus to the Gods. — “ Perhaps (says Eckhel, vi. 387) Morcellus may have been induced to adopt his reading by the structure of the legend. For in it are expressed only the words — COS. Xllir. LVD. SAEC. without the FECiV, which invariably appears ou other coins of this mint- age. But it might possibly happen, that the word fecit was omitted to make room for the rest of the inscription, though it is still neces- sary to supply (or understand) it ; just as on coins of Augustus, struck a. u. c. 737 (n c. 17), and of the Sanquinia family, we read only AYGYST. DIY1. F. I, YD OS. SAE. where fecit, though omitted, must neverthe- less be supplied. A more probable reason [for Morcellus entertaining his opinion] may have been, that the natural law of the inscription seems to dictate its own proper interpretation. For, as it commences with the nominative case COS. XI I II. the sentence could not terminate with the word AC cepta, but AC cepit. I am (adds Eckhel) far from denying, that ou Mor- cellus’s plan of interpretation the legend presents greater elegance and terseness of expression, though I strongly doubt whether it be equally in accordance with truth and facts. For, if we so read it, the recipients of the fruits will be not the people, but Domitian himself, and at the hands of the people. AVhereas, we have no ancieut record of presents made by the people to their princes during the Games in question, but rather of the reverse. As, therefore, such a fact cannot be established, and the very author of the new reading docs not attempt to prove it by the slightest argument, we may for the pre- sent adhere to the generally received interpreta- tion of the legend, and conclude that the benefit AQU.E DUCTUS. f.9 alluded to was conferred upon, and not by, the people.” [And yet it is worthy of notice, though seemingly overlooked by the great scrutinizer and critic of numismatic monuments, that in the very type which he has himself described and commented upou (and which is here faithfully copied from a well-preserved specimen in the British Museum) one of the figures personifying the Populus Romanics (the entire Roman people) is in the attitude of pouring out a contribution of FRYGes, at the base of the raised platform, on which the Emperor, with his right hand outstretched, is seated. Now, with all due willingness to acquiesce generally in what our illustrious guide and master himself defers to, as an ex plica t to recepta, let it nevertheless be per- mitted us in this instance to hazard a conjecture : viz. that the fruits here evidently offered, were possibly meant to represent those accepted by the emperor on such occasions, at the hands of togated citizens (i. e. men of substance), for the purpose of their being first dedicated to the gods, and afterwards distributed amongst the common people — that “fruges consumere nati” class, who were content to be the slaves of every imperial tyrant, so that they were allowed to enjoy the “ circus and the dole.” Be this, however, as it may, we have here, at any rate, on the reverse of a genuine and well-known coin, the tvpifica- tion of fruges brought to Domitian.] A. PY. or ARG. PVB. — These abbreviations, found ou coins of the Lucilia, Sentia, and Titu- ria families, are read by som cAryento Piero; by others. Acre Publico. — Eckhel shews Argento Publico to be their right interpretation — signi- fying public money, aud allusive to the monetal triumvir, or the edile, or other officer ; to whom the money, or the expenditure of it, was en- trusted. — See EX. A. PV. ; also Sentia yens. APRONIA gens. — Of plebeian origin, but of consular dignity, the third brass coins of this family, struck by the moneyers of Augustus, are common, having for their legend gaj.lvs mes- SALA IIIVIR. SISF.NXA APRONIVS. A. A. A. P. F. or something similar. There is a first brass of colonial fabric, with the head of Drusus, son of Tiberius, which exhibits for legend fermissv. l. apronii. pkocos. in. and for type the head of Mercury. AQ. O. B. F. — Aquileia Officina Secunda Fabrica. — These abbreviations and the two sub- joined are found chiefly ou coins, in the age from Diocletian to the Constantines, aud are inter- preted as denoting them to have been struck at Aquileia, in the b or second mint ; or struck (generally) in the city of Aquileia. — Rasche. AQ. P. S. Aquileia Pecunia Siynata. — AQ. P. Aquileia: pecunia — or Aquileia: percussa. AQ. S. Aquileia Siynata. — Money struck at Aquileia. AQU.E DUCTUS — Aqueduct or water conduit. It signifies a canal or channel, built of stone, or in brickwork, for the purpose of conveying across an uueven country a certain quantity of water, and of giving it a regulated declivity. This species of canal proceeds sometimes underground, 70 AQVA MAR. sometimes along the surface of the soil, ami oc- casionally upon one or more ranges of arcades. The latter even in their ruins exhibit the most striking features of picturesque grandeur ; such as are seen in t he Campagna di Roma, and in that noble remains of Roman architecture the Pont da Gard, at Nisrncs, iu France. — The inhabitants of Rome, for a long time, con- tented themselves with the stream of the Tiber ; but the remoteness of that river from consider- able portions of the city, when it was so greatly increased in size, rendered the conveyance of water inconveniently difficult. In the year u. c. 4 1 1 (b.c. 313), conduits were plauucd for bring- ing a purer as well as a more plentiful supply of this indispensable element, from distant sources. Aqueducts of every kind, visible and subterraneous, were greatly multiplied, and constituted at length one of the wonders of “the Eternal City.” In the emperor Nerva’s time there were nine Aque- ducts, which had 13,594 tunnels or pipes, of an inch in diameter. Subsequently there were 14 channels carried by 9 aqueducts. These struc- tures served to convey water from places 30, 40, and even 60 miles distant from Rome. — Aqueducts were generally distinguished by the name of the place whence the water came, or by that of the person who caused them to be built, joined to the word aqua. — For many ex- planatory and instructive particulars on the sub- ject of aqueducts, as well modern as ancient, see Millin, Diclionnaire des Beaux Arts. — Reference may also with advantage be had to an article on this subject, in Dr. W. Smith’s Did. of Greek and Roman Antiquities. AQVA MAR. — Aqua Marcia. — This legend appears on a silver coin of the gens Marcia, and alludes to water conveyed to the city of Rome, by the care and liberality of the Praetor Quintus Marcius, a public-spirited citizen. This aqueduct, one of the noblest in Rome, both as to splendour and durability, was constructed under the autho- rity of the Senate, in the time of the Republic. Some authors arc disposed to regard the aqua Marcia, as the most ancient aqueduct, inasmuch as it was ascribed to Ancus Marcius. Whereas the honour is due to the above-named Quintus ; or, according to Pliny, it was perfected by him, between a.u.c. 575 and 585 (n.c. 179 and 169), on the foundation of a work commenced by the reputed grandson of Numa. It was afterwards repaired, and enlarged, successively by M. Agrippa, Augustus, Titus, Trajan, and Caraealla. — There still exist remains of this great water course, both withiu and without the Esquiliue gate. — See ancys and Marcia gens — (suis locis). The aqua Appia is the oldest aqueduct, aud owes its construction to the censor Appius Clau- dius. The aqua Marcia comes next. The other principal aqueducts at Rome were aqua Teputa, aqua Julia, aqua Virgo, Auio Vctus, aqua Alsietina (or Augusta), aqua Caira (or Dara- nata), aqua Trajana, aqua Alexandrian, aqua Antinoniana. The finest of all was that called aqua Claudia, built under the Emperor Claudius. ■ — Sec Milliu’s and Dr. Smith’s Dictionaries, botli above referred to. AQUATIC ANIMALS. AQVA. TRAIANA. S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. S. C. — The genius of a river re- clined within a cavern, or arched vault, holding in his right hand an aquatic reed, and resting his left arm on au urn, whence there is a flow of waters. — On a first and middle brass of Trajan, struck about a.u.c. 864 [a.d. Ill], The rivulet to which this coin refers, after having been long lost, from want of care, was restored by Trajan, aud conducted over Mount Aventine, not only for the use of his own baths, but also to supply the wants, to promote the salubrity, aud to increase the embellishments of his capital. — Sextus Julius Frontiuus, the Con- sid, who wrote a treatise on aqueducts, supplies abundant testimony of the sedulous attention bestowed by this emperor on the repair aud im- provement of those at Rome. “ It was not (he says) the object of our Prince, merely to restore the volume of water most bcucficially to the other streams ; but he also was the |ierson to perceive that the deleterious properties of the Auio Nonas might be cut off.” And after de- scribing the plan by which the Emperor pro- posed to correct this fault, lie concludes — This fortunate excellence of the water, bidding fair in quality to equal that of (aqua) Marcia, and in quantity to surpass it, supplied the place of that unseemly and turbid stream (the New Anio), under the auspices of the “Imperator, Ctrsar Nerva Trajanus Augustus,” as the title informs us. This bcueficial measure is recorded on coins, as early as Trajan’s sixth consulate. — Eckhcl, vi. 425-26. Capt. Smyth, R.N., in describing a specimen of this medal, in his own collection, observes that the type “ is opposed to the notion of Vaillant, that a recumbent F/urius denotes a river which receives other streams, and that wadiug figures mean those which are tributary. Ollier antiquaries presume that river to be a na- vigable one, where the gods have beards — yet here at a mere spring, we have a regular long beard — whilst a reverse of the Emperor Philip shews the deity of the Meander without that ap- pendage.” p. 86. AQUATIC ANIMALS figured on coins . — The crocodile or aligator; the dolphin; the hippo- potamus, (or river horse); the palnmys, (a fish of the tunny kind); the polypus (or many feet) ; the pompilos, (or nautilus) ; the sepia, (or cuttle fish); &c„ respecting all which sec Sponheim — Dissert, de Pnrs. Nam. Vet. AQUILIA SEVERA. AQUILA — and Aquila legionaria. See Eagle. AQTJILEIA, a once famous city, near the Adriatic sea, and the barrier of Italy on that side. In the lower empire it was the capital of the Venetian territory, but was destroyed by the IIuus, under Attila, in a.d. 453. It is now only a mass of ruins and hovels, the resort of fishermen. — It was at the siege of this town, by the ferocious Thracian, Maximinus, that the women of Aquileia afforded a memorable in- stance of courage and devotion ; for the cordage belonging to the machines of war being worn out, they all cut off their tresses to supply the defect. — The initial letters of the name as a mint mark frequently occurs on the exergue of Roman coins from Diocletian downwards. See AQ. &c. AQUILIA SEVERA, second wife of Elaga- balus. — This princess, who is described to have possessed great personal attractions, was the daughter of Quintus Aquilius, who had been twice Consul, during the reign of Caracalla. Elagabalus, after repudiating Julia Paula, took Aquilia from the sacred community of the Vestals, and married her, in the year A. D, 220, to the great consternation of both priests and people at Rome. — In a few days, she also was divorced by that wretch of an Emperor, who then took Annia Faustina to wife, and afterwards two other ladies. Tired of the three last, Ela- gabalus expelled them, each in their turn, from his palace ; and profaned afresh the rites of matrimony by again espousing Aquilia Severn. She continued with him till the termination of his monstrous life and most execrable reign, a. i) 222. — The prenomen of Julia is added on her coins, she being thereon styled ivlia aqvi- 1IA sev. (or severa) Avo. — The Senate en- slaved to the imperial will, confirmed to this empress, the title of Augusta, which Elagabalus had given her. — All her coins, in each metal and size, are of more or less rarity : in gold of the highest degree. — Some pieces represent her with Elagabalus. AQUILIA gens. — This Roman house had two branches, one Patrician, the other Plebeian. Amongst the 12 varieties given in Viorel, there arc some curious types on the denarii of this fa- mily ; take the following reverse for example: — MAN. aqyii,. man. F. MAN. N. (Manixis Aquilius, Manii Filius, Manii Nepos.J The type, a soldier standing, armed with a buckler, lifting up, or holding up, a kneeling woman : below is the word sicil, (Siciliac). — Eckhel, v. 142. In this silver coin, and in another with the same type, reference is made to the historical AQUILIFER. 71 fact, that Manius Aquilius (of the patrician stock) was consul in the year u.c. 054, (b.c. 101) and with his colleague C. Marius (cos. v.) was sent to Sicily, during the war of the Italian fu- gitives. That war he succeeded in bringing to a victorious termination, and having peacefully governed the province for two years, returned in triumph to Rome. See the word sicil. There are other types of the Aquilia family, struck by L. Aquilius Florns (who was of its plebeian stock) as a monctal triumvir of Augus- tus, about the year of Rome 734 (b.c. 20) — as for example the following Obv. — caesar avgvstvs. Rare head of Augustus. Rev. — L . AQVILI.IVS FLORA'S IIIVIR. A flower. By this elegant type of an opened flower, (probably, from its form, the Cyanus), Lucius Aqnillius alludes to the origin of the surname which he had derived from his ancestors. — Havercamp, in Morell. Two other denarii, struck by the same Floras, possess historical interest; viz., such as bear the symbols of Armenia Capta, and of the Military Ensigns recovered from the Parthians. — See ARMENIA CAPT. and SIGNIS RECEPfw. The coins of this family are in silver only, and of a low degree of rarity. AQUILIFER — Eagle bearer. It was he, as the word imports, who carried the Eagle, in the midst of the hastati, in each Legion. The aquiliferi were different from those who were called signiferi, and who bore the other stand- ards of the Roman army. (See Signa Mili- tariaj Among other reverses, which, with the legends of Adlocutio, Profectio, Imperator, &c., frequently appear on coins of the Imperial series, chiefly in large brass, there is one of Trajan’s described by Captain Smyth, p. 89, where “ the Emperor, wearing a lorica (or breast plate) is seated on an X shaped curule chair, upon a high suggestum. He is addressing his army, which is represented by an officer, three aquiliferi, an infantry soldier, and one of ca- valry — some of whom hold up their hands in applause. — 'The coin was struck a.d. 115.” ARA. — This word, and the word Altare (whence the French awtel, and our English Altar), were used by the Romans, to signify respectively certain structures, elevated above the ground, at the former of which prayers, with libations, were offered up, and at the latter of which victims were immolated, to their Gods. As regards pagan antiquity, the first inventor of Altars is unknown ; but the custom of raising them for religious purposes evidently passed from the Greeks to the Romans. The Greeks had probably borrowed it from the Egyptians, 72 ARiE. to whom Herodotus ascribes the original adop- I tion of Altars, and the dedication of images in | honour of their deities. Holy Writ here steps in to the aid of historical truth ; aud teaches ns that Noah, a worshipper of the Only True God, was the first who built an altar. ARiE — ALTARS, among the ancients, dif- fered in their uses, their forms, their adorn- [ incuts, and the situations in which they were placed. They were sometimes round, hut the square more generally prevailed. I heir fonns varied again according to their material. I he metallic ones were for the most part of the tri- angular shape. The greater portion of those, , however, which have escaped the ravages ot time are of marble, or of other stone. I heir height varied much ; some did not exceed two feet; others were about as high again, lhosc intended to receive the libations, as well as those designed to hold the blood of victims, were hol- lowed out at the top, and a moveable stove, or pan, served occasionally to contain the lire for burning incense. — On festivals, when prepared for sacrifice, they were dressed with festoons of flowers, fruits, and grasses, called verbena; also with the leaves, or branches of such trees or plants as were sacred to each of the different divinities. — Nor was the sculptor’s art omitted to he employed in the more durable enrichment of Altars. We sec on them basso relievos, re- presenting the heads of sacrificed animals, figures of patcras, vases, aud other sacrificial instru- ments, mingled with those of garlands ( corona) that decorated the victim, and with woollen | fillets, and other accessories of the same kind. Not a few arc seen charged with inscriptions that I mark the epocha and motives of their consccra- j tion, added to the names of those who caused them to he erected, aud of the god, goddess, j genius, or deified mortal, who happened to be the object of this devotional act. lhe finest ot these arc embellished with figures and attributes of the particular object of idolatrous worship. Indeed, from the sculptural ornaments of a Roman altar, may almost invariably be ascer- tained, what deity it had been intended to honour. For example, the eagle and the thun- der bolt ( aquila el fulmen), designated Ara Jovis. A trident and two dolphins marked an altar to Ncntuuc. A Bacchante with the thyrsus, a panther, or a foliage of ivy leaves, shewed the Daec/ii Ara. Olive leaves and some- times the Owl were carved on those of Minerva. The raven, the stag, the lyre, or a tripod, indicated a consecration to Apollo, on whose altars laurel branches were also distinctive insignia. A serpent entwined round a staff, or a tripod, points to Eseulapius, or Hygeia, or other divinities supposed to preside over health. Diana’s altar is to he known by the goddess’s own image, or by her attributes the bow, arrow, and quiver, sometimes with the accompaniments of the stag and the dog. A square altar, ornamented with the figures of two stags, aud with festoons of ribbands, ap- pears 011^ a silver medallion of Augustus, bearing the lcgcud of avgvstvs. [This medallion, says AR.E. Mionuet, was struck in Asia.] The myrtle aud the dove revealed the Altar of \cuus; the pop- lar, the club, or some representation connected with the story of his labours, arc peculiar to altars at which Hercules was adored ; the pine- tree is given to l’au; and a bacchanal to Silcnus. The altars of Ceres were known by their corn- ears and poppies, also by the image of the goddess, holding two torches, in a biga of dra- gons. The lotus bespake the devotee of Serapis; and the cypress tells us that Roman superstition dictated propitiatory sacrifices even to the in- fer nal gods ; whose altars, however, were as- signed t o subterraneous places. — See Dictionaries of Millin and Smith, article ara. Moreover, it was before Altars, that in touching and sacrificing upon them, both kings . and peoples swore to keep treaties of peace, amitv, and alliance; that magistrates took oaths of fidelity, and that individuals pledged tliem- ] selves, in their reconciliations and their mar- riages. — See foedus cvm. gabims — vota pi b- LICA, &C. . . Within the temples, the principal Ara was placed in the most sacred recess, at the foot of the statue of the deity worshipped there. I ns was the most elevated, and for that reason called Allare: on this incense and perfumes were burnt and libations made. The second was placed on the outside before the portal of the edifice, and was used for sacrifices in which blood was shed. The third was a portable altar, named Anclabris, on which were deposited the viscera of slaughtered animals for the llaruspiees to inspect, together with the instruments of immo- lation. There was vet another class ol altars, which stood bv themselves, apart from any temple, and were distinguished by the name, and sometimes by the figure, of the nutnen or genius to whom it was consecrated. On Roman coins, we find Altars dedicated to .Eternity, Don ns Erentns, Concord, Fecundity, Fortune, (see fort. red. of Augustus,) Genius, Health, Liberty, Piety, Peace, (sec paci. pf.up. of Tiberius,) Providence, Security, Tranquillity, Youth, (as in Prinrrps Juventutis of Domitinn, (sec No. 226 of Caylns).— They appear also on coins of the Antin, Cornelia. Oppia, Pomponm, Postumia, Rnbria. and Yibia families. As tor emperors and empresses, they are represented sacrificing at Attars throughout nearly the entire scries, from Augustus to Licinius. Ara Consecrationis. — Altars of Consecration; 1 some round, others square, with flame rising from the top, are seen on coins, round which we read consf.cRATIO. Also an altar over which is inscribed divo. no. Ac., designating the AR.;E apotheosis of Antoninus Pius. A consecration medal of Aurelius, in silver and large brass, exhibits an eagle with expanded wings, standing on a small square structure, — Capt. Smyth thinks this “probably represents the casket in which the ashes of Aurelius were transported from Germany to Rome. It is often, he adds, not- withstanding its shape, called an altar— but, as with the Allure Viaticum of Roman Catholic saints, it may have served both purposes.” — On other consecration coins a branch is placed in I lie middle of the altar, on which an eagle sits with a garland in its beak ; or, an eagle stands on a thunderbolt, accompanied by the words aeternae memoriae, as on coins of Gal. Maxi- mianus — or two eagles standing on each side of a lighted altar, with memoria felix, as in Con- stantins Chlorus. — See Memoria Felix. [The above wood-cut is from the reverse of a middle brass of Faustina senior, minted after her death and consecration, as is designated by the veiled portrait and the diva of the obverse legend.] Arte Ignitte. — Lighted altars, some square, but more frequently round ; some simply by them- selves ; others, before which the Emperor stands opposite the genius of a province or city, are found on coins of Hadrian. — See adventvi avg. aciiaiae, bithyniae, &c., &c. — Also, before which a female veiled, and in the stola, stands dropping incense into the flame, as on a gold coin of Sabina, and a pietas avg. of Faustina senior, in first brass. — See Acerra, p. 4. Ara Lugdunensis . — Altar of Lyon. — Numer- ous medals were struck, of which many varieties are extant, in large and middle brass, dedicated to the honour of Augustus, about the year of Rome 741 (b. c. 13), and afterwards to that of Tiberius, the reverses of which represent an altar, stated to have been raised to “ Rome and to Au- gustus” by sixty Gaulish nations, at the conflu- ence of the Rhone and the Saonc. — This altar is ARrE. 73 Ara Maxima Herculis. The great altar of Hercules. — A very rare denarius of the Antia gens has for the legend of its reverse, restio, and for type, a lighted, or ignited, altar. Its obverse exhibits the name of c. antius, and the head of a bull, ornamented with the sacrificial infulce. Comparing this coin with another of the same family, on which a naked Hercules is carrying his club uplifted in one hand, and a trophy in the other, Eckhcl is of opinion, that the altar called Maxima at Rome, dedicated to the above-named demigod is here represented. The C. Antius Restio, whose appellations are in- scribed on this coin, was, according to Eckhcl, not the Restio, who carried a sumptuary law, before Sulla’s death, a. u. c. 670 (b. c. 84), but the son of that legislator, who after his father’s death took occasion, by this denarius, to honour the memory of a man so thoroughly attached to the spirit of the ancient commonwealth. — Sec Antia in Morell. T/iesaur. fig 2 and 3. Ara Providentia. — The altar of Providence is found on many coins of Augustus, and his successors in the empire, with the letters pro- vident. s. c. — The Romans dedicated temples to Providence as a divinity, and raised altars to her worship. — See providentia. Ara Sa/ulis August i — Altar for the Emperor’s health and safety. — This type, seen on a very rare large brass of Tiberius, with the inscription salus augusti, was struck on the occasion of prayers being put up for the health of that em- peror, especially at the commencement of his reign, when numerous altars smoked for the same purposes both at Rome and in the pro- vinces. — See sai.uti augusti. ARA PACIS. (or ARA PAC.) S. C— On the reverse of a middle brass of Nero, is this inscription, with the type of a lighted altar, de- dicated to Peace, which that emperor affected to cherish. Similar altars had been erected by a decree of the senate, in the reign of Augustus. typified as standing between two columns, sur- mounted by Victories, and palm branches. On the face of the altar, two Genii support a crown placed between two pine-trees— or on other spe- cimens of the same coin (as in the above cut), a laurel crown flanked with palm branches. Below is the inscription ROMrte ET AV Gusto. The columns of this altar have been sawn in two (says Millin in his Gal. Mythologique) ; and at this time form the pillars, which support the vaulting of the choir, in the church of Aisnay, near Lyon. — See kom. et avg. iu this Dictionary. L “It is (says Eckhcl), a fact incontrovertible, that Nero preferred peace to the tumultuous scenes of war ; from no love, on his part, how- ever, of the blessings which peace bestow s, but because it enabled him, with greater security, to pass his leisure in the amusements of the circus, and to have money in his treasury where- with to join sea to sea, excavate mountains, and lay down monstrous foundations beneath the waters. We have accurate testimony, that, when hard pressed by the revolt of Vindex in Gaul, and at a time of the greatest necessity for levying troops, to be sent against the rebels, certain senators, after a hasty consultation, on 74 AR.E. ARABIA. the business for which he had summoned them, passed the rest of the day, in discussing the merits of some hydraulic engines of a novel con- struction, [the form of one of these is consi- dered to be shown on a contorniate medal of Nero, having for legend of reverse i.aviif.nti nika.] And that the Emperor declared his in- tention to introduce these novelties at the theatre, ‘ if Viudex would let him,’ (si per Vindicem liceret). The calendars of Amiternum and I’neneste, as well as the poet Ovid, respec- tively allude to the ara pacis, as first raised, by senatorial authority, under Augustus, and dedicated four years afterwards.” — vi. 268. ARA PVDIC. — (Ara Pudicitia — The altar of Modesty or Chastity.) — This legend and type appear on gold and silver coins of the highest rarity, struck in Trajan’s sixth consulate (about the beginning of a. d. 113), in honour of his wife Plotina. Obv. PLOTINA. AVG. IMP. TRAIANI. Plotina Augusta (by implication Uxor ) Imperatoris Tra- jani. Head of the Empress Plotina. Rev. CAES. AVG. GERMA. DAC. COS. VI. P.P. (Trajan’s Imperial and Consular titles.) An ob- long square altar, on which is sculptured a sto- lated figure, standing on an oval base, which rests on three feet. At the bottom of the altar is inscribed aka pvdic. In the earliest ages of Rome there stood in the city two shrines with an altar in each, one consecrated to Pudicitia Patricia, in the Forum Boarium, or ox market, the other to Pudicitia Plebeia, erected by Virginia, in the Vicus Longus, or high street. At these, it seems, none had the privilege of sacrificing, except a matron of thoroughly approved character for the peculiarly feminine qualities, and conjugal virtues, of chas- tity and modesty, and had been married but to one man. The name and antiquity of one of these altars are mentioned by Juvenal : — Maura PUDICITIAE veterem cum praiterit ARAM. (Sat. vi.) [When Maura passes the ancient Altar of Pudi- citia.~\ or, to give the purport of the allusion more amply from Gifford’s free translation. Flushed in her cups, “ as Tullia homeward goes, With what contempt she tosses up her nose At Chastity’s hoar fane ! What impious jeers Collatia pours in Maura’s tiugling ears.” The altar dedicated to Patrician modesty was the more ancient of the two, and probably the scene of that nocturnal impurity, to which the Roman satirist adverts. Of Plotina, whose name and portrait appear on the coins which bear this unique legend, Pliny the younger, addressing himself to her husband, thus expresses himself: — "You have gained a wife, who will prove your ornament and glory. For what can be more sacred than her character? AVhat more of the old school? How quiet is she in her attire! How moderate in her retinue ! How homely in her deport- ment 1” This culogiuin, by such a writer, on the purity of her life, shews the appropriateness of the legcud, Ara Pudicitia, joined to the name of Plotina. Yet it appears from Dion Cassius, that even this virtuous characteristic of the em- press was subjected to aspersions, in consequence of her intimacy with Hadrian. [It is to the kindness of its present possessor, the Rev. Win. Grigson, rector of Whinbnrgh, Norfolk, that the compiler of this Dictionary is indebted for being enabled to exhibit here the fac simile engraving of a most rare and elegant denarius; found amongst a mass of about 300 other Roman Imperial coins, in silver and brass, ranging from Marcus Antonius to Marcus Aure- lius. This discovery was made in the month of November, 1820, by some labourers who were employed in forming a clay pit, on an estate belonging to the Rev. B. Barker, in the village of Caston, three miles south-east of Watton, in the above named county. Full particidars rela- tive to this “find” were communicated in March of the following year to the Society of Antiqua- ries ; and the coins themselves at the same time submitted to the inspection of tbe then Director, Taylor Combe, Esq. for the information of that learned Body, by Goddard Johnson, Esq. now' of Norwich, at that period residing at Little Dun- ham. — Mr. Combe, in his official report to the society, says : " The Plotina is perhaps the only denarius of that Empress, with the legend of ara. pvdic., which has been found in England. The coin is not indeed uew ; but it is one of considerable rarity, and has never, 1 believe, been accurately engraved.” — Sec Archaologia, vol. 20, March 15, 1821, whence this account has been drawn up. The only already published engraving of this denarius appears, in Vaillant, Prast. Bum. hupp. (p. 135, Paris edition, 1604, and T. ii. 130, Rome edition, 1743). The reverse in these ex- hibits a square altar, without any figure, or ornament, on its face, and in other respects un- like the type in Mr. Grigson ’s specimen.] ARABIA, one of the largest regions of Asia, between Egypt and India, divided nominally into three parts — Felix, Deserta, and Petraa : bounded by Syria and Mesopotamia on the north ; bv the Persian Gulf on the cast ; by the Ara- bian Gulf or Red Sea on the west ; and by tbe Indian Ocean (Ergthraum Mare), on the south. — “ Arabv the Blest,” the most exten- sive of the three divisions, derived its name from its great fertility. — Arabia the desert, the smallest and northernmost district, was inha- bited by the Idumn-aus, the Moabites, the Mi- dianites, and the Amalekites. It includes "that great aud terrible wilderness,” in which the Israelites held their wandering abode for a pe- riod of forty years after their exodus from Egypt. The Romans appear to have been unacquainted ARAB. with that district. — Arabia the Rocky, which lies centrally, running from north-west to south- east, is towards its northern extremity sterile and scantily populated, but, in approaching the southern portion, plains are found to be fertile and cultivated. The Romans, under Augustus, sent troops into this last-named part of Arabia, but failed in their attempt to make a conquest of it, at that period ; and the Arabs remained un- subdued till the time of Trajan. Spanheim in his annotated translation of the Caesars of Julian (pr. 88), cites and delineates a very rare first brass of Trajan, in the French king’s cabinet, on the reverse of which the bust of a woman is represented, with towers on her head, and two infant children in her arms, which he considers to designate respectively Ara- bia Felix and Arabia Petnea. The legend gives the name and titles of Trajan in Greek , and below' is the word ARABIA in Latin characters; “doubtless (adds Spanheim), to mark the fact, that this emperor, after having subdued the country, had made it a Roman province, as ap- pears from other well-known medals.” — See Arab. Adquisita, &c. ARAB. ADQ. S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO PRIN- CIPI. — A woman standing, with a branch in the right hand, a reed in the left ; at her feet a diminutive camel (on other coins an ostrich.) On a denarius of Trajan. ARAB. ADQVIS. S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. S. C. — Same type — on first and second brass, of the same Emperor. Coins with the above types and inscriptions, bear the date, on their obverse, of Trajan’s fifth consulship, contemporaneous with a. u. c. 858 (a. d. 105.) It was up to that period, from the age of Augustus, who (n.C. 24), by his lieutenant Aelius Gallus, unsuccessfully attempted the con- quest of Arabia, that it remained undisturbed by the Roman Arms. The same enterprize, how- ever, was undertaken with a more fortunate re- sult, bv Trajan, who, according to Eutropius, reduced it to the state of a province. — It appears that A. Cornelius Palma, governor of Syria, was the commander of this expedition. Dion fixes the time: viz. that when the Emperor went out to the second Dacian war. And the Chronicle of Eusebius, as well as the Alexandrine Chronicle, more definitely teaches us, that the Petrcean Arabs and the people of Bostra, computed their sera from the year of Rome 858. The coins in ques- tion, therefore, as records of Arabia Arlquisita, arc ascribed to the above-mentioned year, but without excluding the following one. — That part L 2 ARATRUM. 75 of Arabia, however, which was occupied by the Romans, bore but a small proportion to the im- mense tract of territory above named. It was, in fact, that portion which bordered on Jiuhca, and called Petrcea, as some say, from its princi- pal city Petra. With regard to the figure of an animal at the foot of the personified province, as in the above cut (from a first brass coin in the British Museum), it is evident from coins of the Aemilia and Plautia families, and also from Greek coins in- scribed with the word apaisia, that it is the camel — an animal common in Arabia, and there- fore an appropriate symbol of that region. The ostrich is no less evidently represented on an- other coin of Trajan, bearing the same legend, and is also a bird indigenous to the same country. Tristan conjectures that what the woman holds in her right baud is a branch of frankincense ; and in her left a reed, or sweet cane, called cala- mus odoratus (or aromaticus), both which, ac- cording to ancient writers, were products of Ara- bia. In this opinion, Spanheim concurs, whose instructive remarks on this point deserve perusal by the students of natural history. — See also Eckhel, vi. 420. ARAB. ADIAB . — ( Arabia's, Adiabenicus.) cos. ii. p.p. — Victory marching — appears on a gold coin of Septimius Sevcrus. — akab. adia- benic. Same type, on a denarius of that Em- peror. The above inscriptions serve to record the re- duction of the Arabs once more to the Roman yoke, by the warlike prince on whose coins they occur. In adding a new territory to Arabia, Sevcrus rendered it a province of considerable extent, and thereon founded his pretensions to the surname of Arabicus. So says Ruffus, in his abridged History of the Roman Empire. “ Septimius Sevcrus, acerrimus Iinperator, Arabas interiores obtinuit, et Arabian i Provinciam fecit P In adverting to the titles of Arabicus and Adia- benicus, conferred on Severus, for his successes a.d. 195, and to their introduction also on his coins, Eckhel, (vii. 172) says — “ As far as my information goes, they are found only on coins of the third Tribuneship (tr. p. iii.) but ancient marbles blazon them later and more frequently ; and in one inscription published by Muratori, they are joined with the words imp. iiii.” In reference to the two nations above-named, Spar- tianus affirms, that “ he received the submission of the Arabians, and compelled the Adiabeni to become tributary.” — See part. arab. part, adiab. ARATRUM. The Plough. This w'cll-known implement of agriculture appears on numerous Roman coins, as indicating the fertility and cid- tivatiou of the soil. Ceres being, as the an- cients believed and as Ovid sang, the first qua unco terram demovit aratro, is depicted with the plough and with similar instruments of husbandry. Thus the aratrum Cereris is seen on coins of the Vibia family ; it also occurs over the head of Africa, in the Cacilia and Eppia gentes. The plough was a distinguishing sym. bol of Roman colonies, in allusion to the cere. 7fi ARCADIUS. mony of making therewith the circuit of a city, or settlement, about to be founded, in order that its locality or boundaries might be precisely marked out. Hence we sec on colonial coins, the labourer, or the priest, guiding a plough, drawn by a yoke of oxen. ARBORES. — Trees, peculiar to certain coun- tries, serve on medals as the respective symbols, or insignia, of those countries. For example, the pa/m, of Judsca, Damascus, Tyre, Alexan- dria, and of the Phoenician colonies in Sicily and Spain. The frankincense and the balsam shrubs denoted Arabia. — On coins of the Pom- ponia family we see the fig- tree. — The olive “ inter duos lapidcs Tvri” appears on colonial medals of Gordianus Pius and Valerianus. In like manner, a tree behind the figure of Diana signifies that she is the goddess of forests and groves. Three nymphs changed into larch trees arc exhibited ou a coin of the Accolcia gens. (Sec p. 3.) — For the type of a tree on which hang the spoils of the Nemsean lion — see herc. com- MODIANO. — Two trees are seen on a medal of Vespasian. — And on many coins, chiefly colonial, of the emperors, from Nero to Gallienus, trees form in part, or wholly, the types of their re- verses.— See Rasche, Lex. Num. ARCADIUS (Flavius), son of Theodosius the Great, and of Flacilla, was bom in Spain about a. d. 377 — declared Augustus by his father (a. d. 383), whom he succeeded, as Emperor of the East (395), he abandoning all claims to the em- pire of the West, in favour of his brother Honorius. Arcadius died at Constantinople a. d. 408. Ilimsclf of an equally weak and con- temptible character, his government was quite as disgraceful, and nearly as calamitous, as that of his brother. An odious favourite of his father’s named Rufinus, early exercised an absolute authority over the effeminate person and imbecile mind of Arcadius. - It was under the administration of this avaricious traitor, that the provinces were oppressed with exactions, and laid waste by barbarian invaders. But he met his death (a. d. 395) under horrible circum- stances, in the presence of the emperor, from the troops of Gainas the Goth, whom Stilico, the general of Honorius, had charged with the plan of his destruction. Eutropins and Eudoxia afterwards held divided sway over the indolent and feeble Arcadius ; until the audacious eunuch fell a victim to the revenge of the empress. The unsuccessful revolt of Gainas, whose conspiracy cost him his life (a. d. 401) and Eudoxia’s cruel persecution of the venerable Chrysostom, soon followed by her own decease, form the only re- maining incidents of importance in the dis- astrous annals of this most incapable prince. — ARCHITECTURE. “ In the 31st year of his age, after a reign (if, says Gibbon, we may abuse that word) of thirteen years, three months, and fifteen days, Arcadius expired in the palace of Constantinople.” The name and titles of this Emperor ou his coins (which in every metal, of the ordinary inodidc, are common) always read, D. N. akca- divs. p. F. avg. (very rarely avgvstvs) — his head encircled with a diadem of pearls. — The bust is also seen clothed in the paludamentum. On a medallion of pure gold, and of the largest size, published by Vaillant, from the French cabinet, Arcadius is so represented, holding in his left hand a globe surmounted by the small figure of Victory, extending a wreath towards the Emperor. — On the reverse of this splendid piece, Arcadius is represented full-faced, and julorned with the nimbus, standing with globe in his left hand, and the right hand elevated, in a triumphal car, drawn by six horses. The legend Gloria ROM ANOKVM. lu the field, the mono- gram of Christ. Ou the exergue CO. ob. — See Prast. Impp. Rom. hi. 262. ARCHITECTURE. — The Romans, who are considered to have imbibed from the Etruscans their first notions of the science of building, were in point of taste very inferior to the Greeks. They had however the merit of cultivating, w ith a high degree of success, the ornamental branch of the art, and also of realising plans for publicly useful structures, which were neglected by their more inventive contemporaries. Under the kiugs, especially the last two or three, several works of essential importance to the salubrity and con- venience of their city, such as the cloaca or common sewers, were begun and completed. During the republic, Rome was embellished with many temples, aqueducts, and other buildings, some of them on a large scale. And, at a later period of the commonwealth, Greek architects were employed there, in designing, and direct- ing the progress of, magnificent edifices, both public and private. — Poinpey raised the first Theatre of stone, at Rome, which w as about the same time indebted to Julius Cicsar for some fine specimens of architectural skill. — Under the long aud pacific reign of Augustus, gnat im- provements took place. It was he who built the portico to which was given the name of his sister Octavia; the Fonun Novum, aiul the temple of Mars Ultor ; the basilica in honour of Caius aud Lucius; the temple of Apollo; the splendid mausoleum destined to receive his own ashes ; and the theatre of Marecllus also, were successively reared by his direction. Augustus likewise caused several harbours to be formed in Italy and various other parts of the Roman dominions ; besides restoring the Flaminian way, ami other public roads. — The edifices raised by relatives and friends of this celebrated Prince were, a temple of Hercules Musagctcs, by Mar- cias Philippus [sec MARCIA gens] ; a temple of Diana by L. Cornuficius [see corn vficla gens]; a temple of Saturn, by Munatius Plancus ; the j Atrium Libertatis, by Asinius Pollio [see asinia I gens] ; the temples of Concord, and Castor and [ Pollux, by Tiberius ; aud au amphitheatre by ARCHITECTURE. Statilius Taurus. Agrippa, the son-in-law of Augustus, adorned the city, with new aque- ducts, fountains, basins, baths, and above all with the Pantheon. — After the great conflagra- tion at Rome, Nero, in whose reign it took place, and to whose spirit of incendiarism it has been ascribed, engaged the services of the ablest architects, to rebuild many edifices ; and those of the Grecian School were principally employed in crectiug his golden palace, described as an object of JBpassing richness, both in materials and in decorations. On a first brass of Nero we sen a representation, not unworthy of that beautiful arch, adorned with statues and surmounted by a triumphal quadriga, accompanied with symbols of Victory, which Tacitus affirms to have been de- creed a.u.c. 811 (a.d. 58) to that Emperor, and raised on the mount of the Capitol, in honour of the pretended successes, but real defeats, of Pietus, Nero’s general in Armenia, employed against the Parthians. This was ordered by the Senate whilst the war was still pending; nor, adds the Roman historian (Ann. xv. 18) was the work discontinued when the disastrous event became known. — The chief architectural under- taking of Vespasian, was his truly magnificent Amphitheatre, the first of that kind constructed of stone, but left for the elder and worthier of his sons to finish. — Amongst the works of his suc- cessors were— the triumphal arch of Titus; the naumachia and forum, commenced by Domitian, and finished by Nerva, who himself caused much to be accomplished in the department of aque- ducts. — Trajan’s reign was distinguished by the grandeur and elegance of the structures built under his auspices. Of these the basilica, the forum, the column, and the triumphal arch, that bear his name, were the most remarkable, and they form types on his coins. But of Hadrian it is, on all hands, admitted that no Emperor, more extensively or more muni- ficently than he, devoted attention, authority, and means, to the construction of public build- ings. Not to speak of the restoration and em- bellishment of numerous cities iu the provinces and colonies of the empire, the Mausoleum Ila- driani and the Pons Aelius at Rome, (still extant under the names of the castle and the bridge of St. Angelo, though unrepresented on any coin of genuine antiquity,) together with the ruins of his extra-urban villa, arc works that attest the splen- did triumph of architecture in that prince’s reign. Under Antoninus Pius are to bo noted his tem- ple of Faustina, and also the column of that Em- ARCIIITECTURE. 77 peror. — Marcus Aurelius caused several temples and other public buildings to be erected in Rome, and many more iu the provincial districts of his wide dominions. — After this period, namely that of the Antonines, “ Architecture, (as Millin ob- serves) like the empire, declined. Of tliis we have proof in the triumphal arch of Septimius Severus, yet that prince loved and encouraged the art. Under Alexander Severus, skilful builders — men of genius — met with patronage, and many edifices were constructed or restored. But the science had deteriorated, and the in- creasing troubles of the empire prevented it from regaining any portion of its former purity. At length, when Constantine established the seat of government at Byzantium, and when the hordes of the north poured themselves, in perpetual incursions, over the finest portions of the Roman territories, then architecture, properly so called, became extinct ; and instead of ornamenting and improving cities, nothing was thought of but the construction of fortresses.” Coins, both consular and imperial, have pre- served to us the memory of many public edifices which existed, and some of which still exist, in Rome. — The Basilica Aimilia (see. p. 31) is represented on a denarius of that family. The Macctlum , or market-place, of Augustus, re- built by Nero, forms the reverse of one type of that emperor’s large brass coins, from which the annexed cut is copied. The colosstsum, or am- phitheatre, begun by Vespasian, is figured on a large brass of Titus, and repeated on medals of succeeding emperors (see p. 42). — The Basilica U/pia, the Forum Trajani, and the Colmnna Trajana, appear on gold, silver, and brass of that prince. The temple dedicated to Faustina senior and Antoninus Pius, and the Antonine Pillar are also typified on contemporaneous coins. (See divo pio.) — It is, indeed, through the medium of numismatic monuments that we arc made ac- quainted with the exterior forms of heathen temples; the princes, peoples, and cities of the ancient world, being accustomed frequently to adopt representations of these, their sacred, edifices, as types for their money. — See the words Arcus. Aeries, Basilica, Columna, Forum, Tern- plum, and the woodcuts which respectively illus- trate them. Arcus, the bow, a weapon of the chase, and a symbol of Diana, which as the goddess of hunting, she sometimes holds in her right, at other times in her left hand. This is shewn on coins of the Imperial series, as in Titus, Nerva, Crispina, Trebonianus Gallus, Aeinilianus, Valeriauus, 78 ARCUS. ARCUS TRIUMPIIALIS. Postnmus, Ac. The bow and quiver behind the head of Diana appear on a medal of Antoninus Pius. Arcus Apo/linis. — The bow is frequently one of the insignia of Apollo, whence that deity was called by the poets [see Ovid, i„ i. Metem.~\ Arcitenens. The bow as an attribute of Apollo is seen on coins of M. Aurelius, Gallus, Volusia* nus, Valerianus. Arcus Herculis. — The bow of Hercules, with his club, and arrow, occurs on coins of the Curt ia and Domitia families — also in the hands of the demigod, as in the Poblicia and Antonia families. It appears likewise on Imperial coins, as in Antoninus, L. Verus, Commodus, S. Scvcrus, Aemiliauus, Postumus, Dioclctiauus, Maximia- nus, Val. Scverus. Arcus Triumpha/is. The triumphal arch. — This kind of monument consists of grand por- ticoes, erected at the entrance of cities, or across streets, or upon bridges, and public roads, either to the honour of a conqueror, or in remembrance of some important event. Most of these are charged with inscriptions dedicated to the indi- vidual who had been decreed to deserve the pre- eminently high distinctions of the Roman tri- umph. As an architectural invention — if indeed the appropriation of such isolated objects to the glory of individuals, may be termed an inven- tion — the merit of designing and constructing triumphal arches belongs exclusively to the ge- nius of ancient Rome. The first that were built, in the time of the Republic had, however, nothing of the magnificent or of the decorative about them. And for a long time they exhibited the simple form of the half circle, on the top of which were placed trophies aud the statues of the victorious generals. Afterwards the dimen- sions of these arches were greatly increased; and they were more or less covered with ornaments of every description. The mass of their con- struction formed a square pierced with three ar- cades, which received not only inscriptions but bas reliefs, and which supported equestrian statues, chariots and horses, with other objects of a kind assimilated to the character and design of the memorial itself. The arch of Constantine is the most consi- derable aud the best preserved of all the existing monuments of that kind at Rome. — The arch of Septimus Secerus resembles that of Constan- tine, or rather, it should be said, the latter re- sembles the former. The arch of Titus, much earlier in date, and more historically interesting, is of inferior architectural consideration compared with the two preceding ones. But though the three structures above named arc still to be seen in a more or less satisfactory state of preserva- tion, yet only one of them, namely that of Se- verus, is represented on any coin, whilst on the other hand, the types of many triumphal arches destroyed ages back, appear (like that of Nero above engraved) on genuine products of the Roman mint. Arch of Septimius Secerns. — The annexed cut is eugraved from the cast of a very rare de- narius, obligingly transmitted to the author of this work, in 1851, by Mr. Doubledav, of the British Museum, soon after he had made a purchase of the original for the medal depart- ment of that Institution. Ohv. — sf.vf.rvs PITS. avg. laureatcd head of the Emperor. Rev. — cos. nt. p.p. — Triumphal arch. Arches of Augustus. — A silver coin of Augus- tus, the reverse of which bears the legend L. vinicivs (one of his mouetal triumvirs) has for its type a triumphal arch of a peculiar form. It consists of a grand arcade, tlauked by two columns, which support au entablature, sur- mounted by an attic, on which is inscribed S. p. Q. r. imp. caes. and on the top is the im- perial quadriga. On cither side of the central arch are two square portals of smaller size, with a pediment, and a column at the two ex- tremities, each surmounted by a statue. In Moretl. Thesaur, under the head of the Pomponia family, we see a second eolouial brass struck at Corinth and dedicated to Augustus, on the reverse of which is a most elegant arch, with a large portal in the centre and two smaller ones on each side of it, surmounted by a triumphal quadriga and victories crowning the Emperor. Havercamp considers this to represent the arch erected at Corinth, cither on the occasion of his entry into that city, or on account of the victory at Actium. But amongst other triumphal arches repre- sented on coins of Augustus, the most remark- able, perhaps, as well for its incription as its type, is that which was raised in memory of the victory gained over the Parthians, from whom he received back the military ensigns, which they had captured from Crassus and Mark Antony. The arch has three portals, and on its summit we sec the emperor in a quadriga ; one Parthian presenting to him a standard, and another a legionary eagle — See civmx's. See. a PARTJI1S RECEP. Claudius. — There are both silver and gold coins of Claudius, which exhibit the arch raised to commemorate the victories obtained in Britain, during the reign of Claudius. — See britan. (de) Drusus, senior. — The arch of marble, which the Senate caused to be built in honour of Drusns senior, brother of Tiberius, as conqueror in an expedition against the Germans (in consequence of which he was called germanicvs), is typified on gold and silver coins, bearing the portrait of that hero on their obverse. The same subject is more architecturally displayed with Drusus on horseback, and with trophies surmounting it, on the reverse of a large brass, struck under Clau- dius. Sec NERO CI.AVDIVS DRVSVS, &C. Trajanus. — A large brass of his (a copy of which Mlows this), presents an arch of stately ARCUS TRIUMPIIALIS. proportions, rich in statuary and other orna- ments, surmounted with trophies of Germa- nic arms, and on an attique (inscribed with the three letters, which shew it to have been dedicated to Jupiter — viz. loci Optimo Maximo,) we see the image of the emperor in a triumphal chariot, crowned by two figures of Victory. This decorated structure was erected in honour of Trajan. “ It was probably the vestibulum, or porch of the capitol, mentioned in the panegyric. Pedrusi following Xiphilinus, thinks it stood in the Forum. Aulus Gellius tells us that it was inscribed ex manvbiis. (Smyth, Bes. Cat. 85.) Gatba . — There is on a large brass of Galba an arch formed of a single portal, to which there is an ascent by a flight of five small steps, and on the summit is the figure of the emperor in a quadriga. This, however, as Millin observes, is of the num- ber of those, which ought to be excluded from the class of triumphal arches, properly so called, as may be perceived from the inscription. — See qVADRAGENS. KEMISSAK. Bomitianus . — On a large brass is the arch of that emperor, which he, the most pusillanimous of tyrants, had the effrontery to claim from the Senate, for a victory, which he never obtained, over the Germans and Dacians. It is curiously represented, as formed of two stories, two arched portals occupying the lower one; the whole sur- mounted by two quadriga of elephants, with a triumpher in each, one facing to the right and the other to the left. — Engraved in King’s Plates. ARCUS AUGG. S. C. — A triumphal arch of three portals, decorated on the top with statues. On brass of Caraealla. The period when, and the particular occasion on which, this arcvs avgvstorvm was erected, is shewn by the inscription still remaining on its front. Eckhel (vii. 205) has given the words entire, as received by Barthclemy from the actual copyist. They teach us, that the arch was built in the year of Rome 056 (a. d. 203), ARGENTUM. 79 in honour of Scverus and his sons, after their victories over the Parthians, the Arabs, and the Adiabeni. There is a remarkable circumstance connected with the inscription above alluded to, viz. that the name of Geta following those of Secerus and Caraealla (ex p septimio getae nobilissimo caesari) was erased from the marble (the words P. P. Optimis Fortissimisque Principibus being inserted in their place.) This was done by his inhuman brother’s orders ; as indeed the same name and titles were also re- moved, in obedieuee to the same commands, from all other contemporaneous public edifices aud memorials. In reference to this interesting reverse, Capt. Smyth observes, — “ One of the dupondii, in- scribed arcvs avgg. represents the triumphal arch of Severus, at the foot of the Capitoline hill, exactly as it appears, now that the rubbish is removed in which it was half hidden” (p. 192.) AREA, the field or surface of a coin. ARELATE, a city in Gallia Narbonensis, now called Arles, aud to this day a considerable town in Provence, being the see of an archbishopric. Ausonius calls it Gallula Roma. Pande duplex, Arelate, tuos blanda hospita Portus Gallula Kotna [Open wide, Arelate, thy ports with friendly welcome, thou little Gallicised Rome.] It was one of the six cities, to which the right of coining money was conceded, in the lower empire ; whence coins of Constantine and others have for their mint-mark arl. p. Are- latcnsium Prima, &c. — See Pitiscus and Raschc, who call Arelate a Roman colony ; it is, how- ever, not included, as such, in the respective catalogues of Eckhel or Mionnet. ARETAS, a King of Arabia, who, according to Josephus, gave 300 talents to Scaurus, to withdraw his army from that country. This prince is depicted, on a denarius of the Aemilia gens, kneeling, as if in the act of supplicating peace at the hands of the Romans. — See rex ARETAS. ARGENTEI Romanorum Numi. — Sec Silver coins of the Romans. ARGENTUM, Silver, was a word employed by the Latins to denote money in general, although silver money was not the first intro- duced into Rome (see As.) — “Argentum, Aurum, et Aes, signatum, factum, infectum.” Isidorus cited by Eckhel (vol. v. 41) thus explains the signification of these words, as applied to the three metals — silver, gold, and brass, viz. sig- natum is that which has been coined into money ; factum is tbat which has been converted into vases and images; infectum, that which is in the lump, or as we should now call it, ingots, or bullion. ARGENTEUS, or the silver piece, is the name given to the large denarius of Caraealla and his successors, by the writers of the Augustan History, and in rescripts of the period. It was also called Argenteus Philippus, or the Silver Philip, the word Philip having, during the lower age of the imperial government, become a fami- liar appellation for any coin. The common de- gO ARIADNE, narii now first begin, adds Pinkerton, to be termed minuti, and argentei philippi minuti , , to express their being smaller than the other. I he first argenteus is worth one shilling sterling. — Sec Essay, vol. i. 167- . . AltGUS, the name of the faithful dog ot Ulysses, that alone kucw liis master returning home after twenty years’ absence. [Homer. Odyss. 1. xvii.] A family denarius represents Ulysses, disguised as a mendicant, and his dog in 'the attitude of fawning on him.— See Ma- ” U \RIADNE, or Ariane, is said to have been the daughter of Minos the second, and of Pasiphae ; and°to have become enamoured of 1 hcscus, when that favourite hero of the Athenians arrived in her father’s kingdom of Crete, with other youths to be delivered up to the Minotaur. Fable proceeds to relate that she shewed Theseus the way to vanquish that monster, and that she gave him a ball of thread, by the aid of which he was enabled to find his way out of the labyrinth. 1 he sequel of Ariadne’s s'torv, as generally adopted by poets, artists, and mythologists, is, that she was de- serted in the most faithless and ungrateful man- ner, by Theseus; and had given herself up to despair, when Bacchus came and consoled her in the isle of Naxos. Mionnct authenticates a medallion of Antoni- nus Pius, on the reverse of which appear Bac- chus and Ariadne, in a car drawn by a Satyr and a Panther. [The above is engraved after a cast trom a genuine specimen in the Cabinet de France.— There is another in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna. — On the obverse is a fine portrait of Antoninus. The inscription on the exergue r.M. Til. pot. cos. ii. shews the date of its mintage to be a.d. 139] , t. u Millin, in his Dictionnaire VortaUf delaralile , speaks of a fine medallion of Alexander Sevcrus, in the Museum at Paris, anil which he describes ns representing Bacchus, naked, holding Ariadne, asleep, round' him are three satyrs, whose ges- tures express astonishment, and near him is an old man dressed in a cloak, and leaning on a gtaff _Of this medallion no mention is made cither in Mionnct or in Akerman’s descriptive notices of Roman coins. — Sec Bacchus. ARIES. — See Bam. ARM. Armeniacus All ME. Armenian surnames derived from the conquest of Amieuia by the Romans. ARMENIA. ARMENIA— a region of Asia, now forming part of the Diar Bckir and Kourdistan in the Turkish empire. It was anciently divided into two provinces, Major and Minor . Armenia Major was on the eastern bank of the Euphrates, bounded on the north by Colchis and Ibcna ; on the south by Mesopotamia. Armenia Minor was on the western bank of the Euphrates, bounded on the west by Cappadocia, of which it originally formed part ; on the south by the chain of the Taurus. Armenia, as a country, was distinguished nationally by the bow, quiver of arrows, and oblong mitre in the shape of a hood (a covering for the head, which was com- mon to its inhabitants of both sexes). Lucullus was the first of the Roman generals, who, under the republic, invaded Armenia (b. c. 69). lie vanquished its king, Tigranes II. son-in-law of Mithridatcs Eupator, and took Tigrauocerta its capital (now Sert in Kourdistan). This king afterwards surrendered his crown to Pompey, the _ successor of Lucullus (b. c. 06), and who, after having despoiled him of Mesopotamia, permitted him to reign in Armenia— Tigranes being dead, the Romans became almost the absolute masters of the kingdom— M. Antonius filched its crown from Artavasdes the lawful sovereign, about the year u.c. 720 and 21 (b.c. 33).— Augustus gave a king to it, when at the death of Artaxias it was recepta, or taken into possession, by the Romans, a.u.c. 725 or 20, (b.c. 28.) and suc- ceeding emperors continued to exercise an op- pressive power over its government. At length Trajan united it as a province to the empire ; Antoninus (see REX. armf.NIS datvs.) bestowed a king upon it ; and Armenia remained for ages afterwards the slave of Imperial Rome. ARME. or ARMEN, or ARMENIA CAP.— Crrsar Did Filins, Armenia Capla. Armenia taken or subdued.— This legend appears on a denarius of I.. AquiUius Florus, one of Augus- tus’s monetal triumvirs. The province is per- sonified, under the figure of a female, in a long dress, wearing a tiara, or high cap, in the kneel- ing posture of a suppliant. The inscription Ar- menia recept. &c. occurs on silver of Au- gustus, with upright figure of an Armenian, in the habit of his country, holding a spear and bow.— ARMENIA CAPTA at full length is seen on gold of that Emperor, having for type of reverse a capricorn, globe, and cornucopia;, knot her aureus, with the same words on its re- verse, bears a sphinx. It was struck, on the occasion of a son of Tigranes having been made king of the greater Armenia, by Augustus.— A denarius of the same Emperor has also the epi- graph of Armenia Capta, and for its type the royal tiara, together with a bow, and quiver lull ARMENIA. of arrows, the two latter illustrating what is said of Armenia, by the poet Lucan : — Armeniosque arcus Geticis intendite nervis. [And bend Armenian bows with Getic strength.] Nor must notice he omitted of the elegant re- verse type on a gold coin, which was minted under the same reign, and which, as an accompaniment to Armenia capta, represents a winged Victory holding down a bull by the horns — apt emblem of a conqueror reducing a formidable enemy to subjection by force of arms. — For engravings of these, see Morel/. Thesatir. Impp. Rom. t. ii. tab. xvii. fig. 4 ; aud TAB.xi. figures 23, 25, 26. ARMEnta CAPTa. CAESARS Yiliut.— Ar- menia on her knees lifts up her hands in suppli- cation. On a denarius of Augustus. — Dion and Tacitus (cited by Eckhcl, vi. 98) cursorily men- tion, that Tiberius was, a. u. c. 734 (b. c. 20), sent by Augustus from Syria, on an expedition into Armenia, in order that by defeating Artavasdes, he might confirm the possession of that country to his brother Tigrancs. Velleius is more to the purpose of the coin in question, for he says, “Tiberius entering Armenia with his legions, and reducing it under the power of the Roman people, bestowed its government on Tigrancs. ARMENIA DEVICTA. (M. ANTONI™.) Armenia vanquished or subdued. — A denarius of Mark Antony’s has on its obverse the bare head of the Triumvir, with the tiara, or crown of the Armenian kings behind the neck, and the words antoni. Armenia devicta. — On the reverse is to be read, cleopatrae reginae regvm, PILTORVM regym. (by implication Matri.) The type presents the head of Cleopatra, the liluus before it, in allusion to Antony’s augurship. This very rave coin serves, by what it exhi- bits on both sides of it, to commemorate events which took place in the year of Rome 720 (b. c. 34), confirmatory of the accounts given respecting them by historians. The obverse legend describes Armenia as subdued (devicta) and accordingly a tiara, symbolizing the Armenian monarchy, is placed on that side, behind the portrait of An- tony, who, so far from having, in fair aud open warfare, vanquished Artavasdes, had only suc- ceeded, by a base stratagem, in drawing that unfortunate prince within his power, and then despoiling him of his dominions. The legend of the reverse is pompous in the extreme, though historically correct, calling Cleopatra the Queen of Kings, and (the word matri being understood) the Mother of Kings’ Sons. The testimony of Dion supports the fact, that in a speech to the people of Alexandria, Mark Antony commanded that Cleopatra should be styled Queen of Kings, with right and title to Egypt and Cyprus. It is M ARMENIA. 81 also recorded that, of his own children by Cleo- patra, he bestowed Syria, on Ptolemy, with all the territories bordering on the Hellespont ; on Cleopatra the district of Cyrene ; and on Alex- ander, Armenia and whatever countries lie might subdue beyond the Euphrates. See Cleo- patra. ARMENIAC. — On the reverse of a quinarius of Nero, is this legend, and a figure of Victory walking with garland elevated iu the right hand, and a long palm branch carried on the left shoulder. — Engraved in Vaillant, Prast. Impp. Rom. p. 66, Palis edition, 1694. That this coin was minted iuJhe year of Rome 811 (a. D. 58), there appears to be no doubt; for, in his life of that Emperor, Tacitus informs us that Nero was declared Imperator, on ac- count of great successes in Armenia ; and that statues and arches were erected to his honour, &c. It cannot, however, with the same degree of confidence, be pronounced, whether the word armeniac. stands for the title of Armeniacus, decreed perhaps to Nero, and temporarily as- sumed ; or for Victoria ARMENIAC®. — The former supposition is favoured by similar coins of S. Severus, on the reverse of which are found the words arab. aiiiabenic. (with the type of Victory walking) which are certainly to be ex- plained thus : ARABeV™ ADIABENIC™, it being well known, that Severus had those titles conferred on him. — Poet. Num. Vet. vi. 263. ARMENIA ET MESOPOTAMIA IN PO- TESTATEM P opnli Romani REDACT AE. — In the field S. C. — On first brass of Trajan. The type exhibits the Emperor, attired in mili- tary vestments, with a spear in his right hand and the parazonium (see the word) in his left. He stands in the attitude of a conqueror, having his left foot planted on a vanquished foe. On each side is a river deity reclining on an urn, whence water flows. Armenia is represented by the woman, on whose head is a mitre-formed covering, the national cap of that country; just as on coins of Augustus inscribed Armenia Capta. — Mesopo- tamia is indicated by the two personifications of rivers, as, bounded on one side by the Tigris, and on the other by the Euphrates, it took its name from its situation between those two mighty streams of the East, which almost at their con- fluence fall into the Persian Gulf. — Ovid, when predicting with unsuccessful augury, the victory over the Parthians by Caius Ctcsar, son of Agrippa, and the consequent display of the 82 ARMENIA, symbols of vanquished nations and cities, intro- I duces the following lines, which are singularly descriptive of the type above given : — Hie est Euphrates precinctus arumline frontem, Cui coma dependet cjcrula, Tigris erit. IIos facito Armenios, lime est I)aua;ia Persis, Urbs in Acbaemeniis vallibus ista fuit. [This is Euphrates, with his brow crowned with reeds ; That form, with flowing blue hair, is Tigris ; These suppose Armenians ; this is Dameian Persis ; That, a city in the rallies of Achacmenia.] Of this well-known historical reverse, in which so much design is comprehended within so narrow a space, little further requires to be said, than that the coin itself was struck A. U. c. 869 (a. d. 116), and that it relates to events of that and the preceding y’ear. — Trajan, towards the close of his reign, actuated too much, for his own real glory and his empire’s welfare, by a spirit of aggressive ambition, declared war against the Parthians, whom, after overrunning Syria, Mesopotamia and Armenia, he defeated in every encounter, nominating fresh kings, establishing several governments, and thereby gaining from the Roman Senate the title of Parl/iicus. This fine coin, and two others, form the respective numismatic records of these conquests. — Sec PAKTHIA CAPTA, and REX PARTIIIS DATVS. ARMEN. (ArmeniaJ. TR. P. III. COS. II. &c. — The province personified, seated on the ground, amidst the arms of her country, sup- porting her head with the right hand, her left resting on the prow of a ship. The legend and type appear on a denarius of L. Vcrus, minted a. d. 163. — There is also a brass medallion of the same emperor, the reverse of which has tr. Till. imp. hi. cos. hi. for its legend — the type representing Yerus on horse- back, followed by two soldiers; beneath the horse a prostrate enemy. In the exergue ARMENia. Engraved in Millin, Galerie Mythotogique, t. i. pi. lxxxviii. No. 368 — and in Oisclius, Num. Sel. xix. No. 7. This voluptuous aud indolent prince, without any personal risk or exertion of his own, but solely through the valour of the legions under his brave and able general Statius Priscus, had regained Armenia froqi the occupation of Vologacscs II. King of the Parthians; who had himself ejected Soaemos, a prince sprung from the race of the Arsacidic. On this account the title of Armeniacus, or the Armenian (originally conferred on Nero), was assumed as a cognomen by L. Vcrus, and also by his senior associate in the empire, M. Aurelius. From these coins (says Eckhel, vii. 90) which attribute the title of Armeniacus to Yerus as early as his third tribuneship, we learn that this emperor adopted the appellation sooner than M. Aurelius; for the latter is not called Armeniacus, on coins, till his 18th tribuneship, which cor- responds with the fourth of Yerus. The vessel apparently refers to some uaval victory gained over the Armenians ou the Eupliratcs. The type of Armenia, seated ou the ground, is also seen on the coins of Aurelius. ARN. ASI. “To the best of my knowledge (adds the author of Doctrina) these coins are the only ones which place the titles imp. ii. aud Tribu- nates m. in juxta-position.” Alt MEN IS. To the Armenians. — Sec rex armenis datvs. on coins of Antouiuus Pius aud Lucius Vcrus. ARN. ASI. or ARN. AZI. — There is a brass medallion of Trcbonianus Gallus, which on its reverse exhibits the figure of Apollo with radi- ated head, standing on rocks, raised into the form of a mountain, holding in one hand a large branch of olive or laurel, and in the other a bow unstrung. 1 n the field of this coin is inscribed to the right ARN. and to the left ASI., or as it reads on a second brass of Volusianus arn. azi. — Vaillant, and after him Bauduri, allude to a similar medallion, but neither of them seem to notice the type. Mediobarbus, who appears to follow the author of the catalogue Mas. Theupoh, has, without mentioning the size, classed it amongst the colo- nial medals, as if arn. and asi. were the name of a colony. — Pcrc llardouin in endeavouring to explain it, wanders away, according to his usual manner. — Pelleriu interprets these words as the abbreviated names of two towns in Umbria, namely Arna and Asisum. These were neigh- bours, and at their joint expense caused the figure of Apollo to be raised on an elevated spot, in order that it might be seen afar off, and in- voked by all the people of the surrounding dis- trict, on account of a dreadful pestilence which raged in Italy during the reign of Trcbonianus Gallus, between a. d. 252 and 254. That em- peror had, in consequence, ordered propitiatory sacrifices to be oll'crcd to all the gods, in every province of the empire : and it is easily to be sup- posed that they would above all implore the aid of Apollo, who was partieidarly regarded as the healing and succouring deity, in cases of mala- dies. There arc other medals of the same Em- peror, bearing, on their reverses, the legend a pollin' I salvtari, and having for their type a representation of Apollo, with only this differ- ence, that the health-restorer is placed in the above medallion, on the summit of a rocky hill, and seems to have been colossal. It was, adds Pelleriu, most probably regarded as a monument of sufficient importance to merit being numis- matieally recorded, iu honour of the cities Arna and Asisum, by whose inhabitants it had been jointly erected. These two places exist to this very day, the one under the name of Oivitella d’Arno, and the other uuder that of Assise . — For an engraving of the coin, sec Reeueit, t. iii. p. 52. Eeklicl evidently inclines to treat Pcllerin’s conjecture as iu all probability the right one ; but thinks the question still open, as to whether these coins were struck at Rome, or in the towns themselves. Iu the times of the Emperors there were no monetal offices (or mints) in Italy, out of Rome. “ Now (he adds), had they been struck iu the city I do not believe that the mark s. c. would have been left out, even ou second brass coins. Nevertheless, ensy as it may be to ASCANIUS. moot an opinion adverse to that of so eminent a man as Pellerin, it is very difficult to advance anything better, or of greater validity.”/ (vii. 357). There are coins of Gcta, of a similar de- scription, bearing for legend sta. bov. — Sec the word. ARRIA, gens plcbcia. — A family which, de- scended from Q. Arrius, tribune of the people, produced men serviceable to the republic, but it became still better known under the emperors. Its cognomen is Secundus, on coins, of which it presents seven varieties. Both gold and silver, very rare. The brass pieces are colonial (of Co- rinth) and rare. — The following legend and type appear on gold and silver minted by this family : Obv. — M. aiirivs secvndvs. — Male head, with youthful beard. Rev. — Without legend. A spear between a garland, and an altar lighted. There is another denarius with the same re- verse, and the same family name on the obverse, but with a female head, and above it the letters F. P. R. Much tedious and fruitless disputation has been held by certain inouetal antiquaries, of the elder school, on the question as to who this M. Arrius Secundus was ? With respect to the letters f. i>. r. according to Ilavcrcainp’s opiuion, it signifies Fortuna Populi Romani; but Vaillant reads, Forlitudo Populi Romani; and Patin sug- gests, Fecia/is Populi Romani. Eckhel (vol. v.) is decidedly in favour of the first interpretation, Fortitude not being recognised as a deity by the Romans, whilst they were peculiarly addicted to the worship of Fortune. In the Sicinia family there is a similar female head, round which we read fort. p. r. ARTAVASDES II. King of Armenia, whom Mark Antony took prisoner by stratagem, 34 years before the Christian rera, and led him away captive, with his children, in triumph to Alexandria. Hence, on a coin of Antony’s, we sec a trophy, allusive to the fate of Artavasdes ; and on another, minted under the same Triumvir, appears the oriental Tiara, designed to sym- bolize the event of the Armenian crown falling into the hands of that Roman General. — See ARMENIA DEVICTA. See also M. Antonins. ARTAXIAS, King of Armenia, by whose death the government of that country devolved to the Itomaus under Augustus. — See Armenia. ASCANIUS, son of .Eneas, by Creusa, daughter of Priam, lie was afterwards called Iu/us, allusive to the first down of the beard. (Virg. Ain. r.. i.) Driven from Troy with his father, he after many wanderings, arrived with him in Latiimi. It was in memory of Ascanius that the Trojan Games (Troire Ludi) were celc- M 2 AS. 83 brated at Rome. Of these gymnastic sports he was the reputed founder ( AEneid , L. v.), and the youth of Italy took an exclusive part in them. The stripling who presided on these occasions was called Princeps Juventutis (Chief or Prince of Youth) : whence that title came afterwards to be bestowed on the heirs and Cresars of the em- pire, who are thus designated on a long suc- cession of reverses, in the imperial series of Roman coins. Ascanius was the assumed pro- genitor of the Julia gens, to which Julius Caesar belonged. Accordingly, the images of his father and grandfather (.Eneas and Anchises), together with his own as a little boy, form a group on denarii, struck under Augustus, and on medal- lions of Antoninus Pius. — See Aeneas, pp. 10 and 17. ARUSPICES. — See Haruspices. AS, Assis, and Assarius. — These were the w r ords used by the Romans, in connection with the subject of money, to denominate an integer, or entire quantity of weight (congeries ponderis, as Eckhel expresses it), divided into twelve parts called uncire. And as they commenced their coin- age with brass, so the as was their most ancient money. The synonymes of as or assis wxre libra, libella, and pondo ; the weight of the as money being the same as that of the pound of twelve ounces ; and numerous coins arc extant not ouly of the entire as, but also of the parts into which, for monetary purposes, it was divided. Declining to touch upon numerous details of discussion, contained in the copious pages of controversial antiquaries; and simply referring, for further particulars, to what will be found given in this dictionary, uuder the head of Brass Coinage, it shall here suffice to assume as certain, that money consisting of brass only began to be fabricated at Rome, if not actually under Servius Tullius, at least soon after that king’s death. The principal piece was the as, w'hich constituted the primitive unit of the Roman mint. The earliest kuown specimens of it are of bulky dimensions; but they were nevertheless unquestionably money. That portion of them, however, which, from their form, size, and weight, come under our acceptation of the word coin, must evidently have been introduced at a much later period. — The brass coinage of Rome first established between the years 550 and 555 before the Christian sera, (or to take the computed duration of the reign of Servius Tullius, between 578 and 534 years B. c.), con- sisted, as above stated, of the as, the primary unit, weighing 12 uncire (or ounces), and worth 12 uncire in money. Its multiples and its parts were as follow : — Multiples. Dupondius (two as). Tripondius (three as). Quadrussis (four as). Decussis (ten as). Parts. Semis (half of the as, or six uncire). Quincunx (five uncire). Triens (third of the as, or four uncire). Quadrans (fourth of the as, or three uncire). 84 AS. AS. Sextans (sixth of the as, or two unci®). Uncia (twelfth of the as, or one ounce). The quincussis (five as, or a quinarius) ; the Deunx (eleven uncia:) ; Dcxtans (nine uncia:) ; Bes (eight uncia:) ; Septunx (seven uncia:) ; were monetary fractions, (as M. llenuin observes), which were occasionally used in calculation, but which had no existence as real money. Some of the above-named brass coins, of early Roman fabric, bear marks, and inscriptions, as well as types, from which a system has been formed for fixing their legal values and their denominations. The following is a descriptive list of them, compiled from Eckliel, Mionnet, Akerman, and Ilennin : — Marks and Types on the Roman As, its mci.tipi.es and parts. 1. The Decussis, marked X. has for the type of its obverse, the head of Minerva; on the reverse is the prow of a vessel. 2. The Quadriissis exhibits various types, the most common of which is a bull walking. [These pieces have the form of a long square. The specimens in the British Museum Ci inches by 3£ inches. The heaviest weighs 3 lbs. 1 2 oz. — Sec Akcrman’s Descr. Cat., vol. 1.] 3. The Tripontlius, marked III. bears on one side the head of Minerva ; ou the reverse a ship’s prow. 4. The Dupondius is marked II. [Some of these pieces arc of Italian origiu, and bear the word felatiiri, in retrograde Etruscan character.] The type of the obverse is Mi- uerva’s head, and of the reverse a ship’s prow. 5. The As (primitive monetary' unit). «■////.. AS. Obo. — Head of Janus. Rev . — Prow of a vessel. The mark of this money is the sign | But it is not always found on it. — Such pieces mostly exhibit the word roma on the reverse side, and many of them hear the names of Roman families. G. The Semis, exhibits several types ; the larger sized ones have a hog, a vase, a Pe- gasus, a bull, or a wheel, on the obverse side. m — The smaller sized and later Semis bears the head of Jupiter laurcated. But its dis- tinctive mark is the letter S, or six glo- bules, thus See the word in S. 7. The Quincunx, has generally a cross on each side, the distinctive mark five globules and the letter V. — See the word in Q 8. The Tricns, bears the head of Minerva, and has four globules .... See the word in T. 9. The Quadratic, presents on its obverse the head of Hercules, and three globules . . . [Some of these pieces have for their ob- verse types, a dog, a bull and serpent, with the word roma, a man’s hand, and a strigil.] See the word in Q. 10. The Sextans has the head of Mercury, and its mark is two globules . . * See the word in S. 11. The Uncia, has the mark of a single glo- bule . [Its type is a pentagon, in the centre of which the globule is placed, or a stri- gil, or a spear head.] See U. The reverse type of all the above, except the Quincunx and the Uncia, is the prow of a ship. But it appears that the as, or libra, among the Romans, was the principle, or basis, of calcu- lation ; not only in the matter of weight and of money, but also in measuring liquids, distances, and even in designating the claims of hereditary succession, with regard to those laws which re- gulated testamentary dispositions. (See Eckhel, lie Asse et ejus partibus, v. p. 4, el seq. for examples of each.) Assis diminutio. — It is under this head that the author of Doc/rina numorum veterum has furnished a series of observations and arguments, at once interesting in themselves, and peculiarly valuable to the numismatic student, as the means of arriviug at something like a right un- derstanding, on the chief practical poiuts of the difficult subject in question. Allusion is here had to the second chapter of Eckliel’s treatise on Consular coins (vol v. p. 6, § ii.) wherein he has given the whole of that passage from Pliny, which forms the foundation of whatever is known respecting the diminution of the as, and its parts ; a passage to which reference is always made by such of the learned as apply their atten- tion to this branch of the Roman mint. It is hoped, therefore, that the subjoined attempt to present it in an English dress, will prove not unacceptable to those for whose use and inform- ation the present work is principally designed. It is to be borne in mind, that, at the very earliest period, the Romans used unwrought AS. 85 brass [for money] ; and that it was in the reign of Servius Tullius that brass was first stamped. So that the coined as [as rnonela ] would be of the same weight as the as libralis. But this law- did not continue. IVe arc made acquainted with the fact of its violation, in the following words of Plinv. — (Natural History, l. xxxiii. § 13.) “ The Roman people did not use even silver stamped, before the period when King Pyrrhus was vanquished. The as weighed a libra, whence the present term libella, and dupondius (two libra). Thence also the penalty (or fine) called aes grave (heavy brass). . . . Servius Rex primus signavit as. King Servius first stamped brass. Before him, as Timams relates, the Romans used it in the rough state (rude). It was stamped with the figures of cattle (nota pecudum) from which circumstance it was called pecunia. Silver was coined in the year of the city 485 (b.c. 269), dining the consulship of Q. Fabius, and five years before the first Puuic war. And a denarius passed for ten pounds of brass (decern libris aris) ; a quinarius for five ; a ses- tertius, for tw r o pounds and a half (pro dupondio et semisse). This pound weight of brass (libra pondvs aeris) was, however, diminished during the first Punic war, when the resources of the Commonwealth were inadequate to meet its expenditure; and it w r as decreed that asses should be struck, of the w'eight of two ounces (sex- tantario ponder e). So five parts of it (facta lucri) were thus gained, and the public debt was cancelled. The distinctive type (iota) on brass coins was on one side a double-beaded Janus, on the other the beak of a ship ; on the triens and quadratic, entire vessels. The Quadrans was originally called Teruncius from ires uncia . — Subsequently, when the state was pressed upon by the war with Hannibal, and during the dicta- torship of Q. Fabius Maximus, asses of an ounce weight (unciales) were minted : and a denarius was made exchangeable for sixteen asses, a quinarius for eight, a sestertius for four. Thus a profit of one half was realized by the republic. In military pay, however, a denarius was always given for ten asses. — The types of the silver were Inga and quadriga (chariots drawn by tw r o and four horses respectively) and were therefore called bigati and quadrigati. Soon aftenvards by the Papirian law, half-ounce asses were struck. (Mox, lege Papiriana Semunciales asses facti.)" From these w’ords of Pliny, with whom may be conjoined Vitruvius, Msccianus, and Pom- peius F’estus, it is clearly to be gathered, that the standard of the Roman brass money under- went many changes, even down to the age of the Emperors. And, of the data thus afforded by the celebrated old writer above quoted, Eckhel goes on to present the following analysis : I. The As Libralis, was 12 unci® (or ounces) in weight. This lasted from Servius Tullius, about the a. xj. c. 107 (555 b. c.), as far as the time of the first Punic war, which com- menced in the year of Rome 490 (b. c. 264). — The Denarius, a silver coin, began to be struck five years before this war, and 8G AS. was valued at 10 asses lib rales, whence its name. II. The As Sextantarius was of the weight of two ouuces. This standard began whilst the first Punic war was at its height, and continued till the dictatorship of Q. Fabius Maximus, upon which he entered A. U. c. 537 (b. c. 217, 2nd year 2nd Punic war.) III. The As Uncialis, weighed one ounce; from the dictatorship of Q. Fabius until the in- troduction of the Lex Papiria ; respecting which law, it is not precisely ascertained at what time or by which Papirius it was carried. The word mox, used by Pliny, shews that this form of the as did not last long. From that time the value of the denarius was authoritatively fixed at 16 asses. IV. The As Semiuncialis, or of the half-ounce (undo.). This commenced with the Lex Papiria. Such are the sum and substance of the indi- cations given by Pliny. But there are not a few circumstances which appear to be at variance with them. And these Eckhcl proceeds to point out in the following manner : “ Firstly, they are contradicted by experience itself. For in many museums there arc numer- ous specimens of the as, and those undoubtedly Roman, which weigh 11, 10, and 8 ounces, &c. Also semisses of 5, 4, &e. — And in the same ratio the triens, quadrans, sextans, and uncialis. Hence it is evident that the as could by no means have been (as Pliny appears to assert) re- duced suddenly without any intermediate dimi- nution, to the weight of 2 unci®. “ Secondly, as the commonwealth, on the re- daction of the as to 2 uncite, gained a profit of 5-6ths for the liquidation of the public debt; so, to private individuals, the loss was proportionate. Then came the half of tljs ; when the sextanta- rius was diminished to one uncia. Aud lastly, the half of this again, on the introduction of the scmiuncial as. Therefore he, who, in the year U. c. 490, had 60,000 asses, put out to interest, found himself suddenly reduced to 10,000 ; in forty-seven years afterwards to 5,000 ; and not long after that, by the Papirian law, to 2,500. Now, if as this money decreased in weight, the rich, by the concomitant rise in the price of articles, must have been reduced to poverty, and the poor to utter destitution, could any other result have happened than the entire ruin of the state ? “ Thirdly, since the denarius was worth 10 asses librales, and there were 34 denarii in the libra, (on Pliny’s testimony concurred in by that of Celsus and Scribonius Largus,) it neces- sarily follows, that silver was to brass at that period, as 1 to 840, in value. Now, how much soever we may be inclined to regard the ancient Romans as poor, and deficient in the more precious metals, can such an extreme dispropor- tion between silver and brass be considered pro- bable ? But though to the great majority this opinion must appear repugnant to all truth, yet to many it was matter of belief that the denarius AS. struck at that time when the as libralis was still in use, was of greater weight. [After com- batting with conclusive effect the visionary con- jectures of Savot and others of the elder school of numismatists on this point, Eckhel next ob- serves :] “ Fourthly, the most astonishing fact is this. The denarius, which at first was equivalent to 10 asses librales, or 120 uncia, within a com- paratively few years, was worth 16 semi-uncial asses, or 8 unci®. I do not (adds our author) impugn this last proportion, which indeed docs not exceed the bounds of moderation- -namely that, for a denarius, which was one-seventh of au uncia, were exchanged 8 uncia of brass money. But who cau easily digest the notion, that in so short a space of time, silver, from being the most costly metal, was reduced to such cheapness P” So far the Author of “ Doclrina," on Pliny’s account of the early history of the Roman coinage, aud of the diminution of the as. — Dr. Cardwell in one of his lectures, treating of the same sub- ject, offers remarks, of which the tenor perfectly coincides with the above cited views and rcason- iugs of the great Numismatist of Vienna, as to the doubtful correctness of Pliny’s account. “ But,” adds the Learned Principal of St. Alban’s Hall, “ the strongest objection against the statement of Pliuy still remains. If his account were cor- rect, no as could ever have been minted of a weight between the libralis of the earliest period, and the Sextantarius of the Punic war ; nor, in like manner, any Semissis between the full weight of six onuces, and the reduction to one single ounce; whereas the fact is, that we meet with both these coins, in all the several stages of degradation, proving incontestably that the change was gradual. That such changes were actually made, aud that the common currency of Rome underwent repeated, and at last extreme variations in its standard, is a fact that might certainly be anticipated from the unscientific character of the times, from the demands of a constant state of warfare, and even from the universal prevalence of debt; but this fact is fully established, as to the mode and extent of its operation, not by what we gather from history, but by what is clearly laid before us in a series of coins.” — vi. p. 140. [As to the voluminous opinions which have been founded on the statements of the old writers, by a host of modern ones, as well respecting the real weight of the ancient Roinau libra (or pound) ns with regard to the reductions suc- cessively made in the weight of the as — neither arc they clear enough in themselves, nor arc they sufficiently accordant with each other, nor (what is most important) arc they, with the requisite degree of correspondence, borne out by the coins themselves to which they refer, to furnish a clue by which any positive decision can be arrived at, on those respective points of discussion ; whilst they equally fall short of establishing any well- digested scale, by which to measure those sud- den and extraordinary diminutions in the size and weight of the Roman brass coinage, that AS. Pliny and others affirm to have taken place. If indeed a Froelich declared himself incompetent to the task of disentangling this question from its great ambiguities and difficulties — if even an Eckhel, with all his vigour of industrious re- search, but in the same spirit of modesty in- separable from true genius, has ventured to do little more, in this instance, than to adduce the varying opinions of others, and then “ leave the reader to select that which appears to him most reasonable.” And though last not least entitled to consideration, if, after the acquirements and exertions of such eminent antiquaries as Cardinal Zclada, and other Italian investigators of Uncial coins — men who had such superior advantages for evolving the truth, from the genuine pieces before them — if (we say) after all these ad- vantages and efforts, so comparatively trifling an advance has been made in practical knowledge, on a question which has been most assiduously and obstinately disputed — we may well be ex- cused for dwelling no longer upon it, than whilst summing-up the amount of the information fur- nished to us from the sources above-mentioned. And this cannot perhaps be better done than by here concentrating the remarks of M. Hennin, on this subject : — ] “The notices given by Pliny on the diminution of the as, and of weights, are neither free from the features of improbability, nor are they con- firmed by the data furnished, on a comparison of the weights with the coins themselves. It is difficult indeed to believe that, in so short a space of time, the as should have been reduced from twelve to two ounces. The differences, which must have resulted from such large re- ductions, would have caused too great a destruc- tion of property, to have admitted of such enormous changes. — On the other hand, there exist as, or parts of the as, whose size and weight indicate a still lower reduction than that to the as semi-uncialis : that is to say, a re- duction from the half-ounce to the quarter-ounce as; whence it follows that the as was successively diminished to the forty-eighth part of its original weight. And whatever may have been these successive reductions, the fact remains that there exist as and fractions of the as, of different weights, and which may be classed according to their respective weights.” In conclusion, amidst much that is vague, confused, aud improbable, thus much may be looked upon as matter of fact, devoid altoge- ther of doubt aud uncertainty, viz. — 1. That the AS. 87 first Roman money was of brass. — 2 . That the first unit of the Roman mint was a value named as, which was likewise the unit of weight and measures. — 3. That the first as money existed from the establishment of a coinage at Rome, under Scrvius Tullius, to the first Punic war. — 4 . That five years before that period, namely, a. u. c. 408 (b. c . 269 ), silver money was first struck at Rome. — 5. That, at this epocha, an alteration took place in the monetal unit. The as, which had become of less and less value, ceased to serve the purpose of numbering sums, and the Sestertius took its place as the unit of money. — 6. That the module and weight, and consequently the metallic value of the as, having experienced these successive reductions up to the sera of the imperial government of Rome, brass money then became fixed at a lower value, in the ratio of its weight ; and this value preserved a greater degree of steadiness than it had previously possessed. — See Manuel de Numismatiquc Ancienne, t. i. passim. [It has already been observed, that the as has for its types, on one side the head of Janus, called bifrons, having two faces, with an oblong sign |, placed at the top of the head, as the dis- tinguishing nota, or mark ; and on the other side, the prow of a ship, with a similar note or sign. At the beginning of this article, on the subject of the as, is placed an engraving in wood, to the exact size, from a cast, of which the original is, with others of the same class, in the cabinet of the British Museum. It weighs 8 ozs. 4 dwts. 20 grains, aud measures two inches and a half in diameter. This well preserved and rare specimen of its circular brass coinage is assigned, by numismatic antiquaries, to a very early, though not the ear- liest, period of the Roman mint. Nevertheless, looking to its style of fabric — its free design — its high and bold relief — and particularly to the features of the bifrons, so decidedly analogous as they are with the characteristics of Etruscan art, it seems scarcely possible to avoid associating this noble relic of antiquity with an age of mo- netal workmanship anterior to that of Rome. But then there is the fact to encounter, that even this cast piece of rounded copper, from the die-sinker’s matrix, with all its breadth, thick- ness, and weight, is itself an instance of great diminution from the original as, which from a pound of 12 ounces, gradually dwindled down to the weight of hardly half an ounce ! So un- 88 AS. ASIA. satisfactory, even to repulsiveness, are as yet | the results’ of research and argument, on points | of essential importance, couuectcd with this par- j ticular branch of Roman Numismatics. In the preceding example of the smaller sized as, without the names of families, the word ROMA on the reverse is certainly not required to indi- cate either the place, or the later date, of its mintage. The arc/iaics of Etruria had clearly nothing to do with coins of this description, which are stamped, as to legend and fabric, with the indubitable impress of republican Rome. — This specimen is selected from a plate in Kolb’s Trade Elementaire, (t. i. pi. 1), chiclly on ac- count of the winged thunderbolt accompany- ing the prow, a symbol rarely seen on this class of coins. The two following are proofs of the still fur- ther reduction of the as, audr each is inscribed w ith the name of a Roman family, viz. : — The name of c. fabi. c. f. appears on the re- I verse of this second brass, struck by one (but j there is no clue to ascertain which) of the mem- bers of this most ancient patrician house. — Sec j Fabia gens. Cornelia gens . — A second brass on which wc read cin.e, above the ship’s prow, and roma. j below it. It was Cn. Cornelius Magnus, grand- | sou of Pompeius Magnus, whose name thus ap- i pears under the form of Cina . — Sec Diet, of Greek and Roman Biography, 8fe., 1, 755.] As libra/is . — In reference to this appellation, given by Latin authors, to the most ancient brass money of Rome, and as also indicating a weight of twelve uncim, Eckhcl says, “ Up to the pre- sent time, no Roman as libra/is has ever been discovered ; and of the parts of the as, Passcri cites but one instance of a triens, which weighed four uncut.” As It aliens . — Several cities of Magna Gracia, and of other districts of Italy, adopted in the j earlier times, for their monetary unit, the Roman as : their brass coinage was divided in confor- I mity to that system and bore its marks. To these pieces have been given the name of the Italian as. And the explanations, which relate | to the as, also apply to them. It is to be observed, however, that by the elder school of numismatic antiquaries, sutiicient distinction was not made, between the as minted at Rome, and that of the other Italian cities. More attention was paid to this subject by deeply learned men of a subsequent period ; and the re- sult of their recondite, studies has established the fact, that certain nations of Italy (such as the Yolaterrani, the Tudertcs, the Iguvini, the 11a- drinni,) had each their own coinage of the as ; and that these were of the proper weight, as is shewn by the name of the respective cities in- scribed on their coins. — Livy, in more than one passage, relates, that the inhabitants of Italy, conquered at different periods by the Romans, were despoiled, by the victors, of their brass money. “ Therefore,” says Eckhel, “ we must not reckon amongst the coinage of Rome, all pieces of that kind, which, being without in- scriptions, do not declare the locality in which they were struck. It is the types which furnish the dearest evidence of the Roman die. For the as presents on its obverse a head of Janus ; the semis, of Jupiter; the trims, of Pallas; the quadrant, of Hercules; the sextans, of Mer- cury; the uncia, also of Pallas; whilst all of them exhibit the prow of a vessel on their reverse. — And that these types were peculiar to the Roman coins is proved by the asses, and their constituent parts, which, afterwards diminished in size, bear the names of Roman families, with roma in- scribed near them ; and which continued to be distinguished by the same types on both sides respectively, to the latest period of the Republic. For there are brass coins even of Sextus, which display on one side the head of Janus, and on the other the prow of a vessel.” — The erudite and sagacious author of Dodrina, then goes on to caution his readers against considering, indiscriminately, coins which bear the very name of the Romau people to have been all of Roman fabric, many of them having been ascertained to belong to Panormus (Palermo, in Sicily), Ptcstum (in Southern Italy), and other places. — Moreover there are extant, brass coins of the Clovia, Oppia, and other Roman families, which present every indication of a foreign mint. — If therefore all these are (and they ought to be) excluded, there would re- main but an insignificantly small number of those which form exceptions to the rule, and respecting which any doubt could be enter- tained, as to whether they should be classed amongst the coins of Rome.” Since then (adds Eckhel) " it may be regarded as a rule, failing only in a verv few instances out of a vast num- ber" that those arc Roman coins, which are dis- tinguished by the above-mentioned types, so I should scarcely hesitate to pronounce, that the exceptions belong, in almost every case, to n foreign people, though an unknown one.” For some further notices, incidental to this subject, see Brass coinage of the Romans. ASI. Asia. — Sec com. or comm. asi. Com- munitas Asue. ASIA. — The name given, together with the title of Orient, or the East, as a general term ASIA. by the ancients, to one of the three parts of the world known to them, and which equalled, if not exceeded in extent, the other two. Accord- ing to the old geographers, it was divided from Europe on the west, by the river Tanais (or Don) and by the Euxine and Egcan seas. From Africa, its line of demarcation was the Nile, according to Pliny; the Arabian Gulph according to Ptolemy. Occupying the most fertile and delicious quarter of the habitable globe, its inhabitants have ever been noted for their indolent habits, their luxuri- ous tastes, their voluptuous propensities, their effeminate manners ; in other words, for dispo- sitions and characteristics apparently rendering them fitter to obey than to command. Of Asia, Cicero says, that “ for the productiveness of its soil, the variety of its fruits, the wide extent of its pasturages, and the multitude of its exports, it vastly exceeds all others.” — Tt was from Asia, (both Major and Minor) that luxury, through the medium of the armies of the republic, in- troduced itself into Rome, where it exercised a fatal influence on the morals of the people, as it had done on the discipline of the soldiers. — In the year n. c. 191, Antiochus, king of Syria, declared war against the Romans, who sent against him the consul Glabrio, by whom he was vanquished, near Thermopyke, and driven from Greece. The following year, the consul L. Scipio, brother of Scipio Africanus, also defeated the same monarch at the battle of Magnesia. — This victory put an end to the war, and Scipio enjoyed the honours of a triumph for Antiochus and for Asia. Dut peace was not ratified with Antiochus till the year b. c. 188. — After the death of King Eumenes, his son obtained “ from the generosity of the Roman Senate,” the throne of Syria, and that prince dying a. u. c. 621 (b. c. 133), appointed the Roman people his heirs. But Aristonicus, natural son of Eumenes, shortly afterwards invaded those Asiatic pro- vinces which he claimed as his patrimony, and overcame the consul CraSsus Mneianus, whom he made prisoner, and put to death, b. c. 1 30. Aristonicus, however, was in his turn defeated and captured by the consul Perpenna, whose successor the consul Aqnillius, bv overcoming and slaying Aristonicus, terminated the second Asiatic war. And thus was the Lesser Asia brought into subjection to Rome, and governed by pro-consuls. Of its riches, in Sidla’s time, some idea may be formed from the tax of 20,000 talents which he imposed on it. Mark Antony, in one year of his government there, is said to have acquired an equal sum. ASIA is symbolised on Roman coins by the serpent; (see the cislophori of M. Antonins) also by the ship’s prow, and rudder — the latter “to shew (says Jobert) that it is a country which cannot be ar- rived at from Rome without going by sea” — an odd reason — “curious if true.” — Eckhel alludes to, w ithout discounte- nancing, the French Jesuit’s conjecture ; but at the same time assigns another reason, ASIA. 89 more germane to probability, viz., that the im- perial coins, whose legends refer to Asia, give to her personification maritime attributes, because many of her provinces are situated on the sea coast. — The preceding engraving is from a rare denarius of Hadrian, bearing ASIA for its sole legend of reverse : the type is that of a w-oman clothed in the tunic, standing with her right foot on the prow of a ship, holding in her right hand a garland, and in her left a rudder reversed. By the word Asia thus inscribed, is to be understood, not that great geographical divi- sion of the world, whose general extent has already been noticed ; but Proconsular Asia, through which the Imperial traveller made his tour ; a well established fact, which that prince caused to be recorded, not only on this silver coiu, but also on two first brass, viz. adventvi avg. asiae. s. c. the Emperor togated, and a woman sacrificing ; and restitvtoki asiae s. c. with type of the Emperor raising a female figure with radiated head, holding a sceptre in her left hand. — On another coin (second brass) with same legend, a woman, with bended knee, bears a rudder over her shoulder, and is raised by the emperor, who stands clothed in the toga. Both the first brass are engraved in Haver- camp’s Medaittes de Christine. Spartian informs us, that while journeying through this region, Hadrian erected temples in his own name. And cities also are mentioned, which were so much enlarged by him, that their inhabitants hesitated not to proclaim him their second founder, and to appropriate his name. Amongst these were Cyzicus, Smyrna, Stra- tonica in Carin, and many others. What vast sums of money he expended on the embellish- ment of Smyrna alone, may be gathered from Philostratus. The services conferred by him upon Cyzicus, where a magnificent temple was erected io his honour, and games instituted, are indicated in the coinage of that city, whose in- habitants styled him the thirteenth god. — See Eckhel, vi. 492. Asia Minor. The region so named com- prised the provinces between the Euxine and Mediterranean seas ; consequently it included Bithyuia, Paphlagonia, Pontus, Galatia, Mysia (sec Troas), Lydia, Caria, jEolia, Ionia, Lycia, Patnphilia, Phrygia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, and Lycaonia. — “ The country (observes the late Bishop Butler in his admirable sketch of Ancient and Modern Geography) which we call Asia Minor (a term not. in use among the ancients, who called it simply Asia) is now called Anatolia, or rather Anadoli, from acaroAij, the East.” ASIA RECEPTA. — Victory with expanded wings, and holdiug a crown, stands on a cylin- drical basket between two serpents. — On a quina- rius of Augustus (of which the subjoined cut is N '10 ASIA. an exact copy as to size and type, lrom the original in the British Museum). The mystical cista, or basket, of Bacchus was the symbol of proconsular Asia, which this coin declares to be recepta, that is, taken possession of by Cicsar. All silver coins, which were struck in the same district of Asia, present a similar representation of the cista, and arc for that reason called cistophori. (Sec the word.) Victory is placed on the cista, simply because, in the Roman mint, that figure was the perpetual type of the quinarius. — Augustus received Asia, within the sphere of his dominions when, in the year u. c. 724 (b. c. 30), cither on his expedi- i ion into Egypt, or on his return to Asia, he tarried there, to arrange public affairs, and also wintered in the country, as Dion affirms. It is likewise stated, by Suetonius, that he went to Asia during his fourth consulate, and in his fifth left Samos for Rome. Looking, therefore, to the above epigraph, Asia uecepta, as well as to the title IMlVroforVII. inscribed on the obverse, we come (says Eckhel, vi. 82) pretty near at the age of this coin. Indeed, placing the event recorded, between the years u. c. 724 and 725, it is evi- dent that iii the latter year, when Augustus Cicsar proceeded to his fifth consulate, he was Imperator for the seventh time. This is shown by the famous marble published by Pighius, viz : 8ENATVS POFVLVSQYE ROMANY’S. IMP. CAE- SABI. DIVI IVLI. F. COS. QVINCT. COS. 11ES1G. SEX. IMP. SEPT. REPVBLICA. CONSERVATA. Prom t hese dates it is clear, that this quinarius could not have been minted earlier than the year of Home 724, nor later than 720 (b. C. 28) ; because in the following year Cicsar Octavianus began to use the name of Augustus. — See Boot. Ntnn. vi. 82. ASIA COS. IT. S. C. — A woman, with tnr- reted head, stands with a crown in her extended right hand, and her left hand is placed on an anchor. On a large brass of Antoninus Pius. It would appear that this coin was struck (a.h. 139), in memory of those towns in Asia, which, having been overthrown by an earthquake, were restored by Antoninus — an act of beneficeucc re- corded by Capitoliuus, in his life of that prince. The crown in the right hand of the figure, is considered to represent an durum coronnrium . — And this refers to the circumstance, that the Roman governors of provinces, when they quitted their respective presidencies, demanded of the cities included under their administration | a supply of pure gold, for the ostensible purpose ! ASINIA. of making therewith a crown, to be afterwards consecrated at the shrine of Jupiter Gapitolinus. — See durum Coronarium. AS1AE. — See Civitatibus Asiw Reslitulis. ASIAO. — Asia penes: surname of L. Cornelius Scipio (brother of Scipio Afrieanus), who as the conqueror of Antiochus the Great, and for his Asiatic victories, was so called. — Sec Cornelia. ASINA. — A contorniatc medal of great rarity presents on its obverse d. N. honorivs. p. avg. and a laureated head ; on the reverse is inscribed the word asina, accompanied with the figure of an ass suckling a foal. For an account of the attempts made by learned men to explain this medal— attempts as conflict- ing and inconclusive as the. subject of them is curious and extraordinary — the reader is referred to vol. viii. p. 173, of Boot. Num. I el. Suffice it here to notice, that the coin in question is allowed to be as old as the time of llonorius, during whose reign a great portion of the eon- torniati were struck— that Tanini, of whose collection it once formed a part, decidedly re- garded it as one of a satirical character, and struck by the idolators in contempt of the Chris- tians— that Eckhel, on the contrary, thinks that the legend and type of its reverse may have been one of the symbolical modes of expressing their faith in the Divine Author of their religion, “ signifying something understood by themselves though' hidden from us.” After adverting in support of his opinion to the following contor- niate, published by Victorius, viz. Alexander aud a head covered with lion’s skin, on the obverse ; and x. D. IV. I. H. S. X. P. s. DEI. Finns, aud an ass with head erect suckling a foal, for tho legend and type of its reverse — Eckhel adds, “But I am bestowing too much time upon a single coin, which no public authority will attempt to defend, aud which any one w ill readily lav aside among the herd of pseudo motuta .” 'ASINI CAPUT — a symbol of Dacia.— The head of an ass, on the top of a walking staff, in the hand of a female figure, appears on coins of Trajanus Decius. — See dacia. — dacia felix. An ass, according to Clemens Alcxandrinus, was sacrificed by the Scythians to Apollo. ASINIA, a plebeian, but a consular family. Whether it derived its name from Asians, ns Porcia from Parens, may be questioned. It w as divided into many branches of which two sur- names only are extant on coins, viz. the one Callus, the other Fo/lio— The name of Gulins as a monetary triumvir (thus: c. asinivs gali.vs iiivir. A. a. a. F. F.) is found on large and middle consular brass, with the head, or inscription, or symbol of Augustus. This Asiuius Gulins, tho sou of C. Asinius Pollio, was a man eminent alike in the arts of war and of peace ; and on that account a great favourite of Augustus, lie wrote the history of the civil war between Casar and l’ompcy, and is said to have been the first to have opened his library to the public use at Rome. It was the same Gallus, who served the consulate in the year u. c. 746 (b. C. 8) ; and, what more redounded to his honour, when Tibc- rius divorced himself from \ipsania Agrippina, ASTARTE. daughter of Agrippa, he took her to wife, and by that marriage became the father of a numer- ous progeny. The name of Pollii , 1 appears on a denarius published in Morel's Thesaurus , and in Vaillant’s Pam. Horn, as follows: — Ohv . — l'Oi.Lio. Radiated head of Apollo. Rev. — c. asini. c. N. F. ( Cams Asinius Cnei Filins) Crescent moon and seven stars. For the above types see Lucretia gens. A. SISC. Officina Prima Siscia*. Coin struck in the first mint-office at Siscia, in Pannonia. ASPERGILLUM, or as otherwise called Adspersorium, a sprinkler or holy-water stick, having ends of long horse-hair, which the Ro- mans made use of, to besprinkle those who as- sisted at the sacrifices, aud also to throw the 1 astral water over the altar and the victims. — See Pontifical Instruments. ASPIRATE. — This is wanting in the ortho- graphy of the more ancient Roman coins. Ac- cordingly, we find written without the aspirate (h) the names cilo. — graccvs. — pilippvs. — TAMPILVS. — T1UVMPVS. — YPSAF.VS. — for Cllilo, Gracchus, Philippus, Tamphilus, Triumphus, llypsceus. — See Rasche’s Lexicon. ASSERTOR.— See Hercules. AST A. — licet ica: colonia (Mispania), now Mesa d' Asta, situated on the river lla-tis, ojiposite Gadcs (Cadiz, in Andalusia). Its coins are bilin- gual aud Latin autonomes, in first and second brass. The former exhibit on their obverse asta. and the bare head of a man ; on their re- verse a Celtiberian inscription and a winged sphinx. — The latter have for obverse M. POPLLLI. M. f. Laureated head of Apollo. — Reverse, p. col. asta. he. f. A bull standing. — Sec Mr. Akermau’s “ Ancient Coins of Cities,” &c. p. 22. ASTARTE — called in Scripture “Ashtaroth” — was the favourite goddess of the Sidouians, Tyrians, Philistines, and Syro-Phrcniciaus gene- rally. She appears to have been identical with the Greek Aphrodite, and the Roman Venus Genelrix, being believed by the aucients to be the goddess of generation, as well as of beauty. — By Milton, in his Paradise Regained, a place is assigned to her among the fallen angels : With these in troop Came Astoretli, whom the Phoenicians called Astarte, queen of Heaven, with crescent horns ; To whose bright image nightly by the moon Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs. Among the imperial colonies in the east, the cities of Berytus, Bostra, Sidon, and Tyre, are those in which Astarte was chiefly worshipped ; aud on the respective coins of which she appears. ASTARTE. «1 under the image of a young woman, wearing a tutulatcd, or tuft -like, head dress ; and clothed in a tunic, high in the neck — sometimes (as in the annexed engraving from a Tyrian coin), not reaching hwer than the knees ; sometimes with a longer dress, but with the right knee ex- posed, and the foot planted on a ship’s prow. This object of gross idolatry had a tiue temple at Bostra ; and on a large brass, struck there and dedicated to Julia Mamaea, the idol, as above described, stands within a portico of six columns, holding a cruciform staff in the right hand, and a cornucopiaE in the left. — Of Berytus also she was a great tutelary god- dess ; for which reason Nonnus calls that city “ the habitation of Venus.” — The Tyrians also paid supreme adoration to Astarte, and their city contained a superb temple erected to her honour. The fact that this deity was the Venus of the Tyrians is corroborated by that passage of Cicero 0>1>. iii. Be Nat. Bear.) in which lie affirms, that the goddess, whom the Tyrians worshipped under the name of Astarte, was the Syrian Venus, who was said to have been mar- ried to Adonis. — Josephus records the building of a magnificent temple by Hiram, King of Tyre", in honour of Ashtaroth (Astarte). Coincident with which, we find a second brass of Elaga- balus, exhibiting the goddess, with her usual attributes, standing within a temple. — As the chief local deity of Tyre, she sometimes appears on Roman coins of that colony, standing toge- ther with the figure of Angerona, Goddess of Silence. — The Sidouians, like their Tyrian neigh- bours and rivals, were blind votaries to this “ abomination” of Assyria ; and their city also had a fine temple of Astarte. — Amongst the numerous monetal dedications made by the Ro- man colonists at Sidon, to Elagabalus and the female members of his family, are first and second brass coins, which exhibit the effigy of Astarte standing (see the annexed woodcut) with her right hand placed on a trophy, whilst she carries in her left the hasta crosswise. At her left hand a figure of Victory, placed on a column, presents to her a crown. At her left foot is the conchylium, or shell fish, from whose blood the famous purple was said to have been made. The palm tree is a symbol common to Phoenicia and Palestine. This reverse is repeated on other colonial medals of Tyre and of Sidon, with the addition of _ representing the idol within its temple. In Vaillant’s Colonies are given a coin of Sep- timius Severus, and another of Diadiuneniauus, the former bearing the following legend and type on the reverse, viz. col. af.lia capit. (established by Hadrian on the ruins of Jeru- salem) — On this reverse Astarte, or Venus, holds, in one hand, the head of Scrapis, and in the other the hasta ; her right loot being placed on the crouching figure of a river-god. In the coin dedicated to the youthful son of Macrinus, two winged Victories are added, stand- ing at her feet on each side. — The same learned writer, in describing the w r cll-known type which I accompanies Indutgentia Augg. in Carth. on a 92 ASTRA. denarius of the Emperor Sevcrus, says of Cybele vecta leone cur rente— " This goddess is the Astarte of Carthage.”— See Aelia Capitolina — Bostra — Benjtus — Sidon, and Tyrus, in their respective places. Astarte is also typified on many Greek coins of cities and people. Likewise on some Greek Imperial, struck under Caracalla, Geta, Elaga- balus, Alexander Severus, Gordianus Pius, &c. ASTRA. — Stars, either alone, or with other signs added to them, are exhibited on many family and consular coins. — On a denanus of the Asiuia gens, the radiated head of Apollo (symbolising the Sun), appears on one side, and a crescent moon, surrounded by seven stars, on the other.— Stars appear over the caps of the Dioscuri, whom fable has placed amongst the heavenly host . — Castor and 1 o//u.r were, on this account, worshipped by naviga- tors. — On a denarius of the Rustia family, a star is put before the head of Mars, because the ycai was reckoned to begin with the month Martins, (March) which takes its name from that god.— Stars above a curule chair, indicating the divi- nity of Julius Ctcsar, appear on a silver coin ot the Aelia family— The astrum crinitum, or star with “ tail of fire,” ou the reverse of gold and silver, struck under Augustus, in memory of Julius Cicsar, is regarded as allusive to the great comet, which, appearing soon after the Dicta- tor’s death, was looked ou by the common peo- pic as denotiug his immortality, and translation to the skies.— Of this popular credulity Augustus availed himself to honour his uncle with dcihca- t ion.— (Sec Comet .)— A star is sometimes placed, on coins, above or near the head of Julius Cicsar, “ which (says Eckhel, vi. 11), perhaps indicates the star of Venus, mother of /Eueas, or more likely the year when the calendar was brought, vvrth greater exactness, to the course of the Sun. lhe figure of the crescent moon, also seen near the portrait of the same emperor, is of uncertain signification, unless that likewise has reference to' the corrected year.” (vi. 19.)— A star is found on many coins of Elagabalus, both those struck at Rome and those of colonial fabric. This symbol has reference to the Sun, in whose Syrian worship and priesthood he was initiated before his baneful accession to the empire. A star over a ship’s prow appears on the reverse ol a denarius of Vespasian, with legend of cos. vm. and the same iigure occurs on some coin or other, throughout the greater part of the im perial series. ... Two *81111*9, under which Cupid sits bestriding a dolphin, with the inscription s. p. Q. b. appear on a rare silver coin of Augustus. Seguin un- derstands it to mean, on one side the star of Venus, ou the other the star of Julius, as indi- cating the assumed family origin of the first Cicsar. — Sec Mionnet, i. 105. ASTROLOGICAL and ASTRONOMICAL symbols arc found on Roman coins, as in the Capricorn, double and single, of Augustus and of Vespasian ; the crescent moon and seven stars of Hadrian audof Faustina.— The Greek imperial scries also present several fine medals, which ATHLETiE. have for their reverse types the twelve signs of the Zodiac.— See Capricorn. „ ASTU RES, a people of Spain, subdued by i . Carisius, pro-prietor under Augustus. Their capital was Asturica, now Astorya, m the king- dom of Leou. — Sec Akerinau’s Corns of t itles, &c. p. 65. . ASTURICA. — Vaillant (i« Col. l, p. 10) gives a second brass coin with the obverse legend of Woystvs divi F. and bare head of Augustus, and which presents ou its reverse a colonist ploughing with two oxen, with the legend col. ast. avgvsta, which he renders Colonui Astu- rica Augusta, or colony of the Astures, a terri- tory of Ilispania Tarraeonensis.— Eckhel, how- ever, rccoguises in the abbreviation AST. the name of no colony but Asta of Bietica.— And Mionnet (s. i. 53) says, “cette mcdaillc peut aussi men appartenir it Asta, ou Astapa, ou Astigi, cities lie hi Bieliqtie." . AT1IALARICUS, the grandson of llicodon- cus, ascended the throne of the Goths, _ iu Italy, on the death of bis grandfather, a.d. o-6. He died a.d. 534. lie is styled ou corns (which are rare) d. n. athalaricvs or atalaricvs ; also d. N. atalaricvs rex. On silver qmuani of Justinus and Justiniauus, emperors of the east, his name appears followed by that of rex or rix. — Akerman, Descr. Cat. ii. 396. Banduri (vol. ii. p. 643,) gives a third brass, with JNVICTA ROMA, and the galeated head ot a woman on the obverse, and ou the reverse u. N. athalaricvs — with the type ot that prince, standing, helmcted and paludatcd, face to the left, his right hand resting on a spear, and his left on a shield placed ou the ground. In the field s. c. & X. ATUEXODORUS VABALATIIUS. — Sec VABAI.ATHUS. ATllEN'-E.— Athens, the most celebrated city of Greece, situate iu that part of Achaiu, called Attica. — There is a tctradrachm inscribed cos. ill. with the figure of Minerva standing; with regard to which Vaillant (Pr. ii. 140) is of opinion, that the Athenians struck this coin, in memory of the benefits which Hadrian had liberally bestowed ou their city, in which, ac- cording to Spartiauus, he passed the winter ot the vear of Rome 875 (b. c. 122). ATIlLETzE. — This appellation was given to those who contended for the prizes at public games. And under this name, among the Greeks, were comprised the professors of five different kinds of gymuastics, or bodily exercises, viz. those of tiie race, and of the discus, leaping, wrestling, and pugilism— The Romans, who took the Grecian model generally as the object of their imitation, appropriated the name of Athteta almost exclusively to wrestlers, and to those who fought with their fists : whilst those who practised other feats of streugtli and acti- vity had distinct and peculiar appellations. Spauhcim, m illustrating his translation of c Ciesars of Julian (p. 142), gives the figures the ouwua w* “ 'I" " = , , T l* of two naked wrestlers, or Athlete, holding each other by the arms, as in the act ol •• trying a fall.” They form the type of a com ATT ALUS. 93 ATILIA. struck at Laoilicsca, iu Syria, under Caracalla, ou the occasion of some public games celebrated in that city, with the legend laodicaea, a Roman colony, and which, on another rare coin dedicated to the same emperor, exhibits, in abbreviation, all its titles, viz. COL onia SEP- timia A l relia LAOD iecea, M El' Kop o f is . — Vail- lant furnishes a similar reverse ol Elagabalus. The same author (in Co/. vol. ii. p. 105) makes the two following references to the contests ot the Athletes : — Ou the reverse of an Annia Faustina, colony of Sidon, ceii. sac. peh. oecvme. isela. Certamina, Sacra, Periodonica, Oecumenica, Iselaslica ; within a laurel crown. — On the reverse of a colonial coin, struck at Tyre (col. tyro. metbop.) under Trebouiauus Gallus, are two naked Athletic, standing with a vase between them ; eacli holding in his hands a discus, out of which issues a palm branch. (VaiUant, Col. ii. 217)— Sec Heliopolis and sidon and tyrvs (suis locis). See also sac. cap. OEC. isel. and Victors at Games. — In con- nection with this subject, reference may be made to Circus Maximus — a representation of which is given on a brass medallion of Gordiauus Pius, in which wrestlers and other Athletic appear in the foreground. ATI A, gens plcbeia which writers have divided into two families, whose respective sur- names, as they appear on coins, were Batins and Labienus. The Alii, or Atti take their fabulous origin from the Trojan Atys : Virgil says Alter Atys, genus unde Atti dixere Latiui. Perhaps, says Pitiscus, the poet spake thus, to flatter Augustus, whose mother was of the plebeian stock — a stock so obscure as never to have risen above the pnetorship. — Atius Balias is named on a rare second brass, for an accurate engraving of which see Visconti, Iconographie Romaine, part i. pi. v. fig. 1. Oiv. — M. ativs balbvs. pk. — Bare head of Balbus. Reo. — sard, pater. — Head of a man strangely attired. The above coin shews that Atius Balbus was sent to Sardinia as Prsetor, and that Augustus having already obtained submission to his rule from the Sardinians, this coin was struck with the head of Atius, in acknowledgment of their obligations to him. — “ Its barbarous workman- ship,” adds Eckhel, “savours strongly of Sardinia, always inhospitable to the elegaut arts.” — Sard«j Pater, whom the reverse exhibits, was said to be the son of Hercules, who haying landed on the Sardinian coast, gave his name to that island. — For a coin and some account of a mem- ber of this family bearing its second surname, and who figures historically iu the annals of the later republic, see Laiienus. ATILIA, gens patricia et plebcia. — Ou the coins of this family, one Saranus is commemor- ated. The obverse of the denarius has for legend sar, or saran. and for type a winged and hel- meted head of Pallas. The reverse bears m. atil. and the figures of the Dioscuri on horse- back, with roma at the bottom — or Victory in a biga. — The pieces, in bronze, of this gens, are by the mint -masters of Augustus. — See Dioscuri. ' ATLAS, according to some mythographers, was chief of the Titans that made war against Jupiter, who, to punish, sentenced him to sup- port the heavens. The accouut of him, divested of fable, is that Atlas was a philosopher of royal rank, whose territories lay in north-western Africa, and who, having been accustomed to make astronomical observations on a high mountain of Mauritania, gave his name to it, and also to the ocean (Atlantic), on which it borders. — Vaillaut (Pr. iii. p. 124) gives a brass medallion of Anto- ninus Pius, the epigraph on the reverse of which is tr. pot. xx. cos. mi.; and the type, Jupiter- standing with hasta and fulrnen, an eagle at his feet, aud Atlas bearing a globe ou his shoulders. There is in the French Cabinet another brass medallion, mounted in a large circle, struck under the above-named emperor, the reverse legend of which is the same as that already quoted ; but the type differs from it. Jupiter, in the latter instance, stands before an altar; and this altar is ornamented with a bas-relief, representing Jupiter striking the Titaus with his thunderbolts. On the altar is an eagle with expanded wings. Behind Jupiter is Atlas on his kuees sustaining the globe. — See Jupiter. ATTALUS PlllSCUS, an usurper in the reign of Honorius, first in Italy, afterwards in Gaul. Born of au Ionian family, he was ap- pointed Prefect of Rome. And King Alaric, when he took that city (a. t). 409), proclaimed him emperor. Deprived of that title by the same gothic conqueror who had given it to him, he subsequently resumed it in Gaul, a. d. 410. Taken prisoner in 416, he had his right hand cut off, and was banished by Honorius to the island of Lipari, where he died. On his coius (which are very rare in gold, silver, and small brass) he is styled prjsc (or priscvs) attalvs p. p. avg. — also imp. priscvs attalvs p. f. avg. These pieces were probably minted at Rome. There is a silver medallion with his diademed portrait, of extraordinary size and highest rarity, in the British Museum. Mr. Akerman has given an engraving of this coin, in vol. ii. p. 358 of his Descriptive Catalogue. Vaillaut (Pr. iii. 264) had given a similar one 94 ATYS. AUFIDIA. from the Vatican collection. The legend and type of the reverse are invicta roma aeterna; Itome hclmetcd and palndatcd, sits fronting, in a chair ornamented on each side with lions’ heads ; her right hand holds a vicloriola, her left hand rests on the end of a spear reversed. In the exergue bmps. ATTILA, or AtUa, or Ateula, King of the lhtns, Goths, and Danes, was called the “ dread of the world” — the “ scourge of God.” lie succeeded to the government of these “ North- men,” a. D. 434. After ravaging the provinces of the cast, and compelling the Emperor Theo- dosius the Second to pay him tribute, he re- turned to his own dominions, having triumphed both in the Italian aud in the Illyrian wars. He was contemplating the invasion of Asia and Africa, at the moment when, enslaved by lust and debauchery, he lost his reason, amidst feast- ing and concubinage, aud died of a flow of blood from the nostrils, a. u. c. 1207 (n.c. 454). The pieces attributed to this extraordinary man, inscribed atevla, or ativla, aud also atil. are said by Eckhcl, llcnnin, and others, not to be his, but coins of Gaulish chiefs. ATYS, or Attys. — Except in association with types relating to Cybele, on many Roman as well as Greek coins, it would be scarcely' worth while to notice the worse than absurd myths of Atys ; who, according to one of several stories concerning him, was a handsome young shepherd of Phrygia, of whom the Mother of the Gods (Magna Mater Defiui), became greatly enamoured. She entrusted him with the care of her temple, having made him promise that he would always live in chaste celibacy In violation of this vow, however, he fell in love with the nymph Sangaris, whom Cybele, in her jealous anger, caused to die. And Atys, in the frenzy of his grief, inflicted a nameless injury upon himself. But the goddess, who found this punishment too cruel, as well to her own feel- ings as to those of her beloved, physically re- stored him ; and took him again into her sendee. The act of self-mutilation was, however, after- wards performed by the sacerdotal successors of Atys, as a condition attached to the priesthood of Cybele. On a coutorniate medal of Vespa- sian, engraved in Morel’s Thesaurus , this part of the subject is illustrated. — “ Atys, sive polius Gallus (as the priest of Cybele was called) se ip- sum castrans.” — See Cybele. AV. and O. were indiscriminately used by the Romans, as is instanced in some denarii, whereon we read fostvlvs for favstvlvs. — pi.otivs for PLAVTIVS. AV. Augur. — c. caldvs. imp. av. x. — Cains Cnidus Imperalor, Augur, Decemvir. AV. Augusta — or Augustus. AV. Aurelius.— As AV. COMMODVS AVG. on coins of Commodus. — M. A Xrelius ANTO- NINVS PI\'S AX gust us, on coins of Cnracalla. — A Xrelius S. ALEXAND. AVG. of Scverus Alexander. — AV. ANTONINVS, of Elagabalus. AVCT. PIET, (on silver) and AVCTOR PIETAT. (on first brass) p. m. tb. p. xii. tr. p. viil. cos. v. p. p. — A stolatcd woman standing before an altar, holding a patera in her right hand, and the acerra in her left. Struck about A. D. 184. — See Acerra, p. 4. Commodus, on whose coins this legend ap- pears, may be supposed to have earned the title of Auctor Piet at is, whilst bestowing marked at- tention on religious matters. But in this, as in all other things, he conducted himself like a madman, aud iu a manner derogatory to the majesty of the empire. For, in celebrating the rites of Isis, he shaved his head, and carried the dog-beaded god Anubis, during which cere- mony he wantonly belaboured the heads of the worshippers with the face of the heavy image, lie even attired himself as a sacrifiecr, and with his own hand immolated the victims. Nay, he went on so far as to supply fresh material for the piety of an enslaved and superstitious people, by assuming the titles devs aud HERCVLES, during the year of Rome 914 (a. I). 191). — “ Aeneas is styled by Ovid pietatis idoneus auctor, the true promoter of piety, doubtless on account of his attachment to the gods, and to his father, being in the mouths of all ; therefore fitly (klonee) so styled ; whence, adds Eckhel, you may draw the distinction between that ancient Auctor Pietatis, and the one with whom we are here dealing.” — vol. vii. p. 118. AVCT A KART. — See Sal vis Augg. AVERSA. — The reverse side of a coin. — Sec Reverse. AUFIDIA gens. — That this family was ple- beian is shewn by the t rib uni p/ebis, who were chosen from it. “ Perhaps, says Vaillant, the river Aufidius, celebrated on account of the slaughter of the Romans at Canine, gave the original name to this family which however was not known until about the period of the republic’s decline. Its coins consist of only two varieties, one of these, a rare denarius, has Obv . — rvs. The winged head of Pallas, with XVI. behind it. Re r . — m. avf. Jupiter in a quadriga at full speed — below roma. Vaillant considers ltvs. to be meant for Rus- ticus, as a cognomen of the Aulidia family ; Morel aud Pcrizoni explain it Ruso. Eckhel prefers the former interpretation, because in the most perfect specimen iu the Imperial Cabinet, rvs. ulonc is read, without a vestige of the o, which Morel thought was added. AVG. Augur . — This abbreviation is of fre- quent occurrence on the coius of Mark Antony, ucrompauicd by the augural symbols. AVG. — On gold aud silver coins of Vespasian, included by Eckhel (vi. 320) amongst those which bear testimony to the conquest of Judiva by that Em|icror, and to his triumph on that account, iu the year u. c. 824 (a. d. 71) the AUGURES. abbreviation avo. appears on the reverse, within i a crown of oak leaves, in others of olive, and [ in others inscribed on a shield, surrounded by an olive wreath. This avg. is by some supposed to mean AVG nr. But Eckhel, who refers to one in the Vienna Cabinet, agrees with Licbc (Goth Nam.) in thinking it more probable that, as there is no attribute of the augurship on these coins, the letters avg. in this instance, should be read AX Gusto ; and that the crown, or shield, should be considered to typify the corona , or cl y pats, offered and dedicated to Vespasian, as was customary on such triumphal occasions. AVG. Augurinus — one of the three surnames of the Minucia gens, derived from the augural priesthood. AVG. Augustus — or Augusta. — The usual designation of an Emperor or of an Empress. AVG. Augusta. — The ordinary epithet of Roman colonies derived from Julius Caesar and Augustus, as avg. rvr,. Augusta Julia, or ivl. avg. Julia Augusta, on many of their colonial coins. AVG. Augusta. — Sec concordia avg. — FECVND1TAS AVG. — PIETAS AVG. &C. &C. AVG. Augusti. — See apollo conservator AVGVSTI, &C. AVG. F. or FIL. — Augusti Films, or Filia — son or daughter of the August or Emperor. AV G. D. F. or AVG. DIVI. F. — Augustus Did Films. — Augustus, son of the Divine, i. c. son of Julius Caesar). A\ G. N. Augusti Nepos. Grandson of Au- gustus. — e. g. GERMANICVS CAESAR Tl. F. DIVI. avg. n. — ( Gcrmanicus Ctesar Tiberii Augusti Filins, Divi Augusti Nepos.J. AVG. N. Augusti Nepos. — Great grandchild of Augustus, as in Cains Caligula, c. caesar DIVI. AVG. PEON. AVG. A\ G. N. Augusti Nostri. — Of our Emperor. — Sec Abundantia avg. N. — felix adventvs avg. N. &c. AVGG. Duorum Augus forum, — Two Gs after AV signify two Augusti or Emperors reiguing together. — For examples of GG. sec coins of Scvcrus and Caracalla ; also of Cams and Cari- nus, Oarinus and Numcrianus, Dioclctianus and Maximianus Hercules, Constantins and Maxi- miarms — also Philippus senior and junior, &c. AVGGG. Triurn Augustorum. — Where this abbreviation occurs it indicates that three Au- gusti, or Emperors, reigned together. For ex- amples of this rare reading on Imperial coins see the virtvs avggg. of Carinus quoted by Eckhel, and the victoria avggg. of Valentinianus I. cited by Mionnet. — Vaillant ascribes a virtvs avggg. to Nnmcrian, but is not confirmed by either Eckhel or Mionnet. — See Augusti. AVGV. — Augusta, Augusta, Augustus, or Augusti. AUGURES, Augurs. — This sacerdotal order was so called, because it professed to predict future events by signs anil prodigies. Their discipline and religion were probably of Sabine origin, introduced into Rome at the earliest pe- riod of her foundation, but blcudcd with the AUGURES. 95 Etrurian rite9 and ceremonies of divination. In such high authority and reverence wa 9 this dis- tinct branch of the priesthood held, that the early Romans never conducted anything, either within or beyond the walls of their city, until the auspices had been taken, in the observance of supernatural signs, which were publicly an- nounced, by the Augurs. A mass of fraud and folly more puerile and absurd was never made the subject of scientific organization and of solemn practice. Yet it was this “ vain myste- rious art,” which the Romans dignified with the highest privileges, next to those of the supreme pontificate. And patricians of the first rank — nay Emperors themselves, — deemed it an honour and an advantage to he received into member- ship by the Augural college. This collegium, at its institution, for which the policy of Ro- mulus has the credit, was composed of three Augurs, taken from the three tribes, into which, as we are told, that Prince at first divided the subjects of his infant state. Numa is recorded to have added two more. These five were all patricians, till the year u. c. 454, (b. c. 300) when, by the Lex Ogulnia, it was enacted, that five of the Augurs should be plebeians. Up to this period, the college appears to have exercised the free and independent right of electing its own members. Sulla, when, in a. u. c. 672, (b.c. 82) created perpetual dictator, amongst other new laws and appointments, passed one to in- crease this number to fifteen. The first and oldest of the Augurs was called Magister collegii. They were originally chosen, as the other priests, by the patricians in their comitia curiata. Next, they were allowed to elect themselves. But after the introduction of plebeian members into the college, a somewhat more popular mode of filling up vacancies for a time prevailed. “The priests of the college of Augurs, for a long time arro- gated to themselves the sole privilege of suppli- cating the gods for the health of every individual, and of the whole state, — as if any one could not ask it for himself. Yet nothing was more pro- fitable. Pliny mentions several physicians who were pensioned at about £2000 per annum; and in the reign of Claudius, one Doctor Sterninus coinplaiuing of the smallness of his income, it was doubled for him.” (Capt. Smyth, p. 195.) During the civil wars, the Augurs became ready instruments for furthering the designs of both the contending factions. In the reign of Augus- tus they underwent the same changes as the Pontiffs, namely election by the Plcbs, subject however to the approval or veto of the prince. At length the Emperors reserved to themselves the right of nominating the Augurs, which con- tinued to be exercised until the reign of Theodo- sins the Great (a.d. 379). Christianity being then fully established throughout both divisions of the empire, the augural, in common with every other, order of the heathen priesthood, was by law abolished. But the (ire of this most an- cient and most popular of Roman superstitions, smouldered amidst the ruins of paganism, long after the revenues which supported the augurship had been appropriated to the public treasury. auguration. 96 AUGURATION. — The augural function was to prognosticate good or evil, in observing the flight, the warbling, and the screams of birds; the avidity of fowls in eating, or their refusal to take food; also to note the various phenomena that appear in the heavens. The actual inspec- tion of" slaughtered animals devolved to an in- ferior order called llaruspices [see the word], who reported to the Augurs, whether the en- trails of such animals were in a healthy or an unsound state. As the chief expounders and interpreters of all that related to the ceremonial law and to the regulation of religious observances, the Augurs, under the kings, and afterwards during the early ages of the republic, were con- sulted always on the question ot waging war, and on any other matter of great public import- ance. A 'striking proof of the peculiar consi- deration attached to this order of men, exhibits itself in what is stated respecting its priestly rank, which was not allowed to be taken away from’ any one on whom it had once been con- ferred, iest the secrets of the pagan system should be revealed to the multitude. Pliny the younger calls the augursliip a priesthood (sacer- dotinm), not only of ancient institution and holy character, but also evidently sacred and dis- tinguished, from the fact, that it is never taken away from a person during Ins life time (quod non adimitur vivenli). Accordingly, as we learn from Plutarch, whatever might be the crime committed by an Augur, lie was secure of retainin'* his office for life, lest the pretended mysteries of an idolatrous worship might have become exposed to the ridicule of sensible per- The place for taking the augury lay on an elevated site, generally at a short distance beyond the walls of the city. The officiating priest pro- ceeded to the spot, clothed in a long robe which covered the head like a veil, and reached down to the feet, called Idea or trabea. Then taking in his right hand the lituus, a short wand, j curved at the upper end, he traced upon the ground the tempi um or tabernacnlum. After this he divided the heavens into four parts with I the ’same lituus, marking on the earth, as well as in the air, the four quarters, east, west, north, | and south. The Augur then examined with great 1 attention, what birds appeared ; in what man- i ncr they flew ; and what sounds issued from ; their throats. Those signs which displayed | themselves to the left passed for favourable ones, | au j those which were seen on the right side were pronounced to be of bad augury. In short, the whole was a combination of priestcraft with state policy, invested with extraordinary powers and privileges, and cultivated chiefly to increase the influence of the leading authorities over n credulous and ignorant people. On a denarius of the Corunfina gens, and on coins of Pompey the Great, Julius Cicsar, Mark Antony, Augustus, and others, the figure ol an Augur, and the dignity of the oflicc, nre found represented and designated, not only by the sacerdotal robe and veil, but by the lituus, the praferieulvm, and other symbols; AUGUR. also bv the word itself inscribed at full, or abridged; avgvr. or avo. — A denarius of Q. cassivs, has for the type of its reverse an eagle standing on a thunderbolt, between the lituus and the prtt/ericufum. Jupiter was the tute- lary god of the augural college.— On a silver coin of the Antonia family, the legends and types of which 1 lavcrcamp considers to indicate tiie concord, subsisting when it was struck, be- tween Mark Antony and Lepidus, we sec on one side (as in the annexed cut) M arcus ANTONtw* IMPe* rat or, with a raven, or as Du Clioul describes it “one of the sacred chickens,” relating to the pullispicium, or augury by fowls; the prafericulum aud the lituus, arc symbols of Antony’s augiirship. On the other side is UEPlDw I-l j- erator ; with the apex (or sacerdotal cap), the securis (or sacrificial axe), the stmpulum (or chalice), and the aspergillum (or sprinkler) insignia of the office of Pontifex Maximus, which Lepidus had usurped. AUGUR PONT. MAX. — This designation of two distinct offices, with augural and ponti- fical instruments mingled together, namely, the lituus and the prcefericulum with the aspergi - him, apex, and securis, form the legend and tvpc of denarii of Julius Caisar, struck about A ll. c. 708 (b. c. 46). They serve to shew that the Dictator had at this tune united the title of Augur to that of the chief pontificate and to his other titles. It was after his return from "Egypt and Asia, that Julius caused his name to be inscribed in the college of Augurs, as well as is in the other sacerdotal corporations. The lituus marks the augural office, and the same instrument is sometimes placed on lus coins behind his head. Augurate of Mark Antony.— There arc gold and silver of Mark Antony’s on which the official title, accompanied by the robe and crook, of the augursliip, is conspicuously represented. On the obverse (ns in the annexed rut) we read Marcus V NT ON I VS, Mara Yilius, Mnro N epos, AVGVR. I M Peru/or TER- fium. A male figure, in the trabea, walking, holds the lituus. On the other side is the radiated head of the Sun, surrounded by the abridged inscription of Antony s other titles, viz. Triumvir llei pub- lics ConstituendiT, Consul Designates, Iterum et Tertium. The veiled and robed figure, hold- ing the lituus, represents M. Antony as Augur. AUGUR. Till. P. <>r TRI. POT. — lhis in- scription nppears on the reverse of a silver coin, : minted by Vespasian, with sacerdotal instru- ments for its type. On_ the obverse of the dcunrius, struck A.U.C. 8i’ > (a. d. i-), (-pa-iau calls himself Imperntor, Augustus, and Pontilex Maximus, whilst on the reverse he takes the title of Augur, giving it precedence before the Tribunitia Potestus. This conjunction of the I augural title and symbols with the highest marks AUGUR. of Imperial power, plainly indicates the con- sideration in which the dignity and functions of the former office continued down to this reign, and also that of Titus, to be held by the Ro- mans. On a marble, transcribed from Muratori, Tiberius is not only termed poxt. max. but also AVGVR. XVYIR. S. F. VIIVIR. EPVLONVM; and SO is Caligida, ou his coins, called both poxt. max. and avgvr. — Eckhel, vi. 332. Amongst the denarii struck under the re- public, aud which llavcrcamp, in the Thesaurus of Morel, classes as numi ihcerti (the uncer- tainty beiug as to the particular gens to which they ought respectively to be assigned), there is one, which evidently bears allusion to the earliest traditions of Rome. The coin in question is a well-known one. It has for the type of its obverse the usual head of Pallas, with the mark of the denarius X, aud the word roma below. The reverse, without epigraph, exhibits a helmeted female, seated on a heap of shields, her right hand resting on her knee, whilst the left hand is supponed by a spear. Ou each side of the figure is a bird dying towards her : at her feet is the common symbol of the wolf suckling the twins. Here then we have before us, the personified genius of the Roman people, or the representa- tion of deified Rome herself. She is seated ou bucklers — it may perhaps be supposed — on those sacred bucklers (see Aneilia, p. 45), in the pos- session and custody of which, as of a heaven- descended gift, that people had gone forth from conquest to conquest. The genius, or goddess, is looking downwards, as if absorbed in reflection upon the rise of “ the eternal city,” from a hum- ble origin, uuder its marvellously nurtured first king, to the palmy state of extended power and dominion, at which it had arrived as a consular common-wealth. The two birds were doubtless meant to adumbrate that part of the ancient legend, which describes the two intrepid brothers, become no longer mere leaders of pastoral com- rades, but the acknowledged scions of royalty, and fierce rivals, the one against the other, for civic honours, and for supremacy of power. It was agreed that the question at issue between them, namely, where the city should be built, and after whose name it should be called as that of its founder, should be decided by augury. Remus was the first to sec vultures, six in number. Romulus soon afterwards saw twelve. Each claimed the augury in his own favour. The sequel of the story requires not to be related in this place. Considering the conspicuous part performed by those invested with the augural office, both during the time of the republic, and under the earlier succession of emperors, it seems calculated to excite surprise, that so few even of the family coins of the Romans exhibit any allusions to Augury, aud that after the reigns of, what are called, the Twelve Cmsars (on whose mintages the symbols and name of an Augur but seldom O AVGVSTA. 97 appear), neither legends nor types bear any re- ference to the institution or to its priesthood. AUGUR NAVIUS.— See xavius. AVGVST. — Augusta or Angusti. AVGVSTA. This epithet is of frequent occurrence on Roman coins of the Imperial series. It w T as a title decreed to the wives of Emperors ; the quality of Augusta, as regarded the first empresses, being indeed the only dis- tinctive appellation, which served (as it were) to consecrate their rank. These princesses, how- ever, though declared Augusta, were not ou that account less subject to the laws which governed private individuals. Nor does it seem that they were admitted to the privilege of hav- ing their title and effigy borne on coins, except by degrees and under certain restrictions. At the commencement, these honours were dedi- cated to them only on coins struck in the pro- vinces. Afterwards, when their portraits were engraved ou those actually minted at Rome, it was done under the personifications, or symbols, of certain divinities, or of certain deified virtues. But the custom, once introduced by Augustus, perpetuated itself ; and almost all his successors caused, or at least permitted, the likenesses of their wives (and occasionally other near relations, as well female as male), to be placed on a por- tion of their coinage. Accordingly, when not found on Roman coins, properly so called, they are usually seen on those of some provincial city of the empire. — “ These medals of empresses, however (as the author of Lemons Numismatiques observes), are generally less abundant than those of the princes w r ho really held the sceptre. And although for that reason much sought after by the curious, and also on account of their gene- alogical reference to imperial families, if the ex- pression may be allowed ; yet they are, for the most part, less interesting in point of chronology and of connection with national events, which they seldom trace in the same striking mauner as do the coins of the emperors themselves.” — This remark equally applies to medals struck in honour of young princes ( Casares) who did not reign. Pliny calls avgvsta the marriage name (l. xv. c. 30). And therein he is borne out by suc- cessive examples in the mintage of Imperial Rome. Thus on a gold coin, struck under Domitian, his wife is styled domitia avgvsta nip. domit. (by implication uxor). — Faustina senior, wife of Antoninus Pius, is called favstina avgvsta, and favstixa avg. antoxini avg. (by implication uxor). In like manner also, on coins of the youuger Faustina, wife of M. Aure- lius, we read favstina avgvsta avg. antonini pii. fil. (Daughter of Antonine). — Livia, wife of Augustus, exchanging the name of Livia for that of Julia, on her adoption into that family, is styled on coins struck after her husband’s death, IVLIA AVGVSTA — AVGVSTA MATER PATRIAE — and after her death, diva ivlia avgvsta. — Lucilla, the wife of L. Veras, is designated on her medals as lvcii.la avgvsta, or lvcilla avg. m. antonini avg. f. (Daughter of M. Aurelius). — Messalina was not distinguished by this imperial 98 AUGUSTS. title, till a late period of her infamous career, as the wife of Claudius. Indeed, according to Dion, that Emperor refused to allow her such an ho- nour ; hut the Senate granted it, perhaps after the Britannic expedition. Some Greek medals, struck in Egypt exhibit, around her portrait, Valeria Messalina Augusta. And on some Latin colonial coins (for there were none of hers minted at Rome), she is called Valeria messa- i.i.vv avg. — Sabina, wife of Hadrian, is entitled, on her coins, sabina avgvsta imp. hadkiani avg. (by implication uxor). There are four imperial matrons of the lower empire, each of whom on her coins is denominated avgvsta. Yet ancient historians have made no mention of them. These are : Barhia Orbiana, third wife of Alexander Severus; Cornelia Supera, wife of iEmilianus ; Sevcrina, wife of Aurelianus ; and Magnia Orbica, wife of Carinus. And it is only by the subsequent researches, discoveries, and assignments of khcll, Eckhcl, and other eminently learned and saga- cious numismatists, that the respective husbands of the ladies in question have become known at this period of time. The title of Augusta was conferred, not only on the wives of emperors, and of the Caesars, hut also on their mothers, grand-mothers, sisters, daughters, grand-daughters, and other female relations. For example : Antonia, grand- mother of Caligula ; Julia Miesa, grand-mother of Elagabalus ; Julia Soaemias, mother of the same emperor ; Julia Mamma, mother of Alex- ander Severus; have on Roman coins the append- age of Augusta inscribed after their names. — The same honour was bestowed, though it hut seldom occurs, on the daughters of emperors, simply as such — in proof of which see the instance of Julia Titi, daughter of Titus, and of Didia Clara, daughter of Didius Julianus. With respect to sisters of emperors, and other women of Augus- tal rank, but not married either to reigning princes or to heirs of those princes, we find (to say nothing of the revolting example of Drusilla and Julia, sisters of Caligula), the graceful com- pliment paid to Marciana, sister of Trajan, and to her daughter Matidia, consequently niece to that emperor, each decorated on their coins with the surname of Augusta. The Augusta or empresses and other princesses of the Roman empire (says Mangeart), manifested no less ambition than the potentates whom they espoused, or were related to. At first they had hut one name, to which they soon added a pre- nomcn and a cognomen, united with titles as vain as they were ostentatious. In the flatter- ing assumption, that they resembled the god- desses, as the emperors did the gods, they wished to hold the same super-human rauk ; and there- fore caused themselves to be portrayed like the images of those female divinities, whom they themselves respectively held in peculiar venera- tion. Accordingly after a time, we find them on their medals borrowing their very names and titles — their attributes, symbols, and statuary' forms. One empress called herself Ceres ; an- other Diana. This Augusta took the name of AUGUSTS. Juno; that of Lima Lucifera. But not content with having robbed those goddesses of their appellations and qualities, some of the Roman princesses, such as the Faustinas, Crispina, Lueilla, Julia Domna, &c. elevated themselves at once into divinities, as is shewn by the legends on their coins, viz. Dea, Diva, Mater Deiim, Genetrix Orbis, Ceres Frugifcra ; Diana Augusta, Juno Regina. To some of them these titles were given during their life-time; to others after their death. There are, however, not a few who were honouAd with these recognitions of divinity both while living and when dead. — (See Introduction a la Science des Medailles, p. 534 et seq.) Augusta, who were the wives of emperors (as will have been seen from preceding observa- tions) are neither on their own coins nor on those of their husbands, ever called uxores, but always avg. or avgvstae. It is, therefore, from the title bestowed upon them in the im- perial medals, that a valid argument may be drawn as to the fact of their having shared the augustal bed. Vaillant (Pr. t. ii. 235), in alluding to the silver coin of Julia Domna, on which that ambitious woman is exhibited with the epigraph, and under the image, of Juno, observes, “ that in order to surround the persons of empresses, with greater dignity and reverence, it had become the custom to assimilate them with the forms and attributes of goddesses, and to present them in their names to the people.” — Empresses, in analogy with the examples of their cousorts, were called Moires Palria (mothers of the coun- try), Metres Senatus (mothers of the Senate), &c. On colonial coins the countenances of the Augusta were, out of adulation, often repre- sented, as Genii Urbium, apparently to indicate that such colonies held their cities uuder the protection and patronage of those empresses. Augusta had also the privilege of having their consecrated imngcs carried in the carpenta (or covered chariots) on those public occasions, when the statues of the emperors werg conveyed in the thensa, or cars of state. — The inscriptions of pietas, pvdiciti a, virtvs, &c. followed by avg. are often seen on the coins of Augusta, accompanied by appropriate types. “ Thus there is scarcely' a female of the Augustal house, who, though she might not possess a true claim to character for being a pious, modest, and good woman, yet failed to make an I ostentation of her piety, chastity, and virtue. For this cause it was a favourite practice with them to have the figure of Vesta engraved on their coins, under whose image, ns under the peculiar type of chastity, they thought fit to be represented before the public.” The scries of Augusta, whose names and por- traits are found on Roman coins (though not of every metal), from the reign of Augustus, who died 14 years after the birth of our Saviour, to Basiliscus, brother-in-law of Leo 1. who rcigued a. I). 476, is as follows; — Livia, wife of Augustus. Born 57 years before Christ ; died A. D. 29. AUGUST.®. Antonia, wife of Drusus senior. Born 39 years before Christ; died a.d. 38. Agrippina senior, wife of Gcrmanicus. Born 15 rears before Christ ; died a. d. 33. Messalina, third wife of Claudius. Died a. D. 48. Agrippina junior, fourth wife of Claudius, sister of Caligula. Born a. d. 16; died a. d. 50. Octavia, first wife of Nero. Died a. d. 62. I’oppica, second wife of Nero. Died a. d. 62. Flavia Domitilia, wife of Vespasian. Died a. t). 68, the year previous to her husband’s accession to the empire. Julia, daughter of Titus. Died in the reign of Domitian, viz. between a. d. 81 and 96. Domitia, wife of Domitian. Died in the reign of Antoninus Pius, viz. about a.d. 140. Plotina, wife of Trajan. Died a. d. 129. Marciana, sister of Trajan. Died about a.d. 114. Matidia, daughter of Marciana. Died in the reign of Antoninus. Sabina, wife of Hadrian. Died a. d. 137. Faustina senior, wife of Antoninus Pius. — Born a. d. 105 ; died 141. Faustina junior, wife and cousin german of M. Aurelius. Died A. D. 175. Luciila, daughter of M. Aurelius, and wife of L. Veras. Born a.d. 147 ; died about 183. Crispins, wife of Commodus. Died a. d. 183. Manlia Scantilla, wife of Didius Juliauus, Emperor in a. d. 193. Didia Clara, daughter of Didius Julianus aud of Scantilla. Born A.D. 153. Jidia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus. — Died a. d. 21 7. Plautilla (Fulvia), wife of Caracalla. Died a. d. 212. J ulia Paula, first wife of Elagabalus, to whom she was married about a. d. 219. Julia Aquilia Severn, vestal, second wife of Elagabalus ; survived her infamous husband, who was slain a. d. 222. Aunia Faustina, third wife of Elagabalus. Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus. Died a. d. 222. Julia M:csa, sister of Julia Domna, grand- mother of Elagabalus. Died a. d. 223. Julia Mamma, daughter of Mmsa, sister of Soaemias, and mother of Alexander Severus. — Died a. d. 235. Orbiana (Salustia Barbia), third wife of Alex- ander Severus, a. d. 226. Known only by her coins. Paulina, wife of Maximinus, who reigned a. d. 235 to 238. Known only by her coins. Tranquillina (Furia Sabina), third wife of Goriliauus Pius ; survived her husband, who died a. d. 244. Marcia Otacilia Severa, wife of Philip senior, survived her husband, who died A. D. 249. Herennia Etruscilla, known only by her coins and an inscription, was the wife of Trajanus Decius, who died a. d. 251. Cornelia Supera, wife of Aemiliauus, who usurped the purple a. d. 253. Known only by her coins. O 2 AVGVSTA. 99 Mariniaua, supposed second wife of Valcri- anus senior, who was proclaimed Emperor a. d. 253. Salonina, wife of Gallienus. Died a. d. 268. Severina, wife of Aurelianus, Emperor a. d. 270. Magnia Urbica, wife of Carinus, Emperor a. D. 283. Known only by her coins. Helena, first wife of Constautius Chlorus. — Boru a. D. 248 ; divorced by her husband ; died 328. Theodora, second wife of Chlorus, married to that prince a. d. 292. Valeria (Galcria), second wife of Maxitnianus. Died a. D. 315. Fausta, wife of Constantine the Great. Died A. d. 326. Fausta, married to Constantius II. between a. d. 335 and 250. Helena, supposed wife of Crispus Cmsar, a.d. 317, son of Constantine the Great. Helena, wife of Julianus II. Died a. d. 360. Flaceilla, wife of Theodosius the Great. Died a.d. 388. Galla Placidia, wife of Constantius III. — Died a. d. 450. Aelia Eudoxia, or Eudocia, wife of Theodo- sius the younger. Born a. d. 393; died 460. Licinia Eudoxia, wife of Valeutinian III. — Born a. d. 423. Ilonoria, sister of Valeutinian III. Born A. d. 417. Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II. wife of Marcianus. Born a.d. 399; Augusta 414; died 453. Verina, wife of Leo I. Died a. d. 484. Euphemia, wife of Anthemius, Emperor in a. d. 467. Aelia, wife of Basiliscus, brother in law of Leo I. Died a. d. 477, the year after the de- thronement of Romulus Augustus by Odoacer, which put an end to the Roman empire in the west. [The above are further noticed under their respective heads.] AVGVSTA. S. C. — This legend appears on a large brass of Faustina senior, struck after her death (a.d. 141). The obverse bears the legend diva favstina, with her portrait. — The re- verse (as in the above cut), has for its type the deceased empress standing, under the figure and with the attributes of Ceres, namely : holding a torch, and ears of corn. — The same epigraph is repeated on the coins of Faustina 100 AVGVSTA. senior, in every metal and size, and with types of this and other goddesses, with whom the j flattery of the old superstition, ministering to ! a husband’s fond weakness, was wont to assimi- ] late the unworthy consort of Antoninus Pius. AVGVSTA, S. C. — This legend appears on the reverse of a large brass of Galba, having for its type a veiled woman seated, with patera and hast a pura. Galba had received many favours from Livia August!, for which reason, accord- ing to Havercarap, he decorated the sitting statue of Livia. — The coin minted a. d. 68 ; is engraved in Slorell. Thesaur. Imp. Rom. AVGVSTA. — This epithet was applied to a colony, whose settlers had originally been sent thither by Augustus. That prince founded a great many colonies, both in and beyond Italy — plebeian or civil colonics, so long as he only shared the empire with his colleagues in the triumvirate ; but afterwards military colonies, when, Pompey the sou being driven from Sicily, Lepidus retiring into private life, Mark Antony dead, the wars in Spain, Dalmatia, and Gennany finished, he sent legions of veteran soldiers to occupy them. — Accordingly we fiud the muni- cipium Bilbilis, in Ilispania Tarraconcnsis, called after its founder Augustus, nv. avgvsta bilbil. or mv. avg. bilbilis. In the same province of Spain, the colony of caesaravgvsta, or c. ca. avgvsta ; and that of Llici designated on its coins c. I. il. a. Colonia Immunis llici Augusta. In like manner, col. avgvsta emerita, or avgvsta emerita, in Lusitania ; and col. avg. p ATHENS, or c. a. a. P. Colonia Aroc Augusta Patrcnsis, &c. But when ivl. avg. Julia and Augusta, occur as a joint name, it shews that the foundation of those colonies was the ori- ginal act of Julius Cresar, but that they were re-established by Augustus with fresh supplies of Roman settlers. As c. ivl. avg. d. Colonia Julia Augusta Dertosa. — See Colonia. — Refer also to “ Aucicnt Coins of Cities and Princes,” by J. Y. Akcnnan, F. and Sec. S. A. AVGVSTAE PACI. — On a denarius of Titus, with Victory walking, and at the bottom epue. in monogram. It is, says Khell (Suppt. 39), very unusual thus to see the symbol of Victory joiued to the above legend. The epigraph of Pax Augusti (the Peace of the Emperor), is of frequent oc- currence ; but that of Augusta Foci (to August Peace), one reads on no other coin. Perhaps, it relates to the statue of Victory dedicated by Titus, in the temple of Peace, which his father built. — See paci avovstae. AVGVSTA MARCIANA. — See Marciana. AVG. or AVGVST. IN PACE. — A woman sitting, with olive branch and transversed hast a. On silver and small brass of Salonina. — See Vaillant, Bauduri, Miounct, and Akerman. Although this epigraph, says Eckhel, is un- usual, I am not disposed to join with Vaillant in affirming that these coins of Salonina were struck by some usurper, to cast a slight on that empress — in the same way as another coin, in- scribed vbiqve pax, is considered to have been designed to ridicule Gnllienus. For whereas the AVGVSTA. coin of Gallieuus is rarissimus, that in question of Salonina is common. And it is quite possible for this legend of avgvsta in pace to admit of an interpretation not injurious to the honour of the wife of Gallieuus. (vol. vii. 418.) — Capt. Smyth in still stronger and more decided terms scouts the absurd idea of this being a satyrical legend. AVGVSTA MATER PATRIAE.— A woman veiled, seated with patera in her right hand, and the hast a in her left. Engraved in Morell. Thus. This legend and type appear on a first brass, bearing the laurelled head of Augustus on its obverse (with imp. caes. avg), and which, although the name of the colony is not recorded, must evidently be of colonial fabric (probably Spanish), and not, as Vaillant and Morel have thought, of Roman mintage. On this coiu Livia (afterwards named Julia, second w ile of Au- gustus) is called Augusta Mater Fatria. Now, we learn from Diou Cassius, that the Senate had decreed the above adulatory title, together with the still more impiously fulsome one of Genetrix orhis, to this abandoned princess. But, accord- ing to Suetonius, her son Tiberius, from hatred to his family rather than from a better sense of propriety, refused his permission that she should be so named, or that she should be the object of any extraordinary public honour whatever. The titles however which Tiberius affected to deny bis mother at Rome, he connived at being awarded her in the provinces ; and this coin forms an example of the inconsistency — although the probability is, that it was not struck, even extra urbem, until after the death of Augustus. — The figure of the veiled woman, seated with patera and hast a, Eckhel shews to represent Livia in this instance under the form of Vesta, as on other coins she appears in the similitude of the Goddess Pietas. There is auothcr first brass, given in Mus. Theupoli, with a similar reverse legend and type, but which bears on its obverse the image and superscription, not of Augustus, but of Tiberius himself. AVGVSTA EMERITA. — See Emerita. Augustarum Capitis Cultus. — The following remarks in refercucc to the head-dresses of the Roman Empresses, as represented on coins, are from vol. viii. p. 364 of Doclrina Num. ret. “ At the commencement of the empire, when as yet it would appear not to have been the usage to strike money with the names of women, it pleased the authorities to exhibit them, re- spectively under the figures of Vesta, Pietas, Justitia, Sal us, Ceres, &c. It is in this way, that we sec Livia Augusti, Antonia Drusi, Agrippina Claudii, personifying these divinities. This liberty is much more indulged on medals of foreign die, as may be seen on those of each of the above princesses. During a subsequent period, however, when the Flavin family occu- pied the imperial throne, and when monetary honours began to be fully extended to females of Augustal rank, the mint-masters returned to the representation of the human figure ; and prin- cesses arc portrayed on coins, not with any indication of power or authority, but in the AUGUSTUS. head-dress usually worn by ladies of their time, and which, as is the case in our own day, was open to the change and caprice of fashion, and susceptible of an infinite variety of form.” On their consecration medals, the heads of the Augusta are covered with a veil : examples of which appear in both the Faustina? ; also in Domna, Mmsa, Paulina, Mariniana. On coins of Roman die. Domua was the first whose head (placed over a crescent moon), was joined to the radiated head of Severus, her husband, as seen in the mint of that emperor (in the year u. c. 955 a. d. 202). The same custom was contiuued to the reign of Diocletian, and thence downwards to a much lower period of the empire. Augustalia, holidays instituted by the Senate and People, to celebrate the return of Augustus to Rome. — See FORT««ear, in brief explanation of what is meant by autonomous mintages. For the word is perpe- AXIA. ANTHYLLUS. 117 tually used by Mionnet and others ; and there are Latin as well as Greek autonomrs~\ AUTRON1A. A consular family, but of uncertain order. It has only one coin ascribed to it — (silver, rare) having the head of Pallas, and the mark of the denarius on the obverse. On the reverse is avtro in monogram, meaning Autronius, with the type of the Dioscuri on horseback ; below roma. AUTUMNUS. — On a brass medallion of Corn- modus inscribed felicitas temporvm, and also on gold and silver coins of Caracalla and Geta, with legend of FELICIA temfora, Autumn, in the group of the four seasons, is typified by the figure of a naked boy, carrying in his right hand a hare, and in his left a basket filled with fruit. — In Captain Smyth’s Descriptive Catalogue, Autumn in this group on a first brass of Com- modus, is described as “ displaying a eg at hits for wine in one hand, and placing his other upon a hound.” — (p. 163.) A. X. — Augur, Decemvir. C. CALDVS, IMP. a. x. Caius Caldus, Imperator, Augur, Decemvir. AXIA or AXSIA, gens plebeia. — Received the surname of Naso Appianus, because the first of the name had a large nose. In its coins there are eight varieties. The silver common. The pieces in brass are As, or parts of the As . — Eckhel gives the following denarius of this family : — q ] )0 naso. s. c. A female head covered with a helmet, which is adorned with two small sprigs of laurel or palm. In the field of the coin are arithmetical marks xvn. p ev — l. axsivs. L. F. Diana, in a short dress, as Venatrix, holding a spear in her right hand,' stands in a car drawn by two stags— a dog runs before the goddess, and two others follow . Eckhel treats the remarks of Vaillant, on the somewhat remarkable types of this coin, with a certain degree of ridicule; but omits to offer any explanations of his own. VXVit. Imberbis, or Ve- Jupiter. — See the ne AXm IOVIS.— C. VIBIVS. C. F. C. N Jupiter Axnr, or Amur, seated, his right hand rests on the hasta para, his left hand holds a patera. . On a denarius of the Vibia gens, bearing this legend on its reverse, is an elegant and unique type, as represented in the an- nexed engraving. iovis is used for the nominative case, as on coins of Domi- tian inscribed iovis cvs- tos. — Virgil has made mention of Jupiter Anxur {.Eneid, vii. 790-) Circcumque jugum, queis Juppiter Anxurus arvis Praesidet : And the Circaean heights, the fields over which Jupiter Anxur holds sway.] The denarius most probably presents to us a precise copy from the image of the Anxurian Jove, who from his radiated head and beardless face, seems to be identical with Apollo, or the Sun, like Ve Juppiter (see Ccesia gens), and Jupiter Heliopolitanus, whose figure appears on coins of Heliopolis, in Cede Syria. — See Eckhel, v. p. 340. AXE. — See Securis, and Pontifical Instru- ments, on a denarius of Marcus Antonius and Lepidus. ANTHYLLUS, a surname given to Mark Antony, the younger, eldest of the Triumvir’s children, by Fulvia his third wife [not his second, as inserted by mistake in p. 60], — Born in the year of Rome, 708, (n c. 46) lie was, by his father’s command, brought to Alexandria, “ where (says Visconti) it is probable that the inhabitants, who were Greeks, designated him Anthyllus, or little Antony.” The noble and generous traits of his character, according to Plutarch, soon developed themselves at the Egyptian court. But the son, participating in the father’s ruin, fell a victim to the vengeful policy of Octavianus Caesar, in the sixteenth year of his age. The erudite author of Iconographie Romaine, adds as follows : — “ The coins which present to us the effigy of Anthyllus on the reverse of that of his father, are of gold, and extremely rare. They were struck 32 or 33 years before the vulgar icra, Anthyllus being then about thirteen years old. Ilis father probably had just called the youth to his side. The legend which accom- panies the head of Mark Antony, places this epocha beyond doubt : ant. avg. imp. iii. cos. ill. iliviit. r.p.c. (Antonius, Augur, proclaimed imperator and elected consul, for the third time, triumvir for the arrangement of the republic). — Round the head of Anthyllus we read M. anton. m. F. (Marcus Antonius, son of Marcus). — It was in the year n.c. 34, that Mark Antony was consul for the second time ; and in the year b.c. 31, he took his third consulate at Alexandria. This coin, therefore, must have been struck within the two intermediate years; and we know from Plutarch (loc. cit. § 57) that, in the year 32, Anthyllus was no longer at Rome.” Seguin was the first to publish this coin ( Num . Select, p. 112, edit. 1684). And Morel after- wards gave it afresh in his Thesaur. famil. An- tonia, pi. xi.. No. 3. — Eckhel (vi. p. 68) had doubts respecting its authenticity, arising frqm, what he considered, circumstances of suspicion, affecting two similar coins in the Vienna Mu- seum. Visconti, nevertheless, supports the ge- nuineness of this numismatic monument, by referring to two specimens of it, in the cabinet de la Bibliotheque da Roi (now once more National e), at Paris, and out of which he se- lected, for his draughtsman to copy, that which is best preserved. — Mionnet includes this aureus in the mint of Mark Antony, confirming its 118 ANTONINI MON ETA. rarity and value at a very high rate of apprecia- tion. (t. i. p. 95.) The inferiority of its workmanship, compared with that of the chief portion of Mark Antony’s mintages, affords good reason to think, that the coin engraved in Visconti’s work was struck at Alexandria, “ where (as he observes) the inone- j tary art was not very flourishing at the period in question. The coius of Antony aud Cleopatra are a sufficient proof of that fact.” — See Ico/io- graphic Romaine, Milan edit. 8vo. 1818, t. i. pi. vi.* No. 3, pp. 253 et seq. [Our portrait of the vonnger Antonius (p. 60) was copied from Seguin’s plate, which certainly bears no resemblance to Visconti’s. It must how- ever be admitted that the latter assimilates closely to the style and fabric of consular coius struck in Egypt. Aud if both refer to the same original, it serves as another instauce amongst many, to shew how much more reliance is to be placed on mcdallic engravings of the present day, than on those of the artists who were employed to illustrate numismatic works of the cider school.] ANTONINI PI I .1 foneta. — A list of the most remarkable, as well as most rare, coins aud medal- lions of this emperor’s mint, not having been inserted in its proper place (viz. at the bottom of p. 56), the omission is supplied here : — Gold. — avbeliys caesar. Head of Aure- lius. — britan. Victory on a globe. — cos. hi. Emperor and his two children in a triumphal car . — primi decenxales (within a garland) — TEIB. pot. cos. hi. Mars descending to (Uhea) Silvia . — TEMPLVJt DIVI. AVG. rest. cos. iiii. A temple. — temporvm feu cit as. Two cornua- copiie, a child’s head ou each. — vota vigen- nalia. The Emperor sacrificing. — laetitia cos. iiii. Two females (Ceres and Proserpine). liberalitas avg. ii. or in. or iiii. The Em- peror and several figures. Silver. — aed. divi. avg. rest. Two figures seated in a temple. — cos. m. Jupiter seated on arms. — divvs antoninvs et diva favstina. Heads of Emperor and Empress. — lib. vi. cos. iiii. Woman standing. — liberalitas avg. ii. Emperor distributing gifts. opi. avg. Ops seated . — pietas cos. iv. Piety at an altar. — Pont. max. Figure standing with a bow and au arrow. — tranq. tii. pot. xiii. &c. A female standing with rudder aud ears of corn. Brass Medallions. aescvi.apivs. (See p. 20.) cocles. Horatius Codes swimming across the Tiber. — coxsecratio. Emperor on an Eagle. — cos. mi. Hercules sacrificing before a temple. — cos. mi. Emperor and the Goddess Rome. — xavivs. The Augur before Tarquin. — pm. tr. P. cos. ill. /Eneas, Anehises, aud As- canius. (Sec p. 16.) — pm. tr. p. cos. ii. Bac- chus and Ariadne drawn by Satyr and Panther. (See p. 80.) — tiberis. The Tiber recumbent. — tr. pot. xx. Jupiter Tonans aud a Titan. — ALPHA— OMEGA. I Same legend. Jupiter, Juno, aud Pallas. — The \ following are without legend: — The Sun pre- ceded by Phosphorus. — Diana Lucifera seated on a horse at speed. — Prometheus and Minerva. — Vulcau and Minerva. — /Eneas and Ascanius iu Latium. — Hercules Bibax. — Hercules combatting the Centaurs. — Bacchus and Ariadne seated (see p. 121). — Bacchus in a temple, before which is a sacrificial group. — Hercules in the Garden of the Ilcsperidcs, &c. & c. First Brass. AFRICA — ALEXANDRIA — BRI- TANNIA — Cappadocia. All with types of per- sonified provinces. — concordia — congiarivm. cos. hi. Four children, representing the four Seasons. — disciplina. The Emperor and four soldiers. — favstina avgvsta. Head of Faus- tina senior. — HISPAN1A. — liberalitas tr. pot. ii. Emperor and six figures. — rex armenis datvs. Two figures standing; at their feet a river-god. — rex qvadis datvs. The Emperor crowning a figure, iu the toga. — romvlo av- gvsto. llomulus, with trophy and spear. — s. c. Rape of the Sabines. — s. c. Emperor in a quad- riga. — s. c. Do. two quadriga of Elephants. — s. c. /Eneas carrying Anehises — scythia — SICILIA. Both personifications of provinces. — secvnd decennalf.s. cos. hi. within a crown. Second Brass. — Britannia cos. iiii. Female figure, seated on a rock. — coxsecratio. Fune- ral pile . — FAVSTINAE AVG. PII. AVG. fil. Head of Faustiua junior. iiaiirianvs avgvstvs. Bare head of Iladriau. — victoria avg. Victory in a quadriga. — vota. Three figures, iu the toga, standing before a temple. — vervs et favs- tina. Heads of Verus aud Faustina the younger. A. X2. — Alpha — Omega. . — The reverse of a flue aud rare silver medallion of Constans 1. iu the collection of the Imperial Museum at Vienna, exhibits for its legend virtvs exercitvm (sic.J, nnd for its type four military ensigns, one of which is inscribed with the first letter, aud another with the last letter, of the Greek alpha- bet. Above them is the monogram of Christ. In these initial letters, we have an obvious reference to the declaration more than once re- peated iu the Apocalypse, “ 1 am alpha and omega, the beginning nnd the ending, the first and the last” — a symbol used on this occasion to indicate the Emperor’s professed belief iu the one true God, and “ in Jesus Christ His only Son our Lord.” From the time when the coin iu question was struck, (viz. between a. d. 337 and 350), the same Greek initials arc not unfrequently found toge- ther, both with and without the monogram of Christ, on money of the lower empire. — See Dccentius, Magucntius, and Vetranio, in this Dictionary. — Sec also Monogramma Christi. BABBA. B. B. — This letter is a numeral, and equivalent with the number 2. B. B alius. — Q. B. Qusestor Bit-bins. — See Balia gens. B. — The mark of the second mint in any city — er.gr. B. SIEM. Money struck in secundd officind monetarid Sirmii (in Pannonia, now Sinuich, in Sclavonia). — B. sis. In secundd officind Siscia (a city of Croatia, now Sisserc.) BABBA (Mauritania:) colonia. — The city of Babba, in Mauritania Tiugitana (now Fes aud Morocco, North Africa), situate on the river Lixus (El llaratel), was made a colony by Julius Caesar, as its name Julia imports. It was also called Campestris. The decuriones of Babba caused coins to be minted, in middle and small brass, under Claudius, under Nero, and under Galba. Pellerin regards the short suite struck in this colony as commencing under Augustus ; but Mionnet shews this to be a mistake. “ It is, says Bimard (ad Jobert, ii. p. 230), to M. Vaillant, that the honour belongs of having first pointed out the method of reading the [designa- tive legend on the] coins of Babba.” — viz. c. c. I. B. DD. pvbl. Colonia Campestris Julia Bal- ia — Decreio Decnrionum Pul/ico : or, ex coxs. d. (Ex Consensu Decnrionum.) The types arc as follow : — 1. Bull swimming, represented on a coin of Nero. By this device the co- lonists of Babba exhibit J upiter, as under the figure of a Bull he carried away Europa, daughter of Age- nor, King of the Phoeni- cians. Hence they indi- cated that the swimming Bull was an object of tlicir idolatry, in like manner as the Bull Apis was worshipped by theKgyptians. — [The above wood- cut is after a small brass in the British Museum.] On another coin of the same Emperor, the type of reverse is a Bull butting with his horns. — Vaill. in Col. i. 106. 2. Bearded head, with a serpent before it, on a coin of Nero. [This is a representation of Aesculapius, as shewn by the serpent, the symbol of health. And his effigy, placed on this coin, shews that divine honours were paid him at Babba. — En- graved in Vaill. Col. i. 115.] 3. Li via Augusti. — col. i. ba. dd. — Livia represented under the image of a goddess, seated, with head veiled, holding in her right hand a patera, and supporting her left hand on a hasta. Engraved in Pellerin, Melange, i. pi. xvi. fig. 2. 4. Oaken crown, with the abbreviated names of the colony within it. 5. Palm tree. — [The Romau colonists of Babba struck this and the preceding coin under Claudius, in congratulation of his victory over the revolted Mauritanians — a revolt against Roman cruelty and oppression, as exemplified in their king BACCHUS. 119 Ptolemy, son of Juba, having been put to death | by order of the execrable Caligula. The palm ' tree here denotes that the people of Babba de- rived their origin from the Phoenicians, who took their name, it is said, from the Greek word for a palm (phoinix), with which species of tree that country abounds. — Vaillant, Col. i.] C. Pictorg, marching with crown and palm branch, struck under Galba. [The death of Nero, welcomed by all, excited the feelings of various minds in favour of Galba, especially among the legions. It was, indeed, an event which revealed a great state secret — namely, that an emperor might be made elsewhere than at Rome, thus furnishing an important principle for a new state of affairs. Iu Africa, Clodius Maeer; in Germany, Eonteius Capito; had made some attempts to acquire the supreme power. At length both the Mauritanian pro- vinces gave in their adhesion to the election of Galba. The colonists of Babba soon adopted the same course ; and in testimony of their ap- proval, they struck on coins dedicated to his honour, the figure of Victory, bearing the laurel crown, to commemorate the fall of Clodius Maeer, slain in battle by the Procurator Garu- sianus. — Vaill. Col. i. p. 227.] The remaining types are, a figure seated on a rock, holding an anchor aud cornucopia;, on a coin of Claudius. And a bridge of three arches, on coins struck under Nero. BACC1IIVS IVDAEVS. This legend ap- pears on a well-known consular denarius. The type is that of a man kneeling, who holds a camel by the bridle with his left hand, and in his right a branch of olive. — For an explanation of the event, which is typified on this rare sil- ver coin, though left unrecorded by historians. See Plantia gens. BACCHUS. Of this fabled divinity, the poets differ much respecting the names of his parents ; nor are they better agreed iu relating the circumstances connected with his nativity. The more usual custom of mytliologists, is to describe him as the son of Jupiter, by Semcle, the daughter of Cadmus. And Ovid, in his Metamorphoses, details the wondrous incidents of his fiery birth. Bacchus is said to have been brought up by the daughters of Atlas, and to have afterwards had Sileuus for his preceptor. — He became at length a celebrated warrior ; fought valiantly for Jupiter, against the Titans; and made the conquest of India. It was on his return from that famous expedition, that he is related to have found Ariadne, whom Theseus had abandoned, iu the isle of Naxos, and by the warmth of his attachment made her forget the ingratitude of her former lover. — See Ariadne. Bacchus “ ever fair and ever young,” is gene- rally represented in sculpture and on coins, with- out beard, crowned with vine leaves, lie holds the thgrsus (see the word) in one hand, aud a bunch of grapes in the other. Sometimes he is depicted naked ; at others, and as the Indian Bacchus, he wears a long dress ( Apamea co- lonia, p. 61). The panther, as the nurse of Bacchus, was consecrated to him, and ap- 120 BACCHUS. pears, on coins and bas-reliefs, as his almost j inseparable companion. The image of this those of the imperial scries. There is indeed a large brass of Sept. Severns, with the legend of COS. 111. LVDoj. SAECa/aJW l'EC«7, inscribed on a cippus, on each side of which Bacchus and Hercules stand with their respective attributes ; and to the legend dis avspicibvs reference may be made, as accompanied by another iustance of those two deities being grouped together, on a large brass of the same emperor. But on me- dallions of Hadrian and Antoninus Pins, de- scribed below, the God of Wine, as the com- panion of Apollo, and as the lover of Ariadne, is elegantly depictured : — The above cut is copied from an outline en- graving in the Ga/erie Mylhologique, vol. i. pi. lxxxviii. by Millin, who is himself indebted for it to a plate in Vcnuti, Mus. Faticanum, xiii. — This reverse of Hadrian’s medallion represents Bacchus seated on a thensa (or sacred car), drawn by a panther and a goat, on the latter of which sits a Cupid playing on a double flute. Bacchus, with graceful case, rests his right arm on the side of the chariot, and holds the thyrsus in his left hand. Apollo sits by his side, playing on the lyre. — For another spe- cimen of the grotesque fancy of ancient artists, in harnessing a sulky panther with some animal, real or fabulous, of a more lively and less fero- cious disposition, sec the wood-cut from a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, under the head of Ariadne and Bacchus, p. 80. Bacchus was called by the name of Dionysus, (from Nysa, the reputed place of his education) ; and often by that of Liber Pater, whose young head crowned with ivy, is also seen on coins of the Titia and Voltcia families. In the list of coins struck under the republic, we find the head of Bacchus on a denarius of the Cassia gens, it is crowned with ivy leaves and berries, and behind it is the thyrsus. On a denarius of Blasio, of the patrician branch of the Cornelia family, the figure of Bacchus naked, appears standing, with the thyrsus in his right hand ; in his left the strophium (sec the word), and a sheaf of arrows. Pallas stauds on his left, and crowns him. On the right hand of Bacchus stands a woman, holding a wand, or the liasta pura. Engraved in Morel!. Thesaur. Fain. Rom. tab. i. fig 1 — also under Cornelia gens, in this dictionary. BACCHUS. Bacchus is constantly to be recognised by his attribute of the thyrsus, but by no means so readily by the arrows. Nevertheless, by an apt citation from Nonnus, Eckhel shews, that the latter as well as the former were attributes of Liber Rater. Pallas addressing him, says “ Ubi tui validi thyrsi, et vitea: sagittal' He is crowned by the Goddess of Wisdom [Minerva] on account of his victory over the Titans, and of his warlike glory, spread forth to the ends of the world. That the associated worship of these two deities prevailed both at Borne and in Greece, is shewn by an onyx gem, in the imperial museum at Vienna, and which exhibits Bacchus armed in a similar manner, with thyrsus and arrow, Pallas, as on the coin minted by Blasio, crowning him. “ Who the I other female figure in this group may be,” says j Eckhel (v. 180), “ ignoro.” Bacchus was worshipped, as amongst the superior deities, by Gallicnus. This is indicated by a coin of that emperor’s, in billon, exhibiting on its reverse the epigraph of libero p. coxs. avg. ( Libero Patri Conservatori Augusti), with a panther for its type. Bacchus, with his attributes, is more fre- quently found on colonial imperial coins; espe- cially on those struck in Syria and Phoenicia, by most cities of which regions he was worshipped, on account of his traditionary expeditions to the East. The following are amongst the colonies whose coins bear Latin legends ; and on their reverses types of this deity : — Besides Apamea, in whose mintages the In- dian Bacchus appears (see p. 61), the God of Wine is seen on several coins of Berytus, mostly dedicated to Gordianus Pius. “ It is a type (says Yaillant), which dcuotcs the abundance and good- ness of the grapes grown in the immediate neighbourhood of that city. On one of these, lie stands unclothed, between two vine-shoots ; whilst with his right hand he places a garland on his own head, ‘ as the first discoverer of the use of the grape.’ On his left hand is a satyr, whose love for wine was said to be very great. Squatting at his feet is a leopard, by ancient report equally fond of the inebriating juice.” On a second brass, dedicated at Damascus, to Trcbonianus Gallus, Bacchus, under the figure of a young man, stands, naked, on n plinth, holding a vine tendril in each hand, llis image on this coin shews that he was worshipped by the inhabitants of Damascus, in whose territory he was said to have originally planted the vine. (Engraved in Yaillant, Col. ii. 214.) The colony of Deu/tum, on a second brass of Macrinns, honours this deity with an image, designated by his attributes of the cantharus (or wine vase), the thyrsus, and the panther — not an inappropriate reverse for the mint of a ter- ritory, whose abundance in vineyards is a cir- cumstance noticed by Athcmcns. — (Ibid. ii. 64.) Olba, a colony in Pamphilia, also contributes a type of Bacchus — who likewise appears on a small brass coin, consecrated to Alexander Seve- rus, by the pantheistic people of Sidon. BACCHUS. Bacchus and Ariadne. There is, in the French Cabinet, a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius — the obverse of which presents a noble portrait of that emperor (see p. 55) ; and the reverse, without legend, is charged with a Bacchanalian group, not less classic in design than bold in relief, and beautiful in fabric. To this numismatic gem, Scguin (in his Selec. Nam. p. 127), has the merit of being one of the first — if not the very first — to call attention, by an engraving in outline, and also by verbal description ; neither of which, however, have the requisite degree of accuracy to recommend them. With respect to the type, for example ; in the principal figures in the foreground, to the left, he recognises two females, and in the centre a woman holding an infant in swaddling clothes. Under this false impression, he pronounces the subject represented, to be the accouchement of Rhea ; in other words, the birth of Jupiter. — Eckhel points out the mistake thus made by the learned French antiquary of the elder school. But, whilst he justly remarks, that the surround- ing chorus of nymphs and satyrs unquestion- ably indicates Bacchus, the great numismatist of Vienna himself falls into the same error of re- garding the elevated figure in the background of the group, as “ an infant wrapped in swaddling clothes, held aloft” by one of the nymphs — (vii. p. 10). Mionuct rectifies, in great measure, the wrong views, and consequently fallacious descriptions, of both his eminent predecessors, by the fol- lowing notice of this interesting reverse : — “ Bacchus and Ariadne seated ; at their feet a panther ; opposite to them is an old man crouching, and several bacchants arc carrying a terminus, and playing on divers instruments.” But even Mionnct’s description is faulty, as to the terminus being “ carried.” Mr. Fairholt’s en- graving of this wonderfully fine antique exhibits these points in quite a different and a truer light. The woman, supposed by Scguin, and by Eckhel, to be holding a swaddled infant, turns out to he a satyr, who raises his right arm above his head, and in his left holds a crook (the pedum). The termiual figure is not carried, but stands on a pillar, or base. The legs of the old man (who is doubtless meant for Silcnus) are hidden by the panther. The terminus, like one in the Town- ley Gallery', British Museum, is wrapped up in a mantle, and holds something like a wine R B.EBIA. 121 cup. Silcnus it will, on inspection, be seen, also holds a half-inverted wine cup. Besides these, there arc a satyr behind Ariadne, a faun blowing a long flute ; and to the right the figure of a young woman, clothed in long but light dra- pery, and with raised right arm striking the tympanum or tambour, as if dancing to its sound. The form and attitude of the principal female figure arc symmetrical and graceful : she points with her left hand towards the terminus, whilst sitting close beside her lover, whom the thyrsus serves clearly to identify ; and the vine tendril on each side fills up every feature of the design needfid to its appropriation, as a scene of revelry connected with the fable of Bacchus and Ariadne. Two other brass medallions of the above men- tioned emperor display on their respective re- verses, without legend, typifications of Bacchus. They arc noticed in Akenuan, Bescr. Cat. i. 265, as follows : — 1. Bacchus sleeping: before him is a female figure, standing near a statue, which is full faced and placed on a pedestal. 2. Bacchus standing in a temple, which has two circular galleries on the exterior ; before it is a man holding a goat. Bacchanalia, on Contorniate medals. — On one of these pseudo-monetw, bearing the head of Trajan, Bacchus stands holding a bunch of grapes to a panther with the right hand, and a thyrsus in the left; near him on one side dance a flute player and a woman bearing a thyrsus ; on the other side is a boy with a crook in the right hand and a branch in the left. (This is in the Imperial cabinet.)- — llavercamp gives a con- toruiate with the head of Caracalla, on the re- verse of which is Bacchus drawn in a biga of panthers, preceded by a satyr, and accompanied by flute players. — For engravings of these and other medals of the same class, with bacchanalian types, having the heads of Nero, Trajan, and other emperors, on their obverses — see llavcr- camp and Morell. Thesaur. Bacchi Cista . — The mystic basket of Bacchus — a numismatic symbol of pro-consular Asia. — See Asia Recepta, p. 89 — also see Cistophori. B.EBIA gens. A plebeian but consular family. Taraphilus, or, as it is written Tampilus, (an archaism, or old way of spelling, in like manner as Trium/w* for Trium ph/is, ) is the only surname that appears on its coins. Nepos in his life of Atticus mentions the Lomus Tam - phUiana, which stood on the Quiriual, at Rome. Morel, in Thesaur. Fam. Rom. gives eight varie- ties. The brass pieces are As, or parts of the As ; or they are colonial. The two following are rare in silver — the latter much the rarer, though 122 BALB1NUS. not bearing so remarkable a reverse type as the former. tampil. — A t inged head of Pallas ; before it X. Rev . — ii. HAKiii. q. p. koma. Apollo in a quadriga — (Sec Apollo.) Obv. — Head of Jupiter. Rev. — tam in monogram. Victory crowning a trophy ; below soma. Q. Bashing Tamphilus, about the year u. c. 535 (b. c. 219), was twice sent as Ambassador to the Carthaginians, for the purpose of ex- postulating with them on the subject of their attack on Saguntum ; and at length declared war against them. — Cn. Baffiius Tamphilus was the first member of this family who served the office of Consid 572 (b. c. 182). Marcus Beebitxs Tamphilus, the son, by whom this de- narius was struck, proceeded Consul in the year u. c. 573 (b. c. 181.) BA LA U ST1U M — the flower of the pome- granate tree — appears on a denarius of the Cossutia gens ; also with the crab, and the aplustrurn, on a coin of the Servilia gens. BALISTA — one of the ephemeral usurpers in the reign of Gallienus ; proclaimed Emperor in Syria, a. d. 262 ; slain 264. The coins, pub- lished as his, are false. BASILISCUS — brother of Vcrina, wife of Leo I. proclaimed Emperor of the East, A. D. 476 ; dethroned by Zeno, and suffered to die of hunger a. d. 477. — His coins in each metal are rare. Some of them represent him with his son Marcus. BALB. — Bulbus. — C. Balbus of the Antonia gens, was duumvir of the Colony of Leptis in Africa — see Morel!. Thesaur. Tam. Rom. BALBUS. — A surname of the Cornelia gens. BALBUS L. THORIUS. — See Thoria gens. Also see Juno Sospita. BALBINI S (Decimus Ceelius.) Emperor with Pupicnus, a.d. 238. — As soon as the tid- ings had reached Rome from Africa, that the two Gordians were dead, and that Maximinus was approaching Italy, with a powerful army, the affrighted senate hastily assembled in the temple of Jupiter C'apitolinus, and by a new institution created two August i (see p. 103) in the respective persons of the above-named Balbinus, and Maxi- mus Pupicnus, on the 9th of July, in the year above-named. And so equal was the degree of power entrusted to each, that it exteuded to a division between them of the supreme pontifi- cate. — Balbinus, descended from a very' noble family, was born a. d. 178. At the period of his elevation to Augustal rank and authority, he had attained 60 years of age ; previously to which be bad governed several provinces, with a high character for the justice and the mild- BALB1NUS. ness of bis administration. He had also been twice Consul. Although liis great riches had given him a turn for pleasure, yet he had kept himself within the bouuds of moderation, and acquired no common repute for forensic acquire- ments and for poetical talents. Pursuant to a senatorial decree, his colleague, a bold and experienced warrior, was sent to command the annv levied to repel the invasion of Maximiuus j whilst Balbinus, naturally timid, and holding ill awe the very name of the Thracian savage, who had instigated the assassination of Alexander Scverus, remained at Rome ; his task, scarcely a less difficult one, being to keep down the spirit of sedition and tumult prevailing between tlic soldiery and the people, whose quarrels filled the capital with bloodshed. — Further to win the popular favour, the new emperors were obliged to name the younger Gordian as Ciesar, on the very day of their own election. — Pupicnus who was at Ravenna when Maximinus and his son, Maximus, were slain before Aquilcia (a.d. 238) returned to Rome ; where he met with the most joyous reception from Balbinus, the Senators, and the people at large. Both emperors then devoted themselves to the duties of their joint government ; and, notwithstanding mutual jea- lousies occasionally displayed by the one towards the other, they conducted public affairs toge- ther, upon the whole, in a wise, disinterested, and efficient manner. This state of things how- ever did not last long. Balbinus was prepariug to commence hostilities against the insurgent Goths, and Pupienus had already marched to repel an invasion of the Persians. \t this critical juncture, the venal and sanguinary Prietorians, bearing a grudge against the two Augusti for having been chosen, not by them- selves but, by the Senate, and moreover not less displeased at their endeavours to restore military discipline — took advantage of the Capitoline games absorbing public attention, to assail the palace, and murder them both under circum- stances of the most revolting and outrageous cruelty. Thus was the imperial career of Bal- biuus and his brave colleague terminated, after three mouths of stale-service deserving of a better reward. The style and titles of Balbinus on his coins (which are all rare, especially those in gold) arc IMP. C. (or CAES.) D. CAEL. BALBINVS. AVG. Some with radiated, others with laurelled heads. See Pupienus. “The medals of Balbinus (says Capt. Smyth, p. 251), whether Latin, Greek, or Egyptian, are all rare and of a high price — the dcuarii and sestertii being the most common ; nor are any colonial, or small brass, known. Although the arts were now on the decline, moncycrs still possessed the power of executing accurate like- nesses; for a comparison of the beads of Balbinus and Pupienus, throughout all the metals and sizes, affords interual evidence of the fidelity of their resemblance.” '1 he large-sized silver of this emperor has the head with radiated crown — the smaller sized has the head laurcated. — Akcrmuu, i. 462. BARBA. The following are the rarest reverses under this short reign, viz. : — Gold. — v.oris decennalibvs, within a gar- land (valued by Mionuet at 600 £r.) Silver. — amor mvtws avgg. Two hands joined (large size). First Brass. — fides pvbi.ica. Two hands holding caduccus. — liberalitas avgvstorvm. Six figures. Second Brass. concordia avgg. iovi conservators Jupiter standing. — votis de- cennalibvs. BARBATIA. This gens, whose name is given neither in Morel, nor Eckhel, nor Mion- net, is added to the list of plebeian families, by Riccio, who assigns to it two coins — one with head of M. Antonias on the obverse, and that of Octavianus Cicsar on the reverse. The other with the same obverse, but with the head of L. Antonius on the reverse. Both bear the name of C. Marcus BARBATttu (Philippas), who was Qu. 343. — [Most of the above remarks, cited by Eckhel, are in llucange. Dissert, de Num. inf. avi. $ 58]. In valuing this medallion at 200 fr. Mionnct observes, that it is the more remarkable, inas- much as it appears to be the only ancient numis- matic mouument which has transmitted to us the memory of this historical event, and the name of Bononia. [The cast from which the above cut has been engraved was taken from the original in the Cabinet de France.] BONO REIPUBLICAE.— Justa Grata IIo- noria, daughter of Constantius 111. and of Galla Placidia, born about the year 417, having co- habited with Eugenius the procurator, and be- come pregnant by him, was turned out of the palace by her brother Yalentinian, and went to Theodosius II. at Constantinople, a. n. 434. — .She soon after secretly stirred up Attila to in- vade the Western Empire ; and was on the point of being married to him, when lie died from vomiting blood. The following is one of her coins : — Obe. n. N. i vst. chat, honoria, p. f. avg. Head of llouoria, crowned by a hand appearing above it. Rev. bono ueipvblicae. A Victory standing with along cross in the right hand; beneath, comob. (av. Mus. Imp.) And thus, she who was the pest and bane of the empire, ostentatiously boasts herself as born for the good of the state. There is a similar legend on a coin of FI. Victor, who was the son of Magnus Maximus. BONO REIPUBLICE (sic.) NATI.— Two figures, seated, and clothed in the pal ud amen- turn, of which the one to the right is the taller; the left hand figure is that of a boy. They to- gether support a globe : above is a Victory. — On gold of FI. Victor (Banduri), on silver (Taniui.) This and other coins of Victor, however false in their declaration, arc remarkable both for their legends and for their rarity. Constantine, on one of his coins, is styled in abbreviation n. it. P. NAT. (Bono Reipiib/ica Xatus.J Taniui, in illustration of his silver specimen of Flavius Victor’s coin, cites the following inscription from Sigonius: — 1). D. N. N. MAG. CL. MAXIMO ET PL. VICTOKI. PUS FELICIBVS SEMPER AVGVSTIS BONO R. P. NATIS. This flattering compliment is often found in inscriptions to the Constantine family; and now and then it appears alone without any designa- tion of the Emperor or Ciesar, to whom it was applied ; as on the stone found at Wroxcter. The above legend and inscription of Bono Jleipublica Nati, together with the same, on a third brass of Priscus Attains, serve to shew how true is the reading of B. k. p. N. instead of BOS. BOSTRA. 133 B. A. p. N. ; and to fortify, beyond all dispute, the interpretation of Bono Beipublica Nato, instead of bap. nat. or Baptizatus Nalus, as erroneously assigned to the legend of a brass eoin of Constantiuus Magnus. BOS. — Bull, Ox, or Heifer. — This animal is figured on numerous coins, in various postures, and with various indications : for example, some- times standing, walking, butting with his horns, or rushing forward — sometimes adorned in pre- paration for the sacrifice; sometimes on his knees, about to be immolated at the altar of a deity. The Bull or Ox, the usual monetary type of colonies and municipal towns, bore re- ference to the culture of the soil, as well as to the security afforded by the protection of the emperor. The well-known type of a man ploughing with two oxen symbolizes the Roman ceremony of founding a city or a colony. Bulls’ heads sometimes have au allusion to sacrifices, at other times to games. The bull, like the horse Pegasus, was con- secrated to the Sun. The figure of a bull forms the reverse type of silver, and third brass, of Gallienus ; bearing the legend of SOLI CON- Servatori AYG usti. Bus Vittatus — a Bull, whose head is orna- mented with an infula, or flock ot white and red wool, forming a kind of mitre or turban of triangidar shape, and dressed with the villa, (a sort of garland), be- tween its horns, in ho- nour of some religious ceremony, as the animal is led to the sacrificial altar. In family de- narii this figure is frequently exhibited ; because the consuls, in ascending to the Capitol, were accustomed there to immolate young unyoked steers to Jupiter. On a coin of Julius Cscsar, having for its legend of reverse, IOYt OPT bno MAXj'otc SACRhot, the accompanying type ex- hibits the Bos vittatus et infulatus, wearing the dorsuale, or ornamented cloth for the back, standing before an altar which has a flame on it. The bull, or rather the juvencus, in this ex- ample [see wood cut above] represents a victim about to be sacrificed to Jupiter. Thus Virgil, instructively to us on this point, puts into the mouth of Ascauius : — Jupiter omnipotens, audacibus annue emptis. Ipse tibi ad tua templa feram solcnnia dona, Et statuam ante aras aurata irovAe juvencum Candentem , pariterque caput cum matre ferentem. JEneid, L. ix My first attempt, great Jupiter, succeed ; Au annual offering in thy grove shall bleed: A snow white steer before thy altar led, Who like his mother bears aloft his head. Bnjdens translation. On a denarius of the Postumia gens, a bull stands as a victim, on a rock (supposed to be meant for Mount Aventine), close to a lighted altar ; over the horns of the beast a priest cx- tcuds his right hand. The Romans were accustomed, at triumphal sacrifices, to adorn the horns of the victim with gold, whilst its back was clothed with the richest and most brilliaut silks. Amidst such luxury and magnificence, the poor bedizened animals, (on some grand occasions paying the tribute of their blood at the shrines of superstition, by the hundred at a time), marched along in the pro- cession, with gay “ blindness to the future kindly given” — some so tame and quiet as per- haps to “lick the hand” of the victimarius who led them — all unconscious of being near the securis, so soon afterwards raised to fell them, and equally unaware of the culter just whetted to cut their decorated throats ! Bos et Stella. — A bull, standing with two stars over its head, is seen on middle brass of Julianas II. which has for legend of reverse secvritas BEiPVBUCyE. It bears testimony to that emperor’s relapse into Pagan idolatry, and denotes the restoration, made by the same saty- rical and “philosophic” prince, of ruminating ani- mals for victims on the altars of false gods, whereas all such sacrifices had been prohibited by his immediate predecessors, the professed Christian members of the Constantine family. — According to Aminianus (l. xxii.) Julian fre- quently offered up a hundred bulls, selecting white ones in honour of Jupiter. The stars over the head of the bull designate it to be Apis, which the Egyptians, and this Roman emperor in his “ wisdom,” worshipped as a god. Bos Cornupeta. — This term (from cornu petere) is used by the elder numismatic writers to describe a bull, or steer, in the attitude of butting with its horns, and stamping with one of his fore feet, as on coins of Augustus and Vespasian. A denarius of the first named emperor, exhibits on its reverse, with legend of aygvstvs Dm r. a specimen of the Taurus or Bos Cornupeta. The lowered horns and mena- cing posture of the animal at once correspond with, and illustrate, the line in Virgil, so spiritedly rendered by Drydcn : Jam cornu petat, et pedibus qui spargat arenam. “ Butts with his threatening brows, and bellowing stands, “ And dares the fight, and spurns the yellow sands.” The reason of its adoption as a type on this coin is doubtful. There can hardly, however, after what is adduced from ancient writers, in Morel (Thesaur. t. ii.) be much hesitation both in rejecting the idea of its mere allusion to the Zodiacal sign of that name, and in expressly re- ferring it to some of those public shews, when horsemen combatted with bulls in the Circensiau arena, and at which Augustus and the members of his family, often took their scats, as amongst the most ardent of the spectators. — See Taurus. BOSTRA, (Arabia,) Colonia — now Boszra, in the southern part of the Turkish pashalic 134 BOSTRA. of Damascus. The sera of this Arabian city dates from the 85 8th year of Rome (a. d. 105). Its coins are imperial, in brass, with Greek inscriptions, from the reign of Antoninus Pius to that of Elagabalus; and in the same metal, with Latin legends, from Alexander Sevcrus to Trajanus Decius and Ilerennius Etruscus. — On imperial coins in large, middle, and small brass, the colony is called col. bostr. — co i, ox ia bostra. — Also on a large brass of Julia Maimea, is read n. tr. alexan- drian'ae col. bostr. (Novce Trajante Alexan- drian# Co/onue Bostra). According to Vaillant, Bostra took the name of Trajan, on account of benefits (such as the building of bridges and other public structures,) received by it from that Emperor ; and the appellation of Alexan- drians! was added in honour of Alexander Scve- rus. On coins of Philip senior, and of Trajanus Decius, this city is styled col. metropolis bostra, meaning the chief city of the Roman province, formed under the name of Arabia. — On a coin of Caracalla, in the Museum San. Clem, the legend of reverse is metro, antoni- niana avr. B. (that is, says Mionnct, Sapp. viii. 384, Aurelia Bostra.) The types of this colony are as follows : — 1. Ammon (Jupiter). — Head with ram’s horn, surmounted by a globe, or by the mo dins — on small brass of Alex. Sevcrus, engraved in Vaillant {Col. ii. 114) — and of Philip senior, engraved in Pcllerin {Melange, i.) 2. Aslarle. — N. TR. ALEXANDRIAN AE COL. bostr. — An upright figure of this divinity, in a four columned temple, holding an oval-headed staff, and a cornucopia:. On each side at her feet is the figure of a centaur blowing a horn. This singular type appears on a large brass of Julia Mamma. — Scstini, quoted by Mionnet, {Sapp. viii. 284. — Engraved in Vaillant {Col. ii. 130.) Astarte, or Venus, was worshipped, and had a fine temple, at Bostra. The fertility and plcntcousness of whose territory is designated by the cornucopia-. But why the two centaurs arc introduced into the type is a question which re- mains unexplained. Pcllcriu supplies an omission of Vaillant’s, by giving an elegant little coin of this colony, struck under Trajanus Decius, with col. metro- pol. bostron, for its legend of reverse; and with the type of Astarte, who stands, in a long dress, presenting a front face, holding the cross- topped hast a ; and having at her feet a figure BRASS COINAGE. of the infant Silenus, dancing. — Engraved in Melange , i. pi. xxi. fig. 7, p. 320. 3. Co/onus boves agens. — Pellerin gives a coin with this type as struck under Elagabalus. “ This medal (he observes) shews that the city of Bostra had been a colony before the reign of Sevcrus Alexander, contrary to the opinion of Spanheim and of Vaillant.” — See Melange, i. 300. On a coin dedicated to Alexander Sevcru3, is the same type of a Colonist at plough ; added to which well-known group is an edifice, with stair- case of ascent to the upper part, where three vases are placed. [Described in .Mionuct, Me- dailles llomaines . ] 4. Serapis, head of, surmounted by the madias, or the calathus, on a coin of Alexander Sevcrus, quoted by Mionuct, from the Mas. San. Clem. It is described and engraved in Vaillant {Col. ii. 129.) The bust of the prin- cipal deity of Egypt, on a coin struck at Bostra, shews that the god, whom Nonnus calls the Egyptian Jupiter, was amougst the objects of idolatrous worship in this Roman colony. 5. Silenus, standing, with right hand raised, and a wine skin on his left shoulder. — Engraved in Vaillant (Col. ii.) In the second volume (p. 200) of Collectanea Antigua — a work replete with the literary fruits of antiquarian research, and copiously adorned with etchings, illustrative of the habits, customs, and history of past ages — the names arc given, of such heathen divinities as occur in dedicatory inscriptions, found on the line of that Roman wall which formerly exteuded from the Tyne to the Solway. Amongst these appears the name of Astarte. — This discovery is the more remark- able, because, whilst what is considered to be her image is so frequently and so variously typi- fied on colonial coins of Phoenicia, Syria, Pales- tine, and Arabia — her name forms no part of the monctal legend : her ctHgv and attributes be- ing the only clue to the identity of the goddess. BRASS, the material of brass coins. In dividing coins according to metals, for the different scries of a mcdallic collection, all copper comes under the classification of brass. This metal properly so called, is not malleable, and requires to be mixed with another metal before it can be applicable to the purposes of coinage. It is to be borne in mind, that what English numismatists call brass is by the French de- nominated bronze. BRASS COINAGE of the Romans. — It has already been shewn (seep. 83 ct scq. of this dic- tionary), that all the records left us by ancient writers, respecting the antiquity, or the original types of the Roman mint, tend to establish the same fact, viz. that the oldest money of that nation was Brass, and such testimony is con- firmed by extant coins. — On the same evidence derived from ancient authors it has also been shewn, that brass coins were first struck of a pound weight. The words of Pliny arc expressly to this effect (sec As). — Aldus Gellius, speaking of the time when the Twelve Tables were insti- tuted, soys, “ For at that period the Roman BRASS COINAGE. people used Asses of a pound weight.” — So Festus “The heavy brass (as grave) was so called from its weight ; for ten asses, each weighing a pound, made up a denarius, which derived its name from that fact. — Also Dionysius of Halicarnassus : — “ Now, the as was a brass coin weighing a pound.” — Hence in ancient writers “ the mulct, or forfeit of heavy brass,” is an expression frequently met with. — Livy, speaking of Camillus, says, “ In his absence he was fined in 15 thousands of heavy brass by which terms asses are always to be understood. From these facts, the inconvenient weight of the Roman money, even in moderate sums, may easily be conjectured. Not only was it needful to convey any considerable quantity of the as grave in waggons to its place of public deposit ; but, according to Livy, as from its bulk it could not be placed in a chest, it was stowed away (stipabalur) in some store-house, that it might not take up room less conveniently to be spared ; from which circumstance it was called slips, whence the word stipendia. From Pondo the synonyme of the as was derived the word dupondium. Varro says, “ Dupondium is derived from duo pondera (two poiuuls weight) ; for one pound was called assipondinm ; and this again because the as was of a pound weight.” — From the as were composed the tressis, or three asses; oclussis, and octus, eight ditto ; decussis, vicessis, cen- tussis, 10, 20, and 100 asses respectively. From decussis was derived decussare, that is, according to Columella, to draw transverse lines in the form of the figure X ; and Cicero speaks of planting trees in a quincunx, that is to say, in the form of the figure V. So long as the as maintained its pound weight, it follows that the parts of the as preserved a proportional weight ; thus for example, the semis would weigh six solid uncial ; the sextans two, &c. — [Eckhel, v. p. 3, et seq.] — Sec Libra — and Pecunia. In his observations on the distinctive marks ( characleres ) of the brass consular mint, Eckhel says, “ It is an old doctrine, and one confirmed by both authority and experience, that asses, and tbeir component parts, are the more ancient, in proportion as they arc more weighty. — Guided by this rule, the learned Passcri, with great labour, framed his Chronicon Numarium, in which he has described the weight of Italian coins, from the heaviest to the lightest. — And, as by this criterion, it is readily understood, what coins (at least such as arc of undoubted Roman origin) surpass others in antiquity ; so, concerning their actual age, nothiug can be established with certainty, uuless the diminutions of weight be referred to, as stated by Pliny [see p. 85 of this dictionary] ; in attending to which epoch, it will be perceived that the Asses Sextantarii cannot have made their appearance earlier than about the year u. c. 495 (b. c. 259) ; the Uncia/es before u. c. 539 (b. c. 217) ; and that the Semi-unciales, which were introduced by the Lex Papiria, took their date from some subsequent year, which cauuot be accurately de- fined.” BRASS COINAGE. 135 “ It is a matter of inquiry (adds the author of Doctrina), whether some extant coins of heavy brass (as grave) cannot with some semblance of truth, be referred even to the period of Servius Tullius. For were we to regard their remote an- tiquity only, this would not be repugnant to pro- bability. The death of Servius is fixed at the year u. c. 218. — AVe have coins of lthegium and Mcs- sana, minted about the year u. c. 276 (b. c. 478). And even these are surpassed in antiquity by coins inscribed with the name of Zauclc ; not to mention the coins of Caulonia Bruttiorum, and others of neighbouring states, which coins have been known from the remotest antiquity. But the supposition is opposed to the authority of Pliny and other writers, who assert, that the first money of the Romans bore the figures of cattle ; notwithstanding, the oldest coins we possess, and those certainly of Roman origin, exhibit no such mark, with one exception, ancl that one (classified with the as) not of the most remote antiquity. Again, were any to be found of that period, they ought to be librales, if they are asses; or if parts of the as, of a weight bearing a certain proportion to the as libralis. But, up to the present time [as stated in p. 88], there is no extant specimen of a Roman as libralis ; and with respect to parts of the as, only a trie ns, weighing four unciee, has ever been cited.” — See moneta prima romana. Brass coins of the Romans arc so numerous, especially those of the Imperial series, that they have been divided into tlirce classes — large, mid- dle, and small — or first, second, and third sizes. The class to which each brass piece belongs (says M. Hennin), is determined by reference to its volume, which at once includes the breadth and thickness of the coin, and the size and relief of the head. Thus a particular medal shall have the thickness of large brass ; and yet shall be ranked with the middle brass, if it has only the portrait of the middle form. Whilst auothcr, which shall not be so thick, will be classed with the large brass, on account of the size of the head. To the above must be added, as a sepa- rate arrangement — 1st. Those pieces of the largest module, commonly called brass medal- lions, of which but an inconsiderable number is known, and which in all probability were not current coin. — 2ndly. Pieces of various sizes called Contorniati, of which, like the preceding, but few' are extant, and which certainly were not money. — Manuel de Numismatique, ii. 355. This classification, though sanctioned and adopted by numismatic antiquaries, is yet some- what arbitrary; or at least may be termed a con- ventional arrangement rather than a perfectly exact plan. For the want of a better, however, it must be followed. The imperial series of coins, struck in brass, at Rome, by order of the Senate, affords more positive and authentic evidence in illustration of historical facts, than those of silver or gold, which were fabricated under the exclusive autho- rity of the sovereign. Both the latter coinages, indeed, were executed, sometimes when the prince was in the provinces, either making a 13G BRASS COINAGE, journey or personally directing armies, conse- quently less care was taken iu their mintage — and having moreover been counterfeited by for- gers, they frequently exhibit types and legends, which no longer preserve the same historic ac- curacy . — ( Lemons de Numismatique Rom. p. ix.) The medallions, which for the most part do not hear the mark of the senate’s authority (S. C.) and among which there is a material dif- ference in the size and weight, seem to have been (as above observed), not common money, but pieces struck by the sole command of the emperors, for gratuitous distribution on state occasions, and in record of certain memorable circumstances and events. Such of these me- dallions, however, as constitute an exact mul- tiple of the ordinary brass coin, and bear besides the senatorial authority, are regarded as current money, notwithstanding their being larger, and are called by Italian numismatists double coins, and not real medallions. As to the coins termed large, middle, and small brass, they were un- questionably the ordinary monied currency in that metal. Accordingly they are the more fre- quently found, whilst medallions are in general very rare. — (Numismat. Rom. ix.) Of both the large and middle brass a nearly perfect scries may be formed. Of the small brass a complete series cannot be made; and it is doubtful if any coins exist of some of the earlier emperors. On the disappearance of the large brass in the reign of Gallienus, the coinage of small brass re-commenced, and much of it is extremely common, as the extensive lists in the elaborate work of Bandurius testify. In the reign of Diocletian appeared a copper coin, termed the Fo/lis, of the module of the middle brass of the first thirteen emperors, but much thinner. The coinage of these pieces ap- pears to have been extensive, as they are at this day very common, both of Diocletian, and of his colleague Maximiau, as also of Constan- tius-Chlorus, Sevcrus Cscsar, and Maxentius. — Akcrman, Numismatic Manual, p. 141. It is generally admitted, and a thorough knowledge of the subject confirms the opinion, that Augustus reserved for himself and his suc- cessors the right of coining gold and silver, and left the brass and copper under the direction of the Senate, whose official signature, as it may be termed, is expressed by the well-known sight S. C. A further confirmation of this implied compact exists in an inscription found at Koine, and thus given by Grutcr: — “ Qffcinntores mo- net# aurarite, argen/arite Cth of August, B. c. 55, lamliug on the Kentish shore, most probably at Lymne, with not more than two legions. But even the • greatest commander of antiquity found it easier to defeat, than to subdue, the natives. The result of his first expedition appears to have been insignificant ; and with regard to the vie- BRITANNIA. tones so highly lauded afterwards by the Senate, the line of Lucan — “ Terrila quocsitis ostcndit terga Britannis,” Does he boast II is flight iu Britain’s new discovered coast ? Rowe. conveys uo lofty notion of military success, as connected with that enterprise. In fact, from the day of his landing on the Kentish shore, near the South Foreland, where he met with a stout- resistance, to that of his return with the invading force to Gaul, not more than three or four weeks were comprised. In the spring of the following year (b. c. 54), Caesar undertook his second invasion of Britain : and lie made good his landing at nearly the same spot as be- fore, with five legions — an armament so vast both in its naval and military strength, as to defy all opposition. After a desultory and har- rassing warfare, carried on against Cassivellau- nus, and other chiefs of tribes, or kings of na- tions, iu the course of which the legionaries under their indomitable leader gained a footing iu Esses and Middlesex, Caesar compelled the Britons to sue for peace ; himself only too glad to grant it to a brave and formidable, though undisciplined adversary. The conditions w'ere, hostages to be delivered, and an annual tribute paid, to the Roman people, but without any concession of territory. And the Imperator, with chief portion of his mighty host, again returned to Gaul in September of the same year. — By his second invasion of Britain, Ca:sar obtained no more solid advantages, as a conqueror, than had accrued to him from his first. He had indeed advanced further into the interior. But having established there no fortified chain of posts and encampments for his troops, the Roman name soon lost its influence, and the natives regained their warlike spirit of independence : thus justi- fying the opinion of Tacitus (Fit. Agr. c. 13), that the Great Julius “had only shewn Britain to the Romans, aud did not make them masters of it.” The astute policy of Augustus, and the indo- lent apathy of Tiberius, being alike averse from the annexation to the empire, of Caesar’s alius orbis terrarum — “the last Western Isle” of Ca- tullus, the Britons, during the period of 97 years, remained without molestation from any foreign attacks on their national freedom, “ the island (says Dion Cassius) remaining subject to its own kings, and governed by its own laws.” Caligula’s mock invasion (a. d. 41), is too ridi- culous to stand as an exception. At length the Emperor Claudius, who aimed at popularity, and even shewed an ambition for military renown, undertook the task of subject- ing Britain to the Roman yoke. His first step was to send thither Aulns Plautius, who, at the head of a numerous aud well-appointed army, encountered and overthrew the Britons in several ' engagements. Stimulated to personal enter- prise by these successes of his able lieutenant, the emperor (a. d. 43) went himself to the scene of action. And, though he stayed iu the island only sixteen days, and made no extension T BRITANNIA. 137 to the conquests of his officer, the obsequious Senate, on his return to Rome, six months after he had left the British shore, voted him a con- queror’s most splendid triumph. Solemn pro- cessions also were formed ; trophied arches rear- ed ; public games celebrated ; naval aud provin- cial crowns of gold presented ; to perpetuate the memory of his victories; and, whilst the sur- name of Britannicus was decreed to him and to his infant son, the real services of Plautius were rewarded with inferior honours, followed up by his dismissal from command. It is under Claudius that the appellation given by the Ro- mans to the aborigines of our country, first appears on the coinage of Rome. — Sec [de] bri- tannis. [“ Who were the oldest, and consequently the first, inhabitants of this island, and whence the name of Britain is derived, has given rise to a variety of opinions, with uo ground of certainty to determine the question.” It appears, how- ever, that “ the ancient Gauls and Britons used the same language, and by necessary conse- quence the origin of the Britons may be referred to the Gauls.” — Sec Camden, edited by Gough, 1, p. lxiv.] About a. d. 50, Claudius being still emperor, in consequence of continual conflicts carried on with the unsubdued natives, the southern part of the island was formed into a province by Os- torius, who defeated the Silures in a great bat- tle, and taking their leader Caractacus (or Cara- doc), sent him and his family prisoners to Rome. Neither the captivity, nor subsequent release, of this heroic chief, produced more than a brief suspension of hostilities between the legionaries aud their harrassing antagonists. From A.d. 54 to a. d. 62, during which, Nero being emperor, Suetonius Panliuus commanded in Britain, bat- tle after battle was fought, without producing any decisive effect on cither of the belligerents. The capture of the isle of Anglcsea, and the slaughter of the Druids, followed by a retribu- tive and still more widely extended massacre of the Romans, by the insurgent Britons under their Queen Boadicea (a. d. 61) ; these san- guinary hoiTors succeeded by the terrible re- venge, which the Romans took, when victory at length returned to their standards, and the Bri- tish heroine fell a self-devoted victim to imperial cruelty and injustice — such are amongst the prominent features of atrocity and misery with which historians fill up that brief but eventful space of eleven years. Nor was this helium in- ternecinum — this “ war to the knife” yet near the period of its termination. — When, however, Vespasian in a. n. 70, became emperor ; he (who under Claudius had fought the Britons in many engagements, and consequently w r ell knew the system of political as well as military tactics, best calculated to achieve success against the in- dependent tribes of the island), adopted such a combination of bold and judicious measures, as, through his generals, Cerealis and Froutinus, before the end of the year 76, resulted in re- ducing the Brigantes wholly, and the Silures partly, to subjection. 138 BRITANNIA. A new sera of military glory, accompa- nied by a wiser and more humanised system of conduct towards the natives, began to'be iden- tified with the administration of Roman affairs in Britain, about the close of Vespasian’s reign. This auspicious change continued throughout that of Titus. But it was totally blighted by the base ingratitude and vindictive tyranny of Domitian towards one of the ablest as well as most willing instruments of such public benefits, that Rome ever had the privilege to call her own. The pen of Tacitus, narrating events from a. d. 76 to 86, attests the splendid successes gained, and the solid advantages reaped, by Cneius Julius Agricola. That consummate warrior, and excellent governor, whilst he effectually kept down the refractory tribes by his vigilance and courage, no less advanced the cause of tranquil- lity and civilization by his ad vice and assistance to those who faithfully adhered to their alliances with Rome — at the same time that he set an example of good order, by restoring the disci- pline of his army. It was the justly famed Agricola, who having, a. d. 78, accepted at the hands of his aged emperor, the post of command in this country, subdued the Ordovices and took the isle of Mona. It was Agricola who, after having reduced to submission the whole southern portion of Britain, augmented the superiority lie had already acquired, by gradually securing a strong northern frontier to his conquests in his third campaign, a. d. 80, advancing as fai- ns the l'rith of Tay — not merely driving the Caledonians back into their inaccessible fast- nesses among the Grampians, a. d. 83, but after defeating Galgacus, a. d. 84, being the first to ascertain, by means of his fleet, the geogra- phical fact that Britain is an island. All these substantial fruits, however, of dearly purchased victories iu seven glorious campaigns — all these benefits of an enlightened energy — all these advantages of good government — were ren- dered null and void, by the worse than thank- less conduct of Domitian to a legal us, of whom such a sovereign was not worthy. After the recall of Agricola from his pro-pric- torship, a. D. 85, the Roman province in Bri- tain, which he had done so much to enlarge and improve, appears to have relapsed again into a state of commotion within, and of conflict pressed upon it from without. In this precari- ous and neglected condition, the power of Rome remained in this country till a. d. 117. — It is to be observed by the way, that no coins of Ves- pasian, Titus, and Domitian, any more than of their imperial predecessors, Nero, Galba, Otho, and Vitcllius, bear, cither in type or legend, the least reference to the Britons ; although triumphs for Agricola’s successes were assumed by both the sons of Vespasian. At length, Hadrian being invested with the purple, that w ise and active ruler, directing his attention to the subject of Britannic affairs, with a sagacious promptitude corresponding to its im- portance, began by sending large bodies of troops to reinforce the various garrisous and encamp- ments which, under Agricola’s plan, had been BRITANNIA. made to form a well-connected chain of military posts and stations over the country. And having by this means rc-cstablishcd comparative tranquil- lity, he next extended to Britain those adminis- trative regulations for limiting the authority, and curbing the exactions, of prefects and sub- ordinate magistrates, which he had already re- duced to an uuiform system in other provinces of the empire, and which had become equally indispensable to protect the Roman colouists themselves from flagrant injustice, and to rescue the native tribes from the most grinding t\ ranny. Hadrian was the first emperor, subsequently to Claudius, who had set foot on British ground. The advent took place a. d. 121 ; and his pre- sence in that island seems to have been owing to a far more important reason than that of mere curiosity. It is evident, from both coins and marbles, that marches were performed, battles fought, and victories gained by this prince, over the ever restless Caledonians. But there is one memorial of Hadrian’s visit to Britain, which, though history makes but brief allusion to it, remains — monumentum cere perenttius — an im- perishable evidence of his directing mind, in the mural barrier w hich was constructed (not merely of turf but of stone), from the western to the eastern coast, for the purpose of resisting the incursions of the Caledonians (afterwards railed Piets), and other uuconquercd inhabitants of North Britain. During the reign of Antoninus Pius (com- prising the period from a. d. 138 to 161), the J letelce iu the north, and the Briyantes in the south, revolted from the Roman sway ; and, after much bloodshed on both the conflicting sides, were reduced to submission by the pro- prietor Lollius. — Marcus Aurelius was, almost at his accession to the throne (a. d. 161), en- gaged in defending the northern and eastern frontiers of his vast empire, against the incur- sions of Germanic tribes, and the march of Par- thian invaders. This fact may perhaps serve, in some measure,' to account for his name and ex- ploits not being recorded either by annalists or on coins, in relation to Britain : although for nearly the whole 28 years of his eventful life, as emperor, Britain was the arena of continuous hostilities between the uncivilized tribes of Cale- donia and the legions stationed to defend the Roman province from their onslaughts. — Corn- modus (a. d. 184), aroused to make some effort lor the safety of this part of his dominions, sent over Ulpius Marccllus. This general, n man of high reputation, after having defeated these free- booters, and driven them back into their shel- tering highlands, proceeded to reform the legion- aries themselves, by establishing better disci- pline and more effective regulations. For these, and other important public services, Ulpius was rewarded by Coinmodus, in the same manner that Agricola had been by Domitian — namely, by a recall from his prefecture ; and a narrow escape of his life from the jealous hatred of his execrable master. The portentous insubordination of the Bri- tauuic army, at this period, was plainly shew'n, BRITANNIA. in their clamorous accusations ngaiust Perennis (a. n. 185), and the base degradation of the im- perial government became equally manifest, in the surrender, by the self-dubbed Hercules Ro- manos, of a favourite minister to the deadly re- venge of a corrupt and seditious soldiery. In the fertile mint of this blood-thirsty profligate, one blushes to sec the arts of design combined with the skill of the die-sinker, to furnish, in each metal and of almost every size, numismatic speci- mens of exquisite beauty, amongst other subjects, allusive, both in legend and in type, to that Bri- tain, whose soil the degenerate sou of Aurelius never trod, and about whose interests, as a pro- vince of the empire, he knew little and eared less. Albinus, on whom Severus, in a. d. 194, con- ferred the title of Cicsar in Britain, displayed great ability for civil government, and high talents for military command, whilst left awhile by his artful superior unmolested at the head of affairs in that island. He had, of course, no authority over the brass mint of Rome ; and he struck no silver or gold money, ou which there was any reference to Britain ; although a mintage of sil- ver, issued by him when he assumed the purple at Lyon (a. d. 197), exhibits a type of military ensigns, allusive probably to the British legions whom he had led into Gaul. Septimius Severus, after he had put Albinus to death ; and with the same merciless hand of power, restored tranquillity in the east, became closely associated, in bodily presence as well as in name, with the western provinces; and his military expeditions, together with the victories that crowned them, in Britain, are recorded on his coins. In the 207th year of our sera, and in the 15th year of his reign, this warlike prince divided the executive administration of the island into two prefectures, appointing able governors to each, and sending large reinforcements to assist one of them in waging war with the un- conquered men of the north. Two years after- wards, accompanied by Caracalla and Geta, he went, an infirm old man, but still energetic and undaunted in spirit, to the assistance of his lieu- tenant Lupus, with a much more formidable armament. Ilis invasion of Caledonia (a. d. 209) ; his dearly bought successes over, and his acceptance of a proffered but a feigned submis- sion from the savage race of people, whose ob- stinate courage had inflicted such appalling losses on the Roman host — all these, added to his more permanent merit in repairing and strengthening the defences of the northern province, give an historical reality of interest to the victoiiiae brittannicae legends, and to the trophied types, which display themselves in the respective mints of Severus and his sons. [Mr. Roach Smith, F. S. A. in his valuable and interesting Notes of an Archaeological Tour performed by him, in 1851, along the Roman Wall, makes the following concluding remarks ; which, coming as they do from one of the ablest, most indefatigable, and most faithfully correct writers of the present day, and offered by him as the result of his recent line of exploration, have a peculiar claim to the confidence aud con- BRITANNIA. 139 sideration of the historical antiquary. Referring to the inscriptions which have strewed the ground from Bowness to Wall send, he observes, that “ these records very clearly explain the ori- gin of the wall itself, and settle the questions which have so long been raised as to its date. — They prove that to Hadrian this honour is due ; and that Severus, who has shared the credit with Hadrian, did nothing more than repair the fortresses aud the public buildings, which had become dilapidated ; that Hadrian brought to- gether for tliis work the entire military force of the province, and that the British states, or communities, also contributed workmen.” — Sec Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 1851. But more par- ticularly see Collectanea Antiqaa, by the same author, vol. ii. imder the head of “ The Roman Wall.”] From the death of Severus (at York), Feb. 4, 211, to the times of that fortunate usurper Carausius, and his perfidious murderer Allectus — (an interval of more than 70 years) — no notice, strange to say, of occurrences in Britain can be found in the old writers. [The above historical summary, purposely closed here, is meant simply for an introductory tribute of attention, due to the subject of such monetal relics, as serve to associate the annals of ancient Rome with those of “ the land we live in.” And, as iu framing the above out- line, slight and circumscribed as it is, resort has been had for facts, dates, and authorities, to the pages of a Camden, a Henry, a Tyttlcr Frazer, a Francis Palgravc, a Lingard, an Eck- hel — so has the scientific and intelligent pen of an Akerman been taken full advantage of in the subjoined notices of coins and me- dallions, which bear the names of our country and her native sons, as they were respectively designated by her earliest conquerors, aud, for many centuries, ruliug occupants. The more recent publication by the last named excellent writer, entitled “ Coins of the Romaus re- lating to Britain,” is, indeed, regarded by all competent judges iu England, as the best work extant, with reference to the nationally interest- ing points on which it treats. And European appreciation of its merits may fairly be recog- nised in the distinguished honour of the Prix de Numismatique, awarded to him, for the new edition, by the French Institute. From the ac- curately descriptive and elegantly illustrated contents of that volume, the student will derive every degree of useful information, which can be obtained or desired, in that particular branch of numismatic research, from the reign of Clau- dius down to the times of Constautine aud his family.] BRIT. — Britanni. — Pacatus, in his Panegyr. Theodosii, cited by Eckhel (vi. 217), calls the Britons by the strong term of exules orbis (ex- iles from the terrestrial globe). About the time of the Emperor Claudius (a. d. 41 to 54), it was customary to write Britannia — britanni — britannicvs. — The name of the island aud of its inhabitants was also spelled with only one 140 BRITAN. t during the reigns of Hadrianus and Antoninus Pius, as will be seen on their respective coins. — Virgil had previously done the same, in the well known line, ending “ Britannos.” — It was un- der Commodus (about A. D. 184), that the let- ter t began to be doubled, and only one N was used. (See next page). — Scptimius Severus (a.d. 209), adopted the double T, but restored the N ; and in legends of Gcta and Caracalla (a. d. 198 to 217), we also read brittaxnicae. Afterthat period of the empire, the word does not in any way appear on the coinage of Rome. BRITAN. (1)E) or De Britann, or Be Bri- tanni, or De Britannis, inscribed on a tri- umphal arch, above which is an equestrian statue, between two trophies. This legend and type ap- pear on gold and silver of Claudius, to whom as early as the year u. c. 796 (a. d. 43), honours were awarded by the Senate, for the conquest of Britain. No coins struck in preceding years, have yet been found, commemorative of this event. The above type (engraved from a specimen in the British Museum), exhibits the arch stated by Dion Cassius to have been decreed to Claudius, in addition to other marks of distinction. — Suetonius (CAaud. cli. 17), adds that a naval crown was placed near the civic one, on the sum- mit of the Palatine residence, as an emblem of the sca-traject, and, so to speak, a symbol of the Ocean subdued to the emperor’s power. B It I T A N. A first brass of Antoninus Pius presents a female figure helmet ed, clothed, and seated on a rock : holding a javelin in the right hand, her left reposes on an ornamented shield by her side, and her right foot rests on a glohe. Round the type we read imperator ii. ; and ii R it an is inscribed across the field. This type differs materially from all the others of the Britannia series. “ Instead of a female figure, with bare head, as on coins of Hadrian, we have here doubtless (says Mr. Akerman), a personification of Rome herself ; her dominion being aptly enough portrayed by a globe beneath her right foot, whilst she grasps a javelin (a barbarian weapon) instead of a spear.” — En- graved in “ Coins relating to Britain,” pi. iii. fig. 18. BRITAN. — Inscribed in the exergue of an- other large brass of the same emperor, having the same legend of reverse. The type is a female figure seated on a globe, surrounded by waves; in her right hand a standard; in her left a javelin ; her elbow resting upon the edge of a buckler by her side. “ This is perhaps the most interesting coin of the whole scries.” Every feature of the derice serves to mark the insular and remote situation of Britain, which the Romans considered, and their poets (Virgil, Claudian, and Horace), al- luded to, as a country divided, severed, and set apart from their world. — According to Dion Cassius, great difficulty was experienced by Plautius, in the time of Claudius, in inducing BRITAN. his troops to embark for Britain : they com- plained that they were going to war in regions ‘ out of the world.’ — The figure seated on the globe is unquestionably the typification of the Roman province.” — See the work above named, in which the coin is engraved, pi. ii. fig. 16. BRITAN. S. C. (across the field of the coin). — An elegant winged Victory, stauding ou a globe, holds a garland in her right hand, and a palm branch in her left. — Round the type, imperator ii. (Imperator Iterum, Emperor for the second time). On a first brass of Anto- ninus Pius. According to Capitolinns, Antoninc conquered a tribe of the Britons by his general, Lollius Urbicus, who kept back the barbarians by raising another turf wall still further to the northward (alio mnro ccspititio subinotis barbaris ducto). Pausanias also, in recording the victorious ex- ploits performed in Britain by the above named imperial commander, calls the tribe whom he subdued by the name of Brigantes, and as- cribes the war to their having attacked Gerunia, a territory subject to the Romans. [The fine reverse above described and in- serted, has been engraved from a specimen in the British Museum.] The chronological value of the title Imperator, as inscribed on coins of Roman Euqierors, is shewn by Eckhel (rii. p. 12) : — These coins prove what history has neglected to teach us, viz. that this war was carried on, or at least was finished by Urbicus, within the third quin- quennial consulate of Antoninus Pius ; and thence was called after him Imperator II. being the first aud last augmentation of his title. — Although, if Gruter’s marble does not mislead, in which Antoninc is styled tr. p. ii. imp. ii. cos. ii. des. in. that title had already been con- ferred upon him at the expiration of the pre- ceding year u. C. 892 (a. d. 140). — See the word Imperator. There is a second brass of Antoninus Pius, with the same legend of reverse, of which the type is a Victory walking. She holds in her right hand a buckler, on which the abbreviated word britan. is inscribed. This coin, bearing also imperator II. evidently refers to the same decisive victory gained over the Brigantes, which gave rise to the minting of the preceding coin. — Engraved in Akerman, “ Roman Coins relating to Britain, pi. i. fig. 9. BRITANNIA. S. C. — A first brass of Anto- BRITTANIA. ninus Pius with this legend, has for its reverse type, a male figure seated on a rock, his right hand holding a standard ; his left hand resting ou the upper edge of a shield placed by his side. Mr. Akcrmau, in giving an engraving of it, says — “ This curious coin is somewhat puzzling. It bears ou tbc obverse the head and name of Antoninus Pius ; but the seated figure is obvi- ously a portrait of Hadrian. It is difficult to find a reason for this, unless we suppose that the die for the reverse was originally intended for a coin of Hadriau during the life of that emperor, but for some cause or other not used ou his money. Or was it designed by the Senate as a tribute to the memory of Hadrian, who certainly performed more in Britain thau his successor ? In either case it is a very curious type.” Referring to his engraved illustration of this reverse (pi. ii. fig. 15, of the work above quoted), Mr. A. adds, “That the figure is that of Hadrian, no one acquainted with the portraits of that emperor will deny.” BRITANNIA COS. II II. — Britannia Con- sul Qaartum. — A female figure seated on a rock, in an attitude of dejection ; before her a large oval shield, aud a military standard. Ou second brass of Antoninus Pius. The legend of this reverse shews that the coin was struck in the 4th consulate of the emperor, a. d. 145. — “Of all the Roman coins relating to Britain, this is the most frequently discovered in England. They arc generally found in very ordinary condition, aud scarcely ever met with in fine preservation. It is somewhat singular, that among the numerous fine and interesting brass medallions of Antoninus, not one bears allusion to Britain.” — Akerman, same work as above cited. Engraved in pi. ii. fig. 11 and 12. BRITTANIA, P.M. TR. P.X. IMP. COS. IIII. P. P. Brittania, Pont if ex Maximus Tribunitid Potestate decern , Imperator Sepli- mum. Consul qaartum, Pater Patriae. — A male figure seated on a rock, holding in his right haud a military standard, and in his left a jave- lin ; his right arm rests on a shield, on which are inscribed the letters s. p. Q. r. — This legend and type appear on the reverse of a brass me- dallion, of large size and of the greatest rarity, struck under Commodus. — The obverse presents the laurelled head of that emperor, round which we read, ir. commodvs antoninvs avg. rivs. BRIT. Among other vain assumptions of unmerited honours, Commodus, from the date of his ninth tribunitian power, had taken the title of BRIT- annicus, on the occasion of some advantages gained in that country bv his generals. And this medallion was struck to record the suppres- sion of a rebellion in South Britain, and the de- feat of a Caledonian incursion by Ulpius Mar- cellus. (See historical summary, p. 138). The figure thus representing a Roman province, dis- plays as usual all the attributes of that province. — The form of the dress, bucklers, aud lances used by a warlike race, are here plainly recog- nizable. Britannia also holds a Roman ensign, as the declared subject of the Emperor, Senate, BRITTANNIA. 141 and People, who arc indicated by the legend and type of the obverse, and by the s. p. q. r. in- scribed ou the shield in the reverse. [A graphic illustration of the above described medallion is placed at the head of article Bri- tannia (p. 136). The cut is executed after a cast taken from the interesting and very rare original in the French National collection.] BRITTANIA. — The learned editor of the Thomas’ sale catalogue (p. 33), thus describes the splendid Britannia medallion in, what, for comprehensive extent and extraordinary value, w'as appropriately termed, that “ princely collec- tion.” “ Obv. a beautiful laureated and togated bust of Commodus looking to the right ; rev. a mili- tary figure seated on a rock, with a standard iu the right and a spear in the left hand ; the lat- ter rests on an ornamented oval shield (having the point of a lance in the centre) placed on a helmet. — Legend of the reverse, brittania, p. m. tr. p. x. imp. vii. cos. iiii. p. p. — Legend of the obverse, M. commodvs antoninvs avg. pivs brit. ; extra fine and unique; size 12 of Mionnct’s scale. — A very correct engraving of this matchless Britannia adorns the title of Captain Smyth’s valuable Catalogue; privately printed at Bedford, 1834.” [It will thus be seen that the medallion in question, forming part of the late Mr. Thomas’s collection, differed from that in the French cabi- net, only in not having the initial letters s. P. q. r. within the shield. Yet, whilst by that inscriptive addition instead of a mere lance point, the mintage of the latter becomes not less iden- tified with senatorial than with imperial sanc- tion, and iu that respect has a superiority over the former — we find the medallion at Paris valued by Mionnet at 150 francs (15 18s. 9d.), and that the celebrated acquisition of the En- glish collector actually sold in 1848 for the sum of £75 !] In the Florentine museum there is a brass medallion of Commodus, bearing the same le- gends, and a similar type of reverse, except that the spear or lance in the hand of the pro- vince is armed at both ends. BRITANNIA. S. C.— A second brass of Ha- drian bears this inscription on the exergue of its reverse, with the legend font. siax. tr. pot. cos. in. Pontifex Maximus. Tribunitid Potestate, Consul ter- tium. — The accompa- nying type is that of a female figure seated, her left foot planted on a rock ; her head rest- ing on her right hand — in her left haud is a spear, and by her side a shield, with a spike in the centre. Spartian says — “ Hadrian resorted to Britain, where he reformed many things, and was the first to raise a wall 72,000 paces in length, which served as a boundary between the Barbari and the Romans.” And according to the same 142 BRITANNIAE. author, this journey of Hadrian’s was made in the year u. c. 874 (a. d. 121). [The above cut is from a satisfactorily pre- served specimen which belongs to the compiler of this work, the gift of his friend W. C. Ewing, Esq. of Norwich.] In a communication to the editor of the Nu- mismatic Chronicle, in 1841, Mr. Roach Smith, alluding to this type of Britannia, on Ha- drian’s second brass, states that in some of the specimens which he possesses, “ the development of the mammae clearly decide the disputed point that the figure, under which the province of Britain is personified, is a female.” In the work on Roman Coins relating to Bri- tain will be found two engravings of this type of Hadrian’s. They differ in no material re- spect from each other, except that on one the legend buitannia is carried round the margin of the coin, and the other (as in the present wood cut) is inscribed in the exergue. — See Mr. Akerman’s remarks on this interesting type, in pp. 25 and 26. BRITANNIAE (Adventus Aug.) — On a large brass of Hadrian there is for obo. hadrianvs avg. cos. hi. p. p. The laureated profile of that emperor, with the chlamys buckled on the right shoulder. — lieo. Legend as above; on the ex- ergue s. c. — The figure of Hadrian in the toga stands in the left of the field, and a robed female on the right, who holds a patera over an altar, from which a flame rises. — “ By this, and the victim at her side (observes Capt. Smyth), is expressed the sacrifice made by the Provincials in token of joy and cordiality at the august arrival ; and the altar denotes mutual compact. He arrived a. d. 121, just in time, according to Camden, to prevent the Britons from throwing off the Roman yoke. Here he made many re- gulations ; and to secure his colonies from Cale- donian incursions, caused a mighty wall to be built, extending from the river Eden in Cum- berland, to the Tyne in Northumberland.” — (p. 1041. BRIT. VICT. — See vict. brit. and victo- riae brittannicae of Scvcrus, Caracalla, and Geta. BRITa«ni«w. — This appellation docs not np- pear on any of the coins of Claudius, as part of his style and title, although on those which com- memorate the expedition of that emperor into Britain, and some victories gained there by his legati, an inscription relating to that islaud does OCCUr. — See BRITANNIS (DE). It was by certain emperors of a lower age, that the surname of Britannicus was assumed. Com- modus first used it on his coins, a. d. 184. — And this he did in addition to another titular assumption — thus PIVS 11 IU'IV //««-«.?, omit- ting the others which he had before obtained ; such as Gcrmauicus and Sarmaticus. The same title of Britannicus is exhibited on the respec- tive coins of S. Sevcrus, Caracalla, and Geta. BRITANNICUS Ctesar. — Tiberius Claudius Germanicus, afterwards called Britannicus, son of Claudius and of Mcssalina, was born a.d. 42. By the influence of Agrippina jun. the second | BRITANNICUS. wife of Claudius, he was deprived of his here- ditary right to succeed that emperor, and Nero was adopted in his stead, a. d. 50. About five years afterwards, when he had scarcely reached his fourteenth year, this ill-fated prince was poisoned by Nero, partly out of envy of his fine voice, but more from fear that the youth should snatch the empire from him. There are neither gold nor silver coins of Bri- tannicus. Brass, even of the Greek colonies, are exceedingly rare. — Eckhcl ascribes to him as genuine, a large brass in the cabinet at Vienna, having on its obverse the bare head of Britan- nicus, with the legcud of ti. claudivs caesar avg. e. britannicvs. — On the reverse s. c. Mars walking. — (D. N. V. t. vii. p. 155.) Mionnct values this at 1000 francs, and pro- nounces it unique. Captain Smyth says — “ The only large brass of Britannicus which I know of is that with reverse of Mars, in the imperial cabinet of Vienna, which was purchased at Rome, in 1773, and has been pronounced to be genuine.” (p. 36.) The learned and accurate author of Lefons de Numismatique Romaine, after alluding to the extreme rarity even of colonial coins of Britan- nicus, expresses himself as follows (p. 95) : — “ There has been cited but one medal of Roman die, or rather struck at Rome, bearing the name and effigy of this prince. It is of large brass, and now in the collection of the Abbe Canova, brother of the celebrated scidptor. — But (adds this writer)* although referred to as a true antique by several authors, we, who have seen and examined it; we who rest, in the first place, on the opinion of Eckhel, and in the second place, on that of the well-informed P. Caronui ; believe it to be very suspicious. It is of a larger module, and it is thicker than large brass of the ordinary size. Its reverse presents the god Mars, an unusual type for a young prince invested with only the title of Ctesar.” A second brass specimen was admitted into a collection by Morel, but Eekhcl thinks it must be false. Mionnct and Akerman both quote the follow- ing small brass, colonial, with Latin legends : — britannicvs. Bare infant head of Britan- nicus. Rev. Legend effaced (within a garland). britannicvs avgv. Bare head. Rev. ti. CLAVD....TR. pot. P. p. From Sestini. The coins on which Britannicus is colled Au- gustus arc colonial ; and to the ignorance of the moneyer, rather than to any particular motive, is to be attributed the above use of a title which was never conferred on that prince. — Mionnct. B. R. P. NAT. — Bono Reipublicre Nato (see p. 132), and not bap. nat. ns interpreted by Occo and others after him, BWt innate NAT o. In support of the former reading there is a paper in the Numismatic Journal, edited by J. Y. Akerman, F. S. A. (January, 1837, p. 260), which, entitled “ Revival by Ur. Walsh of a re- futed error,” sets this question conclusively at rest. BRUISE, in numismntic language, signifies BRUTUS. a break or injury in the patina of a brass or cop- per coin or medallion. BRUNDUSIUM. — A city of Calabria (or rather of Apulia), on the coast of the Adriatic sea, now called Brindisi, in the Terra di Otranto, kingdom of Naples. In the time of the Ro- mans, it was the chief resort of persons making the traject from Italy to Greece. Horace has described the road from Rome to this place, in the fifth satire of his first book. — Botli Eckhrl and Mionnet include Brundusium in their re- spective catalogues of Roman colonies. — Vaillant gives none of its coins, which according to Mion- net consist only of Latin Autonomcs, in small and middle brass, almost exclusively bearing the legend BRUNtfttm»« ; and the types consist of a laurelled and bearded head (of Neptune or Jupiter), or a naked male figure (Arion) riding on a dolphin, holding iu the right hand a victo- rio/a that crowns him, and in the left a lyre, with the mark of the Semis. BRUTUS (Marcus Junius ), called by some the tyrannicide, was son of M. Junius Brutus, and of Servilia, who was half sister of Cato of Utica, by the mother’s side. He came into the world in the 669th year of Rome (b. c. 85). At a very early age he lost his father ; but his education, under the careful superintendence of his mother and uncles, was an excellent one ; and, having imbibed an ardent love for learning, he studied literature and oratory at Rhodes. — It is not pertain [see the point treated of further on] that he was descended from the cele- brated Brutus, who drove the Tarquins from Rome, and served the first Considatc of the Republic : although the portraitures and inscrip- tions on his family coins shew that he laid pre- tensions to that origin. Having, amidst the lamentable dissensions of the State, attached himself to the adherents of Pompcius Magnus, on the ground that it was that party which most favoured the cause of freedom, Marcus Brutus was in the army opposed to that of Julius Csesar, at the battle of Pharsalia, a. u. c. 796 (b. C. 48). But he was afterwards not only pardoned by the victor iu that decisive shock of arms, but was loaded by him with the highest distinctions. — Caesar in fact gave Brutus the government of Cisalpine Gaul, and the prastorship of Rome — favours which be repaid, by becoming, in con- junction with C. Cassius, the foremost of his assassins. — It was doubtless the remembrance of these benefits conferred, that moved the mind of Caesar in the very moment of the assault made upon him in full Senate (b. c. 44). So that seeing Brutus in the throng of his murderers, the exclamation burst from his lips — “ Tu ue etiain inter hos es, fili ?” Art thou, too, amongst them, my son? — After the perpetra- tion of the crime, compelled to quit Rome, Brutus fled with Cassius and others of the con- spirators into the province of Macedonia. And when he learnt that war was declared, under the Lex Pedia, against him and his associates, he betook himself to defensive measures, not only for the support of the commonwealth, hut for BRUTUS.' 143 his own personal safety. Being, however, de- feated by Mark Antony and Octavian, at Phi- lippi, he put an end to his existence in the year 712 (b. c. 42), and in the 37th year of his age. “ In private life (says Eckhel, vi. 20), M. Bru- tus was a man of unimpeachable morality — in- accessible to the allurements of pleasure and of avarice — the only individual of the conspirators, whom public opinion held to have joined iu de- stroying Cicsar, under the impulse of a love of virtue and integrity ; whilst the rest were looked upon as actuated by widely difterent motives. — These commendations, however, lose much of their foundation in truth ; since in determining upon the death of Jidius, he could not exhibit i his patriotism except at the expense of ingrati- tude towards a second father — and moreover, since he ought to have reflected that his was a fruitless and inconsiderate zeal, so long as there existed in the corrupt commonwealth of Rome, so many Caesars, ready to take the place of the departed one, and, as the event proved, to use their victory with infinitely greater pride and cruelty. But Brutus betrayed great incon- sistency of principle and weakness of character, when, on the morrow after liis defeat at Philippi, having resolved on self-destruction, lie openly adopted the words which an ancient poet puts into the mouth of Hercules: — “Ah, w r retched Virtue ! thou wast, then, but a name ! and yet I worshipped thee as a reality : but thou wast the slave of Fortune !” — From this closing in- cident, the inference is plain, that in his aspira- tions after Virtue, he had neglected the practical for the ideal.” 1. BRUTUS. — Head of L. Junius Brutus. Rev. ahala. Head of Ahala, On a denarius of the Servilia gens. — (Sec p. 30). 2. BRUTUS (M.) IMP. COSTA LEG.— (Brutus lmperator, Costa Legatus). Bare head of (Marcus Brutus, within a crown of oak leaves. Rev. l. brvtvs prim. cos. (Lucius Brutus, the First Consul). Bare head of Lucius Brutus, within a similar crown. The two denarii above described exhibit the head of that Lucius Junius Brutus who expelled the kings from Rome, and was the first of the ConSids in the free commonwealth. Both were caused to he struck by M. Brutus, who mur- dered Julius Caesar. Before commenting on these truly precious coins, Eckhel (vi. 20 et seq .) enters into an inquiry whether the Marcus Brutus in question derived his lineage from the original L. Bratus above alluded to. He commences by observing that, even the ancient writers are at variance in their opinions on this subject. Foremost amongst 144 BRUTUS, these, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, citin'* the most distinguished writers on Roman history affirms, that no issue, male or female, survived the Lucius who condemned his two sons for con- spiracy with the Tarquin family, and who were executed by his orders, as consul. To this he adds the fact that Lucius was of patrician birth whilst the Junii and Bruti, who boasted of their descent from him were, without exception, pie- beians, and served plebeian offices in the state Irion Cassius makes similar statements, borrow- ing them probably from Dionysius; and adds that it was by many persons industriously ru- ; morn-cd, that Marcus ascribed his origin to Lucius, in order that such associations might sti- mulate him to the overthrow of the tyrant Ciesar. Other authors take a different view of ! the question. For example, Plutarch, adducing the testimony of Poseidonius, asserts that though two of the sons of Lucius Brutus were put "to death by Ins command, as traitors to the re- public, yet a third, then an infant, was left, bv whom the race was continued. Plutarch further asserts, on the same authority, that the features of several individuals of the Junia family re- sembled those of the statue of L. Junius'Bru- tus.— But there is much weightier evidence in the words of Cicero, addressed to the Senate : — Surely, it was that L. Brutus, who both in his own person liberated the commonwealth from kingly domination, and transmitted, to nearly the five hundredth year, a posterity of similar virtues and like cxploits.”-I„ another I oration, alluding to Dccimus Brutus, one of the most active originators of the conspiracy, he i speaks yet more plainly. [See ahala, p 30 of this dictionary].— Further testimonies of the same orator, to the same point, mav be seen in tiavercamp s commentaries on the Familia Hu- mana of Morel, p. 220. Such is the conflicting language of the an- cicuts on this subject. And from this diversity of opinion, Eckhcl avows himself the more in- clined to believe, that “ the genealogy was a ficti- tious one ; originating in the vanity so prevalent at that period, of hunting up a remote ancestry • abundant examples of which are furnished by the coins of the Calpurnii, the Marcii, and the Pomponu ; not to mention the fabulous instances that occur in those of the Antonii, the Mamilii, and thc Fabii. — In complaining of this very custom, Livy says — “ In my opinion, history is vitiated by certain funereal eulogies, and by the false inscriptions on statues; whilst each family arrogates to itself, delusively, thc renown of others deeds and distinctions. Thc inevit- able consequence has been the confounding of individual with national records.” [Iu his Ieonographie Romaine, referring to the above observation of Eckhcl in support of the opinion of those who deny that Marcus Bru- tus was descended from the ancient Brutus t iscouti intimates his non-concurrence on this point with Eckhcl, and adduces thc authority of Bayle for recognizing, as thc more probable 1 opinion, the validity of Brutus’s genealogical pretensions — vol. i. 8vo. edit. p. 1 02. j ° BRUTUS. But wherever thc truth may lie amongst these opposite statements and opinions, certain , * s> t ( “ a ‘ th ® r . c were not wanting many, on the s length of this supposed relationship, to exhort Brutus to emidate thc deeds of his ancestors, and this they did by distributing documents among the people. Even around the tribunal of M. Brutus (for he was Pnctor Urbauus in the very year of Cmsar’s murder), writing was discovered to this purport-” Thou slccpest, Brutus, —and Thou art not a Brutus!”— , e . que t es ’ Brutus).— Indeed the overthrow and destruction of kings were looked upon bv the re- publicans as the peculiar province of the Bruti Having made his general remarks as a requi- site preliminary, thc learned and judicious au- thor of Doctnna proceeds to thc task of con- sidering the two coins separately, to the follow- ing effect: — , l first denarius presents on one side the head of L. Brutus; on the other that of Ahala [See engraving in p. 30]. And this associat- ing together of the two portraitures, iu itself convincingly identifies thc mintage with Marcus Brutus For as on thc father's side he was be- lieved to trace his descent from Lucius Brutus so on his mother Servilia’s side, lie undoubtedly reckoned among his progenitors Servilius Ahala whose sole recorded claim to be remembered be- yond Ins day, appears to rest on his having, as general of cavalry to thc dictator Cincinnatus (ii. c 439), killed Sp. Madras, on pretence that the latter was conspiring against thc common- wealth. 2. The second coin, within a crown of oak leaves, presents what, from the legend, L. brvtvs , R,M - cos - " as evidently meant for the portrait of the ancient Brutus.— This type (observes Eckhel w. 22), bears reference to the state in which the republic was at the period of Cicsar’s dictator- ship (b. c. 44). For just as Lucius Brutus PHMr hc of the kin 8®> himself became KlM/fj CO/zSk/, so did Marcus Brutus, after the assassination of Julius, restore thc ancient office of the Consulate, together with thc liber- ties of the people, indicated bv the corona quernea. The title of Primus Consul, in con- i ncctiou with the name of Lucius Junius Bru- , * , on „ th,s dcnarius . is amusingly as well as , oA lU l us,rated Suetonius, when (in Ciesare, cn. 80), lie states that thc following epigram- I matic sentence was inscribed on the pedestal of Ciesar s statue : — Brutus, quia regrs ejecit, consnl primus factus est : [ me (l. c. Ciesar) quia consoles ejccit, rex postreino factus est. °I>1 Brutus, for causing nil kings to be lacking tvi -i ^ ome » ^ ,e ^ rst consulship gains • Whilst Ciesar, because be sends consuls a-packing, K forthwith, nude a king, for his pains. i V 1 ® °!l‘ cr sidc of tl,is denarius exhibits the head of Marcus Brutus, representing him with a long and meagre visage. And that such was really his habit of body, may be gathered from an expression once used by Ciesar. For when - 1. Antonins and Dolabella were accused in his hearing of designs hostile to his person and go- BRUTUS. vernment, lie remarked, that lie entertained no fears of those sleek and bushy men (crinitosj, but rather of the pale emaeiated fellows, mean- ing Brutus and Cassius. (Plutarch, in Cms. M. Anton, et Brulo.) — Shakspearc, in his play of Julius Caesar, probably borrowing from this pas- sage, turns the loan to good account, iu making Ciesar thus address Mark Antony : — “ Let me have men about me that arc fat ; Sleek-headed men, and such as sleep a-nights. Yon Cassius has a lean and hungry look : lie thinks too much : sueh men arc dangerous.” Act 1, Scene 2. It appears au extraordinary circumstance, that on coins should be introduced the portrait of of the very man who boasted of being the cham- pion of freedom, when, iu the independent days of the republic, such a distinction was never per- mitted; and first became included amongst the inordinate privileges heaped upon Ciesar himself. It might have been regarded as a flattering at- tention paid, without the knowledge of Brutus, by his lieutenants, whose names usually appear on his coins. But, if credit be given to Dion (xlvii. § 25), the type was struck with the con- sent, and by the direction, of Brutus himself. On this same denarius Brutus is styled I.MP- eralor, as he frequently is on others of his coins. — The time and occasion of his receiving the title are stated by Dion (as above), viz. that he made an expedition against the Bessi, a people of Thrace, “ partly in order to chastise them for their hostility, and partly that he might gain for himself the title and dignity of Imperator, which would enable him the better to cope with Ciesar and Antony — and that he accomplished both those objects.” — According to Plutarch (in lirut. c. 31), Brutus and Cassius together received each the title of IMP erator, by the acclamations of the army at Sardis. — D. M. V. vi. 22. With regard to the epithet primus, employed in this instance, it is further to be observed, that Valerius Poplicola was also called Consul primus, because he was amongst the very first of those annually elected rulers of the early free republic. — The heads of both the Bruti — Lucius and Marcus — men chronologically separated from each others’ times by an interval of more than 150 years — were conjoined on this denarius, clearly in order that he who slew Ciesar, might thereby shew forth his claim to kindred with the Brutus of ancicut days, and his participation iu like glory with his assumed ancestor. “ The civic (or oaken) crown which appears round each head of the two Bruti, alludes (says Riecio), to the victory won by the second Bru- tus over the adverse party, and to the rescue of Rome and her citizens out of the hands of those who usurped the sovereign power of the state.” — Sec Monete delle Ant. Fam. di ltonia, p. 120 et seq. [A specimen of the above described denarius, in good condition, brought £26 at the sale of the Pembroke collection.] BRUT/u I M Pern tor Lucius PLAEToriiw CESTtVrntw. Head of Marcus Brutus. Rev. EID«i MAI Mia. The pileus, or cap of U BRUTUS. 1-15 liberty, between two daggers. Silver of the Junia gens. This rare and most remarkable silver coin, so important as a numismatic monument, Lucius Phctorius Cestianus, a monctarius as well as a legatus of Marcus Brutus, was the instrument of transmitting, as a record, to the most distant posterity. Iu describing it, Eckhcl begins — En pngiones, & c. — “ Observe the daggers em- ployed in the perpetration of so fell a mur- der, brought before our eyes, on this coin — weapons, which, under the specious pretext of liberty, Brutus hesitated not to stain with the blood of that Ciesar, to whom personally he owed so much ; in the same deed a patriot and a cut-throat. — We have the testimony of Dion Cassius that the denarius [above engraved] was struck by order of Brutus himself; and since it graphically describes this numismatic gem, the author’s words shall be given [See D.N. V. vi. p. 21, for both Greek and Latin :] — “ And also on the coins, which he caused to be struck, he exhibited a likeness of himself, and a cap and two daggers ; intimating by this type, and by the legend, that conjointly with Cassius, lie had restored his country to liberty.” The inscrip- tion f.id. mar. declares the fatal day, the ides of March, on whielj the bloody deed was done. The term paricidium was afterwards applied to these ides of March. By way of counterpoise to the head of Julius Ciesar, struck on his coins, as Dictator, other coins, in opposition to his usurpation of abso- lute power at Rome, were minted in their turn by the partisans of the conspirators themselves, with the head of VI. Brutus, and having on the other side, cither the image of Brutus, the first Cousul, or the two daggers, in allusion to the murder of Ciesar. “This (says Riccio) was for tho purpose of shewing that as Lucius Brutus removed the ancient kings, so the poniards of Cassius and Brutus had, at a subsequent period of time, restored liberty to Rome, as symbolized by the cap.” Bimard de la Bastic (in his notes to Johert), referring to this famous coin, observes that, though unquestionably genuine, both in gold and silver, yet that there is nothing in its appearance to justify the supposition that it was struck in Rome. The fact is that Brutus was at no time master of that city, nor was his party the strongest there. The above cited tes- timony of Dion decides the question as to who it was that caused this denarius to he minted ; aud the time was that at which Brutus passed into Asia to join Cassius, after having rendered himself master of Macedonia and of a part of Greece. 146 BRUTUS. [The foregoing cut is faithfully copied after the cast from a well-preserved specimen in the British Museum. There was another, forming part of the Pembroke collection, and de- scribed in the catalogue as “ in very good condi- tion, and which appeared to be a genuine specimen of this extremely rare and much falsified coin.” This, in August 1848, brought £10 15s. The finest specimen that even the late Mr. Thomas could procure, obtained at the sale of his col- lection only £15 10s. — These sums, so dis- proportioued to the historical interest, as well as to the acknowledged rarity, and consequent high value of this denarius, would seem to in- dicate a prevalence of doubtfulness in the minds of connoisseurs present at the grand auctions in question. One is indeed almost ready to ask, whether there be such a thing as a genuine fid. jiar. of Marcus Brutus? so difficult is it to meet with one that embraces the triple re- quisites of being antique, awplatcd, and in good preservation.] BRUTUS (Consularis Processus). — Sec Junia gens. BRUTUS IMP. — Obv. Neptune. — Rev. Vic- toria. — Sec CASCA LONGUS. BRUTUS (Q. CAEPIO) IMP. — Rev. Trophy. — See Servilia gens. BRUTUS (CAEPIO) PRO. COS.— Sec i.ei- bf.rtas. — Junia gens. BRUTI. F. ALBINUS. — See Junia, Postumia, and Yibia families. BRUTUS IMP. — Bare head of Marcus Junius Brutus, to the right, within a wreath of oak leaves. Rev. casca lon'gvs. A trophy between two prows : sometimes with, sometimes without, an insulated letter in the field. In page 143, an engraving is given of a gold coin, which on one side presents the effigy of Brutus in the middle of a civic crown; and on the other that of Junius Brutus, from whom he claimed descent. — The above cut is from another coin, of the same metal, and which represents the head of this celebrated character within a similar crown. The trophy, raised upon the prows of ships, forming the type of the reverse, bears allusion to the success which attended the lieu- tenants of Brutus and Cassius, in a naval en- gagement, which they had with the fleet of the triumvirs, at the very time when the conspirators themselves were defeated by land. — The lrgend casca loxgvs points to Publius Scrvilius Casca; the man who struck the first blow nt Cicsar, and who fought at Philippi. Long us is probably but the second surname of this same Casca. It has already been remarked, with regard to BUCA. coins stamped with the head of Brutus, that they were struck with his authority. They all combine to prove t lie immoderate ambition of Marcus Junius. The individuals of his party (observes Visconti), would not have dared, each independently of the other, to cause his clfigy to be stamped on Roman money, in imitation of those abuses, which were found fault with in the government of Cicsar, if they had not been well assured of the consent and approbation of their chief. It is even matter of astonishment, that a like example should not have been fol- lowed by the lieutenants of Cassius, and that his head also should not have been struck on the money which he ordered to be coined. — Icon. Rom. i. 212. IVe might have supposed (adds the same dis- tinguished writer), that the portraits of Brutus, after his defeat and death, would have disappeared from the Roman world. But party spirit long survives the events that have decided its lot; and besides there is nothing so difficult to de- stroy as numismatic monuments. The coin whence Visconti made his engraving, was at the time in the cabinet of the learned Abbe San Clemente, at Cremona. A similar one exists in the imperial cabinet of Vienna. — (Eckhcl, Calal. Mas. Cas. part ii. pi. i.) [A very fine specimen of this consular aureus, weight 125 grs. brought at the Devonshire sale, in 1844, £17 17s., and at the sale of Mr. White’s collection, in November, 1848, it ob- tained £37. The Pembroke specimen, lot 350, in the most perfect state of preservation, size 4J, 123 3-10 grs. brought £42.] BUCA. L. — Head of Venus, with mitre, car- rings, and necklace. Rev. A man wrapped in a night-dress, lying asleep on the grass, with his head resting on a stone, to whom arc present Diaua aud Victory. — A rare denarius of the .Emilia gens. The figure in the recumbent posture is Sulla, to whom appeared in his sleep, Diana Tifatina, his protectress (according to the explanation of Borghesi), who with a rod came to awaken him, accompanied by Victory, who invited him to fol- low' her aud destroy his enemies, the partizans of Marius. It is moreover affirmed, that this took place in Sulla’s consulate of the year u. c. 066 (b. c. 88), when returning from Campania, where lie had been commanding nt Nola the army des- tined for the Mithridatic war, he entered Rome; caused the tribune Sulpicius to be put to death ; and drove away Marius from the city. Venus was the especial object of Sulla’s adoration, in remembrance of whom lie caused her effigy to bo struck on the obverse of this coin. (See Riceio, p. 10.) — With regard to the name which ap- pears on this denarius, it applies to L. .Emilius BUST. Buca, the father of him who was ouc of the quatuorumviri of Julius C;csar, and is supposed to have been quaestor under Sulla, in commemora- tion of whose alleged dream he struck this curi- ous coin. (Eckhel, v. 121). — For a denarius struck by the sou, L. bvca, see caesaii dict. PERPFTVVS. BUCKLER, or Shield. — See Clypeus — also AneUia. BULLA, a small round ornament of gold, hollow in the inside, worn by Roman children of quality, together with the pratextal robe, aud which hung pendant from their neck, until they attained the age of 17 years, when both that and the pnetexta were exchanged for the toga virilis. Once arrived at adolescence, they consecrated the relinquished dress and decoration of childhood to the DU Lares, household deities, as Pcrsius thus indicates — Bullaqne succinctis Laribus donata pependit. Macrobius relates the circumstance which led to the use of the bulla among the Romans. In the war which ended in the triumph of Tar- quinius Priscus over the Sabines, that king’s son, aged only 14 years, having distinguished himself by his valour, and killed an enemy with his own hand, his father publicly eulogized him, and conferred on him the honour of a golden bulla ; (ct pro concione laudavit ct bulla aurea donavit). At first this ornamental privilege was granted only to patricians ; but it was, in process of time, allowed to all children who wore the prre- texta. — Sec the anecdote of young a. lepidvs in zEmilia gens, p. 14. BUST. — This term, derived from the Italian Bus to and the French Buste, is applied to such representations of the human figure as do not extend below the waist. One of the most an- cient modes of representing gods and heroes, under human features, was that of giving only their heads. The invention of busts, properly so called, is one that dates from a much later epoch. These exhibit sometimes the head with the shoulders, and a small part of the chest — at other times the head with the whole chest ; aud sometimes, but very rarely, they include a full half of the body. Tbe Romans called these representations of the head and part of the breast of the humau figure, imagines clypeorum, or sim- ply dypei. The clgpei imperalorum, of which ancient authors often speak, were but portraits of a similar description. To the Roman custom of placing the busts of emperors and other great per- sonages on their coins, is to be ascribed one of the most easy as well as certain modes of ascertain- ing the identity of a vast number of unknown sculptured heads, found from time to time amongst the ruins of ancient buildings, some with and others without the trunks. But though a comparison of busts with coins and medallions, in order to discover the person they represent, is the most likely to be successful, yet it is a method attended with some difficulties. Ou coins the same individual is often figured in many very different ways — either according to his appearance at different periods of life ; or U 2 BUSTS. 147 because the portrait seen in profile often differs in aspect widely from that of the full face. — Besides which, tbe workmanship of coins, par- ticularly those of the lower empire, was of au inferior kind, and executed probably after ill- designed portraits, especially such as were struck in the provinces. The study of antique busts and heads cannot fail to be of great utility. To the antiquary aud the historian they furnish matter for reflection on the form of vestments, or the ornaments of the person, or the head-dress and the changes which it underwent, also on the attributes of different deities, and ou the lineaments of cele- brated men. The artist, on the same subject of attention, finds his admiration excited by the perfection with which they are wrought, and the skill of the ancients in imparting to their por- traiture something of the ideal, yet without impairing the likeness. — See Milliu, Diet, des Beaux Arts. Busts — Ornaments of. — The busts which ap- pear on coins are accompanied by certain sym- bols pccidiar to them, especially when the two arms are visible, as is generally the case on medallions ; and even on the smallest coins of the Lower Empire. The princes represented on these monuments often hold a globe iu their hand, to shew that they are the masters of the world. This globe is sometimes surmounted by a winged Victory, which holds a crown or wreath, designating that it is to Victory the reigning prince owes his imperial throne. The sceptre which they hold iu their hand, when iu the consular habit, is surmounted by a globe charged with an eagle, to shew by these marks of sovereign power that the prince governs by himself. From tbe time of Augustus the con- sular sceptre, to which reference is here made, appears constantly on the imperial series of Ro- man coins. When the persons represented are iu arms, besides the helmet and buckler, they have generally a javelin in the hand or ou the shoulder, as on brass medallions of Diocletian, S. Scverus, Probus. (See the respective bio- graphical notices of those emperors). The thunderbolt, which is sometimes placed behind the head of a prince, as on a medal of Augustus, marks the sovereign authority, and indicates the assumption of a power equal to that of the gods. — The crescent is often em- ployed as a support to the busts of empresses, who aspired to hold in the State, of which the emperor was assumed to be the sun, that place which was assigned to the moon in the heavens. (See Jobcrt edited by Bimard, vol. i. 370, et seq.) — On coins of the lower empire, the globe is seen surmounted by a cross, especially after the reign of Constantine, when the Christian Religion having been fully established as that of the State, emperors professed their wish to in- dicate thereby that they regarded themselves as holding the empire from Jesus Christ, whose bust the Byzantine emperors had the presump- tion to place on the reverse of their coins, and named for that ostensible reason, hex reg- n'antivm — the King of Kings. 148 BUTHROTUM. BUTEO — the Latin name of a bird of the hawk genus, was a cognomen of the Fabii. — l’iinv says (l. x. c. 8) Buteoncm (accipitrcm) liunc appellant Romaui, familia etiam (Fabionun) ex eo coguomiuata, cum prospero auspicio in ducis navi consedissct. On a common denarius of the Fabia gens, near the epigraph C. FABI. c. ]'. appeal's a bird which, says Eckhel, is doubtless the Buteo. v. p. 187. — Morell. Thes. BUTHROTUM, a maritime city of Epirus (uow B nlronto or Butrinto, in Albania, opposite Corfu). — Pliny mentions Buthrotmn (l. iv. c. i.) as a Roman colony ; and Cellarius (Not. Orb. Aid. i. p. 876) so denominates it. Its coins consist of Latin colonial autonomes in brass, and of Latin colonial imperial, also in brass, all rare. — Vaillant gives the annexed, which, exhi- biting the name of Augusta, warrants the in- ference that the colony of Buthrotum was founded by Augustus. C. A. BVT. EX. D. 1). — Colonia Augusta, Bu- throtum, ex decreto Decurionum. Head of Au- gustus. Rev. Q. NAEVI. SVRA. A. 11IP. TVL. NICER. ilviK. ii . — Quinto Ncevio Sara, Auto Ilippio, Tatlo Nirereo, Duumviris Bis. — A ligure stand- ing in a military dress, his right hand hanging down, his left hand holds a rol!ed-up sheet, with something like strings attached. The following also appears in Vaillant, as from the French King’s cabinet, and of the highest rarity : bvthr. avgvstvs. Buthroli Augustus. Head of the Emperor without laurel. Rev. p. pompon. Publio Pompoitio. Bridge with three arches. — Engraved in Morell. Thes. Impp. Rom. t. iii. tab. xxxiv. No. 16. The reverse type alludes to a remarkably noble aqueduct, which, after having conferred upon Buthrotum the rank of a Roman colony, Au- gustus caused to be erected in the Sinus Ambra- cius, for the convcuiencc of that city, aud by which, according to l’liuy, the waters of the river Acheron were conveyed from the lake Thesprotue Acherucia, on arches for many thou- sand yards. In grateful recollection of this work, and tlie benefit thereby provided for them, the inhabitants of Buthrotum placed the head of Augustus on this coin of the colony he had established. — See Vaillant, in Cot. i. p. 14. BYZANTIUM, a capital city of Thrace, founded by Bgsas, a general of the Megarensians. Constantine the Great made it, about a. I). 380, the scat of empire, aud after his name it was aud is still called Constantinopolis or Constantinople. In 1453 it was captured by Mahomet II. (when Constantine Palicologus, the last Emperor of the East, was slain), and it remains to this day the scat of the Turkish government. The coins of Byzantium were nutouomous till the reign of Caligula, from which period they come into the Greek series, down to about the reign of Gnllicuus. Constantine aud his family caused coins to be struck at Byzantium, with Lntin legends and types, and with the in- scription coNSTANTixoroi.is. (See Banduri, and the linn. Aug. llgzaut. of Duentigr.] Byzantium wns one of the cities which de- CABELL10. j dared for Pesccnnius Niger, when lie aspired to , the empire on the death of Pcrtinax (a. i>. l‘J2). Aud “of all those who took part with this unfortu- nate warrior, none distinguished themselves so much as the Byzantines, who obstinately refused to submit till, after a three years’ siege, t hey were reduced to the eating of human tlesh : it is only to know that Scverus, that stranger to mercy, was the conqueror 1 ', and the result may be anti- cipated — all the fortifications aud public edifices were destroyed, the garrison massacred, aud the inhabitants stripped aud sold into slavery.” — (Capt. Smyth, p. 177). C. C. — Cains, or Cicsar. The C. by itself sig- nifies sometimes Cains, at other times Cicsar. C. — C 'acitius. — Sec Ciccilia geus. C. — This letter by itself may also signify — 1 . Carthage. — 2. Censor. — 3. Centum. — 4.Civis. — 5. Clypeus (a shield). — 6. Cohors (a cohort). — 7. Colonia. — 8. Cousultum (a decree). — 9. Cornelius. C. Condcmno. — A. C. Absolvo-Condemuo, on a coin of Cassia gens. C. Consul. — P. C. Proconsul. — C. V. P. P. Consul Quintum, Pater Patriie; on a brass medallion of Couimodus. C.- — Constantinopolis. C. Cousulto. — S. C. Senatns Consulto. C. Corona. C. CIV. Corona Cicicu (Colonial). C. Cusus. — See c. A. P. B. CA. CirsarcaAugusta. — Sec Caesarea Philippi . CA. Capitolina. — CO. AE. CA. — See Aelia Capitolina, p. 15. CAE. or CAES. — Cicsar or Cicsari. CAE. or COE. or CAEL. — Ciclius. CAE. — Ciccina, Ciccilia. CA II ELL 10 (Gallitc Narbonensis) colonia . — This town, the Caba/tio of Strabo, is mentioned by Pliny (l. iii. c. 4), with Aqua; Scxtiic (Aix), Apta Julia (Apt), Ncinausus (Nismcs), and other oppida Latina, in the Narboncusiau Gaul. — It is now called Cavaillon, in the Comtat Vennissin (department of Vnucluse), southern France. The coins of Cabellio are in silver aud brass ; and they prove the correctness of Ptolemy in stating it to have been a colony of the Romans. The following seven varieties arc recognised by Mionnet and He la Saussayc: Ltd in Autonomes. — 1. The first exhibits on the obverse side, the head of a woman, and has for its legend care ; on the reverse are a cor- nucopia; within a laurel crown, and the letters LEPI. — Small silver. Engraved in Akennan, Coins of Gallia, p. 136, plate xiv. No. 12. 2. Obv. CABE. The same female bend ; and on the rev. col. Hclmetcd head. — Small brass. Engraved in Akerman, pi. xiv. No. 14. Consular. — 3. Obv. case. Head of Janus. lie v. M. ant. Bare head of M. Autony. 4. Obv. cabe. Head of Janus. — Rev. u. ant. A lion walking. — Brass. — Engraved in Akerman, pi. xiv. No. 13. Imperial. — 5. Obv. cauk. Female head tur- I reted. — Rev. imp. caesar (Augustus) aud cor- CADUCEUS. nucopiac. — [This Morel (in Thesaur.) assigns to zErailia gens; but Mionnct catalogues it as minted by the above named colony, under Au- gustus.] Augustus. — 6. Obv. cabe. AVoinan with tur- reted head. — lieu. IMP. caesak; a cornucopia;. — [This Mionnet quotes from the cabinet of the Marquis I)e la Goy, and also ascribes it to the reign of Augustus.] Augustus. — 7. Obv. COL. cabe. Turrcted female head. — Rev. imp. caes. avgvst. cos. xi. A cornucopia:. — Engraved in Akcrmau, pi. xiv. No. 15. Vaillant describes a large brass, bearing on its obverse the hclmctcd head of a man, and the legend lepidvs; behind the head, in smaller characters, pon. — The legend of reverse is col. cab. and the type a head of Ceres crowned with corn ears. Of this, however, neither Mionnet, nor Akcrman, takes any notice. CA lUltO. — See Deo Cabiro. CABIRUS, son of Vulcan and Cabira, the daughter of Proteus, one of the tutelary gods of the Macedonians. — On a third brass of Claudius Gothicus, a coin of great rarity, is read deo CAB iKO; the type presents Cabirus, as a deity, standing with the pileus on his head, a hammer in his right hand, and nippers in his left, as if assuming the attributes of his reputed father. CACUS, son of Vulcan, a gigantic monster, whose mouth vomited forth volumes of flame, and who, having stolen some of the cattle which Hercules had captured from Gcryon, was at- tacked and strangled by that hero. In memory of the fabled victory, an annual fete was held in honour of Hercules, on mount Aventinc. — On a bronze medallion of Antoninus Pius, Her- cules is figured, with the spoils of the Nenncan lion on his left arm, the club in his right hand ; and near him Cacus is extended on the ground, before the entrance of his cavern. — Sec en- graving in Millin, Gal. Mgtliol. T. ii. pi. cv. 447. CADUCEUS, or Caduceum, a wand or rod, entwined at one end by two serpents, each of whose bodies folds again in the form of two half circles, whilst the head passes above the wand. It was an attribute peculiar to Mercury. Pru- dence is generally supposed to be represented by these two serpents, and the wings which arc sometimes added to the Caduceus, are the sym- bols of diligence, both needful qualities in the pursuit of trade and commerce, which Mercury patronized. It was also the symbol of peace aud concord, which that deity is related to have received from Apollo in return for the lyre. CAECIL1A. 140 The Caducous is found on the Roman family coins of Cestia, Claudia, Licinia, l’lmtoria, Se- pullia — and in the imperial scries, on the coins of Julius Cicsar, Augustus, VI. Antony, Tibe- rius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitiau, Nerva, Trajan, Postumus. The Caduceus in the hand of Mercury, is seen on coins of the Emperors Tiberius (Colo- nial), Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, Herennius, llostilianus, Gallieuus, Postumus (meucvkio felici), Claudius Gothicus, Numerianus, &c. The Caduceus in the hand of a female figurs, such as the personifications of Felicity, Peace, Concord, Security — appears on coins of the Emperors, from Julius Caesar, and Augustus to Constantine the Great. The Caduceus between two cornucopia, in dicates Concord, and is found on medals of Augustus, M. Antony, Vespasian, Titus, Domi- tian, Nerva, Anton. Pius, VI. Aurelius, Albi- nus. — On a coin of Augustus we see three hands joined ; with a caduceus, the fasces, the sacrifi- cial axe, and globe — thus associating the caduceus with other symbols of power. A Caduceus and two corn-ears, held by two right hands joined, is also seen on coins of the early empire; as on a large brass of Drusus jun. aud in the instance of the tides pvblica, silver of Titus, and second brass of Domitian. — See a cut from the latter, in left hand column of this page. — Sec also Mercury. CAEC1LIA gens. — At first patrician (there were nobles descended from the Metelli), after- wards plebeian, but of great antiquity, this family gave a host of illustrious citizens to the republic. It was divided into many surnames : the principal was VIctcllus, several members of which distinguished branch bore the names of conquered countries, as Macedonicus, Numidi- cus, Balearicus, and Crcticus. — Its gold coins arc extremely rare. The silver common ; except pieces restored by Trajan, which are of very great rarity. — The name of the Ciccilia geus ap- pears on Cistophori of Pergamus. The brass money are asses or parts of the as.- — The follow- ing arc among those denarii which possess a high historical interest, viz. : — [ 1 -] 1. — Head of Apollo, laureated, and with hair in ringlets; behind it roma ; before it X. Rev. — M. METELLVS. Q. F. written circularly. The type consists of an elephant’s head in the centre of a Macedonian shield; the whole within a crown of laurel. 2. — roma. Galeatcd head of Rome; before it X. Rev. — c. metellvs. A male figure, perhaps of Jupiter, crowned by a flying Victory, in a biga of elephants. 150 CAECILIA. These, and many other coins with various types, were struck by Marcus and Caius G'ccilius IMetellus, sons of Quintus Mctellus Macedouicus, in reference to the two principal glories of the family ; that is to say, the overthrow of the Pseudo-Philippus (Andnscus) in Macedonia, de- feated and taken prisoner by their father, the prrctor, in 606 (n. c. 148), in the third Punic war ; for which he enjoyed the honours of the triumph ; and on which occasion shone a mul- tiplicity of Macedonian shields, such as are found represented on coins ; and also the great victory gained in 504 (b. c. 250) fifteenth year of the first Punic war, by the proconsul Lucius Mctellus, their progenitor, over Hasdrubal, near Panormus (Palermo). Amongst the spoils were 120 ele- phants which he transported to Rome, and which formed the most astonishing feature of his mag- nificent triumph. This circumstance is modestly recorded by a simple biga of elephants on denarii, and by the head of an elephant, on brass pieces of this family. — See Riccio, p. 37. 3. — Female head ; before it a stork. Rev. — Q- C. M. p. i. Quintus Ciccilius Mctellus Pius Imperator. An elephant walking. This coin also alludes to the victory won by Quintus Metcllus, over the Carthaginians, iu Sicily, recorded on the preceding denarius. — [The same silver coin restored by Trajan, is of the highest degree of rarity — valued by Mionnet at 100 fr. and by Riccio at 25 piastre. — En- graved in Morel, and Riccio.] 4. — Q. mete. The winged head of Pallas, near it X. Rev. — Jupiter, in a quadriga, holding his right hand a branch, in his left a thunderbolt. Amongst the Melef/i who bore the name of Quintus, by far the most celebrated was he who, as already adverted to, triumphed over Andriscus, pretender to the name of Philip, and to the king- dom of Macedonia, and who, on account of that victory, obtained the cognomen of Macedonicus. Velleius (cited by Havcrcamp) speaks of his sin- gularly fortunate destiny. For besides his splendid triumphs, his ample honours, and his high position in the republic, he brought up four sons, at an advanced period of his life, beheld them arrive at maturity of age, and left them all occupying the most honourable situations. His funeral bier was carried to the rostra, by these four sons, one of whom was a censor and of consular rank, another also of consular rank, the third a consul, and the fourth a successfid can- didate for the consulship. — Eckhel agrees with llavercamp in ascribing this coin to the above- mentioned Q. Metcllus; but considers it to have been struck before that prictorian personage achieved his great victory, and when he was iu CAECILIA. the lower magistracy. Nor docs he think that the type of “ Jupiter in a quadriga” has reference to the Macedonian triumph of Mctellus. — See R. N. V. vol. v. 151. 5- — mete i.. a. alb. s. f. Lanreated head of Apollo, to the right; below a star. Rev. — c. mal. below itOMA. A male figure seated, to the left, upon shields, armed with hasta and parazoniuin, and crowned by Victory standing behind. This, not scarce but remarkable, coin, struck in honour, says Riccio, of W arrior- Rome (di Roma guerriera), crowned by Victory, was so emblematical, that the conspirators of the Italian League imitated the type exactly, only sub- stituting Italia for lioma, witli the relative legends. It seems indubitable that this denarius was struck by Aldus l’ostumius Albiuus, son of Spurius, by Lucius Ciccilius Metcllus, and by Caius Publicius Malleolus, contemporaneously monctal triumvirs ; and the first of them, viz., Aldus Postumius Albiuus, being consul in 655 (b. c. 99), it is the opinion of Cavcdoni and of Eckhel also, that the mintage of this denarius is to be assigned to the 630th year of Rome (b. c. 124). — Sec Monete del/e Fain. &c. p. 38. 6. — Q. metel. pivs. A laureated and bearded head, to the right, with hair iu curls hamring behind. Rev . — Scipio imp. An elephant walking, [ 6 .] 7. Q. metel. pivs scipio imp. A female figure, almost naked in front, with the head of a lion or panther, stands holding the udometer (a measure of the increase of the Nde) ; above arc the letters o. T. A. (genius tutelaris -Egypt i or Africa.) Rev. — p. cbassvs. jvx. leg. pro. pr. Victory holding the rnduccus in the left hand, and a round shield in her right. [This legend of reverse refers to Crassns Junianus, one of Scipio’s lieutenants, who served with the title of legatus proprietor. — For an en- graving of the coin, sec Morell. Fam. Horn. Ciccilia.] 8. — Q. metel. scipio imp. Female head covered with the skin of an elephant’s head, before it an ear of corn, below it a plough. CAECILIA. Rev . — EPPIVS leg. f. c. (fieri cvrauf). Her- cules naked, in repose, resting on the club and lion’s spoils. — See, in adjoining column, cut 8. 9. — metel. pits. scip. imp. Head of Jupi- ter, beneath it is the head of an eagle and a sceptre. Rec. — CRASS, tot. LEG Pitopit. Ciunlc chair between a hand closed, and an ear of corn ; above are the cornucopia; and the balance. This in gold (sec Pembroke and Eckhel) stands in the highest degree of rarity. At itlx these, and several other coins, honour was rendered to the warlike virtues of that Scipio, who was adopted by Q. CVccilius Me- tellus Pius, poutifex maximus. He was the son of P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, n. c. 94 but by Metellus’s adoption of him, he passed from the Cornelia gens to that of the Cieeilia. They set forth the exploits of the same Me- tellus Scipio in his African campaign against Caesar, after the tragic end of Pompey. These events are indicated by the elephants, by the ears of corn, by the tutelary genius of Egypt or of Africa, and by other African symbols and em- blems, which indeed have reference to other historical facts connected with the ancient fame of the Cornclii and the Caccilii ; namely, the military enterprises of the first Scipio in Africa, already alluded to, and also those of Caecilins Numidicus, and Csecilius Macedonicus. They also call to remembrance the piety of Q. Csecilius Metellus, son of Numidicus, who received, in b. c. 99, the surname of pits, for having obtained, by the affectionate earnestness of his appeal to the people, the recall of his father from banish- ment. They moreover refer to the Sicilian vic- tories of the eldest of the Mctelli (L. Ciecilius) over the Carthaginians, in his consulate; and likewise to the devoted courage displayed by the same person, in saving, but with the'loss of his sight, the Palladium and other sacred objects from a fire which consumed the temple of Vesta, u. c. 24 1 : in acknowledgment of which service he was' allowed thereafter, the till then forbidden privilege, of being conveyed to the senate-house, in a carriage. This is symbolised by the head of Piety and also by the stork. — Lastly, these coins bear record to his Pontificate, and to the title of 1 M Ferator, conferred upon him by the soldiers — besides various appointments to the office of legates, and of propraetor. — Sec Riccio, p. 39, plates ix. and x. The following denarius, numbered 8, belongs to the Eppia gens ; but as it distinctly refers to Metellus Scipio, it is inserted here, as illustra- tive of his connection with the Csccilia familv, whose worthies are named, and their public se’r- CAESAR. 151 vices alluded to, on denarii, whence the preceding cuts have been engraved. CAECINA, a surname of a Roman : to what family it belongs is not ascertained. There are two varieties. The brass coins bearing the head of Janus, or the head of Pallas, on the obverse- and the abbreviation a. cae. Aulus Cacina, a ship s prow, and Roma, on the reverse : are asses, or parts of the as.— See them engraved m plrnr P p ' 39, 40> T ] - x ' Nos - 1 and 2. CAEDIC1US, a surname which, according to Morell. Thesaur. Fan,. Rom. p. 52G, belongs to the Caedicia family, plebeian but of consular xt • s, denar,us , en ? f aved in tab. xi. of iVumi Consulares, has on one side a female head and on the other, two togated figures standing’ with hands joined, and behind one of them the fasces with axes. The legend of the reverse is Q. caedici q. f. ex. s. c. Quintus Cicdicius, Quinti Films, Ex Senatus Consulto ; at the bot- tom ROMA. CAEPIO, surname allusive to the large size of the head. — See Servilia gens. CAES. or CAESS. or CAESSS.— Ciesar or c?c ai i S ' . Th ? double SS marks two Caesars, and obb denote three Csesars. CAES. — Ccesarea , surname of a colony found- e d by Augustus. — Sec Antiochia, Pisidia, p. 52. CAES. — Casarea, surname of a colony. — See Ccesarea Samaritis, and Ccesarea Philippi. CAES. DIC. QUAR. Casar Dictator Quar- tum Caesar Dictator for the fourth time. On a gold coin of Julius. CAES. DIVI. F. Casar Divi Filins.— Caesar son of the Divine Julius. On coins of Augustus. CAESAR PONT. MAX. — Casar Pontifex Maximus. Caesar, Supreme Pontiff. CAESAR DIC/ator PERPETzmw — C aesar, Perpetual Dictator. CAESAR CAIT S JULIUS, one of the greatest men of whom history has handed down the deeds, or to whom coins have secured a perpe- tuity of remembrance, was of the Julia gens a race who assumed to have derived their descent from Ascanius, otherwise called lulus, son of 152 CAESAR. JEncas. Taking up the prevailing opinion, Vir- gil says — Julius magno demissura nomen Iulo. According to Pliny, the surname of Cesar, which his family bore, was derived from some ancestor, who had been taken, by incision, from the womb of his mother. Be this as it may, lie was son of L. Julius Cicsar (pnetor), and of Aurelia. The year of his birth, at Rome, was the 051th of the city (b. c. 100), in the con- sulship of C. Marius aud L. Valerius Flaccus ; which calculation (not undisputed) makes him six years younger than Pompeius Magnus and Marcus Tullius Cicero. His mother, who exer- cised a vigilant superintendence over her chil- dren’s education, took the greatest interest in the advancement and welfare of her son ; who on his part appears to have been affectionately and reverentially attached to her. When as yet a mere boy, Julius was elected to the dignified oflicc of FI amen Dial is, through the interest of Cains Marius, who had married his aunt Julia (b. c. 87). And after the death of that celebrated Roman, he took for his wife Cornelia, daughter of L. Ciuua (u. c. 83), whom he refused to repudiate, although Sulla, greatly enraged against him for having joined the popu- lar party, had commanded him to do so. This characteristic display of resolution, however, had the effect of placing his life in great danger, from the anger of the dictator, who at length, but w'ith reluctance, was induced to pardon him; still meeting the plea of youth and insignificance urged in his favour by Ciesar’s friends aud in- tercessors, with the prophetic remark, that “ in that boy there were many Mariuses (multos ei Marios), and that he would eventually be the ruin of the patrician order.” Quitting Rome for Asia (b. c. 81), after the conclusion of the Mithridatic war, he was scut by Miuucius Thermus from Mytilenc, on a mis- sion to Nicomcdes III. King of Bithynia, which having fulfilled, he returned to his general, by whom, for his conduct at the siege of Mytilcne, he was rewarded with a civic crown. The death of Sulla occurring b. c. 78, whilst Cicsar was serving in Cilicia, under the command of P. Sulpicius, he instantly returned to Rome ; and the following year, gained great credit and popularity for his ability aud eloquence in ac- cusing Dolabclla of extortion in his govern- ment of Macedonia. He had then scarcely com- pleted his 22nd year ; and to perfect himself in oratory, in which ultimately he was considered second only to Cicero, he undertook a voyage to Rhodes. On this occasion, the young man displayed a fine example of promptitude aud intrepidity ; for being captured by pirates, aud ransomed by a contribution of fifty talents raised for his liberation by a number of Greek maritime cities, lie, with a hastily manned fleet of Milesian vessels, attacked the pirates, whom he captured and caused to be crucified. — In B. c. 7-1, lie passed over from Rhodes into Asia, at the commencement of the sccoud Mithridatic war. The same year he returned to Rome, CAESAR. having in his absence been elected Pontiff, in the room of Aurelius Cotta, his uncle. Besides this appointment, through patrician interest, he was soon created Military Tribune against a powerful competitor, by dint of popular favour. Next he went as Quicstor to Spain, aud at Gadcs (Cadiz), on seeing an effigy of Alexander the Great, he shed ambitious tears. Returned once more to Rome, and his first wife Cornelia being dead, Cicsar, in B. C. G7, married Pompeia, the daughter of Q. Pompeius Rufus and of Cornelia, daughter of Sulla. Having thus united himself to the house, Julius actively promoted the views, and efficiently aided the proceedings, of Pom- pey. In fi88 (b. c. 66), lie was elected one of the Curule Edilcs; aud the following year, having M. Bibulus for his colleague, served the office with unprecedented magnificence. Bibulus largely shared in the cost of the public games ; but to Cicsar (immeasurably deep in debt) was awarded all the credit of the liberality, and all the applause of the people. In the year u. c. 691 (b. c. 63), M. Tullius Cicero and C. Antony being consids, on the death of Mctellus Pius, Cicsar was declared Pontifex Maximus. On this occasion he caused munificent largesses to be distributed to the people ; he having predicted to his mother, just before he went down to the comilia — “ This day you will see your son either Pontifex Maximus, or an exile.” (Plutarch, in Cars .) — He had, however, already been enrolled in the Pontifical college, during his absence in Asia. In 692 (b. c. 62), in the consulship of P. Junius Silanus and L. Liciuius Murena, lie was made Prtclor Urbanus. After his prietorship (laden with debts and unable to face his cre- ditors), he went as pro-consul into Lusitania ; and there, in the following year, after vanquish- ing enemies, whom he did not find such, but rendered them so, through his ambit iou of a triumph aud spoil, lie was made I m per a tot . 694 (b. c. 60), returning to Rome, and go- ing to the comilia, he cauvasseij at the same time for a Triumph and for the Consulate; aud being unable to attain both those objects (for he could not, without being personally prcscut, be a candidate for the Consulate, and on the other hand, had lie entered the city as a private indi- vidual, he could not afterwards, according to law, enjoy a Triumph) — he relinquished the latter, ami was created for the year 695 (b. c. 59) Consul, with M. Bibulus. He carried his Agrarian law by force, against the protests aud edicts of his colleague, and obtained from the Senate the government of Illyricum, and Gallia Citcrior and Ulterior, as pro-consnl, with three legions, for five years ; at the expiratiou of CAESAR. which, aided by Pompey and M. Crassus, he extorted another five years. His victories, dur- ing this period, over the Helveti, Germani, Galli, and Britanni, are well known. About this time, Caesar gave his daughter in marriage to Pompey, and married himself Calpurnia, daughter of L. Piso, consul the following year. After having been occupied, during the years 703 and 704 (b.c. 51 and 50), in completing the pacification of Gaul, Caesar, iu the spring of 705 (b. c. 49), began to approach nearer to Rome, and to bestow his attcutiou on the affairs of the city, where circumstances were already occurring, which soon resulted in a total rup- ture of good understanding between Pompey and himself. In 705 (b.c. 49), during the consulships of C. Claudius Marcellus and L. Cornelius Lcn- tulus, the civil war with Pompey was com- menced. Having passed the Rubicon, and driven Pompey, with the consuls, into Greece, he en- tered Rome, and broke into the treasury. — Going thence into Spain, that he might leave nothing unguarded in his rear, he reduced to submission, on the 2nd of August, Pctreius and Afranius, generals of Pompey’s legions, and hav- ing taken Massilia (Marseilles), returned to Rome ; where he found that in his absence he had been appointed Dictator, for the purpose of holding comilia to elect the consuls ; but he abdicated this office in eleven days after, with the view of pursuing Pompeius Magnus into Greece. 706 (b.c. 48). Consul forthe second time, with P. Scrvilins Vatia Isauricus as colleague ; having been first defeated at Dyrrhachium (I)urazzo), he turned the tables at Pharsalia, in Thessaly, on the 5th of the ides of Sextilis, which day, in the anticipatory Julian year , fell in the month of June. (Sec Eckhel’s remarks on the Caesa- rian .Era, vol. iv. p. 400). — On the news of this victory reaching Rome, he was again created Dictator for a whole year ; an honour which was subsequently renewed every year. Having fol- lowed the fugitive Pompey, he found him dead iu Egypt ; and there, ensnared by the charms of Cleopatra, he undertook a rash war with her brother Ptolemy, with the view of giving her the entire sovereignty of Egypt. 707 (b. c. 47), he took Alexandria on the 27th of March. Having put Ptolemy to death, he gave Egypt into the hands of Cleopatra, lie | then hurried his army agaiust Pharnaccs, the King of Bosphorus, and defeated him on the 2nd of August. — Returning to Rome, he put down the commotions that were going on there, and made preparations for the African war, — a war which took its rise out of the party feelings of animosity, engendered in the collision at Pharsalia ; but owing to the accession of Juba to the throne of Nmnidia, one environed with danger, he passed over into Africa, prior to the winter solstice. 708 (b. c. 46.) Being Consul for the third time, with M. ,'Emilius Lepidus as his colleague, he defeated Scipio, Juba, and Petreius, at Thapsus, in Africa, on the 8th of the ides of X CAESAR. 153 April. Returning to the city, he celebrated during four days, four distinct triumphs, re- spectively referring to the Gauls, Egypt, Pbar- naces, and Juba. He next prepared for a war in Spain with the sons of Pompey. [3.] 709 (b. c. 45). Dictator for the third time (caesar Die. ter.) and Consul for the fourth time, without colleague, he gained a difficult victory over the Pompeians at Muuda, in the spring of the year, and at the time of the cele- bration of the festival of Bacchus (in March), the tidings of the victory reaching Rome on the day before the Parilia. On his return, he cele- brated a triumph, such as had never occurred before, over vanquished citizens. By his osten- tatious ambition of becoming a king, and by the assumption of honours too lofty for mortal man, he incurred the hatred of many individuals, and the envy of all classes. 710 (b. c. 44). Appointed Perpetual Dictator (caesar Die. perpetws) and Consul for the fifth time, with M. Antony as his colleague, whilst meditating a campaign against the Getas and Parthians, he was poniarded in the senate- house, iu the ides of March, by a conspiracy of haughty republicans, set on foot by Brutus and Cassius. — See brvtvs eid. mar. p. 145. C;esar was in his 56th year at the time of his assassination. A man, above all others, mar- vellously accomplished in the arts of both peace and war; oue than whom antiquity cannot pro- duce a more distinguished example. Noble and commanding in person, of lofty stature and fair complexion, his black eyes were piercing, and his whole countenance replete with expression, lie seldom wore a beard (see barba), and towards the close of his career he had, what to him was said to have been a great annoyance, a bald head. Naturally of a delicate constitution, he strengthened and invigorated himself by a course of temperance iu eating and drinking ; and such was the firm state of his health, thus carefully sustained, that there was scarcely any degree of bodily fatigue or of mental ex- ertion, which he was not able to encounter. Acute in intellect, he possessed an eloquence, both natural and cultivated by the study of literature — witness those inimitable “Commen- taries” which have immortalized him as a writer. With a spirit prompt and daring, in peril col- lected and undaunted, he exhibited sagacity of the highest order, both in foreseeing difficulties, and iu extricating himself therefrom, when most beset. Having energy for any enterprise, and patience to bring it to an issue, he proved him- 154 CAESAR, self at once wary and adventurous. Generally prudent in planning, always skilful in executing, with an unexcelled celerity in catching advant- ages, he was at the same time so resolute under reverses as never to lose his perfect self-pos- session. — "When this hold leader of the Roman legions invaded Britain, though the wars in Gaul and Germany were unfinished, he, to ensure the passage, personally sounded the channel. Fifty pitched battles attested his military prowess; and, superior equally to the superstitions of augury, and to the contagious influence of despondency or of panic, he, on several occasions, by his indi- vidual bravery turned the tide of battle, when victory was declaring against him. llis good fortune (greater perhaps than ever fell to the lot of any other mortal) never deserted him, not- withstanding his frequent rash and ill-consi- dered plans and proceedings. To these qualities were in him added, a great and only too lavish disposition for liberality, an easy address and an affability of manners, most remarkable ; above all a clemency towards the vanquished scarcely to be credited, and which prompted him to spare the lives of all who sued for quarter. — At the battle of Pharsalia, in order to save the citizens, he announced by the voice of the herald, that his animosity was laid aside with his arms ; and not only did he return to terms of amity with his conquered foes, but he even granted them a share of wealth and honours. A man thus endowed with all the commanding and engaging qualities which give ascendancy in society, must have swayed the destinies of his contemporaries in any age and in any nation. But, besides his rapacity, prodigality, and scandalous ineontinency, he had another vice of a more destructive character — ambition , which from his earliest years inspired him with the desire to attain the empire of the world. To appease this passion, many acts, from which his better nature would have shrunk, required to be done in defiance of justice ; vast sums expended, to hasten or augment through the clianuel of popularity the honours which he coveted ; nations, however peaceable aud un- offending, were wantonly assailed and grievously outraged to furnish claims for fresh triumphs ; well-disposed and amicable communities liar- rassed, temples thrown to the ground, public treasuries violated, aud lastly his arms turned against his fellow-countrymen. By universal consent he would assuredly have been a prince most worthy of the eminence he gained, and preferable to all before or after him, had he cither reached it by hereditary right, or at least not been compelled to win it at the point of the sword. — Sec Eckhcl (in Casare), vol. vi. pp. 2, 3, and 4 — Capt. Smyth’s Deter. Catal. pp. 1 and 2 — see also a full and able sketch of Cicsar’s life and character, in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, &c. MINTAGES OF JULIUS C.ESAR. Cicsar was the first Roman whose effigies were stamped on coins in his life-time; and, ac- cording to Dion, this compliment was amongst the profusion of honours lavished upon him by CAESAR. the Senate, during the latter part of his eventful career. For his earliest denarii do not bear his portrait, but exhibit for the most part the head of Venus as their obverse type, and on their reverses there generally appears the word caesar, with types of cornucopia:, trophies, elephant trampling on a serpent, pontifical and augural instruments, .Eneas carrying Anchises and the palladium, &c. — For notices of these see Julia gens; also see Palladium. To follow, as far as possible, the chronologieo- numismatic order of arrangement, and at the same time to shew the progress of Cicsar’s great- ness, through the medium of his coins — Riccio bus methodically classed such of them as bear his portrait, and cither on one side or the other an indication of each office held by him, under five different heads, namely — 1. Those with the head unaccompanied by a legend. — 2. With title of Imperntor. — 3. l’ontifcx Maximus. — 4. Dic- tator for the first, second, third, and fourth time. — 5. Perpetual Dictator. — To these he adds the monctal records of Cicsar, as a man of the greatest clemency ; as the father or parent of the country ; lastly as raised, after death, to dei- fication. — The following arc among the most re- markable examples of each class : — The Head without Legend. Head of Julius Cscsar, laureated. Rev . — voco.vivs vitvlvs. q. design, s. c. — A calf standing. [See wood cut No. 1, at the head of the bio- graphical notice, p. 151.] Head of Julius Cicsar laureated. s. c. Rev. — TI. SEMPRONIVS. GBACCVS. Q. DESIGN, s. c. Spear, plough, legionary eagle, aud mili- tary ensign. Head as above. Rev. — 1„ flam ini vs mi. vir. — Venus stand- ing, holding the liasta aud the cadueeus. Head as above, with caduceus before it, and laurel branch behind it. Rev. — L. LIVINEIVS REGYLVS. — A furious bull. On his return frem Africa, after having de- feated the Pompeians, Cirsar obtained, by vir- tue of two Senatorial decrees, authority to cause his portrait to be struck on the coins of the re- public ; together with the privilege of wearing, as the highest honour of the triumph, the laurel crown, which served him both for ornament and to conceal his baldness. — Borghcsi regards these and other eoins of the foregoing class, as additional proofs that Cicsar did not com- mcncd 'sti iking his effigy on the Roman mint, before his fourth dictatorship, viz. until after the battle of Mumln, iu 7UA (n. c. 45). Altogether the above coins refer to the powers conferred upon Ctesnr ; to peace hoped for after 155 CAESAR. such an effusion of fellow countrymen’s blood ; to Venus the Victorious, whose name was given as the signal-word to his legions in the battle days of Pharsalia and Munda; to his found- ing of colonics in many places, and to other objects peculiar either to himself or to the fami- lies of his moneyers. — See lticcio, p. 107. With title of Imperator. caesar imp. — Head of Crnsar laureated, be- hind it the simpulum and litmus. Rev. — M. METTivs. — Venus the Victorious, stands holding an image of Victory in the right hand, and with left arm resting on a buckler, and holding the hasta transversely in her left hand. [A gold specimen of this, valued at 150 fr. is engraved in Miounct, Rarele lies Medailles, t. i. p. 81]. Same head aud legend as above. Rev. — sepvllivs macer. Venus Victrix, standing as above. [Sec wood cut No. 2, in biographical notice, p. 152]. Rev. — L. aemilivs bvca, mi. viR. Two hands joined. c. caesar cos. iter. — Female head. Rev. — a. allien vs pro. cos. — Neptune, hold- ing the trinacria in his right hand, and plant- ing his foot on the prow of a ship. As Ciesar won many battles ; so for these victories he was as many times saluted Impera- tor by his soldiers. But he did not cause the number of times that he was thus proclaimed to be marked on his mint, as was the practice afterwards of Augustus and his successors. The image of Venus Victrix refers as well to the pretended origin, as to the real victories, of Crnsar ; the joined hands point to the concord established between Julius and the Senate. — Lastly, the Neptune bears allusion to Sicily, where the coin was struck by Allienus, the pro- consul of Ciesar. With title of Pontifex Maximus. caesar imp. p. m. — Laurelled head of C;csar, behind it a crescent. Rev. — l. aemilivs bvca. — Venus the Victo- rious, standing. c. caesar dict. perp. pont. max. — Laure- ated head of Ciesar. Rev. — c. caesar cos. pont. avg. — Bare head of Octavian. [Riccio values this rrrr. in gold at 50 pias- tres. — A fine specimen of this gold coin brought £14 10s. at the Thomas sale]. It has already been noted, that against all competition, Ciesar obtained the high pontiff- X 2 CAESAR. cate in 691 (b. c. 63), on the death of Metcllus Pius. — The half moon behind the head on the first of the coins above described has regard to the correction introduced by Ciesar, as pontifex inaximus, into the keeping of annual festivals, and to the reformation of the calendar by adopting the solar instead of the lunar year. — In consequence of calculating from the luuar year, the calendar had been thrown into the greatest confusion, aud the festivals at first ap- pointed for the winter, had come to fall in the spring. Caesar established the solar year of three hundred and sixty-five days, with a day of intercalation at the end of every four years. — For the first year (b. c. 46), however, it was needful, besides the intercalary month, to add sixty-seven days. With title of Dictator. caesar Die. Laureated head of Ciesar; be- hind it the pncfericuluin. Rev. — m. anto. imp. r. p. c. Bare head of Antony — behind it the lituus. [At the Thomas sale, a fine specimen of this gold coin brought £23 10s.] The Rubicon passed ; Pompey with his par- tisans driven in a panic out of Italy ; and Afra- nius and Petreius, lieutenants of Poinpey, after- wards defeated in Iberia, the Senate were obliged to raise Ciesar, in 705 (b. c. 49), to the office of Dictator, in order that lie should be able thus to administer the affairs of the republic, with absolute and irresponsible power. But the great object of his thoughts being the overthrow of Pompey aud his adherents, who, after eleveu days, had made good their retreat into Mace- donia and Thessaly, he resigned the appointment of Dictator at the end of eleven days, and caus- ing himself to be elected consul for the second time, crossed over from Brundusium into Greece, b. c. 48. The prsefericulum of Ciesar is a pontifical symbol; as the lituus of Antony is an augural symbol. Second Dictatorship. dict. iter. cos. tert. — Head of Ceres crowned. Rev. — avgvr. pont. max. — Sacrificial in- struments with corn cars ; symbols of Augura- tion and of the Supreme Pontificate ; sometimes beside the lituus appears the insulated letter M. in others d. caesar dict. — The securis (axe) and the simpulum. Rev. — iter. — Vase aud lituus, within a laurel crown. — [Riccio gives an engraving of this, in Supplement, pi. 58, No. 11, from the Mus. Bellini, rrrr. and values it, in gold, at 25 piastres.] Ciesar having (b. c. 48) obtained from the Senate, with the consent of the consuls, the dic- tatorship for the second time, was himself consul for the third time in the year 708 (b. c. 46), with VI. Emilius Lcpidus as his colleague. — And, resolved not to abandon his assumption of absolute power, he exercised it sometimes as dictator, sometimes as consul. 156 CAESAR. CAESAR. The insulated letter M. or d. which presents 1 itself on the reverse of the former of these two denarii admits, in the opinion of Borghesi, of being interpreted to mean mumis or donum, thus indicating that they were struck to pay his sol- diers or partisans. As to the head of Ceres, it may possibly allude to Africa vanquished, or to the defeat of King Juba. — Riccio, p. 100. Third Dictatorship. CAESAR Die. TER. — Bust of Victor)', winged. Rev . — ci.ovi. praef. — Minerva walking, with a trophy on her shoulder, and a serpent moving i on the grouud before her. — Middle brass. [Sec wood cut, No. 3, in ,hiographical notice, p. 153]. c. caesar Die. ter. — Bust of a winged V ic- R ev , — L# planc. praef. vrb. Sacrificial vase. In gold, rr. In the following year, 709 (b. c. 45), after he had defeated the Pompeians in Africa, Caesar was declared Dictator for the third time. And being obliged afterwards to repair to Spain for the purpose of carrying on the war there w ith Cncius Pompeius the youuger, and the other remains of that party,’ lie assigned over the govern- ment of Rome to Lcpidus, as his master of the horse, with six, or as some writers have it, with eight’ prefects of the city, amongst whom ap- pear, on the coins above described, the names of Caius Clovius and Lucius Planeus. — Riccio, p. 109. Fourth Dictatorship. CAESAR DICT. quart. — Head of Julius Ciesar, laureated, behind it a lituus. Rev . — m. mettivs. — Juno Sospita in a rapid biga. . caes. Die. QV.\R. Head of \ enus, well adorned. _ Rev. — cos. QV1NQ. within a crown of laurel. Gold, RRR. . Osar was made Dictator for the fourth time about the year 710 (b. c. 44), subsequently to young Cneius Pompcy's defeat in Spam, forwluch success he triumphed with the greatest splen- dour, but also excited very great displeasure amongst the Romans. During his fifth consulship, as indicated by the last described coin, on the ides of March of 710 (b.c. 44), Caesar was assassinated in the senate house. Now if, in that year, he was Dictator for the fourth time, and not yet Perpetual Dictator, it would seem that the last described coin offers a contradiction. But this vanishes, when it is considered that the consulate was an ordinary magistracy, which was conferred in the calends of January in each year; aud that the dictature was an extraordinary magistracy, with which a man might be invested at any time whatsoever, and it also might be revoked, or laid aside, on the instant. Hence the fourth and the perpe- tual dictatorship might have been conjoined with the fourth and fifth consulate, during the year in which Ciesar ceased to live— See Riccio, 1 10. C.esar Perpetual Dictator. Caisar, laureated. Rev. — L. bvca. Winged caduccus, laid across the consular fasces, an axe, two hands joined, and a globe. The same legend and head. Rev . — L. bvca. — Venus standing. Rev. — c. maridianvs. — Venus standing. Rev . — p. sepvlli vs MACF.R. — Venus the Vic- torious, standing, with buckler and hasta. CAESAR [dict.] perpetvo. — Head of Julius laureated. Re V . — bvca. ^ enus seated, holding the hasta pura in her left hand, aud a 1 ictoriola in her right. In the last vear of his life, Ciesar assumed, as a prominent token of sovereign power, the title of Perpetual Dictator ; aud the money era of that year, Buca, Cossutius, and Scpullius, transferred it to the coius above described. These titles and distinctions, at no time in permanent use among the Romans, were so pro- fusely lavished on Ciesar, that they drew down upon him the envy aud hatred of no small portion of the citizens, and led to the fatal con- spiracy of the pretors Brutus and Cassius, and of others, bv whom he was in full senate slain with the mortal stabs of twenty daggers.— (See p. 143). .. , , The indications on the above described de- narii arc allusive to Ctrsar’s victories; to his supreme and absolute power ; and to the con- cord which he flattered himself to have esta- blished with the Seuatc. With title of Consul. Ciesar was five times Cousid. This title is applied to him only three times on his coins; namely, the second, third, aud fifth. But tho there are no coins bearing the record of his first consulate, he is called consul for the second time, or for the third time, on coins engraved in Morel, Imp. Rom. T. iii. tab. 3 and 4. C. IVLIVS CAES. IMP. COS. III. Rev . — Venus leaning on a pillar, withjiclmet, spear, aud shield. — Restored by 1 rajan. [This gold coin, in the highest state of pre- servation, brought JL17 17s. Od. at the llioinas salcj. Riccio describes and engraves the following, CAESAR. in gold, rrr. which he values at ten ducats. — (Tav. 23, No. 35). c. caesar cos. ter. — Head of a woman, veiled and lanrcated. Rev . — a. HiRTivs pr. — Lituus, vase, and axe. Hirtius was one of the prefects, or pretors, of the city, at the time (it. c. 46), when Ciesar’s frequent absences from Rome, rendered it ex- pedient for him to appoint several lieutenants. — For an engraving of this singular coin, which on one side exhibits the record of Ciesar’s third consulship, and on the other associates the name and office of the dictator’s personal friend with the symbols of the supreme pontificate, refer- ence may be made to the word hiutivs. No coins are knowu with the fourth consul- ship of Caesar inscribed on them. A denarius, of which the obverse exhibits, with his portrait, the legend of his fourth dictatorship, has on the reverse, cos. qvinq. (Consul for the fifth time), within a wreath of laurel). — Engraved in lticeio, Julia gens, tav. 23, No. 29. With title of Parent of the Country. caesar parens patriae. — Head of Caesar veiled and laurcated ; before it is an augural lituus ; behind is the pontifical apex. Rev. — c. cossvtivs maridianvs, inscribed crosswise, a a a f.f. inside. (Seep. 1.) The fourth quatuorvir of Caesar’s mint, Cos- sutius Maridiamis, has commemorated by this silver coin, struck in the fatal year above alluded to, 710 (b. c. 44), the honourable appellation of Parens Patrue, which Julius found con- ferred upon him after his victory in Spain, as is recorded by Dion (xliv. $ 4), Appian (Bell. Civ. ii. eh. 106) and Suetonius (eh, 76). It was continued even after his death, for Suetonius informs us, that “where he bad been assassin- ated, the people erected in the forum a solid statue of Numidian marble, nearly twenty feet high, and inscribed on it the words parf.nti. patriae.” — The same fact is related by Cicero, but attributed by him to Antony ; “ Your friend (Antony) aggravates daily the popular fury ; in the first place, he has inscribed on the statue which he erected in the rostra, parenti. optime, mf.rito. (Ad Familiares, L. xii. ep. 3.) And it was on account of this appellation, that his murderers were always invidiously called pari- cidar, and the ides of March, the day on which he was slain, paricidium. — Eckht‘1, vi. p. 17. Divvs. Amongst the gold and brass coins struck in memory of Julius Cscsar, with this legend of consecration after his death, through the care and CAESAR. 157 direction of his grand nephew, heir, and adopted son, the following are most rare : — Gold( — divvs ivlivs divi f. — Heads of Ju- lius and Augustus, face to face. Rev. — M. agrippa cos. desig. across the field. — Engraved in Akerman, vol. i. pi. iii. No. 8. divos ivlivs.— Head of Julius between the apex and lituus. Rev. — divi filivs. — Hare head of Augustus. [A fine specimen of this rare coin brought at the Thomas sale £6 2s. 6d. — Riceio marks it rrrr, and values it at 30 piastres.] divvs ivlivs. Head of Julius laureated. Rev. — imp. caes. traian. avg. ger. dac. p. P. rest. A winged female (Victory) walking, with right hand supports her vestment, and holds a caducous in her left hand. — rrrr. En- graved in Riceio, who values it at 50 piastres. Sec Siip/dt. Tav. 58, No. 17. Brass. — Such as bear his portrait arc rare, but not in a high degree. Nor indeed does it appear that any brass were minted at Rome during his life time ; although the head of Caesar is frequently found on colonial coins. But on his apotheosis, some (and those not in a good style cither of design or of workmanship), were struck at Rome, by order of Augustus. — For an engraving of a well-preserved large brass speci- men see divos ivlivs, p. 105 of Akerman, Descr. Cat. pi. iv. No. 1. Mionnct and Akerman concur in pronouncing the coin, in gold and silver, having Divvs ivlivs and his head on the obverse, and a comet with- out legend on the reverse, to be false. The coin in gold, having divi ivi.i, with Caesar’s laurelled head and a comet behind it, on the obverse; and divi filivs, with bare bead of Octavianus, on the reverse, and which Eck- hel and Morel have placed amongst the Goltziani, is found, says Riceio, to be vera antica, a ge- nuine antique ; and is marked in his Monete Famitjlie, rrrr. valued at 30 piastres. CAESAR.— Ou the reverse of a silver coin of Julius, is this word, with the type of iEneas, walking ; he holds in his right hand the image of Minerva armed, and supports on his left shoulder his aged father Anehises. — See Palla- dium. Sec also JEneas, p. 16 of this dictionaiy. CAESAR. — An elephant, trampling with its fore feet on a serpent, which is raising its head. This legend and type appear on an early dena- rius of Julius Cmsar, for an explanation -of which see the word elephant. CAESAR, as a name and as a title. — What was originally the cognomen, or surname, of the Julia gens, became, on the extinction of that family, a title of honour and dignity. The name of Caesar was at first extended to indi- viduals of other families, through adoption, in the same manner as the title of Augustus. It was in conformity to this practice, that Octa- vius, on his being adopted by the Dictator, was first styled Cmsar, and afterwards Augustus. — The three sons of Agrippa (Caius, Lucius, and Agrippa), were the next to receive it from their adoption by Augustus ; aud by the same em- peror, it was afterwards conferred on his son-in- 158 CAESAR1S TITULUS. law Tiberius, from whom it descended to his son Drusus. And lastly, by the adoption of Tiberius, it was borne by Gcrmauicus and his sons. The name of Caesar, then, up to this point was simply hereditary ; being transferred, in accordance with Roman custom, to those who were sons, either by birth or by adoption, and the last Caesar, on this two-fold principle, was Caius, the son of Gcrmauicus (commonly called Caligula). Nevertheless it is supposed by some that Claudius (who succeeded Caligula), and also his son Britannicus, together with Nero, the son of his adoption, should be reckoned in the list of genuine Caesars ; it being the almost unanimous verdict of ancient writers, as cited hy Reimar on Dion (n. lxiii.), that the house of the Ca:sars became extinct with Nero. And yet Claudius did not bear the title of Cicsar before his accession to empire, in conse- quence of his not being the son of a Cicsar, by either birth or adoption ; nor could he therefore transmit the title to his sons. By courtesy, however, he was acknowledged as a member of the Cicsarian house, being connected with it by affinity. (Sec Ad/inis, p. 25). l’or he had two graudmothers of that family, viz. on his father Drusus’s side, Livia, the wife of Augustus, and on his mother Antonia’s side, Octavia, the sister of Augustus; to which circumstance may be added, that the Claudia gens at that time held the next rank to the Julia. There is therefore greater distinctness in the expression of Galba, given by Tacitus — “ When the house of the J alii and the Claudii shall have been exhausted, adoption will discover worthy successors.” But if acquiescence is to be yielded in the courtesy above mentioned, is the same claim to prevail even when truth is confounded with fictitious genealogies? Now, the pedigree of Nero is found, on several marbles, drawn as follows : — NERO CLAVDIVS D1VI CLAYD11 fit ins. GERMANICI. CAESARIS N epos TI. CAE- SARIS AVG. PRONqww DIVI AVG. AB.W pos . — It is an established fact, that Nero was the adopted son of Claudius. But (asks Eckliel) is it so sure that lie was the nepos of Gcrmanicus ? The word nepos has two significations ; for it denotes cither the son of one’s son or daughter, or the son of a brother or sister. In the former sense, neither by birth nor by adoption could Nero be c^led the nepos of Gcrmanicus ; but in the lat- ter sense, he had a right to the title, inasmuch as he was adopted by Claudius, who was the brother of Gcrmanicus. Yet was it ever the custom to trace the descent from the uncle’s family ? Who does not at once perceive, that it was the aim of those who framed these in- scriptions to play upon the double signification of the word nepos, in order, by a base adula- tion, to connect their idol Nero, with the house of the Cicsars. But there arc amongst the marbles alluded to, some even bearing the stamp of public authority, and which are of so much the more audacious falsity, as they were pub- lished with impuuity. Still more impudent in its pretensions is the tenour of an inscription CAESARIS TITULUS. given by Gruter ; wherein Nero is styled gek- MANICI. F. TI. AVGVSTI N. DIVI AVG. PRON. to the exclusion of his father, as having but little Caesarian prestige, his place bciug fallaciously supplied by Germanicus Ciesar. It becomes, therefore, less a matter of astonishment that the emperor Septiinius Sevcrus should have forcibly intruded himself into the family of the Autonincs. — (Sec Adoption self -assumed, p. 8 of this dictionary). The shackles of the law having thus, even at that early period of the imperial government, been relaxed, it was no difficult task afterwards for princes, evidently alien to the Cicsarian race, to usurp the titles both of Cicsar and of Augus- tus — the latter having already begun to hold the foremost place in public opinion, as identified 1 with the highest authority. (See AUGUSTUS, used as a title, p. 101 of this dictionary). — Thus, Galba, on receiving the news of Nero’s death, and of the Senate’s having espoused his own cause, hesitated not to fortify his position by assuming the title of Cicsar ; and his ex- ample was immediately followed by Otho. — Less proue to adopt names to which he could lay no claim, Vitcllius deferred accepting the title of Augustus, and rejected entirely that of Cicsar, as is shewn by his coins. But the gene- ral effect produced by the above cited examples, was that the custom strengthened into a fixed law, viz. that the holder of the supreme power in the empire, should be dignified with both titles. It is therefore manifest that the name of Cicsar was, at first, no more than the cogno- | men of the gens Jidia, transmitted, according to Roman custom, to the sons; and that its importance was in the exact ratio of its posses- sor’s prospects of obtaining supreme power — prospects which could not fail of realization, I uuless blighted by some violent occurrence. 2. C.-esar, a dignity of the second rank. — As [ the title of Cicsar, like that of Augustus, im- plied in itself no power, but oulv dignity, and | claiming as it did the reverence due to the anti- 1 cipatiou of empire, it rested with the emperor 1 or prince of the highest rauk, to decide w hether he wonld coufine within the empty limits of this | title, his Cicsar, or prince of the second grade ; or whether lie would add thereto a portion of real authority. Augustus denied to the three i sous of Agrippa, who were Cicsars by adoption, the tribunitian power, whilst he bestowed it | upon his son-in-law Tiberius, who had not at that time been created Ciesar. Domitiau, like- wise, who was Ciesar, so long as his father (Vespasian) and his brother (Titus) lived, had | nothing to distinguish him from a private indi- vidual but the title of Princeps Juvenlutis . — Others died at too early an age to rise higher, j and this was the fate of the above named three [ sons of Agrippa ; of Drusus and Nero, the sons of Germanicus ; of Britannicus, the son of I Claudius ; aud of Piso, the son of Galba. — On ] the other haud, there were emperors who, by | conferring upon their Cicsars the tribunitiau j power, or pro-considar government, or the title ! of luipcrator, admitted them, as it were, into .CAESARIS TITULUS colleagueship. A part of these honours, or several of them at the same time, were conferred upon the Cresars — namely, Tiberius, Drusus junior, Nero, Titus, Trajan, Antoninus l’ius, M. Aurelius, and others, as proved by the legends on their respective coins. — Diocletian and Maxi- minian, as Augusti, bestowed greater powers on ! their Caesars, Constantius Chlorus, and Gal. Maximian, by entrusting them with provinces, which they were permitted to rule with an au- thority nearly equal to that exercised by the two emperors themselves over those which they more immediately governed. It was in refer- ence to a similar instance, that Yopiscus ob- serves, that Carinus was left by Cams in the west, to administer affairs iu that portion of the empire — “ with the authority of a Coesar, and the permission to exercise all the functions per- taining to the Augusti.” 3. The dignity of C.-ksar varied in degree at different times. — Ancient writers have recorded that there were various degrees of Caesarian dig- nity. — Spartian, addressing Diocletian, after re- lating that Hadrian, under the pressure of dis- ease, had adopted JSlins, says of the latter — “ There is nothing in his life worthy of note, except the fact, that he was styled Cresar, not as was formerly the case, in consequence of bequest, nor in the manner in which Trajan was adopted ; but nearly in the same way as in our own time, through your (Diocletian’s) favour, Maximianus and Constantius were called Cresars, as being men of princely extraction, and pre- sumptive heirs of imperial dignity.” — Capito- linus, at the commencement of his life of L. Verus, says — “ His real father was .Elius Verus, who, being adopted by Hadrian, was called Cresar, and died holding that rank.” — There were emperors who deferred the assumption of the title Cresar in the case of their sons. Antoninus Pius, in adopting at the same time M. Aurelius and L. Verus, gave to the former, at ouce, the title of Cresar, but not to Verus, whom through- out his reign he permitted to use no other dis- tinction thau Augusti Filius. M. Aurelius again, did not bestow that title upon his sons Commodus and Annius Verus, till the sixth year of his reign. — Pertinax declined to assume the honour, notwithstanding the Senate decreed it to his son. — Septimius Severus bestowed it on Caraealla only iu the third, and on Geta in the fifth, year of his reign. The practice followed by other emperors is to be ascertained by con- sulting their respective coins. So long as the Julia family held sway, Cresars were created neither by birth nor by adoption ; C.esar, as has already been observed, being then nothing more than the cognomen of the Julia gens. On its extinction in Caligula, the same privilege was usurped by the Claudia family. — Thenceforth the right of conferring the title of Cresar was, according to the various circum- stances of time aud place, possessed or arrogated by the Emperors themselves, or the Senate, or the Army ; by the combined, or partial, votes of which three estates, it is well known that even the Augusti were chosen. CAESA11ES. 150 4. Name of Nobi/issimus added to that of C.-ES.vR. — In progress of time, the Cresars begau to add the epithet Nobilissimns to their other titles, either to indicate an illustrious line of descent, or fictitiously to couceal a humble ori- gin. This epithet is found to have been adopted even by Commodus on marbles. (See Span- heim). — On coins, Diadumcniauus (son of Ma- crinus) is the first hitherto known to have had this title applied to him ; these are of the colony of Laodicea, in Syria. In later times it tra- velled even into the Roman mint. The inscrip- tion on coins is nob. caes. or nob. c. or still more briefly, N. c. It is extraordinary that Zeno and Leo III. should, on the coins of the East, be styled nov. (for nob.) caes. and still more that both of them were Augusti. But there is no accounting for the anomalies of that period. As the Cresars were called Nobilissimi, so also were some females called Nobilissimre ; there being inscribed on their coins n. f. that is Nobilissima Fcrnina : as for instance, Helena n. F. perhaps the wife of Crispus ; and faysta n. f. perhaps the wife of Constantine II.; the value of which title is not sufficiently known. — In the later times of the empire, there arose a distinction between the Casares aud the Nobi- lissimi ; for Nicepliorus, of Constantinople, at the conclusion of his history, relates that Con- stantine V. Copronymus created two of his sons, Christophorus and Nicephoros, Cresars, and the third, Nicetas, was styled Nobilissimus. The title of Augustus was occasionally added to the Cresars, but only through a consortium, or col- leagueship, with their father, an Augustus. — Sec Eckhcl, Be nomine et titulo Casaris, vol. viii. p. 367, et seq. CAES. AUG. CONS. S. OB. R. P. CONS.— Casari Auguslo Conservatori Senatus, ob rem publicum conservalam. — Epigraph on a very rare denarius of the Mescinia family. — See Mo- re//. Thesaur. Tam. Rom. p. 279- [TITYS] CAESAR COS. DES. II. CAESAR DOMIT. COS. DES. II. — Titus Casar Consul designatus iterum, Casar Bomitianus Consul designalus iterum. — In the field S. C. — On the reverse of a large brass of Vespasian, struck (a. d. 71) by that emperor in honour of his two sons, Titus and Domitian, on their both attain- ing a second consulship. The two Cresars are in military habits, with the hasta pura, but bare- headed ; Titus is the manlier of the two, aud is further distinguished by the parazonium. — Capt. Smyth, p. 58. — The coin is engraved in More//. Thesau. Lapp. t. iii. tab. xiii. But the type is more correctly given in the Medailles de Chris- tine, tab. vi. CAIUS CAESAR and LUCIUS CAESAR, the sons of M. Yipsanius Agrippa, and of Julia; aud the grandsons of Augustus. — Caius was born iu the year of Rome 734 (b. c. 20), and Lucius in 737 (b. c. 17.) These two young princes had become by adoption the sous of Augustus, who carefully superintended the education of both, having designed them for his successors in the empire. Before they had laid aside the dress lf,0 CAESAR- AUGUSTA, of boyhood, each was declared consul elect and princeps juventutis (see the word). Caius was nominated to the consulate B. c. 5, but the period for his entering upon it was deferred. He was permitted to wear the toga viritis in the same year ; and Lucius assumed it B. c. 2. — Honoured with the priesthood, and admitted into the senate, they seemed destined for a life of greatness and prosperity. But the younger of the two died suddenly at Marseilles, 755 (a.d. 2), when on his way to Spain; not with- out its being suspected that his step-mother Livia, who left no means, how foul soever, un- employed to advance her son Tiberius, had occa- sioned his sudden and untimely death. Caius, sent into Asia, where lie passed his year of con- sulship, a. l>. 1, had begun to shew talents for both civil government and military enterprise ; but, after bringing the Parthian king Pliraates IV. to terms of peace with the Romans, he was treacherously wounded ou his return from an expedition into Armenia ; and falling into a lingering illness, supposed to have been also nurtured by the secret arts of Livia, he died at Limyra, in Lycia, at the early age of 2-1, in the year u. c. 757 (a. d. 4). On gold and silver coins of Augustus, the brothers are typified together both ou foot and on horseback, and styled Cicsars, sous of Augustus, and principes juventutis. On some second brass ( colonial ) the beads of the brothers appear on the obverse, and that of Augustus ou the re- verse. (See engravings of these in VaUlaut’s Colonia , i. pp. 60, 61). — Other colonial second brass exhibit on their obverse the head of Caius or of Lucius only, and on their reverse the head of Augustus. The above cut presents a speci- men of the last named coins. — See C. L. cae- sares, & c. C. CAESAR AUGUST. F. — Cains Ctesar An - gusli Filins. — This legend appears on the re- verse of gold and silver of Augustus, accompa- nied by the type of a military figure ou horse- back, charging with lance elevated ; behind him are a legionary eagle and two ensigns. This coiu was struck when the emperor adopted Caius and his brother Lucius. — See above. CAESAR- AUGUSTA, co/onia, originally nnincd Salduba, a city of Hispania Tarraconen- sis, and the capital of the Edetani, now Zara- goza, in Arragon, situate on the Ebro. At the close of his war with the Cautabri, Augustus invested it with colonial rights and privileges, for vctcrau soldiers from three legious. The coins of this colony arc Latin imperial, in small middle and large brass, bearing on their re- CAESAR-AUGUSTA. spective obverses, portraits of Augustus, Agrippa, Livia, Caius and Lucius Csesares, Tiberius, Julia and Tiberius, Gcrmauicus, Tiberius and Gcr- manicus, Nero and Drusus Csesares, Agrippina senior, and Caligula ; the legeuds being c. c. A. and col. caesar-avgvsta. [Obs. — The coins having c. a. within a laurel crown, given by Vaillaut, and after him by Florez, to this Roman colony in Spain, and by Pellcrin, to Caesarea Augusta iu Palestine, be- long to Cresarea Panias. — See C j denoting that Casarea was the chief city of the I province of Palestine. The same turreted i female head, but with the addition of the vexil- ! lum, and the letters M. v. t. p. in the legend of : reverse, appears on a coin of Gallienus, as quoted | by Xlionuet from Eckliel, Anec. Cimel. Vindob. xxiii. 7, p. 124. CAESARVM N. N. or NOSTRORVXL— This perigraph is found only on coins of Licinius jun. ; of Crispus ; aud of Constantius II. In the field, within a crown of laurel, votis v. or x. On the exergue, pl. or qa. or sts. Third brass. — See genio ; also see vlrtus. CAESIA gens, plebeian, of which the name is one of little renowm, aud the cognomen unknown. There is but one coin assigned to it, viz. a de- narius, on the obverse of which is the diademed bust of a young man, in the attitude of launch- ing with his right hand, a triple-pointed dart. Behiud the bust ap. in monogram. On the reverse, below are the words L. caesi. aud two juvenile figures, helmcted aud half naked, sealed ; holding spears in their left hands ; between them is a dog ; above them a head of Vulcan, aud the forceps. In the field of the coin are on one side what looks like an a, and on the other what seems simply an r, but which mono- grammatologists pronounce to be respectively la. and re. A passage from Gellius seems to warrant the belief that the head on the obverse of this silver coin is that of Apollo Ve-jupiter — “ Simula- crum dei Vejovis sagittas tenet, qua sunt parata ad noccndum. Qua propter cum dcum pleriquc Apolliucm esse dixerunt.” — Eck- hel, in quoting the above authority, refers to coins of the Fonteia and Liciuia families for other instances in which the head of Apollo Ve- jupiter appears, with the letters ap. w hich are the first in the word Apollo, unless, indeed, it is more truly to be interpreted Argentum Publi- cum . — Fulvius Ursinus and other w riters, with whom Eckhel agrees, consider the two sitting figures to be Lares, or Penates (household gods) — and that this is further proved by the appear- ance of the dog, as Plutarch as well as Ovid, explains. Then again, the head of Vulcau is re- garded as another proof that the youthful figures represent Lares, by Ursinus, who cites a marble inscribed volcano laribvs pvblicis sacrvm. Lastly, adds Eckhel, there are the two mono- grams, which joined together, form i.a re, and thus bespeak them to be Lares. See Eck- hcl, v. 156, 7, 8. Riccio (p. 40), says of this denarius, that “it was minted by the monetal triumvir Lucius Casius, perhaps the 161 CALAGURRIS. brother of that Marcus Cassius who was pretor in 679 (b. C. 75), an acquaintance of Cicero. The workmanship displayed in this coin refers it to those times when Roman liberty was on the decline.” CALAGURIUS NASSICA, a city of Ilis- pauia Tarraconensis, now Calahorra, on the Ebro, in Old Castille, on the borders of Navarre, not far from Tudela. Its name of Calagurris associated itself, in Roman story, with the fear- ful miseries endured by the iusurgent army of Sertorins, when Pompey and Metellus laid siege to it iu that place, before 679 (b. c. 75.) — According to Pliny, it was first made a muni- dpi urn, and afterwards a colony ; but on its coins, which bear the effigies and titles of no other emperors than Augustus and Tiberius, it is eutitled a municipium only. — In the last days of the republic, Calagurris received the privileges of the jus Lat turn ; subsequently it was endowed with the jus suffragii by Julius Caesar, after whom it was called Julia. — Caesar indeed planted many colonies in Spain, and bestowed various benefits on their cities. — The numismatic type of the Calaguritani, whose coins (of a coarse, even barbarous fabric), are for the most part dedicated to Augustus, is a bull, or the head of a bull. — The first of the two following in middle brass exhibits its acquired surname of Nassica. 1. nassica. — The head (of Augustus) without laurel. licv. — MVN. CAT.. IVL. — ( Municipium Cala- gurris Julia.) — Ahull or ox standing. — Engraved in Vaillant, Col i. 25. 2. mvn. cal. ivl.- — Bare beardless head. Rev. — L. GKANIO. C. VALEIUO IIVIR. — A bull standing. — Engraved in Akennan’s Ancient Coins of Cities, pi. viii. No. 6. There is also a small brass of this colony, with the word Nassica before the head of Augustus on the obverse ; and the full-faced head of a bull on the reverse, which also bears, for inscription, c. val. c. SEX. aedii.es. C’aius Valerius, Cains Sertius, Aediles. — (Valeria gens). The word Nassica is the name, not of a man but, of the municipium itself. This clearly appears from Pliny (l. iii. c. 3), who expressly speaks of the people of Calagurris as being named Nassici — a statement confirmed by an ancient inscription given in the work of Am- brose Morales, mvn. calagvrris ivlia nassica. And as Calagurris, on account of some immu- nities conferred upon it by Julius Cfcsar, took the name of Julia, so (adds Vaillant) in like manner, by reason of certain benefits extended to it by Cornelius Scipio, it seems to have pre- viously distinguished itself by his surname of Nassica, when he, with the rank of Pretor, administered the affairs of the republic in Spain, as Livy relates (l. v. Dec. 4.) — About the same period Calagurris was made a Roman municipium; in remembrance of which boon, it assumed the name of Nassica ; and Scipio celebrated there those public games — called Ludi Megalenscs — in honour of Cybelc (.Mater Idiea) — which he vowed to do amidst the perils of war, as Livy also shews. — Colon itr, i. 25. CALIGULA. CALAGURRIS Fibularia — a town of Ilis- pania Tarraconensis, in the country of the Ulergetcs, the site of which is occupied by Lahorre of the present day. The following coin is assigned to the Fibularensian Calagurris : Obv. — L. Q. v. F. Q. isc. F. — Bare head of a man. Rev. — Municipium. C. F. Female figure seated on a bull. She holds a veil inflated by the wind. M. 8, K. 1. ( British Museum). — Engraved in plate viii. No. 9 of Coins of Ths- pania, by Air. Akerman, who appositely re- mi uds us, that “ this figure of Europa on the bull occurs on many of the coins of Sidon.” CALENUS, surname of the Fufia gcus, which came from Calcs, a town of Campania. On coins of that family is read Q. calf.nvs. cos. CALIDIA gens plcbeia. There is only one type to its coins, which are denarii of very antique form, exhibiting on oue side the winged head of Minerva; behind it koma. — On the re- verse M. CAL. or CALI Dims, in association with Q. MET ellus, and CN. FVLVtets or FOVLw'jm — on the exergue. The type is Vic- tory with a crown raised iu the right hand, iu a biga. These denarii (observes Riccio, p. 41), the or- dinary specimens of the ancient bigati, bear evi- dence of their having been struck by the monetal triumvirs Marcus Calidius, Quintus Ciceilius Metellus, and Cneius Fulvius, about the be- ginning of the seventh century of Rome. CAL1G.E, Military sandals used by the Romans. — “The catiga was a heavy sole, lashed with thongs to the leg, and armed with stout nails. The emperors gave largesses of nails to the soldiers, donativum clavarium, which per- haps meant also money to purchase them." — Capt. Smyth, p. 28. — See Caligula. CALIGULA, the grand nephew and mur- derer of Tiberius, most worthy to succeed that emperor, because an equally iufamous, though not so able a tyrant, reigned from a.u.c. 790 (a.d. 37) to 794 (a.d. 41). — His real appellation was CA1VS CAESAR, but, about the time of Au- gustus’s death, he, still a child, being with the army of the Lower Rhine, the soldiers, with whom he was a great favourite, were accustomed, ill the joking parlance of the camp, to give him the nickname of Caligula (from Caligoint- ed service; but subsequently his equivocal move- ments, and increasing wealth, gave rise to strong suspicions that he allowed the sea-robbers whom he should have suppressed, to rove with im- punity the narrow seas, in order afterwards to CARAUSIUS. possess himself of the greater portion of their ill-acquired booty. Maximianus therefore or- dered that he should be put to death. But with a vigilant eye to his own safety, Carausius in- stantly sailed across to Britain with the impe- rial fleet, which was devoted to his interests, and being well received by the Roman troops there, he assumed the purple with the title of j Augustus, a. d. 287- His prudence and valour enabled him to maintain his independent govern- ment of the island. By the speedy construc- tion of new galleys, and the formation of alli- ances with different tribes, whom he trained as sailors, the usurper made head against all the armaments sent against him by Maximianus, who, with the senior Augustus, Diocletian, was at length compelled (a. d. 289) to acknowledge him as their colleague, so far at least as Britain was concerned. The sequel of this bold adventurer’s history cannot be better related than in the terms em- ployed by Mr. Akerman : — “ Carausius enjoyed his honours seven years, and, during that period, performed many acts which evinced his ahili*y to rule, notwithstand- ing his defection from his masters. He de- fended the frontiers of his empire from the Cale- donians, courted the friendship and alliance of the Franks (upon the confines of whose country he was born), and in reward for their services instructed them in naval and military affairs. — His fleets swept the seas, and commanding the mouths of the Rhine and the Seine, ravaged the coasts, and rendered the name of the once ob- scure Menapian pilot, as celebrated as those of the emperors. During this time, Carausius still kept possession of Boulogne ; but in the year 292, the adoption of the two Crcsars, Constan- tius and Galerius, added strength to the Roman arras. Maximianus guarded the Rhine ; and Constantius, taking command of the legions appointed for the British war, immediately laid siege to Boulogne, which, after an obstinate re- sistance, surrendered to the conqueror, who pos- sessed himself of the naval stores of Carausius. Three years were consumed in the preparation of a fleet for the recovery of Britain : but ere it was launched, news arrived of the assassina- tion of Carausius by his friend and prime minis- ter Allectus, a. d. 293. The event was consi- dered as a presage of victory to the Roman arms.” — Coins of the Romans relating to Rri- j tain, 2nd edition. MINTAGES OF CARAUSIUS. The connection of this usurper with Britain has always rendered his coinage an object of | peculiar curiosity and appreciation, with the ; numismatic antiquaries and collectors of our country. In Italy his coins are beyond compa- rison more rare than in England ; and were j almost equally scarce in France, until a recent trouvaille at Rouen brought a large hoard of them to light. Indeed they were for the far greater part struck in this island, during the six years (a. d. 286 to a. d. 293) in which its government was virtually separated from that of 2 A CARAUSIUS. 177 the Roman empire. — “ Of this eventful period (observes Mr. Roach Smith, in his Antiquities I of Richborough, &c.) as far as regards Britain, j no monumental inscriptions are extant ; and the brief notices of historical writers, which have come down to us, are in the suspicious language of panegyrists and conquerors.” p. 136. In the last edition of Mr. Akcrman’s work above quoted, 53 varieties in gold and silver arc ' enumerated, and no less than 233 in brass, j which are of the third size only. And since 1844, others are now known, as scarcely a year passes without the discovery of some variety hitherto undescribed. “ In the bed of the Thames, and in the neighbourhood of St. Alban’s, and other Roman Stations (says Mr. Bergne), j coins of Carausius are found in great numbers. I Nor is it improbable that on examining any i dozen coins picked up successively in the fields | which occupy the site of the ancient Verulam, two or three would prove to be of Carausius. — (Sec Numismatic Chronicle, No. lv. Jan. 1852, p. 151). The workmanship of the gold resembles that of the contemporary coins of Diocletian and his imperial colleague, being of a fine and bold, but peculiar fabric. With rare exceptions, the fabric of the silver is rough, and their quality of metal base. Of the brass, a great portion is of bar- barous execution ; “ but (as Mr. Akerman re- marks), all of them bear a portrait, which it is impossible to confound with any other in the Roman series.” Many of the types and legends of the money of this usurper obviously apply to Carausius only : among these may be noticed those of ex- PECTATE VENI. and CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI ; whilst it is equally clear that such legends as principi ivyentvt(is) and orie.vs avg. can have no reference to the acts, or to the situa- tion, of Carausius. In the latter case they must have been executed by ignorant, and pro- bably illiterate, moneyers, without knowledge of their application or significance. Carausius is styled on his coins — caravsivs — CAHAVSIVS AVG. — IMP. CARAVSIVS AVG. — IMP. CARAVSIVS P. F. AVG. — IMP. C. M. CARAVSIVS AVG. — IMP. C. M. AVR. V. CARAVSIVS P. AVG. CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES svi. — On his gold and silver coinage his effigy is adorned with a laurel wreath ; on the brass with a radiated diadem. The following arc amongst the rarest reverses : Gold. conservatori avggg. Hercules standing, holding his club and a bow ; behind is a quiver ; on the exergue m. l. Valued by Mionnet at 720 fr. Concordia mii.itvm. Two women stand- ing. — Valued by Mionnet at 600 fr. leg(io) iiii. fl. Lion walking, with ears of com in his mouth. — Valued by Mionnet at 600 fr. Obv. — virtvs caravsi. Bust of Carausius to the left, with slight beard, and ornamented helmet ; spear in right hand ; buckler over left shoulder, ornamented with griffin, to the left, and floral border. 178 CARAUSIUS. Rev. — romano renova. Wolf to the right, with the twins ; in the exergue R. s. r. Valued by Mionnet at 7^0 fr. This coin, of the highest degree of rarity, and described to be in very good preservation, wt. 67 grs. brought £14 at the Thomas sale, lot 988. salvs avggg. In the exergue M. l. — This coin of Maximianus, certainly struck by Carau- sius, is in the cabinet of Mr. Roach Smith. Silver. adventvs avg. The emperor on horseback, brandishing a spear over a fallen enemy. This coin, well preserved, brought £8 at the Pembroke sale. adventvs avg. Emperor on horseback, right hand elevated, &c. a captive at the fore feet of the horse ; a thunderbolt in exergue. On the obverse, dip. caravsivs p. f. av. laureated, togated, and bearded bust to right. This fine and most rare, perhaps unique coin, brought £13 at the Brnmell sale, in 1850. conservat. avg. Jupiter. — Engraved in Akerman, ii. p. 156, pi. xi. No. 5. concordia avgg. 'Two hands joined. (Haym. Tesoro Britannico). concordia militvm. Same type. In the exergue, r. s. r. This coin, of good silver, well preserved, brought £4 4s. at the Thomas sale. fides militvm. A female to the left, hold- ing two standards ; in the exergue r. s. r. Not iu Mionnet or Akerman ; well preserved. — Curt. This coin brought £5 17s. 6d. at the Bru- mell sale. felicitas. Galley and four rowers; in ex- ergue r. s. R. This denarius, in perfect condition, brought £7 10s. at the Thomas and £8 15s. at the Pem- broke sale. fidem militvm n. n. A female standing, holding a pair of scales and a cornucopia:. This, of good silver, brought £8 at the Tho- mas sale. ixpectate (sic) veni. Emperor and a female figure. — See expectate. i.eg(io) iiii. fl. — “ A ccntauress (and not a centaur, says Mr. Curt), as in Etruscan Anti- quities in the Naples Museum, &c.” walking to the left, holding with both her hands a long club, which she rests on her shoulders. G. in exergue. Of good silver, and fine as to preservation — sec Catalogue, lot 1084, Brumcll cabinet, at the sale of which it brought £22. — See engraving of it in Akerman ; see also his remarks, 124. leg. v. vii. viii. — (Stukeley). i.ib(eralitas) hi. Emperor on horseback. (British Museum). moneta avg. The goddess Moneta standing, with scales and cornucopia:. In the exergue x. — Engraved in plate vi. fig. 4, Antiquities of Richborough, See. oriens avg. The Sun standing. PRiNCiPi iwent. A military figure stands resting on a spear, with olive twig in right hand. This coin, of good silver, and one of the rarest of the Caransian types, obtained £8 at the Thomas sale. — Sec Akerman, No. 32 & 139. CARAUSIUS. romano renov. Wolf suckling the founders of Rome ; in the exergue R. s. r. A very fine specimen, and of good silver, pierced, went for £7 5s. 6d. at the Thomas sale. victoria avg. The goddess marching. — vir- Tvs im. avg. (sic). Military figure. virtvs avg. Lion with thunderbolt in its mouth. — This coin, in fine condition, brought £5 16s. at the Thomas sale. voto pvblico, inscribed round a crown of laurel, in which is seen MVLTIS XX. R. s. R. On the obverse, imp. caravsivs p. f. avg. Laure- ated bust of Carausius. Mionnet attaches the value of 150 fr. to this coin ; an engraving of which is prefixed to the mintages of Carausius, p. 176 of this Dictionary. votvm pvblicvm. A square altar with fire, in the middle of which are mvltis xx. imp. Valued by Mionnet at 150 fr. A specimen of it, in good silver, fetched £5 17s. 6d. at the Thomas sale. vbervta (blundered for JJlertas) av. A female seated on a low stool, milking a cow. In the exergue R. s. r. . A silver coin of Carausius, with this legend and type on its reverse, brought £5 17s. 6d. at the above mentioned sale. — The letters on the exergue R. s. r. probably stand for rvtvpiae or rvtvpiis (Richborough) signata, as coins of Carausius arc frequently found in the neighbour- hood of that old Kentish town. — Akerman, 121. Third Brass. abvndanti. avg. Abundance personified. aeqvitas hvndi. Female with scales and cornucopia:. This third brass of Carausius, very fine and almost unique, only one other of this type be- ing known to exist, was found at Rouen, where it formed part of M. Biliard’s collection. It brought £2 15s. at the sale of “ a well-known collector,” 1851. adivtrix avg. Half length bust of Victory, holding a garland and palm branch. Coins of Victorinus occur in third brass with the same legend. — Akerman, 127- adventvs avg. The emperor on horseback. In exergue R. s. R. — (Iu the cabinet of Mr. C. Roach Smith). adventvs caravsi. Emperor on horseback; his right hand raised, holding a globe. In the exergue of some r. s. p. (or m. l.) aeqvitas avg. Equity with her attributes. (In the Hunter collection.) a pollini co. avo. and apoli.ini cons, and cons. avo. A Griffin. These legends and types will be found on the abundant third brass of Gallicnus. Akerman. con. pr. — Cohors Pretoria. Four military' standards. (In Mr. Reader’s collection.) cohr. praet. Four standards. (In the Hun- ter collection.) comes avg. Victory marching with garlnnd and palm branch. On the obverse is the hcl- meted bust of Carausius, with javelin and shield ; legend caravsivs avg. The coins of Carausius with these armed busts appear to be modelled on those of the Emperor CARAUSIUS. Probus, on whose money the imperial effigies are often thus represented. Akcrman, p. 128. comes avgg. Minerva standing, holding the hasta and au olive branch. Iu the field s. r. Ou the exergue Mi.xxt. (Tauiui.) concoudia avgg. A woman holding two standards, on others holding the hasta and cor- nucopia;. CONCORDIA MIL. or MILIT. Or MILITVM. Two right hands joined ; or the emperor joining hands with a female figure. On one of this rare type, in the Itoach Smith cabinet, we read on the obverse imp. c. carav- SIVS P. F. IN. AVG. conservat. avg. Neptune seated ; in his right hand an anchor ; in his left a trident re- versed. Sec remarks on this coin, in Antiquities of Reculver, &c. by Mr. Roach Smith, p. 136. constant, (or constavnt. (sic.J avg. Her- cules. (Mionuet.) diana. — Goddess seated. dianae. cons, avg. A stag. — dianae redvci. A stag. expf.ctate veni. Two figures standing, with joined hauds. In the exergue R. S. a. — See the words suis tocis. felicitas avg. Woman with ensign and cornucopia;. — Same legend. A galley on the sea, with rowers. felicitas temp. Four children, representing the four seasons. — Engraved in Akerman, pi. v. fides militvm — fides milit. Woman hold- ing two military standards. fidem militvm. Similar type. — (In the Douce collection, bequeathed to and deposited in the Bodleian Library.) The last three types occur perpetually in the Roman series, but they are very appropriate on the coins of one who owed so much to his mili- tary' partisans. — Akerman, p. 130. fortvna avg. Fortune with rudder and cor- nucopia;. fortvna red. Fortune seated. — Obv. — IMP. C. CARAVSl VS P. F. AVG. A beautiful bust, iu perfect preservation, and said to be unique, was purchased, at “ a well- known collector’s” sale, for £2 5s. genio avg. Woman holding globe and cor- nucopia:. genivs exercit. Gcuius standing with patera and cornucopia;. This unique brass coin, of larger module than that of ordinary third brass, is engraved in Roman Coins relating to Britain, pi. v. No. 36. — “ It was in the possession (observes Mr. Akerman) of the late Mr. R. F. Newman, City Solicitor, a relative of whom shewed it to Mr. C. Roach Smith, who made the drawing of which the engraving above referred to is given. It shews that the usurper was anxious to testify his gratitude to the army, which had enabled him to attain the sovereignty of Britain.” p. 131. germanicvs maxv. A trophy and two cap- tives. In exergue l. — (Mionuet.) This legend and type occur both on the coins of Gallicnus and of Postumus. — Akerman. HF.RCVU invict. Hercules standing, with his club. CARAUSIUS. 171) iiercvli pacifero. Hercules holding olive branch and club. — Engraved in Akerman, pi. v. No. 37. hilaritas avg. and avggg. A woman stand- ing, with branch and cornucopia;. invictvs and invictvs avg. The Sun march- ing. — (Mionnet.) i. o. x. The emperor in a military habit, on horseback ; his right hand holding a spear, his left hand raised aloft. The three letters on this coin have been sup- posed to indicate the acclamations of the multi- tude and to signify io. Decies. Eckhel, after re- marking on it adds, “ Quisquc pro sc senigma explicet I” Let every one solve the riddle for himself. iovi cons. Jupiter and Carausius. iovi statori. Jupiter with hasta and thun- derbolt. laetitia avg. A galley with rowers. In exergue M. c. Engraved in Akerman, pi. v. No. 38. A specimen with the same legend and type of reverse : in exergue o. P. it. — of fine work, and as it came from the die, obtained £3 at a sale of coins 1851, the property of “ a well-known collector.” Obv. — imp. caravsivs. p. avg. Radiated head of Carausius. Rev. — laetitia avg. A galley; in exergue M. c. — A fine specimen, engraved in Akerman, on Romano British coins, pi. v. No. 38. The galleys, with their masts and rowers, re- presented upon the coins of Carausius and Allectus, “ furnish us with examples of the ships, which first obtaiued for Britain the sovereignty of the sea ; and for the space of nine years, pro- tected this island in an independent government. The Romans under Constautius, effected a land- ing on the southern coast, having evaded the fleet of Allectus (stationed off the Isle of Wight) which was enveloped in a thick fog. A laud engagement reduced Britain once more to a pro- vince.” — See Antiquities of Richborough, &c. (written by C. Roach Smith, F.S.A. and illus- trated by F. W. Fairholt, F.S.A. who, in com- bining the spirit and industry of the typogra- phical, historical, and numismatic antiquary, with the skill and accuracy of the archaiologieal draughtsman and engraver, have together pro- duced an elegant, interesting, and valuable little volume). laetitia avggg. Woman holding garland and corn ears, or resting her hand on an anchor. Obv. — imp. caravsivs p. f. avg. Radiated head of the Emperor to the right, the bust in the paludamentum. — Rev. — leg. iixx. primio. A figure of Capricorn. In the exergue M. L. — (Engraved in Akerman, pi. v. No. 40). — Sec Capricorn, p. 172. This unique coin in small brass, was found, amongst others, in 1829, near Stroud, in Kent; and was communicated the same year to the Nu- mismatic Society, by Mr. C. Roach Smith, (sec Num. C/iron. vol. ii., p. 1 14), who to the above description adds the following remarks: — “ The twenty-second legion, surnamed Pri - 2 A 2 180 CARAUSIUS. migeuia, aud bearing in common with at least six other legions, the badge of Capricorn, was probably formed not long prior to the time of Antoninus. By the Itinerary, it appears to have been composed of allied troops, and was quartered in Gaul and Belgium ; six towns or places are named as stations in which were divi- sions of this legion. In several inscriptions given in Gruter and Ursiuus, the title of Primigenia (or Primagcuia) is affixed to the legion ; but (adds Mr. S.) upon coins I can only find that it is expressed in one instance, and that is on a dena- rius of Sevcrus. In the list of the legionary coins struck by Gallienus it docs not occur, al- though such as have the leg. xxii. merely, are not uncommon. This coin therefore must be allowed to possess the highest degree of interest, in recording a previously unknown, or unauthen- ticated fact, namely that the twenty-second legion, or at least one or more of its cohorts or battalions sided with Carausins in his successful assumption of the imperial power in the province of Britain. Its evidence on this point is strength- ened by historical testimony, of this legion being composed of foreigners, that is to say, of Gauls and Britons ; and thus constituted, it would natu- rally be presumed to he amongst the first to sup- port a leader whose recent military conquests had enriched themselves, and readily to join their fellow countrymen in shaking off the yoke of foreign dominion.” leg. it. parth. A centaur walking, &c. — Engraved in Akerman, Descr. Cat. ii. p. 164, No. 77. — Brumell cabinet, at the sale of which it brought £1 13s. leg. mi. flavia p f. Two lions inarching; above, a human head. — (Stukclcy.) leg. va. c. L. A hull. — (In the Rolfe cabinet). mars Mars with spear in right hand, and with his left holding a horse. — (Douce). mars, victor. Mars marching with a trophy. There are also legends and types of Mars Pacifcr and Mars Ultor. MEuevnio cox. avq. Mercury with his usual attributes, standing. This unique and unpublished coin is in the cabinet of Mr. Roach Smith, aud was presented to him by M. de Gcrville, of Valognes, to whom it had been given, many years previously, by Mr. Reader, of Sandwich. mo.\et(a) avggg. Moucfa standing with her attributes. In the field s. p. In exergue c. “This rare coin (says Mr. Akerman, who has given an engraving of it, p. 135, pi. v. fig. 39) is in the British Museum. It is remarkable on account of the title of IN victim on the obverse. The respect which Carausins seems here, and on many other pieces of money, to record for Moneta, the goddess of money, must have been sincere ; since it doubtless w r as to his wealth that he owed the success of his rebellion. The three g’s on this small brass, of course, denote the triple sovereignty. The c in the exergue denotes, in all probability, Clauscntum (Bittern, near South- ampton, in which neighbourhood coins of Carau- sius, with this mint-mark, arc frequently found.” Roman Coins relating to Britain, p. 135-6. CARAUSIUS. oriens avg. — The Suu standing. — (Stukeley.) ories (sic). The Sun with extended right hand, and holding in the left a globe. In ex- ergue r. s. r. This coin was found at Stroud, in Kent. — See Mr. Akerman’s remarks on a similar type in silver. pacator ORRIS. Head of the Sun. (Hunter). pax. avg. Peace standing, holds an olive branch in her right hand, her left hand grasping the hasta pura ; in the field l. ; in the exergue m. I.. On the obverse imp. caravsivs p. f. avg. Radiated bust. A well spread and fine brass specimen is en- graved in Mr. Smith’s Richborough, fig. 5, pi. vi. pax avggg. Peace stauding, holds a flower, and the hasta erect. Iu the field s. P. The ob- verses of some have the bust with paludamcn- tum ; on others a coat of mail. It is generally believed that the coins of Ca- rausius, with this legend, were struck in com- memoration of the treaty between the usurper and the Emperors Diocletian and Maximianus ; but which Mr. Akerman shews was never for- mally ratified, p. 115. pietas avggg. Mercury, with attributes, standing. In the field l. p. In the exergue m. l. Uuique, iu Mr. Roach Smith’s cabinet. It was found in the bed of the Thames. Engraved iu Akerman, pi. v. fig. 41. salvs pvblica, of the Donee collection. salvs avggg. Hygcia stands to the right, feeding a serpent out of a patera ; s. r. in the field. See notice in Akerman, Descr. Cat. ii. p. 171, of this identical coin, which, being of singu- lar beauty, brought £6 15s. Od. at the Brumell sale. Three g’s on this reverse, not only denote this united sovereignty of three emperors, but they also “ refer (as Mr. Curt observes) to the title of Augustus, reluctantly given to the arch- pirate by Diocletian and Maximian.” temp, felicitas. The four Seasons. Found iu the bed of the Thames, now in Mr. C. R. Smith’s collection. Engraved in Aker- man, pi. v. fig. 35. A specimen with this ex- tremely rare legend and type, brought only £2 2s. at the Pembroke sale. Obv . — virtvs cara(vsi). Bust in armour, hclmcted, and with radiated crown, to the left, buckler and spear. — Rev. — provid. avg. Female standing, with cornucopim, and touching with a short w'and a small globe at her foot. In the exergue c. This very rare coin, well preserved, brought £3 10s. at the Brumell sale. victoria avg. Victory with wreath and palm branch, standing on a globe between two sedent captives. This coin was found in the bed of the Thames, near London bridge, aud is now in the collection of Mr. Roach Smith. virtv. avg. Hercules arrayed in the lion’s skin, joining hands over an altar with a female figure. In the exergue xx. This unique coiu, the property of Lord Lon- dcsborongh, was found near Ncwburv. It is CARAUSIUS. engraved in Mr. Akerman’s work above quoted, pi. v. No. 43. vberitas avg. Figure standing with tri- dent, facing the emperor with globe and javelin. Very rare ; sold for £2 at the Pembroke sale. virtvs svi avg. Carausius standing, holding in the right hand a Victory, iu the left a spear and buckler. One of the Rouen trouvaille , bearing this re • verse, round, fine, and unpublished, sold in 1851, for £2 11s. vitavi. A woman standing, holding in each hand a serpent. (Formerly in the late Mr. Douce’s cabinet, but unaccountably lost or pur- loined). In his Descriptive Catalogue, (vol. ii. p. 174), Mr. Akerman, alluding to this extraordinary coin, makes the following remark : — “ If it were not for the very singular legend expectate veni. on the coins of Carausius, the authenticity of that with vitavi. might be doubted, on the ground that its form is altogether unusual. — After all, the latter may have been one of those blundered, re-struck, or ill-struck, coins of Ca- rausius, of which I have seen many examples. I have before me a brass coin of Carausius, struck on one of Victoriuus, the ill-formed let- ters appearing not unlike this very word !” The following additions to the above list of third brass, are described from an unique series of the coins of Carausius and Allectus, iu the possession of Mr. Roach Smith ; from whose writings relative to the mintages of those two usurpers, much information, useful to the nu- mismatist, may be gleaned : — pax avg. A female, with two military standards. rosiae aeternae. A temple. In the field S. A. salvs avg. Female, with garland and anchor. virtvs avg. A military figure maiching, at his feet a captive. virtvti avg. Hercules, with bow and club. Unpublished. CARAUSIUS, DIOCLETIANUS, AND MAXIMIANUS. 1. caravsivs et fratres svi. The heads of Carausius, Diocletianus, and Maximianus, side by side ; the first radiated, the other two bare. Rev . — pax avggg. Peace standing, holding an olive branch, and the hasta pura. In the field s. q. (or probably s. p. the latter is indis- tinct). In the exergue c. The above wood engraving, from a third brass of Carausius, in the British Museum, conveys the idea of a coin in better preservation, than CARAUSIUS. 181 that in which the original is. But in every other respect it presents a faithful copy. The specimen of this interesting legend and type, which brought 18 10s. at the Thomas sale, and which was formerly in the Millingen col- lection, is thus described in the Catalogue, p. 90, lot 647 : — 2. “ Obv. — Laureate busts, to the left, side by side, of the Emperors Carausius, Diocletian, and Maximinian Hercules. — caravsivs et fra- tres svi. Rev. — Peace standiug, holds an olive branch in her right hand, and the hasta pnra in her left. — pax avggg. In the field s. p. Iu the exergue c. or g. ; well preserved.” “ After several ineffectual attempts to crush the power of Carausius, the Emperors Diocle- tiau and Maximian found it advisable, necessary, and most prudent, to acknowledge him as their colleague. The event is commemorated by the device, appropriate emblems, and legend of this coin.” — Note by Mr. Burgon. Eckhel (viii. 47) describes a third brass with the same remarkable legend on its obverse ; but his description of the obverse type, as will be seen below, differs both from that in the British Museum and from that in the Thomas collec- tion specimen : — 3. Obv. — caravsivs et fratres svi. Three busts, jugated, the first of which is a radiated one of Carausius ; the second, laurcated, of Dio- cletian ; and the third, -with the lion’s skin, of Maximianus Herculius. Rev. — pax avggg. A female standing, with olive branch in the right hand, and spear in the left. In the field the letters s. and Q. ; at the bottom c. This coin, which at the time of Eckhel’s writing, was preserved in the cabinet of the Abbate Persico, at Genoa, was, we learn, brought to light by an individual of great attainments, Gaspar Odcric, in a letter addressed to Cajetano Marini, published in the year 1782, in the Ita- lian Commentaries, entitled “ Gioruali de' Let- terati, printed at Pisa (tom. xlv. p. 205). The author above alluded to, subsequently published a separate notice of it at Genoa. The coin, however, could not properly be called an un- published one, as it had previously been men- tioned by Stukeley (vol. i. p. 106), “ though I observe,” adds Eckhel, “ that his work was un- known to Odcric and Tanini. The value of this gem is owing, not only to its presenting the conjoined busts of the three Augusti, but also to the inscription which accompanies them, and which had never before been remarked on coins. There can be no doubt, that by the word fratres are to be understood Carausius, Diocletian, and Maximian, the two latter of whom, though at the first hostile to Carausius, afterwards entered into a partnership of dignity and power with him. This participation of the imperial title by three colleagues, is further confirmed by the inscription avggg. and it is also alluded to in legends found on other coins of his, such as LAETITIA AVGGG. ; IIILARITAS AVGGG ; &C. — There are several instances of emperors, in colleagueship, styling each other brothers." 182 CARAUSIUS. The passage in the Medallic History of Ca- rausius, published in 1757) to which Eckhcl has alluded above, is cited by Mr. Akermau in his copious list of the Carausian coinage (p. 145) as follows : — 4. “ A coin of this rare and interesting type is stated by Stukeley to have belonged to Mr. Wale, of Colne, in Lancashire, in whose cus- tody it appears to have remained for some time unnoticed, in a mass of Roman coins found at Chestcrford, until detected by the experienced eye of Mr. Charles Gray, l'.R.S. and F.S.A. — Stukeley describes it “ of excellent preservation, the faces of the three emperors distinct and easily known ; Diocletian in the middle, Carau- sius on his right. Maximum nppermost, exactly according to the rule of manners.” Another specimen is in the collection of the lion. R. C. Neville, F.S.A. In the specimen whence the above inserted cut is taken, the bust of Carausius is placed to the left of the other two ; a relative position, which surely agrees more exactly with “ the rule of manners” — in other words, the order of pre- cedence — than that, according to which Stukeley considered the busts to be arranged on the coin which he describes. 13ut at any rate the force of assumption and arrogance can hardly go fur- CARAUSIUS. thcr than Carausius has, in this instance, car- ried it, by placing a radiated crown on his own head, whilst he assigns the Ciesarian ho- nours of the caput nudum to the two Augusts — fratres sui ! Lastly, supposing each respective description above quoted to be correct, it would appear that there are at least three, if not four specimens, and as many varieties in the obverse type, of this the most historically curious of our Anglo- Ro- man emperor’s mint. FULL-FACED BUST OF CARAUSIUS. In consideration of the high esteem in which the mint of Carausius is justly held, for the light which it serves to throw on an otherwise uu-illustratcd, but far from unimportant, epoch in the annals of Britain, our notices of its most remarkable types and legends have thus been extended. Nor can a reference to such numismatic relics be brought, perhaps, to a more interesting close, thau by here inserting a cut, which first appeared in the second volume of Mr. Roach Smith’s Collectanea Antigua; and which that distinguished antiquary has al- lowed to be used in this work. — Subjoined are citations from published remarks, to which so singular a monetal discovery has given rise. “ The coin here represented (says Mr. Smith) forms the uuique example of a novel class, hav- ing a full-faced portrait of Carausius. For this valuable increase to my collection I am indebted to the kindness of the Rev. Edward Egremont, of Wroxeter, near Shrewsbury, a village which occupies the site of TJrioconium , or Viroconium, one of the chief towns of Roman Britain, with- in the precincts of which the coin was found. — It is the portrait which gives the value to this remarkable piece. The gold, silver, and brass coins of this emperor have uniformly a profile, and in no instance, save in this specimen, is the head bare. It is either laurcated, or helmctcd, or radiated. Upon contemporary coins, more- over, it was not the practice to give a front face. This fact, coupled with that of the supe- rior workmanship of our new specimen, sug- gests the belief, that the portrait is the result of a careful and successful attempt by the artist to produce a likeness. As such, we may con- template the coin with additional interest. — Those who are familiar with the profile of Ca- rausius, in the better executed specimens, will recognise in the front face the peculiar character of the former ; with an expression of counten- ance indicative of decision and benignity, which the side face docs not always convey. The por- traits of historical personages are always inter- esting. This coin, which reveals to us in pleasing features what may probably be regarded as the most complete likeness we possess of so remarkable a man as Carausius, will be appre- ciated by all who have reflected on the conspi- cuous part he acted in the history of our coun- try.” pp. 153-54. To these observations from the pen of the fortunate possessor of the brass coin, re- presented in the above engraving, may be most advautageously added the following ex- tract from a paper of Mr. Bergnc’s, subse- quently read by that gentleman before the Nu- mismatic Society, Nov. 27, 1851 ; the coin itself, through the kindness of Mr. Roach Smith, being at the same time exhibited on the table of the Society. — (See Numismatic Chronicle, vol. xiv. No. 4) : — “ The obverse of this most valuable specimen presents the usual title of the emperor, but with the singular novelty of a bare and full-faced portrait. In both these respects it is unique ; as all the coins of Carausius hitherto known, whether in gold, silver, or brass, present the portrait in profile, and either helmctcd, laurc- ated, or (as generally) with a radiated crown, but never bare. The work is good, aud the con- CAIIAUSII SUCCESSOR, dition fine: the portrait, as usual, hold and characteristic. The reverse is one of the most ordinary occurrence.” Obo. — imp. caravsivs p. f. avg. The bare head of Carausius full-faced. Rev. salvs avg. An erect figure of a female (Ilygcia) feeding, out of a patera, a ser- pent, which rises from the base of an altar. — Iu the exergue the letter c. probably for Clau- sen! urn. “ Among the coins of Maxentius (adds Mr. Bcrgne), struck from fifteen to twenty years after the death of Carausius, an instance occurs of a full-faced type in silver (No. 16, in Akcr- mau’s Catalogue) ; and there are also a few rare instances of the same sort of type among the gold coins of Liciuius junior, and Constantine the Great. Iu brass of this period, however, the type is exceedingly rare, if not altogether unique. At a later period, in the Byzantine scries, it becomes common. A full-faced bust appears also on some rare reverses of the gold aud silver coins of Septimius Scvcrus aud his family, so represented for the sake of symetri- cal arrangement, between two other busts in profile, looking respectively to the right and left. But I think this coin of Carausius is the earliest example of that style of head, for the single bust on the principal side, or obverse, of a Roman imperial medal.” p. 152. Carausii Successoris ALLECTI Moneta . — Somewhat too brief a notice of the coins of Allectus having been given in page 38 of this volume, occasion is here taken, not only to de- scribe tbc principal legends and types of money in each metal, minted under his reign, from a.i>. 293 to a. d. 296 ; but also to mention the prices respectively obtained at almost all the great sales of recent occurrence, for the rarest speci- mens of this murderous usurper’s coinage, as Carausius’s successor in the government of Bri- tain : — Gold. — adventvs avg. Allectus, wearing the radiated crown, on horseback. — In the cabi- net of Count D’Erceville, communicated by M. De Longpcrier to Air. Akerman, who has en- graved it, pi. vi. No. 45. — Probably unique. comes avg. Minerva. — oriens avg. The Sun. — Both probably unique. fax avg. Female standing, with branch in extended right hand : her left holds the hasta pura transversely. In exergue M. l. Obv. — imp. c. allectvs p. f. av (in mon.) G. llis bust iu armour, bearded and laurcated. See the above cut. A specimen of this, weighing, according to the Catalogue, “67 7-10 grs. in very good preservation, and of the highest degree of rarity, but suspected,” sold at the Pem- broke auction for £8. CARINUS. 183 pa(x) avg. Peace standing, her right hand holds aloft an olive branch, her left holds the hasta. In the exergue M. L. This aureus, found at Reading, brought £37 10s. at the Brumell sale. “ From this identical coin, w-hich is probably unique, there is an engraving in Akerman, ii. pi. 11, No. 6. salvs avg. A woman standing. — (Valued by Mionnet at 600 fr.) spes avg. Hope walking. Iu the exergue M. l. — (Valued by the French numismatist also at 600 fr.) virtvs avg. Emperor on horseback, armed with javelin, riding over a prostrate enemy. — In the Hunter collection, probably unique. virtvs avg. Mars standing. In the exergue M. S. L. “ This unique coin was purchased at the Trat- tle sale, by the Duke of Blacas, for £74 1” — Akerman, ii. 177. Silver. — Rev. laetitia avg. q. c. A galley. pax avg. s. p. c. Peace standing. The above two coins, in the Brumell col- lection, both apparently plated, sold for £1 13s. each. — “The line silver of Allectus (observes Mr. Akerman), is of extreme rarity : his denarii are generally of very base quality.” Tuird Brass. — aeqvitas. avg. Equity. — comes avg. Minerva. — dianae kedvci. Diana. — felicitas saecvli. Felicity. oriens avg. The Sun standing. (Hunter). — pax avg. On the obverse bust of Allectus, with radiated crown and coat of mail, holding javelin and buckler. — imp. allectvs p. f. avg. (Hunter). rom. aetern. Temple with eight columns, a sedent figure within. (Do.) — saecvli felicitas. Em- peror standing, with spear and globe. The above are probably unique. — See Akerman, De- scrip. Catalogue, ii. p. 177, ct seq. CARINUS ( Marcus Aurelius), the eldest son of the Emperor Carus ; born a. d. 249 ; associated, during the reign of his father, in the government of the empire with his brother Numerianus, a. d. 282, with the titles of cae- sar and princ. ivvent. The following year, whilst his father and brother were engaged in hostilities with Persia, he remained to govern the western provinces, with the title of Impera- tor, without having yet that of Augustus . — He made himself detested in Gaul and adjacent regions, by his excesses and cruelties. Carus dying a. d. 283, Carinus took the title of Au- gustus, whilst Numerianus assumed it in the East. — A good general and a brave warrior, he combated with success the barbarous nations of the North, who assailed the western empire 184 CARINUS. CARISIA. at different times. Returning to Rome, he con- ciliated the good will of her corrupt and dege- nerate inhabitants by the usual expedient of celebrating public shews, which were of a superb description. Compelled to quit the capital and its luxuries, in order to march against the go- vernor of \ enetia, Sabinus Julianas, who, after the death of Numerianus, had assumed the im- perial purple, Carinas gained a victory, near Verona, over that usurper, who lost his’ life in the conflict. He was equally successful in Mscsia against Diocletian, whom the legions of the East, on the decease of Numerianus, had pro- claimed Emperor. It was after having defeated that able commander in different rencounters, that Cariuus gained the last battle he fought, near the village of Murgc, in Upper Mcesia. — At the sequel of that action, he was assassin- ated by a tribune, whose wife he had violated, and who had in consequence watched some time for an opportunity of destroying him. He died A. D. 285, aged thirty-six years, having reigned alone one year. In Carinus there was a rendezvous (so to speak), a gathering — of all vices, natural and acquired. He was a man who bore on his coun- tenance the index of that pride and insolence which reigned within him. Ferocious in dispo- sition, the slave of brutal passions, he rendered himself an object of execration and terror by his avarice and his exactions, by his acts of hateful violence, and his career of abandoned licentiousness. He loaded his subjects with taxes ; drove from his presence the honest coun- cillors assigned to him by his father, and in their room tilled his court with the associates of his debaucheries, and the companions of his crimes. According to Vopiscus, he had nine wives, several of whom he is said to have divorced, even whilst in a state of pregnancy by him. On his coins he is styled M. avr. carinvs CAES. — CARINVS (or KARINVS) NOB. CAES. — Also imp. c. xr. avr. carinvs p.F. avg. — Carinus and his brother Numerianus associated are called CARINVS ET NVMERIANVS AVGG. On a marble, quoted by Gruter, Carinus is called Victoriosissimus ; because he overcame the barbarous tribes on the Rhine, the Quadi, the Sarmates; and slew the usurper Julianus in battle with his owti hand. The bust of this emperor appears sometimes laureated, at others radiated, exhibiting cither the lorica or the paludamentum. The medallions and other gold coins, as well a3 the silver, of Carinus, are extremely rare. His bronze me- dallions arc also for the most part of the highest rarity. The third brass arc common. The following are amongst the rarest and most remarkable of this emperor’s mint : — Gold Medallions. — Rev. — virtvs avgvs- torvm. Carus and Carinus, standiug opposite each other, crowned by Hercules and the Sun. Rev. — victoriae avgvsti. Two Victories snp- 1 porting a buckler. — See these respective legends. pax aeterne. Peace standing with olive I branch and the hasta pura.-(Sec wood-cut above). ) Gold of common size. fides militym. Woman and two standards. — p. m. tri. p. cos. The Emperor in a quadriga. victoria avg. The Emperor crowned by Victory. — principi iwentvt. Carinus in military habit, with spear and globe. Silver. — It is supposed there arc no coins of Carinus in this metal. Mionnet alludes to a quinarius, but only as “ douteux.” Brass Medallions. — traif.ctvs avg. Pre- torian galley. — saecvli felicttas. The four Seasons. — See Mionnet. Third Brass. — imp. carinvs. Helmcted bust of Carinus, the right hand holding a horse by the bridle, a buckler on the left arm. — Rev. magnia vrbica. Head of Magnia Urbica, wife of Carinus. CARISIA, gens plcbeia; a family little known. Its coins belong to the last age of the republic ; and one of them is remarkable for delineating, on its reverse, the instruments used in the coining of money. There are some silver pieces, struck by the mint-masters of Augustus, and others by the colonists of emerita, iu His- pania licet ica (now Merida). The brass are all colonial ; and the whole, with one exception, are common. The denarius of this family, with moneta for its legend, and the anvil, hammer, forceps, and pileus for its type of reverse, re- stored by Trajan, is valued, for its very great rarity, at 100 fr. by Mionnet. — Sec emerita ; see also moneta. Obv . — Head of a woman, adorned with flowers. Rev . — t. carisiys II1VIR. A sphinx, sedent. This denarius was, amongst various others, coined by Titus Carisius, one of Julius Ca-sar's monctal triumvirs, in 710 (b. c. 44). -See Sphinx. CARMO, an ancient city of Hispania Bcrtica, now Carmona, in Andalusia. Julius C«sar speaks of it, as “ by far the strongest of the whole province.” The name of this place does not appear in the list of the colonitc or of the municipia of the Romans in Spain. But its coins, with carmo on their reverses, are extant ; two of which in the British Museum, will be found engraved from in Akcrman, “ Coins of Cities,” pi. iii. Nos. 5 and 6. CARITAS Ml ITA AUGG. Two hands joined. Silver coins of the larger size, with this legend and type, arc ascribed to Bnlbinus, by Vaillant ; but Mionnet (ii. 389), says he hull never seen one of them. CARPENTUM, a car or chariot. There were several kinds of these ; some serving for rural purposes ; others for the public spectacles. — Some had four wheels, others two. The Romans at first used the carpentum for the ordinary pur- poses of travelling. Afterwards this appella- CARPENTUM. tion was appropriated to those covered vehicles, which were used by ladies of illustrious rank, and even on certain occasions by the emperors themselves. At length the privilege of using I the carpentum was included amongst the prero- gatives exclusively enjoyed by members of the imperial family. The pontiffs aud the famines were however accustomed to convey to the Capi- tol, in this sort of tilted cart, those sacred ob- jects, which it would have been deemed unbe- coming to expose before the profanum vii/gus . — Carriages of this description served to convey, at funereal solemnities, the images of deceased empresses ; whilst the currus was employed to carry those of defunct Augusti. The carpentum moreover appeared in the pompee, or solemn shews, of the Circus, and thence derived its name of carpentum pompaticum. Caligula granted this distinction to the honour of his deceased mother’s memory. Messalina and Agrippina junior obtained it during their life- time The Carpentum seems to have differed from the Thensa in this, that the former was covered over, and placed on 4 wo wheels ; the latter was an open carriage, running on four wheels. Both were decreed by the Senate for the Circensian processions. But the carpentum , drawn by mules, was conceded to the imperial matrons ; whilst the thensa , to which elephants were har- nessed, was assigned to the gods and to the em- perors. Some authors, indeed, regard carpen- tum pompaticum and thensa as convertible terms. It seems, however, that the former was not allowed to be used by women, how high so- ever their rank and station, except ou public occasions of a religious or funereal kind. Seve- ral coins of consecrated empresses, or princesses, offer examples of this nature. On large brass dedicated respectively to Agrippina the wife of Germanicns, to Domitilla the wife of Vespa- : sian, and to Julia the daughter of Titus, we find the mu/are carpentum represented. The subjoined cut, engraved from a well-preserved specimen in the British Museum, is selected for an illustration of the richly-ornamented car- pentum : — memoriae domitillae s. p. Q. r. The car- pentum, ornamented with statues, covered in with an arched roof, and drawn by two mules. Rev . — IMP. T. CAES. DIVI. VESI*. F. AVG. P. M. tr. p. p. p. COS. VIII. Ill the field s. C. “ This (says Capt. Smyth), may very safely 2 B CARRHAE. — CARTEIA. 185 be pronounced to have been struck a. d. 80, by Titus, in honour of his mother Domitilla, who died before his father’s elevation to the em- pire. Yet Occo, Biragi, Miouuct, and other medallists, insist, that it commemorates Domi- tilla the sister of Titus, because the title Diva is omitted: but surely the sacred carpentum is sufficient to stamp the consecration.” On consecration coins of the two Faustinas, and of Mareiaua, the sister of Trajan, the car- peutum in like manner appears. — See Thensa. CARPI, a barbarous people of European Sar- matia, near the Danube. In the reigns of Maximinus, and of Balbiuus and Pupicnus, they gave rise to the Scythian war. They were sub- sequently repulsed by Gordianus Pius; and finally routed bv his successor Philip, one of whose coins, allusive to the event, bears the legend vic- toria carpica. CARRHAE, the most ancient city of Meso- potamia, situate at no great distance from, and to the south-east of Edessa. It is the Haran, or (as St. Stephen calls it) Charran, mentioned in Holy writ (Gen. c. xi), as the place whence Abraham set out for the laud of Canaan. More than eighteen centuries afterwards it was rendered memorable, in profane history, as the spot where the so-called triumvir Crassus and his army were destroyed by the Parthians, 701 (b. c. 53.) It was made a Roman colony under M. Aurelius and L. Verus, and from their reign down to that of Gordianus Pius, coins were struck at Charrae, ou which it is called Metro- polis, and Pellerin shews {Melange, i. p. 348) that Carrluc took on its medals the title of the first metropolis of Mesopotamia. All the le- gends of these imperial colonials, as given in Vaillaut, Pellerin, the Museum Theupoli, and Haym, are (KAPPAS), aud Mionnct’s list coincides, being exclusively Greek. But M. Ilennin, in the nomenclature of his Manuel, says, that “some of these pieces are found bear- ing Latin inscriptions.” — The types consist of a star within a crescent moon, also a female head turreted, representing the genius of the city, with a small half-moon over it. The inhabitants of Carrhrc, in common with most other eastern nations, were greatly addicted to the worship of heavenly bodies, especially of the moon, both as | Luna aud Lunus — (see the words.) CARTEIA, a maritime town of Ilispania Bcetica, near the Straits, formerly of Hercules, now of Gibraltar. Originally called Heraclea, after its reputed founder, Carteia was created a Roman colony by the Senate, in the year 583 (b. c. 171). It now lies in ruins near Algeziras, Andalusia. The coins of this colony are Latin autonomes, in third brass. They are numerous, aud identify themselves with the place by the legend carteia on their reverses, many of which bear the names of the quatuorviri, who respec- tively caused them to be struck. — Mr. Akerman, in his Coins of Ancient Cities (see p. 26, et seq.) has given a descriptive list of these from Florez, and Mionuet, adding some from the British Mu- seum ; others from Dr. J. Lee’s cabinet; and ISC CARTHAGO, has engraved the two following, viz. : — Obv. carteia. Turreted head. — Rev. — u.D. (Decreto Decurionum). Neptune standing, with his right foot placed on a rock, a dolphin in his right , hand, and in his left a trident. — The second t exhibits a singular type. Rev. — c. minivs. vibi. ii 1 1 vi it. A figure seated on a rock, hold- j ing an angle, from which depends a fish ; by his | side, the basket with bait — (see No. 1 and No. j 7, plate iii.) — Other types of reverse present heads of Jupiter, Pallas, and Neptune, also the dolphin, prow of galley, cupid on a dolphin, a caduceus, a thunderbolt, club, and bow and arrow. — See Mionnct, Supplt. t. i. 21. CARTHAGO (Antiqua, or Vet us, Zeugitanse, Africa:), cotonia. Old Carthage : the most celebrated city in all Africa, and for a loug time the formidable rival of Republican Rome. It was a colony of the Tyrians, said to have been founded by Dido, 72 years before the building | of Rome. The metropolis of the Punic nation, , and a great maritime power, Carthage waged J three terrible wars with the Romans ; and was | at length subdued by Scipio Africanus Minor, a. u. c. 609 (b. c. 185) ; aud the city itself, by I order of the Senate, was totally demolished. — | It was afterwards made the seat of a Roman i colony, by Julius Csrsar, 710 (b. c. 44), and ! afterwards, being rebuilt and augmented by Au- | gustns, in 725 (b. C. 29), it again became the capital of Zeugitana, and continued to be the principal of the African cities, until it wa9 de- stroyed by the Arabs, towards the close of the seventh century of the Christian era. Its ruins are still to be distinguished near Tunis, the ancient Tunetum. The earlier coins of tliis African colony are classed by Mionnet, in his Descriptions des Medaitles Roniaines, as follows : — 1. Latin Autonomes. — karthago. Female figure standing, holding the hasta. — Rev. — A horse’s head. — Another reverse has veneris kar. and a temple with four columns. In second and third brass. 2. Coins of Clodius Macer, pro-pretor of Africa; in silver. — Sec macer. 3. Second brass coins of Augustus, Tiberius, and Drusus junior ; assigned by different authors to the colony of Carthage. (Sec Eckhcl, D. N. Vet. iv. 139). — The following is an example : imp. c. d. F. P. M. P. P. Bare head of Au- , gustus. — Rev. — c. i. c. (names of duumvirs) ; in ! the middle of the field P. P. n. d. (Decreto De- curionum). On the above cited coin the letters c. I. C. arc explained by Vaillant, with whom agrees Bimard, to mean Colonia Julia Carthago. The first of the later emperors, who revived ] the name of ancient Carthage on coins of Roman die, appears to have been Septimius Severus, who j was himself of African origin ; and on a coin struck in each metal, during his reign, is the legend indvloentia avg. in. cart. The type being Cvbele seated on a running lion, holding in her right hand the tympanum, and in her left a sceptre. — See indvloentia. CARTHAGO NOVA. See also FELIX KART^a^o on coins of Seve- rus, Caracalla, and Constantins Chlorus. — con- servatores KART. svae. of Val. Maximiunus, and Maxentius. — salvis avgg. avcta kart, of Diocletian ; &c. The last nionctal record of Carthago Vetus is preserved on two silver coins of Hilderic, king of the Vandals, one of which is thus described in the great work of Mionnet, above quoted : D. n. hii.dirix (sic.) rex. Beardless and diademed head of Hilderic. Rev. — Felix kartc. (sic.) Woman stand- ing, with corn ears in each hand. CARTHAGO NOVA, colonia: a city of Ilispania Tarraconensis, anciently the capital of the Contestaui, now the chief town of Murcia, and an important port of Spain, well known by the name of Carthagena, on the shore of the Mediterranean. It was built by Hasdrubal, “ and probably (says Mr. Akerman) received its name from the circumstance of its standing on a peninsula like Old Carthage.” — From the Car- thaginians it was taken by Scipio. — Julius Caesar, when he restored the African Carthage, peopled this new city with colonists, aud gave to each his name, and the right of striking money. The coins of this early Roman settlement are chiefly Latin imperial, in second and third brass, beginning with the reign of Augustus and ending with that of Caligula. Mionnet ( Supplt . t. i. p. 70) gives an autonome, with the type of Pallas. And also, from Florez, a second brass of Mark Antony and Octavian. On some of the imperial appear the initials, C. I. N. c. Colonia Julia Nova Carthago. On others v. j. n. k. Victrix Julia Nora Karthago. The surname of Julia re- fers to its founder Julius, and with it the epithet Victrix often companiouizes on colonial coins. The word Nora was added to distingnish it from Carthago Vetus.— The reverse types of this colony (engraved in Vaillant) are 1. A temple. 2. a labyrinth. 3. A togated figure, holding a lustral vase, and an aspergillum, which Vaillant supposes to represent the censor of the colony. — The coin of Caius ct Lucius Cicsares, ascribed by Vaillant to Norba, in Spain, but assigned by Pellerin and Florez to Carthago Nova, is queried by Mionnet, but included with the rest by Akerman (Ilis/iania, p. 79-80). — The remaining type given by Vaillant as connected with the im- perial mint of New Carthage, is a second brass, struck under Caligula, on which the portrait of Ciesonia, wife of Caligula, has been (but as Eckhel shews erroneously) supposed to be re- p resented under the name of SALwa ACG usti — (engraved in Medaitles de Christine, tab. ixv.) CARVILIA. CARVILIA gens. — Of the plebeian order, but of consular rank, this family distinguished itself as early as the Samnite wars. The first member of it, Sp. Carvilius, obtained the consulship 461 (b. c. 293), having L. Papirius Cursor as his colleague, and received the name of maximus, which was transmitted as a family cognomen to his descendants. The above denarius, erro- neously inserted by Morel amongst the coins of the Carisia gens, is rightly assigned to the Carvilii, by Perizoni. Obv . — Head of Jupiter Anxur, beardless and laureated, beneath which is the fulmen. Rev. CAR vilius, OGVLbmw, \FA\gilius, (triumvirs of the mint). The same young Jupiter, holding a thunderbolt iu his right hand, stands guiding a rapid quadriga. For some notices of Jupiter Axur, as inscribed on a coin of the Tibia gens, or Anxur, as for the better sound sake, the word is spelt by the old writers — see p. 117. Perizoni, says Uavcrcamp (in Morell. Finn. Rom., p. 76), ascribes the coinage of this denarius to Carvilius the Edile, son of Q. Maximus. Rut Vaillant refers it to Spurius, the son of Sp. Carvilius, whose age agrees with that of Q. Oguluius, and T. Vcrgilius, about the year u. c. 509 and 510 (b. c. 245 and 244). Rut to whatever year after the commencement of the silver mint of Rome the above coin is re- I ferable, it is a very fine one, probably the work i of some Greek artist, for its style aud" fabric are 1 strikingly Grecian ; yet Riccio, who is enabled j in his work to add new families to the old list, ; takes no notice of Carvilia gens. The brass money of this family are the as, or some of its I divisions. CARDS ('Marcus Aurelius), born at Nar- bonne, in Illyricum (or, as some authorities re- present, at Milan), about the year of Rome 983 (a. d. 230), of a family originally from Rome, ! in whose literature he was thoroughly versed. Having gone through various civil and military offices, he was created Pretorian Prefect by Pro- bus, who held him in the highest respect "for his talents and probity. Aud so much had he ac- quired the love of the soldiers, that at the death • of that prince (by the hands of his own troops), I he alone was thought worthy of the empire, both 2 B 2 CARDS. 187 by the army of Panuonia aud by the Senate. He avenged the death of Probus ; sent his sou Carinus into Gaul (see p. 183) ; aud having himself subdued the Sarmatians, he led his forces against Yaranes II. King of Persia, whom having conquered a. d. 283, he assumed the surname of PERSiww, as his coins attest, some of which also bear the surname of PARTH»«w. Cams was the first among the emperors who aspired, during his life-time, to be called and worshipped by the name of God. After a reign of scarcely more than two years, having besieged and taken Ctesiphon, a city of Assyria, he was killed by lightning, or died from a wound, or perished from disease, near that place (for writers differ on that point), the 20th December, a. d. 282 — Of his wife Magnia Urbica, aud his sons Numerianus aud Carinus, see the respective names. The titles of Carus on his coins are imp. c. m. AVR. CARVS. — also IMP. CARVS (or KAllVS) P. F. avg. — devs. et dominvs carvs. — Carus and his son Carinus are together called carvs et carinvs avgg. All the coins of Carus, gold, silver, and large brass, are rare ; some of them most rare. The third brass, with certain ex- ceptions, are common. The following are the rarest and most remark- able legends aud types minted during this short reign : — Gold. — deo et domino caro. Head of Carus. — Rev. — victoria avg. Victory on globe (valued by Mionnet at 150 fr.). — adventvs avg. Emperor on horseback (do. 100 fr.) — victoria avgg. fel. Victory with garland and buckler (do. 100 fr.) — virtvs care invicti. Hercules standing. karvs and KARINVS. Heads of Carus aud his son (valued by .Mionnet at 200 fr.) Rrass Medallion. — Obv. — Laureated heads of Carus and Carinus. — Rev. — saecvli felici- tas. Personification of the four seasons. Second Rrass. — deo et domino caro. Two heads. — Rev. — Public Felicity (40 fr.) Third Rrass. — Same legeud, aud with type of the Sun and Carus (30 fr.) The numismatic head of Carus is either laureated, or radiated, with the paludamen- tum ou the shoulders, or the lorica on the breast; or helmeted and radiated at the same time. The same emperor is likewise seen with laureated head, and bust as far as the breast, holding a sceptre iu his right hand, a globe on which stands a victorio/a, in his left. In other coins he carries a spear on his right shoulder, and on his left arm a shield of skilful workman- ship. CASCA LONGDS. — On the obverse of a denarius of the Servilia gens, bearing this legend, is the head of Neptune, laureated and bearded, behind which is a trident. — Rev. — brvtvs imp. A Victory, winged, and clothed in a long vest- ment, walking on a broken sceptre ; holds a palm-branch resting on her left shoulder, and displays in both hands two pieces of fillet, or diademed ribband, opened wide.— See Servilia gens. 188 CASCA LONGUS. Cains Casea, surnamed Longus, soon after Julius Csesar was murdered, left Rome for Asia, with the rest of the conspirators and assassins. From this coin he appears to have hecn the questor, or the legates, of Brutus ; iu other words, one of the two chief commanders. The head of Neptnue, and the Victor)' that spreads out the diadem, and treads upon a fractured sceptre, refer to some naval victory. These war- like emblems allude, possibly, to the particular circumstance of Brutus’s success ag.iinst the Bessi (see p. 145), which obtained for him the imperatorial salutation from his army, and which is indicated by the abbreviated word imp. on all his coins. It is, however, more probable that the above described types bear allusion to the total defeat of the combined fleet of Octavian and Mark Antony — an event which, by au un- accountable fatality of misfortune, remaining for twenty days unknown to Brutus, led to the rout of Cassius, and subsequently to the total over- throw of both at Philippi. With regard to that battle, it appears, that although there was a Casea among the number of the slain, yet it was not this Caius Casea, but his brother Publius, as Plutarch expressly affirms. — See Riccio, pp. 119-20 — see also bkvtvs imp. and casca long vs, with Trophy, p. 146 of this dictionary. CASCANTUM (Hispanise Tarraconensis, trans. Iberum) municipium, which the Itinerary of Antonine places between Csesar- Augusta and Calagurris. It is now called Case ante, near Tudcla, Spanish Navarre. The money of this city is Latin imperial, on small and middle brass, rare, and limited to one reign, viz. that of Tiberius ; whose titles and laurcatcd bust ap- pear on the obverse — the reverse exhibiting mvnici cascantvm, and the type of a bull standing. There arc four more specimens of coins, given in Mionnet ( Supplement , T. i. p. 74), with the portrait of Tiberius on one side, and with mvn. cascant. and a bull, on the re- verse. — Engraved in Medailtes de Christine, second brass, p. 306. See also Akcrman, Coins of Hispania, p. 81. Pliny (l. iii. c. 3) includes the Cascantenses among the old Latin colonists (inter populos Latinonun vetermn) of Hispania ulterior (north- ern Spain). But the above cited coins give the title of municipium to the town of Cascantum. The bull on the reverse, observes Vaillant, is not intended to represent a victim sacrificed for the health of Tiberius, as Hardouin seems to think ; but is typified there as the distinctive symbol of a municipium : bulls or oxen, referring to sacrifices, were adorned with the infuta, or the mitra (see Bos, p. 133), which this is not. CASSANDKEA (Macedonia’) ro/onia . — This CASSAXDREA. city, situate on the eastern shore of the Egeau sea, near the Sinus Thermaicus, now Gulf of Salonica, stood at the entrance of a lesser gulf called Sinus Toronaicus, now the Gulf of Cas- sandra, which name the town still bears, the Greeks of the present day calling it Cassandra Capusi . The coins of this colony are in second and third brass. The earliest has on its Obv. — cassandre, within a crown of laurel. Rev. — A vexillum, on which we read avg. — above a crescent ; iu the field, on each side, a military ensign. Other coins of Cassandrea bear on their ob- verses the respective effigies, names, and titles of Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Ncrva, Hadrian, M. Aurelius, Conunodus, Caracalla, Gcta, Gor- dianus Pius, Philippus senior, and the Empress Plotina. On the reverses of all these coins appears the name of the colony — col. rvL. avg. casssandr. or cassandrf.x. (Colonia Julia Augusta Cassandrensis). — And the type, with three exceptions, is uniformly the horned head of Ammon (see Comuficia in this Dictionary), whose worship was borrowed by several of the Grecian states, from Libya, and adopted after- wards by the Romans. The three exceptions above alluded to, are Julia Domna, Gordianus Pius, and Philippus senior. In the first, with legend of col. Cassa. a woman stands with right hand raised to her head, and holding the horn of plenty in her left. In the second the reverse reads colonia cassandrea, with simi- lar type. The third exhibits on its reverse col. ivl. avg. cassan. A man holding in his raised right band a bunch of grapes ; at his feet, on one side a serpent, on the other side an eagle, or some other bird. — See Pellerin, Melange, I. pi. xviii. — xx. No. 9 — and xxi. No. 1. Of a very rare second brass, ascribed to this colony by Froelich, and noticed also by Eckhel, (Cat. i. p. 84), the reverse exhibits the word cassandr.: type a turreted female, holding a hunch of grapes, and offering something to a seated child. On the obverse is imp. piiilipps ( tie.) and the radiated head of the elder Philip. CASSIA gens. — This Roman house, whose coins exist iu 37 varieties, was at first patrician, afterwards plebeian. Ancient, consular, and sur- named Longinus, this family figured eminently iu the republic. Its name of cassia appears to have been assumed from Cassis, that is a helmet. The original silver coins of this family arc com- mon — those restored by Trajan are very rare. The brass arc asses or parts of the as, struck by the moneyers of Augustus, and by the Colonies. — Mionnet describes from More//. Thesau. the following denarius of this family : — Q. cassivs. A veiled head of Vesta, on the side vest. Rev. — A circular temple, in which is a curule chair; on the right is a vase, and there is on the left a little tablet with the letters a. c. being the initials of the words absolvo (I absolve) ; eon - demuo (I condemn.) This bears reference, and is in conformity to the Lex Tabellaria, relative to certain judgments which Quintus Cassius, an ancestor of this family. CASSIA. had carried with great severity against two Vestals charged with misconduct whilst he was tribune, in the year of Rome 617 (n. c. 137). The vase is the urn destined to receive the tablets on which one of these two letters was written. — Sec Eckhel, v. 166 — see also tabeli./E. On another denarius of this family, the tem- ple, as in the preceding coin, appears on the re- verse ; but instead of the head of Vesta, that of Liberty (libert.) is depictured on the obverse, as a young female. c. cassi. imp. leibertas. Head of Liberty, with decorated hair, ear-rings, and necklace. — Rev . — lentvlvs spinter. The lituus and the priefericulum. — Marked reek, by Riccio (p. 30) who values it, in gold, at 30 piastres. This and several other coins were struck by Caius Cassius Longinus, commonly called Cas- sius — named on coins of the Cassia, Cornelia, and Servilia families, c. cassi. imp. — cassi. longin. — cassi. pr. cos. (pro-consul) . He was boru in what was always regarded as one of the most distinguished families of Rome; it is not said in what year. Having joined Pompey against Ca:sar, he fought under the orders of the former at the battle of Pharsalia, in the year of Rome 706 (b. c. 48). — See a notice of his further career below. The lituus and sacrificial vase on the reverse of this denarius, refer to the augural priesthood of Lcutulus Spinter, who, after the murder of the Dictator, openly declared himself a partizan of the conspirators ; and when Brutus and Cas- sius took the field, he joined them, and in their name coined money, with the elligy and legend of Liberty, as is seen by the denarius above engraved. By the augural insignia on silver coins of Augustus, in which the name of Len- tulus appears, it is also evident, not only that he escaped death after the civil conflict at Phi- lippi, but that he was alive b. c. 27, when Octavian assumed the name of exclusive dis- tinction and honour. — See Dictionary of G. aw! R. Biog. and Mythol. by Dr. Smith, ii. 731. On a silver coin of this family, we sec on one side the bare head of a young man with long hair, and behind it a sceptre. On the other side an eagle standing on a thunderbolt, between the lituus and the pnefericulum, with legend of Q. CASSIVS. In opposition to far-fetched and less pro- bable opinions of the earlier antiquaries, Eckhel points to the sceplrum, the fulmen, and the aquila, as unquestionable and delusive attri- butes of Jupiter ; and shews other good reasons for concluding that this coin of Quintus Cassius was struck in honour of the young Jove. — v. p. 167. CASSIA. 189 On a rare denarius of this family, the name and military title of the same c. cassivs has for its obverse type a tripod, with its cortina (or cauldron), aud a little net-work placed upon it. The reverse exhibits the lituus and praeferi- culum, with the legend lentvlvs spint. as in the foregoing example. These types have given rise to much imagina- tive speculation among numismatists of the elder school, but it does not appear that they re- fer to any other subject than the initiation of C. Cassius into some order of the Roman priesthood. Obv. — Head of Vesta veiled ; before it a, or some isolated letter of the alphabet. Rev. — I.ON’ gin vs iiivir. A man, habited in the toga, holding in his left hand a sceptre or short staff, and in the right hand a tabella, or voting billet, on which is inscribed the letter V (as given in Morel/. Thesaur. Fam. Rom. and in the following cut) — before the man is the cisla, or basket for depositing the suffrage tablets. Riccio considers the letter V on these ancient coins to mean Veto, which was the word ut- tered by the tribuue of the plebs, in opposition to some law proposed by the nobles, or by the Senate, against the plebs, to prevent its taking effect. Lucius Cassius obtained this political privilege for the people of Rome, and in comme- moration of the event, his descendants struck the present coin, which exhibits the tribune about to deposit the tabella of inhibition. — Cavedoni, on the other hand, is of opinion, that the said type has reference to the lex tabu/aria, whereby “ the power and weight of votes was strengthen- ed.” He regards the letter V as the initial of Volo, which formal word stood for the rogations, velitis jubealis Quirites, or at least of Uti, Roges being undertood. Or else it may refer to an- other law, viz. “ the Lex Cassia, which confirmed the suffrages of the people on judicial questions.” This Cassius Longinus is unknown. The coins are contemporaneous with the last years of the free republic. Eckhel, looking to the head of Vesta on the obverse of this denarius, is dis- posed to assign its mintage to the Quintus Cas- sius already mentioned ; but the style of the coin brings it to moneyers of a different age. c. cassi imp. Female head laureated. — Rev. — m. servilivs leg. The aplustrum. — In gold rrrr. valued by Riccio at 20 piastres. Same legend and type as the preceding. — Rev. — m. servilivs leg. A crab, which holds the aplustrum in its claws ; below it are a flower and a diadem. These and various other coins relate to Caius Cassius, the chief conspirator against, and fore- most in the murder of, Julius Caesar 710 (b. c. 44). He received the title of Imperator after 190 CASTOR. the defeat of the Rhodians, friends of the trium- virs, when he was but just returned with his forces to Sardis. In combination with Brutus, he levied a formidable army, and equipped a fine fleet ; but although he was conqueror by sea, the triumvirs totally defeated him by land ; and Cassius slew himseif, or was killed by his own frcedman 712 (b. c. 42); notwithstanding the wing of the army, which Brutus commanded at Philippi, had gained possession of the enemy’s camp. The head of Liberty indicates that Cassius and the rest of the conspirators, had, from the time of the assassination, dated the accession of liberty to the people of Rome. The aplustrum, that winged-like ornament of a ship’s stern, is the cognizance, or mark of the people of Rhodes, and, placed on this denarius, it alludes to the overthrow of the maritime power of that island by Cassius. CASTOR, the son of Tyndarus, king of Laconia, or, according to fable, of Jupiter by Leda, and twin brother of Pollux. — See Dioscuri. CASTOR. — A male figure, half naked, stands holding a horse by a bridle, or halter, with his right hand, and in his left a spear. This legend and type appear on silver, and first and second brass, coins of Geta, struck in commemoration of the Circensian games, cele- brated under Sevcrus. — Castor is a novel device in the imperial mint, though of very ancient date on Consular coins. On those in question the type alludes to the Princeps Juventutis, who, like Castor, presided over the equestriau sports called Troja;, to which reference is elsewhere made. That the exercise of horsemanship was peculiar to Castor, as pugilism was to Pollux, is accredited by no less early an authority than that of Homer, who in the hymn to the Dioscuri, v. 3, says, “ Castor, the horse tamer'' and more clearly in the Odyssey, book xi. v. 298 — “ Both Castor the tamer of steeds, and Pollux expert with his fists.” All the other poets have ascribed to Castor the characteristic of skilful equitation. — Theo- critus, Idyl, xxvii. p. 138, thus expresses him- self: “Thee, Castor, I will sing, son of Tyndarus, an adroit rider of horses, and most dexterous in handling the lance.” — Horace (ii. sat. i. v. 26) says : Castor gaudet equis, &c. As Geta’s coin of castor presents but an unclassical and diminutive group of man and C ASTRA. horse, it has been deemed preferable to select for illustration of the subject the reverse of a brass medallion struck under M. Aurelius. Obv . — avrelivs caesak avg. pii. FiL. Bare head of Marcus Aurelius. Rev. — [tr. pot.j vitii. cos. ii. Castor, with the chlamys thrown back from the front, stands resting his right hand on the neck of his horse, and holding a spear transversely in his left. The preceding cut is copied from an engraving published by a celebrated continental antiquary and connoisseur, who states the original to have been in the possession of Onorato Gaetano, an Italian nobleman, and it is shewn to represent Castor in an attitude perfectly similar to that ex- hibited on a remarkably flue has relief, preserved in the Capitol, at Rome. — See Monumens da Musee Chiaramonti, par P. A. Visconti, Milan edition, 8vo. 1822, and compare tab. a i. with tab. ix. a p. 84 et seq. Vaillant (in Num. Lapp. Rom. Prastant, t. iii. p. 136) was the first to notice this grand and interesting coin ; but he has inaccurately de- scribed it. The head of Castor, with a star over it, ap- pears on denarii of the Sanquinia and Valeria families. CASTRA. A camp or entrenchment, in which an army lodged. — From whomsoever they learnt, or perfeetionated themselves in, the art of fortification, the Romans constructed their camp in a square form ; and at each face there was a gate, so that there were only four, and each had a particular name. As soon as the army arrived on the ground where the camp had been marked out, the soldiers began by making an cntrcuchmcut ; this precaution was invari- ably taken to guard against surprise. The en- trenchment consisted of a fosse or ditch of five feet wide and three deep, from which they threw up the earth on the side of the camp, in order to form a kind of rampart, which they covered with turf, and planted with palisades, when the intention was to remain but a night or two, which they called a lodgement. But if they contemplated a longer stay, they dug a ditch of about twelve feet in width and propor- tionably deep, behind which a rampart was raised, made of earth, with fascines, and covered with turf, flanked with towers at regular inter- vals of eighty feet distance from each other, and accompanied with jura pets, furnished with loop-holes, in the same way as the walls of a town. This was called castra stativa, or a pitched camp. Thence came the distinction of castra hybevna, or winter quarters, and astiva, summer camps. Thence also the expressions primis castris, secundis castris, to signify the first or second day’s march, which was under- ■ stood of camps formed for the night; or off summer camps, which were much less fortified! than those of winter, which were for residence. And ns the conformation, dimensions, and in- terior arrangements of a summer camp, were al- ways the same, so the soldiers knew at once in what part their tent was to be pitched, which was done under the inspection of the tribunes. CASTRA. But, although the rules for forming the Ro- man castra were such, doubtless, as we learn from ancient writers, yet from examination of the remains of several which are yet traced, it is proved, that the regular system of fortification was often departed from, and that the encamp- ments were adapted to the localities. For notices and details, full and particular, at once curious and instructive, of all that relates to this interesting military subject, see Du Choul, Biscours sur la Castrametation, Spc. des Ro- ma ins . — See also a learned and scientific illus- tration of the same subject, in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, edited by W. Smith, LL.D. Castra Pretoria . — Pretorian Camp. This was a large enclosure of buildings, which served as barracks for the soldiers of the imperial guard. It was quadrangular, fortified with walls, towers, and ditches — adorned with a temple, baths, and fountains. “In the conquered provinces (says Millin, Dictionnaire des Beaux Arts), the Ro- mans were accustomed to have considerable bodies of troops ; and the garrisons which were stationed in towns of importance, occupied build- ings called castrum. Rome contained within its walls many edifices of this kind, the recollection of which is still preserved by their existing re- mains.” The Emperor Tiberius was, it is said, the first who at the instigation of his minister Sejanns, caused these praetorian camps to be constructed. — Livy, in alluding to the permanent camps of the Romans, uses the expression ted if care hyberna, in allusion to the architec- tural strength and mural grandeur of these stations. The noble remains at Richborough, Reculver, and Lymne, in Kent, also at Burgh, near Great Yarmouth, are fine examples of the castra pree- toria or hyberna. These frequently assumed the appearance of fortified towns ; and a con- siderable space outside the walls was often covered with houses. Accordingly we see on various coins of the lower empire (as on the above engraving from a denarius of Constantius I.) the pretorian camp typified as a castle with towers, and embattled curtain walls, before the gate of which, generally (though often the figures are wanting) stand a group of soldiers, two on each side of a tripod, sacrificing. The castra preetoria is frequently represented on small brass coins of Constantinus Magnus aud his family ; and the resemblance of its nar- row gateway to a postern entrance, which Mr. Roach Smith discovered at Lymne, is shewn in p. 249 of his hook on the Antiquities of that place. — For types of the Porta castrorum see Constantine the Great, with reverse of provi- CELSA. 191 dentiae avg. Also see VIRTVS miutvm of Diocletian ; victoriae sarmaticae of Val. Maximianus, &c. — For the first representation of the pretorian gate on a coin see imper. re- CEPT. of Claudius. CASTROR, or CASTRORUM Mater — I Faustina, the wife of M. Aurelius, and Julia Domna, wife of S. Severus, are thus called on some rare specimens of their respective coins. — See MATEll CASTRORVM. CATO, surname of the Porcia gens. CELEST. — See Venus. CELSA (Tarraconensis) colonia, now called xelsa. It was a city of the Ulergetes, whose inhabitants were called Celsenses. This very ancient place was situate near the Ebro. Its numismatic designation is c. or col. v. i. CELSA (Colonia Victrix Julia Celsa.) — The coins of this colony consist of Ccltiberian and bilingual autonomes in brass ; and of Latin imperial, in first, second, and third brass, of Augustus, Agrippa, and Tiberius. Its name of Julia indicates the founder to have been Julius Caesar, in honour of whose victories, it probably (says Vaillant), received the additional appellation of Victrix. Of those struck under Augustus one (engraved in the Medaitles de Christine) bears on its obverse the bare head of that emperor, within a crown of laurel, allusive (Vaillant sup- poses) to the signal successes, achieved by the adopted heir and successor of Julius over the Cantabri and Asturi, who then occupied that northern part of Hispania, now called the Asturias. The reverses of the Celsian imperials exhibit for the most part a bull standing, the usual sign of a Romano-Spanish colony, and are inscribed, according to custom, with the names of the Duumviri, who caused them to be struck. — There is, however, a reverse of Agrippa, with trophy and bucklers, and a Tiberius with the simpulum, securis, aspergillum, and apex. — Mr. Akerman, in his Coins of Cities, &c. has given an engraving of one of the autonomes, with a helmed horseman bearing a palm branch, (pi. ix. No. 3.) CEN. or CENS. — Censor, as is frequently read in the imperial titles of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. In the case of Vespasian we see this censorship joined with his third and fourth consulship, viz. imp. caes. vesfasian avg. p. m. p. p. cos. hi. cens(or) — cos. tin. cens. CENS. P. or PER. also PERP. also PER- PET. — Censor Perpetuus. — It appears that Do- mitian was the first emperor on whose coins the perpetual assumption of the Censorial power is recorded. This unprecedented title he took 841 (a. .d 87). — Vespasian and Titus were indeed | Censores of the Roman People, but not decreed to be Censores Perpetui. — cens. p. p. p. Cen- sor Perpetuus Pater Patrice, is another numis- matic title of Domitian. — cens. pot. Censorid Potestate. This likewise appears on the coins of Domitian, in every metal, appended to the record of his 10th consulate; whereas the power itself was given to Augustus himself for five years only. l‘J2 CENSORES. CENSORES. CENSORES. Censors (a censendo ).- — These magistrates, two in number, were created in the year of Rome 311 (b. c. 443), when the consuls, distracted by continual wars, were unable to attend to the census, or number- ing of the people. Their election was popular, and they had two principal functions. The first consisted of registering the citizens and their property. The second was to take care of the public buildings, for whose con- struction and repair they made terms with the contractors ; also to levy taxes for the service of the republic. Besides which it was their peculiar province to censure aud punish evil and indecent manners, such as the law took no cog- nizance of — by degrading the offenders, if sena- tors and knights; and by disfranchising them, if common citizens. These magistrates had moreover other duties to perform, such as to order the distribution of water to the inhabit- ants of the city according to their necessities ; to superintend the repairs of the public streets and highways ; aud to keep luxury w ithin cer- tain bounds. — See Pitiscus, Lexicon Ant. Rom. A Censor is typified in his long robe of office, standing with vase in one hand and lustral branch iu the other, on a coin of the Postumia gens, struck to commemorate the fact that Pos- tumius Albinus and Camillus, were the first elected Censors of Rome. — See Morett. Thesaur. But the most important function exercised dur- ing the republican form of government at Rome, by the Censor, was that of causing the cavalry to pass in review before him, every year. — Allusive to this ceremony, there is a denarius which, with the reverse legend r. crassvs m. f. exhibits the figure of a soldier, standing with face to the front, clothed in the military sagum; he holds with the right hand his horse by the bridle, and a spear in the left ; on the ground are a shield and a cuirass. The most correct as well as the earliest interpretation esays Riccio, p. 121) given to the reverse of this silver (oiu, is that it represents a Roman knight, furnished with all the equipments of war (un cavalierc Romano, fornito di tntti gli arncsi di guerra), in full pre- paration to be passed under the inspection of the Censor. — See Licinia geus. The emperors at first abstained from taking the name of Censor. To Julius Caesar, indeed, as he was Dictator Perpetuus, this honour was (as Dion informs us) decreed by the Senate, to- gether, among others, with that of Pra’fecius Morum. Augustus declined from policy the preferred dignity of Perpetual Censor, but ac- cepted it virtually under the name of Censoria Potestas, as the censorship was the summit of | all honours. The ancient usage of investing two individuals of consular rank with this office was abolished under succeeding emperors, who either exercised its authority themselves, or de- legated it to others. Spanheim (Pr. t. ii. p. 101), without pro- I during the obverse, gives as the reverse of a , gold coin of Claudius, a type which, if it could , be received as genuine, would iu a remarkable manner serve to attest the censorship of the Emperor Claudius, for it represents him seated on a curide chair, and before him is a male figure standing, who holds a horse by the bridle with the legend censor. It is this perhaps which in the Thesaur. More//. has been engraved and inserted amongst the mintages of Claudius. I Eekhel (vi. 242) more than suspects this device | to have been, forged, especially after the account, which Suetonius and Tacitus respectively give, of things appertaining to the censorship, as, j after many years, restored by Claudius. These were connected with the inspection and passing I over of horsemen (ad eqnitum prohationem ct transvectiouem), which was one of the functions of the censorship. The Roman equites, on some occasions, had their horses taken away from them by the Censors, or were compelled to sell them. — For an elucidation of this power, j as originally exercised by the Censors of ancient i Rome, sec Spanheim and Lc Beau. — Sec also Adams, Rom. Antiq. But, although the numismatic testimony to Claudius’s assumption of the Censorship may present itself in too questionable a shape to be implicitly accepted ; yet the fact of his having associated Lucius Vitellins with himself, in the same dignity, is illustrated by three rare, and admittedly genuine coins, struck by order of the Emperor Vitellins, son of the above-mentioned Lucius, whom they bring before us, as Consul for the third time, and Censor; the latter the highest office to which a private individual among the Romans could attain ; and such as not only con- ferred distinction on himself, but also exercised an important influence on the fortuucs of his son Aldus, as regarded his ambitious aspirations for sovereignty. — See biographical notice of (l.) VITELLIVS. Their metals, legends, and types, arc as fol- lows : — 1. Rev . — L. VITELLIVS COS. III. CENSOR. — Head of Lucius Yitcllius laurcated, and before it a consular eagle. — Obo. — a. vitellivs germ. IMF. AVO. TR. p. Head of Yitellius, the em- peror. — In gold and silver. On the reverse of this coin (engraved in Akcrmau, Descript. Cat. i. pi. v. No. 5, p. 177) appears the head of the above-named Lucius Yitellius, and what may appear an unusual occurrence, in the instance of a private indi- vidual, it is laurcated after the manner of the emperors. (Sec Eckhel's Treatise on the Head- dresses of the Augusti). Before the head is placed a sceptre, surmounted by an eagle, the badge of Consular authority. 2. Rev. — L. VITELLIVS COS. III. CENSOR. L. Yitellius, togated, sitting in a curulc chair, with his right hand extended, and in his left a consular eagle — in the place of a foot-stool, the prow of a vessel. Gold and silver. — Engraved in Morett. Thesau. Imp. tom. ii. tab. 2, No. 2. On this coin, Lucius Yitcllius is sitting in the dress of a Ccusor. As regards tlint portion of CENSORES. a ship, on which the feet of the figure rest, and respecting which preceding commentators have given no explanation, Eckhel says, “ My con- jecture is, that it alludes to the rostra, in front of which the Senate erected a statue to this Lucius ; and probably that statue represented him, in the same garb, as docs the figure in the coin above described” — vi. p. 313. 3. Rev. — L. vitellivs censor ii. (Lucius Vitelline Censor ItcrumJ . On the exergue s. c. — The Magister Mo rum is seen, on a curule chair, placed on a tribunal, in the exercise of his office. Opposite him is another sedent figure holding a roll in his hands. Before him, standing below', are three Romans, one of whom offers his hand to the Censor ; the whole arc togated. In thus describing a specimen of this first brass in his own collection, Capt. Smyth (p. 53) observes, “ This was struck to flatter the Emperor Vitellius, by recording the honours to which his father was advanced. Suetonius in- forms us of Lucius having been three times Consul, and once Censor ; but the iterum which is here shewn, has never been properly accounted for.” To shew, however, that the attempt at explanation has been made (whether successfully or not the reader will judge for himself), and that by no less eminent a writer than the shrew'd, erudite, and searching Eckhel himself, reference has been made to a passage in the sixth volume of Doctrina — on Censor Vitellius-, pp. 313-314. It is to the following effect : — “ The legend of this third reverse occasions difficulty on account of the numeral II. following the word censor. It should be observed, that this addition is not found on the coin published by Patin (ad Sueton. in Vitell. ch. 2). And Spanhcim also expressly testifies that such figures arc absent on these coins (vol. ii. p. 475.) But among more recent writers, it is added by Var- iant (Num. Prrest.), Pedrnsi, Morel, Mezza- barba, Theupoti, and Pembroke, (part iii. tab. 12.) If it be true that this mark exists on these coins, it was the duty of those who published them, to assign the reason for its addition. — Schlegcl is the only one of those who briefly adverts to it. “ Here the second Censorship of the same individual is brought to our notice,” (in More/l. Imp. vol. ii. p. 236), but he omits to mention the authority, that establishes the fact of L. Vitellius having been twice Censor. And, moreover, in the same passage he iutimates an 2 C CENSORES. 193 opinion not much at variance with that of those writers, who consider this coin to belong to L. Vitellius, the brother of Aulus Vitellius, the emperor ; for he too, Schlegel says, was Censor. But, upon whose authority does he make this assertion ? And, even if we admit that he held that office, is it also ascertained that he was twice Censor, which, according to these writers, the coin testifies ? Whatever may be the fact, thus much is certain, that L. Vitellius was Censor only in conjunction with Claudius ; but the latter, on the marbles given by Gruter and Muratori, is called, indeed, Censor, yet with no figures added to shew that the office was held a second time ; and, consequently, it is far from probable, that L. Vitellius could ever he described as Censor (I. If, therefore, this numeral really occurs on the coin, some method must be dis- covered of explaining it with a semblance of probability. — Tacitus (Annal . xi. 25), expressly states, that Claudius closed the lustrum in the year u. c. 801 (a. d. 48). And yet the same author shortly before (ch. 13), and Dion (lx. 29), inform us that Claudius held the office of Censor in the year preceding, viz. 800 (a. d. 47). And it is to this year that Pliny also refers the censorship of Claudius. Since, then, all these writers agree in the statement that Claudius discharged the office of Censor in 800, and as Tacitus expressly records the closing of the lustrum in the year following, we must conclude that this censorship commenced in the year of Rome 800, but was either interrupted, or negligently discharged, and, resumed in earnest the year following, was closed with the solem- nity above alluded to. — Suetonius appears to in- timate the same explanation, when, mentioning the Censorship of Claudius, he says — “ he also bore the office of Censor hut this, too, un- equally ; with inconstancy of mind and variable- ness of success (“ sed banc quoque imequaliter, varioque et auimo et eventu.” In Claud, lib. v.) It must therefore have been ostentation which induced Aulus Vitellius, the son, thus to double the censorship of his father, L. Vitellius, whereas he really held the office but once.” It would seem from the tenour of his remarks, that Eckhel had not seen this remarkable first brass ; and was in some doubt of its existence as a genuine antique. But besides the one quoted from Capt. Smyth’s cabinet, the above wood-cut is from a specimen in the British Mn- senm ; and moreover both Mionnet and Aker- man fully recognise its authenticity, in their respective descriptions of Roman Imperial Coins. After the time of Vespasian and his sons, the title of Censor is not found in the imperial series. The Censoria Potestas, however, con- tinued in the hands of the emperors. Thus, Valerianus, whilst as yet a private citizen, had that office delegated to him by Trajanus Decius. Theodosius the Great attempted to re-establish the Censorship, with its old functions of Magis- ter Morum ; hut the Senate were opposed to its revival ; and it remained tacitly merged in the Augustal dignity. CENSO.— CENSOR.— CENSORIN.—CEX- 194 CENSORINVS.— CENSUS. SORINYS. — This surname either abbreviated or written in full, appears on coins of the Marcia gens. It had originally been forbid- den, for any one to till the office of Censor more than once in his life, until the year of Rome 488 (b. c. 266), when a law abrogating the old restriction was carried by C. Martins Rutilus, whom the people wished to elect Censor a second time, and to whom in consequence was given the surname of Censorious. On a rare first brass of the same gens, the reverse has for legend c. marci censo. roma, with the type of two prows of ships, on the fur- ther one of which is a small column, sur- mounted by a Victory, with palm branch and crown. The obverse legend and type of the coin are kvma pompili. ancvs marci. and the jneated heads of Numa Pompilins, bearded and with diadem, and of Ancus Marcius, without beard. This is classed with other coins, considered to have been struck by Marcius Censorious, quastor nrbunus el provinciatis, of the year 663 (b. c. 91), and a little before that time a inone- tal triumvir. The noble family of Marcia traced their descent from the two kings Numa and Ancus ; and C. Marcius Censorinus thus takes occasion to perpetnate the remembrance of his ancestral greatness and autiquity. — See Marcia gens. CENSUS — the numbering, which the Cen- sors made of every Roman citizen, the valuation of his estate, together with the registering of himself, his years, tribe, family, profession, wife, children, and servants. This process, instituted by King Servius Tullius, was gone through every five years; and the interval of time was called Lustrum, on account of an ex- piatory sacrifice, denominated lustratio, which the Censors performed as a purification of the people. This took place after the registration was finished ; and was termed Lustrum Condere, closiug the Lustre. Such was the order of things during the existence of the republic. But, when Augustus attained the empire, aud changed the form of government, he suppressed the ancient method of collecting tributes, which had become an instrument of avarice in the hands of Prctors and Pro-consuls, ruling in the provinces. For the old imposts, he substituted poll and land- taxes ; and in order to secure their equal exaction, he ordered the numerical registration of the whole empire. It is this census of which men- tion is made in St. Luke’s Gospel, c. ii. v. 1, “ There went out a decree from Ciesar Augustus, that all the world should be taxed” [or enrolled], CENTAURI. or as the Vulgate expresses it, “ ut describerctnr universus orbis.” — See Censor. CENTAURI. — The Centaurs were inhabitants of Thessaly, famous for their great courage and address, in taming and training horses. The figment of the ancient poets ascribed to them a monstrous origin ; and Greek artists sculptured them as combining, in their form, the upper part of the human figure, with the body and lower extremities of a horse. On some coins, the centaur is figured 03 standing alone, armed with a bow and arrow, or with a staff: on others drawing the chariot of some pagan divinity. On a denarius of the Aurelia gens (sec p. Ill), Hercules standing in a car is drawn at full speed by two centaurs, each of whom uplifts a branch in his right hand. The above is engraved from n fine brass me- dallion of Antoninus Pius, in the Cabinet de France. The subject is one of the combats of Hercules; and represents him in the act of avenging on the centaurs the rape of Halcyonc, sister of Eurysthcus, to whom the centaur Homadus had offered violence, and was in con- sequence killed by Hercules. In this classic design, the great Alcidcs has already slain one centaur, who is stretched on the ground, lie presses his kucc on a second whom he is about to crush with his club, although another centaur comes to his assistance, armed like his companion with a branch of a tree. Meanw hile, Homadus is seen carrying away llolcyone, whom llcrcidcs afterwards rescued. It is related to have been at the sequel of a Bacchanalian festival, that these horse- men, under the excitement of intoxi- cation, to which they had the character of bciug addicted, outraged hospitality, nud ravished the women. — Diodorus Siculus describes the centaurs as having employed trunks of trees, as their weapons in the fight ; and speaks of the contest as “ worthy of the early renown of this hero.” The temple in the back-ground is meaut for that of Hercules Victor, built at Rome; as is indicated by au eagle in the pediment, which Antoninc caused to be represented, as though Hercules, for this exploit alone, had deserved worship and a temple. See I). Vaillant, De Camps. Select. Nam is. p. 25 — sec also Millin, Cat. Myth. ii. 437. There is a splendid brass medallion of M. Aurelius, bearing for its type of reverse, Her- cules standing on a car, drawn by four centaurs, CEREALIA. liaviug each different attributes. — Engraved in Mionuet, Rarete des Medailles, and in Aker- inan, Descriptive Catalogue , vol. i. Several coins of Gallienus exhibit a centaur holding a bow and arrow : some as the accom- panying mark of a legion, as LEG. II. PART- hicce. On other coins of the same emperor, the same device appears in connection with the name of Apollo. APOLLINI CONS ervatori AVG esti. — Erastosthencs states, that the centaur Chiron was numbered amongst the stars, as the con- stellation called Sagittarius, or the archer ; and according to Hyginus and Pliny, he was the first to introduce the art of healing by the use of herbs. Such are the reasons assigned for select- ing the centaur, as in this instance, to personate Apollo, whether that god was regarded as pre- siding over the muses, or as the tutelary of the medical art. Why the centaur is made to hold a globe and a rudder in his hand, remains unex- plained. — We find the bow-bearing centaur also on a coin of Tetricus the younger, with the legend SOLI CONSERrfffori; for Chiron, the Sagittarius, was the tutor of Apollo and Diana. CERBERUS — the canine guard of the in- fernal regions, whom Hercules dragged forth from his dread abode, and forced to sec the light of day. The three heads of this monster were said to signify the power of Pluto over the three elements of water, earth, and air. — A sil- ver medallion of Hadrian has the figure of Pluto, with Cerberus at his feet. But ou a small brass of Postumus, “ the dog of hell” is represented as conquered by Hercules. The legend of this rare coin is iiercvi.i immortaij, and the type shews the fabled son of Jupiter and Alcmene performing his twelfth and last labour, the en- chainment of Cerberus. — Sec Revue Nuwisma- tique, T. vii. Annee 1841, pi. viii. CEREALIA. — Feasts instituted in honour of Ceres, at which the Roman matrons, holding torches in their hands, and hurrying about by night, represented the grief of Ceres seeking for Proserpine, whom Pluto had carried off. — They were celebrated in the mouth of April, and lasted eight days ; during the ceremonies of which a rigorous silence was observed, especially at the sacrifices performed in honour of the goddess, at Eleusis, iu Attica, whence the Ro- mans had borrowed the mysteries of Ceres. — Memmius, a Curule Edile, was the first who esta- blished these feasts at Rome — feasts which were always accompanied with sports, as is shewn by a denarius of the Mcmmia family, on which ap- pears Ceres with three cars of corn, and a torch (or distaff'), a serpent at her feet, and the in- scription MEMMIVS AEDjVw CEREALIA PREIMVS FECIT. Engraved in Akcrmau, ii. p. 63, pi. ii. No. 8 — See Mcmmia gens. CERES, daughter of Saturn and Cybele, was the Goddess of Agriculture. — The abode usu- ally assigned to her by the poets was in a deli- cious district of Sicily, denominated Enna. She was called Legifera, or the legislatrix, as being the instructress of mankind in the salutary art of tillage, which made it needful to enforce laws for the demarcation of fields. Ceres appears 2 C 2 CERES. 195 generally, on coins and other ancient monuments’ as a vigorous woman, crowned with corn ears’ and holding in her hand a bunch of poppies •' a circumstance allusive to her arrival in Greece, when some grains of that narcotic plant were given to procure her the repose, which she had not enjoyed since her daughter Proserpine had been carried away by Pluto ; and because the poppy is extremely fertile. The first fruits of the earth were offered to this goddess : at her altars sheep were sacrificed, and above all the sow, because that animal is very destructive to seeds. Ceres appears ou a great number both of consular and imperial coins. The empresses are often represented under the type of that divinity. — See p. 99 of this dictionary. Ceres and a Colonist. — On a denarius of the Maria gens, the obverse legend, CAPITo XXXXIII. has for its accompanying type the head of Ceres crowned with corn ears, and with ear-pendents. One of the various arbitrary mint-marks to these coins of Gapito, being iu this instauce a trident before the face of Ceres. On the reverse we read Cains MARIaa Cat*. F Hitts. Senates Consullo. The type is a man driving two oxen, with a goad in his hand. It will readily be agreed by numismatists, that the head of Ceres alludes to abundance ; and that the yoke of oxen, guided by a cultiva- tor, indicates the planting of a colony. Perhaps, in praise of his ancestral house, the moneyer who struck this coin refers to some colony esta- blished in Gaul, or elsewhere, by the famous C. Marius. — See Riccio, on the Maria gens p. 141. Ceres, the symbol of fertility, is exhibited standing, sometimes before an altar, with corn ears, torch, serpent, poppies, cornucopia;, or hasta, on coins of Nero, Julia Titi, Domitiau, Trajan, Hadrian, &c. Ceres appears sitting (sometimes on the cista), with the same attributes, on coins of Vespasian, Nerva, Trajau, Faustina senior and junior, and also Crispina, and Julia Severi. — She is also present with Annona. Ceres walking, with a lighted torch in each hand, as if iu the act of searching for her daugh- ter Proserpine, and hence called taedifera, is seen on denarii of the Claudia and Man Li a fami- lies, accompanied by a hog ; or with a plough before her, in the Vibia gens. — Sec the respec- tive notices of those families in this dictionary. Ceres drawn in a biga by dragons or serpents, sometimes winged, at others not, in which the goddess stands with a lighted torch iu each hand, or with corn ears and poppies, appears on denarii of the Vibia, Vipsania, and Volteia fami- lies. — See them suis locis. 196 CERES. The head of Ceres, crowned with corn ears, is also found on the family coins of those Ediles who had the care of Annona, or distribution of wheat and other grain amongst the people — such as Cassia, Cntonia, Flaminia, Furia, Junia, Manlia, Memmia, Mussidia, &c. in which de- narii, however, Ceres does not always designate the edileship, but occasionally some province fertile in produce, to which a pretor was ap- pointed. (Spauheim). — See head of Ceres, adorn- ed with corn ears, on a denarius of the Fauuia gens, engraved in p. 12 of this dictionary. CERES AYG. AVGVS. AVGVST. AV- GVSTI, and AYG VST A. These several le- gends, with the different images and attributes of the goddess above described, appear on coins of the series from Claudius to Commodus. An interesting example of an Empress repre- sented under the type of this divinity, appears on a fine brass medallion of Galeria Faustina, in the Cabinet de France, from a cast of which the subjoined cut is engraved. Faustina senior, the wife of Antoninus Pius, died in the third year of his reign ; and by a decree of the Senate was numbered among the divinities. As during life she had been styled on her coins ceues avgvsta, so, after her de- cease, the same monumeuts shew that she was worshipped uuder the personification of that goddess. On the present medal we see a minia- ture image on a cippus, standing in a chariot drawn by two serpents, and holding a torch in each hand. In the field is a larger figure, sto- lated and veiled, also holding two lighted torches. Two distinct representations appear to be here given of the search for Proserpine by Ceres — viz. 1. The lighting of the torches; and 2. The biga of snakes carrying Ceres with the torches. D.Vaillaut, in his commentary on this remark- able type, expresses an opinion that the figure of the veiled female, in the field of the coin, was intended to represent the AaSouxoj — the attendant or priestess — of Ceres, who with her right hand is lighting a torch at the sacred fire of the altar, whilst in her left she carries one already lighted, in preparation for the rites of the goddess. On this subject, Ovid (Fast. 4), thus speaks : — “ lllic accendit geminns pro lumpadc pinus; “ llinc Cereris sacris nunc quoque taeda datur:” [There she lights two pine branches to serve as CERES. a torch ; and hence, at the present day also, a torch is employed in the sacred rites of Ceres], And this gave rise to the expression of Lac- tautius — “ On that account, during the celebra- tion of her rites, torches arc carried about.” — And in memory of this practice, not only the attendant, but also the other officiating persons, shook torches as they ran, as Statius tells us, (Sit car 4) : — “ Tuque Aetma Ceres, enrsu cui semper anhelo “ Votivam taciti quassamus l unpada Mjstre [And thou, Actaean Ceres, in whose honour we, your silent priests, ever brandish the votive torch, as we hurry on our panting course]. And Fulgentius says, that “ on this account a dap of torches was held sacred to Ceres.” 13y what ceremonial empresses were enrolled among the deities, we learn from the Commen- taries of Panvinius on the second book of the Fasti ; to w hich account may be added, that the emperors at length adopted the practice of ap- propriating the names of other goddesses to their deified consorts, as Prudentius thus inti- mates (lib. i. contra Symmach ) : — “ Adjicere sacrum, fieret quo Livia Juno.” Notwithstanding all the learning employed by the above quoted numismatist of the elder school, to fortify himself in his determination to regard the larger female figure, not as an image of the goddess herself but, as au officiating priestess at her altar, there really does not appear any sufficient reason to doubt that on this, as on other coins of Faustina senior, with similar types, struck after her death and consecration, it was designed to apply the ordinance by virtue of which that faithless wife could be made a Ceres, as Livia before her had become a Juno. CERER. FRVGIF. Cereri Frugifcrte. (To the fruit-bearing Ceres). — The goddess, holding corn-ears and a torch. — On silver of S. Sevcrus. CERERI FRVGIF. The goddess seated, holding cars of corn in the right hand, and the hasta pura in her left. — On silver of Julia Se- veri. Sec domna. CERERI AYG. Cereri Augusta. (To the august Ceres). — The goddess seated, with her attributes. — On a silver coin of Salonina. — The above type and legend occur for the first time on this very rare coin. CERERI REDYCI. — Silver of Julia Domna. CERES. — The goddess sitting, w ith the usual attributes. — This epigraph aud type appear on coins of Tiberius, Faustina senior and junior, Lucilla, Crispins, Sevcrus. and Julia Dotnua. CERES ANNONA AYG. or AVGVSTA.— See annona, p. 49 of this dictionary. CERERI FRYGIFERAE. — Ceres standing. Silver of Pesccunius Niger.— Same legend, Ceres seated. Silver of S. Sevcrus . — cekeki frvgif. Same type. Silver of Julia Domna. CERES S. C. — A female figure seated, with two corn-cars in the right hand, and a torch resting on the left arm. On first brass of Tibe- rius. Valued by Miouuct at 150 fr. — Engraved in More!!. Thesaur. Impp. Rom. vol. iii. tab. v. No. 5 ; and in Dr. King’s Plates. CERTAMEN. CERES AVGVSTA, with similar type, on second brass of Claudius. — Engraved in Morell. Thesaur. Impp. vol. iii. tab. vi. No. 2. CERES AVGVSTA. S. C. — Female figure in the stola, standing, with corn-ears and the hasta pura. On second brass of Julia Titi. — Engraved in Thesaur. Morell. Impp. vol. iii. tab. xv. No. 23. CER. (CERTA. CERTAM) QUINQ. ROM. CO. (CON.) S. C.— A table, on which are an urn and a crown, and within (or under - | neath ) the table a discus , and two griffins : in the field of some coins the letter S. — Obo . — NERO CAES. AVG. IMP. A laureated head. — Third brass of Nero.— (British Museum). The certamen quinquennale wa3 instituted at Rome in the year u. c. 813 (a. d. 60), in re- ference to which ancient writers have made many observations. — Suetonius thus mentions it : — “ He (Nero) was the first to institute at Rome the certamen quinquennale, after the Greek fashion, a triple entertainment, consisting of music, gymnastics, and equestrianism ; to which he gave the appellation of neronia.’ (chap. 12). Contests took place likewise, as tlie same author states, in oratory and an- cient poetry. — Tacitus writes to the same pur- pose (Ann. xiv. 20). The motive of its esta- blishment is declared by Dion (lxi. 21) to be “ the safety and prolongation of his own reign;” and he adds, that Nero in this contest bore off the prize for harp-playing, all other competitors being adjudged unworthy of it. That this cer- tamen was repeated after the interval of five years, we have the testimony of Tacitus (Ann. xvi. 2, 4). It is alluded to also by Victor Schotti, in the following notice of Gordian 111. — “ And in that year of the lustrum, after cele- brating on a grander scale and re-establishing the certamen, which Nero introduced into Rome, he set out on his expedition against the Per- sians.” — There are grounds of probability for supposing that it was continued to the age of Constantine. — See Bod. Num. Vet. vi. 264. C. E. S. — These letters on a silver coin of Gal- lienus — imp. c. e. s. inscribed on a pedestal on which Jupiter stands, are by Banduri, and also by Biinard, the annotator of Jobert, inter- preted thus : — Cum Exercito Suo. CEST. — Cestianus, a surname of adoption into the tribe Pketoria from the Cestia family. CESTIA gens. — This was a plebeian family. Its coins comprise six varieties. The gold are of the highest degree of rarity. There are tw r o remarkable specimens in that metal belonging to it : — 1. c. norbanvs l. cestivs p. r. A woman’s head, with the hair confined by a diadem. Rev. — s. c. Cybele, with turreted head, in a biga of lions, her left hand resting on the tympanum. Gold. — Engraved in Morell. Earn. Rom. 2. A woman’s head, covered with the skin of an elephant. CESTIA. 197 Rev. — L. CESTIVS C. NORBA. PR. S. C. A curule chair, on which is a helmet. Gold. Vaillant, and some other writers of the elder school, have ascribed these coins to Lucius Ces- tius and C. Norbanus, whilst holding the office of Ediles, and when both were acting as Pre- tors, in 660 (b. c. 94). But Eckhel (see v. 169), and the more modern numismatists, seem disposed to adopt in preference the opinion of Havcrcamp, founded on the historical fact, that Julius Caesar, in 708 (b.c. 46), meditating a campaign against the sons of Pompev in Spain, established, before his departure, a magistracy ex- traordinary, composed of six or eight lieuten- ants or prafecti, under Lepidus (as Dion re- lates, xliii. ch. 28). To these, Ilavercamp as- serts on the authority of coins, was entrusted the privilege of striking money ; for Munatius Plancus, and Livineius Regulus, do actually in- scribe themselves on coins fraef. vrb. ; Clo- vius, simply fraef. ; llirlius, Cestius, Nor- banus, and Oppius, only Pit. which, accordingly, is to be expanded into VWafeclus, and not PR ator. Consequently, the six individuals mentioned on the coins, will be those prafecti alluded to by Dion, and to whose names Haver- carnp (in Rubria gens) also adds that of L. Rubrius Dossenus. And it must be admitted, that the types go, with singular coincidence, to bear out this view of the case. The head, on one coiu, covered with the ele- phant’s skin and proboscis, alludes to Caesar’s African victory ; whilst the head of Venus on the other, points also indubitably to the reputed origin of the Julia family. The sella curulis, says Riccio (p. 51), denotes the power of the Dictator himself, and not of the preftets, who certainly usurped the fasces, and chair of curule office. (See Livineia gens). The helmet, which Havercamp looks upon as symbolising the valour of Caesar, bears reference, as Cavcdoni thinks, to Venus, whose name of Viclrix, was given by the Dictator, as a countersign to the soldiers. The appearance of the S. C. is as- cribed to the circumstance that these prefects of Caesar had the power granted them of inscrib- ing their names on the coinage; “and lastly (concludes Eckhel), Cybele indicates the games called Meyalesia,” celebrated in honour of that goddess. C. F. Caii Filins. — C. F. C. N. Caii Filius, Caii Nepos. — C. F. Q. Caii Filius Quastor . — C. F. Q. N. Caii Filii Quiuti Nepos. C. F. Caius Fabius. — Surname and name. C. F. or C. FLAV. Colonia Flavia. C. F. L. R. Q. M. Caius Flavius Lucius Rupilivs Quintus Marcius. — Akerman, Numis- matic Manual. 198 CHIMERA. CHIMERA — a mountain of Lycia, in Asia Minor, the top of which abounded with lions, the sides with goats, aud the bottom with ser- pents. Thence the Greek fable of the above named monster with a lion’s head, a goat’s head and neck protruding out of v\ >ts back, and a serpent for * 0 ^' its tail. Others interpret it " ' to mean the piratical ship ji taken by Belleropbon, the ,7 Corinthian hero, and which vessel had a lion at its prow, and a dragon at its stern. There are indeed various typos on coins of the Corinthians which, in memory of his victory, bear the image of the Chimrera, as well as’ to shew the antiquity ot their city. Thus also that enigmatical non- descript appears on colonial medals of Domitian, M. Aurelius, and L. Verus, struck at Corinth. — Sometimes the monster stands hv itself ; hut more frequently appears as attacked by Belle- roplion, mounted ou the winged horse Pegasus, with legend col. ivl. avg. cor. (Colonia Julia Augusta Corin/hits), as in the above cut. — See bellerophon (p. 125); also see PEGASUS. [A superb tcsselated pavement, found in France, bears this subject, wrought in the highest style of art], CHLAMYS, a short military cloak, as worn by the Greeks. Amongst the Romans this was the same as the paludamentum . The latter was in fact a part of the military dress of the em- perors, though sometimes worn by private in- dividuals. Those who have undertaken to make a distinction between the two habiliments assert that the paludamentum was longer and larger than the chlamys. The Romans made it of coarse and thick woollen for the common soldiers, and of finer wool for the officers. The emperors wore it of purple silk, orna- mented with gold and precious stones. This great coat, or pelisse, was put on over the cuirass, and fasteued with a buckle on the right shoulder, so as to leave the movement, of the arm perfectly free ; and in fighting they wrap- ped the left arm in the folds of the chlamys, employing it as a defence to that part of the body. — See Paludamentum. CHORTIUM PR .VETO R I A RUM. — A lc- gionary eagle, decorated with a necklace or collar, between two military ensigns. — Obv . — ant. avg. iiivir. r. p. c. A pretorian vessel. Gold and Silver. (Engraved in Pclleriu, Mel. i. p. 105, plate v. No. 5.) In reference to the pretorian cohort, Pomponius Festus remarks, “ It was so named, from its being constantly attached to the person of the pretor. For Scipio Afrieanus was the first who made a selection of all the bravest soldiers, with orders never to leave his side in action, &c.” And this custom was retained by the Roman commanders of armies w ho succeeded him. Julius Csesar (ac- cording to Dion, xxxviii. $ 47) made choice of the tenth legion os his pretoriau cohort, a fact confirmed by himself in his commentaries (Hell . Gall. i. ch. 40), whilst rebuking the cowardice CHORTIUM PRAET. of his troops in the following terms: “ Aud that if no one else should follow him, he would go with only the tenth legion, of whose fidelity he had no fears, and that that legion should thenceforth be his pretorian cohort.” — And in this sense Cicero (in Catil. ii. ch. 10) attributes to Catiline also a pretorian cohort, but one composed of the merest rabble ( ex scortis conjlatam.) To the pretorian cohort of Antony there is more than one allusion in Appiau. In the year u. c. 710 (b. c. 44) when already meditating a civil war, he drafted every man distinguished for personal and other qualities to form a pretorian cohort, to which Cicero subsequently applied the invidious title of cohors regia, or rrrrtlpa 0aai\imj . — Appian also elsewhere states, that Octavian and Antony enrolled the soldiers, who had served their time (emeritos), in the pretoriau cohort. — Octavia, in order to ingratiate herself with Antony, when setting out to join her husband, took with her “ an escort of two thousand picked men, fully accoutred as a pretoriau cohort.” — (Plutarch in Ant. p. 940.) The pretorian cohort of Antony, on the denarius above described, has the legionary eagle ; but we have just seen that this cohort was also called a legion by Dion and Caesar. The denarius exhibits the ancient mode of spell- ing the word, chortivm instead of cohort ivm, which is also employed on the marble pub- lished by Gruter (p. 538 8), where Marcianns is called a soldier of chort. xh. — And thus, on coins of the legions, struck under Gal- lienus, we find cohh. praet. vi. p. vi. f. — The collar, with which the eagle of the cohorts is decorated on this denarius, has not yet been ex- plained. It is quite certain that the legionary eagles do not exhibit such an ornament. — Sec Eckhel, vi. 52, ct scq. — See also adlocvt. con. p. 6 of this dictionary. C1IORS. — Sec cohors. CIIORTIS SPECULATORUM.— Three mili- tary ensigns (or, more properly speaking, spears), ornamented with crowns, and fixed in the prows of vessels. — On the obverse ANTomu# AVG nr IIIVIR. Re« P ublicit Const ituen da. A pre- torian vessel. — Gold. — British Museum. These legends aud types nppear on gold and silver of the Antonia family, struck by order of Mark Antony, during his triumvirate. — Ou the subject of the ancient Speru/atores Eckhel gives, iu an abridged form, the result of Christian Schwart s industrious and admirable researches, to the following purport — “ The functions of the specu/alores, aud the meanings of the term, were very various. They corresponded to explorers, called by the Greeks uraKovarai and fjrojrreu (car and eve- witnesses), COHORTIS SPECULATORL'M. and their services were in requisition, not only for military purposes in the discovery of an enemy’s designs, but also in civil matters, when they differed in no respect from the delatores , or informers. — Varro says: “A specu- lator is one whom we send before us, to note such particulars as we wish to ascertain.” For a similar reason, the word was applied to per- sons of a curious and prying disposition. In military affairs those also were called speculatores, who, stationed on towers or other elevated posi- tions, watched the movements and approaches of an enemy, and kept a vigilant look out (specula- bantur), giving intelligence by beacon-tires. The Greeks termed them kcltolskoi rot and Siotr- TTjpes, and as it was part of their business to convey important information post haste, they were also called ripcpiSpopo i, that is to say, runners over a certain distance in a day, as Livy informs us (xxxi. eh. 24.) — Again, to use the words of Festus (in Explorare) : “ A specu- lator differs from an explorator (spy) in this respect, that the former silently observes the movements of an enemy in war, whilst the latter loudly proclaims the doings of others in time of peace.” During the imperial government, the speculatores were a kind of apparitors and body- guard ; from whicli circumstance Tacitus joined together the two corps of pretorian cohorts and speculatores (Hist. ii. cli. 33) ; and Suidas ex- plains 2irtKov\arwp, by b Sopvipopo s (tbc spear- man or body-guard.) Ilcnce we often observe, on marbles, the speculatores mixed up with the pre- torian cohorts, as for example spf.c. coir. ini. pu. See also spec. leg. ii. Col. Antigua, i. p. 127- Speculatores was also the name applied to those, whose office it was to execute capital punish- ment, a famous instance of which is afforded by Seneca (de Ira, i. eh. 16). And thus, in the Graeco- barbarian languages, the speculator is identical with carnifex, in Greek called 6 S-ppios, airoKstpaXioTys, the public executioner, the headsman. Of this description, unless indeed he was a royal apparitor, must have been the individual whom Mark the Evangelist relates to have been sent to behead John the Baptist ; kcll ivdeus airbaruXas 6 fiaatKevs aireKouXarupa k. t. A. “ And immediately the king sent an executioner, &c.” (Mark, vi. 27.) The Latin Vulgate renders it spiculator, as though the word were to be derived from the spicu/uni or javelin, which this functionary bears. But this is incorrect, since as yet no difference of opinion (or reading) has been found in the Codices on the subject of the word cnrcKouXaTupa. That the Cohors Specu/atorum, which this denarius presents, was employed in naval affairs, is sufficiently indicated by the prows of ships. These marine speculatores exercised the same office at sea, which ou land was performed by the speculatores posted on lofty situations, as look-outs, and hemerodomi, as already explained. — Vegctius (iv. eh. 37) furnishes a remarkable testimony on this point : — “ Exploring (or spying) boats accompany the larger Liburnian vessels. Their use is occa- sionally, to surprise an enemy, or to cut off CILICIA. 199 supplies from his ships, and, in the way of spies, to discover their approach or designs. Lest, however, these exploring vessels should betray themselves by their light colour, their sails and rigging are painted with Venetian blue, which resembles the colour of the sea, and the wax with which ships are usually smeared, is tinged with the same colour. The sailors also, or soldiers, are attired in blue clothes, that by day, as well as night, they may the more readily escape observation, when engaged in their work as spies.” According to Polybius (iii. eh. 96), Scipio, when about to attack the Carthaginians in Spain, “ sent forward two fast sailing vessels, belonging to the MassiUenses (people of Mar- seilles), on the look-out.” — Plutarch informs us, that Cn. Pompey collected vessels of this de- scription for the civil w r ar (in Catone Nim. eh. 54). “ There were not less than five hundred ships of war, and of Liburnian, spying (uara- go- Dower d o b /fl he same ma S ist rates, and under the power of the same laws. Thus Civitas had the same meaning as Res Ruhlica. The Romans at fust took the word in this sense. But after- wards it was made to designate the principal p ace the capital of a nation, the centre of a republic, the seat of the laws, of the magistrates and of all authority, and at length it was era’ pioyed to signify every town-urbs-oppidum Civxtas also signified the same thing as Jus Qumttum, the right of Roman citizens], ip.- - o one was able to acquire that right, if he had not previously attained the second Jus Ratu, which was very inferior to the other — >„? f, US . necessarily implied the J'ts Civitatis, but it was not all those who Cimtan f latt f tU i en J°>' cd former. , w“ Ce ’i reed “ en had .‘he Civitas, with- having the Jus Quiritium ; they were reckoned among the citizens, but not among the Qumtes From the moment they regained leir liberty they, the former slaves, were re- garded as citizens; but they had still to ask for the J„s Qmntium, which, once granted, gave them aibmssion into the Tribus of the country, and facilitated their attainment of offices : and m=lns ng f Wa V' e T Ved t0 the affranchised Ro- " , ' , fo 5 88 tot . he for cign freedinen, they were fi lfi l 0r as I ),m >g only to the right of citizen- i , Uny pret f sions to enter into the country tribes or to hold any offices. Those who quitted their native country to go and live citizens. 6 ' ^ the P rivi %es of Roman After the city was burnt by the Gauls, mea- sures vvere take to induce individuals to esta- b ksh themselves at Rome, by securing to them as residents, the rights of citizenship. This v£ D f Wa p lrid,SpenSablc for enjoying the pri- vileges °f a iloman citizen to their fullest ex- tent but it was accorded also, with certain re- X °i I il° I)le who wcre ,10t ‘lomiciliated at Rome and this was called Municipium. At tld h Latm ® alone were allowed to partake of tiU3 honour ; then all Italy; afterwards some GI\ 1TATIBVS ASIAE. 207 nations beyond that region ; and especially the principal cities throughout the whole extent of the empire. Lastly, a constitutional law, i„- titutcd by the Emperor Antoninus Pius con- nerhl d ’ at t ‘ t e °" aU freetnen within the im- penal dominions. Th, s municipal franchise, or fcSEST’ r' aS the first insta,lce g'-aoted rJn i , In Course of time the emperors rendered themselves masters of this, as of every other power of the state, and some of them made it a matter of pecuniary traffic. There were. cities "Inch received from the emperors a assisted them in paying the taxes, in defraying the expenses of sacrifices, and in repairing the of dU„l " S8; .“d When the prince had cause of displeasure against them, he took away their privileges. See Pitiscus, Lexicon Antiq. RoT CIVITATIBVS ASIAE RESTITVTIS. ( The cities of Asia re-established.)— k sedent figure aureated and togated, its feet resting on a foot-’ Stool ; in the right hand a patera; in the left the hasta pura.-Obv.-n. caesar divi avg. . avgvst. p m. T r. pot XXIIrl (Tiberius Caesar, Dm Augusti Filius, Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, TribrntitiaB Potestatis 24.) I u the field a large S. C. The large brass of Tiberius, on the reverse of which this remarkable legend annlf struck in the year of Rome 775 (a d. 22) min cords the munificence of this emperor who had caused to be re-built, at his own expense Zf- cmes in Asia Minor, which in o^ night » d b, „ tir fh qu “ tins bestowed on “/'of * l ’ eme,i, • his honour; and the coin above en -rayed f™ serves still more lastingly to record an act "f generous humanity, hardly to be credit*/^ f selfish, avaricious; and cruel a man ' ktd It > fact been so well authenticated as to th doubt or difficulty concernin- it On fl • V6 n ° equally deserving of notice af fremti 6 ?’ specimen of monetal workmanship, and as uteres mg historical monument,' EckLl fvi U2-3) animadverts to the following effect — t! ?¥?«»• d*. "bid, h,d SOM '"f effects of a violent earthquake, were rc-bffilt f the munificence of Tiberius. This liberal recorded by many other writers, wh^x! 208 CIVITATIBVS ASIAE. prcssious arc quoted by Schlcgcl, iu his cxplana- j tiou of this coin. (Morel!. Impp. i. p. 578). — ; As regards the number of these cities, Pliny j coincides with Tacitus (Plin. ii. § 86). He enumerates Sardis, Magnesia uuder Mount Sipylus, Temnos, Philadelphia, .Egea, Apollonia, j the Mosteni, the Hyrcani, Hierociesarea, Myrina, Cymen, and Tmolus. Others mention 13, 14, and 15 cities, including no doubt those, which, | having at a subsequent period suffered the like : calamity, experienced the beneficent care of Tiberius ; and such we find from Tacitus to have been the case with iEga: in Aehia, and Cibyra in Phrygia, in the year 776 (a.d. 23). Indeed, the famous marble, dug up at Puteoli, at the end of the last century, which was dedicated to i Tiberius Ctesar, exhibits fourteen female figures, having inscribed uuder them the names of the same number of Asiatic cities, identical with . those, which are enumerated by Tacitus, with the addition of Ephesus and Cibyra. In order to explain the type of the reverse, reference must be had to the account given by j Phlegon Trallianus (de reb. mirab. c. 13), who, j quoting Apollonius, states, that in the time of j Tiberius many cities of renown were overthrown by an earthquake, and that the Emperor Tiberius j afterwards restored them at his own cost ; in | consequence of which a colossal statue was dedi- cated to him at Rome, in the forum, near the temple of Venus, with other statues near it, re- presenting the several cities. What Phlcgou thus describes, the above-mentioned marble dis- I covered at Puteoli brings before our eyes, hav- I ing beyond doubt been sculptured in imitation of the Roman original, and dedicated at Puteoli to perpetuate the memory of Tiberius’s liberality, j There appears, however, to be no question, that the colossal figure alluded to by Phlegon, pre- sented the same appearance as docs Tiberius on the coin before us. The Putcoliau marble does not contribute to our information on this point, as only its base remains, the statue, which in all probability surmounted it, having been destroyed by the effects of time. — Whoever wishes to ob- tain further particulars respecting this monu- ment of Puteoli, its form, and inscription, will find them in the lengthy dissertation of Lauren- tius Gronovius, inserted in the 7th vol. of An- tiquities, by Gronovius, and also Belleyc (b. l. xxiv. p. 128.) In the figure itself, as presented on the coin, nothing is wanting to express the present and actual deity. We see the patera, the spear, and the footstool. When, therefore, it is asserted by Tacitus aud Suetonius, that Tiberius declined divine honours, such may really have been the case at the commencement of his reign, whilst bis government was not firmly established; at a later period, however, he may have enter- tained loftier thoughts of his own dignity, or at least, though never exacting from his subjects the adoration due to a god, he may so faintly have opposed its tender, as to permit it ; just as, without positively assuming the title of Au- gustus, he with complacency endured to hear it uttered or see it written. (Dion, lvii. $ 8.) — CIVITATIBVS ASIAE. Certain it is, that in the year following he allowed a temple to be dedicated to himself and his mother Livia, at Smyrna : indeed, the latter is represented with all the attributes of a goddess on her coins. This colossal statue of Tiberius appears to have been completed and dedicated in the year u. c. 775 (a. d. 21), aud afterwards represented on coins. — In Belleye, Mcdiobarbus, and other catalogues, however, mention is made of his Trib. potest, xxi. inscribed on coins of similar subject ; from which circumstance Eekhel infers, that the monument in question was dedicated two years after the calamity to which it alludes. Dr. Cardwell makes this brass of Tiberius a subject of one of his lectures, and in his inquiry respecting the cause to which it was owing that the medal, clearly intended to commemorate the munificence of the emperor, was not minted till five years afterwards, observes, that such inquiry is the more necessary, “ as we have another medal of similar inscription, which was minted only two years after the disaster had occurred, and when the bounty of l'lbcrius was fresh in every' one’s memory. Now (says the learned Lecturer), it might be a sufficient answer to observe, that some few years must necessarily have elapsed before these towns could be again inhabited ; and that five years, as we learn from Tacitus, was the term actually allowed, in the cases in which the emperor granted a remission of their taxes. We may also observe that, iu addition to the cities already noticed, Ephesus appears to have suffered severely in the following year, and the continuance of the danger would naturally retard the work of restoration. But this is not all.” — The Rev. Doctor then refers to Phlegon, who probably lived in the days of Hadrian, and whom Eekhel had previously quoted as an authority ; aud after referring to the fragment of inscribed and sculptured mar- ble above alluded to, and discovered in 1 693, at Pozzuoli, he comes to a similar conclu- sion with the Author of Doctrina : — “ Within two years after the great earthquake (observes l)r. Cardwell), it appears that the Senate had determined to erect a statue to Tiberius, and had issued a new mintage, as a memorial of his : bounty ; that within five years after the same ! event, the statue was completed, and a new die | was cut from whence the medal iu question was minted, and that finally in the year 783 (a. d. 30), when Tiberius had withdraw n himself from I Rome, and was living in the neighbourhood of Puteoli, the inhabitants of that town erected another statue, after the model exhibited at Rome ; thereby expressing their sorrow for a calamity, for which their own volcanic couutry would t’cach them to feel compassion, and honour- ing at the same time the emperor’s repeated acts of generosity. We may infer, that the seated figure on the reverse of the medal was intended to resemble that colossal statue of Tiberius, which we have traced from the time when the plan of it was first adopted by the Senate, to the time when it was finally erected at Puteoli. — Lecture, viii. p. 195. CLAUDIA. Capt. Smyth, after describing a specimen of this first brass in his own collection, says, — “Tiberius, to do him justice, behaved on this, as in other public calamities, with a generosity worthy of his high station — for he not only re- mitted the taxes of the ruined cities for five years ; but also presented them with large sums for re-building. A few other such deeds faintly illume the dark picture of the tyrant’s reign — his liberality, as Tacitus remarks, being re- tained after he had abandoned all other virtues. This medal countenances the historic record of Tiberius having been popular in the provinces, for he declined laying new taxes on them ; say- ing that a good shepherd may shear, but not flay his flock.” The above is amongst the Restituliones, or restored coins. That by Domitian is rarer than the one by Titus. CLARA. — See didia clara. CLARITAS AVG usti. — The brightness of the Emperor. — This legend, with heads of the Sun and the Moon, and also with an upright figure of the Sun, radiated, standing with right hand elevated, and globe in left hand, appears on gold and third brass coins of Postumus, Diocletian, and Val. Maximianus. claritas reipvblicae appears on silver and third brass of Coustantinus j u n . , Constans, Licinius sen., and Crispus. The heads of the Sun and Moon indicate eternity (see p. 23). There is apparently some analogy between this Claritas of an Emperor and the name of Clara Rea, or the brilliant goddess, as applied to Isis. — See Akerman, vol. 1, p. 256, Constautinus jun. CLASSICAE ; of the Fleet. — Surname of the 1 7th Legion, inscribed on a denarius of M. An- tony. — See LEG. XVII CLASSICAE. CLAVD. Claudius, Claudii. — nero. clavd. divi. clavd. f. — Sec the mintages of Nero, who styled himself Filins Claudii, by adoption, in- stead of using his family name of Domitius. CLAUDIA gens — a duplex family, i. e. of patri- cian as well as plebeian rauk, sprung from the Sa- bines. — Atta Clausus, the head of this house, a man of distinction, having been driven from Re- gillus by a seditious faction, came to Rome, fol- lowed by all his clients, to whom the republic granted the rights of citizenship. Clausus, who afterwards took the name of Appius Claudius, was admitted into the order of Patricians and to the rank of Senator. Afterwards, having been made consul, he left an illustrious name to his descendants, who sustained it with honour. The surnames of this family were Centho, Crassus, Glicia, Marcellus, Nero, Fulcher. The surname of Nero follows the preuomen of Drusus. The Pa- tricians fonned four branches, of whom coins are extant. The most distinguished members of the Plebeian branch were surnamed Marcellus. Each produced great men who rendered good service to the state. The Emperor Nero was the last and certainly the least worthy of its public cha- racters. The prenomen of Appius was the one which the Claudia family appropriated to itself ; whilst it repudiated that of Lucius. Amongst 2 E CLAUDIA. 209 the coins (comprising 43 varieties) which refer to this family are the three following : — 1. Obv. — makcellin'Vs. Male head, beard- less, to the right. Behind it the triquelra. Rev. — marcellvs. cos. Qvinq. Marcellus consul quinquies. A figure togated and veiled, hearing a warlike trophy, as if about to mount the steps of a temple. The head on the obverse of this denarius is that of Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who, in his fifth consulate, 506 (b. c. 208), made the con- quest of Syracuse, and, it may he said, of Sicily. This Roman was the contemporary of Fabius Maximus, and of Scipio. He was one of the Consular Generals who distinguished them- selves in the second Punic war, and had already acquired a high reputation at the epoch of Han- nibal’s invasion. His active character and intrepid courage were conspicuouly displayed in single combats. Even in his first consulate the qualities of a daring valour made him triumph over Vir- domarus, or Viromarus, a Gaulish chief, who, at the head of an army of his nation, had come to the succour of his fellow-countrymen, settled for some centuries, in the north of Italy, and then at war with the Romans. Virdoinarus, who had advanced towards Clastidium (a city of Liguria, between Placentia and Tortona, now Chiastezo), with numerous troops, fell beneath the blows of the consul, who had darted forth from the ranks to fight him. The portrait on this denarius is without beard, as usual with the Romans of that period, when they had attained a certain age. The triquelra (or three human legs united to each other by the hips), a well-known symbol of Sicily, was placed behind the head to designate its victor. — The legend Marcellinus refers to the magistrate who minted the coin — one Claudius Marcellus, who, being adopted into the family of the Cornelii Lcutuli, had taken the surname of Marcellinus, and pro- bably transmitted it to his descendants. — On the reverse we read the name of Marcellus, as having been five times consul. The type represents him bearing to the temple of Jupiter Feretrius, the spolia opiuia ol Virdomarus. Jupiter was called Feretrius, because the triumpher went to his temple, carrying thither as a trophy the armour, offensive and defensive, of the general whom he had killed with his own hand in battle, and which were for that reason denominated opima (great or most honourable). To accomplish this religious observance, the conqueror covered his head with one of the lappets of his toga, accord- ing to the rites prescribed in the Roman worship. Romulus was the first to perform this ceremony, in consecrating the armour of Acron, King of the Ceninians ; which act was repeated only by 210 CLAUDIA. A. Cornelius Cossus, aud afterwards by M. Claudius MarceUus. Virgil thus celebrates this action in his jEneid : — Aspice, lit insignis spoliis MarceUus opimis Ingreditur, victorque viros superemiuet omnes ! Die rein Romanam, niagno turbante tumultu, Sistet eques ; sternet I’oenos, Gallumquc rebeUem ; Tcrtia arma patri suspendet capta Quirino. Lib. vi. v. 855 et seq. See great MarceUus ! bow, untir’d in toils, lie moves with mauly grace, how rich with regal spoils ! He, when his country (threaten’d with alarms) Requires his courage, and his conquering arms, Shall more than once the Punic bands affright: Shall kill the Gaulish King in single fight : Then to the capitol in triumph move, And the third spoils shaU grace Fcretrian Jove. Drydeu’s Translation. This MarceUus was the very man who shewed the Romans that Hannibal was not only to be re- sisted, as Pabius had done before him, but also | to be attacked and defeated. Indeed he beat the Carthaginian general near Nola, in a daring i sortie. Aud after the conquest of Sicily, he assailed him several times with varied success. But his boldness, too often bordering on rash- ness, led him to expose himself near Venusia (now Venosa) to a snare which the sagacity of Hannibal bad prepared for him. He feU into an ambuscade of the Carthaginians, and died de- fending himself with the greatest valour. The victor nohlv rendered the funeral honours due to his heroic antagonist. — Sec Eckhel, v. p. 188 and 187 — see also Visconti, lconoyrajdiie lto- maine , t. i. p. 85, 8vo. edit. 2. Obv. — C. CLODIUS. C. F. (Caius Claudius, sou of Caius.) — Head of Flora, crowned with flowers, aud with a corolla behind her. — Rev. — vestalis, a female seated, holding a simpulum . Gold and silver. This denarius was at first ascribed to Caius Claudius Pulclicr, cdUe in C56 (b. c. 98), and consul in 662 (b. c. 92). Rut according to Rorghesi, with whom Cavedoni agrees, it be- longs to Caius Claudius, a legatns of Rrutus and llortcnsius, in Macedonia, 711 (b. c. 43) ; the same who caused Caius Autonius (brother of the triumvir), to be put to death, lest he should make his escape. The female head on the obverse recalls to memory the splendid celebration of the Floralia , or leasts in honour of the goddess Flora, by C. Claudius Centho, consul in 514 (b. c. 240), in eolleagueship with Sempronius Tuditauus. With regard to the reverse type, it is matter of dispute amongst numismatists, whether the figure of the vestal be meant for the daughter of Appius Claudius Pulclicr, consul in 611 (b. c. 143), who placed herself in front of her ' father, and defended him when a tribune of the p/eb.i would have dragged him out of bis tri- I umphal car ; or whether it was intended to re- present Quinta Claudia, niece of blind Appius ; that damsel, whom the Roman figment describes to have drawn, with her girdle, through the j Tiber into Rome, the ship which bore from Pes- sinunta, the sacred image of Cybcle. (Sec cut CLAVA HERCULEA. in next page). — On this point Rorghesi, cited by Riccio, says — “ Observing that this fignre, al- though holding the simpulum, is seated ; a pos- ture in which sacrifice was not performed, there appears to me ground for suspecting, rather that it was intended, in this type, to represent a statue (che qui piuttosto, siesi voluto ctligiarc una statua). And supposing this to have been the case, a reason is further afforded for recog- nising in this image the statue erected to Quinta Claudia.” — Engraved in Moretl. Yam. Rom. — Riccio, p. 54, classes it amongst the iikkk in gold. A fine specimen of it brought £13 at the Thomas sale. — See vestalis. Obv. — A juvenile head laureated, with hair tied in a knot, and with ringlets, and ear-pen- dants. Rehind it a lyre. Rev. — p. clodivs. m. f. Diana standing, with a bow and quiver on her shoidders, holding a long lighted torch in each hand. If the head on the obverse of this coin be that of Apollo, as notwithstanding its entirely femi- nine appearance, is still to be inferred from the sister of that pagan deity, represented on the reverse, the whole together may be considered as referring to the Apolliiiarian games, which were splendidly celebrated in 715 (B. c. 39), in rejoicings at Rome, for the victory gained by Vcnlidius over the Parthians, P. Clodius being monctal triumvir 716. Riccio marks the above in gold burr, aud values it at 30 piastres. There are pieces of this family restored by Trajan. Its name appears on some of the Ci. t- topbori. The brass coins of this house were struck by the moncyers of Augustus. CLAVA Uerculea . — A long round club, headed with a knob ; it was one of the peculiar insignia of Hercules, as that which this hero used instead of a sword, spear, or other arms, aud with which he conquered and slew monsters throughout the world. On coins, this knotty club of Hercules, sometimes upright, sometimes reversed, and at others in a transverse position, indicates that the worship of that deity prevailed amongst the people, by whom the coin was struck. The club of Hercules is seen alone on a silver coin of Augustus, inscribed bai.bvs pro- pr(aetore). The club erect bears reference to the origin of this Cornelius Ralbus, who de- scended from a family of Cadiz, in Spain, where Hercules was worshipped with distinguished honours. The same massive weapon also ap|>cars by itself, on coins of Commodus, who ordered himself to be called Hcrcidcs the son of Jupiter, and to whom the coiu is accordingly inscribed by its legend hercvl. homano. The Claim II err idea appears on the field of other coins, in the imperial series, amongst those of Trajan, Gordianus Pius, Maximiauus. It is 211 CLAUDIA. seen in the hand of Hercules himself, sometimes the right, at others the left, or by his side, in families; and on coins of the Emperors Trajan, Hadrian, Antonine, Aurelius, L. Vcrus, Corn- modus, Pertinax, Albinos, Sevcrus, Caracalla, Geta, Gordianus Pius, Aemilian, Gallienus, Pos- tnmus, Victorinus, Claud. Gothicus, Tacitus, l’robus, Cams, Carinus, Numerianus, Diocle- tianus, Maximianus, Constantinus Chlorus, Va- lerius, Severtis, Galerins, Maxentius, Gal. Maxi- minus, Constantinus M. The Clava at the head of Hercules appears on a denarius of M. Antony, who pretended to descend from the son of Alcracna; also on coins of Lepidus, Trajan, Probus, Maximianus. The Clava and a Bow, with quiver, lion’s skin, &c. is seen on a coin of Gallienus. The Clava of Hercules, with bow and quiver, displays itself on the well-known coin of Corn- modus. The same symbols of the monster-kill- ing hero are struck on a coin of Postunnis. And the Herculean Club, with an Eagle, like- wise exhibits itself on coins of Trajan, Maxi- mianus, Constantine the Great, &c. — Sec hek- C VLI ROMANO. CLAUDIA, a vestal virgin, who, being sus- pected of unchastity, cleared herself from that imputation in the following extraordinary man- ner : — The image of Cybele or Vesta, being brought from Phrygia to Rome in a galley, and it happening to stick so fast in the shallows of the Tiber as not to be removable even by the strength of a thousand men, she tied her girdle to the vessel, and drew it along to the city, in triumph over her calumniators ! — This story is illustrated by a brass medallion (in the French cabinet) above engraved from, struck in honour of the elder Faustina : of whom, though rumour had spread reports unfavourable to her matronly character, yet there were not wanting Roman flatterers to praise her as a wonderful pattern of correctness and modesty. — Sec cybele. CLAUDIA, daughter of the emperor Nero, by Poppsca, born at Antimn, in the year of Rome 816 (a. d. 64). She died an infant; and third brass coins (still extant and of extreme rarity) were struck in honour of her memory, under the style of clavd(ia) avgvsta — diva clavdia ner. f. On the reverse of one is diva poppaea avg. round a temple. — Mionnet. 2 E 2 CLAUDIUS I. CLAUDIUS I. — This emperor, the son of (Nero Claudius) Drnsus the elder, and of Anto- nia, was the younger brother of Germanicus. Born at Lugdunuin (Lyon), in Gaul, a. u. C. 744 (b. c. 10), on the kalends of August, he was named Tiberius Claudius Drusus. (Dion, lx. § 5.) Brought up from infancy amidst the baneful influences of a feeble constitution, terror, and the society of debased preceptors, he dis- played so extraordinary an amount of obtuseness and stupidity, that his mother used to speak of him as a monster, a being only half-fashioned by nature, and when wishing to charge any person with senselessness, she said he was more dull than her son Claudius. (Sucton. eh. 3.) Being on this account neglected by Augustus himself, he received no distinction except that of the Augur- ship, and w'as left as heir only among those of the third class, and almost as an alien to the family. (Sueton, c. 4.) On the death of Au- gustus, he was nominated Sodalis Augustalis (Tacitus, Ann. i. 54); but, excluded by his uncle Tiberius from all the offices of state which he solicited, he abandoned every hope of acquiring dignity, and surrendered himself to ease, drunken- ness, and companionship of the most degraded kind. Caligula, who in the first year of his reign, lavished honours upon all the members of his family, alive or dead, raised his uncle Claudius also from his obscurity, and in 790 (b. c. 37), when he was himself cotisul suffectus, appointed him as his colleague for two months, from the kalends of July, and designated him consul iteruai for the fourth year from that time. In 793, Caligula styled himself Jupiter Latialis, and gave Claudius the title of his priest (sacer- dos). In spite of this, however, he was despised by the people even under Caligula for his dul- ncss; but the low estimation in which he was held, in the long run, proved his safeguard. For, when almost all the males of his family were put to death, though he had a narrow escape for his own life, the mcutal deficiencies of his character stood him in great stead, and he was treated only as a laughing-stock. Caligula havingJieen slain on the 9th kalends of February, 794 (Bt-g, 41), Claudius, terrified at the circum- stance, concealed himself in the palace ; but being discovered by a soldier passing that way, and re- cognised, he was saluted Imperator, and being led to the camp, he passed the night amidst the bivouacs of the soldiers. The Consuls aud Con- script Fathers assembled in the capitol to de- liberate on the means of re-establishing the government; and, coming to no agreement among themselves, on the following day the soldiers took the oaths in the name of Claudius, aud compelled acquiescence by force of arms. In this manner elevated to the throne in his 49th year, Claudius immediately received all the honours decreed to him, except the titles of Imperator and Pater Patrice ; but even the latter he soon after permitted to be applied to him. He ordered Cassius Clucrea to be put to death, not from regret for the murder of Caligula, but for fear of a plot against his own 212 CLAUDIUS I. CLAUDIUS I. safety. lie restored to Antiochus, Commagenc, which had been taken from him by Caligula. lie sent back to Spain Mithridate9, who had been detained in chains by Caius; and on another Mithridates he bestowed the Bosporus, giving Polemon a part of Cilicia. For the benefit of ! the Jewish King Agrippa, who was then at Rome, and whose advice he had sought on enter- ing upon his reign, he enlarged the kingdom of Judaea, and to his brother Herod he gave j Chalcidene. In this the first year (a. d. 41) of Claudius’s reign, the Germani were defeated by Galba and Gabiuius. In 795 (a. d. 42). He defeated the Man- | ritanians and the Numidians in various engage- ments. He divided Mauritania into Tingitanis I and Cresaricnsis. He constructed the port of Ostia at au immense cost. Furius Camillas Scribonianus, the prefect of Dalmatia, excited a seditious movement against Claudius, which was soon put down, its instigator beiug slain on the : island of Issa. 796 (a. d. 43). He entered upon his third consulate, under novel circumstauccs for an em- peror, viz., as substituted ( suffectu s) in the place of an individual deceased. — A. Plautius, having been sent forward into Britain, carried on the cam- paign there strenuously; but a still more serious disturbance arising, he was superseded by Claudius himself, who, aiming at military fame, passed over to the seat of war. Having excellent officers to do the fighting part, he vanquished the Britons, was declared Imperator over and over again, and after remaining in the island not j more than seventeen days, he returned to the j continent. During his absence a triumph had been decreed to him by the abject Senate, also j an arch, and the prefix of Britannicus for him- self and his son. — (Sec Britannia and Britan, pp. 137 and 140 of this dictionary.) “ M hilst speaking of British affairs it may be added, that he evinced generosity of heart, when, charmed with the noble boldness of the captive Caractaeus, lie ordered the liberation of that prince and his family; an act, the merit of which will be immediately felt, on calling to mind the horrid fate too often reserved for royal captives.” Capt. Smyth, p. 33.] 797 (a. n 4\). Returning to Rome he cele- brated his triumph over the Britons. He en- larged the patrimonial dominion of M. Julius Cottius, which he held in the district of the Alps, called by his name (Cot Han), and gave him the title of King. 798 and 799 (a. d. 45 and 46). No occur- rence of note took place during these two years, with the exception of the vile intrigues of Messalina and the freedmen ; not to omit men- tioning the directions which he gave respecting the mode in which statues were to be erected. 800 (a. d. 47). He celebrated the 800th anniversary of the building of Rome with the exhibition of secular games, 64 years after their celebration by Augustus. He appointed as King over the Cherusci, Italicus, sou of Flavius, the brother of Arminius. (Tacitus, Ann. xi. 16). Corbulo continued to command the Roman army in Lower Germania, and reduced the Frisii to submission — whilst Vespasian, with his son Titus, harrassed the Britons. 801 (a. d. 48). As Censor, having for his colleague L. Vitellius, the father of Aulus Yitel- lius, afterwards Emperor, lie removed certain members of the Senate, and tilled up their places with others. He conferred upon the inhabitants of Gallia Transalpine the privileges of Senators at Rome, and closed the lustrum this year. (Re- specting the date of this censorship, sec censor 11 . p. 193, also the mint of vitellius.) — Dur- ing the absence of Claudius at Ostia, his wife Messalina publicly married C. Silius at Rome. Being informed of the circumstance on his re- turn, he ordered her and her paramour to be put to death. — (Tac. Ann. xi.) 802 (a. d. 49). At the beginning of this year, lie married his graud-daughter Agrippina. At the entreaty, of the Parthians, he sent back Mehcrdatcs [one of the Arsacidsc, i. e. of the line of the kings of Parthia], who had been de- tained as a hostage at Rome, to become their king. — Mithridates of the Bosporus, making fresh attempts against Cotys, was taken pri- soner to Rome. The Itunei aud Judtei, on the death of their kings Sohcmius and Agrippa, were added to the province of Syria. 803 (a. d. 50). Claudius adopted L. Domi- tius Ahcnobarbus (afterwards the emperor Nero) the son of Agrippina; who herself, the same year, received the title of Augusta. A colony was sent out to the town of the Ubii, her birth- place, and to which the name of Agrippina was given (now Cologne). — L. Pomponius subdued the Catti. — Caractaeus, king of Britain, after a war of nine years, was defeated and taken pri- soner. 804 (a. d. 51). Nero prematurely assumed the toga viri/is, before he completed his four- teenth year, and was designated consul, upon which office he would enter on reaching the age of twenty; a pro-consular jurisdiction without the walls of Rome was decreed to him, and he received the title of Princeps Juventutis. — Bur- ros was appointed prefect of the pretorions, through the influence of Agrippina. 805 (a. d. 52). The Clitse, a wild race of people in Cilicia, haviug revolted against their Roman masters, were put down. The famous naumachia, or representation of a sea-fight, took place in the presence of the emperor, on the lake Fucinus, near Rome. — Claudius com- pleted, with great magnificence, two aqueducts CLAUDIUS I. of the purest water, one called Aqua Claudia, the other the New Anio, and dedicated them.— (See aqua-ductus, p. 69 et seq. of this dic- tionary). — In the succeeding year, Nero Caesar, in his sixteenth year, married Octavia, the daughter of Claudius. 897 (a. d. 54). Whilst confined to his bed by illness, Claudius was put to death, on the 12th of October, by his wife Agrippina, who, through the instrumentality of Locusta, the sorceress, administered poison to him in a dish of mushrooms. Thus perished in the 63rd year of his age, and 14th of his reign, the Emperor Claudius ; one raised by a remarkable turn of fortune to a position, which he had neither expected nor coveted. The empire thus thrust upon him he administered much less at his own discretion than that of his wives and his freedmen, acting in all measures as best suited their convenience or pleasure. It was, therefore, wittily observed of him by Seneca, that he celebrated the month of Saturn the whole year through ; the mouth, that is to say, in which slaves used to lord it over their masters. The most notorious among these freedmen were Narcissus, Pallas prefect of the exchequer, Callistus master of requests, Felix the eunuch, afterwards procurator of Juda», Mnestor, the actor, a prime favourite of Messalina, Polybius, Posides, and Harpocras ; all of whom, in influencing the conduct of the emperor, availed themselves less of his dulness, than of his timidity, which rendered him ab- surdly superstitious. Thus it was fear which induced him to put his signature to the deed of settlement, by which the marriage of his own wife Messalina with Silius was ratified ; and again, a new terror caused him to order the execution of herself and her paramour. And hence it arose, that all who, during his reign, stood in the way of other’s cupidity, on a hint from his wives or freedmen of some plot against himself, were forthwith put to death. — Of stu- pidity he gave numerous specimens, especially in the absurd laws which he introduced during his censorship, and in his habit of inviting to dinner, in a tit of forgetfulness, those whom the day before he had commanded to be destroyed. He had, however, plenty of cruelty in his dis- position; for no spectacle gave him more de- light than that of gladiators lacerated by each other’s blows, or the attacks of beasts, and to gaze upon the agonies of their last moments. — But this passion extended itself only to gladia- tors, and the refuse of the people. Yet this man was a fair scholar, and was no mean writer of history ; but even in this pursuit he could not refrain from trifling, by either introducing new letters into the alphabet, or by reviving anti- quated ones, and thus interfering with the public convenience. Evidence of a loftier and more energetic spirit will be recognized in his pre- sence during the campaign in Britain ; the vast works of the port of Ostia ; and the aqueducts completed by him. From these it may be con- cluded that he would have proved himself far from incapable of noble deeds, had his natural CLAUDIUS II. 213 I abilities been cultivated by an education worthy of a sovereign ; a post for which, however, he had never seemed to be destined till he had actu- ally reached it. — See Eckhel, vi. p. 233 et seq. The coins of Claudius are not numerous, yet ! for the most part easily to be procured. Gold rare, j Silver, with certain exceptions, common. Those of the three sizes in brass also, with few ex- ceptions, common. Some pieces representing him with Agrippina junior, and others restored by Titus and Trajan are very rare. On the products of his mint (as on the first brass en- graved p. 212), he is styled ti. clavdivs caesak avg. p. m. tr. p. imp. — O n some obverses ap- pears the surname of germanicus, which he took in memory of his father and brother. But that of Britannicus, although awarded him, is not assumed amongst his numismatic appella- tions. “This emperor (says Mionnet) constantly ab- stained from placing on any of his coins struck at Rome, the title of Tmperator as a prenomen ; but he used, and repeated frequently, that very title as a surname.” In two instances only of colonial coins imp. is found prefixed to the name clavdivs. “ It is a peculiarity (observes Capt. Smyth) of this reign that the tribunitian power is omitted in the legends.” — Amongst the rarest and most remarkable reverses on this emperor’s coinage are the following : — Silver Medallions. — com. asia. Temple and two figures within . — diana ephesia, with portraits of Claudius and Agrippina — (valued by Mionnet at 80 fr.) Gold. — constantiae avgvsti — ( restored by Trajan, priced at 120 fr. by Mionnet .) — de britan. Triumphal arch — (40 fr .) — de ger- manis. Arch — (48 fr.) — DIW3 clavdivs — ( re- stored by Trajan, 120 fr.) — imper. recept. Pretorian camp — (40 fr.) — Young portrait of Nero (72 fr .) — praetor rf.cept. — ( 48 fr.) Silver. — sacerdos divi. avgvsti — T wo torches — (30 fr.) — Claudius in a quadriga — 34 fr.) — Peace preceded by a serpent. — See paci. avgvstae. First Brass. — de germanis. Trophy — (valued by Mionnet at 60 fr.) Second Brass. — constantiae avgvsti. — Helmeted figure. There are no Latin coins in honour of any of the wives of Claudius, except of Agrippina. Those of Messalina are Greek and colonial. — This emperor established colonies in almost all parts of the Roman world. CLAUDIUS II. (M. AURELIUS, surnamed GOTHICUS) w'as born in Illyria, on the 10th of May, a. d. 214 or 215. His family descent was so obscure that even the name of his father remains u nknown. But indebted for distinction 214 CLAUDIUS II. to liis own talents both as a soldier and a states- man, he acquired the confidence of Trajanus Decius, by whom he was entrusted with the de- fence of Thermopyl® against the northern in- vaders of Greece. — Valerian gave him the rank of military tribune, and in a. d. 250, made him go- vernor of Illyricum, and general in chief of all the provinces on the Lower Danube. The fame of Claudius in the wars, which the indolent Gal- licuus had to sustain against the usurpers who rose under his distracted reign, induced the Senate to honour him with a statue. Having been summoned to assist at the siege of Milan, where Gallienus was engaged in suppressing the revolt of Anrcolus, it was believed, but not on any assured authority, that he gave his assent to the plot, which resulted in the assassination of the prince, whom he succeeded about the twentictli of March, a. d. 268. The choice of the army was enthusiastically confirmed by the Senate. Claudius fulfilled, with a character un- changed, and a reputation undiminished, the ex- pectations and wishes of the Romans. lie seemed to have only one wish, that of restoring to the republic its ancient liberty and its original splendour. After having destroyed Aurcolus, and gained a decisive victory over a large body of the Alcmanni, on the shores of the Lago di Garda, near Verona, he commenced the arduous task of re-establishing order and discipline. It was to this end that he decreed laws, which had they been followed out and obeyed, would have ensured the welfare and happiness of the empire. In a. d. 269, Claudius took the consulship, and the same year marched to the encounter of a more formidable enemy than had, up to that period, menaced the power of Rome. The different tribes of barbarians, known under the general appellation of Goths, having collected a fleet of more than two thousand vessels, at the mouth of the Dniester, embarked on board of it no less, it is said, than 320,000 men, who were landed on the shores of Macedonia ; and thence advanced to meet Claudius, who after a terrible battle fought near Naissns, in Dardania, (a. d. 269), gained a great victory; 50,000 of them having been slain in one day. The follow- ing year the emperor succeeded in either destroy- ing or dispersing the remainder : these achieve- ments, gained for him the title of Gothicus. He then prepared to turn his arms against Queen Zenobia, and the. usurper Tctricus ; but at that moment, a pestilence which the Goths had brought with them into the confines of the em- pire, proved fatal to their conqueror. He was attacked by this widely spread epidemic at Sir- mium (Sirmich), in Pannonia, and died there in the mouth of May, a. d. 270, aged 56, after a reign of about two years, recommending with his parting breath, his general Aurelianus as the worthiest candidate for the purple. This heroic priucc is described to have had a tall and robust person, a broad countenance, and eye full of fire, lie was dignified in his manners, calm in dis- position, temperate in his habits. A foe to effeminacy, he delighted in warlike exercises ; and set nil example to his soldiers of a life snb- CLAUDIUS II. jected to the greatest fatigues and privations. To believe his panegyrists, he was of all the em- perors the most beloved during his reign, and the most regretted after his death. There is no doubt, however, that he was a prince of great merit, and of splendid public qualities. The Senate heaped honours of every description on bis memory ; a golden buckler (see c/ipeut va- lient) bearing his image, was placed in the Curia Romuna ; and a golden statue, six feet high, was erected to him in the capitol, at Rome. This emperor is styled on coins, at first simply IMP. CI.AVDIVS CAESAR AVO. or IMP. C. M. AVR. ci.avdi vs avg. — After his victory over the Alcmanni, and his still greater victory over the Goths, we read round his portrait imp. c. m. avr. ci.avdivs GERM. gothicvs. — After his death divvs ci.avdivs gothicvs and diws clavd. opt. imp. The following are amongst the rarest and most remarkable reverses in the coinage of Claudius Gothicus. Gold. — concord exerci. A woman with two ensigns ; one of which she holds erect in her right hand, and the other under her left arm — a singular feature in such a type. invictvs avg. Helmed head of Claudius. — memoriae aeternae. Rome withiu a temple. The above two are valued at 300 fr. each by Mionnet. pax exerc. Peace. Brought £15 15s. at the Thomas sale. virtvs clavdii. Emperor on horseback, riding over prostrate figures. Engraved in Akerman. Deter . Cat. ii. pi. 10, No. 2. A finely preserved specimen of this very rare aureus brought £14 10s. at the Thomas sale. victoria avg. A Victory stauding ; at her feet are two captives ; one kneels, and is raising up his hands ; the other is seated. — [This beau- tiful and extra rare coin brought £27 10s. at the Thomas sale. It is now in the British Museum. See an accurate engraving of it, prefixed to the foregoing biographical notice of this emperor]. Brass Medallions. — adventvs avg. Em- peror on horseback, with Victory and soldiers. Valued bv Mionnet at 50 fr. consecratio. Altar lighted. — mars vltor. marching with trophy. — Marti pacip. With olive branch. — The above three arc valued by Mionnet at 40 fr. each. consecratio. Square altar. — Valued nt 60 fr. First Brass. — iovi victoui. Jupiter stand- ing. — 60 fr. Second Rrass. virtvs avg. Military figure. Third Brass. — deo cahiro. One of the Cnbiri. CLEMENTIA. CLEMENTIA. 215 reg i artis. Vulcan standing. vi r. avg. Minerva and one of the Cabiri. reqvies optimorvm merit. Figtu’e veiled and seated. CLAUDIUS TACITUS. — See tacitus. C. L. DOM. Casar Lucius Domitius. — See AL'llELl ANUS. CLEMENTIAE. — Clemency — whom the Ro- mans worshipped as a goddess, and for the most part set at naught as a virtue — had a temple erected to her honour, as in memory of the mercy which Julius Caesar exercised towards his enemies after the victories he had gained. On a denarius of the ./Emilia gens (engraved in Morel/. Thesaur. Fam. Rom.) the obverse bears PAVLLVS LRPIDVS concord. A veiled female head. — Rev. — CLEMENTIAE. s. c. Head of a female in the middle of an ornamented buckler. L. Paulus is said to have given liberty, in- stead of servitude, to the Macedonians, whom he had fought with and subdued. The memory of this good action was handed down to pos- terity, through the durable medium of a coin, by a descendant of his. — See Morel/. Thesaur. Familia, t. i. p. 644. Engraved in t. ii. tab. 1, F. — Valued at 40 fr. by Mionnct. A denarius of L. Buca, a moueyer of Julius Cicsar, exhibits on its reverse the legend cle- MENTIA, and the head of that goddess, with a laurel branch before it. CLEMENTIAE CAESARIS. A tetrastyle temple. — On a silver coin of Julius Cicsar this legend and type appear. The latter represents the temple of Clemency which was erected at Rome, in memory of Julius, and in honour of that vir- tue, so rare in conquerors, yet which no one ever exercised more nobly than he, by the concurrent voice of all historic writers, is allowed to have done on every occasion. Du Choul, in his quaint but honest style, says — “ And as from piety come pity and clemency, in which Julius Cicsar surpassed all other princes, I have accom- panied this medal with a sentence worthy to be engraved iu letters of gold, taken from an an- tique marble, and which says — nihil est qvod MAGIS DECEAT PRINC1PEM QVAM LIBERAI.ITAS et CLEMENTIA — that is to say, there is nothing which more becomes a prince than clemency and liberality. And, in truth, there is nothing in this world more graceful than mercy.” — See La Religion (les Romains, p. 26. — See also The- saur. Morell. Impp. t. iii. tab. v. No. 8. CLEMENTIA IMP. GERMAN, dementia Imperatoris Gcrmanici. — On coins of Vitellius (rare in gold, but not so in silver), this legend accompa- nies a female figure, in the stola, seated, holding a small branch in one hand, and the hast a pura in the other. On this and other impe- rial coins, the goddess is re- presented both standing and seated, sometimes holding a branch of olive, as marking peace and gentleness, or a laurel branch, because (says Jobert, citing Pliny’s authority), “ it was used to expiate the guilt of criminals.” Vaillant illustrates the signification of this coin, by adducing the historical fact, that Vitel- lius eagerly received the surname of Germanicus awarded to him hv the army of Upper Germany. On the death of Otho, he spared the life of that emperor’s brother Titianus, whom he ex- cused on the ground of fraternal piety, lie served the consulate with Marius Cclsus, Otho’s general, 822 (a. d. 69) : nor did he act with severity either towards the persons or property of rcvolters against his government, which makes Tacitus say — “ Vitellius victor dementia gloriam tulit.” — (Pnest ant. vol. ii. p. 80). CLEMENTIA AUG. — (Clemency of the Em- peror). COS. II. also COS. III. — On silver and secoud brass of Albiuus, who in this legend con- trasts his own clemency with the cruel harsh- ness of Severus, who had behaved with great barbarity towards such of the Senators as he suspected of being hostile to him, and especially towards those who followed the fortunes of Pescennius Niger. — (Eckhel, vii. 163). CLEMENTIA TEMP, or TEMPORUM.— Two figures, representing Jupiter and the em- peror, supporting a globe in their joined hands, or a woman standing by a column, accompany this legend on third brass of Florianus, Tacitus, Probus, and other Augusti of the lower empire. CLEMENTIAE. To Clemency. S. C.— This dedicatory inscription occurs on a second brass of Tiberius, over a shield, of which the design is evidently borrowed from the dementia of the ./Emilia family already described. The full-faced bust in the centre is, in some specimens of this rare coin, that of a female (perhaps personify- ing Clemency) ; on others that of a man (pro • bably meant for Tiberius himself) — immedi- ately surrounded by a laurel crown, with double outer circle of a highly ornamented pattern. — See patera. The praise of clemency, admitted by all an- cient historians to have been justly bestowed ou Julius Cscsar, was afterwards prostituted to the flattery of the most cruel emperors. Thus not only the clemeneg but the moderation of Tibe- rius is celebrated on his coins ; and the Roman Senate commanded sacrifices to be made in ac- knowledgment of the same god-like quality in — Caligula ! — The mark of Senatorial sanction on this coin seems by implication to indicate the wish of that obsequious body, that the emperor should in future be merciful, which for a long time previous he had not been. — The above re- verse is engraved from a specimen, in the pos- session of Goddard Johnson, Esq. Norwich. 216 CLEOPATRA. CLEOPATRA, the 7th (or 8th) and last Queen of Egypt, was born towards the end of 685 (b. c. 69). — This celebrated woman was the daughter of Ptolemy Aulctes, and the sis- ter and wife of Ptolemy (XII.) Dionysius Ncoterus, who was slain at the battle of Alexandria, fighting against Julius Ciesar, in the year 797 (b. c. 47). Caesar, being ena- moured of Cleopatra, gave her Ptolemy XIII. (her brother), for a husband, to cover his own designs. But young Ptolemy was taken off by poison, or drowned in the Nile, and Cleopatra began to reign alone in the year 712 (b. c. 42). The next year Arsinoc, sister of Cleopatra, was assassinated by command of Mark Antony, who had in turn become, after Ciesar’s death, the paramour of Cleopatra; and it was “for love” ot her that this vain ambitious Roman acted as if he deemed “ the world well lost.” Antony having at length divorced his wife Octavia, the sister of Augustus, a quarrel and a war ensued between those two unscrupulous men of clash- ing interests. — In 723 (b. c. 31), Cleopatra accompanied her lover to Actium, with a fleet superbly equipped; and after his defeat fled to Alexandria, where she put an end to her life in 724 (b. c. 30), by the bite of an asp, in an unfinished Mausoleum (which had already served for the tomb of Antony), that she might not be led in triumph to Rome by the conqueror. Augustus, however, determined at least to chain her golden image to his car; and after his triumph, he deposited it in the temple of Venus, of which, according to Dion, it was a principal ornament. Thus died one of the most captivating but most unprincipled of sovereign princesses, at the age of 39 years, of which she reigned seventeen. M itli her fell the dynasty of the Ptolemies in Egypt, and indeed the Egyptian monarchy. Cleopatra had a son by Julius Ctcsar, Ciesarion, called Ptolemy ; and three children by Mark Antony, viz., a son called Alexander, a daughter named after herself, who was afterwards be- trothed to Juba the younger (see ivba rex), and Ptolemy, surnamed Philadelphus. “The leading points of Cleopatra’s character were ambition and voluptuousness. But in all the stories of her luxury and lavish expense, there is a splendour and a grandeur that some- what refines them. In the days of her prosperity her arrogance was unbounded. She was avaricious to supply her extravagance, and cruel, or at least had no regard for human life, when her own objects were concerned. Her talents were great and varied : her knowledge of different languages was peculiarly remarkable ; and in the midst of her most luxurious scenes, proofs are to be traced of a love for literature and for critical re- search. She added the library of Pergamos to that of Alexandria. Her ready and versatile wit ; hey knowledge of human nature, and power of using it ; her attractive manners, and her ex- quisitely musical and flexible voice, compared by Plutareb to a many-stringed instrument, arc also the subject of well-attested praise. The higher points in her character are admirably CLEOPATRA. touched by Horace in the Ode (i. 37), on her defeat at Actium.” — Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, edited by W. Smith, LL. I). There arc coins of this Queen, both silver and brass, with both Latin and Greek legends, exhi- biting her head, either alone or jugated with that of Mark Antony. Amongst these arc the two following : — CLF.OPATRAE, BEGIN AE KEGVM, FILIORVM regvm. — This legend appears on the reverse of a denarius of M. Antony, which also exhibits the head of Cleopatra, beside which is the prow of a ship, or a lituus. The obverse of this re- markable coin bears the head of Antony, behind which is the Armenian tiara, and round it M. ANTONI. ARMENIA DEV1CTA. Antony, having contrived to envciglc into his power Artavasdes, king of Armenia, deposed him and gave his crown and dominions to the son whom he (Antony) had by Cleopatra ; to whom, in sacrifice of all justice and true policy, the infatuated triumvir stamped this reverse with her portrait, which has the appearance of neither youth nor beauty to recommend it. He also gave her the title of ( Regina regum, et filiorum regum, the word mater being under- stood) the queen of kings and the mother of the sons of kings. — For an engraving of this coin ( not of Roman die) — see page 81 of this dic- tionary. The testimony of Dion Cassius supports the fact, that, in a speech to the people of Alexandria, Mark Antony commanded that Cleopatra should be styled Queen of Kings, with right and title to Egypt and Cyprus. It is also recorded that, of his sons by Cleopatra, he bestowed Syria on Ptolemy, with all the territories bordering on the Hellespont ; on Alexander Armenia, and whatever countries he might subdue beyond the Euphrates ; and on his daughter Cleopatra the district of Cyrcne. 2. Obc. — M. ANTONIVS IMP. COS. DESIO. ITER et teut. Heads of a man and woman side by side. Re v. — hi. vir. r. p. c. Bacchus standing on the cista between two serpents. Silver of Mark Antony. — See Cistophori, p. 204 of this volume. After having conquered Brutus, Antony made his entry into Ephesus, with a procession of men, women, and children, clothed as bac- chantes and satyrs ; crowned with ivy and bear- ing thyrsi. Plutarch relates au account of these orgia, in which Mark Antony was ho- noured as a second Bacchus. — Antony repeated this folly till he came to the city of Alexandria, into which he made the same kind of entry, as Velleius Paterculus relates. Antony’s cistophori struck in Asia, were probably coined nt Ephesus, which, added to the others, this superior mark of adulation. Eekhcl has not pronounced on the doubt en- tertained by many numismatists, some of whom have attributed the female head to Octavia, and others to Cleopatra. However, he thinks that the latter would have been figured with a crow ned head, if it had been meant for her. It was in 720 (b. c. 34), that Antony united the finest provinces of Asia aud Africa to his C. L. CAESARES. other conquests ; aud the coinage of Cleopatra could not be associated with his own till the year 722, when peace was broken between the triumviri. He was named consul for the third time, in 720. The woman’s head on the cista may therefore be that of Octavia , and the dia- demed head joined to his, that of Cleopatra. (Sec Loci. Num. vol. iv. p. 66, et seq.) — See also Biographical Summary of M. Autonius, aud notice of his mintages, pp. 57, 58, 59, of this Dictionary. C. L. CAESARES A V G V S T I F. COS. DESIG. PRINC. I WENT. ( Cains et Lu- cius Casares Augusti Filii Consules Lesignati Prin- cipes Juventutis). Two figures veiled and togated, standing — each holds in his hand a spear, with a buckler resting on the ground ; above is a capeduncuta and tiluns. 2. Rev.— C. L. CAESARES PRINC. IVVEN- TVTIS. — Each Caesar on horseback, going at a quick rate, lifts up his right hand. — These two silver coins of Roman die, each having a head of Augustus on its obverse, being, in the opinion of Eekhel, in- valuable, as serving to illustrate the history of both Caesars (see p. 159) he has given the following detailed account (it were superfluous to add, accurate explanation) of them : — Consules Lesignati. — On this point Tacitus says — (Annal. i. ch. 3) — “For he had intro- duced the sons of Agrippa, Caius and Lucius, into the family of the Cmsars, before they had laid aside their youthful pratexta ; and, under an affectation of declining those honours, had concealed a vehement desire that they should be entitled Principes Juventutis, and nominated (designari) Consuls.” Again, Suetonius (in Aug. ch. 64) — “And while still mere chil- dren he put them forward in offices of state, and as consules designati sent them forth among the provinces aud the armies of the empire.” — The year in which they became consules designati is fixed by an inscribed marble found at Ancyra, thus — “To do me honour, the Roman Senate aud people designated them (Caius and Lucius) in their 15th year, consuls, that they might enter upon that office after a lapse of five years.” — According to these words, Caius, who was born 734 (b. c. 20), and in 748 (b. c. 6) would be 15 years of age, was then made consul designates. On a marble which Cardinal Noris quotes from Panviuius we read respecting the same Caius — “ Whom the people created consul in his XIVth year; ” and consequently on this latter marble the completed years only are reckoned. And, indeed, Caius did actually, as the marble of Ancyra has it, after the interval of five years, enter upon his consulship in the year u. c. 754 (a. d. 1) ; the year 748 not being taken into 2 F C. L. CAESARES. 217 j account. As according to the record of the same marble, the same course was pursued with refer- j enee to his brother Lucius, and as he was born J 737 (b. c. 17), it follows that he was designated consul a.u. c. 751 (b. c. 3), or as Cardinal Noris fixes it, 752 ; and iu order that on the same analogy he might enter upon office iu 757 (a. d. 4), but this was prevented by his death occurring in the interim. Principes Juventutis. — That this distinction was conferred upon them, is abundantly testified by historians, coins, and marbles. In the case of Caius, the time is fixed by Zonaras, viz. in 749 (b.c. 5), and as he also records, that Lucius obtained the same honours in the vear following, it appears that this title was shared by him also in the year U. c. 750 (b. c. 4). On the first coin both Cscsars stand veiled and togated, no doubt a religious costume; above them, on one side, is a lituus, on the other a capeduncuta (or ewer) ; though the posilion of these instruments varies, according to Pedrusi (Mus. Farnese), on different coins, so that some present the lituus on the right, others on the left side. The capeduncuta certainly belongs to Caius, for Dion tells us that he entered the "priesthood (sacerdotium) u. C. 748 (b. c. 6). The pon- tificate of Caius is further confirmed by a coin above quoted under his separate coinage, on which he is described as font. cos. and also by an inscription given by Gruter (p. 234.4). C. CAESARI. AVGVSTI. F. PONTIFICI. COS. DESIG NATO. riUNCIPI. IVVENTVTIS. The lituus is the appropriate symbol of Lucius, as being that of an augur. That he held this office is proved by a marble published in the same place by Gruter : — L. CAESARI. AVGVSTI F. AVGVRI. COS. UESIGNATO. PRINCIPI. IVVENTVTIS. To which may be added other marbles, dis- played in the same work, and exhibiting the same titles. Both Cresars hold the hasta and clipeus. Each of these arms they received from the Equestrian Order to which they belonged, as a gift on the occasion of being chosen Principes Juventutis. — Dion informs us (lv. § 12), that “ the golden bucklers and spears of Caius and Lucius, which they received from the equites on assuming the toga virilis, were after their deaths suspended iu the Senate-house.” — But on the marble of Ancyra, which has greater claims to credit, they are said to have been of silver — “ The Roman equites in a body gave them each the title of Princeps Juventutis, pre- senting them at the same time with bucklers and spears of silver.” — A coin of Nero shews that he also was presented, as Princeps Juven- tutis, with a similar buckler by the equestrian order. — See eqvest. ord. These coins were struck between the years U. C. 752 and 753 (b. c. 2 and 1) not before; for Augustus, who is styled on them pater 218 CLIPEUS. CUPEL'S. palria, received this appellation for the first time in the year 752 (b. C. 2) nor later ; for in the year 754 (a.d.1) Caius was no longer consul desiynalus, but actually consul. No imperial coins have been more frequently imitated by foreign moneycrs (barharce oflicina monetario- rum), than these we have been describing; so great is the number which has come down to us, of most unfinished, and, indeed, ludicrously bad workmanship. — Doct. Num. Vet. vi. 171-172. Miounet values No. 1, in gold, at 135 fr. ; and No. 2, in silver, at 50 fr. C. L. I. COR. — See corinthus. CLIO, one of the Muses, so called from «A«os, Gloria , because glory is derived to the poets from their verses. On a denarius of Q. Pomponius the laureated head of a female appears as the obverse type. On the reverse is the legend Q. pomponivs MVsa, and the figure of a woman standing. This is supposed to represent Clio, and the lyre which she holds in her left hand, and on which she is in the attitude of playing, bears allusion to her reputed invention of that musical instru- ment, with which she sang the praises of heroes. CUPEL'S — a buckler, or shield — one of the most ancient pieces of defensive armour. The Romaus at first made use of the round shield of the Argfcans, which they called Clipeiis. After the union of the Sabines with the Romans, the latter adopted the scutum of the Sabines, which had the form of au oblong square, sometimes fiat, concave inside, sometimes convex outside. And this at length became part of the defensive armour of the Roman infantry. The round buckler of the cavalry was called parma. The shields of the legionaries appear to have been ornamented with designs not unlike heraldic bearings — such as a thunderbolt, an anchor, a lion, a wild-boar, a serpent, or some other symbol. And these, being also painted of a particular colour, served to distinguish each legion, and each cohort, from others, and gave rise to the surnames, by which the legions were often designated. — Distinctive signs were also added to mark the buckler of each soldier, because in camp the bucklers were all deposited in a tent or magazine. A soldier was dishonoured, if he abandoned his shield. Warriors, frequently after having despoiled their enemy of his buckler, offered it in some temple to a deity : hence the appellation of votive shields (see c. L. v. below). They were soon fabricated of metals ; and were even made of marble, when placed on monu- ments ; but in these instances they enter into the composition of trophies. On coins, Victory is ofteu seen inscribing the date of some great military exploit on these bucklers. There is a brass medallion of Antoninus, the reverse type of which forms a remarkably fine record of triumph over the Partitions, by inscription on a shield. — Sec vie. parthicae. Cl i pens Maccdonicus — the Macedonian shield, of a round form, was manufactured of gold or silver, or both, with ingenious w’orkmausbip, conspicuous for its various embellishments. — The representation of such a shield is seen, with the head of an elephaut in it, on denarii of the Csecilia family, struck by M. mktel- i.vs, q. P. in memory of his ancestor Cteci- lins Metcllus, who for his victory over the Car- thaginians, was the first to enjoy the honours of a triumph in a chariot drawn by elephauts. Rut it is on account of the triumph of his graud- father for Macedonia that the Macedonian shield was assumed in this coin. — See p. 149 of this Dictionary. CL. V. C/ipeus Votivus. The votive shield. Many of these appear on the gold and silver mintages of Augustus. Amongst the rest the two following: — 1. Rev . — cl. v. within a circular buckler, at each corner the initials s. p. q. r. On one side of this round buckler is a legionary eagle, on the other a military ensign. Above and below the shield signis receptis. — 2. Rev. — ob. ervis ser- vatos. A buckler, on which is inscribed s. P. Q. r. c. L. v. encircled by au oaken crown. These CL ipei Votivi (for so the abbreviation is to be expanded), are represented in various ways, which may be seen in Morel, or in the catalogue of the Imperial Museum, p. ii. p. 80. The custom of dedicating shields is a very ancient one. Thus, Virgil (jEn. v. 286) tells, that .Eneas dedicated a shield to Apollo Actius (or at Actium) with the inscription, “.Eneas hicc de Danais victoribus anna ” — Pliny records the instances of the practice in Rome itself, and adds, that the ancient Trojans, and the Cartha- ginians, were in the habit of engraving their portraits on shields (xxxv. ch. 3.) As regards the Carthaginians, the statement is confirmed by- Livy (xxv. 39), who says, that among the spoil was a silver shield 138 pounds in weight, with a likeness of Barcinus llasdrubal. In like manuer the Scuate dedicated, in the curia, to Claudius (lothicus, a golden shield ; on which “ was re- presented a likeness of his countenance as far as the throat,” according to Trebellius Pollio ; and so there is ou a coin of Mescinius, struck in the year 738 (b. c. 16), the head of Augustus iu a shield ; and heads of Clementia aud Moderatio are similarly exhibited on the coins of Tiberius. The joke of Cicero given by Macrobius is wcll- knowu : seeing in pro-consular Asia a likeness of his brother Quintus ou a shield, painted in immense proportions as far as the chest (whereas Quintus was of small stature), he exclaimed, my brother’s half length is greater than his whole. The use, then, of these shields was, that by being suspended in public or private localities, they might either presesent a likeness of an indi- vidual, aud that either in paint ing or alto-relievo, of which kind were the shields of Homer and Virgil, the work of Vulcan, and spoken of by Pliny (xxxv. ch. 2) ; or that, by means of an in- scription, the remembrance of some illustrious exploit might be transmitted to posterity. — The latter mode is very frequently observed ou the coins of Emperors, l’bilo .ludieus hus CLIPEUS. CLOACIN. 219 in one passage mentioned both kinds, where he says, that Pilate, the prefect of Judfea, “dedicated, in the palace of Herod, which stands in the sacred city, gilded shields, exhi- biting, indeed, no portrait or other device for- bidden by the laws, but only the barely neces- sary inscription, by which two things might be understood, viz. the name of the person who dedicated them, and of the person to gratify w hom the dedication was made.” The shields of Domitian, which the Senate, on hearing of his death, caused to be pulled dow'n from the walls of the curia, and thrown upon the ground, as Suetonius relates (in Domit. ch. 23), were doubtless distinguished with either the portrait or the names of that tyrant. To the foregoing may be added the information, which the learned interpreters of the Herculaneum Antiquities have lately gathered respecting these clipei. CLIPEUS. — In p. 45 of this dictionary, article ANCILIA, reference has been made to the word Clipeus , with a view to some further re- marks being offered, respecting the form of those scuta sancta of the Romans. Since that portion of the present work was committed to press, the compiler, through the kindness of Messrs. Tay- lor, Walton, and Mabberly, tinds himself here enabled to insert a valuable illustration, employed in one of the most useful of their classical publications. By means of the subjoined cut, nil opportunity is afforded for comparing the shape of an Ancile, as engraved on the antique gem in the Florentine Museum, with those re- presentations of the same thing which appear on coins of Augustus and of Antoninus Pius. The two monetal specimens will be found to agree in most points with each other; but to differ materially from the delineation of the shields on the relic from which the subjoined is engraved. And now, it is left with the reader to judge, which corresponds the more closely with the description of those “ sacred bucklers,” given by Festus and by Plutarch : — -auast. This group exhibits the figures of two Salian priests, with heads veiled, and wearing the trabea. On the short cloak of oue a hippocampus (or sea-horse), is figured ; on that of the other a triton. They carry six ancilian bucklers on their shoulders, suspended from a pole. Above is inscribed ai.livs, and below alce, in old 2F2 italiot characters, perhaps in allusion to the Salii of Aleso, a city which, in the ancient language of the country, was named Alse. — See i.anzi, Saggio ii. cited by Millin, Gal. Myth. i. pi. xxxviii. No. 148. It was the twelve priests of Mars Gradivus, who were appointed, under the denomination of Salii, to the office of preserving the twelve ancilia. The feast of the god was annually observed during several days ; when the Salii carried their shields about the city, singing songs in praise of Mars, Numa, and Mamurius Vetu- rius (the armourer whom Numa ordered to make eleven other shields, exactly like the “ heaven- descended” oue). In performing their dance, the Salii struck the shields with rods (virgte), so as to keep time with their voices, and with the movements of their dance. The above cut shews one of these rods, as represented on the tomb of a pontifex salius, or chief of the salii (Gruter, Inscrip.) Its form, as here exhibited, illus- trates the manner of using it. — Virgil, describing the attire of Picus, a mythical king of Latium, says, he held the ancile in his left hand (Icevaque ancile gerebat, Ain. vii. 1 87-) Other authors represent the salii as bearing the ancilia on their necks, or on their shoulders. These accounts may be reconciled on the supposition, that the shield was suspended by a leathern baud (lorum, Juv. ii. 1 25), proceeding from the right shoulder, and passing round the neck. That the weight of the ancile (made of bronze) was con- siderable, and that the use of it, in the sacred dance, required no small exertion, is apparent from Juvenal’s expression (ii. 126), “ sudavit clypeis ancilibus.” — See Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, edited by Dr. VV. Smith. CLOACIN. Cloacina. — From some cloaca, or common-sewer, at Rome, in which a statue of Venus was found ; and, as all events con- tributed to furnish the Romans with occasions for giving new names to their divinities, so that of Cloacina was from this alleged circumstance assigned by them to Venus herself. On two denarii of the Mussidia gens, we see this abbre- viated name at the bottom of the reverse, as follows : — 1. Obv. — Radiated head of the Sun, full- faced. — Rev. Q. M VSSIDIVS longvs. A structure in form like a galley ; upon it stand two figures. On the lower part of it we read the word cloacin. — 2. Obv. — Concordia. Veiled head of Concord, with sometimes a star, sometimes a crescent before it. — Rev. — Same legend and type. The Comitium, or Comitia, oue of two places, where assemblies of the people were held, is here represented, with its stair-case, and its cancelli or lattice work. The figures upon it are a distributor of electoral tickets, and a citizen in the act of giving his vote, for either the making of some law, or the election of a consul, or other public functionary. With regard to the 220 CLOVIA. CLOULIA. legend cloacin, Ecldiel says : this word denotes the Comitium itself ; for T. Tatius, king of the Sabines, in consequence of a statue of Venus having been found in a cloaca, named it Cloacina, and dedicated it at a Comitium. The cloaca, or common sewers, at Rome, were begun by Tarquinius Prisons, and finished by Tarquinius Superbus. They extended under the whole area of the city. Their construction was so strong, and the stones with which they were built were so large and so firmly cemented, that though flushed perpetually by rapid torrents, they remained in a perfect state for 700 years and upwards. — See cancelli comitiorum (p. 69), also comitivm, and Mussidia gens. CLODIUS MACER. — See macek. CLOVIA gens. — This Roman family (also called Cluvia for both modes of denomination are found on ancient monuments), derives its origin from the Cluvii Sexuli, brothers, who were tri- bunes of the plebs in 572 and 576 (b. c. 182 and 178) ; whence it is inferred, that it was plebeian. It was, however, of consular rank. The extant coins solely in brass (with the exception of one in lead), were struck by the moneyers of Julius , Cmsar. Riccio gives six of these having on \ their obverse type the marks of the as and its ’ divisions, with sax. C. sax. and ROM. for their legends of reverse. These coins are ascribed to Caius Clovius Saxula, pretor in 581 (b. C. 173), and a little while before one of the mint-masters — the same who in 586 (168) was the legatus, in Macedonia, of Emilius Paulus. For a cut of the following second brass, see p. 153 of this dictionary. Obv. — Caesar Die. ter. Bust of a winged Victory. Rev . — c. clovi praef. Minerva helmcted and walking. The goddess carries in her right hand a trophy rested on her shoulder, and in her left an oval shield, ou which is figured the head of Medusa. She is preceded by a serpent, erect on its tail. Caius Clovius, entitled pretor ou this coin, was one of the eight prefects of the city, left by Julius Caesar for the government of Rome during his third dictatorship, when with a great army and fleet he went to Spain on his I expedition against the sons of Pompcy. It J must therefore have been minted, in the year of Rome 708 (b. c. 46), in which recurred Caesar's dictatorship for the third time; and his monever here prophecies, by the head of Victory and by Belligerent Minerva, typified on this coin, a prosperous result to Cicsar’s enterprise. — Eckhel, with whom Cavedoui accords, expresses an opinion that this finely designed coin was not struck in Rome, and by the urban prefect ; but by a prefect of the Dictator’s fleet, stationed in the ports of Lycia, or of Rhodes, and who assuming the jus cudendi, engraved it in the same way as the prefects of Mark Antony’s fleet afterwards did ; namely, to pay the troops and seamen with. CLOULIA. — According to Festus, this gens had for its primogenitor, Cloelius. the com- panion of .Eneas. It was one of the Alban families, whom Tullius Hostilius, after the rniu of Alba, attracted to Rome, and united to the patricians. Its coins present the two following types, in silver; engraved in Morel!. Fam. Rom. 1. Obv. — roma. Galeated head of Rome: behind it a crown. Rev. — t. clovli. Victory in a biga of rear- ing horses. Below are two corn -ears. 2. Obv . — Head of Jupiter; and K. or some varying letter of the alphabet. Rev . — T. clovli. Victory crowning a trophy, at the foot of which a naked captive is seated. In the exergue Q. A quiuarius. The numismatists of the elder school have attributed these coins to Titus Cloulius, queestor nrbanus, in 507 (b. c. 247), remarking, that they bear allusion to the victories gained in Sicily by the cousuls, Lucius Ciccilius Metellus and N. Fabius Buteo, over the Carthaginians ; and that the corn ears in the first reverse refer to the fertility of that island. But numisma- tists of the present day, and Borghcsi especially, maintain, that the circumstance of none of these denarii having been fouud amongst the trou- vailles of Ficsole, forms a good reason for car- rying them down to the date of 667 (b. c. 87), and thence to the times of C. Marius ; and he is inclined to believe that they may be assigned to the moneyership of T. Cloulius, of whom Cicero speaks (Pro Sex. Roscio Ameriuo, c. 23), previous to the year 674 (b. c. 80). lie after- wards became one of Casar’s Senators. — See Riccio, p. 57. CLU. or CLUS. C/usit ; the same as Clausit. — IAN. CLU. or CLUS. Jauum Clusit. — The temple of Janus was opened in time of war, and shut during peace. Augustus shut this temple at Rome three times : the third time, iudecd, was in 751 (b. c. 3), aud in the 42nd year of his reign, peace being then established through- out the Romau world. — clvsit appears ou brass coins of Nero. — Sec pace p. r. &c. CLUNIA — a town of liispania Tarraconensis, now Corunna del Conte, in Old Castile, situate on the river Durius (Douro). — Clunia was a city of the Arevaci, according to Pliny. And by Ptolemy it is called a colony. Dion (l. 3, p. 115), mentions Clunia, "in an attack ou which city (he states) Metellus overthrew the revolted llispaui.” Clunia was also the city where Galba, pro-consul of Spain in the latter part of Nero’s reign, commenced his proceed- ings for resisting the tyranny of that emperor, and for assuming himself the imperial title, power, and authority. There is an autonomous small brass (see Aker- man, Coins of liispania, p. 85), which bears on its obverse u male head, with a dolphin be- fore it ; and on its reverse clovnioq, with a horseman. The other coins of this place are second brass, having on their obverses the head of Tiberius, and on their reverses the legend Clvxia, together with the names of the mone- tary qualuorviri, by whom they were struck, under that emperor. The type on all, with varieties, is a bull standing ; the usual symbol of Romano-Spanish colonies and municipia. COCCEIA. although Cluuia itself is not designated on any of them as either the one or the other. — See en- graving in Medailles (le Christine, p. 306, xlviii. also in ilorell. Impp. vol. iii. tab. ix. Rasclic (in Lex. Num. vol. i. part 2), places amongst the coinage of Clunia, the celebrated first brass of Galba, inscribed iiisfania. clvnia svl(picia). But that is of Homan die, struck Senates Consulto, and belongs to the imperial secies, properly so called. — See Hispania. COCCEIA gens. — Respecting this family, it is uncertain whether it was patrician or plebeiau. It gave consuls to Rome ; but its chief title to distinction was that the Emperor Nerva belonged to it. Only two types arc exhibited in its coin- age : they are in silver, as follow : — 1. Obv. — M. ANT. IMP. AVG. IIIVIR. R. P. C. M. nerva pro. Q. p. Bare head of M. Antony. Reo. — l. antonivs cos. (Lucius Antonins [brother of the triumvir] Consul). Bare head of Lucius. This coin, rare in silver, is of the highest rarity in gold, and valued by Mionnet at 1200 fr. See a specimen of it engraved in p. 60 of this volume. 2. Obv . — Same legend and type as the fore- going. Rev . — CAESAR IMP. PONT. IIIVIR. R. P. C. — Bare head of Octaviauus Caesar, behind it the lituus. Very rare in gold, valued by Mionnet at 150 fr. Marcus Nerva, whose name appears on both the above denarii, was provincial pro-questor of the Antonii, in the Italian campaign of 713 (b. C. 41), that is to say in the war of Pcrusia (now Perugia), waged by that party against Octavian : this is manifest from the title of Consul given to Lucius Antonins. The second coin with the head of Octavian (possessed and published for the first time by Borghesi), “ must have been minted in the beginning of the year, which fol- lowed the reconciliation of the two parties. But they having, from infringement made on the compact between them, come to blows, it is clear that the portrait of a foe must soon have ceased to appear on a coinage, which, as the sinews wherewith to carry on that renewed civil war, had been struck by the partizans of Lucius Autonitis.” Afterwards, this same pro- questor (Marcus Nerva) having obtained his pardon from Octavianus Ciesar, became twice the pcace-tnakcr between Mark Antony and his powerful rival. — Sec Riccio, p. 57. COCLES, a word which signifies deprived of one eye. It was the surname of the Iloratia gens ; and Horatius Codes was the name of that hero of Old Rome, who, according to the well- known legend or tradition, had the courage, either alone, or in conjunction with Spurius Lartius and Titus Herminius, to oppose the assault made by the army under Porsena, on the Pons Sublicius, defending it, whilst his com- rades were employed in breaking it down behind him. When tins work of demolition was nearly accomplished, Codes, all armed as he was, threw himself into the Tiber, after invoking the god of that river ; and notwithstanding he re- i ceived a wound in the hip from the enemy’s mis- j COCLES. 221 siles, he succeeded in his object, by swimming across the stream, and rejoining his countrymen. As a testimony of admiration for his valour, and in grateful remembrance of the eminent service he had rendered the state, by thus preventing the Etrurian forces from entering Rome, as they had designed to do by a sudden and unexpected attack, the Senate and People raised a bronze statue to his honour in the Comitium ; and al- lowed him as much land as he could plough round in one day. The citizens too, it is added, when a famine was raging, deprived themselves of food to support him. Mr. Macauley, in his Lays of Ancient Rome, observes, “ that among those parts of early Ro- man history, which had a poetical origin, was doubtless the legend of Iloratius Codes. There are several versions of the story, and these versions differ from each other in points of no small importance. According to Polybius, Ilo- ratius defended the bridge alone, and perished in the waters. Whilst according to the Chroni- cles which Livy and Dionysius followed, Ilora- tius had two companions, swam safe to shore, and was loaded with honours and rewards.” The distinguished author of “ The Lays,” re- gards these discrepancies as capable of easy ex- planation ; and points to the literature of our own country, as furnishing what he considers to be au exact parallel to what may have taken place in Rome. He thinks it highly probable that the memory of the war of Porsena w r as pre- served by compositions much resembling the two ballads which relate to the fight at Otter- borne, between the English under Percy aud the Scots commanded by Douglas. They too differ in narrating several particulars of the bloody “ fraye;” yet both relate to the same event. — And it is (adds Mr. Macauley), “ by no means unlikely that there were two old Roman stories about the defence of the bridge ; and that while the story which Livy has transmitted to us, was preferred by the multitude; the other, which ascribed the whole glory to Horatius aloue, may have been the favourite with the Iloratiau house.” No one, however youthful or however aged, who has read (and who has not read ?) the Ro- man story, will ever forget the impression made on his mind by the stirring incidents of this valiant deed of patriotic devotedness, to which, 222 COCLES. a9 well as to the gallant bearing of its reputed hero, Mr. Macaulcy, in his ingenious and beau- tiful work, has done the greatest poetical jus- tice. The ballad is supposed to have been made about a hundred and twenty years after the war which it celebrates, and just before the taking of Rome by the Gauls. Nor is it difficult to enter into the nationally proud feelings of some honest citizen of the early republic, whilst re- citing, with due solemnity of cadence and in- tonation, his staple of archaic verse, to an at- tentive group of domestic listeners : — “ When young and old in circle “ Around the firebrands close ; “ When the girls are weaving baskets, “ Aud the lads are shaping bows ; “ When the good man mends his armour, “ And trims his helmet’s plume ; “ When the good wife’s shuttle merrily “ Goes flashing through the loom ; “ With weeping and with laughter “ Still is the story told, “ How well Horatius kept the bridge “ In the brave days ot old.” On a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius the reverse bears for its legend Cocl.es — and its type represents lloratius iu the act of swim- ming, in his armour, across the Tiber. Five military figures are seen standing on the bridge, which is partly broken down. On one side a warrior, helmetcd, is striking at the timbers of the bridge with an axe ; and on the other side, a soldier appears iu the attitude of hurling a javelin at Codes in the water. — Sec the wood- cut at the head of this article, accurately en- graved after a cast from the original coin in the Cabinet de France. The name of cocles, with the galeated head of Rome, ( not the head of that valiant Roman, as erroneously described in the list of illustra- tions to the Lays of Home, above quoted from, p. 207), appears on a denarius of the Horatia gens. — See the word. COELESTIS — CAELESTIS CELEST.— The Celestial ; an epithet of Venus found on coins of Domna, Soamiias, Urbica, &c. The goddess in these stands, with an apple iu the right and the hasta iu her left hand. On a first brass of Sofcmias, a small figure, most probably meant for Cupid, stands at the feet of Venus. COELIA, or Coi/ia (for anciently the dip- thong oe was written for oi) was a plebeian gens, but of consular rank. Some assert that the head of this family was Coclius Vibulo Etruscus, who came to the aid of Romulus against the Sabines, and gave his name to the Coeliau Mount at Rome. There arc twenty-one varieties. Silver common, Gold of the highest rarity. — The two following arc its rarest coins, as de- scribed by Riccio, p. 58 and 59. 1. Obv. — c. coel. caldvs cos. A bare and beardless male head to the right, between a vcxillum inscribed his(pania), and a boar. Rev. — C. CALDVS IMP. A. X. (Imperator augur Xvir agris dicidendis), written iu two per- pendicular lines. Two trophies, between which is a table, or altar, where a priest is preparing COELIA. the lectisternium , or banquetr for the gods, in allusion to which, on the table, is inscribed l. cai.dvs vii. vih. epvl(onum). Beneath is caldvs IHVIK. — See the word ep clones, under which head an engraved specimen of this re- markable denarius is given. This silver coin was minted by the monetary triumvir, Coelius Caldus, in 703 (b. C. 51), before the dictatorship of Julius Cicsar, when the moneyers of the republic were increased from three to four, though reduced again by Augustus to the old number. — Borghesi and Cavedoni (as cited by Riccio), believe C. Caldus to have been Cicero’s questor in the year 703, aud monetary triumvir about 696 (b. c. 58). This man, besides his own name, had evidently iu view to recall on these coins the memory of the most famous members of his family, viz. : — Caius Calius Caldus, tribune of the plebs, aud consul iu 660 (b. c. 94), whose striking physiognomy appears on the obverse of this denarius. After his consulship, he obtained Spain for his pro-consular province, as is usually inferred from the coins of this gens, bearing his name, the word his(pania), and the figure of a boar, which Eckhel refers to the town of Clunia. To Cains Caldus, imperator, augur, and de- cemvir (viz., one of a commission appointed to superintend the distribution of lands), belong the two trophies represented on the reverse. The subject is known solely through this mone- tal remembrance of the grandson (or great nephew). As to whom he gained these warlike spoils from ; when aud on w hat occasion he was proclaimed imperator ; at what time he filled the offices recorded on the coin, that coin alone shews, but in so laconic a maimer, as to leave the meaning very obscure. Lucius Coelius Caldus, perhaps the son of the consul, and the father of the mint-master ; here styled Septemvir Epulonum, is he, to w horn apper- tains the veiled priest that sits or stands at the lectisternium. The epulones were members of the sacerdotal order, whose duty it was to assist the pontitfs in preparing all things necessary to rites and sacrifices. In the earlier times of the re- public there were only three of them. — Sec sep- TEMVIR EPULONUM. 2. c. coel. caldvs cos. Head of the Con- sul Caius Caldus ; behind it L. D. in a tabetta. Rev. — caldvs nrviR. Head of the sun ra- diated, to the right : before it is a round shield ornamented ; behiud is an oblong shield, charged with the fnlmcn. Sometimes behind the head there appears au isolated S. — This in gold is rkrr. valued at 40 piastres by Riccio, aud at 300 fr. by Mionnet. On this coin, the same moncyer repeats the portrait of his grandfather or great grandfather, Caius Coclius Caldus, consul 670 (b. c. 84). — The two letters l. d. behind the head, signify Libero — Dam no. I absolve — I condemn — bear- ing reference to the law which he carried during his year of office, 647 (b. c. 107), as tribune of the p/ebs, and by which the right of secret vot- ing (by ballot) was conceded to the jicoplc ; this lex (abe/taria was also extended to the courts of COELA. justice, iu cases of high treason. — Cicero (Be leg. lii. 10), states that Caldus regretted, through- out his life, having proposed this law, as it did injury to the republic. The head of the sun has been considered by sonic numismatic writers to allude to the name of the monetarius himself — namely Coelius, be- cause in the heaven, or firmament, that greater star holds his course ; and Caldus, from the heat which the sun produces. — Borghesi, on the other hand, coutcuds that the head of the sun, and the shields, are emblems of the East, and have reference to the victories won by the Itnperator Coelius Caldus in the East, probably in the Mith- ridatic war, about the year 680 (b. C. 74), and not later than 696 (b. c. 58), the presumed date of the coin in question. Borghesi more- over recognizes in the consul of 660 (b. c. 94), the father of the Septemvir Epu/onvm ; and this father or brother of the hnperator, from whom might have sprung the triumvir of 696, and questor iu 703 (b. c. 51). COELA or COILA : Chersoncsi Thracim municipium — (now province of Rumilia, Tur- key, in Europe). The following Latin imperial coins, in second and third brass, are regarded as correctly assigned to this place, viz. : Antoninus Pius. — MVNICIPI coil. Prow of a vessel, above which is a cornucopia;. Commodus. ael. mvnic. coil. fJElium Municipium Coila). — Same type as preceding, with addition of a dolphin below. Caracalta. — Same legend. Diana Venatrix walking. Macrinus. — Same legend. Prow of a vessel. Gordianus Pius . — ael. mvnic. coel. an. — Silenus walking, with the wine-skin on his left shoulder ; and his right hand raised. Trebonianits Ga/lus. — Same legend. Romulus and Remus suckled by the Wolf. Yaillanl, in his erudite work on the Colonies of Rome, had ascribed their mintage to a city in Numidia, at the mouth of the river Amp- sagus, called Cull it by Pliny and Ptolemy, and Chnlli Municipium, in the Itinerary of Anto- nine. And in this opiuion he is supported by no less judicious a numismatist of the elder school than Biinard. On the other hand Pel- lerin, sustaining himself with the corresponding sentiments of the Abbe Belleye, confidently as- serts ( Melange , i. p. 276), that the coins which bear on their reverses ael. mvnicip. coel. and any other similar legend, and which are referred by Vaillant to Cu/lu, in Africa, “ belong all of them to the city of (Coela, or) Coelura, in the Chersonesus of Thrace, which city was a port, and also called Cu/la.” Moreover, it is to be observed, that neither Eckhel nor Mionnet has thought fit to include Coe/lu Numidia, in his respective lists of Roman Colonies, but they do enumerate Coela Chersonesi Thracice among the municipia. On a coin of Volusianus, first published and engraved by Pcllcriu ( Melange , i. p. 325, pi. xxii. No. 2), to supply an omission of Vo- lant's, but which seems to have been overlooked COGNOMEN. 223 by Mionnet, the reverse legend is aeli. mvnici. coel. and the accompa- nying type a temple of four columns, in which a figure, in a short dress, stands, holding an idol in her right hand, and a cornucopia; in her left. If the figure be meant for that of Astarte, its appearance on this coin indicates, that the Syrian goddess had latterly its worshippers amongst the Romau in- habitants of the Thracian Chersonesus. COGN. otherwise COGNAT. Cognatus . — A kinsman, properly by blood, a cousin. — divo constantio cogn. maxentivs avg. on a coin of Constantius Chlorus. COGNOMEN, or surname. — The third name of the three (nomen, and preenomen, being the two first) which the Romans were for the most part accustomed to bear. — In his brief but lucid exposition “ Be cognomine et agnomine,” the learned Eckhel (vol. v. p. 58) observes that, as the Roman families (families) were distin- guished by the pranomina, so were the races (gentes) by the cognomina. It of course oc- curred that the descendants, by marriage, of each house, founded separate families ; and these again it was necessary to distinguish by some particular name. Livy relates that in the year u. c. 442 (b. c. 312), there were in the Potitia gens, twelve families, and amongst these were branches to the number of 30. On coins are to be found the names of many different families, springing from one race, whose root divided itself into extensive ramifi- cations ; as in the ./Emilia gens (according to Vaillant), those of Buca, Lepidus, Paullus, Re- gillus, Scaurus. — In Caecilia gens, the family of Metellus ; and these again are distinguished by seven or eight surnames on their respective denarii. As for example, those of Balcaricus, Macedonicus, Creticus, Dclmaticus, Numidicus, Calvus, Pius, Coruutus. — In Claudia gens, the Ccnthones, the Marcelli, and the Pulchri. — Iu Canidia and Lieinia gentes, the Crassi. — In Cor- nelia gens, the Lcutuli, and Scipiones ; and these with others hitherto used as surnames; for instance the appellations Asina, Asiagcnes, Africanus, &c. Moreover thcCethcgi, in the same gens (Cornelia) with the Dolabella;, the Sulim, and others, indicate on their coins, not only individuals, but so many different stocks, or families of the same race. It likewise sometimes happened that names sprang from surnames, as the respective coins of Roman families serve to illustrate, in which Agrippa, Ahala, Atratinus, Brutus, Cmsar, Carbo, Cato, Crassus, Mcssalla, Metellus, Nerva, Scipio, Silanus, Sulla, Torquatus, and other illustrious Quiri/es, frequently occur, without the nomen genti/icium, or family name, and even without the first name. Besides which, some less commonly known, as Natta, in Pinaria gens; Turdus, iu Papiria ; Ascisculus, in Valeria ; without any prenomen to cither, and without the family name of Pinaria, Papiria, or Valeria. 22 1 COGNOMEN. To these are to be added some surnames, scarcely known through any other than numismatic sources — at any rate by no means common — which, from the addition we find on coins, of the family name of Roman houses, at once indicate whereto they belong ; as in Accolcia gens, Lariscolus ; iu Canidia, Crassus ; in Liiria Agrippa; in Antestia Reginus; in Claudia, Glicia ; in Considia, Rictus ; in Furia, Brocehus ; iu Julia, Bnrsio; in Maria, Capito and Trogus; in Nievia, Capella and Surdinus ; iu Sempronia, Pitio. Some surnames are common to many families of different gentes, as appears from their coins, such as, amongst others, those of Balbus, Cras- sus, Flaccus, Gallus, Libo, Longus, Magnus, Maximus, Rufus, Varus. There are also ex- tant on this class of Roman coins other sur- names peculiar, as it were, to certain gentes , such as the Lcpidi, trf that of .'Emilia ; the Metclli, to Cmcilia; the Centhoncs, the Pulchri, the Marcelli, to Claudia ; the Ccthegi, Dola- bellic, Lentuli, Sulla?, to Cornelia ; the Bruti and Silani, to Juuia; the Scipioncs, to Caecilia; the Ciepiones, to Scrvilia ; the Galbie, to Sul- picia ; the Messalla;, to Valeria — except iu cases where the individuals who bore those surnames passed by adoption into another gens. — See Rasche, Cognomina Romanorum. It has already been observed that some Ro- man families had evidently no surnames, the prieuomen and ancestral appellation (gentile nomen ) alone being designated on their coins. Thus, in the denarii extant of the gens Antonia, the surname of Merenda is omitted, though Livy teaches us that both were formerly borne by the Antonii ; one, however, occurs with the cognomen of Balbus, viz. q. anto. BALB. PR. Quintus, Antonins, Balbus, Prator. But on their coins, the following families are found to want surnames, viz. Carisia, Coruuficia, Ilerennia, Hortcnsia, Numitoria, Rustia, Saufeia, Trebania, Vargunteia, Vatinia ; also Plsetoria (unless the last with the adopted name of Ces- tianus be an exception.) As L. Sulla was suruamed Felix, and his son Faustus ; so Sextus, the son of Pompeius Magnus, is distinguished on his coins, not only by the surnames of Magnus, but by that of Pius also. Some surnames arc verbs, as Caepio; for on the coins of Brutus this verb stands for a name, as is shewn by the inscription — Q. caepio brvtvs. — Most Roman mint-mas- ters gave their surnames only on their coins, as did historians to them in their books, because, during their life-time, they were known by other names in their capacity of magistrates : thus for example Axsius, on his coins is called simply NASO. For an Index of the Names, Surnames, and Adopted Names, which occur on Consular coins, with the Families to which they belong. — See Eckhcl, Doct. Hum. vol. v. ; Mionnet, Rarete des Medai/les Romaines; and Akerman, De- scriptive Catalogue of Homan Coins -, also Rasche, Lexicon Numismat. T. i. part. ii. Some surnames of men arc feminine, as COGNOMEN. | Asiuia, Bestia, Caecina, Capella, Glicia, Murena, Musa, Sura, Vaala, Vatia, &c. Cognomina (says Eckhel), “ were derived from various causes, as well of a base ns of a virtuous kind.” Many of these may be traced and illustrated from the denarii of Roman families. Some of these surnames owe their origin to wisdom, asScmpronius Sophus; Lalius Sa/iieus , or from the contrary quality, as Junius Brutus. From moral disposition, as Tarquinins Superbus, Fabius Gurges, (a riotous spendthrift), Aufidius Lurco, (a glutton.) From Art, as Fabius Pictor. From devotedness to rural pursuits, as Cornelius Lentulus (the lentil), Tullius Cicero (the vetch), Licinius Sto/o (a scion or shoot) From a conquered kingdom, or a captured city, Servilius Isauricus, Marcius Coriolanus. Some surnames are derived from parts of the human frame ; from some corporeal deformity or infirmity, as is shewn on that silver coin of the Furia gens (see p. 12), where the human foot, placed behind a female head on the obverse, evi- dently alludes to the word crassipes (splay-foot) inscribed on its reverse. So in the Pinaria geus we sec the surname of SCaupus, otherwise car- pus, a wrist — the palm of a human hand ap- pearing in the field of the coin. A singular circumstance is exhibited in these coins of Ro- man families, namely, that they exhibit not only honourable appellations, and those which allude to no vice or defect cither of body or of mind ; but also those which bespeak defects of each kind, yet without being intended to derogate iu any respect from the signal reputation enjoyed by those families. The surnames of the Straboncs (Volteia) and of the Pa?ti ( Considia ) arc expressly derived from terms signifying diseased or defective eyes. [Strabo, goggle-eyed — Pains, squint or lcaring- cyed]. The Coclites, from codes, one that is born with one eye only, are read on coins of the Poin- peia, Aelia, and lloratia gentes. Moreover, from natural or other marks of the human body, the Romans took some of their family surnames, as appears by coins of the Albini, Atratini, Nigri, Rufi, Pulchri, Celsi, Longi, Longini, Gracchi, Macri, Crassi, Galbac. It was also from simi- litudes of no dignified kind, that the Scipioues (walking sticks), Lentuli Spintheres (from spin- thcr a buckle), &c. took their appellatives. — From employments and offices of a low and sordid description, and even from vile ani- mals, as we find as well from coins as from authors and from the calendars, the Catulli (from catulus, a whelp), &c. took their names : so likewise the Caprarii (goat-herds), the Ccr- concs (marmosets), the Vespillones (bearers at burials). The name itself of the Fabia gens came, according to Pliny, from faba (a bean) ; that of the Pisones, from pisendo (pounding or stamping of corn in a mortar) — From habits and manners, or from the affec- tions and virtues of the mind, denarii, in the Calpurnia, Ciccilia, Rubellia, Antonin fami- lies, take such inscriptions as the Frugi (thrifty), the Lcpidi (witty or agreeable), the Blaudi (kind COGNOMEN. and gentle), the Pii ; nay they are even marked with the very name of pietas. Taken from the names of brute animals, we find on consular coins the words Asiuia, Bestia, Brutus, Capella, Lupus, Murena, Taurus, Vitu- lus, which were surnames of no less illustrious Roman houses, than those of Cornelia, Calpurnia, Caccilia, Fabia, .Emilia, Nsevia, Rutilia, Licinia, Mamilia, Pomponia, Voconia, &c. So likewise, from the greatness of a man’s actions, attended with good fortune, as indicated by the epithets Faustus, F'elix, Magnus, Maximus ; or from an extraordinary manifestation of zeal for the interests and liberties of the Roman people, as in the use of the surname Poplicola (Publicola, a popular person). Thus it is abun- dantly clear from the evidence of coins, that these were not only the true titles of the Memmii, the Scipiones, the Metelli, the Sullic, the Pompeii, the Fabii, the Valcrii, the Gelii, to whom they were ascribed ; but also their cog- nomina or surnames ; a fact moreover shewn in Roman authors, and by the Fasti Capitolini . — Sec Rasehe, Lex. Num. t. i. pars. 2. Old writers, observes Eckliel (vol. v. p. 56), have affirmed, that the cognomen was synonymous with the agnomen. Of this, he adds, we have an example in the case of L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, respecting whom Cicero (pro M. Fontcio, c. 13), says, “ But against what a man ! in whom there was such virtue and integrity that even in those best of times (optimis temporibus). when you could scarcely find a dishonest man, he in particular should have been termed Frugi. For when Gracchus summoned him to attend au assembly of the people, and the messenger (viator) asked which Piso? there being more than one, he answered — you compel me to name my enemy, Frugi. It was this man to whom not even his enemy could give an appellation sufficiently distinguishing, without first praising him, whose single cognomen not only marked the identity, but also indicated the character of the individual,” &c. This custom prevailed during the flourishing sera of the republic. It was different, however, both under the kings of Rome, and at the beginning of the republic. It was again different uuder the emperors ; and the alteration began to be made even during the reign of Augustus himself. For a similar purpose to that of the cognomen, the agnomen (says Eckhel) was invented, viz., to distinguish one family from another. Aud it was given without any design to convey thereby to the individual who bore it, cither honour on the one hand, or reproach on the other; as Calpurnius Piso Frugi; Cornelius Scipio Africanus ; Cornelius Lcntulus Spinlher; Cmcilius Metellus Pius. — See Agnomen. The Emperors took surnames from conquered nations or from victories, as those of Germanicus, Britannicus, Dacicus, Sarmaticus, Adiabcuicus, Parthicus, Armcnicus, Gothicus, Pcrsieus; and indeed now aud then with the super-added title of Maximus. Lastly, they arc found assuming not only the cognomen of Victor, but also that of Invictus. No one, however, aspired to be 2 G COIIORS. 225 called Judaicus, in memory of the vanquished Jews. That surname appears, to have been re- pudiated by Vespasian, on account of the hatred in which the nation itself was held by the Ro- mans, although on his and his son Titus’s mint- ages we read the inscription— ivdaea capta. COH. COHORT. Cohorlis, Cohortium — of the Cohort, or of the Cohorts. — See adlocvt. con. p 6 of this dictionary. COHORS, Cohort, a battalion of Roman foot soldiers, as Turma, was a squadron of cavalry. Each cohort was composed of three manipuli, or companies, and these of two centuries or of two hundred men ; thus forming a body of six | hundred men, of which under the emperors j ten were required to compose the legion. — i Equestrian cohorts (Coliorles Equitata) were bodies of foot and horse together. There were also cavalry to the number of 130, armed with cuirasses, in the first Cohort of the Legion. — The Cohors Peditala was wholly composed of infantry, in the beginning, and was so called in contra-distinction to the Cohors Equitata . — See legio. Cohors Pretoria. — The Pretorian cohort, was a corps d' elite of infantry and cavalry, which under the republic belonged to the Pretor, and never quitted him on service — in fact a portion of the Roman army whose duty it was to act as the body guard of the consul, or commander in chief. Julius Caesar and Mark Antony succes- sively employed many such cohorts. (See chor- tivm praetoriarvm, p. 198.) Augustus estab- lished nine, each composed of a thousand men, and taught the people to regard them, under the above appellation, as a force similar to the old guard of Roman Generals. By succeeding em- perors, these troops were rendered a powerful host. Galba augmented them to twelve, which number they are computed by Dion to have reached, in the reign of Scverus. That em- peror, in further augmenting them, added not only draughts from the Italian legions, but also the bravest soldiers from the provinces. Destined exclusively to serve as guards to the emperor’s person, they were, at his command, employed to escort aud protect the members of the Imperial family. But it was not customary j for the Pretorian guard to perform that duty for J any but those of princely rank. They were commanded by the Pretorian Prefect, who had ; under him Tribunes and Centurions. Their pay was double. Instead of one denarius, worth ten asses, which was the ordinary pay of other sol- diers, this select body of troops received two, and privileges not assigned to others. The en- signs of the Pretorian Cohorts had a crown or wreath on the top of the staff, and besides the usual military standards each of these “regi- ments” displayed its eagle. In process of time the Pretorians, abusiug the power which they had been suffered to usurp, carried their insolence to such a pitch as to elect aud to dethrone, on their own authority, many emperors, in spite of the senate, whom they compelled to accept and confirm iu the possession of the purple, those they had thus proclaimed. 226 COIN MOULDS. Tiberias built them near Rome a walled-in camp, like a fortress, where they were constantly sta- tioned. (See castra pratoria, p. 191). The Emperor Constautine destroyed this camp, after having entirely broken the military force of the pretorians, whose arrogance and excessive power had occasioned so many revolutions in the em- pire. — See Pitiscus, Lexicon. Ant. Rom. COIIO IIS SPECULATORUM.— For an ex- planation of this legend, see p. 198. COHI I. (sic.) PRAET. VI. (or VII.) P. VI. F. — On a billon of Gallienus, this legend, allusive to the pretorian cohorts of his time, is accom- panied by the type of a lion walking. On another billon denarius, and also on a gold coin, toge- ther with a first brass of the same emperor, the respective legends fidei. puakt; fid. prae- TORLANORVM, and COHORT. PRAET. PRINCIPI. svo. with military standards, legionary caglc3, and a garland, combine to designate the con- fidence which he was willing to repose in the precarious loyalty of those formidable troops. COIN MOULDS.— There have been dis- covered, from time to time, in England, as well as in France, clay moulds of circular form, bearing the impressions of Roman denarii, of a period contemporary with, and subsequent to, the Antonincs. The last discovery in England was at Lingwcll Gate, near Wakefield, Yorkshire. It is well known, that in the decline of the empire, the Roman silver was debased considerably ; and this of course paved the way to the adoption of, or the occasional recurrence to, a different kind of mintage. Up to this time Roman coins were produced from dies struck with the hammer ; but in the reign of Scverus, casting in moulds, though not exclusively, was very generally resorted to. The thickness of the Roman denarii did not admit of the usual modern test of ringing ; and nothing but a very minute examination, or the more tedious process of assay, could have detected the spurious coin. Whether these cast coins were minted by imperial authority, or are *he work of forgers, remain still questions for discussion ; but it appears highly probable that such a pro- cess was authorised by the despot whose effigies, and those of his sons Caracalla and Geta, they more frequently bear. There arc, it is true, some cast coins of earlier reigns, but tlicir num- ber is comparatively few, and it is extremely probable that this was permitted in order that, in the event of detection, it might be cited as a precedent for such a practice. In Mr. Akcrman’s “ Coins of the Romans relating to Britain,” as well as in the Revue Numismatique, are plates shcwiug the mode of casting these base coins, a process which often led to the fabrication of blundered pieces that have frequently perplexed numismatists. Thus a coin of Julia Soicmias has on the re- verse PONT. tr. p. &c. titles which belong to some denarius of Scverus or Caracalla. An ex- planation of the mode of casting will shew how this may be produced. The moulds being formed by pressing the coins between dies of plastic clay of large diameter, in order to form COLLEGIUM. ledges, w T ere placed one upon the other, so that, with the exception of the first and last, they received on each face the impression of the obverse and reverse of a piece. The dies were then notched in order to form a passage for the fused metal ; anil after being hardened in the fire, were replaced one on another, notch over notch, and luted with clay, so as to form a cylinder, and thus three, or even four piles of moulds, might be filled with one jet. As re- gards the localities in which moulds of this des- cription were prepared, it has been discovered by microscopic examination of the clay of which those found at Lingwcll gate were formed, that it contains a species of fossil infusoria which abounds in the clay of that neighbourhood at this time. With regard to the debasement of the Roman silver, see the “assay of denarii,” prefixed to the Descriptive Catalogue of Roman Coins, vol. i. p. 14, by J. Y. Akerman, Esq. F.S.A. Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries. COL. Collegium . — See coop, in omn. coi, Cooptatus in Omnia Collegia. On a coin of Nero COLLEGIUM. — A name given to an assem- bly or body of many persons who have the same functions. The Romans had various commu- nities who took the names of Colleges. The four principal ones were those of the Augurs, the Pontiffs, the Aruspiccs, and the Quindcccm- virs. Besides these four colleges, which were those of the four great sacerdotal dignities, there were several other bodies known by the same name, as Collegium Arlifictim and Opifcum, in- stituted by Numa, and each of which hail a prefect at its head. These workmen, who at first ex- ercised their skill and industry only at Rome, soon spread themselves over all Italy, and after- wards into the various provinces of the empire, which they furnished w'ith every thing necessary for the armies, such as arrows, machines, ar- mour, clothes, &c. — See Pitiscus. COLIS-EUM. — The Coliseum — a corruption of colossteum, the name given to the famous amphitheatre which Vespasian commenced at Rome, and which Titus finished. The building was so named on account of the colossal statue of Nero, that stood on the spot where was erected that magnificent edifice, whose stupen- dous ruins exist to this day. It is represented on coins of Titus, &c. Sec Amphitheatrum, p. 41. COLONIA. — A colouv, called by the Greeks dwoiKi'a, is a portion of a people, which, for various reasons leaving its uative soil, has gone in search of a settlement and n homo, iu dis- tant lands. Velleius Paterculus, at the com- mencement of his first book, enumerates many migrations of this nature, which took plncc in the earliest times of Greece, and states the causes which gave rise to them. But besides that they have been largely discussed both by ancient and modern authors, aud arc sufficiently familiar to all who are interested in the subject, it is beyond the purpose of the present work to take note of any other settlements than those of the 1 tomans, whethrr called by the name of ro/nniir or of municipia. COLONIAE ROMAN A E. COLON I AE ROMANAE.— Colonics, in the Roman acceptation of the word, were towns or lands inhabited by citizens sent thither on the authority of the Senate and People, and allowed, on certain conditions, their respective portions of those territories, for the purposes of habi- tation and tillage. — It is a well established fact, that from the earliest period of their existence as a nation, the custom prevailed among the Romans of transplanting colonies into the country of their conquered enemies ; and that it continued as long as their power lasted. The practice was productive of great benefits to Rome. For by its means, a check was provided against the undue increase of a poor population, prone to change ; and the colonies of Roman citizens thus distributed over the world were so many outworks of the city ; whilst the soldiery, in the apportionment of the laud, received the reward of hard service. The colonies of the last mentioned kind, were called military. — It is further to be observed, that seve- ral cities acquired the rights of a colony, though still occupied by their original inhabitants, and without the intermixture of foreign colonists. It was in this manner that Julius Cmsar, after his victory over the Pompeys in Spain, bestowed upon the various towns, by whose fidelity and co-operation he had profited, either freedom, or the rights of citizenship, or the privileges of Roman colonies. Ascouius, in allusion to Pom- pey, the father of Pompey the Great, and the colonies beyond the river Po (Trauspadanis), has the following expressions : — “ For Pompey did not establish them with fresh colonists, but, allowing the original inhabitants to remain, con- ferred upon them the Jus Lalii.” In other eases, new colonists were associated with the native occupants, as at Emporia:, in Spain, or at Agrigeutum, according to Cicero, and at Car- teia. — Indeed it sometimes occurred, that a colony was' composed partly of soldiers, and partly of a multitude drawn together from all sources and classes. Thus we learn, both from coins and from the authority of Strabo, that a military colony was planted by Augustus at Patnc, in Achaia. And l’ausanias further tells us, that the inhabitants of the neighbouring towns were by the same emperor ordered to migrate to that colony. According to the ancient law, it was held a profanation to introduce a new colony into any 2 G 2 COLONIAE ROMANAE. 227 city already occupied by one. Cicero eloquently expresses his disapprobation of such a measure, when speaking against M. Antony, who settled a colony at Casilinum : — “ I have asserted,” he says, “ that no new colony can legally be in- troduced into one already settled with the due ceremonies, provided the latter be in a prosper- ous condition ; I deny that new colonists can be enrolled therein. You, however, carried away by your arrogance, have, in defiance of all the rules of auspices (or augury), sent out a colony to Casilinum, a place already colonized but a few years ago.” — But whatever the law on this subject might have been, in later times it be- came obsolete; for Augustus, and after him Nero, sent a fresh colony to Puteoli, which, ac- cording to Livy, was one in the year u. c. 560 (b. c. 194). — Hyginus has supplied the cause of this proceeding in an allusion to Augustus : — “ He made colonists of the troops which had served under Antony or Lepidus, equally with the soldiers of his own legions, distributing them through Italy and the provinces ; destroy- ing certain cities of the enemy, he established new ones ; some he planted in the old towns, and gave them the title of colonists. And moreover, to those cities, which had been set- tled by the kings or the dictators, but exhausted by the events of the civil wars, he again gave the name of a colony, and increased the num- bers of their citizens ; in some instances extend- ing their boundaries.” The foregoing information furnishes us with the various causes which led to the planting of colonics, after the commonwealth had fallen into decay. But, what a difference between these and the colonics sent out daring the flou- rishing period of the state ! It is worth while to note how it is described in the severe lan- guage of Tacitus, when speaking of the times of Nero : — “ For not, as in former times, were legions sent out, with their tribunes and cen- turions, and soldiers of every rank, that by their union and attachment they might form a com- munity ; but individuals, unknown to each other, in straggling bands, with no recognized leader, without the bond of mutual goodwill, gathered together suddenly, as it were, from a foreign race of beings ; a motley crowd, rather than a colony.” The constitution of the colonies was not the same in all cases. For some were composed of Roman citizens ; upon some the Jus Latinum, on others the Jus Italicum was conferred, doubt- less according to the humour of the Senate and People, and afterwards of the Cxsars. “ In what, however, consisted the distinction of these their various conditions ; what greater ad- vantages accrued to one over another ; what was the stamp and character of each ; — has (adds Eckhel) continued to furnish the most emi- nent authors with a bone of contention, and the usual results, namely, that they differ even in essentials, and that we are left to this very day with the skein of the controversy still tangled.” 228 COLONIAE ROM ANA E. COLONIAE ROMAN AE. CATALOGUE OF ROMAN COLONIES AND MUNICIFIA. (According to Eckuel and Mionnet). Abdera in Boetica. Acci in Tarracouensis. jElia Capitolina in Judsea. Agrigentum in Sicily. Agrippina in Germania Inferior. Alexandria in Troas. Antiochia in Pisidia. Antiocliia in Syria. Apamea ( municipium) in Bithynia. Arva in Bcetica. Asta in Bcctica. Asturica in Tarraconensis. Babba in Mauretania. Berytus (mun) in Phoenicia. Bilbilis in Tarraconensis. Bostra in Arabia. Brundusium in Calabria. Buthrotum in Epirus. Cabellio in Narboncnsis. Cresar-augusta in Tarraconensis. Ciesarea ad Libanum in Phoenicia. C;csarca (mun.) in Samaria. Calaguiris (mun.) in Tarraconensis. Carrha; in Mesopotamia. Carteia in Boetica. Carthago Nova in Tarraconensis. Carthago Vctus (mun) in Zeugitana. Cascautum in Tarraconensis. Cassandrca in Macedonia. Celsa in Tarraconensis. Clunia (mun) in Tarraconensis. Coela in the Thracian Chersonesus. Comana in Pontus. Copia in Litgdimcnsis. Corduba Patricia in Bcctica. Corinthus in Achaia. Cremna in Pisidia. Damascus in Coele Syria. Dcrtosa in Tarraconensis. Dcultum in Thracia. Dium (mun.) in Macedonia. Ebora in Lusitania. Edessa in Mesopotamia. Eracrita in Lusitania. Emisa (mun) in Syria. Emporia: in Tarraconensis. Enna in Sicilia. Ercavica in Tarraconensis. Gadcs (mun) in Boetica. Gcrmc (mun.) in Galatia. Graccurris (mun) in Tarraconensis. The following authentic and valuable informa- tion respecting the titles, magistracies, cus- tomary observances, peculiar privileges, and re- ligious ceremonies, of Roman Colonics, as illus- trated by the inscriptions and types found on their Latin coins, is compiled from Eckhel’s Dissertation Dc Coloniis Romanis, in the fourth volume of his truly great work : — 1. Colonial Coins, inscriptions on. — Cities which were in the condition of colonics, added (he word " Colonia ,” and indeed those which were situated eastward, so invariably adhered to Heliopolis in Cede Syria. Icouium in Lycaouia. Ilcrcavonia (mun.) in Tarraconensis. llerda (mun.) in Tarraconensis. Uici in Tarraconensis. Italica (mun.) in Boetica. Julia in Bcetica. Laodicea in Syria. Lcptis in Syrtica. Neapolis in Samaria. Nemausus in Narboncnsis. Nisibi in Mesopotamia. Obulco in Btctica. Occa in Syrtica. Olbasa (mun) in Pisidia. Osca in Tarraconensis. Osicerda in Tarraconensis. l’icstum in Lucania. Panormus iu Sicilia. Parada in Zeugitana. Parium in Mysia. Parlais in Lycaonia. Patra: in Achaia. Pax Julia in Lusitania. Pella in Macedonia. Philippi in Macedonia. Philippopolis in Thrace. Ptolcmais in Galilee. Rhesscna in Mesopotamia. Roma in Latium (according to the Roman Coins of Commodus). Romula in Boetica. Ruscino (mun.) in Narbonensis. Saguntum (mun.) in Tarracouensis. Sebaste in Samaria. Scgobriga in Tarraconensis. Sidon in Phoenicia. Singara in Mesopotamia. Sinope (mun.) in Paphlagonia. Stobi (mun.) in Macedonia. Tarraco in Tarraconensis. Thessalonica in Macedonia. Traducta (mun.) in Bcctica. Turiaso (mun.) in Tarraconensis. Tyana in Cappadocia. Tyrus in Phoenicia. Valentin of the Bruttii. Vienna in Narbonensis. Viminacium in Msesia Superior. Visontium (mun.) in Tarraconensis. Utica in Zeugitaua. this practice, that scarcely one of their coins is to be found on which it is omitted. But, not unfrequently, it was rejected by the Spanish colonics, and came to be constantly so by the Italian and Sicilian, as may be learnt from the coins of the colonics of Agrigentum, Brundu- sium, Copia, Picstum, Panormns, &c. In the Latin inscriptions, it is indicated by the initial letter C. or the abbreviation col. rarely by the entire word colonia. — In the Greek, by KOA. or KOAflNIA, the word having been adopted into the Greek language ; for the genuine Greek COLON 1AE ROMANAE. term Airoixla is found on only a single coin of Panormus, and that regarded as a doubtful one. As a general rule, the Roman colonics used the Latin tongue on their coins ; as indeed did even Corinth, although situated in the very heart of Greece ; and also the colonies planted in Phoenician or Arabian cities. But the Greek language was preferred by Phillipopolis of Thrace, and Thcssalonica of Macedonia, in Eu- rope ; by Tyana of Cappadocia, Antioch of Syria, and the Mesopotamian colonies in Asia. Aelia Capitolina, in Judrea, used both tongues. The municipia used only the Latin, and they indicate their condition by the inscription m. or mvn. or srvNiciP. &c. On some appear the word vrbs. — S ee those words suis locis. 2. Colonies, additional titles of. Besides the above mentioned words, expressive of the standing, or constitution, of a town, we find the addition of epithctical names on coins of colonies and of municipia, together with other notifications : which arc to be explained as fol- lows : — In bestowing on any city the privileges of a colony, or of a municipium, it rarely occurred, that the Romans adopted the plan, so often pur- sued by other cities, viz. that of abolishing the old name of the place, aud substituting a new one. Indeed they even went so far as to restore the ancient name to cities, which they had re- suscitated from utter ruin, and peopled with their colonists — a circumstance which is known to have taken place in the cases of Carthage and Coriuth. Amongst the colonies that lost their an- cient appellation, were Salduba, in Spain, which was named Csesar-augusta ; Hicrosolyma: (Jeru- salem), afterwards cailcd yElia Capitolina (see p. 15), and some others. Whilst the old names of the colonies (and municipia) were thus ten- derly treated, the colonists were in the habit of adding various titles, or laudatory epithets, either on their own authority, or by permission of the Senate, or of the Emperors ; aud setting them forth on their public monuments. — So on a brass tablet published by Gmter, the Hatlru- metini Byzacenes are styled colonics of “ Con- cordia, Ulpia, Trajana, Augusta, Frugifera, and Hadrumetina.” — Nor arc coins free from this display of vanity. Among others the Apame- nians of Bithynia used the legend cor,, ivl. conc. ayg. apaji. (See p. 61 of this diction- ary). The opinion of Vaillant, that Apamea was called Concordia, in allusion to its alliance with the neighbouring Prusa, has been correctly refuted by Bellcye, who asserts that the titles bestowed on colonies did not at all refer to their ancient but to their actual condition. — Eckhcl, in citing the learned Abbe’s authority on this point, adds, that he had, however, him- self found in FI. Josephus, a certain place on the borders of Galilee, which is really named ‘Oy Junta, i. e. Concordia. 3. Colonial Magistrates. — As the Grecian cities recorded on their coins their magistrates of various ranks, such as Archons, Prctors, COLONIAE ROMANAE. 229 Scribes, &c. so likewise did the Roman colonics and municipia. Spartianus, whilst enumerating the different offices served by Hadrian in several cities, says, “ throughout the Latin towns he was styled Dictator, and Edile, and Duumvir ; in his own country’, a Quinquennalis.” On coins connected with the present subject appear the following as local magistrates, viz. : Ediles, Decuriones, Duumviri, Quinquennales, Prefecti, Quatuorviri, Triumviri. Of all these brief no- tices will be found under their respective alpha- betical heads. Colonial Ediles. — As at Rome, the Ediles (see p. 12) were reckoned among the magistrates of the highest rank, their office being to super- intend the management of the commerce, pro- visions, and public games of the city, so also the colonies, w'hich were, so to speak, small imitations of Rome, had their Ediles, subject to the authority of the chief magistrate. The coins of Calagurris, Cclsa, Leptis, Parium, Saguntum, and Turiaso, shew that those colonies had their Duumviri ; those of Carteia and Clunia, their Quatuorviri ; and all of them their Ediles. — Cardinal Noris records further examples be- sides those on coins. — Moreover it is certain that there were some colonies aud municipia in which Ediles acted as chief magistrates. A proof of this may be found on reference to an oft-quoted passage of Spartianus, according to w'hich Hadrian “ was Dictator, and Edile, and Duumvir, throughout the Latin towns nor is it by any means to be imagined that any honour would have been conferred by the colonies on an emperor, which was not held in the highest estimation by themselves. Another clear testi- mony is furnished from Cicero, speaking of Arpinuin : — “ For,” lie says, “ in order to esta- blish a municipium it has this y’ear been my wish that my son, my brother’s son, and M. Caesius, should be elected Ediles ; for that is the only magistracy which it is the custom to create in our municipium .” This passage further shews, that there were colonics, and municipia, which were governed by three Ediles. Coins do not record more than two. There is frequent mention of the Ediles of municipia, on ancient marbles. Calagurris, Cclsa, and other colonics had their Duumviri, and yet these were not always ex- hibited on their coins, but in their stead some- times the Ediles, a magistracy of au inferior grade. Eckhel’s mode of accounting for this is, that “ the Colonial Ediles had their names in- scribed on coins, for the same, or a similar reason as that which led to the names of the Curule and Plebeian Ediles being inscribed on the Roman denarii. For, as at Rome, the business of striking money was entrusted to the Pretors, Questors, and Ediles, on which occa- sions their names were introduced on the coins, so, in the colonies likewise, whether the pur- pose might be to provide corn, or celebrate pub- lic games, unstamped brass was given to the Ediles, which they were then to mint for imme- diate use, with the insertion of their own names, for a similar reason.” Coloniarum Decurionalus. Dccurionatc of 230 COLONIAE ROMANAE. the Colonies. See decvriones See also Municipal Magistracies. Coloniarum Duumviratus. — See Duumvirate of the Colonies. Coloniarum et Manicipiorum Tgpi. — The coins of Colonies have either certain parti- cular types, from which they rarely deviate, or such as vary without any fixed system. Of the former class, e. g. are a woman standing with military ensigns, peculiar to Viminacium ; a head of (Jupiter) Ammon, to Cassandrea; a woman sitting on a rock, with a river flowing from bcucath it, to Antioch in Syria, &c. Coins of the second class have types of a changeable and common character, throwing light on the period in which they were struck ; or in some cases, more elaborate ones, founded doubtless on traditions preserved amongst themselves and traceable to a remote period of the history of the colony ; though there might be nothing in them any longer applicable to the circumstances of the foreign settlers in those cities. To ad- duce some examples, a common type of the colony of Corinth, is the fable of Meliccrta, also of Belleropbon, Chimaera, Pegasus, &c. On the coins of the Tyrians, and colonies founded by them, we see the petree ambrosia, and the murex, a shell fish used for dying wool purple, &c. — See corinthus and tyrus. The following arc the types which only llo- man colonies adopted, except in cases where in- dependent cities assumed them : — I. A Man, dressed in the toga, and veiled, drives (sometimes with, sometimes without, a whip>), a pair of oxen yoked to A PLOUGH. This type, of which an Antiochian specimen, in large brass (CAE saria ANTIOCHia COL- onia Senates Woman us), will be found engraved in p. 227, is presented exclusively on coins of Ro- man Colonies, as the sacred rite alluded to by it, was not observed except on the occasion of found- ing a colony by the Romans. It is described everywhere by philologists, and among them by Ilcineccius in the following brief and clear manner: “ Whenever either a new’ city was to be built, or a colony planted, the founder or Triumvir of the colony, attired in the Gabinian garb, fixed a brazeu piough-share into a plough, and yoking to it a pair of oxen, male and female, in person turned up a deep furrow around the boundaries. The colonists followed and sho- velled back into the furrow the clods raised by the plough. At the spot which they fixed upon for a gate, they took out the plough-share, lifted the plough, and left a space. The furrow com- pleted, these oxen with other victims, were sa- crificed to the Dii medioxutni, (Gods of the earth, as middle between heaven and the infernal regions ?) and lastly they betook themselves to building the walls. Other ceremonies were added to these, for good omen’s sake, as Festus shews under the word Quat/rala; but of the nature of these wc arc as yet ignorant. From what has already been described, the fact can easily be accounted for, that the walls and not the gates of a city were held sacred. For COLONIAE ROMANAE. the latter did not receive the impression of the plough, because through them would be carried the bodies of the dead and other impurities.” Thus far 1 Iciucccius who quotes his authorities, with whom Florez may be compared — Eckhel adds a passage from Cato’s “ Origincs,” quoted by Servius, in which the type of similar coins is exactly described ; “ For the founders of a city used to yoke a bull on the off and a cow on the near side, and dressed in the Gabinian fashion, (i. e. using part of the toga as a veil for the head, and girding up the rest of it,) held in their hands the curved plough-tail,” Ac. To the same purport is the statement of Dion, that a golden statue of great weight, with figures of a bull and a cow, was erected in honour of Com- modus, as founder of the Colony of Rome. (See col. com mod i ana.) — The coins of that emperor of about the date u. c. 913, (a. d. 190) serve to elucidate this point of the subject. The religious obligation of tracing with a plough the boundaries of a colony was observed not only in the case of those, which were raised from the very foundation, but also of those, which, having already the external form of a city, obtained through the importation of foreign colonists, or even merely by the liberality of the Romaos, the rights aud privileges of a colony. As a monetal illustration of the fact here as- serted by Eckhel, the above reverse of a beauti- ful gold coin struck by c. marivs trogvs, one of the moneyers of Augustus, has been eugra\ cd after Mionnct’s fine plate, t. i. p. 109. The type of this very rare aureus (valued by the French Numismatist at GOO fr.) represents a colonist driving two oxen harnessed to a plough, before the walls of a town. On the obverse is the bare head of Augustus, with simputum aud lituus behind it, and the legend caesak av- gvst. Allusion is doubtless in this instance made to some colony planted by the first em- peror, where a city already existed, but round which the sacred ceremonial peculiar to Roman colonization had still to be performed. Casiliuuin was au example of a city of long standing, and already constituted a colony with the due rites; and yet when M. Antony scut thither a reinforcement of colonists, he did not neglect the ceremony of the plough, ns Cicero informs us, in the following invective : — “ Yon have led over a colony to Casilinum, that you might raise the standard (vcxillum) and drive the plough round (the walls).” lienee, it is by no means surprising, that the figure of a plough should be fouud on the coins of colonics of remote foundation, such as Berytus, Sidon, Tyre, and Pntnc. According to Cicero, how- ever, the limits, not merely of the city, but of C0L0N1AE ROMANAE. the land assigned to the colony, were traced out by the plough. For he thus continues the sentence above quoted: “With the coulter of which (i. e. Aratrura) you nearly grazed the gate of Capua, that the territory of that nourish- ing colony might he curtailed.” It ought further to be observed, that the type of a plough is not found on the coins of any municipium, and with good reason, for, those places were not under the same regulations as the colonies (sec article mvnicipivm), the lat- ter, as the off-shoots of Rome, using the laws and institutions of that people, and appearing to have been, as it were, imitations of Rome on a small scale. Hence, as Romulus, when found- ing Rome (to use Ovid’s expression), grasping the ploughshare, marked out the walls with a furrow, a white bull and a white cow bearing the yoke ; so, in planting colonies, a similar rite was practised. And this also, fully accounts for the fact, that, on the coins of Greek colo- nies, whose custom it was, by various types, to indicate their connexion with the metropolis, there never appears a priest ploughing, because this ceremony was peculiar to the Romans alone, and never extended to the Greeks. — D. N. V. vol. iv. 490. II. Military Ensigns, and the Legions. These frequently occur on colonial coins, but not on them alone. There are various modes in which they were represented, and the follow- ing is Eckhel’s enumeration of them : — Military Ensigns alone ; as they are seen on coins of Acci, Csesar-augusta, Emerita, Bery- tus, &c. Military Ensigns, with the names of the Legions affixed. See Coins of Acci (p. 3), and Cicsar-augusta (p. 161 of this dictionary). Sec also Berytus, Patric, &c. Military Ensigns, with a Priest ■ploughing . — On coins of iElia Capitolina, and Ptolcmais ; also on some of Antioch in Pisidia, and of Patric, the priest is ploughing ; but instead of his holding the customary whip, a vexillum, or one or two military standards, appear behind his oxen. — See p. 15 & p. 227 of this dictionary. On a coin of Cicsar-augusta, military ensigns occupy the obverse ; and a priest ploughing, the reverse. On the coins of Viminacium, a woman stand- ing, holding an eusign in each hand, is the com- mon type. Military ensigns on colonial coins, undoubtedly for the most part indicate military colonics. For soldiers were sent out into the colonies, partly because they had served their time, partly as a reward for eminent services (which w f as fre- quently the case under the Triumvirate), partly for the protection of the frontiers of the empire. That, however, may with much greater cer- tainty be pronounced a military colony, whose coins exhibit the legions and their numbers added to the vexilla, as leg. xi. — But the num- bers are not unfrequcntly omitted. It is well known that soldiers, transferred to colonies, pro- ceeded thither with their ensigns, and by troops. Tacitus, iu a passage already quoted, says : 'COLONIAE ROMANAE. 231 “ For not at this period, as in a former one, were whole legions led forth, with their tri- bunes and centurions, and soldiers of every rank.” — And also Hyginus — “ It was the lot of many legions, after succcssfid campaigns, to arrive, by the first act of their warlike appren- ticeship, at the laborious ease of a farming life. For they w r ere led out with their ensigns and eagle, their officers of rank aud tribunes.” — Sulla is said to have been the originator of military colonies, and his example was followed by the Cicsars. Fahretti is of opinion, that by the help of the types already described, viz. of a priest plough- ing, and of vexilla, a distinction might be established between plebeian aud military colo- nies. For, he says, the plebeians were dis- tinguished by the plough ; the military, by the eagles and ensigns ; whilst those, which on various coins exhibit the plough or the ensigns indiscriminately, and sometimes in combination, indicate a derivation in the first instance from the civilians, reinforced subsequently by veteran soldiers. Fabretti is entirely followed by Vaillant. Eckhel, however, shows that this opinion is confuted by both authors and coins, lie begius by comparing with it Velleius Paterculus, who says — “ I could not easily recall to memory an instance of any colony sent out after this period, which was not a military one.” The period alluded to, he marks by the sixth consulate of Marius, which occurred u. c. 654 (b. c. 100). If, therefore, his testimony may be relied on, Berytus, Csesar-augusta, Corinth, Emerita, Patrae, Sinope, were also military colonies, be- ing all planted by Julius Cicsar, or Augustus, and consequently after the time mentioned by Velleius ; and yet all these colonies exhibit on their coins a man ploughing. Nor could Fa- bretti defend his ploughman by the assertion, that the first planting by the civilians was de- noted by this type ; for it is certain, that none of the cities just enumerated were colonies before the colonization set on foot by the two Caisars above named; and, therefore, that they were made at the same time colonics, and, according to Velleius, military colonics ; as, indeed is proved by the name Emerita itself, which, ac- cording to authors, was applied to it from sol- diers who had served their time (emeriti ). — Again to adduce Cicero’s declamation against M. Antony — “ You have led forth a colony to Casilinum, that you might raise your standard (vexillum), and drive your plough round its walls.” — That it was a military colony is clear from the expressions of Velleius, and yet the custom of ploughing was observed at its founda- tion. In like manner, the vexillum, though the symbol of military colonies, yet did not dis- prove them to be plebeian. For even when ple- beian colonies were sent out, the colonists marched under military ensigns. — This we learn from Plutarch, when he says, that the principal vexillum was broken off by the wind, when a colony was led by C. Gracchus to Carthage. — But this colony was composed, not of soldiers, but of poor civilians. 232 COLON I AE ROMANAE. The foregoing statements go to prove that the type of a plough is applicable equally to plebeian and to military colonies ; and the same may be maintained respecting the vexilla ; al- though, as far as the present purpose is con- cerned, it would appear an idle inquiry, how far military' ensigns denote a military colony. For those colonies of which coins are extaut, with one or two exceptions, were all military, doubt- less planted by the Cscsars : so that it may, without hesitation, be pronounced that the vex- ilia typified on coins of Roman colonies have re- ference to the soldiers who settled in them, in the same mauncr as the vexilla on the coins of cities, which were not colonies, have reference to the cohorts stationed as a guard near them. — On coins of Italica a Spanish municipium, there appear vexilla; also on those of Nicsea and Juliopolis in Hithynia, and Hieropolis in Cyr- liestica, none of which were colonies ; and though Egypt had no colonies whatever, the coins of Alexandria, struck during the reigns of Nume- riauus and Carinus, bear the mark of Legio. II. Trajana, with the type of a legionary eagle. — Bod. Num. Vet. vol". iv. p. 492. 111. A SHE WOLF SUCKLING TWO CHILDREN. The following colonies offer this type on their coins, viz. : — Alexandria in the Troad ; Anti- oehia in I’isidia; Apaniea in Bitliyuia; Coela (rnuuicipium) in the Thracian Chersonesus; Damascus in Code Syria;; Beit! turn in Thrace; Germe in Galatia ; Iconium in Lvcaonia ; Ita- lica (mnnicipium) in Bictica (Hispania) ; Lao- dicea in Syria ; Neapotis in Samaria ; Barium in Mysia ■' Pat r/e in Acliaia; Philippi in Mace- donia. The above cut is after a cast from a coin of I.aodicea, in the British Museum. The obverse bears the head and titles of Macrinus ; the legend of the reverse is romae fel(ici). That the tradition of Romulus and Remus having been brought up by a she wolf, was the constant symbol of the origin of the Roman state, is evident from innumerable monuments. It was on this account that the colonics parti- cularly affected the above described type, in order to declare themselves sprung as it were from a common parent ; just as l’robus struck coins, in third brass, with the legend okigixi. avo. and the type of the wolf and twins ; no doubt in order to proclaim himself a Roman by birth. Mtmicipia, though but rarely, used this type, as they might, by a species of adoption, be considered the daughters of Rome. Motives COLONIAE ROMANAE. of attachment, or of adulation, appear also to have recommended this type to foreign cities, as it is found on a coin of Thyatira, in Lydia, given by Spon. Connected with the allusion to Rome as an original, is a type, in which .Eneas is represented, carrying Anchises and accompa- nied by Ascanius, tised by the colonics of Apn- mca in Bithynia, and Berytus, in Syria. — Sec Pelleriu, Melange , i. T. i. pi. 18. IV. A Bull, standing. — On the coins of Calagurris, Cclsa, in Hispania, and of other colo- nics, this type appears in allusion to Agricul- ture, to promote which colonists were sent from Rome, and of which a bull was the customary symbol. — Tacitus says, “ therefore from the cattle market, where we see the brazen statue of a bull, because that species of animal is used in ploughing,” &c. See Akerman, Ancient Coins of Cities, p. 78, pi. viii. No. 6 — also Havercamp, Medailles de Christine, p. 285, tab. xliv. V. Sll.ENUS standing, holds out his right hand, and with his left supports a wine-shin thrown over his shoulders . — (col. laod. metro- I’OLEOS.) This device, copied from a first brass of Laodicca, occurs on coins of the following colo- nics, viz. : — Alexandria Troadis; Berg/us Phoe- nicia; ; Bostra Arabia: ; Coela {mun.) Thraciic ; Damascus Coelesvria; ; Deultum Thracia: ; Lao- dicea Syria: ; Neapo/is Samaria; , Barium, My- sia: ; Patra Achaiic ; Sidon Phoenicia: ; Tgrus Phoenicia:. That the above type is peculiar to coins of this class, is rendered probable by the fact, not only that it is found on the coinage of so many colonies, but also that it is found on them alone, for Sileuus is not represented in the attitude above described on any coins of cities, which were not colonics. — Eekhel, without hesitation, pronounces this type to be strictly a colonial one ; and as a sole exceptional instance, he re- fers to the Silcnus which appears, in a similar attitude, on a denarius of the Ccnsorini (sec Marcia gens), although for what reason adopted thereon, is not known. Vaillant regards this type, as having reference to abundant vintages, in which Silcnus is un- derstood to have delighted. And, in this opi- nion, that celebrated writer on Colonial Coins is followed by Believe, in his dissertation on the coins of Bostra. — Eekhel, on the other hand, considers it to iudicatc the jus Ita/icum ; and he asks “ how is it that wc do not also find the COLON I AE ltOMANAE. figure of Silenus on the coins of Greek cities — cities which were so fond of boasting the ex- cellence of their wine, in so many various ways?” He then commences an inquiry into the reason why the Silenus in question appears almost ex- clusively on Homan coins, and to throw light on this enigma, quotes two passages from Scr- vius. That ancient grammarian, in the first place, refers to Silenus under the name of Mar- syas, as is to be inferred from his asserting that this Marsyas was under the guardianship of Liber Pater (Bacchus), and performed the part of his attendant, as is mythologically predi- cated of Silenus ; and in the next place, Servius states, that the image of Marsyas (meaning Silenus), was customarily placed in the forum of the Italian cities, as the symbol of Liberty, with uplifted hand, proclaiming that the city was under the amplest protection (nihil urbi deesse) ; thus pointing out the very posture of the statue, resembling that of the figure on their coins. — The learned, acute, and judicious Author of Doctrina next observes, that no colonies appear to have used this type but those which had the jus llalicum granted to them by the emperors. This privilege (jus), the most ample of all those which the Romans were accustomed to confer on cities, involved immunity from capitation and land taxes ; and it was termed llalicum, because Augustus wished that this advantage should extend to the whole of Italy. Eckhel then proceeds to the following effect: — “ It must be evident to every one, that the cities which were distinguished by this eminent privilege, could, without undue assumption, though not strictly in accordance with the Ro- man sense of the term, be called free, and make that boast, which Servius supposes to be inti- mated by the attitude of Silenus — namely that thenceforward they had no further privilege to wish for. If, then, as may reasonably be con- jectured, it was in order to make a display of this their liberty, that the Italian cities so con- stantly represented Silenus as the symbol of freedom, Servius, himself a Roman, and one who had been an eye-witness of this custom of the Italian cities, could with propriety state the figure of this demi-god to denote the liberty of cities, notwithstanding his having, as a writer, made use of expressions not quite cor- rect (as when he substitutes Marsyas for Sile- nus, and the term liberty for that of immunity, derived from the jus Italicum). Moreover, if the Italian cities declared their freedom, by the erection of a statue of Silenus in their forum, it is not surprising that the colonics abroad should have been fond of testifying, in a similar manner, that the same privileges had been ex- tended to themselves. And, indeed, of the twelve cities which have employed the type of Silenus on their coins (see the list given above), there are five which it is certain enjoyed the jus Italicum, that is to say, Alexandria, Bery- tus, Laodicea, Parium, and Tyre. To these may safely be added Sidon, on which no doubt the jus Italicum, which Tyre possessed, was bestowed simultaneously with the transfer to it 2 II COLONIAE ROMANAE. 233 of all the other privileges of Tyre, by order of Elagabalus.” By way of support to his conjecture, Eckhel adds, that out of all the numerous coins of Tyre, Sileuus appears on those only which declare that city to be a colony. On the withdrawal of its colonial rights, hy Elagabalus, it inti- mated its forlorn condition by the legend tyri- orvm, whilst Silenus w’as banished from its coinage. To this instance may be conjoined Patr®, in Achaia, on w'hich, as Pansanias informs ns, Augustus conferred all the advantages which were usually allowed to a colony ; and if all, no doubt amongst them was included the jus Itali- cum. Consequently out of twelve cities, seven arc seen to have enjoyed that right, and used the type of Silenus. This view of the subject, taken by the ac- knowledged prince of numismatists, is materially confirmed by the fact, that on the coins of those colonics, to which the jurists Ulpian, Paidus, and other learned authors, deny the jus Itali- cum, viz. Ptolemais, Cmsarea in Samaria, /Elia Capitolina, and Antioch in Syria, not the least vestige of the Silenus type is to be found ; al- though their coins are extant in abundance. — Of Ptolemais, Ulpian says, “ It has nothing beyond the name of a colony and of Caesarea and Aelia, the same writer says, “ Neither of them possesses the jus Italicum.” Antioch in Syria is not only passed over entirely by Ulpian ; but Paulus has merely this brief notice of it — “ Divus Antoninus constituted the Antiochians colonists, but without exemption from tribute (sal vis tributis). — “ From the circumstance how- ever that the above named writers do not enu- merate among the Urbes Italics, Bostra, Coela, Damascus, Deultum, Ncapolis, Patrse, and Sidon, all of which exhibit the type of Silenus in their mintages, let it not (says Eckhel in conclusion) be supposed that I would have any one infer, that those cities did not possess the/«4 Italicum; for there is no doubt that some colonies were admitted to the privilege in question at a later period.” — See Port. Num. Vet. iv. 493, et seq. Colonial Coins — metal employed in. — No colo- nial coin has yet been found in gold. Ncmausus has given several in silver, with the inscription col. Florez saw only one of Carthago Nova, and one of Ilicum, and has pronounced them to be the greatest rarities. There are very rare silver coins of Agrigentum, in Sicily, without the col. and inscribed only agrigentvm, but which, Eckhel has no doubt, were struck at Agrigentum, after the planting of a colony there. With these exceptions, the whole of the colonial coinage is in brass. It appears that the use of silver was not forbidden to the colonies planted under the republic ; but that sub- sequently, brass alone was permitted, from the time that Augustus, and his successors, re- served to themselves the gold and silver mints. Colonial mintages — cessation of. — The latest time of striking coins in the colonics of His- pania docs not extend beyond the reign of Caligula. In the Gallic provinces they had ceased even under Augustus , and earlier still. 231 COLONIAE ROMAN AE. on the continent of Italy ; as there is no coin of an Italian colony, exhibiting a head of Caesar, or of Augustus. The coius of the Sicilian colonics, Agrigentuui and Panormus, furnish the portrait of Augustus alone. 'The colonics of old Africa gave up the minting-mallet, under 'Tibe- rius ; and Babba alone, in New Africa, continued till the reign of Galba. But these limits apply not only to the coinage of the colonies, and mtiiripia of those provinces, but also to that of their free cities. As regards the provinces situated eastward of the Adriatic, their colonics present examples of the same course, adopted iu reference to money, by their free cities. For both equally abstained from striking money during the reign of Gallienus, with the exception of a very few, which exhibit the portraits of some of the emperors immediately succeeding him. And this cessation was owing, either to the universal feeliug of satiety, or to the glut of Roman money, in the provinces ; or to the fact, that about this time, mints were in the course of establishment, for the coining of money, which should be common to all the pro • vinccs of the empire. Colon iarum cudendi permissio. — Permission to strike money in the colonies. — Sec perm, avgvsti, and permissv caesaris — (si/ is /oris.) COL. L. AN. COM. P. M. TIC P. XV. IMP. VIII. COS. VI. S. C. — A priest veiled, driving a plough, to which oxen are yoked. — First and second brass of Commodus. On this reverse, we have the monctal proof of Rome having been called Colonia Commo- diana, by command of Commodus. Lampri- dius (chap. 8) informs us that this emperor reached such a pitch of madness as to desire that the city of Rome should be called the Commodi- anian colony ; an act of folly which is said to have been brought about, by the fascinations of Marcia, his Amazonian mistress. The same his- torian adds that, at the time when he introduced to the Senate his scheme for turning Rome into Commodiana, that degenerate body not only re- ceived it readily, but even gave itself the title of (Senatus) Com modi an us. Thus the absurdity was fortified even by a Senatus consul turn, as is shewn by the coin from which the above is an accurate cut, and which is marked with the s. c. To show how obstinately Commodus had set his mind on this object, it is stated by Dion (Lxxii. § 15), that the people were commanded to call Rome itself Commodiana, and the armies Commodiani. And further, that Rome was styled bv the emperor himself the “ ctemnl COLONUS. fortunate ( Felicem ) Colony of the world so intent was lie on the city’s being considered as his own colony. But this new “ settlement” had a very narrow escape from destruction, by the hands of the very person who plant rd it : for he would have set fire to the city, says Lampridius (ch. 15), had he not been prevented j by Lfetns. The type of a priest veiled, ploughing, with a yoke of oxen, admirably confirms the testimony of historians, for (as has been fully demonstrated in the preceding pages), it is a common one on coins of cities which were planted as colonics. The golden statue erected to him, with the figures of a bull and a cow, has refcreucc to this foolish attempt of Commodus, in his pretended capa- city of founder of a colony. The legend, also, perfectly agrees with the type of this re- markable coin, as it gives the word COLouia. “ The whole inscription (adds Eckhel) no doubt should be thus interpreted — COLouia Lucia A'Stoniniana COM odiana, just as Diospolis in Samaritis, and Elcuthcropolis iu J ml sea, styled themselves on coins Lucia Septimia Sevenana. Still, it is remarkable, that the prienomcn of Lucia should have been given to Rome, at a time, when Commodus himself constantly used that of Marcus, unless, perhaps, he had in his mind the revival of the old and long disused name of Lucius, which he really adopted two years afterwards.” — Sec vii. 122. The same subject is alluded to on coins in- scribed iierc. ROM. cond. — Among Vaillant’s Select tom Numisma/a from the De Camps collec- tion, now in the Cabinet de France, there is ouc which exhibits this emi>cror indulging his insane fancy of guiding the colouial plough, but attired in the lion’s skin like Hercules. And the im- personation is completed by a club which he carries iu his right hand. For Lampridius records, that “ He caused himself to be styled Romanos Hercules" — adding the reason for that designation, viz. “ because he had slaughtered wild beasts in the amphitheatre at Lanuvium.” It was iu memory of his converting the eternal city” into a colony bearing his own name, and to his own honour, as “ Hercules Romanus Condilor ,” that the medallion in question was struck, at the beginning of his 7th consulate, in colleague- ship with llclvius Pertinax, 915 (a. I). 192), and during his 17th investiture with the tri- bunitinn power. — Sec commodus, biographical summary of (p. 210). — Engraved in Akermnu, i. 312, pi. D. COLON FS — a term obviously derived from colo, to till or cultivate the soil — means an inhabitant of a colony, who was nominally a citizen of Rome ; because he had the rights of citizenship, though not in all their extent; uor did the co/oni possess what was called Optimum jus. Cicero has given a detail of the privileges of which a colouist was deprived. Addressing himself to the Roman people, the great orator says, — Vos verb, Quiritcs, retinetc istam pos- i scssioncm gratia-, libertntis, sutfragiorum, dig- nitatis, L'rbis, fori, ludorum, festorum, Ac. Of whatever rank they were, the co/om were COLOSSUS. eligible to be enrolled among the rural tribes, so that they became equal, by the right of suffrages, to the richest and most distinguished citizens — Those who wished to become members ol a new colony were accustomed to give in their names to the triumvirs charged as commissioners with the duty of forming such settlement. And thus persons burtheued with the pressure ot domestic circumstances, obtained with their families new and gratuitous means of support. — See Pitiscus, Dictionnaire des Antiquites lio- maines. Colonists were frequently sent out by the Itomaus into the metropolis, or capital city of a nation or a province. And this was done with a politic view, in order by the allegiance of one city the more easily to secure the adherence of the other towns in the same province or nation, lienee we find the united diguities of Colonia and Metropolis arc marked on coins of Charne, Edessa, &e. The legends being sometimes in the vernacular tongue of those places ; at other times in the Latin language, as introduced by the colonists themselves. COLOSSUS — a statue of prodigious grandeur, far beyond the size of life. At first they were made thus large and lofty only in honour of the gods, in order to indicate the extent of their power by the vastuess of their stature. After- wards, however, when human rulers affected divine honours, they readily allowed themselves to receive a homage which had till then been reserved to their deities. The Asiatics and Kgyptiau s had a remarkable fondness for gigantic figures. The Greeks also possessed many Co- lossi, among which was the celebrated one of Rhodes, executed by Chares Lindins, a disciple ot Lysippus, and which was 70 cubits high.— The Romans adorned their cities with similar monuments, which at first they brought thither from the countries they had conquered. At a later period the pride and ambition of the em- peror* added colossal magnitude to the other at- tributes of their power. Nero caused his colos- sal statue to be erected in the via sacra at Rome (near the spot afterwards occupied by Vespasian’s amphitheatre) ; and on a large brass of that emperor there is a triumphal arch (sec p. 77), in oue of the sides of which wc see a figure of extraordinary proportions, compared with the other statues that adorn it, and which, with probability, is regarded by Oiselius and others to represent Nero. See also a colossal figure of that emperor on the large brass of poet, ostia. Domitian and Hadrian also erected colossal statues. — Hayin has published a coin, on which is a colossus between two tem- ples dedicated to Caracalla and Geta, or to Severus and Caracalla. Millingcn has also given a colonial second brass dedicated to Antoninus Pius, on the reverse of which, in the middle of a harbour with ships in it (supposed to be meant lor that of CenchreaJ, stands a colossal image of Neptune. — Sec corinthus. COLUMNA. — A column or pillar — round in form, and composed (in architectural language), 2 II 2 COLUMNA. 235 of a body called the shaft, of a head termed the capital, and of a foot denominated the base. The Romans had epithets to designate different insulated columns, used for public purposes . Those noticeable on their coins were the rostrated and the triumphal . — The following are well- known examples of each : — COLUMNA ANTONINIANA. — A magnifi- cent pillar, which still “ lifts its head” in one of the finest squares (or piazze) in Rome, is thus called, as having been raised, according to general belief, by the Senate and People to the memory of Antoninus Pius. And there arc in- scriptions on it which countenance and support this belief. But inasmuch as certaiu details of the war against the Marcomanni are recorded on this column — a war conducted by his succes- sor Marcus Aurelius — it has been therefrom in- ferred that this famous monument was not finished till the reign of Commodus. It appeal's, however, more likely to have been erected during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. That prince having occasionally been called Divus Antoni- nus, or Marcus Antoninus, has perhaps given rise to the ambiguity. At any rate, the name of Antoninus remains attached to the column, which is 116 French feet in height, and 11 in diameter. It is entirely of marble, and is sur- rounded with bassi relicvi, which form twenty spirals around the shaft. Silver and large brass coins, bearing the por- trait of Antoninus Pius, and judging from the legend of consecration, evidently struck after that emperor’s death, exhibit a typificatiou of the column, with a colossal statue of the hu- perator standing on its summit, holding a spear in his right hand. The base of the pillar is surrounded with a railing. The above cut is engraved from a well-preserved large brass. — See divo pio. In describing a choice specimen of this in- teresting type in his own collection, Captain Smyth (p. 126) observes — “ This celebrated column, erected by Marcus Aurelius, in the field of Mars, in imitation of that of Trajan, w as inferior to it in all respects except that of height. The dimensions of this monument arc thus given by Publius Victor ‘ Templum Divi, cum coclide columna, qua; cst alia pedes 175, habet intus gradus 206, et fenestellas (small windows) 56.” It still exists in situ, although it has been greatly damaged by fire ; and Pope Sixtus Vth having placed St. Peter on Trajan’s pillar, set up St. Paul on this.” 236 COLUMNA. COLUMN A ROSTRATA. — This was a pil- lar which the Senate and the Roman People raised on the occasion of some naval successes, and adorned with the rostra, or prows of con- quered squadrons. The first rostrated or beaked columns were erected iu the forum, to comme- morate a victory gained by the Roman fleet under the consul C. Duillius over that of the Carthaginians, B. c. 261. It was a marble pil- lar, found in 1560, and is to be seen in the capitol at Rome.— Engraved in Dr. W. Smith’s Dictionary of Roman Antiquities, p. 267. On a silver coin of Augustus, the reverse type presents a column, ornamented with beaks and anchors of ships, on which stands a figure of the emperor, in a military habit, with a spear in the right hand, and a short sword, or the parazonium , in the other, imp. caes. inscribed on the field of the coin. This type bears reference to a circumstance recorded by Appian (b. c. lib. v. ch. 130), that on Octavianus Cwsar’s return from the cam- paign in Sicily against Pompey, a. u. c. 718 (b. c. 36), amongst other honours decreed to Augustus was the following— that a gold statue of him, in the triumphal attire in which he en- tered the city, should be erected to him in the forum, on a column to which were aftixed the beaks of ships, and inscribed, ob. pacem. div. TVRBATAM. TERRA. MARiqVE. RESTITVTAM. — It is to this that Virgil also alludes, when amongst the fainons monuments of Augustus, he mentions, “ navali surgentes acre columnas,” “ columns soaring aloft, made of, or adorned with, naval brass.” (Georg, iii. 2D). To which Servius adds, “ Augustus becoming the con- queror of all Egypt, part of which Cicsar had reduced, brought away from the naval engage- ment many beaks of ships, which he melted down and made into four columns, afterwards placed by Domitian in the capitol.” — Eckhel, vi. 86. A rostrated column, as represented in the annexed cut, surmounted by a male figure, with radiated head, holding the hasta, appears oil gold and silver coins of Vespasian. — The statue on the top of the column seems (says Var- iant), to be that of Vespa- sian, and the coin which the legend of reverse, cos. vin. tr. pot. x. shews to have been minted a. d. 77, refers to some victory ; perhaps that naval engagement in which he defeated the Jews on the lake of Geuesarct, as related by Josephus. There is a similar coin and type of Titus, struck in remembrance of his naval victories, and on which his image, with radiated head, surmounts the rostral column. COLUMNA TRAJANA. — The superb mo nurncut bearing this appellation, and existing nt this moment in the Eternal City, was erected by the Senate and the Roman People to the honour of Trqjan, in the forum which that em- peror had caused to be built at Rome (by Apol- todorus of Athens), and which wns called after COLUMNA. his name. This noble pillar remained uninjured by the wear and tear of ages, except that the statue of the emperor had disappeared from its summit, and that a balustrade of brass, which originally surrounded the top, existed no longer. Pope Sixtus V. undertook to repair these losses, and employed the Cuvaliere Fontana iu supply- ing a balustrade of iron ; but iustcad of raising another statue of Trajan, copied as it might have been from his coins, His Holiness prefer- red to see the vacant place tilled up with a brazen figure of St. Peter, “who (as Eckhel says, with classical sarcasm on pontifical taste), “ marvels no doubt what connection there can be between himself and the relievos of the column, which exhibit the horrors of war and the ceremonies of paganism — thus trans- forming this renowned work into a contemptible hybrid.” Several ancient historians have made allusion to this magnificent object, and state its dimen- sions, each after his own calculations. — Dion says, inter alia , “ Trajan’s column in the forum is of vast height.” — Eutropius affirms, that it was 14 1 feet high. — Cassiodorus 140 feet. — P. Victor says, “ It was 128 feet in height.” — Modern writers, on more minute admeasurement, esti- mate its diameter at 12 feet and J (French), and its height at 100 feet, including the base and capital. The summit of the column is attained by means of an interior staircase, cut round in the marble. This staircase receives the light by 43 openings pierced in the shaft. The sculptured work with which the whole exterior of the column is decorated, makes a spiral ascent of 23 turns round the pillar like a shell (whence its appella- tion cochlis). It represents in a series of tableaus the exploits of Trajau, throughout both the Dacian campaigns. They are ex- tremely curious as regards both art and history, exhibiting as they do, settings out on marches, forms of encampment, passages of rivers, sacri- fices, battles, victories, and trophies. These pictures arc all of fine workmanship, and de- ficient in a graphic sense only as to perspective, the rules of which the ancients seldom if ever appear to have understood. As a means, how- ever, of retracing the most memorable incidents of the Dacian war, and of presenting many interesting details relative to military autiquitics, such sculptured relics arc of the greatest value. Coins in gold and silver, also in first and second brass, minted a. d. 113, in memory of the time when this triumphal pillar was constructed, COLUMNA. exhibit the statue (of brass gilt) by which it was originally surmounted. It represented Trajan in the garb of war, holding in one hand a spear, and in the other a globe. On the pedestal, close to the base of the column, stands an eagle on each side. The emperor, however, never beheld the column thus raised to record and perpetuate his military fame: for, returning from Persia, he died in the East on his way to Rome, a. d. 117. His ashes, inclosed in a golden urn, were interred uuder the coluum — being the first buried within the city. The legend on the coin in each metal dis- playing this interesting type of reverse, is s. p. q. r. optimo pkincipi. (on the brass s. c. is added.) The date (observes Eckliel) of the completion and dedication of this surprising monument is almost sufficiently defined by the inscription above the door of the column, viz. : — SENATVS. POPVLVSQ. ROMAN VS. IMP. CAESAR I. DIVI. NERVAE. F. NERVAE. TRAIANO. AVG. GERM. DACICO. PONTIF. MAXIMO. TRI. POT. XVII. IMP. VI. COS. VI. P. P. AI). DECLARANDVM. QVANTAE. ALTITVDINIS. MONS. ET. LOCVS. *TANTw ojpm'BVS SIT. EGE. ST VS. * So Fabretti contends it should be read ; others fill up the lacuna differently : thus TANTw ex colli BVS SIT. EGESTVS. According to this inscription, the column, among other purposes, auswered that of a measure to indicate the depth (that is to say its height corresponding to the depth) of soil re- moved from the Quirinal Mount, to make room for the foundations of the itnmeusc Forum Trajani. The inscription also records the com- pletion of the column to have been when Trajan liad entered upon his XVIIth Tribunitia Poteslas, which occurred in the autumn of the year v. c. 8G6 (a. D. 113). Its dedication, therefore, cannot be assigned to an earlier period, nor indeed to one much later than the beginning of the following year ; for this emperor, iu the year following (867) adopted, amongst his titles, that of optimvs; and as the inscription above quoted does not give that title, it follows that the work was completed, and the inscription cut within the interval already pointed out. — See JJ. N. V. vol. vi. p. 429-30. The Columna Trajana has been frequently en- graved. An accurate series of plates from the original designs, with the observations of Gori, are to be found in Morell. Thesau. Impp. T. iii. COM. Communitas. COAI. ASI. Communitas Asia. — Under the pro-consular province of Asia were comprised Lydia, Iconia, Caria, Mysia, Phrygia, and Hcl- lespontus, which were in consequence called the Commuuity of Asia. COM. ASI. ROM. ET. AVG.— A silver mcdalliou of Claudius has on its reverse the fore- going legend ; aud for the accompanying type, COM. ASIAE. 237 a two-columned temple ; within which is the figure of a man in a military habit, crowned by a fe- male figure who holds a cornucopise. — The abbre- viated words ROM. ET avg. are inscribed on the frieze of the temple ; whilst com. asi. appears on the field of the coin, the temple being be- tween them. On the obverse is ti. clavdivs caesar avg. with the bare head of Claudius. — This medallion was struck at Pergamus, iu Mysia, about 807 (a. d. 54). — Eckliel, vi. 245. “ It seems,” says Tristan, (Commentaires His- toriques, T. i. 183) “ that the medal was minted in honour of Claudius, immediately after his accession to the empire ; the Asiatics wishing to signify that Claudius was elevated to the Roman monarchy on account of the love borne him by the Romans, inspired thereto by the divine genius of the city of Rome.” Havercamp, on the other hand (see Morell. Thesaur. Impp. vol. ii. p. 15), expresses the more probable opinion that the temple thus typified is one which the Alaban- denses of Caria, or some other province of the Communitas Asia, had built in honour of Roma and Augustus, and that the coin was struck simply in congratulation to Claudius, on his recent attainment of the supreme power formerly possessed by Augustus, whom they were then worshipping as a God. Similar medallions, in silver, were coined under Nerva and Trajan. Vaillant, who gives the former (in Num. Prast. Impp. p. 113), does not consider that the temple refers to either of these emperors, as the AVG ustus of the in- scription ; although its type seems to have been considered worthy of bciug renewed in honour of each respectively, by the community of Asiatic provinces, comprised uuder the pro- consular government of Rome. Eckhel, whilst treating of the coinage of Au- gustus, under the year of Rome 735 (b. c. 19) proves, that these and similar coins of Claudius aud Nerva were struck at Pergamus, in Mysia. COM. ASIAE. — A temple of six columns, on the frieze of which is inscribed rom. et av- gvst. — On a silver medallion of Augustus, in the imperial museum at Vicuna. Eckliel, by the subjoined animadversions on this coin, shews how its legend and type com- bine to throw light on the meaning of those bearing similar inscriptions, struck under Clau- dius, aud Nerva, as above described : — Suetonius (cap. 52) says of Augustus, — “ Though he was aware that temples used to be decreed even to pro-consuls, would permit none to be dedicated in any of the provinces, except jointly to himself and Roma. For in Rome it- self he most resolutely abstained from the dis- tinction of a sole dedication.” — Schlegcl is far from happy in his conjecture, that the temple on this coin represents that of Jupiter Olyrnpi- cus, which stood in Athens, and was erected at the common cost of all the kings of Asia. — 238 COMANA. From other sources we have indisputable evi- dence, that this is the temple at Pcrganuis, in Asia. The first testimony is that of Tacitus fA/inal. vi. 3") — “ Divus Augustus did not for- bid the erection of a temple at Pcrgamus, in the joint names of himself and the city Roma.” — To the same purport also arc certain Greek coins of Pergamus, which, struck not only after the decease of Augustus, but also during his life-time, exhibit that emperor standing withiu a temple, with a spear iu his hand, and the in- scription 0EON. 2EBA2TON. And again, on other coins, struck in the same city in the time of Augustus, we see a turreted head of Roma, with the legend 0EAN. PHMHN. And further, on a coin of Pergamus, in the imperial cabinet, struck in the reign of Trajan, is fouud the in- scription P.QMH. KAI. 2EBA2TH. with the type of a temple, withiu which Augustus, stand- ing and holding a spear in his right haud, is crowued by Roma, who stands beside him, with cornucopiie iu her left haud ; and if with this we compare the silver medallions bearing heads of Claudius, Nerva, aud Trajan, and inscribed com. asi. rom. et avg. with a similar type, it will become sufficiently evident, that coins agreeing thus in legend aud type, and differing only iu longue, must have been struck in one aud the same city, viz. Pergamus. — Still more to the purpose of the coin before us, Dion Cas- siiu (li. c. 20), after stating that Ctcsar Augus- tus permitted temples to be erected at Ephesus and N'icjea, in honour of Rome aud his father Julius, adds — “To foreigners, however, whom he used to term Greeks, lie gave permission to erect temples to himself also, viz. to the Asiatics at Pergamus, and to the Bithyuians at Nico- media.” These, therefore, were the same Asi- atics who style themselves on this coin CO.M- m uni l as AS1AE, thereby indicating, that the temple there represented was raised iu honour of ROMA aud AVGVSTw by their contribu- tions. — Doct. Num. Vet. vi. 245. COM. BIT. ( Commune Bithynia). — A tem- ple, on the frieze of which is inscribed ROM. s. p. avg. — Silver medallion of Hadrian. COM. BIT. S. P. R. — Inscribed on a silver mcdalliou of the same emperor, on the reverse of which is a temple of four columns, with a military figure standing in it. — For an explana- tory notice of both these coins, sec rom. et avg. COM. Commodus. COM. Comes. — COM. IMP. AVG. Comes Imperatoris August!. COMANA in Pontus, Co/onia. — This city (now A1 Boston) was, according to Vaillant, made a colony by Julius Cicsar, after the over- throw of Pharuaccs, sou of Mithridatcs ; hence its title of Julia. It was afterwards re-peopled with veterans by Augustus, and for that reason also called Augusta. — The imperial coins of this city are in large and small brass. They belong to only three reigns, viz. : Antoninus Pius and Caracalla, with Latin legends, and Alexander Sevcrus, with a Greek lcgcud. A first brass of this colony, dedicated to Caracalla, bears for its legend of reverse, cot. ivt. avg. comanorv. COMMODUS. ( Cotonia Julia Augusta Comanorum.) The type presents a temple of two columns, within which stands a woman, clothed in a tunic, and a large veil, which she spreads out with her extended arms. — Eugraved in Vaillant, vol. ii. p. 32. COMES, a word which means companion, in the proper and natural sense, was used uuder the princes of the lower empire, to designate those who were of the household, and in the train of the sovereign, and who had some pe- culiar functions. Comes Imperii signifies a col- league iu government, and is, perhaps, in this sense to be taken, when the word is fouud on coins of the imperial series, whereon it serves as a species of flattery to the reigning emperor, with whose name are associated the names of cer- tain deities, such as Hercules, Sol, Victoria, &c. COMITI. — Sec Herccli Comiti Aug. — Soli Invicto Comiti, &c. COMITATES AEGG. — (The train or retinue of the emperors.) Two horsemen with right hands raised, and a sceptre or spear in their left hands. This legend and type, the latter of which is evidently borrowed from the C. et L. Casarcs, or the Nero et Drusus CWsares of Augustus, arc given by Banduri ns those of a very rare gold coin of Coustnutius Chlorus, which lie re- fers to the date of a. d. 292, when Constantius and Galerius were in eolleagueship. — kbcll (p. 215) gives an engraving of a gold coin, of the highest rarity, bearing on its obverse the head aud legend of dioci.etianvs avgvstvs, with the same legend and type on its reverse as that above described, and which he assigns to about a. D. 286, when Diocletian and Maxiiniuian Hercules were joint Angusti. — Sec Eekhel also relative to these coins, viii. 5. COMIT1EM. — Tliis place of public assembly, to which reference has already bccu made under the head of cloacin (see p. 219), was situate iu the forum, beginning, according to Martianns, from the gate of the palace, and finishing at the spot now occupied by the church of S. Maria Nova. Though surrounded by a wall, the co- mitium was without a roof in the early days of Rome. It was covered in during that year so memorable in Roman annals, when Hannibal entered Italy ; and it was afterwards ornamented with pictures and statues. — On a denarius of the Silia gens, two figures arc seen ascending by steps to the bridge, or platform of the comitium, to cast their votes into baskets, having taken their tickets for that purpose from the diribitores, or scrutineers, below. — The comitium is like- wise seen on coins of Hostilia, Liciuia, aud Mussidia families. — Sec Morel!. Thesaur. Pam. Rom. COM M. or COMMOD. Commodus. — comm. ANT. AVG. BRIT. COMMODES (Lucius Aurelius) AXTONINCS, who on his coins is also called Marcus, was the son of M. Aurelius and of Faustina junior ; and was born at Lanuvium, in Latium, 914 (a. d. 161), the year in which his father entered on his third consulate, and succeeded Autoninus in the sovereignty — viz. the day before the calends COM MODUS. of September. His mother gave birth at the same time to another son, named Antoninus , and, in reference to the event, Geminus ; hut I hat child died at the age of four years. Capito- linas, however, gives it as his opinion, that Cominodus was the son, not of Aurelius, but of some gladiator. Whichever of the two may be the correct version, it is certain that Aurelius constantly acknowledged him as his own child ; and was much attached to him, frequently carry- ing him in his arms, and shewing him to the soldiers ; and not only endeavoured himself to instil virtuous principles into his mind, but also committed his education to the care of men re- markable for their moral and intellectual quali- fications ; with how little benefit was shewn throughout the whole of his atrocious career. In 919 (a.d. 166), Commodus received the title of Caesar, in conjunction with his brother Auuius Verus, at the request of L. Vcrus, on the occasion of the triumph celebrated by both emperors, over the Parthians. 925 (a.d. 172). He was styled germanicvs. 928 (a. d. 175). Admitted as a priest into all the sacerdotal colleges, he went the same year from Rome into Germania, by order of his father, who there conferred on him the toga virilis, at the time of the revolt of Avidius Cassius, i. e. the 7th of July. On that occasion he was also styled princeps iwintvtis, and before the customary time nominated consul. Same year, he set out with his father for the East, iu order to put an end to the disturbances still resulting from the revolt of Cassius. The title of sarmaticvs, which Aurelius assumed this year, was also shared by Commodus. 929. (a. d. 176). Towards the close of this year,’ he returned with his father from the East, and received, in conjunction with Aurelius, the title of IMPERATOR, on the 27th of November. The honours of a triumph for victories over the Gcrmani, and Sarmatsc, were conferred by a Scnatus Consultum upon his father and himself on the 23rd of December. Shortly afterwards he was associated by Aurelius in the Tribunitia Potestas ; on which occasion a congiarium was distributed to the people. 930 (a.d. 177). In January of this year, he proceeded Consul ; about this time he married Crispins. The same year Aurelius conferred the title of Augustus and also that of Pater Pa- tri.e on his unworthy son ; and in consequence COMMODUS. 239 j of victories gained, associated him with himself as Imperator II. 931 (a. n. 178). On the 5th of August, he I set out with his father for the war in Germania. 932 (a. d. 179). Commodus was present in I the German campaign. A bloody victory was J gained over the Marcomanni, the Hermanduri, and the Sarmatae, in consequence of which Au- relius was styled imp. x. and Commodus imp. hi. 933 (a. d. 180). Marcus Aurelius dying on the 17th March, Commodus succeeded to the sole sovereignty. Leaving the war still un- finished, and concluding a peace with the bar- barians, for which, as it would appear, lie re- ceived the victorious title of imp. iv. lie returned to Rome, and celebrated a triumph. 935 (a. d. 182). Nothing of importance is recorded to have taken place, under this reign, during the preceding year. But in the latter part of this year, Commodus was declared im- perator v. by acclamation, according to the testimony of coins, although in reward of what victory is not known ; for historians record several wars, conducted by his lieutenants, with- out specifying dates. 936 (a. d. 183). Serving the consulate (tv.) with Aufidius Victorianus for his colleague, Commodus was styled IMP. vi. at the close of this year, though it is uncertain for what vic- tory. Tillemont expresses his opinion that it was for one over the Britons. Commodus escaped a dangerous conspiracy set on foot by his sister Lucilla, whom, as well as his wife, he caused to be put to death. This year the agno- men of pivs is added to his titles. 937 (a. d. 184). The title poxt. max. be- gins. This year the Caledonians having crossed the wall, an important war w r as waged with them by the Roman forces in Britain, under the generalship of Ulpins Marcellus, a man of the highest military renown ; in consequence of whose victories, Commodus gained first the title of imp. vn. and afterwards of BRIT annieus. 938 (a. d. 185). The soldiers demanded that Perennis, the pretorian prefect, should be given up to execution. Terrified by their threats, Commodus surrendered him to their fury ; and they put him to death, with his whole family. After this, Commodus received the title of felix. 930 (a. d. 186). In his fifth consulate, Com- modus was declared imperator viii. by accla- mation, but for what victory is doubtful. It is also uncertain what occurrences arc to be as- signed to the succeeding year. 941 (a. d. 188) On pretence of an expedi- tion to Africa, he levied a vast sum of money. Aud in April vota were entered into for his success. Detained, however, at Rome, by his faithful Senate and People, he applied the cash to feasting aud gaming. 942 (a. d. 189). To this year Tillemont as- signs another cowardly abandonment of a public functionary to the vengeance of a mutinous sol- diery. Oleander, the pretorian prefect, like his predecessor Perennis, was given up by this base emperor at the first summons, and with his whole family was slaughtered. 240 COMMODUS. 943 (a. l). 190). In his sixth consulship, M. Pctronius Scptimianus bcinar his colleague, Cora- modus named Rome after himself, Colonia Com- modiana, adding the prenomina of LUCIA AN- TONINIANA. 944 (a. d. 191). In this, or the following year, the magnificent temple of pax was de- stroyed by a terrible conflagration. 945 (a. D. 192). In his seventh consulate, Ilelvius Pertinax being his colleague, on the day before the calends of Jauuary, in the dead of night, Commodus perished by a violent death, aged 31 years and 4 months. — Eckhel, vii. 102. For cruelty and profligacy he is to be classed with the worst of the many bad princes who swayed the affairs of Rome; and by the pro- ficiency he displayed in gladiatorial exercises, he gave a colour to the prevalent rumour of his having owed his birth, not to Marcus Aurelius, but to the criminal intimacy of Faustina with some gladiator. Alike insensible to the influ- ence of good example, and incapable of profit- ing from the advantages of education, he, soon after the death of his imperial predecessor, de- veloped the whole wickedness of his disposition, lie ordained himself to be worshipped as Jupiter and as Hercules, whose attributes he assumed. Abandoning himself to the grossest intemper- ance, and to the most odious vices, palaces and temples became, under his reign, the scenes of riot, debauchery, and crime. Pestilence, famine, and incendiary conflagrations, visited the wide- spread dominions of which he was at once the sovereign and the scourge. That during his reign, the empire maintained its ascendency, in spite of the disaffection of so many provinces — the Mauritanians, the Dacians, the Paunonians, the Britons, and the Germans — is to be attributed solely to the valour and fide- lity of his distinguished gcucrals, Pertinax, Scve- rus, Pcscenu ius Niger, and Albinus. His own time was passed at Rome in cowardly inaction ; if we except the fact of his there directing his arras not merely against brutes, both wild and tame, but also against human beings, provided they were wealthy, or ever so lightly suspected of designs against himself : nay, he declared war even against the months of the year, to which, instead of the old and received appellations, ac- cording to the testimony of Dion, his contem- porary, he gave the following : — Amazonius, Invictus, Felix, Pius, Lucius, /Elius, Aurelius, Commodus, Augustus, Herculeus, Romanus, Exnpcratorins. At length, having signalized his government by deeds of monstrous folly and of unspeakable infamy, of which many of iiis coins furnish the proof, and after having escaped from repeated attempts upon his life, this execrable tyrant perished at last by a conspiracy of his favourite concubine Marcia. This woman, seeing in the hands of a boy, to whom Commodus was much nltachcd, a tablet which he had taken in play from his sleeping master, and on which she discovered her own name in a list of intended victims, on that very evening, which was the last in the year, first attempted to administer poison to Commodus, and when he oflcrcd re- COM MODI S. sistancc, called in the aid of a gladiator, by whom he was strangled. Thus Commodus, as he resembled Domitian in his life, met also a similar fate, the cruel designs of both beroming fatal to themselves, by being betrayed unwit- tingly by a boy. On the report of his death, the Senate and the People with one voice de- manded that his corpse should be dragged thro’ the streets with a hook, and thrown into the Tiber. — And here, without acquitting Commo- dus and other bad emperors, whose just doom for their crimes is in the hands of Eternal Jus- tice — it may with truth be said, that it was the corrupt and pusillanimous conduct of the Senate, coupled with the wretched weakness of parents, and the blandishments of base and selfish flat- terers, that mainly contributed to ruin them — by making them bad, and keeping them so. MINTAGES OF COMMODUS. The names and titles are infinitely varied on his coins. Sometimes he takes the prenomen of lucius; sometimes that of Marcus. His other names were af.i.ius aurf.lius Antoninus pius felix, to which he added BRlTanaiVwj. The legends on the coins of Commodus are thus classed by Mionnct, after arranging them as Eckhel has done, in chronological order, viz. : Those struck from the tunc that he was created Cmsar, to the year of Rome 933 (a. n. 180), bear the names of i.vcivs avrelivs commo- dvs. Those struck from the end of the year 933, to the year 944, bear the names of mar- evs commodvs ANTONINVS. And sometimes MARCVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS ANTONINVS. From that period to his death, the name AELrvs is added to the others. It is to be observed, that this prince obtaiued from his father only, in succession, though at short intervals, all the dignities which consti- tuted the sovereignty. As to the tribunitinn powers of Commodus, both their series and their chronology offer difficulties which have wearied the most learned. COMMODO. CAES. AVO. FIL. GERM. SARM. This legend round the young head (without n crown) of Commodus, on a large brass of that emperor, shews him to us as “ Cicsar, son of Augustus” (meaning Marcus Aurelius), and al- ready distinguished by the surnames of Germani- cus and Sarmaticus. On another large brass coiu we see bis young head crowned with laurel, and this legend IMP. L. AVREL. COMMODVS GEU. SAR. Here the title Imperator, which (as shewn by tk. p. ii.) had just been granted to him, is put before all his names. When Commodus had been named Augustus, and wished to designate the number of bis “ victories,” or his “ liberalities,” the same title imp. then followed by some number, appeared only at the end of, or rather amongst, the other titles : as for example, M. commodvs ANT. FELIX AVG. BRIT. P. M. TR. P. XI. IMP. VII. COS. v. P. P. — Sec Numismatique Romaine. The Latin coins of this emperor — from his boyhood to his death — are found in every form and metal ; all the gold coins aud most of the COM MODUS. brass medallions, are of fine workmanship, and very rare ; the qninarii, and the small brass, are the rarest — and there is an abundance of them that were struck iu Greece and the colonies. The following are amongst the rarest and most remarkable reverses, minted under this reign : — Gold Medallions. — Rev. — fort. fel. For- tune standing. — paci aetf.u. Peace seated. — (These are valued by Mionnet at 1000 fr. each). Gold. — Rev. — advf.ntvs avg. Emperor ou horseback. — conc. mil. Emperor and four sol- diers. — de germ. (Brought £9 15s. at the Thomas sale). — de sarmatis. — fid. exerc. — herc. com. Emperor sacrificing to Hercules. (Thomas, £7). — herc. romano. avg. (Thomas, £6 17s. 6d.) — iierc. rom. coxd. Commodus a3 Hercules, and two oxen. (Mionnet, 150 fr.) liueral(itas) v. Emperor and 3 other figures. (Thomas, £10 15s.) Rev . — min. avg. p. m. tr. p. xvi. cos. vi. — Minerva hclmeted, with branch in right hand, and spear and shield in left, walking and looking back. — Obv. — M. comm. ant. p. fel. avg. brit. Bust of Commodus, bearded, laureated, and pa- ludatcd. (Pembroke sale, £7 10s. for British Museum). nobili(tas) avg. (Mionnet, 120 fr.)— print, iv vent. Commodus and trophy. (Thomas, £5 6s.)— providentiae avg. Commodus, as Her- cules, and Africa. (Thomas, £10 8s.) — sf.cv- ritas pvblica. Female seated. (Thomas, £9). SERAPIDI conserv. avg. — tr. p. vim. Jupi- ter Victor seated. (Thomas, £10 15s.) — vic- toria avg. Victory standing. — virt. aeter. Mars walking. — vot. svsc. dec. Emperor sacri- ficing. Silver. — consecratio. Eagle and globe. (50 fr.) — I,! be Kalitas. A congiariuin of four figures. — matri. devm. Cybcle on a lion. Brass Medallions. — Rev. — apol. pala- tino. Apollo and Victory. (See p. 66). — bkit- tania. (Seep. 136). — fortvnae redvci. For- tune seated. (Thomas, £8 5s.) — fides exercit. An allocution. — herc commodiano. Hercules sacrificing. — herc. rom. conditori. Hercules at plough. (Thomas, £5 7s. 6d.) — hercvli romano avg. Bow, club, and quiver. (Brought at the Thomas sale, £13.) [The above seven, and three or four more, having on their obverses the bearded head of Commodus, covered with the lion’s skiu, iu imitation of that of Hercules, are valued by Mionnet at from 200 to 120 fr. each.] iovi ivveni. Commodus and Jupiter. (200 fr.) — m. avrf.l. antoninvs and the infant Coin- modus. (400 fr.) — miner, vict. Minerva Vic- trix near a trophy. (Thomas, only £6 12s.) — moneta — and pif.tas. (150 fr. each). — pro. 2 I CONCORDIA. 241 imp. omnia feucia. Neptune and Emperor. — teli.vs stabil. The earth personified. — Obv. Jauiform bust of Commodus. (Thomas, £19 5s.) — salvs. (150 fr.) — vota pvblica. Etuperor and many figures sacrificing. (150 fr.) — votis. felicibvs. Remarkable type. (150 fr.) [Many other brass medallions of great value, without legend of reverse]. First Brass. — Rev. — annivs vervs. — Obv. commodvs. (600 fr.) — apol. moneta. (See p. 66). — col. l. an. com. &c. Priest at plough. (See p. 234). — dina dina (sic.) pia avgysta. Emperor, Serapis, and Isis. — favstina avg. pii fel. avg. Head of Faustina jun. (160 fr.) Felicia tempora. Four Seasons. — temporvm felicitas. — vota. soLv. pro. sal. Emperor and five figures sacrificing. Second Brass. — vota svscepta. Temple and eight sacrificial figures. COMOB.— Sec OB. COMPITALIA.— Feasts, in cross streets and ways, celebrated the second day of January, by the Romans, in honour of their rural gods, hence called Lares, or Compita/itia. They are alluded to in the reverse type of a family dena- rius. — See Ciesia gens, p. 163. CON. — Constantinopoli. CONC. — CONGO. — CONCOR. — Concordia. CONCORDIA. — The Goddess of Concord was an object of religious faith and worship with the Romans, because through her authority and in- fluence “ small things were rendered great.” — As Sallust expresses it, “ Concordia parvsc res crcscunt, discordia verb dilabuntur.” A magnificent temple was erected to her ho- nour at Rome, which, having been consumed by a fire, was rebuilt by the Senate and People. Tiberius added some splendid embellishments to that edifice, and consecrated it to divvs avgvs- tvs. There were also temples of Concord in other quarters of the city. The feast of this deity was celebrated on the 16th of January, the day when her principal temple was dedicated. Concord was worshipped under the form of a stork, either because that bird was held sacred to Concord, or because it was accustomed to shew much agreement with, and attachment towards, its parents. On other coins she is sym- bolised under the figure of a dove. See Con- cordia of Faustina jun. On a silver coin of Julia Titi, “the Concord of the Empress” is accompanied with a peacock. Concord's more common types (particularly the concordia avgvsti, or avgvstorvm), are those in which she is represented under the figure of a woman, either seated or standing by herself, holding in one hand a patera, or a branch, and in the other a hasta, or a cornucopia;. Two right hands joined is a frequent symbol of Con- cord. These sometimes hold a caduceus, to which are now and then united two horns of plenty. — Two right hands joined, holding a winged caduceus, may be seen on coins of An- tonia and other families, either denoting concord and peace between the Triumviri Reipubliea; Constituendac, or as indicating the concord aud harmony of Caisar with the Senate. 242 CONCORDIA. Concord holds forth her patera over the altav, that she may be strengthened and confirmed by religions rites. On these occasions she displays a double cornucopia:, and sometimes a star is placed near her. CONCORDIA. S. C. — Concord stands with patera and double cornucopia:, near a lighted altar. — See aqvilia seyera, p. 71. CONCORDIA. The head of the goddess veiled, appears on coins of the ./Emilia and Scribonia families, to shew the concord subsist- ing between Paulus Lepidus and Scribonius Libo; or Paulus adopts this legend and type to denote his state of good understanding with his adopted brother M. Lepidus. — See ter. pavi.vs. CONCORDIAE. S. C. — Antoninus, holding in his left hand a figure of Concordia, and Faus- tina, with a sceptre in her left hand, standing on a pedestal, join their right hands ; below are two smaller figures, also joining their right hands; between them an altar. First brass of Antoninus Pius. (British Museum). This coin elegantly typifies the concord sub- sisting between the imperial cousorts, viz. Anto- ninus and Faustina senior; and at the sanje time, by means of the smaller figures, it alludes to the matrimonial alliance which had been re- cently formed between M. Aurelius and their daughter, Faustina junior. — Eckhel, vii. p. 14. CONCORDIA. — On a gold coin of Faustina junior, a Dove is typified as the symbol of Con- cord. On other coins of the same empress, with the same legend, in gold, silver, and first brass, the type is a woman standing, who draws her cloak closer with her right hand, aud in her left holds a cornucopia:. On others, a woman is seated, with a flower in her right hand. Gold, and first and second brass. Eckhcl (vii. 77), noting all these from the imperial cabinet, observes, that a Dove is a novel type of Concordia, but ouc appropriately adopted in allusion to that bird’s nature, the idea having been long ago expressed by Horace, where he says of himself and his frieud Fuscus Aristius ( Epist . x. v. 4) : — Fratcrnis animis, quidquid negat alter, et alter : Annuimus pariter, vetuli, notique colnmbi. Like twin-born brothers, are onr souls allied ; And, as a pair of fondly constant dotes, What one dislikes the other disapproves. Francis. Ancient historians have in more than oue in- stance alluded to the concord which existed be- tween Faustina aud her husband (Aurelius) ; though, considering the opposite nature of their CONCORDIA. dispositions, it must have been due to the philo- sophy and inherent forbearance of the latter. In the Pembroke collection was a gold coin of Crispina, hearing for its reverse legend venvs felix, and for type the Empress, as Venus, seated on a throne ; a winged Cupid, with bow, on her extended right hand, and a sceptre in her left : a dove under the throne. [This coin, iu very good preservation, and of great rarity, sold for £7 7s. See Sale Catalogue, p. 157, lot 733], Whilst touching on the Columbus, or Columba, as a bird consecrated in mythology to Venus, we may not irrelevantly refer to p. 72, in which, as illustrative of the article ara, a wood-cut is in- troduced, which had been carefully copied from a first brass of Faustina senior. The reverse type of this coin, in perfect preservation (with legend pietas avg.) is a high square altar, and flame in the centre : a device sufficiently com- mon. But there are besides, at each end, two ob- jects, similar to each other, yet both so different in conformation from the usual horns of a Roman altar, and so decidedly bird- like, as to induce the compiler (in whose possession the specimen remains), to class, in his own mind, their ap- pearance there, with the foregoing examples of doves delineated on coins of empresses. — llis friend Mr. Goddard Johnson has another good specimen of this first brass of the same empress, and is fully impressed with the belief that the two little objects alluded to, are the figures of birds, aud probably meant for doves. — See Faustina junior. CONCORDIAE AVGG. S. C.— Caracalla and Gcta, both in military dress, with spears, staud joining hands. Hercules from behind crowns Caracalla, and Bacchus, Gcta. — On first brass of Geta. This coin (above engraved from a well pre- served specimen in the British Museum) is admirably explained by Dion (lxxvii. $ 1.) It ap- pears that, when the dissensions of the brothers, destined to be so fatal to the interests of Rome, became matter of observation, “ it was decreed by the Senate, that for their mutual concord sacrifices should be offered up to the immortal gods, and especially to Concordia. But even, at that very moment, proof was given that all such prayers were in vain ; for the worst of omens made its appearance, at the time of sacrifice, in the shape of two wolves, which were seen to ascend the capitol. The Greek cities followed the example of Rome, in celebrating everywhere games called 4>iAaSfAlAAAEAOI ( novi dei, fratres se mutub amantes ). The actual mint of Rome admitted these deifi- cations of her living princes more sparingly, and at a much later period. For example, although it be well known that Caligula and Doinitian CONSECRATION. 247 desired to be called gods, yet the dignity of the Moneta ltomana kept this disgrace at a distance. Nero was, on coins with Greek legends, styled Apollo ; yet this name of Apollo is not to be found on those very coins, struck at Rome, on which that emperor is represented in the garb of a harp-player ( cilharoedus ). Commodus was the first who blazoned his impudence on the coinage of the city, when he vaunted himself as the Roman Hercules, indicated by the head covered with the lion’s skin. — Not less memor- able was the arrogance of Aurelian, who in- scribed himself on his coins deus, ac dominus noster; an example followed by Cams. It was but consistent in the ancients to ho- nour with altars, shrines, sacrifices, and every other superstitious device, the individual whom they declared to be a god. The commencement of this mania was, indeed, identical with that of the empire itself. This fact is attested by the well-known coins inscribed liOMa. N. CONSTANS PERP. AVG. The coins of Constans exhibit the head of that emperor with diadem ornamented with pre- cious stones, and with the paludamevtum, and sometimes the lorica, on the breast ; in the right hand a javelin, in the left a buckler. On some of the coins the head is laurcated, on others bound with a diadem of gems. Amongst the more rare and curious reverses are the following : — Gold Medallions. — Felicia decennai.ia. Two cupids supporting a crown. (Valued by Mionnet at 400 fr.) Gloria repvblicae. Two figures. (150 fr.) — TRIVMFATOR GENTIVJI BARUARARVM. Emperor witli labarum, and monogram of Christ. (500 fr.) Silver Medallions. — fei.icitas perfbtva. Three figures seated. (Mionuct, 150 fr.) TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARAllVM (£6 12s. Pembroke sale.) virtvs exercitvm (sic). Four military en- signs, Alpha and Omega. (Engraved in p. 118.) Gold. — secvritas perpetva. (Mt. 50 fr.) victoria avgvstorvm. Victory marching with garland and trophy. — Obv. — fl. ivl. con- stans. p. f. avg. Diademed head of the em- peror. (See engraving above.) ob victoriam trivmfalem. Two victories and a buckler. — victoria dd. nn. avg. Two Victories. (£2 3s. Pembroke sale.) — victor oxinivm gentivsi. Emperor with labarum. (50 fr.) — virtvs exercitvs gall. Mars. (40 fr.) Brass Medallions, boxonia oceanen. (Engraved in p. 132.) debellatori gentt. barbarr. Emperor on horseback. — (Mionnet, 30 fr.) gloria rosianorvsi. Emperor standing. GAVD1VM POPVLI ROSIANI, &C. &C. Second Brass. — trivmfvs (sic.) caesarvm. Full-faced Victory in a quadriga. CONSTANS, son of Constanlinus Tyrannus, and styled on his very rare coin, in silver, d. n. constans p. f. avg. was associated in the usurpation of government with his father, a. d. 408. He was assassinated at Vienne, in the Narbonnaise Gaul, by Gerontius, his father’s general (who had quarrelled with his master), a. d. 411, a short time after the tragical end of Constautinus himself. The quiuarii bear on their reverse victoria aaavggg. A belmeted female seated, holding a Victory and the hasta pura. In the exergue con. Small brass, spes avg. with the gate of a castrum. CONSTANTIA. — Constancy, the symbol of the Emperor Claudius; though it was an attribute not always prominent in him. For his bio- 256 CONS'MNTIA. grapher Suetonius says of him, “In the faculties of reflection and discernment, his mind was remarkably variable and contrasted, he being sometimes circumspect and sagacious; at others inconsiderate and hasty, often frivolous and as though he were out of his wits.” — The following three arc examples of this legend : — 1. constantiae avgvsti. A woman stand- ing, with a long torch in her right hand, and a cornucopia! in her left. On gold and silver of Antonia — Engraved in p. 55 of this dictionary. The torch is to be referred to the cere- monial of the priesthood of Augustus (Antonia was called sacerdos divi avgvsti), and that in the hand of the woman on the present coin, intended no donbt for Antonia, appears to have been added in allusion to the same office. But the difficulty is to reconcile the legend with the type. Havercamp thinks that the constancy of Antonia is afinded to, which she displayed in adhering to widowhood, and compelling her daughter Livilla to suffer death. But if sueli constancy really shewed itself in Antonia, why is the merit, according to the sense of the legend attributed to Augustus? For it should have been written avgvstae, not avgvsti. To this may be added, that the legend is a common one on the coins of her son Clau- dius, and appears to be peculiar to him, as will be seeu below. But if the legend refers to Claudius, and the type to Antonia, it is difficult to assign the reason for such an anomaly. — D. N. V. sixth vol. p. 179. 2. constantiae avgvsti. A woman seated, touches her face with her right hand. — Obv. Laurcatcd head of Claudius. — On gold and silver of that emperor; engraved in Caylus, Nam. Aar. Impp. Rom. No. 92. 3. constantiae avgvsti. s. c. A youth, wearing a helmet, and attired in a thin garment reaching to the knees, and with a cloke flowing beliiud him ; holds up his right hand, and with the fore-finger touches his face; his left hand grasps a spear. — Obv. Bare head of Claudius. Second brass. Engraved in Havercamp, Me- dailles de Christine., tab. 49. Restored by Vespasian. Respecting the second coin, Eckhcl (vi. 236), makes the following observations : — “ I find the type variously described by antiquaries. The one which 1 have here produced, is selected from five, in the most perfect state of preservation, in the imperial museum. The same legend (as above shewn), is found on coins of Antonia, mother of Claudius, struck during the reign of that emperor ; but in these there is a difference in the type, which consists of a woman stand- ing, with a long torch in her right hand, and a cornucopia! in her left (sec No. 1). It is difficult to reconcile the legend with the type, but that the legend undoubtedly refers to Claudius is an opi- nion confirmed by the coins now before us. — Yet even in these, there is the same difficulty, though there appears to be no doubt, that the moncycrs had in view the life of Claudius, passed from infancy amidst contempt, ridicule, and fear; to all which disadvantages, by his inviucible CONSTANTINOPOL1S. constancy (or perseverance, or endurance), he proved himself superior. This opinion is sup- ported by the gesture of both figures, female and male (2 & 3), which appear to be imposing silence on themselves, a quality which constitutes the main part of constantia. The Roman mythology contains two female deities who presided over silence, viz. Angerona and Tacita, respecting which I long ago treated copiously. (Sylloge, i. p. 71). I am not aware, whether the same source supplies a male being of the same cha- racter, such as Harpocrates was reckoned in Egypt.” CONST ANTINI AYG. — Two victories stand- ing, hold together a crown, within which we read vot. xxx. Gold medallion of Constantinus Magnns, engraved in Steinbiichcl, Notice sur tes Medaittons en or da M a. see Imperial, No. 3. The subjects of tvpification most frequent in this age of the empire were those which record vota deccnnalia, viccnnalia, tricennalia (vows lasting ten, twenty, thirty years). CONST ANTINIANA DAFNE. — A woman trampling on a captive, and holding in each hand a palm branch. On one side a trophy. Iu the exergue cons. This epigraph occnrs on a gold and a silver and on a third brass coin of Constantinus M. Various have been the opi- nions expressed by the learned respecting it. — Eckhel (viii. 81), in citing them all, considers that interpretation to be decidedly the most pro- bable, which Gretser and Spanheim drew from Procopius, viz. that by Constantiniana Dafnc is to be understood the castle or camp (cast rum) Bafne, constructed by Constantine on the bank of the Danube. CONSTANTINO P. AVG. B. R. P. NAT. — The Emperor in a military habit, stands holding a globe and spear. Second brass of Con- stantine the Great. For a long time the inscription on this coin was read by antiquaries BAP. NAT. for BRP. NAT. and hence they were induced to regard it as a sure and genuine memorial of the Baptism of Constantine. Ilardouiu w as the first to detect this inveterate error, which he felicitously re- moved by restoring (as Eckhel observes), the true reading B ono RW P ublicts Halo, which is supported by inscriptions on marbles, cited in Gruter. Besides, Magnus Maximus and his son FI. Victor are, on a coin of his, called bong reipvblice nati. See p. 132. CONSTANTINOPOLIS, formerly Byzan- tium, the most celebrated city of Thrace, derives its name from Constantine the Great, by whom it was enlarged with new buildings, and rendered almost equal to Old Rome ; in order that Con- stantinople should be the capital of the empire in the east, as Rome was in the west. It was taken by the Turks in the year 1453, by whom it is now called Stambut, and in whose posses- sion it still remains a great metropolitan and royal city. The coins which make mention of it, were struck cither by Constantine or by his sons. CONSTANTINOPOLIS.— This legend ap- pears on the obverse of several brass medallions. CONSTANTINUS. accompanied by the helmeted bust of the city of Constantinople, personified ; the hasta pura on her shoulders : on the reverses are the several legends of fel. temp, reparatio — restitvtor RF.IP. — VICTORIA AVGVSTI. — VICT. AVGG. &C. all allusive to the reparations, restorations, and military successes, claimed to have been achieved for the empire, by Constantine and the princes of his family. — Engraved in Havercamp, Cabinet de Christine , tab. xl. Constantinople, in a later age, was one amongst the number of those cities to which the right of coining money was granted. Hence on so many coins, we read, at the bottom, con. const. &c. CONSTANTINUS (Flavius Galerins Vale- ri anus), surnamed Magnus or Maximus, was tbe son of Constantins Chlorus, and of Helena, first wife of that prince, son in law of Maxi- mianus llerculcus, and brother in law of Lici- nius. He was born at Naissus, in Dardania, a. u. c. 1027 (a. d. 274). His birth-day is fixed by the calendar of Dionysius I’hilocalu3, on the 3rd before the calends of March. When Diocletian, a. d. 292, sent his father with the title of CV.sar into Gaul, he detained Constan- tine as a kind of pledge, and became greatly at- tached to him on account of his amiability and integrity of disposition. On the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian, a. d. 305, Constan- tine, in the midst of his satisfaction at seeing his father raised from the Cicsarian to the Im- perial dignity, still found himself placed in a most precarious position, since Gal. Maximianus, who succeeded to Diocletian, not only opposed his joining his father, but openly plotted against his life. He therefore made his escape from Nico- media, after disabling the public horses in order to delay pursuit, and reached his father in Bri- tain about tbe beginning of a. n. 306 ; and on the death of Constantius, which happened shortly afterwards at York, on the 25th of July, Constantine himself was on the same day pro- claimed Augustus by the unanimous voice of the army. This choice, not daring openly to dis- pute, Gal. Maximianus (who in consequence of his being the successor of Diocletian, had arro- gated to himself the supreme authority over the empire and even over its rulers), found him- self compelled to acknowledge Constantine at least as Caesar, though with reluctance; and 2 L CONSTANTINUS. 257 coins begau forthwith to be struck with his name under that title. a. u. 306. Ilis father’s provinces, Gaul and Britain, were assigned to Constantine. Gale- rius nominated Severus Caesar as Augustus, in the room of Constantins I. deceased. Soon after- wards Maxentius also assumed the imperial title at Home, and restored the purple to his father Maximianus Iierculeus, recalling him from Lu- cania. Constantine gained a victory over the Franci and the Bructeri, and commenced the building of a bridge over the Rhine, near Agrip- pina (Cologne). 307. Constantine this year entered on his first consulate, according to the records of the Fasti, confused as they are at this period. — The same year Severus blockaded Maxentius in Rome, but being compelled to raise the siege, and taken prisoner at Ravenna, he w'as put to death by order of Iierculeus Maximianus. Her- culeus, dreading the vengeance of Galcrius for this act, went into Gaul, and there, in order to win him over to his cause, gave Constantine the title of Augustus, and his daughter Fausta in marriage. Galerius attempted to take Rome, but being repulsed by Maxentius, and driven out of Italy, created Licinius emperor in the room of Severus. In the same year also Constantine and Maximinus Daza each received from Galerius the title of Fi/ius Augnstorum (filivs avgg.) 308. Maximinus Daza assumed the title of Augustus, at first against the wishes of Galerius, but afterwards with his assent, Con- stantine being admitted to a participation of the same honour. In this year, accordingly, Con- stantine began to be acknowledged as emperor throughout the entire empire. And thus there were at the same time, in addition to Maximia- nus Iierculeus, five Augusti, viz. Galcrius Maxi- mianus, Constantine, Maximinus, Licinius, and Maxentius. — Constantiue, being informed of the plots organized against himself by Iierculeus, besieged him in Massilia (Marseilles), and re- duced him to a surrender, and the condition of a private citizen. 310. Maximianus Herculeus having been convicted of fresh plots, Constantine put him to death. The same year he proceeded with the war against the Alemanni. 311. Gal. Maximianus dying, Licinius aud Maximianus took possession of his provinces. Constantine, on hearing that Maxentius had caused his statues to be thrown down at Rome, aud was preparing hostilities against him in re- taliation for his father’s death, prepared for war. — Under these circumstances, from motives of policy, he betrothed his sister Constantia to Licinius. According to Eusebius, having seen in the heavens the figure of the cross, with the words, “ In hoc signo victor eris,” lie openly adopted the Christian religion, and caused the sign of the cross to be displayed on the imperial standards and shields. 312. lie defeated the Generals of Maxentius, first at Taurinus (Turin), and afterwards at Ve- rona ; and, in a final action at the Pons Milvius, near Rome, vanquished Maxentius himself, and 258 CONSTANTINUS. CONSTANTINUS. thus put an eud to a bloody war. Immediately after this victory, Constantine entered Rome iu triumph. — 313. Licinius defeated Maximinus Daza, who died shortly after at Tarsus, and Lici- nius succeeded to the entire dominion of the East. 314. A war arose this year between Constan- tine and Licinius, on what grounds is uncertain, but probably on accouut of mutual envy and mis- trust. After various engagements in Pannonia au( l Thrace, a peace was concluded with such a division of the empire between them, that the East, Thrace, and part of Mtesia fell to the share of Licinius, while Constantine held all the rest. On the calends of March, Crispus and Constantius, the sons of Constantine the Great, and Licinius, received the title of Casar. From a. d. 318 to a. d. 321, both inclusive, no record ol any important transactions appears in the annals of this reign. — 322. To this year is re- ferred the war with the Sarmat®, of which men- tion is made also on coins. 323. Another furious war with Licinius com- menced, from no other cause, apparently, than rivalry. Constantine was victorious over him, first near Iladrianopolis, on the 3rd of July, then in a naval engagement under Crispus, and lastly near Chalcedou, on the 18th of September, Licinius having surrendered at Nicomedia, Con- stantine sent him to Thessalouica, but shortly afterwards (as some say contrary to his pledged word), ordered him to be put to death. 325. Having now got rid of all his rivals at home, subdued his foreign enemies, aud attaiued ! a state of sole responsibility, Constantine directed his attention to the suppression of paganism ; razed the temples, and erected in their stead places of Christian worship. He assisted at the Council of Nice ; entered into a discussion with the Bishops on the subjects of the divinity of our Saviour, and the proper time for the celebra- tion of Easter ; and at the same time, according to Eusebius, solemnized his Vicennalia. 326. Coustautiue this year went to Rome, and remaining there a few months, proceeded into Pannonia, destined never again to re-visit the “ eternal city.” He ordered his son Crispus, and his wife Fausta, to be put to death, as is I generally thought most unadvisedly, aud much | to his discredit. The same year he commenced j the building of Constantinople. a. l). 330. Constantine, with magnificent I solemnities, dedicated the city of Constantinople, the building of which was begun four years before. — 332. He conducted a campaign against the Goths, who were liarrassiug the Sarmatm ; and afterwards against the Sarinatse themselves, whom he reduced to submission. 335. This year Constantine divided the empire amongst his sons and nephews ( nepotes | ex fratre, says Eckbel), so as to give his eldest I sou, Constantine, the territory held by Con- ' stantius Chlorus ; to Constantins, the East ; to Constans, Dlyricum, Italy, and Africa ; to his ' nephew Delmatius, whom he had this year j created Cicsar, Thrace, Maccdon, and Achaia ; to his brother Ilannibnlliantis, Armenia Minor, Cappadocia, and Pontus, with the title of king. I — The Vota tricennalia (of paganism) were dis- charged this year. a. d. 337. In his eighth consulate, and amidst preparations for a war, into which he had been provoked, against Sapor the Persian, Constantine fell sick and died, near Nicomedia, in Bithynia, on the 22nd of May, in the 32nd year of his reign, and the 64th of his age. In estimating the character and deeds of so great a prince (says the judicious Ecklicl), much caution is requisite, lest, by relying wholly on the testimony of Christian writers, we should be led to regard Constantine less iu the light of a mortal man than of a god ; or by following, on the other hand, the aspersions of the enemies of the Christian faith, such as Zositnus and Julian, we should picture him to ourselves as a man disgraced by the foulest vices. It is suffi- ciently evident that the former class of writers were not in all instances unbiased judges of the quality of his life aud morals, from a fear of ad- mitting the imperfections of the champion of their faith. The preferable plan is to follow the accounts of Eutropius, who steers a middle course, giving way neither to partiality nor to hostility, and who has asserted that Constantine displayed surpassing excellencies of mind and body ; that he was eager iu the extreme for military distinction, and fortunate iu his warlike enterprizes ; that he was also devoted to the arts of peace and the pursuits of literature ; and an ardent candidate for a well founded popularity, which he endeavoured to conciliate by his liberal acts and atfable demeanour. Others, without denying him these merits say that he was, nevertheless, immoderate in his ambition, which brooked no rival, and embroiled him in civil war ; that he paid too much attention to his personal adornment ; that he was profuse in his expenditure on the building aud decoration of the different cities, to meet which he was in the habit of recruiting his treasury by unjustifiable acts of spoliation. That prosperity had a dete- riorating effect upon his character, Eutropius hesitates not to assert, comparing him iu the earlier period of his reign with the best of his predecessors, and at its close with the worst : and Victor says, that had he but shewn more self-control in some particulars, he would, in the opinion of all who were woutto extol him to the skies, have been little less than a god. By taking the lives of his amiable son Crispus, and of his wife Fausta, though in her case at least he acted justifiably, yet it was not surprising, that he gained a character for cruelty, or for hasty judgment, and that an unfavourable com- parison was drawn between him aud M. Aurelius, who bore with the profligacy of his sou, and the conduct of an abandoned wife. With regard to his relinquishing the religion of his ancestors, and cmhraciug Christianity, as it was a step in- tolerable to the adherents of the ancient super- stition, so with the professors of the new faith it became matter of the highest encomium. — But he lost the credit thus acquired, when in the later years of his reign, he exhibited himself in the capacity rather of a theological disputant. C 0 X S T A N'T I N US. than of a sovereign prince Hut Constantine struck a severe blow at the welfare of the empire, both in building a New Rome on the shores of the Propontis, and in dividing his dominions, unwarned by recent fatal examples, among his three sons and two nephews, destined thence- forth to be so many exasperated rivals, bent on each others destruction.— See Roc/. Nam. Vet. viii. 17, et scq. Niebuhr makes the following just remarks on Constantine’s belief: — “ The religion which he had in his head must have been a strange com- pound indeed. The man who had on his coins the inscription Sol invictus, who worshipped pagan divinities, consulted haruspices, indulged in a number of pagan superstitious ; and on the other hand, built churches, shut up pagan tem- ples, and interfered with the council of Nic;ca, must have been a repulsive pheenomenon, and was certainly not a Christian. He did not allow himself to be baptized till the last mo- ments of his life; and those who praise him for this, do not know what they are doing. To speak of him as a saint (which some oriental writers do), is a profanation of the word.” — History of Rome, vol. v. MINTAGES of CONSTANTINE the GREAT. Constantine, on his coins, after a. d. 305, is styled Casar and Princeps Juventutis. fl. CL. CONSTANTIN VS NOB. CAES. — CONSTANTINVS fil. avggo. Filins Augustorum, a mere titular distinction received by Constantine from Galerius Maximianus, who refused him at first that of Augustus). — From aud after a. d. 308, he is styled Augustus. — In a. d. 315, his coins re- cord his fourth, and in 320, his sixth consulate. His full style and titles are imp. c. fl. val. CONSTANTINVS. p. f. avg. — The types of his obverses sometimes exhibit a galeated, at others a laurcatcd, head. Ilis monetal portraiture also appears as a bust, with helmet or laurel, aud with cither the paludamentum, or a coat of armour, on his shoulders and breast — holding in his right hand a spear, in bis left a shield. Ou other coins a sceptre surmounted by an eagle in his right hand, also with a diademed head-dress, enriched with jewellery, a globe with Victory in his hand. On the coins struck after his death the head is veiled, and the legend divo Constantino. — There are coins of this emperor, in gold as well as silver, on which his head is encircled with the diadem, but without legend. In these the countenance is looking upward, as, according to Eusebius, it would seem, beholding the heavens. — See Diadem. The coins of this emperor arc rare in gold and in silver — the medallions in both these metals very rare. Second and third brass, with certain 2 L 2 CONSTANTINES. 259 exceptions, common. Brass medallions rare ; some very rare. The following are amongst the most rare and remarkable legends aud types of reverse in each metal : — Gold Medallions. — adventvs avg. n. — Emperor on horseback, and Victory. constantini avg. Two Victories supporting a crown. — felicitas peupetva. avgeat. rem. DD. NN. — GAVDIV1I AVGVSTI. NOSTRI. Two winged Genii. — gloria romanorvm. Rome seated. — pietas avgvsti nostri. The emperor between two figures. — [The above five valued by Mionnet at 150 francs each.] salvs et spes. reipvblicae. The emperor seated between two military figures. (Mt. 600 fr.) eqvis (sic.) roman vs. (£4 12s. Thomas sale.) — gloria constantini avg. (£13 Thomas sale.) — senatvs. Full length figure of Con- stantine (brought £38 at the Thomas sale.) Silver Medallions. — Rev. — caesar in a crown. — Giu-Head of Constantine, with legend avgvstvs. (Mionnet, 60 fr.) — constantinvs avg. Four military ensigns. — felicitas ro- manorvm. Three military figures under au arch. — Marti, patri. conservatori. Mars standing. — prixciPT ivventvtis. I'igurc and two ensigns. — vota oubis et vubis. sen. et pr. Gold. — adventvs avgvsti. (Mt. 120 fr.) — constantini ana dafne. (£5 1 7s. 6d. Thomas). — consvl. dd. nn. Emperor standing in the toga. (Mt. 90 fr.) — constantinvs et crispvs. (120 fr.) — consvl pp. proconsvl. Same type. — debellatori gentivm barbararvm. Seve- ral figures. GOTIIIA. — FELICIA TEMPORA. The four Seasons. (Mt. 100 fr.) — felicitas reipvb- licae. (£4 12s. 6d. Thomas, £5 Pembroke). — FELIX PROCESSVS COS. till. — GAVUIVM ROMAN- ORVM. (£3 16s. Thomas). — gloria exercitvs gall. (£4 Thomas). — pietas avgvsti nostri. Emperor crowned by Victory. (£6 2s. 6d. Thos.) RESTITVTORI LIBERTATIS. — SALVS REIP. DANV- bivs. Bridge of three arches. (Mt. 100 fr.) — soli, comiti. avg. — vdilve victor. (Pem- broke, £3 6s.) — vbiqve vicroRES. A quinarius. (£3 4s. Thomas). — victoria constantini avg. (£7. Thomas). victoria avgvstorvm. Victory crowning the Emperor, who holds a globe in the right hand, and a spear reversed in the left ; on the exergue SM. TS. — On the obverse the laureated head of the Emperor, with legeud of constan- tinvs. p. f. avg. — (See cut, left-hand column). victoria constantini avg. (£3 Is. Thomas, £3 5s. Pembroke). — virtvs exercitvs gall. (£4 4s. Thomas). — victoriae laetae princ. perp. (£4, Thomas ; £8, Pembroke). — victo- RICSO SEMPER. (200 fl'.) — VOTA PVBLICA. Silver. — delmativs nob. caesar. (60 fr. Mionnet.) — liberator orbis. (50 fr.) — vic- toria DD. NN. AVGG. — VIRTVS MILITVM. (£1 6s. Thomas). Brass Medallions. — constantinvs .max. avg. Bust of Constantine, with diadem. For the reverse of this medallion (which brought £3 5s. at the Thomas sale), see gloria secvi.i virtvs caess. 260 CONSTANTIN US II. CONST ANTINOPOLIS PEL. TEMP. 11EPAKATIO. debellatori cent. barbarr. — Emperor on horseback, charging an enemy. 06 v. — Con- stantin vs max. avg. Diademed head of Con- stantine. — See engraving at the head of the biographical summary, p. 257. exvperator omnivm gentivm. Emperor seated between two captives. (100 fr. Miounct). in hoc. sin. (sic.J vie. Monogram of Christ. — salvs et spes. reipvbeicae. Constantine between his two sons. (120 fr. each, Mionnet.) salvs reip. danvbivs. Emperor and Vic- tory on a bridge. (150 fr. — victoria coruicA. Rome and Victory. — vrbs roma. (Conlorniate). Second Brass. — genio pil. avgg. — virtvs PERPETVA AVG. Third Brass. — plvra. natal, fel. — recv- PERATOR VRBIS SVAE. — SAPIENTIAL PRINCIPIS. Owl on cippus. — spes pvblica. Labarum and monogram of Christ, on a serpent. — virt. ex- ercit. galliae.— vota pvblica. Isis Pliaria. CONSTANTINUS {Flavins Claudius Julius). Constantine II. or junior, eldest son of Constan- tine the Great, and the first whom the emperor had by his second wife, Fausta, was born at Arelatum, now Arles, in France, the 14th May, or according to some authors the 7th of August, a. D. 316. As early as the following year he was named C.esar, at Sardis, by his father and by Liciuius, who at the same time gave him for colleagues in that dignity, Crispns and Liciuius, jun. — Constantine declared him consul four times during his youth ; and sent him at the age of sixteen years, on a campaign against the Goths, who had invaded Mtesia and Thrace, a. d. 332, In this war he greatly distinguished himself, defeating King Alaric, w ho, in the action, and in the retreat, according to contemporary writers, lost nearly a hundred thousand of his barbaric host. In 335, the government of Gaul, Britain, and Spain was entrusted to him. And, in con- formity to the division of the Empire so fatally made by his father, be received after that em- peror’s death, the same provinces of which he had had the administration under Constantine, and also a part of Africa. In 337, this young prince was acknowledged Augustus by both Senate and Army. The death of Dclmatius and of Hanuiballianus caused a uew division of ter- ritories between Constantine junior and his brothers ; but impelled by a restless spirit, and besides being dissatisfied with the territorial treaty he had made, he demanded of Conslans to be put in possession of the African provinces. — Constans, who reigned in Italy, refused. And the eldest sou of Constantine declared war against j his own brother. With a large military aud naval force, he invaded Italy, and his army ndvnuccd a- far ns the city of Aquileiu. There, however, CONSTANTINUS II. he was encountered by Constans, who had re- turned from Dacia to defend his Italian domi- nions. Constantine, proceeding iu the confi- dence of victory, but without due precaution, fell into au ambuscade, where his army was cut to pieces ; aud he himself being mortally wounded, fell from his horse, and w as dispatched on the spot. His body was throwu into the river Alsa (now Ansa) ; but was afterwards found, and in- terred at Constantinople with imperial honours. Thus perished, a. d. 340, Constantinus junior, iu his 25th year, aud the third of his reign, “ regretted,” (says Beauvais), “ for his piety, his mildness of character, and his love for his subjects.” It is not known whether he left children by the two Priuccsses whom he mar- ried, and whose names are not known. MINTAGES of CONSTANTINE the Younger. This prince from the year 317 to 337, is on his coins styled Casar and Princejis Juventutis ; and from 337 to 340 Augustus. His style, as Ciesar, is dn. fl. ivl. constantinvs ivnior. nob. or nobiliss. caesar. — His style as Au- gustus, is FL. CL. CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX I AVG. That to him, as Augustus, coins were struck, even during the life time of his father appears not to be doubted. And many of these which are assigned to Constantine the Great most pro- bably belonged to this prince, although destitute of tlic proper criterion. For this reason Eckhcl , (Cat. ii., p. 488), subscribes to the opinion of Banduri, who says (t. ii. p. 333.) “ We arc hitherto enabled to find no other coin, which wc can refer to the younger Constantine, as Augustus, so like are all his to those of Con- j stantinus Maguus.” Corroborative of the above observations, is the following note of Mionnet (ii. p. 244). “The coins which give to Constantine the younger, the title of Augustus arc difficult to distinguish from those, which belong to Constautiue the Great. They are therefore generally classed umongst those of the latter. We must, however, except | from this arrangement, those coius on which wc read the name of Claudius. These coins arc to , be assigned to the son, because the name of I Claudius is not found on any genuine coin of the father’s mint, whilst wc find it on indubit- able coins of the son.” The coins of this emperor are of high rarity in gold ; medallions especially. Silver medal- lions arc even more rare. Of pure silver scarcely any are to be fouud. Potin and billon arc rare. Brass medallions very rare, aud some few ex- ceedingly so. Third brass very commou. The following arc among the most remarkable reverses : — Gold Medallions. — felicitas perpetva. Emperor seated between two military figures. — salvs f.t spes. (Valued by Mionnet at 500 francs each.) PRINCIPI ivvent. Emperor standing, with labarum. (200 fr.) — virtvs CONST ANTINI cars. (100 fr.) Gold. — claritas reipvblicae. — coxstan- CONSTANTINUS TYRANNUS. TIN VS CAESAR, OT 1VN. HOB. CAES. — FELIX PRO- CESSVS. COS. II. — GAVD1VM ROM. SAHMATIA. — VICTORIA CAESAR. NN. — VICTORIA CONST AHTINI caes. — (The above six valued by Miounet from 100 to 150 fr.) — P1UNCIPI ivvextvtis. Empe- ror standing, with labarum, &c. — Obv. — ivnior in the legend. (£4 Is. Thomas). Brass Medallions. — moneta vrbis ves- TRAE. — SACRA MONETA VRBIS. — VICTORIA AVG. Emperor in a galley. — victoria beatissimo- RVM CAESS. Third Brass. — felicitas romanorvm. — Constantine between his two sous. — virt. exerc. The Sun standing on the plan of a camp. — vota vicennalior (sic.) Emperor holding in his hand a human head. CONSTANTINUS (Flavins Claudius), usurper during the reigu of Honorius (com- monly called Constantine III.) A soldier from the ranks, he was proclaimed Augustus by the legions in Britain, a. d. 407. This man, who owed his elevation to the venerated name which he bore, rather than to his talents, passed over into Gaul, at the head of the troops who had elected him, and caused himself to be acknow- ledged as Emperor from Boulogne to the Alps. On his march through the country, which for the most part had beeu left undefended, he was defeated by Sarus, general of Honorius, who besieged him in Vienne (Dauphine) ; but assisted by Geroutius, an able commander but a treacher- ous ally, he compelled Sarus to fall back beyond the Alps. Constantine then established his re- sidence at Arles (Arelatum) ; and sent into Spain his son Constans, who soon established his father’s authority there, for which he was recom- pensed with the title of Augustus. Master of Spain, of a large portion of Gaul, and of Bri- tain, Constantine forced Honorius to send him the purple, and to acknowledge him as emperor, on condition that he should assist in defending the empire against the Goths. A short time afterwards Geroutius, his own general, revolted agaiust him in Spain, drove his sou Constans out of that country, and caused him to be as- sassinated in Gaul. The next step of Gcrontius was to besiege Constantine in Arles. But Con- stantius, the general of Honorius, compelled Gcrontius to raise the siege, and took the place himself. Constantinus became a priest, in the hope of saving his life. This, however, did not deter Constantius from sending him and his second son Julianus to Honorius, who, contrary to the promise which had been made on their surrender, caused them both to be decapitated, near Ravenna. “ The revolt of Constantinus [Tvrannus] is of CONSTANTINUS TYRANNUS. 2G1 great importance in the history of Britain (as is justly observed by a writer in Dr. Smith’s Dic- tionary of Roman Biography, i. 331), since, in consequence of it, and the rebellion of the inha- bitants against the officers of Constantine, the Emperor Honorius gave up all hopes of restor- ing his authority over that country, and re- cognized its independence of Rome — a circum- stance that led to the conquest of Britain by the Saxons.” On a gold coin published by Banduri, the only one which gives the prenomina of this usurper, he is styled fl. cl. constantinvs avg. On others the legend round the head is n. N. CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG. “ The coins of this Constantine (says Mion- net, ii. 354) , have often been confounded with those of Constantine the Great, or with those of Constantine junior. It is, however, easy to distinguish them.” “ It is now agreed (says Akerman, ii. 349), that those coins which, with the name of Con- stantinus, bear avggg. or avgggg. belong to this usurper, as legends of this description were not used so early as the reigns of the two pre- ceding emperors of the same name. Those, therefore, which are assigued by Beger to Con- stantinus the younger, and others given by Ban- duri to Constantinus Magnus, are restored to Constantinus III. Those also which are similar to the denarius with victoria avgggg. although differing from it in the legend of the obverse, and having on the reverse the same type of the female sedent figure, are appropriated to this usurper, as they resemble in fabric the coins of Constans II. his son. Eckhel is of this opinion.” The following are reverses of the coins as- cribed to the usurper called Constantine the Third : — victoria aaavggg. — The Emperor standing, clothed in the paludamenluin, holds the laba- rum in his right hand, and a globe surmounted by a victory in his left. On the ground is a prostrated captive, whom he treads under foot. In the exergue comob. — Obv. — d. n. constan- tinvs p. f. avg. Diademed bust of Constanti- nus Tyrannus. — Engraved above from a gold coin . victoria avgg. Same type. In the exergue troas or trobs. In gold. victoria avgggg. Same type. In gold. victoria aaavggg. or aaavgggg. A gale- ated female seated, bearing on the right hand a small victory ; in her left she holds the Aasla pura. In silver. [Mionnct values the gold at 30 francs and the silver at 6 francs each]. Third Brass. — Obv. — d. n. constantinvs p. f. avg. Diademed head of the Emperor. — Rev. — victoria avggg. Same type as on the gold and silver. See preceding cut. [The coins struck by Constaus, sou of the ! above (commonly called Coustans II.) are somc- | times confounded with those of Constans, the ! son of Constantine the Great. — Sec p. 255.] CONSTANTINUS. There were fourteen I princes of this name, from Constantine the Great, a. d. 323, to Constantinus Palmologus, 262 CONSTANTIUS I. the able and heroic defender of Constantinople against its Turkish besiegers, by whom, in the general assault on that unfortunate city, he was slain, a. D. 1453. With the exception of the three first Constantines already noticed, the coins CONSTANTIUS 1. of the Emperors, so called, belong to wbat is called the Byzantine series, with Greek legends. They consequently do not come within the notice of this dictionary, which is confined to such ancient coins as hear Latin legends. CONSTA NTIUS I. (^Flavius Vaterianus), snrnamed Chlorus, from the alleged paleness of his countenance — the father of Constantine the Great — was son of Eutropius, a Dardanian noble- man, and of Claudia, niece of Claudius Gothicus, horn in Upper Micsia, about a.d.282. Little enough addicted to literary pursuits, but de- cidedly inclined for a military life, he entered early into the service of the pretorian guards, and attained to the rank of tribune in that corps. He distinguished himself under Aurelianus and Probus, against the Sarmatians and Germans. — In 232, lie was appointed governor of Dalmatia, "under Cams, who held him in such high esteem, as to have intended to appoint G'oustantius as his successor, instead of his own unworthy son Carinus. But the death of Carus, unhappily for the empire, prevented this design from being carried into execution. — In 292, he was adopted, and declared Cicsar, by Maximian Hercules ; Diocletian at the same time proclaiming Galc- rius Maximian as the first of the two. Both Cicsars received their appointment at Nicomcdia. — In the apportionment of the empire between the four princes, Constantins had assigned to him the government of Gaul, Spain, and Bri- tain. This island had been taken possession of by Carausius, who soon rendered himself inde- pendent of Diocletian and Maximian. Allectus, having murdered, succeeded, Carausius, in 293. But Constantins resolved that this usurpation should not much longer continue. After the re-establishment of tranquillity in Gaul, this energetic prince brought Britain into subjection, and re-united it to the empire. (See carausius and ai.lkctus). — In 298, he returned to Gaul, which the Alemanni had invaded, and into which they had advanced as far as Uingoncs, in Lugduncnsis Prima, now Langrcs. There, after a great battle, in which the Homans were on the point of being utterly defeated, Constantins re- stored the fortune of the day, and the barbarians were slaughtered by tens of thousands, lie was not less successful against the Helvetians, whom he is said not only to have driven out of Gaul, but, following up, to have vanquished them in the heart of their country. On the 1st of May, 305, Diocletian and Maximian Hercules haviug abdicated, Constau- tius Chlorus and Galerius Maximianus were re- cognised as Auyusti, and reigned as co- empe- rors with Maximinus Daza and FI. Severus. — Another partition of the empire was then made between the four princes. G'oustantius remained in his old dominions of Gaul and Britain, where he governed with the title of senior Augustus during the space of fifteen months, at the ex- piration of which (July 25th, 30C), he died at Eboracum, now York, aged 56. This event took place, just as he was returned from a suc- cessful expedition against the Piets in Caledonia, i in which he was accompanied by his son Con- stantine. His remains were interred at York ; and his memory continued long to be held in veneration by the Romans; who placed him by consecration in the rank of the gods. This prince was worthy of being compared with the best sovereigns that ever held the im- perial sceptre. It had been well for the Roman world had he been permitted to govern it alone. In person well made, of a majestic demeanor, and great benignity of countenance ; calmness of temper, mildness of disposition, modesty and temperance, are described to have been amongst his most distinguishing characteristics. Humane, benevolent, true to his word of pro- mise, just and equitable in his dealings, he en- tertained for his subjects a tenderness of regard, which made him always studious to promote their happiness. Although he never openly pro- fessed Christianity, lie exhibited not only "toler- ance, but a pious sympathy towards the per- secuted members of that religion. Convinced of their fidelity, he afforded them an asylum in his own palace, entrusted them with important affairs, and confided the safety of his person to their guardianship. Constantius was twice married. His first wife was Helena, whom lie repudiated at the require- ment of Maximian Hercules, whose daughter Theodora became his second wife. By the for- mer he had Constantine; by the second he had six children. MINTAGES OF CONSTANTIUS I. On coins of Constantius Chlorus, published by Banduri, with the inscription of nob. c. or Nobi/issimi Otaris, bis head is for the most part seen adorned with a crown of laurel, except two coins in which the radiated crown appears. CON STANTIUS I. CONSTANTIUS II. 263 A similar crown of laurel is usually found on some coins of Constantinus Magnus, and like- wise of his sons, Crispus, Constantine, and Con- stantins, whilst as yet they were only Csesars. The coins of the emperor are common in brass ; they are rare in silver ; but in gold most rare. He is styled Ctesar, and Princeps Juven- tiitis , from a. d. 292, as far as 305. And in the same year 305, and following, 306, he is designated Augustus ; when the numismatic titles run — imp. c. fl. val. constantivs p. f. AVO. — DIVVS CONSTANTIVS PIVS PRINCEPS. — DIVVS CONSTANTIVS. ADFINIS. or COGN. (or COGnatmjJ, perhaps of Maxentius. (see p. 5.) The subjoined are amongst the rarest reverses : Silver Medallions. — genio popvli. ro- mani. (Mt. 40 fr.) — moneta avgg. (20 fr.) Gold. — comes avg. Female with helmet and armed. (Unpublished type, brought £5 7s. 6d. at the Thomas sale). COMITATVS AVG. — CONCORDIA AVGG. ET caess. — (£4 13s. Thomas). consec ratio. Funeral pile. — (Valued at 200 fr. by Miounet). CONSVL CAES. — CONSVL V. P. P. PROCOS. — hercvli. cons. caes. Hercules. Engraved in Akerman, ii. pi. 11, No. 3. (£5 5s. Thomas). iovi fvlgeratori. — virtvs avg. Hercules. — VIRTVS hercvli. caesaris. Emperor on horse- back. — (The above six valued by Mionnet at 150 francs each). MARTI, propvgnatori. Mars combatting. — (200 fr. Mionnet). — vict. constant, avg. — (£4 4s. Pembroke sale). Silver. — fe. advent, avg. n. n. victoria sarmat. Four soldiers. (80 fr.) provi dentiae avgg. Four figures sacri- ficing before a pretorian camp. Obv. — con- stantivs caes. Laureated head of Constau- tius. — Sec engraving, p. 191. Brass Medallions. — Rev. — memoria divi constant!. Round temple. — Obv. — divo con- stants avg. Veiled head of the emperor. — SACRA MONETA AVGG. ET CAESS. NOSTR. — SAL- VIS AVGG. ET CAESS. AVCT. KART. VICTORIA beatissimorvm caess. — (The above four valued by Mionnet at 50 fr. each). Obv. — constantivs nobil. c. Head of Con- stantius. — Rev. — maximianvs nob. c. Head ot Gal. Maximianus. — (200 fr. Mionnet). Second Brass. — adlocvtio avg. n. Allo- cution type. — aeterna memoria. Round tem- ple. — CONSTANTIVS ET MAXIMIANVS. Heads of Constantius Chlorus and Gal. Maximian. memoria felix. A lighted altar, between two eagles, with wings expanded. In the ex- ergue p. tr. On the obverse is the veiled head of Constantius Chlorus, with this legend— divo CONSTANTS PIO. [A specimen of this not rare but interesting coin has been engraved from a well-preserved coin, and appears at the head of the foregoing biographical summary, p. 262]. Third Brass. — praesidia reipvblic. — re- QVIES OPTIMORVM ME1UTORVM. — VBIQVE VIC. CONSTANTIUS II. (Flavius Julius), third son of Constantine the Great, and the second whom that emperor had by his second wife Fausta, was born at Sirminm, capital of Pan- nonia (now Sirmich, in Sclavonia, between the Drave and the Suave), on the 7th or 13th of August, a. d. 317. He was declared Ctesar, and Princeps Juventutis on the 8th of November, 323 ; and being created Con- sul in 326, he was entrusted by his father, at the age of 15 years, with the adminis- tration of affairs in Gaul. In the "partition which that emperor made of his dominion 335, Asia, Syria, and Egypt were assigned to Con- stantins. At the death of his celebrated father in 337, he immediately quitted the eastern pro- vinces of which he was holding the government, and hastening to Constantinople, was there ac- knowledged as Augustus, at the same time with his brothers (Constantine jail, and Constans). In the arrangements afterwards made, he kept the East for himself. The army had already proclaimed their determination, that none should reign but the sons of Constantine ; thus ex- cluding Delmatius and Ilanniballianus from the sovereignty of those provinces w'hich their uncle had assigned to them. So far from evincing auy displeasure at this instance of military dictation, it was he who, according to general belief, in- stigated the soldiers to massacre the male de- scendants of his grand-father Constantius Chlo- rus, with the exception only of Gallus and Juliauus. After implicating himself in this atrocious act of perfidy and bloodshed, Con- stautius met his brothers at Sirmiutn, in 337, for the purpose of dividiug the empire anew ; and three youths of twenty-one, twenty, and seven- teen years of age, partitioned out between them- selves the government of the Roman world. But scarcely had Constantius taken possession of his share of the spoil (which share comprised Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, the Asiatic pro- vinces, and Egypt), when he found himself engaged in a war with Sapor the Second, King of Persia, a war chiefly waged in Mesopotamia and the Syrian frontier, and which, with brief intervals, continued during the whole of this prince’s reign. He was accustomed to pass the winters at Antioch, and to employ the'summers in ravaging the Persian territories. In these campaigns Constantius fought the enemy, some- times with glory, but frequently with dishonour. Amongst the many battles which turned to his disadvantage, was that of Siogara, in 343, when he commanded in person; and, after having been victorious during the day, he was defeated in the succeeding night, with immense loss to his army. In 350, having left Persia to oppose Mag- nentius, who, after causing Constans to be mur- dered, had succeeded in his attempt to become 264 CONSTANTIUS II. master of the western empire, Constantins was for some time under the necessity of tolerating a colleagueship with Vetranio, who commanded the Illyrian legions, and who, like Magncntius, had assumed the purple, and the title of Au- gustus. Constautius at length, however, having compelled Vetranio to renounce his imperial rank aud government, proceeded, a. d. 351, in search of Magneutius, whom he defeated at Mursa, now Essek, a town on the hanks of the Drave, in Hungary. — Magneutius fled iuto Gaul, and being again routed in two consecu- tive engagements by the armies of the emperor, this usurper put an end to his own life at Lyon, a. D. 353 ; his brother Dccentius following his tragical example. Constantius thus became master of the whole west. Meanwhile he had given the title of Csesar to his cousin Gallus ; but the crimes to which that young prince aban- doned himself, were such that, by the emperor’s order, he was beheaded, after a reign of about four years. (See constantius gallus.) — On the sixth of November, 355, Constantius con- ferred the title of Caesar on Julian, the brother of Gallus, to whom he gave his sister Helena in r marriage, investing him, at the same time, with the government of the Gauls, Spain, aud Britain. Having obtained peace for the empire, Con- stantius made preparations to visit Rome, which he had not yet seen. lie made his entry there on the 28th of April, 357, in the habiliments of a Triumpher, although no captives followed his chariot, and he was surrounded by none but his courtiers and a detachment of his troops. — Astonished and enraptured at the magnificence of the city, he ordered the great obelisk, which his father had caused to be brought from Helio- polis, in Egypt, and which was remaining at Alexandria, to be transported to Rome, where it was erected in the Circus Maximus. Re- turned to Mesopotamia, in 359, to meet the in- viyliug armies of Sapor, lie received the tidings that Julian had been proclaimed Emperor of the West. This event induced Constantius to re- trace his steps : and in 360, having rc-asscm- bled nearly all the legions of the East, he marched with them to eneouuter his relation and rival. But agitation and excitement, added to the fatigue of the expedition, threw him into a fever. He halted at Mopsocrene, a small town situated at the foot of Mount Taurus ; and after having declared Julian his successor and sole master of the empire, he died on the third of November, a. i>. 361, in the 25th year of his reign, and 45th of his age. — Julian caused his remains to be conveyed to Constantinople; re- ceived the body at the gates of that city, amidst his soldiers under arms ; and interred it in the tomb of Constantine the Great. MINTAGES OF CONSTANTIUS II. CONSTANTIUS GALLUS. CONSTANTIVS. — As Augustus, it is IMP. Yhavius I VL'«.? CONSTANTIVS MAXimwj AVG ustus. Also D. N. FL. CONSTANTIVS P. F. PERIWkhj AVG ustus. Gold Medallions. — constantinvs victor semper avg. Emperor in triumphal car. — (Valued by Mionnet at 600 francs.) gavdivm romanorvm. Constantine between Constantine jun. and Constans. (Mionnet, 600 fr.) gavdivm romanorvm. Four figures. (En- graved in Steinbiichcl, No. 4. Valued by Mionnet at 2000 francs.] Same legend . — Female seated. (Mionnet, 600 francs). Engraved iu Stcinbiiehel, l. c. No. 5. gloria romanorvm. Unique medallion. — Engraved in Akerman, vol. ii. pi. G. No. 2. Brought £17 10s. at the Thomas sale. Lot 3006. OB. VICTORIAM TRIVMPH ALEM. (Mt. 100 fr.) principi iwentvtis. Unique medallion. Engraved in Akerman, vol. ii. pi. G. No. 1. ■Brought £14 14s at the Thomas sale. Lot 3007. SAL VS ET SPF.S REirVBLICAE. (Mt. 600 fr.) SECVRITAS PERPETVAE (sic). — 200 fr. virtvs constanti avg. Unique medallion. Engraved in Akerman, vol. ii. p. F. No. 5. — Brought £1 1 at the Thomas sale. Lot 3008. Silver Medallions. gavdivm popvi.i ROMANI. (Mt. 100 fr.) — TRIVMFATOR GF.NTIVM BARB ARARVM. (Mt. 100 fr.) — VIRTVS F.XER- CITVS. (Mt. 50 fr.)— VIRTVS D. N. AVG. (£1, Thomas.) — gloria reipvblicae. (Pembroke, £1 15s.) — victoria avg. nostri. (Valued by Mionnet at 50 fr.) Gold. pelicitas perpf.tva. gavdivm POPVLI ROMANI. — SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE. VICTORIA CONSTANTI. -VIRTVS F.XERCITVS GALL. — (rhe foregoing five valued by Mionnet at 30 francs each). principi iwentvtis. — (Pembroke, £1 8s.) Silver. — constantivs avg. — gloria rei- pvblicae. Two women seated. — pax avgvs- torvm. — (Valued by Mionnet at 20 fr. each). Brass Medallions. — debellatori gentt. bariiarr. (Mionnet, 20 fr.) — pel. temp, re- paratio. (24 fr.) — la itomo. (50 fr.) — sa- 1UNAE. (50 fr.) VIRTVS AVG. NOSTRI. (24 fr.) Second Brass. — hoc signo victor eris. Emperor with labarum, charged with the mono- gram of Christ. — moneta avg. The 3 Monctic. CONSTANTIUS GALLUS.— It is after this appellation that one of the nephews of Constan- tius II., aud the eldest brother of Julianus, afterwards emperor, is commonly called by his- torians, although on coins he is named simply Constantius. — Gallus, born a.d. 325, was the son of Julius Constautius, youngest son of Con- stantins Chlorus, and of Galla. At the age of 12 years, he was, with Julian, spared from the Many of his gold and silver medallions are of the highest rarity ; gold of the usual size common ; silver of usual size rare ; brass medal- lions rare ; second and third brass very com- mon. — The style of this emperor, on the ob- verses of his coins, as Cicsar, is Dam inns N osier CONSTANTIUS GALLUS. sweeping massacre which their ambitious uncle Coustautius perfidiously connived at, and which deprived their father of life. In 351, that very kinsman created him Caesar; associated him in the imperial government ; and caused him to add to his own the name of Con- stantius. Having also given him for wife his sister Constantins, the widow of llannibal- lianus, the artful emperor assigned to Gallus the defence of the eastern provinces against the Persians, and sent him to reside at An- tioch. The young prince was gifted with a well formed person, and a prepossessing countenance : he had also an imposing air of grandeur in his deportment. His brother Julian and himself had passed their youth together, in a kind of exile, and their education had been con- fined to the study of ecclesiastical literature, and to the practices of ascetic piety. This course of instruction had attached Gallus to the Christian Church, but it had not taught him to repress his passions, which were of such a haughty, in- solent, and savage description, as to render him an object of dread and hatred during the whole period of his residence in Syria. It was there that lie showed himself in the undisguised vio- lence and brutality of his natural character. He perpetrated, both out of his own vicious dispo- sition, and at the instigation of his wife who was not less guilty than himself, acts of the most flagrant injustice, and of the most revolt- ing cruelty. At once the spy upon, and the accuser of, his subjects, he caused all, of whose wealth he was covetous, to be put to death with- out any form of legal procedure. The death of Thcophilus, governor of Syria, whom he aban- doned to the merciless fury of an Antiochian populace; and the atrocious barbarity with which he delivered numerous other personages of dis- tinguished rank, into the hands of the public executioner, roused a general spirit of resistance to his tyranny ; and he was denounced to the emperor. — Constantins II. sent Domitianus pre- torian prefect of the East, and Montius questor of the palace, to his residence at Antioch, for the purpose of inquiring into his conduct. Justly charged with mal-administration, disobedience, and cruelty, in his government of the East, lie enormously increased his guilt by putting the above-named imperial commissioners to death. It appears that these servants of Constantius, instead of ensnaring him with gentle persuasions, in conformity with their instructions, had the imprudence to adopt towards Gallus the language of menace and defiance; and the consequence was, they were torn to pieces by an infuriated multitude, whom Gallus had excited to destroy them. The emperor fearing that, after this, his nephew woidd, in desperation, be led to add open rebellion to his other offences, had recourse to new promises, with the view of drawing him away from Antioch ; fully resolved to punish him afterwards. Accordingly he wrote to him let- ters full of professed affection, deceived by which Gallus set out to meet his uncle at Milan. — At Petovio (Pettau) in Panuonia, however, he was arrested, and sent to Pola, in Istria. Gallus 2 M CONSTANTIUS III. 2G5 there underwent a sort of trial for the crimes he had committed, and was couvicted of them all. His judges, after receiving orders from Constan- tius, condemned him to death ; and having been conducted to the place of execution, with his hauds tied behind him, like a culprit of the lowest class, he was beheaded, at the close of the year 354, when he was in his second con- sulate. He was then only 29 years old, and had reigned, as Cresar, but three years and eight months. — Most of those who had participated in his crimes were doomed by Constantius to share the same fate with him. MINTAGES of CONSTANTIUS GALLUS. On his coins, which are all very rare, in each metal, except second and third brass, he is styled CONSTANTIVS CAES. — FI.. IVL. CONSTANT! VS NOB. CAES. DN. CONSTANTIVS NOB. CAES. DN. CONSTANTIVS IVN. NOB. C. Gold Medallions. — gloria romanorvm. Two types. (Valued by Miounct at 200 fr. each.) Silver Medallions. — felicitas romano- rvm. GLORIA EXERCITVS. VIRTVS EXER- citvs. — ( 200 francs each.) Gold. — felicitas romanorvm. (100 fr.) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE. (80 fr.) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. (50 fr.) Silver. — principia iwentvtis. TheCtesar stands between two military ensigns, to one of which he extends his left hand, whilst he holds a sceptre or baton in his right. — Obv . — fl. ivl. constantivs nob. caes. Diademed head of Gallus. — Engraved in preceding page, from a finely preserved silver specimen in the British Museum. Brass Medallions. — gloria romanorvm. — VRBS ROMA. — VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM (Mion- nct, 40 fr. each ). — viiitvs avg. — virtvs av- gystorvm. (48 fr. each). Third Brass. — FELur TEMPoma REPA- UATIO. Military figure pierces with his spear a prostrate horse and its rider. — Obv . — d. n. constantivs nob. caes. Diademed head of Constantius Gallus ; as is seen in the above engraving. CONSTANTIUS III. surnamed Patricius, was born at Naissus, in Illyria ; his family unknown. He was the husband of the sister of Ilonorius, and a. d. 411 was appointed by that emperor to be the general of his armies. In 421, he was declared Augustus, and associated in the government of the western empire. He died the same year at Ravenna, having borne the title of Augustus only seven months. The coins of this last of the name stand in the highest degree of rarity. On these he is styled d. n. constantivs p. f. avg. — The reverses are as follow, viz. : — 2CC CONSULATES. Gold. — victoria avgg. The emperor hold- ing the labarum. (Valued by Miounct at 400 fr.) — victoria avgvstorvm. Victory march- ing. A quinarius. (300 fr.) Silver. — victoria romanorvm. — votis v. mvltis. — (100 fr. each.) CONSULATUS, the consulate or olHee of CONSUL. This, the highest of the Roman ma- gistracies conferred, as is well known, upon him who held it, the possession of sovereign autho- rity during his term of office, which was for only one year. The consulate was established immediately after the abolition of royalty, in the year of Rome 244 (b. c. 510), at the first form- ation of the republic. It was then that the people, instead of any longer submitting to the rule of a king, began to confide their government to two persons, whom they called Consuls, Pitiscus says, a consul endo, from the act of con- sulting, because they gave their care and their counsel to their country. — J. W. D. in Smith’s Dictionary, on the other hand says, “ Without doubt the name consu/es means nothing more than simply colleagues?’ As these annually elected magistrates were substituted in the place of a monarch, so were they invested with all the prerogatives and powers of royalty, together with all the exterior marks of regal dignity. The consuls, so long as they remained in Rome, had under their controul every thing that related to public affairs. The other magistrates, with the exception of the tribunes, came under their cognizance. The consulate, however, even at au early period of the republic, began to descend from its high estate, when tribunes of the people were established with the right of opposing all the acts of the consuls. The only remedy in pressing times for the evils arising out of a factious exercise of the tribunitian veto, was one as dangerous as the disease to the state itself, viz., the dictatorship, So great, however, was the jcgal weight of the consulate — so prominent a place did its occupiers rctaiu in the veneration and attachment of the people ; and such were the external attributes of supreme grandeur with which the persons of the consuls themselves were gifted and surrounded, that the office never lost its political importance, nor its popular influence, so long as the republic lasted. Nor did this magistracy cease when the government fell into the hands of a single individual. The two consuls contiuucd to be annually named ; the consular fasti verified, as before, the chrono- logical series of all the years ; aud these offices were solicited, from the favour of the prince, as they had before been asked at the suffrages of the citizens. The emperors distinguished their favourites and their relations with this title, already become purely of an honorary kind, and they likewise frequently took it for themselves. To describe at large the origin, the dignity, and changes of the Roman cousidatc, docs not come within the plan of this compilation. Such particulars are fully understood by those who are conversant with the history of Rome iu her free state, whilst they contribute but little to CONSULATUS. the elucidation of the medallic science. But so far as the office of Consul, exercised under the Ciesars and Emperors, is referred to in monetal legends and types, the following analysis of Eckhcl’s learned dissertation on the subject will be found replete with useful information, and can hardly prove otherwise than acceptable to the numismatic studeut. Since, from the time of Julius Cresar, to the lower empire, the practice prevailed of princes insenbing on their coins their own consulates, aud the repetitions of them, an acquaintance with the Caesarian consulates is unquestionably of the greatest importance to a right under- standing of the chronological history of the em- perors and their times. After having, in op- position to the published opinions of certain learned authors, expressed his own firm convic- tion, that iu the assumption of the consulate, the emperors observed no fixed rules, but, as iu most other matters, followed their owu inclina- tion, — Eckhel proceeds to explain the condi- tions of the office in question, as established from the time of Julius Cicsar, and continuing in force through subsequent reigns, up to the period of its abolition, arranging under separate heads, the various branches of the subject, as follows : — I. — Consules Continue — First on the list appear the continued consulates, which were cither conferred upon princes or assumed by them. — It had been provided by a decree of the people (plebiscite ) that no one should be re- elected consul till after an iuterval of tcu years. But, at the close of the republic, when the laws uo longer ruled, but were over-ruled, the au- cient statute was infringed. The seven consu- lates of Marius are well known ; and soon after, L. Sulla suffered only eight years to elapse be- fore he was chosen consul for the second time, aud also at the same moment dictator ; aud his example was followed by Julius Cicsar, who “ received a renewed (continuum) consulate and a perpetual dictatorship and the fart of this renewal of office is continued also by his coins. When Artaxata was taken by Corbulo, in the year of Rome 811 (b. c. 58), the Senate de- creed to Nero a continuous (or renewed) consu- late. But the Fasti and coins prove that he did not accept the honour. Yitcllius nominated himself a perpetual consul, but his intentions were frustrated. In the case of some of the Augusti , the assumed consulates differed little from the continuous. Vespasian, during a reign of ten years, renewed the consulate eight times; and Titus also was much inclined for this dis- tinction ; still more Domitiau, whose consulates numbered seventeen. To these may be added Elagabidus. All preceding emperors were sur- passed by Theodosius II. on whose Fasti (and perhaps his coins also), there appear eighteen consulates. II. — Consuls appointed by the Empe- rors. — That, under the imperial government, the power of appointing consuls rested with the reigning princes, is shewn by the entire history of the augustal age ; uor can the fact be called CONSULATUS. in question, considering the unlimited authority of the emperors. The Augusli, indeed, took upon themselves the office of consul, though they at all times combined the consular with the imperial authority ; either to throw in the teeth of the disaffected a certain resemblance to the old commonwealth, following, as Appian sup- poses, the example of Sulla ; or to render still more famous, by their consulate, a year in which some extraordinary festival was to occur; or from vanity, or from the desire of outvying others, which Ausonius cleverly attacks in the case of Domitian ; or from some other motive. For, from the circumstance that there was not one even of the most rational and moderate amongst them, who did not several times renew to himself that distinction, it may be inferred that the consulship was a post most gratifying to the emperors. III. — Consules suffecti. — This term (from sufficio to put in the place of another) was used to denote substituted or added consuls. They were unknown in Free Rome, except in the case of one of them dying, during his year of office, when it became necessary that some person should be deputed to fill his place for the re- mainder of the period. Julius Caisar set the first example of a consul suffectus. — In the year 709 (n. c. 45), according to Dion, “He entered upon the consulate immediately, and before his arrival in Rome, lie did not, however, retain it for a whole year, but after his return to Rome, he resigned the office, and conferred it upon Q. F'abius and C. Trebouius. And as Fabius ex- pired on the last day of his consulship, he (Ciesar) deputed to it C. Caniuius for the few remaining hours.” Cicero, in recording this same fact, wittily adds — “ So, you must know, that during the whole consulship of Caninius not a soul dined. Nevertheless, whilst he was consul, no mischief took place. For so marvellous was his vigilance, that he slept not once all the time he was con- sul.” After the precedent thus established, it rarely happened that the individuals who entered upon office on the calends of January, retained it for the whole year ; as the emperors, in return for services performed, used to invite others to a participation in this honour. And there was a time, when this licence was carried beyond all bounds ; as Clcandcr, who from the position of a slave, had risen to be the all powerful chamberlain of Commodus, is related to have ap- pointed twenty-five consuls in one year. There arc also instances of emperors, but those only of a weak capacity, who deposed the legitimate consuls, and thrust themselves into their places. And in this manner Caligula and Elagabalus held their first consulates by substitution, (suffcctum consulatum), and Nero his last, as their respective eoius attest. The names of these substituted consuls were written on the consular Fasti, but the year was reckoned by the name of the Consules ordinarii (sec next column). Now, as many princes, before their accession to the imperial throne, had been invested with this kind of honorary consulship, 2 M 2 CONSULATUS. 267 or had not despised the office after their becom- ing emperors, this circumstauce must be at- tended to, in order to reconcile apparent con- tradictions, which may sometimes present them- selves on a comparison of the consulates with the tribunitian powers. Consules ordinarii. — Those who entered upon office on the calends of January, were called ordinarii ; and it was they who gave a name to the year, and consequently enjoyed a higher authority than the suffecti consules, who were scarcely known beyond the bounds of Rome and Italy, and were therefore styled consules minores. Consuls by substitution, when they afterwards obtained the regular ( ordinarium ) consulship, were in the habit of reckoning the substituted one. Octavianus was chosen in the place of the consuls who fell in battle, a. u. c. 711 (n. c. 43) ; and when in the year 721 (b. c. 33), he again became consul, he was on all records styled consul iterum. Caligula being consul suffectus from the calends of July, 790 (a. d. 37), proceeded consul iterum (consul for the second time), on the calends of January, 792. — Domitian numbered five suffecti consulatus, which he had passed before his accession. — Many other instances are recorded in the annals of his reign. “ Nevertheless (adds Eckhel), in the mintage of Domitian, under date of 832 (a. i). 79), there is a coin on which no mention is made of his five consulates by substitution.” IV. — Consules Designati’. — Consuls elect (from designare), a term used to distiuguish those who were appointed to fill that and other public offices. Magistrates were first designati, and some mouths after that formality, they en- tered upon the exercise of their authority. " During the times of the common-wealth, con- suls were not considered as elect, except in rela- tion to the year immediately following. Rut even that custom began very early to be disregarded. In the year 715 (b. c. 39), during the sove- reignty of the Triumvirs Rei Publica Consti- tuenda, consuls were styled elect for eight years, of which a. u. c. 720 and 723 were assigned to Mark Antony. He is called, therefore, on his coins, simply cos. from the year 710, when he was first made consul, till the year 715 above mentioned. And from that date to 720 (b. c. 34), cos. desig. iter. et. tert. From 720 to 723, cos. desig. hi. From 723, when he actually entered upon his third consulate, cos. in. ; aud this order is plainly to be recognised on his coins. The same regulation was observed 268 CONSULATUS. by Octavianus, wlio was, in the same year 715, designates consul for the years 721 and 723. — Augustus made his daughter’s sons, Caius and Lucius, consuls elect, but on the condition of their taking office in five years’ time (see p. 217 of this dictionary). — Nero was consul elect at the age of fourteen, intending to enter upon the consulate at twenty ; whence he is styled on his coins cos. design. And this pre-appointment the emperors were not backward in notifying on coins and other public monuments, when they felt a desire to enrol themselves as consuls. Whence it is usual to read on them, amongst other inscriptions, cos. hi. des. mi. — Sometimes consulates sim- ply promised, or designated, seem to have been confounded with consulates really acquired and held, or at least the word has been omitted. But instances of this sort are very rare ; and it would even appear that the greater part of the medals cited as examples of the case, have been incorrectly' read : the error being doubtless caused by the nun^bers expressed hav- ing been effaced by the lapse of time or by fric- tion. It is, however, to be remarked that, although the consulate existed until the reign of Justinian, who united this dignity to the im- perial crown, yet long before that epocha, and indeed from the commencement of what is called the lower empire, the emperors, for the most part, neglected to mention it on their money, where it appears only at very wide intervals. V. — Oknamenta Consul aria. — By this term was meant those consular honours which, decreed to any individual by the emperors, were a kind of semblance of the consulate. Dion Cassius, indeed, tells ns that, as early as the year of Route 687 (b. c. 147), and consequently whilst the common-wealth was still in existence, C. Carbo, though as yet he had discharged only the tribuneship of the plebs, received the dis- tinction of the ornamenta consu/aria. It is not, however, sufficiently understood in what these honours consisted. Their real origin is doubtless to be traced to Julius Cmsar, who, when in his endeavour to confer favours on a number of persons, he found himself unable to give to all either the regular ( ordinaritim ) or the substituted ( suffectum ) consulate, invented this fictitious distinction. He admitted many, says Dion, into the patrician and consular ranks. And Suetonius also observes, “ he bestowed consular honours on ten individuals who had been I’retors (viris prtetoriis).” — When Octa- vianus, after the deaths of the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, was aiming at the consulate, the Senate, unwilling to confer so high a post upon a mere boy, nevertheless decreed to him, in its stead, consular honours. Several instances in w hich this dignity was awarded afterwards occur, and that too even to foreigners ; as for example, Claudius procured it for Agrippa, the grandson of Herod the Great ; the Senate having before, during the reign of Caligula, decreed him pre- toriau honours. It is a question, whether those, who were thus distinguished, raised thereby the number of CONSULATUS. their consulate, when they subsequently entered upon office in the regular way. Dion negatives this, in his life of Octavianus. For when this emperor first assumed consular honours, and shortly after, the consulate itself, he did not ambitiously call it his second. Indeed, the author above quoted, immediately adds, that the practice was observed from that period to his own times, in all similar cases, and that Seve- rus was the first to alter it ; inasmuch as, when he had first bestowed these honours, aud after- wards the office of consul itself, upon I’lauti- anus, he commanded him to be proclaimed as consul ( iterum ) for the second time ; aud that this example was followed by others. Never- theless, he was averse to this rule being observed in his own case. VI. — Motives of Princes for assuming the Consulate. — Having assigned some of the reasons which usually actuated the emperors in either undertaking or multiplying their consul- ships, Eckhel proceeds to cxplaiu with greater distinctness their various inducements to as- sume the office in some particular year. — Without denying, that many princes were in the habit of being inaugurated consuls on the first calends of January after their accession to em- pire, Eckhel shews that as a rule, it fails in the majority of instances. The custom appears to have been derived from Nero. At auy rate, his immediate successors, Galba, Vespasian, Titus, Doinitian, aud Nerva, followed his example, by entering upon their consulate on the next calcmls of January after their accession. — When Trajan was averse to this practice, Pliny thus expressed himself — “ You refused at the commencement of your reign the consulate, which all new em- perors used to transfer to themselves, though it was destined for others.” From these very' words of Pliny, therefore, it is sufficiently evi- dent, that the custom was, even at that time, observed by the emperors, aud it is confirmed by Spartiau, in speaking of .Elius Cicsar — “ He was soon created consul, and having been de- puted to hold the reins of government, he was styled consul for the second time.” — After Tra- jan, not a few departed from the practice. They have been collected by Mazzoleni, aud may be seen in the Fasti. It must therefore be con- cluded, that the custom was approved of by many of the emperors, but that the rule did not hold universally. It also occurred, that the emperors assumed the consulate on account of public solemnities of various kinds. Suetonius has observed of Augustus, that he was desirous of entering upon his thirteenth nnd last considate, in order that he might, in that high capacity, attend upon his sons Caius and Lucius, when they were in- troduced into the forum, on the occasion of their first public appearance ( tgroeinio ). The princes of the lower empire — at least those who were called consuls of the East — according to Thc- mistius, always took great pains to prevent other individuals from holding this office on the re- currence of the quiuqueunial or decennial pe- riod, when it gave a name to the year. — CONSULATUS. Whence, he says, it seemed u remarkable cir- cumstance, that Theodosius Magnus should, at the quinquennalia, have ceded this honour to Saturuinus, a private individual. Iu general terms it may be allirmed, that, as in most other matters, so in the assumption and repetition of the consulate, the will and pleasure of the emperors were their sole motive aud guide. VII. — Consulship under the empire only honorary. — From the time when the emperors had brought every species of authority under their own control, it no longer came within the province of the consuls to conduct foreign wars, or to watch over the safety of the state ; but, distinguished only by their robes of office, they were compelled to lead a life of ignoble ease at Rome, instead of attending to the weighty concerns of government. Truly, therefore, did Mamertinus speak of the con- sulates of the imperial age: — “Iu the adminis- tration of state afTairs (in administrationibus), labour is conjoined with honour ; but in the con- sulate honour only is involved, without the labour.” — Cassiodorus is still more severe upon the slothfulness of consuls. The only advantage which this office conferred from that time for- ward, has been explained by the Emperor Julian : — “To private individuals (he says) it is a sort of recompense of virtue, or of fidelity and zeal in the service of the emperors, or for some deed of renown ; whilst in the case of the princes themselves, it is a kind of decoration and embellishment, added to the advantage they already possess.” VIII. — Consulates Dimidius. Amongst other particulars connected with the consulate previous to the final abolition of the office, the office of Consul at its Dimidius is to be briefly noticed. It seems that this “ half consulship” consisted of but one consul ; that is to say, a consul without a colleague. The first instance of this occurred in the year of Rome 702 (b. c. 52), in the third consulate of Pompey the Great, who was elected sole consul by the Comitia. As this case arose during the republic in con- sequence of dissensions among the citizens, so, at a much later period, namely, in the reign of Constantine the Great, it was occasioned by a disagreement among a plurality of reigning powers. — Several, indeed, of the ancient Fasti have marked the year a. d. 310 and 313, with the consulate of Maxentius alone. IX. — Consulatus Orientalis et Occiden- tals. — Constantine the Great, on the division of the Roman Empire into the Eastern and Western, determined that of the two annual consuls, the one should be appointed at Rome, the other at Constantinople. This practice came into operation a. d. 338, on the calends of January ; in which year, Constantine having just before died ; and the empire, according to his desire, being divided amongst his three sons, the first consuls under this new arrangement were elected ; Ursus in the West, and Polcmius in the East. In consequence of this, when it hap- pened that there was any uncertainty respecting the consul of one or other portion of the cra- CONSULATUS. 269 pirc, the inscription on public records ran thus : — “ The consuls being N. and whosoever shall be hereafter declared ;” or, “ The consuls, one of whom is Aristametus, for the name of his colleague is not known.” “ Post Consul at urn,” formula. Whenever, either from quarrels among the riding powers, or from wars, or the assassination of emperors, or other causes, the year was deficient in its consuls, at least the regular and legitimate ones, it not unfrequently occurred, that this vacant year or years received its name from the regular consul of the preceding year, the inscription running thus, e. g. Basilio V. C. consule. Anno secundo post C. Basilii, Anno tertio post C. Basilii ; such being the designation of the years a. d. 541, 542, and 543. This formula first appears a. d. 307, when the consuls of the pre- ceding year had been Constantius Chlorus (VI.) and Gal. Maximianus (VI.) ; and it was more frequent in the latter periods of the emperors, when the regulations were various and often confused. X. Consularia Insignia. The marks and badges of office by which the consuls were distinguished. — Floras says of Tarquiuius Pris- cus — “ By constant warfare, he subdued the twelve nations of Etniria, and from thence were derived the fasces, the trabete, the curule chairs, the rings, trappings, paludamenta, pnetexta, the practice of being carried in triumph on a golden chariot, drawn by four horses, the embroi- dered toga, the tunic covered with broad golden ornaments (pa/mata), in short all the decora- tions and insignia for which the imperial dig- nity is conspicuous.” — Dionysius of Halicar- nassus, among the badges of sovereignty, which Priscus at that time transferred to Rome, men- tions “ the crown of gold, and the staff sur- mounted by the figure of an eagle, the purple tunic, ornamented with gold, aud the purple embroidered toga (or that of many colours, toga picta).” He adds, that on the expulsion of the kings, these insignia were permitted to the consuls, with the exception of the crown and the embroidered toga, though, when they ap- peared in a triumph, they wore these also. The Family Coins give us but little informa- tion as to the number of the badges that were allowed to the consuls whilst Rome remained free. On coins of the Junia gens we find re- presented the elder Bratus, who was also the first who held the office of consul, between two lictors formidable from their fasces and axes. — But it was already established from other sources, that the consuls used to be preceded by the twelve fasces. On the denarii of Sulla (sec Cornelia gens), which exhibit the names of two consuls, Sulla and Pompeius Rufus, as also on a denarius of Valerius Messala, inscribed patre cos. the sella curulis is attributed to the consuls ; but this distinction w'as enjoyed by other officers of in- ferior rank to the consuls. In a denarius of Augustus, struck in the year of Rome 752 (sec parent, cons, svo.) there appear the staff with the eagle, the embroidered 270 CONSULATES. toga, and the laurel chaplet ; all of which, how- ever, may more probably be considered as tri- umphal rather than as consular decorations. On this subject, the subsequent age, viz that of the empire, supplies more abundant and trust-worthy information. — In Vopiscus, the Emperor Valerian thus addresses Aurelian : — “ Take, therefore, in recompense for your ex- ploits, the toga pradexta, the palinated tunic, the embroidered toga, the chair inlaid with ivory. For I this day nominate you consul, and am about to write directions to the Senate, that it confer upon you the staff, aud the fasces.” — Cassiodorus gives a similar account, inveighing bitterly against those whom the Augusti, for no adequate merits, decorated with the consular insignia — “ But now you assume these distinctions under more fortunate auspices, whilst we sustain the toils of the con- sulate, aud you enjoy the delights of dignity. — Picture to yourself, your broad shoulders adorned with the varied colours of the palmatcd tunic ; your strong hand grasping the staff of victory ; approach your own tire-side with even your shoes glittering with gold ; ascend by many steps your lofty curule chair, that by lying at your case, you may earn that which we assume by the severest labour in the administration of affairs.” — And indeed, on the coins of the Au- gusti , from the time when the empire began to decline, there frequently occurs a half-length bust (protome) of the ' emperor, with the pal- mated robe, and carrying in his hand the staff surmounted by au eagle, from which is to be inferred an emperor serving the office of consul. The following five examples are selected to shew the accordance of legend and type in con- nection with the consulate, on certain coins of the lower empire : — 1. On a gold coin of Maximinus Daza (see the annexed engraving, co- pied from Pellerin, Melange, 1, pi. vi.) the reverse type l represents the emperor, to- gated and laureated, standing with a globe, or an auriim coronarium, in his left hand, and a sceptre reversed in his right — surrounded by the legend CONSVL P. P. PRO-CONSVL. 2. On gold of Maximianus llcrculcus, given in Banduri, the emperor stands in the toga, and laureated, holding a globe, the symbol of the Roman world, in his right baud, whilst with his left he gathers up his robe and holds a roll or volume. The legend of reverse is consvl nil. p. P. PRO-COS. 3. On gold of Galcrius Maximianus, with legend of consvl caess. the Cicsar stands with globe and sceptre. 4. On a gold medallion of Constantine the Great, the reverse presents a remarkably 7 fine whole-length figure of an emperor, standing with laureated head, full-dressed in the consular in- siguia, consisting of the palmatcd tunic, and the embroidered toga — holding a globe in the right hand, and a sceptre in the left. — Sec senatvs. CONSULATE'S. 5. The reverse of a gold coin struck under Constantine the younger, exhibits the togated and laureated figure of the imperial consul, with globe aud sceptre, accompanied with the ex- planatory legend of felix pkocessvs cos. ii. avg. — [Numbers 2, 3, and 5, are eugraved in Khell’s Supplement to Vaillant.] XI. — Consui.aris Processus. The con- sular procession, as it is represented on coins, still remains to be explained. Consuls were said procedere (to go in state) when, having been consuls elect in the year immediately preceding, they entered upon the office, on the calends of January, with the customary pomp and retinue ; and this solemn occasion was commonly termed processus consularis, as coins prove. — See the legend felix processka consvl avg. n. But there are also examples which shew that ancient authors used the word processus alone, omitting all mention of the consul, to indicate the consularis processus. — When, however, the emperor is represented on coins in a quadriga, cither of horses or elephants, and carrying the staff surmounted by an eagle, it is difficult at times to determine whether by this type is to be understood a triumph, or a consular proces- sion ; because from all that has hitherto been seen, this eagle is common both to those who enjoyed a triumph, and to those who proceeded as consuls. Still it not unfrcquently happens, that the coin itself suggests a plan by which the one may be distinguished from the other solemnity. When a similar type is found on a coin of that year in which it is certain that the em- peror entered upon his consulate, and especially if history 7 records no triumph performed during that year, there can be no doubt that a consular procession is intended, and that it is exhibited on the coins in the same way as all other events of importance were so handed down. Amongst the first brass in Queen Christina’s cabinet is one of Antoninus Pius (sec the reverse engraved in p. 267), which Havercamp, with great probability, describes as recording one of the consular proccssious made by that good em- peror. The prince is typified with the (ivory) sceptre in his left hand, and with his right hand stretched forth and open, standing in a chariot drawn by four horses. In the exergue of this reverse is the legend cos. mi. s. c. (Consul for the 4th time by decree of the Senate), a. d. 145. For further remarks and additional engraviugs illustrative of this branch of the subject, sec PROCESSUS. Some notice of the custom of scattering money amongst the people by consuls, during their procession, will be found affixed to the legend petronius maxsimus u. c. cons. XII. — The Consulate after a time very seldom inscribed on Coins. — Though the consulates were recorded on monuments of vari- ous kinds, and in private chronicles, especially when the occurrence of some particular event was to be established, yet they at length ceased to be inscribed on coins. From flic time of CONTORNIATE COINS. Constantine the Great, anil his sons, the Ctcsars, a long interval elapsed till the time of Theodo- sius II. who inscribed on his coins his 17th and 18th consulates. The last were Hcraclius II. (Coustantiuus) son of Heraclius I. on whose unique coin is inscribed eracaio consva. At length this venerable office, retaining now nothing of its ancient spleudor, began to sink so low in general estimation, that Leo Vlth, Sapiens, who came to the empire a. d. 886, or- dered to be struck out of the catalogue of laws, with other useless matter, the Novella cv. of Justinian, which treats of the consulate, and contains the law, which no longer bore any re- ference to the existing state of thiugs. And it became thenceforth the practice in the East, for the purpose of distinguishing the years, to use the epoch of the creation of the world ( epocha orbis conditi), which by the calculation of the Scptuagint translators, whether truly or falsely, was fixed on the first day of September, in the 5508th year, the third month, and 25th day before the birth of Christ. — On this subject consult the chronologists, and Gibbons’ Com- pendium, chap. 40, at the end. CONSULAR COINS. — Sec Numi Consulares. CONTORNIATE COINS.— Both for abun- dance and for superiority of curious interest, the numi contorniati, as they arc termed in Latin works, hold the foremost place amongst the pseudo moneta of ancient times. It is pro- bable that this word is derived from the Italian contorno, or from the French contour, signify- ing the outline of anything ; since most of these coins actually exhibit, on the outer edge of both obverse and reverse, a circular line deeply en- graved. The subject is treated of, with his usual mastery and with his accustomed justice to the labours of others, by Eckhel, who (in Boctrina, viii. 277) has divided it into six heads, viz. the characteristics, the types, the date, the use, and the merit, of Contorniates. The following is a summary : — I. — Peculiar Characteristics. — These are of a kind readily to strike the eye, and to dis- tinguish this class of medals from the genuine coinage. First. — The line on the edge of the coin, on both sides, marked circularly, and in the mode of a furrow ; generally deep, in the place usu- ally occupied, on the regular products of the CONTORNIATE COINS. 271 Roman mint, by a ring of globules, which is rarely found on the coins now in the course of being described. This is the most certain token of a contorniate, and it is the circumstance, which, as already observed, probably gave rise to the term. There appears to be no doubt, that this line was made with a graving tool, after the coin was struck ; for, on many speci- mens, the heads of the letters are divided by the instrument. Secondly . — The next characteristic is the mo- nogram, as exhibited on the foregoing cut, together with various small figures, placed beside the por- trait of the obverse, among which the most fre- quent is the palm branch. When this, and the monogram are both present, the coin may assur- edly be regarded as a contorniate. There are other figures, though more rarely to be seen, such as a star, an ivy leaf, a bow and quiver, and a flying victory. — There arc contorniates, however, which display none of these marks. It is to be noted, that neither the monogram, nor the figures are in relief, but cut into the coin, and frequently filled up with silver. The monogram, which is resolved into ep. or pe. no one has yet ' been found to explain with any degree of pro- bability. This identical f,p. has, however, been seen inscribed on contorniates, near the mono- gram of Christ and the palm branch, on a brass plate, published by Pignori. Consequently, (adds Eckhel), as these letters ep. or pe. are on this monument found conjoined with the palm branch, and as on many contorniates they sup- ply the place of that branch, it may fairly be conjectured, that they signify something con- nected with victory. Thirdly. — All contorniates are of brass. Gold and silver of this class are unknown. Fourthly. — Their size is the same as that of medallions, but not so their weight, for they are of thinner brass. There are some, how- ever, though very rare, of smaller size, and somewhat thicker metal, like the coins called in Italian medaglioncini. Of this kind is a coin of Constantine the Great, in the imperial cabi- net, but which is clearly proved to be a contor- niate by the monogram ep. engraven on it. — Havercamp (Num. 56), has published one of unusual size, with the head of Placidius Valcn- tinianus, from the cabinet of Queen Christiua. Fifthly. — Contorniates exhibit a workman- ship peculiar to themselves, with the figures flat, and very little raised from the surface, no doubt because, as above stated, they are of thin metal. Occasionally the whole of the figures are engraved into the coin. Of this kind are those classed among the decursiones, under the heads of toxxotes, cosmvs, and selevcvs ; silver being also run into the cavities, as before described. In these specimens the style of workmanship, at the best, does not surpass mediocrity. In many instances they afford evi- dence of a rough and unskilful hand. II. — Of Contorniate Types generally. — The obverses of this class of coins, as well as others, present for the most part some head or bust. The types of the reverses arc generally CONTORNIATE COINS, borrowed from the Circensian games and other I spectacles, though there arc not wanting sub- jects derived from mythic and heroic tradition, j whilst some arc abstruse or altogether unin- | telligiblc. Contorniatc medals present this peculiarity, that there is scarcely ever any apparent con- nexion between the obverse and the reverse. — For no one will find it easy to reconcile the portrait of Alexander the Great with a repre- sentation of the Roman Circus, Scylla, or the , Rape of the Sabines; — or again, Horace, Apol- lonius of Tyana, or Sallust, with the charioteers of the circus, wrestlers, and mountebanks or Nero with Faustina junior. The arbitrary prin- ciple, on which the obverses and reverses are joined, will appear the more strikingly, when it is observed, that the same types are presented with different portraits. Thus we have the fable of Scylla connected with the heads of Alexan- der tlic Great, of Nero, of Trajan, and of Roma ; Cybelc and her Atys, in company with the head of Homer, of Nero, of Vespasian, and ot Trajan. — To how little purpose the learned llavercamp laboured, in the endeavour to recon- cile, in every instance, the obverse and reverse of contorniatcs, is clearly proved in every page of the most laborious attempt ever made to de- scribe and Illustrate Contorniatc Coins. — See Dissertations de Atexandri M. Numismat. & c. The portraits, which occupy the obverses, are those of men of various fortunes, ranks, and professions, both high and low. But no un- doubted representation of deity has ever yet been discovered on these coins. On some, how- ever, there appears the head, with the legend of ROMA, or IXVICTA KOMA FELIX SENATVS. J The majority of them present the portraits of Roman emperors, and frequently that of Alex- ander the Great, as also of such celebrated indi- | viduals as Homer, Terence, Horace, and others. And, lastly, not a few of them exhibit a figure, | holding a whip in the right hand, and with the left leading a horse by the bridle, by which type some suppose is intended the portrait of various emperors, but Eckhel shews, in his remarks on the contorniatc decursiones, that they arc the figures of charioteers. The following is a list of all the emperors and Augusta whose names and portraits arc found on contorniatcs, according to trust-worthy authorities, viz.: — Julius Cscsar, Mark Antony, Augustus, Agrippina senior, Caligula, Nero (whose contorniatcs arc common), Galba, Ves- pasian, Doinitian, Trajan (common), Antoninus Pius, Faustina senior, M. Aurelius, Faustina junior, Lucilla, Caracalla, Constantine the Great, Honorius, Theodosius II. PlacidiusValcntiuianus, and Anthemius. To some of the emperors no contorniatcs were dedicated ; to others only a very few ; but to Nero and Trajan a large number. — Eckhel ex- presses his decided opinion, that in their total neglect, or rare introduction of others, those who struck them were guided solely by caprice ; and that the same cause may be assigned for their selection of Homer, Horace, &c. to the CONTORNIATE COINS, exclusion of individuals of equal renown among both Greeks and Romans. III. — Specific Examples of Contorniatf. Types. — llavercamp, in his elaborate standard work on this peculiar class of medals, has given the heads of emperors and illustrious in- dividuals ; but in so doing has been under the necessity of frequently repeating the same re- verses, in consequence of their being common to several princes. Eckhel (viii. p. 283 et scq.) properly regarding the reverses as of greater interest than the imperial portraits, already sufficiently known from other and better sources, has, in enumerating and describing these con- tomiates, confined himself principally to the reverses. His arrangement, as most to the pur- ; pose, has been adopted in the subjoined no- tices. And as these types are of various kinds, , they will be found arranged according to Eck- hcl’s classification, under distinct heads. The l 1st embraces Mythology; 2nd History; 3rd Illustrious Persons, such as heroes and heroines, kings, and men renowned for their learning ; 4th Spectacles, subdivided into decursiones, [ venationes (or huntings), pugilistic encounters, ! and dramatic exhibitions. The different works which contain engravings of Contorniatc types, and to which particular references will in each instance be found, are as follow : — Morel! . Thesaur. Famitiarum ltoman- arum, and Imperatorum Romanorum ; Numis- mata Cimelii A us triad Vindobonensis (Coins of the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, by Froclich) ; llavercamp, de Numis Contornuitis ; Pcdrusi, Cabinet du Musee Farnese ; Coins of the Pem- broke Collection, &c. 1. — Mythological. Rev . — Cybelc and Atys in a quadriga of lions, going at a rapid pace. — Obv. — A head of Homer. (Engraved in Cabiuct of \ ienna). A head of Augustus. l)o. of Nero. (Mo- rell. Impp.) — Do. of Vespasian and Trajan. — (Pcdrusi, Mus. Farucsc, and llavercamp). — On a coin of Vespasian, above the quadriga, are two shields, on one of which appears a lion, on the other a crab ; below, a woman seated on the ground. (Mus. Farnese). Agrippina and Faustina senior . MATRT. devm. salvtari. — A temple, before the en- trance of which is seated Cybelc between two lions, with the tympanum in her left hand ; outside stands Atys, w ith the pedum, or sheep* 1 hook, in the right hand, and touching a pine tree with the left. — (Morcll. Thesaur. Impp. vol. iii. I tab. xiv. No. 12: also in Imperial Cabinet at Vienna. Julius Casar. — Without legend. Jupiter sit- | ting on a rock, with an eagle watching near I him ; a military figure stands close at hand j holding-in a horse by the bridle. (Morcll. Impp. and in Fam. Julia;). Augustus. — Without legend. The emperor laurcated, cuirassed, and pnludatcd, is stnuding, j with both hands raised, between two seated figures — one a veiled woman, holding a palin t branch in her left hand — the other a man, semi- I nude, holding the hasta pura iu right aud a CONTORNIATE COINS, globe iu left hand — at the foot of the emperor stands an eagle with expanded wings, and a small figure of Victory offering a laurel crown to the emperor. Below are two recumbent females, as if river deities, one resting her left hand on a lion, and the other her right hand on a ship’s prow, both with cornucopia. (Morell. Thcsaur. Impp.) — A similar type of reverse appears also on a contoruiate, with the name of Homer and his portrait on the obverse, in Pc- drusi, Mus. Farnese, tab. i. Trajan . — A naked Bacchus stands, holding out a cluster of grapes to a panther, and with the thyrsus in the left hand ; around him arc dancing a female flute-player, and another female brandishing a thyrsus; also a boy with a sheep- book, and another with a branch. (Imp. Mus.) Do. of Caracalla. (Imp. Mus. and Havcrcamp.) Nero . — Bacchus riding in a biga of panthers, with a satyr going before him, and a flute-player in attendance. (Engraved in Havcrcamp and in Morel.) — Same type of reverse with head of Trajan. (In Havcrcamp, n. 20 and 70). Nero . — A naked Mars, with his left foot on the prow of a ship, is hurrying onward with spear and scaling ladder. Vespasian . — Same type. (In Morell. Impp.) Vespasian. Mars walking, with spear in right hand, and trophy in left, trampling on a prostrate foe. (Mus. Theupoli). Nero . — Diana sitting opposite the sleeping Endymion, beside whom a dog is watching, whilst overhead a Cupid is hovering. (Pedrusi). Trajan . — Same reverse. (Havcrcamp). Hercules fighting with the centaur Ncssus. Hercules head of, behind which is a club. Hercules struggling with a lion. (Imp. Mus.) Obv. Alexander. Head covered with lion’s skin. Before it the usual contorniate monogram (see engraving, p. 27 L).— Rev. — Ulysses, on board his vessel, passing before Scylla. One of the most striking, though not the most rare, amongst the various subjects on this class of ancient medals, is that which, having the head of Alexander the Great, or the head of Trajan, for the type of its obverse, as indicated by the legend expressing his name, represents on its reverse, without le- gend, the fable of Scylla. This formidable sea-monster, personifying a dangerous rock and whirlpool on the Italian side of the straits 2 N CONTORNIATE COINS. 273 of Messina, is here typified, at the moment when, according to the Homeric narration, she made her tragical assault on the ship and companions of the sou of Laertes. The upper part of her body is that of a gigantic female, her w aist is girdled with ravenous dogs ; the lower extremity terminates in a fish’s tail. In her right hand, she holds a rudder ; with her left she has seized by the hair of his head one of the crew, as if about to drag him out of the vessel. A man standing close by, armed with a shield and javelin, is vainly attempting to de- fend his unfortunate comrade. A third holds up his hands, as if paralysed with fear and hor ror, at beholding such a spectacle. On one side of Scylla is a huge fish, with head down- ward, and tail broadly spread and erect. Two human figures are seen struggling in the trou- bled w'aves, the previous victims of the mon- ster’s resistless attack. Behind the whole group rises a tree, allusive probably to the immense fig tree, which grew over a rocky cavern, where another traditionary monster named Charybdis, whose whirlpool, on the Sicilian coast, was equally the dread of ancient mariners, held his or her dark abode. — See Scylla. [The same type is fouud on reverses of con - torniates, of which the respective obverses bear the heads of Alexander the Great, in the Vienna Cabinet, and Ilavercamp, No. 64 ; of Nero, in Morell. Impp. ; and of Trajan, in the Imp. Mu- seum, and Ilavercamp, ami Museum Farnpse.] Bellcrophon, on Pegasus, fighting with the Chimrera. — Obv. — Head of Alexander the Great. — See Pegasus, in this dictionary. Trajan , — Amphiou and Zcthus, carrying off their stepmother Dirce, tied to a bull. (Mus. Com. Vitzai). soli invicto. — The Sun, with his face turned towards yon, in a quadriga. — Obv. — Head of Alexander the Great. (Ilavercamp, p. 38). Ilonorius. — sapientia. Pallas standing, with branch of laurel or olive in the right hand. — (Tanini, Supplement to Banduri) 2. — Historical. Eckhel remarks, that he has discovered only one example of this class, viz. : — sabixae. The Roman soldiers engaged in the rape cf the Sabine women ; behind, three obelisks, composing one of the Circcnsian mct;e. Obv. — Head of Alexander the Great. (Ilaver- camp, p. 1.) — Do. of Nero (Morell. Impp.) — Do. of Constantius II. (Banduri, t. ii. p. 378, Mus. Florcnt. tab. c.) — Also head of Agrippina senior, with the legend agrippina m. f. mat. caesaris AVGVSTI. " (Mus. Prince de Waldeck). 3. — Types relating to Illustrious Persons, Heroes, Heroines, and Kings, achillis pentesilia. Achilles armed, raises from the ground the prostrate Penthcsilea ; be- hind is a horse also lying on the ground. — Obv. Head of Divus Trajan. (Pedrusi, Mus. Faro.) aeneas. iEneas, bearing Ancliiscs on his shoulder, and leading Ascanius by the hand. — Obv. — Head of Nero. (In Morell. Impp.) — Do. of Trajan. (Imperial Cabinet and Havcrcamp.^ 274 CONTORNIATE COIN'S. llcro, watching from a tower the approach of Lcandcr swimming in the sea ; a cupid flying above. On another coin, Hero standing ou a tower, holds out a torch in her right hand, whilst Lcandcr is swimming below ; on the shore is a fisherman casting a hook into the sea. — O/jv. — Head of Vespasian. (Morcll. Impp. and Mus. Farncse.) Laocoon and his two sons, entwined in the folds of serpents. — Obv. — Head of Nero. (Imp. Mus.) Do. of Vespasian. (Morcll. Imp.) pentesilka. — See above, Achilles. agit. spe. tesevs. Theseus, galcated and naked, standing with spear and shield, is forcing a centaur to kneel who holds a lyre, by placing his hand on his neck. — Obv. — Head of Nero. (Morell. Impp.) stefanas. A victor in the games, in a quadriga, with crown in right hand and palm branch in left. (Mus. Thcupoli.) Without legend. Head of Alexander the Great, diademed, looking up to heaven. Alexander mag. macedon. — Alexander on horseback, hurling a spear at a prostrate bar- barian. (Imperial Cabinet.) ALEXANDER MAGNVS MACEDON. Diademed head, looking up to heaven. — Rev. — Rape of the Sabines, as above. (Havcrcamp, p. 1.) Without legend. Diademed head of Alexander the Great, with a ram’s horn, looking up to heaven. — A naked man, standing, with a whip in Ilia right hand, and with his left grasping a serpent about to spring. (Imperial Cabinet.) Alexander. Head of Alexander M. with lion’s skin. A circus. (Havcrcamp, n. 48). Bellcrophon fighting with the chimicra. (Ibid, n. 49.) Scylla, as before. (Imp. Mus.) Alexander. Dead with lion’s skin. — D. N. ms. xps. dei. filivs. An ass, with head erect, suckling her foal. olympias (on most specimens olimpias) Regina. Olympias veiled, and lying on a bed, stretches out her right hand towards a serpent raising itself; her left hand rests on a dolphin. Head of Nero. (Morell. Impp.) Do. of Trajan. (Havcrcamp, num. 68.) Without legend, The same type, except that instead of the dolphin, there is simply the sup- port (or leg) of the bed. — Obv. — Head of Nero. (Imp. Mus. and elsewhere.) PETRONIVS MAXSIMVS (sic.J V. C. CONS. Pc- tronius sitting, clothed in the consular garb, with a roll in the right hand, in the left a dagger with an eagle ; at the bottom are two bags stuffed with coins, one of which is open and ex- poses the money. Head of Valentinian III. (Banduri.) Sec an engraving of this coin in Tanini, tab. viii. 4. — Types relating to men renowned for THEIR LEARNING, OR ANY OTHER CAUSE. n.MHROC. Bare head of Homer, with beard. A man leading a horse by the bridle. (Imp. Mus.) Cybclc and Atys in n quadriga of lions. A man, gnleated and palndated, standing, &c. — See Pembroke Museum, t. ii. pi. 231, and Havcrcamp, fig. 1. p. 148. CONTORNIATE COINS. Socrates. — There are two contorniatcs of this philosopher. One of them has been taken by Havcrcamp, from Ursinus: cGkpathc. Bare head, with beard. Reverse not given. The other has been taken from the Farncse Cabinet, by Pcdrnsi, tab. i. on which is a bearded head, without legend. Eckhel docs not understand why it should have been attributed to Socrates. tebentivs. Bare head, without beard. - - - ivs. A man leading a horse by the bridle. (Morell. Fam. Rom. Tcrcutia gens ; also in Pembroke Museum, and in Licbe Gotha Numaria, p. 449. sai.vstivs avtor. A bare head, bearded; on other coins beardless. — Rev. — petuoni placeas. Three men in the toga, standing, &c. (Morcll. Fam. Rom. Salustia gens.) See the rest below, in dramatic types. horativs. A bare head, beardless. alsan. A man leading a horse by the bridle. (Havcrcamp, p. 152); also Morcll. Fam. Rom. lloratiagens — and in Pembroke, T. ii. 244-245. apolonivs tyanevs. Laureatcd and bearded head. — stefan. nika. Stcphanus the charioteer, in a quadriga. (Havercamp, p. 152). apvi.eivs. A juvenile head, with the hair bound backward with a ribbon. (Morcll. Fain. Rom. Apnleia gens.) — A bearded soldier, stand- ing and looking up at a temple of two columns, on the summit of which arc fixed three human heads. (Morelli Specimen, p. 45). 5. — Public Spectacles. 1 . Decursiones, or Chariot and Horse Racing. Circus Maximus, with all its apparatus, and quadrig® in motion. — Head of Alexander the Great, Nero, Trajan, Caracalla, &c. alsan. A man leading by the bridle a horse decorated with a palm branch. — Head of Horace. (Havcrcamp, Morel, and Pembroke). ARTEMIYS VINCAS IMPERATOR PLENA. A victor in a quadriga, with whip and crown in the right hand, and palm branch in the left. — 1 lead of Ilonorius. (Thcupoli, but not engraved). avrelianvs. A victor in the games stand- ing in a chariot, which is drawn at a slow pace by four horses, ornamented with palm branches ; in the right hand is a crown and a whip, and in the left a palm branch; the figure is looking behind him. Beneath is inserted placf.as. — Head of Nero. (Imperial Cabinet). Do. of Trajan. (Prince dc Waldcck). babvlvs. A victor in the games, with whip in right hand, and holding-in a horse by the bridle with the left ; behind him is his cap. bonifativs. A victor in the games, with crown and whip in the right hnnd, and palm branch in the left, is coming towards you in a quadriga, at a slow pace ; the lower part of the coin is occupied by four monograms, each con- taining several letters. — Head of Placidius Va- lenti nianus. (Ducangc, Banduri, Havcrcamp.) cervomti vs. A victor in the games, borne in a chariot drawn by four horses at full speed, stands looking behind him ; in the right hand a crown and whip, in the left a palm branch. — Head of Caracalla. (Havcrcamp). CONTORNIATE COINS. uirysopolvs. Eekhel says, “l find a coin j mentioning this name among the medallions of the Museum Theupoli, with the following de- scription — C. CAESAR AVG. GERM ANICVS FON. m. tb. p. A head of Caligula laurcatcd ; before which is the name chrysopolvs. — Rev. — A vic- tor in a quadriga, with crown in right hand, and palm branch in left. cosmvs. A victor standing, with whip in right hand, and spear in left. seracvsvs. A winning horse, with palm branch on his head. (Theupoli.) desid. nc. The bust of a man, with bare head and bearded, in his left hand holding a horse by the rein, and in his right a whip. maccommo. A man sitting on a rock, lean- ing his head on his left hand, and looking be- hind him. (llavcrcamp, num. 72). domninvs. A victor in the games, holding the reins in his right hand, and palm branch in his left, is borne in a quadriga of horses, orna- mented with palm, going at a slow pace. Head of Trajan. (Imperial Cabinet). domnvs piiilocomvs. A victor in the games, with whip in right hand, and palm branch in left, advances towards you in a quadriga, at a slow pace. — Obv. — Head of Severus. (Haver- camp, num. 63). elianvs. A victor in the games standing in a chariot, drawn by four horses, with palm branches, and looking behind him, with whip in the right hand, and palm branch in the left. Bust of a man, with bare head, holding a whip in the right hand, and restraining a horse with the left ; around are the letters stvp. r. cut in has relief, and filled up with silver. — (Mus. Prince de Waldeck, and of C. Vitzai). evgeniys. A victor in the games, with crown in right hand, and palm branch in left, is comiug towards you in a slow-going quadriga of four palm-bearing horses, near which are inscribed their names, spesciosvs dignvs. ACH ILL. DF.SIDEREVS. — Obv. — Head of Ilono- rius. (llavcrcamp, num. 54). EVTHYM1VS, or EVTVMIVS, or EVTIMIVS. A victor, with whip and crown in right hand, and palm branch iu left, is coming towards you in a slow-going quadriga of palm-bearing horses. — Head of Nero, or Trajan, or Ilonorius. (Haver- camp, fig. 31, p. 55; Imperial Cabinet; and Pedrusi, Mus. Farncsc, tav. iv.) evtimi. vincas. Bust of a man with bare head and bearded, holds-in a horse with left hand, and carries a whip in the right ; behind, a helmet. — Obv. — An emperor on horseback, go- ing at speed, with right hand elevated ; on the ground, a lion transfixed by a spear. (Imperial Museum). evtimi. vinicas (sic.) A charioteer coming towards you in a quadriga at a slow pace, with crown in right hand and palm branch iu left ; at the bottom mvsalliger. (sic.)— Obv. — Head and legend of Theodosius M. On another coin, a head of Ilonorius. (Tauini, Supplement ad Bandnri). evtimivs — below, tyriei. cat. - - -. A vic- tor standing between two horses, decorated with 2 N 2 CONTORNIATE COINS. 275 palm branches. — Obv. — Head of Trajan. (Ha- vcrcamp, num. 30). lisifonvs. A victor with whip and crown in right hand, and palm branch in left, borne iu a quadriga of palm-bearing horses going slowly. — Laureated head of Divus Augustus Pater. — (Morell. Impp. in Aug. tab. xxiii.) olimpivs. Himself standing, in a coat of mail, with whip in right hand, and palm branch in left. — Galeated and beardless head of Con- stantine the Great, as llavcrcamp thinks, n. 51. olympi. nika. A victor standing naked in a biga going rapidly, and looking behind him with whip in right hand, and crown iu left. — Obv. — Head of Nero. (llavcrcamp, num. 14.) pannoni. nika. A victor in a slow-going quadriga of palm -bearing horses, looking behind him, with whip and crown in right hand, and palm branch in the left.— A bust with bare and bearded head, with whip in right hand, and holding a horse by the rein with the left.. (Ha- vercamp, num. 71). Head of Ilonorius. — (Tanin. Suppl. ad Banduri.) selevcvs. A victor standing, with whip in right hand, and palm branch in left ; at his feet on either side an altar, with palm branches rising out of it. — A victor iu a biga going rapidly. — (Pembroke, p. iii. tab. 118). stefanvs. A victor in a quadriga. — A head of Alexander M. (Theupoli). — Do. of Nero. (Havcrcamp, Morel! Impp.) stefanvs. A victor naked, with whip iu right hand, and palm branch iu left, borne in a quadriga of palm-bearing horses. Head of l)ivus Trajan. (Mus. Farncse). stefan. nika. A victor in quadriga going slowly, is coming* towards you, with whip in right hand, and palm branch in left. — Obv . — Head of Apollonius Tyanensis. (Havercamp). vrse vincas. A naked man standing, with whip in his elevated right hand, and a palm branch in the left, which hangs down. — Bust with bare head, spear (or more correctly, a whip) in the right hand, and holding-in a horse with the left ; behind, a palm branch. (Haver- camp, num. 50). eternit. r. r. A victor with crown and whip in the right hand, and palm branch in the left, comes towards yon in a chariot at a slow pace, drawn by four palm-bearing horses. — divo ivlio. Head of Julius Caesar laureated. (Mo- rcll. Impp.) toxxotes. A horse walking, with a mark on the thigh ; in front of him a palm branch. — amor. A horse standing, witli a similar mark, and a palm branch. Both horses arc in bas-re- lief, and filled up with silver. (Morell. Speci- men, p. 43). 2. Ve nationes (or Sports of the Chase). A hunting of stags and hares iu an amphi- theatre. — A head of Divus Augustus. (Imperial Cabinet, and Morell. Impp.) — Do. of Nero. (Morell. Impp.) — Do. of Trajan. (Havercamp, num. 67). colendvs. A hunter on horseback is pur- suing a stag and a hare with drawn bow, in an amphitheatre. — Head of Trajan. (Farncse Col.) 276 CONTORNIATE COINS. A hunter attacking a boar with a hunting- spear, whilst a dog also leaps at it. — Head of Nero. (Havcrcamp, n. 5, Morcll. Impp.) — Do. of Vespasian. (Imp. and Farucse Cabinets). Two hunters, one of whom is on horseback, attacking a bear, the other a boar, on foot. — Obv. — Head of Nero. (Morcll. Impp.) A hunter is defending himself against the charge of a bear with some instrument, whilst above, five spectators are awaiting with alarm the issue of the combat. — Obv. — Head of Nero. (Morell. Impp. aud Mus. Farnese). A single man is holding two savage bulls by the horns. — FIcad of Nero. (Morell. Impp.) An emperor on horseback, striking a lion with a javelin. — Head of Nero. (Morcll. Impp.) — Do. of Trajan. (Havcrcamp, num. 21). — Bust of Eutimius the charioteer. A man riding on a bull and combatting with a bear. — Head of Nero. (Morell. Impp.) A bestiarius standing, with a spear in his right hand, aud in his left something resembling a globe ; at his feet a prostrate panther ; on one side of the field three met sc, and on the other something that looks like a cave. — Obv. — Bust of a charioteer, with a whip in right hand, and with the left holding-iu a horse. (Imp. Mus. and Pcllerin, Suppl. ii. tab. 7). REPA RATIO. MVNERIS. FELICITER. A hunter receiving the charge of a bear, with spear pre- sented. — Obv. — JNVJCTA ROMA FELIX SENATVS. Galeatcd head of Rome. (Morell. num. fain. tab. i. ROMA.) 3. Pugilistic Encounters. filinvs. A naked athleta, with a crown in his elevated right hand, and palm branch in his left, stands between two togated figures, of w'hich the one on the right holds aloft a dagger, and the other a flute. — A head of Trajan. (Mus. Farucse, and llavercamp, num. 69). ioiiannes micas. Au athlete and an auointer (or trainer) standing. Head of Pla. Valentinian. A naked pugilist seated on the ground, presses to the earth the head of an antagonist with his feet, and masters his hand w r ith his own. (Morell. Impp.) d. n. const a xt in vs max. AVG. F’igurc of an emperor as far as the middle, with a gem- med crown ; a sceptre in the right hand, and a globe in the left. (Mus. l’rinc. dc Waldcck). 4. Dramatic Exhibitions. A naked man, carrying in either baud an im- mense theatrical mask ; behind, a tree. — Head of Nero. (Mus. l’arncse). An hydraulic machine, with a figure on either side, of which the one to the right exhibits in his uplifted hand an instrument resembling a fan. — Obv. — Head of Nero. (Imperial Cabinet and llavercamp, num. 11). — Do. of Trajan. (Havcrcamp, num. 27). Lavrenti nica. An hydraulic machine, on one side of which stands a figure with some- thing resembling a fan ; there are also two vases standing near; on the other side leaves scat- tered on the ground. — Head of Nero. (Imperial Cabinet). LHavercamp, on a similar coin, reads, lav- CONTORNIATE COINS. RENTIN avg. — Morcll. lavbextinvs. (Impp- in Neronc). — Tristran, lavrentinvm.] petroni. placeas. Three togated figures standing, of which the middle one holds a very small hydraulic machine, another a flute, and the third is gesticulating like a person engaged in conversation. — Head and legend of Sallus- tins. (Mus. Imp. ; Havcrcamp, p. 150; aud others). placeas petri. An hydraulic machine, on cither side of which stands a figure, apparently engaged in animating it ; near it a terminus of the Sun. — Obv. — Head of Pla. Valentinian. — This is a coin of extraordinary size, originally in the collection of Queen Christina. Margarita vincas. A woman standing, with crown in uplifted right hand, gathering up her dress with the left; a small Victory flying to- wards her, offers a crown ; below arc two palm ! branches. — Head of Pla. Valentinian. (Taniui i Suppl. ad Band. tab. xviii. Pembroke, p. 3, tab. 102). IV. Contorniates with well-known j types OF the Roman Mint. — These consist of ' the memoriae agrippinae, with a earpeutum. - — pace p. r. &c. Temple of Janus, of Nero. — I roma, Rome seated, of Nero. decvrsio, Horsemen. — libertas pvblica, Liberty stand- ing, of Galba. — annona avgvsta ceres, Cen s and Annona, of Trajan. — diva favstina avg. Faustina juu. standing at au altar, of Nero. — Victoria constantini, Victory writing on a shield, of Constantine the Great. — These will be found engraved in Morcll. Impp. and in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna. — vota xx. A circus I in which two quadrigic are careering, aud hunters are fighting with wild beasts. — Obv. — Head of Pla. Valentinianus. — Catalogue D’Enncry. Eckhel devotes a concluding section to twelve | Contorniates, “ the explanation of which is I doubtful.” Engravings of most of them arc given in llavercamp, Morel, and Pedrusi. But, I as the author of Doctrina himself does not venture to do more than simply describe the j respective types of these “ inexplicable” coins, it would be useless to quote the list in question, j — See viii. 305, D. N. V. V. — Date of Contorniates. — Respecting the age, in which the use of such coins began, various opinions have been held by the learned. ; Some have thought, that those contorniates, which bear the heads of emperors, arc coeval with such emperors respectively. Among other writers of the elder numismatic school is that ; erudite and ingenious antiquary Spunheim, who explains a coin of Nero, as though it had been struck during the reign of that prince. Ducangc and Pinkerton, in their respective works, enter- tain the same idea. But Eckhel refutes this no- I lion, in the first place, by referring to the work- manship, which is of great assistance, in deter- mining the date of other descriptions of coins. “ Experience (says he) teaches us, that each age of the emperors had its own style of art. Aud if in this respect alone there be a wide difference between the coins of Augustus and Trajan, how mueh wider must it be between CONTORNLYTE COINS. those of Augustus and of PlacidiusValcntiuiauus ? Aud yet we see that the same tone and style pervades all the contorniatcs — a convincing proof, that the times at which they were severally struek could not be far distant from each other ; and we are, therefore, certain, that the coins bearing portraits of Julius Caisar, of Augustus, aud the immediately succeeding princes, must, ou account of this similarity to the coins of llouorius aud Valcutiniau, be connected with them also in point of time ; and consequently, that the contorniatcs of Julius Caisar aud Au- gustus are not contemporaneous with those em- perors. For the same reason, antiquaries have long ago agreed, that certain imperial coins of Consecration, from their being all of the same workmanship, and with the same admixture of bad silver, were also struck at the same date. On this account, it is necessary to lay it down as a rule, that all contorniates are to be assigned to au age subsequent to the emperors, whose portraits they bear. We see, ou these coins, many attributes appropriated to the earlier em- perors, which were really either unknown or in disuse in their days. The head of Julius Ciesar, e. COROLLA— CORONA E. us. c. 48), and perhaps, says Eckhel, through that cause obtained the title of IMP erator, stamped ou the reverse of coin No. 1; or according to others, he acquired it at a later date in Africa. — After Caisar’s death, and disliking the san- guinary government of the triumvirate, he seceded to the opposite party, at the time when the proscribed conspirators made their retreat into Asia, under the leadership of Brutus and Cassius, and he went as their appointed lieutenant into old Africa. These coins, it appears probable, were struck in Africa in 711 (b. c. 43). For African Ceres, Jupiter Ammon, and the head itself of Africa, covered with the elephant’s skin, allude to the place, and its principal deities, where Cornificius held for a short period the chief command. From the type of Juno Sispita (sec the word), it is inferred that this Quintus Cornificius wa3 a native of Lanuvium, where the worship of the goddess was specially observed. — The inscription AVGVR shews not only that he was an augur, whilst the type represents him in his augural dress, but also designates one whom Cicero, himself an augur, salutes in many letters, as a colleague (conlcga), and speaks of (b. c. 45) as a man of literary judgment, habits, and tastes. COROLLA, a diminutive from corona — a litlle crown, or garland, either composed of flowers, or formed of thin plates of brass lightly gilt. This ornament appears on coins of Faus- tina jun. Com mod us, Crispins, Pertinax, and several others of the imperial series. It also surrounds the Putca / Libonis on a denarius of the /Emilia and Scribonin family ; and is seen in the hand of Latitia. CORONAE. — Crowns were employed from a remote period of antiquity, either to ornament the statues of deities, in reference to their attri- butes, or to decorate the heads of great men in recompense of their ascribed virtues. They also came into use amongst the people at spectacles during days of public rejoicing, and amongst private individuals at banquets and festivals ; in the one case they were regarded as rewards of valour and as proofs of merit, in the other as sources of amusement and as pledges of con- viviality. — Sec Pitiscus. Crowns were not indiscriminately bestowed by the ancients ; each god and each hero had his distinctive embellishment of this kind. Olympian Jupiter appears crowned with laurel ; Dodonian Jove with oak ; Jupiter Oli- varius with olive ; Ceres has a crown of corn- cars ; Apollo a crown of laurel ; Cybelc and the deified personifications of cities wear turreted corouets ; Venus wears the golden crown given to her hv the Hours, or a crown of myrtle ; Minerva a crown of olive leaves; that of Flora is of roses ; that of Bacchus and his followers is composed of vine leaves, or of ivy; the crown of Hercules is of poplar, because he carried thnt tree into Greece ; Sylvunus and the woodland gods were crowned with pine; whilst Arethusa, and the divinities of the water, bound their brows with reeds. — Millin, Die. ties Beaux Arts. Crowns were made of different materials, ac- CORONAE. cording to the purpose for which they wer c intended. Thus the crown of gold, corona aurea, was an extraordinary recompense of bravery as well amongst the Romans as the Greeks. Those who obtained it, were privileged to wear it at theatres and other public places. — Crowns of gold were also consecrated to various deities, especially to Jupiter. — Crowns of the same precious metal were likewise presented by different provinces of the empire to the reigning prince. — See Aurum Coronarium, p. 115. The Romans gave Crowns to those whose military exploits and civil services entitled them to distinction and reward. The subjoined notices on the subject are exclusively limited to such corona as are represented on coins : — 1. corona civica (or Corona Qnema or QncrceaJ. The civic crown. — This was, with the Romans, the greatest military recompense, the most distinguished personal ornameut. It was awarded to him who had saved the life of a citizen in battle. The emperors themselves dis- tributed this high reward of valour and merit, and even decked their own heads therewith. — It was formed, or after the appearance, of oak leaves with the acorns. For this reason it was called qv.ercus drifts, or oak of citizenship. — And the decoration was esteemed so honourable that, at Rome, when lie who had received it went to the public shews, the spectators rose at his entrance ; and a conspicuous place was as- signed to him near that of the Senators. He was also exempted from the obligation of serving public offices. — In the case of Augustus, the Senate granted to him the peculiar and unpre- cedented honour of a civic crown suspended from the summit of his palace. — See the word Eagle. During the calends of March, 727 (B. c. 27), and yearly thereafter, a gold crown formed of leaves in imitation of oak, was tendered by the Senate to Augustus. Accordingly wc sec on these coins the oaken crown (corona quercea), and read o. c. s. or ob cives servatos, with, or without, s. c. for having saved the lives of citizens, being an ullusiou to the peace which that prince had restored to the empire (sec p. 106). In like manner, the silver and large brass coins of Claudius exhibit ou their reverses s. r. Q. K. OB. C. S. or EX. S. C. OB. CIVES SEUVATO-S, within a crown of oak leaves. — (See the above engraving from a well-preserved first brass spe- cimen of Claudius). CORONAE. The civic crown of oak leaves, with inscrip- tions or figures, appears on coins of the Aclia, Aquilia, Durmia, Liciuia, and other families ; and (besides those above mentioned) on coins of Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, Galba, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Ncrva, Trajan, and several others. 2. corona lavrea. — Thelaureatcd crown was the most ancient head-dress of the emperors, as it began to be used as early as the time of Julius Ciesar. This honour was publicly decreed, and was moreover particularly gratifying to him, as a means of concealing, on public occasions, that baldness of the head, which some time before his death had come on to his great annoyance. This laurea of Julius Ciesar, as plaiuly appears from his coins (see pp. 152, 154, 155, 156), was a simple one, whereas that, which Octaviauus and his successors wore, was bound with a diadem, or fillet, which was tied in a knot at the back of the head, the two ends descending to the shoulders. Etkhel, in an inquiry which he enters into (viii. 360 — 61, et seq.), as to whether the corona laurea was a badge of sovereignty, makes the following instructive remarks : — Here is an involved question, since the sig- nification of this crown, as of many other things, no doubt varied at different periods. That which was at the first decreed to Julius Ciesar, and afterwards to Octaviauus, was but a part of those distinctions so liberally showered by flattery upon both those individuals ; though it, nevertheless, by the manner in which it was conferred, carried with it a peculiar mark of dignity and superiority. It is now a well- established fact, that neither Julius Ciesar, nor Octaviauus (afterwards Augustus), bore any honours but such as were publicly decreed to them. And M. Agrippa, accordingly, does not appear on coins with a laureated head, because the laurel was never decreed to him. For the same reason Tiberius also abstained from its use, being always represented with bare head, as long as Augustus was alive, and he himself was only Caesar. On the death of Augustus he immediately assumed it, and iudeed all the other honours and privileges of his father by adoption, as his own by right. In like manner, Nero, till he became emperor, declined the laurel crown. From all which instances we might infer, that this badge belonged properly to the emperors ouly, unless the cases of Drusus Senior, Titus and Domitian, be considered as invalidating such a rule. And yet the elder Drusus was not even Ciesar, though he is generally seen ou coins with a laureated head; and notwithstanding it is well-known that his coins were not struck till after his death, yet the laurel could not have been given to him, had it been the proper and peculiar mark of sovereignty. To his instance may be added that of L. Vitellius, the father of the Emperor Aulus Vitellius, who, though he died in a private rank of life, yet appears with a laureated head on the coins struck by his son. I would not be severe upon Titus, though he was at the same time Ciesar, yet endowed with 2 P 2 CORONAE. 291 the Tnbunitia Potestas, and associated with his father in the empire ; but what right to the laurel crown could Domitian possess, when yet ouly Caesar, and deficient in all these other titles? It is evident, therefore, that the laurea did not, at that period, denote the highest post iu the realm. Was it then an arbitrary distinc- tion ? Far from it. For it could be conferred as a reward for great exploits in war, of which species of merit the laurel has at all times been the symbol. Victory always carries it in her hand, and letters bearing news of a victory were always bound with laurel. We know, that Drnsus, on account of his tried valour in battle, not only received the title of l/nperator, but also statues and a triumphal arch. L. Vitellius too, for bringing back to his allegiance the Parthian Artabauus, gained no small credit. — And as for the warlike deeds of Titus, and the honours heaped upon him in consequence, who does not remember them ? It is, indeed, more difficult to associate with such men Domitian. Yet it is highly probable, that, by the indul- gence of Vespasian and Titus, when they en- joyed their Jewish triumph, some of the out- ward distinctions of military renown were per- mitted to Domitian. Iudeed, it is well known, that he was present at that triumph ou horse- back, and on the coins of that year, viz. 824 (a. d. 71), he appears, habited in the palutla- menlum, and holding a short sword in his left hand, and that it is only from that time that he is represented with a laurel crown, having always before beeu giveu bare headed. That in after times it passed into a law, that no one but an emperor should be crowned with laurel, is distinctly proved by coins. In the ease of Commodus alone this honour was anticipated, and even there only under the circumstances of his being associated with his father in the em- pire, as Titus was, though the title of emperor had not been actnally conferred. From that period, then, all the Cicsars, at least on coins struck in Rome, were represented with bare heads; the radiated crown being afterwards per- mitted, but never the laurel. The laurel, how- ever, was considered one of the insignia of sove- reignty in other parts of the world, as well as at Rome. According to Herodian (vii. ch. 6), wheu Gordiauus Africanus senior entered Car- thage, on the occasion of the Africans declaring him, who was their pro-consul, emperor, out of hatred to Maximinus, “ laureated fasces were borne before him, which was the sign to dis- tinguish the fasces of sovereigns from those of private individuals.” From the time of Diocle- tian, all the Cicsars admitted as associates of the Augusti (Ctesares collegee), in opposition to long received custom, assumed the laui-el, viz. Constautius Chlorus, Gal. Maximianus, Maxi- minus Daza, FI. Severus, and Constantine the Great. The reason for this may have been, that each of them ruled his own province with almost plenary powers. Their example was afterwards followed by the Cicsars Crispus, Delmatius, and the sons of Constantine the Great. But 292 CORONAE. the king Hanniballianus, Decentius, Constantins Gallus, and Juliatius, as Cwsars, being held in less repute, appear with bare head. After the sons of Constantine the Great, the laurel began to fall into disuse, and the preference was given to the diadem. The crown of laurel appears on the reverse of many coins of families, and on numberless coins of emperors, either by itself, or held by some figure over the head of another figure. For a fine engraved specimen of the laurel rrnten, see Casarea Philippi, p. 1621 Representations of the laurel crown on the heads of emperors, engraved from well-pre- served specimens in large brass and medallions, are given in pages 104, 112, 155, 168, 173, 187, 207, 212, 239, kc. of this dictionary. 3. CORONA LAUREATA ET ROSTRATA.-A CTOWn composed of laurel leaves and berries, inter- laced with the prows and stems of gallics, placed alternately, in the centre of which is in- scribed the word avgvstvs, appeal's on a brass medallion and on a large brass of that emperor. The above engraving of this reverse is from a specimen in the British Museum. It was struck in commemoration of the decisive naval victory gained by Octavian over Mark Antony at Actium. 4. corona mvraLIS. — The mural crown was of gold or of silver, made in the form of a wall with towers and curtains. It was given by the general to him who had been the first to scale the ramparts of an enemy’s towru, or who had entered by the breach. These turreted crowns are frequently seen on Roman coins ornamenting the heads of Genii, and of Divinities, to whom the guardianship of cities was supposed to be committed. Hence Cybele, goddess of the earth, and the rest of those tutelary deities who pre- sided over provinces and colonics, are repre- sented on coins, with mural crowns on their heads. — Sec p. 12 (Furia gens) ; p. 171 (Cappa- docia) ; also see Corona Jlostrala el Mural is, in the nest page. 5. corona PAMPINEA. — On a silver medallion of Mark Antony, the triumvir’s head appears, within a crown of mingled vine and ivy leaves. 6. corona RAD1ATA. — The radiated crown, that is to say, a crown composed of rays, is of fre- quent occurrence on coins. It owes its origin to the nimbus (see the word), with which the ancients decorated the heads of their gods. The statues of the Sun were thus crowned, as repre- CORONAE. seating the vivid irradiations of his light. An illustration of this presents itself on a silver coin of the Mussidia gens (engraved in Morell. Tam. Rom.), the obverse of which exhibits a youthful male head, from around which sharp-pointed rays diverge as from the centre, personifying Apollo, in his quality of the God of Day. — In like manner are some of Jupiter’s statues adorned. (See p. 117). — Serapis also has the head radiated The Sun of the Egyptian pan- theon, he was regarded as the eternal benefac- tor of mankind, and his attribute of the rays be- came the symbol of eternity aud beneficence. Amongst the Romans, Julius Ctesar was the first who obtaiued the radiated crown. It is, however, only on coins which were struck after his death, that the head of Cicsar appears with this decoration. — Augustus is represented with a radiated head on several coins, struck after his decease. — The radiated crown, as the ornament of an emperor’s head during his life-time, was introduced in the first instance by Nero. (See Augustus Augusta , p. 108 ; and Augustus Gennanicus, p. 109). — Vespasian afterwurds adopted it. But for a long period it made its appearance only on second brass. As exemplified on coins of S. Several, struck in 955 (a. u. 202), the radiated portraits of emperors, and a head of the moon placed on the coins of their wives, denote the Sun and the Moon ; and by such devices is shadowed forth the Eternity attributed to Princes by the ancients. (See p. 23 — 24). — Under Caracalla the radiated crown is seen on brass coins of the second size ; and also on the silver, but ouly on those, which as a novelty, he caused to be struck of a larger size ; an example followed by his immediate successors. In later times the use of it was various and tluctuatiug, as may be observed on reference to the coins themselves. Though the lanrcated crown was for a long time withheld from those who were only Ctrsars, yet the radiated one began to be permitted them as early as the time of Diadumenianus. On the other baud, coins give the laureated crown to Domitiau, w hilst still CVsar ; but never the radiated, though his brother Titus, in the same station, wears both indiscriminately. The ra- diated crown was afterwards in less esteem than the laureated. This is proved by a silver coin, exhibiting the heads of Balbinus and Pupienus Augg, aud Gordianus Ctesar, the two former laureated, the latter rndinted. The crown of rays was also a symbol of consecration. And that it was the peculiarly appropriated badge of the emperors, or at least of those of the lower empire, is clearly shewn, by the pane- gyric of Mamertinus on Maximianus Augustus (chap, iii.) ; where, besides “ the triumphal robes, the consular fasces, the curule chairs, the retinue of courtiers, and the glittering pageant,” which he says were the usual accom- paniments of an emperor’s presence; he also mentions — “ that light which encircled his god- like head with a bright halo by which ex- pression was doubtless meant the radiated crown, as illustrated by certain types of coins, minted CORONAE. under Constantine the Great. — See Eckhel, vi. 270, and viii. 362. For representations of the radiated crown on the head of au emperor, see pages 39, 105, 109, 181, 187.— See also rnvvs avgvstvs pater, and nero. 7. corona rostrata, muralis. — The rostral crown, so called from its ornaments, which imitated the prows and sterns of ships, was the peculiar mark of honour conferred upon the maritime prefect for naval commander in chief), who had gained some great victory at sea ; in contra-distinction to the naval crown ( corona nava/is), which was given to him who had first boarded an enemy’s vessel. Illustrative of this point, there is extant a gold coin of the highest rarity, which bears on it avgvstvs cos. xi. and the head of Augustus, laureated. Rev. M. agrippa cos. tert. cossvs. LENTVLVS. Head of Agrippa, encircled with a crown, on which the turreted pecu- liarities of the mural , are commingled with the naval attributes of the rostral crown. The first particular to be noted (says Eckhel, vi. 164) in the above coin, is the crown iu part composed of the beaks of ships, which the ancients used to term the (corona) navalis, classica, or rostrata. — Octaviauus conferred this on Agrippa after his naval victory over Sextus Pompeius ; and that he was the only Roman who was so honoured, we have the testimony of various writers — among whom are Velleius (ii. ch. 81), Livy (in epitome cxxxix), Seneca (de benefic. ch. 32), and Dion Cassius (xlix. § 3), who further states that the crown was of gold. Pliny, however, (xvi. § 3), says, that a corona rostrata was given to M. Yarro, by Pompey the Great, after the piratic war. This crown of Agrippa is celebrated by Virgil (see pp. 27 and 28). — And Ovid also speaks allusively to the same valiant and successful commander (in arte, iii. 392.) “ Navaliquc gener cinctus honore caput.” [And (his) son-in-law, having his brows adorned with the naval decoration.] The author of Doctrina next briefly directs attention to the mural or turreted crown ; observing, however, that he had not been able to discover, from ancient writers, at what time Agrippa earned this distinction. — For the name of Lentulus, the moneyer who struck the above engraved coin, sec Cornelia gens, p. 285 of this dictionary. 8. corona spicea, from Spica, cars of corn, the token of Annona, or of provisions (chiefly corn), procured for the public use by the Curulc Ediles, to whom that care appertained, as is shewn on their family coins. The head of Ceres CORVUS.— COS. 293 is also distinguished by the same ornament. — i See p. 12. On a coin, having for its obverse legend agrippinae avgvstae, there is a female head 1 crowned with corn ears. Agrippina was the first of the wives of Claudius, whose portrait i that emperor permitted to be stamped on coins, in the same manner as his own ; from which very fact it is evident, how much influence she assumed in public affairs. The corona spicea, is seen also on the heads of Livia and Autonia, in imitation of Ceres. — On a very rare coin, | with obverse legend sabina avgvsta, we see Sabina’s head crowned with ears of corn, as re- presenting Ceres. — See Eckhel, vi. 257 and 522. 9. corona triumphalis. The triumphal crown was of two kinds. One was given by the army to its general, and he wore it during the triumphal procession. It was composed of laurel branches, or of gold fashioned after the form of laurel leaves. The other was that presented by foreign cities, or conquered provinces, to a Ro- man general, to grace the triumphs which he was about to celebrate at Rome, and iu which they were carried before them, with great parade, as Livy frequently records. — Festus on this sub- ject says — “ Triumphal crowns are those which are carried before a victorious general, and made of gold ; though in earlier times, for lack of means, they used to be of laurel.” — Julius Caesar is stated, by Appianus, to have had carried be- fore him, in his triumphs, 2822 of these crowns. — See Aurum Coronarium, or crown-gold, p. 1 15 — also a symbol of it in the bauds of asia, on a first brass of Antoninus Pius, p. 90. CORVUS. — The crow was sacred to Apollo (sec p. 64), because, as Ovid writes, the god changed himself into that bird. The crow ap- pears standing on a branch of laurel, iu a coin of Domitian, and beneath a tripod on a denarius of Vitellius. — See xvvir. sac. fac. COS. Consul. — PATRE COS. Patre Con- suls, on a denarius of Valerius Messala. COS. DES. or DESIG. Consul Designates. — Consul Elect, that is to say, before he entered upon his first consulate. — See consulatus, p. 267. COS. DESIG. ITER. ET. TERT. Consul Designatus, Iterum et Tedium. — Consul Elect for the second and third lime. On a coin of Mark Antony. COS. ITER. DESIG. TERT.— Consul a second time, elected for a third time. On a denarius of Augustus. COS. II. Consul Secundum. — DESIGN. III. Designatus Tertium, as iu Nerva. COS. III. Consul Tertium. — Consul for the third time. COS. IIII. Consul Quantum. — Consul for the fourth time. COS. LUD. SAEC. FEC. Consid, Ludot Saeculares Fecit. — See Ludi Seeculares. COS. PREIVER. CAPTU. — Caius Plan tint Hgpsaus in suo Consulate. — Privernum taken in the consulate of C. P. Hypsseus. On a de- narius of the Plautia gens. — See hypsae (p) aed. CVR. 294 COSCONIA. — COSSUTIA. COS. A. or QUINQ. — Consul Quinquies. COS. TER. DICT. ITER. Consul Tedium, Dictator Iterum. — Julius Cicsar, contrary to ancient usage and law, was both consul and dictator ; for, before him no one was consul and dictator, at the same time. COS. \ 1. 4 II. Consul Sextum and Septiinum. — Consul for the sixth aud 7th time, as on coins of Vespasian, Titus, and Commodus. COS. OCTAVO DESIG. IX. Consul elect for the eighth time. — Augustus. — (See Eckliel, vi. 89). COS. XIII. and XIIII. Consul for the 13th and 14th time. — Domitian. COSS. Consules or Consulibus. — Consuls. COS. ITERO. — Hadrian. AVG. GER. DAC. PAR. P. M. TR. P. COS. ITERO. (sic.) s. p. q. r. — A military figure, standing, with a spear in the right hand, and a short sword in the left. (Imperial Museum.) — “ I published this coin (says Eckhel), some time ago (Sytloye, i. p. 101), not only because in many respects it differs from all the coins of Hadrian hitherto discovered, but also on ac- count of the singular substitution of itero for the customary itervm. The coin, however, is of elegant workmanship, as is most of this em- peror’s coinage, and its genuineness is indis- putable.” vi. 477. COSCONIA appears to have been yens p!e- beia ; for a member of it is recorded as having held the tribuneship of the people. There is only one coin of this family, a denarius, on which is read I., cosco. m. f. Lucius Cosconius, Marci Filius. Winged head of Minerva. — Rev. — L. Lie. c.v. dom. Lucius Licinius, C’neus Domitius. Mars standing in a biga at full speed, brandishes a spear in the right hand, and holds a shield and | a military lituus in the left. — See Lituus Mili- tant. The reverse of this silver coin is uniform iu type with that of one belonging to the Aurelia gens (Scaurus), hereto subjoined : — A similar type presents itself on denarii of the Domitia, Pompouia, l’oblicia, and l’orcia ! gentes. — The denarii in question were each of them struck in commemoration of the mouetal triumvirs, iu the four years of the censorship of Lucius Licinius Crnssus, aud Cucus Domitius Aheuobarbus. Lucius Cosconius struck his, from 658 (b. c. 96) to 662, according to Eck- hel’s opinion. It seems that he never figured in more conspicuous employments. — Riccio, 75. COSSUTIA. — An opulent gens of the eques- trian order. The surnames arc Maridianus and Sabula. Its coius are contemporaneous with the dictatorship of Julius Cicsar, when the re- public was extinct. There arc three varieties. COUNTERFEIT COINS. The two following have historical references, viz. : — 1. CAESAR DICT. PERPETVO. Head of Jlllius Caesar, veiled and laurcated. — Rev. — c. mahi- dianvs. Venus Victrix, holding a Victory in her right hand, and in her left a buckler resting on a globe. Of the highest rarity in gold. 2. caesar parens, patriae. The head of Caesar. Rev. c. cossvtivs maridianvs, iu two lines crosswise, round it a. a. a. p. F. — En- graved iu p. 157. 3. sabvla. Head of Medusa, winged and hair braided with serpents. — Rev. — L. cossvti. c. f. Bellcrophon on Pegasus, brandishing a spear in his raised right hand. It seems, from the respective legends and types of the above coius, that the two first were struck by Caius Cossutius Maridianus, one of Julius Cicsar’s monevers, just before the dicta- tator’s death, viz. in 710 (b. c. 44) ; aud that the same Caius Cossutius Maridianus continued for some time to take part in the direction of the public mint, under the Triumviri Reipubtica Con- st if uenda ; and that the coiu of L. Cossutius, the son perhaps of the preceding, might be dated 711, because it commemorates the foundation of the Roman colony at Corinth, with the em- blems of .Medusa, and of Pegasus mounted by Bellcrophon— the planting of that colony having been accomplished by Julius Cicsar in the before mentioned year 710. Venus the victorious is well known to have been the favourite symbol of Julius, allusive to the assumed origin of his family. The position of the legend in No. 2, crosswise and round- about combined, is uuique amongst the family class of Roman coins. COSTA, surname of the Pedania family. — COSTA LEG. Costa was one of Brutus’s Leyati, or lieutenant-generals. COUNTERFEIT COINS.— These arc of two distinct kiuds, namely : — I. Those which are of unquestionable nuti- quity, fabricated to impose as the current money of the country or district, and those which are the productions of forgers in modern times, to deceive the amateur and collector. Of the for- mer, examples nre known which arc almost coeval with the coinage of stamped money. — Iu the Roman series ancient forgeries are of very common occurrence, both in the consular and the imperial money. They consist of casts, ap- parently from the true coins, in copper, most ingeniously plated with silver, so that they are only to be detected by an experienced eye. In many specimens this coating of silver has been worn away in circulation, and the copper or COl NTE RFEITS.— CR E M N V . ammo, of the ancient forgery is easily perceived ; but in those which have not been subjected to wear, the deception is only to be detected by very close examination. Plinv mentions that in his time these false pieces were prized for the ingenuity of their fabrication, and states that many true denarii were often exchanged for a forged example an assertion which it is difficult to reconcile with the fact, that ancient forgeries of both consular and imperial denarii are con- stantly' to be met with in our times, and that some types, — the denarius of Claudius with nE bkitann. for example, — are almost invariably found to be plated. II. The forgeries of ancient coins, in modern times, date probably from the latter half of the 1 6th century, when the productions of ancient medallic art had begun to excite attention and invite the study of the learned, who, destitute of practical knowledge, were doubtless easily de- ceived in those days ; hence we find spurious coins of Julius Csesar with veni. vidi. vici. and acgypto capta. — Also the effigies of Priam, Dido, /Eneas, Plato, Artemisia, Alcibiades, and other personages of antiquity, specimens of a nefarious art, which would not in our times de- ceive the merest tyro in numismatics. — Modern counterfeit coins have been arranged under seve- ral classes, viz : — 1 . Coins well-known to be modern imitations, chiefly in large brass, the work of the Paduan artists, perhaps not originally designed to impose upon the ignorant or unwary, but simply exe- cuted in rivalry' of the ancient examples. Of these many specimens still exist, and are now little valued. 2. Coins cast from the former. 3. Coins, or rather casts, taken from moulds formed from ancient specimens. 4. Retouched ancient coins which have been expertly altered with the graving tool. 5. Spurious pieces formed by the union of two faces of different coins, namely by placing the head of .dElius as the reverse of a coin of Ha- drian, or a head of Aurelius to a reverse of An- touinus Pins. The last type occurs as a true coin, and has been often imitated in this way. The above described fraud, when dexterously executed, is difficult to delect. Beauvais, who has written an elaborate treatise on this subject, enters into many details which may be perused with advantage ; but it is very obvious that no written instructions can be sufficient to guard the collector against an ingenious forgery', and that nothing but the constant examination of well- authenticated coins, of which there are abun- dant examples, can afford him the means of judging of the integrity of any rare specimen that may be offered to him. On this subject the reader is referred to that section of Mr. Akerman’s “ Introduction to the Study of Ancient and Modern Coins,” which treats of “ Forgeries of Public Money" — an essay, which like the other contents of that in- structive little volume, will amply repay perusal. Sec also altered medals, p. 39. CREMNA (Pisidia: — Asia Minor) colonia, CREPUSIA. — CRISl’INA. 295 now called Kebrinaz, in Anatolia. — The coins of this city are Latin imperial in brass, dedicated to Caracalla, Geta, Elagabalus, Etruscilla, and Tranquillina. Their legends are col. cr. pro. p. (Colonia Crernna Provincia Pisulice) — col. ivl. avg. fe. cremna. (Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Cremna). — The accompanying types are a Cupid standing, drawing a bow — and a legion- ary eagle between two military ensigns — also Bacchus and Mercury, with their respective at- tributes. — There is a first brass of great rarity and elegance, struck at Cremna, in honour of Etruscilla, wife of Trajan Decius, which has for its reverse type the radiated head of Decius between that of Herennius and Ilostilianus, his two sons, above which is an eagle with wings spread. — Engraved in Vaillant, ii. 202. CREPEREIA gens. — A family of the eques- trian order, respecting whom little, if anything, is known. Its surname on coins is Rocns. — There are six varieties. The rarest denarius is inscribed Q. crefer. m. f. rocvs, and has for the type of its reverse, Neptunus or Portnnus, standing in a car drawn by two sea-horses, and brandishing the trident in his right hand. On the obverse is a female bust, probably intended to represent some marine deity ; behind it is a fish. Eckhel regards this coin as referring to j the colony of Corinth, founded by Julius Cfesar. j — This Quintus Crepereius is not known. CREPUSIA gens. — Ancient but little known — even its order is uncertain. There are only two types, but many varieties, on its coins : — 1. CENSORIN. Female bust, well adorned, with veiled head. — Rev. — l. lijieta. p. crepvsi. Woman seated in a biga, with left shoulder to- wards the horses ; guides them at full speed, with both hands holding the reins. 2. A young head, probably that of Apollo, with a shell before and a sceptre behind. — Rev. p. crepvsi. A man on horseback, galloping, brandishing a javelin in his right hand — in the round of the coin various numerals or symbols. The former of these denarii informs us that Publius Crepusius was monctal triumvir with Lucius Censorinus. Beyond the record of this fact nothing can be positively affirmed respect- ing them. Cavcdoni is of opinion that the year 660 (b. c. 94), is to be assigned as the date of these silver coins. CRISPINA (Rrutlia), daughter of Bruttius Prsesens, a man of consular rank. — She was a woman of great beauty, and wa3 married to the Emperor Commodus, in the year of Rome 930 (a. d. 177). On account of adultery she was divorced, a few years after his accession to the throne, by her infinitely more profligate and aban- doned husband ; and, having been exiled to Caprese, was there, by his orders, put to death 296 CBISPUS. CHITONI A.— CROCODILE. by strangulation, at an early age (a. d. 183). — Her coins in brass and silver arc common ; gold and brass medallions very rare. Ou Latin coins she is styled crisfina avg(vsta) imp. com- modi. avg. Some pieces represent her with Commodns. The rarest reverses amongst the coins struck in honour of this empress are — Gold. — ceres. — dis. genitalibvs. (Value 150 and 300 fr. according to Miounct). — dis. coni vga lib vs. (Brought £10 10s. Od. at the Thomas sale). — pvdicitia. (£11 at the same). — VENVS FELIX. (£16 at do.) Brass Medallions. — Diana standing, hold- ing a bow and an arrow (see diana.) — commo- dvs and crispina, with reverse of Concordia. — VOTA pvblica. (300 fr. each). Large Brass. — romae aeternae. (24 fr.) CRISPDS (Flavius Julius), eldest of the sons of Coustantiue the Great, by Miuerviua, born, some say, in the East, others, at Arles, about a. d. 300. He derived his name from his great grandfather Crispus, brother of Claudius Go- tliicus. According to St. Jerome he received his education under Lactantius. Be that as it may, certain it is his father made him Ctesar on the 1st of March, a. d. 317, together with his brother Constautinus, and Licinius junior; and he was nominated eonsid the following year. A prince of great talents and virtues, Crispus distin- guished himself at an early age by his military skill and valour. In the war carried on by his I imperial father in Gaul, he turned the tide of I victory against the incursive Franks, a. d. 320. I The following year he served the office of con- sul for the second time, with Constantiuus Caesar for his colleague. Iu 323 he destroyed the fleet of the Emperor Licinius at Gallipoli. — By a rash and cruel order of his father, in 326, Crispus was put to death, before he had com- pleted his thirtieth year, on a false accusation brought against him by his mother-in-law Fausta, whose criminal love, it is said, he had repelled; and to whose revenge or jealousy he fell a victim. Ilis numismatic style is d. n. fl. ivl. crispvs nob. caes. — Crispus and his brother Constan- tine the youugcr, associated ou coins, iire called CRISPVS ET CONSTANTIN VS NOBB. CAESS. MINTAGES OF CRISPUS. The gold are of great, some of extreme, rarity. There arc no silver. Small brass mostly common. The following are amongst the rarest reverses: Gold. concordia avgg. crispvs nob. CAES. — GLORIA ROM ANORVM. (Vnlllcd by Mion- nct at 120 fr. each). — gavdivm roma’norvm. ALAMANNIA. (130 fr. CUch). VBIQVE VIC- TORES. — VICTOR OMNIVM GENT (150 fr. each). — PRINCIPI lWENTVTis. (Brought £14 10s. at ] the Thomas sale). Brass Medallions. — iwentvs. — moneta CAESARVM. — SALVS ET SPES XRPVBI.ICAE. (sic. j 150 fr.) Small Brass. — alamannia devicta (6ee p. 32). — BEATA TRANQVILLITAS VOTIS XX. P. T. R. (see p. 125). CRITONIA, gens plebeia, of which the fol- lowing is the only coin : — aed. pl. Head of Ceres, crowned with corn- cars. — Rev— m. fan. L. crit. Two togated men, seated. To their right arc the letters P. a. aud to their left a corn-ear. Silver, rare. — See a cut of this denarius in p. 12. That Lucius Critouius was AEDiVij PLebis is (observes Eckhel, v. 199) sufficiently evidenced by the obverse legend and the reverse type of this denarius ; for the latter represents him seated, with his colleague Marcus Fannins, each on a common sedile ; whereas the curulc ediles used a curulc chair, from which circumstance of honour they derived their name of office — a dis- tinction exhibited with the greatest clearness, on the denarii of Furius Crassipcs, curule edile (see p. 12). The two ediles are here represented, iu the act of distributing corn among the Roman people, as is indicated by the spica before them ; and by the head of Ceres, on the obverse, symbolising the diviuity who presided over the culture of wheat. The letters p. a. on the reverse, have been variously interpreted. Eckhcl believes them, aud with apparent pro- bability, to signify the same thing that, in a greater number of letters — viz. arg. pvb. — is in- scribed ou coius of the Sentia family. Aud he considers it to shew, that the cost of providing corn for the population of Rome was defrayed out of the public money (ex aryenlo publico). — See Annona, p. 48, et seq. According to Riccio (p. 77) referring to the authority of Cavcdoni, it seems that to the father of that Critouius, stated by Appiauus to have been edile in 710 (B. c. 44), this coin should be ascribed. CROCODILE, the usual symbol of Egypt and the Nile, especially on coins; because that amphibious quadruped is indigenous to the Egyp- tian soil, aud to the other regions which are watered by the Nile. The Romans placed this formidable animal amongst the number of those wild beasts, about which they were so curious iu their triumphal pageants and theatric exhibi- tions. — Pitiscus. On the medals of the Ncmauscnsiau colony (Nismes) struck under Augustus, a crocodile chained to a palm tree is the sign of Egypt sub- dued to the power of Rome. It is also con- spicuous, with open mouth, on silver aud gold medals of Augustus, accompanied by the his- torical legend of Eyypt captured. — Ou gold and silver coins of Hadrian, aud on first brass of M. Aurelius, we also see the crocodile and hippo- potamus at the feet of the recumbcut personi- fication of the Nile. — Miounct. — See afgyfto CAPTA (p. 13), NILES, aud NEU. COL. The crocodile was worshipped in many cities CROTALUM. — CRUMENA. of ancient Egypt, amongst others in Thebes, at Arsinoc, called on that account Crocodilopolis, at Coptos, &c. whilst in other countries it was regarded as a noxious animal, and treated as such by the inhabitants. — Millin, de Beaux Arts. CROTALUM. — This instrument, which is seen on coins, in the left hand, or by the side, of the goddess Cybelc, was a species of castanets made of thin brass plates, which were struck one against the other with different movements of the fingers, and from which was produced a sound like that which a stork makes with its beak. Players on this rude music were admitted to feasts, to regale the ears and eyes of the guests, with the tone of their crotala, and with their gestures, not always the most decent. — Pitiscus. — See Cybele. CRUMENA. — The purse was one of the in- signia of Mercury, who (says Suidas) was the author of trade, and presided over commerce : for which reason in statues and on coins he is seen holding the money-bag. Mercury appears with the crumena in his hand, in the mintages of M. Aurelius, Trajanus Deeius, Herennius, Hostiliamis.Valerianus, father and son, Gallienus, Postumus, Claudius Gothiens, Numerianus, and Carinus. — See also a medal of Colonia Helio- politana, inscribed to Philip seuior. — Mercury has the purse in his right hand, on a coin of Sinope colonia, in Pcllerin, Melange, i. pi. xix. No. 3. — Also see the word mekcurius in this volume. The Crumena is likewise the symbol of Abun • dance, and appears iu the right hand of a female figure, who has the cornucopia; iu her left, with the epigraph vbkritas or vbertas, on coins of Deeius, Gallus, Gallienus, Postumus, Claudius II. Tacitus, &c. By which mouetal type is in- dicated that Plenty holds a full purse, because all things are obtainable by money. — Raschc. The Crumena is likewise an attribute of Litti - tia, and of Securitas, as is seen on coius of S. Scvcrus and of Trajanus Deeius. CRUX. — The Cross, an instrument of punish- ment amongst the Romans and several other nations of antiquity. Cicero calls it crude/issi- mum, teterimumque. In fact none but slaves, and malefactors of the lowest description, were subjected to it. The word crux was applied by the Romans to every species of punishment, whether it was a tree, or simply a stake, to which the criminal was bound or nailed. Hence it was designated under the names of arlor in- felix, infame lignum, cruciatus servilis. — Gene- rally speaking, however, it is usual to under- stand by the appellation Cross, a long beam traversed at its upper end by a much shorter piece, of wood, whereon to fasten the arms of the sufferer, whilst the body is placed on the beam. Such was the “accursed tree” on which the Jews, in the reign of Tiberius (7 8fi, a. d. 33), “hanged” the living Bodv of OUR DI- VINE AND EVER-BLESSED SAVIOUR— and the instrument of HIS death has become the revered sign of Christianity. From the establishment of the Religion of Jesus of Nazareth, that sacred symbol is found on all 2 Q CRUX. 297 Christian monuments, especially from the period when Constantine the Great issued his commands for putting it on the labarum and other mili- tary ensigns. Thenceforward he also prohibited the punishment of death by crucifixion, through- out the whole extent of the Roman empire. — Aud from the time of that prince, it docs not appear ever to have been inflicted again. But from having been an instrument of horror and of ignominy, the Cross was converted into a mark of reverence and honour, which figured not only on imperial coins and sculptures, but on the standards, and even on the arms of the soldiers. — Pitiscus. — Millin. Crucis signum. — Cross on a globe ; frequent on coins of the lower empire. — A globe was considered as the type of dominion over the world, from as early a date as the reign of Au- gustus. Afterwards a figure of Victory was placed upon the globe, inasmuch as to her was ascribed not only the conquest, but the reten- tion, of such dominion. And when, in later times, Christian emperors were inclined to attri- bute their successes to the sign of the cross, they substituted it in the place of Victory. — A globe and cross appear, first, on coins of Joviauus, in the hand of Victory : subsequently, it is often seen in the emperor’s hand. — See Victo- ria avgvstorvm, gold of Joviauus (Banduri), and victoria romanorvm, brass medallion and second brass of Jovianus (Tanini). On a second brass of Constantius II. with legcud hoc. siono. victor eris. Victory is seen crowning the emperor, who stands habited in the paludamentum, and holds in his right hand the labarum, on which is the monogram of Christ. — See df.centivs for this monogram. Some account of the “ Holy Cross,” as figured by order of Constantine the Great on the imperial standard, when about to engage with Maxentius, will be found under the legend spes. pvblica. It was borne on that occasion amidst the ranks of his army, where the conflict appeared to be sharpest ; and, according to Eusebius and his transcribers, this new ensign was invariably accompanied by decisive vic- tory. Ilcncc it began to be looked upon as alone sufficient to ensure success; and hence also the force of the legend IIoc Signo Victor eris, which no doubt was also inscribed on the stand- ard. By some writers this reverse is referred to the cross, which Constantine boldly asserted that he beheld in the heavens, accompanied by the words en. TOVToil. nika. in hoc (signo) vince — See Eckhel, viii. 117 — and 505. Crux. — The cross by itself, or within a laurel crown, appears on coins of Valentinian I. Victor, Arcadius, Theodosius, Ilonorius, Justinianus, Leo I. and other emperors, professing Chris- tianity. — See julius nepos in this dictionary for a specimen of the type. A cross, with one or two stars, is found on coins of Eudocia, wife of Arcadius, Eudocia, wife of Theodosius II. and others. A cross in the hand of an emperor, or of I Victory, or placed on a globe, appears on coins | of Valentinian, Valens, Theodosius I. and II. 298 CRUX— CULTER. F'lacilla, Maximus, Martianus and Mauritius (sec the mimes), also Zeno, Leo, Mujorianus (see the name), and other princes, to almost the end ot the Byzantine age. — The same sign appears either by itself, or with a globe, in the hand of Victory, on coins of Valcntinian I. Theodosius, Arcadius, Honorius, and Zeno, down to Phocas and Leontius II. It is also exhibited on gold coins of Gaila Placidia, and .Elia Flacilla, a female figure with wings, holding the cross in her right hand. Likewise, w ith or without a globe, in the hands of a female, seated, as in the instances of the Valcutiuiani, the Theodosii, &c. The cross upon a graduated pedestal is seen on medals of Justinian I. Justin II. and other Byzantine Emperors. A cross , surmounting a globe placed on a gra- duated pedestal, with the legend of devs adivta romanis is stamped od the reverse of a silver medallion of Heraelius 1. who undertook an expedition against Cosraes, King of the Persians, “ ut crucis signum ah eo Ilierosolymis auctum repctcret.-Spanheim, Pr. ii. 638.-Mion. ii. 434. CUDENDAE area moneta jus, vel permissio. — The privilege, or permission, of coining brass money. That this was granted to, and exercised by, the Roman colonies, may be gathered, in most instances, from the coins themselves, especially trom the Hispaniau and Corinthian, on w hich the duplex n. or dd. explained as Decreto Decurionum, is usually understood to indicate the right of stamping coins. Nay, even the special permission of Augustus appears on cer- tain products of the colonial mint. — See coi.o- niaf. romanae, p. 233 — see also perm. avg. and 1NDVLGENT1AE AVG. MONETA. C. V. Consul Quintum. — C. V. P. P. Con- sul for the fifth time, Father of the Couutry, on a silver coin of Commodus. C. V. CUpeus V otivus. — A votive buckler. — See p. 218. — See also Dedication of Bucklers. C'1 LLA or CI LLU. — See coela, p. 223. CULTER Victimarius or Sacrificus, also called secespita (a seco). The appellation given to the knife which the fiamincs, tlamiuian virgins, and pontiffs, used at sacrifices. This instrument had a long blade, with a round solid handle, of either ivory or bronze, bound at the hilt with gold or silver. It was with this that the assistant cut the throat, of the victim, and the sacerdos afterwards examined its entrails. — This sacrificial knife is seen, by itself, on a coin of Julius Ciesar (engraved in Morell. Impp. p. ' 72). — It appears, with the seenris or axe, and the simpylum, on a denarius of the Cornelia gens, with the word brvtvs below it. — En- graved in Morel and Riccio. CLM EXER. SUO. Cum Exerrito suo. — Sec coinage of Gallienus. CE NIC! LIS — rabbit. A symbol of His- pania. — Sec coinage of Hadrian. CUPID, god of love and pleasure. — It is difficult to trace the true mythological origin of him whom the Greeks called Eros, and the Latins Cupido. The opinion most generally followed is that he was the son of Mars and of Venus. He is represented as a boy with wings; I CUPID.— CURIATIA. jumping, dancing, toying, playing, climbing trees, or plunging into water ; sometimes seated on animals; at others riding in a chariot. In short he is made to perforin all sorts of parts ; and he is most frequently depictured gambolling with his beautiful mother. — Millin, Diction- naire de la Fable. \K_p On a denarius of the Egnatia gens, as in the above cut, the naked bust of Cupid, with bow and arrow' on his shoulders, appears as the ob- verse type. — On another silver coin of the same family, a winged Cupid is seen clinging to the back of a bust of Venus. — On a denarius of the Julia family, two Cupids arc drawing the cha- riot of Venns. On coins of the Cordia and Lucrctia families, he is seen sitting on a dolphin, which he guides with reins ; an elegant type. — Sec Lucretia gens. On a coin of the Julia family, Cupid appears protruding from the breast of Venus. In the imperial scries, lie stands on the hand of Venus, as in Faustina junior. And there is a brass medallion of Lucilla, with venvs for its reverse legend, in which tic is represented of adolescent stature, standing opposite the figure of the goddess. — This type is finely engraved in Iconographie des Empereurs Domains, by M. Ch. Lcuormant. Cupid also appears on coins of Julia Domna (Venus Genetrix), Julia Mamma, and Salonina. On a colonial imperial of Crcnma, struck under Geta, he stands with bended bow ready to discharge an arrow. On a small brass colonial of Corduba, he stands, winged, holding a torch and a cornucopia:, a diademed head of Venus being the obverse type.— See Akcrman, Coins of llispania, pi. iii. No. 10, p. 29. Cl. l’lENNIA. — Of this family, whose very order is uncertain, Eckhcl laconically says “ geus parum cognita.” Its coins consist of three dif. ferent types, which have nothing iu them to in- terest. The brass pieces arc divisions of the As. The silver has the galeated head of Rome, with the mark X before, and a cornucopia: behind, it. — Rev. — l.. cvp. The dioscuri on horseback. Below roma. CUR. Cundis, as AED. CUR. Aedi/is Cum - Its . — See akdii.es, p. 12. CURIATIA, a very aneient gens of the ple- beian order. It was originally from Alba, and admitted, with others of its inhabitants, into citizenship at Rome, after the destruction of the former city, uuder Tullus llostilius (b. e. 673 to 641). The family is famous chiefly for the association of its name with that of the three brothers who fought with the three Horntii ; the well-known result of which particular com- bat was the annexation and subjection of the Alban to the Roman people. Its coins have CURIATIA. — CYBELE. four varieties. The brass pieces are parts of the M. The following is the ouly one in silver : — TRIG, or trige. Galeatcd head of Rome. — Reo . — c. cvr. f. A woman, habited in the tunic, guides a quadriga at full speed, holding in the left hand a long sceptre, and crowned by Victory standing behind her. Eckhcl observes, that to Cains Curiatius [who was tribune of the plebs in 016 (b c. 138), under the consuls Decius Brutus and Scipio Nasica], or to a son of his, this denarius probably be- longs; and that, in adopting the surname of Trigeminus, aud causing it to be inscribed on this and other coins of the family, lie doubtless wished to appear as having descended from the Curiatii of Alba. ‘ Tcrgemiuos (says l’liuy, 1. vii. $ 2), nosci certum ( st Horatiorum, Curia- tiorumque exemplo.” — Who the female deity is, with the long sceptre or husta pura, in the quadriga, or to what the type refers, does not appear to have met with any satisfactory explan- ation from numismatic antiquaries, either of the elder or of the modern school. — See Rieeio’s remarks, p. 78. CURRUS. See Cur, p. 176. Also see QUADRIGA, and TRIUMPH. CURSUS PUBLICUS.— Public conveyance, or posting. — See vehiculatio. CURTLA gens, known ouly by its name agree- ing with that of the Roman knight who, for his country’s sake, precipitated himself into a gulf in the Forum. That it was of the plebeian order is shewn by the tribuneship of a Quintus CURTt'wj, whose coins, as connected with that family, are still extant, in four varieties of type, none of which, however, make the least allu- sion to the self-devoting patriot of the Roman legend. — The brass pieces arc Tricntcs and Sc- misses. The following is the only denarius ; but it is common : — Q. cvrt. Galcated head of Rome. — Rev. — si. sila. Jupiter Tonans in a quadriga at speed, holding the sceptre in his left hand. Above is the tituus, below rosia. This silver coin records the name of Quintus Curtius and of Marcus Junius Silanus, monctal triumvirs.- -Riccio (p. 79), from its fabric, con- | siders it to have been struck about the middle of the seventh century of Rome. CURULE EDILES. — Sec aediles curules, p. 12. See also annona, p. 48. CUSTODES Dll, or DEAE, with the type of Fortune. — See dis custodihus. CUSTOS, an epithet of Jupiter. — iovis evs- tos is read on coins of Titus and Caracalla. — In like manner ivpiter (or ivppiter) evsros appears on coins of Nero and Hadrian. C\BELE. — The myth of this goddess, whose 2 Q 2 CYBELE. 299 worship was adopted from the oriental regions ! of ancient superstition into the pantheistic sys- j tern of the Romans, is replete with contradic- tion, obscurity, and confusion. — Nevertheless, “ It would,” as M. Lenormant observes, “ be to l call in question the universal testimonies of an- j tiquity, to refuse a rccoguitiou of the primitive I affinities which have united the religion of Cybele I to that of Rhea (the wife of Saturn), in Crete and in Arcadia; of Ops and of Main, in the Italian peninsula. But, without speaking tl the differences which may have existed between Cybele, Ops, and Rhea, the continued worship of the first-named of these goddesses, its more and more flourishing state in Asia Minor, must have contributed to throw back the worship of the two other remaining divinities, in Greece and in I taly, among religious recollectious, rather than add it to the number of deities of whom the worship had been maintained with fervour. From this last fact it results that the monuments of Ops and of Rhea must be rare, whilst the number of those which relate to Cybele must have increased in a large proportion, and that to an epoch comparatively recent.” Admitting the almost insurmountable diffi- culties which oppose themselves to affording anything like a satisfactory explanation of the mysterious attributes of Cybele, through the medium of graphic illustrations, the distin- guished French writer refers the reader to his work, sur la Religion Phrygienne de Cybele, whilst in LaNouvelle Galeric Mylhologique (p. 10 et seq.) he directs his sole attention to the exte- rior aud to the materiel of the Phrygian worship. With regard to the parents of Cybele we are in reality left ignorant of them ; unless she may be considered as the daughter of Uranus (Heaven), aud of Gma (Earth). Amongst the surnames of this goddess there arc some which refer to localities of Asia Minor, such as those of the Idaan, of Bindymene, of goddess of Pessinus, or of Berecynthia, &c. Other siuaiames of the Phrygian goddess are drawn from qualifica- tions simply titular, which have often, how- ever, the isolated and independent quality of a proper name Such are the names of Magna Mater, of Mater Balm, Sec. For the more perspicuous but less becoming incidents of the great and god bearing Mother’s history, re- ference may be had to atys (p. 94), her youthfid priest and lover. (See also matri devm salv- tari). — Numerous coins are extant which prove how extensively the worship of Cybele prevailed among the cities of Asia Minor. Cybele is uniformly represented on Roman, as well as on Greek coins, as a dignified matron, robed aud veiled, having her head ornamented with a crowm of towers. She holds sometimes the crolalum, but more usually the tympanum, in one hand, aud a sceptre, or sometimes a branch of pine, in the other. Her chariot is drawn by lions, or lions couch by her side, or she herself is seated on a lion (seep. 186). — [ More rarely she carries cars of corn as designat- ing the fertility and abundance with which the earth brings forth all things. 300 CYBELE. The turreted croton, such as coins display on j the head of Cybelc, forms the most common attribute of personified cities. The pine was the tree of Cybele, being that into which Atys was changed (Ovid, Metom. x. 104). The oak was also sacred to the mother of the gods. The tympanum, as the attribute of Cybelc, is not designed solely to retrace the furious running of the Galli (priests of Cybele), and the noise which they made with their drums. The tympanum, from its round form, and the manner in which the sound was obtained (by sliding the finger, and by pressing it on the exterior surface of the skiu, which was stretched at the bottom of the tambourine), belonged to all the mysteries of antiquity. It is found to have been regarded as a sacred object at Eleusis — that mystical centre from which the excesses, similar to those practised by the Galli, had been carefully excluded. To the idea of the circle already expressed by the crenelated crown, and the modius, the tympanum joined that of the circular movement equally ex- pressed by the rhombus of Eleusis. It is this circular movement, and this perpetual course round the same which, according to Plato (in the Dialogue of the Cratylus) constitute the essence of the gods. p. 12, Nouvelle Galerie Mythologique . The Hon consecrated to Cybelc has not yet re- ceived a satisfactory elucidation. The respective explanations which Lucretius, Fulgentius, Ser- vius, &c. have given in reference to the lions of that goddess, savour, more or less, of the spirit of the allegorical school, which it is necessary to avoid confounding with the symbolic school. — At any rate these explanations belong to that epoeha, when, under the name of natural theo- toyy, the aim was to open a way to the pro- gress of the sciences, in a religion based on a complete ignorance of the laws of physics and of astronomy. — Ibid, p. 13. Cybele is, in the Roman mint, for the most part typified on coins of Empresses : — On a brass medallion of the younger Faustina, Cybelc is represented seated on a throne with a foot-stool, holding with one hand the tympanum and in the other a branch of pine. On each side of the throne is n lion. Crotu/a arc suspended near her from a pine tree. On the left is Atys, CYBELE. standing with his face towards the goddess ; his head covered with the Phrygian cap. 11c holds in his left hand the pedum, or crooked stick, and in his right the syrinx, or flute of reeds. This fine medallion presents to us the united personifications of Cybelc and Atys, under the most frequently recurring form in the domain of figured antiquity. — “The resinous pine, con- secrated to Atys, reminds us,” says M. Lcnor- mant, “ of the myrrh tree, into which the mother of Adonis was transformed, and of the bark, from which the young god was drawn by the women of Arabia, wheu the moment of his birth was come (Ovid, Metam. x. 490, seq. 512, et seq.) * * * * The pine of Atys, aud the tree of Adonis, are forms of the same idea appropriated to the productions of two different climates.” — These approximations, M. Leuor- mant considers to be, in the Phrygian religion, representations of the doctrine of the \&yos, from which, conformably to the genius of the the reform of Zoroaster, every authropomor- phique appearauce had been banished.” — See Nouvelle Galerie Mylhol. p. 14. On a first brass of Faustina senior, the mother of the gods (Cybele), with a crown of towers, seated on a throne, holds the tympanum on her knee — on each side the throne is a lion. — See MATRI DEVS! SAI.VTAR1. On a large brass of Faustina junior, there is a similar type of Cybele. — See mathi magnae. On a brass mcdalliou of the elder Faustina, with veiled portrait, the great Pcssiuuutiau god- dess, of whom Kiug Attains had made u pre- sent to the Romans, is represented as brought to Rome, in a ship drawn by the vestal Claudia Quinta, who gives a proof of her virtue by causing the vessel to advance by means of her girdle which she attaches to it. Many matrons, with torches in their hauds, are uear the vestal. — See ci.avdia, p. 211. On a brass medallion of Hadriau, Cybele hold- ing the tympanum, is seated on a car drawn by- four lions. Cybelc also appears on medallions and first brass coins of Sabina, Antoninus Pius, Lucilla, Com modus, Julia Domna, &c. On a brass medallion of Hadrian, Cybele, holding the tympanum in her left hand, rested on her knees, is seated on a car drawn by four lions. On the exergue of this reverse is CO/i- S«/ III. The figure of Cybele, in the quadriga, re- calls in a striking manner the verse of Lucre- tius (De Nat. Her. ii. 600-604) : — Dane veteres Graiftm docti cccinere poetic Subliniem in curru bijugos agitare leones : Aeris in spatio magnam pendere doccntcs Tellurem ; ncque posse in terra sistere terrain. [She it is, whom the ancient aud skilled bards of Greece have sung, as guiding aloft two lions yoked to her ear ; maintaining, that this vast world haugs poised in mid air ; and that earth cannot rest on earth.] “ There is,” says M. Lcnormant, in aptly- citing this illustrative passage from the Latin poet, “ no other difference offered by Lucretius, and the type of the medal in question, than the CYBELE. number of lions, which is two in Lucretius and four on the coin. The last verse of the poet is remarkable ; inasmuch as it seems to unite a knowledge proceeding from a physical science (d’une physique) already sufficiently advanced, that of the rotatory movement of the earth on itself, and the application of this notion to the primitive belief already quoted, following which the gods, or the world (which is the same thing with the ancients), would have been drawn into a perpetual movement of concentric rotation. — This movement, by its constancy and regularity, explains the apparently contrary idea of a per- fect stability. Accordingly, we have no hesita- tion in comparing this medallion of Hadrian with another of the same prince, on which we read, TELLVS stabilita, and medals in gold and silver, also of Hadrian, with the same legend. The meauing of these last mentioned pieces has been very justly considered by Eckhel (D. N. vi. 509), as an allegory of order and of peace, re-established by Hadrian throughout the Roman world. In following the indication of Lucre- tius, the medallion above described would ex- press the same idea in a more indirect manner. In each case, this concentration of the person of Cybele in the personification of the Earth, appears to us conformable to the principles of natural theology', and consequently to agree with a learned period like that of Hadrian.” * * * “ As to the rest,” adds the learned and ingenious author of La Nouvelle Galerie (p. 13), “ it is possible that this reverse alludes only to the translation of the Bona Dea from one temple to another, which, according to Spartian, took place at Rome, during Hadrian’s reign.” A contorniate, bearing on its obverse the head of Nero, typifies Cybele and Atys together in a car drawn by four running lions. The goddess has a crown of towers, and holds a sceptre. — Atys wears the Phrygian cap, and bears the pas- toral crook in his left hand. — [The contorniates belong to the lower empire. They were pieces distributed at the Circensian games. — See p. 271 et scq. of this dictionary.] On a dcuarius of the Cestia gens (p. 197), Cybele is sealed in a biga of lions. For a type of that goddess, as an emblem of Eternity, or rather Faustina senior represented, after death, under Cybele’s image, sec p. 23, left hand col. D. I). fourth letter in the alphabet of the Romans. — Amongst numerals it signifies five hundred ( quin genii .) D. as an initial letter indicates Dacia, d. f. Dacia Felix, occurs on the vexillum, or stand- ard, on coins of the province of Dacia. D. Dacicus. — g. d. parth. Germanicus, Dacicus, Parthicus, on coins of Trajan, whose surnames as Emperor, arc derived from the names of conquered nations. D. Damno. I condemn. — See Coclia gens, p. 222. D. Decreto . — n. d. Decreto Decnrionum. D. Decim us. Divas, Desiynatus. DACIA. 301 D. Dictator . — CAESAR D. PERPETVO, on a silver coin of J ulius Cicsar. DAC. Dacicus. DAT. Datum . — See Congiarium, p. 244. DACIA, a region of European Scythia, now comprehending the modern countries of Hungary, Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia. — Under Augustus, the Dacians first came into warlike collision with the Romans, and were driven back beyond the Danube by Lentulus. A hundred years afterwards, Trajan, at the head of his cohorts, penetrated into the interior of Dacia, difficult as it w'as of access, being closed up and fortified by narrow gorges of mountains. That prince, in two successive wars, met with a vigorous resistance ; but at length, having con- quered Decebalus, whose death shortly followed, he converted the Dacian king’s dominions into a Roman province. — Hadrian at first, it is said, was inclined to abandon these hard-earned con- quests of his great predecessor ; but continued to occupy the province with a powerful army. — Decius (Trajanus), about a. d. 249 struggled suc- cessfully, but with great difficulty, to defend the province against repeated incursions of the Goths. But at his death, it soou became an object of assault, and a scene of devastation, for fresh hordes of northern barbarians. — Dacia, at length lost to Rome uuder Gallienus, was re- covered by Aurelianus ; but he, despairing of being able to retain it permanently as a pos- session of the empire, transported the inhabitants into Mscsia, which (according to Vopiscus) then took the name of Dacia Cis-Istrensis, or Dacia on this side the Danube. Although eventually compelled to give way before the strategic skill and superior discipline of the imperial legiou- aries, the Dacian people, both before aud after their subjection to the Romans, shewed them- selves to be Prodiga gens animai, stndiisque asperrima belli. DACIA. S. C. — On a first brass of Hadrian, bearing on the exergue this simple legend, with the mark of senatorial authority in the field of the reverse, the province is personified uuder the figure of a young man, bareheaded, habited in a short dress, a military cloak thrown across his shoulders, and half-boots with ornamented tops. This figure is seated on a rock, with a legionary eagle in the right hand, and a palm branch in the left : his right foot rests on an oval-formed stone. The above is engraved from a well-preserved specimen in the British Museum. It is thus 302 DACIA, also that the coin is delineated in Queen Chris- tina’s and the Farnese cabinets ; and Captain Smyth notes a similar type of Hadrian in his own collection. It is however to be observed, that Eckhel describes the first and second brass Dacia of Hadrian’s mint, as personified by a woman, who holds in her left hand a curved sword (gladium incurvum). But all numismatic descriptions agree as to the military ensigns be- ing put into the right hand of the conquered province, seated on a rock— the last feature of typification denoting the peculiar situation and national habitudes of the Dacians, allusive to which L. Florianus (lib. 4), says, the Dacians cleave to their mountains (Dad montibus inhe- rent). — It appears from Spartiau, that, before he ascended the throne, Hadrian was twice in Dacia, and took part as an officer in Trajan’s two expeditions against that country. At the period of the second war he commanded the 1st legion, suruamed Minervia. We learn distinctly from Eutropius (lib. 8), that as Hadrian, on at best a doubtful policy, had given up possession of Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and other conquests of Trajan in the East, so if left to himself, he would have re- nounced even Dacia ; but that he was otherwise persuaded by his friends, w r ho remonstrated with him against such a withdrawal of the legions, ne multi cives Romani barbaris trader entur . — For, immediately after the annexation of Dacia to the empire by Trajan, many Roman colonies were established there, which would all have been immediately exposed to, and in subsequent reigns were actually ravaged by, the inroads of fierce enemies, without the means of defending themselves. He was therefore induced to make no change in this quarter, except the dis- creditable one of causing Trajan’s celebrated bridge over the Danube to be thrown down , lest (according to Dion, 68, s. 16), the bar- barians should overpower the guard of the bridge, and cuter Mtesia. Historians make no mention of any journey by Hadrian in that country when emperor. — But from his geographical coins it is to he iuferred that he visited the Dacian province also. One of these, inscribed solely with the name dacia, presents its type of personification, as given in the above and’ other examples. Others, purely military, repeat the usual type of an emperor addressing his soldiers, with a corres- ponding legend. — See exehcitvs dacicvs. The Abbe Greppo, in his work, “ sur tes Voy- ages d’ Uadrien,” observes, that there arc seve- ral inscriptions of Dacia which connect them- selves with the history of Hadrian. One de- serves to be cited in this place. Although it be of a date posterior to the probable period of that prince’s advent in the province, yet the public works which it mentions may be regarded as a result of that journey. It relates to water con- veyed (aQva indycta) into the ancient capital of Deccbalus, which, having become a Roman colony, is recorded on ancient marbles — COLO- NS VLPta TRAIANA AVG us ta DACICA SARMIZ. — The inscription is given in Gruter, Corpus Inscrip. Antiq. vol. 1, clxxvii. 3 M. DACIA. DACIA. S. C. — A woman, clothed in the stola, stands, holding in her right hand a staff surmounted by an ass’s head. This legend, and very singular type, present themselves ou gold and silver, as well as on first and second brass, of Trajanus Dceius. On coins of Trajan (with lcgcud of Provincia Dacia Augusti), the genius of the Dacian pro- vince, is seated on a rock, holding a military standard ; and on coins struck in the province itself, under Philip senior (with Provincia Dacia for their reverse legend) the same personifica- tion of the province carries the bent sword of her country. On the present second brass of Trajanus Decius, both the above mentioned attributes nre omitted ; and in their place is clearly displayed the veritable head of an ass. “ What may be the meaning of this symbol, I shall not (says Eckhel) in the absence of any ancient testimony, attempt to prououncc. For if, as some suppose, an allegory is concealed under it, the risk of error is in the ratio of the vagueness of all allegory, and I have an aversion to the troubled sea of conjecture. Instead of the ass’s head, Engclius sees on these coins the head of the Dacian dragon, fixed on a pole, the body and tail being left out, either by the care- lessness of the moneyer, or to shorten his labour, or for want of space in the coin. ( En- gel . Comment, de Exped. Traj. p. 201). We know, indeed, from the relievos ou Trajan’s column, that dragons supported on spears, served the Dacians as military standards. 1 would readily give in my adhesiou to this view of the subject, as we should then have a tangible point to start from, without being reduced to the uncertainties of allegory. But, on the most perfect of these coins, so long are the cars of the animal, as to leave no doubt on the mind that they represent those of an ass.” Among the mintages of Philip scuior there is a coin inscribed tkanqvii.i.itas avgg. on which is a woman stauding, with a dragon in her right hand, by which type is probably intended one of the dragons, which, among the Romans, quite as much ns among the barbarian nations, used to be carried, suspended from a pole, in the frout ranks of an army. — “ If this head (observes Eckhel), be compared with that which appears on the coin before us, the difference between the two instantly strikes the eye. Whoever is in- clined to refer this type to the religion of the Dacians, may suppose that it alludes to the ass, which, among the Scythians, is one of Apollo's | victims, according to ('lemens Alexandrians DACIA FELIX. DACICVS. 303 ( Protreplicos , p. 25, Edit. Oxon.) — “ Phoebus is worshipped with the Hyperborean sacrifice of asses.” DACtrt CAT la (conquest of Dacia). — On a silver coin of Trajan, having for the legend of its reverse dac. cap. cos. v. P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC. appears a captive, with his hands tied behind him, seated on three bucklers ; behind him are two swords, bent in the Dacian fashion, and be- fore him are two javelins. — Obv . — IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M.TR.P. Laurcatcd head of Trajan. Trajan having finished the construction of that stupendous work, his bridge over the Da- nube, entered Dacia a second time (a. D. 105), and again attacked Decebalus its king, who had been the terror of the Romans under Domitian. That emperor declared war against the Dacians, but the result proving seriously unfavourable to the Roman arms, he soon gave up the enter- prise, and settled affairs by submitting to pay an annual tribute. Trajan, incapable of any longer enduring such a national humiliation, marched his army into the territories of Dece- balus, and compelled him to sue for peace, which, however, was granted only on very hard condi- tions. I?ut the king not having fulfilled his promise, it became necessary for Trajan to re- commence hostilities. Having sustained a total defeat, and being deprived of every thing, Dece- balus slew himself. The emperor found the treasures of the unfortunate monarch either in the river Sargetia, or buried in caves. This took place in the year of Rome 859 (a. d. 106). It was then that Dacia became a Roman pro- vince ; and Trajan, returning to Rome, triumph- ed for thus ending the Dacian wars. Other coins of this prince relate to this important event. Eckhel remarks that “ the coins struck after Trajan’s first war with the Dacians, do not bear the inscriptive record of dac(ia) cap(ta) ; be- cause Decebalus was still permitted to retain possession of his kingdom, though on very dis- advantageous and degrading terms. Rut now we read capla, as, according to Dion and others, it was a conquest in reality (capta revera).” The above reverse is copied from pi. iv. fig. 12, of Kolb’s Traite de Numismatique Ancienne, the illustrative engravings of which elementary work are remarkable for their artistic fidelity to the originals ; and have evidently becu selected from genuine specimens. It is also engraved in M. Lcnormant’s Iconographie des Empereurs. This explanation seems the more requisite, because neither Mionnct, nor Akcrman, includes that important historical legend dac. cap. in their respective Catalogues. DACIA FELIX. S. C. — A woman standing, with a military ensign in her right hand. On gold, silver, and first and second brass of Trajanus Decius. The frequency with which Daeia is alluded to, on the coius of Decius, is attributable to the activity he displayed in protecting it from the incursions of the barbarians, by whom that tract of country was, during his reign, most grievously harrassed. And hence, in an inscription pre- served by Muratori (page 1101, 3), he is styled eestitvtor daciarvm. — The legend dacia felix explains the letters d. f. found on so many of the coins of Dacia, inscribed on a standard. DACIA PROVINCIA. — See provincia dacia. DACIA PROVINCIA AVGVST.— See pro- vincia DACIA AVGVST. DACICVS. — It was not without having fairly earned it, as a victorious commander, that Trajan was honoured with this surname, after his first contest with the Dacians. At almost the beginning of his reign, when that warlike people again invaded the Roman provinces, he immediately took the field against them with a powerful force, and compelled Decebalus, who was feared at the time like another Hannibal, to sup- plicate peace, by his ambassadors, at the hands of the Roman Senate. Thereupon the title of Dacicus was conferred upon Trajan, together with the most signal honours of the triumph. Hence we find him styled on his coins imp. nerva traianvs avg. ger. dacicvs, &c. This dis- tinguished appellation was not given to him, however, till about the autumn of the year u. c. 856 (a. d. 103), and the end of the sixth year of his tribunitian power, to which date it is sufficiently agreed upon, amongst historical anti- quaries, that this Dacian victory is to be re- ferred; and the fact is confirmed by the non- appearance of the word Dacicus on the coins of this emperor until the year above-mentioned. It is in the following year, namely a.d. 104, that the title of Oplimtis Princeps begins to ap- pear on the mintages of Trajan. See dac. cap. Dacicus gladius. — The curved sword of the Dacians, on Roman coins, is held in the right hand of the. personified province. It was called Hpiry, falx (a falchion, or short crooked sword), such as the Thracians first used. — [It may not be irrelevant to remark, that the descendants of those who inhabited a part of ancient Dacia — namely, Hungary that now is, — have long been famous for military prowess, and for skill in the use of their favourite weapon, the sabre.~\ In his Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii. Mr. Roach Smith fully describes, and by ctchiugs illustrates, several specimens of Saxon and Frankish short, knife-shaped swords, amongst which is a very remarkable example of one, found in the bed of the Thames, and now in his own possession. On this subject, our observant and discriminating Archmologist makes the fol- lowing observations : — “ In ancient representations of the arms of the Germans, swords slightly curved are almost always introduced. It would be easy to cite numerous instances; but the sculptures on Tra- jan’s column, of scenes in the Dacian wars, and the coins of that emperor, afford types which, allowing for a certain conventionality in the artistic treatment, are not very unlike some of these knife-swords. — The Dacians on the column 304 DACICVS. of Trajan arc almost always armed with this single-edged weapon, which curves slightly, some- times inwards, sometimes outwards, but in one or two instances the weapon is straight like those under consideration. And until we dis- cover ancient swords which are curved, we must, as in the case of the double axe, and barbed javelin, consider the representations referred to, as having been influenced by the fancy of the artist.” p. 46-47. DAC. PARTII1CO P. M. T. R. P. COS. P. P. — Two figures, clothed in the toga, sup- porting a globe. First brass of Hadrian. The above appears on the reverse of one of those coins, which, alike interesting from the beauty of their types, and from their connection with historical facts, exhibit all the various titles of honour bestowed, together with the imperial purple, by the Emperor Trajan on the fortunate Hadrian, his adopted successor. — The obverse of this coin bears the laureated head of Hadrian, and the following legend : IMP eratori CAESars HI VI TRAIANI AVG usliYilio TRA- IANO HADRIANO OPTtmo AVG. GER. to which, in reading, is to be joined the legend of the reverse, namely, DACico PARTI11CO Yontifici M aximo TR ibunitid Yotestate COw- S uli Yatri Y atria. S. C. And the whole ex- presses itself as follows:— To the Emperor, Cicsar, son of the Divine Trajanus Augustus, Trajanus Hadrianus the most excellent Augus- tus — the German — the Dacian, the Parthian, Sovereign Pontiff, exercising the Tribimitian Power, Consul, Father of the Country. By de- cree of the Senate. In his annotations on this coin (p. 56 Cabinet tie Christine ) Havercamp, after giving an accurate copy of its inscription on both sides, states the type of the reverse to represent “ the adoption of .'Elius Ca:sar made by Hadrian, in like manner as he had himself been adopted by Trajan.” Having given this strange interpreta- tion of what he admits to be a very curious coin, Havercamp professes to recollect no author who had spoken of it, unless it was Angcloni ; to the 125th page of whose work, he expressly refers — and where indeed a delineation of the eoin is to be found. But, so far from bearing out the dictum of Havercamp, Angcloni adduces it as an ad- ditional testimony of the clearest kind to the truth of history, as to the fact of Trajan’s adoption of Hadrian: — "Every author (says he) concurs in stating that Hadrian was cousin to Trajan, who, through the intlucucc of the DAMASCUS. Empress Plotina, adopted him as his imperial successor. This is rendered still more clear by the coin of Hadrian himself.” — The Italian antiquary then describes the portrait of Hadrian on the coin in question as that of a young man (which it is), and quotes the legend of the obverse, as given in the preceding column. — Angcloni concludes as follows : — “ This coin re- presents, in my opinion, the above-mentioned adoption, and also Trajan’s admission of Hadrian to share with him the government of the empire, together with a concession, to his adopted son, of the titles usually borne by the Emperors, and especially those which the Senate aud People conferred on himself.” — Eckhel evidently takes the same view ; for in noticing a specimen, from the Vienna collection (vi. 475), he describes the type as “ Trajanus et Hadrianus [ not jEliusj togati stantes, globum una tenent." But at the same time observes, that this coin, and some others of the same date (a. D. 117), in assigning to Hadrian the appellation of Pater Patriot is opposed to the oracle of historians foracu/o historicorum). — See what the Author of Doc- trina says on this point, in vii. p. 515 ct scq. Also consult his animadversions on the names which Hadrian assumed by right of his adop- tion. (vii. 518.) DAMASCUS, cofonia, now Damisk, or Da- maseo, as Europeans call it ; Sciam or Chiam, as it is named by the Turks. — The most ancient city of Coclc-Syria (the Hollow Syria), it is situated in a beautiful and fertile valley, at the foot of Mount Hcrmon, from which flow two rivers, the Ahana and the Pharpar. Of these mountain streams mention is made in Holy Writ (Kings, bk. 2, ch. 5, v. 12) — “ Are not Abana and Pharpar, rivers of Damascus, bet- ter than all the waters of Israel ?” The former passes through the middle of the city ; the other rolls its waters amidst gardens and orchards be- yond the walls ; both afterwards unite, and form one river named the Chrvsorrhoas, or golden river (now the Barrada). In more remote anti- quity', the metropolis of Phoenicia, and in later ages, comprehended in the patriarchate of An- tioch, Damascus is still, according to descrip- tion, the most agreeable, as it was once the most celebrated, city in the East, on account of the grandeur of its public edifices, and the ele- gance of its private habitations. Conflicting opinions arc entertained respecting the origin of the word Damascus ; ainougst which Vaillant (in Co/oniis, i. 232) suggests, on the s*rength of a frequent type on its coins, the derivation to be “ a Damn nutrice et Asro pucro ” (from the boy Aseus nourished by a Doc). This city had at an early period from the foundation its own kings. Josephus (Antiq. 7, cap. 6), speaks of Admins, in the time of David, as king of Da- mascus, and whose posterity retained that royal title and authority to the tenth generation. — Overthrown by the Assyrians, it became sub- ject to the Selcuaidte, whose a-rn dates from the year of Rome 442, 31 2 years before Christ. — The Arabians subsequently gained possession of it ; and at length Pompcy annexed it to the llo- DAMAS( l S. Damascus. 3or> man republic. It was not made a colony until the reign of the emperor Philippus senior. And, although on coins its title of colonia takes pre- cedence of its dignity of metropolis, viz. col. damas METRO . &c. yet it had enjoyed the latter prerogative long before it obtained its colonial character. On many coins, with Greek legends, from Hadrian to Alexander Sevcrus, is read Metropoleos, given to it as an honorary dis- tinction, on account of the amplitude and im- portance of the place. Besides Greek autonomes, and Greek impe- rials in brass, there arc bilingual (viz. Greek and Latin ) brass coins of this colony, dedicated consecutively to Philip senior, and to Otacilia, Philip junior, Herennius Etruscns, Trajanus Dccius, Trcbouianus Gallus, Volusianus, Aemi- liauus, \ alerianus senior, Gallienus, and Salo- nina. These coins are inscribed col. damas. METRO, or DAMASCO COLONIA, or COL. DAMA. METR. or MET. Bacchus and Silenus were the two tutelary deities of Damascus. Temples were erected to their worship in that city ; and they are typified on coins of Trebonianus Gallus and Philip sen. The following arc amongst the principal types which appear on the reverses of coins struck in this city, with bilingual legends : — 1. Bacchus. — On second brass of Trebonianus Gallus. — See type described iu p. 120. 2. Cypress tree. — On a rare second brass, struck in honour of Volusianus, with the legend of Colonia Damascus Metropolis, this tree stands between a horse and a bull. — [The mean- ing of this singular type is far from having been satisfactorily explained. Vaillant, who seems to reject the idea of any local allusion in the case, puts it interrogatively whether this combined group of the tree and the two quadrupeds may not have a mystic signification? — For an inge- nious conjecture sec that author, in Coloniis, ii. 222 ], On second and third brass of Philip senior, Silenus stands before a cypress, which tree was held in veneration by the Phoenicians, being, I according to Plutarch, dedicated to the Sun. — I Vaillant, ii. p. 161. 3. Doe (Dama) giving suck to a little hog . — On first and second brass coins of this colony, minted under Philip senior, Otacilia his wife, aud Trebonianus Gallus. This type, accompanied by the legend of re- j verse col. damas. metr. occurs on coins of this colony, during the above reigns ; and has given rise among the learned to a variety of conjec- tures. It is generally regarded as bearing re- ference to the name of the city, aud to the 2 R origin of its reputed founder. — Vaillant quotes some of the interpretations put upon it ; but does not argue in favour of any of them, lie simply remarks, that these, and other coins of similar type, seem intended to preserve in re- membrance the tradition of Ascus, who having been exposed in infancy, was suckled by a Dama, I or female deer, and afterwards, rising to emi- nence, laid the foundations of Damascus. But here let this eminent numismatist of the seventeenth century, speak his own sentiments on this point, iu his own way, if not indeed in his native tongue : — “ Should we venture (says Vaillant, in Col. ii. p. 271), to regard this type of a boy sucking a doe, as referring to the origin of the city of Damascus ; and should we further assert, that the name itself of that city is derived from the words dama (the doe) and Ascus (the boy), the whole host of the learned would be ready to cry out against us : let us, notwithstanding, pro- pound our own conjectures. What is the im- port of the boy suckled by a doe, who so fre- quently appears on the coins of Damascus? — Does not that type illustrate the history of some boy nourished by a doe, just as that of the wolf suckling Romulus and Remus, depicts the first mode in which those infants were nourished ; and was not another boy, similarly brought up by a deer (airi nuos l\d0, of n scries of engravings placed at the end of More/l. Thesaurus hupp. Rom. Numismala). Among other passages in Dion’s detailed ac- count of this gigantic structure, is the follow- ing : “ Trajan caused that stone bridge to be built on the Danube, of which I cannot suffi- ciently express my admiration. For although there arc many other magnificent works of his, J yet this bridge far surpasses them all.” — The I same author enters into copious particulars on the subject, stating for example, how many piles I it was supported by, their heighth aud breadth ; I adding what distance those piles, conjoined bv arches, were from each other. It may be ima- ' giued how many aud how great were the obsta- | clcs to be overcome, in order to erect such a bridge over a river so broad and so deep as the DANUVIUS. Danube. Apollodorus Dumasccnus is named as the architect. i W riters, however (Marsilius and Rcimar among others), are not wanting, who have rigor- ously examined that passage of Dion, in which he describes the bridge; and these deuy the possibility of reconciling the measurements there given with the rules of architecture. They say that, so far as can be gathered from the remains w hich are extant at the present day, at the “ Iron Gate (porta ferrea), between Servia and Wal- laebia, the entire work could not have been so large as is represented ; and that the piles only of the bridge were of stone, whilst the arches were of wood. According to Procopius, at each end of this bridge stood a castle (or fort). — Sec Eckhel’s Commentary, vi. 418, et seq. The obverse of the coin exhibits the laurcated head of Trajan to the right, bearing the .Fig is ; with the following legend: — imi*. traiano avg. ger. i) ac. !■. m. tr. p. To the Emperor Tra- janus, Augustus, the Germauicus, the Dacicus, Sovereign Pontiff (invested) with the tribuuitiau | power. The silver alone (from a specimen of which the above cut is copied), is catalogued by Mionnet and Akerman. The gold is beauti- fully engraved in Iconographie des Empereurs, par M. Ch. Lenormant, p. 47, No. 13. It was not to be expected that Hadrian would have struck a coin allusive to that mighty stream whose name was associated with his predecessor’s conquests; for Hadrian caused the Roman bridge over it to be destroyed. But it is singular that, with the exception of the coin above described and commented upon, there should not, in the l fertile mints of Trajau, be any instance in which the word danyvivs or danvbivs forms part of the legend on a contemporaneous coin of his. There is indeed, a first brass of that emperor, bearing the date of his fifth consulate, on which the most intelligent numismatists, as well of the present day as of flic elder school, recognise one arch of the bridge in question (sec Pons), but it is only probable conjecture, not positive identifi- cation. Another first brass of Trajan (common, but of good design aud workmanship), is gene- rally regarded ns having been meant to symbo- | lizc the Danube, and to refer to the first victories of imperial Rome over her brave Dacian foe, viz..- Rev . — S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. s. c. A river-god, holding a reed in the left hand, presses with the right knee on the thigh, and with flic right hand on the neck, of a recum- bent male figure, clothed in the Dacian habit. But this is allegory, of which the meaning may be shrewdly guessed at, not the open record and typifiention which might have been ex- pected, relative to an event so important as Tra- jan’s first successes on the Danube. — Sec river- god. " The personification (says Ecldicl, iu his no- tice of this coin, vi. 418), as displayed on the above coin, appears by the gesture of laying violent bauds on the prostrate Dacian, to inti- mate that the river also had some share iu the merit of reducing that nation. That a fleet really had its station in Micsia, aud consequently 309 dancvhjs. on the Danube to repress the incursions of the barbarians, is proved by an inscription published by Gruter (p. 575, i.), in which mention is made of a classis F/avia Mcesica.” The following notice of a brass medallion, re- lates to another bridge over the Danube, said to be the work of Constantine the Great : — CONSTANTINVS MAXm«i kXGustus — Dust of Constantine the Great, to the right, diademed. Rev. — SALVS REIIVW/Vvr. A stone bridge of three arches, over which Victory walking, carries in her left hand a trophy resting on her shoulder, and with her right hand points out the way to the emperor, who follows with spear and buckler. At the extremity of the bridge, a barbarian kneeling holds up his hands in an attitude of supplication to both. Below is the figure of a river-god in a recumbent posture, with right hand uplifted. On the exergue the word DANVBIVS. A brass medallion corresponding in legends and types with the one above described, is in the Cabinet of the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris. Our wood-cut is after a cast from that original. Pellerin (Melange, 1, pi. xii. No. 3, p. 215), published a specimen of it, which closely agrees with that iu the French Cabiuct, to which grand repertory it was probably, after his death, trans- ferred with numerous other medals, from his own collection. Ill referring his readers to this medallion, Pellerin says — “ It shews by its type that Con • stantinc had passed the Danube on a bridge, and gained a victory in the country through which it flows, either over the Sarmatians, or over the Goths, or other barbarians with whom he was at war. It is stated in the Chronicle of Alexandria, aud in the histories of both the Victors, that this emperor built on the Danube a stone bridge of three arches only, as that seems to be which is represented on the medal- lion here given. Learned men have judged it scarcely possible, from the width and depth of the river, in that country, that a bridge of such a kind should have been erected there, and hence they have looked upon the medallion as suspi- cious (comme suspect). Nevertheless historians and coins of Trajan leave no room to doubt but that that emperor built on the same river a bridge, which Dion has described, and even given DANUVIUS. the dimensions of its various parts. It is very possible, that the bridge built by Constantine had more than three arches. There was no occasion to represent them all in order to impart an idea of its construction, and to convey a knowledge of the military exploit, which it was intended to designate by the same type.” (p. 215-16). Eckhel, who treats with doubtless well -me- rited condemnation another medallion of the largest size, in the Vienna cabinet, which bears the same legend of reverse, but not the same, though in some respects a similar, type, has handled the claims of the present one to be re- garded as authentic, with very little more in- dulgence. He observes, that “ the shape of the- letters upon it, provided the copy be true to the original, savours of the time of Nero or there- abouts, and that it does not belong to the age of Constantine.” We should not venture to dissent from the great master and highest autho- rity in numismatic science, did he not himself plainly intimate that he had never seen the ori- ginal piece of which Pellcrin’s work had fi- nished him with a copy. Neither has it fallen to our lot to have seen the medallion itself ; but we now write with a skilfully-taken cast from it before us; and after comparing the lettering, on both obverse aud reverse, with that of other medallions of the same reign — (for example, the Exvperator omnivm gentivm), we, with de- ference, but without hesitation, affirm, that the conformation of the letters exhibited on the Danvbivs medallion of the French museum, per- fectly assimilates, on both sides, with that of the one just cited, as a well-known specimen. — And with respect to Pellerin’s print of his own coin, they who are most familiar with the style of numismatic engraving adopted by the artists employed to illustrate that eminent antiquary’s numerous volumes, will, we believe, be amongst the most ready to acknowledge that though the types of his coins are delineated with compara- tive truthfulness, yet no regard is paid in them to those peculiarities of lettering which distinguish the respective ages of the Roman coinage ; but that on the contrary, all his legends aud inscrip- tions, whether Greek or Latin, exhibit a uuifonn sameness of character. Having thus endeavoured to meet those argu- ments against the recognition of this coin as a genuine antique, which are derived, by the learned Author of Doctrina, according to his supposi- tion, from its workmanship, it might suffice for us here to close with simply adding, that Mion- net, in his Recueil des Medailles Romanies (t. ii. p. 230), describes the legend and type of this remarkable reverse, nearly in the terms above quoted, and gives his attestation to the genuine- ness of the medallion, by affixing to it the value of 150 francs.— But in justice to such argu- ments as the illustrious numismatist of Vienna employs from historical sources to support his suspicions of Pellerin’s coin, a luminous passage from Eckhel’s commentary (see viii. 86-87), is hereto subjoined ; and the reader left to form his own judgment on the subject : — “The vastness of such an undertaking as a 310 DANUVIUS. stone bridge over the Danube, where its stream is so wide as it is in Mmsia, prevents our accord- ing any credence to the Chrouicon of Alexan- dria, filled as it is with so many old woman’s tales. And, indeed, had it been constructed of cemented materials, there would of neccessity have remained some vestiges of it even to the present day, as is the case with the bridge of Trajan, nearly two centuries older, though even these are not found to extend completely across the bed of the river. I am aware, that Constan- tine, a. D. 310, planned a stone bridge over the Rhine, at Agrippina (Cologne), of which fact there can be no doubt, since Eumenius asserts it in the panegyric which he delivered in the presence of Constantine fPaneggr . vii. eh. 13). But at the time when Eumenius used those expressions, the bridge was only just begun ; and that the work was interrupted, is inferred by learned writers from the fact, that no remains of so vast a work are to be found on the spot in the river- bed. And, that the design of a stone bridge over the Danube was liable to greater obstacles than a like work over the Rhine, is evident from the superiority of the former river, in Mtcsia, to the latter, in the volume of its waters. — The testimonies of both the Victors, which many quote on this subject, lead to no practical deci- sion, as the ouc, in his Constantine, says — ‘ A bridge was built over the Danube and tlie other — * lie (i. c. Constantine) constructed a bridge over the Danube but neither of them tell us that it was of stone. It is more probable, there- j fore, that it was a bridge of boats, which, sup- posing it to have been put together at the point wheie the river hastens to its outlet, and is swelled to an immense volume by the combined waters of central Europe, it must have been a work not inferior in magnitude to that of Xerxes over the Hellespont, described at large by so many writers, it was at about the same spot that Darius, the son of llystaspes, in the inva- sion of Scythia, crossed the Danube with his forces, bv a bridge, as recorded by Herodotus, Strabo (vii. p. 409), and Trognsj but this also was composed only of boats. Marsilius, speak- ing of this vaunted bridge of Constantine — (Danub. ii. p. 37), says, that having searched the whole stream throughout this tract of coun- try, without discovering the remains of so great a work, he was informed by the inhabitants, that when the river subsides below a certain level, there appear above the surface some wooden piles, a little higher up than the place where the Aluta mingles with the Danube. I can scarcely j credit the fact of the remains of a wooden j bridge being extant after a lapse of thirteen cen- turies and more; but let others inquire into the truth of this statement. It is sufficient for my present purpose, to know, that Marsilius, after a diligent investigation of the whole neighbour- 1 hood, and the course of the river, discovered no vestiges of a stone bridge built by Constantine. And, consequently, till I find such a coin ns the one in question, approved by several numisma- tists of acknowledged eminence, 1 must be al- lowed to doubt the fact of a stone bridge over DARDANICI. the Danube. If, however, we allow these coins to be authentic, Eumenius (vii. p. 409), has used most graphic language in accordance with their type: — ‘And above all, by building the bridge at Agrippina, you trample upon the remnant of a wretched people, preventing their ever laying aside their terrors, but keeping them ever in alarm, ever stretching out their hands in sup- plication.' ” DARDAXICI. — This word, on a third brass of Trajan, is accompanied by a type in which a woman stands, with corn-cars in one hand, and gathering her robe with the other. Eckhel classes this, not with the coins of Ro- man fabric aud of Senatorial authority, but amongst what he terms Numi Metaltorum. — He observes — “ Dardania was a region situated in Upper Maesia, over against Macedonia, aud often mentioned by ancient historians as well as geographers ; and on a marble of the age of Trajan, L. Befius is called pkaef. alae. dak- danoevm. This appellation of its district con- tinued as long as the reign of Diocletian; for Trcbcllius Pollio states, that Dardania was the birth-place of Claudius Gothicus. Now it is certain that in this tract of country there were mines, which having takeu their name from that region, supplied metal ; wherewith, like those of Dalmatia aud Rauuonia, coins were struck with the epigraph simply of dakdanici, sup- pressing the word metali.i, by which pan.no- nici, delm(atici), and vlpiani, are preceded, on other medals of a similar nature, which the industry and avarice of the Romans established and circulated in various provinces, and of which there exist several inscribed with the name of Trajan and of Hadrian.” — See D. N. V. vol. vi. I p. 446. DCCCLXXIIII. — The year of Rome 874 (a. n. 121), appears on a coiu of Hadrian, which, ! struck in the fifth year of his reign, remarkably illustrates the year of the city’s foundation, by the following inscription : — ann. DCCCLXXttlt. nat. van. & c . (Natali Urbis). — Sec ann. p. 46. D. C. A. — Dives Ctesar Augustus. D. D. — Decreto Decurionum. — This is usunlly understood as referring to the liberty of striking coins in colonics, as S. C. Seua/us Consnlto, denoted coins struck at Rome by authority of the Senate. DD. — Domini, speaking of two, and DDD. of three. DD. NN. — Domini Nostri, or Domiiormn Nostrornm — Our Lords, two Ns signify two, and NNN. three Lords or Emperors. — Sec no- MINt’S NOSTER. DE GER. — De Gennanis. — Sec OEr.MANtS I)E rVD. — De .Judteis. — Sec iudaitis. DE SARM. — De Sarmatis. — See saum \T ls. DEAE. or Dll. arc for the most part repre- sented on coins, with the body, or at least as far ns the breast, naked. For nudity, in an- cient sculpture aud painting, denoted beatitude and immortality. — Rasche. Dearum simulacra . — The images of goddesses are distinguished on ancient coins by the fol- lowing attributes; Deltona, by spear nnd DEARUM.— DEBELLATOR. buckler. — Ceres, by crown of corn cars, torch, and car drawn by serpents. — Cybele, by turreted crown and lions. Diana, by' hunting dress, bow, arrow, and quiver; also car drawn by stags, and by a small horned moon. Diana Ephesia, by her many breasts, stags at her feet, and small basket filled with fruit ou her head, — Flora, by flowers. — Isis, the Egyptian goddess, by star, sistrum, and flower on her bead. — Juno, by veiled head and peacock. — Juno Moneta, by the balance, because coins were minted in the temple of Juno at Rome. — Juno Sospita or Sispita, by the goat-skin aud horns. — Minetva, by the owl, olive branch, ser- pent, helmet, buckler, spear, and thunderbolt. Venus , by the apple, Cupid, rudder, aud dove. — Venus Paphia, by the terminal or conical s t 0 ne. — Vesta, by veiled head, simpulum, palla- dium, and torch. — Ilasche. Dearum templa. — The temples of goddesses, as exhibited on coins, arc not of the common square-formed structure, but round ; either as on the medallion of Faustina senior, inscribed Matri Deum Salutari (Cybele) ; or on the coin of Trcboniauus Gallus, with legend of Junotii Martiali ; or the temple of Vesta, as on the coin of Lucilla, and ou a denarius of the Cassia gens, with the letters a. c. — See Tetnplum. DEAE. SEGETIAE. — On the reverse of gold aud billon of Salouina, wife of Gallienus, are this epigraph, and a temple supported by four co- lumns, within which the deity, wearing a cres- cent on her head, appears with uplifted hands. It would seem by the testimony of this coin (sec saj.ONINa), that the empress had erected a temple to the goddess Segetia, who before that had only an altar in the Circus Maximus. She was called Segetia, as being (prafecta segetibus) a presiding divinity over the harvests when they were sprung up from the soil. (See Eckhel, vii. 399 — 419). — Mr. Akennan, in a note on this legend, observes — “ Some authors are of opinion, that Segetia was the same as Fortune, called also Sejana, to whom, as Pliny informs us, Nero built a temple of transparent marble.” — Descr. Cat. ii. 42. DEBELLATOR GENTIUM BARBARA- RUM. The Vanquisher of Barbarian Nations. Constantine, called the Great, was rewarded with this title, when in the year 322 of the Chris- tian era, he gained repeated victories over the Goths aud Sarmatians, in Illyria and in Maesia, DECENNALIA. 31 1 pursuing Ills successes beyond the Danube, until the fugitive remains of both these tribes were almost exterminated by the Roman sword. — Banduri, ii. p. 244, obs. 3. On a brass medallion of Constantius II. in the Cabinet de France, after a cast from which the above reverse has been engraved, the follow- ing legends and types appear : — CONSTANTIUS Vius Yetis; AUG us tits . — Bust, to the right, of Constantius the Second, diademed. Rev. — DEBELLATORI GENTLm BAR- BARm/«. The emperor, bare-headed, wear- ing the paludamentum, mounted on a horse, which gallops to the right, strikes with the point of his lance a warrior, who meets the blow on one knee ; whilst another enemy lies under the horse. Flattery here awards to the second son of Constantine the Great a title which his father had acquired for successive triumphs in many a slaughterous battle, fought with “ barbarians.” For the younger Constantius was heir, neither to the valour nor to the good fortune of the First Constantine, being ofleuer vanquished than victorious, except in the civil wars with his brothers and cousins. — See Eckhel, viii. 83- 116. — Sec also Biog. Notice, in p. 263 of this dictionary. DEC. — Decius, Decennalia, &c. DEC. ANN. — (Decern. Annus) Decennalis, of ten years : Decennial. Decern. — The usual mark of the denarius w r as thus stamped X. — See denarivs. DECEN. DECENNAL. — Decennales ludi, or Decennalia Festa. — Festivals celebrated under the Emperors, at Rome, every ten years. Their origin w as as follows : — Augustus, after having tranquilliscd the empire, aud enjoyed ten years of peaceful sovereignty, wearied with state fati- gues, aud failing iu health, affected to be desir- ous of abdicating the government. Accordingly he assembled the Senate, to whom he rendered an account of his administration, and commu- nicated his wish to resign. But the Senators pressed upon him a continuance of his reign for torn - years longer, and he was not so obdurate as to decline compliance with their importuni- ! ties. At the expiration of this period, they obliged him to load himself with five years more of imperial care ; aud at the end of that term ten more were required of him : insomuch that from one ten years’ end to another this un- ambitious but yielding prince held sway for life, (cf. Dion Cass. 53, 13). Some of his successors made similar tenders every' ten years ; aud after the refusal to accept, which they were sure enough to meet w'ith from those to whom the offer was made, they gave a public feast on such renewal of power. The celebration consisted of sacrifices to the gods, of donatives to the soldiers, aud of largesses to the people, accompanied with shows and games on the most magnificent aud costly scale. DECENNALES PRIMI. — On gold and sil- ver, and with S. C. on second brass of Anto- ninus Pius, we see primi decennales within 312 DECENNALIA. an oaken crown — with the addition, on some specimens, of cos. im. The Decenna/es, and Vota (vows), cither un- dertaken or accomplished, that is to say, for the safety of the prince, make their appearance for the first time on coins of Antoninus Pius ; although from the commencement of the em- pire, certain public vows were sometimes re- corded on them, and though destined thereafter, and especially during the age of Constantine, to form the constant subject of coins. DECEM. ANNALES SECVND. COS. IIII. S. C. — On a very rare first brass, the legend of reverse reads as above, inscribed in a garland of oak leaves. The first Decennales of Antonine closed on the 10th of July, a. d. 148; and the second began, in which vows were fulfilled for the pros- perous issue of the past ten years, and fresh ones undertaken for the like period to come. — That first-rate numismatist, the author of Lefons de Numismatique Romaine (p. 127), who cites the above legend from a very rare first brass in his own collection, observes — “ The Romans (a people essentially of a religious disposition), often addressed solemn vows to their deities : in other words, prayers, accompanied with sacri- fices. It was thus that Augustus celebrated his pretended re-acceptances of sovereign authority. And it was with equally feigned, but not always equally credited, modesty, that his successors imitated him, in these decennial sacrifices , offered up principally for the preservation of the prince, and the welfare of the empire.” DECENNALIA. — A gold medallion of Con- staus presents on its reverse the legend Felicia decennalia ; and the elegant type of two young genii, or winged boys, supporting between them, in their hands, a crown, in which are inscribed VOTIS x. mvi.tis XX. that is to say, Votis De- carnal ih us, Mult is VicennaUbus. In the ex- ergue tes. signifying that it was minted at Tes- I salonica (so spelt for Tnessatonica). — The above cut is from a remarkably well preserved speci- i men ot this fine and very rare coin iu the Cabinet de France. — For some of Tristan’s re- marks on it (iii. 615) see Felicia decennalia. The fact that decennial vows were reckoned ns accomplished, not at the beginuiug but at the termination of the tenth year of an emperor's reign, is shown by numismatic inscriptions, con- currently with the voice of antiquity. Amongst DECENT! US. j the examples to this effect, are vot. cos. lilt, s. c. on first and second brass of Antoninus Dins the emperor sacrificing before a tripod — vota svscepta x. cos. mi. same reign and type, in silver. — vot. or votis x. et xx. iu a crown, of Gallicnus. — vot. x. et xv. in a crown of laurel, of Constautinus II. In like manner the Vi cennalia, or vot. xx. were accomplished at the expiration of the twen- tieth year ol a reign ; and after each had, iu a happy manner, come to pass, it was usual to record them thus: — votis vicennalibvs (in a laurel crown), as on gold and silver of Alexan- der Sevcrus ; and vot. x. sic. xx. (iu a crown), as on silver of Constantius Chlorns. On coins of Commodus, Sever ua, and Cara- ealla, we read vot. svsc. dec. ( Vota Suscepta Decennalia), also vota svscepta x. and xx. with figures sacrificing. — These decennial vows being solvta (redeemed) by the fulfilment of the term, others for auothcr ten years were undertaken (suscepta). See phimi decennai.es ; see also the system of vota explained, in Eckhel’s treatise dedicated to the subject, iu vol. viii. of D. N. V. p. 475 ct seq. DECENT1LS (Magnus), brother or cousin of Maguentius, by whom, after the death of Constans, he was named Cicsar, at Milan, a. d. 351, and raised to the consulship the following year. Maguentius appointed him to command iu Gaul, for the purpose of keeping in check the German tribes ; but he was defeated by Chnodomarins, leader of the Allcmanui, and other barbarians. On this, or some previous occasion, the people of Treves revolting, closed the gates of their city against him. On beiug apprised of the death of Magnentius, to whose assistance lie was hastening; apprehensive of falling into the hands of Constantius Chlorus, who had already defeated his brother ; and sur- rounded by foes without hope of escape, Decen- t i us strangled himself at Sens, a. d. 353. — His brass coins are common, except medallions, which are rare — silver very rare, cs|)ccialJy me- dallions — gold still rarer, one medallion iu gold is of extreme rarity. He is styled on these Mommas N osier DECENT! VS FORTimiwim CAES ar; also D. N. MAGmu DECENTJVS S(Hii/issimus CAESur. — D. N. DECENTIVS NOB. CAES. The head always bare. The re- verse of second brass, bears generally the mo- nogram of Christ, with the letters a. and in. It has been pretended (says Mionnet), that Dcecntius had also the title of Augustus ; but no historian makes any mention of such a fact ; and the medal on which the assertion founded itself is suspicious. DEC l US TRAJANUS. MINTAGES OF DECENTIUS. Gold Medallion. — gloria komanorvm. Roma Nicephoros seated. (Valued by Mionnet at 200 fr.) — victoria avg. libertas roman- or(vm.) Published for the first time in Lcnor- mant’s Iconographie des Empereurs, 126, No. 5. Silver Medallion. — principi ivventvtis. Mionnet 150 fr.) Gold. — victoria avg. lib. rom. — (Brought at the Pembroke sale £4 2s.) — virtvs exerciti. (Mionnet 72 fr.) Brass Medallions. — victoria avgg. and virtvs avg. (30 fr. each). Small Brass. — d. n. decentivs nob. caes. Bust of Dccentius. — Rev. — salvs. dd. nn. avg. et caes. The monogram of Christ, between a. and u. In the exergue Die. — See the cut in preceding page. DECIUS {Cains, or Cnscus, Messius , Quin- tus, Trajaniis ). — This Emperor was born at Bubalia, a town of the Sirmienses, in Lower Pannonia (near what is now Micowitz, in Hun- gary), a. I). 201. Descended from an Illyrian family of rank, he proved himself an able states- man and a great captain. But by what means he acquired his earliest promotion is not re- corded. Whilst the Mtcsian and Pannonian legions were in revolt, he was at Rome ; in favour with Philip, and free from all suspicion on the score of his loyalty. Accordingly he was selected by that prince for the task of set- tling the seditions tumult of the insurgent sol- diers, who had proclaimed Marinus. But no sooner did he appear in their sight, than, in order to avoid the threatened chastisement, they, without his consent, proclaimed him Imperator. Yielding, therefore, to the necessity of the mo- ment, he struck his tents, and hastened into Italy ; where in an engagement with Philip, near Verona, lie gained the victory, a. i>. 2-19. On the defeat and death of Philip, Decins was acknowledged as Emperor at Rome, and de- clared Augustus by the Senate at least as early as the beginning of autumn. In the year 250 he conferred the dignity of Caesar, and the ollice of Consul, on his son llercnnius Etruscus, and sent him against the Illyrians, who routed the son, hut were energetically repulsed by the father. In a battle with the Goths, fought near Abricium, in Thrace, a. d. 251, he was, thro’ the treachery of Trcbonianus Gallus, lost in a morass, his body never having been recovered for burial. In the same engagement the young llercnnius also perished. This occurred after the month of October. The historian, Victor (ii.) hears testimony to the eminent virtues and great accomplishments 2 S DECIUS TRAJANUS. 313 of Dccius ; to his quiet demeanor as a man, aud to his promptness and energy as a soldier. In all these characteristics he is represented by Zo- simus, as being greatly the superior of Philip. The most remarkable event by which the records of his life aud government are distinguished, was his revival and restoration to the Senate, of the office of Censor, so many years disused, and, till this time, discharged almost universally by the Emperor. Eutropius, ever liberal in award- ing divine honours to princes, states, that De- cius and his son were numbered among the gods. — By ecclesiastical historians, however, he is accused of having, in a spirit of injustice and persecution, exercised great cruelty towards the Christians during bis reign. He perished in the 55th year of his age, after holding the imperial sceptre somewhat more than two years. He married Ilcrennia Etrnscilla, who bore to him two sons, namely, Herennius above named, and Hostilianus. — See D. N. Vet. viii. 342-43. The coins of this Emperor are common in brass, except two or three medallions. In silver they are also common, except a medallion. The gold are all of very great raritv. On these he is styled IMP. TRAIANVS AVG. — IMP. Caesar M. 'Q. TRAIANVS DECIVS AVG. or Tins F etix Avg. — [The last tw r o titles arc confined to colonial coins], MINTAGES OF TRAJANUS DECIUS. Silver Medallion. — concordia avgg. — Etrnscilla and her two sons. — (Valued by Mion- net at 300 fr.] Gold. — abvndantia. — adventvs. — af.qvi- tas. — dacia. — dacia felix. (Mionnet 150 fr. each), — genivs exerc. illyriciani. (Brought £9 5s. at the Thomas sale). — genivs illyrici. (Mionnet 200 fr.) — pannoniae.-victoria avg. (200 fr. each). — vberitas. avg. (Fine, brought £6 at the Thomas sale). Silver. — Victoria germanica. Emperor and Victory. Brass Medallions. — concordia avgvsti. Heads of Decius and Etrnscilla. — Rev. — dacia. (200 fr.) — concordia av gvstorvm. Heads of Dccius and Etrnscilla. — Rev. — pif.tas avgvs- torvm. Heads of Hostilianus and Herennius. —(250 fr.) Second Brass. imp. c. m. q. traianvs imp. avg. Radiated head of the Emperor. — Rev. pannoniae. Two women, one of whom holds a military ensign. — See the engraving above. DECURIONES. Decurions. — Officers who, in the colonies, corresponded to the Senators of Rome. They were denominated Decuriones, be- cause, at the time when Roman citizens and soldiers w : ere sent as colonists to occupy the conquered countries, ten men were chosen to compose a Senate, or a Court of Councillors, who were charged with the administration of justice, and were intitled Curia Decurionum, and Minor Senatus. — Pitiscus. It was requisite that they should possess an income of 100,000 sestertii; and from their ranks were chosen the magistrates, just as, by the votes of the latter, the Duumviri, the Pre- 314 D ECU RSI ONES, foots for enforcing obedience to the laws, and other functionaries, were respectively created. — The enrolled Dccurions (decuriones conscript i), were called (after the appellation given to the Senate) Obdo, with the addition of the opithet9 amplissimvs, spi.ENDiDtssiMvs, &c. They were also, sometimes, in imitation of Rome, styled Senaiores, and Patres, chiefly during the decline of the empire ; whilst the rest of the inhabit- ants were called ptebs , populus, cives, and coloni. The names of the Decuriones are never found inscribed on the coins of colonics ; hut in their stead, are frequently read (not only on those of Europe, but of Asia and Africa), the abbrevia- tions D. D. or EX. D. D. that is, EX. D ecreto Decurionum , which is equivalent to the EX. S.C. of the Roman Senate. — The abbreviations D. D. or EX. D. D. arc exhibited on the coins of Ab- dcra, Apamca, Babba, Buthrotum, Carteia, Car- thago Nova, Parium, and Sinope. They are remarkable on the coins of Babba, in Maure- tania ; D. D. PVBL. that is D ecreto Decurio- num PYBLico; and EX. CONSENSV. D.D. That there were decuriones in the municipia also is rendered certain, both by coins of Osca, given in Florez, and of Utica, on which D. D. is found ; and also by ancient authors, among whom is Suetonius : — “ The decuriones of the municipia and colonies conveyed the body [of Augustus] from Nola (a city in Campania), as far as Bovillse” (a tow'n in Latium). — The same letters occur also on coins of the municipia Calagurris, Emporia;, Ercavica, and Saguntum — “ hut with such an appearance (adds Eckhel), that they cannot have been engraved on the die, or matrix , but were added afterwards, like marks cut into the metal ; a fact which has never been observed on coins of colonies. And from this I infer, that Traducta, in Boetica, of w hich there is a coin exhibiting the same mark, enjoyed the privileges only of a municipium.” It is highly probable that the Decuriones were indicated on coins, in consequence of 'heir being charged with the direction of the mint ; a posi- tion which they had been permitted to occupy cither by the Angusti, or by the Senate of Rome, and involving the superintendance of the weight, types, and number of the money. As then the Roman Senate, to whom pertained the care of striking brass money, had their S. C. en- graved upon it, so the Decuriones, who were the representatives of Senators in the colonies, took care to stamp on their coins their own Deere turn D ccurionum. — Sec D. N. V. De Num is Colo- ni arum, vol. iv. p. 481, et seq. Speaking of the functions of the Decuriones, Pitiscus observes, thnt they were as onerous as they were honourable, for, besides the exercise of the monctnl privilege, the core devolved to them of making every arrangement for the shews of the circus, ami for the spectacles of the theatre ; in addition to which it was their duty to furnish the means of defraying all expenses. They had also to levy imposts, and, what wa9 more scrion9 to themselves, they were compelled to supply, out of their owu resources, what was deficient. DECURSIO. DECURSIO. — A manoeuvre, evolution, hos- tile incursion. — This word appears on the ex- ergue of two large brass coins, struck by the Senate, during the reign of Nero. There were three kinds of Dccursio, viz. : — I. That of military evolution, and mock com- bats. — 2. The decursio circensis, or manoeuvres of the circus, in which, at public spectacles, feats of dexterity and swiftness were performed, as well by horse-riders as by charioteers. (See Contorniate Coins, p. 274-75). — 3. Cavalcades setting out on hostile incursions — See expe- ditio and pkofectio (suis locis). The above type represents the Emperor Nero on horseback, with lance couched in his right hand, as if ready to engage iu some combat ; a soldier on foot precedes him, with a veritlum on his shoulder, and another closely follows. This is taken from a remarkably well-preserved spe- cimen in the British Museum. It is almost of medallion size, and wants the Senates Consu/to, Suetonius states, that whilst Nero was yet only Ca;sar, the decursio was instituted at the same time as the pretorian guards (cum prteto- rianis). That youths of noble birth were trained to these martial exercises is evident from the observations of learned authors on the coins alluding to the Princeps Juveututis. And hence the Emperor Julian, speaking of Constantins II. mentions with approbation, that lie was early instructed in “ the practice of leaping and running, in full armour, and in the art of horse- manship.” (Oral. i. p. 11). — In like manner Livy has used the expression “ exercitum de- currere,” and applied those of “ dccursum, et simulacrum ludicrum pugme,” on the occasion of Perseus and Demetrius, sons of Philip V. king of Maecdon, tilting with each other in a mock fight, (xl. ch. 6, 9). — According to the same author, Gracchus, when in Spain, ordered all his troops, infantry and cavalry, to run in full armour, in order to display their strength to the Celtibcrian ambassadors, (ch. 48). — According to Dion, Nero was so delighted with the running of horses ( lirwobponia ), that when the animals engaged in the contest distinguished themselves, on their growing old, he used to adorn them, like men, with the stola forensis (out-of-door dress of the Romans), and appro- priated to their use a sum of money for their maintenance. See Eckhel, vi. 271, who for some learned remarks on the three kinds of decursio refers to DECl’RSIO.— DECUSSIS. the letters of Cuper, p. 259, and to an anony- mous writer in the Memoires tie T revaux, April, 1709. DECVRSIO. S. C. — Nero, bare-headed, hold- ing a spear on the rest, and mounted on a horse gallopping to the right. He is followed by an- other warrior, also on horseback, and who car- ries a vexillum. In describing the spirited group on his en- graved spcciraeu of this finely fabricated large brass, M. Lenorman* observes, that it refers to Nero’s institution of cavalry manoeuvres for the pretorian soldiers ; or perhaps to the presence of the emperor at some equestrian evolutions performed in their armour, offensive and defen- sive, by the young patricians, in the Campus Martius, at Rome. But notwithstanding the very decided taste of Nero for running horses, there is nothing in the above type to correspond with the legend, in that acceptation of the word Decursio. The speed of the horses is not suf- ficiently rapid ; nor is the attitude of the eques- trians that of men either charging an enemy or riding a race. In order to be convinced of the difference, it is only needful to look at the coins of the Calpurnia gens, which represent the horses actually racing. The horsemen in those types are absolutely in the attitude of the jockies of our own times.” — Iconographie des Empereurs Remains, p. 31. There is a very rare silver coin of Nero, bear- ing on its reverse the exergal legend decvr. and the type of a horseman attended by a foot sol- dier, and riding down an enemy. No such type in silver has been catalogued by either Mionuct orAkermau; but there is a well-pre- served specimen of it in the British Museum. See denarius, p. 317, in which an engraving of it is inserted. DECUSSIS. — The name of an early Roman brass coin, a multiple of the as. The value of ten asses was assigned to the decussis, at the time when the as Jibralis was established. But the as was changed under the dictatorship of Q,. Fabius, and continued in a course of diminu- tion until the passing of the Lex Papiria, which authoritatively lived the decussis of brass, and the denarius of silver, at 16 semi-uncial asses. (Sec Jssis diminutio, p. 85, et seq of this dic- tionary) — These pieces, which are of the highest rarity, bear on one side the galcated head of Minerva ; on the other the prow of a vessel ; and arc marked with the sign X. One of them 2 S 2 DEDICATIO. — DELMATIU8. 315 is stamped roma, and has the type of Victory in a biga. — Ilennin — Mionnet. — See denarius. DEDICATIO AEDIS. A temple of six columns. — This inscription and type appear on silver and gold coins of Faustina senior ; and refer to the temple erected in memory of that empress by her husband Antoninus Pius. It was built in the Via Sacra at Rome, aud its remains exist to this day. At first it was dedi- cated to Faustina alone, but after the death of Autonine, worship was paid in it to both, as its front bespeaks, on which is read divo antonino et divae favstinae ex. s. c. The same tem- ple is seen on the coins of Faustina, with aed. div. favstinae. and between the two centre columns of the building stands or sits the image of the empress. — See Templum. DEDICATION of Shields. — On a silver coin of Augustus are the following legend and type : caesar avgvstvs s. p. q. r. Buckler between two olive branches, c. l. v. The custom of dedicating shields (says Eck- hel, vi. 121), is of a very ancient date. Ac- cordingly, even Virgil repre- sents /Eneas as dedicating his shield to Apollo Actius, with the epigraph — “ /Eneas hate de Danais victoribus arma.” — On a coin struck by Mescinius, one of the moneyers of Augustus, w r e find the portrait of that emperor iu the centre of a shield ; and the heads of Clemency and Moderation are similarly exhibited on coins of Tiberius. — See c. L. Clipeus Volicus, p. 218, and CLEMENT1A, p. 215, of this dictionary. DEI PENATES. — On a coin of the Antia gens appears this legend, with the type of two young heads, jugated and diademed, of house- hold gods ; indicating that Roman family to have originally come from Lavinium. See PENATES. DELMATIUS (Flavius Julius) or Dalmatius, for the name is spelt in both ways on coins aud by authors, was the son of Delmatius, brother of Constantine the Great, who was elevated to the office of Censor. lie was born at Toulouse, or, as some say, at Arles. His mother’s name is unknown. Being a favourite with his uncle Constautine, whom he resembled in character, he was elected Consul U. C. 1086 (a. d. 333), aud two years afterwards (335) was created Ciesar. Whilst yet in a private capacity, he defeated Calocerus, who had revolted in Cyprus, and brought him prisoner to his uncle, who con- signed him to the flames. In the memorable partition of the empire, which Constantine made iu this latter year, Delmatius received as his share Thrace, Macedonia, and Achaia ; but shortly after the decease of Constantine, he was 31 6 DENARIUS. put to death by the soldiers, a. d. 337, under the pretence of desiring to be governed only by , the children of Constantine; and this was done with the connivance of Constantius II. who was envious of him. On his coins, which are rare even in brass, and of the highest rarity in gold and silver, lie is styled delmativs caesaii — delmativs no- b(ilissimvs) caesar — and kl. ivl. delmativs (or DALMATIVS) NOB. C. The following are the rarest reverses of coins minted hy, or struck in honour of, this young prince : — Gold. — delmativs caesar. Victory walk- ing. — pbjncipi 1WENTVTIS. Delmatius stands holding a spear and military ensign. — (Valued by Mionuct at 200 fr. each). Silver. — delmativs nob. cae. Laureatcd head of Constantine the Great. — (00 fr.) Small Brass. — gloria exercitvs. Two military figures, armed with spear and buckler, standing one on each side a tripod, on others a labarum, with the monogram of Christ. On the exergue sis. or shka. — Obv. — fl. ivl. del- mativs nob. c. Diademed head of Delmatius. — Sec the preceding cut (p. 315). DENARIUS. — This well-known coin of the Romans derived its appellation a denis assibus (from ten asses), for which it used to be ex- changed, weighing a pound each, as they did at the time when silver first began to be coined at Rome, namely, a. u. c. 485 (b. c. 269). — According to l’liny, it was established that the denarius should be given in exchange for ten pounds of brass, the quinarius for five pounds, and the sestertius for two pounds and a half. — But when the as, about the year u. c. 537 (b.c. 217), was reduced in weight to one ounce, it was established, that the denarius should be given in exchaugc for sixteen asses, the quina- rius for eight, and the sestertius for four. And though the reason for its being so called no longer existed, yet the denarius retained its original name. The difficulties which embar- rass this theory of Pliny are adverted to in the citations made from Eckhcl, under the head of Assis Diminutio (p. 85 et scq. of this diction- ary), but which he leaves without solving them. There arc specimens of the early minted dena- rius, bearing on the obverse a double beardless head ; and on the reverse Jupiter in a quadriga, and the word roma in indented letters. W ith respect to the weight of the denarius, it appears, according to Pliny, and other writers, that there were, in the aucicnt libra, 84 denarii. The author of Doctrina (v. p. 18), denies that there is any well-grounded argument to prove that ancient denarii were heavier than those of DENARIUS. subsequent date, and adduces proofs to shew, that those, which exceed the w'cight just speci- fied, must be regarded as belonging to a foreign mint. As to the statement of those who assert that the ancient denarius was equivalent to the Attic drachma, Eckhcl (vol. v. page 18, et scq.), in quoting from Eiscnschmid, their names and testimonies, observes : — “ You may constantly remark, that writers, when comparing the Greek and Roman coinages, use the denarius, or, what comes to the same thing, four sestertii, for the attic drachma. Of the promiscuous employ- ment of the words innumerable instances arc to be found, and this accounts for the fact, that several Latin authors, though most incorrectly, give the name of denarius to the drachma of the Greeks. But, though public opinion and the usage of commerce have assigned the same weight to the denarius aud the drachma, it is nevertheless ascertained hy the accurate re- searches of Eisenschmid and Barre, that the attic drachma is somewhat heavier than the de- narius, and stands in relation to it as 112 to 100, or to come still nearer, as 9 to 8. And, indeed, the same proportion is arrived at on a comparison of the respective weights of some attic tctra-drachmie (pieces of four drachma. 1 ), and some denarii of Augustus ; so that not only the authorities quoted by learned writers, but also experience founded on the coinages of the two nations, serve to establish the true proportion of the drachma to the denarius. But this pro- portion applies only to those denarii which were struck under the republic, or at least as early as the reign of Augustus. [A specimen of that emperor’s silver coinage, as struck about U. c. 735 (b. c. 19), by Dur- mius, one of his moneyers, is hereto subjoined.] “ Under the successors of Augustus, and espe- cially from the time of Nero, they were re- duced to nearly an eighth part of their original weight ; though even these lighter coins were by the tyrant custom, who always prefers the old- fashioned to the true, still held equivalent to the drachma.” The mark of the consular denarius was X or one or two variations in the form of that letter. A similar mark was used on the brass coinage (sec p. 135) to indicate the weight of X asses ; but on denarii also it denotes the value of X asses, for w hich, as already stated, the denarius was given iu exchange. Instead of this mark, however, ou coins of the At ilia, Aufidia, Julia, Titinin, aud Valeria families, appears the uuineral XVI. by which doubtless is indicated the value of a denarius of 16 asses, to which it was re- duced when the second l’nnic war was at its DENARIUS. DENARIUS. 317 height, under the dictatorship of Q • Fabius Maximus, u. c. 537 (b. c. 217)- “ Hence (iulds Ecklicl), it has been thought by not a lew antiquaries, that deuarii marked X\ I. were struck during that war, when the regulation was introduced, and that shortly afterwards, the old mark X. was resumed; an opinion which 1 shall not venture either to confirm or to deny, tho’ 1 consider it more probable, that it was left to the discretion of the inoneyer to use whichever mark he preferred. For as the mark X. refers to the name of denarius given to the coiu, so does the mark XVI. to its value. Indeed, de- narii of Valerius Flaccus, of the ancient form, which are proved incontestably to have been all stmek at one and the same time, are marked some X. and others XVI.” — See Aufidia gens, p. 94 in this dictionary. With respect to the types of denarii, Pliuy simply states (xxxiii. 13), that “ the type of silver was bigee and quadriga .” — This is the fact with reference to a large portion, but many bear other types. Tacitus (De Morib. Germ.) has mentioned the higali, and so has Livy fre- quently, whilst describing the booty taken in llispania and Gallia Cisalpina. On denarii struck during the later periods of the republic, the types varied in many ways, conformably to the will of consular magistrates, and finally of the monctal triumvirs. The obverses of these silver coins were stamped with the galeated head of Rome, whilst their reverses exhibit representa- tions of the Dioscuri on horseback (as on the fine denarius of the Horatia family, inserted as a specimen in p. 316, left-haud column) ; also figures drawing biga and quadrigae (see those words) ; from which circumstance the pieces were termed bigati and quadrigati (p. 129). — They were also called Victoriati, when their types displayed a figure of Victory, as in the subjoined cut, from a denarius of Fannia gens, in which the goddess is driving her chariot and four horses at full speed. This was the case with the half denarius, de- nominated quinarius (see egnatia and egna- TULEIa), or piece of five asses. Of this and of the small silver coin called sestertius, but few specimens arc extant. Eugravcd examples of the consular denarius will be found in this volume, under the re- spective heads of Atilia ( Dioscuri , p. 93) — An- nia (Victory in a quadriga, p. 48) Hiebia, (Quadriga, p. 121) — Cfccilia (Biga of elephants, p. 150) — Cipia (Victory in Bigis citis, p. 200) — Cornelia (Jupiter in Quadrigis, p. 286) — Curiatia (Quadriga, p. 299) — Saufeia (Victoria in citis Bigis, p. 129), &c. &c. For specimens of the imperial denarius see Cicsar Augustus (p. 13) — Agrippa and Augustus (p. 105) — Caligula and Agrippina (p. 28) — An- tonia (p. 55) — Balbinits (p. 122) — Alexander Severus (p. 33) — Plotina (p. 74) — For a quina- rius of Augustus (p. 89). To these we add the subjoined cut from a rare Decursio in silver, as a specimen of the denarius under Nero’s reign : Frequent mention is made of the denarius or (Roman) penny, in Holy Writ, wherein it is spoken of as the daily wages of a labourer, and also as the tribute money. “ Whose is this image and superscription ?” In his “ Numismatic Illustrations of the Nar- rative Portions of the New Testament,” Mr. Akermau, quoting from St. Matthew, xx. v. 2, the words “ a penny a day,” makes the following observations : — “ The penny here mentioned was the dena- rius which, at the time of Our Lord’s ministry, was equivalent in value to about sevenpencc halfpenny of our money. With the decline of the Roman empire, the denarius was by degrees debased ; and before the time of Diocletian had entirely disappeared, or rather had ceased to be struck in the imperial mints ; but that emperor restored the coinage of silver ; and denarii were again minted, though reduced in weight. This reduction went on, after the division of the em- pire, until the denarius, once a very beautiful medalet, became a coin of very inferior execu- tion, low relief, and reduced thickness and weight. * * * The term ‘ denarius’ is yet pre- served in our notation of pounds, shillings, and pence, by &. s. d. * * * It is worthy of re- mark, that, in this country, a penny a day ap- pears to have been the pay of a field labourer, in the middle ages ; whilst, among the Romans (see Tacitus, Ami. lib. i. c. 17) the daily pay of a soldier was a denarius,” pp. 7 and 8." From the 6th section of the same work (pp. 10 and 11), another passage referring to the im- perial denarius, as circulated during the latter period of Our Saviour’s appearance on earth, will be found cited in this dictionary, amongst the mintages of tiberius. Respecting base deuarii, see the words ma- JOR1NA PECUNIA. DEO. AESC. SVB. — On a colonial coin of Parium, in Mysia, as identified by the usual initials C. G. l. H. p. Colonia Gemella Julia Uadriana Pariana, noticed by the Abbe Bellev, from the collection of Pellerin, there appeal's on one side the head of Commodus, and on the other the figure of a man, with naked head, and without beard, sitting, to whom an ox, which is before him, presents its 318 DEO AVGVSTO. DEO CABIRO. foot, as if to have it examined. Above this group is inscribed deo. aesc. svb. — Belley has given to the word svb. the interpretation of Subvenienti Pelleriu that of Suburbano. — j Each, however, regards the type as referring to j iEsculapius. Pellerin (in his Additions aux Re- cueils, p. 29), in support of his own reading, ob- serves, that “ iEsculapius on this medal is repre- sented young, without crown and without beard. This gives occasion to presume that he is thus figured in his youth, as allusive to the time when he began to practice medicine, in which he had received instructions, not only from his father Apollo, but also from the Centaur Chiron, aud that the first essays of his art were exer- cised on animals.” — .Esculapius is always repre- sented old and bearded, on medals of cities with- in whose walls temples were erected to him as a divinity. But, Pelleriu goes on to shew, on the authority of many ancient authors, that j almost all the cities had temples of Esculapius j in their suburbs, which seems to him to prove j that the sense which he gives to the word svb. | is the true one — viz. a suburban edifice, W'here the inhabitants of Parium and its neighbour- hood went to offer gifts to the god, in supplica- tion for the blessing of health. — The above cut is from a second brass coin in the British Mu- | seum. It will be found closely to correspond with the reverse engraved in Melange I. plate xvii. of Pelleriu. — See also Parium. DEO AVGVSTO. — Statue of Augustus, who i sits in the manner of Jupiter, with radiated 1 head, and having a spear in his left hand, and a [ figure of Victory in his right, c. v. t. t. Colo- nia Viclrix Togata Tarraco. — On the reverse aeteun’itatis avgvstae. A magnificent tem- ple of eight columns. — Large brass colonial. — j The colonists of Tarragona, in Spain, after the apotheosis of Augustus, sent an embassy to Rome, petitioning for leave to erect a temple to him ; a privilege which they were the first to obtain. (Vaillant, in Col. i. p. 45). — See Aker- uian, Coins of Cities, &c. No. 3, pi. ix. p. 188. — See also in this dictionary tarraco. DEO AVGVSTO. — This epigraph round the head of Augustus, appears on the obverse of a gold coin, having on its reverse the head of Gallienus. Most of the Consecration medals of his im- mauy liviug emperors did not refuse to accept that fulsome aud presumptuous honour. Nay they even courted the appellation of Deus ; as Eutropius writes of Doraitian, who commanded to have himself called Dominus and Deus, but after death did not either merit or obtain even the less obnoxious title of Divus .” DEO CABIRO. — Cabirus, or rather oue of the Cabiri, with cap on his head, aud a band rouud the body, stauding, a hammer in his right and a pair of nippers or tongs in his left hand. Third brass of Claudius Gothicus. — (See Banduri, ii. p. 340, who describes, but does not give, an engraving of the coin). The Cabiri were sons of Vulcan and of Cabira, daughter of Proteus, who taught men the use of fire, and the manufacture of iron. The ad- vantages thence derived to the human race esta- blished a claim for them to divine honours, and they were adored as gods in different places. — Their mysteries were celebrated with pro- found secrecy, and the most remarkable feature, according to what has been related of them, is that those who had the good fortune to be initi- ated, were protected from all dangers, as well by land as by sea. — See below, deo volkano. Eckhel says that “ this is the only coin of Roman die (commatis llomani), itself of the greatest rarity, upon which [the name and type of] Cabirus is found ; but of whom frequent mention is made on the coins of the Thcssa- louians, whose tutelary deity he w'as. Banduri therefore imputes the impress of the deity’s image on this coin to a grateful feeling on the part of Claudius, inasmuch as the Goths, at- tempting the siege of Thcssalouica, as Zosimus and Trebellius relate, were repulsed by the tute- lary deity of that place.” — Doct. Num. Vet. vol. vii. p. 472. DEO VOLKANO. — A temple of four co- lumns, in which Vulcan stands before an anvil, holding in his right hand a hammer, aud in his left a pair of fire-tongs (for - cej/s). The above ap- pears on a billon coin of Valerianus senior, who, according to Tristau, “ built,” or according to Vaillant, “ restored,” the perial predecessors were restored by Gallienus, aud round the etligy of each is commonly read Divo. But on this gold coiu Gallienus conjoins with the effigy of the founder of the empire, the epigraph of deo avovsto. Thus substitut- ing for Divvs or divine, the unusual and still more outrageous assumption of devs, God 1 Scrvius thus draws the distinction between Deos aud Divos — viz. that the eternals are called by the former name ; but Did were those who, from bciug mere mortal men, were placed by the ceremony of apotheosis amongst the gods. The title of Did was at first conferred after death on those Roman princes who in their life- time had performed some illustrious service for the republic or state. Afterwards, however, as the spirit and love of adulation daily increased, temple of Vulcan, at Rome, in order to render that god propitious to him and his arms, for which he had at the time great employment against so many barbarous nations as then as- sailed the empire. — See vulcanus. DEO ET DOMINO CARO. AVG. The heads opposite to each other of the Sun radi- ated, and of Carus also radiated. — This appears on a third brass of Carus, “ who desired (says Banduri) while still liviug, to be worshipped as and called a god — a fact indicated by the poets of that age, by whom, when yet reigniug, he is honoured as a deity.” — There is also a gold coin of Carus bearing the saute legend and the head of that emperor on its obverse, aud vic- toria avo. with the type of a Victory stauding on n globe, on its reverse. DEO MARTI. DEO ET DOMINO NATO. AYREL1ANO AVG. A radiated head. — Rev. — restitvt. or- bis. A woman standing, offers a crown to the emperor, dressed iu the paludamentum. Second brass. — (Spanheim, vol. ii. p. 491. — Banduri). DEO ET DOMINO NOSTRO AVRELIANO AVG. A radiated head. — Rev. — restitvt. or- ris. A woman offering a crown to the emperor, who stands beside her in the paludamentum. — Third brass. — (Mus. Genov, tab. xxi. No. 11). Spanheim, in his comments on the former of these coius, cleverly remarks, that Aurelian is on this coin styled Rem et Rominm NATVS, to distinguish him from Sol, who was one of the unbegotten and eternal deities, and who, on some coins of not much later date, is styled Dominus Imperii Romani. And this opinion appears to Eekhel (vol. vii. p. 482), much more probable than that of Banduri, who considers this coin to have bceu struck after the death of Aurelian. \Ye have here, says he, a memorable instance of the greatest arrogance of which a mortal can be guilty. Up to this time the title of dominm had been thought too proud a one, and had accordingly beeu excluded from the coinage of Rome, though in the salutations and common conversation of courtiers it was applied to the emperors. But now we find Aurelian openly introducing it on his coius, and not con- tent with monopolizing, by this invidious appel- lation, the empire of the whole world, lie rashly invades the honours of heaven, and even during his life-time, insigniticant mortal as he is, allows himself to be described on public monuments as a god; so that our surprise is greatly dimi- nished at finding Cams afterwards glorying iu both those titles. — In the case of Domitian, not only has Passeri (Lucern. vol. i. tab. 74, vol. iii. tab. 26, 28), seen the titles dens and do- minus ascribed to him on works of pottery, but Suetonius (Domit. ch. 13), also has recorded that they were eagerly desired by that infatu- ated emperor ; and hence, in allusion to him, Martial uses the words — “ Edictum domini deique nostri.” — (Epig v. 8.) DEO MARTI. — Mars naked, except the head, which is galeated, stands with a spear in one baud, and resting his other hand on a buckler ; in a temple of four columns. — This le- gend and type appear on a silver coin of r. l. cob- NELIVS SALONIKA'S VALE- RIANA'S caes. son of Gal- lienus & Salonina, struck in memory of the temple of Mars, which his father Yalcrianus had re- stored in the Elaminian way ; for says Banduri, as Gallienus styled Jupiter Victor the educator (nutritor) of his son, so it Avas likewise his wish to shew that by his example, his son had become a Avorshippcr of the god of war. — See mars. DEO SANCTO N1LO. — On a third brass of Julianus II. — See a lengthened commentary on this and other coins of the same description, struck under Julian, viii. p. 137 of Eekhel. — See also nilo. DERTOSA.— DESTINATO. 319 DEO SANCTO SERAPIDI.— The radiated head of Serapis, with the modius, and w'ith the paludamentum on his shoulders. — Engraved in Spanheim’s Ciesars of Julian , p. 67. This is one of four brass coius which, bearing the inscription deo serapidi or deo sarapidi, are assigned by antiquaries to Julian II. sur- named the Apostate. They are regarded as evi- dences of his singular and superstitious defer- ence towards that Egyptian deity, who, on coius aud inscriptions, is called Sarapis or Serapis . — These types are the more exclusively attributed to him, because having embraced, he endea- voured to restore, paganism and all its idola- trous rites, in prejudice to the Christian reli- gion, to which Constantine the Great, liaviug made public profession of his faith, had given the chief place. — See serapis. DEOR. Dcomm. — Sec felicitas, and pro- videntia. DERTOSA, a city of Ilispania Tarrnconensis, now Torlosa, in South Catalonia, situate near the mouth of the Ebro. Pliny says the people of Dertosa were comprised in the juridical con- vention of Tarragona; and Strabo speaks of it as a colony planted by Julius Caesar. Coins confirm this statement, there being second brass struck in honour of Augustus, and of Tiberius, bearing on their respective obverses c. i. a. d. avg. Colonia Julia Avgusta Dertosa Augusta , with radiated head of Augustus; and on their reverse C. I. a. i>. ti. Caes. with laureated head of Tiberius— Avhich sIicavs that they were struck after the death and consecration of Augustus. — (Engraved in Vaillant, i. p. 23 ; also in the Cabinet de Christine, p. 305). — In Akcrman, Coins of Hispania, &c. the following small brass of Dertosa is quoted from Sestini, viz. : — Obv. c. ivl. tanc. c. arri. af. c. I. d. Laureated head of Julius Caesar. — Rev. — A plough ; which type, together Avith the letters c. i. d. seems to confirm the asserted claim of this city to be ranked amongst the Roman colonics. — There are coins of the same place Avhich, with the type of a galley, also exhibit the name of Ilercavonia, demonstrating that the two towns Avere in alli- ance Avith each other. DES. alias DESIG. — Dcsignatus. Elected, appointed! — COS. DES. Consul Dcsignatus. Consul Elect ; that is to say, before he entered his first consulate. (See consulates, p. 267). The term Dcsignatus, or Designati, applied to those AA'ho, in the comitia, Avere for the ensuing year elected consuls, questors, edilcs, &c. DESTINATO IMPERATon?. Designation to the Empire.— Ou a silver coin of Caracalla, with accompanying type of pontifical instruments (viz. lituus, apex, tripus, simpulum) ; behind them the skeleton head of an ox (allusive to the sacrificial victim). Spanheim explains this coin, when he says that the Emperor Severus “ demanded of the Senate that his eldest son, Bassianus Antoninus (Caracalla), should be proclaimed Cfesar, and invested with the usual imperial insignia.” — This was done at that period in which, after subduing and putting to death his rival Albinus, 320 DESULTOR. iu Gaul, Scverus returned to Rome, and before he proceeded to wage war in person against the J Parthians. Many inscriptive marbles (in Gru- 1 ter and Muratori) also call Caracalla destinatns imperator. In the same manner, the cenotaph at Pisa describes Caius Caesar, the son of Agnppa, as “ already designated prince, of the most just character, and perfectly resembling his parent in all virtues,” i. e. Augustus, who adopted him ; aud, on coins of the year U. c. 821 (a. d. 71), Titus is called imperator desig- nates . — See Eckhel, vii. 20U. The pontifical instruments refer to the sove- reign priesthood conferred npon Caracalla by his father, and they supply the place of the titular initials p. M. (Pontfex Maximus), omit- ted iu the legend of this coiu. DESULTOR, a lcapcr, a vaulter; the technical appellation of a sort of riders, whose practice it was, iu the circus games, to urge two horses to their utmost speed, leaping from one to the other with surprising agility, without stopping. The term was also applied to those youug Ro- mans, some of them of the highest rank, who, not content with driving big* and quadrigae iu the circus, carried the reigning taste for these exercises to the utmost excess. They, too, mounted bare backed horses, riding one of them and leading another in hand. On these they alternately vaulted whilst gallopping, and thus changed their position many times, with won- derful celerity, after the manner of a troop of horse in the Numidian army, as described by Livy (xxiii. 29). The Roman desuitor wore a pilots, or cap of felt, aud his horse was without a saddle, but he had the use of both whip and bridle. From these volatile feats of horsemanship the term desidtor was, by a metaphor, applied to the fickle and inconstant, and to those who were prone to betray a cause. And so, Ovid says of himself (Amor. i. cleg. 3, v. 15) : — Non milii niille placent, non sura desuitor araoris. that is, " I am not a fickle lover.” The remarkable type exhibited on the reverse of the above cugraved denarius (the obverse bears the heads of Numn aud Aliens), is de- scribed by Hyginus (tab. 80), when speaking of the Dioscuri — “ Whence also the Romans keep up the custom, wheu they exhibit a desul- tor ; for one individual manages two horses with a cap on his head, aud leaps from one horse to the other, in memory of his (i. e. Pollux) representing his brother (Castor) ns well as him- self.” — In conformity with this account, the de- sultor is represented wearing a cap of a conical form, doubtless the more closely to imitate the Dioscuri, whose caps were of this kind, as is testified by numerous monuments, and also by DES U LTO R . — DEV 1CTA. Luciau (Dial. deor. 36), who calls them roC &ov fig'iTofiov — “ the half segment of an egg,” by which was indicated the myth which affirms their being sprung from an egg. — Eckhel then quotes the verses of Homer (Iliad, O. v. 679), so graphically descriptive of the exploits of a desultor, to the following effect : — “ As when a man, well-skilled iu the manage- ment of race horses, who, after selecting from a multitude four steeds, hurrying them from the plain, drives them to the city by the much-fre- quented road ; and crowds gaze on him with admiration, both men and women ; whilst he, with firm seat and in security, leaps alternately from one to another; they flying the while.” Manilius also well illustrates this type (As- tron. v. 85) : — Necnon alterno desultor sidere dorso Quadrupedum, et stabiles poterit defigere plant ns , l’erque volabit equos, ludens per terga volantum. [The vaulter, too, may alight alternately on the back of each quadruped, and plant his firm feet, flying amidst the horses, and playing his pranks over their backs, as they go at full speed.] lhis type was selected by Ccnsorinus in me- mory of a celebrated seer (rates) of the Marcia family, named Manaus, who suggested to the Senate the establishment of the Ludi Apolli- nares — Equestrian games iu honour of Apollo. As a numismatic illustration, the foregoing cut is inserted from a coin of the Marcia gens, which exhibits one of the des it Hares , with coni- cal cap, aud with whip in right hand, urging to their fullest speed two horses, one of which lie is riding, the wreath and palm, as symbols of victory, accompany the equestrian group, on the Scpullia and other family' coins. Sec Cal- puruia gens (p. 167), on a coiu of which is a figure of a man, with a palm branch on his shoulder, riding a horse at a rapid rate — but which Eckhel does not consider to typify the desultor, who he observes had at least two horses in hand, as exemplified in the denarius en- graved in left-hand column. — For three other illustrations of the subject, sec Dr. Smith’s Dic- tionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, p. 327, article desultor. DEVICT. Devictis. DEVICTJS PROVIXCI.E. -Conquered coun- tries, or provinces, arc indicated on Roman coins, very frequently, by figures seated aud weeping : for not only amongst the Jews, and people of the East generally, the sitting posture signified grief; but also amongst the Greeks, the Etrus- cans, aud others, as Gori shews in his Museum Etruscum. DEVICTA. — Sec alaxanxia df.victa (p. 32) — ARMENIA DEVICTA (p. 81 ) — JUD.EA DE- VICTA SAIIMATIA DEVICTA. DEVICTIS GERMAXIS. SIGNIS RE- C eptis. See gekmanicus caesar — sec also SION1S. DEULTUM (Thracia) Colonia, now Dcrkon, in Rumilia, European Turkey. Ancient Deul- tum was situated on the Parysus, near the out- flow of that river into the Euxine, between Mcsembrin and Apollonia. — According to Poly- DEULTUM. DEUS. 321 bias, Thrace was colonised, not only by the Homans, but also long before, by the Greeks, and this city is said to have been originally founded by Milesian emigrants. Its name is differently spelt by different authors. Ptolemy ca h it Deceit us ; Ammiauus, Debultus ; and in the “ Acta Couciliorum,” it is denominated Debeltus, — Vaillaut (in Coloniis) adopts the appellation given to it by Pliny, namely Deul- tum ; where a colony of veterans was planted by Vespasian. This Roman settlement assumed his family name, Flavia; and on account of his remarkable tokens of devotion to the goddess of Peace (to whom that emperor built a temple at Rome) ; it was called Pacensis, or Pacifica . — The place was once surrounded with strong walls, and still exhibits the remains of its ramparts. The coins of Dcultuin are Latin imperial, in small, middle, and first brass. They commence a. d. 97 and end A. D. 249, and are inscribed either with the initial letters c. f. p. d. or with the abbreviated words con. fl. pac. DEVLT. (Colon ia Flavia Pacensis [or Pacifica] Dcultum). The Emperors, Caesars, and Empresses to whom this colony dedicated the products of her mint were — Trajanu3, Macrinus, Diadumcninnus, Alexander Severus, Mamma, Maximinus, Maxi- mus, Gordianus Pius, Tranquillina, Philippus senior, Otacilia, and Philippus junior. The deities worshipped at Deultum, and whose images with their respective attributes appear on her coins, arc as follow : — Apollo (the tute- telary god of the city) TEsculapius, Bacchus, Ceres, Cybcle, Diana, Fortuua, ilygeia, Jupi- ter, Minerva, Nemesis, Silenus, and Seraph. Besides the above types there are others on the colonial coinage of this Thracian city ; such as a bull’s head on a third brass of Trajan ; the Genius Urbis, uuder Alexander Severus ; a liou, with Philip senior and junior on its obverse ; legionary eagles and other Roman military standards, referring to the original peopling of the colony with veteran soldiers (engraved in Vaillaut, ii. p. 155) ; the Wolf and twins, on second brass of Caracalla and Macrinus ; the dolphin, in small brass, dedicated to Maximus Cesar ; the three Graces, inscribed to Alexan- der Severus, &c. &c. Ouly two subjects have any direct allusion to the locality of Deultum. An engraving of one of them is hereto sub- joined : — River-deities. — Two of these fluvial personifi- cations, one bearded, holds a reed in the right hand, in the left a cor- nucopia, resting on an urn, whence water flows. The other a female figure, in long drapery, also . holds a reed in one hand, and resting in like manner to the other on an urn. Above the female figure is a ship with sail. This appears on a second brass of Gordianus III. with legend of col. FL. pac. devlt. Colo- nia Flavin Pacensis Deultana. 2 T [There is another reverse of this coin, vary- ing in the grouping of the objects from the above, also given in Vaillant (ii. 144), who ob- serves, that “ Rivers emptying themselves iuto the sea, arc depicted on ancient medals under the figures of old men, with flowing beards, as though they were the fathers of other streams. But the pcrsouifications of those rivers which discharge their waters into other rivers, arc re- presented without beards. The name of the river which issues into the Parysus (near the banks of which Deultum appears to have been situated), is not found in the geographies of antiquity. The sailing vessel denotes that the Parysus was navigable. The cornucopia: indi- cates the affluence derived to the city from its navigation. According to Pliny, Deultum was situated ou a lake.”] DEUS. — If Plutarch is to be credited on the subject, Numa Pompilius had given to the Ro- mans so sublime an idea of the Supreme Beiug, that, convinced of the impossibility of arriving at a knowledge of Him, except through the understanding, they regarded it as a sacrilege to represent the Deity under auy human form. And accordingly, for a time, it is affirmed, neither figure nor painting of the gods was seen at Rome, although temples were erected to them, in which they were worshipped. — The use of idols was derived to the Romans from the Tuscans, and from the Greeks. It was mainly from those two sources that they drew their superstitions ; and they afterwards im- proved upon their models. For when Rome be- came mistress of a great part of the world, she allowed almost every foreign religion to be in- troduced within her walls ; and there might be seen in that city as many diviuities as worship- pers. So great, in fact, was the number of statues raised in honour of these gods, as to give rise to the saying, that the inanimate por- tion of the people in Rome was larger than that which was living, although, the latter amounted to millions. The Romans divided all these dei- ties into different classes; viz. those of t lie first order, which depended, like the rest, on Fate. — Those of an inferior order, and all the other miuor gods and goddesses. Those who presided over each place or each nation. Those which were assigned to each individual being, and even to most human actions. The last named were, in- deed, so many genii, whom they made some- times masculine, sometimes feminine ; and to these they paid a particular worship, following the bent of their supposed wants, and conform- ing to the caprice of their devotions. For all sueh classes of deities as are found alluded to in the legends or types of Roman Coins, sec dii, &c. (p. 328). DEVS ADIVTA ROMANIS. — A cross stand- ing on steps. — This legend and type appear on a large silver medallion of Heraclius I. Eckhcl says of it — “ This pious medal appears with others, to have been coined from that silver which, on the eve of a war with the Persians, the emperor, to supply a deficient treasury, took 322 DIADEMA. Ibr this purpose, out of the sacred edifices.”— vol. viii. 223. DM. SO or DEUSONA. — Sec iikhcui.i deu- SONIENSI. DEXTRAE DILE JI NCT/E. — See Bight Hands joined. D. F. Divi Filins — avg. d. f. j.vd. saec. EEC. — See Lvdi Stead ares. DIADEM A. — It was hy this name that the white fillet, or band, was called, which bound the temples of kings in the earliest ages. The head of Bacchus (to whom fable has ascribed the invention of that head-dress), also the heads ol Neptune, of Hercules, of Victory, and some other divinities, appear on coins encircled w ith the diadem. Considering it certain, therefore, that this ornament was distinguished, horn a remote antiquity, as an essentially roval badge, it is not surprising that amongst 'a free people, such as the Romans were after the expulsion of the larquins, and the abolition of monarchical government, the diadem should have been held in universal abhorrence. For this reason both Augustus and Tiberius had the wisdom to ab- stain from wearing it. Nevertheless, certain vain emperors entertained a great desire to as- sume the diadem, although they wanted the courage to do so. — According to Suetonius, Cali- gula was much inclined to try the experiment on the popular feeling, but refrained.— Lam- pridius states, that Elagabalus wished to use the gemmed diadem, as a means of making himself more attractive, and because it was more adapted to the female countenance ; and this he wore w ithin doors ( domij . — Aurelian is said to have been the first among the Romans who decked his brows with the" diadem ; but coins do not confirm this statement. It was by Con- stantine the Great that the example was jntldicly set of a Roman Emperor wearing this royal badge, either in its simple form, or adorned will clasps or jewels, and that too divested of both the laurel and the radiated crown.— Victor alludes to the fact of Constantine “ decking his royal robes with gems, and his head with the invariable diadem.” And its introduction is clearly shewn on his numismatic portraitures. “It is (observes Eckhel) to this fashion, in part, that Julian must have referred, when he so bitterly commented on the voluptuousness and extravagance of that emperor, his effemi- nate mode of head-dress, and all the other topics of reproach, which be spitefully heaps upon him, as on a sccoud Sardauapalus. 't hese ac- counts are confirmed by the Chronicon Atejran- drtHuni, which informs us, that ‘ he lirst adopted the diadem enriched with pearls,’ and olhei gems. Syncsius, whilst lashing with more than Grecian license, in his oration iapl &am- Aetas (concerning the kingdom), the luxury of A readme and the princes of that period, speak- as follows, according to the translation of IVta- vius: At what time, think vou, were the affairs of Rome in better plight ? Is it since you have covered yourselves from head to foot with purple and gold, mid fetchingf'from the mountains of the barharii (lauds beyond seal DIADEMA. pterions stones, you wear them in your crowns, and in your shoes, fasten your girdles with them, make of them your bracelets and your brooches, nay, even adorn your seats with them ?’ And’ that he might not appear to express himself too violently, he has softened down the ofTonsive- j ness of his remarks, with this prelude : — ‘Not that this has arisen from your fault, but from theirs, who were the originators of this morbid passion, and who transmitted to after times this highly prized infection.’ — That these words were intended as a hit at Constantine, mav be in- ferred from what is stated above.”— See Doct Num. Vet. viii. pp. 79-360-502. Diademed head- of Constantine in coelum spectans. — It is to lie observed, that the head turned upwards to the heavens, which occurs on the gold and silver coins of this emperor, lias no parallel in former or in subsequent times. — Eckhcl, iu consulting the opinions of writers upon this peculiarity of pos- ture, first quotes Euse- bius as follows : — ‘ In- deed, the fervent faith w hich had taken posses- sion of his mind, may be recognized in the fact of his causing his por- fiait to be so represented on his gold coins, as to give him the appearance of gazing upwards, like one engaged iu prayer to the Deity. In- stances of this eoiu were common throughout the Roman dominions.’— Thus far the ecclesias- tical historian. “ Rut (continues Eckhcl), 1 am much mistaken if Julian has not held up to de- rision this position of the head as well as everv thing else connected with Constantine. For it is at this lie appears to aim his shaft when he ■ elates that Constantine, when summoned to i the council ol the gods, remained fixed at the threshold of Luna — For, to use his own words, I ' he was desperately enamoured of her, and, [ "copied solely with gazing upon her, he paid no heed lo Victory.’ Certainly, the attitude, which the coin icprcscuts, is that of a man look- ing at the moon or the stars; whence the joke. — In an inquiry like the present, I think that implicit reliance should not "be placed on cither of these writers ; the former of whom ran see in Constantine nothing but what is holy and divine, vvliilst the latter treats every' thing with sarcasm and abuse. Perhaps the main ambition of Coustantine was to resemble Alexander the Great, whom not only aucient authors, but ex- tant monuments, prove to huve been repre- sented iu a very similar manner ; as may be seen under the coinage of that king.” — D. N. V. vol. viii. 80. [The above cut is from a highlv preserved specimen iu the British Museum, for the reverse of which sec l.I.OKIA COK8TANT1NI avg.] According to Ainmianus, and the testimony of coins, Julian the Apostate, notwithstanding all he has said (iu his satire on the Ciesars) to disparage and ridicule his predecessor and uncle, wore a diadem of the suine form, and with the DIADUMEMAN1 S. same embellishments, as Constantine’s. Another proof of the inconsistency of that pagan prince This royal decoration of the head prevailed long afterwards, though it occasionally gave place to the helmet. — On this subject, see the word Head-dresses. On a coin of the Tcrentia family, the bearded head of Quirinus (Romulus) appears bound with the diadem, after the example of other kings, both European and Asiatic. On a denarius of the Calpurnia gens, the bearded head of NVMA exhibits itself with the diadem. On a coin of Coponia is the diademed head of Apollo. On a coin of Marcia is the head of ancvs, also with the diadem. One of the constant symbols of the imperial dignity, the diadem, in modern times, though its form is very different, has in name become synonimous with the word croien. For a fine example of an imperial diadem, see Constautiue the Great (p. 257). 1)1 ADU MEN I ANUS (Marcus Opehus), son of Macrinus, and of Nouia Cclsa, was born in the year of Rome 9(il (a. d. 208), on the 19th of December, the anniversary day of the birth of Antoninus Pius. Macrinus, become emperor a. d. 217, gave to his son the name of Antoninus, and the titles of Caesar and of Prince of the Youth ; and in 218 named him Augustus, although lie was then only ten years of age.— The fall of Macrinus followed so closely on the elevation of his son to the dignity of Augustus, that no coins struck in the name of this young prince arc known to have this title. Macrinus having been defeated, sent Diadumcniauus to Artabaues, King of the Partitions ; but the sol- diers entrusted with the charge of conducting him to the territories of that eastern monarch, delivered him over to the partisans of Elaga- balus, and he was slain. From his maternal grandfather he inherited the name of Diadume- nns, which, on his pretended adoption into the family of the Antoniues, was changed into Dia- dumeuiauus. His portrait on coins does not answer to the description which Lampridius gives of the extreme beauty of this child. He is, on numismatic monuments, styled M. opel. ANTON I NTS IMADVMENI ANVS CAES(ar), Or M. OP. diadvmkn. — The silver coins of Diadumcnian are rare ; the gold, of the highest rarity. Second brass are rare; first brass very rare. — Notwith- standing the shortness of his life and reign, the number of coins minted in his name, particu- larly out of Rome, is considerable. The fol- lowing are among the rarest reverses : — 2 T 2 DIANA. 323 Gold. — princ. ivventvtis (valued by Mion- net at 400 & 600 fr.) — spes. pvblica (600 fr.) Silver. — fides militvm. (60 fr.) Brass Medallion. — piunc. ivventvtis. First Brass. — m. opei, antoninvs diadv- mexianvs. Bust of Diadumcnian, to the right, bare head, habited iu the paludameutum. Rev . — princ(eps) ivventvtis. Prince of the Youth . — The young Ciesar, wearing the paludameutum, stands bare-headed, holding iu the right hand an ensign, and in the left a spear ; on his left are two other ensigns planted on the ground. In the field s. c. [A fine specimen of this large brass brought £3 at the Devonshire sale. — From another, in the highest state of preservation, the preceding type of the obverse has been faithfully engraved ; and an accurate cut from its reverse, equally remarkable for its fine workmanship as the por- trait, will be found under princ. ivventvtis]. DIANA, an Italian Divinity, afterwards re- garded as identical with the goddess whom the Greeks called ’Aprcpis . — According to Cicero (Nat. Deor.J there were three of this name, of whom that most commonly celebrated among mythologists was the daughter of Jupiter and Latoua, and twin sister of Apollo. Diana was worshipped in various ways, and under various figures, by divers ancient nations. Iu rivalship with the similar claims of Delos, the Ephesians assumed the honour of their city having wit- nessed the birth of Diana, and the most famous of her temples was that in their city. Skilful, like Apollo, iu the use of the bow, her employ- ment on earth was the chase ; and if her bro- ther were the god of day, she under the name of Luna, the moon, enlightened mortals during the night. She was the patroness of virginity, and the presiding deity over child-birth, on which account she was called Lucina, or Juno Pronuba, when invoked by women in parturitiou ; and Trivia, when worshipped iu the cross-ways, where her statues were generally erected. The earliest trace of her worship at Rome occurs in the tradition, that Servius Tullius dedicated to her a temple on the Avenline mount. Diana was protectress of the slaves ; and the day, on which that temple had becu dedicated, is said to have been afterwards celebrated every year by slaves of both sexes, and was called the day of the slaves. (See Dr. Smith’s Dictionary of Homan Mi/tholoi///). — On coins, gems, and other monu- ments of antiquity, Diana, as the Ephesian 324 DIANA, goddess, is represented by an image with many breasts, indicating the plenteousness of nature. As Lucifera, she stands cither dressed in the stola, holding a lighted torch transversely, in both hands, or she wears the lunar crescent on her head, and drives a chariot drawn by two stags, holding the reins in one hand, and a burn- ing torch in the other. — As Diana Peryensis (or ot Perga), her symbol is cither a stone, or some cylinder-shaped vase, marked with celestial signs and figures. — As Diana Venal ru- (the huutress), she appeal's with bow and arrow, as on a coin of Gallienus. — On a consecration medal of Faus- tina senior, the figure of Diana in a biga, is the type of the Empress’s eternity. — When she per- forms the part of Luna , she wears a crescent on her head, and her chariot is a biga of bulls, as on a first brass of Julia Domna. [On a brass medallion of Crispina, without legend of reverse, is the graceful figure of a leinale, dressed in the stola , or long flowing robe of itomnn matrons; recognizable as Diana by the bow she holds in her left, and the arrow in her right hand. — See preceding cut from a cast after a rare specimen in the Cabinet de France ]. The goddess also appears, with attributes of either bow, dog, or torch, on coins of Augus- tus, Plotina, Faustina jun. Lucilla, Plautilla, Gordian us Pius, \ alerianus, Salonina, Postuinus, Claudius Gothicus, Quintillus. It is, however, a comparatively rare type ou Roman coins. On a denarius of a consular family, having for its legend of reverse Lucius Hosli/ius Saserna, Diana stands, with face to the front, holding in the lelt hand a lance, and in the right the horns of a stag rearing by her side. — Sec llostilia gens. On a denarius of the Axsia gens (see p. 117), the reverse presents Diana standing, armed with a javelin, in a car drawn by two stags ; she is preceded by a dog, and followed by two others. ——Ibis denarius is attributed to Lucius Axius Naso, who was proscribed in the last civil war of the republic. On a silver coin of the Cornelia gens, Diana appears standing in the Ephesian attitude and dress. — (Engraved in Morell. Fain. Horn. tab. ii. No. 6). The following arc among the most remark- able reverses on which Diana is typified in the imperial series of Roman coins : — DIANA EPHESIA. DI.VNAE CONS. AVG. Diana Consercatrij August's. A stag. — This legend and type, with variations, frequently appears on coins of Gal- lienus, whose father Yalcrianus was singularly attached to the worship of Diaua the Preserver, insomuch that he dedicated a temple to her honour at Rome, called JEdes Valeriana. — A similar epigraph — diana cons. — with the same symbol of the goddess of the chase, appears on a third brass of Carausius, who also professed greatly to honour the sylvan deity. DIAN. EPI1E. Diana Ephesia . — Diana of Ephesus. — This appears on a silver medallion of Claudius, struck in Asia. The goddess is re- presented in an elegant temple of four columus, not with tucked-up dress (ceste sucrinctd), as the agile huntress, but with her Asiatic at- tributes of heavy head-dress, many-breasted bust (poly-manunia), swaddling-clothed body, supported on each side with props, resembliug trideuts reversed, on which she rests each hand, just as she was worshipped by the Ephesians iu St. Paul’s time. The temple here deliucated was obviously intended to associate the honour of Diana, with that once celebrated edifice at Ephesus, which took all Asia 220 years to build, and cost Herostratus, the incendiary, but a mo- ment to fire and destroy. — See M. Dumersan’s beautiful engraving of this medal, in the Allier dTIauteroche collection, PI. xiv. No. 18. “ The authors of antiquity are not agreed as to the order of the temple of Diana: Pliny as- serting that it was Attic, whilst Vitruvius says it was Ionic. Again, the image of the goddess is said by Vitruvius to have been formed of cedar ; and Xenophon describes it as of gold — discrepancies which may be reconciled by a re- ference to the description which l’ausauias gives of many gilded statues. The words of Pliny shew that there was some doubt as to the mate- rial of which it was formed ; but whatever that may have been, the figure was never changed, though the temple was restored seven times.” — See Numismatic Illustrations of the New Testa- ment, by J. Y. Akerman, F.S.A. p. 48. DIANA EPHESIA. — Another silver medal- lion bears on its obverse TI berius CLAVD/ia CAESar AVG ustus AGRIPPm* AVGVSTA, and the jugated heads of Claudius and Agrip- pina. — On its reverse arc the above legend, aud the type of Diaua of Ephesus. The above engraving (for the loau of which the compiler is indebted to the kindness of Mr. Akerman), renders it unnecessary to give a minute description of the form under which Diana Ephesia was worshipped. “ The above medallion (says our eminent numismatic authority) appears to offer the best representation of this remarkable image, and is the more curious, as, in bearing the heads of Claudius and Agrippina, it proves itself to bp DIANA LUCIFERA. nearly contemporaneous with the period of St. Paul’s visit to Ephesus. These pieces were doubtless in circulation throughout all Asia Minor, and could be obtained by devotees at the shrine of the Ephesian goddess. “ It seems probable that the vulgar were not allowed to approach too near to this grotesque but time-honoured figure ; and that the artists of antiquity sometimes drew on their fancies in their representations of her; for even in the coins of Ephesus the goddess is not always re- presented in precisely the same manner. The idol was preserved from decay by resinous gums, which were inserted in cavities made for that purpose.” — Ibid. p. 49. In commenting on that passage in Acts, xix. 27, wherein “ the town clerk” speaks of “ the temple of the great goddess Diana, whom all Asia and the world worshippeth,” the writer above quoted observes, that “ the singular ar- chaic figure uuder which Diana Ephesia was worshipped, is not to be confounded with that of Diana the huntress, but is distinguished by her characteristic attributes as nutrix of all living things.” Ibia. p. 47- DIANA EPHESIA. — On a coin of Hadrian, struck at Ephesus, having the foregoing appel- lation on its reverse, the statue of the goddess stands between two stags. On another silver coin of the same emperor, having consvi, ill. for its legend of reverse, a similar type appears. Both these are engraved in Nouvelle Galerie Mythol. par M. Leuormaut, p. 143, pi. xlix. Nos. 10 and 11. DIANA LAPIIltlA. C. P. Colonia Patren- sis . — On colonial coins of Patrie, respectively dedicated to Nero and to Domitian, bearing the above legend, and of which Vaillant (in Cot. i. 24), gives au engraving, Diana stands, clothed in a short dress, with a quiver at her shoulder, her right hand placed on the hip, and her left hand resting on a bow\ — On small brass of M. Aurelius and of L. Veins, struck in the same colony, is the image of Diana Laphria, as Vena- trix, in the attitude of walking quick, with a lighted torch in her right hand, a spear in her left, and a hound running before her. (En- graved in Vaillant, i. 199). — Laphria was a name given to Diana, in consequence of La- phrius, a Phoenician, having erected a statue to her honour in Calydon (.Etolia). With the name of this city is associated the legend of the wild boar, which was sent by Diana to ravage the surrounding district, and which Meleager killed, giving the head to Atalauta, of whom he was enamoured. — With the Patrenses she was an object of supreme adoratiou. According to Pausanias, when jEtolia was laid waste by Au- gustus, her image was removed from Calydon, aud placed in a shrine at Patraj. DIANA LUCIFERA. Diana the hringer of light . — On first and second brass of Faustina, and on gold of Julia Domna, bearing this legend of reverse, the image of the goddess stands, holding transversely, with both hands, a lighted torch. Engraved in Spanhciin’s Casars of Julian, p. 45. DIANA VENATR1X. 325 In exchanging the how and arrow for the torch, allusion is here made to her other titles and qualities, as Lucfera, or as Luna, whose light being borrowed from the Sun, she was styled his sister. On a denarius of the Claudia gens, Diana, in long clothing, but designated by the quiver at her -back, stands holding in each hand a long torch planted on the ground. — See p. 210 of this dictionary. On a bronze medallion of Antoninus Pins, Diana Lucifcra is represented sitting with a torch in her hands, on a horse galloping to the right. Aud on a bronze medallion of Faustina junior, the light-bringing goddess appears veiled, hold- ing a torch in the left hand, and sittiug on a stag, accompanying the legend of aeternitas a vgvsta. — Both these medallions are engraved in Nouce/le Gal. Mythol. p. 142, pi. xlix. Nos. 4 and 5. DIANA PERG. Diana Per gens is. — A rare silver medallion of Nerva, bearing the date of cos. in. exhibits the foregoing legend on the front of a temple, in which stands an image of Diana of Perga. — “ The inscription itself, as well as the form of this medal, show' that it first saw light among the Pergenscs of Pamphylia.” — Eckliel, vi. 410. The same legend and type appear on a silver medallion of Trajan (cos. ii.) The city of Perga was a place peculiarly addicted to the worship of the inu/ti-mammian Diana. DIANAE REDUCE To the return of Diana — who, in appropriate dress as the huntress, leads a stag in her right hand, and holds a bow in her left. — Of this inscription and type, which appears on a silver coin of Postumus senior, Eckliel laconically remarks — “ Novelty recom- mends it, but its cause is unknown.” Diana Venatrix. — This title is not used as a legend on any Roman coins ; but it serves with numismatists to designate those types, in which Diana, in quality of huntress, appears with short habit, and the usual weapons and dogs of the chase, together with her favourite attribute, the stag. Of this class is the diana feux of Gallienus (in first brass), the accompanying type of which, as the annexed cut serves to shew, typifies the goddess in her sport- ing dress, with bow' in left hand, and right hand raised to head, as hating just discharged an ar- row. She is attended by a small stag. On denarii of Augustus, the hunting Diana | also appears. — See sicil. 26 DICTATOR. The reverse of a brass medallion of Anto- ninus exhibits the goddess in this character, and at the same time, with quiver on shoulder ; be- hind her is a tree; before her a hind or stag. — Engraved in Nouv. Gal. Mythol. pi. 48, No. 10. On another brass medallion of the same em- peror, Diana Venatrix, leaving the bath, stands already re-clothed with a short tunic, and is covering herself with other drapery. Act .Ton, already metamorphosed into a stag, is in front of her, and a dog is rushing upon the indiscreet hunter. — Engraved in NouveUe Gat. Mythol. pi. xlix. No. 4, p. 143. On a second brass, struck by the Roman colony of Corinth, the goddess stands with a bow in her extended left hand, whilst the right is raised in the attitude of drawing an arrow from her quiver. At her side is a stag. — En- graved in Vaillant, ii .—Corinth, Geta. DIAXAE VICTRICI. — To Diana the Vic- torious . — Diana standing with bow and arrow. This legend, which first occurs on silver of Tre- bonianus Callus, is also seen on coins (gold as well as silver) of Aemilianus. — “ It is probable (says Eckhcl), that in the common calamities of those times, it was out of respect to Apollo that his sister was joined with him. Otherwise, it would appear (from a coiu of Trebonianus, de- dicated APOLA'm! COXSERVATorij, that iu the celebration of the secular games, for the safety of the empire, the principal houours were customarily paid to Apollo and Diana.” vii. 372. DIC. Dictator. — I)IC. III. Dictator for the third time. DICT. ITER«»). Dictator for the second time. — DIC. QVART. for the fourth time. DICT. l’ERP. Dictator Perpetuus. — Per- petual Dictator. DICTATOR. A magistrate extraordinary, appointed by the Romans only under circum- stances of alleged public and pressing necessity. IJc was originally called Magister Popu/i, and also Pr/rtor Maximus ; afterwards Dictator, be- cause (Dictus) named by the consul for the time, or because the people implicitly obeyed his commands. The first Dictator created at Rome was T. Lartius Flavus, in the year d. c 253 (b. c. 501). lie, being then one of the consuls, was nominated to this office, under an cxpccta- | tion of war with the Sabines and Latins. The consuls, at that time of emergency, being found unable to make levies among the plebeians, who ' had refused to enlist without a remission of their debts by the patricians, the Senate elected this officer, whom they invested with absolute and unbounded authority. The dictaturc was for a time confined to the patricians, but the ple- beians were afterwards admitted to share in it. The dictator remained in power for six months, after which he was again elected, if the state of affairs seemed desperate ; otherwise he generally resigned before the nllottcd period hail expired. The dictatorship was on n pnr with even regal dignity, and armed with more tlinn regal power, yet, unlike royalty, it was not held in hatred by the people. Amongst the insignia which distinguished this supreme ami unusual DICTATOR j functionary, were the purple robe, the curulc i phair, caparisoned horses, and 20 lictors, bear- ing the fasces with axes. The decision of peace and war resided with him; and the fortunes and lives of soldiers, citizens, and magistrates were alike subject to his absolute government. Dur- ing the dictature, the authority of all the other magistrates ceased, except that of the tribunes of the plebs ; nor was any appeal allowed from the sentence, or judgment, of the dictator, until u. c. 303 (b. c. 451), when the lex Duillia was passed, which provided that, thenceforward, no magistrate should be appoiuted, without his public acts being open to be appealed against before the people. This office so potent, so dig- nified, in the earlier periods of the republic, became at length odious to the Romans, from the despotic usurpations of Sulla, and of Julius Caesar; the former to glut the cruelty of his personal vengeance ; and the latter to compass the schemes of his own boundless ambition. W hen Caesar, therefore, not dariug to assume the titles of Rex, and Dominus, accepted that of Imperator (seep. 155), he was not long in becoming Dictator; and in a short time after- wards Perpetual Dictator. That is to say, he received the dictature v. c. 705 (b. c. 49), M. -Emilias Lcpidus (afterwards the triumvir) be- ing pretor at the time, convened the people, and procured that all-superseding power for Cesar, j then absent from Rome, but who, quicklv ar- ! riving there, entered upon the office ; aud’ hav- ing accomplished his object in taking it, laid down the name of dictator, retaining, however, I not au atom less than all the authority of ouc. j From that period we read on a chronological series of his coins— caes. dic. — next Die. iter then me. TF.R.— But why Dictator Tertium ?— j “ Without doubt (says Schlcgcl, ad Morell.) he was named for the third time by the consul | Lcpidus, u.c. 709 (b. c. 45), after he had en- tered Rome in triumph, as conqueror from Africa. Iu like manner we read me. qvaiit. Dictator Qiuirhtm, because for the fourth time | that office was offered to him, about 710 (b. c. 44), in which year he entered the city from Mount Albauo, with the houours of au ovation. And it was during the same fourth dictatorship, j that Cicsar obtained from the Senate the right : iu perpetuity of wearing the laurel crown, nc- I cording to Appianus and Dion ; the latter of whom thus pursues the subject : — " In this year, i Oie fourth dictatorship fijuarta dicta/ uraj was I decreed to him, not merely for so long as the j state of public affairs required, but for the term | of his natural life, to govern aud administer with dictatorial power.” Thus on gold and silver coins, struck by his moneyers, L. Buca, J and C. Maridiauus, we find him called me! PE If PET VO CAESAR, and DICT. IN PKKPETVO caksar, on others, iuct. in perpktvvm. — See Mintages of Cicsar, pp. 155, 156, aud 157 of this dictionary. And this oltiec the Great Julius held to the day of his death ; after w hich Mark Antony, as consul, obtained the passing of a law, which expressly and permanently abolished both the DECIM1A. — DIDIA. DIDIA. 327 name ami functions of this powerful, but at length, to the public liberties, fatally dangerous, magistracy. DECIMIA. — A plebeian family, of which there is only the following denarius : — Obv. — Galeatcd head of Rome, to the right ; behind it X. — Rev. — FLAWS. Diar.a with the crescent moon on her head, driving a biga at full speed ; below bom a. “This coin (says Kiccio, p. 79), has for a long time been ascribed to the Flavia family ; but the learned Borghesi has assigned it to the Decimia gens, and properly to Cains Deeimius Flavus, pretor in L’. c. 570 (b. c. 184), coeval with P. Cornelius Silla, who was in the magistracy, a little after the government of Sillanus. Modern lovers of antiquity have concurred iu opinion with Borghesi.” — [Neither by Morel nor by Mionnet is this name included among the Roman families]. DIDIA gens, of the plebeian order. — Three varieties in silver, rare. — The following denarius has givcu rise to a controversy amongst the learned, which, as E<-khcl observes, “ is of long standing, and, as it seems, continues undecided.” 1 Obv. — Head of Rome, to the right, below x, behind boma. — Rev. — T. DEIDI. A soldier with a spear (or sword) is feebly contending against another military man, who has a sword girded to his right side, but is brandishing a whip, or vine switch, upraised iu his right hand. Each is armed with a buckler on the left arm. [This silver coin was, according to Eckhel, restored by Trajan, and is of the highest degree of rarity]. Some writers have supposed that the inflic- tion of military punishment, or at least the castigation of some deserter from his post iu the day of battle, is meant to be indicated in the above type. Others treat it only as a combat between two men, whose offensive weapons, how- ever, are very different from each other. In the latter case, he of the flagellum has evidently the advantage over him of the hasta. ltiecio, in his remarks on the Didia gens, says (p. 80) — “ Most antiquaries join iu attributing this coin to Titus Didius, son of Titus, and nephew of Spreuius, who having been scut as pretor into lllyrium, in the year of Rome 640 (b. c. 114), fouud the affairs of that Roman province iu a most perilous state ; for the Thra- cians, and a ferocious people called Scordieei, had put the consul Porcius Cato to flight. On investigating the causes of this disaster, Didius discovered that the army had conducted itself in a base and cowardly manner, and no longer sustained the rigor of military discipline with becoming endurance or obedience. IV ishing therefore to correct such great disorders, he caused an allusiou to be made to the circum- stance on this coin, which represents a centurion inflicting corporal punishment on an undisci- ; plined soldier. — Among modern Archaeologists I of eminence, P. Cavedoni, concurring with the ! the above explanation, says — “ It is clear, that j in the type of this medal, it is the centurion I who punishes a soldier with the vine twig divided j into two twists, or lashes. In fact, the array having been re-organised by Didius, and brought | again under the regulations of true military sub- ordination and exactitude, he attacked the euemy, j defeated them, and obtained for his victory the t houours of a triumph. Perhaps he caused these denarii to be minted, and distributed as dona- tives, that should remind the Roman army, that | the foe was to he beaten only hy the observance of perfect discipline, and by threats of punish- ment carried into effect against unbridled and refractory soldiers. If in that cpocha, and under those circumstances, this coin was struck, its date is to be carried back to the 640th year of Rome (b. c. 114), the year in which Didius triumphed for his successes over the Scordisci.” Le Monele delle Faniiglie di Roma, p. 80. 2. Another and a much rarer denarius of the Didia family has on the obverse p. FONTElVS CAPITO. mviR. concokdia ; with the veiled head of Concord. Whilst the reverse is in- scribed t. didi. imp. vil. pvb. the type exhi- biting a grand portico formed of two tiers of columns. Of the Y 1 1 .la VXB/ica alluded to in the above legend, Varro explains the use, by comparing it with the Villa Reatina (so called from Reate, a very ancient town of the Sabines, now Rieti). “The former (viz. the publica) was the place into which the citizens went from [the tield (b campoj ; the latter that into which were put horses and asses (of which latter animal Rcate was lamous for a valuable breed). The villa publica w as moreover useful for purposes of pub- lic business ; as a [dace where the cohorts might take up their quarters, when called together by the consul, where the show of arms was made; also where the censors might admit the people to citizenship by the census. Another use for these villa publica, erected extra urbem, was to receive such ambassadors from hostile states as it was not deemed expedient to in- troduce into the city. This is referred to by Livy (lxxxiii. c. 9) — ‘The Macedonians were conducted out of the city to the villa publica, where accommodation and provisions were afforded them.’ ” — Eckhel, v. 201. The reason of this type of the portico being struck is uncertain. “ Perhaps (says Kiccio, p. 80), on the occasion of some civic office held 328 DIDIA CLARA. by Diilius subsequent to 660 (b. C. 94), he caused to be built, or restored, the above men- tioned edifice, lie is called on this numismatic monument IMP erator, a title which he obtained after his mission into Northern Spain, which ascends to that epocha, and in which he defeated the Ccltiberians, and received triumphal ho- nours on that account.” Sallust, quoted by Gcllins (l. 11, c. 27), thus alludes to Titus DIDIbj IMP era tor " Magna gloria tribunus militum in Uispania T. Didio imperatore.” — lie [Scrtorinsj gained great cre- dit as military tribune, T. Didius being general in chief. Dll. Dii In 1 at ISO fr. Silver Medallions. — With laurcated head and cuirosscd bust of Diocletian on one side, and the laurcated head of Maximian ou the other. Gold. — comitatvs avgo. — patis victrici- bvs. — virtvs illyrici. (Valued by Miounct nt 150 fr. each). — adventvs avgvstorvm. (200 fr.) — concordiae avgo. n. n. — primis x. mvl- tis xx. — providentia avg. Pretorinn camp. — VOTIS ROMANOUVU. — XX. DIOCLETIANI AVG. J (80 fr. each). — iovi fvlgeratoki. Jupiter striking a Titan. (£2 2s. Borrcll — £2 12s. 6d. Trattle). — consvl yi. p. p. procos. The Em- peror holding globe and parazonium. (Au ex- tremely tine spccimeu brought £14 14s. at the Borrell sale). — romae aeternae. (£4 4s. at l the Campana sale). Silver. — victoria avg. Prctorian camp. DIOSCURI. DIOSCURI. 331 (80 fr.) — Obv. — DIOCLETianvs avg. Lanrented head of Diocletian. Rev . — VIRTVS MIUTVM. Four soldiers sacrificing before the gate of the pretorian cam]) (as in the cut subjoined) : — Brass Medallions. — Diocletian and Maxi- mian. Busts facing each other. — Rev . — Tlie two Emperors in a triumphal car drawn by four elephants; behind is a Victory crowning them; eight pretorian soldiers accompany them carry- ing palms. — [This medallion is finely engraved in Iconographie des Empereurs, par M. Leuor- mant], — moneta iovi et hbrcvli avgg. The goddess Moneta standing between Jupiter and Hercules. — [The obverse of this medallion has for its legend imp. c. c. val. diocletianvs avg. aud for its type the Emperor laureated, and richly cuirassed, carrying a barbed javelin on his shoulder. For an accurate engraving of this fine bust, from a specimen in the highest state of preservation, see the head of our bio- graphical notice. An engraving of the reverse will be found under the head of moneta, &c. — Miouuct values the above at 120 fr. ; another with the same reverse, but with the heads of both emperors on the obverse, he values at 200 fr.] — iovi conservatori avg. Jupiter in a six columned temple. — hercvlio maximiano avg. rom. (150 fr. each). providentia deor(vm) qvies avg. — vota rvBLiCA. Scrapis. (120 fr. each). Second Brass. — conservatores avgg. — Jupiter and Hercules; with the heads, face to face, of Diocletian and Maximian on the ob- verse. (Mionnet, 50 fr.) DIOSCURI. — A name which signifies sons of Jupiter, aud which was given in common to Castor and Pollux, who were also sometimes called Tyndarides, because their mother, Leda, was the wife of Tyndarus, King of Sparta. — There were festivals iu their honour, celebrated by the people of Corcvra (Corfu), and chiefly by the Lacedeinouians. — In Rome, their festival was celebrated on the 28th of January (Ovid, Fasti, i. 705), on which day Tiberius consecrated to them a temple, near the locus Juturna. — Ac- cording to Morel (Tam. Rom.) the worship of the Dioscuri, as divinities, had its origin at Rome, from the victory which the consul Postu- mius gained, near the Lake Rcgillus, over the Latins and the sous of Turquinius Superbus (n.c. 493 or 496.) It was said that, after that engagement, the Dioscuri appeared iu the forum of Rome, weav- ing conical bounets, over each of which was a star. They stood resting upon their lances, be- side their horses, which were drinking at a fouutain. These twin heroes disappeared as soon as they had announced the uews of the battle, 2 U 2 at a moment when, on account of the distance of that city from the scene of slaughter, no ouc could as yet have become acquainted with the event. It is also related that, during the action, two young men, mounted on two white horses, were seen fighting valiantly for the Romans. — This legend is alluded to in the type of a con- sular denarius. — See postumia gens. It also forms the subject of one of the most spirit-stirring poems in Mr. Macaulay’s “Lays of Ancient Rome,” under the title of “ the Bat- tle of the Lake Regillus, as sung at the Feast of Castor aud Pollux, on the ides of Quintilis, in the year of the city ccccli.” (b. c. 303). — This characteristic tradition of supernatural powers crowning with victory the arms of the yet young republic, is, by the author’s genius and his conversance with classic lore, filled to overflowing with warlike incident, and with pa- triotic animation. After proclaiming to a great throng of people, This day by lake Regillus, Under the Porcian height, All in the lands of Tusculum, Was fought a glorious fight, the two strange horsemen, recognised by their pointed caps, and the stars above them, as the “ Great Twin Brethren, to whom the Dorians pray,” When they drew nigh to Vesta, They vaulted down amain, And wash’d their horses in the well That springs by Vesta’s fane. And straight again they mounted, And rode to Vesta’s door, Then like a blast, away they past, And no man saw them more. (p. 137.) On a denarius of the Sulpicia gens, struck in memovy of l. servivs rvfvs (son of Servius Sulpicius Rufus, a friend of Cicero’s), the Dios- curi are represented as two naked men, galeated, standing together, front faced, armed with spears, which they hold transversely, as iu the above engraving. On another denarius, they stand holding their spears, with a horse on each side of them, and a star over each of their heads. — See memmia gens. The Dioscuri most frequently appear, on family coins, as horsemen gallopping, with couched lances, and stars above their pilei . — See Atilia (p. 93); Horatia (p. 316); Cordia, conjoined heads of twin brothers (p. 280) ; the same in Fouteia ; Servilia (on horseback, pro- ceeding in opposite directions), aud many other consular denarii. In the imperial series, this type (which was meant to denote brotherly concord), is of rare occurrence. On a brass medallion of M. Aure- lius, and a second brass of Geta, oue of the 332 DIS ADSPICIBUS. Dioscuri, holding a spear, stauds beside his horse. — See castor (p. 190). On a brass medallion of Maxeutius (valued by Mionnet at 100 fr.) they stand each with the pileus on his head, and the pallium hanging be- hind his back, holding his spear with one hand and his horse’s bridle with the other. There is a second brass of the same reign and type, the legend being on both aeterxitas avg. n. Dioscurorum stellte . — The stars placed over the caps of Leda’s sons, have, on ancient coins, a symbolical reference to maritime cities — (Wilde, num. set. 50), and also to the constel- lation of Castor and Pollux ; those twin stars (Gemini) serving as a guide to mariners. — (Ilorat. Ep. ii. 1-5). — See Pilei: also Stella. DIRIB1TOR (so called a diribendo, to dis- tribute), an officer who, at the Roman elections, marshalled the tribes into their several classes, and distributed the tablets (tabelUe) among the people when they voted. Such a functionary of the republic is represented on a family denarius inscribed P. nerva, the type of which also ex- hibits the inclosure of the Comitia . — See silia gens; also cloacin (p. 220). DIS AYSPICI B«i TR ibunicia Votestale II. CO«S«f II. P ater P atria . — Two male figures stand together undraped. The one is that of Hercules, with the spoils of the Neimean lion hanging on his left arm, and his right hand resting on the club. The other is that of Bac- chus, who holds the cantharus in his right hand, and rests his left on the thyrsus : a panther sits at his feet. — On gold, silver, and brass of S. Severus, struck about a. d. 194. The title of DU Auspices (the gods-protcc- tors), was given to the deities in general, and to each of them in particular, thus indicating acknowledgment of their special protection ; and sacrifices were offered to them accordingly. — This legcud and type “ serve (says Eckhcl, vii. 171) completely to prove what Dion states, that Severus caused a grand temple to be built in honour of Bacchus and Hercules, and they also shew the peculiar name by which those deities were called by that emperor and whose respec- tive images frequently occur on his coins. The author of Lefons Numismatiques Ro - waines, describes as in his collection a very rare brass medallion, having on the obverse L. sep- timivs severvs pertinax a vo. imp. iii. with the laurelled bust of Severus. The emperor, he remarks, in carrying the war into the East against Pcsceunius Niger, affected to choose for DIS CONJl'GALIBUS. his patrons, Bacchus and Hercules, whom an- cient traditions had designated as the first cou- querors of that region. The same divinities, on coins of his sons Caracallaand Gcta, arc called dii patrii. — (Sec p. 329). DIS CONIVGALIBVS. — A round altar, or- namented with a festoon, aud lighted. — On gold of Crispins. Mionnet appears to have been the first to describe this remarkable aud extremely rare aureus ; and he has given an engraving of it in his Rarete des Medailles Romanies ( - r. i. p. 267). The legend of reverse occurs only in this instance throughout the imperial scries. — Tacitus alludes to deities presiding over the state of marriage (hos conjugates deos arbitrantur). And it may be presumed that they were iden- tified with the Dii Nuptiales (see p. 328), to whom vows were made to propitiate their favour towards the matrimonial relations of their vota- ries. That the beautiful Crispins, “ more sin- ned against than sinning,” as the wife of Coin- modus, was, before that profligate tyrant divorced her, a worshipper of one at least of the nup- tial tutelarics, is shewn by her adoption of vex vs, and vex vs felix, on the reverses of her coins. It is no less evident, that she had dedicated an altar to the dii conjugates, as well as, in broader terms, to the dii genilales, in the hope that her union in wedlock to the emperor might be blessed with fecundity. Mionnet values this coin at 300 fr. DIS CVSTODIBVS. A woman standing, with the helm of a ship in her right hand, and a cornucopia; in her left. — On silver and first brass of Pertinax. — The latter engraved from in Dr. King’s plates, and in Spanheuu’s Ciesars of Julian, p. 91. This reverse presents the figure of Fortuna ; and as there were many different forms of wor- ship paid by the Romans to Fortune, and under various appellations of that deity, which are copiously detailed by Plutarch (de Fort. Rom.) so on this coin they are all indicated under the title of dii custodes (the guardiuu gods), to whom, on his accession to the empire, Pertinax here commends his safety. (D. N. V. voL vii. 141). IVith the aucicuts, Fortune had the chief place amongst those genii, who watched over and preserved mankind. The Fortuna aurea, or golden image of Fortune, was worshipped in the bed-chamber of the emperor ; and, together with the empire itself, was handed down to his suc- cessor. DIS GENITALIBUS. — A square altar, on which appears a flame. — Silver of Crispiua. Engraved in Yaillant, Num. Priest, ii. 192. From this imperial denarius it would seem, that the empress hud dedicated an altar to the dii genilales, cither for having had children, or that she might obtain fertility from them, or that she might commend the child, with which she was preguant, to their care and protection. “ Genitalis (says Eckhel, vii. 139), or in the neuter gender, genitale, is that which possesses, or imparts, the faculty of generating.” DIS GEMTOKI BYS. — Cybtlc standing be- DISCIPLINA. fore a tripod ; on the other side of which is a small figure seated on a globe. — On a rare first brass of Pertiuax. This good old man who, at the commencc- ment of his brief reign, a. D. 193, had com- mended himself to his guardian deities (dis cvs- todibvs), now dedicates a coin, dis genitoki- nvs, that is, to the generative or creative divi- nities, from whom he selects one for his type, viz. C’vbele, the most ancient of them, com- monly called mater dftvm, the mother of the gods. “The youth (Eckhcl slyly observes), standing by her side, will no doubt be of the number of those, in relation to whom she had acquired the title of Genetrix.” (vii. 141.) DISCIPLINA AYG. S. C. The discipline of the Emperor. — On a first brass (and also ou gold) of Hadrian, whom the type represents marching, bare-headed, with his military cloak drawn round him, and a baton, or a volumen, held in his left hand, followed by the pretorian prefect, and by three soldiers, bearing a legionary eagle and two military ensigns. — On other coins (see Yaillaut) the legend is discipvlina avg. Although Hadriau carried on no wars in per- son, and was desirous of peace rather than of war, yet he exercised his troops as though hos- tilities were immediately impeuding. For the proper explanation of this reverse, reference should be had to Spartiauus (Hadrian, eh. 10), who says — “ This prince trained the soldier as regularly as[if on actual service, with lessons of patience, accustoming him to the food of the camp, in the open air, that is to say, cheese, bacon, and weak sour wine, in imitation of the practice of yEmilianus, Metcllus, and his own model, Trajan ; rewarding many with money, and some with honours, to enable them to bear the more willingly his rigorous commands ; in- deed, he restored the discipline, which through carelessness of preceding emperors had become relaxed from the time of Cicsar Octavius Encouraging, by the example of his own ener- gies, the conduct of others, he used to march twenty miles [a day] on foot, in full armour ; banished from the camp all such luxuries as the triclinia , the porticoes, the cloisters, and the arbours ; frequently wore the commonest attire, a sword-belt unadorned with gold ; removed everything of an enervating tendency, and re- formed the arms and baggage of the soldiers, &c.” — Dion also speaks in the same strain (Lxix. i k 9), adding, that all the soldiers were so tho- roughly drilled aud instructed by Hadrian, that DIVA. 333 the regulations then introduced remained to his own day, as au integral part of Roman military discipline. — Victor, too, says (in Epit.) — “ lie reduced the offices of state, of the household, and also of the army, to the form in which they remain to the present day, with the exception of a few alterations made by Constantine.” — See Eckliel, vi. 503. Among the inscriptions found on the Hue of Hadrian’s wall, in Britain, is one reading dis- CIPVLINAE avg. (sic.), which Mr. Roach Smith, comparing with coins, considers to refer to Ha- drian. — Collect. Antiq. vol. ii. p. 175. DIVA. — With this title a deceased Augusta, or Empress, was distinguished ou Roman coins, after the ceremony of consecration. On medals struck iu memory of Empresses, or ladies of the imperial family, received into the rank of female deities (inter divas retata), the back part of the head is found covered with a drapery, as tlio’ in token of divinity. — See Consecralio. DIVA AUGUSTA. — A woman dressed in the stola or long robe, holding a patera aud hasta. The above appears on gold, silver, and brass of Galba, who was greatly indebted to Livia, the wife of Augustus ; on which account he held her memory in gratitude, and caused her image to be struck on his coius. The gold is engraved in Caylus, No. 115. DIVA FAUSTINA and DIVA AUGUSTA FA l STINA. — After the death of Faustina sen. in the third year of her husband’s reign, Anto- ninus Pins caused several coins, in each metal, to be struck, on which, by the title diva, which precedes her name, the ceremony of her apo- theosis is more or less directly recalled to mind. In the same spirit of flattery this princess was successively compared to almost all the god- desses, and typified on coins accordingly. — See FAUSTINA ANTONINI. DIVA FAUSTINA PIA. — Head of Faustina junior, who after her death, was, in spite of her great aud notorious immoralities, mourned for, and placed in the rank of divinities, by Marcus Aurelius, her husband, whilst coins were struck in gold, silver, and bronze, which offer various new types of consecration. — See SIDERIBUS RECEPTA, &C. DIVAE MATIDIAE SOCRUI. S. C .—To the divine Matidia, mother in law [of the Em- peror Hadrian]. — A temple in which is a sedeut female figure, clothed in the stola, aud having on each side of it a female figure, standing on a pedestal. From each flank of the temple an elegant portico of two tiers extends itself to the front. — On the obverse, imp. Caesar traian. HADRIANVS AVG. P. M. TR. P. COS. III. A lau- reated head of Hadrian. — Engraved, as a brass medallion, iu Cabinet of Vienna, pi. 21, p. 5. Eekhel makes the following observations re- lative to this remarkable coin, on which both Baldini (in his Roman edition of Yaillant’s Impp. iii. 118), and Froelich (in the work above referred to), have pronounced a verdict of I genuine •. — “ Conspicuous from its large size ; for not only does it exceed the dimensions of first brass 334 DIVI CAESARIS. coins, but it is also thicker than usual; this medal has been transferred from the museum of the Carthusians at Rome to Vienna. Its ob- verse appears to be free from all suspicion of fraud; but the workmanship of the reverse is not equally pure. The reader will pardon me, if I am severe in my judgment of coins, on whose acknowledged genuineness the truth of history is made to depend. If this coin be really genuine, we may be certain, that Matidia died and was consecrated during the reign of Hadrian, a fact which is rendered doubtful by other cir- cumstances. I cannot imagine what blindness can have induced Casaubon to represent Mar- ciana, instead of Matidia, as the mother-in-law of Hadrian.” vi. 472. DIVI CAES. MATER. S. C.— A veiled female, stands with hasta pura in left hand, and patera in right baud, sacrificing at a lighted altar. — Obv. — domitia avg. caes. dtvi. f. do- ji itian avg. Head of Domitian. — On second brass of Domitia, engraved in llavercamp’s Cabinet de Christine, tab. liv. DIVI CAESAR/.? MATRI. S. C.— A female seated, her right hand extended towards a child, standing at her knees, her left hand holding the hasta. On first brass of Domitia. — The obverse is inscribed domitiae avg. imp. caes. divi f. domitian avg. and exhibits a striking portrait of the empress, with an elaborately dressed che- vehire. An engraving of it is given in Aker- man, vol. i. forming the vignette to title-page. On both the above coins we find the legends styling the wife of Domitian the mother of the I divine Gesar. The child typified on the" large ! brass specimen, standing near the sedent figure, is clothed in the gown called jtrtetexla, and is I supposed to represent that anonymous son whom : the empress bore to Domitian in his second con- j sulate, but who died in his infancy, and was afterwards apotheosised. This coin was minted i to commemorate his birth ; a circumstance 1 which accounts for Domitia’s beiug styled divi j CAESARIS MATER. — Eckhel, in placing it with others struck under Domitian, says — This coin is “ rarissimus, si modo cerla: fidei.” Mionnet and Akcrman unqualifiedly recognise its authen- ticity. Capt. Smyth, R. N. in describing a well-con- ditioned specimen of this rare coin, in his own cabinet of large brass, says — “ I cannot entirely j omit my doubts as to its being really genuine. As Eckhel says, it has not the look of antiquity, I a vexatious pativinity interferes with its appa- rent purity of legend, edge, and other usual tests, and recals to mind the fraudulent brothers, who I headed the fa/sarii of the sixteenth century. — j It is unquestionably a fine and correct likeness [ of the empress, but from the objection advanced, it was knocked down for only five guineas at Mr. Henderson’s sale, in 1830. It is singular (adds our distinguished antiquary), that the head-dress of this specimen and that of Vail- lant’s arc identical, while those in the cabinet of Queen Christina and the British Museum have the hair braided round the head; the legends and reverses being alike in all the four. DIVI M. PII. The legitimacy of the last was long in question, although Enncry had bought a whole collection to secure it ; but my friend Mr. Hawkins, in whose charge it is, informed me that the erudite Steinbiichel of 1 ienna, after repeated examina- tions, pronounced it to be a genuine medal.” — Descr. Cal. p. 74. For an engraving of that interesting gold coin which represents the empress on one side, and on the other her deified.son, sitting naked on a globe, in the midst of seven stars, see domitia. DIVI F. Divi Filins. — Son of the divine [Julius.] — Augustus was thus named, having been adopted by Ciesar as his son, and consti- tuted his heir bv will. DIVI M. PII. F. P. M. TR. P. 111. COS. II. P. P. S. C. — The emperor, with laurelled head, and in th o. paludamentum, stauding with a small \ ictory in his right hand, and a spear in the left, is crowned by a military figure, holding a club in the left hand. — On first aud second brass of Sept. Severus. The occasion, which these coins serve to com- memorate, has already been briefly noticed under the head of Adoption self assumed (p. 8). The legend of reverse above quoted confirms nearly all the augustal historians in recording not only that Severus, at the commencement of his reign, promised to emulate in his future government the example of Marcus Aurelius ; but also that the same bold ambitious man otfered himself to adoption by that renowned emperor, who had hecn dead fifteen years 1 On (his extraordinary circumstance, which occurred in the year of Rome 948 (a. I). 195), Dion, his contemporary, remarks — “ But he in- spired us (the Senators) with the greatest terror, when he called himself the son of Marcus [DIVI Jtlarci PII F/Yius] , and the brother of Coinmodus.” (lxxv. j 7). And Spartian states, that he was desirous of being numbered among the family of Marcus, (ch. 10). Victor tells us that Commodus was reckoned among the gods by Severus, and called his brother. And thus, by this absurd species of adoption, he traced his descent through an uninterrupted scries to Ncrva, as is testified by numerous marbles, more explicit than coins. This conduct of Severus, observes Eckhel (vii. 173-174), appeared to the ancients them- selves most ludicrous, as it was natural it should ; indeed, Dion informs ns of a witty ex- pression of a certain Aspax (or Aspaces), a sar- castic individual, whose racy speeches were theu in every one’s mouth, and who, on hearing that Severus had enrolled himself of the family of 335 DIVI NE11VA. Marcus, thus addressed him — “ I congratulate you, O Ca;sar, on having found a lather as though he had till then been without a father, so obscure and unknown was his parentage, (lxxvi. 9). This proceeding, however, in the case of Sevcrus, was no evidence of folly or madness, from which he was perfectly free, but rather of the qualities for which he was remark- able : acuteness and tact. For, by this false assumption of an illustrious genealogy, he ren- dered himself particularly acceptable to the sol- diers and to the uneducated classes of the people ; and it was from this circumstance that he ac- quired the power of conferring upon his son Bassianus (Caracalla) the name of Antoninus, and by its prestige making him an object of universal veneration. It may be said that Seve- rus was, in this act, guilty of falsehood. He was so ; but with him it was unusual to refrain from any thing which furthered his interests. — Similar motives were professed by Alexander the Great, when desirous of being called the sou of Ammon: — “Would that (said he), the Indians also could believe me to be a god ! For the success of war depends on reputation ; and fre- quently has a false belief .answered all the pur- pose of the real truth.” (Curt. viii. ch. 8). — And in the same terms does be excuse himself iu Luciau (Dial. mort. 14). Nero furnishes a still older example of the ambition of a noble genealogy, iu preferring to be considered as a scion of the Julian family, though belonging by adoption to the Claudian. [Eckhel describes this historical coin from a specimen of it in the imperial cabinet at Vienna. Neither Mionuet, nor Akerman, includes it in his respective catalogue. — The preceding cut is engraved after a cast from a specimen for- merly belonging to an Italian collection], DIVI NERVA ET TRAIANVS PATER. A laureated head of Nerva, and a bare head of Trajanus Pater, facing each other. This reverse appears on a rare gold coin of Trajan ; who, in order to manifest his piety towards his relations, placed by consecration his own father, and his parent by adoption, in the rank of deities ; “ and to preserve the memory of this double apotheosis (adds Vaillant), he consigned the event to the perpetuation, which medals, more durable than written history, were calculated to ensure it.” Engraved in Pem- broke, x. 1C, tig. 12; also iu Caylus, No. 276. — See TRAIANVS PATER. DIVI NERVA P. ET PLOTINA IMPmi- toris TRAIANi. Heads of the Emperor Nerva, and Plotina, the wife of Trajan, face to face. This gold coin was struck iu the time of Hadrian, although its obverse bears the head of Trajan ; for Plotina survived her husband’s reign, and could not, therefore, until after his and her own decease, have the appellation of diva pre- fixed to her name. — See Morcll. Specimen rei Kumar. lib. 5, p. 58. — Vaillant, in noticing the above singularly elegant and rare coin (Dr. ii. p. 119), says — “This aureus, struck by Ha- drian, is auothcr exemplification of a grateful mind cherished towards parents ; for he here D1UM. — DIVO. continues the mint of Trajan, and recommends the consecration of Nerva and of Plotina.” — Engraved in Caylus ; gold of the French cabi- net, No. 277. DIVI T 1 T I F. or at full leugth FI LI A (daughter of the divine Titus). — This appears on gold and silver of ivlia avgvsta, the handsome but unworthy daughter of the conqueror of Judsea. They were struck after her father’s death, and when she was incestuously connected with Domitian. — See ivlia titi. DIMS PARENTIBVS. The heads face to face of Trajan and Plotina, each surmounted by a star. — On gold of Hadrian. — Engraved iu Akerman, i. plate vi. No. 5. Hadrian obtained the ceremony of deification not only for Trajan but also for Plotina. Grate- ful towards both the father and the mother by whom he had been adopted, and resolved to hand down the record of the event to posterity, he caused their effigies, with the astral tokens of consecration, to be represented on one of his coins, accompanied by the inscription Divis Durentibus. (To his parent deities). — Vaillant, Dr. ii. p. 242. The above coin is further elucidated by a marble, which Donati has cited on the authority of Maffei, viz. divo nervae traiano et di- VAE PLOTINAE, &C. IMP. UADRIANVS, &C. PA- RENTIBVS svis. — (Eckhel). DIUM (Macedoniic) colonia, now Standia, in European Turkey. — A maritime city of Mace- donia, situate between the mouths of the rivers Ilaliacmon (the Mauro) and Bapbyrus (the Mau- ronero), on the shores of the Thermajus Sinus (Gulf of Salonica), iu the Pierian region, ac- cording to Ptolemy, beyond it, according to Strabo. It was made a colony by Julius Cicsar, and replenished afterwards by settlers under Augustus ; consequently the titles assumed on its coins arc COL ouia WLia iWiCutsta D1EN- SIS, or COL. DIENSIS, or COL. CLA udia DIVM. — The mintages of this city are imperial Latin, in small and middle brass; and were struck under the following emperors : — Tiberius, Nero (col. cla. divm), Domitianus, Trajanus, Hadrianus, Antoninus Pius, Faustina junior, Scptimius Scverus, Caracalla, Geta, Ma- criuus, Elagabalus, Soemias Elagabali Mater, Scverus Alexander, Maximinus, Maximus, Gor- dianus Pius, Philippus senior, Philippus junior, .Emilianus, Gallienus, Salonina. — See Mionuet, Supp/t. t. iii. p. 61. The types indicative of the deities worshipped by the colonists of Dium, are — Jupiter, Minerva, Neptune, yEsculapius, and Cupid, in honour of which last-named god, the Dicnsians erected a temple, celebrated festivals, and, according to both Pausanias and Plutarch, instituted splendid games, called Thespienses Erotidia, that is to say, sacred to Love, which took place every five years. — On a very rare second brass, Decreto Decurionum of Colonia Julia Diensis, dedicated to Alexander Severus, a winged Cupid stands within a temple of two columns. — See Vaillant (in Col.) ii. p. 120. DIVO. — On most of those Roman coins which 336 DIVO AUGUSTO. were struck to attest the ceremony of placing an emperor, or some member of his family, after death, amongst the gods, it was usual to omit those multiplied ami various names and titles which such personages, when living, were accustomed to have inscribed on their coins. — Hence we read divo avgvsto — divo antonino pio — divo alexandro — on the respective con- secration medals of Augustus, Antoninus Pius, Alexander Scverus, &c. minted after their death. DIVO AVGVSTO. S. P. Q. R. (To the divine Augustus, the Senate, and the Roman People). — The image of Augustus, clothed, the head radiated, holding a branch of olive in his extended right hand, aud resting his left on a sceptre, is seated on a four-wheeled ear of honour, drawn by four elephants, each of which has a conductor sitting on its hack. On the reverse we read tj. CAESAn divi avg. f. avgvst. p. m. tr. p. xxxvii. (Tiberius Caesar, son of the divine Augustus, sovereign pontiff [invested] for the 37th time with the Tribunitian power). — In the field of the coiu the initials s. c. (by de- cree of the Senate). This type aud accompanying legends appear on a large brass, which, struck towards the close of Tiberius’s reign (a. d. 35), alludes to some display of funereal pomp, in houour of the memory of Augustus, which the policy of his immediate successor induced him frequently to renew. That Augustus was thus honoured after his death is a fact particularised by Sue- j tonius, who, in the Life of Claudius, eh. xi. \ says — “ He decreed divine honours to Li via, his grandmother; aud ordered that, on the grand days of the Circus, her statue should be borne, I like that of Augustus, on a car drawn by ele- phants.” Dion also makes mention of the ele- phants, which drew the car of Augustus. DIVO AUGnifo VESPonatto, S. P. Q. R. — A quadriga of elephants, with their rectores, as in the coin above described, drawing the statue of Vespasian on a car. — The legend of re- verse is IM l* era tor Titus CAESnr DIVI VES- Yasiani Yilius AVG tutus P. M. TRP. P. P. COS. VIII. — Large brass. (S. P. Q. R. equi- valent to S. C. as a mark of Senatorial autho- rity). Engraved from a specimen in the liritish Museum. This type represents one striking feature of the pompous ceremonies attendant upon the apo- theosis of Vespasian. It was minted by order of his son Titus, between a. n. 79 and 80, in lHVO CONSTANTINO. imitation (as will be seen ou reference to the preceding notice), of the same monetal houour paid by Tiberius to Augustus. The only material points in which the two examples differ from each other is, that the statue of the deified Ves- pasian is bare-headed instead of radiated, and holds a small figure of Victory instead of an olive branch. Also that one of the four ele- phant-drivers has a staff, aud another holds out a wreath. In workmanship and relief it is far superior to Augustus’s consecration medal. DIVO VVG. T 1)1 \ I. \ ESP. F. \ B8PA SIAN. (To the divine Augustus, Titus Vespa- sian, son of the divine Vespasian). S. C. — The statue of Titus, with bare head, sits clothed in the toga, on a curulc chair, surrounded by war- like spoils won from the enemy, holding a branch in his right and a scroll in his left hand. On the reverse of a large brass, struck by order of the Senate, after the death of Titus, in honour of that emperor’s memory, a. u. c. 834 (a. d. 81). The Flavian amphitheatre forms the type on the other side. — Engraved in llavcr- eamp, Cabinet de Christine, pi. vii. p. 41. — The type of reverse is nhnost an exact copy of that on a large brass of Nero Claudius Drusus, son of Tiberius. — Sec drusus junior. DIVO COM MODO.— Head of Commodus, with radiated crown. — Her. — An eagle, or (on others) an altar, with the fire kindled. — On one of the coins in billon, restored by Gallicnus. — See Akcrmati, ii. 33. Respecting the title Dims, as applied to Coin- modus, Eckhcl makes the following instructive observations : — “ This monster, disgraced by every vice, was nevertheless enrolled by Scverus among the immortal gods. — Lampridius, who records the circumstance (in Comm. c. 17), is of opinion that Scverus took this step through motives of hostility to the Senate ; and in this view Spartian coincides, where he states (c. 11) that Scverus, in order to gratify his feelings of re- venge towards the Senate, determined to con- secrate Commodus, aud was the first to bestow upon him the title of Dices Commodus, iu the hearing of the soldiers, after the defeat of Al- bums, notifying the fact in the letter he ad- dressed to the Senate announcing his victory. — Another reason for this consecration may have been the ambition of Scverus to be regarded as the son of Marcus, and the brother of Com- j modus. And thus, in bestowing divine honours upon his brother, he appeared to be actuated by affectionate feelings, aud so procured a more ready credence for the impression he wished to produce amongst the people at large, so univer- sally under the influence of superstition. It should, however, be remarked, that hitherto no coin has been discovered which bears nllnsion to the consecratiou of Commodus, struck iu the reign of Scverus. All that we possess, nre of that class, which were struck at a later period in memory of emperors who had been conse- crated." (vii. p. 132). DIVO CONSTANTINO. — The veiled head of Constantine the Great. Rev. — aeterna DIVUS CONSTANTIN US. 1*1 etas. A military figure, wearing helmet ami puludamentum, stands with spear in the right hand ; in his left is a globe, on which is fixed the monogram of Christ’s name. — On third brass, Bandori, ii. p. 267. DV. CON STANTIN VS, &c. (Dirus Con - stantinus). Veiled head of Constantine. — Rev. Without legend. The emperor, with a star over his head, in a quadriga, carried upwards ; a hand stretched forth from above to receive him. — Below, s. m. n. t. Fourth brass. — Cat. Mas. Cces. Num. Vet. ii. 479. — Engraved iu Banduri, ii. 219. “ That Constantine received the honours of consecration, we learn expressly from Eutro- pius ; and coins as plainly teach us that he w r as called nivvs (divine). It is most probable, how- ever, that this posthumous distinction was be- stowed, with accompanying ceremonies differing from those in which hitherto we sec emperors translated to the skies, and in a way not re- pugnant to the laws of Christianity. Indeed, there arc coins still extant, as above, which iu reference to this subject, exhibit nothing which is profane, or which can offend our religion (quod nostra possit stoinachari religio).” [Such are the terms in which the learned Eck- hel animadverts on the legend “ Divus Coustanti- nus.” (See D. N. Vet. viii. 92). — We here find him expressing his opinion that there is nothing iu these coins — not even in the appellation of Divus, as applied to a created being, which can possibly be offensive to his “ religion.” Now, to our religion, nothing can be more offensive than this portentous medley of Christian symbols and pagan superstitions — these titles of poly- theism and false worship conjoined with the name in monogram of God’s true and only Son. But Constantine was, indeed, uo Christian, ex- cept politically. — See his coins, soi.i invicto comiti, and others. DIVO. On most monetal monuments of Consecration, that is to say, such as were struck to record the pagan ceremony of placing a Roman Emperor, after death, amongst the gods, it was usual to omit those multiplied and various names and titles, by which, when living, he was ac- customed to be styled, lienee we read simply DIVO AVGVSTO, DIVO ANTONINO PIO, DIVO VES- pasiano, divo alexandko, & c. on the respec- tive consecration coins of Augustus, Antoninus Pius, Vespasian, Alexander Sevcrus, &c. DIVO PIO. — A column inclosed by palisades, on the top of which is placed a statue of the emperor, wfith a spear in his left hand. — Oho. Dlvvs anton invs. A bare head. — On silver, and on first aud second brass of Antoninus Pius. For an engraving of this reverse see columna, p. 235. The following is the tenour of Eckhcl’s com- ments on the legend and type (vii. 28) -. — This is the famous column of solid marble, variegated with red spots (or veins), extant in Rome at the present day, but unfortunately fal- len to the ground, and which is to be seen at the back of the magnificent senate-house (curia), which derives its name from the Mons Cytorius : 2 X DIVUS. 337 its height is 50 Roman feet. Aud no less re- markable is its pedestal of solid Parian marble, all the sides of which are 12 feet in breadth, and 1 1 in heighth, and on one of which is in- scribed DIVO ANTONINO AVQ. PIO. ANTONIN VS avgvstvs et veuvs avgvstvs filii ; on an- other side is a beautiful work in relief, repre- senting Antoninus Pius and Faustina carried aloft by a winged genius, whilst beneath arc seen in a sitting posture a figure of Rome, in the usual garb, and of Eternity, clasping an obelisk wfith her left arm. The other two sides exhibit equestrian processions (decursiones) such as usually formed part of the ceremonial at great funerals. DIVO PIO AVG. — First brass of Caligula. — See Sacrijicia. DIVOS instead of DIVVS. — This substitution, made for uo other known reason than that the letters V and O were in the earlier ages of Rome frequently used the one for the other, is exem- plified on marbles and on coins — ex. gr. ivi.ios, AEGYPTOS, VOLTEIA, VOLCANO, CONSOLES, HER- COLI, for Julius, Aeggptus, Vulteia, Vulcano, Consu/es, Ilerculi. DIVOS 1VLIVS DIVI YU ins. — The heads facing each other of Julius Csesar and Augustus, the one laureated the other bare. — On gold and silver. — Engraved in Dr. King’s Plates. That this coin was struck after the assassina- tion of Jidius Cmsar is shewn not only iu the flattery of Dlvvs, but also in his successor and adopted son’s appearing with him on the same coin — an union which, at the same time, Augus- tus knew* how to turn to his own advantage, aud to conciliate thence to himself greater ho- nour and authority with the Roman people. — Augustus called himself nivi filivs, because, according to Suetonius, he was testameutarily appointed Cfesar’s heir. DIVUS, the mark of consecration. This word Divus given to any one on a coin, indi- cates that the same was struck after his or her apotheosis. A question has been raised among the learned, whether ther# be any distinction between deum and divum. Vaillant for instance (in Col. i. 45), on the authority of Servius, thus distinguishes between dei and did, viz. — “ Dii dieantur seterni, Divi autein ex hominibus Hunt.” The former are gods from eternity*, but the latter have been made deities from human beings. — On this point Eckhel, also consulting the old writers, seems to be of opinion, that there is no difference in the meaning of the two names, as used on coins. He observes that the word divus was always turned by the Greeks into 0EO2, which certainly is the Dens of the Latins. Thus, where the latter inscribed divvs avgvstvs — divo caro, &c. the former wrote 0EO2 2EBA2T02— 0Efl KAPfl, &c. See vol. viii. 465-6. DI\ VS IV LI VS. A comet. — This legend and type occur on silver of Augustus, whose laureated head appears on the obverse of the coin. — Sec Stella. In his supplement to Vaillant (p. 1), Khell gives from the Cabinet de France, the engraving 333 DIVUS AUGUSTUS, of a gold eoiu having on the obverse the legend mvx iv li, and for type a comet. This also it is to be observed, was struck after Caesar's death, by order of Augustus. — See astiia, p. 92. DIVUS AUGUSTUS. — That Augustus, dur- ing his life-time, was treated as a deity, is mani- fest on good authority ; and Tacitus relates, that he was commonly reproached with this — “ Nihil deorum houoribus relictum, cum sc templis, et effigic numinum per Flamiucs, ct sacerdotes coli vellet.” Moreover Appianus state* that, after the defeat of Sextus Pompcy, and the abdica- tion of Lepidus, “ he was in every town (oppi- datim) consecrated among the tutelary gods.” — The Pisanian cenotaph, illustrated by Cardinal Noris, shews that, whilst living, he had, besides altars and temples, his Jlamen also and priests. Other marbles and monuments also attest the fact that divine honours were paid to the living Augustus — take, for example, the coins in- scribed rosi. et avg. But it is no less true that Augustus did not permit those divine ho- nours to be paid him at Rome, which he al- lowed the provinces to confer on him. At length, on the death of Augustus, it became necessary for the Senate to decree to him the honours of consecration, as that body had al- ready committed the same insane act in the case of his father Julius, and thus established an absurd example which found imitators in plenty during succeeding ages of the empire. Dion and Tacitus both atlirm that Augustus was re- ceived among the immortal gods, and that fa- milies, and a priesthood with sacred rites, were instituted to his honour. On coins of the Roman mint he is invariably styled divvs, but on consecration medals, struck out of Rome, the word devs is used. Thus we find on coins of Tarraco (Tarragoua, in Spain), dko avgvsto. On an unique coin of Gallienus of Roman die, Augustus is called devs. — Con- nected also with the consecration of Augustus were the groves (luci) dedicated to him in the provinces, to which allusion is made on a medal of Juba II. King of Mauretania, inscribed lvcv. avg. That is to say, according to Servitis (a commentator on the Mantuan bard) — “ Ubicnn- que Virgilius lucuui ponit, sequitur ctinm eon- secratio.” Numerous coins attest the fact of Augustus's consecration, struck not only by his successor Tiberius, but afterwards under many other em- perors. — See Eckliel, vi. pp. 124-125. DIVVS AVG VST VS. S. C. (Head radiated). — On a middle bra.-s coin, struck after the death of Augustus, the foregoing legend appears on the obverse. The legend of the reverse is con- SENSV. SENAT. ET EQ. ORDIN. P. Q. R. The type is a statnc of Augustus seated, holding in his right hand a branch, and in his left a globe. — Engraved in the Cabinet de Christine, p. 285, tab. xliv. No. 2. Augustus, already admitted in the provinces to the rank of deity, had this last homage puid him at Rome after his death ; statues were also raised to him. Such is the subject of this me- dal, the epigraph of which is particular in cx- DOLPIIIN. plaining that all these honours were decreed to him by the concurrence of the three orders of the state; the Senate, the Equestrian order, and the Roman People. — Sec consensv, &c. p. 252. DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER. Augustus, with radiated head, and in the toga, seated near an altar, on which fire is kindled, holds a branch in his extended right baud, and rests his left on the hasta pura. — The legend of the ob- verse is Tl. CAESAR DIVI AVG. P. AVGVST. P. m. tr. pot. xxim. in the middle S. C. — On first brass of Tiberius. Tacitus, amongst the events of the year of Rome 775 (a. d. 22), records the following: — “ About the same time, the severe indisposition of Julia Augnsta (widow of Augustus), rendered necessary the immediate return of the emperor (Tiberius, her son by adoption), to Rome ; the good understanding between the mother and son being up to this moment undisturbed, or at least their animosity was disguised ; for it was not long before this that, when Julia dedicated a statue to Divas Augustus, near the theatre of Marcellus, she placed the name of Tiberius after her own.” (Tac. Ann. iii. 64). Here (says Eckhel) we find the year of the coin, as expressed by the 24th tribunate, per- fectly coinciding with the year assigned by Tacitus ; aud we caunot, therefore, doubt, that the figure on the coin is intended to represent the statue to which Tacitus refers. But there is still stronger testimony to adduce. lu the Fasti of Verrius, at the date of the 24th of April, we find — sig. divo avgvsto patri ad THEATRVM MAR - - - IVLIA AVGVSTA ET Tl. AV- GVSTVS dedicarvnt. Thus, from the coin, and from Tacitus, we learn the year in which this dedication took place, and the record in the Fasti just quoted, gives the very day of the mouth, viz. the 24th of April; in addition to which, it exhibits the same verbal formula as the coin, and confirms the statement of Tacitus, that Julia had the courage to inscribe the name of Tiberius after her own ; and lastly, it is con- clusive on the point, that the severe indisposi- tion of Julia could not have shewn itself till after the dnv in question, (vi. 193-4). DIVVS PATER TRAIANVS, also DIVVS TRA1AN. PART II. PATER.— See traianvs PATER. DOG of rEsciita/niis. — Sec Ui/geia and .£sen- tapins. DOLPHIN. (Detphinus). —The representa- tion of this fish offers itself on ancient coins in DOLPHIN. more than one fashion ; sometimes in a quiet and fixed position, at others in a state of move- ment. The dolphin was cousecrated to Apollo, who, according to Homer, had transformed him- self into one. Hence we see a Delphic tripod with a dolphin upon it, on a silver com of Vilcl- lius, that emperor having, as the inscription teaches us, been one of the xv. viri appointed to the care of sacrificial ceremonies. A similar type appears on a denarius of Titus, hut not with the same legend. — See XV. VI It. SACItw FAC iundis. The Dolphin was also sacred to Ncptuue, the deity who presided over the sea and atfairs of navigation ; hence we find the dolphin in the hand of that god, on coins of Agrippa, Augus- tus, Caligula, Vespasian, Hadrian, and other Roman Emperors. The Dolphin was likewise sacred to Venus. On early Roman money the figure of a dol- phin occurs on the triens, the quadrant, and sextans. Thus the dolphin, with four globules under it, is a mark of the triens. The Dolphin, with Cupid on its back, appears on coins of the Cordia and Lucretia families ; and, bearing Melicerta, is frequently repeated on the colonial mintages of Corinth. The Dolphin and an eagle, with a sceptre between them, form the reverse of a denarius of the Terentia gens, struck in honour of Pom- pey the Great, with legend magn. pro. cos. — lu this instance, the sceptre indicates supreme power, and undivided command; the fish refer- ring to the sea, and the bird to the land. — See Eagle. The Dolphin, entwined round an anchor, was at one time a symbol of Augustus. — It is also seen on coins struck by princes of the Flavia family, sous of Vespasian. In Morell. Thesaur. Lapp. Rom. t. iii. tab. vi. No. 64, there is an engraving of this type, from gold of Titus (tb. p. ix. imp. xv. cos. viii.) also one from silver of the same emperor, and with the same legend of reverse (tab. viii. No. 84). Moreover, amongst the silver coinage of Domitian, engraved iu the same staudard work, we find two examples of the dolphin and anchor (cos. vii. design, viii.) see t. iii. tab. viii. Nos. 36 and 39. The subjoined cut is from a first brass of Domitian, having on its obverse — IMP erator CAESar DIVI VESPaji««i Films DOMITIANkj AVG aslus Font f ex Maximus. Laurcated head of Domitian to the right. — The DOMINUS. 339 legend is continued on the reverse, viz. \~Slpe- rator VII1I. TR. P. COnSul VIII. Below, Senates Consullo. The type — Delphinus an- choras implicitus. [The cast, after which this cut is engraved, was purchased of Mr. Doubleday. The impres- sions of both obverse and reverse vouch for the original being in good condition. Aud although in none of the numismatic books, either by old or modern writers, to which the com- piler has access, does this type appear as a brass coin, yet there seems to be uo reason whatever to doubt the authenticity of the spe- cimen in question. This not inelegant device has, down to our own times, been constantly adopted as a naval emblem ; and, to say nothing as to the conformation of the fish, it presents, doubtless, a correct delineation of the Roman ship -anchor], D. N. Domina Nostra. Our Lady. — This title, thus abbreviated, appears on coins of the Empresses jElia liacilla, Galla Placidia, Ilono- ria, &c. Spauheim observes, that wives were called Domina by the Romans. D. N. Dominus Noster. — A title conferred, in the declining ages of the empire, on the Au- gusti aud the Casars. — The following arc among the remarks which Eekhel makes on this subject: Dominus, a word so repugnant to liberty (as it generally implied the authority over slaves), was not adopted by the first emperors, nor afterwards by those who preferred to rule rather through the affection than the fears of their subjects ; aud at any rate they did not ap- prove of it. Augustus declined it, and, to use the words of Tcrtullian, ‘ Though the founder of the empire, he would not allow himself to be styled Dominus; and, indeed, it is an appella- tion applicable only to the deity.’ And, further on, he adds, ‘ IIow can he, who is the father of his country, be also its Lord (Dominus) ?’ Even 'Tiberius also avoided it, openly declaring, ‘ that he was lord (dominus) over the slaves, general (hnperator) of the soldiers, and sove- reign (princeps) of the rest of his people:’ — nay, according to Suetonius, he went so far as to address the Senators by that very invidious title, which in his own case he refused to accept, saying, ‘ I have ever esteemed you, and still do so, as my good, and just, and kiud Lords (Do- minos).' — Caligula was the first whose arrogant ears could endure the appellation dominus, and his example was followed by that rival of his vices, Domitian. — Victor, whilst satirizing the character of Diocletian, remarks, ‘ 11c was the first, after Caligula and Domitian, who allowed himself to be called openly Dominus.’ This was the less remarkable in Domitian, as he wished to be called not only dominus but deus, of both which appellations Martial furnishes many instances. By degrees, however, the offensiveness of this title became softened from use and familiarity, so that by the time of Ti. Claudius it was regarded merely as a term of courtesy. — Seneca says, ‘ You have called him friend, just in the same way a3 we call all candidates good men, or as we salute persous 2X2 340 DOMITIA GENS. DOMIT1A GEN'S. whom we meet, should we not remember their names, as Domini.’ — It is not surprising that Trajan himself should have permitted Pliny to address him constantly in his epistles as Dominus. Antoninus Pius was the firsj to whom the title of Dominus was applied on coins ; hut it was Greece and Asia — conquered Greece and captured Asia — which furnished the instances, as usual, of extreme adulation. The word Knpios (Lord) is found on a coin of Antioch ad Hip- pum, in Decapolis— thus ATTOKP. KTP. AN- THNEINOC. Shortly afterwards, on coins of M. Aurelius and his family, struck in Mesopo- tamia, a similar use is made of the word Kopios. On coins of the colony of Antioch, in Pisidia, with the heads of Caracalla and Geta, we read vict. DD. nn. And on a coin of Gordiauus Pius, minted in the same colony, appears vie- ; toria DOMINI. The foregoing examples, however, belong only j to the foreign coinage. It was the Emperor Aurelian who first introduced the title Do min in ] upon coins of Roman die, when he allowed the i following inscription to appear : — DEO et do- f m i no nato (on others nostro) avreuano avo. (see p. 319 of this dictionary). Next to the [ above, in point of time, Diocletianus and Maxi- mianus. received the distinction of d. n. but not until their abdication of the empire (a. d. 305). Afterwards, it was conferred more frequently on I the Ciesars than on the Emperors, though for what reason is uncertain. Lastly, from the the times of the sous of Constantine the Great, it became a common prenomen, that of IMIV- rator being gradually abolished. And at length it was rendered so much a matter of course, that if any one in the reign of Justinian, had used the word Imperalor instead of Dominus, and of Augusta instead of Domina, he would have been considered guilty of an insult, or at least of j great ignorance. — See Doct. Num. Vet. viii. p. 364-5-6. DOMITIA gens — at first plebeian, afterwards patrician ; bearing the respective surnames of Ahenobarbus and Calvinus. — U’he gold coins of this family are very rare ; the silver, with a few exceptions, common. The brass are semi-asses, , and other parts of the as. — Among other varie- ! ties of legends and types arc the following : — 1. AHENOBARAhj. — A head, nearly bald, and with beard closely cropped. Rev. CN. 1 DOMITIYS L F. IMP orator. A temple of four columns, represented iu perspective, near the pediment of which we read NEPT. (Nep- j tunus). [Mionnet quotes this extremely rare gold coin, from the cabinet of the Duke dc Blaeas, and values it at 600 fr. — A fine specimen brought £22 1 Os. at the Pembroke sale. — The above cut is after a cast from a beautiful specimen in the British Museum. The head on the obverse is evidently a portraiture, and Visconti at once ascribes it to Cneus Domitius Ahcuobarbus]. 2. AHENOBAR. A bare head, slightly bearded. — Rev. — c. N. domitivs imp. Prow of a ship on which is a trophy. — [This silver coin, valued by Mionnet at 40 fr. brought 19s. at the Brumell sale]. The cognomen Ahenobarbus was derived to this family from an event said to have occurred to the Consul Lucius Domitius. As the fable goes, it was to him that the Dioscuri announced the Roman victory at Rcgillus; and in conse- quence of this unexpected encounter with Castor and Pollux, or through the exultation which the good news excited iu him, the Consul’s beard became red. For a more ample notice of this popular tra- dition, together with an explanation of the ship and trophy type on the former of these two re- verses, and of the temple (dedicated to Neptune) on the latter — both coins being struck in the year of Rome 713 (a. d. 41), the reader is re- ferred to p. 31 and 32, article ahenobarbus. Also to Dioscuri, p. 331. 3. CN. DOMITIVS AHEXOBARBYS IMP. Ship’s prow, above which is a star. — Obv. — ant. imp. iiivir. r. p. c. Bare head of Mark Au- tony, behind it the lituus. Cneus Domitius, who minted this coin out of Rome, was son of Lucius Domitius, and uephew of the consul and censor Cncius Domitius, grand- father of Nero, nephew on the sister’s side to Cato of Utica, and fifth cousin of M. Brutus. Attaching himself at the commencement of the civil war to the conspirators’ party, he after- wards became Antony’s naval commander against Octavian ; but after the death of the former triumvir, he became reconciled to Augustus, and in 722 (b. c. 32), served the office of consul at Rome. — See Riccio, p. 82. [Mionnet values this coin in gold at 200 fr.] 4. M. AVRELI. ROMA. Galcatcd head of Rome, with mark of the denarius. — Rev. — L. LIC. CN. DOMiri'wj. Mars, undrnped, stands in a biga going at full speed , he brandishes a spear in his right hand, and holds a buckler aud a military lituus on his left arm. Under the horses is the word scavri. — See au engraving of the same coin iu cosconia gens, p. 294. 5. Same obverse. Rev . — CN. uom. below roma. Victory iu a biga ; beneath the horses of which, a gladiator, armed with a spear, is seen fighting with a lion. — See llorell. Fam. Rom. plate 1, No. vi. The Domitius of this and the preceding dena- rius appears to Eekhel uncertain. Older numis- matists ascribe it to Domitius, son of auother Cneus, and nephew of Lucius, grand-father of Domitius the censor. It was coined perhaps on the occasion of his filliug a municipal office, different from that of moneyer; or rather it might have been minted by some descendant of his, who desired to commemorate the municipal honours of his family. Gladiatorial spectacles, DOMITIA LONGINA. indeed, and the care of supplying an abundant annona, belonged to the ediles, and these public shews aud responsibilities are plainly indi- cated in the symbols of the last described coin. (Riceio, p. 81). 6. OSCA. — Head of a bearded man. — Rev. do.w. cos. iteh. imp. with the type of poutilieal instruments. This denarius is considered by Eckhel to be- long to Cncus Domitius Calvinus, who served his lirst consulate in the year u. c. 701 (u. c. 53), in colleagueship with M. Valerius Messala, aud was cousul for the second time, with C. Asinius Pollio, in 714 (b. c. 40). lie followed Cmsar’s party r through various circumstances, and was the rival and enemy of the above men- tioned Domitius Aheuobarbus. The present coin was struck at Osca, a city of the Ilergeti, in HispamaTarraconcusis, Calvinus having, after his second cousidship, triumphed over the re- bellious Ceretaui, of the Pyrenees. Eckhel believes the head to be that of some native hero of Spain. Cavedoni thinks it meant for that of Iberus, son of Hercules, reputed founder of that nation. The emblems of the reverse all allude to the Sovereigu Pontificate. DOMITIA Longina, daughter of Domitius Corbulo, and wife of the Emperor Domitian, who took her away by force from her first hus- band, L. Lamia Aemilianus, in the year of Koine 823 (a. d. 70). She bore the tyrant one son in a. d. 82, whose name is not handed dow n, but who died in his infancy, and was conse- crated, as appears by one of her coins. In 83, ou account of her adultery with Paris, an actor, Domitian divorced her, put her paramour to death, and thenceforth lived with Julia, his bro- ther’s daughter. Shortly after, the imperial pro- fligate restored Domitilla to his bed, but continued his incestuous intercourse with Julia. At length, iuformed that her own life was in danger from her husband, she encouraged the conspiracy which she knew was ou foot against him, and to which he fell a merited victim in a. d. 96. — She died under the reign of Trajan. The coins of Doinitia are, of| all the Em- presses, amongst the most rare. On these she is styled DOMITIA AVGVSTA— DOMITIA AV- ffVSTA I M Peraloris DO M ITiani (by implica- tion VXOB)— DOMITIA AVG. IMP. CAES. DIVI F. DOMITIAN* AVG usti (that is vxor). The following is an account of their estimated value, aud of the prices at which some of them have been sold : — Silver Medallions. — With the laureated head of Domitian on one side, and her own ou the other. (Valued by Mionnet at 100 fr.) — venvs avg. (Brought £3 at the Devonshire sale). DOMITIANUS. 341 Gold. — domitia avg. imp. domitian avg. germ. Head of the empress. — Rev. Concor- dia avgvst. A peacock. — [A specimen of this imperial aureus brought £8 15s. at the Devon- shire sale ; another, £6 6s. at the Pembroke, aud a third, £J.6 15s. at the Thomas, from the Trattle sale, where it was bought for £14 5s. Od. ; and afterwards another specimen ob- tained £9 7s. 6d. at the Brumell auction.] — These coins are considered to have been struck on the occasuSn of Domitian becoming “recon- ciled” to Domitia, after he had repudiated her ou a charge of adultery, as above mentioned. Obv. — domitia avgvsta imp. DOMIT. Head of the empress. — Rev. — imp. caes. domitianvs avg. p. m. Head of Domitian. — [A fine speci- men of this the rarest coiu of Domitia, brought £27 at the Campana sale]. Obv. — domitia avgvsta imp. domit. Head of the empress. Rev. — divvs caesar imp. domitiani. A child on a globe, surrounded by seven stars. — [Mionnet values the gold at 150 fr. and the silver at 50 fr. A specimen of the latter sold for about £2 at the Devonshire sale]. These coins record the consecration of that nameless son of Domitia and Domitian, who was born, as it would appear, a. d. 82, aud who died very young. — See the preceding en- graving, from a specimen in the British Museum Silver. — concordia avg. A Peacock. — [Brought £4 18s. at the Devonshire aud £4 3s. at the Thomas sale], — pietas avgvst. Domitia seated, holds in her left hand the hasta pura, and extends the right hand towards a young child standing before her, clothed in the toga. [A specimen brought £3 12s. at the Devonshire and another obtained £1 15s. at the Thomas sale], — The young child represented on this re- verse, can be no other than the son of Domitian already alluded to. See pietas aug. for an en- graving of it. Large Brass. — divi caesaris mater. — See this reverse described in p. 334. It serves, with preceding coins, to recal the birth and prema- ture death of Domitian’s son. — Same legend. A woman standing, sacrifices at an altar. [Mionnet values the above two at 550 fr. each]. Middle Brass. — Same legend. A veiled woman stands holding a patera, and the hasta pura. (Mt. 150 fr.) — divi caesaris mater. The empress sacrificing, as in the large brass specimen. — Engraved in the Cabinet de Chris- tine, plate liv. No. 4, p. 345. DOMITIANUS (Ttavius), the younger of the two sons of Vespasian, by Flavia Domitilla, was born at Rome, the 24th of October, in the year u. c. 804 (a. d. 51), when his father was consul designatus, and about entering upon office in the following month. This was the first consulate of Vespasian, still a private citi- zen ; and it was a consulatus suffectus, held during the two last months of the above named year. Vespasian, having been proclaimed im- peraior by the legions of the east, Domitian, who was left at Rome, finding himself exposed to the vengeance of the partizaus of Vitellius, 342 DOM ITI ANUS, took refuge in the eapitol, with his uucle Sabi- n us, at the end of December. And, after that building had been besieged and set fire to, even- i tually made his escape, disguised as a priest of Isis, his hiding-place being sought for in every other direction. (Suetonius, chap. i. Tacitus llist. iv.) — Vitcllius haviug been put to death, about the 20th of December, 822 (a. d. 69), Domitian issued from his retreat, and was hailed as Caesar by the army. The choice of the sol- diers was confirmed by the Senate* who, in ad- dition, decreed to Domitian the pretorship of the city, and the consular dignity. In January, DOM ITI ANUS. 823 (a. d. 70), he entered upon the government of the city, and discharged its functions in an unprincipled manner, distributing capriciously the public offices ; insomuch as to cause the absent Vespasian to express his surprise, that his son did not send out some one to supersede him- self. He set out with Mucianus against the Galli, Batavi, and Gcrmani, who were in revolt ; but, hearing by the way that success had at- tended the operations of Petilius Cerealis, he stopped at Lugduuum (Lyon). Same year, he married Domitia Longina, whom he took away by force from her husband .Emilianus. 824 (a. d. 71). — This year, consul suffectus, and afterwards consul desiynatus for the second time, he assisted at the triumph of his father and brother, for the capture of Jerusalem — an object of notice on that occasion from being mounted on a white horse. 825 (a. I). 72). — During this and the six fol- lowing years, no particulars of Domitiau’s life are furnished by public records. But coins had begun to be abundant. — “ It is very probable (observes Eckhcl), that suspicions being enter- tained of his revolutionary designs, he now as- sumed a modesty and simplicity of demeanour, and affected especially a passion for literature, in order to conceal the real bent of his mind.” Volagascs I. King of Parthia, in 828 (a. d. 75), requesting succours from Vespasian against the Alani, and another general from among his sons, Domitian used every effort to procure the ap- pointment for himself. But Vespasian refused the required aid altogether. 832 (a. d. 79). — His father dying on the 9th kalends of July, his elder brother Titus succeeded to the empire. Domitian complained, that tho’ left a share in the sovereignty, the will of his father hail been tampered with. His brother endeavoured to console him with the assurance, that he should be not only the sharer of the empire, but should also be his successor. 833 (a. d. 80). He unceasingly, both in secret and openly, engaged in plots against his brother, attempting to seduce the army, and meditated flight. Titus, all the while, bearing those annoyances with patience ; and sometimes with tears entreating his brother to return to terms of affection. 834 (a. d. 81). — This year Domitian was proclaimed emperor, on the death of Titus his brother. 835 (a. d. 82). — Domitiau signalised his ac- cession to the throne by the introduction of salutary laws. He restored the Capitol magni- ficently. A son was born to him, respecting whom see domitia. 836 (a. d. 83). — Agricola defeated the Cale- donians. Uudcr (liatj able,] brave, and active commander, it was theu for the first time ascer- tained that Britain is entirely surrounded by water. Domitian undertook this year an expe- dition against the Ca/li (people of Hesse). 837 (a. d. 84). — The war with the Catti was put an end to by Domitiau without coming to blows with the enemy. The title of Qtrmanicu* appeared for the first time on coins of this year. By the valour of Agricola, Britain was for a time reduced to a state of pcacefid subjection. 838 (a. d. S5). — Foreign wars, relative to which there is no certain information; and at home atrocious acts of cruelty on the part of Domitian. 839 (a. d. 86). — The first Capitolinc games were celebrated this year, intended, like the Olympic, to recur even fifth year. The Dacian war commenced, being set on foot by Dccebalus, king of that nation, nnd was carried on for many years with varied success, but with great discredit to the Homan arms. 841 (a. d. 88). — Celebration of the Secular Games. — To this year (though the matter is in great uncertainty), Tillcmont refers the revolt of L. Antonins, governor of Upper Germany, who made an attempt to invade the empire. — Domitian went out to repel his advance, but returned on learning that Antonius had becu defeated and slain by L. Maximus. 842-843 (a. d. 89 aud 90) — There arc no certain records of the events of these two years. 344 (a. D. 91). — Eusebius refers the triumph over the Dacians to this year, as recorded also by Suetonius, but without a date. DOMITIANUS. 846 (a. i>. 93). — It is probable that the war with the SannaUc by Domitiau was undertaken this year, when a whole legion, with its general, was destroyed, as Suetonius states. 848 (a. d. 95). — Domitiau ordered Flavius Clemens, his cousin-german, and the then con- sul, to be put to death for his attachment to the Christian religion, or as it was then termed, the superstition of the Jews, and this occasion is treated of by ecclesiastical writers as the second persecution of the Church. 849 (a. n. 9G). — On the 18th of September, at the instigation of his wife, whom with other friends he, in his insupportable tyranny, had doomed to be slaughtered, Domitian was assas- sinated by his freedman Stcphauus, in the 45 th year of his age, after a reign of 15 years and sis days. The character of this most execrable prince is thus ably summed up and commented upon by the pen of Eckhcl (vi. 391-2) : — There could not have appeared anything pre- mature in the death of a ruler, who, for so long a space iu the life-time of man, displayed the greatest cruelty towards all worthy men ; appropriated the property of the citizens, as if it had been his own ; and who detested as crimes the virtues and noble deeds of the illustrious, punishing them as such with death and exile. His inhuman disposition is thus severely touched on by Tacitus (in vitd Agricola, ch. 2), whilst speaking of this reign of oppression and impiety : “ We have, indeed, afforded a notable example of patience ; and, as the olden times witnessed the ne plus ultra of liberty, so have we that of servitude, when the very intercourse of speaking and listening has been taken from us by an in- quisitorial superintendence. We should have lost our memory too with our voices, had it been equally within the power of our volition to for- get, as to be silcut.” And this cruelty of dis- position was the less endurable from its being conjoined with incredible arrogance and vanity. The same individual, who, on entering upon a campaign, would suddenly retrace his steps with- out even seeing his enemy, and who was satis • tied with such a triumph over the Dacians, that he was not ashamed to pay them a yearly tri- bute — could, nevertheless, erect so many arches, surmounted by quadriga:, and other triumphal insignia (as even coins testify), that they were equalled by no preceding emperor. According to Suetonius, he called the months of September and October after his own names of Germanicus and Domitianus , because in the one he had succeeded to the empire, and in the other was born (ch. 13). He built a temple iu honour of the gens Flavia (his own family), and at length styling himself Dominus and Dens, desired those titles to be ap- plied to him by others ; and though they never appear on his coins, they are still to be found on the works of pottery, given by Passeri, not to mention the flatteries of contemporary writers, especially the poets. And this Lord and God was wont to devote an hour in each day to the catching and transfixing of flies! No- thing was ever more absurd than the funereal DOMITIANUS. 343 banquet which he set before the most dignified personages of Rome, and which Dion lias so minutely described (lxvii. § 9). — No wonder, theu, that the Senate should have shewn then- satisfaction at his death, by ordering ladders to be immediately brought, and his shields' and busts to be pulled down and scattered on the ground, his titles erased, and every memorial of his existence banished from their sight. (Suet, ch. 23). This, indeed, is the chief reason why Procopius asserts, that in his time but oue statue of this emperor remained ; though there is reason to suspect some egregious falsehood to be mixed up with his account. — The army, how-ever, were much incensed at the murder of Domitian, and instautly endeavoured to procure him the title of Dims, demanding that the perpetrators of the crime should be given up to punishment. (Suet. ch. 23). The motive for this display of affec- tion on their parts, was his having increased their pay one fourth ; the result of which incon- siderate liberality was, that the treasury being inadequate to meet the additional expense, be was compelled to reduce the numbers of the army ; and the provinces, thus deprived of their necessary garrisons, became more open to the incursions of barbarian tribes. Domitiau died without any progeny surviving him. By his wife he had oue son, who died at nine years of age. — Sec domitia. MINTAGES OF DOMITIAN. “ The medals of this emperor (as Capt. Smyth observes), are abundant and cheap, and are prized according to their preservation, and the degree of interest attached to their reverses. — Many of them were struck in the life-time of his father.” — With the exception of medallions in gold, silver, and brass, and some reverses, in each metal, of the usual size, all are common. On these he is styled IMP erator CAESAR DO- MITIANVS G lilt \[(u/icu.s AVG usti Yilitts (viz. the son of Vespasian) Voter Vatria. On a sil- ver coin, struck a. d. 69, when Vespasian was reigning, and Titus and Domitian were both only Cicsars, we see the respective bare heads of the two brothers facing each other, as in token of that fraternal concord which the latter never sincerely manifested a desire to maintain. — Other denarii, for a like purpose, exhibit them both seated on a cnrule chair, holding olive branches, and with the legend TITVS ET DO- yilTianus C A ESam PRINeyxw IVVENfe^w. (Morell. Impp. Roman, tab. vii. figs. 17 & 18). Among the rarest reverses are the following : Gold Medallions. — Obv. — imp. caes. do- mit. AVG. GEU. p. m. TR. p. vii. Laurelled bust of the emperor, with amulet (Medusa’s head) on the throat. Rev. — imp. xiiii. cos. xim. cens. pp. p. Minerva standing on a ship’s prow, holding a spear in the right hand, and a buckler on the left arm ; at her feet is an owl. On the prow e. a. — There is nothing rare in the reverse of this medallion, its type being simi- lar to that of the commonest denarius of Do- mitian. — [Mionnet values this at 1200 fr. in gold, and 600 fr. in silver]. 344 D0M1T1LLA FLAVIA. See cut at the head of the foregoing biogra- phical notice, engraved after a cast from the original in the Cabinet de France . Silver Medallions. — capit. restit. Jupi- ter Capitolinus, seated in a temple, between two standing figures. See an engraving of the coin in p. 170 of this dictionary. — princip. ivven- tvt. Emperor on horseback. (Mionnet values the above two at 80 fr. each). Gold. — germanicvs cos. xiiii. A German captive seated, with broken spear. (Two of this subject brought £3 16s. at the Devonshire, and another [cos. xv.] £4 3s. at the Thomas sale). — DOMIT1ANVS AVGVSTVS. — Reo. GERMANICVS cos. xiiii. Miuerva. (Pembroke sale, £4 8s.) — lvd. saec. pec. Salian priest. (Mt. 60 fr.) — DOMITIA AVGVSTA IMP. DOMITI. Head of Do- mitia. (Mt. 200 fr.) — lvd. saec. ff.c. cos. xiiii. Ou a cippus. (Mt. 60 fr.) — princeps ivventvtis. Helmet ou a curule chair. (£2 12s. Devonshire). Same legend. Goat within a crown of laurel. (Mt. 40 fr.) — vesta. Temple and 3 figures. (48 fr.) — Cornucopia, a beautiful aureus, with this type of reverse, brought £3 at the Thomas sale. Silver. — concordia avg. Woman seated. (Mt. 25 fr.) — DIVVS CAESAR IMP. DOMITIANI F. Infant on a globe. (Devonshire, £2 10s.) — domi- tia avgvsta. Head of Domitia. (90 fr.) — domitianv caes. avg. Bare head of Doini- tian, with the bust cuirassed. — iiee.-PACl. avg. (Mt. 25 fr.) Brass Medallions. — s. c. The Emperor, with a river-god at his feet. — s. c. The Emperor crowned by Victory. (Miounet values these two medallions, which are surrounded with a large circle, at 150 fr. each). Large Brass. — lvd. saec. fec. The Empe- ror and several figures. (Mionnet, 40 fr. Sold for £1 19s. at the Pembroke sale). — fides ex- ercit. Emperor and soldiers sacrificing. (20 fr.) — s. c. Flavian Amphitheatre. (60 fr.) — s. c. Emperor in a temple, a soldier on each side. (50 fr.) — s. c. Two quadriga: of elephants ou an arch. (24 fr.) — s. c. Woman in a temple, soldier on each side. (80 fr.) DOMITILLA (Uluvia), wife of Vespasian, by whom he had three children, Titus, Domi- tian, and a daughter Domitilla. She was of obscure birth, being the daughter of Flavius Libcralis, a questorian scribe. She was origiu- allv a bond woman, or slave, to Statilius Ga- pcila, a Roman eques. Subsequently, however, she was manumitted, and Vespasian married her a. D. 40. She as well as her daughter died before Vespasian became emperor. Aud her name was scarcely known iu Koine until it was drawn from oblivion by divine houours paid, DOM ITIUS DOMITI ANUS. } and consecration coins struck, during the reign of her son Titus. — “This public deification (re- marks Capt. Smyth, p. 59), though unnoticed by either Tacitus, Dion, or Suetonius, is re- corded on gold and silver medals of extreme rarity ; and we learn from an inscription pre- served by Grutcr, the excellent philologist, that an order of priests was instituted for her altars : Sacerdos Diva Domitilla.” Although l’lavia Domitilla, wife of Vespasian, was dead before the accession of her husband to the empire, she was not on that accouut deemed less worthy to be declared Augusta. It is un- known whether it was her husband or her son who caused this posthumous honour to be ren- dered to her. It is the first example of an em- peror’s wife declared Augusta and Diva, having died without having occupied the supreme rank of empress. The following arc the coins dedicated to her memory by her eldest son ; and on the obverses of which she is styled DIVA DOMITILLA AVGVSTA, aud the legend is accompanied by her portrait. Silver Medallion. — pif.tas avgvsta. A woman seated. (Valued by Mionnet at 300 fr.) Gold. — Rev. divvs avgvstvs vespasianvs. Head of Vespasian. (Valued by Mionnet at 600 fr. Brought at the Trattlc sale £29 10s.) Silver. Obv. diva domitilla avgvsta. Bust of the wife of Vespasian. — Rev. fortvna avgvsta. Fortune standing with her usual at- tributes. — (See the above engraving; it is also figured in Akerman, i. plate 5, No. 8. — Mion- net values this excessively rare denarius at 125 fr. A specimen of it, in extremely fine condi- tion, brought £20 IDs. Od. at thcTovev sale.) — paci avgvstae. The type of l’eace. — pietas avg vst. A woman seated to the right, having near her a young child, whom she seems to pro- tect. Allusion is doubtless here made to the virtues of Vespasian’s deceased wife. The child is most probably meant for Titus, elder son of Vespasian. [The legend and type of reverse arc the same as appear on a denarius of Domitia, the latter obviously borrowed from Domitilla’s coiu. Mionnet values the Pari aud the Pietas at 125 fr. each.] DOMITILLAE MEMORIAE.— It is matter of dispute amongst numismatic antiquaries, whe- ther a large brass, which, minted by Titus, bears the foregoing legend aud the type of a carpentum drawn by two nudes, is to he re- ferred to Domitilla, the mother of that emperor, or to his sister, of the same name. As an in- vestigation of the principal arguments, adduced 011 both sides of this question, so far from being profitless, is calculated to afford some useful in- formation, a summary will be found given of them under the head of memoriae DOMITILLAE. DOM 111 IS DOM ITT ANUS.— These names j appear only on coins, and arc supposed to be those of one ol Diocletian’s generals, who dc- ; clarcd himself emperor at Alexandria, whilst in command of the imperial legions iu Egypt ; in w hich year is not known ; but it is supposed to have been about the time of Diocletian's abdica- DOMIT1 L S DOMIT1AN US. tion. The subjoiued engraving is from one of the only coins with Latin legends ascribed to this usurper; and although uo doubt whatever exists as to its authenticity, yet the subject it- self presents difficulties which are far from being resolved satisfactorily, by either preceding or present numismatists. DOMITIUS DOM 1 1 1 ANUS. 345 Obo.—mVerator CAESAR Lucius DOMI- TIVS DO MIT I AN VS WGustus. Rust, to the right, of Domitius Domitianus, laureated. — Rev. gknio POPVU ROMANI. The Genius of the Roman People unclothed, except with the pal- lium on his shoulders ; the face beardless, hold- ing in the right hand a patera , and in the other a cornucopia. At his feet is an eagle. In the field r. (mark of the year iii.) On the exergue ale. (for Alexandria). — This coin, in middle brass, was considered almost unique in D’En- nery’s time. — The above cut is after a cast from a specimen in the British Museum. Without pretending to unravel a skein of his- torical uncertainties, which environs the researches and baftlcs the conjectures of learned and inge- nious antiquaries, we may cite the following passages in reference to this still unsettled ques- '■ tion of identity and date, from two of the most celebrated of modern uumismatists : — “ Of this Domitius Domitianus (says Mion- nct) the name, career, and fate are equally unknown. But on the reverse of these Latin medals, the exergue presents the letters ale. which shews that they were struck at Alexan- dria. Now, at the period when Latin coins began to be struck in that city, Greek ones had ceased to appear. The latest Greek medals of Alexandria, of which we have any knowledge, arc Diocletian’s, and bear the date te (15), which answers to the year of Rome 1051 (a. d. 298). The Latin medals of Domit. Domitianus cannot, therefore, be anterior to that epocha. Neither arc they greatly posterior to that time ; because the type, the workmanship, and the value of these medals unite in proving that they are of Diocletian’s age.” — (Rurete, & c. ii. 171). The above piece is not an isolated one. — There exist Greek coins of Alexandria equally indubitable, aud which also belong to a Domi- tianus. M. Ch. Lenormant, in his splendid work, Iconographie des Empereurs, gives a wood-cut of one of these. The following is a description of it : — DOMITIANOC OEBcurros. (Domitianus Augustus). Radiated head of Domitiau, turned to the right. Rev. — Serapis, walking to the right, the right hand raised, and holding a long sceptre in the left. In the field a palm branch, and L. B. (AvKaSayros Seurepov) the year II. .'E. 4. “When we compare (says M. Lenormant), the Latin coin with the Greek one, it is impos- sible to doubt but that they both belong to one aud the same personage. Eckhcl, indeed, attri- 2 Y butes the Greek medal to a Domitianus, con- temporary of Gallienus, and conqueror of the two Macriani, whilst he makes the Latin piece descend down as far as the epocha of Diocletiau. This opinion I consider to be unstable at its very foundation. As to the opiuion of numismatists, who have recognised in the Latin medal the style and workmanship of the .era of Diocle- tian, it appears to be well warranted ; and we do not hesitate to regard the personage, whose portrait it represents, as a contemporary of that emperor. The two pieces were minted at Alex- andria. The one belongs to the monetary series of that city, which was verging upon its close ; the other is a Latin middle brass, but bcar- iug the same distinction (different) as the great gold medal of Diocletian (see leonographie Romaine, No. 7, plate lv.) ale, mark of the money of Alexandria. — The Greek medal indicates the second year of this Domitianus ; the Latin middle brass has in the field a T, which it is by no means rash to consider as a mark of the third year. The pretender, re- presented on these pieces, is not one of those ephemeral usurpers, whose trace can have dis- appeared from history. Although the texts re- lative to the reign of Diocletiau be extremely succinct, it would be far too extraordinary that no literary record should have bceu preserved of a prince who wore the purple jn Egypt for three, or at least for two, years. These texts, never- theless, say nothiug of Domitius Domitianus ; but they enter into some details in connection with the usurpation of an Achilleus, who was, during a sufficiently long time, master of Alex- andria.” (p. 114). The learned and accomplished Author of the work above quoted, then submits to his readers jvhether it would not be “ possible to ascribe to this Achilleus the coins which bear the name of Domitius Domitianus?” aud he proceeds to employ some ingenious arguments by analogy drawn from the early empire, and backed by references to the events during the reign of Diocletian, to shew, that such might have been the case. At the same time how- ever he confesses, that to justify his suspicion (souppon) it was needful to have some inscrip- tion [at present undiscovered] which should 3W DOMNA. fjive ii> a manner mere complete than coins do, the names of this usurping emperor. i_My esteemed friend, Mr. Matthew Young, the late eminent medallist, once sent down for my inspection, a specimen of this usurper's Latin coin, which, as to both legends and types, was in the most beautifully perfect preservation, covered with a smooth, dark brown-coloured patina; and in every respect accordant with the above cited description of Mionnct; who (be it observed), places this second brass in the fourth degree of rarity, and he values it at only 15 fr. Mr. Young’s price for his flower of the die was t~. the exact sum which it afterwards brought at the Ikomas sale. — Mr. Roach Smith informs me, that oue of these was lately fonud in Ger- many, with a large number of Diocletian’s and Maximian’s coins. — Note by the compiler.] DOMNA (Julia), second wife of Septimius Sevcrus, was the offspring of a plebeian family, of Emesa, in Syria. Her father was Julius Bas- siauus (a name which was given to Caracalla, and which he bore till Sevcrus made him ex- change it for that of Antoninus). Her mother’s name was Soemias. YV hat Julia wauted in no- bility of birth was supplied by the planet of her nativity. Her horoscope was of such a kind, that she professed a perfect assurance of being, at some time or other, the wife of a king. — Sevcrus hearing of this circumstance, w hilst yet in a private station, and being addicted himself to astrology, through a strong ambition of sove- reignty, married her after the death of his wife Marcia. That this event cannot be fixed later than the year u. c. 928 (a. d. 175), is proved by the express assertion of Dion (lxxiv. $ 3), that Faustina, the wife of Marcus Aurelius, pre- pared for this marriage, a nuptial couch, in the temple of Venus, which was situated near the palace. Tor it was in this year thut Faustina junior set out for the East, in coiupatiy with her husband, aud died on the journey. Domna possessed beauty, wit, learning, eloquence. Her talents and her ambition were alike remarkable ; and notwithstanding her notoriously loose cha- racter. and the treasonable attempts of which she was suspected, continued always to be a favourite with Sevcrus. After his death, Julia had the grief to see her sons despise her en- treaties, aud remain enemies. Although treated with some degree of deference by her son Cara- calln, she was forced to witness’ the murder of Geta by his own brother, in her very arms, npd to sec herself covered with the blood of one of her own sons. Aud, when her lamentations for Gelu’s death became too bitter for his liking, Caracalla nearly went the length of doubling hi- crime in her person. After wards, she suc- DOMNA. ceeded in dissembling her grief, to secure the good will of her surviving son, who in recom- pense for this condescension, bestowed upon her abundant honours, and even conferred upon her a portion of his imperial authority. — Spartianus, Eutropius, aud Aurelius Victor, relate an odious scandal against this celebrated but liceutious woman, in reference to Caracalla. It is not mentioned, however, by contemporaneous writers; and, for the honour of womanhood, and espe- cially of maternity, it is to be hoped there was no truth in the accusation, even though alluded to in the severe jests of the Alexandrians. — After the death of Caracalla, she stayed at An- tioch ; and not being able to reconcile herself to private life, she determined to put an end to her existence by starvation, overwhelming Ma- criuus with reproaches aud maledictions. But soon laying aside her assumed grief for the death of Caracalla, she took heart at finding herself courteously addressed, in the letters of the new emperor ; who, however, when he discovered that she had obvious designs on the sovereignty, ordered her to quit Antioch, aud go whither so- ever she pleased. Driven to desperation by this affront, Julia refused all nourishment, ami died a.d. 217. Her remains were transported to Rome ; and deposited, at first, in the tomb of Cains and Lucius. Afterwards, her sister Mtcsa caused them to be placed, together with the bones of Geta, in the mausoleum of Antoninus Pius (according to Dion, Ixxviii. $ 23, 24). — The children of Domna were Caracalla and Geta, and some daughters of uo celebrity. She is suruamed Felix and Domna ; the latter is her own family appellation, and, according to Spanheim, a Syrian word; inscribed with which her coins are more prized than when they have Pia, a name given to Jidia at Rome, in honour of Fulvia Pia, the mother of Sevcrus. — Her numismatic style is IVLIA AVGVSTA (with Mater Castrorum or Augustorum often ou the reverse). Also IVLIA PIA FELIX DOMNA AVG. (with Mater Pat rim on the reverse). — The brass coins minted in honour of this em- press (except medallions and some others with the word Domna), are very common ; the gold arc rare ; the silver of usual size, for the most part common. The follow ing arc amongst the rarest reverses, in each metal : — Gold Medallion.-yenvs gknetrix. Venus seated. — (Small size; brought All 5s. at the Tint tie sale). Gold. — aetebmt. IMPEKI. Busts of Scverus aud Caracalla. (Mt. 150 fr.) — Same epigraph, with heads of Caracalla and Geta. (£9 its. Ud. Thomas; Prattle, £11 10s.) — DIANA lvciekra standing. (£7 7s. Od. at the Thomas sale). — eecvnihtas. Female seated, and four children uear n globe. (£11 Thomas). — HlLAttlTAS. A female, with cornucopia; and palm branch. (£8 at the Thomas). — rVNO hegina. (£7 15s. at the Devonshire). — laetitia. — lvna lvcifera. — mater avg. (Mt. SO fr. each). — mater avgo. Cybele in quadriga of lions. (£7 15s. at Devon- shire ; £9 at the Thonius). — mater DEVM. (£3 DONA.— DONATIVA. 10s. at the Thomas; £5 Trattle.) — mat. avgg. MAT. SEN. M. PATH. (£9 Thomas). MATRI Castrorvm. The Empress standing, sacrificing before two military ensigns. Engraved in Mion- net (i. 303), who values that, and another with the Empress seated, at 100 fr. each. — sever vs pivs avg. Must of Scverus. (Mt. 100 fr.) — vesta mater. Sacrifice by six females before a temple. (£5 10s. Trattle; £8 15s. Thomas). — vener. victr. Venus resting on a column. (Highly preserved, obtained £8 at Thomas sale; bought at the Tiattle for £5 7s. (id.) — venvs gexetrix. (A specimen of this extremely rare aureus, in perfect condition, £5 7s. at the Bru- mell, brought £6 6s. at the Pembroke sale). — pi ft ati. Figure and altar. (£12 10s. Trattle). Silver Medallion. — aeqvitas pvbuca. The three monetae. (Mionuet, 30 l'r.) Silver. — antonixvs pivs avg. bkit. Head of Caracalla. (Mt. 50 fr.) — cereri frvgif. [See wood-cut at head of biographical notice.] — Concordia Felix. Two figures. Engraved in Khell, page 114. (24 fr.) — p. sept. geta. Head of Geta. (45 fr.) — severvs avg. partii. max. Head of Scverus. (60 fr.) vf.sta mater. Sacrifice before a temple. (40 fr.) Brass Medallions. — ceres, staudiug near an altar. (150 fr .) — fecvnditati avg. Woman seated with children. (Mionnet, 300 fr.) Large Brass — aeqvitati pvblicae. (Mt. 72 fr.) — ivnonem. (Beautiful specimen, £2 9s. Thomas). — lvna lvcif. — mater avg. — pie- tati avg. — prim i decennales. (24 fr. each). — septimivs severvs. Head of Scverus. (72fr.) — VESTA MATER & VOTA PVBL1CA. (30 fr. each). — vesta. The goddess seated. Obv. ivlia domna avg. (£8 8s. at the Thomas sale). DOMNUS.— DOMNUS PIIILOCOMUS.— These epigraphs appear, the former on a con- torniate of Trajan, the latter on a contorniate of Sept. Severus. The type of both represents hieronicus, or victor at the Circeusian games, holding a whip in his right hand, a palm brauch in his left, and carried in a triumphal quadriga. It is known that palms were amongst the re- wards distributed to the successful charioteers on those occasions. DONA. AVG. — This legend, which Vaillant and Banduri quote as inscribed on the reverse of a silver coiu of Gallienus, has for its type Mercury staudiug, with the crumena in one hand, and the caduceus in the other, and a dog at his feet. — See Mercury. All antiquaries (says Eckhcl) who have com- mented on this coin, explain its reverse in the words of Trcbellius, who says, that Gallienus was renowned for his accomplishments in ora- tory, in poetry, and in all arts, of which [ac- cording to the popular superstition of his day]. Mercury was the author and giver. Hence we learn the cause why Gallicuus, in this coin, is exhibited under the form of that god. DONATIVA, donatives, or presents in money, which the emperors made to the soldiers, either after a victory, by way of rccorapence to them, or at the beginning of a reign, to gain their friendship, or on other occasions. The confer- 2 Y 2 DRACO. 347 ring of donatives on the soldiery, or on the people, is sometimes alluded to on Roman coins, as appears from those on which the pretovian guards stand before the imperial tribune. — Sometimes cong. is read, with the additiou of il. or some other number (Spanlieim, Pr. ii. p. 533, et seq.) Of all monarchs the Roman emperors alone returned their superfluous wealth to the people : a system doubtless founded on the best policy ; since the usefulness of money lies more in giving it circulation, than in lock- ing it up in a treasury ; especially since, on any emergency, they had the power of recalling it again. Nor was it otherwise than a free gift to the people, inasmuch as it consisted of the spoils of conquered nations. (Rasclie, T. ii. part 1, p. 434.) See Conyiaria — Largitio — Liberalitas. D. P. — Du Penates, or Dis Penatibus . — This abbreviation appears on coins of the Sul- picia family, accompanied with the type of two jugated and lanreated heads of the Dii Penates or household gods. DR. Drusus. — DR. CAE. Q. PR. Drusn Ceesare Qiueslore Provincia/i.-{\u"e\oui, p. 28.) DRACO, dragon, so called from a Greek word which signifies to see clearly, was distin - guished from the serpent (serpens), by its mag- nitude, crest, and beard ; also sometimes by the addition of wings and feet, and was considered as tutelary genius and guardian in many ancient nations. On a consecration coin of Faustina, two of them draw a ear. On denarii of the Vibia, Vipsania, aud Volteia families, we see big.c of dragons, driven by Ceres. The Dragon served as a Roman ensign under the emperors. They borrowed the custom, most probably, from the Dacians and Parthians, who themselves adopted it from the people of India. (Pitiscus). And the Romans haviug once brought these figures of a fabulous animal into military use, dragons became common to all the cohorts, as is expressly stated by Vegetius : — Primum signum totius legionis est Aquila, quam aquilifer portat ; Dracones ctiam per siugulas cohortes a dracouariis feruntur ad pradium. — That the officer who bore the image itself of a dragon, or an ensign, on which the figure w’as woven into the vexi llum, had the appellation of Draconarius, we learn from Ammianus, in describing the solemn entry of Coustantius II. into Rome. On a large brass of Philip senior, a woman stands holding a two-footed dragon in her right hand, and a spear in her left. — For Eckhel’s ex- planation of this enigmatical type, see tran- QUILLITAS AUG. Draco Lanuvius, or symbolical serpent of Juno Sospita, winding its folds round, aud erect- ing its head above, an altar, is a frequent type on the denarii of Roman families. The mystical dragon, lying prostrate, is re- presented on some coins of the Christian Em- I perors. Thus the dragou is seen under the feet of Theodosius, and in like manner of Valen- I tinian junior, of Libius Severus, of Hcraclius, and others. — See Serpens. 343 DRUS1LLA. DRUSILLA. — The appellation of this woman | is thus read, unaccompanied by the title of Am- t qmta, on a iarge brass of Caligula, in associa- tion with the names of her two sisters, agrip- PtNA and iylia, both objects, with herself, of that tyrant’s incestuous lore. Julia Drnsilla, the daughter of Agrippina senior and of Ger- manicus, was born 763 (a. d. 15), at Treves; married by Tiberius to L. Cassias Longinus, grandson of Cassias, and taken from her hus- band by her own execrable brother to cohabit with him. Drnsilla died a. d. 3S. — See the re- verse engraved in p. 29. DRUSI S SENIOR DKCSUS s tutor. Nero Claudins Drusns Germanicus, commonly called Drnsus senior, was the son of Ti. Claudius Nero and of Livia. He came into the world in the year of Rome 716 (b. c. 33), not however at his father's house, but in that of Octavianus (afterwards Augustus), three months after he had, with the permission of her husband, married Livia, then enceinlt with Drusns ; a circumstance which gave rise to the line — Beatis trimestres liberos nasci — “ To the fortunate, children of three months art born.” (Sueton. in Claud, c. 1). — His prenomen was at first Decimut, and after- ward- .V 'tro, by which he is invariably desig- nated on coins, thus — xero clavdivs drvsvs, so as to indicate by the names Xero, and Clau- dia* his paternal, and by that of Drnsus his maternal, genealogy, through the gens Livia. For, according to Suetonius (in Tiber, c. 8), he was enrolled also in the family of the Iivii, by the adoption into it of his maternal grandfather. Being promoted, by the influence of Augustus, to an earlier share in public honours than the strict letter of the law wonld have permitted, he was enabled to devote himself to the cam- paigns in Germany, from the year r. C. 739 (b. C. 15), for six years till his death; daring wh.ch period he panly ken? in check the Snevi, Sicambri, Cherusci, and Frisii, and partly re- duced them to the Roman allegiance. He com- pleted with vast labour a dam, or dyke, across the Rhine, to moderate the force of the stream, and which, as late as the time of Snetonius, was called the (Fosta ) Drutina. and is to this day an object of wonder. At the beginning of his consulate, in the year r. c. 745 (b. c. 9), he proceeded into Germany, and was the first Ro- man who penetrated as far as the Albis (now the Elbe). — Eekbel, vi 175-76. Drnsus senior died the same year, thirty days after a fall from bis horse, caused doubtless by a frightful apparition, under the superstitions iafaeore of which he was deterred from pursu- ing the Germans beyond the Elbe. He was so distinguished a favourite of Augustus, on ac- count of his valour and integrity, that, in the oration which that emperor delivered at his burial, he prayed “ the gods to make his own Ciesars like the deceased, and grant to himself as honourable an end as his had been.” — Vale- rias Maximus speaks in high terms of his moral qualities, and of his conjugal fidelity. The forrien victories of Drnsus, and the regrets ! which he publicly expressed on the loss of the free republic, rendered his name popular ; and his premature death, which took place during his journey homewards, before he reached the Rhine, contributed to render his memory still more dear to the Romans. His remains were conveyed to Rome, and placed, with the highest honours, in the family mausoleum of Angustus. His brass coins (only those of the large sixe are extant), struck under Claudios, are not rare ; with the exception of those restored by Titus aud by Domitian. On these he is styled 1. NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GER- MANICVS IMP enrtor. Bare head of Dru-us senior to the left. — Rer.-TIAcriw CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGmIm P ontifex Mmimw TRi- buuit'ur VotestatU I M Vera tor. (Tiberius Clau- dius Caesar Augustus, Sovereign Pontiff, in- vested with the tribnnitian power). Statue of the eldrr Drusns, clothed in the toga, turned to the right, seated on a heap of arms, and hold- ing a branch in the right hand. Below is the mark of Senatorial authority for striking the coin. — Engraved as above from a specimen in ■ the compiler’s possession. This brass coin, and the two following aurei, were minted by order of the Emperor Claudius, and in honour of his father’s memory. They renew the memory of the statues, both eques- trian and pedestrian, which, with other honours, were dedicated to him after his decease. The surname of Germaaictu, attached here to the Wend of Drusns, was not decreed to him until after his death — the Senate at the same time authorising all his descendants to bear a name which recalled the glory of their aucestor. 2. Obr. — Same Wend, with laureated bead of Drusns senior. — Rer.-DE GERM. (Victory over the Germans). Equestriafi statue to the DRUSUS JUNIOR. DRUSUS JUNIOR. 349 right, ou a triumphal arch, between two tro- phies. Silver. The arch of Drnsus here represented still exists almost entire near the Appian Gate, now- called the Gate of St. Sebastian, at Rome. The group of sculptures which crowned the arch have disappeared. — (Lenorinaut). 3. Obv. — Same legend, with the laureated head of Drusns. — Rev. — 1)E GERMANIS. — Trophy composed of German arms. DRUSUS junior. — Drnsus called the younger, to distinguish him from his uncle Nero Claudius Drnsus, was born during the marriage of Tibe- rius and of Vipsania Agrippina, probably about the year of Rome 740 (b. c. 14). Being early advanced to public honours, he was Qucstor in 764 (a. r>. 11), and Consul Designates in 767 (a. d. 14), when he was sent by his father Tibe- rius into Pannonia, and there recalled to its allegiauce the army of that region, which on the death of Augustus had betrayed symptoms of revolt. Consul for the first time in 768 (a. d. 15), he entered Rome in an Ovation de- creed to him in 773 (a. d. 20), on account of his settlement of the affairs of Germany, and esta- blishment of Vannius as king of the Suevi. — In 774 he became cousul for the second time, and in 775 (a. d. 22), received from his father the Tribunitia Potestas. Nor did he long sur- vive this period, being cut off in the flower of his age For, incensed at the influence of Sc- janns, he went the length of striking him in a quarrel. Sejanus, burning for revenge, and already meditating his death, communicated his designs to Livia or Livilla, the wife of Drnsus, whose co-operation he had secured by the cri- minal intimacy subsisting between them, and poisoned him in the midst of his security, in the year u. c. 776 (a. d. 23). The crime was hushed up for a time through fear of Sejanus ; but on his death in 784 (a. d. 31), it was brought to light by the declaration of Apicata, the wife of Sejanus ; who, finding that her children were involved in her husband’s fate, and losing her reason in her grief, sent a letter to Tiberius, in which she betrayed the perpe- trators of the murder of Drusus, and then put an end to her own existence. This Drusus was considered an able soldier ; but a man of no stability of character, and dissolute in his habits. He delighted in bloodshed, even of the vilest ot mankind ; and so marked was this trait, that sharp swords used to be called Drusiani (gladii). 11c was thought inferior to his father in every respect, except his passion for drinking. Cas- siodorus says, that he was honoured with a public burial. — D. N. Vet. vi. 202. His first brass coins, with bis portrait on one side, and Tiberius on the other, are rare ; 2ud brass common, except with the reverse of Tibe- rius, which are very rare. The silver are all extremely rare. — The following is a description of legends and tvpcs, in each metal : — 1. Rev . — DRVSVS - - - AYG. COC. II. TR. P. Bare head of Drusus the voungcr. — Obv. TI. CAES. AYG. 1>. M. TR. P.‘ XXXV. Lau- reated head of Tiberius. Silver. — Engraved in Kliell, p. 16. This medal of Drusus the younger belongs to a suite of pieces struck out of Rome, and pro- bably at Caesarsea, in Cappadocia, a short time after the union of that province to the Roman empire. The unusual titles which Tiberius bears ou these pieces confirm this conjecture. Eckhcl, who was the first to hazard it, thinks also that the epocha of the medals in question answers to that in which Tiberius having become acquainted with the part which Sejanus and Livilla had taken in the death of Drusus junior, the pro- vinces of the empire eagerly seized the occasion to flatter the emperor by dedicating money to his son’s memory. 2. DRVSVS CAESAR T Iberii AVG usf* F i/ius DIY1 AN Gusli N epos. Bare head of Drusus the younger to the left. — Rev. — PON- TIFF TRlBVNift* POTESTafw lTER///« — I In the field, the initials S. C. (struck by autho- j rity of the Senate.) Middle brass. The first tribuuitian power of Drusus the younger dates from the year of Rome 776 (a. d. 23), one year before his death. 3. Rev. — DRVSVS CAESAR TI. AVG. F. D1VI AVG. N. PONT. TR. POT. II. In the field, S. C. — Obv. — A caduceus, at the foot of which two cornucopia: cross themselves, sup- porting two children’s heads, facing each other. Large brass. — See au engraving of it, p. 289. The two infants represented on this obverse arc the two twins born of the marriage of Dru- sus junior and Livilla. One of these sons, whose name is unknown, died at about four years of age ; the other added to his name of Tiberius the surname of Gemellus. This latter youth, whom Tiberius designed to have shared his heritage with Caligula, died suddenly in the year 790 (a. D. 37), at the age of nineteen, vic- tim of Caligula’s jealousy. Amongst other evi- i deuces of the great joy with which the birth of I these twin brothers tilled the heart of Tiberius, that old emperor made it a matter of boast, in full Senate, that until then, no Roman of a rank as elevated as his own had had the happiness of seeing twin children born in his family : — Nulli ante Romanorum ejusdem fastigii viro geminam stirpem editam. (Tac. Ann. ii. 84). — 350 DRUSUS C.ESAR. “ The aneieuts had particular reasons — con- nected with the most profound branch of their religious beliefs — for attaching a superstitious importance to the birth of twins.” M. Lcnor- maut, in making the above remark in his Ico- nograpliie (p. 20), refers his readers for an ex- position of those reasons to his Nouvel/e Gal. Mgthologique. DRUSUS Casar, second son of Germanieus and of Agrippina senior, was born about the year 761 (a. d. 8); assumed the toga virilis in 776 (a. d. 23); and being the same year re- commended by Tiberius to the Senate, together with his brother Nero, is said by Tacitus {Ann. iv. 36), to have been appointed prefect of the city, 778 (a. d. 25). He was a youth of an extremely cruel disposition, and through ambi- tion of power conspired with Sejanus against his own brother Nero. But he very early paid the penalty ; for after his brother had been got rid of, becoming himself the next obstacle to the projects of Sejanus, he fell a victim to the same machinations, and was closely confined iu the dungeons of the Pa/atium. l’lis death was deferred, not from motives of mercy, but in order that Tiberius might have some one to take part against Sejanus, then destined to destruc- tion, in the event of his resorting to violent measures ; as the inclinations of the people were strongly biassed in favour of the sou of Germani- cus. But when Sejanus had been put to death, the imperial tyrant, feeling secure of his safety, had the cruelty to deprive Drusus of food. And, thus reduced to gnaw the very wool of his bed, the wretched young prince protracted an agonizing existence till the ninth day, when he expired, 786 (a. d. 33). Tiberius ordered his ashes to be scattered, that he might never receive the honours of burial. — Eckhel, vi. 217. The equestrian clligies of Drusus and his bro- ther Nero appear on second brass of Caligula. — See NERO et drusus caesares. DUCENTISS1 MA. — See R. CC. Remissa Ducentissima. DUILLIA — a plebeian gens, little known. — The coins ascribed to it are brass, consisting solely of the as, and some of its divisions, viz. the scinis, the triens, and the sextaus. Under the head of Duillia, Riccio (p. 83, plate xix. No. 1), gives engravings of two pieces ; one with double-headed Janus, the second with the head of Mercury on one side, and on the re- verse of both a ship’s prow, on the top of which stauds a small figure of a bull ; at the bottom roma. In the upper part of the field are the letters md, being the only mark that distin- guishes them from common specimens of the as coinage, without names of families. With this slight clue, however, Borghesi reads ill. Dultius, and assigus them both to the Duillia family. DUPLEX Comucop'ue a double horn of plenty. — This conjunction, which appears on some Roman coins, served to predict a future abuudaucc of all things to the government of the prince. DUPLICATION of Letters, a mark of the plural number. Thus we find A YGG. written DURM1A. to signify two Emperors. Or it is written AVGGG. as on a coin of Licinius, and on some of Carausius, to denote three Augusti. In like manner CAESS. for two C;csars; and CAESSS. for three Ciesars. By the same rule, on coins of a lower age, are observed DD. NN. or more rarely DDD. NNN. Domini Nostri. On medals also of Sept. Scverus and Caracalla is read, IMPP. INVICTI PI I AVGG. Imperatores Invicti Fii Augusti. — See p. 95. Besides these titles of Emperors, the redu- plication of letters is a mark of the plural when it occurs as follows : — DD. Decurioues. DPP. Dii Penates. 1) E B E L L A T O R I G E N T T. BARBARR. Gentium Barbararum. — COIIH. PRAET. Cohortes Prceloriana, &c. DUPOND1US, a weight of two pounds ; — also a piece of Roman money, valued at two asses, aud which preserved the same name, not- withstanding [the diminution of the as, which was reduced below the pound. — See as and its parts. DURMIA gens. — A family of uncertain rank, aud scarcely known till the age of Augustus. — There are six varieties of its coins. Gold rare ; silver common. Marcus Durmius was Augus- tus’s moneyer in 735 (b. c. 19), conjointly with Marcus Aquilius Floras, and Publius Petronius Turpiliauus. Four of his coins have ou their obverses the head of Honour, aud on their re- verses types which regard the exploits and the honours ascribed to Augustus Caesar. Four others have each on their obverses the head of Augustus, aud on their reverses four different types as singular as any iu the scries of family coins ; and which have, more or less, employed the pens of the most cmiucut uumismatologists for a series of year's. 1. [CAESAR] AVGVSTVS. Bare head of Augustus. — Rev. — M. DVRMIVS III. V 111. (Mouetal Triumvir). A wild boar transfixed with a hunting spear. Silver. 2. CAESAR AVGVSTVS. Same tvpe as above. — Rev. — M. DVRMIVS III. VI R A lion devouring a stag. Silver. — Sec engraving, p. 316, article DENARIUS. [The above devices of the wild boar and the lion evidently refer to those sumptuous hunting parties, in which, according to both Dion and Suetonius, Augustus took very great delight]. 3 HONOR1. M. DVRMIVS IIIVIR. The bare juvenile head of Honour. — /ice. -CAESAR AVGVSTVS. Augustus standing in a biga of clephauts, holds iu the right hand a branch of laurel, and in the left the sccptie. Silver. 4. Same legend and young head. — Iter. -CAE- SAR AVGVSTVS, S. C. A basket with a flower, ou a quadriga. Silver. — Sec F/ns. DURMIA. DUUMVIRI. 351 а. Same legend, and young head between two stars. — Rev. — AVGVSTO OH. C. S. in a crown of oak leaves. Gold. — Eekliel marks it rrkk. Mionnct values it at 48 fr. б. M. DVRMIVS JIIVIR. IIONORI — Same juvenile head. — Rev.—CA USA R AVGVS- TVS SIGN/* R KCEIV/j. A male figure kneel- ing, offers up an ensign with his right hand. With respect to those denarii of Durmius, whose obverses bear the name and head of monos, Eckhel recalls to the recollection of nu- mismatists, that on similar coins, struck about the same time by Aquilius Florus, is seeu the head of vinrvs. Dion acquaints us that in the year of Rome 727 (n. c. 17), Augustus made some alteration in the games dedicated to Virtue and Honour; for which reason, Durmius and his monetary colleagues, in the years immedi- ately following 734 (b. c. 20), appear to have caused the head of each to be stamped on their respective denarii. — Sec monos et viktvs; also see MUCIA GENS. The epocha in which medals 3, 4, 5, and 0 were struck, is, by consent of all writers on the subject, referred to the last war waged by Au- gustus against the Partliinns, which ended in the submission of Phraates their king, and with the voluntary restitution of prisoners, eusigns, and spoils taken from the Romans n. c. 20. — lienee, for Augustus’s having saved the blood ot his fellow citizens, the Senate decreed to him quadriga; and bigie, with golden crowns, and all the military and civic honours of the triumph. Borghesi considers that Honour and Virtue refer to the Clipeus Votivus dedicated to Augustus on the termination of the Parthian war, and de- posited in the temple of those two Roman divi- nities. 7. CAESAR AVGVSTVS. Laurcated head. Rev. — M. DVRMIVS III. VIR. A sea-crab, holding a butterfly in its claws. Gold. — (Valued by Mionnct at 60 fr.) [“ The crab grasping the butterfly (says Eck- hcl), is an enigma, which no one appears, as yet, to have satisfactorily solved.” It is, how- ever, like many other types to be found among the mintages of Augustus, a fantastic design, elegantly executed. The above cut of it is after a cast from a beautiful specimen in the British Museum] 8. CAESAR AVGVSTVS. Bare head of Augustus. — Rev. — M. DVRMIVS III. VIR — Bull with human face, walking to the right, crowned by a flying genius, like the type of the Campanian money. This coin is not given in Mionnct. But Riccio describes aud engraves it in his Famiglie di Roma, Suppl. pi. 50, No. 2. [This bull with a human countenance is re- garded by Eckhel as an emblem involved in utter obscurity. Riccio remarks, that “ it is a type peculiar to almost all the cities of Cam- pania, as the wild boar transfixed, or not trans- fixed, belongs to Capua and Psestum ; aud as to Vtlia belongs the type of the lion devouring a stag]. DUUMVIRI, so called from their number, were magistrates inferior in rank to the Prctors, and who presided as judges at a court (curia) in Rome, where cognizance was taken only of criminal cases. The office was held in much consideration during the Republic, as well for the power it conferred, as on account of its an- tiquity, the creation of duumviri being referred to a period so far back as the reign of Tullus Hostillius. Duumviri Municipales were also two men appointed to perform the functions of the ordi- nary magistracy, in Roman colonics and muni- cipal towns. This fact is attested not by coins only, but likewise by marbles, and by various writers. — “ Doubtless (says Eckhel), as, accord- ing to the expressions of Aulus Gellius, the colonies were a sort of miniature imitation of Rome, their mother-city, so these Duumvirs resembled, in a certain degree, the two Consuls of Rome. And, similarly, what in the latter was the Senate, in the colonics aud municipia was the Curia ; whilst in the place of Senators stood the Decuriones. (See the w T ord, p. 313). Moreover, as the Consuls w r cre, at Rome, not only the ordinary but the highest magistrates, so also in the colonies were the Duumviri. This is evident from the well-known fact, that an honorary duumvirate in the colouies was fre- quently passed through by Ciesars, Emperors, and Kings. And since the colonies were thus in the practice of conferring a local office on such dis- tinguished personages, it cannot be supposed, that it was any other than the highest in their power to bestow. And this also explains the expression of Apuleius — “In which colony (says he), I had a father in the highest position, a duumvir.” On the cited authority of marbles, there are learned writers who have asserted, that the Duumviri sometimes styled themselves Consuls of their colonies, on the plea of the resemblance of their own office to that of the true Roman Consul. The Author of Doctrina, who con- siders those citations to be of doubtful accuracy, and consequently entitled to but little credit, contends that, even if the Duumviri were some- times styled Consuls, it was in a manner re- sembliug that in which the Decuriones were occasionally called Senators. Nor is there any doubt but that, if the law, or the permission of the higher powers, did not allow them these titles, they were at least tacitly accorded by virtue of the similarity of the office. — iv. 475. The Duumviri are indicated on coins by the letters II V. or IIYIR. On those of Osca, in Spain, the two units are joined together by a transverse line, thus HVIR. in the same way as for IIS. which is the mark denoting a ses- tertius. — HS. is often seen on marbles. Not un- frequently, the names only of the Duumviri are 352 DUUMVIRI, stated on colonial money, without the mark IIVIR. — Duumviri are mentioned on coins of the following places : — Accium, in Tarraconensis Agrigeutum, iu Sicily. Rilbilis, in Tarraconensis. Buthrotum, in Epirus. Caisar-Augusta, in Tarraconensis. Calagurris, in do. Carthago Nova, in do. Carthago Vetus, in Africa. Celsa, in Tarraconensis. Corinth, in Achaia. Dcrtosa, iu Tarraconensis. Euna, in Sicily. Ercavica, in Tarraconensis. Ilicuin, in do. Julia, in Boetica. Leptis, in Syrtica. Onuba, in Boetica. Osca, in Tarraconensis. Picstum, in Lucania. Panormus, in Sicily. Parium, in Mysia. Saguutum, in Tarraconensis. Turiaso, in do. Utica, in Zcugitana. That the Duumvirate was an office lasting for a year, is gathered not only from the fact, that it was a function of the same character as the Consulate of the Romans, but also because the I hurt (in the same way as the Archons, Pre- tors, and Scribes of the Greek cities) are found | to repeat the record of their magistracy on their coins, expressed by IIVIR. ITERwm ; as, for example, on the money of Corinth, and other 1 places. But from certain coins it is evident, that this custom did not obtain everywhere, or not invariably, and that in several cities the Duumvirate was prolonged for five years. The mark of the IIVIR. is seen on coins of the Pomponia aud Quintillia families. Duumviri Quinquennates. See Quinquen- n ales. Duumviri Honorarii. — The Crcsars and Au- qusti frequently bore the honorary offices of go- vernment in the various cities of the empire. This is a fact assured to us by the often quoted testimony of Spartian, accepted, in a question like the present, as paramount authority by Eckhel himself, who furnishes a list of these personages, and states the circumstances con- nected with their respective appointments. — Amongst them are, Augustus, M. Agrippa, and Tiberius Caesar, Quinquennales of Celsa — Tibe- rius, IIVIR of Corinth — Gcrinnuieus and Dru- sus, sons of Tiberius, IlVtri of Accium, and IlIIVIRi of Carteia — Nero and Drusus, sons of Gcrmnnicus, 11 Xiri of Civsar- Augusta and Car- thago Novn — Juba 11. aud Ptolemy, Kings of Mauretania, IlV/ri (perhaps) of Carthago Nova. — Hadrian, in Etruria, served the Pretorship ; and throughout the Latin towns he wns Dic- tator, Edilc, and Duumvir; at Neapolis he was AHMAPX (invested with Trihtinitiaii power) in his native place (Italica, in Spain), he was Quiuquenunlis ; as also at Adria, his EAGLE. adopted country; whilst at Athens he was Arclion. The same procedure, therefore, was observed iu the colonies, as occasionally in the free cities. Coius of Trajan testify that he dis- charged the highest office of the magistracy at Byzantium, a free city. And historical writers con- cur with ancient marbles to confirm the evidence of coins. On a marble found in the municipium of Consubrum, in llispania Tarraconensis, pub- lished by Gruter (p. 421), we read EO. ANNO QVO. ET OPTIMVS IMP. HADRIANVS ETIAM DVVMV IRATV S HOXOREM SVS- CEPIT. — On a tablet found at Prteneste, given by Peter Foggini, appears the inscription GER- M AN ICVS CAESAR DRVSVS CAESAR, QVINQ«eH»«/ej Vneueste. Under the com- monwealth, eminent Romaus bore the office of IlVin in the colonies near home, as e. g Piso, and l’ompey the Great at Capua. — See Eckhel, (iv. 487), who adds that at the subsequent periods of Augustus and Tiberius, the quinquen- nia/ magistracy was held in the colonics by the Prafecti llVIri, as representatives of the Ciesars. E. E. — Fifth letter, and the second vowel, of the Latin alphabet. E long is sometimes found inscribed on the earlier coins of Rome with twoEs; as for ex- ample, FEELIX instead of FEI.IX, on a dena- rius of Sulla’s. E single, in the place of AE dipthong, now and then occurs. Thus EQ VITAS for AEQVI- TAS, as in Ncrva; RE1PVBI.ICE for REI- PVBLICAE, as in Constantine jun. Julian, and Jovian. CESAR for CAESAR; 1VDEA for IVDAEA; MA.MEA for MAMAEA. E, bv a false change of vowels, is sometimes found used for AE, as BAETISSI.MORV.M, on coins of Diocletian, Maximiau, and Con-tantius Chlorus ; FAELICITAS, as in Trajanua Dccius, and SAECVRITAS, ns in Diocletian. E displaced by A or by I, as SARAP1DI instead of SERAPIDI, in Julian II.; GENI- TRIX instead of GENETR1X. — [But these, and the other literal alterations and substitu- tions above mentioned, are of rare occurrence]. E serves on Roman coins to mark the fifth monetary office, or mint. EAGLE ( Aquita) , which is still called “ the King of Birds,” and w hich fable consecrated to Jupiter, as the minister of his lightnings, is the type under which, standing on a thunderbolt, a globe, a laurel wreath, a palm branch, an altar, or a ship’s prow, the Roman empire is most fre- quently designated on coins of Augustus, An- toninus, L. Verus (p. 249), Sabina, &c. EAGLE. On a deuarius of the Terentia gen9, struck by Varro, unval pro-questor of Pompeius Mag- nus. the reverse exhibits the emblems of Pom- pey’s power by sea aud by land, consisting of a sceptre in the midst of a dolphin aud an eagle. At the consecration of Emperors, an eagle was let forth from amidst the flames of the funeral pile ; and, flyiug into the air, it was supposed to bear to heaven the soul of the dei- fied personage. It is for this reason that, on imperial coins, the bare bead of the Prince, or the veiled head of the Augusta, is impressed on one side, and on the other an eagle in full flight, with the emperor or empress on its back. — See consecratio, pp. 248 and 250. The Eagle stands in the middle between an owl aud a peacock, on coins of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. It is thus that Jupiter, Minerva, and Juno are designated by their re- spective attributes. And, as if to shew more clearly the meaning of this remarkable group, there is a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius in the Cabinet de France, on the reverse of which, without legend, Jupiter is seated, with Minerva, also seated, on his right, and Juno on his left. A coin of Vespasian exhibits a similar type of the three shrines in the temple of Jupiter Capito- linus, in which the statues of those three dei- ties stood, each with its attendant bird occupy- ing the same relative position as on the first coin above described. Legionary Eagle. — It is an established fact, that the Eagle was the principal standard of the Legion, and continued to be used as such so long as that body existed. These legionary eagles, not great in size, were affixed to spears, the lower ends of which were sharp-pointed, for the purpose of their being more easily planted in the ground. They are exhibited on coins, as holding in their talons a thunderbolt. Nor has this peculiarity escaped the observation of an- cient writers. Dion states that, among the por- tents which presented themselves to Cn. Pom- pey the younger, when in Spain, was the fol- lowing : — “ That his legionary eagles, shaking their wings, and casting from them the golden thunderbolts which some of them grasped in their claws, openly denounced an evil fate against him, and flew off to Caesar.” — Silver was preferred for the material of the eagle it- self, and the reason, according to Pliny, was that it is a metal which is seen at the greatest distance. — (Du Choul, Castrametation Romaine, 2 Z EAGLE. 353 p. 12). — Respecting the Eagle-bearer, see aqui- LIFER, p. 71. On the legionary coins of M. Autony we see the Eagle, placed between two ensigns, distill - ■ guished with three circular appendages, and terminating above in a spear-point. — Eagles be- tween simple ensigns, of a similar form and the same number, appear on denarii of Clodius Macer and of S. Severus ; also on the well- known coins which record the recovery of the ensigns from the Parthians, and are inscribed signa p. r. several of which are published in Morell. Thesaur. Fam. Rom. under the head of Incerta, plate ii. They are also to be found amongst the colonial mintages, such as in Acci (see p. 3), and in Cacsar-Augusta, Patne, Eme- rita, &c. (see Vaillant). On coins of Augustus ! commemorating the restitution of the standards. Mars Ultor appears, with a legionary eagle in his right hand, and in his left an ensign — also a votive shield between a legionary eagle and a simple ensign (c. l. v. signis rf.ceptis, engraved in p. 218). — See legio. The legionary eagle appears fixed to a ship’s prow, and held by two right hands, on a first brass of Nerva, with legend of concordia ex • ercitwm (p. 243). It is also sccu in the hands of the emperor, on coins of M. Aurelius, Corn- modus, Alex. Severus, Philip, jnn. Probus, &c. Eagle and Infant Jove. — In the Farnese cabi- net there is a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, the reverse of which (without legend) exhibits Jupiter Crcscens, seated, naked, on the back of a goat, before an altar, with an Eagle sculptured on it, placed close to the trunk of a tree. — Sec Pedrusi, vol. v. p. 174. Eagle and Oaken Crown. — On a beautiful coin of Augustus, an eagle, with wings ex- panded, is seen perched (as in the subjoined cut) on a crown of oak leaves ; behind which are two branches of laurel. — See civibvs servatis caesar, p. 206. The legends aud types of this historical aureus are well elucidated by the statement of Dion (liii. eh. 16), that it was decreed a. u. c. 727 (b. c. 27), that laurels should be planted before the house of Augustus, in the Palatium, and a crown of oak leaves should be suspended from the summit of the roof, to indicate that he was “ the perpetual vanquisher of his foes,” aud “ preserver of the citizens.” — See coins of the gens Caninia, one of which, though struck many years later, exhibits the same design. — The S. C. on this coin indicates, both that Au- gustus was styled Caesar by a Senatus Consultum, and that by the same sanction, the oak crown and the laurels were decreed. The expression of Pliny is memorable — “ That Augustus, after 351 EBORACUM. quelling the civil wars, received a civic crown from the whole human race.” See Corona Quema, p. 290. EBOR -Ebora, in Lusitania, between the Anas ( Guadiana ) and the Tagus rivers; by Pliny classed among the Oppida Veteris Lut 'd. It was not strictly a colony of the Romans, but is said to have been invested by them with great privi- leges as a municipium. The present name is Evora, an episcopal city of Portugal, in the province of Alentejo. Coius struck at Ebora , under Augustus, give it the title of liberali- tas ivlia ebor. whence Yaillant infers it to have derived its establishment as a Roman sta- tion from Julius Cicsar. A second brass, pub- lished by Ant. Augostino, in his dialogues, aud described below, does not exhibit the epigraph either of a colony or a municipium, but simply the Latin inscription usually adopted by cities possessing the jus Laid — PERM. caes. avg. p. m (Pemdssu Ccesaris Augusti, Ponlificis Maxim i). Bare head of Augustus. HeV.—lA BE R ALITATIS IVI.1AE EBOR. In four lines, within a garland. — Engraved in Akcrman, Coins of Ilispania, p. 11, pi. ii. No. 3. EBORACUM or EBURACUM, now York; the chief city of Northern Britain, or Valentia, and the station of the sixth legion, surnamed ^ ictrix. Aurelius Victor terms it a municipium; and the sculptures, pavements, inscriptions, and other remains discovered on and about its site, prove that it was a large and flourishing city, second, probably, to Loudiuium only. It was the residence, during their expeditionary visits to Britain, of the emperors Septimius Severus aud Constautius Cklorus, both of whom died there, the former in a. d. 211, and the latter a. d. 306. Coins have been cited as inscribed COL. ebor. but if any such exist, they were issued from the workshops of the falsarii, and not from any mint at Eburacum. It is to be noted, that while we have coins of the Con- stantine family inscribed peon. Pecunia Londi- nensis, we have none recording York ; neither does it appear to be indicated by the exergual letters on any of the coins of Carnusius and AUectus. — For the Antiquities of York sec the Rev. C. Wt-llbelovcd’s “ Eburacum.” EDIFICES. — Public buildings and structures arc represented on numerous Roman coins , in many instances so artistically, that their ori- ginal forms may clearly be traced, on a compa- rison of existing ruins with the monctal types. Amongst the grandest of these are — Temples , with their peristyles and pediments; some simply raised on flights of steps, others flanked with porticoes aud adorned with statues. As a very striking specimen of this sacred class of types, and at the same time one the least faulty in perspective design, to be fouud on coins of Roman die, the following engraving is given from a lnrge brass of Trajan. Eee.-s. P. q. r. optimo PBINCIPl. A supcrblv decorated temple of eight columns, through the eeutral iutcrcolumnialion of which is seen an image seated. At each extremity a portico is advanced at right angles with the facade. EDIFICES. [In this peculiar feature ’of its construction, the edifice, or the above type of it, would seem to have served as a model of imitation for that much larger-sized and more floridly designed coin which, if genuine, was dedicated to the deified memory of Trajan’s sister, whom lladriau had consecrated. — See uivae matidiae socrvi. (p. 333], Consular and family coins are by no means deficient in architectural delineations. The old Rostra, that ancient seat of Roman eloquence, is adumbrated on a denarius of the Lollia gens, inscribed with the word PALIKANYS. There is also a representation of the Rostra erected by Julius Cicsar, extaut on silver of the Sulpiria family, bearing the surname of PLATO R I Nitr. In like manner, the Basilica Aend/ia, a court of justice, on denarii of that family (p. 31) — the 4IL/' au income acquired by wounds, is preferred to me (who am a knight created) by blood (i. e. descent.)] According, however, to Suetonius, the law respecting a deficiency of income was modified by Augustus, who added a condition to it. It may thence be concluded, that the equites, who iu former times were properly styled principes juventutis, and destined to the profession of arms, after the establishment of the Equestrian Order, gradually withdrew from military ser- vice, and betook themselves with impunity to the profitable business of the law-courts, or to the ease and pleasures of a town life, notwithstanding that, even at a later period, a horse was provided for them at the public cost. This Equestrian Order, to whose knights Cicero gives the title of Homines amplissimi et honestissimi, and of whom he speaks as the flower of the Roman chivalry (flos equittun Romanoruin) ; the ornament of the City, and the strength of the Republic ; this body, whence occasionally persous were chosen to fill vacant places iu the Senate, be- came extremely numerous under the emperors, many of whom admitted their freedmen, or whomsoever they pleased, to the estate and dig- nity of Eques. EQVESTER ORDO. PRINCIPE IVVENT. (The Equestrian Order to the Prince of the Youth.) — This legend, within a buckler, appears on the reverse of gold and silver of Nero. — The obverse bears an epigraph in the dedicatory form — NEIIONI CLAVDIO DRVSO GERM. COS. DESIGN. aud the young bust, bare headed, of Nero, as Ciesar. It was customary (remarks M. Lcnormant), for the Order of Roman Knights to give the Princes of the Youth a silver spear and buckler. Caius aud Lucius, sons of Agrippa, received a similar present, being Principes Juventutis. — It is also, in this quality, that Nero is here re- corded to have been complimented with a buck- ler by the Equestrian Order. The following inscription on a marble, published by Gruter, records the same fact — NERONI CLAVDIO DRV SO GER manico COnSuli DY'Signuto . — EQVESTER ORDO PRINCIPI IYVENTV- TIS.— Nero was made Prince of the Youth iu the year of Rome 804 (a. d. 51). — See Icono- grapkie Romaine. Eckhel (viii. p. 371, et seq.) cites simi- lar monuments which tend to prove the con- nection of the Principes Juventutis with the Equestrian Order. A second brass of Commo- dus, as Ciesar, bears within a laurel crown the same dedicatory legend. Tacitus, among the honours decreed to the memory of Ger- manicus, who was a Prince of the Youth, re- cords the following : — “ The Equestrian Order 362 ERCAVICA.— ETRUSCILLA. gave the name of Gcrmauicus to the battalion (cunetts) which used to be called that of the “juniors;” and ordained that on the ides of March the troops (of knights) should follow his image in procession. For some additional par- ticulars relative to the Eijucster Onto, sec prin- Cli'ES juvf.ntutis, in this dictionary. EQVIS (sic.) ROMAN VS. The emperor on horseback in the garb of peace. In the exergue SMN. — Obo. — DN. CONSTANTIN VS MAX. AVG. Bust of Constantine the Great diadem - ated. Small gold medallion. Engraved in Num ism. Cimelii. Vindobon. Aurei, tab. 1. Eckliel observes, “ the attempt of Khcll to explain this singular coin, has produced nothing valid by which the enigma of its legend cau be unravelled, nor can I hope to be more fortunate than my master : unless perhaps it alludes to the Princeps Juventutis, by which title, as Au- gustus was before him, Constantine is designated frequently on coins ; and he himself kot e(oxv>', is here called eqvis rohanvs, as he was also prince of the youth and priuce of the eques- trian order. It is to be noted, that on this medallion the unusual word eqvis stands for eqves, a horseman or knight.” viii. 83. ERCAVICA (Tarraconensis) municipium . — A city of the Celtiberi, enumerated by Pliny among the towns attached to the convention of Caesar- Augusta (Saragozza), and classed by Livy among the nobler and more powerful class of cioitates iu that part of northern Spain. “ It was situated near the river Gau- diela, in the neighbourhood of the modern Santaver.” The coins of this place are impe- rial Latin, in second and third brass, struck under the respective reigns of Augustus, Tibe- rius, and Caligula. On one of these (Tiberius) the name ercavica aloue is inscribed ; on those of Augustus and Caligula it is accompanied with the title of MVN icipium. It seems (says Var- iant, in Colonist), to have been made one about the year of Rome 574 (b. c. 180). Under Tiberius aud Caligula its coins bear the names of the Duumvirs. The only types are an oaken crown encircling the name of the city ; and a a bull standing, the latter the usual symbol of a nmnicipuim. — See Mionnct, Sitpp/l. t. i. and Akcnuan, Coins of SitpatUa, p. 86. ERVC. Erycis — a name given to Venus, in memory of her son Ervx, who, relying on his strength, challenged all strangers to tight with him. Killed by Hercules in the combat of the ccsttis, he was buried on a mountain (now called Giuliano), near Drcpanum, in Sicily, where he had built a temple to Venus, to which he had given his name. The temple of Venus Erycina, with the inscription ervc. appears on a denarius struck by C. CONSIDIw NONIANar. — See COXsidia gens, p. 254. ETRV. Etrnsrus . — See HEKENNIITS. ETRUSCILLA (7 Hereunto). — Coins bearing on their obverses the legend IIERENNIA ETRVSCILLA W Gust a, shew that there was nu empress of that name ; but of themselves leave us only to infer that she might be the wife of Trajanus Decius. An inscription pnb- EUDOCIA. — EUGENIUS. lished by Muratori (p. 1036, 4), has put an end however to the discussions amongst antiquaries on this point. That inscription calls her He- rcunia Cupressenia Etruscilla, wife of our lord (domini nostri) Decius, &c. Nothing is known of her life. She had two children, llerennius Etruscus and Ilostiilianus. Iler coins arc com- mon in silver ; tolerably common in large brass ; very rare in brass medallions ; and of extreme rarity in gold. The principal reverses are : — Gold. — pvdicitia avq. A woman stand- ing, or seated. (A" allied by Mionnct at 200 fr.) Brass Medallion. vesta. Six women veiled, sacrificing before a temple. (Mt. 150 fr.) [The obverse of this fine and very rare coin (not an extra-sized large brass, but a real brass medallion), presents the striking portraiture above engraved from the original in the Cabinet de France. For the reverse type sec vesta]. Middle Brass. — pvdicitia avuvsta. The empress seated between two other female figures standing. — ( Medaille de deux cuicres, sans le senatus-consulto. 40 fr. Mionnct). EUDOCIA (or Eudoria), married to the emperor Arcadius a. d. 305, and died a d. 404. There arc no authenticated coins of this empress. EUDOXIA (Aeha) or Eudocin, daughter of Leontius, an Athenian, born about a. d. 393, married to the emperor Theodosius the younger a. d. 421. Being separated from her husband, she took up her abode at Jerusalem, where she died a. d. 460. — The coins assigned to this Au- gusta are rare in small brass ; in gold and silver very rare indeed. On these she is styled ael. EVDOXIA FE. AVG. [For an explanatory note in reference to the above and preceding empress, sec Akcrman, Descript. Cat. ii. 357.] El 1)0X1 \ fLicinia) daughter of Theodosius II. and Aelia Eudoxia, wife of Valcntiuiau III. born at Constantinople, a. d. 423 ; a widow iu 455. She called Genseric to Rome to avenge herself of l’ctronius Maximus, who forced her to a marriage with him, after assassinating Va- lentiuinu ; Rome was pillaged ; Eudoxia enrried away to Carthage, but afterwards returned to Rome, 462, and died there. Her coins (in gold only) are of the greatest rarity. Stylc-LiciMA EVDOXIA P. F. AVG. EUGENIUS, an usurper of the imperial pur- ple, iu the age of Theodosius the Great. Of obscure birth, he began by teaching grammar and rhetoric ; and afterwards rose to the situa- tion of master of the palace to Valentiuian II. EUGENIUS. He was proclaimed Augustus at Vienne, iu Dau- phiny, by Count Arbogastcs, wbo murdered Valentinian the younger, in a. d. 392, and who kept the authority in his own hands. Eugenius, acknowledged as emperor throughout Gaul and iu the other provinces of the West, allied him- self to the Germans and Franks. Attacked by Theodosius near Aquilcia, iu Cisalpine Gaul, he was defeated, taken prisoner, and put to death, a. d. 39 1. Arbogastcs killed himself. Style, D. N. evgenivs p. p. avg. Ilis brass (small) coins are of the highest rarity , silver rare ; gold very rare. MINTAGES OF EUGENIUS. Gold Medallions (small size). — gloria eomanorvm. Koine and Constantinople per- sonified, seated together. (Valued by Miouuet at 200 fr.) Gold. — victoria avgg. Two emperors, each adorned with the nimbus, seated on one throne, and holding a globe together. (Valued by Mion- uet at 60 fr. Engraved in Akerman, ii. plate xii. No. 5, p. 338). — victoria avgvstorvm. Victory walking. (Q'dnarius. Mt. 50 fr.) Third Brass. — victoria avggg. Victory with wreath and palm branch, marching to the left. — Obv. — d. n. evgenivs p. p. avg. Dia- demed bust. — [This is unique. It forms part of Mr. ltolfe’s collection ; was published for the first time by Mr. Roach Smith, in his “ Autiquities of ltichborough (Kent) and engraved by Mr Fairholt, among other coins discovered at that Roman station. See fig. 15, pi. vi.] virtvs eomanorvm. Same type as the preceding re- verse. (Valued by Mionnct at 40 fr.) EX. A. PV. or A. P. — These letters appear (in the field of the coins) on denarii of the Fabia, Fontcia, and other Roman families. — Eckhel (v. 210), observes that they are to be interpreted, not as some have done, EX. A rgenlo PXblico, but, EX. A uctoritate P Xblicd — meaning that the silver or gold money thus inscribed had been struck by public authority. — See Fabia gens. EXAG1VM SOLIDI. — An inscription stamp- ed on certain quadrangular pieces of brass, used during the lower empire, by the exactores auri, who were specially charged with preserving the weight, as well as the purity, of that metal iu the Roman mint. — “ By the word exagium (says Eckhel, viii. 513, et seq.) especially in the times of Arcadius, Ilonorius, Theodosius junior, and Valeutinian III. was meant a weight, or a weigh- in g, intended to test the legitimate weight of the Solidus.” — See that word. EX. S. C. — Ex. Senatus Consulto. (By a De- cree of the Senate; or, by a Senatus Consultum). When these letters occur on Roman gold and silver coins, they' signify, not that the Senate caused them to be struck, but that the coiuage of them had the senatus consultum, or senato- rial sanction, when struck. The mark EX. S. C. also denotes certain disbursements made from the public treasury to defray expenses of public games. And iu some instances the form was added to the title of pro-consul aud of pro-pre- tor, when those officers, without popidar elcc- 3 A 2 EXERCITUS. 363 tion, were chosen from among the men of con- sular aud pretoriau rank, aud sent EX. S. C. into the provinces. Thus we read PR. COS. or PROCOS. EX. S. C. on coins of the Auuia, Csecilia, Juba, Manlia, aud Scribonia families ; aud iu like manner PROPR. Proprietor, with the same stamp of Senatorial authority. — Span- heim, vol. ii. p. 177. EX. S. C. appeal's on a great many family coins ; but iu the imperial series the mark is ob- servable only on those of Augustus, M. Agrippa, Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Faustina, sen. Marciana, Hadrian, Sept. Severus, &c. — On coins of Emperors aud Augusta, this mark of EX. S. C. is generally found associated with the legend, or at least with the types, of Consecra- tion, as in Claudius, Marciana, Faustina sen. EX. S. C. S. P. Q. R. — A temple of ten co- lumns, adorned with various statues ; on a brass medallion of Hadrian. — See Temple. EXER. Exercitus, or Exercituum. — Sec CONCORDIA, FIDES, GENIUS, VIKTUS. EXERCITUS. — The Romans, in order that a soldier should not be allowed to waste his strength or enervate his courage iu sloth and idleness, employed him in various exercises, which, even in the midst of peace, kept before his view the representation, the fatigue, and the dangers of war. Thus from the word Exer- cilatio, exercise, came that of Exercitus, army, because the more troops are exercised, the better training they are in for war. On those days when the soldiers were not on guard in the camp, they were drilled to the use of their wea- pons; they practised in archery, sliuging, and raced with each other in full armour. By this means they were always iu good breathing, and their ardour was preserved at the highest pitch. During peace they had to make roads, form encampments, build houses, aud even construct entire toWs, if Dion Cassius is to be credited, who affirms that the city of Lugdunum (Lyon, in France), was one of the fruits of this system. — The same is said of Augusta Yiudelicorum (Augsbourg, in Germany). And in North Britain the wall of Hadrian and that of Antoninus Pius, attest by their remains, how magnificently ex- tensive were the military works of the Romans. It was this custom which moreover served to increase the docility of the soldier, at once divesting him of both inclination and time for entering into plans of desertion or of revolt. Aud neglect of this active discipline mainly caused the ruin of the Roman armies. The names of the different bodies of Roman troops employed in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, are recorded on coins; princi- pally on those of Hadrian for example, bearing the inscriptions Exercitus Britannicus, Cappa- docicus, Dacicus, Germanicus, Ilispanicus, Ju- daic us, Mauretanicus, Noricus, Parthicus, Rae- ticus, Sgriacas, &c. as will be seen in the im- mediately following pages. For the Romans were accustomed to call their legions aud expedi- tionary forces after the names of those places, or countries, iu which they were stationed, or were carrying on war. On other coins a comraemor- 364 EXERCITUS BRITANNICUS. ation is made not only of the local habitations ot Roman armies, but also of their valour, for- titude, and renown. Thus wc read on some, UKTVS ill LIT VM, or VIKTVS EXERC1TVS ROMAK- EXERC1TUS BRITANNICUS. orvm : on others, Y LETTS or gloria exercitvs GALLl(CANl), &c. EXERCtVtw AUGUSTORUM . — The Army of the Emperors. — Sec LicmiUS junior. EXERCiriw BBlTANNIew. S. C— The em- peror Hadrian, bare headed, habited in the paluda- meutum, on horseback, with right hand raised, as haranguing his army, represented by one soldier bearing a vcxillum, and three ensign bearers, a fourth (indistinctly) appearing behind them. — Obv. — II ADRIAN VS AVG v.stas CO«S«/ III. Pater Patna. Bare head of Hadrian, to the right. ibis is one of that class of geographical coins (as Eckhcl calls them), which respectively bear the name of the army that happened to lie sta- tioned in the province visited by the emperor ; and it derives in the English eye a great addi- tional degree of interest, from the circumstance of its exhibiting the collective appellation of the Roman soldiers who occupied camps and garri- sons in Britain, at the time of Hadrian’s ad- vent and stay there, a. d. 121. Spartian’s account of Hadrian’s visit to Bri- tain (see it quoted in p. 141), is as verbally brief and yet as intrinsically important, as were the incidents ot that visit itselt ; for it records much good to have resulted therefrom in a short space of time. — See britanma, p. 141. “ Four provinces of Europe (says the Abbe Greppo) were visited consecutively by Hadrian, in the first years of his reign, as it would ap- pear ; namely, the Gauls, Germany, Britaiu, and Spain. * » * * It is from Germania that Spartian passes Hadrian into the isle of the Britons, but without entering into any detail, even without making known to us the port whence he embarked. The biographer limits himself to say — Ergo couvcrsis regio more mili- tibus Britauuiam petit. * * * * History is equally far from satisfying our curiosity respect- ing the sojourn which Hadrian made in that island, lie corrected there numerous abuses (in qua multa corrcxit) a very vague statement, and common to all the tours of Hadrian. But the historian adds a fact of greater interest, wheu he speaks of the wall raised, by order of that prince, to separate the lands of the barba- rian inhabitants from those which were subject to the Romans, and that upon an extent of eighty miles. Murumquc per octoginta millia pas’- suum primus duxit, qui Barbaros Romanosque dividcret.” — After expressing his opinion that the word primus is not used in this passage. without intention, sceiug that other similar works had been executed in Britain, between the epocha of Hadrian and that in which Spartian wrote the learned Abbe proceeds to give a sum- mary of what is communicated by other ancient authors ; and this lie does by way of commen- tary ou the text of Spartian— See that valuable contribution in aid of the study of geographical and historical numismatology, Mi-moire sur It s l og ages d'Hadrien, p. 72, et scq. Flic large brass engraved above is not de- scribed in the Catalogues of Mionnet and Akcr- man, uor is it included amongst those which illustrate “ Coins of the Romans relating to Britain. But the author of that standard pub- lication has made the following descriptive allu- sion to the subject in p. 24 : — “ In the Museum Theupolum, a work, to the general accuracy of which Eckhcl bears testi- mony, a large brass coin of Hadrian is thus described : " Eererse. — EXERC. BRITAN. The emperor on a tribune or estrade, haranguing his troops. Although this coin is not known to our English numismatists, it is hy no means a proof that it docs not exist. Yailluut notices a type and legend very similar, viz. : EXERC. BRITANNICUS. Imperator pa- ludatus, stans in suggestu, adloquitur cohortes. — In aliis, Imperator eques. “ To this he (Yaillaut) appends the following remark — ‘ Hie minimus primnr formic inter rari- orcs liumerandus (imo inter rarissimos).’ Never- theless some artful rogue may have formed this coin from another of a similar type, by altcriiiE the letters of the legend.” Eckhcl takes Vaillant for his authority in citing and describing this coin, making only this remaik, that scarcely any other information than that atlorded by the few lines in Spartian, is recorded respecting Britain during Hadrian’s time; nor do the types of coins furnish any hints on which we cau dwell.” [A well-preserved and finely patinated speci- men of the coin iu question was purchased, about four years ago, for the British Museum, nt the Campana sale (where it brought £14 14s), by •Mr. Doubleday, who recently furnished the com'- piler with a cast. And this having been submitted to the practised eyenud acute discernment of Mr. EXERCITUS DACICUS. Akcrman, that gentleman in reply says — “ To what I have stated regarding the large brass Ex- ercitus Britanniciu of Hadrian, 1 have nothing to add, except that I had not seen the coin, of which you send me a cast — but, looking to the appearance of that cast, I see no reason to doubt the genuineness of the original.” It is under these circumstances, and with these sanc- tions, that an eugraviug of it is here published for the first time. EXERCITYS CAPPADOCIVS. S. C— The emperor on horseback, addressing the soldiers. First brass of Hadrian, who travelled in Asia a. D. 124. The legend and type of this reverse are explained, under the head of Cappadocia, p. 171. EXERC. DACICVS. S. C.— The emperor, with laurelled head, wearing the paludamentum over his military dress, and standing on a suggestus, raises his right hand aloft, as ad- dressing the Roman army in Dacia, represented by three soldiers, one of whom bears a legionary eagle, another holds a military ensign sur- mounted by a right hand (see legio), and the third figure carries a spear transversely. Below the suggestus, between the emperor and the soldiers, stands the pretorian prefect. On first brass of Hadrian. On others, the emperor is on horseback. In quoting an example of the equestrian type, from the Imperial Cabinet, Eckhel (vi. 494) alludes to the marble (published by Grater, page 249-4), which, erected to the honour of Hadrian, is inscribed “cujus virtute Dacia imperio addita felix est,” an inscription which, as applied to him who would have abandoned Dacia altogether, and who did destroy Trajan’s bridge of intercommunication with that hard- earned conquest, “ must be considered either not genuine, or chargeable with base adulation. ■ — See dacia, p. 302. EXERCITVS GALL icus. Gold of Con- stantine. — See viiitvs exerc. gai.l. EXEltCITYS HISPANICVS. — Mion net leaves this legend out of the list of Hadrian’s military medals, and Mr. Akcrman does the same. But llavercamp, in the Cabinet de Chris- tine, gives an engraving of a middle brass, in- scribed with the above legend, and exhibiting the type of the emperor on horseback, with soldiers before him, indicating probably the assembling of au army in Spain destined to keep in awe some unsubdued portion of the population. EXERCITVS IYDAICUS. S. C.— The cm- EXERCITUS JUDAICUS. 305 peror stauding on a suggestus, delivers an allocu- tion to his soldiers. On a first brass of Hadrian. This coin finds no place in the respective cata- logues of Mionnct and Akcrman, consequently it may be inferred that certainly the French Cabinet, and perhaps, the British Museum do not possess a specimen of it ; nor docs it appear amongst the Ex ercitus scries in the Imperial collection at Vienna. The Museum Thcitpolum moreover affords no testimony to its existence. — It is described in Mediobar- bus, p. 178, and given by Patin, in his numis- matic commentary on Suetonius, p. 377- — To this last named work Eckhel himself resorts, as to his sole named authority for including the Roman army of Judsea in the number of those military bodies, to whom “ the Great Traveller” dedicated so many types of Allocution, after visiting the different countries, which their pre- sence served cither to defend, or to keep quiet. Taking it for granted, however, that the author of Doctrina, of all authors in the world, would not be at the pains of animadverting historically, on any other than what he believed au extant and a genuine monument of antiquity, we sub- join what he says under the head of exeucitvs 1VDAICVS. The arrival of Hadrian in Judtea is recorded by Dion (lxix. § 11.) There are no coins to be seen, which celebrate Hadrian as Reslitutor Judrece, though the type of adventvi avg. ivdaeae (p. 9), really bears allusion to that restoration. During his reign, however, this nation was undeserving of such a princely act of benevolence. It is well known, with what fury, exceeding belief, this fanatic people, during the time of Trajan, stung as it were to frenzy, devastated with sword, fire, and rapine, the region of Cyrenaica, nursery of crime, and then Alexandria and Cyprus. Reduced to sub- mission by force of arms, they remained quiet for a time. But subsequently, either in con- sequence of Hadrian’s founding a Roman colony at Jerusalem, or because they were forbidden to practice circumcision, as Spartiau imagines, they again threw off their allegiance, and the whole of Palestine rose in savage warfare under their leader Barchoccbas. Though, on account of the contcmptibility of the people in revolt, the com- mencement of this war might have been re- garded as unimportant, yet Hadrian viewing it in a more serious light, recalled from Britain, Julius Severus, one of the most renowned generals of of the age, and gave him the command-in-chief. But it was not without considerable difficulty, and many reverses, that he at length, for the second time, look and destroyed Jerusalem, rased her fortresses, slew all who offered resist- ance, and sold the remainder to slavery, and thus put an end to the war. The precise year in which Hadrian visited Jmtaa is a controverted point. It has been asserted by some that this event took place in 872 (a. d. 119). Eckhel however shews, that the fact of Hadrian having made so early a journey into Judaea and its neighbourhood, not only rests on insecure authority, but is irre- 368 EXERCITUS GERMANICUS. concileable with the programme of the route, which he himself drew up, previously to com- mencing his tour of the provinces of the empire. But that Hadrian visited Judaea in the year 883 (a. d. 130), and thence passed into Egypt is proved from coins. — See D. N. vi. 496. Reference may here be advantageously had to the comments of Abbe Grcppo, on the Exercitus Judaicus of Hadrian — a coin which points to Judrca, as the station of a Roman army, under circumstances the most calamitous to that un- happy country . — Voyages d’ Uadrien, p. 182, et seq. EXERCITVS GERMANICVS. — The empe- ror, laurelled and pullulated, on horseback, ad- dressing the Germanic army, represented by three military figures, the foremost of which holds a staff surmounted by a superb eagle stand- ing on a labarnm, the next soldier holds a sim- ple ensign, the hiudmost carries a standard, sur- mounted by a right band. — (See the article legio). On first brass. The Roman legionaries of the province, in memory of Hadrian’s visit to which this beau- tiful coin was struck, came under bis disciplin- arian inspection immediately after his visit to Gaul, and before lie went into Britain, it is be- lieved about 872 (a. l>. 119). " Other than the name of Germany (observes the Abbe Greppo, adverting to the above legend), Spartiau furnishes us with no geographical in- dications. His data are indeed very vague, aud enable us to gain too little acquaintance with the extent of the districts occupied by the Ro- mans in that country, or with the state of divers tribes of people, either in subjection, al- liance, or hostility, that would justify us to hazard, as at all probable, any conjectures on the subject of those portions of Germany which Hadrian had then to visit. The fact, however, which Spartian alludes to, of a king given by Hadrian to the Germans — Germania regem con- s/ituil — goes at least to prove that under his reign, Home still enjoyed some consideration amongst that people. The coins struck to con- secrate the remembrance of this part of Ha- drian’s travels, have all a military character. — In none of the types do we sec the symbolising of a happy province, celebrating by sacrifices the advent of the sovereign, and recoguiziug him as the restorer of its prosperity. The legends auyentvi avg. or kestitvtoui avg. arc not found here. Germany appears on its coins in silver, with its name alone for legend, EXERCITUS NORICUS. germania; but she is personified by a figure standing, armed with the lauce, and resting on a buckler. On others, iu large brass, we read exekcitvs germanicvs, and we see the em- peror on horseback, haranguing soldiers.” p. 70. As Simrtiau, in his notice of Hadrian in Ger- many, has alluded with more thau usual ampli- tude of details to the attentive care of that prince for military discipline, the Abbe ingeni- ously associates the well-known legend and type of disciplina avg. (p. 333) with the probable though uucertain events connected with this epocha of the emperor’s historv. — See p. 70. EXERCITVS MAU RET ANI CVS. S. C.— Large brass of Hadrian. — “ The emperor on horseback, paludated, harangues three soldiers bearing military ensigns. This device alludes to a review of the army stationed in Maure- tania, for Hadrian sagaciously maintained peace, by being always prepared for war.” — Captain Smyth, Descriptive Cat. p. 107. Hadrian’s visit to the Roman military forces occupying the Mauretanian region of Africa, took place after his sojourn in Egypt, and im- mediately prior to his going into Syria, conse- quently between 883 (a. d. 130) and 884 (a. d. 131). — Sec MAURETANIA. EXE Reiter NORICVS. S. C. — The emperor, bare headed, habited in the paludamcntum, and standing on a raised place, addresses his army, personified by ensign-bearers; to tbe left is a soldier, who holds the emperor’s horse. Behind the prince, on the same platform, is another military personage. On the exergue of the present reverse we read the name of the army which occupied that part of Southern Germany, called Nortcum, a coun- try lying between the Danube and the Alps, uow forming the territory of Nuremberg, and a portion of Bavaria. Ancient writers are silcut as to the journey of Hadrian into Noricnm, but it is clearly re- corded by those coin3 of his, which display the above legend and type. — Besides this device, sufficiently common to such analogous coins, Mionuct, in his Bareti des Med. Rom. (i. 198), has described a rarer and more interesting type, viz. one which represents Hadrian standing on an cstradc, and behind him another figure, which is doubtless meant for the pretorian prefect. Abbe Greppo, in citing this type from Miou- nct, remarks that Noricnm was essentially a military country, and that inscriptions mention divers legionary bodies called after its name. — For another presumed object of Hadrian’s visit to this otherwise unattractive station, see ME- T at turn NORfrum. For the probable date abont which Hadrian presented himself in person to his Noricnu army, see EXERCITVS GERMANICVS. EXERCITVS PARTIIICVS. — The emperor standing on a suggest ns with two other military figures, makes an oration to the soldiers. On a brass medallion of Hadrian, described in Yail- lnut, Nnm. Max. Mod. p. 116. By this coin it is shewn that Iladrinn, nltho' he had given up Farthia with the other oriental EXERCITUS SVRIACUS. conquests of his predecessor, still continued vigi- lantly to keep up an army of observation on the frontiers of that country, and which, no doubt, was stationed near the Euphrates. Spartian states that Hadrian, who was de- sirous to establish amicable relations with all the princes of the East, proffered au invitation of ! friendship to Chosroes, king of the Parthians, sending back to him his daughter whom Trajan had taken, and promising the restoration of his royal throne (which was of gold, but which was not given up by Hadrian). The same his- torian also says, that this emperor was always on terms of good understanding with the Par- thiaus. Nevertheless, a war with that people would inevitably have broken out, had it not been averted by a conference between Hadrian aud (as it would seem) their king. It is per- haps by this passage of the Roman historian that the brass medallion may be explained, which exhibits on its reverse the legend and typifica- tion of EXERCITVS PARTHICVS. EXERCITVS RAETICVS (or RHAETICVS) S. C. — “ The empero*', on horseback, is address- ing a party of soldiers, bearing military stand- ards. The foremost of these men holds an un- usually large square shield before him, which may allude to Rluctia’s being deemed a buckler against the depredations of the Gauls and Ger- mans.” — Capt. Smyth, Descr. Cat. p. 109. This first brass of Hadrian is engraved in the Cabinet de Christine, tab. xii. \Yc should be absolutely ignorant of the fact that this prince visited ithaetia, but for these brass coins, which attest it. This country [now comprehending the Voralberg and the Tyrol] had given its name to different bodies of troops, mentioned on ancient marbles. EXERC. SYRIAC VS. S. C.— The emperor on horseback, clothed in the toga, before him are four soldiers bearing legionary eagles and simple ensigns. Among the geographical coins of Hadrian, Syria is named only on those struck in large brass, having the above legend aud accompanying type of the Syrian army. But others of his mintages bear the names of several countries in the East. Arrived in the province of Syria, Hadrian made Judina the object of a special visit. There are large aud middle brass on which, for ex- ample, we read adventvi avo. ivdaeae (en- graved in p. 9.) Their type oilers this par- ticularity, that the two figures sacrificing, arc accompanied, sometimes by two, sometimes by three smaller figures, bearing palm branches. In reference to such geographical coins of Hadrian a3 specially relate to his voyages and travels, M. Charles Lenormant observes, “ that at least a good portion of them were not struck in the same year of the journey, which they serve to record.’ In fact on several of them the emperor is called Pater Patrire. Now, he did not accept that title until the year of Rome 881 (a. d. 128), whilst the series of his visits to the different parts of his dominions, commenced iu 873 (a. d. 120). It is certain, therefore, that, at a EXPECTATE VENI. 867 little later period the Senate caused the col- lection of these medals to be completed, for the purpose of handing down to posterity a me- morial of each of his voyages .” — (Iconographie des Empereurs, p. 54.) EXERCITVS VSC. or ISC.— The Emperor Postumus, on horseback, with several military figures standing before him. EXERCITVS VAC. — Same emperor and type. Hadrian’s mint has obviously furnished the arch-type of these two large brass coins. Some learned men, among others Havereamp, who has given engravings of both in his Cabinet de Christine, pronounce the added names of vsc. or isc. and vac. to mean, the former Tsca or Isch, the river Ex [sec Gough’s Camden, Devon- shire, river Ex, vol. i. p. 42] ; and the latter the Vacccei, a people of Spain. — As to Tsca, Eckhel (vii. 442) laconically but conclusively says, “ To some the above reading appeared sus- picious, and to have originated in an error of the moneyer, and I prefer their opinion to the first mentioned authorities.” But after all, arc these coins true ? EXERGUE, or EXERGUM — the lowest part of a coiu, divided from the rest by a horizontal line. The word signifies an outwork (or, as the French numismatists interpret it, hors d'oeuvre) in relation to the type and to the legend. It is usually found on the reverse ; seldom on the side of the head. In coins of families and those of the higher empire, the exergual inscription marks either Consular dates, or Senatorial authority, or frequently, what is of more importance, it directly applies io the subject typified on the reverse. In the mint- ages of the lower empire, letters occupy the exergue which generally serve to indicate the cities in which they were struck, and iu both instances these words or letters form a straight | line, whilst the rest of the legend is placed cir- | cularly. For examples of the exergue aud its various uses, sec pages 5, 7, 9, 11, 20, 37, 41, i 70, 163, 217, 301, 307, 308, 317, 333, &c. in this dictionary. EXPECTATE VENI. (Come, O expected one !) — Figure iu military dress, his left hand resting on the hasta, stands joining hands with a robed female, also standing, and who holds a trident. In the exergue rsh. (probably meant for Rutupia, now Richborough, in Kent). — Obv. imp. caravsivs p. f. avg. Laurelled bust of Carausius. This unique legend, with its hardly less rare and remarkable type, appears on the reverse of a silver Carausius, of which Mr. Akcrman was the first to publish an engraving. (See his Descriptive Catalogue, vol. ii. vignette in wood, 308 EX. ORACULO APOLLINIS. p. 154), from “ a specimen in unusually good condition.” It formed part of the late Mr. Thomas’s “ princely collection,” at the sale of which this precious mouetal relic of the usurp- ing but independent sovereign of Britain, brought the sum of £10 5s. The learned editor of the auction catalogue (Mr. Burgon, p. 285), ob- serves, that the coin in question “ is of far bet- ter silver than Carausius’s generally are.” The preceding cut is after a cast, furnished to the compiler by Mr. Doubleday, apparently from the Thomas specimen. The same type also occurs iu gold, according to Mionnet ( llarete , &c. ii. 1 66), who values it at 600 fr. whilst he prices the silver type at 1 50 fr.— See Mintages of Carausius, p. 178, et seq. “ Both type and legend seem to imply, that Carausius had sounded the Britons before he ran olF with the fleet from Boulogne. Gene- brier, describing, probably, from "an ill-pre- served coin, takes the female figure for Felicity, and supposes the trident to lie the long caducous, with which that Roman goddess is generally re- presented. But that it is a trident which she holds is quite evident, and that the figure is the Genius of Britain will be acknowledged even by the unimaginative.”— See Akerman. Eckhcl (viii. 45), who formed his opinion apparently, not Irom having seen the coin, but from an engraving in llaym’s Tesoro Britannico still considers the female figure to be the Genius of Britain. 1 lis words arc — ” Figuram mulie- brem esse genium Britannia;, verisimile cxistimo, qui Carausium ad se, et capessendum imperium invitare videtur.” And he aptly cites Virgil, who makes TEncas speak to Hector in like phraseology — “ Quibus Hector ab oris expectate venis ?” EX. ORACVLO APOLLINIS. A round temple, on whose summit is an eagle ; within is an idol, or three idols. On the subject of this singular epigraph, which Mionnet and Akerman do not cither of them notice, but which Eckhcl recognises, as being on the reverse of a brass coin of Philip senior — the last named numismatist says — “ Whether he received the empire in accordance with the response of Apollo’s oracle, or pro- cured the building of the temple, exhibited on the reverse, or benefitted it in any other way, is matter of uncertainty; and (to solve the question) we have need of another oracle of Apollo. But whatever it may be, this coin offers a sinister omen to the opinion of those who assert Philip to have professed the Christian religion. 1 enuti, iu his coin of the Musco Albano, sees three idols, which he supposes to be Capitoliue— viz. of Jupiter, Minerva, and Juno.” vol. vii. EXPED1 1 IO. Whenever the memorial of an emperor’s expedition against the enemy is struck on a coin, he is made to appear in haste Thus we sec Sept. Severus represented on horse- back, galloping with couched spear, on a silver coin, which is referred by Ynillant to that em- peror’s Britannic campaign. But the departure of the emperor on a pacific journey (according EXPED. AUG. to the same author) is depicted on coins by a horseman going at a moderate pace. The sub- joined type of Hadrian would, with the aid of the legend, signify a setting out ; but the slow pace of the horse rather denotes the adventus, or arrival. EXPED. \\ G. S. C. Expeditio August ). — The expedition of the Emperor. Hadrian, bare- headed, on horseback (COS. III). The ob- verse of this coin represents Hadrian lau- reated, and in the paludamcntum, or military cloak. The legend is WWerator CAESor TUA- IANVS AYG iistus. This is a finely-designed coin in first brass. The equestrian group is in a spirited style of workmanship, both horse and man. The Au- gustus raises aloft his right hand, and with his left holds the bridle of his generous steed, as setting out on him on some journey, about that vague period, his third consulate. The Abbe Greppo notices the legend EXPE- D itio, and its accompanying type, iu a passage of his work to the following effect (p. 28) : — ° In addition to those geographical coins which, by exhibiting the very name of the country visited, leave no doubt whatever as to their signification, there arc some others, which, though in a manner less precise, unquestionably bear reference also to the jourueyings of this prince. These cease to present to ’us the names of divers provinces, or to bear the symbols which characterise them. They simply indicate the departure of the emperor, going to visit some one or other of them, yet without en- abling us to ascribe them to this or to that voyage, more than to the rest. Thus, on large brass coins, which represent Hadrian on horseback, we read expf.d. avg. p. it. tr. p. cos. in. — Others in gold and in large brass, presenting the same type, but without legeud, seem to have been struck with the same inten- tion. The expeditions of this emperor in Gaul and iu Syria arc designated iu an interesting inscription, forming the epitaph of n freedman, who had accompanied his master, a secretary and personal attendant of Hadrian in the Gaulish and Syrian expeditions, as the inscription itself (p. 198) sets forth (in expeditionibvs dva- h\s GAU.iAE et striae). — T here are, as the Abbe observes, more varieties in the reverses which recall the sca-trajects of the same em- peror, and which are seen on silver, brass, and some medallions. For a description and en- graving of one of these obvious emblems of FABIA. 369 EXUPERATOR. good wishes for a happy voyage to the emperor. — See PELICITATI AVG. EX. SENATVS CONSVLTO. Diva Mar- ciana. — That Marciana was eurolled among the divinities is proved by marbles, as well as by several coins. In Grutcr’s work is given a stone erected at Cetrauia Severina, in memory of her priestess (sacerdoti divae marciana.) We are not informed as to the year in which she acquired these honours. We only know that she was entitled to the epithet diva about the year 867, (b. c. 114) ; as on the arch of the Portus Ancouitauus (Ancona), which records the xviiith Tribunicia Potestas of Tra- jan (unless, iudecd, we should there read xviiii), there is found the inscription divae marcianae avg. sorori avg. (cited by Eckhcl, vi. 468, from Gruter, 247, 6). Obv. — DIVA AVGVSTA MARCIANA. A head of Marciana. — Rev. — ex. senatvs coxsvlto. A chariot drawn by two elephants with riders, and a veiled figure seated in it. Silver and first brass. — See exactly same type engraved in p. 358. EXVPERATOR OMNIVM GENTIVM. — (The Conqueror of all Nations). — The emperor, with laurelled head, is seated on a cuirass, be- tween two captives crouching on the ground. He rests his left hand on the hasta (or rather staff with foliaged head), and holds in his right a globe surmounted by a victoriola with a gar- land. — Brass medallion of Constantine the Great. Obv. — CONSTANTIN vs max. avg. Bust of the Emperor, with the diadem. — [The above re- verse is engraved after a cast from a fine speci- men in the Cabinet de France .] “ The word Exuperator (says Rasche) I have hitherto no where found ou coins, except in this instance, but besides the word Exupero (to sur- pass, to be predominant), there occur also Exu- perantia (pre-eminence, superiority), Exnperatio, (au exceeding or surpassing), Exuperabi/is, or more properly Exsuperabilis (what may be ex- ceeded).” The coinage of Constantine (observes Eckhel), is full of novel and extravagant titles, too proud and presumptuous, even when they are true. — On the coins of Commodus, we see Jupiter Exu- perantissimus (the most excellent, the supreme) ; but then Commodus applied to himself the epithet Ex uperatorius (conquering), and caused the month of November to be called mensis exuperatorins, after him as conqueror ! viii 83. 3 B P. F. the sixth letter of the Latin alphabet, stands for PH on some coins of the lower em- pire ; as in Ntunerianus, TR1VMFVS QVAD; and in Honorius, TR1VMFATOR GENT. BAR- BAR. There is also a coin of Constans, which reads OB. VICTOR1AM TRIVMFALEM. F. or FAB. Fabius. — C. F. Caius Fabius, name and surname of the Fabia family. F. — FAC. Faciundum, Faciundis. — CVR. X. F. Curavit Denarium Faciundum ; or Cura- tor Dcnariorum flandorum. — SACR. FAC. Sa- cris Faciundis. F. Fecit. — LVD. SAEC. F. — Ludos Seecu- lares Fecit. F. Felicitas. — F. B. Felicitas Beata. F. Felix. — P. F. or PIVS F. frequent on Roman imperial coins. F. Fidelis. — P. F. LEG. Pia Fidelis Leyio. F. Fieri. — F. C. Fieri Curavit. F. Filia or Fi/ue. — ANTONIN1 AVG. F. (Lucilla), &c. F. Filii.—C. L. CAESARES AVGVSTI F. Cams and Lucius Filii Auyusti (that is to say, ab Auynsto Adoptati) I'. Filius. — i'requcnt on coins of Roman families (in like manner as N. NeposJ ; e. y. A. F. Ault Filins. — BRVTI. F. Bruti Filins. F stands for the same on a great number of imperial coins, as AVG. I). F. Auyuslus Divi. [ Julii ] Filius. — AVG. F. AVG. Auyusti Filius Augustus. F. Flando. — See marks of the Mouetal Tri- umvirs, A. A. A. F. F. Atiro, Aryeuto , Aere, Flando, Feriundo. — (See p. 1.) F. Flavin. — C. F. Colonia F/avia. F. Fortuna. F. P. R. Fortuna Populi Romani. FABIA gens. — An ancient, noble, and power- ful family, that gave many great men to the republic of Rome. It extended itself into six branches, five of which (viz. Buteo, Labeo, Pictor, Hispauiensis, Maximus), exhibit their respective surnames on coins. Discarding the fable of Silius Italicus, who carries its orgin to Fabius, the son of Hercules, and giving scarcely more credit to historians who kill off all the males of the family save one, in a general en- gagement, which they entered 306 strong, near the Cremera, against the Veientcs, b. c. 447 ; the celebrated characters who are supposed to have sprung from the sole survivor of that fatal day, amounted to thirty-six individuals, and who in the space of 250 years, were invested with forty- eight Consulates, eight Censorships, and ten Tri- bunates of the Plebs, five Principes Senatus, to- gether with the honours of thirteeu triumphs, and of two ovations. From Fabius Maximus, sur- nained Cunctator, the famous dictator in the second Punic war, down to the reign of Tibe- rius, the Fabii sustained the splendour of their race at Rome. There are eleven or twelve distinctly different types, and many more unimportant varieties 370 FABIA. in the coins of this gens ; hut they offer few subjects of interest, even on the most select and rare of their reverses. To make amends, how- ever, for historical and mythological deficiencies, the initial letters and abbreviated words, on some of them, have supplied ample themes for exercising the ingenuity, and for displaying the erudition, of numismatic antiquaries. The brass pieces belonging to this gens are asses, or parts of the as, and Imperial Greek. The following are among the denarii most open to historical illustration : — 1. — EX. A. PV. Bust of a veiled and turreted woman, to the right. — Rev. — C. FABI. C. F. Victory in a rapid biga; beneath the fore feet of the horses is a vulture, or other bird of prey. In the field of the coin some letter or other of the Latin alphabet. Silver. [The obverse type is probably the head of Juno, in whose temple the public money was kept. — For an interpretation of the obverse legend, see p. 69.] There is a large brass as with the name of this family, published by Liebc, bearing on the reverse side the usual ship’s prow, but with a vulture, or a buteo (see p. 148) stauding on the lower part of it. With respect to peculiar, yet constant sym- bols, Borghcsi is of opinion, that when they ap- pear on single denarii of Roman families, and especially when they arc repeated on their brass coins, they bear allusion to the surnames of that particular family. Hence he is induced to regard the vulture, or whatever bird it may be, which is represented on the two coins above described, as having relation to the cognomen of the family of C. Fahius Buteo. — Ursiu and Eckhel appear to have viewed it in the same light. The earliest numismatic writers, in general, be- lieve the silver coin to have been the first in that metal struck by the Romans, and attribute it to a C. Fabius Pictor, consul with Q. Ogulnius Gallus in 484 (b. c. 270) ; and that the ex a. pv. indicates the authority of the Ro- man people, who in that year caused it to be minted. But its workmanship, and its style of representing objects, preclude the acceptance of this opinion. Borghesi, looking to the symbols above mentioned, considers them to belong to the time of Marius. And with him others con- cur, that they were coined in Africa by Cains Fabius Adrianus, pretor and pro-pretor of the consuls L. Cornelius Cinna aud Cn. Papirius Carbo, in 669 aud 670 (b. C. 85 and 84), par- tisans of Marius, (who died the previous year 668). — Cavedoni thinks it probable that it was C. Fabius, who being in 670 pretor in Africa, expelled thence Q Metcllus ; aud two years FABIA afterwards, he himself, on acconnt of his cruelty and avarice, whilst [pretor, was burnt alive. — (Liv. Epil. 84-86.) — See Riccio, p. 89. 2.— LABEO. ROMA. Galcatcd head of Rome, before the neck X. — Rev. — Q. FABI. Jupiter Tonans, in a rapid quadriga, brandishing the thunderbolt, and holding the sceptre. Be- neath the horses a ship’s head. The learned refer this silver coin to Quintas Fabius Labco, who, in the year of Rome 565 (b. c. 189), under the consulship of M. Fulvius Nobilior and Cneus Manlius Vulso, and during the war with King Antiochus Major, was appointed as pretor, to the command of the fleet. But peace with Syria, having in the meanwhile been made, he landed at Crete, and rescued from captivity the Roman citizens, who were dispersed through the greater part of that island, on which account (according to Livy) he claimed and enjoyed the honours of a naval triumph. It was for this reason also, as is believed, that the ship’s prow displays itself on his coins. — Eckhel, v. p. 208. 3. — N. FABI. N. PICTOR. A galcatcd figure, seated to the left, holds in the right hand the pontifical apex ; in the left the hasta para ; near her, resting on the ground, is a shield, inscribed qvirin. — In the exergue roma. — Obv. — Head of Rome, with mark of the de- narius. Differing from Ursin, Yaillant, aud Spanheim, who have all three interpreted the abbreviation on the shield QVlRINw, aud who have even yielded to the strauge supposition that Quirinus (or Romulus) himself is represented in the seated figure. — Eckhel (v. 209) affirms, that an accurate inspection of all the specimens of this silver coin proves it to be the type of a woman, and observes that Quirinus is usually depicted with a long beard. — [Iu the above cut, the galcatcd figure on the reverse has not a womanly countenance ; but in other respects it agrees with the martial character in which deified Rome usually appears on coins]. For these reasons Eckhel coincides with Havcrcainp, both iu pronouncing the image to personify tome, and in reading the inscription Q\ 1K1N 'Us, that is to say Ftamen Qiririnatis, an office hereditary in the Fabia family. Of the Fnbii who were Flamines Quirinates frequent meution is made in Livy and iu Val. Maximus. The surname of Pictor is stated to have been derived to this family from C. Fabius, who iu 450 (b. c. 394) gratuitously paiuted the temple of the Goddc.-s of Health' (/Edcs Salutis), erected after the Samuite war, by Caius Junius Brutus Bubuleus — which painting was, it seems, in existence until the time of Claudius, during whose reign FABR1CIA. — FABRINIA. that sacred edifice was destroyed by fire, as is testified by Pliny, who considers that effort ol art to have been creditable to the Fabia family — an opinion, however, widely dissented from by Val. Maximus, who, in narrating the same fact, denounces painting as an occupation too mean for a citizen of the noblest rank to pursue, and treats the performance of Pictor with corre- sponding disdain. Riccio (p. 88) says — “ Nuincrius Flavius Pic- tor, great grandson to the famous C. Fabius above mentioned, was the author of this silver coin, but the precise time when lie exercised his monctal triumvirate is not kuowu. — See quiui- nus — see also Flamen Quiriua/is. 4.— L. FABI. L. F. IIISP. Victory in a fast- going quadriga, holding a palm branch ; under the horses’ feet Q. — Obverse. — C. ANNI. T. F. T. N. PRO. COS. EX. S. C. Head of a woman, adorned with small mitre, ear-rings, aud neck- lace ; behind it a caduceus : sometimes within a crown, sometimes not. Lucius Fabius, son of Lucius, was pro-ques- tor in Spain to the p’o -consul C. Aunius, sent thither by Sulla in 671 (b. C. 83), to subdue Sertorius, of the Marian party. 5. — Q. MAX. ROMA. Galcated bead of Rome : before it X. — Rev. — Cornucopia; with fruit, aud with which a thunderbolt is put cross- wise ; the whole within a crown formed of pop- pies and corn-cars. Cavedoui says that this denarius, with the initial Q, belongs to Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus, consul [with Cccilius Metcllus] in 612 (b. c. 142) ; and that the cornucopiie tra- versed with the fulmen , still the symbol of the city of Yalentia, in Spain, alludes to the exploits of the father, and of the brother, against Viriatus, in that country. It is to be observed, that the crown which encompasses the field of the above silver coin, is composed of leaves tied together with heads of poppies, aud finishes with corn-ears. — May not these (asks Riccio) point to the corona obsidionalis, the honour of which was earned by Quintus Fabius Maximus, the delayer , as lie was called ? — page 88. FABR1CIA gens plcbcia. — Morel gives two coins of this family, which, according to Vail- laut, has Paternus for its surname. FABRINIA gens. — Unrecorded (says Eck- hel) by history or by any ancient monument, coins excepted. The name of M. fabkini ( Fa - brinus) appears on the triens, quadrans, aud semis of the early brass coinage. — See one of each engraved in Riccio, TAV. xx. FACE of a Coiu. — Every perfect coin has two faces or sides ; one called the obverse, the 3 B 2 FANNIA. — FARSULEIA. 371 other the reverse ; and the figure, and legend, or inscription, on each are alike subjects for consideration. FADIA gens plebeia ; not noticed in Morel, Miounet, Akcrman, nor in Riccio ; but of which Eckhel states that some small brass coins are extant. L. FAD««, a contemporary of Julius Csesar and Augustus, appears to have been one of their mint-masters. FALX, a sickle : the sign of Saturn, the re- puted inventor of agriculture, whence he was called falcifer by the poets. The figure of this instrument of husbandry, indented, appears on coins of the Calpurnia, Mcmmia, and Scrvilia families. — See Saturn - . FAMILY COINS.— See numi famimarum ROJIANARUM. FANNIA gens — of the plebeian order, but of consular rank. — The silver coins of this family have two varieties, and the brass oue type, as follow : 1. AED. PL. (/Edilis Plebis). Head of Ceres crowned with corn ears. — Rev. — M. FAN. L. CR1T. Marcus Fannins and Lucius Critonius togated, occupying their respective sedilia, and presiding over the public distribution of wheat. On some specimens this is additionally indicated by a corn-ear placed upright before them. Be- hind, in the field, arc the letters P. A. ( Publico Aryento). — See .tmus, p. 12 — see also Critonia gens, p. 296. 2. Head of Rome, helmeted : before it X. — Rev. — M. FAN. C. F. Victory in a quadriga at full speed, holding a branch, sometimes a crown, in her right hand. — For a wood-cut of it see denarius, p. 317, left hand column. 3. M. FAN. C. F. above; ROMA below. — Rev. — S. (Semis). Ship’s prow. — Middle brass. The author of these two last coins is unknown. It is thought that possibly they may have been struck by M. Famous, pretor in 672 (b. c. 82), during his monetal triumvirate. — See Riccio, 90. The name of Fannius (c. fan. font, pr.) is read on the eistophori of Tralles (Asia) coined iu 705 (b. c. 49). FARSULEIA gens, an obscure family of the plebeian order, known only by its coins, which are silver, and have but one type, with some unimportant varieties. It has Farsuleivs for its name, aud Mensor for its surname. The following is the least common : — S. C. MENSOR. Bust of a woman, with small tiara, or mitella, on her head ; behind is the pileus of liberty. — Rev. — L. FARSVLEI. A galeated and paludated figure, in a biga to the right, extends the right hand to another figure, clothed in the toga, to assist him in ascending the car. Under the horses are letters, and in some specimens, a scorpion. 372 FASCES.— FASTI. As is the family’s origin so is the type’s mean- -obscure. Learned men (observes Eckhcl, v. 212), suppose this to be symbolically allusive to the lex Julia, enacted 664 (b. c. 90), conferring the right of citizenship on the Italians, which privilege is further conjectured to be here sha- dowed forth by the armed figure, personifying the Roman people, who is receiving his new associate of Italy into the same vehicle with him- self. The head of Liberty, exhibited on the obverse, also seems to favour this attempt at an interpretation. — Cavcdoni is of opinion, that to this subject of Italians admitted into Roman privileges the type of M ucia gens [in which, as also in that of Furia gens, the heads of Honour and Virtue are conjoined] more applies than does this type of Farsnleia, because the heroic car, and the excited action of the horses, do not correspond with the workmanship of the times in question ; nor with the supposed sig- nification, but rather with the style of a later age ; that is to say, the decay ol' the republic. — See Riccio, p. 91. FASCES — bundles of birchen rods, carried by the lictors before the highest class of Roman magistrates, with an axe bound up in the middle of them, as for the punishment of wicked doers. The rods to shew the more lenient infliction for faults capable of correction ; the axe ( securis ■) to indicate that the perpetrators of heinous and unatonable crimes were to be cut off from society. These fasces and secures , on coins, denote the supreme authority of the consuls and other principal magistrates, as having the right and power of life and death. The figure of a curulc chair (symbolical of the consular office), placed between two fasces (sometimes with, sometimes without, the axes) is a frequent type on coins of Roman families. (Sec fufia and LIVINEIA.) — The fasces, and a caduceus, placed crosswise, with an axe below and a globe above them, and on one side two right hands joiued, appear on silver coins of Aemilius Euca and J ulius Cesar. (Sec p. 156.) — The fasces with the axe appear on coins of the Licinia (Morell. tab. 3) and Norbana families. FASTI — a name given to the tables of marble, on which the Romans dedicated to posterity the names, achievements, and triumphs of their great men, and made known to the people the dies fasti et ntfasli — the days when they were, and were not, to offer sacrifices to their gods, and discharge the duties imposed on them by the Pontifces, as those of religion. These anuual records were subdivided into seve- ral kinds, of which the principal were — 1. Fasti Katendares. — These were so called, because the days of each month, from kalends to kaleuds, were marked in them ; and because they also noted all the religious ceremonies from the beginning to the end of each mouth. Towards the close of the republic, nnd afterwards under the imperial government, insensate pride iu the governors, and adulatory baseness iu the go- verned, occasioned the prostitution of these tables, and rendered them ultimately subservient to the extravagance of princes and the degeneracy FASTI. — FATA. — PATIS. of the people. For a man to have his name adscriptum on the Fasti, had always been reckoned an object of legitimate ambition, as it was indeed one of the highest honour; but then it was confined to the consular and triumphal Fasti. The emperors, not content with ruling the world, affected Divinity, and obtruded them- selves on the calendar as objects of every kind of religious adoration. 2. Fasti Consufares, in which were annually marked the names of magistrates, particularly consuls, and dictators, (when these latter were appointed); also the wars, victories, and political changes of the republic, together with memorials of secular games and other remarkable events. And this was done, as well to preserve the dates of successive years, as to hand down the re- membrance of important transactions. See Pitiscus and Adams. A most important speeimeu of Fasti, belong- ing to the class of Consulares, supposed to have been executed at the begiuniug of the reign of Tiberius, has been partially preserved. “ In the year 1547, several fragments of marble tablets were discovered, in excavating the Roman forum, and were found to contain a list of con- suls, dictators, and their masters of horse, censors with the lustra which they closed, triumphs and ovations, all arranged in regular succession, according to the years of the Ca- tonian a*ra. These had evidently extended from the expulsion of the kings to the death of Augustus ; and, although defective in many places, have proved of the greatest value in chronology. The different pieces were collected and arranged under the inspection of Cardinal Alexander Farncse, and deposited iu the Capitol, where they still remain. From this circum- stance they are generally distinguished as the Fasti Capitolini. — In the years 1817 aud 1818, two other fragments of the same marble tablets were discovered iu the course of a new excava- tion iu the forum. A fac-simile of them was published at Milan, by Borghcsi, in 1818.” — [The foregoing passage is extracted from an able article, embracing notices of all points needful to be known on the subject, contained in the Dictionary of Greek and Homan Antiquities, edited by Dr. Smith, at the end of which work the Fasti Consulares themselves are given.] FATA, the same three fabulous deities as the Parcar, daughters of Erebus : they inhabited a gloomy cave in Tartarus, symbolical of the obscurity which envelopes the future, whose course they were able at once to predict and determine, according to the Pagan system of Theology. These awful sisters constituted Des- tiny, or at least were the mistresses of Destiny. The Romans, following the example of the Greeks in all superstitious practices, paid great honours to the Fata ; and invoked them gene- rally after Apollo, because they, like thnt god, presided over the future. FATIS YICTRICIBVS. (To the Victorious Fates) -This remarkable legend appears on the reverse of a very rare gold coin of Diocletiau — The type, which accompanies it, represent' FAUSTINA SENIOR. 373 FAUSTA. three women clothed iu the stola, standiug to- gether — and it is regarded as referring to tho Tria Fata, in whose name, and for the worship of whom, a temple was dedicated at Rome. — For an explanation by Spanheim, and obser- vations thereon by Eckhel, see the word I’AKCAE. FAUSTA ( Flavia Maxima) was daughter of Maximianus llercidcs and of Entropia, sister of Maxentins, and second wife of Constantine the Great. She was married to that emperor in the year of Rome 1060 (a. d. 307). She gave birth to Constantine the younger, to Constan- tius the younger, and to Constans. She died in 1070 (a. l). 326), from suffocation in a hot bath, by order of her husband, for having caused the death of Crispns, iu falsely accusing him of incestuous designs upon her chastity, or of rebellious projects against his father’s im- perial authority. The coins of this empress in gold, silver, and brass (with the exception of the following very rare reverses) arc common : — Gold Medallion. — pietas avgvsta. The empress, seated between two women, carrying a child iu her arms ; the one on the right band supports a long caducous. Below are two genii, holding a garland. In the exergue p.t. r. (Mo- rellii Specimen, p. 53). — [This, if authentic, is unique. Mionnet values it at 1000 francs], Gold.-salvs reipvblicae. A woman stand- ing, robed and veiled, suckling two infants. On the exergue p.t. (Percussum Thessalonicte, struck at Thessalonica) : a crescent or some other sym- bol. between the two letters. (Mionnet, 500 fr. gold, 50 fr. silver). Engraved in Lenormant, lconographie des Empereurs. spes reipvb- licae. The same type. On the exergue p. t. (Mt. 500 1'r. in gold, 50 fr. in silver). — Obv. flaw max. favsta. avg. Head of the em- press, young and handsome. (Mt. 500 fr. in gold, 50 fr. in silver). — See the above wood-cut from a small brass specimen of the same legend and type. Brass Medallion. — pietas avgvste (sic) Fausta standing, carrying an infaut on the left arm, and extending the right hand to another child, who, standing at her feet, presents some- thing to her. — Obv. — flaw max. favsta avg. Diademed head of the empress. (Valued by Mionnet at 72 fr.) Engraved in lconographie Romaine, p. 121. For the purport of some observations made by M. Le Baron Marchaut, iu his xviith Lcttre Numismatique (and to which M. Charles Le- normant yields his support) iu a new attri- bution of coius to this Fausta, see nobilissima faemina. FAUSTINA ( Annia Galeria) designated by numismatists sometimes by the name of Faustina the mother, sometimes by that of Faustina the elder, was born in the year of Rome 858 (a. d. 105), under the reign of Trajan. She was daughter of Marcus Annius Verus, a man of consular rank, prefect of Rome, paternal grand- father of Marcus Aurelius Having married Antoniuus Pins whilst he was still a private citizen, she received from the Senate the title of Augusta shortly after the death of Hadrian, as her husband did that of Pius. She did not, however, long enjoy her honours, dying in the third year of the reign of Antonine, u. c. 894 (b. c. 141), according to Capitolinus ; whose record is confirmed by a marble published by Muratori, which speaks of Faustina as already Diva iu the fourth tribunate of Antonine. Ac- cording to a marble of Gruter’s, she was 36 years, three months, and eleven days old, when she died. Capitolinus is severe upon the levity of her conduct ; but he also states that Antonine did liis utmost to conceal her irregularities, though at the expense of great disquietude to himself. Thus much is certain, that, as is testified by the legends and types of her coins, Antonine lavished every honour upon her, both during life and after her decease. Faustina gave her husband two sons : Marcus Galerius Antoninus, whose name is known to us only through the medium of a Greek imperial coin, engraved in the lconographie Romaine, p. 63 ; and Marcus Aure- lius Fulvius Antoninus, known solely from the inscription published by Pagi (v. Crit. Baron, ad u. c. 914 a. d. 161) ; also two daughters, Aurelia Padilla, married to Lamia Syllanus, who was already dead when her father set out for his government of Asia, under Hadrian. The other daughter was Faustina, called junior, who was married to Marcus Aurelius, her cousin-german. The coins of this empress in gold and silver (with exceptions subjoined) are common; brass medallions rare ; first and second brass, for the most part, very common. On these she is stvled FAUSTINA AVGVSTA— FAVSTINA AVG. ANTONINI AVG. (by implication, uxor ) — FAVSTINA AVG. ANTONINI AVG. PII P. P.— DIVA AVGVSTA FAVSTINA. The greater part of these coins were struck, after her decease, with the usual legends and symbols of Consecration, and especially with the various types of Eternity. 374 FAUSTINA SENIOR. RAREST REVERSES of FAUSTINA. Gold. — consecratio. A quadriga, in which a woman stands, veiled and in the stola, hold- ing the hasta pura, whilst another female guides the horses. — On the obverse of this beautiful coiu is the bust of Faustina, not veiled, but with the head-dress of a living Augusta. — (Mionnet values it at 72 fr. A fine specimen went for £2 14s. at the Thomas sale). aeter.nttas. Four-wheeled car, in which, under canopy, is placed the image of Faustina seated, drawn by two elephants, each mounted by a conductor. -O^e. — diva favstina. (The divine Faustina). Bust of the deceased empress. — (Mionnet values it at 72 fr. A fine specimen brought £3 17s. at the Thomas sale. Engraved in Caylus, Nam. Aar. Impp. Rom. No. 522 .) — Another aureus has for legend of reverse, aeter- nitas, with type of a six-columned temple, in the middle of which is placed the sedent statue of Faustina, as Juno, holding the sceptre. The fron- ton of the temple is adorned with a bas-relief. On the summit is a quadriga ; at the two extre- mities a Victory, front-faced, carrying a buckler on its head. The steps are fenced in by a railing. (Mt. 36 fr.) — aeterxitas. Empress standing with rudder and patera. (£3 7s. at the Brumcll sale). — avgvsta. Empress holding a lighted torch in each hand, (obtained £7 10s. at the Thomas sale. A flower of the die specimen went for only £3 at the Pembroke). — Concor- dia avg. Female seated. (Pembroke Cat. lot 272, brought at sale £3 4s.) — ex. senatvs consvlto. Car drawn by two elephants. (Mt. 100 fr.) — ivnoni reginae. Throne, sceptre, peacock, and cista. (£4 Is. Thomas). — Same legend. Throne, with a sceptre, between a pea- cock and a crow. (Mionnet, 60 fr.) — Fortuna Obseqvens. The Empress standing with the attributes of Fortune. [Nearly all the above are engraved in the im- perial gold coins of the Cabinet de France by Count Caylus.] pvellae favstinianae. (The young Faus- tinians). Faustina seated on a tribunal. Oppo- site to her the emperor stands holding out his hands and receiving an infant, which is presented to him by a woman. At the foot of the tribunal is a man bringing also an infant. — Obv- diva favstina. Bust of Faustina, to the right. (Mt. 200 fr. Cabinet de France). — Without legend ; a hexastyle temple, still extant at Rome. (£2 10s. Thomas sale). Silver. — pvellae favstinianae. Same type as in gold. — Obv. — diva avg. favstina. (Sit. 100 £r.) — [See the following engraving. — Capitolinus states, that Antoninus founded a col- lege of young girls, who were maintained at his | FAUSTINA JUNIOR. own expense, whom he called Pnella Faustiniante, in honour of Faustina. Eckhc) (vii. p. 7), cites several inscriptions dedicated to the pvellae favstinianae], — pietas AVo. The empress sacrificing. (Brought £4 10s. at the Pembroke). Brass Medallions. matri devm salv- tari. (Contomiate ; valued by Mionnet at 100 fr. See the words suit locis). — tki. pot. Combat of Romulus and Tatius. (Mt. 300 fr. see Romulus.) — vesta. (Alt. 100 fr.) — With- out lcgcud. Cybele and the vestal Claudia. (Mt. 300 fr. It is engraved in p. 311). — Without legend. Cybele and Atys. (Mt. 300 fr. En- graved in p. 300). [The foregoing five medal- lions are in the Cabinet de France], — The fol- lowing types, also without lcgcud, arc valued by Mionnet at from 100 to 150 francs each, viz. : — Faustina, with the attributes of Ceres, light- ing an altar [see an engraving of it in p. 196]. — Faustina seated on a globe ; the emperor standing, presents her with a Victory. — Diana Lucifera walking. — Faustina, as Vesta, holding the palladium , a Vestal standing before her. — Obv. — diva avgvsta favstina. Bust of Faus- tina. — Rev . — The empress in a biga, going to the left. (Mionnet’s valuation 120 fr. An extra fine specimen of this medallion was bought for £10 for the British Museum at the Campaua sale). Large Brass. aeternitas. A woman seated. (Engraved in p. 22). — .eternitas. — Cybele, in a chariot drawn by two lions. (Mt. 20 fr. See engraving of this reverse p. 22). — Concordia. The emperor and Faustina, and two smaller figures. (Mt. 24 fr. Engraved in p. 212). — consecratio. Victory bearing away laustina. (Mt. 48 fr. Brought about £3 at the Devonshire sale. Sec engraving, p. 25). — matri devm salvtari. (£1 at the Devonshire sale). — A draped female stauds holding a pheeuix, (brought £2 2s. at the Pembroke sale). FAUSTINA the Younger. — Annin Faustina was the daughter of Antoninus Pius Aug. and Galeria Faustina Aug. The year of her birth is uncertain. By desire of Hadrian she was des- tined to be the wife of L. Vcrus, but after I la- FAUSTINA JUNIOR. drian’s death, Antonine, on account of the ex- treme youth of Verus, pave her in marriage to M. Aurelius; the nuptials being consummated a few years later. That she was decorated with the title of Augusta, whilst her husband was merely Cicsar, is a fact proved from coins. — She died in the year u. c. 928 (a. d. 175) at the village of Halale, on the skirts of Mount Taurus, whilst on her way to join her husband in Syria. To the beauty of this woman the Antonine mint bears constant testimony in all the three metals, and perhaps in no example more strikingly than on the brass medallion whence the above portrait is copied. But her character was, by all historical accounts, unworthy of her father and her husband, whose virtues have been the theme of eulogy in every age. Faustina is ac- cused of having led a life still more dissolute than that of her mother. It was even believed that the sudden death of L. Verus was due to her agency ; and that she took a secret part in the conspiracy of Avidius Cassius against her husband. The most notorious instances of her licentiousness and criminality produced so little effect on the mind of Marcus Aurelius that, when urged, if unwilling to put her to death, that at least he would divorce her, his reply was, “ If we dismiss the wife, let us also restore the dowry,” i. e. the empire. This ill-judged for- bearance (as Eckhel observes) “ might perhaps be excused, had he not gone the length of publicly lamenting her death, and, polluted as she was with crime, enrolling her in the assembly of Roman deities.” Faustina gave to her husband a great number of children, among others Lucilla (see the word), married to Lucius Verus ; Commo- dus and Antoninus, twins, the fonner destined to become emperor, and the latter dying at the age of four years ; also Annius Verus, who died young (see verus annius). Lainpridius states, that three of Faustina’s daughters were living after the period when Commodus was assassinated, and Ilerodian has observed, speaking generally, that M. Aurelius had several daughters born to him. — See D. N. Vet vii. 76. Her coins, in gold and silver (certain ex- amples of great rarity excepted), are common. Iler bronze medallions are almost all of high rarity ; large and middle brass for the most part common, rising in price only according to the workmanship and the tvpe. On these she is styled FAVSTINA AVGVSTA.— DIVA FAUS- TINA PIA — (with sometimes AVGVSTI I’ll. FILuz, or MATER CASTRORUM on reverse). RAREST REVERSES of FAUSTINA the YOUNGER. Gold. — avgvsti pii. filia. The empress as Diana. (£2 10s. at the Thomas sale). — con- coriha. (Qainarius). A bird, which Eckhel describes to be a dove, and Lcnormant pro- nounces a pea-hen, attribute of Juno. (£2 7s. at the Thomas sale, £2 18s. at the Devonshire; £3 4s. at the Campana). — fecvnditati avgvs- TAE. (Mt. 40 fr.) — FORTVNAE MVLIEBRI. (Mt. FAUSTINA ANNIA. 375 48 fr.) — ivno. The goddess seated, and tw r o children. (£2 3s. Thomas). — matri castro- rvm. (Mt. 200 fr.) laetitiae pvblicak. (£1 18s. Thomas). — matri magnae. Cybele. (Thomas, £3 3s.; Devonshire, £1 15s.) — ve- NERI GENETRICI. (£3 8s. Thomas) ,-VENEM AV- gvstae. Venus seated. (Mt. 100 fr.) — veneri felici. A dove. (£2 4s. Thomas). — venvs standing, diademed, clothed, holding the sceptre and apple. Quinarius. (£1 19s. Thomas). Silver. — conseciiatio. Funeral pile, sur- mounted by a biga. — Same legend. Funeral pile, with matri castrorvm ou the side of the head. iynoni reginae. The empress seated as Juno, with peacock at her feet. — Obv. — favs- tina avgvsta. Bust of the empress. Brass Medallions. af.ternitas aygvs- tas. Woman holding a torch, seated on a stag. (Engraved in Icon. Romaine, Lenormant. — TELLVS STABILIS. — VENVS FELIX. (Mt. 150 fr. each). — Without legend. Fortune seated. — (Mt. 100 fr.) — Without do. Six female figures. (Mt. 150 fr.) — Without do. IsisPharia. (Mt. 100 fr.) — Cybele and Atys. (Mt. 200 fr. En- graved in p. 300 of this dictionary). Large Brass. — aeternitas. Woman seated, carried by two others. — consecratio. Funeral pile. — Without legend. Peacock carrying Faus- tina to the skies. — Without do. Throne of Juno, sceptre and peacock. (Mt. 18 fr.) — matri cas- trorvm. Female sacrificing before 3 standards. — piet as. Faustina as Piety, a young girl at her feet. (Lenormant). saecvli felicitas. Two children on a seat with a back. — siiieri- b vs recepta. Diana in a biga. s. p. q. r. Car drawn by two mules. — venvs. Female figure draped to the feet, with apple and sceptre. (£1 18s. at the Pembroke sale). Middle Brass. — vf.neri victrici. Mars and Venus standing. FAUSTINA (Annul), daughter of Claudius Severus and of tibia Aurelia Sabina (daughter of Marcus Aurelius and of the younger Faus- tina), w as third wife of Elagabalus, who, as a preliminary to his marriage with her, caused her husband to be put to death, and then the wretch 376 FAUSTUS— FELIX. forbade her to weep for him. These new nup- tials took place in the year of Rome 974 (a. u. 221). Like the preceding ones, this worse than mockery of a matrimonial union was dissolved at the expiration of a very short space of time. She was repudiated to give place to others. “ Annia Faustina (remarks 51. Lenormant), did not follow the custom, adopted by all the women who had the title of Augusta’ at that period, of adding the name of Julia to their own. Her birth was so illustrious, that she had no need to borrow a foreign eclat. The name of Annia Faustina is known only from coins. — Dion Cassius speaks only of a wife [of Elaga- balus] who descended from Marcus Aurelius. — In fact the names of Annia and of Faustina belong to the family of that emperor.” Her coins, in silver and first brass, are few in number, and all of the highest rarity ; on these she is styled ANNIA FAVSTINA AVG. or A\ G\ STA. The reverses are as follow : — Silver. 1. coxcordia. Elagabalus and Annia Faustina standing, give each the right hand to the other. In the field is a star. 2. pietas avg. A woman stands before an altar. (Mionuet values these two coins at 1000 francs each.) Large Brass. — Concordia. Same subject as No. 1. — The obverse bears the legend annia favstina avgvsta, and the bust of the empress for its type. (Priced by Mionnet at 600 fr.) — From a finely preserved specimen of this, one of the rarest of Roman coins, the foregoing cut has been executed. For a fine engraving of the same reverse, as well as of the obverse, see Miou- net, Rarete des Med. Rom. i. p, 354. FAUSTl. LI S. — For a type of the royal shep- herd of the Roman legend, the bringer-up of Quirinus, with the wolf-suckled twins, under the Ruminal fig tree, see fostulus, Pompeia gens. FAUSTUS — FELIX. — The above wood-cut, carefully engraved from a finely preserved speci- men of that elegant denarius, is the one re- ferred to in p. 287, under the head of Cornelia gens, No. 20. On the obverse we see the bust of Diana, distinguished by a crescent surmouuting the mitella of her elaborately arranged head-dress. Behind is the lituus. The legend favstvs (literally meaning fortunate, auspicious), is a surname of L. Cornelius Sulla, son of the celebrated Dictator, also called Faustus Sulla. On the reverse of the same coin, with felix for legend, the type groups together a man clothed iu the toga, on an elevated seat, and two kneeling male figures below him. One of these offers up to the seated figure a branch with three stems , the other has his arms tied behind him. FECIALES.— FECUNDITAS. Sulla, the Dictator, was surnamed Felix, the happy or the lucky, from having been successful in all his enterprises. Jugurtha, king of the Numidians, in a long war which he sustained against the Romans, was in a. d. c. 648 (b. c. 106) defeated by Marius, aud compelled to take refuge in the territories of king Bocchus, of Mauretania. Sulla, though then only second in command, had influence enough with this sordid and treacherous man, to procure from him the surrender of Jugurtha into his own hands. This historical incident forms the subject of the above described and illustrated coin. — The lituus symbolizes the Augurate of Sulla. — See Cor- nelia gens, p. 287. F. B. Felicitas Renta ; an abbreviation which appears on coins of the Constantinian age. F. C. These letters appear not only on coins of the triumvirs M. Antony and Octavius, but also on denarii of the Ciecilia, Eppia, Mcminia, Sempronia, and Vibia families. — For the mean- ing of the abbreviation see eppia gens, p. 360. FE. Felix. — FE. AUG. Felix Augustus. FEC. Fecit. — COS. LUDOS. SAECUW*. FEC. on coins of Caracalla. FECIALES. — These were sacred heralds, who proclaimed truces, treaties of peace, and declara- tions of war. Numa, or, according to others, Ancus Martins, instituted a college of them to the number of twelve. The chief of this order of priesthood was called Pater Patratus, ac- complished father. Their functions were ori- ginally intended to cause treaties to be observed, and to prevent the Romans from undertaking an unjust war. It seems probable that the Ro- mans took from the ancient people of Latium the idea of establishing the college of the Feciales. On a silver coin of the Veturia gens we sec a Fecial priest, on his knees, holding a sow, which a Roman on one side, aud on the other side a man who by his dress appears to be of a different nation, both touch with their wands. It was thus that alliances were made by the Roman people with other states. And when the two deputies touched the sow, the Fecialis invoked Jupiter to deal as severely with those who might violate the treaty, as he, the priest himself, was about to do towards that animal : he then knocked it on the head with a flint stone. On a denarius of the Antcstia gens a similar sacrifice of a pig is seen, to record the ratification of a treaty. — See foed. p. r. cvm. gabinis. FECUNDITAS. — Nero erected a temple to Fecuiidi/g, on the occasion of a daughter being borne to him by Poppica (Tacit, xv. 23). And the adoration of this divinity, once established at Rome, became a frequent subject of allu- sion and typifiention on the coins of succeeding empresses. It has been thought that, under this name, worship was paid to Juno. The priest of Fecun- dity was called Lnpercus ; and to him oue of the artful and indecent superstitions of pagan- ism ascribed the power of rendering women fer- tile, by strapping them, while iu a state of nudity, with thongs made of oat-skin I — On FECVNDITAS AVG. FECVNDl'l'AS AVG. 377 coins of the Augusta, Fecundity appears as a matron, clothed in the stola, sometimes stand- ing with the hasta pura in her right hand, and supporting an infant in her left ; sometimes with a cornucopia; in her left hand, and before her a child, to which she extends her right hand. — On others she is seated, with children in her lap, or standing at each side of her ; sometimes with one on each arm. FECVND1TAS. S. C. — A woman seated, with three infants. On first brass of Lucilla. There are gold, silver, and second brass of this empress, with similar legend and type. From this reverse (observes Ecldiel, vii. 99) Mcdiobarbus has attempted to prove, that coins bearing the legend I.VCII.LA avgvsta are to be referred, not to the Lucilla, who married Lucius Vcrus, but, to one who, as that numismatist himself admits, had no claim to the epithet fecunda. That Lucilla, the daughter of M. Aurelius aud of Faustina junior, bore children to Verus is a reasonable conclusion ; but there is nothing reasonable in supposing that coius cele- brate likewise her fecundity by Claudius Pom- pcianus, to whom she was afterwards married, since it is known that though having for her second husbaud a private citizen, she was treated w ith all the honours due to au Augusta. — See ! biographical notice of lucilla. FECVNDITAS. — A woman seated ou the grouud with a cluster of grapes in her left hand, and resting her elbow on a basket or vase, is touching with her right hand a globe adorned with stars, over which four small figures arc walking. Gold of Ju/iu Domna. On coins of Hadriau, and also of Coinmodus of the year u. c. 940 (a. d. 1S7), in connection with a very similar type, we read the legend tellvs stabil. Consequently, by this applica- tion of the two different inscriptions to one of the same type, is indicated that “ the earth was strengthened (tell us stabilita) by the fecundity of women consequent on marriages.” — D. N. Vet. vii. 19G. “ The flatterers of Domna pretended that all things were owing to her. The star-besprinkled globe represents the Homan world, which with her husbaud Severus she governed ; and to the empire of which she destines her two sons, Caracalla and Gcta, who, together with as many daughters, are the proofs of her fecundity.” — Rasche, T. ii. pi. 1 . p. 932. FECVNDITAS AVG. — A woman standing, extends her right hand over a small figure stand- 3 C iug beside her; in her left hand a cornucopia;. Third brass of Gallienus. (Banduri). Fecundity used to be ascribed on coius to females only. It is surprising to find her on the coin of an emperor — even of so eccentric an one as Gallienus. In the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna there are two denarii of Alexander Seve- rus, with the legend fecvnd. avgvstae, but there can be no doubt, that this reverse was erroneously transferred from the coinage of Mamsea to that of her son. And from this cir- cumstance it becomes probable that the reverse uow before us ought to be restored to the coin- age of Salonina, the wife of Gallieuus. — (Eckhel, vii. 407.) FECVNDITAS AVG. — A woman standing, with rudder in her right hand, aud cornucopia; in her left. Gold of Sulpicius Uranius Anto- ninus. ‘‘The reverse of this coin (observes Eckhel, vii. 289) might lead to a suspicion of its genuine- ness, since (as above remarked) fecvnditas is a legend, w r ith one exception, not found on the coius of emperors, and the type represents For- tuna, and not Fecunditas. But, as Billiard, whose copious observations on this coin it will be an advantage to consult, vouches for its un- doubted antiquity, and I, not having seen the coin, being therefore unable to offer any argu- ments on the other side, am w T ell eoutent to acquiesce in the judgment of so eminent a writer.” [This unique coin is valued by Miou- net at 1500 fraucs.] FEC\ SDitas A \ G\ STAE. (Fecundity of the Empress.) — This legend on silver, aud on first and second brass of Faustina the younger, with the type, iu which a woman is represented, as in the above engraving, with four children, is the first indisputably genuine coin, which boasts of female fertility. “ Faustina (observes Eckhel, vii. 78) proved her fecundity beyond question by the number of her children ; would that her fidelity to her husbaud rested on as clear evidence 1” On the above coin she is accompanied by four children, but on coins inscribed tesipou. felic. their num- ber is increased to six. That she had more than six cliildren, may be gathered from what has been already stated in her biography. On coins beariug the legeud iv.noni lvcinae there are three infants. FECVNDITAS TEMPORVM. A woman, seated on the ground, holds out a branch towards two little boys standing near her ; iu 378 F'EELTX. her left hand is a cornucopia:. Silver of Otaeilia. — Engraved in Pelleriu, Melange, i. p. 193. FEELIX (thus, with double E) appears on a coin of the Cornelia family, struck in honour of Sulla the dictator, by order of the Senate, who also caused an equestrian statue to be raised to him with the same attributes inscribed thereon, (see p. 207). This epithet, which flattery bestowed on that “ bold bad” man, was after- wards adopted as his surname, and the fortuitous and unforeseen prosperity to which it referred became his boast, [see SULLA.] — Cicero (pro lege Manilla) has bestowed extraordinary com- pliments on the good fortune ( felicitatem ) which so invariably atteuded Pompey the Great. — Commodus was the first emperor who used the word, in consequence of his safely escaping the resentment of the soldiers, who were demanding the death of Pereunis, prefect of the pretorians, as is shewn on his coins minted a. d. 185 (see p. 239). Ilis example met with the approval and imitation of his successors, but with this modification, that they almost always joined the title Felix with that of Pius, placing Pius first and Felix last. — The first, after Commodus, who used both titles, though rarely, was Cara- calla ; afterwards Elagabalus, frequently ; and then most of the emperors down to the period of the lower empire And, iudeed, so great was the importance attached to the two epithets used conjointly, that they were considered as much the distinctive badge of an emperor as the title of Augustus itself, and were constantly assumed by them on their accession to empire, or were decreed to them by the Senate; as in the case of Macrinus and Elagabalus, a fact proved by their | respective coins. — From none of the writers of Augustal history docs it appear that any indi- vidual holding the rank only of Csesar was ever permitted to use them, with the exception of Cariuus, some of whose coins appear with the inscription — m. avr. carinvs p. f. nob. caes. But Carinus exhibited, in conjunction with the simple title of Cresar, the prenoincu of Imperator, as is shewn on his coins. The epithets Pia Felix were also shared by the empresses. Julia Domna is the first, who | was so honoured on coins, thus, ivlia pia. felix avo. It is stated by Billiard (ad Jobert, i. p. 282) that Sevcrina, the wife of Aurelian, also enjoyed the same distinction, but he omits to mention where the coin is to be seen. It j becomes common, however, on the coius of empresses, from the time of Honorius. Jobert (i. p. 251) is therefore incorrect, in stating that Domna alone used these words, and is properly corrected by Biinard. — Bauduri (ii. p. 563 and 566) fell into the opposite error, and states that Eudoxia, the wife of Theodosius II. was the first who adopted the titles Pia Felix, thus passing over Domna. — See Eckhel, viii. 454. Many cities likewise received the epithet Felix, and particularly colonics. — Sec Berytus, p. 126; Cremna, p. 295 ; Heliopolis ; Laodieiea (Colonise Komnuic), p. 232, &c. In allusion to the coin of Sulla (Cornelia FEL. TEMP. REPAKATIO. gens), inscribed feelix, Eckhel says — “ Haver- camp considers feelix to have been put for FELIX by an error of the moncyer, whereas it is most certainly an archaism. For if it be a mis- take of the moncycr’s, so also must be the sub- stitution of vaala for vala on coins of the Numonia gens.”— v. 194. F’EL. Felix, Felicia, Felicitas, &c. FEL. ADVENT. AVGG. NN.— See ff.i.ix ADVENTVS. FEL. AVG. Felicitas Jugusti. F’EL. KART. — See felix kart. I'EL. P. R. Felicitas Populi Romani. FEL. PROCESS. — See felix processvs. FEL. TEMP. REPARATIO.— This reverse legend is found constantly recurring on silver, and on second and third brass coins from the time of Constans and Constantins jun. to that of Gratian (a. d. 337 to a. d. 375) ; they are common. — The following is a description of the various types : — 1. The phaeuix standing on a pyramid of steps, with a wreath in its beak, or attaching a branch of laurel to the prow of a ship. 2. A galley, on which the emperor paludatcd stands with a phoenix in his right hand. 3. On another specimen the emperor, in military habiliments, stands on the prow of a galley, holding in his right hand a globe, but- mouutcd by a Victoriola, aud resting his left hand on a labarum, bearing the monogram of Christ, whilst Victory is sitting at the helm. 4. A soldier dragging a barbarian, by the hair of his head, from a hut, or wooded retreat. 5. A soldier, dispatching a prostrate horseman with a spear. — (Engraved iu Constantius Gallus. p. 265.) 6. The emperor stauding, with a banner in his right hand, and two prisoners sitting on the ground beside him. 7. The emperor, on horseback, charging with levelled lance, a prostrate and suppliant enemy. That these coins (says Eckhel, viii. p. 1 1 1) saw the light after the death of Constantine the Great, and Coustantinc jun., father and son, is rendered certain by the fact, that no authen- ticated coin of this kind has bccu seen, which exhibits the portrait of either. They require no explanation, as they present well known, or at least intelligible, symbols of a felix temporum reparalio ; especially in the phoenix, a figure exhibited on the reverse of a coin of Divus Trajauus, nnd also on one of Hadrian with the 1 legend saec. avr. ; aud on no occasion with a happier application of the type, than when the intention was to iudicatc a restoration of the times, in accordance with the acconnts, which FELICIA DECENNALIA. ancient writers have given of this marvellous bird. — See Tacitus, Pliuy, and others, as also a long-winded poem about the phoenix, attributed to Lactantius. FELICIA DECENNALIA. Two young genii, or winged loves, supporting each with both hands a crown, within which we read votis x mvltis xx (that is to say Votis Decen- nalibus Multis Vicewnalibus. — On the obverse, KL. IVL. CONSTANS PIVS FELIX AVG. Bust of Constans, with diademed head. — In the exergue tes. (Thessalonica). This splendid medallion of Constans I. was found with a number of other gold coins, at Thessalonica, in 1526. — “You see (says Tristan, iii. 616) that it was struck in that city, where the decennial vows of Constans were celebrated, as the quiuqncnuial had been in the same capital of Macedonia. And by the present legend of “ Happy Decennalia,” the wish was expressed, that Constans might live to see them celebrated as he witnessed those of the quiuquenualia. * * * — W ith less regard to truth in eulogizing an emperor than gcncral'y characterises the his- torical commentaries of the old French anti- quary, he adds — “ The little angels carrying loftily and stoutly, with both hands, the laurel crown, as the posture in which they are placed so well shews, serve to intimate, that this virtuous prince, continuing always to reign piously, would, by the grace of heaven, be enabled many times more, to solemnize in a holy manner the Vicennalia reiterated, after having happily passed the first ten years of his reign in an uninterrupted career of victories.” — See t. iii. p. 615-16. See the type of the above-described reverse, engraved in p. 312, under the head of decen- NALIA. FELICIA TEMPORA. Four little boys, with attributes allusive to the four seasons of the year. Silver of Caracalla. — See tempo rum FEUCITAS. FELICITAS — a symbolical divinity of the Romans, to whom, according to Pliny, Licinius Lucullus, about the year of Rome 680 (b.c. 74), on his return from the war against Mithridates, wished to raise a statue, of which Archesilas was to have been the sculptor ; but both the artist and his employer died before the work was completed. A temple erected to this dei- fied protectress, in one of the public places of Rome, fell a prey to the flames during the reign 3 C 2 FELICITAS. 379 of the emperor Claudius. Felicity is repre- sented on coins of the imperial series (particu- larly those of Hadrian, Antoniue, and Philip), under the figure of a woman, clothed in the stola, and exhibiting different figures and pos- tures ; sometimes standing, sometimes seated, generally she holds the caduceus in one hand, and the cornucopia; in the other — the former as the sign of peace, the latter as signifying that true felicity consists in possessing the most precious gifts of providence ; for what is greater happi- ness in this world than to enjoy peace and to possess plenty. At other times Felicitas stands holding the caduceus on a staff in her right hand, and a patera in her left, at a lighted altar, as in Maesa. Again we see her with a rudder, a globe, or a ship’s prow in her hand, in allusion to the naval victories gained by those priuces whose coins display this allegorical type ; and also in reference to the abundance which navigation procures to the state. With respect to the caduceus, Millin, in his Dictionaire des Beaux Arts , observes that in the hymn to Mer- cury, ascribed to Homer, Apollo designates that instrument as the rod or staff of Felicity aud of Riches. On a medallion of Commodus fej.i- citas temporvm (the happiness of the times or of the age), is figured under the form of a woman sitting under a tree surrounded by chil- dren, who personify the four seasons. — For other typifications of this deity on Roman coins, see SAECVI.I — or TEMPORVM FF.LICITAS. Felicity’s image occurs on almost all the im- perial coins ; because the Senate professed to wish that all princes should consider it their duty to promote public happiness, aud also be- cause those princes themselves were peculiarly desirous of having it regarded as a blessing at- tached to their own reign. This however was ascribed to various causes, and shadowed forth under various tokens. Jobert, in his sixth instruction, observes, that when (as is most frequently the case on impe- rial coius) to the names of Felicitas, Securitas, Spes, Provideutia, Aequitas, and other virtues, the word avg. is added, there is no doubt but that the virtue or good quality in question, is applied to the prince himself, as residing and shiuins: in him, and should then be read FELI- CITAS AVGVSTI or FELICITATI AVGVSTI,*&C. — But on the other hand, when it is read avgvsta, it is the opinion of most numismatic antiquaries, although not as yet reduced to a certainty, that by this form of expression, the virtue or divinity itself (as Augusta, that is to say, sacred), rather than the emperor, was the intended object of inscription and honour. According to this opi- nion, therefore, feucitas avgvsta would not be an eulogy of the prince, for rendering the state happy, but simply the proper epithet at- tached to the name of the goddess. Havercainp also, adverting to this point, remarks that, when the figure of a woman occurs on a coin, holding a rudder resting on a globe, whether she be called Fortune or Felicity, it would seem to represent the golden fortune ( aurea fortuna) of the im- perial house, which the emperors worshipped 380 FELICITAS. in their bed-chamber, and which, when at the point of death, they transmitted to their suc- cessors. FELICITAS AVG. S. C. — A woman draped in the stola, stands holding a branch in her right, and the long caduceus in her left hand. First brass of Hadrian, engraved in preceding page, from a fine and well-preserved specimen of the type. FELICITAS DEORVM.— This remarkable legend appears only on a silver coin of Mari- niaua, wife of Valcrianus senior. Its accom- panying type is a woman standing, who holds in her right hand a caduceus, and in her left a cornucopia;, in token of universal peace, and the abundance of all things, at an epocha when the empire was one world-wide scene of war, pcstileuce, and famine ! Eckhcl’s observation respecting the coin is — “Numus ctiam propter cpigraphem adhuc inusitatam siugularis.” vii. 388. FELICITAS AVG usta. S. C. — August Feli- city. Hadrian, bare headed, stands clothed in the toga, holding a globe in the left hand, and joining his right hand with that of the goddess, who holds a short caduceus in her left hand. — The wood-cut has been executed after ouc of the finest and best preserved specimens in first brass of Hadrian’s mint. As another variety of the Felicitas type, some fruitless pains have also been taken to ascertain the particular time and occasion when it was struck ; for it evidently typifies the emperor’s arrival in a city, or a province, to which Felicity welcomes him. FELICITAS PERPETVA. The emperor, with his face turned towards you, and in the consular dress, is seated on a lofty frame-work, (pegma — see the word), with head surrouuded by a nimbus, and the right hand elevated. On the footstool is inscribed vot. v. whilst on a lower platform is seated a youthful figure, iu the same dress, with a book in the right hand. Be- low' arc the letters sis. Gold. (Formerly in the French Cabinet). Silver medallion. (Banduri). — On another specimen ; Victory walking, with laurel branch in her right hand, and trophy in her left. Below, aq. Silver of Constans I. in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna. “ The subject of the former of these types is very difficult to explain, by reason of the ob- scurity which envelopes the history of that period. Consult the far from probable conjee FELICITAS. turcs of Banduri and Khell on the type of the latter coin.” — This is all that Eckhel says re- specting these two reverses. — See vii. 86. FELICITAS ROMANORVM.— Anarch sup- ported by two spiral columns ; within arc two paludated figures, holding spears. In the exergue 91 km. Engraved in Cim. Vind. (Cabinet of Vienna), p, xlv. Silver of Constans. FELICITAS S A E C V L I.— FELICITAS TEMPORV.M. — The felicity of their age, or of their times, was a characteristic, which a great many emperors, solicitous to have at least the repute of it hauded down iu association with their names and reigns, have caused to be in- scribed on some of their finest coins. Amongst various other instances arc the legend aeterna felicitas avg. on a coin of Maxcntius, and that of ANN. avg. saecvli felicissimi, on a coin of Caracalla. In like manner we find felicitas a vgg. N'N. ( Auguslorum Nostrontm) as in Maxi- mum and Constans. — felicitas imperii or iMPEUATOBVM as in Philip. — felicitas pf.r- petva as in Constans (cited in the preceding notice), also in Magnentius, &c. — felicitas pvbi.ica is to be found on coins of numerous other princes, from Vespasian and Titus down- wards to Valcrianus senior, &c. — fei.icitati avgvstae, as on the gold and large brass of Hadrian. — All these different epigraphs are illus- trated respectively on each reverse by various symbols, viz. by a galley, to denote the course of prosperous navigation, or a good voyage ; by four boys, signifying the happy abundance of the four seasons of the year (see vercs annius); by the olive branch and the caduceus, as sym- bolizing the messengers of peace and amity ; lastly, and not unfrcquently, by figures of Vic- tories, as attesting the fact of a war brought to a successful conclusion. FELICITAS SAECVLI. — Full-faced bust of Domua, between profile heads of Caracalla and Geta. Gold of S. Sevcrus. (See Eckhel, vii. 179. Engraved in Akcrinan, I. pi. vii. No. 6). A middle brass of the same emperor, exhibiting the same legend, has for its type three togated figures seated, and a fourth standing on an cstradc. — Engraved in Havcrcump, Cabinet de Christine. FELICITAS TEMPORVM. — The emperor, in the toga, seated in a curule chair, and hold- ing a globe, Victory from behind placing a laurel crown on his head. On the opposite side arc two female figures draped, and standing ; ouc of them holds the hasta pura. Obv. — imp. sev. alexand. avg. ivlia ma- MAEA AVG. MATER AVG. Busts face to face of Severus Alexander mid of his mother Manuea. Gold medallion. Engraved in Mionnet, i. 359. [A beautiful work of art, but in which Alexander looks more like an empress than an emperor.] There is a second brass of the same reign, having the reverse type above described, but with the head of Alexander alone on the ob- verse. FELICIT. TEMPORV.M.— A ba-ket full of FELICITATE M. fruit. Silver of Pescennius Niger. Engraved in Kolb, TraitS Namismatique. FELICITAS TEMPORVM. The goddess standing with caduccus and cornucopiie. On large brass of Sabinia Tranquillina. Engraved in Mionnet, i. 402. FELICITATEM ITA1TCAM. A woman standing, with caducens and cornucopia?. Sil- ver of Caracalla. (Mus. d’Enncryj. FELICITATEM PO. R. (Populi Romani.)— A woman standing, with caduceus in her right hand, and a cornucopiie in her left. First brass of Gordianus III. (Vaillant). [On this and the preceding coin will be re- marked a singular use of the accusative case in the legend.] FELICITATI AVG. (Fe/icitati Augusti ). — To the happiness of the Emperor. In the exergue COS. III. P. P. S. C. (Consults tertium, Fatris F atria, Senates Consul to ). — First brass. [So finely designed, so perfectly preserved, and so peculiarly interesting a specimen of one of Hadrian’s nautical coins, having had ample justice done to it in the above engraving, it only remaius to furnish the type with the accompa- niment of a correspondingly good description. Nor can this surely be better accomplished than by borrowing the following equally classical and scamaulike passage, from the work of a gal- lant officer, the advantages of whose numismatic lessons on the large brass coinage of imperial Rome, the compiler has been proud already to acknowledge, in the course of his present at- tempt] : — “ A pretoriau galley, full of men, impelled along both by oars and a large square sail, across which the inscription is written, in the taste then prevalent ; for we are assured, that, in the time of Trajan, it was not uncommon to have the name of the emperor embroidered on the sails, in gold and silver. Besides being the type of felicity, this medal is supposed to allude to the prudent government of Hadrian ; for as in a ship — though the officers and crew are liable to the same hazard, the success of the voyage will chiefly depend on the skill and judg- ment of the commander — so in the management of the State, the happiness and prosperity of the community depend upon the wisdom and pru- dence of the sovereign at the helm of affairs. — The sail to this ship — this ‘ navis velis ventique’ — is stretched to a yard supported by lifts ; it is deep reached, with both sheets aft, in token of auspicious winds ; the emblem of happiness : FELICITATI. 381 “ F.n ego non paucis quondam munitus amicis, Dum davit velis aura secunda meis. “ And the oars being put out, at the same time, illustrate another passage of Ovid — “ Sive opusest, miuimam velis bene currit ad aurara, Sive opus est remo remige carpit iter.” [In the highly interesting, because doubtless accurate, delineation of a Roman admiral’s flag ship, thus associated with the dedicatory epi- graph, which invokes a happy voyage for the emperor, we see Hadrian himself represented ou the poop, seated under a sort of tent, over which curve the wing-like filaments of the aplustre, and near which are a vexillum and a legionary eagle. At- the extreme end of the prow we see the figure of Neptune, with his trident in one hand and a conch shell in the other]. This reverse seems to have had for its object to record the vows made by the Senate for the success of one of Hadrian’s sea-voyages, but which in particular is not known. On a brass medallion of the same emperor, Minerva fills the place here occupied by Nep- tune, whilst dolphius disport themselves in the waves around this magnificent sea-boat as it glides along. This coin is in the Vatican cabi- net, and is described by Vaillant, Num. hupp. Rom. t. iii. p. 118. Three other first brass of Hadrian, with trireme types, are w r ith instructive technicality, described from specimens in his own cabinet by Capt. Smyth, R. N. as follows : — 2. FELICITATI AVG. S. C. COS. III. P.P. — “ A pretorian galley, with the gubernator and five sitters, but with ten oars, or rather sweeps, over the sides : as these appear to have no com- munication with the persons in view, but carry their looms through the upper works, the sit- ters are rather passengers than rowers, and they wear hats, as if to protect them against the heat upon deck. The prow is armed with three spikes, the rostrisque tridentibus of Virgil. The tutela is highly decorated, and the poop shews the bend, mentioned by that author and Ovid — puppique recurva, upon the bow appears the parasemon, and over that the labarum, or ban- ner, on a staff' which steeves like a bow-sprit. — Both this, and the streamer from the corymbus, by blowing forwards, shew that the vessel has a fair wind, an ancient symbol of Felicity, which will be readily understood by the moderns. — Descript. Catal. p. 100, No. clvii. 3. The same legend — ■“ A pretorian galley, rowing swiftly over the waves. The poop is high and curved, like that of a Chinese sampan, and the post occupied by the pilot recalls the idea of his liability to be washed overboard, Ipse gubernator puppi Palinurus ah aha. Over the aplustre appear two military stand- ards, which are considered as a testimony that an important personage is embarked. A colos- sal sea-god — half man and half fish — is placed on the prow ; on some medals this is a triton, blowing a conch shell, but here he is in the act of darting a spear. This is equivalent to the 382 FELICITAS AVG. modern figure-head, and represented the tutelary protector to whom, as with the modern Medi- terranean sailors, the ship was dedicated. There arc six sitters in a line below the pilot, and the rudder is projected through the upper works of the quarter.” Ibid, p. 101, No. clvii. 4. FEL1C. AVG. TR. P. III. COS. II. S. C. ( Felicitati Augusts, Tribunitid Potestate ter- tium, Consul Iterum — First brass of Lucius Vents. “ A large pretorian galley, with the emperor reclining under the aptustre [or ornament] of the stern. There arc six rowers; and on the forecastle is a mast raking forwards, with a sail upon it, shewing that the vessel is going with the wind aft. — In the work of Bayfius, * De Re Nacali,’ the sail is represented as a banner; hut here it is unusually large, roached, bent to one yard, and sheeted home to another, and certainly assists in propelling the vessel. — This medal (adds Capt. Smyth), was struck a. d. 168, for the safe navigation, and happy deliver- ance of Verus from the perils of sea and war. But, instead of being at the head of his army, the luxurious prince took that opportunity of visiting Greece, in a vessel magnificently adorned, and freighted with mimes and musicians. ‘ lie made his voyages to Corinth and to Athens (says the Roman historiau), amidst songs and symphouies, and at each of the most celebrated cities of Asia, Pamphylia, and Cilicia, he suf- fered himself to be detained by his passions as a voluptuary.’ ” — Descr. Cat. p. 150, No. cclxxv. FELICITATI AVG. IMP. VIII. COS. III. S. C. A ship, w ith many rowers ; on some FELICITAS AVG. specimens Neptune stands on the prow. 2nd brass of M. Aurelius. This coin serves admirably to illustrate the expressions of Capitolinus (ch. 27 Aurel.) in reference to the return of Aurelius by sea from Athens to Rome ; “ Returning to Italy in a ves- sel, he met with a violent storm.” His escape from this danger is, therefore, attributed on these coins fe/icitati Augusti. The same type i is also to be seen on coins of Couimodus of the year a. d. 177, with the legend felicitati caes. ; but it is also an established fact, that Commodus was the companion of Aurelius in this voyage and peril. — Eckhcl, vii. 64. The galley was the type of the Roman Re- public. For some remarks on the subject of naval architecture and equipment under the Romans, see tri&emis. FELICITAS REIPVBLICAE. — The empe- ror, seated on a curulc chair, placed on a sug- gest us, two other figures stauding on each side of him. At the foot of the tribunal are two kneeling figures, holding up their hands. On the exergue P. t. r. Gold of Constantine the Great. Constantine, assisted by the two Cmsars his sous, Constantine junior and Crispus, is here sitting on the judgment scat, and appears as about to decide, with his usual severity towards conquered nations, on the fate of the Fraud and the A/amanni, over whom Crispus gained the victory a. d. 320, and who are personified as kneeling supplicants, imploring the emperor’s pardon and mercy. — This elegaut coin is en- graved in Vaillant, Impp. Rom. Pr. iii. p. 84. FELICITAS AVG. The busts of Victory and Peace, side by side. — Obv . — imp. c. postvmvs p. F. avo. The busts of Postumus and Her- cules, side by side, both laureated. Gold medal- lion of Postumus. (Valued at 1200 francs, by Mionnet, iu whose Rarete, &c. T. ii. 59, it is exquisitely engraved. Jean Tristan, iu giving a fairly accurate de- lineation of this very beautiful medallion, de- scribes it as exhibiting “ les Etfigies du Postume, pere, et fits " — in other words, the heads of Postumus senior and Postumus junior ! — That any writer like himself, who, with a proneness indeed to indulge in the fanciful, the conjec- tural, and the discursive, displays nevertheless a profound knowledge of mythology and of an- cient history, combined with unequivocal proofs of capability to form just conclusions from nu- mismatic mouumeuts — that such a writer should have fallen into an error of this sort, is not a little extraordinary. He has done so, however, not ouly in the present instance, but also iu two others. (Sec Commentaires, kc. t. iii. 138, plates No. 1, and 147, pi- No. 10). What adds to the apparent strangeness of the hallucina- tion is, that his animadversions ou events con- nected with the reign of Postumus, bear im- mediate reference to many of that emperor's coins, on which the whole-length figure of Her- cules is represented, cither isolatedly, or in asso- ciation with his owu. These the worthy “ Es- cuyer Sieur de St. Amant” has illustrated with well-designed engravings by the burin of Picart ; and from these it is evident that, great prince and conqueror as he was — Emperor and Augustus in all but senatorial recognition — Postumus, like other successful soldiers of fortune and of ob- scure birth, inflated with thejpride of his vie- FELtCITAS AVG. tories, was in the vain-glorious habit of com- paring himself with Hercules. And perhaps his features were not without some slight analogy to those which the sculptor of classic antiquity bestows on that hero, lint, to judge from the general examples of his monetal portraitures, the likeness of Postumus, on the above medal- liou, would appear to be but an ideal one, flat- teringly assimilated with the Grecian lineaments of the face to which it is joined, in the same way as it is on other medallions with the helmed bust of Mars. — Tristan has himself given an engraving of postvmvs avgvstvs, with radi- ated head, on the obverse, and with Jupiter Stator for legend and type of reverse (see Com- mentaires , iii. 158), au example which may be accepted as vera effigies — a true portrait of the celebrated usurper of the western provinces, and of which abundance are to be found in every good collection ; but, except in bushiness of beard and roughness of aspect, it is scarcely to be called a resemblance of the visage assigned to the demi-god of Fable. And yet the face is a good face too, in its Gaulish fashion, indicat- ing as it docs the indomitable courage, the reso- lute bearing, the politic sagacity, of a man equally distinguished both in the arts of civil government, and by his talents for warlike com- mandership. But in Tristan’s time, not to speak of a sub- sequent age, there was, amongst numismatic collectors and writers, a fond and not unnatural belief, that Postumus, the son, who had reigned for nine years over the Gauls with his father, must have left some monetary records behind him. But no authentic specimens of such a mintage having, up to the middle of the 17th century, been found to exist, the learned author of “History of theEmpcrors,” writing about that period, allowed his zeal for the publication of medallic rarities so far to overstep his judgment and discrimination, as to .make him pronounce the bearded head of a man, whether jugated or face to face with that of Postumus, on a coin, to be meant for a profile of the son, although looking as aged as the father’s. Tristan is happier in his observations on the reverse type of this interesting and most valu- able coin. “ I do not doubt (says he) that the two heads arc those of Victory and Peace. The two goddesses, thus united, serve to intimate that Postumus had the power to conquer, when- ever his enemies obliged him to act, whether on the offensive or the defensive, Victory always coming to his aid, and enabling him to make peace when he pleased; and the goddess pax in- spiring him with desire for the restoration of tranquillity, and facilitating its execution. These two divinities thus continually united to render him happy, and whether he made war, or re- mained at peace, he was ever victorious.” — See T. iii. p. 152, et seq. In an article by Mons. J. De Witte, relating to certain unpublished coins of Postumus, in the Revue Numisinatique (vol. vii. p. 330, et seq.) that intelligent numismatist has ably dis- cussed the probable motives which induced Pos- FELICITER.— FELIX. 383 tnmus to place himself under the protection of Hercules, and to assimilate himself to that god. This dissertation not only throws light on the above described medallion, and other mintages of the same usurper, but also refers back to the origin of a custom early adopted by Roman emperors, namely, that of having their'portraits represented with the attributes of Hercules, as emblematical of force and power. The whole, though long, has strong claims to perusal. — Some extracts from its most instructive passages will be found annexed to the biographical notice of POSTUMUS. FELICITER NVBTI1S. This epigraph (thus spelt) appears on an almost unique gold coin of Marcianus, the equally singular type of which represents that emperor and Pulcheria (sister of Theodosius II.) joining hands: whilst Anatolus, the patriarch of Constantinople, stands between them. Each figure has the nimbus round the head. On the exergue conob. Eckhel observes respecting this extremely rare and very remarkable coin, that “the nuptials of Pulcheria with Marcianus were of a nature which Vestals themselves might regard without a blush. Indeed the husband engaged himself by a solemn pledge to leave her pure and un- touched to the day of her death.” — feliciter nvbtiis was a form of popular acclamation on various joyful occasions, and was also accus- tomed to be used at marriages. A similar type appears on coins of Cornelia Paula, wife of Elagabalus, where the emperor and empress are joining hands in testimony of connubial fidelity, a veiled pontiff standing' be- tween them. — An engraving of this coin will be found in Khell’s Supplement to Vaillant, p. 291. FELIX ADVENT. AVG. Felix Adventus Augusti — the happy arrival of the Emperor. — 1ELIX ADVENT. AV GG. NN. Augustorum Nostrorum — of both our Emperors. — These epi- graphs, with the types of the reigning princes on horseback, figures holding the fabarum, or Victories planting their feet on prostrate cap- tives, appear on coins of Diocletianus, Gal. Maxi- mianus, Constantius Chlorus, &c. — See ad- ventus. FELIX INGRESSVS SEN. AVG. Senioris Augusti — the happy entry of the elder Emperor. — A gold coin of Maximianus Herculcus, bearing the foregoing legend, has for the type of its re- verse the galeated Genius of Rome, seated on a shield, resting her left hand on the kasta pura, and holding on her knees with her right hand a buckler, on which is inscribed vot. xxx. On the exergue PR. This unique coin is extolled by Khell (p. 220), and recognized by Eckhel (viii. 26), as one of the most precious gems of the Vienna cabinet ; foPit serves to prove that Maximianus, having again resumed the purple, made his entry into Rome. But says the author of Doctrina, “ it does not appear that the learned writer first named, draws an equally just inference from the words vot(is) xxx. namely, that they fix the date of the event on the year u. c. 1059 (a. d. 307) ; when, and not before, these vows of thirty 4 384 FELTX. years (vo/a tricennalia ) could have commenced. Maximianus reached the twentieth year of his reign before his abdication took place, including the period during which he was only Ciesar; for the author of his panegyric expressly addresses him in the following terms : — ‘ Thee, again, as Emperor for twenty years , and Consul for the eighth time, &c.’ And, further on — ‘ Thou hast betaken thyself afresh to those watchful cares, of which .already thou liadst had a twenty years' experience.’ But it is established by many other coins, that, at the beginning of the tenth year of his reign, XX. vota were already under- taken ( concepta ), and at the beginning of the twentieth year of his reign, xxx. vota. As, therefore, Maximum's xxx. vota had commenced before he resigned the empire, it is impossible, from the inscribed vot. xxx. to draw a conclu- sion respecting the exact year in which he re- sumed the purple.” — See maximianus iiercu- LEUS ; also an engraving of the coin, in Num. Cimelii Vindobonensis, Aur. tab. v. No. 14. FELIX PROCESS. CONSVLAT. AVG. N. — The emperor, togated, standing, with a globe iu the right hand, and a sceptre reversed, or a parazonium, in the left. In the exergue P. it. — On gold and silver of Maxentius. The silver specimen of this extremely rare coin is engraved in Vaillant, Num. Impp. Rom. iii. 72. Maxentius proceeded consul a. d. 308, which consulate he assumed in the month of April, there having been no consuls during the year preceding. — See consulates, p. 270. FELIX PROCESSVS COS. VI. AVG. N.— Same type as on the preceding reverse. In the exergue a. q. Gold of Coustautinus Magnus. The date of a. d. 320 is assigned to this coin, in which year Constantine the father, for the sixth, and Constantine the son, for the first time proceeded consuls. (Vaillant). — There is another aureus of the same emperor, with the same type and legend, except as to the consulate, which is IV. and this Ecklicl (viii. 74) places uuder a. i). 315. — See Processus Consu/aris. FELIX KARTHAGO— on others KARTAGO — on others CARTAGO. — Iu every example the type is a woman clothed in the stola. She stands holding in each hand a branch or corn-cars. In the exergue P. k. Gold coin of Maxentius. Maxentius, on this very rare aureus, calls Carthage Felix, because she abounded in corn and fruits. For when, in consequence of a de- ficient inundation of the Nile, Egypt suffered scarcity, the Roman ships employed iu the im- portation of wheat, steered for Carthage, whence they brought back a sufficient supply to the Eternal City. — Vaillant, Impp. Horn. iii. p. 72. Engraved iu Bauduri ; and iu Spanhcim’s Ctesars of Julian , Pr. 74. — See also INDULQENTIA in cauth. p. 186. — There is a coin of Commod#-, (see Procidentia Auyusti), in which Neptune accepts a handful of corn-cars from a woman whose head is adorned with an elephant’s pro- boscis ; a figure which personifies Africa, or per- haps Carthage herself. FELIX KART. — Sec salvis avgo. et caess. & c. First and third brass of Maxentius. FERONIA. — FIDES. FERETRIUS, a surname given by the Ro- mans to Jupiter, and under which they conse- crated to him the o pirn a spolia (warlike spoils of the most honourable kind), that is to say, such as a Roman general had won in battle from an enemy’s general. A denarius exhibits the consul Marccllus ascending the steps of the tem- ple dedicated to Feretrian Jove, to present there as a trophy the armour of a Gaulish chieftain. — See claudia gens, p. 209. FERONIA, a goddess, whom Dionysius of Halicarnassus has recorded to have been wor- shipped by the Sabines, and called by the Greeks AvdriiAo(TTefp. M. TR. 1>. XI. IMP. VII. COS. V. P. P. The emperor Comtnodus, and his pretoriau prefect, standing together ou a suggestus, in front of several soldiers, wearing shields and carrying military ensigns. A brass medallion of excellent design aud fabric, en- graved in Vaillaut, Mas. (le Descamps, p. 260, now in the Cabinet de France. FTDES EXERCITVS. — The emperor (Gor- dianus Pius) in a military habit, and upright posture, is crowned by' Victory from behind, at the same time that he joins his right hand with that of a soldier. In the low'er part of this silver medallion arc the personifications of two rivers, seated. These rivers signify Mesopotamia (as may be seen in the well-known coin of Trajan, inscribed Armenia et Mesopotamia in potestatem P. 11. redacts) where laurels were gained by the Ro- man forces, during the reign of the third Gor- dian ; on other coins of that emperor the Sun appears iu a quadriga, by which is to be under- stood that the East hud yielded to the imperial legions (Eckhcl, vii. 314). — A similar type to the above, with the addition of two military en- signs, is struck on a silver medallion of Gal- lieuus, ou wdiose coins the epigraphs of Fides Exerc. Fidei Equitum, Fid. Pratorianorum, are also to be found, together w ith a numerous series of ItYjGiones. FTDES MAXIMA. — A woman standing, who, holdiug in her left hand a rudder reversed, pre- sents a globe to the emperor. This epigraph, quoted by Bauduri, as from a brass medallion of Probus, is unusual, and till this instance (says Eckhcl, vii. 304), unknown on coins. — Henceforward, F’ortunc, iu delivering the em- pire to Probus, shews that she had reposed in him (fidem maximamj the greatest confidence. FIDES MIL. or MIL1T. or M1LITVM. — {Fides Mililum — the fidelity of the soldiers). — This epigraph, which first appears in the mint of Macrinus, continuing to Gallienus (see above cut from a gold specimen), is found occurring under nearly each successive reign down to Con- stantius Chlorus aud Maxentius. To this military legend is sometimes added avg or avgg. or avgg. ET caess. Its accompanying type is generally the draped figure of a woman, some- times standing, sometimes seated, but always holding one, and usually tw’o, military ensigns, or some other representation of the standards and eagles of the Roman armies, as in Caracalla, Elagabalus, Gordianus Pius, Postumus, Maxi- mianus, &c. &c. 386 HUES M1LITUM. Addison (see his Dialogues on Ancient Me- dals) considers a great light to be thrown on the inscriptions of Fides Militum, and Tides Exercilus, from the following verses of Silius Italicus (lib. 2) : — ad limina sanctae rendebat Fidei, secretaque pectora tentat. Ante Jovera geuerata, deens divumque hominumque, Quit sine non tellus pacera, non aequora uoruut ; J ust i t ire consors. “ lie to the shrines of Faith his steps addrest. “ Ere Jove was born she grac’d the bright abodes, “ Consort of Justice , boast of men and gods ; “ Without whose heavenly aid no peace below “ The steadfast earth, and rolling ocean know.” The goddess of Fidelity (says the author of the celebrated treatise), is posted between two military ensigns, for the good quality that the poet ascribes to her, of preserving the public peace, by keeping the army true to its allegi- ance. (p. 43). As the legends fides exehcitvs and fidf.s MLLItvm are of very frequent occurrence on coins of the imperial scries, it may suffice here to observe that “ by means of successive adop- tions the empire had become in some measure hereditary from Augustus to Nero. After the death of the latter named emperor, it was the armies that furnished the first examples of those violent elections which so cruelly tore the state in pieces. Vitellius, like his competitors, being indebted to the soldiers for his scat on the im- perial throne, took care to record on his coins their sentiments and their promises in his favour” — symbolized by Fides Exercituum and two right hands joined. — “In proportion (adds au able French writer) as they recede to a dis- tance from the higher empire, the medals of the Romans [with certain exceptions] become less and less historically interesting. In fact even before the reign of Valerian, their reverses (as in the employment of the words felicitas, fax, fides, &c.) offer scarcely any thing except hack- nied subjects of vows, and of flatteries which flagrantly contrast themselves with the misfor- tunes, the wars, the treasons, and the miseries of every description, which in those times de- solated the Roman world.” — Lefons Numismat. I'IDES MIL1TVM. S. C. — Gordianus Pius on horseback, hetwecu two military ensigus. — Large brass, engraved in Ilavercamp, Cabinet dc Christine. Same legend and type, on gold of Probus. How very little these soldiers were to be con- fided in, is shewn by the tragical end of that brave and able emperor; for by those same military subjects, who had ostentatiously sworn allegiance to him, ere he had reigned seven years, Probus was slain. FIDES MILITVM AVGG. NN. Augvsto- rum Nostrorum. — A woman seated, holding two standards. On a very rare second brass of Maxcntius, struck at the time when a treaty was entered into between Maximinus Daza and Maxcntius against Constantine the Great. FIDES or FIDEI LEG. TR. P. COS.— A FIDES MILITUM. female figure standing, holds a small image of Victory in the right hand, and in her left a vex- illum or banuer. Large brass of Severus. En- graved in the Cabinet de Christine . — See lkgio. FIDES MVTVA AVGG. — Two right hands joined. On silver of H albinos and Pupienns. — This epigraph, together with that of pietas mvtva avgo. with a similar type, is common to each of the above emperors. Rut Amor and Caritas arc as rare in Balbinus, as Fides and Pietas are in Pupienus. It was greatly to have been wished, that “ mutual Love” could have perpetually existed between these two joint pos- sessors of the Roman empire. The sentiment at first was doubtless sincere, hut afterwards, the fear of Maxiiuinus being removed, mutual sus- picion tainted mutual love, to an extreme that proved fatal to them both. FIDES— also FIDEI MILIT. P. M. TR. P. II. COS. II. P. P. — The emperor paludated, a sceptre in his left hand, and his right hand extended, with two figures accompanying him (doubtless meant to represent his sous Caracalla and Geta), on a suggest us, addressing six sol- diers, who have oblong bucklers on their left arms, and of whom three carry a vexillum, and two bear ensigns. — Obo.-L. septimivs sf.vervs pkrtinax avg. imp. in. Bust of Severus, lau- relled and cuirassed. The original of this splendid brass medallion, from a cast of which the above cut has been en- graved, is in the Cabinet de France. It forms one among other remarkable specimens of the still flourishing state of the arts of design, in the age of Septiinius Severus. That fierce am- bitious man hereby records his obligations to those legionaries who, first against Didius Juli- anus, afterwards in opposition to Pescennius Niger in the East, and to Albinus in the West, had proved their devotedness to his cause. Nor did liis commemoration of their ready services to him confine itself to a general acknowledg- ment, but he specially inscribed the respective names of those legions on other coins. FIL. Fitia . — Faustina junior and Lucilla were the only empresses whose fathers were emperors : hence the name of the parent was assumed by each respectively on their coins. FIL. Filins . — ANN I VS VERVS CAES. AN- TON INI AVG. FI Law. This Annins Veras and Commodus were sons of M. Aurelius and FIL. AUGG. Faustina ; hence Commodus is also read CAES. ANTONIN! AVG. FILtiw. So Caracal la and Geta are noted on their coins each as FILtW, meaning the sou of Scptimins Severus. FIL. AVGG. Filius or Fil'd Augustorum. — As, according to constant usage, (he double G signities two Emperors or Augusti, so .Maximinus Daza and Constautinus M. are thus called on certain coins. They are denominated neither Ceesares, uor hnperatores, uor Augusti; but Ft/d Augustorum. This new title was impressed on the mintages of those two princes, a. d. 307 (as it appears), under the following circum- stances : — Maximiuus Daza, indignant at find- ing the title of Augustus conferred by Galerius Maximianus ou Licinius, his junior in rank, while he himself was denied the honour, endea- voured to obtain the same distinction by some compact or other, avowing himself tired of the name of Caesar, and complaining of being wrong- ed in having only the third rank iu the empire assigned to him. Galerius Maximianus in vain urged him to acquiesce in the arrangements he had made. At length Galerius, yielding to the obstinate importunities of Maximinus, but at the same time unwilling to retract what he had doue in favour of Licinius, suspended the title of Caesar, and, reserving that of Augustus exclu- sively for himself and for Licinius, gave to Maxi- minus aud to Constautinus the name of Sons of the Emperors (Augustorum). — The couclud- ing words of Lactautius, in relating the event are—'* Victus coutumacia tollit Caesarum nomen se Liciniuraque Augustos appellat, Maximinum et Constantinum Films Augustorum.” — By sup- plying as the nominative to tollit the word Gale- rius (as has been done by Baluzc, whose read- ing is supported by Biinard, and approved of by Eckhcl), all difficulty in interpreting the pas- sage is removed, aud the meauing, thus ren- dered clear, is fully confirmed by coins that have come to light. — A second brass, which bears on one side the laureated head of Maximiuus, with the legend maximinvs fil. avgg. exhibits on its reverse the standing figure of the emperor’s genius, holding iu one hand a patera, and in the other a cornucopia ; round it is read genio avgvsti ; on another middle brass of Maximiuus it is caesaris. — There is also with the same type, a coin of Constantine’s, around whose head, crowned with laurel, is CONSTANTINVS fil. avg. and on the reverse genio caesaris, with other similarities, so as to leave no doubt but that these coins were struck at the same time aud place. “ Now (says Bimard, in his annota- tions on Jobert), since, on the reverses of the coins whereon Maximiu and Constantine are called Sons of the Augusti, we find indifferently Genio Casaris and Genio Augusti, it is natural thence to conclude that the new title created by Galerius Maximianus, partook equally of the title of Cicsar aud of that of Augustus, the only ones which up to that period had been known in the empire.” There was indeed a time when the appellation of Fi/ii Augusti was inferior to the appellation of Ctesar. Augustus took, on his coins the name of Son of Julius. Caius and 3 D 2 FLACCILLA. 387 Lucius, sons of Agrippa had by their grand- father Augustus the title conferred upon them of Filii Augusti, in order that his adoption of them might be made known to the whole world. Tiberius called himself “ Augusti Filius.” — Titus and Domitian were allowed the appellation of “ Sous of Vespasianus Augustus.” — Lucius Verus, during the life of Autoninus Pius, had no other distinction thau to be called Augusti Filius. Faustina junior also aud Lucilla were called Fil tie Augustorum. But (as Bimard ob- serves) “ iu all these cases the name of Son of Augustus marks simply the birth or adoption of those princes. It was not a title of dignity ; it gave the rank of Cicsar neither to Lucius Verus nor to Annius Verus. In the case of Maxi- miu and Constantine, on the contrary, the title of FI Lit AVGVSTORVM was a new dignity, aud a rank superior to that of the Cicsars.” To complete the proofs on which this opinion is founded, the same acute and profound numis- matist has annexed to his remarks, the engrav- ing of a medal, which certainly throws great light upon the subject in question. It is a mid- dle brass, on which Constantine unites the name of Son of the Augustus, which he derived from his birth alone, to the title of Son of the Au- gusti, which Galerius Maximianus had conferred upon him. Around the head of Constantine, crowned with laurel, we read fi.. val. constan- tinvs fil. avg. On the reverse, which exhi- bits the ordinary type of the genius of an em- peror, are the words genio fil. avgg. (To the Genius of the Son of the Augusti) : a title not inappropriately given to, aud accepted by, Con- stantine (afterwards emperor, and called the Great), whose father Constantins Chlorus, and whose grandfather by adoption Maximianus Her- culeus, had been Augusti; and the Emperor Claudius, surnaraed Gothicus, was one of his ancestors. — (Bimard ad Jobert, T. ii. 366 to 382, No. v. Nouvel/es Deconvertes. — See the whole of this luminous annotation). FILIA. — Amongst the Romans a daughter was not always called after the prenomen of her father : for example, Herennia Etruscilla, daughter of (the emperor) Q. Messius Trajanus Decius, no paternal name having been taken for her, was called after that of her mother. The daughters of emperors are on some coins styled I Augusta; ; on others that appellation is omitted. Thus Faustina junior is sometimes read avgvsti pii filia ; at other times, favstina avg. pii avg. filia. — In like manner, Julia, the daugh- ter of Titus, is numismatically styled cither IVLIA AVGVSTA TITI AVGVSTI F. Or IVLIA IMP. t. avg. f. avgvsta, and also mvi titi filia. FISCI IVDAICI CALVMNIA SVBLATA. S. C. A palm tree. — First brass of Nerva. — See ivdaici. FLACCILLA ('Ae/iaJ, the first wife of Theo- dosius the Great ; born in Spain, daughter of Autonius, prefect of Gaul, she was celebrated for her piety, and for her benevolence to the poor. Arcadius aud Honorius were her sons by the above named emperor, who married her be- fore his accession to the imperial throuc. She 388 FLAMINES. died in Thrace, a. d. 388. Her brass coins are ol' the lowest degree of rarity, her gold and silver most rare. A half aureus of this em- press’s, on which she is styled akl. fi,accii.i.a avg. bears her head crowned with a diadem enriched with precious stones. — sai.vs reipvb- I.icae is the legend, and a Victory inscribing on a shield the monogram of Christ, is the type, of the reverse. [This gold coin is valued by Mionnet at 80 fr. and 50 fr. in silver. — See wood-cut above.] Gold. — Without legend. — The monogram of Christ within a laurel garland. In the exergue coxob. p. or coxs. (A quinarius, valued by Mionnet at 7 2 fr. Engraved in Akcrmau, ii. pi. xii. No. 4). FLAMINES. Roman priests of particnlar gods. — These occupied the first rank after the Fontifcx Maximus. The following three princi- pal Flamines were held iu high consideration, and enjoyed great privileges. They were also called Fi/amines, from the fillet which each wore arouud his head. F/amen Dialis, the priest of Jupiter, and the most distinguished of the flamines, was con- stantly on duty, nor could he quit the city for a single night, lie was distinguished by an at- tendant lictor, by the curulc chair, and the toya •pr alexia. The Jlamen dialis was not forbidden the use either of wine or flour. There is a gold coin of the Cornelia gens, on which the heads of Bacchus and Ceres are joined, and a cornucopire placed beside them, to shew, as some have conjectured, that the Flamen Dialis greatly venerated those deities. The coin referred to bears on its reverse the name of SERpittf LENTVL«j, and a representation of the Ancilia, or sacred shields (see p. 4.6), which were entrusted to the special custody of the F/amen Dialis. And this gold piece, which is engraved amongst the nummi consulates, in Morell. Thesaur. (tab. xv. No. 2), appears to be the only one, in the whole range of Roman numismatic monuments, which alludes, and that by implication ouly, to the highly-privileged priest of Jupiter. F/amen Mabtialis, a priest of Mars, whose dignity was the most exalted, after that of the F/amen Dialis, and was required to be held by a patrician. — A denarius of the Cornelia gens, struck under Augustus, distinctly names this office, and represents the sacerdotal functionary FLAMINES. ! himself ; for L. lentvlvs is there called fla- MEN MABTIALIS. In the preceding engraving of this illustrative coin, we sec a figure, naked except round the middle, holding a small Victory in his right hand, and a spear transversely in his left, lie is crowned by a togated figure, who stands beside him, and resting the left hand on a shield inscribed with ' the letters c.v. (Cli/teus Fotivus). The crown held by the togated figure over the head of the smaller one is like a star. llavercamp is of opinion, that this type re- presents one Lentulus, a priest, who in the name of Augustus, is dedicating a statue of Julius Cicsar, over the head of which was placed the Julium Sides, in the temple of Mars Ultor, whilst the shield which he holds in his right hand is a votive one. This explanation, which rests on no conclusive evidence, Eckhel (v. 182), leaves to the adoption of those who approve of it. At the same time he acknowledges his in- ability to improve upon it. Cicero (ad Quiu- tum fratrem, iii. cp. 1, $ 5), mentions a L. I/entulus, the son of a priest, prior to the one iu question. Riccio (in his Monet e delle Famiy/ie, p. 67), takes the same view of the subject with Haver- camp. lie says, “ Lucius Lentulus, Flamen Mar- tialis, that is, priest of Mars, is represented on this coin of the Cornelia gens, in the act of dedicating, in the name of Augustus, the statue of his father by adoption, Julius Cicsar, in the temple of Mars Ultor, after the voluntary sub- mission of the conflicting parties iu *hc Roman state, which took place in 732 (b. C. 22). The above mentioned dedication, however, was not performed till 752 (b. c. 2), in other words, until 20 years afterwards ; the emperor thus absolving himself of the vow lie had made to shew pos- terity that lie had completely avenged the mur- der of Cicsar, and that he had accomplished his design of subduing that supposed invincible party, whose project for defeating him was fatal to themselves.” F/amen Qvikinai.is, a priest of Quirinus («. e. Romulus, after his deification). — This F/amen was the third in rank, and is supposed to be de- signated on a silver coin of the Fabia family, on the reverse of which we sec (p. 371) the in- scription of N. fa ni pictor. And, for the type, a galeated figure seated ; with the pontifical apex in the right hand, in the left a spear, and a shield, on which is inscribed QVLBIN. On the | exergue roma. llavercamp (says Eckhel, v. 208) justly re- marks, that the seated figure personifies Rome, and that the qviRiN. should be expanded into QVIRINa/w, that is, Flamen Qnirtna/ts ,- just as on coins of the Cornelia family we find in- scribed in full, L. LENTVLVS FLAMEN MABTIALIS (as engraved in left hand column). FLAM1N1A gcus. — Of the plebeian order, having F/aminius for its name (from Flamen), and Ctlo or C/ii/o for its surname. It otFcrs, for its record, the following three coins, of no particular rarity : — roma. Galeated head of Rome . — Re r. — L 389 FLA MINI A. FLAVIA.— FLORA. Fi . am ini. below cilo. Victory, holding a crown, in a biga at full speed. Lucius Flaminius Cilo must have been questor of the republic in the time of Sulla, or at the beginning of Csesar’s domination ; and although the more ancient types are preserved, yet the Sulliau or Cicsarian coins arc allusive to the re- spective achievements of those two despotic rulers over the affairs of Rome. 2. mi. via. pri. fl. Adorned head of Venus. — Rev. — l. flamin. Below, cuilo. Victory in a rapid biga, as in the above engraving. 3. Laureated head of Julius Caesar. — Rev . — l„ flaminivs IIII. via. A woman draped in the stola, stands holding in the right hand a cadu- . ecus, and in the left the hasta pura. Lucius Flaminius Chilo, nephew perhaps of the preceding, was moncycr to Julius Caesar, during his dictatorship, when the number of those magistrates was increased from three to four. What pri. fl. means has given rise to discus • sion among numismatists. First, it is believed by some that it should be read primus jlando, as designating the first monetal quatuorvir added to the other colleagues by Csesar. Next, Borg- hesi and Cavedoni concur with Ursin, that it ought to be interpreted primus Jiamen, there being a corresponding example in the coeval medal of Ti. Scmprouius Gracchus, who besides the title of mi. v(ir.) took that of qtuestor designates ; and in this instance the first priest ('primus jiamen), has placed the head of the new divinity on a coin struck during his own monetal magistraturc, the date of which is to be referred to 711 (b. c. 43), according to the calculation of Cavedoni, iu the course of his ex- amination of discovered repositories (repostigli). The head of Venus on coin No. 2 is allusive to the assumed origin of Cicsar ; and the woman on the reverse of No. 3 is thought to represent Felicitas. — See llorghesi’s reasons for entertain- ing this opinion, cited by Riccio, p. 91. FLAVIA, gens plcbeia, has but the following coin (with three unimportant varieties), which is common : — C. FI.AV. HEMIC. LEG. PRO. PR. Head of Apollo, before it a lyre. — Rev. — Q. c. brvt. imp. Victory on foot, crowning with her right hand a trophy, and holding in her left hand a palm branch resting on her shoulder. The letters hemic, at the bottom of this de- narius, are an abbreviation not as yet satisfac- torily explained ; but in what way soever they ought to be read, they indubitably stand as the surname of Flavius. “ There is no record (says Eckhcl) among the ancient writers to shew that Flavius was the lieutenant or deputy of Brutus.” Yet here we sec the name of Brutus — the same who assisted at the murder of Julius Cmsar, iu a. u. c. 710, on a family coin of the Flavii. Riccio speaks more confidently. lie says — “ Caius Flavius, who caused the above described denarius to be minted, was legatus pro-pralor to Brutus, when, united to Cassius, that con- spirator fled into Asia from the fury of the tri- umvirs, who had raised an armament against him. The legatus, according to Borglicsi, was one of the brothel’s Flavii, to whom Plutarch and Appian bear testimony, and who, properly named Caius, took part against Octavianus, and was put to death at the capture of Perugia. — The other brother, who perished at the battle of Philippi, was not called Caius, and more- over he occupied the office of prefect of the Fabri (la carica di prefetto de’ Fabri), a charge inferior to that of legatus .” — For the reverse, referring to Brutus, see Juuia gens. FLAVIA. — The legion which was raised by Vespasian received this appellation in allusion to the family name of the emperor. It is in- scribed on a silver coin of Gallicnus, in the epigraph leg. mi. fl. vi. f. with the type of a lion. — On a gold coin of Victorious senior this legion is symbolized by the type of two lions and a helmeted head. The inscription leg. IIII. FLAVIA p. F. FLORA, a goddess of Sabine origin, who presided over flowers and gardens. The poets, in order to ennoble her history, represented Flora as a nymph under the name of Chloris, and married her to Zephyr, the son of Aurora. The worship dedicated, iu the earlier times, to this divinity, took place some days before the beginning of May ; as Ovid sings (Fast. iv. 947) : — “ Incipis Aprili, transis in tempora Maii.” [You commence iu April, and are adjourned to May]. During the beautiful days of the latter month women and maidens arc said to have assembled by themselves to enjoy the gay and probably the then harmless pleasures of such a spring- tide celebration. The festivals of Flora re- ceived additional splendour, but lost their mo- dest and inoffensive character, when a courtezan named Acca Laurcntia, dying during the reign of Ancus Martins, left immense riches, amassed during a life of prostitution, to the Roman peo- ple, as her heir. From that period, the F'loral games were renewed in her especial honour, and it was to this meretricious benefactress, that the people affected to apply the name of the god- dess, to defray the expenses of whose yearly feasts, she had bequeathed her ill-gotten wealth. In Flora, no longer regarded as a presiding deity over the most lovely and innocent of na- tural objects, the profligate multitude saw only the patroness of harlots; and seizing on this pretext for authorising excesses, they at length converted her worship into a source of public scandal. It was not however until the year of Rome 580 (b. c. 174), that the Floralia were celebrated regularly every year. In these popu- lar sports, obscenity and libertinism were (ac- 390 FLORALIA. cording to Lactautius and other writers) car- ried to the highest pitch. “ Nam prater ver- borura licentiam, nudabantur flagitantc populo inerctrices qua spcetatores impudicis motibus detiuerent.” ?'his festival was frequently kept up by torch-light, when Night lent to indecency of gestures, her aid to consummate its provo- catives by deeds of debauchery. FLORAL. PIUMVS. — This epigraph appears ou a denarius of the Servilia gens, with the type of a woman’s head, having necklace and ear- rings, the hair being adorned with flowers. — There is a lit mis behind the head. On the re- verse we read c. SEEVEIL. c. p. And the type represents two warriors, in short military dress, with brimmed caps. They stand opposite each other, holding shields on their left arms, and joining their drawn swords, hilt and blade toge- ther, as in token of confederacy or alliance. This fine silver coin has presented not a few dillieultics in the way of correctly explaining its legends and types. The difference of opinion amongst numismatists is, or rather has been, as to the first institution of the F/ora/ia. Accord- ing to Velleius Paterculus, they commenced in the year of Koine 514 (b. c. 240), C. Servilius being the reputed originator of those festivals. Eckhel quotes as a clue to ascertain the date of the event above alluded to, the following pas- sage from Ovid (Fasti, v. 327): — Convcnfire paties, et, si bene floreat annus, Nummibus nostris (Flora:) annua festa vovent. Aduuimus voto. Consul cum consule ludos Postumio Licnas persoluere mihi. [The Fathers arc assembled, and, if the year has proved abundant in flowers, they vote an annual festival to my goddess-ship. I nod my acquiescence. Postumius and Licnas, the consuls, have carried it into effect by celebrating games for me (i. e. for my satisfaction, or honour)"]. The Author of Doctriua goes ou to observe, that the foregoing quotation from Ovid seems to be at variance with the statement of Velleius ; since the consulate of L. Postumius Albums and M. Popilius Lieuas took place iu 581 (b. c. 173). But the same poet has elsewhere said, that these Ftorates ludi bad fallen into neglect, which the goddess had resented by allowing her productions to be blighted ; and iu consequence of that calamity, by a decree of the Senate (patres) in 581, annual and perpetual celebra- tions of the F/oralia were voted. The infamies committed at them became, how- ever, so revolting, that Cato, the censor, beiug one day present iu the theatre, a friend remarked to him that the people, embarrassed at seeing him there, dared not call, accordiug to custom, for the public display of meretricious depravity. FLORALIA. And this great Roman, so grave aud so severe, had the complaisance to retire, that he might not interrupt the unbridled license of the people, nor on the other hand pollute his eyes with the sight of disorders committed at such spectacles. The people, it is added, appreciating this as a concession to their vicious tastes, bestowed a thousand plaudits upon Cato. This fact Mar- tial (i. Epigr. 3) humorously glances at : — Nosses jocosie dulce ciim sacrum Florae, Festosque lusus, ct licentiam vulgi, Cur iu theatruin, Cato severe, venisti? An ideo tantum veueras, ut exires. [“As you must have been well acquainted with the rites of the mirthful Flora, the holiday entertainments, and the broad licentiousness of the rabble, why, O strait-laced Cato, did you shew your face in the theatre ? Did you really come in, only to walk out again ?] But, indeed, the same satirist had previously said, that some of the frequenters of Flora’s Festival, in epigrammatic language, contended that Cato ought not to have entered their theatre, or, having entered, should have remained to witness the seen a joci. To this Ausouius in all probability alludes (says Eckhel) when (iu Carotin. 385, v. 25), he thus writes : — Neonon lascivi Floralia beta theatri, Quae spectare voluut, qui voluisse negant. [“ Also, the joyous Floralia of the licentious theatre, which they who most deprecate them, still desire to see.”] By the lituus behind the head on the obverse of the coin engraved at the top of this article, the moncycr who caused it to be struck pro- claims himself a descendant of C. Servilius, the augur, who was pretor in 659 (b. c. 95). But the workmanship of the denarius, brings it down to the Cicsarian age ; and hence Riecio (p. 210), agrees with Eckhel and with Morel, that it was struck in the last period of the re- public, and by the questor of Brutus and Cas- sius, in 711 (b. c. 43). In placing on the ob- verse of his coin the bust of Flora, with a gay head-dress of flowers, the moncycr pays honour to his celebrated ancestor, that Floralia primus feci ss et. Next, as to the type of the reverse, which indicates cither the alliance of Romulus and Tatius; or the conspiracy of the two brothers Casca against the life of Cicsar. It is, says Riecio, such a type of alliance as is seen uni- formly represented ou coins of two Italian cities, Atella and Capua, but to which it is to be spe- cially referred is not known. “ Sine dubio (ob- serves Eckhel, v. 310) vetus aliquod, illustri- usque foedus, a quopiam ex gente Servilia pro- curation, iu his C. Servilii deuariis renovatur.” Flora is also supposed to be typified by the head of a woman, crowned with a chaplet of flowers, aud with a flower behind it, on the ob- verse of a denarius of the Claudia gens, having for legend c. clodivs, c. r. The portrait suffi- ciently corresponds with that which Ovid draws (L. iv. Faslor) : — .Mille venit variis Aoruin den uvxa coronis. FLORENTE. — PLORIANUS. [The goddess comes, crowned with garlands of n thousand varied flowers]. But the reverse, which bears the title of ves- tai.is, and a seated image of one of those chaste priestesses, is but ill- assorted with any record of the Floreal celebration. — See clavdia gens, p. 210. FLORENTE FORTVNA. P. R.— A woman standing, with brauch in the right hand, and cornucopia: in the left. — Obv . — hercvles ap- sertor. A laureated and bearded head of Her- cules. Bimard de la Bastie, in his annotations to Jo- bert (i. 299) was the first to describe the above, as being the legends and types of a silver coin in the De Roth el in cabinet of his time (1739). Eckhel, who quotes Bimard, calls it “ silver of Galba,” and, referring to it, as ouc of several coins that allndc to the successes of that empe- ror, makes the following remark: — “If coins, bearing the legend mars adseutor (see Licerta, More//. Fam. Rom. tab. 4), were struck during the reign of Galba, there appears to be no doubt that the present one, inscribed hercvi.es adsertor is to be associated with them ; espe- cially as its types furuish an admirable allegory in allusion to those times. For, as Hercules on his return from Spain, after slaying Cacus, the robber, restored the seven hills to freedom, so Galba, returning from the same country, after the overthrow of Nero, gave liberty to Rome, planted on those self-same seven hills, and brought it to pass, that the fortune of the Ro- man people should once more begin to flourish.’’ (vi. 298). FLORIANTJS ( Marcus Annin t/f, brother of Tacitus, whom he had followed into the East, and on whose death he was acknowledged em- peror by the Senate and by all the provinces, except Syria, whose army supported the cause of Probus. A civil war was on the point of ensuing from the rivalship of these two com- petitors, when Floriauus was killed by his own soldiers, near Tarsus, only three months after he had assumed the purple, a. d. 270. — Stvle : IMP. C. M. ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVG.— Short as was his reign, the reverses of his coins have sufficient variety to shew that at least the Roman mint was active with his name and effigy, which appear, among others, on a brass medal- lion, having the epigraph of moneta avg. and the three monctie standing, with their attri- butes. Ilis silver of base metal arc of the se- cond degree of rarity : second brass rare ; third brass common. The following gold, of the usual size, arc valued by Mionuet at 120 francs each, viz. con- FLOS.— FOCAS.— FOEDUS. 391 cord milit. Two soldiers joining hands. — conservator avg. Sun in quadriga. — per- petvitate (sic.) avg. Woman holding a globe. The following, at 100 francs each, viz. iovi victori. Jupiter Nicephorus standing. — bomae aeternae. Roma Nicephorus seated. — virtvs avgvsti . Mars walking Marti victori. Mars with spear and trophy. (Brought £3 at the Campana sale). [A gold coiu of Florian, found at Dedding- ton, was bought by Mr. Cove Jones for £12. — There were no gold coins of this emperor either in the Thomas, the Pembroke, or the Devonshire cabinets]. FLOS, a flower, appears on coins of Aquil- lius Florus, a monetary triumvir of Augustus. — The type of that reverse bears allusion to the cognomen. Vaillant gives it as his opiuion that the flower represented on the denarius alluded to (see Aquillia gens, p. 71) is unknown to botanists. Havercamp (in Morel/. Thesaur.) contends that it is the cyanus [kiWos — the blue corn flower], Eckhel (v. 143) bluntly says — “ Let those look to it, who are conversant with the study.” A denarius of the Dnrmia family, with legend honori, and the head of Honour for its ob- verse type, exhibits on the reverse the legend Caesar avgvstvs, aud a slow quadriga, on which is a basket, with a flower in it (see above). An exactly similar type of reverse appears on gold and silver coins of Titus. — VaiOant’s ex- planation (ii. p. 97) of this device is its re- ference to a triumph of that emperor’s; and that this flower , or rather bud , similar to what the goddess Spes carries in her hand, denotes the hope reposed by the Senate and people of Rome in the victorious arms of Jiukea’s conqueror. A flower , according to Pliny, was the symbol of Spring ; and in confirmation of this, on the coins of the four Seasons (by Antoninus Pius, Commodus, and others), we see the boy who personifies the vernal quarter of the year, bear- ing a basket laden with flowers. — See saecxjli, and temporum ff.licitas. FOCAS, or P1IOCAS (Flavius), a low r -born Bithynian, who atrociously assuming the impe- rial purple, caused the deposition of his sove- reign Mauricius, aud the murder of that em- peror and his family, a. d. 602. In eight years afetrwards he was himself taken prisoner in Con- stantinople, and decapitated. On some of this villain’s brass coins, where his style is dn. fo- cas avg. he and his wife Leontia appear, pro- fauing Christian symbols with their usurped and blood-stained dignities. FOED1S. — A treaty of alliance made by one people with another people. Amongst the Ro- mans, in early times, alliances were always made 392 FOEDUS. FONTE1 A. by order of the People, by authority of the Senate, and through the ministration of the Feciales (sec p. 376). — The foedera, or treaties of Rome with foreign nations, arc recorded on some of her consular and family coins. There is in particular a denarius which, bearing on the obverse the effigy and titles of Augustus, places before us, with beautiful distinctness, in the legend and type of its reverse, the ordained rite of forming alliances solemnised by the Homans, from which rare coin an engraving is subjoined. FOED. P. K. CVM. GA- BINIS C. ANTIS. VETVS. (on another coin, foedvs P.R.QVM. (sic.) GABINIS). Two men togated & veiled, stand opposite each other, holding a sow over a light- ed altar. — Obv. — caesak avgvstvs. Head of Au- gustus. Silver of Antistia gens. — (See p. 51). This reverse offers a type peculiar to the An- tistii, and one chosen by Autistius, a moncycr of Augustus, to indicate his connexion by descent with Gabii, that ancient city of Latium. Indeed, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, calls “ Antistius Pctro by far the most renowned of the Gabiui- ans on whose death, caused by the treachery of Sextus Tarquinius, the city in question was brought under the dominion of his lather the king. (Dionys. Ilal. iii. p. m. 255). Shortly after this event, peace having been restored, a treaty was cutcred into between the two people, accompanied with sacrifices and oaths ; the terms of which Dionysius relates to have been pre- served to his own day, inscribed in ancient characters, in the temple of Jupiter Pistius. — The same writer informs us, that it was an ox which was offered as a victim on the occasiou ; whereas the coins exhibit a pig or a sow, which assuredly was the animal usually immolated at j the ratification of treaties, as Livy has expressly stated (i. c. 24), in whose work the entire rite and formularies are specified ; and Virgil, too, elegantly bears out the testimony of coins, in the passage where he records the treaty entered into between Romulus and Tatius, after the rape of the Sabines (jE/i. viii. 038) : Turn iidem inter se, posito ccrtnmine, reges, Armati Jovis ante aras, paterasque tenentes Stabant, et Ciesn jungebant feedera pored. [“ Then, these two princes, laying aside their strife, took their stand, completely armed, be- side the altar of Jupiter, each holding a patera, and having sacrificed a sow, ratified a solemn treaty.”] And Yarro says (tie R. K. L. ii. 4) — “ When a treaty is ratified at the commencement of a peace, it is customary to sacrifice a pig.” The lighted altar, therefore, on this coin, is that of i Jupiter; for the name of Diespiter occurs also in the formulary used on the occasion, and this practice too was derived from the Greeks ; for in Theocritus, Tircsias is found enjoining Ale- mcna “ to sacrifice to the supreme J upiter a male pig. (Idyll, xxiv. v. 97)- — Homer, how- ever, has recorded a much more ancicut usage of sacrificing a pig to Jupiter, where he says, that Agamemnon swore that he restored Briseis to Achilles inviolate. (Iliad, T. 250). But Taltkybius “ stood (the while) beside the pastor of the people, holding in his arms a pig.” — The athletes in the Olympic games used, with a similar rite, to call Jupiter ‘OpKios to witness, that they would resort to no fraud in their con- tests. The sacrifice of a sow, aud the ceremo- nial of ratifying a treaty, arc expressed in nearly the same manner on coins of Acerra, in Cam- pania, and ou those of the Sainnitcs. See coins of the Veturia gens. — See also Eckhel, v. 137 and 138. FOXTEIA gens, of the highest antiquity ; but plebeian, for Clodius caused himself to be adopted by P. Fonteius, in order that he might be a tribune of the plebs. The surname is Ca- pito. — There arc nine distinct mintages in its coins, besides a great many minor varieties. — The silver are, with few exceptions, common. The brass pieces are the as, or its parts, struck by the moncycrs of M. Antony. — The following are amongst the most rare, or curious, denarii j of this family : — 1. A double head, of youthful appearance, before it the mark of the denarius, behind it some isolated alphabetic character. — Rev. c. FONT.; below rom.v. A galley with helmsman, or captain, aud rowers at their oars, and the stern adorned with the aplustre and streamers. In these types Vaillant recognises au indica- tion of the origin of the Fonteii, who, accord- ing to Arnobius, assumed to have descended from Fontus, the son of Janus. Eckhel cha- racterises this, as “ pncclara conjecture,” aud points to several examples presenting analogous selections of reputed ancestors, which fully con- firm its correctness. -See Doctrina, v. 21 4, ct seq. The ship with rowers is regarded by Iticcio (p. 92) as allusive to sonic maritime expeditions of the ancient members of the family, uot re- corded iu history, or perhaps to the arrival by by sea, in Italy, of Janus, the father of Foutus above named. The same modem writer on family coius observes, that Cains Fonteius, who caused this denarius to be minted, probubly lived about the year 641 (n. C. 1 13). And, ap- parently to Cavcdoni, lie might be the Fonteius slain by the Ascolani, together with the pro- consul Scrvilius, at the breaking-out of the social war, iu 603 (n. c. 91). 2. Two juvenile heads, coupled together, lsu- rcated, with a star over each. Before them the mark of the denarius, and in some the letters l>. F. — Rev. man. fontki. A trireme, with pilot silting at the helm. In the field three globules. FONTEIA. FORGERIES. 393 The two heads on the obverse arc those of the Dioscuri , who are the Penates of the capital. On a specimen of the above denarius, engraved in Riccio (Tav. 20, No. 2), the letters P. p. appear before the heads. This is made still more clear in similar types of the Autia and Snlpicia families. For some explanatory remarks on these domestic deities, the reader is referred to the word Penates. — “ The mint of Fontcius (says Eckhel) adopts these types, because, as we learn in the case of the Sulpicia family, the Penates were held in the highest honour at Tus- culum, from which town the Fonteii originally came.” See Doct. Num. v. 218. Cavcdoni (cited by Riccio, p. 93), says, that the Manius F’onteius of the silver coins and also of large brass, classed with the miutages of the Fonteia gens, must be the same person who was defended by Cicero; since, in the newly-dis- covered fragment of the oration delivered by him, M. F'outeius is expressly mentioned as his mouetal triumvir, and his questor. He was pretor in 675 (b. c. 79), and thence it is to be inferred that a little while before he was moneyer. 3. M. fontei. c. f. The head of a young man laureated, beneath which is the fulmen . — Rev. A winged boy riding on a goat. In the field of the coiu are two pi/ei, with a star over each. Below is the thyrsus. All within a myr- tle garland. The portrait on the obverse of this denarius is, in the opinion of Eckhel himself, not incor- rectly believed to be that of Apollo Vcjovis, to whom the thunderbolt under the head bears allusion. As to the winged boy sitting on a goat, the same commentator says, that it seems to be rather the “ Genius of Vejovis,” than, as to others it has appeared, the figure of Cupid, in which opinion (says he), I follow Passeri, who regards such figures of winged children, except when they hold a bow or an arrow, as genii. The bonnets of the Dioscuri belong to the Dei Penates. As to why the thyrsus and the myrtle crown form part of the type, and also as to who was Manius Fonteius, the author of these denarii, the numismatist of Vienna, with his usual repudiation of conjecture, simply adds “ ignoro.” Riccio, iu describing the above denarius, says “ This Manius F'outeius must have been moneyer about 670 (b. c. 84), and son of that Caius 3 E Fontcius, who was lea at us to Manius Fonteius, pretor in Gaul, posterior to 675 (b. c. 79), and reckoned among the primarii viri by Cicero. Cavcdoni believes the infant figure on the goat to be meant for the genius of Jupiter Cres- cens, seated on the back of his own goat [Amal- tluca], and is of opinion that the reiterated ap- pearance of the caps of the Dioscuri bears allu- sion to the original country of the monetal functionary who caused the coin to be struck. 4. P. FONTEIVS P. F. CAPITO III. V1K. The helmed bust of Mars, with but little beard. Behind it a trophy. — Rev. An armed horseman, ridiug at full speed. Under him are two mili- tary figures. This is one among many family coins, iu which both legends and types are involved in uncertainty, and the expectations raised by cither a full inscription, or an interesting device, are more or less disappointed. Eckhel (v. p. 220), does not regard it as satisfactorily made out why Mars Tropceophorus appears on the obverse, nor who the horseman is on the reverse, nor to whom the inscription MANiw FONT-eat. Gold. — Engraved from a specimen in British Museum. Respecting the Franci and the AJamanni, so frequently and on various occasions vanquished bv Constantine, the ecclesiastical and secular historians of the period furnish abundant in- formation, as do also the authors of the pane gvrics. It agreeably tickles the ear of a people to hear of their enemies’ defeat, and therefore the expression Gaudium Romanontm was no in- appropriate svnonyme for the Alamanni and Franci, in the estimation of a people so inve- teratcly attached as the Romans were to the cruel spectacles of the circus. For Constantine, according to Eutropius (X.) “ after the slaugh- ter of the Franci and Alamanni, took their kings and exposed them to the fury of wild beasts, by way of public shews of more than ordinary magnificence.” And from that time the Ludi Franci took their commencement, which are noticed in the calendar of Philooalus, which Lambecius has published from the impe- rial library. — Eckhel, viii. 84. FRANCIA, on other coins ALAMANNIA GAVDIVM ROMANORVM. The type same as on the above coin. Gold of Crispus. — (Bau- duri — Pcllerin, Mel. i. p. 168). The author of Doctrina says — “ From this coin we clearly perceive, that the exploits of the father arc recorded ou the mintage of the son.” But this surely is not very extraordinary, since it was Crispus who gained more than one of the victories alluded to in the foregoing legend, acting in his quality of Ciesar, and as general in command of an expeditionary army, under his father, against these two nations, whose united revolt from the Roman yoke, he effectu- ally suppressed in a. d. 320. Francia. — The country thus named was Frnn- cia Oricntalis, lying between the Maine and the Rhine, antecedently forming part of Germania. Alamannia was a region chiefly lying between the Danube and the Atmuhl, one of the northern tributaries of the Danube. At present all that was called Alamannia is included in Germany. Franci. — The people so named in Constan- tine’s time arc not to be confounded with the Gauls. And according to Spartianus and Victor, the Alamanni were a distinct nation from the Franks aud Germans. — See alamannia i>k- victa, p. 32. FRV. Frumenlum . — Sec ad fkv. kmv. p. 5. FRVG. Fruges. — See a. pop. fkvo. ac. p.f>8. FRVGIF. Frugifera . — CERERI FRVGI- F erte. (To the fruit-bearing Ceres). Sec p. 196. FRUMENTA R 1 A E LA HGITIONES. -Grants of Corn to the l’lebs, instituted by Ncrva. — FL'FIA. See largitio. See also plebei vrbanae KKVMEXTO CONSTITVTO. FUFIA gens, plebeian, but of consular rank. It took its surname from tbe town of Cales, in Campania Felix, whence Kalenus is derived. — The coins of this family consist of only one type, serrated denarii, and rare. The following is a description of it : — kaleni. Two conjoined youthful heads, the former laureated, the latter galeated. Before the one vibt. behind the other no. Rev. — corui. Two female figures, one hold- ing a cornucopias, and having a caduceus and ital. behind her ; the other paludatcd, and hold- ing a sceptre, with right foot on a globe, behind which is inscribed ro. Respecting the heads of Honos and Virtus a notice of the Mucia gens may be referred to. — The type on the reverse, in which Italy and Rome stand joining hands, is regarded by the learned ns allusive to the restoration of peace and amity between the Romans aud the people of the different Italian states, when at length those rights of citizenship were conceded to the latter, which by a general revolt aud resort to arms, they had sought to acquire. — Barthelemy refers this coin to the treaty entered into by Sulla, with the nations of Italy, but only as among other conjectures. Eckhel (v. 220), considers it difficult to divine, with what magistracy the Lucius Fufius Calenus referred to on tills denarius was invested, and who was the Mucius Cordus with whom this reverse unites him in eolleagueship. — Riecio (p. 94), states, that the first named was moncyer of the republic about 664 (b. c. 90) ; and ac- cording to Dion, the same person was pretor in conjunction with Mucins Cordus. Cavcdoni concurs in the opinion that, on this medal, in highly expressive characters, is represented the famous act of reconciliation accomplished be- tween Rome and Italy, after the murderous social wars. He adds, that the remembrance here perpetuated of that event, must have been au especial subject of pride to Mucius Cordus ; because Italy pacified shewed his attachment ( at - linenza) to the side of Papius Mutilus, first gene- ral of the Romans in the Italian war. On this denarius we see Rome belligerent and Italy fer- tile, as distinguished by their respective attri- butes, reciprocally offer right hands to each other. And, because such reconciliation had been eflect- ed, not by force of arms but, through the vir- tue and honour of Italy, of which Rome was the capital, so we see here the heads of these two divinities, who had each their temple, but so united together, that no one could enter that of Honour, without first passing through that of Virtue. — See Monete delle Famiglie, &c. p. 94. FULMEN. 399 FCLMKN. A thunder-bolt. — Lightning, the weapon of Jove, forged by Vulcan, is com- monly delineated on ancient sculptures, paint- ings, and coins, as cloven into three, and some- times more, points or forks, like the subjoined figure : — “ Virgil (observes Addison) insists on the number three in its description, aud seems to hint at the wings we see on it. He has worked up such a noise and terror in the composition of his Thunder-bolt, as cannot be expressed by a pencil or graving tool” : — Tres imbris torti radios, tres nubis aquosae Addidcraut, rutili tres ignis, et Alitis Austri. Fulgores nunc terrificos sonitumque metumque Miscebaut operi, fktmmisque sequacibus iras. JEneid , lib. 8. Three rays of writhen rain, of fire three more. Of winged southern winds, and cloudy store As many parts, tbe dreadful mixture frame, And fears are added, and avenging flame. Drydeiv. Amongst other examples of the fulmen ap- pearing on Roman coins, are the following : — Vulcan is seen forging it in the presence of the goddess Minerva, on a brass medal- lion of Antoninus Pius. — First brass coins, struck under Tiberius, to the memory of Augus- tus, bearing for obverse legend divvs avgvstvs and Divvs avgvstvs pater, typify his portrait with a thunderbolt before it, as if he were be- come, through his apotheosis, Jupiter Latii, and, invested with the fulminating power, reigned in heaven with the king of gods and men. And as Jupiter is represented bearing the thunder-bolt, so the figure of Augustus, with radiated head, and holding the fulmen, appears on a brass medallion of Tiberius, minted by the munieijnum of Turiaso, now Tarazona, Spain, (engraved in Vaillant, Set. Num. Descamps).— On a coin of another Hispanian colony, viz. Ciesar- Augusta (Zaragoza), struck in honour of Augustus, during his life-time, is a winged thun- derbolt, similar to that on the above engraving. One of the earliest examples of a Roman com with an eagle standing on the fulmen, is to he seen on a denarius of M. Autonius (see p. 52 of this dictionary'). The same symbol appears frequently on coins of Augustus, restored by Titus and by Domitian, either isolatedly, or with an eagle standing on it. On a large brass, dedicated to Caligula by the Spanish colony of Csesar-Augusta (C. C. A.) the Roman eagle is placed on a thunder-bolt between two stand- 400 FULMEN. FULVIA.— FUXDANIA. ards. The same type occurs on coins COL. A. A. PATRctww, struck uuder Claudius and under Nero. — There is a large brass of Galba, on which Rome stands holding transversely the legionary standard, which is distinguished by an eagle, with the ftilmen in his talons (Morell. Thesaur. Lapp. tab. v.) The fides exercitvvm of Vitellius has the eagle and the thunder-bolt for its accompanying type. — Vespasian’s concordi a exercitvvm exhibits also the thunder-bolt be- neath the claws of the legionary eagle. — On silver of Vespasian, and on gold and silver of Titus, appears a thunder-bolt, placed horizon- tally on a throne (see wood-cut below). — Al- though peculiarly assigned to Jove, there are instances of this attribute being appropriated to another diviuity, viz. Jove’s daughter. — On silver aud middle brass of Titus, and more fre- quently of Domitian, Minerva stands holding the hast a in her left baud, and the fit/men in her right. — A large brass of Domitian exhibits the sedent image of ivppiter cvstos, with the thunder-bolt and spear. ( Morell . Impp. tab. xiv.) — Another large brass of Domitiau repre- sents the emperor himself holding Jove’s thun- der in his right hand, and the hasta of divinity in his left, crowned by Victory from behind. {Morell. tab. xv. No. 24). — ivppiter conser- vator. Eagle with expanded wings, standiug on the fuhnen. Silver and middle brass of Do- mitian. {Ibid, tab. vi. No. 14). — PRINCEPS ivventvtis. Thunder-bolt surmounted by an eagle. {Ibid. tab. xvii. No. 14). — Before quit- ting the examples furnished from the Flavian mintages, a specimen of Vespasian’s silver is subjoined : — Rev .- ivi . p. ix, imp. xv. cos. viii. P. p. The ful- men placed on a throne (viz. | that of Jupiter). The 1 lightning was regarded as symbolical of warlike power (AVilde) — a power also con- joined (according to Begcr) with public utility, as indicated on a denarius of the Fabia gens. (See p. 371 of this volume). In the conservatori patris patriae, brass medallion of Trajan, we see the figure of Jupi- ter holding his protecting hand, armed with a thunder-bolt, over the head of the emperor, standing at his feet. — A similar type is described by Mionuet, from a large brass of Hadrian. — A two-fold representation of this tutelary object of imperial invocation is finely displayed on a brass medallion of L. Vcrus, in which he and M. Aurelius stand beneath the towering figure of “ the Thunderer.” — Ou a gold coin of An- toninus Pius, the image of Jupiter is seated, with the fuhnen aud hasta-, the legend 1M- PERATOR ii. (Spanhcim, Pr. i. 42V). — The lightuing was emblematical of Divine Provi- dence, as is clearly shewn on those coins which represent the fuhnen, conjoined to the legend providentia deorvm, to be seen on gold, sil- ver, aud large brass of Antoninus. (Sec above). — Coins struck under Carncalla, and also under Maximianus, respectively bear for their type of reverse a lion, with radiated head, carrying a thunder-bolt in its mouth. — On a brass medal- lion of Diocletianus, Jupiter seated holds the fuhnen and hasta, and an eagle stands at his feet. — For a finely designed type of jupitkr propugnator, brandishing the fuhnen, sec Alexander Severns, p. 33 of this dictionary. Augustus, when in Spain, narrowly escaped being killed by lightning, and held a thunder- storm in great dread ever afterwards. — Sec io vis TOn(antis). FULVIA gens, plebeian but consular. A family distinguished for the high offices occu- pied, and the talents displayed, by several of its members. It has ouly the two following coins of Roman die : — 1. roma. Galeated head of Rome ; before it x. — Rev. — cn. fovl. Below m. cal. Victory, naked to the waist, guiding a biga at speed. 2. m. cai.id. q. met. cn. pvl. Same type as the preceding. It is not known who were the authors of these denarii. FUNDANIA, gens plebcia, of which the fol- lowing two monetal types ouly arc kuown : — 1. Bearded and laureated head of Jupiter. — Rev. — c. fvnda. A’ictory holding a palm braucli, and crowning a trophy, supported on the shoul- ders of a kneeling captive. Quinarius. In reference to coiu No. 1, Eckhel says “Here again the anticipation of historical interest, raised by the nature of the above type, and which, if found on an imperial coin, would scarcely fail to be realised, is in this case of a family quinarius, disappointed. It is on no well authenticated grounds that antiquaries make out this Fundauius to have been a qu,estor of Scipio’s in the Numantine war, aud that they associate the types of A'ictory and the trophy with the capture of that rcuowned Spanish city Numantia, after its twenty years of resistance to the Roman power.” (v. 221.) 2. Galeated head of Rome. — Rev. — c. fvn- dan. on the exergue. Above is Q. (interpreted qttirslor). A triumphal figure with sceptre, or small wand, in his hand, stands in a slow' quad- riga, guided by a naked child, who is seated on one of the horses, and carries a branch of laurel. Cavcdoui aud Borghesi, cited by Riccio, think that the little figure which couducts the quad- riga, represented ou this denarius, was meant for the films pralejrtatus, or son of some patn- FURIA. FTJRIA. 401 cian triumpher, insidens ftinah equo (sitting on the horse next to that yoked to the pole of the car) to whom it would well belong to bear the branch of laurel — that this coin recalls to re- membrance the triumph of Caius Marius for his victories over the Cimbri, in 653 (b. c. 101) — that the hoy on the horse would therefore be the young C. Marius — that lastly, the moneyer in this case, would be Caius Fundauius, father of the father-in-law of the most learned Varro, recorded by Tully (ad Q. Fr. lib. i. ep. 2, § 3). [This is all very clever, and gives an historical interest to the type far more attractive than a merely allegorical one could impart, but, after what Eckhel, coinciding with l’asseri, says of such figures of children, it seems best to regard the infant cavalier on the above reverse, as one of those vague and fanciful creations of Roman superstition called a i ringed genius. — See Fun- teia , p. 393, cut No. 3]. The denarius of this family having been found amongst the deposit (nel ripostiglio) of Ficsole, it positively results, that it was struck before 667 (b. c. 87). — Riccio p. 95). FUNDATOR PACTS. (The founder or esta- blishcr of peace). — This magnificent title, ac- companying the type of the emperor standing, togated and veiled, with an olive branch iu his right hand, appears on the reverse of a coin of Sept. Severus (both gold and silver), struck pro- bably after his expedition against, and victory over, the Parthians. Not only his cruel son Cara- calla, but even Julia Domna his w r ifc was allowed, by the flattery of the same mint, which called her Mater Castrorum, to share the honour of founding peace (as usual, on the wilderness-making principle of Roman policy.) FUNERAL PILE. — See conseciiatio— also ROGVS. Fl’RIA, gens patricia; amongst whose mem- bers was the great Camillus ; but lie is not noticed on its coins. It also included other great men, who filled high employments under the republic. This gens branched into families whose re- spective surnames, as they appear on denarii, are Brocchns, Crassipes, Philus, and Purpureo. It is uncertain whether the Brocchi were of patrician rauk or not. Ten numismatic varieties are given in Morel, and eight in Riccio, who observes — “ si hanno di cssa moltc mouctc, ct la terra ne da spesso dellc nuove.” Gold very rare ; silver common. Its brass arc the as and its parts. The following are among its principal denarii : — 1. brocchi hi. vir. Bust of Ceres, crowned with corn-ears, behind the head is an ear of wheat, and before it a grain of barley. — Rev . — L. fvri. cn. f. A curule chair between two fasces, with axes. 3 F The triumvir, L. Furius Brocchus, son of Cerus, must have been moneyer about the year 640 (b. c. 1 14). The sella curulis with the fasces, and the head of Ceres, doubtless allude to some glory of the Furia gens, and perhaps to the first pretor of Rome, a. u. c. 388 (b.c. 366), and w ho in that age of the republic was collega consulibus, atque iisdem auspiciis creatus ; but it is more reasonable to regard the head of Ceres, as referable to some distinguished curule edileship in this family, than to the achievements of the first pretor; the chair with the axed- fasccs still more strongly points to the dictator- ship of M. Furius Camillus. These elegant denarii, through the discovery of monctal deposits, are shewn to belong to a time anterior to 686 (b. c. 68). We here sec accents employed in the abbreviation of words, and also an example of refinement in pronunciation ; this very word fvri being used instead of fovri. — Riccio, 96-97. 2. aed. cvr. Head of a turreted woman ; behind it is a human foot. — Rev. — p. fovrivs, inscribed on the front of a curule chair. — On the exergue crassipes. — See an engraving of this fine denarius in p. 12. By the last word it is clear, that from the thickness of the foot this branch of the Furia gens derived its peculiar surname. P. Furius, of the thick foot (Crassipes), curule edile, must have been contemporary with Fannius and Cre- tonius (plebeian ediles, sec p. 12), and con- sequently magistrate in 709 (b. c. 45). By the head of Cybele, and the chair of office, reference is made to the Megalesian games, celebrated with extraordinary pomp iu the year above- named. — Riccio, p. 97. 3. M. fovri. l. f. Head of Janus bifrons, bearded and laureated. — Rev. — I’HII.I. roma. Rome, stolated and galeated, stands holding a sceptre and the hasta in the left baud, and crowning a trophy with the right. — Engraved in Morel/. Thesau. Fam. tab. Furia gens. No. iii. M. Furius Philus, son of Lucius, is con- sidered by Ursin, followed by Vaillant and Havcrcamp, to have been nephew of P. Furius Philus, consul, who together with Caius Fla- miuius, enjoyed the honours of the triumph for victories gaiued over the Ligurian Gauls, in 531 (b. c. 223), father of the pretor of 583 (b c. 171). In his monetal triumvirate, which oc- curred about the middle of the century after- wards, M. Furius, in honour of his family, was pleased to represent the triumph in question. — See further remarks by Riccio on this denarius. 4. Head of Rome, galeated, behind it X — Rev. — PVR/mm?. Diana with the crescent on her forehead, in a biga at speed ; above is the murex, or purple-shell — allusive to the surname of Purpureo assumed by this branch of the Furia gens. This coin is assigned by Eckhel to Lucius Furius Purpureo, who was pretor under the consul C. Aurelius Cotta, in 554 (b. c. 200). — Borghesi believes that the moneyer of the de- narius above described was the Lucius Furius Purpureo, who in the year above-mentioned. 402 GABII.— CADES, whilst his father served as pretor in Gaul, was legatus of the consul P. Sulpieius Galba, in iEtolia, as is stated by Livy (1. 31, c. 20.) — Sec Riecio, p. 65-96. G. G. — Respecting this letter Rasche observes, that amongst the ancient Romans C filled the place of the later adopted G. G. — Accordingly, in a very ancient inscrip- tion, LECIONES is found occurring for LE- GIONES. — On a coin of the Ogulnia gens OCVLNIVS is written for OGVLNIYS. G. as an alphabetical mark of the die is observable on many family coins. G. Galerius. — g. maximianvs. Gal. Mari- mianv.s. G. Germanica. — victoria g. m. — Germaniea Maxima, on coins of Yalcrianus senior, and Gallieuus. — Khcll, Supplt. to Yaillant, p. 184. G. A. Gemella Accilana, colony of Hispauia Tarraconcnsis. (See p. 3.) GG. is constantly used to signify the plural : for example, the word avgg. is employed when speaking of two Augusti, as virtvs avgg. in Cams and Numcrianus. GGG. in avggg. is a compendious mode of ex- pressing three Augusti or Emperors, as victoria avggg. in Arcadius, llonorius, Valcntiuian III. &c. GABII, a eitv of Latium, nearly cqui-distant between Rome and Pricnestc. Frequent mention is made of the Gabini in the history of Tar- quinius Superbus, and his contests with the Volscians. CABIN. Gabinis. — See FOEDV8. P. R. cvm. GARIN, (p.392). GADES (Bocticic Ilispaniie) municiphum, now Cadiz. The coins of this city consist of auto- nomes, and imperial municipals (with a single silver exception) in small and middle brass. The autonomes arc with Phoenician inscriptions, and for types bear heads of the Sun, and of Hercules, dolphins, tridents, and fishes. I’ather Florez gives one autonome with Latin legends, viz. — Obv. — mvn. inscribed in two lines and a corn-ear above. — Rev. — gades and a fish. — No. 109 of Mionnet has for obverse type the head of Hercules covered with the lion’s skin, and with the club near the neck. The legend of reverse is BALBVS font, and in the field are a simpulum and a li/itus. In reference to the antiquity of this city, Air. Akerman observes, “ Both Strabo and Stephanus call it Gadeira.” Alluding to the autonomes, the same writer adds as follows : “The larger brass coins of Gades are extremely common, and attest its importance as a commercial city, before the subjugation of Spain by the Romans. They remain to this day remarkable evidences of the imperishable nature of a national coinage. * * * * Hercules was the chief deity iu Gades; and Hannibal sacrificed to him pre- viously to his expedition against the Romans. — Philostratus mentions the temple, but says it was of the Egyptian Hercules — HpaxAcous Aiyw GALBA. tiov." — Sec Ancient Coins of Cities, &c., p. 31, ct seq. Plates iii. and iv. The imperial Latin coins struck by this municipium are of Augustus, Cains and Lucius, Agrippa, and Nero. The reverse types consist of winged lightning; pontifical instruments ; a four-columned temple within a crown of laurel ; the simpulum ; and the ap/uslre. For the latter symbol, sec xrvNicirn parens, and mvnicip. GA. PATIIONVS — SCC also IIERCVLES GADITAN VS. GALBA fServins Sulpieius ). — According to Suetonius, this aged depository of short-lived imperial power was born on the 9th of the kalends of January, in the year 751 (a. n. 3.) lie belonged to the ancient and renowned family of the Sulpicii, whose founder, on the father’s side, if we may give credence to Galba himself, was Jupiter; and on the mother’s I’asiphae the wife of Minos ; and this account is confirmed by Silius Italicus. The mother of Galba was Mummia Achaica, great grand-daughter of the L. M muni ius, who destroyed Corinth. (Sueton. c. 3.) When arrived at the fitting age for taking part in state affairs, he made his appearance in public; and after a time was appointed governor of the Gallia:. Subsequently being removed to a similar position in Africa, he obtained no ordinary credit by his justice, and by the valour and discipline he displayed in a military capacity. Later still he received from Nero the jurisdiction of Hispauia Tarraconcnsis, which lie administered with fluctuating success. AVhcu urged by Yindei, governor of the Galliie, to supplant Nero in the empire, he for some time repudiated the proposition, but at length consented, on hearing that Nero was plotting his destruction. (Suctou. c. 3). Being then saluted emperor by the acclamations of the army, he declared himself to be but the lieu- tenant (or deputy) of the Senate and People. Tidings having reached him that Vindex, alter being defeated by the troops of Verginius Rufus, legates iu Germania, had put an end to his own existence, Galba had serious thoughts of em- bracing the same fate; but intelligence of Nero’s death, and the Senate’s unanimous declaration iu his own favour, arriving shortly after, he accepted the title of Osar (Sueton. c. 11), and proceeded on his journey to present himself at Rome. The massacre, however, which he caused of certain soldiers of the fleet on his arrival at Ponte-Molle, nngured ill for his reign. Galba, then about 72 years of age, was of a GALBA. good heighth aud advantageous figure. llis forehead was wrinkled ; his nose aquiline, aud his head bald in front, although on many of his coins (especially those in large brass), that defect is more or less concealed. The employ- ments through which he passed had given him much experience, and he appeared to be worthy of commanding Romans ; but his harsh inexorable character, aud the sordid avarice of his disposition, which displayed itself in en- deavours by untimely parsimony to replenish an exhausted treasury ; these, together with his neglect of public affairs, which he left to func- tionaries who committed infinite acts of in- justice under bis name, rendered him so much the more odious, as he had caused Nero’s minis- ters to be put to death. The affections of the pretorian guard, and of the rest of the army, he utterly estrauged by the refusal of a donative, to which they considered themselves entitled. The consequence of this was, that the army of Germania Superior took the lead iu throwing off its allegiance. IVhen this event was announced to the emperor, he imagiued that he had incurred coutempt, not by liis faults, but on account of his advanced and childless age, and accordingly he adopted Piso Frugi Liciuianus (Tacit. Hist. i. 18), a noble aud distinguished young man, on the 10th of January, 822 (a. d. 09). Rut he marred the effect of a proceeding iu itself laudable aud acceptable to the people, by a fresh instance of his innate avarice. For when, on the introduction of his adopted son Piso, to the soldiery, he still omitted all mention of the donative, at a time which so peculiarly demanded it — Otho, chagrined at seeing an- other preferred to himself as the adopted son of Galba, availed himself of the recently ex- cited feelings of the army, and took possession of the camp six days after the adoption. The general feeling being thus transferred to the new chief, Galba was deserted by his adherents, and together with Piso, was assassinated on the lath of January of the same year. — See Eckhcl, vi. 299 — Beauvais, T. i. 148. His style on coins is IMP. GALBA — IMP. SER. SVLP. GALBA CAES. AVG. T$. P.— SER. GALBA IMP. CAESAR AVG. Pater P atria. — The brass and silver (with some dis- tinguished exceptions) arc common ; the gold arc rare (restitutions by Trajan very rare) ; aud notwithstanding his very brief rcigu, the whole exhibit several curious reverses. For a specimen of his portraiture in silver, see OB. C. S.— Oia.-IMP. SER. GALBA AVG. Bare head of the emperor. MINTAGES OF GALBA. Gold. — concordia provinciarvm. (Valued by Mionnet at 72 fr.) — diva avgvsta. (Brought at the Thomas sale £3 9s.) — fortvna avg. (Mt. 60 fr.) — hispania. Female holding cars of corn. (Devonshire sale, £1 12s.) — IMP. Em- peror on horseback. (Trattle sale, £2 2s.) — imp. avg. Female with ears of corn. (Brought £12 15s. at the Thomas sale). — Liberty stand- ing. (Restored by Trajan. Valued by Mionnet at 200 fr.) — libertas restitvta. (Mt. 50 fr.) 3 F 2 GALBA.— GALLIA. 403 — pax. avg. (120 fr.) — roma renasc. Mili- tary figure. (Thomas sale, £9 10s.) roma victrix. (Mt. 72 fr.)— salvs gen. hvmani. (Thomas, £4 16s.) — tiberis. (Trattle, £2 16s.) — victoria p. r. (Trattle, £1 16s.) — Victory writing on a buckler. (Mt. 80 fr.) Silver. — gallia — hispania. (Mt. 30 fr.) — libertas restitvta. (72 fr.) — rest. nv.m. (72 fr.) — s. p. Q. it. ob. c. s. (Thomas, £4 is.) — ser. svl. galbae. Head of Spain. (20 fr.) Large Brass. — adlocvtio. The emperor haranguing his soldiers. (Mt. 30 fr. See wood- cut iu p. 7.) — concordia. (Trattle sale, £ 7. 2s. 6d.) — ex. s. c. ob. cives ser. (£2 6s. at the Brumell sale). hispania clvnia. svl. (Trattle, £2 2s.) — honos et virtvs. (Cam- pana sale, £1 9s.) — libertas pvblica. (Tho- mas sale, £1 6s.) libertas restit. (Alt. 30 fr.) — qvadragens remissae. Arch. (De- vonshire sale, £2 2s.)— remissae xxxx. (Mt. 60 fr.) romae restit. (30 fr.) — senatvs pietati avgvsti. (48 fr).— roma. The city persouified, seated ou armour. (A highly pre- served finely patiuated specimen brought £7 7s. 6d. at the Campana sale). GALEATVM CAPVT. The galeated or helmed head of an emperor is not unfrequent from the time of Probus ; and it is still more common on gold coins of the lower empire, especially when the emperor is represented iu full panoply. The helmet is sometimes encircled with the laurel crown, or with rays. — Ductrina, viii. 361. GALERIA VALERIA. — See Valeria. GALERUS, or pi/eus, a cap; the mark of Liberty. See libertas. — It is also the attri- bute of Mercury. See Petasus. GALLA PLACID1A. — See placidia. GALLIA, a plebeian family, belonging to which are the following three coins in large aud middle brass, all common : — 1. C. GAI.LVS C. F. LVPERCVS IltVIR. A. A. A. f. f. (seep. I) s. c. — Rev . — ob. civis serva- tos, within a crown of laurel, between two branches of the same. 2. Obverse uniform with the preceding. — Rev. avgvstvs TRIBVNIC. potest, in a laurel crown. 3. CAESAR avgvstvs tribvnic. potest. — Bare head of Augustus. Rev. — c. gallvs lvpercvs iiivir. a. a. a. f.f. In the field s. c. Caius Gallus Lupercus was monetal triumvir under the government of Octaviauus Augustus, not before 727 (b. c. 27), in w r hich year the latter assumed the title of Csesar. The crowns of laurel are those voted to the Emperor by the Senate and the Roman People ; and the s. c. is allusive to the prerogative of the Senate to strike brass coins, whilst to the emperor belouged the privileges of the gold and silver mints. GALLIA. — Gaul anciently comprised the ter- ritories which arc now called France aud Lom- bardy. The former, being beyond the moun- tains as regards Rome, had the name of Gallia TransaJpina, and the latter Cisalpina. — Trans- alpine Gaul again was subdivided into three parts, namely, Toyata, Comata, and Braccata. Togata, which lay on the side of Italy, was so 404 GALLI A . — G ALLIEN l M . GALLIENUS. called because its inhabitants had adopted the Roman toga. Comata derived its name from the large heads of hair in which its people were accustomed to luxuriate, and included all Trans- alpine Gaul, except the Narbonensis, that is to say, the whole extent of the country from the Alps to the ocean. Gallia Comata is that which Ciesar subdued, and which, submitting to the Romans, was divided into Aqnitannica, Belgica, and Celtica. The third, Braccata, so termed from the trousers or breeches made of a shaggy frieze, or other very coarse material, which the male inhabitants of that district wore, was situ- ate between Italy and Spain.-Sec tres galliae. GALLIA. — A female head, before which are two ears of corn ; behiud are two small spears, and beneath is a small round shield. — Obv. ser. gai.ba imp. Galba on horseback, gallop- ing. Silver of Galba. — Engraved in Morell. Imp. vol. iii. tab iii. No. 30. The head personifies Gallia ; and the corn- ears before her denote the abundance of that grain, which her fields produce. The arms represent those used by the Gauls, designating [ their warlike character, and their eminence in the military art. The equestrian figure of Galba seemingly bears reference to the statue which the Gauls had decreed to him. (Vaillaut, Impp. ii. p. 71). — Gallia, owing to the instigations of Yindex, had the first and main share in procur- ing the empire for Galba ; and even after the death of Vindex, it was amongst the foremost 1 provinces which declared for him. Grateful for | such zealous services, Galba rewarded the Ga/li with the rights of citizenship, and with exemp- tion thenceforward from payment of tribute; and this is the reason for the occurrence of gal- , lia as legend and type on his coins. GALLIA — HISPANIA. — A male genius of Gallia, holding an inverted spear in the left hand, joins the right hand with that of a male genius of llispauia, in whose left hand is a round shield and an inverted spear. Obv. nip. galba. — Laurcated head of the emperor. Silver of Galba. — Engraved in Akerman, vol. i. pi. v. No. 2. On the above denarius we find mentioned in conjunction with each other, the two provinces which were so favourable to Galba’s claims. And as in Gaul, under Julius Vindex, the revolt against Nero began, so it was in Spain that Galba was first saluted with the title of I M Vera- ior. Indeed, accordiug to Suetouius, almost all the cities of Spain and the three Gauls simul- taneously gave in their adhesion to his govern- ment. It is to be regretted that the heads of Gallia and Hispania should have been repre- sented, by the monevers, with the self-same attributes, so that, hut for the legend, either of them might be mistaken for the other. For other denarii of Galba referring to events immediately concomitant with, and instrumental to, his accession to the empire, see hispania. G ALLIEN AE A V GVSTAE. — See YB1QYE PAX. GALLI ENY.M AVG. P. R. Galhenum Augustum Populus Roman us ( colit understood). The Romau people ( worships) Gallicnus the August. — This inscription appears on the ob- verse of a second brass of Gallicnus, with the bust of that emperor laurcated, and with spear and shield. — Rev. — OB CONSERVATION EM salv- tis. Ilygeia standing. GALLIENVM AVG. SENATVS (that is to say v eneratur). The Senate (adores) the Em- peror Gallicnus. — Another secoud brass, with OB LIBERTWe/n RECe plant, and a woman standing with palm branch and spear. “ This and the foregoing coin (observes Eckhel) are remarkable for the heavy gran- deur and the novel style (molem et novain legem) of their inscription. For the rest, the base and lying adulation, as well of the Senate as of the Romau people, must be glaringly obvious to any one.”— vii. 408. “ The emperor’s name in the accusative case on these coins (Mr. Akerman remarks) is curi- ous. It had long been a practice with the de- generate Greeks.” GALLIENUS (Publius Licinius), the son of Yalcriauus, by that emperor’s first wife, whose name is not recorded; but probably his mother’s name was Gallicna. Born in the year of Rome 971 (a. n. 218) he owed his own fortunes to his father, by whom, when, on the death of Trcbonia- nus and of .Emilianus, he had obtained the sove- reignty, Gallicnus was chosen as his colleague in the empire. Victor asserts that he was created Ciesar by the Seuate. — “ On the truth of this statement, says Eckhel (vii. 389), I will not de- cide. At any rate, no coius have yet been dis- covered with the title of Casar only ; but all pronounce him Augustus.” In the year of Rome 1006 (a. d. 253), his father Valerian, assumed the title of Augus- tus, and the Tribunicia Potcstas, and nomi- nated himself consul for the following year. — j lie made his son Gallicnus particeps imperii. 1007 (a.d. 254). — Gallicnus proceeded consul, in colleagueship with his father (Consul II). .Emilianus dying at Spoletuin, Valerian and Gal- licnus were acknowledged as August i, and as consuls for the year. 1008 (a. n. 255). — Gallicnus proceeded consul for the second, with his father consul for the third, time. Valerian, intent on his operations in the East, entrusted to Gallicnus the European armies; and the conduct of the campaigns against the Franci, the Alamanni, and various other rebellious tribes. 1009 (a. D. 256). — It is probable that, in this GALLIENUS. GALLIENUS. 405 year, Gallienus was engaged in the war with the | Gennani, from which lie derived his military honours. 1010 (a. d. 257). — Consul for the third time. His repeated victories in Germania obtained for him, as well as for his father, the surname of Gennanicus. 1011 (a. d. 258). — Postumus invaded and took possession of the Gallic portion of the empire. 1012 (a.d. 259). — Postumus having got pos- session of Saloninus, and, to his own inexpi- able dishonour, put him to death, Gallicnus contented himself with placing his murdered sou in the rank of the gods ! 1013 (a. d. 260). — This year, it is believed, Valerian was made prisoner by the Persians. — Gallienus proceeded consid for the fourth time. 1014 (a. d. 261). — During the captivity of Valerian, several military governors in different provinces usurped the sovereign authority. — Amongst them was Ingenuus in Maisia, who, however, was taken and decapitated by Gallienus. Also Regal ian us in Illyricum ; Macrianus and his sons in the East ; and other pretenders of less importance. Balista, prefect of the pretorians under Vale- rian, in conjunction with Odenathus, King of Palmyra, drove Sapor from Syria into Persia, and re-established, or at least sustained for a time, the Roman power in the East. 1015 (a.d. 262). — Gallienus, consul for the fifth time, celebrated a triumph over the Per- sians conquered by Odenathus. As one set of usurpers fell, others rose to assume the purple. 1016 (a. d. 263). — Returning to Rome, Gal- lienus fulfilled the vota decennalia. Trebellius relates that this emperor, having taken Byzan- tium, and in spite of his promise to the con- trary, put its garrison to the sword, returned in all haste to Rome, as though he had accom- plished a great and laudable work, and there celebrated the decennalia. 1017 (a. d. 264). — Gallienus, consul for the sixth time, invested Odenathus, for his victories over the Persians, with all the honours of an Augustus. 1018 (a. d. 265). — Valerianus junior, brother of Gallienus, proceeded consul, iu colleagueship with Macro LucuUus Rufiuianus. 1019 (a. d. 266). — Gallienus consul for the seventh time. To this year Tiilemont refers the destructive invasion of Bithynia, and a large portion of Asia Minor, by the Scythians. 1020 (a. D. 267). The Goths this year again laid waste Ma:sia, and the Heruli ravaged Greece and Asia. Gallienus set out for Greece, to fight these barbarians. 1021 (a. d. 268). — Recalled into Italy by the sedition of Aureolus, who had declared himself emperor, and whilst besieging in Milan the new competitor, Gallicnus was assassinated by con- spirators, in the mouth of March, in the 50th year of his age. He had married Cornelia Salonina, by whom he had Saloninus. Such, observes the judicious Eckhel — such was the end of Gallienus, an emperor. to whom historians have ascribed every vice imaginable, and whose proper vocation seemed to be, not the government of a State, but the indulgence of sloth and unbounded licentious- ness; and this at a juncture when an empire divided among so many usurpers ; the incursions of barbarian hordes from every side ; the re- newed ravages of the plague which commenced iu the reign of Trebonianus — demanded a prince endowed with moral [he was not deficient in physical] courage, magnanimity, and decision. Of the cruelty and vindictiveness of his cha- racter, we may gather some notion from the epistle, in which he enjoins Celer Verianus to destroy the partizaus of the usurper Ingenuus ; ‘ mutilate them,’ he says, ‘ kill and exterminate them ; you understand my mind respecting them ; make your own the rage of him who writes these orders with his own hand.’ With such perverted feelings, it is no matter of sur- prise that to his other delinquencies he should have added the almost incredible impiety of lookiug on unmoved at the captivity aud igno- minious treatment of his father by the Persians; and that this was the only injury which re- mained unaveuged by one, who in every other case behaved with implacable severity. There is, however, the best reason for supposing that he preferred his father’s captivity to his freedom, inasmuch as Valerian’s strict morals were a per- petual reproach to his own enormities. Con- sequently, it is not so much to be wondered at, that this unworthy prince was cut off at last by his own subjects, as that so long a time elapsed before a Hercules appeared to suppress such a monster. — D. N. V. vii. 394. The brass coins of Gallienus arc for the most part common ; so arc those iu billon ; gold and pure silver very rare. On these he is styled IMP. C. LICIN. GALLIENVS PIVS FELIX AVG. and sometimes GERMANICVS MAX. Gallicnus appears on some of his coins with Valerianus, Salonina, and Saloninus. Amongst the money struck by this emperor are to be noted the pieces which he caused to be restored, in honour of many of his predecessors, who had been placed, by consecration, in the rauk of the gods, from Augustus down to Alexander Severus. It deserves here to be remarked that from the reign of Sept. Severus to Gallienus the standard ; of the silver coinage was successively reduced. These pieces are customarily designated as beiug of silver, although that metal had progressively been alloyed into billon of a very low standard. From the age of Gallienus, silver money becorn- 1 ing more and more debased, and yet some coins of pure silver having occasionally been struck, the billon pieces are classed separately. To take the date from Claudius Gothicus, these coins were no better than copper washed with silver. Under Diocletian a coinage of fine silver was re-established. — See Heunin, Manuel, vol. ii. p. 432, Nomenclature. MINTAGES OF GALLIENUS. No pagan prince, perhaps, testified his de- votion to so many divinities as Gallienus did on 406 GALLIENUS. his coins. There are reverses in his mint which respectively exhibit the images of Jupiter, Nep- tune, Mars, Mercury, Diana, Minerva, the Sun, Vulcan, Bacchus, Victoria, Hercules, Deus Au- gustus, and above all the rest, Apollo, whom the coins of this emperor depicture in various attire. It would seem indeed that, amidst the surrounding perils and calamities of his time, from pestilence, from earthquakes, and from the slaughter of wars threatening him and the empire itself with destruction, Galhcnus was accustomed to invoke almost all the (lii majores for his conservation. The following arc among the rarest reverses : Gold Medallions. — cHtyts. (sic.) tertia Pretoria. Emperor standiug in military habit, holding the hasta pura, in the midst of four military ensigns. (Valued by Mionnet at 300 fraucs). pidei EQVitvm. (Small medallion, brought £3 9s. Od. at the Brumcll sale). — fides MIL lTVM. Woman and two ensigns. Double aureus. (Valued by Miounet at 200 i'r. Brought £14 at the Thomas sale). — imp. vi. cos. v. Em- peror ou horseback, holding a lance, preceded by a soldier, and followed by a Victory that crowns him. — (Mt. 400 fr.) — virtvs gallieni | avgvsti. Emperor, holding in each hand a labarum. (Mt. 200 fr.) Silver Medallions. — or. conservatorem PATRIAE — OB. CONSERVATOREM SALVTIS — OB. REDDIT. LIBERT. (Mt. 72 fr. each). — MONETA avg. (Mt. 100 fr. A specimen at the Cain- paua sale brought £1 3s.) — pietas faleri. (Mt. 300 fr.) — adventvs avgg. Three emperors on horseback, preceded by Victory, and followed by several soldiers. (Mt. 300 fr.) Gold. — adventvs avg. — Obv. Gallienus and Salouiua. (Mt. 100 fr.) concordia avgg. (100 fr. Brought £8 15s. at the Trattlc sale). CONCORDIA EXERCIT. — DEO AVGVSTO — FF.LI- CITAS SAECVLI— FIDEI PltAET. (Mt. 100 fr. each). felicitas avgg. Half aureus. (Brumcll sale, £1 13s.) — fides mi lit. (Brought at the Cam- pana sale £3 3s.) — fortvna redvx — iovi vl- TORI — PIETAS AVG. — ORIENS AVG. — LIBERT AS AVGG. — VBE RITAS AVO. — and VENTS VICTRIX. (Mt. 48 fr. each). — iano patri. (Mt. 120 fr.) indvlgent. avg. Quiuarius. (£2 9s. Thomas). — iovi conserva. (£5 7s. 6d. Trattle). — iovis stator. (£1 9s. Trattle). i.aetitia avgg. (£4 2s. Thomas). lib. avg. t. — LI BER A LITAS AVO. — MARTI PROPVGNATORI — and secvritas orris. (60 fr. each). — libe- ral. avg (£1 9s. Trattlc). — ob. libertat. rec. A half aureus. (Mt. 120 fr. Brought at the Thomas £2 5s.) — pax. avgg. Quiuarius. (£1 5s. Trattle). — tr. p. vii. cos. nil. The empe- ror and two rivers. (Mt. 150 fr. £1 10s. Trat- tle). — providentia avgg. (72 fr.) — secvrit. perpet. Lion within a crown. (100 fr.) — s. p. Q. R. Lion with eagle. (150 fr.) — trib. pot. Mars aud Venus. (150 fr.) — vhiqve pax. — Obv. GALLIAENAE AVGVSTAE. (200 fr.) — VIC- TORIA avg. Emperor crowned by Victory. En- graved in Akennan, ii. pi. ix. No. 5, p. 31. (£3 18s. Thomas sale). — victoria oall. avg. (72 fr.) — virt. gallieni avg. (Mt. 100 fr. £1 GALLIENUS— GARC1LIA. 3s. Trattle). — virtvs avg. (100 fr. A doubt- ful specimen brought £2 19s. at the Devonshire sale). — votis decennalibvs. (100 fr.) Billon. — abvndantia avg. (Mt. 20 fr.) — invictvs. The Sun. (60 fr.) mberalitas avg. (60 fr.) — siscia avg. (20 fr.) Amongst the restitutions under Gallienus in billon are — Augustus. — 1VNONI MARTI a Li. (100 fr.) Trajan . — via traiana. (150 fr.) Brass Medallions. — adventvs avgg. Two emperors on horseback, Victory and a soldier. — adlocvtio avgg. Fine portrait aud allocution. Engraved in Iconograp/iie, pL lii. (Mt. 72 fr). — salonina head of. (72 fr.) — fides exer- citvs. (100 fr.) — victoria germanica. (50 fr.) — Gallienus and Salonina — LIBEBALITAS avgvs- TORVM ADVENTVS AVGG. CONCORDIA AVGG. with reverse of Libcralitas. (150 fr. each.) — MONETA AVG. (72 fr.) — VICTORIA AVGVSTO- RVM. (100 fr.) Large Brass. — cohort, praep. principi. SVO. — RESTITVTOR ORBIS — and S. P. Q. R. OP- TIMO principi, within a crown. (Mt. 24 fr. each). — adventvs avgg. Gallienus and Salo- ninus. (50 fr.) GALL1ENVS CVM. EXERC. SVO. A cippus, or pedestal, with the legend iovi vic- tori, on which is seated Jupiter, holding the thunder-bolt in his right baud, aud spear in his left. Silver of Valerianus. Engraved in Banduri. Valeriauus, when himself inteut on the affairs of the East, committed to Gallienus the charge of the western armies. The latter, therefore, on the occasion of any victory being gained (over the Germans, for example, who had made irrup- tions into Gaul), aud which he was desirous of ascribing to the interposition of Jupiter, was accustomed, in gratitude, to erect a statue to that god, under the epithet of Victor, the army also joiniug in the religious act. The above serves, in a remarkable manner, to interpret another coin of Gallienus, bearing ou its obverse the legend IMP. C. E. S. namely, IMP erator (Gallienus) Cum Krcrcitu Suo, as Banduri, confirming Hardouin, remarks. Thus by joining, on the coin of Valerian, the two legends of the head aud the reverse, a perfect inscription is made: Impcrator (Gallienus) cum Exercitu suo Jovi Victori (statuam ponit). GAROILIA, gens plcbcia. — Count Borghcsi treats this as a new family, aud assigns to it the following types, supposed to have been struck about 670 (b. c. 84) : — 1. Head of Apollo Vcjovis, beucath it is the fulmen. — Rec. — gar. ogvl. ver. Jupiter in a quadriga. A very rare denarius. 2. ilead of Janus, above it |. — /Jer.-GAR. OGVLjiim VER gi/ius or Verginius. A ship’s prow. Seuii-uncial brass. Rare. The eminent Italian antiquary above named gives his reasons for attributing to one Garcilius the name of the first monetal triumvir, con- cealed in the monogram GAR. of these two coins, and rejects the reading CAR. under which lVrizoni, and other numismatists, have ascribed it to the Carvilii (see p. 187 of this dictionary). .1 GAl'DIUM ROMANORUM. Riccio cites and adopts this transferred attribu- tion, which accounts for the exclusion of car- vima gens from his Monete delte Famiglie, &c. GAVDETE ROMANI.— Two Victories hold- ing a tablet, on which is inscribed sic xx. sic xxx. that is, “ sic ad annum imperii vicessimuin sic ad tricessimuin usque victorias suas continent” — even as to the twentieth so also to the thir- tieth year of the emperor’s reign may he pur- sue his victories. This small gold coin of Maximianus Ilcrcu- lius contains on its reverse a joyous acclaina- GAUDIUM ROMANORUM. 40? tion (faustam acclamationcm) — that is to say, the Romans rejoiced for vows acquitted XX. and again made xxx. — Sec Eckhel, viii. p. 18. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI.— This lc- ] gend, which occurs only on gold and silver medallions of Constantius and Constans his I brother, indicates a public rejoicing. It may be conjectured, that such coins as that on which j this epigraph appears, were distributed among the people at the festive celebration of solemn vows, that all so advised might join in the gene- ral gladness. — (Morel, ret numaria, p. 80). GAVDIVM ROMAN ORVM. — A paludated man, taller than the rest of the group, stands resting his right hand on the hasta, whilst a hand protruded from a cloud above him places a crown upon his head. On his left stands an- other man similarly attired, hut of shorter sta- ture, w hom a victory by his side is in the act of crowning ; and on his right a third male figure, of the same appearance, but shorter even than the last described, upon whose head a personifi- cation of Rome, standing beside him, is placing a crown. At the bottom, mcons. Struck at Constantinople. Obv. — FL. IVL. CONSTANTINS. NOB. CAES. A laurcatcd bust, holding in the right hand the hasta, and in the left a buckler, on which is re- presented the emperor on horseback, charging with levelled spear some suppliant barbarians, whilst he is crowned by a Victory flying towards him, and followed by a band of soldiers. [The grand and interesting medallion, of which the above represents the reverse, formed one of a large deposit of Roman medallions in gold, seve- ral of them of unusual size, found with chains and other objects of antiquity in the same pre- cious metal, in Hungary, during the year 1797. I M. Steinbiichel, in his valuable " notice” of these and other gold medallions preserved in the Imperial Cabinet, has given what he vouches for as being “ a faithful engraving,” and of which Mr. Fairholt’s cut is an equally faithful copy. Respecting monctal rarities, of such scarcely appreciable value, so suddenly brought to light, it appears to have been Eckhel’s intention at the time to have contributed a dissertation, w'orthy of his zeal, erudition, and judgment ; but his premature death in 1?98, left him time only to sketch a few notes, which remained in manu- script until M. Steinbiichel, his friend and suc- cessor in the directorship of the Vienna Museum, published them in 1826. In elucidation of this splendid monument, the subjoined extract from the manuscript in question will scarcely fail to prove acceptable to the numismatic student] : — After having, with characteristic minuteness of accuracy, described the piece, our illustrious author says — “ It stands pre-eminent among the most remarkable hitherto discovered, not only on account of its great weight [nearly 74 Hun- garian ducats —aure t] but also for the design as well as for the workmanship of the types. 408 GAUDIUM ROM A NO RUM. GELLIA. its obverse anil reverse exhibiting the highest degree of elegance and finish, of which the state of the arts at that period admitted. The head is that of Constautius II. second of the three sons of Constantine the Great ; and as he is here styled Ciesar only, not hav- ing yet attained the title of Augustus, this coin must have been struck between a. d. 323 and 337 ; for in the former year he received the appellation of Ciesar, and in the latter, in con- sequence of his father’s death, that of Augustus. As, however, the countenance of Constautius on the obverse displays a fulness and maturity of contour, I am inclined to consider that the coin before us was struck a very short time before the death of Constantine the Great, when he (Con- stantius) was at least in the twentieth year of his age. The supposition is corroborated by the military garb in which he is depicted, for it was at that very time that his father entrusted to him the conduct of the war in Persia. To which may be added, that the presence of the abbreviation cons, (sure sigu of the mintage of Constantinople) sufficiently proves, that this coin could not have been struck before a.d. 330, since we know that it was not till that year that the city was dedicated, and received from its founder the name of Constantinople.” With regard to the reverse, adds Eckhel, “ I do not hesitate to pronounce that the central and tallest figure of the group is Constantine the father, whose venerable age and piety are thus early acknowledged by a heaven-sent crown ; that the figure on his left is the eldest son, Constantine; and that on his right, the youngest, Constans. Constautius, already pour- trayed on the obverse, does not appear in this group. Portraits of the reigning family, simi- larly distributed between the two faces of a medal have already occurred to our notice on coins of Septimius Sevcrus, which 1 have brought forward in my Doctrina , under the date 954 (a. I). 201). Coustautiue the brother is repre- sented as crowned by a Victory, because at the exact time when I imagine this coin to have beeu struck, he was in reality a conqueror, as is testified by his coin inscribed, VICTORIA con- stantini caes. and this type is also common on the coinages of preceding emperors. * * * The galeated figure standing by the side of Cou- staus, being female in dress, must be that of Rome, rendering the same complimentary office to Con- staus, which Victory docs to Constantine jun. or, if you will, a figure of Virttu (Force), which frequently appears on ancient coins in a shape not very dissimilar. Observe, that thus early the gradations of rank and dignity in the im- perial family, arc denoted by a greater or lesser bodily stature, a circumstance constantly to be remarked on Bvzautinc coins of later date.” G.VVD1VM ROMANORVM, with FRANC. ET ALAM. (Francia et Alamannia ). — A gold coin of Constantine the Great, struck on the occasion of his having defeated those two nations, and brought them into subjection to the Roman arms. — See alamannia, p. 32, and francia, p. 398. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, below which is SARMATIA. — A trophy, and woman near it weeping. On silver and gold of Coustanti- nus II. Coins with the same legend, but inscribed Alamannia or Francia, were struck under Con- stantine jun. and Crispus; but in no instance with sakmatia. — “ It is probable (says Eckhel) that coins of the father (Constantinus M.) were struck with this reverse ; for whether the father him- self carried on the war in person with the Goths and Sarmatians, or whether he entrusted the expedition against these people to his son Con- stantine (a. l). 332), certain it is that warlike honours and distinctions were shared in common between father aud son.” — (viii. i. 107). — Sec SAKMATIA. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM— A female cap- tive sitting near a trophy, offers her breast to a little child. — This legend and type, which first appears on a gold coin of Maxiinianus Herculins, and which arc common on the money of suc- ceeding emperors, shew the joy of the Romans, not only in having conquered the barbarians, and driven them back from the confines of the empire, but also in having made slaves of them and their wives. {D. N. viii. 19). — Thus like- wise we find GAVDIVM REIPVBLICAE on a very rare gold coin of Constantine the Great ; and see a trophy erected between an Alamannian woman and a male Frank, both captives, aud sitting in a weeping posture on the ground. GELLIA gens. — M'bether of the patrician or plebeian order is uncertain. There arc three varieties iu its denarii, on each of which ap- pears the name of GEL/iwj. The following two are coins belonging to this family : — 1. Galeated bead of Rome; behind it X; within a crown of laurel. — Rev. A gnlcntcd sol- dier, in a rapid quadriga, embracing with his right arm a woman, as if to retain her with him in the car ; on his left arm is a shield. — cn. gel. below the horses. roma on the exergue. Every attempt to interpret with certainty the type of the above reverse (preguant with mean- ing, either mythological or historical, as it would appear to be), has hitherto signally failed : nnd it is even doubtful who was the Cn. Gellius, whose name is stamped on this denarius. — See Vaillant on the one baud, and Havercamp, in Morel/, on the other, and compare with Cavc- doni, cited by lliceio, p. 99. 2. m. ant. imi\ avg(vb) iiivtr. k. p. c. c.l. oel(livs) q. p. Bare head of Mark Antony, be- hind which is the pncfericulum. — Rev. — caesar imp. pont. Iliviu. R. P. c. Bare head of Octa- GEM— GENIUS. vianus, behiud which is the lituus. This is a denarius of some rarity. The letters Q. p. affixed to gel. on the ob- verse, are considered by Eckhel to signify Quas- tor Propralore , rather than, as by others it is thought to mean Quastor Provincia. — Riceio, however, adopting the latter opinion, says — Lucius Gellius (Poplicola) was provincial ques- tor of Mark Antony, at the time when that famous Triumvir Rcipublicfc Constituendsc was amicably colleagued with Octaviauus, and coined the medal above described. He was also consul with M. Cocceius Ncrva, in 718 (p. c. 36). — This same Gellius, however, was one of the most inconsistent and faithless of men, passing over, in a treacherous manner, from the friendship of Brutus and Cassius to that of Antony, and from the party of Antony to that of Augustus. GEM. Gemella. — The cause why certain legious were called Gemella (or twins) is derived by the accurate Billiard from the Commentaries of Ctesar (Bell. Civ. iii. c. 4), where, in speak- ing of the legions which Pompcy had assembled, he says, unam (leoionem) cx Sicilia veteranam, quam factam ex duabus gemellam appellabat, (ad Jobert, ii. 273.) Gemella, surnamed Acci, a colony of Hispania Tarracoucusis, to which colouists were sent from the third and fourth legion, as coins of Augustus and Tiberius testify, on which it is called col. gem. acci. — See p. 3. Gemella cum Lupd. The twin children (Romulus and Remus) with the wolf is a fre- quent mark of Roman colonics, as on coins of Corinth, Alexandria Troadis, Neapolis, Damascus, and others. (Spanheim, Pr. i. p. 571). — See COLON! AE ROMANAE, p. 232. Gemma. Gems or precious stones. — The use of these as ornaments for the head is said to have begun under Aurelian. Other emperors neither unwillingly nor unfrecly followed the same example; aud thenceforward pearls and other jewels are seen on the diadems of the A up ust i and Augusta. Gems and rings find in most instances their sources of explanation on coins. — See Raschc’s citations from Spanheim and Begcr. GEN. Generis. — SALaa HVMANI GENE- RIS of Gallia and Caraealla. GEN. Genius or Genio. — genio avgvsti. To the Genius of the Emperor. GENIUS. — It was the opinion of the ancients that every man from the moment of his birth had his genius, or according to others two genii, a good and a bad one ; and that as the one or the other of these personal tutelaries was the stronger of the two, that individual became good or bad. In process of time each house and each town bad its genius; the former were called Lares, the latter were named Penates. Rome had her Genius-goddess, to whom a statue was erected in the eighth region of the city. The influential presence of these unseen beings was held by the Romans in such high veneration, that when they entered for the first time into any place, they invariably paid a salutation to the genius loci. During the republic, they 3 G GENIUS. 409 swore by the Genius of the Roman people, and afterwards by that of. the Emperor. At both periods, the violation of the oath was treated as the most heinous of perjuries, and was punished with the greatest severity. Genii are represented on Roman coins, under different forms, as well in the consular as in the imperial scries. In his observations on Genii, as they are typified on family coins, Eckhel says that these come next in order of dignity to the gods and goddesses, meaning by the term — 1. Certain images (or figures) appropriated to some country, city, or people, whether they were nothing more than allegories intended to represent a province or a city by some peculiarity of their habits or circumstances ; or whether some celestial powers, though of a subordinate rank, were actually supposed to preside over them. — 2. The Virtues ; such as clemency, faith, piety, &c. or those adjuncts which are always reckoued among the good things of life, but which are not always under our own control, such as fortune, honour, liberty, safety, victory, and health. — 3. The vices aud the ills of life; as pallor, pavor, febr 'is, & c. These and similar subjects, the emblematical representations of which we see on ancient monuments, were not regarded as mere idealities, but as actual beings of a divine nature, as is proved by the fact, that temples were erected to their honour, equally | with the gods themselves. Some of these, such as Virtus, Honor, Mens, Fortuna, under various 1 titles, have been enumerated by Cicero, Plu- 5 tarch, Juvenal; and many other examples may be found in P. Victor’s work ou the districts of Rome. The subject receives illustration from a letter of Cicero to his brother Quintus (l. Epist. i. § 10) — “ Wherefore, since you are passing your time, in a position of the highest authority, in those very cities, where you see your own vir- tues consecrated, and reckoned among the divi- nities, &c.” And thus, pot only the Romans, but the Greeks also, crowded Olympus with fresh colonists. (See Fors, p. 395). No one any longer cared to offer sacrifices to the greater and elder gods, whilst they lavished whole hecatombs on Virtus, Batura, Fat urn, and Fortuna, who had but as yesterday found their way into heaven ; whilst a sextarius of ambrosia and nectar could not be bought for less than a mina, so vast was the assemblage of celestial guests. And yet one could have tolerated a superstition which conceded divine honours to the virtues ; but what could surpass the infatuation of placing on a level with the gods, the vices, the diseases, and the bugbears of mankind ? Indeed, this fanaticism was estimated at its true value, aud detested accordingly, by all the ancients them- selves who were possessed of superior intellects. A proof of this is to be fouud in the law' intro- duced by the wisest of the Romans , “ But those qualities, which entitle a man to ad- mission into heaven, mind, valour, piety, faith, — for their glorification let there be shrines. But let no sacred solemnities be performed in honour 410 GEN 10 AUGUSTl. of the rices.” (Cic. de Legib. ii. eh. 8.) These expressions Cicero explains a little further on ; “ It is well done, that Mens, Pietas, l irl us, and Pities, are consecrated, to all of which temples arc publicly dedicated in Rome, in order that the possessors of such qualities (and .ill good men do possess them), may reflect that the gods themselves are the occupants of their own bosoms. For that, on the contrary, was a dis- graceful circumstance in the history of Athens, that after the crime of Cylon had been ex- piated, they followed the suggestion of Epi- mcnidcs, and erected a temple to Gontumch and Impudence. For it is the virtues, and not the vices, which should be made the subject ot j consecration. Now, there is standing iu the j Palatium an ancient altar to Pebris (Fever), and [ another on the Esquiliic to Mala b or tuna ; all of which anomalies should he abolished. He j then refers in terms of commendation to the honours paid to Solus, Ilonor , Ops, J ictoria, [ Spes (consecrated by Calatiuus), Fortuna of the present time, and retrospective, and to Pors Primigenia. He might have added some foreign examples, such as the altars of Impietas and Nequitia, erected by one Dicicarchus, and the shrine of Poracilas in Sicily, lhc ancients, however, were not at a loss to find excuses for the folly of this custum.— Plutarch informs us (in Agide et Cleomene, p. m. 808), that there were among the Eaccdfcmonians, temples sacred not only to Fear, but also to Death, and to Laughter, aud other affections of the like kind. To Fear, however, they pay this adoration, not as they do to other objects of detestation, because they consider it hurtful, but because in their estimation it is a passion which mainly contributes to the safety of a State. I alcrius Nlaximus, when remarking that there were in Rome three temples erected in honour of bebris (fever), adds that she was worshipped in order that she might cause less destruction. Pliny also affords similar information. — See Doctriua, \\ 85, 86, where will also be found a list of Genii, selected from the coins of families under three heads, viz. : — 1. Genii of Countries, Cities, and Peoples.— 2. Good Genii, under which virtues, houours, and other attributes of good qualities are sym- bolized.— 3. Mali Genii ; such as Pallor and Paror in Ilostilia gens. No others of this absurd description are found on Roman coins. The Imperial mintages furnish a host of Genii. A few examples from each series are subjoined hereto. GEN 10 AVG VSTI.— On a third brass of Nero, revealing Greek art in its high relief, its tine design aud finished workmanship, this dedicatory legend accompanies a male figure, typifying the Genius of the Emperor, sacrificing at an altar with fire kindled. That this cruel tyrant was held in universal abhorrence, except amongst the vilest of the populace, and the most venal of the soldiery, whom his spectacles and largesses had seduced, "is a fact proved by the burst of joy aud gladucsss, which spread throughout the empire at the news of his death. Nevertheless GENIUS POPULI ROMANI, such was the baseness of the Senate, and such the dread of his vengeance, which prevailed during his lifetime, that every mark, even of di- vine honours, was paid to that fearful personifi- cation of mingled crime and folly. Hence we see his genius (evil as it was) immortalised by the obsequious mint of Rome. Eckhel observes, “ the Getutts Augusli so frequent on coins was some species of divinity, or it was designed to embody the intellectual spirit of the Osar himself, and his deity, such as the superstition of the ancients taught the common people to regard as an attendant on men.” — viii. 458. GENIYS POPYLI ROMANI. (Genius of the Roman People).— Upright figure of a young man, bare headed, clothed in the toga, bearing on his left arm a cornucopisc, and holding a patera in his right hand, which he extends over a lighted altar, as in the act of sacrificing. Although not the first in either chronological or alphabetical order of notice, yet as the largest and most boldly developed specimen of the type, a wood-cut is above inserted, engraved after a cast from a large brass medallion of Hadrian, in the Cabinet de Prance, valued by Mionnct at 150 francs. The type has evidently been borrowed from Nero’s beautiful little coiu Genio Augusli, but is of equally fine fabric, and from its superior magnitude forms a noble reverse. On a second brass of Autouiuus 1 ins, with the same legend of reverse, the Genius holds the liasta, instead of a patera in the right hand. “The pagan religion, complicated and con- t radictorv iu its dogmas, admitted besides the •jods the existence of beings, who were sup- posed to have peculiar influence over states, and peoples, and even to inspire, for good or evil, the minds of illustrious men .”— Legons Numismatiques, p. 136. G. P. R. — A bearded and diademed head. Behind it a sceptre, with the letters o. P. K. Genius Populi Romani on a deuarius of the Cornelia gens, struck by Cn. Cornelius Lcntulus. It is also found on nutonomes minted under the emperors (sec Incerti iu Morel, tab. ii.) with the addition of cemvs P. k. When, however, flattery had insinuated itself into the operations of the mint, the Genius of the people of Rome assumed the features of the emperor for the time being. According to Dion, there were at GENIUS EXERCITUS. GENIUS LUGDUNI. 411 Rome temples consecrated to this Genius as a deity. Examples of this occur ainougst the coins of Augustus, under the year 734 (b. c. 20), and also in Galba — see below. A beardless figure, representing the Genius of the Roman People , appears on the reverse of another denarius of the Cornelia family, in the act of crowning a warrior, alluding to the victories of Porapey in the East, 61)3 (b. c. 61), struck by cn. lent vl vs mahcei.unvs, between 605 (b. c. 50) and 608 (b. c. 56). — Engraved in Morel and Riceio, Fata. Rom. On another silver coin of the same family, the reverse exhibits the sedent figure of a man naked to the waist, holding in the right hand the cornucopia;, and iu the left the hasta; the right foot is planted on a globe ; his face is directed j towards a flying victory that crowns him. The legend on one side is p. lf.ntvlvs p. f. (Publius Lentulus, son of Publius), and on the other spin. (Spinther). The seated figure is considered to personify the Genius of Rome, a device re- peatedly associated with the affairs of the Lcn- tuli, and thence most probably allusive to some glory of the Cornelia family. — Engraved in Morell. Fam. Rom. ii. 5, and in Riceio, Tav. xvi. 32. GEN 10 P. R. — On a silver coin bearing on one side this epigraph, and on the other the legend and type of Mars Vltor, the head of Galba is figured, with a cornucopia; behind it. The forepart of the head is bald, as that em- peror’s is described to have been. Iu their i gcucral hatred of Nero and exultation at his death, the people of Rome, ever prone to excess, paid the veteran governor of the Gauls and of Spain, now their deliverer from domestic tyrauny, more than mortal honours, by hailing him as their tutelary demigod. The reign of Galba was at first regarded as an epoch of happiness aud liberty ; and frequent allusion is made on his coins to these favourable anticipa- tions. GENIVS EXERCITVS ILLYRICIANI. S.C. — The Genius naked, except that the pallium hangs from his shoulders on his left arm, on which rests a cornucopia:, and cl<*e to which is a military ensign. In the right hand is a patera. On other coins there is an altar in addition. — Gold, silver, and first aud second brass of Tra- jan Decius. The above is engraved from a spe cimen in the British Museum. GEN. or GENIVS ILLYRICI.— Male figure standing, with patera aud cornucopia;. Silver 3 G 2 of the same emperor. The first brass is engraved in the Cabinet de Christine. On coins of this emperor there are reverses implying his acknowledgment of obligations to Dacia, as well as to both the PANNONIAE, supe- rior and inferior, and here we have a still more pointed record of his gratitude to the army of Illyria. The reason why such a distinction was con- ferred upon these provinces is sufficiently ob- vious ; for it was in them that Decius was first declared Imperator by acclamation ; and to the fidelity of these legions he owed his victory over Philip ; while in turn he protected aud freed them from the incursions of barbarian tribes, aud so again obtained distinction for him- self. A similar reverse is to be found on coins of Julian the Usurper. Thus the Excrcitus Illyricianus had too many claims upon the immediate successor of the elder Philip, to make it difficult to account for this imperial compliment to its Genius. GENIVS EXERCITI. The Genius of the Army. — Du Choul, in his observations on this and the various other numismatic dedications to Genius, says — “ The ancients esteemed it to be the God of Nature. Aud such was the religion of the Romans that it assigned to every man his genius and his presiding spirit. Thus we find inscriptions to the Genius of the Emperor, of the Senate, of the Roman People, and (as in Aurelian aud others) of the Army. This last named legend is accompanied by a type pour- traying the image of Genius, with a cloak half covering the shoulders, and leaving the rest of the body naked, holding a cornucopia in one hand, and a simpulum or a patera in the other. Censorinus, in his treatise De Die Natali, says, that the moment we are born, we live under the guard and tutelage of Genius. Other writers assert that the Lares and Genius were the same thing, (pp. 148, 149). GEN. LVG. (The Genius of Lugduuum). — This legend appears on the reverse of a rare silver coin of Clodius Albinus, accompanied by the type of a naked Genius, with turretod head, standing : he holds a spear in his right hand, a cornucopia: in his left ; and there is. an eagle at his feet. The above cut is after a cast from a specimen iu the British Museum. “ That Albinus, when he came over from Britain, took up his quarters at Lugduuum (now Lyon, in France), iu the vicinity of which he was afterwards defeated and slain, is a fact dis- tinctly related to us by Herodiau. In that city, therefore, the above described denarius, exhi- biting GYSium LVG duni, was doubtless struck ; and it is very probable that in the same place 412 GEXIO SENATE'S, several other coins of Albinus, already named Augustus, were minted. The mint of Lyon (Ofliciua Lugdunensis) is mentioned as early as j on coins of Antony the triumvir, but much more frequently on those of a lower age. 1 he j eagle placed at the feet of the Genius indicates, perhaps, that Lugdunum was under the supreme protection of Jupiter; indeed Albiuus ascribed j the first victories which he gaiued to that deity, as is proved bv a silver coin quoted by \ ail- | lant, with the epigraph iovi victobi.”— Eck- ] hel, viii. 164. Obv — GEMO aNTIOXENI. a female figure, j with turreted and veiled head, sitting on a rock ; j a river issuing from beneath her feet. Third brass of Julian II. (Imp. Mus.) Obv. — gexio crvrrATls. Female head, veiled and turreted. Third brass of do. (lauini, p. 318). , t . . . These coins were struck at Antioch, in by ria. It is probable that they first saw the light dur- ing the reign of Julian (between a ; d. 360 and 3 03) The obverse exhibits the Genius Anti- ocheni, i. e. populi, under the figure of a wo- man with turreted head, sitting on a rock, from which flows a river. The species of legend is found more fully expressed on coins of Diocle- tian’s age, thus— gexio popvli Romani. Re- specting the Genii of peoples, cities, and locali- ties, &c. to whose guardianship they were re- spectively committed, abundant information will be found' in the works of various learned writers, (viii. 141.) GENIUS OF ALEXANDRIA, extinction, most degenerate, corrupt, and de- graded bodv. When indeed it is remembered that au assem- ble formerly so jealous of its independence, and so' haughty in the exercise of its power, at length became the subservient tool— the fulsome panegyrist— of the weakest as well as the ivorst ot beings that ever wore the human form, of mad- men and monsters permitted for the pumshmeut of a wicked world to be its plagues in the shape of its rulers ; the fall of the Roman Seuate into a state of slavery and theuce through yet lower grades of humiliation, can be regarded in no other light than that of a judgment as just as it was inevitable. Nor is there, perhaps, a more striking lesson, it might be added, a more aw rut warning, to be derived from the records of past ages, than is handed down to us in the flagrant examples of base and impious adulation— ot venal flattery committing open outrage upon decencv by the most palpable falsehoods, which, with such fulsome frequency, present themsch es on Roman coins of the Imperial senes, bearing the well-known impress of a Senates Consul turn. GEXIO POPVLI ROMANI— The Genius, having a rnodius on his head, ou his left arm holding a horn of abundance, and in the act or making a libation from a patera on an altar, ap- pears on the reverse of a middle brass of l ou- stantine the Great. Engraved in llandun, n. £■ There is an exactly similar type on the reverse of a second brass of Licinius senior, with the legend gexio impebatobis. „ Haudelot De Dairval observes, that all the medals which have on the reverse Gento Au- gust!, Genio Iinperatoris, Genio Senates, Genio Populi Romani, with other symbols of Lares, bear reference in their legends and types, either to the princes themselves whom flattery caused to be thus represented; or otherwise to the guardian deities of those magistrates, or oMbose cities, that struck the coins.”— See De l L Mite des Voyages. GENIO SENATYS. S. C.— The Genius of the Roman Senate, under the figure and features of a man, clothed in the toga, standing ; he holds in his right hand an olive branch, the sign of peace ; and in his left the ivory sceptre, dis- tinctive mark of the consuls. Silver and first brass of Antoninus Pius. The above engraving is from a specimen in the compilers possession. Ou a first brass of Galba, bearing for its legend of reverse, senatvs pietati avgysti, the accompanying type represents the lather, or the Genius of the Senate crowning the emperor. . . Although Genii were usually represented by voung men, yet the Genius of the Senate is impersonated by a man of mature years, habited in the toga, very probnbly for the purpose of making a more complimentary allusion (quite in character with that excellent prince Antoninus Pius) to the dignity and to the gravity of an ancient and once illustrious, but long before its Genius of Alexandria.— Our references to the subject of Genii, so far as it receives illustra- tion from coins, shall be concluded with the de- scriptiou of a large brass of Hadrian, struck m Egypt. The reverse of this piece exhibits a female figure in a short dress (somewhat rc'Ctu- bliug that assigned to Diana Yenatrir), wear- | ing as a head-gear the skull and proboscis of au 1 elephant, and holding in the left hand a couple of corn -cars. Staudiug opposite to her is a GENS. GENTILES— GENTES. 413 male figure of mature age, whose right hand she lifts up with her own, and kisses it. This male figure, laureated and togatcd, holds in the left hand a sceptre surmounted by an eagle. In the field of the coin is I. E. (marking the xvth year of a reign). This unique, elegant, and remarkable type, is recognised by Eckhel ( Ductr . vi. 489), and by Millin ( Gal Mythol. i. 378), as representing the Genius of Alexandria, hastening to meet Hadrian on one of his arrivals in that city, and to welcome him as her guest, which she does in the most expressive mode of shewing grateful acknowledgment for benefits already conferred. [l'or the cast (in gutta percha) after which the above cut has been executed, the compiler is indebted to his friend Mr. Akennan, who was in possession of the original]. In Zocga (Num. /Egypt, vii.) is a similar type with the addition of Alexandria for its accompanying legend. But it places a simple wand, or the hasta pura, in the emperor’s left hand, instead of the eagle-topped sceptre of empire. GENS. — A clan, embracing several families, united together by a common name. This word has a different meaning from that of Familia and also from that of Slirj/s. Amongst the Romans there were Genies and Familite, so in- deed that the familite might be said to be com- prehended as a species under the gens, or race. Gens seems to belong to the nomen or name ; familia to the cognomen or surname of a house : the former included the whole; the latter only a part. For example, all the Valerii were of the same gens or race, because they were all comprised under the same name. But this gens had several branches which were distinguished by the respective cognomina, and these branches were called Familite, Families. Thus in the Gens Valeria there was the Maxirni, the Mcssalse, the Flacci, the Lacuni, the Poplicolic, who formed so many families of the same house. Festus therefore gives a good definition of this word Gens, in saying — Gens appellatur, quae ex multis familiis couficitur. Accordingly, again, if we take the Gens Cornelia, we have for its familite the Blasioncs, Ccthcgi, Dolabelkc, Lcu- tuli, Scipiones, Sisenna:, &c. These examples are confirmed by the testimonies of ancient writers ; amongst whom may be cited Suetonius and Livy. The former says — Imagines et elogia uuiversi generis (Sulpicii) exsequi longmn cst, familia; (Galbtc) breviter attingam. — Livy says, P.ScipioNasica tribunos appcllavit, orationemqnc habuit plenam veris dccoribns, non communiter rnodo Cornelia: gentis, sed proprie familia: sum.” — Eckhel v. 54. There were patrician houses, and there were houses of the plebeian order, and sometimes in the same gens there were some families of patrician rank and others of plebeian. Gens, says Rasche, means all the offspring, who, from one ancestor and as it were first parent, always by blood relationship (traduce sanguine) had descended in a right Hue. Familia wits a branch growing out of the trunk or middle nearest to the side (ad latus proxime). Slir/js in the last place may rightly be denominated a branch of the branch (ramus rami). For a descriptive Hst of the Genies and Familite Romante, as found on Consular coins — see Mionnet, Rarete ties Med. — Akerman, Bescr. Cal. — Riccio, Monete delle Famiglie di Roma. GENTILES. — Those of the same gens were called gentiles, and those of the same family, agnati. The term gentiles, says Eckhel, was ap- plied not only to those who belonged to the same gens, but also to those who bore only the same ! name. Cicero tells us — “ They are called gen- tiles who share the same name.” lie was, therefore, justified in saying on another occasion, “ I’herecydes the Syrian was the first to make the observation, that the minds of men were immortal ; and he was one of a very remote age, as he lived during the reign of my genlilis (namesake)” — i. e. Scrvius Tullius ; betw'een whom, however, and Cicero there was no point of connexion besides the similarity of name. Festus too gives the same account — “ The. term gentilis is applied, both to him who is descended from the same stock, and to him w r ho is called by the same name ; witness the expression of Cincius — “ They are my gen- tiles who bear my name.” Consequently, he who was connected with a certain lineage by name, might easily appear, in the eyes of the interested, to be allied also by blood. They who oppose their own conjectures to the autho- I rity of Dionysius, tell us, for example, that the later Junii passed over from the patrician to the plebeian ranks. It is not uninteresting to I call to mind, that in the earliest period of the commonwealth the same impositon w r as practised by a certain L. Junius of plebeian origin aud ignoble station, who, when the people retired to the Mons Sacer, in order the more effectually to direct their vengeance against the Fatres, assumed the cognomen of Brutus, and was thereupon chosen the first tribune of the people. — See Boclr. vi. 20. GENT. Gentium. — Of Nations. See de- BELLATOUI GENT. BARBAll. and TRIUMFATOR GENT. BARB. GENTES captte, subaette, devictce, receptte, &c. — Nations or territories captured, subdued, vanquished, regained, &c. are recorded by name on the coins of Roman emperors. — See ^egyp- TUS, ALAMANNIA, ARABIA, ARMENIA, DACIA, FRANCIA, GERMANIA, JUD.F.A, PARTIIIA, SAR- M ATI A, &c. Similar reference is made to na- tions and countries subdued and taken posses- sion of by the Romans, on coins of the Empe- rors and Ctesars, bearing the inscription de parthis, as in Augustus ; de britaNnis, as in Claudius ; de germ, or germanis, as in Augus- tus, Nero Drusus, Claudius, Domitian, M. Au- relius, and others; and in Sept. Severus, the | legend of germ, vota suscepta ; also the de [ ivdaeis of Vespasian; and the de sarm(atis) of M. AureUus and of Commodus. The same token of conquest and victory is conveyed uudei the name alone of a particular tribe or region, as bhitann. and Britannia, on coins of Claudius, 414 GEOGRAPHY.— GERMANIA. Antoninus Pius, Commodus, Severus ; dacia, as in Trajan ; francia & gothia, as in Constanti- nus M. — goth i on coins of Probus and Tacitus. The accompanying types to these are for the most part a woman veiled and weeping, or a captive sitting bound at the foot of a trophy of arms. On some of the imperial series, we also find the highest terms of eulogy employed, not as for the conquest of a single nation merely, but for many simultaneously vanquished, as in the debella- TORI GENTIVM BAllBARARVM of Constantine the Great , the VNDiqvE or vbiqve victor, first in Numcriauus, and afterwards in Constan- tine and his sons Crispus and Constantius ; and to crown the foolery of extravagant boastiug peculiar to the lower empire, victor omniym GENTIVM appears on coins of Maxcutius, Con- stantine, and Coustantiuus junior. GENUS HUMANUM. The human race or mankiud. — This term inscribed on some coins, signifies the world as it was comprehended under the imperial sway of Rome. — Sec sai.vs gene- ris hvmani of Galba; also the restitvtor gener. hvmani of Valerian aud Gordiauus Pius. GEOGRAPHY. — llow greatly the study of Ancient Geography is benefitted and assisted by a knowledge of the numismatic science is copi- ously shewn by Froelich (in 4 Tentamina, p. 45 ct seq.) The utility of such authentic monu- ments for that purpose had also been previously acknowledged by the father of revived geography Abraham Ortelius, who availed himself of the aid which coins afforded him to rescue from obscurity and doubt the names of many cities aud places. The learned work of Ccllarius would neither have reflected So much credit on its author, nor proved of so much use to literary men, unless many things read there had pre- viously been confirmed as true by the evidence of medals. — Rasche, Lexicon Num. GER. GERM. Germania. — GER. CAP. Germania Capta. GER. Germanici. — PAX. GER/nanici, not Germanica, on first brass of Vitcllius. — See PAX. GER. ROMA. GER. Germanicus. GERMANIA. — This legend, and its type, a woman standing, with spear and German shield, on a denarius of Iladriau, are considered allu- sive to the circumstance of that emperor’s passing over from Gaul into Germania, as Spartiau relates in the year 877 (a. d. 120) ; and on which occasion, according to the same authority, he imposed a king ou the Germans. In reference to this subject sec EXEBCITVS ger- manicvs, p. 366. GERMANIA CAPTA. (Germania conquered). — A female figure, personifying Germania weep- ing, seated on a buckler, at the foot of a trophy composed of German arms. On the right stands a German captive, his hands bound behind him, his shield at his feet. In the exergue S. C. — Obv. — IMP erator CAESar DOMITunni AY- Gustus G EH Maui cm COnStil XI. CENSor/Tr YOTesta/is Yater Yalr'ue. Rust of Domitian laureated, adorned with the iEgis. GERMANIA CAPTA. This rare first brass is of the year 837 of Rome (a. d. 84). Domitian was no sooner seated on the throne, than it pleased him to undertake an expedition against the Catti, a German tribe, aud though so far from coming to action with them, he had not once even seen the enemy, yet repassing the Rhine, this cowardly tyrant had the arrogance to take the honours of the triumph for his foolish campaign against this people, aud to assume the surname of Ger- manicus. He caused slaves to be bought, who were dressed after the manner of the Germans, and whose hair was suffered to grow, in order that they might pass for Germans in the eyes of the Roman citizens. On the reverse of another large brass, struck the same year as the preceding coin, and having reference to the same ridiculous pretensions of Domitian to the honour of having beaten the Germans, represents some king or chieftain of that people holding a buckler, and on his knee before the emperor, who stands habited in the paludamentum, holding in his right hand the parazonium, aud in his left the hasta. In the field S. C. [Passing gladly from the sham victories of a cowardly tyrant to the real triumphs of a brave defender of his empire, we proceed to notice the two following monuments of important suc- cesses gained by M. Aurelius in battle with the Germans : — ] GERMAN ICO AYG uslo lMYeratori VI. COnSuli III. S. C. The accompanying type of this reverse represents a very fine trophy, on one side of which sits a weeping female, ou the other stands a tall half-naked man, whose upright posture and manly air are characteristic of the unsubdued spirit of the German tribes. — Obv. M. ANTOXINVS AY (hist us. Laurelled head of Aurelius, to whom the lcgeud of reverse ascribes the glory of having terminated the Ger- manic war. GERMANIA SVBACTA. IMPerafor VI. COnSul VI. A female figure is seated at the foot of a trophy, in an attitude of extreme dejection and grief — her head beat down and her hands joined upon her left knee j she seems to deplore her lot as a vanquished province. The legend of reverse is couched in prouder terms than those which usually record the victories of Marcus Aurelius — viz. Germania subjugated. These aud other epigraphs, accompanied by- types representing captive Germans, stauding or sitting with their hands tied behind them. GERMANIA SUBACTA. near a trophy, arc amongst the coins, in large and middle bronze, which record the reduction of Germany, hy repeated victories, to the power of Rome, by the arms of Marcus Aurelius, about the years u. C. 920 and 927 (a. d. 173 and 174). The latter part of that emperor’s reign was disturbed by wars, which he conducted in per- son. The discipline and valour of the legions under his immediate commaud, proved as usual irresistible by the barbarous tribes whom they cucouutcrcd, and gave rise to new triumphs, and to the surnames of GERMANICVS and of SARMaficiw, which are found on coins of that celebrated prince. GERMANICUS is a name, or rather a sur- name, which, having at first been justly ac- quired by the courageous and active Drusus, and deservedly continued to his son Germanicus Caesar, was afterwards assumed by many of the emperors ; by some as the due acknowledgment of their valour and success against the German tribes, as in the instances of Tiberius, Galba, Yitellius, Vespasian, Titus, Ncrva, Trajan, Mar- cus Aurelius, Postumus, Claudius Gothicus, &c. ; by others on the most groundless and disgrace- ful pretensions, as in the respective cases of Caligula, Nero, Domitian, Commodus, &c. — Amongst other surnames derived from con- quered countries, Valcrianns and Gallienus were called not only Germaniei hut even Maximi ; and so likewise was Postumus ; hut the latter with better reason, for he gained victory on vic- tory over the Germans, and built fortresses for the Roman garrisons on the hanks of the Rhine. GERMANICUS Casar , the sou of Drusus sen. and of Antonia junior, was horn in the year of Rome 739 (n. c. 15), for he was thirty- two years of age when he died in 772 (a. d. 19). lie derived the name Germanicus from his father Drusus. Being adopted by Tiberius, at the in- GERMANICUS. 415 stance of Augustus, in the year 757 (a.d. 4), he began to be styled Casar Tiberii filius, and Augnsti nepos. In 760 (a. d. 7), he held the questorship, and was sent with succours to Tiberius for the war in Dalmatia. For suc- cesses gained in this campaign, he earned tri- umphal and pretorian honours, 763 (a. d. 10). In the year following, vested with pro-consular authority, he, in conjunction with Tiberius, made an expedition into Germany, to avenge the slaughter under Varus. In 765 (a. d. 12), he was elected consul, and in 767 (a.d. 14), about the time of Augustus’ death, being ap- pointed to the legions on the Rhine, he quelled a revolt of both armies, occasioned hy their repugnance to Tiberius, and their desire to have him as a successor to the empire ; threatening them, in case of their persisting, that he would put an cud to his ow r u life. And such was the effect of his firmness, that they very shortly gave in their adhesion to Tiberius. For his other exploits during the war in Germany, and the honours which he thence acquired, from 767 to 770, sec the biographical notice of Tiberius. In 771 (a. d. 18), he was made consul for the- second time at Nicopolis, in Achaia, with Tiberius for his colleague, and being sent into the East, he established Artaxias on the throne of Armenia (see p. 416), and reduced Cappadocia and Com- magcnc to the condition of a Roman province. In 772 (a. d. 19), having gone into Egypt for the purpose of studying its antiquities (cognO S- cenda anliquilatis causd), and thence passed into Syria, he became the victim of the indig- nities and evil practices of Piso, prefect of Syria, and his wife Plancina ; unable to es- cape their snares, he fell into ill health, which was aggravated by the apprehension that poison had been administered to him by Piso ; and he died at Epidaphne, near Antioch, on the 9th of October of the same year. When the tidings of his death spread abroad, it is scarcely cre- dible what grief and consternation it caused throughout the empire, and in Rome itself; no one refraining from the most liberal abuse of Tiberius, whom the popular voice condemned as the instigator of Piso’s crime. Nor was this suspicion without foundation. For it is very improbable, that Piso and Plancina would have openly acted with hostility towards a Caesar sent with plenary powers into the East, had they not been assured of the appioval of Tiberius and Julia. Besides, it was a sufficiently well-known fact, that Tiberius hated Germanicus, inasmuch as he feared iu him a successor to the empire, on account of his popularity and the public animosity against himself. The indignation of the people knew no bounds ; for even the altars of the gods were pulled down, as though they had neg- lected their charge, the temples were dismantled, and the Lares thrown into the streets. Even barbarian tribes were affected with pity, and there was a universal mourning, not only throughout the Roman empire, but the entire world. Assuredly, the history of ages does not record a single instance, from the time of Alex- ander the Great, of any individual’s decease be- 416 GERMANICUS. GERM AN ICl'S. ing so bitterly and sincerely deplored : nor was this the feeling of the moment only, but it con- tinued for many years afterwards, insomuch that the Romans used to rejoice in the prosperity, and sympathise with the misfortunes, of the children whom he left behind him. Ilis praises became the theme of all the writers of Roman annals, who have extolled in the highest terms his advantages of person and mind, his bravery, his wisdom, his eloquence and learning, his cour- teous demeanour to his friends, aud his cle- mency towards his enemies. His ashes were transported by his w r ife Agrippina from Syria to Rome, and deposited in the tomb of Augustus. — (Doctr. vi. 208). He married Agrippina, by whom he had nine children, six of whom survived him, — viz. Nero, Drusns, and Caius, called Caligula ; Agrippina (who married Claudius), Drusilla, aud Julia Livilla. The coins struck in honour of Gcrmanicus are very rare in gold ; of the highest rarity in first brass ; common in second brass ; colonial rare. Those of Roman die, bearing his portrait, were minted after his death, under Caligula and Claudius. Some of them were restored by Ves- pasian. On these lie is stvlcd GE It MANIC VS CAESAR TI. AVGVST. F. DIVE AVG. N. (as on the foregoing cut) — also GERM. CAESAR ; GERMAN 1CVS CAES. C. CAESARIS (Cali- gulic) PATER. GERMANICVS CAESAR. — A warrior stands with a sceptre in his left hand, guiding a tri- umphal quadriga. Rev. — S1GNIS RECE///m DEVICTIS GER- M anil. A warrior, clothed in a complete suit of armour, stauds with his right hand extended, and in his left holds a legionary eagle. In the field are the initials S. C. (struck by authority of the Senate). This middle brass, coined dnriug the life-time of Gennanicus, is a monument of the honours which were decreed to that prince, wheu he had retakcu from the Germans, and brought back to Rome, the military ensigns lost by Varus, in the reign of Augustus. And, although common, these coins are of remarkable interest, as com- memorative of so important an historical eveut. GERMANICVS CAESAR Tlimi AV- | GXSti YU ins DIVE KXQusti N epos. (Ger- ! mauicus Cicsar, sou of Tiberius Augustus, grand- son of the divine Augustus.) Bare head of Gcr- ; manicus. (Engraved iu preceding page, from a second brass). foe.— Cains CAESAR AYQustus GERMA- NICVS YOStifex Maximus TRibunicia PO- ' T estatis. In the middle of the coin S. C. (Se- ll at ns Consul to). The before described coin is, as the legend shews, a mark of Caligula’s professed veneration for the memory of his illustrious father. Iu the Revue Numismatiqne for 1838, a gold coin of Gennanicus is for the first time pub- lished. It had recently been brought from Asia Minor, where it is considered to have been struck. The legends and types are of surpassing interest, inasmuch as they constitute an his- torical monument, confirmatory of the fact, that during the fatal sojourn of that heroic Roman in the East, lie conferred royal powers on an Ar- menian prince named Artaxias. From the able commentary on the subject, inserted in vol. i. p. 338 et scq. of the above-named French periodi- cal ; and also from a letter, replete with learn- ing aud intelligence, from the pen of the late Mr. Borrcll, of Smyrna, addressed to Mr. Aker- man, and published iu the Numismatic Chronicle for July, 1839, an article has been compiled, which, together with a graphic illustration (un- avoidably omitted here), will be found in letter R of this dictionary, under the head of RexAR- T A X I AS — Caesar GYM M A NICVS. [At the sale of the Sabatier collection, in April, 1853, this unique denarius brought £30 10s. It is now iu Lord Londesborough’s cabi- net], GERMANICVS COS. X— A woman half naked, sitting in a sorrowful at tit tide on a Germanic shield; below is a broken spear. — Gold of Domitian. — With the tenth consulate of this emperor 837 (a. p. 84), the title of Gennanicus occurs on his coins for the first time ; derived, as he wished it to be understood, from his conquest of the Germani ; whereas he actually returned from that absurd expedition without even seeing the enemy, as Dion has testified, (lxvii. $ 4). Nor did he hesitate to celebrate a triumph, which, however, as Tacitus informs us (Agricola, c. 39), furnished matter for ridicule, from the fart that individuals were paid to personate prisoners of war. The title thus conceded to a contemptible vanity, lie made so much part and parcel of his designation, that not only on all coins struck thenceforth up to the day of his death did he insist on its being added to the rest of his distinctions, but even Martial, Silius Italicus, aud Statius, invariably style him par excellence Gennanicus. Now this may be tolerated as a poetical license, inasmuch as the poets would naturally adopt a word, which offended less against the laws of metre than that of Domitianus. But even that base flatterer Quiuctilian, though unconstrained by any such metrical difficulty, cau find no other appellation for him, than that of Germanicus Augustus. (Just. x. c. 1.) There arc numer- ous coins of succeeding years, which bear this unfounded assumption of victory over a valiant people iu the legend of their reverse : viz. GF.it- MANICVS, or GKUMANIA CAPTA, Or IMP. with GERMAN IS. GERM ANIS. 417 the iuhlition of various numerals ; and of which the types are, like the coin before us, Germania, as a woman sitting on a shield in an attitude of grief ; the shield from its oblong shape being a Germanic one, and distinctive of that people ; or a trophy erected between a woman sitting and a German, with his bands bound behind him, standing by his arms. — Eekhel, vi. 379. GERMANICVS MAX. TER.— A trophy be- tween two captives seated on the ground. This silver coin of Valerianus is, on account of the addition ter. treated with great distinction by Banduri, who aitinns that there is no coin of auy other emperor bearing such an inscrip- tion. Nevertheless, the same reverse is plainly to be seen on a coin of Gallienus, in the cabinet of Vienna. Each emperor, on ac- count of the victories won by Gallienus over the Germans, calls himself Germanicus Maximus, and the Ter. is affixed in record of three victories gained. Gallienus, indeed, sup- plies several examples, shewing that in that age, victories were enumerated, in like mauncr as at an earlier period the title of IMP eralor was ex- alted according to the number of victories. — See GEiiMANicvs max. v. of Gallienus. — D. 2V. vii. 385 and 401. GERMAN IS (DE). Victory over the Ger- mans.-A trophy composed of German arms. Obv. NERO CLAVD1VS DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP(ERA- tor). Laurelled head of Drusus senior. Gold. — Engraved from a speci- men in the British Mu- seum. GERMANIS (DE). An equestrian statue on a triumphal arch, between two trophies. — Obv. Same legend and type as the preceding. — See p. 349 for a wood-cut of this gold coin. The two subjects above described serve, with other numismatic monuments to recal the honours decreed to Drusus after his death: including the statues, both equestrian and pedes- trian, which were raised to his memory, and the triumphal arch built on the Appian way in honour of this celebrated general of Augustus. Of Germania, now, under the general desig- nation of Germany, the most extensive country in modern Europe, the derivation of the name is not clearly ascertained. By some it is supposed to have been so called from the nation that passed the Rhine and expelled those Gauls who, in the time of Tacitus, were called the 'l'ungri (inhabit- ing the present territory of Julicrs and Treves). Afterwards, the whole vast region from the shores Of the Baltic to the Rhretian and Norican Alps, was included under that appellation. It was divided by the Romans into Germania Prima, Superior or Upper ; and Germania Secunda, In- ferior or Lower. The former so called as being more inland, lay along the western bauk of the Rhine, and contained several German nations. On the eastern bank of that river, were the Frisii (in part of Holland, Friesland, and Groningen), whose country was intersected by a canal, made 3 H by the elder Drusus, whose victories our coin here commemorates. North-east of the Frisii were the Chauci, distinguished by Tacitus as the most noble and just of all the German nations. South-east of the Chauci were the Chernsci (inhabiting the country now comprehending Luueburg, Brunswick, and part of Branden- burg). It was by this nation, in league with neighbouring tribes, under the conduct of Armi- nius, that the three legions commanded by Quiu- tilius Varus, 762 (a. d. 9), were defeated and slain, in the Saltus Teutobergiensis (Bishopric of PaderbornJ. And it was on this very scene of his countrymen’s slaughter, and of disgrace to the Roman arms, that, about seven years afterwards, Germanicus terminated his cam- paigns in Germany by a crowning victory, the triumphal result of which was the recapture, by that hero, of the lost ensigns from a brave but thoroughly vanquished, and for a long time humbled foe ; as recorded on his well known coin ; SIGNIS RECEPTIS DEVICTIS GERM. — For an account of the different nations comprised within the division of Germania Inferior (now Southern Germany), the principal seat of war in the reign of M. Aurelius, see Ancient and Modem Geography, by the late Bp. Butler, edit. 1846. GERMANIS (DE.)— IMP. VIII. COS. III. P. P. — A heap of arms and armour. — Obv. M arcus ANTONINVS AVG ustus GERM«?»'ckj SARM« fi™« TR. P. XXX. P. P.— DE GERM. TIL P. XXXI. IMP. VIII. COS. III. P. P.— Gold, silver, and large brass of VI. Aurelius. It is remarkable that in the graves in Ger- many, no example of oblong shields are found, but all are round. — See Roach Smith, Collec- tanea Antiqua. There is something not a little refreshiug and satisfactory in the tokens of victory dis- played on these military coins of the “ philo- sophic prince because, unlike the vain con- ceited lies of Domitian’s prostituted mint, they truly attest that series of arduous but even- tually successful campaigns, his personal share in which as Imperator and Augustus, obtained for Aurelius the surname of Germanicus. AY hat renders them of peculiar interest is, that the coins in question were struck at a period so calamitous and full of difficulties, that historians compare the perils which then environed Rome to those of the Punic wars. In 920 (a.d. 167), with which the third consulate in the legend corresponds, the empire was ravaged by a pesti- lence, believed to have been brought from the East by the legions of L.Verus. The Marcomanni, 418 GERME.— GETA. the Qnadi, and almost all the barbarian tribes of the North, rose in one wide circle of revolt against the empire. It was at the commence- ment of that year, that the two emperors, M. Aurelius and L. Ycrus set ont for Germania. On their arrival there, the barbarians asked for and obtained peace. In 921 (a. d. 168), the em- perors returned to Rome. The following year saw the Germani in renewed aud formidable insurrection, and the two Augusti made instant preparations for another campaign. The sudden death of Verus, from apoplexy, left Aurelius sole emperor, but after bringing back the re- mains of his colleague to Rome, and causing the honours of consecration to be decreed to him, Marcus, mindful of his duty to the State, re- sumed his march on rebellious Germania. Iu 923 (a. d. 170), pressing vigorously the war against the Marcomanni, he established his head quarters in I’annonia. Thence he pursued the course of his victories over the Germans. And in 925 (a. d. 172), the title of Gerinanicus was conferred as a well-earned distinction upon Marcus Aurelius. The interval from 926 (a. d. 173) to 928 (a. d. 175) was occupied, however, with an almost ceaseless struggle on the part of the barbarians in arms against the military power of the Romans ; but the enemy being beaten on all sides, and forced to sue for peace, the brave and victorious emperor added the title of Sarmaticus to that of Germanicus, and returned in triumph to Rome. In less than four years after- wards the Germans were again leagued against the empire ; and although they were defeated in many bloody battles, and the Marcomanni in particular nearly exterminated by his legions, 51. Aurelius was not destined to revisit his capital, but died 933 (a. d. 180), at Yindobona, (Yicnna), in Panuouia, the base of his warlike operations aud scene of his proudest achieve- ments. GERME, Galatia:, colonia, to the south of Pessinus now Ghermesti in Asiatic Turkey. — The coins of this colony are Latin imperial, in first and second brass, from Doinitian to Etruscilla, including Coinmodus, Diadumeniauus, and Otacilia Severa. One of the types consists of an eagle with wings spread, on a pedestal between two ensigns, allusive to the vetcraus of some legion whose name is not known, but w ho from the legend COLo»/a AYG usta GER- MENorwm would appear to have been sent in the time of its founder Augustus to people that colony. It took the title of Felix out of ill- bestowed compliment to Commodus. The other types are the wolf and twins ; a priest, guiding two oxen at plough. And the Etruscilla exhibits on its reverse, COL. GERMENomw ACTIA AYSARIA (sic). A table raised on three steps, and on which is a globe between two urns. Above the globe is the torcular (wine or oil F ress) ; the whole within a crown of laurel. — Tanini, cited by Mionnct.") GETA (Lucius or Publius), the younger son of Scverns aud Domna, brother of C'aracalla, was born at Mediolanum (Milan), about the year of Rome 942 (a.d. 189.) He was called Lucius [ GETA. from his father, and took the name of Publius from his uncle, a llomau knight. In 951 (a. d. 197), Severus having assumed the sole authority on the removal of his rivals, Geta followed his father to join the Parthian campaign in the East, where lie declined to accept the title of Ctcsar, though pressed upon him by the army, approved by the Senate aud the Emperor, and though at the same time his brother Caracalla was already styled Augustus. But he received the titles of 1‘rinceps Jucenlutis and of Ponlife x. 951 to 957 (a. d. 198 to 204.) — Being as yet too young to participate in affairs of state, no events worthy of record occurred during these years. 958 (a. d. 205). — The name of Lucius was dropped, but that of Publius retained. Geta proceeded consul for the first time, as colleague to his brother, who was then iu his second con- sulate. 961 (a. d. 208). — Consul for the second time, with his brother (Consul III.) he accompanied his father and Caracalla to the war in Britain. 962 (a. D. 209). — He received from his father the title of Augustus, and was invested with the tribuuician power. The following year he began to be styled BRITanim*. 964 (a. d. 211). — llis father dying this year, he began to be styled Voter Vatrur ; aud the PONTtyw- was discontinued. On the death of Severus at Eboracum, on the 4th February, their father’s funeral being solemnized, and peace being concluded with the Caledonians, the two brothers returned to Rome. Serious appre- hensions were excited throughout the empire by their disagreements. Caracalla, both ou the jour- ney, and when arrived at Rome, was constantly eugaged in plots for Geta’s destruction. 905 (a.d. 212). — No hopes being eutertained of a reconciliation between these two young princes ; and the disturbances w hich arose iu every quarter from their dissensions, increasing day by day, a division of the empire was con- templated ; but given up at the instance of their mother. At length, having long in vain at- tempted to put an cud to Grta’s life, Caracalla inveigled him by a show of affection into security, nud killed him iu the arms of bis mother, at the age of 22 years and niue months. “ Never (observes the author of Doctrina) since the days of the Theban brothers (Eteocles and Polyniccs), had the world beheld a more cruel and disastrous feud between men related to each other by the nearest ties of cousauguinity. GETA. 419 GETA. That one of them would eventually perish by the other’s hand, had long before been antici- pated, from the animosity so openly manifested between them, and from the obvious intcutions of Caracalla. Yet all joined in the prayer that a fate, which could not be averted, might at last befall Caracalla, rather than Geta. The ferocious and ungovernable disposition of the former was well known; whilst Geta, on the other hand, maintained a character for integrity aud moderation ; lie was courteous in his inter- course with the world, particularly foud of the society of eminent men, and devoted to refined pursuits; though Spartian attributes to him a roughness of manners, unaccompanied how- ever with profligacy. The cruelty exercised by Caracalla towards the friends of his murdered brother, is recorded by historians. And, indeed, that implacable hatred, which usually subsides on the death of its object, even if one not connected by blood, yet in this case of a brother, continued so unappeased, that all who even wrote or pronounced the name of Geta were put to death ; so that *he very poets dared not thenceforth use that customary and familiar name for a slave. His fury extended itself to the statues aud coins of the deceased, which he destroyed. But he was foiled in his attempts to obliterate all memorials of his brother ; for not only are numerous coius of Geta extant at this moment, but some also of his statues escaped, at sight of which, if we may credit Spartian, Caracalla was wont to weep. This emotion, however, was no proof of repentance, but only of unavoidable remorse. The erasure of Geta’s name from public monuments is testified by numerous marbles, and particularly by the arch of Scverus, still standing at Home. (Sec pp. 78-79). Notwithstanding this relent- less conduct, Caracalla bestowed greater atten- tion than could have been expected upon his brother’s funeral, aud deposited his remains in the tomb of Severus, on the Via Appia.” — (vii. 227-230-233.) It is not known whether this unfortunate prince was married or not. MINTAGES OF GETA. On his coius which arc numerous (very rare in gold, for the most part commou in silver, rare in first but common in second brass), he is styled P. SEPT. GETA— GETA CAESar— I Sip. CAES. P. SEPT. GETA AVG.— or P. SEPT. GETA PIVS. AVG. B1UT. Some- times the prenomen of Lucius, sometimes that of Publius is seen on the Latin coius of Geta ; but on some Greek coins both names are found together. There are pieces which represent him with Sept. -Severus, Julia Domna, aud Caracalla. The following arc amongst the rarest reverses: Goi.d. — antoninvs avgvstvs. Young head of Caracalla. (Valued by Mionnet at 200 fr. aud 55 fr. in silver). — castor. (Mt. 150 fr). — concordiae avgg. Caracalla and Geta. (160 fr.) — cos. Geta in a quadriga. (1 60 fr.) — FELICITAS PVBLICA. (150 fr). FELICITAS TEMPOR (100 fr.) — FORT. BED. (120 fr.) 3 II 2 lib. avgg. vi. et v. Caracalla aud Geta seated together on an estrade ; Lilieralitas with her tessera stands near them. Below- is a reci- pient of their bounty. Obv. — p. sept, geta pivs avq. brit. Lau- relled and bearded head of Geta. (Mionnet values the axireus, from which the above is engraved, at 200 fr.) minerv. SANCT. Pallas standing. — MINER. victrix. (Mt. 120 fr. each). — pontif. cos. it. Minerva seated. (150 fr.) — Same epigraph. Woman and tw-o children. — Same epigraph. Woman holding fruits. (120 fr. each.) — princ. i went. cos. (A well preserved specimen of this very rare coin brought £14 5s. at the Thomas sale). — princ. ivvent. Geta near a trophy. (100 fr.) — severi invicti avg. pii. fil. Radiated bust of Geta. (£14, Thomas). — spes. pvblica. (Mt. 1 10 fr.) — trp. hi. cos. ir. Emperor trampling on a captive. — Same epi- graph. Geta stands before Rome seated. (Mt. 150 fr. each.) — vota pvblica. A sacrificial group. (An extremely well preserved specimen, £16 16. Thomas; £18 5s. Brumell). — Same legend. Sacrifice. — Obv. — geta caes. pont. cos. (£13, Brumell). Silver. — aeternit. imperi. Heads of Seve- rus and Caracalla. (Mt. 55 fr.) — ivlia avgvs- ta. Head of Domna. — l. sept, severvs. Head of Severus. (45 fr. each). pontif. cos. ii. The three emperors seated. — romae aeternae. Rome seated in a temple. (40 fr. each). Brass Medallions. — aeqvitati pvblicae. (See p. 18. Mt. 100 fr.) — concordia mili- tvm. Emperor between five military standards. Obv. p. septimivs geta caesar. Bust of Geta. (Brought £13 at the Catnpana sale). — PRINC. IVVENT. Three horsemen galloping. — iovi sos- pitatoki. Temple. (A spccimeu formed with parts of two different medals, joined together, and assisted by the graver, sold for £3 4s. at the Campana auction). First Brass. — castor. — concordia avgg. Caracalla aud Geta crow-ned by two figures. See p. 248. IOVI SOSPITATOllI. PONTIF. TR. P. Three figures at a sacrifice. (£3 3s. Trattle). princ. i vventvtis. Three horsemen riding at full speed. For an explanation of the decur- sion type sec pp. 314-315. Obv. — geta CAEsar pontifex consul, s. c. Bust of Geta, the head bare, and the shoulders clothed with the paludamentum. See wood-cut at the head of biographical notice, p. 418. This coin, beaiing the youngest portraiture of the prince, was minted between a. d. 197 aud 207, in which interval, Geta, then about ten years old, was proclaimed C’a-sar by the Senate and the Army , but consented to receive 420 GIGAS. — GLOBULI. only the titles of Prince of the Youth, and of j Pontifex. — See princeps iwentvtis. saecvlaria sacra. Temple and four figures. (Two specimens of this type sold together for £15 15s. at the Trattlc sale). — vict. brit. (£2 8s. Trattle) — victoriae britanmcae (Mt. 30 fr.) victoria avgvstorvm. (50 fr.) Second Brass. — pontif. cos. ii. Minerva Medico, seated, feeding a serpent.- -See Lenor- mant, Iconographie Rom. p. 82, pi. xi. No. 11. GETA III V1R. — See hosidia gens. GIGAS. A giant. — One of these fabled re- bels against the king of gods and men, is re- presented as struck with lightning by Jupiter, who stands in a quadriga. See a denarius of the Cornelia gens, engraved in p. 286. The monster beneath the quadriga is pronounced by certain antiquaries to be Triton, whereas (says Eckhcl, v. 189) it is certainly meant for one of the giants, whose lower parts are described to have terminated in two serpents. There is no account of enmity subsisting between Jupiter and Triton ; but every one is familiar with the ex- pression — Jupiter “ clarm Gigantum hiumpho.” Vain, therefore, are the conjectures of the learned, to support which they have wrested the interpretation of this type, which appears to be wholly symbolical, in allusion to some sedition, quelled at Rome as effectually as Jupiter put down the revolted giants. A similar combat of Jupiter with a snake-legged Titan is exhibited on a brass medallion Of An- toninus Pius. — See Jupiter. GLOBULI. — Globules, or pellets, marked on ancient coins, shew their weight and value. For example . or a single globule is the sign of the undo. — Tico globules on small brass coins are the mark of the sextans in value, although it became less in weight on account of the dimi- nution of the coinage during the first and second Punic war. It is thus on coins of the Aburia, Afraria, and other families. — Three globules on Roman brass denote the fourth part of the as, three quadrans being three uncia in value. They are seen on coins of the Aburia and Domitia families. — Four globules are the mark of the triens, as on the brass of the Cornelia gens. — Five globules, the quincunx. — Six glo- bules, the semis. — See as and its parts (p. 83). GLOBUS. — A Globe is the symbol of the world (orbis terrarum), or rather of dominion in the world ; hence it forms the sign of the Roman empire. The same spherical figure is the type of eternity, because (according to Pie- rius on Hieroglyphics) it hath neither beginning nor end. — Rasche. The symbolical globe first makes its appear- ance on coins of Augustus. “ On this subject, Isidorus makes the following assertion (Orig. b. xviii. eh. 3): — 'Augustus is said to have used a ball as a military eusign (pilam in signo constituissc), to indicate the nations which he had subdued, in a perfect circle around him, and the more vividly to display the figure of the world.’ With the same intention, it is often subsequently borne in the hand of emperors.” — Eckhel. GLOBUS. A globe appears on a great many different coins of the imperial scries, in the hand of Her- cules, of Jupiter, of the Sun, and of Oriens, an appellation of the sun. Also in the hand (sur- mounted by a phoenix) of Eternity, of Eelicity, of Fortune, of Providence, of the Genus llu- manutn, of ludulgcntia, of Nobilitas, of Per- petuitas, of Securitas, and of Virtus. — Rome seated, likewise holds the globe in her right hand, whilst resting her left on the hasta. — Italy is seated on a globe . — The same emblem repeatedly appears under the feet of Victory, of Honour, and of several emperors. A globe supported by two capricorns refers to the horoscope of Augustus, on large brass of that prince. A globe, on the face of which a rudder is placed, on a second brass of Augustus (restored by Nerva), represents the earth, as the rudder does the sea, over both which the government of Rome had extended itself. A second brass of Tiberius bears the same type as in the above engraving. On a gold coin of the last named emperor, Victory seated on a globe holds a crown. The same emblem of power is held by the Princeps Juventutis, or Cesar, as the de- signated successor to the empire. A globe sunnouuted by an eagle with ex- panded wings, serves to shew the supreme power of imperial Rome, and the subjection of the world to its government ; and is a type which may be seen on coins of Augustus, Vespasian, Titus, Hadrian, M. Aurelius, L. Verus, Per- tinax, &c. Or it is used for a symbol of Con- secration, as on coins of M. Aurelius, Verus, Pertinax, S. Severus, Caracalla, Alex. Severus, Cams and others. Sec consecratio, p. 249. — There is a coin of Antoninus Pius, on the reverse of which an eagle, with its wings shut, holds a crown in its beak. A globe is held jointly by Vespasian and Titus, by Nerva and a Senator, by Diocletian and Maximianus. It frequently displays itself in the hand of an emperor, as in the Rector Orbis of Didius Julianas, the Victoria Aug. of Gal- lienus; the Sarmafia of Constantinus jun. It was by this figure, as symbolical of the whole earth, that the Angusti proclaimed Themselves invested with imperial power. A pictorio/a, or small image of victory, standing on a globe and held by the emperor generally signifies that this dominion over the world was the fruit of suc- cessful wnrs. A globe, surmounted by a victoriola, is on coins seen delivered by Jupiter to Alexander Severns nnd toCnrinus; by Hercules to Mali- GLORIA CONSTANTINI. GLORIA EXERCITUS. 421 lnian ; by Jupiter to Diocletian; by Carus to Niimerianns ; as if the gods and dcmi-gods united in bestowing upon emperors the govern- ment of the whole earth. Thus we likewise sec the Genius of Rome giving the same symbol, respectively, to Tacitus, Probus, Maxentius, &c. A globe, surmounted by a phoenix, appears in the hands of Emperors and Cicsars of the Con- stautine family. — See Fel. Temp. Rep. (p. 378) Gloria Sreculi, &c. A globe, surmounted by the sign of the cross, either held by Victory, or placed, instead of a vicloriola, in the hand of the Augustus himself, appears on coins of Christian emperors, from Va- leutinian I. Theodosius II. Justiuus, Justinianus, through the entire Byzantine series to the last of the Palscologi, A. n. 1453. The two symbols thus combined were received amongst the insignia of the lower empire, whence they have been uninterruptedly handed dowu to the present time. The meaning of this cross-surmounted globe being adopted is ex- plained as follows by Saidas, in his life of Justinian, “ it signifies (says he), that through Faith in the Cross, he (the Emperor) is made Lord of the earth ; for the globe represents the earth by the rotundity of its form ; whilst faith is designated by the cross on account of the Incarnate Deity who was fixed to it.” The cross is not placed on the globe, in the mint of Julian II. liis hatred of Christianity and love of idolatrous worship again supplied, in its stead, the small image of Victory used by other heathen emperors. GLORIA. Glory. — This word, which appears for the first time on a coin of Probus, in con- junction with Orbis (see below), and is repeated with wearisome frequency on coins of the lower empire, is interpreted by \ aillant to mean — “ manifestatio virtutis et recte factorum per ora hominum divulgatio” — (the manifestation of valour, and the publication of worthy ex- ploits, by the tongues of men.) For exam- ple, the' Glory of the Army — the Glory of the Roman people — the Glory of the Romans — the Glory of the world. Yet never was glory more boasted of by those Romans than when the once proud empire of the Cicsars was with the greatest rapidity hastening to decay and ruin. GLORIA CONSTANTINI AVGusti.— The emperor, helmed aud paludated, stands with a trophy on his left shoul- der : he drags by the hair of his head a captive with bound hands ; and treads with his left foot on another. — Obv. With- out legend. The head of Constantine the Great, adorned with a gemmed fillet, face looking up to heaven : on the exergue sis. Of this rare, elegant, and largest sized aureus, the above reverse is engraved, after a flower- of-the-die specimen in the British Museum. — For the obverse type see Diadem, p. 322. If, says Vaillant (Num. Impp. ii. 89), the authority of Nazarius is to be received, the captive figures may be looked upon as represent- ing those two kings of the Fraud, of whom the writer above named says in his panegyric — “Tu ferocissimis regibus Ascarico, et comitc suo, tauta laude res bellicas auspicatus C9, ut jam in- auditsc inagnitudinis obsidem teneremus.” From the mint-mark sis. the initials of Siscia, a city of Pannouia, it may be inferred, that this coin was struck about 1079 (a. i>. 326), when Constantine visited Rome, and, after a short stay quitted the capital of the empire, never to see it agaiu. As to the epithet ferocissimi, ap- plied to the poor Franeian kings, Ascaricus and Ragaiscus, his panegyrist with less of the courtier but more of the man of truth, might have ad- dressed the emperor himself with — “ Tu ferocis- sime princeps,” &c. No sooner, indeed, had Con- stantine become sole master of the empire, than he abandoned himself to wrath and cruelty. — “The punishment inflicted (observes the impartial I Beauvais) on two kings, his prisoners, whom he caused to be devoured by wild beasts at a public spectacle; the death of the two Licinii, w'ith w hom he broke faith ; and that of his eldest son I Crispus, who had won battles for him, and whom, nevertheless, he unjustly doomed to perish; — these and other barbarous actions of this nature I are indelible stains on his character.” GLORIA ET REPA RATIO TEMPORVM. The emperor standing in a military habit, hold- j ing a Victory and the labarum. — Obv. D. N. mag- nentivs p. F. avg. Laurelled bust of the usurper, with the paludauicntum. This gold coin was probably struck about 1103 (a. d. 350), whilst Magnentius, his bands just imbrued in the blood of the Emperor Con- staus, was endeavouring, but in vain, to effect terms of accommodation with the brother of his murdered prince, Constanlius the Second. To | a man of his perfidious and most cruel disposi- j tion, whose usurped reign was one dark tissue ' of avarice and tyranny, unrelieved by a single | feature of distinction but what ability and valour imparted to it — such titles as are recorded in the above legend, and also that of Restitutor Libertatis, were flagrantly unsuited. But such perverted eu/ogia had only too many precedents 1 in the earlier mintages of Rome ; aud the later the period of her empire, the more numerous are the examples of monetal flattery and men- dacity. — See Magnentius. GLORIA EXERCITVS, with soldiers armed | with spears and shields, standing on each side a labarum, or two military ensigns. On j coins of Christian emperors the labarum bears ' the monogram of Christ. This legend and type i arc common on the coins of Constantine the Great, Dclinatius, Constantine jun Constans, j and Constantins. They are regarded as bearing reference to the bravery and fortitude of the ; soldiers in subduing the barbarous tribes, espe- cially those of Francia and Alamannia. GLORIA EXERCITVS.— Two soldiers with I a tripod between them. — See Dei.matius, p. j 315. — Amongst the Romans, the soldiers were 422 GLORIA EXERCITUS. GLORIA ORBIS. allowed to participate with their general in the I honours of the triumph, and with that view, according to Plutarch, Marius on one occasion refused a triumph, that he might not by accept- ing it prevent his then absent troops from shar- ing in it. The soldiers were accustomed to march before the triumphal car, with branches of laurel in their hands, as we see it on a me- dallion of the younger Gordian. And in the various Roman coins, especially of the Constan- tiuian age, it is clearly shewn by the trophies with captives attached, and by the inscriptions to the valour and to the glory of particular corps, as well as of the whole Roman army, | that the emperors hesitated not to ascribe to their troops the honour of victory, and to decree , the monuments which handed their exploits down to posterity. — Spanhcim’s Ctesars of Julian, A new stylo of legend, which, 6ays Eckhel (in condemnation of the distorted fancies of Harduin respecting its meaning), signifies neither more nor less than predicting glory to a new government of the empire under Gratiau. — (viii. 159.) pp. 226-241. GLORIA EXERCITVS GkLLicani. An equestrian figure, bare-headed and paludated, with right hand raised. On the exergue PTR. — Gold of Constantine the Great. Whether by Exerdtus Gallicanus is to be understood all the legions which served in Gallia under Constautius Chlorus and under his sou Constantine ; or whether by the term was meaut the cavalry of the Gaulish nobility, fighting under the Roman standards ; this legend has at least the merit (rare enough on imperial coins) of recording a complimentary truth ; for it ap- pears on gold and silver of Coustantine the Great, who mainly owed his repeated successes over the Alamanni ou the banks of the Rhiue, and his signal victory over Maxcntius near the Tibur, to the aid aud prowess of that army, whose glory is predicated on these rare and fine coins — Vaillant, hupp. Rom. iii. 89. GLORIA EXERCITVS KART, (or KARTH). — An equestrian figure, in a pacific dress. In the exergue Tl'ii. Pellcrin, in the first volume, pi. xii. No. 2 of his Melange, gives the engraving of a second brass, which (from the legend of its obverse imp. alexandkr p. f. avg.) is ascribed to Alexander, who in 1061 (a. d. 308), revolting against Maxeutius, was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers at Carthage. (Sec p. 34). Of this usurper’s coins very few are extaut; and the oue above cited is the more remarkable, inasmuch as no other has been seen with the legend inscribed on this reverse. Eckhel moreover points out another remarkable feature ou this coin, viz. that instead of an elderly aud bearded head, like that ou other coins of the African Alc'xandcr, the obverse type of Pcllcriu’s second brass exhibits the profile of a young man, without beard, which, from the narrative of Zosimus, he thinks it not improbable to be that of Alexander’s sou — the same whom Maxcntius demanded of the usurper as a hostage, aud who was then in the flower of his age. GLORIA NOV I SAECVL1. — The emperor, in the paludamcntum, stands with an image of Victory in his right hand, and in his left the labarum. Ou silver aud third brass of Gra- tian. GLORIA ORBIS. — On the exergue COS. V. In a triumphal car, drawn by six horses abreast, the emperor Probus stauds with his right hand extended, holding a volumen or a short baton, whilst victory crowns him from behind. About the car are four figures on foot with palm branches. Two soldiers, armed with spears, lead the outermost horses. — Obv. — i.nvictvs probvs p. f. avg. Bust of I’robus laurcatcd and paludated, holding in his left hand a globe surmounted by a victoriola. Of this large silver medallion, both Khcll aud Buonarotti have given engravings. The former (p. 206), justly characterises it, not only for weight aud purity of metal, but also for superla- tive elegance of device, aud vividness of histori- cal interest, as one of the most valuable relics of monetal antiquity. The legends and types appear to have im- mediate reference to that brilliant period of his brief career, between 1032 (a. d. 279) and 1034 (a. i>. 281), when, after having driven the Fraud and Alamanni out of Gaid ; relieved the Illyrian and Thracian provinces from the barbarian hordes that infested them ; concluded a ticaty of peace, on honourable terms, with the Persians ; and lastly, caused no less than three competitors to pay the forfeit of their lives for their assumption of the purple, — this great prince aud successful cominuuder, at length enabled the empire to enjoy a general peace, aud himself to celebrate a scries of magnificent triumphs at Rome, for his victories gained over many nations. This suddeu lull, however, in the constant storm of invasions from without, and of interior conflicts, by which the State had alternately been assailed aud lacerated — this ab- rupt transition from world-wide war to universal tranquillity — proved fatal to “ Uncouquered l’robus.” The legions, tired of planting vines in Hungary, rose mutinously against their brave sovereign ; whom, iu their military licen- tiousness regarding him rather as their task- master thau their geueral, they killed at Sir- miuin, iu the year u. c. 1035 (a. d. 282), whilst he was preparing for another expedition against the Persians, and had proceeded consul for the fifth time, as is indicated on the lower GLORIA REIPUBLICAE. GLORIA ROMANORUM. 423 part of the preceding reverse. — Sic transivit Gloria orbis ! GLORIA R E I P V B L I C A E.— Two sedent female figures, eacli holding a l/asta. The figure to the right is galeated ; that on the left wears a turreted crown, and places her right foot on the prow of a ship. Together they support with their right hands a shield, on which is inscribed vot. xxx. mvi.t. xxxx. (For the vows of thirty years mul- tiplied for forty years). Ohv. dn. coxstaxtivs max. AVGVSTVs. Dia- demed head of Constantins II. Ou the exergue tes. (money of Thcssalouica) bet ween two stars, or cox. — Other coins of this reign exhibit the same legend and type of reverse, but with vot. xxxv. mvlt. xxxx. and on the exergue sir- m(ium). The obverse legend is FL arias IVLius CONSTANTIVS PERPetuus AVG ustus. The type exhibits the bust of Constantius II. face to the front, the head covered with a helmet, or- namented with a diadem of precious stones, and an aigrette, the shoulders clothed with the pa/u- damentuw, holding in the right hand a javelin, and carrying on the left arm a buckler, on which is represented a horseman (the emperor himself) charging an enemy. These elegant and peculiarly interesting gold coins would appear to have been minted in 1114 (a. d. 364), when Constantius, having driven back Sapor II. king of Persia, found himself free for a war against Julianus as C ccsar, who had already established his authority in Italy and Illyria. — It was in the midst of preparations for this formidable struggle that he was attacked with sickness at Mopsucrcuc, in Cilicia, and died there. Alluding to the respective coverings to the heads of the two personifications on the above described reverse, Eckhcl says “ By these marks the two Romes are distinguished. The o/d, which sits ou the right, wears a helmet ; the new, with towers around her brows, as ap- pears on those coins first issued from Constan- tine the Great’s mint, and which arc inscribed constantixopolis. The vota xxxv. are rare ; the renewal of vows for the emperors being usu- ally, not quinquennial but, from ten years to ten years. — See Dortr. viii. 116. Also Khell, supplement to Yaillant, p. 157. GLORIA ROMAXORUM.— This legend was first used, as a new title of personal honour, under Constantine the Great, who certainly did perform so many remarkable achievements, that in his case, the emperor was the whole Glory of the Romans. The same epigraph also ap- pears ou coins, not ouly of his sous Constantine jnn. Constans, and Constantius; but likewise of Xepotiauus, Vetranio, Magncntius, Constan- tius Gallus, Julianus II. Yalcutinianus, Va/ens (see p. 424), Procopius, Gratianus, Valentini- auus II. Theodosius the Great, Aicadius, Ilono- rius, &c. The types assigned to the epigraph of Gloria Romanorum are generally cither Rome seated ; or the emperor on horseback, javelin in hand, trampling on a kneeling or a prostrate captive. Sometimes it is a woman turret-crowned, or an altar inscribed with votive numerals. On gold of Eugenius, Rome and Constantinople are per- sonified seated together (as in Gloria Reipublicse of Constantius above engraved). On a gold medallion of Arcadius, that emperor nimbated, right hand held up, the left holding a globe, stands in a chariot drawn by six horses, full- faced ; and in the field is the monogram of Christ. It is engraved in Yaillant, Impp. Rom. iii. 262. There are, however, examples of types ac- companying Gloria Romanorum shewing that legend not always to identify itself with the person of the emperor on whose coin the legend appears. One of these is a gold medallion of Constantius the Second, the reverse of which exhibits a w r oman seated on a throne, holding in her right hand a globe surmounted by a vic- tor iota, and in her left the hasta, or a sceptre with oval-formed top. Her right foot rests on the prow of a vessel. — When a highly-preserved specimen of this extra rare piece formed part of the Thomas cabinet, Mr. Akerman caused it to be engraved, for his Descriptive Catalogue of Roman Coins. See vol. ii. pi. G. and also a note on the subject by the same writer, who suggests that the female figure may, from her imperial robe and embroidered shoes, probably be a portrait of the empress Fausta (p. 271), he further remarks, that the symbol which she supports in her left hand resembles the thyrsus of Bacchus. There is a gold medallion of Valens, with the same legend and a reverse similar to the one above described, but with koma on the exergue, engraved in Steinbiichel, p. 21, pi. i. X T o. 6, but not in so fine a state of preservation as the one above described. GLORIA ROMANORUM. The Emperor (Valens) on horseback, with the nimbus, and togated. Before him is the figure of a woman habited in the stola, and wearing a turreted crown, holding in the left hand a lighted torch, and with the right hand lifting a portion of her girdle, which falls to her feet. She bends her- self as if to receive the emperor with the greater degree of respect. Below is another female figure, recumbent, holding apples or other fruits in the folds of her tunic, whilst on her left arm, as far as can be discerned, rests a cornucopia;. N T ear the recumbent figure are the letters A. N. shewing that the medallion was struck at An- tioch, in Syria. Obv. — d. x. valens p. f. avg. Bust of the emperor, the head crowned with a diadem of pearls. The right hand held up, and in the left a globe. Gold, weighing 63 (Hungarian avrei) ducats. There is another gold piece of the same em- peror, part of the Tr'esor trouve en Hongrie, 1797, since preserved in the Imperial Museum. It bears exactly the same legends and types as the one above described, and surpasses in weight 421 GLORIA ROMANORUM. GLORIA ROMANORUM. all of ancient date yet discovered ; being equal to 1 18 ducats. The following is an extract from the manu- script of Eckhel, as published by Steinbiichel, relative to these two medallions, the smaller of which is represented in the above wood-cut: — “The type of this reverse, as it is evidently a novel one, and such as the numismatic soil has never before produced, so for various rea- sons it presents several particulars deserving of remark. I shall not greatly err in pronouncing that by this type is indicated the visit of Valens to some city of note. To cite one out of the many instances confirmatory of this opinion, on a coin of Commodus, struck in 933 (a. D. 80), that emperor is represented mounted on a horse, proceeding at a gentle pace, the accompanying legend adventvs avg. And, what points with still greater certainty to an arrival at some place, is the figure of the genius of a city, shewn to be such by the turreted head, in the act of meeting the emperor, and paying him reverence by a slight bending of the body. Of this kind of meeting there arc other examples. On some imperial coins, struck in Egypt, a female figure of the Genius of Alexandria (see p. 412 of this dictionary) meets Hadrian, and takes in her band, and kisses, the right hand of her imperial visitor ; or the same Genius, bearing a vexillum and corn ears, joins right bands with the em- peror on his arrival; or, holding out an olive branch, liasteus to meet the eiupcror, who ap- proaches in a quadriga. — If more proofs were needed, I might add, that on another coin of Hadrian, with the legend adventvi avg. alkx- ANDRlAE, even the presiding deities of that city, Serapis and Isis themselves, have deigned to honour with their presence the advent of the emperor. With regard to the torch in the left baud, since it caunot be considered as the distin- guishing symbol of any particular city, its ap- pearance, no doubt, indicates a compliment paid to Valens. For by numerous testimonies of ancient writers, and especially of Ilcrodinn, we are assured, that it was the custom to bear lights before the emperors, as a mark of the highest respect ; and we may venture also to say, as a kind of attribution of divinity. Dion Cassius is the first to supply an iuslnncc of this practice, when, speaking of the modesty of M. Aurelius, he says of him, that whenever he ap- peared in public unaccompanied by his father, lie wore a cloak of a sombre colour, aud never, when alone, permitted lights to be carried before him. We have a confirmation of the truth of Dioo’s statement in the Commentaries of M. Aurelius himself, where he remarks, that he had learnt from his father the possibility of living even at court without a crowd of attendants, or an ostentatious display of dress, or flambeaux and statues. According to Ilerodian, when Pertinax, at a perilous juncture, was hailed im- peralor by acclamation, and made his appear- ance in the Senate-house, lie suffered neither lights to be borne before him, nor any other in- signia of sovereignty to be displayed. And the same author informs us that Pesceunius Niger, on being proelaimed Augustus in opposition to Didius Julianas, immediately arrayed him- self in the purple and all the imperial para- phernalia that could be procured at short notice, aud, with lights preceding him, visited in pro- cession the temples at Antioch. The same dis- tinction was accorded to Quartiuus, whom the Osrtncnian soldiers set up in opposition to Maximinus, who had iucurrcd their enmity on nccount of the murder of Alexander Sevcrus ; and not long afterwards the like compliment was paid at Carthage to Gordianus Africauus. Nor did the Augusti withhold this honour from the GLORIA ROMANORUM. empresses. The same llerodian informs us, that Coinmodus, even after the death of L. Verus, and her subsequent marriage with Pom- peianus, a private citizen, preserved to his sister Lucilla all the insignia of imperial dignity; for he permitted her to view the public games from an imperial throne, and to have lights carried before her. Indeed, that this “ fiery” distinction was by far the most exalted of the honours paid to sovereignly, we learn again from the statement of Herodian, that Com- tnodus carried bis infatuated attachment for Marcia to such a length, that her position differed in no respect from that of a legitimate wife, all the privileges of an empress being showered upon her, except that of having lights borne before her. 1 think the foregoing testimonies from ancient writers are sufficient to prove the existence of the custom iu question. Put there are monuments also extant, which corroborate their statements. Count Caylus has published a marble iu bas-relief, which presents the emperor delivering an adlocut'io from a suggestas. By his side stand soldiers with military ensigns, one of which exhibits a lighted fire fixed on the end of a spear ( I tec. cl’ Ant. iii. pi. CO), intended doubtless to indicate the custom of which we are now speaking. Mho was the originator of the practice, or what the country from which it was first derived, are questions about which I do not much trouble myself. It very likely came from the East, where fire is held iu such peculiar veneration. And Ammianus, in reciting the customs of the Persian magi, says, that a small quantity of celestial fire was carried before the kings of Asia ; and generally we may remark, that antiquity was in the habit of connecting every bright and fiery object with its princes, witness, on the coins of emperors, the radiated crown, the nimbus, the emperors and empresses com- pared with the Sun and the Moon, &c. &c. “ As I have said that the type of this reverse alludes to some imperial arrival, I must en- deavour to discover some probable conjecture, by which the name of the very city may be elicited. My belief is, that it refers to the city of Antioch, the most renowned in the East, and where history informs us that Valens resided for many years, whilst engaged in the war with Sapor the Persian ; where, too, he built baths. 'Phis opinion is confirmed by the letters AN. the initials of Antioch. There can be no doubt that the female figure lying on the ground is .1 later Tellus, so frequently observed in this posture on ancient monuments. * * * * * By the open fold of the tunic, with apples ap- pearing therein, and by the cornucopia;, she boasts her own peculiar gifts, and seems to prognosticate increased abundance and fertility from the arrival of the emperor. Nor was such hope without foundation, for it was to Hadrian’s visit that the Africaus attributed the grateful fall of rain after a five years’ drought. Indeed some of the ancients believed that fate itself was controlled, or executed, by the power of princes. On the obverse of the first described medallion, 3 I GLORIA ROMANORUM. 425 Valens is typified raising his right hand, which was the customary gesture of emperors, when proclaiming peace and their own supremacy.” [Such is the light which, with his peculiar tact and ability, the Prince of the Science we study after his system, has thrown on the subject of these monetal prodigies. Iu fulfilling the duty which had devolved to him, of giving publicity to Eckhel’s manuscript, M. Steinbiichel admits that nothing can be more clear than the ensemble of the elucidation — that it is the ar- rival of the emperor — that the female figure must be the genius of the city, or of the pro- vince, which receives him with all due sub- mission — and that the symbolical figure of the earth, below, indicates an imperial journey into distant countries. Having thus unhesitatingly adopted the general views expressed in the pre- ceding observations, Steinbiichel proceeds to animadvert on some points of detail, the mean- ing of which is less apparent, and the argu- ments adduced iu support of which are less con- vincing, to him, than the other parts of Eck- hel’s explanation.] “ The w hole difficulty (says the learned Ex- Direcleur (In Musee I. It.) consists in the female figure before the emperor. Eckhel, guided by history and the expedition of Valens to Antioch, coupled with that prince’s long residence in the rich capital of Syria, has taken it for the Genius of that city. His erudition furnished him with the explanation of the lighted torch ; he derives its signification from the custom which prevailed in ancient times of carrying the sacred (ire before kings and emperors. * * * But it is needful to observe, that this fire which was borne before princes is not proved to have been of lighted torches, as Eckhel has supposed. We are on the contrary persuaded that on these occasions portable altars were used, such as we see actually represented in the bacchanalian pro- cessions on some antique bas-reliefs. It is generally allowed that this custom came from the East ; aud we find these altars even dis- tinctly named by Cnrtius, lib. iii. aud by Xc- noph, Cyropoed, lib. iii. c. 3. “ Again, it is necessary to observe, that on so many coins aud other monuments which repre- sent the arrival of emperors in different pro- vinces and cities, w r e in no instance find an allusion to the usage in question, that is to say, of carrying the sacred fire ; or, as Eckhel says, lighted torches before them. If sometimes we find on these coins an altar placed iu the centre between the figure of the emperor and that of the province, it is evidently to indicate thanks- givings rendered to the gods for the happiness which the presence of the emperor bad afforded them. On most of these reverses the victim there seen offered on the occasion, is a bull ex- tended on the ground, in such a way as to lead to the conclusion, that the ancients did not employ the symbol of the lighted torch to re- present the arrival of emperors. Why then should it have been adopted ou these medals of Antioch ? 420 GLORIA. ROMANORUM. “ The torch, without any reference to the action of the emperor, seems to ns a distinctive and characteristic mark of the female figure. Our reason for believing it is this : — In the Museum Theupolum, which the Emperor of Austria caused to be purchased for the Imperial Museum at Vienna — [an acquisition made subsequently to i Eckhel’s death] — there is a small Greek coin in brass which exhibits on the obverse the bust of the Sun, with radiated crown, and a torch ; on the reverse the bust of Diana, with the crescent and likewise a lighted torch. Vi hat constitute the merit of this little mouument are the in- scriptions ANATo\t) and AT2I2, that is to say East and West. Are we to suppose that these types represent to us only the two stars of day and of night? Without entering into detail respecting the times of M. Aurelius, to whose reign the coin belongs, it is nevertheless cer- tain that the signification of it will prove altogether symbolical. There is no doubt but that these saine figures of the sun and moon have already been made use of on the triumphal arch of Constantine the Great at Rome, for the pur- pose of indicating the two great divisions of our world ( Oriens el Occidens), East and West. Now r , the spirit of Christianity no longer per- mitted it under Valens, to avail itself too faith- fully of pagan symbols. This accounts for our no longer seeing the crescent on the forehead of the woman on our medallion; but we have there the torch and the turreted crown to replace them. There is nothing, therefore, opposed to our re- cognising the image of the West in this figure, which seems to enter into the presence of the emperor, and to receive him. In that case it would be the grand expedition against the Goths which was meant to be pointed to an expe- dition whence a very’ diflerent issue was assur- edly hoped for than a defeat, destined to cost Valens both throne and life. “ But it will be said that, as on the coins of Yalcrianus and Gallienus, with m Restitutori Orienlis (Banduri, i. 1 10 and 124), the East is represented by a similar figure of a woman, with the same radiated crown, although without torch, why should she not be the East, on the medallions of A alcus, coming to meet him, and why should not these medallions have actually been struck for his journey into Syria, aud for the expedition which lie was contemplating against the Persians? To speak frankly (concludes M. Steinbiichcl), we have nothing to oppose to such an assertion, provided that the female figure re- mains the symbolical figure of the East, and not that of the city of Antioch, and that the torch be then a Jf am beau du soled , the great tutelary of the East, and not an indication of ceremonies for the entry of the emperor into Antioch.” — See Satire sur let Medaillont Ro- maius en Or, du Mttsee de Vienne, p. 22 ct seq. [Here then the opinions of two such high au- thorities as those above quoted arc placed in juxta-position, as well where they couflict as where they agree with each other, on a matter of more than ordinary numismatic iuterest. — In having done so, the compiler grudges not the GLORIA SAECULI. space thus occupied in his pages, but he leaves the respective points, on which a Steinbiichcl and an Eckhel differ and coincide, to the reader’s consideration and judgment]. GLORIA ROMANORVM.— Rome seated, holding a victoriola in the right hand and resting left hand on the hasta. In the exergue sms. — Obv. without legend, Head looking upwards, diadem with pearls, &c. (sec p. 322). Gold medallion of Constantine the Great. Size 8. [An unpublished specimen in the highest pre- servation, brought £11 at the Sabatier sale, en- graved in pi. ii. No. 3, annexed to the catalogue, lot 532]. GLORIA ROMANORVM. Personified Rome 1 -eated. — In the exergue TB. — Obv . — fl. ivl. | CONSTANTIVS NOB. c. Bast diademed with pearls, and wearing the paludamcutum. Gold medallion of Constantius II. size 7. [A fine specimen, brought £9 at the sale of the Sabatier collection, the catalogue of which contains an engraving of it in pi. ii. No. 4, lot 538], GLORIA SAECVLI VIRTVS CAESS. (Ctesarum). The valour of the Ctesars is the ylory of the age. — The emperor, naked to the waist, seated ou a cuirass, and resting his left hand on a long sceptre. In front of him stands a young warrior, wearing the puludamentum, he bears a trophy on his left shoulder, aud with his right hand offers a globe surmounted by a phrenic, to the emperor. At his feet is a panther. Ou t lie exergue, P. It. ( Percussuin Iioitiie struck at Rome.) Obv. — CONSTANTIN VS MA Ximus AV- Guslus. Bust of Constantine the Great, wear- ing the paludamentuin, aud a diadem ornamented with precious stones and laurel leaves. (Sec this portrait engraved iu p. 257.) Yaillant, in his scries of brass medallions, (lmpp. Rom. T. iii. 237), has given a print of this line historical monument. Buonarotti also (Medagl Ant. p. 390), has engraved it, and moreover made it the subject of a learned com- mentary, without however resolving all the difficulties to which the reverse has given rise. Eckhel makes no mention of it. Nor, indeed, has Vaillant contributed anything to its elucidation, but he at once pronounces Crispus to be repre- sented in the figure of the warrior. GLORIA SAECULI. M. Ch. Lcnormaut, on the other hand, and with greater shew of reason, says — “ The Cicsar who presents the globe appears to us indubitably Constantius the Second The trophy which he carries, surmounted by a Phrygian cap, points to a victory gained over the peoples of the East; and Constantius is the only oue of Constantine the Great’s sons, who had been charged, two years before the death of his father, with an ex- pedition against the Parthians. The plural caesarvm indicates, it is true, several Crcsars ; but according to a custom, already become old at the epoch of Constantine, it is probable that the achievements of one Caesar were inter- communicated with the others. A more precise explanation of this plural is also capable of being furnished. Constantine junior, five years before the expedition of Constantius, had ob- tained a great victory over the Goths ; probably it is that prince whom the legend here asso- ciates with his brother. The panther doubtless alludes to the public shews celebrated with the animals which Constantius had brought to Rome from his eastern campaign. It will be perceived, that the vonng prince has his right foot placed on the tail of the panther, whose mouth is half open as if crying out. It is indeed by acting on the tail (en agissant sur la queue) that the most ferocious beasts are tamed. As to the phanix, Buonarotti, ou good ground, affirms, that this symbol of renovation had been adopted by the first Christians, which serves to explain to ns why it is met with on a monument of the last years of Constantine’s reign. The same Italian antiquary even cites a passage from John of Salisbury, a writer of the 13th century, ac- cording to -whom the symbol of the phoenix shewed itself from the foundation of Con- stantinople. To what more ancient author John of Salisbury was indebted for this piece of information, we have not been able to verify.” — Iconographie des Empereurs Remains, p. 121, pi. lvii. No. 13. There are gold and silver coins of the same emperor, but of the ordinary size, having for legend of reverse gloria saecvli virtvs caes. with simply two figures standing, the one pre- senting a globe to the other. GL. P. R. Gloria Populi Romani.— Rasehe. GL. R. Gloria llomanorum. — Vaillaut, Pr. i. p. 300. GL. E. R. Gloria Exercitus Romani. Akcrman — Rasehe. G. P. R. Genius Populi Romani. — Denarius of Cornelia gens. 2 B. Hadrian and Antoninus. GRA. and GRAC. Gracchus. — Surname of Scmpronia gens. G. T. A. Genius Tutelaris JEggpti, or Africa. — Sec silver of Cmcilia gens. GLYCERIUS (Flavius) usurped the empire after the death of Olybrius (the son in law of \alentinian III.) a. d. 470, and the next year he was forced to abdicate, and content himself with the bishopric of Saloua, in Dalmatia. — Died about the year 480. On his coins, which are in gold and silver, of very great rarity, he is styled d. n. glycerivs p. f. avg. 3 I 2 GOLD COINAGE. 427 G. M. Germanicus Maximus. — It thus ap- pears on a coin of Gallienus — imp. g allien vs p. f. avg. c. m. — Banduri, i. G. M. Q. or C. MESS. Q. &c. — Gneus Mes- sius Quintus. These are prenomiua of Trajan Decius. — See dkcius, p. 313. G. M. V. Gemina Minervia Victrix. — Name of a Roman legion. GOLD COINAGE of the Romans. — At the period when silver money was introduced into Rome, namely in the year u. c. 485 (is. c. 269), Roman power had already gained a great in- crease. It extended itself still more and more as riches and the mass of the circulating medium augmented. According to Pliny, gold was first coined at Rome in the year of that city 547 (b. c. 206). It has been supposed, that amongst the money issued from that epoch to the time of the first Triumvirate, some coins were minted, not in Rome but, in oue or other of the Italian cities subject to Rome. But on this point sufficiently positive data do not exist whence satisfactory inferences can be drawn. When gold was first employed by the mo- ncyers of Rome — namely, at the date above mentioned, when the war with llanuibal w r as at its height, coins in that metal, which, to abide by the statement of Pliny, “ were struck like the silver ones, in such a manner, that the scruple [twenty grains of gold] was equivalent to twenty sestertii [of silver], which, con- formably to the standard of sestertii then pre- vailing, gave 900 sestertii to the pound. — Subsequently it became the custom to strike i 40 denarii to the pound of gold ; and gradually the weight was diminished by successive empe- rors ; by Nero so low as 45 to the pound.” And these coins are frequently called by Pliny denarii, as their half were called quinarii, a misapplication of the term, as they were neither of the weight, nor of the relative value, of the silver coins, though nearly the same in dimensions. — Arrian, too, mentions ‘ a gold and a silver denarius ; and Pctrouius says — ‘ instead of black and white couuters, he used gold and silver denarii.’ It is thus that the weight of the gold dena- rius has been calculated from the ascertained weight of the silver one. From Pliny we know that 84 denarii were struck to the pound of silver. Since each of these weighed 75 Parisian grains, the number of grains required to make up the monetary pound would be 6,300. But as we have already learned from the same au- thority, that 40 denarii were struck to the pound of gold, you will, by dividing 6300 by 40, arrive at the number of grains which each gold piece weighed, viz. 157 a- — lienee it is clear that the gold denarius weighed more than two silver ones by 7 a grains. And thus it follows, that from Nero’s time, when 45 denarii were first struck to the pound of gold, the weight of the gold denarius was 140 grains. The Roman aureus held the invariable value of 25 denarii, under such regulations, that any increase, or diminution, of weight in the aureus, should be attended by a corresponding altera- 428 GOLD COINAGE, tion in the weight of the denarius. — The above mentioned weight of the aureus is confirmed by abundant testimony. Zouaras speaks clearly ou this point — “ Among the Romans twenty-five drachma: [drachm, 8th part of an ounce Troy weight] make one gold coin.” — Xiphilinus says the same. — According to Lucian, 30 aurei arc equivalent to 750 drachma:, and consequently one aureus to 25 drachm®, or denarii. — Sueto- nius relates, that Otho gave an aureus to each of the soldiers composing his outlying cohort ; and Plutarch, who records the same fact, says, in Greek — \pvaovv tua/TTy Siavepccv — distri- buting to each an aureus. What these authors call an aureus, Tacitus describes as a sestertius — “ that he might distribute 100 numi to each man of the cohort, which was keeping watch and ward.” But 100 sestertii arc equal to 25 denarii. Suetonius says of Domitiau — “ He added a fourth aureus to the pay of the soldier, which was three aurei.” Zonaras gives the same sum in drachm® — “ Whereas 75 drachm® were usually paid to each soldier, he ordered 100 to be paid to them.” This will enable us to un- derstand the expression of Martial, when he de- sires that, to the 57 years which he had already lived, should be added twice nine more, that he might complete his Ires aurei of life. lie would then have lived 75 years, the number of de- narii contained in three aurei. Most authors of modern times state the pro- portion of gold to silver, among the ancient Romans, as nearly 1 to 12, so that 12 pounds of silver were exchanged for one of gold. Nor docs investigation materially contradict this state- ment ; since for the aureus, which was rather more than double the weight of the denarius, 25 denarii were given in exchange. To com- pare it, for example, with the modern coinage, an aureus of Julius Cicsar, or Augustus, is worth 2 } } } Hungarian or Dutch gold pieces [viz. ducats, 2 dwts. 5 J grs. 9s. 5}d. English value], the weight decreasing gradually, in successive periods. The proportion or relation borne by Gold to Silver in the coinage of Rome, is a subject, with the abstruse difficulties of which Eckhcl has powerfully grappled, in his dissertation lie Monetd Aurea Romanorum (v. c. iv. p. 28), whence the foregoing passages have been taken. Referring the reader to that portion of his Doctrina, for other details too copious to be even alluded to within our limits, we hereto subjoin an extract from M. llcnnin’s Manuel (t. i. ix. p. 183, on “The Value and Weight of Ancient Money”), in which that scientific French numismatist has given an analysis of the opinions respectively entertained by Savot, Nauze, Barthflemy, Lctronne, and Eckhcl, ou the matter in question : — The proportion of gold to silver is more easy to establish by proofs, in the case of the Romans than of the Greeks, and we have, in that respect, certain aids' which fail us in investigating the monetary systems of other nations. The passages in ancient authors which connect themselves with this subject, are not GOLD COINAGE. entirely satisfactory ; but in comparing these data with what we know respecting the value of the gold denarius, fixed at 25 silver denarii, and in making the calculation of weights, re- sults are arrived at. Moreover we fiud iu the coins themselves sources of important informa- tion, which ought to serve ns by way of guide, although they relate to only one epoch. * Three very rare pieces of gold money, which were in all probability struck iu Campania, under Roman authority during the republic, are considered to have been issued, about the time when gold coins of Roman die began to be struck. These three coins bear the following numeral marks : \[/ x. (sixty' sestertii ) ; xxxx. (forty sestertii) ; xx. (twenty sestertii). There is no doubt as to the accuracy of these interpre- tations. After the examinations to which the weight of these pieces were submitted, with as much exactness as circumstances would allow, the coins being very rare, and few speci- mens of them extant, there appeared the fol- lowing results, which nevertheless ought to be regarded only as approximations, for they were not exactly in agreement with each other : Piece of 60 sestertii, weighing three scruples of the Roman pound...... 64 grains. Piece of 40 sestertii, weighing two scruples of the Roman pound 43 „ Piece of 20 sestertii, weighing one scruple of the Roman pouud 21 J „ The following calculations were subsequently made : — The scruple of gold being the twenty-fourth part of the ounce, an ancient pound contained 288 scruples. In multiplying 288 by 21 J grains weight of the gold piece of 20 sesfbrtii, which weighed a scruple, we have for the weight of the ancient pound 6,144 grains. The gold scruple being worth 20 silver sestertii, or five denarii, the pound of gold, containing 288 scru- ples, was worth 1,440 silver denarii. \Ve know from Pliny, already quoted, that 84 silver denarii were made out of one pound of that metal. Dividing 1440 by 84, leaves 17}. Therefore the proportion of gold to silver was then that of 1 to 17} pounds of silver, that is to say, one pouud of gold was worth 17} pounds of silver. It is necessary, however, to observe, that these calculations, and the bases ou which they are founded, have not been generally accepted, and that the results have been given by divers authors, in somewhat different ways. — The fol- lowing arc the principal of these valuations: — Savot fixed the weight of the Roman scruple at 21 grains, and that of the Roman pound at 6,048 grains. Nauze carries them to 21 grains J, and to 6,144 grains. Rome de l’lsle the same as Savot. Eckhcl the same as Nauze. M. Lctronne fixed these weights at 21-^-,^ grains, and 6,160 grains. Be it as it may with regard to these differ- ences, and some others which nrc not of much importance, the proportion of gold to silver GOLD COINAGE. GOLD COINAGE. 429 r was, under the adoption of this system, that of 1 to about 1 7, when gold was for the first time employed in coiuing by the Romans. At this epoch, gold existed only in a small quantity. It became by degrees less rare. It has been sought to fix the divers scras to which the relation of this metal with silver was progres- sively reduced. The details on this subject would be too numerous for us to enter into them. It must suffice here to point out what is the opi- nion most generally entertained on this point. We subjoin therefore the indication of these proportions, according to the most universally adopted system : — 1. From the vear of Rome 547 (b.c. 206) to 560 (b.c. 193) 1 to 17} 2. From the above epoch to the vear 620 (b.c. 133) "..... 1 to 14} 3. From that epoch to 635 (b.c. 118) 1 to 13 4. From that epoch to 650 (b.c. 103) 1 to 12} 5. From that epoch to 717 (b.c. 36) 1 to 1 11} 6. F’rom that epoch to 767 (a. n. 14) 1 to 11$$ 7. From that epoch to 821 (a. d. 68) viz. from the death of Augustus to the last years of Nero „ „ [“ A reference to the scales (says Eckhel), proves the truth of Pliny’s statement, that the emperors gradually diminished the weight of the aureus, 42, 43, and 44 aurei being now struck to the pound.”] 8. From 821 (a.d. 60) to 970 (a. d. 217) viz. from the last year’s of Nero to the last of Caracalla, 45 aurei to the pound, each weighing 136 t 8 j grains 1 to 12 [“ The coins themselves (says Eckhel) serve to confirm this ride ; not, however, without ex- ceptions. For the coins of Dotnitian, Nerva, and Trajan (iu the first two years of his rcigu) weigh 140 grains and more, up to 145. From the period when 45 aurei were struck to the pound, 96 denarii were struck to the pound of silver. If, therefore, 45 be multiplied by 25 (the number of denarii equivalent to one aureus), the result will be 1125, and this divided by 96, will give a quotient of 11 ff, the proportion of gold to silver, i. e. nearly 1 to 12.”] — D. N. Vet. v. 33. This scale of variations in the proportion of gold to silver is shewn by Eckhel to be far from certain, lie contends that the doctrine of Barthe- lemv and Nauze, which refers to the three aurei, exhibiting the arithmetical marks i.x. xxxx. and xx. is at once refuted, if that be true which is now supposed by the majority of writers, viz. that those celebrated coins, which served as the basis of Barthelcmy’s calculations, are not to be reckoned as belonging to the Roman mint, but are rather to be regarded as the productions of Magna Gracia or Sicily. In other respects he also differs from his learned contemporaries above-named, whose calculations on this matter he criticises with great freedom and at consider- able length, pronouncing them not to have been established iu a clear and authentic mauuer, and viewiug the experiments made on the coins themselves as having been neither sufficiently numerous nor sufficiently exact. On the other hand, some passages of ancient writers (Livy, 1.38, c. 11 — Sucton. J. Caesar, c. 54), point to data of a different kind. It would seem, according to those passages, that the propor- tion in question would have been, at first, that of 1 to 15, afterwards 1 to 10, 1 to 9, and even less. It is obvious then that these important points have not yet been cleared up in a satis- factory manner. From the reign of S. Severus the disorder which had introduced itself into the coinage, with regard to standards, renders the ideas relative to the connection of gold with silver still more obscure and more intricate; and almost goes to set at defiance any further endeavours to establish reasonable suppositions. — Iu the times of the lower empire this obscurity is still greater. At the epoch of commencing a gold mint at Rome, there were, as we have seen, two effective gold coins introduced, viz. a gold denarius (worth 25 silver denarii), and a quinarius of gold (worth half the gold denarius), the gold denarius was also called an aureus. In the third century of the Christian era, this money took the name of solidus. Under the lower empire the weights and dimensions of these coins varied greatly, in consequence of the disorder which then prevailed. 2-Gold Coinage of Rome — Was it, during the commonwealth, struck under the ordinary regulations (ex lege ordinaria) ? This subject is discussed by Eckhel (vol. v. pp. 37-42), iu a way so well calculated to assist in rescuing from obscurity, and even to render generally in- teresting, that recondite but still, from histori- cal associations, important branch of monetary research — the origin and progress of a gold currency in Free Rome — that, omitting those personal allusions with which his auimadversions on the main question are mixed up in contro- versy by our great preceptor and guide, we shall not be prevented, merely on account of the extent to which they run, from inserting the principal passages of so fine a display of learned research, and acute argumentation. They are to the following effect : — The remarkable paucity of coins struck in gold during the republic serves to suggest doubts. And to render the fact more evident, Eckhel has brought together, at one view, those pieces which are attributed to the time of the common- wealth down to the government of Julius Cscsar. Of these there arc two kinds, viz. : — First. — Those which belong to Epoch I. (547 to 560), inscribed with only the w r ord koma, and bearing certain arithmetical marks (see p. 428), the type being a head of Mars. And also those which belong to Epoch II. (560 to 620), also with the sole inscription roma ; the types being — head of Janus ; soldiers touching a sow with their spears ; and the Dioscuri. Second. — Those inscribed with the name of a family — ex. gr. Cornelius, Blasio, C. Servilius, Nerva, Furius Philus, and Cn. Lentulus ; which are said to have been struck between the years 430 GOLD COINAGE. 547 and 650. After that time till the reign of Julius Caesar, the following: — Cl. Clodius, Nuinonius, Arrius, Ccstius, Mctellus, Sulla, and Fufms Calenus. The above is the entire list of gold consular coins hitherto discovered. Nor is even this per- fect ; for from it must be taken two, namely, the first cited, as inscribed with the word roma only; and which more correctly are to he ascribed to a foreign mint, as stated in Section I. on this sub- ject of the Gold Coinage. Also two, the date of which should he fixed at the time of J ulius Csesar, or the Triumvirs ; for that which Nauze assigns to them is often arbitrary, and founded merely on conjecture. If then, all these be deducted from the scanty number of gold consular coins, scarcely a tenth part will remain of such as by universal consent are attributed to the age of the commonwealth. Since, therefore, gold coins of this class (acknowledged to have been certainly struck from the years 547 to the reign of Julius Ca:sar), are so rare, can these furnish any valid argument, that gold coins were struck, under the consuls, by the law ordinarily in force (lege ordinarid ?) The point might readily be con- ceded, if abundant specimens were extant of the few coins of this class, as is the case in the silver coinage ; but the fact is, that all the gold coins, properly assigned to the times of the con- suls, are either exceedingly rare, or unique ; a paucity which so little favours the notion of their being regulated by the same laws as the ordinary coinage, especially under so vast an empire, that it would seem rather to be totally at variance with it.” The question then, as to whether there was no gold struck, under the Commonwealth, by any fixed law ? the author of Doclrina meets by demanding, that a probable reason be first ad- duced, why during the glorious period of a mighty empire, extending over so long a time, scarcely even a few should have been left to us? “It will be conjectured, that they have perished through the injuries of Time. But why should Time have directed his wrath so specially against this species of coins, when he has been so lenient to the gold coins of Philip II. of Maccdon, which preceded by 150 years the alleged date of the introduction of a gold coinage into Koine — and again those of Alexander the Great and Lysi- rnachus — that they have not even yet ceased to annoy ns by their abundance and worthlessness ? But to pass over these more important kingdoms ; there still remain numerous gold coins of Syra- cuse, Tarentum, and the remote Cyrcnc, all struck long prior to the period of the gohlen age in Rome; and yet how insignificant the terri- tory of all these states together compared with the Roman Empire ! And so, forsooth, the gold coins of Julius Ctcsar, Sextus Pompeius, Brutus, Cassius, the Triumvirs, all could escape destruc- tion, but those which immediately preceded them could not ! What more reasonable or ap- propriate juncture could there have been for strikiug gold coins, than when L. Scipio, after lie conquered Autiochus the Great, or Cn. Pom- pey, victorious over Mithridates and Tigrancs, GOLD COINAGE. poured into Rome the treasures of all Asia? — But silver coins of both those individuals are extant in abundance, while of gold not one has been discovered. If any one is inclined to wonder, that, in a city of such power and wealth as Rome, gold was not employed iu its coinage, let him extend his surprise to the fact, that so far as our present knowledge goes, the same custom prevailed among the Athenians, whose power and resources are well known, but of whom not a single gold coin has yet been found ; and that it prevails at the present day in the powerful Empire of the Chinese. With regard to the statement of Pliny, Eckhcl asks, “ if this illustrious writer had bestowed so much pains on determining the date of the in- troduction of a gold coinage into Rome, why did he abstain, in the gold coius alone, from noticing the types by which they were distinguished, or their division into parts, and the names of those parts, when he has not failed to describe all these particulars iu the silver and brass coin- age? How is it that Livy, who so learnedly recorded the first striking of silver at Rome, did not introduce the slightest allusion to stamped gold, when lie arrived at that period of his history, when, according to Pliny, a gold coin- age was introduced? Why did no one of the ancient writers, whilst narrating the events of that age, make mention of Roman gold money? Though, even if any testimony for it existed, it would prove nothing more than that the author might have spoken bg anticipation, and thought only of an equivalent value? — Indeed, according to the accounts of ancient writers, and especially of Livy, the highest authority of all on this subject, it appears, that, before the era stated by Pliny, or a. u. c. 547, the Romans, iu making payments, used gold by weight instead of by the number of pieces — (i. e. weighed instead of counting it.) Every one is aware, how they re- deemed the capitol from the Gauls, viz. by gold weighed out. In the year u. C. 544 (B. C. 210), when Hannibal was pressing them hard, and the treasury was baukrupt, wrought gold was liberally brought forward by the senators to de- fray the expenses of the war. In the following year, u. c. 545, when the want of money was still more harassing, ‘ it was determined to ap- propriate the gold raised bg the tax of the twen- tieth part ( durum vicesi atari urn), which was reserved for emergencies in a more sacred trea- sury.’ That, therefore, which supplied the place of moneg, would very naturally be called moneg, even subsequently to the period at which Pliny has fixed the introduction of coined gold iuto Rome. “ Lastly, it may be inquired, why we hnvc not a single gold Consular coin restored by Trajan, when we possess several Imperial gold coins re- stored by that Emperor, who was in the habit of adhering not merely to the types hut to the metal also ot his restitutions. Prom this fact a suspicion arises, that at the same time that many other privileges were conferred on Julius Ciesar, there was grauted to him also that of striking gold coins in the ordinary course of things (lege GOLD COINAGE. ordinarid), a privilege retained through the licence of that age by those who immediately succeeded him, i. e. Sextus Pompeius, Brutus, the Triumvirs, and others ; and that those few gold coius, which we have a right to reckon as consular, owe their existence to extraordinary occasions, which like many other points in history have escaped us ; though we may readily account for the appearance of Sulla’s aurei (and even they are extremely rare), when we reflect on that Dictator’s power and extravagance. It is needless to iusist on the evidence afforded of the fact in question by the law which this very Sulla introduced. ‘ By the Lex Cornelia ,’ says Ulpian, * it is enacted, that whosoever shall mix any foreign ingredient with the gold, or stamp coins of adulterated silver, shall be convicted of fraud.’ Now, if it was then struck in the ordinary course, why does this law use the word aurum simply, and not aureos nurnos, just as, afterwards, nnmos aryenteos ? If, however, any one should consider such a practice to be incredible uuder the commonwealth, and wish to have some more tangible reason assigned for it, he would be acting in the same manner as if he were to require to be informed why, on the other hand, from the time of Claudius Gothicus to that of Diocletian, the silver coinage was almost cutirely stopped, whilst the gold money continued to be struck under its usual regula- tions and in abundance. There are many kuotty points in antiquarian research worthy enough of an elucidator, but no deity has as yet appeared to solve them. Aud for myself, I undertook the discussion of these matters, not with a view to convict Pliny of falsehood or a hasty con- clusion, but to challenge those who espouse the side of Pliny, to produce in greater abundance coins, which by indisputable signs are to be re- ferred to consular times. “ I will not conceal the existence of other authorities favourable to the upholders of the consular gold coinage, namely, those of Pom- ponius and Cicero himself. According to Pom- ponius. ‘ the Monetal Triumvirs’ were con- stituted ‘ strikers (coiners) of brass, silver, and gold,' about the year 465 (n. c. 189). Cicero, in his epistle to Trebatius, about the year TOO (b. c. 54), says : — ‘ I advise you to keep out of the way of the Treviri [the men of Treves — a play on the words Triumviri Monetalcs], 1 hear that they are sharp fellows (capitales). I would rather that they were charged with the striking of gold, silver, and brass.’ And again, in his third book Be Legibus, chap. 3, a work which appears to have seen the light two years after Kabricius, he enunciates this law : ‘ Let them publicly coin brass, silver, and gold.' The pas- sage from Pomponius claims but little attention. That writer’s statement, even if its truth be admitted, may certainly be modified in the in- terpretation. But there is a weightier authority in both the passages of Cicero ; for though the former of them be spoken in joke, and in the latter he be laying down a rule of his own, it is nevertheless evident that the writer is alluding to a rccoguized institution of his country. This GOLD COINAGE. 431 conflicting testimony, however, does not give me much trouble ; since I am not denying that gold was stamped under the consuls, but simply denying that it was stamped in the ordinary procedure of the mint. — Livy himself may give rise to a doubt on the question, when he tells us that M. Valerius Licviuus, consul, a. u. c. 544, on the failing of the treasury in con- sequence of the protracted war with Hannibal, thus addressed the Senators : ‘ Let us Senators bring forward to-morrow, for the public benefit, all our gold, silver, and stamped brass,’ — words which may appear to indicate, that even at that time the Romans were using stamped gold. But I can easily prove, that in this passage of Livy the word signaturn by no means refers to the gold, but only to the brass, or perhaps also to the silver. I have two reasons for saying this — First, if the word signaturn refers also to the gold, it will follow, that so early as the year 544, the Romans used a gold coinage univer- sally; but on this supposition, we must throw over the authority of Pliny, who states that gold was not stamped at Rome till the year u. c. 547. And secondly, that the sense of Livy’s words is such as I have stated it to be, will clearly appear from the succeeding context. For, when Lsevinus defines how much of these three metals might be reserved for the use of each of the Senators themselves, he specifics the brass only as stamped (signaturn), and sums up the rest of the fund in wrought (factum) gold and silver : to each Senator lie allows an ounce of gold for riugs for himself and his wife, aud a India for his son ; a pound of silver for his horses’ caparison, his salt cellar, and the patella of the gods ; but of stamped brass five thousand pieces (sestertii.) In another part of his writ- ings, Livy explains his meaning more clearly, where, describing the same period of the war with Hannibal, he introduces L. Valerius, the tribune of the people, thus speaking — ‘ Care was taken that we should have no more wrought gold and silver, no more stamped silver and brass, in our houses.’ The purport of which words has been well rendered by Isidores ‘ There arc,’ he says, ‘ three kinds of silver, gold, aud brass, the stamped, the wrought, and the unwrought. The stamped is that which is coined; the wrought appears in vases and sta- tues ; the unwrought in masses.’ * * * “ Though, however we may come to the con- clusion, that the Romans at the period in ques- tion almost wholly abstained from coining gold, there was, notwithstanding, no deficiency of gold money in Rome, when w r c consider the | abundance of it which flowed in from foreign countries. I refer to the Philippei, or coins bear- ing the names of Philip II. king of Macedon, the extraordinary number of which that found their way to Rome may be seen stated in Livy. Quinctius, returning in triumph from Greece brought with him 14,515 Philippei; Scipio Asiaticus, after the conquest of Antiochus the Great, 140,000 ; M. Fulvius, on his triumph over the iEtoliaus, 12,422; Cn. Manlius, hav- ing reduced the Gallogrreci, 16,320. — If so 432 G0LTZ1ANI. enormous n sum was thus transferred to the treasury of Rome by the rapine of war, as stated by Livy alone, and that in a part of his writ- ings wretchedly mutilated, what must have been tbe amount produced by private speculation, aud by the commercial intercourse between the Ro- mans and the Greeks ? What I have advanced respecting this employment of foreign money in Rome, receives remarkable confirmation from the expressions of Pompeius Festus — ‘ For the Romans were in the habit, even from the time of Romulus, of using foreign ( uUramarinis) coins of stamped gold and silver ; a fact proved both by public and private memoranda.’ Lac- tantius relates, that the Sibyl demanded of Tar- quinius Prisons three hundred Pkilippei for her Nine Books of Prophecy. — I shall not stop to consider the absurd anachronism by which Tar- quin and Philip are made contemporaneous. — Thus much the author, who in other matters was well enough informed, intended to convey, that when the Romans had no gold coinage of their ow r u, they availed themselves of that of a foreign nation. Consequently, if at so remote a period of their history, the Romans were well supplied with foreign money, how much greater an abundance of it must they have had at their command in after times, when the treasures of so many vanquished kingdoms rolled into their city !”— D. N. V. v. 37-42. GOLTZIANI numi.—A term given to the coins engraved in the Fasti ; the Historia Impp. Julii, Augusti, et Tiberii ; the Thesaurus ; the Gricciae et Siciliic numismata; and other works, by Hu- bert Goltz, or Goltzius. Of this extraordinary man’s proceedings, much has been written by nu- mismatists both of the elder and the more modern school ; on the one liaud to support his character; and on the other to impugn not only his accu- racy but his veracity and good faith. The most unqualified panegyrist of the learned and indus- trious Autwerpian’s labours, and least scrupulous defender of his literary conduct, is Mcdiobarbus. Next in flic rank of admirers and supporters are antiquarian critics of no less eminence than Noris, Pagi, Tilleraont, aud Dodwell : to these must be added the name of Pinkerton, who, without hesitation, “recommends Goltzius, tho’ all his works have many coins not fouud in cabi- nets. Yet, adds our English Essayist on Medals, it is certain that he was often imposed upon, and his works must be used with great caution.” — Similar language had previously been used by Vaillant, Morel, Havcrcamp, and others who profess general deference to Goltzius as a numis- matic authority, but who finish by exhibiting particular examples of his dealings with legends and types oil both Greek and Roman coins, that destroy the very foundation of contideucc in what he has written aud engraved respecting them. The sentiments of Bimard dc la Bastie and of Eckhel, arc most decidedly Anti-Goltzian. The former in his notes on Jobcrt, (t. i. p. 99), intimates that it was his intention to have pub- lished a dissertation on the subject of a MS. volume left by Goltzius on Imperial Medals, in which he would have shewn what kind of con- GOLTZIAXI. fidcncc it is reasonable to place in Goltzius with refcreucc to medals, which that antiquary had professed to have drawn from the originals with his ow n hand, yet which, on examination, arc not to be fouud at the present day.” — It seems that this dissertation never saw the light : a circumstance to be regretted ; inasmuch as such a work, emanating from a man of Bimard’s erudition, integrity, aud judicious application of numismatic knowledge, to every branch of the science, would have been a great aid to simple truth aud justice in a case like the one in ques- tion. Eckhel, who had entered early into the Golt- ziau controversy, and with characteristic energy encountered the arguments employed by the par- tisans of Goltzius to exonerate him from suspi- cion of fraud — avails himself of his Bibliotheca Numismatica, to repeat his charges, the correct- ness of which further and more deliberate in- vestigation had only served to confirm in his own mind. Rendering a free tribute of praise and appreciation to the singular diligence and industry of the celebrated author, in acquiring numerous coins, and obtaining access to others, and allowing him the merit that belongs to an indefatigable spirit of research amongst ancient monuments, and of great learning, particu- larly in Roman History, displayed in the ex- planation of those relics of antiquity; Eckhel nevertheless contends, that the greater part of the coius coutaiued iu the plates of Goltzius are counterfeit — that scattered up aud dow n his vo- lumes many coius are to be found, genuine of their kind, but which the author lias dishonestly falsified — that he frequently states a coin to be gold, which in the original is only silver. That whilst he delineates an abundance of consular coins which no one ever saw, or is likely to see, he gives many which have no pretensions to rarity, and includes in his copious engravings none of the restitutions of Trajan. — Alluding to his work on Sicilian coius, the l’rincc of Torre- muzza, speaking of the medals of Drcpanc, says, “ the good faith of Goltzius is to be suspected.” Florez, the devoted collector, and profound critic, of the Higpauian mint, refers in terms of ridi- cule to that cornucopia; of coins assigned to Spanish cities, ns struck after the reign of Culi- gida, and published by Goltzius. — Spanheim, mentioning a coin adduced from tbe same fertile source, observes — “ it has hitherto remained elsewhere unseen, and is therefore justly to be held in suspicion. ” Andrew Morel, in a letter to Ferizoni, says, “ Xumi consularcs Goltzii, online nlphabetico, ad finem operis adjecti sunt, sicut libri apocryphi canonieis, quia dubiic sunt tidui, rt major pars baud ineertas notas falsitatis pne sc fert.” — [The consular coins of Goltzius are subjoined, in alphabetical order, at the end of the work, just as the Apocrypha is added to the canonical books of Scripture, because their genuineness is suspected, and the majority of them present unequivocal indications of fraud.] 1 lavercamp subjoins to the foregoing, " Tantus Goltziauorum uumoruui est numenis, qui nus- GOLTZIANI. qiiain observant ar, quorundam quoqne non in- justa velut subditoram suspicio, ut a Morellii scntcntia neqnaquam disccdam.” — [So large a proportion of the Goltzian coins have never come under observation, whilst to some of them attaches a justifiable suspicion of spuriousness, that I find it impossible to differ from the opi- nion of Morel.] Entertaining such opinions as these, is it not to be lamented that they should have copied so many of the Goltzians into the Thesaurus, both consular and imperial, which one of these learned men collected materials for, and the other contributed his explanatory comments upon ? It has doubtless tended much to mislead and confuse the student, and was an inconsistent step to take in a work of such standard value. “ That Goltzius (says Eckhcl) has in his works presented an incredible number of coins, of which the like were never again seen from that time — is a fact not only not denied, but even extolled by the writers who patronise his cause. I refer my reader however to testi- monies of the most learned men, which shew that it is not only extremely suspicious but positively beyond belief, that one man should have been able to obtain, or even to have inspected in museums then known in Europe, coins of such a nature, and iti such overflowing abundance, as neither the extensive means of princes, nor the stubborn cupidity of wealthy individuals, nor the eager competition of those who all their lives have been occupied in poring into the bowels of their native soil, for the purpose of extracting therefrom the relics of antiquity — have since succeeded in discovering or procuring. In this respect the Kiugs of France, as well as Pelleriu, Hunter, Ennery, &c. were nothing as compared to Goltzius.” Now, it often happens in numismatic pur- suits, that by the effect of time and other causes operating injuriously on the legends of ancicut coins, the eyes of the most skilful may be deceived, and false opinions may be based thereon, without the least infringement on the principles of honesty. It is not, however, on any such grounds that Eckhel accuses Goltzius of imposture. He combats offences of quite an- other description. By examples taken from Goltzius’ own works, tested by coins in the Im- perial Museum, Eckhcl proves that the cele- brated Flemish antiquary, not from error or inadvertency, but with a deliberate attempt at deception, has affixed to really genuine coins inscriptions of a different and a spurious kind. — See Doclrina Num. Vet. v. c. xxii. p. cxl. et scq . — Prolegomena Generalia. GORDIANUS I. (y [arcus Antonins) Afri- canus senior, was the issue of an illustrious 3 K GORDIANUS I. 433 family. His father was Mctius Marulus, his mother Ulpia Gordiaua. lie was born about the year of Rome 940 (a. d. 157). Of a mild, just, and munificent disposition, correct in morals and dignified in manners ; well versed in the higher branches of literature, loving and cul- tivating both eloquence and poetry, he soon obtained public offices, and displayed his vir- tues and moderation in a remarkable man- ner. His edileship was a splendid one ; for the riches of his family enabled him to serve that ruinously expensive magistrature with great bril- liancy. In 96G (a. d. 213), he was consul for the first time. In 982 (a. d. 229), his second consulate was in collcagueship with the Emperor Alexander Severus, replacing in the middle of the year Dion Cassius, the historian. The emperor sent Gordian into Africa, as pro- consul, and appointed his son to be his lieu- tenant. In that province lie won, as governor, the affection of the governed — and this popu- larity proved at once glorious and fatal to him. 991 (a. d. 238). — A procurator (commis- sioner) of Maximinus arriving in Africa, and having by his exactions exasperated the people, was killed by some young nobles. These rash men, to escape the anger of the Thracian savage, who would have been sure to avenge the death of his officers in a cruel manner, compelled Gordian, then 80 years of age, and who was at the moment at Thysdras, to accept the empire, which they also decreed to his son. This choice of the army and province was approved by the Senate and by the whole city of Rome, who detested Maximinus on account of his ferocious tyranny. A senatus consultum pro- claimed the deposition of Maximinus, and the accession of the two Gordians. The new Augusti did not long enjoy the honours of imperial sovereignty. Capellianus, governor of Maure- tania, enraged against Gordian, the father, who had superseded him in that lieutenancy, marched upon Carthage with a numerous army. On re- ceiving this intelligence, the elder Gordian, under the desponding impression, that he should not be able to resist so vast a multitude of assail- ants, put an end to his life by strangulation. His son was slain in the conflict which took place when the partizans of Capellianus entered Car- thage. Thus perished both father and son, after having joint ly held the supreme power about forty-five days. The Senate in token of its regrets placed the two Augusti in the rank of the gods. Gordian senior had married Fabia Orestilla, great grand-daughter of Antoninus Pius, by whom he had Gordian, afterwards his associate in the empire, and Metia Faustina, wife of Junius Balbus, a consular personage. His style is IMP. C. (or CAES.) M. ANT. GORD1ANVS AFR. AVG. His coins consist of silver and brass, and are of extreme rarity. The Latin pieces are considered (by Ileunin) to have been struck at Carthage. If so, they arc a credit from their workmanship to the mint of the African province. But it is much more probable they were minted at Rome. 434 GORDIANUS I. MINTAGES of GORDIANUS AFR. PATER. ^ S'lver.— c °n c °r d, a avo. Woman seated. (Valued by Mionnet at 110 fr.)— p. m. tr. i>. cos. p. p. Figure standing, in the toga, with laurel twig. (£3 15s, Pembroke; £7 5 s. Tho- mas ; £3 6 s. Brumell ; J64 4s. Tovcy.) — sect- iutas avg. or avgg. Woman seated. (£3 3 s. Drumell ; £3 19 s . Sabatier).— Victoria avgg. (td 8s. Thomas).— virtvs avgg. (£4 5s. Tho- mas; £4 Os. Campana). ROMAE aeternae. Rome the victory-bearer seated. Obv. imp. m. a.\t. gordianvs. afr. avg. Head of the elder Gordian. (£3 3s. Brumell ; £3 6 s. Sabatier sale. Engraved at the head of this article). First Brass. — p. m. tr. p. cos. p. p. Figure standing, habited in the toga, holding in the right band an olive branch, and a truncheon in the left. (Mt. 45 fr.) Engraved in the Cabinet fie Christine. — provident, avgg. s. A woman stands with cornucopia! pointing to a globe. (£4 Is. Devonshire). Engraved in Akcrman, i. P- 461, pi. 8, No. 1. — SECVRITAS AVGG. A woman seated. (£3 Is. Od. Thomas). — romae aeternae. Rome seated. (Mt. 45 fr.) vic- toria avgg. Victory walking. (£3 11s. Od. Thomas; £2 12 s. Campana). *** The easiest method, according to M. Rol- lin, of Paris, for classifying the rare medals of the two first Gordians, is to remember that on the father’s the hair is fuller on the forehead, and the cheek is rather sunk in through age’ whilst the son is bald in front, but has a much' fuller face.— Note in p. 126 of the Campana Sale Catalogue . GORDIANUS II. province (a. d. 238). He was killed a few weeks afterwards, fighting valiantly at the head of the troops which his father and lie had levied to oppose the advance from Mauretania of Capcl- lianus, a ready instrument of Maximin’s cruelty, lie was forty-six ycar 9 old when he died ; har- ing occupied the rank of Augustus for oulv the short space of forty days. The name of his wife is unknown. His son was Gordiauns 111. called Pina. The Gordiani , father and son, having adopted the same legend, it is dillicidt to distinguish, amongst the coins of those emperors, what be- long to the one and what to the other.— Eckhel (vii. 31) has treated this question in a satisfac- tory manner, lie agrees with Vaillant, that the pieces which bear the legend p. m. tr. p. cos. p. p. arc the only ones which can with certainty be attributed to Gordian the father. As to the other pieces, the monographic indica- tions arc our only guide. Frequently the lean- ness of the father, the good condition and more marked features of the son, lead to distinc- tions nearly indubitable. In other respects, the uncertainty remains complete; and above all, one is iudisposed to ask how an octogena- rian in age, and a man of forty-six years, could have been represented in a manner almost iden- tical? It is even possible that at Rome, where these coins were struck in great haste, the artists had at their disposal only the portraits of the elder Gordian, already old, and which remounted to the epoch of his maturity of man- hood.— M. Leuormaut, Iconographie 'Romaine, GORDIANUS II. (Marcus Antoninus), son of Gordianus Afrieanus I. and of Fabia Orcs- tiUa, was born under the reign of Commodus, a. d. 191. He was instructed iu the highest and most clegaut branches of literature bv Sere- nas Sammonicus the younger, who left him his library composed of 62,000 volumes, and he profited from the instructions he had received trom his friend and preceptor to render himself accomplished in the study of the law, and more- over gained a high reputation amongst the writers of his time, in publishing several works both in prose and verse, which reflected honour on his talents and attainments. Capitolinus, in praising him for these high qualities, adverts to his handsome figure, courteous demeanour, and mildness of character; but at the same time remarks that he was too foud of women He was questor under Elagabalus ; pretor aud con- sul under Alexander Severus, by whom (a d 229) he was appointed the leoatus of his father in Africa, and was acknowledged emperor with him at the eud of eight years' residence iu that If we apply these remarks to the dcuarii, we shall unquestionably recognize each Gordian as prefixed to the notices of their respective reigns. The large brass are more embarrassing : and in general it is to be observed, that these monies, struck at Rome by authority of the Senate, are those of which the iconographie characters arc less distinct. Some of them would appear to belong to the son ; from their apjiearancc more assimilating with the meridian of life; others would be assigned to the father, to judge from the strongly indicated signs of old age, which they present. The two Gordians, proclaimed in Africa, had neither time nor opportunity to arrive nt Rome : a fact which shows that the Seuatc did not always wait for the actual entry of the new emperor iuto the capital, before they caused brass money to be minted bearing his image and subscription. The abbreviation on some reverses avgg. for avgvstohvm, recalls to mind that there were then two Augusti. MINTAGES OF GORDIANUS AFRICANUS JUNIOR. On coins lie is styled IMP. C. (or CAES) M. ANT. GORDIANVS. AFR. AVG.— The fol- lowing list of reverses in silver and large brass shews, that like those of the father their rarity constitutes their greatest merit. Silver,— Concordia avgg. Concord seated. I (Valued by Mionnet at lOOfr.) — fuomuentia GORDIANUS III. avoo. Providence stands leaning on a column, a globe at her feet. (Brought £5 10s. at the Devonshire ; £4 Is. at the Thomas ; £5 at the Tovcy, sales.) victoria avog. (£4 5s. Thomas). — virtvs avgg. A military figure. (£6 10s. Devonshire; £3 15s. Pembroke; £3 14s. Thomas; £-1 Campana; £1 2s. Brumcll) . Large Brass. — providentia avgg. (Mt. 501'r.) — uomae aeternae. Home seated. (£4 7s. Thomas ; £4 18s. Campana.) — victoria avgg. Victory walking. (Mt. 50 fr.). — virtvs. avgg. Military figure, s. c. in the field. (£2 12s. Pem- broke i £4 2s. Brumell; £4 10s. Tovey.) — Same legend. Mars carrying a trophy and a lauce ( Cat. d' Ennery ; valued by Mionnet at CO fr.) GORDIANUS PIUS (or III.) — The year of this youug prince’s birth is not ascertained. — All that appears certain is that his anniversary fell on the 13th of the calends of February (20t'h January), lie was the grandson of Gordianus I. but whether by his son Gordianus II. or by his daughter, is still unknown. In the year of Rome 991 (a.d. 238), the youngest Gordian, who was at Rome when the two African Gordiaus were massacred, was named Priuce of the Youth by the Senate. The people who loved him, in remembrance of his relations, had never ceased to besiege the capitol until the dignity of Cmsar had been conferred on him. He was then thir- teen or sixteen years of age. Pupicnus and Bal- binus were elected Augusti. The same year Pupicnus proceeded to the war against Maximi- nus, whilst Balbinus and Gordianus acted on the defensive at Rome. A serious tumult arising between the pretorian guards and the people, the young Cmsar was lifted up and shewn to the contending parties, which had the effect of allay- ing their excited feelings, and bringing about" a reconciliation. The authority of the new em- perors was re-established by the death of Maxi- minus and of his sou Maximus. At the end of the month of July, in the same year, Balbinus and Pupicnus being put to death by the pre- torians, Gordianus was formally declared Augus- tus by the unanimous voice of the pretorians and the Senate. — In 992 (a. d. 239), Gordianus 111. proceeded consul for the first time. History records nothing certain respecting the events of this year. 993 (a. d. 240), or the following year, Sabini- auus usurped the imperial government in Africa, 3 K 2 GORDIANUS III. 435 but was defeated and taken prisoner by the go- vernor of Mauretania, through the treachery of his own party. The young emperor planted at Viminacium (see the word), a city of Upper Mresia (now Widdin), a colony which dates its foundation from this year. 994 (a. d. 241). — This year, which was that of Gordian’s second consulate, Sapor I. king of the Persiaus, invaded Mesopotamia, then sub- ject to the Romans ; and the terror which his arms inspired, spread not only in the East, but through Italy itself. The Sapor in question was son of that Artaxerxes who, after overthrowing the Arsacidm, brought Parthia again under Per- sian rule, as it is said, during the reign of Alex- ander Scverus. Gordianus III. made immense preparations to meet this powerful foe. The same year he married Sabinia Tranquiliina. 995 (a. d. 242). — Gordian left Rome and pro- ceeded through Msesia aud Thrace into Asia, and thence into Syria. He defeated Sapor in several battles ; and, recapturing from him many cities which the latter had taken from the Romans, drove the Persian monarch out of Mesopotamia. 996 (a. d. 243). — In consequence of his brilliant successes in war, a triumph in a biga of elephants was decreed to Gordianus 111. (see the monetal record of this fact in p. 203). — Misitheus, prefect of the pretorian guard, father- in-law of the emperor, and who had greatly contributed to his successes, on the same occa- sion triumphed in a quadriga of horses. That w'ise and true friend of the emperor died the same year, poisoned, as it was believed, by Philippus, an Arabian, who fatally succeeded him in the dignity of pretorian prefect. 997 (a. d. 244). — This artful aud ambitious man, having an eye upon empire, intercepted the supplies for the campaign, and thus irritated the army against their priuce. Gordian was assassinated at Zeila, on the Euphrates, in the month of February, in the 22nd year of his age, after he had reigned about six years. “ Thus terminated the life of Gordianus III. in whom nothing was wanting to establish the character of a first-rate prince, except a longer life. The love of the people, founded on the merits of his grandfather and father, conferred upon him first the title of Csesar, and then that of Augustus ; and so adored was he for the beauty of his person, and the suavity of his manners, that the Senate and army called him their son, and the people their darling. A re- markable proof of the excellence of his dis- • position was shewn in the docility with which, at an age exposed to every temptation, he listened not to the voice of passion, but to the sage counsels of Misitheus, than whom the em- pire could boast no one more learned, eloquent, or distinguished in the arts of peace and war; and whom he had chosen, not only as his prefect of the pretorian guard, but as his father-in-law, by marrying his daughter Tranquiliina. As he was happy, so long as he had the advantage of such a man’s assistance, so was he most un- fortunate in his selection of a successor. For 436 GORDIANUS III. by appointing Philippas, tliro’ whose nefarious arts it was supposed that Misithcus himself met his death, he fell a victim to his ingratitude and hostility, in the atrocious manner above de- scribed. The soldiers afterwards erected his tomb at the Circcsian camp on the borders of Persia, and Ammianus Marcellinus affirms, that as late as the time of Julianus II. it was seen by himself, and that it was a conspicuous object from a considerable distance. The life of Gor- dian III. has been given at great length by Capitoliuns.” — I). N. V. vol. vii. 309, 310, 313. The Latin coins of Gordianus Pius are rare in gold; but for the most part common in silver and brass, except those with the title of Ctesar. Before his accession to the empire, the youngest Gordian is styled M. ANT. GORDIAN VS CAES, (the head bare) a. d. 238. The same year, ascending the throne on the death of Bal- binus and Pupienus, his coins exhibit the titles of IMP. CAES. M. ANT. GORDIANVS AVG. and these he bore during the two first years of his reign. — In a. d. 239, the title of PIVS was added ; in 240, the further addition was made of FELIX ; and to the end of his life he pre- served the style of IMP. GORDIANVS PIVS FELi> AVG. MINTAGES OF GORDIANUS III. Gold Medallion. — mleturm ( sic .) pbo- PVGNATOREN ( sic .) Mars armed with buckler and lance. — Obv. nip. gordianvs pivs pelt. (sic.) avo. Radiated head of Gordianus Pius. (Mionnet values this piece, which is of barbar- ous workmanship, at 200 fr. See De la llarete ties Med. t. i. p. 394). Silver Medallions. — aeqvitas avgvsti. The three moucLe. (Mionnet, 200 fr.) — virtvs avgvsti. Emperor and the Sun supporting a globe, with trophy, standards, captives, and soldiers. (Brought £12 at the sale of Mr. Saba- tier’s collection, lot 433). — moneta avgvsti. The monetic type. (Mt. 250 fr.) — profectio avg. Emperor on horseback and other figures). Mt. 300 fr.) — victoria avg. Emperor aud several attendauts sacrificing before a round temple, on the front of which is read NE1KH oriAOi-opoc. (Mt. 300 fr.) Gold. — aeternitati avg. Sun standing. (£3 3s. .Brumcll sale). — aeqvitas avg. (£2. 2s. Pembroke; £2 12s. Sabatier). — concordia AVG. — PE LICIT. TEMP. — FIDES MIL1TVM. (48 fr. each.) — iovi statori. (£4 5s. Trattle ; Saba- tier, £2 12s.) — DIANA LVCIFERA. (£2 3s. Trat- tle).— LAETIT1A avo. N. (Trattle, £5 12s. 6d.) — liberalitas avo. ii. (£4 5s. Trattle).— pie- tas avgvsti. (£5 12s. Trattle).— p. m. tr. p. ii. aud ill. cos. ii. p. p. Sacrificial group. (£3 10s. Brumcll). — P. M. tr. p. ii. Soldier stauding (a finely-preserved specimen bought at the Thomas sale for £4 10s.) — providentia avo. Provi- dence with globe. (£3 10s. Thomas).-sECVRiTAS avg. (£2 Trattle; £1 8s. Sabatier). — SEcvitrr. perp. Security leaning on a column. (Mt. 48 fr.) — victoria avg. A Victory holding a wreath and palm branch. (£3 Is. Trattle ; £3 10s. Thomas, £2 12s. Pembroke; £3 7s. De- GORDIANUS III. vonshirc ; £2 2s. Campana. p. m. tr. p. ii. Jupiter the protector aud a little figure. (Mt. 50 fr.) — p. m. tr. p. iiii. cos. n. Figure seated with olive twig. (£3 Cs. Sabatier sale). — p. m. tr. P. vi. cos. ii. Emperor with lance and globe. (£2 5s. Trattle). virtvti avgvsti. Hercules (Farnese) rcstiug on his club. (£3 10s. Thomas ; £3 4s. Brumell). Silver. — p. m. tr. p. iiii. cos. ii. Emperor in a quadriga, crowned by Victory. — principi I went. Emperor with globe and hasta. (Mt. 24 fr. each). Brass Medallions. — adlocvtio avgvsti. Emperor and four other military figures. — (Brought £7 10s. at the Thomas sale. In Mionnet it is valued at 120 fr.) — mvnificentia gordiani avg. — Amphitheatre, bull aud ele- phant combatting. — Sec Munificentia. (Mionnet 300 fr.) — P. M. tr. P. v. cos. II. The great circus, with wrestling, chariot raciug, &c. (Mt. 300 fr.) p. M. tr. p. v. cos. ii. Rome presenting a globe to the emperor, in presence of two pre- toriaus. — traiectvs. Trireme, with several figures. — victoria avgvsti. Emperor and attendauts, sacrificing before a round temple, as in the silver mcdalliou described above. — (Miounet values these three medallions at 200 fr. each). — liberalitas avgvsti ii. The em- peror aud several other figures. (Mt. 150 fr.) — pax aeterna. Sun in a quadriga, the em- peror sacrificing, &c. (A specimen, partially injured, obtained £4 19s. at the Thomas sale.) — pontipex max. tr. p. iiii. cos. ii. Emperor in a quadriga, full-faced, crowned by a victory, a foot soldier on each side of the horses. (£7 5s. Thomas.) felicitas avgvsti. — vict. gordiani. Prc- torian galley. — pontifex max. tr. p. ii. cos. ii. Emperor in a quadriga, holdiug a Roman eagle. — pont. max. tr. p. ill. Rome present- ing a globe to the emperor, accompanied by two soldiers. — pont. max. tr. p. iiii. cos. ii. Em- peror in a quadriga crowned by Victory ; Rome leads tbc horses, preceded by soldiers holding palms. — victoria avg. Emperor seated, Victory crowning him ; in the group arc captives with military ensigns. — victoria avgvsti. Emperor on horseback, preceded by a Victory, and escorted by soldiers bearing trophies aud eagles. This alludes to Gordian’s successes over the Persians. (The foregoing seven arc valued by Mionnet at 120 fr. each.) virtvs avgvsti. Emperor crowned by Vic- tory ; and three other figures. (Mt. 150 fr.) — fides exercitvs. Two military figures joining hands — p. m. tr. p. vi. cos. ii. Impcrutor eques, Victory, and soldiers. (The two fore- going 100 frs. each, Mionnet). p. M. tr. p. vii. cos. n. P. P. — The interior of a circus. Iu the centre of the spina is an obelisk ; at each of the two extremities are three metis of a conic form. In the fore ground, several groups ; the first, to the right, exhibits two gladiators fighting ; the second, two wrest- lers ; the third, two alhlette , exercising them- selves in the use of the halteres (the dumb- GOTHI. bells of modern gymnastics) ; the fourth, two other athletes combatting with the cestus ; the fifth, a wounded gladiator, led out of the circus by an apparitor. Behind the spina are two quadrigae driven at a racing pace by their respective aurigee. And lastly, quite in the back-ground, a car drawn by six horses, in which stands the emperor, holding a branch of laurel, accompanied by Victory, and pre- ceded bv three pretorians carrying palms. — Obv. 1 M Vendor GORDIANVS PI VS FELIX AV- G ust us. Bust of Gordiauus 111. laurcated, clothed in the paludamentum, the lance resting on his right shoulder. On the front of his cuirass, the emperor is figured on horseback, overthrowing two barbarians. This fine monument belongs to the last year of Gordian’s rcigu. For au engraving of the re- verse, see p. 203. That of the obverse is placed at the head of the biographical summary, (p. 435). The original is in the Cabinet de France. Mionnet values it at 300 francs. Large Brass. — adlocvtio avgvsti. (Mt. 40 fr.) AETERNITA8 avgvsti. Equestrian statue. (Mt. 30 fr.) liberalitas avovsti mi. Three figures seated, and several others standing. — p. M. tk. p. li. cos. Emperor in a quadriga. — virtvs avgvsti. Emperor on horseback. (Mt. 20 fr. each.) Middle Brass. — mart, victor. Sacrifice before a round temple, on the frieze is in- scribed ©EOT onAO*OPOT. (Mt. 48 fr.)— pontif. maxim, tr. P. Rome seated, three figures standing. (20 fr.) — poxtif. max. cos. ii. Emperor in a quadriga, crowned by Victory, preceded by a soldier. (40 fr.) p. M. tr. p. vi. cos. ii. Apollo seated on a throne, resting on the lyre, holding a laurel branch. Engraved in Lenormant, Iconog. Rom. p. 92, pi. vi. No. 8. — secvrit(as) pekpet(va). Security stands resting herself on a column. — Engraved in Iconog. Rom. p. 92, pi. vi. No. 8. GOTHI — The Goths; ancient tribes of north- ern Europe, who inhabited the borders of the Vistula to its month in the Baltic Sea, where at the present stands the city of Dantzic. This bar- barous people spreading themselves as far as the Oder, combined with the lleruli, and during the reign of Marcus Aurelius passed the Vistula, and proceeding south eastward as far as the Rains Mceotis (now sea of Asof), took possession of Dacia after having crossed the Borysthencs (now the Dnieper). Afterwards those who inhabited the more eastern parts towards the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus), were called Ostrogoths, or Eastern Goths ; the others who dwelt towards the west were called Visi-goths, or Western Goths. These two nations ravaged at different times many provinces of the Roman empire. In the time of Gallicnus, the whole of Thrace was depopulated by them. (Vaillant.) — Claudius II. Tacitus, Probus, Constantine and his sons, Julian II. Valentinian, and other emperors respectively de- feated them, and succeeded in confining those desolating hordes within their own natural con- fines. But during the government of Valens, GOTHI. 437 the IIuus, having passed the Pains Mceotis, came like an impetuous torrent upon the Goths, subdued the Ostrogoths, and driving the Visi- goths from their new country established them- selves there in their room. The Visigoths thus compelled to emigrate across the Danube, applied for support to Valens, and that emperor, without any treaty, and even without disarming them, gave up to their possession a portion of Thrace, w'hence they soon afterwards began to make war upon other provinces of the empire. Valens pro- ceeded to attack them near Hadrianopolis, but his army having been cut to pieces, and himself wounded by an arrow, he took refuge in a cabin, w here he was burnt alive a. d. 278. The Visi- goths, intoxicated with this success, went on carrying fire and sword everywhere, and set about besieging Constantinople. Theodosius the Great, Valens’ successor, from a. d. 379 to 382, gained several victories over them, forcing them and their king Athanaricus to submit to his laws. After the death of that emperor (a. d. 395), the Visigoths elected for their monarch Alaric ; who, after the death of Stilicho, the intriguing and ambitious minister of Honorius, invaded Italy, and besieged Rome, which was obliged to pay a heavy ransom (a. d. 408). The following year Rome, again besieged by the Visigothic king, was taken by him ; and Priscus Attalus was proclaimed emperor under his protection. In a. d. 410, Attalus was deposed by Alaric, who was then on the point of concluding a treaty with Honorius. But in a fit of irritation and caprice, the Visigoth broke off his negocia- tions with the emperor, and restored to Attains the imperial title; but almost immediately again deprived him of it. He then marched to Rome, which he took and pillaged. Alaric died A. d. 410 ; and was succeeded by his brother-in-law Ataulphus, who after a time retired with his army into Gaul, where he instituted the king- dom of the Visigoths in Aquitania and Gallia Narbonnensis (since called Languedoc), and Italy was once more left free from invaders. In a. d. 476, Odoaccr, king of the Hcruli, being invited by the party of Junius Nepos to enter Italy with a vast army of barbarians, com- pelled the then reigning and last Emperor of the West, Romulus Augustus, to abdicate his throne, and retire as an exile into Campania. In 477, the Eastern, or Ostrogoths, were called in to the assistance of Zeno, Emperor of the East, against Odoacer, and the result, after many battles, was their amalgamation in Italy with the lleruli, and the foundation of a kingdom there under Theodoricus, who died 526. The Gothic monarchy in Italy lasted from that period till the year 553 — 77 years ; and the series of its kings is — Theodoricus, Athalaricus, Theodahatus, Witigcs, Ilildibaldus, Araricus, Baduela, Theias. It was these diademed chiefs of the hardy northern warriors, who under the successive reigns of Anastasius, Justinus, and Justinianus, occupied the western scat of the Roman empire, its “ Eternal City whilst invicta [sometimes blundered into invita] roma, and the name of some Gothic rex. 438 GOTH I A.— GRACES. figured in strange companionship on coins of the imperial series! — See Mionnct aud Akerman. GOTIIIA, that is to say Gothia subacta (sub- dued), is read on the exergue of a very rare gold coin of Constantine the Great, the epigraph of which is DEBEU.ATORI GENTIVM BARB Alt ARVM ; and the type, two military figures standing, the hand of one (representing the emperor) resting on the head of a youth by his side. This singular coin relates to the year 322, when Constantine overcame the Goths and Sar- matians in repeated battles, both in Illyria and in Ma;sia — the remnants of whom, fleeing beyond the Danube, he pursued across that river, again overthrew', and punished with an almost exter- minating slaughter. (Vaillaut, iii. p. 87). — On this signal success the emperor was congra- tulated by a coin struck at Treves, whence the words GOTIIIA TR evens, by the mint of which colony the exploits of emperors were sometimes commemorated. — Uanduri. GO THIC. Gothicus — on coins of Claudius, suruamed Gothicus, not only as a distinction from the former emperor of that name, but also on account of a signal victory gained by him over the Goths. GOTHICO. — The surname, in the dative case, conferred on the above mentioned Claudius, who reigned tw'o centuries aud more after the first Claudius, aud before Aureliauus. Several of his coins bear this titular cognomen, and these were struck as well during his life-time as after his death; viz. : — germanico gothico oftimo principi — and divo clavdio gothico. — Ban- duri, i. pp. 353-354. GOTHICUS. — This appellation (says Ban- duri) was fitly given to that Claudius who re- covered Dacia to the empire, and conquered the Scythiaus and the Quadi, having first of all re- pelled from the Komau territory an irruption of Goths and Sarmatiaus, whose cupidity of plun- der he punished by a signal slaughter, to the amount (according to historians) of three hun- dred and twenty thousaud men. lienee we read on his coins imp. caesaii ci.avdivs ger. gothicvs. — The same surname of Gothicus was assigned by the Senate to Probus, but it no where occurs on that emperor’s coins. GRAC. — GRACC. — Gracchus. — Surname of the Scmpronia gens. GRACES (Gratia, a translation of the Greek xaptTfsJ. The three goddesses of favour, love- liness, aud benevolence. They were respectively named, the first, Aglaia, (which means Fenustas, or Beauty) ; the second, Euphrosyuc (that is Hi/a- \ ritas) ; aud the third, Thalia ( Testivilas) . But the ancients were not more agreed respecting the number of the Graces than as to their parent- age; some making them the daughters of Jupi- ter, others assigning to Bacchus the honour of their paternity, llomcr describes them as em- ployed in attendance on Venus aud the other GRACCURR1S. — GRAECIA. most beautiful of the goddesses. In various I parts of Greece there were temples dedicated to their worship, as the acknowledged patronesses of refiuement, gentleness, and moderation, iu social intercourse. The most perfect works of art were therefore called the works of the Graces. — They are represented on many ancient bas- reliefs, and iu two or more numismatic rnonu- ' incuts, as beautiful women, standing together, entirely uudraped, the central figure having au arm placed each on a shoulder of the other two. They thus display, as if in a dancing attitude, | symmetry of person, combining with elegance [ of movement, unadorned beauty, unconscious of offence to modesty, dcsigued to indicate the constant reciprocation of kindness and friend- ship, without concealment or reserve, but un- tainted by any mixture of voluptuous fami- liarity. Such was the sentimental gloss put by the imaginative Greeks on the questionable exhibition of three young virgins in a state of nudity. — It is, says S[>auhcim (iu his Gesars de Julien) not disagreeable to see the figures of the Graces, as they arc found ou ancient coins, con- formable to those which the poets describe to us. The one (see foregoing wood-cut), was dedi- cated to Alexander Severus by a city of Thrace, called Colonia Feavia Pacifica [or Pacensis], Deultum [or Deultana ] ; and the other, bear- ing a Greek legend, struck by the inhabitants of Hadrianopolis, in the same country. — See Deultum, p. 320. — See also Vaillaut, in Coloniis, ii. 118. GRACCURRIS, a Roman munic’pium of Hispania Tarracouensis, now Agreda, near Turiaso, iu Arragou. It was anciently called I/luricis, but changed its name in honour of Titus Seinpronius Gracchus, who repaired it after his victories over the Ceitiberians. It pre- served the memory of his name by a second brass coin, ou the obverse of which is ti. Cae- sar divi. avgvstvs, and the laureated head of Tiberius. On the reverse mvmcip(ivm) gkac- CVrris. The type is an ox standing, adorned with the inf uta or veil, as a victim. — Engraved iu Vaillaut, Col. i. p. 76; and in the Cabinet de Christine. — See Akerman, Coins of Cities and Princes, p. 89. GRAECIA, Greece, formerly the most re- nowned for polity and civilization, aud still the most classically interesting, country iu Europe. The vast regiou to which this name, aud that of Hellas, were generally given, comprehended to the south, below Sinus Coriuthiaeus (Gulf of Lcpauto), aud Siuus Sarouicus (Gulf of Egina), a great peninsula called the Pclopoucssus (Morca) — and this contained to the west the several states of Achaia, Elis, and Arcadia ; to the south-west Messcuia; to the east Corinth, Megaris, Attica, (including the city of Athens), and Argolis ; to the south-east Lacouica. The northern great division of Gracia Antigua comprised, from west to cast, Acaruania, iEtolia, Locriozolic, Doris, l’hocis, Burnt ia — and stretching much further in the same uorthward direction, the more exten- sive kingdoms aud territories of Epirus, Thes- salia, aud Macedonia. Of the Gnecian islands GRAECI. ill the Ionian Sen, along the north and south- western coasts — and in the JSgacan Sea, to the cast and south-east, opposite the coast of Asia Minor, the principal were Corcyra (Corfu), Leu- cadia (St. Maura), Cephalleuia (Ccphalonia), Ithaca, Zacynthus (Zantc), Euboea (Ncgropont), Lemnos, Naxos, Crete, Carpathos, Ceos, Cythcra, and the smaller islands of the Archipelago, the names of which, as also of the larger, arc well known to every scholar. — “ It is remarkable (says Dr. Butler, Ancient Geog. p. 1 OS), that the word Gnvcia was not legally recognized by the Romans. The name of Graicia, however, was sufficiently familiar among them, iu writing and conversation.” GRAECI. The Grecians, Greeks. — Histori- cal references to Greece, and the coins struck by the respective kings and cities of its various distinct and independent states, high as arc the peculiar claims of both to the attentive study of the artist and the antiquary, form no part of the compiler’s design to touch upon in this volume, except from and after the epoch at which those peoples were finally subiugated by the Romans ; and then solely with a view to a brief numismatic notice of the few colonies planted by their con- querors, in Macedonia, Ac'naia, and Epirus, whose mintages bear Latin legends. Not only must the fabulous, and til t first historic, age of Greece be here passed by, but also the second historic mra, commencing with the reign of Darius I. and finishing with the death of Alex- ander the Great — a period in which, besides the military glory which they acquired by their vic- tories over the Persians, the Greeks carried (particularly the Athenians) their philosophy and their oratory, their sentiments and tastes, their knowledge in science, and their skill iu art, to the highest pitch of contemporaneous refinement and pre-eminence. Little more, there- fore, remains for us to observe on this subject, than that after the war between Macedonia and Rome, which, after seven years’ duration, ter- minated a. u. C. 586 (b. c. 168), in the defeat and capture of king Perseus, by the towu- dcstroving cousul Paulus /Emilias, when one thousand of the principal Aclucans (Polybius amongst the rest) were sent prisoners to Rome. In the year u. c. 607 (». c. 147), Macedonia was reduced to the form of a Roman province. The following year, war having been resumed between Rome and the Aclucans, the latter were defeated, and Corinth was taken and pillaged by L. Mummius, consul, a. u. c. 609 (b. c. 145). The Romans, after having thus esta- blished their power over all Greece ( Gracia Universa), divided it into two provinces, the one called Macedonia, and the other Achaia, which they respectively assigned to the govern- ment of a pretor, or a pro-consul. It was then and thenceforward that this highly polished but degenerate people began to vie with each other in flattering their conquerors — in literally deifying the Emperors, the Senate, and the City of Rome — in ostentatiously dedi- cating to Princes and Empresses, their Neo- coria, a worship till then exclusively appropri- GRAECI. 439 ated to their gods — aud iu impressing upon their coins figures and inscriptions never before used, but indicative of voluntary subjection on their part to the meanest slavery. An exception, perhaps, is to be made in favour of the Athe- nians, who appear to have been free from this black spot of servile adulation ; nor did they, before the time of Vespasian, allow either the name or the effigy of any Roman personage to be struck on their medals. Mr. Akerman, in his learned and instructive “ Remarks on the Coins of Ephesus, struck under the dominion of the Romans,” makes the following observations respecting a coin minted at Ephesus, on which Hadrian is styled KAICAP OATMniOC, Ctesar Olympius — “ Long before the days of Hadrian, the Greeks had been iu the habit of paying divine honours to the worst of princes. Magnificent temples were built iu honour of, and the most fulsome adulation was offered to, men who practised every species of vice that can debase human nature. Hadrian was unquestionably possessed of qualities which if rightly exercised, might have rendered him without a parallel in the history of the Roman empire, but these were obscured by vices which will bear neither description nor comment. — Why and on what occasion, the people of Ephe- sus gave to Hadrian the title of Olympius is, I believe, unknown. That odious system of poly- theism which associated Jupiter with Ganymede, might have suggested the epithet. Whilst the Ephesians were bestowing a surname of the king of the gods upon their emperor, other cities of Greece were erecting temples to Anti- nous 1” — Numismatic Chronicle, vol. iv. p. 89. “ The practice of paying divine honours to their rulers was, as already noticed, a very com- mon one with the degenerate and degraded Greeks. Every one acquainted with ancient history will remember the account which Plut- arch gives of Antony and Cleopatra, at Alex- andria, when the triumvir was styled Neos Aio- waos (the New Bacchus), and his paramour, Nea Ions (the New Isis), which latter title, or rather that of Of a Nea or Neaixepa, is found on a coin of Cleopatra, doubtless struck at the very time of that insane mummery. — Buonarotti cites many examples of this practice, quoting a mar- ble from Spon, on which Sabina the empress is styled the New Ceres, and another from the same author, inscribed to Julia Domna as the New Vesta.” Ibid, p. 109. — See also diana ephesia, p. 324 of this dictionary. Greek coins, whether they were struck by states, or cities, or by colonies, are deserv- ing of particular attention, not only on the ground of their remoter antiquity, but also chiefly because they are of a kind totally different from what were issued from the mints of Greece, after that country had fallen under the sway of Rome. Indeed, that the people of Free Greece, and even after the loss of their independence, were greatly superior to the Romans in the art of engraving money is a fact, to be convinced of which we need only to examine those of the former which remain to us, and compare them 440 GRATIA NUS. with the mintages of Roman die, coined under the empire, with the exception of such from Nero to Comraodus, as are evidently the work of Greek artists. GRADIVUS. — Sec Man. GRATIANUS, the son of Valentinian I. and Val. Severa, was born at Sirmium, in Pannonia, a. T). 359, whilst his father was still a private citizen. In a. D. 367, when eight years old, he was declared Augustus at Ambianum (Amiens), having for colleagues his father Valentinian I. and his uncle Yalcns. Gratianus was sixteen years of age when his father died, a. d. 375. — He immediately acknowledged as his colleague Valeutiuianus, his natural brother, whom on the death of his father the legions had proclaimed Augustus, though he was scarcely five years old. The empire was then so divided between them, that Gratianus had for his share Hispania, the Gallia: and Britain, and Valentinian Italy, Illy- ricum, and Africa, but under the regency of his brother, while Valcus retaiued the East. He was victorious over the Lentiani Alamanni, a people inhabiting Rhcetia (the Tyrol), iu a me- morable battle fought at Argcutovaria, or Argen- taria (at or near Colmar, in Alsace). He went to reinforce Valcus, who was hard pressed by the Goths in Thrace, but arrived only in time to find him overpowered and slain, A. D. 378. The barbariaus completely over-running and devast- ating this region, he recalled Theodosius from his exile in Hispania, and for his services against those tribes on the Istcr, gave him the title of Augustus, at the beginning of the year 379, and appointed him governor of the eastern pro- vinces held by Valens. Having set out on an expedition against Magnus Maximus, a man of energy and reputation (who, elected by the legions in Britain, had assumed the purple in that island, aud invaded Gallia), he found him- self abandoned by his troops near Paris, at the moment of his being about to attack the usur- per’s army, who put him to death in his flight near Lugdunum (Lyon), a. d. 383, iu the 24th year of his age. “ Historians, Pagan and Christian (says an able writer iu Dr. Smith’s Biographical Dic- tionary, ii. p. 302), are agreed as to the cha- racter of Gratian. In person he was well made and good looking ; in his disposition geutle aud and docile — possessed of a cultivated under- standing and of a ready aud pleasing eloquence, he was chaste and temperate, but too yielding and pliant, the influence of others leading him to severities foreign to his own character. His piety and his reverence for ecclesiastics, espe- cially Ambrose of Milan, reudered him too willing a party to the persecutions, which the Christians, now gaining the ascendancy, were GRATIANUS. too ready to exercise, whether against the hea- then, or against heretics [the Arians especially] of their own body. Whilst by these excesses of religious zeal, he cooled the attachment of those of his subjects who were exposed to his severity, his constant engagement in archery, field sports, and other amusements, to the neg- lect of more serious matters, incurred contempt, and rendered liim unpopular with both the army and the people.” Eckhel says of him — “ He was a priuce of many good qualities, by which he distinguished himself at the commencement of his reign, though towards the close of his career, he was deficient iu the discretion and eucrgy so indis- pensably requisite for managing the alTairs of an empire, vast in extent, and involved in such difficulties and dangers as pressed upon it at the critical epoch, in which his lot was cast among the rulers of the Roman world. With regard to his attachment to the Christiau religion, as he was detested by the pagans, so was he re- gretted by the orthodox.” — D. -V. V. viii. 137. Gratian, in A. D. 378, married Constantin, daughter of Constantius II. and Maxima Faus- tina, who was born a. d. 362, and died some years before her husband. The coins of this emperor in second aud third brass arc common ; nor arc his gold and silver of the usual size very rare. But the few medal- lions extant in gold, are of extreme rarity. On these he is styled D. N. GR.\TI LNVS AVG. — D. N. GRAT1ANVS P. F. AVG.— One of his coins bears round the head D. N. GR VTIANYS AVGG. AVG. Of this singular legend various interpretations have been given, which may be seen in the “ Remarques” of Billiard (sec Jo- bert’s Science des Medailles , edit. 1739, t. ii. p. 324). — See also the observations of Eck- hel, Doctr. Sum. Vet. viii. 158. MINTAGES OF GRATIANUS. Gold Medallions. — gloria uomanorvm. Rome seated. Engraved in Steinbiichel’s notice of the Vienna Medallions. (Mionnct values this at 600 fr. and another, with the same legend and type, at 800 fr.) — Same legend, Rome and a turreted woman seated (at 200 fr.) Silver Medallions. — gloria uomanorvm. Emperor with globe and hasta. (Mt. 30 fr.) — victoria avgo. Gratian and Yalrntiniau jun. seated. (Tovey sale, £1 6s. Mt. 50 fr.) — vir- tvs exercitvs. (15s. Thomas. Engraved in Akcrman, ii. p. 324). — votis v. mvltis x. — votis xv. mvltis xx. (Mt. 30 fr. each). Gold. concordia avogge. (sic.) Rome helmed and seated. In exergue conob. (Mt. 24 fr. (Brumcll, 13s.) — Victoria avgvstorvm. Victory seated and writing vor. v. mvlt. x. (Mt. 24 fr.) — victoria avgg. The emperor and his father Valentinian I. seated. Struck a. d. 367. (Brought only 17s. at Campana sale), —gloria novis (sic.) or novi saecvli. Emperor stands in a military dress, supporting a victoriola on a globe, and holding the labarum , adorned with the monogram of Christ. F) (Mt. 30 fr.) — PRINCIPIVM IVVENTVTIS. RESTITVTOR HEI- rVBLICAE. — VOTA PVBLICA. (Mt. 30 fr. each.) GRYPIU. HADRIANUS. 441 Silver. — oloria novi saecli. (sic.) The emperor holding the Christian labarum. — vota pvblica. Hercules stands with right hand upon the mouth. (Mt. 24 fr.) vrbs roma. Rome seated, holding the hasta and a victoriola. — Obv. d. n. gratianvs p. k. avg. Diademed head of the emperor. — (See wood-cut at the head of this article). Brass Medallion. — vrbs roma. (20 fr.) Small Brass. — vota pvblica. Isis holding the sistrum. — Same legend. Isis in a car drawn by two mules. — Same legend. Anubis standing, with caduceus and branch. [It is curious, as an evidence either of im- perial inconsistency, or of monctal careless- ness, that whilst the sacred symbol of Chris- tianity adorns so many of Gratian’s gold and silver coins, his small brass arc paganised not only with Greek but with Egyptian mythology — Hercules with club and lion’s spoils ; Isis with her sistrum, and Anubis with dog’s head !] GRYPHI. Griffins or Griffons. — Fabulous animals, having the body of a lion, and the head of an eagle or hawk, with a crest and wings. — They were sacred to Apollo or the Sun, and are often figured near him. On coins of Aurelio- polis, griffins are represented drawing his cha- riot. A third brass of Gallienus exhibits a grif- fin walking, the accompanying legend being APOLLINI CONS ervatori A V Gusli. On a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, this monster appears flying, with a young man on his back, wearing a Phrygian cap. A woman seated on a griffin forms the reverse type of a brass me- dallion of Hadrian. It is also seen on denarii of the Aclia, Junia, andPapia families. Vaillant considers the griffin to indicate the Apollinarian games. There is a griffin sitting, on a small brass coiu of Domitian (engraved in Morell. Thesaurus , tab. 25). GUBERNACULUM. — The rudder of a ship appears on numerous Roman coins, generally in the hand of Fortune ; sometimes at the feet of Victory. This nautical instrument is delineated in types of the Pretorian gallies, on consular as well as on imperial coins. — See Fontcia gens, p. 392 — Felicitat. Aug. of Hadrian, p. 381, and Fortuna, pp. 394-396-397. GUTTUS, an oblong vase, designating the augural priesthood. It is seen on coins of Pom- peius Magnus, Julius Cicsar, and M. Antonius, &c. accompanied by the lituus. — Sec Prafericu- lum. II. II. This letter, the eighth of the Latin alphabet, has two general uses. The former before vowels at the beginning of syllables, as in llonos ; and the second after consonants, as in tlironus. According to Quintilian, the ancient Romans did not use the H. after consonants. “ Diu deinde reservatum ne consonantibus ad- spiraretur, ut in Graccis and Triumpis.” Cicero has also remarked, “ Quin ergo ipse, cum scirem, ita majores locutos esse, ut nusquam nisi in vo- cali, adspiratione uterentur, loquebar sic, ut pul- cros et Celegos, triumpos, Cartaginem dicercm.” And on coins, for the most part, the words Grac- cus and Triumpus, are found without this letter. In the Latiuity of the early age, as shew T n ou the more ancient marbles, as well as on denarii of the Marcia family, pilippvs— pilippi is read for Philippus, Philippi. — ypsaevs also instead of Ilgpsceus. — Nor, to quote the autho- rity of Quintilian and of other old grammarians, is it to be ascribed to an error of the engraver, when we find on the coins of M. Antony, chortis specvlatorvm and ciiortivm prae- toriarvm. On coins moreover of Gallienus we find coor. praet. vi. p. vi. f. Cohors Pretoria Sextum Pia, Sextum Felix, or Fidelis. The II is sometimes omitted as in ercvi.i, and sometimes doubled as in the conn, praet. Cohortes Pretoriarue, of Gallienus. — Sec Eckliel, vol. v. 75 and 171. H. This letter served to mark the standard of the Ilastati, who were accustomed to be placed in the front of the Roman legionaries, when in battle array, armed with spears. And II . P. signified Ilastati. Principes. These letters inscribed on standards appear on coins of the Neria and Valeria families. — See Rasche, Lex. Num. t. ii. p. 2, et scq. H. Heliopolis. — Also Herennius. H. Hispaui®. — p. h. c. Provincia Hispani® Citerioris. HAD. lladrianus. — Also hadr. also hadri and Hadrian. — See below. HADRIANUS ( Publius /Elius), born at Rome, according to some; according to others, at Italica, a colonial city of Spain, where his family, originally of Hadria in Italy, was esta- blished from the time of the Scipios — that is to say, from about two centuries before Christ. — His father was /Elias lladrianus Afer, his mo- ther Doinitia Paulina ; aud he was born on the 3 L 442 HADRIANUS. 9th of the calends of February, A. u. c. 829 (a. d. 76). Losing his father at the age of ten, he was placed under the guardianship of Trajan, his cousin and fellow countryman (afterwards emperor), at that time holding the office of pre- tor. After discharging the first offices usually conferred upon a youth, he was sent into M®sia; and having subsequently set out to greet Trajan, as the new Caesar by adoption, and to convey to him the congratulations of the army, he was ordered to remain in Germania Superior. Being from the first a great favourite with Trajan, on account of his handsome person and captivating manners, he afterwards drew closer the bonds of friendship by marrying (it is not known in what year) the emperor’s niece Sabina, daughter of Marciana ; and thus opened the path to his future greatness. In 854 (a. d. 101), he be- came questor, and at the expiration of that office, followed Trajan to the Dacian war. — In 858 (105) he was tribune of the plebs; and having, about the same epoch, entered upon an- other campaign in Dacia, he was appointed to the command of Legio I. Minervia; and gave signal proofs of his valour. At the termination of this war, he celebrated games at Rome, with great magnificence, as pretor. After this he was sent as pro-pretor into Pannonia Infe- rior, where he defeated the Sarmatians, and earned his consulate ; which, however, was not of the ordinary kind, but by substitution (suf- fectus). This consulate took place in 862 (a.d. 109). Growing more and more in favour with Trajan, he was appointed, as legatus, to con- duct the war then impending with Parthia. — In 870 (117), when Trajan was preparing to re- turn from the East, in consequence of ill-health, he left to Hadrian the command of the army in Syria, after the latter had been nominated, through the agency of Plotina, as consul for the year ensuing. Shortly afterwards, Trajan died at Selinus (now Selenti ), Cilicia. And Hadrian, in virtue of letters of adoption, signed by Plo- tina, and forwarded to Rome, took at Antioch the title of emperor, without waiting for the Senatorial confirmation. It was on the 5th day before the ides of August, that Hadrian re- ceived his letters of adoption, and theuceforth kept that day as his birth-dag by adoption . — On the 3rd day before the ides of August, the death of Trajan was publicly announced ; and this was afterwards reckoned as the natal day of his reign . — The same year, he withdrew the legions from Armenia, Mesopotamia, aud As- syria, assigning as his reason for so doing, the difficulty of keeping those regions in subjection ; and fixed on the Euphrates for the eastern boundary of the empire. He sent to Rome the ashes of Trajan ; and the same year was elected consul for the first time, from the mouth of August to the month of January. a. u. c. 871 (a.d. 118. — Hadrian made his public entry into Rome. And soon paid divine honours to Trajan. Proceeding consul for the second time, he remitted to the people all debts on account of taxation. 872 (119). — Consul for the third and last HADRIANUS. time, he was victorious over the Sarmatic, through the instrumentality of his lieutenants. 873 (120). — It is conjectured by the learned, that Hadrian this year commenced his tour through the different provinces of the empire. He first visited the Gallia;, aud then Germania. 874 (121). — lie passed over into Britain, where he constructed a wall from one sea to the other, to keep the Caledonian tribes within bounds. Returning to Gaul, he proceeded to Spain. 876 (123). — It is considered uncertain in which direction he went on leaving Spain. But it is not improbable that he passed a portion of the year at Athens. 877 (124). — Hadrian is believed to have journied this year into Asia, and made the in- spection of its provinces. 878 (125). — After having visited the islands of the Archipelago, he returned to Athens, and it is thought that he then made a voyage to Sicily. 880 (127). — It is uncertain where he went this year, but he is supposed to have returned from Sicily to Rome. 881 (128). — Hadrian accepted the title of P ater P atria, and conferred that of Augusta on his wife Sabina. 882 (129). — It is inferred from the proceed- ings of the following year, when he visited Egypt, that at the cud of this the emperor was in Arabia. That he went thither from Syria, Eckhcl (vi. 481) gathers from Dion aud from the coins of Gaza, which town establi died (a. d. 130) a fresh icra in honour of his visit. A temple of Rome, and another of Venus, were built there in memory of the same event. The succeeding year Hadrian returned from Egypt into Syria. 885 (132). — Eckhcl thinks it probable that in this year began the Jewish war, set on foot by Barchoccbas, though Tillcmont dates it two years later. The events of the two following years arc uncertain. 888 (135). — Hadrian returned to Athens, and was initiated into the mysteries of Elcusis. lie also completed a temple of Jupiter Olyrapius, at Athens, which had been commenced many ages before. Finding himself in a declining state of health, he adopted L. Ailius. It is probable that the Jewish war was this year brought to a conclusion by the valour of Julius Scverns. 889 (136). — His strength being exhausted by repeated bleeding at the nose, aud his temper in consequence becoming morose, he caused several individuals to be put to death, on charges of attempted usurpation. 891 (138). — L. Ailius, whom Hadrian had adopted, being dead, Antoninus, on the 25th of February, was adopted in his stead ; Antoninus at the same time having adopted Marcus Aure- lius and L. Vcrus. After protracted suffering, and having lost Sabina, he died of dropsy, at Baiic, on the 10th of July, at the age of 62 years and nearly six months, after a reign of 20 years and 1 1 months. The subjoined character of this celebrated HADRIANUS. prince is by a master-hand for fidelity, discri- mination. and judgmcut in the province of bio- graphical writing : — “ Hadrian’s name deserves to he handed down to posterity among those of the greatest bene- factors of the Roman empire ; though his merits were tarnished by crimes of great magnitude, and by vices of the worst description. — If we credit the accounts of his life, furnished by his biographer Spartianus, aud by Dion Cassius, we shall find that there was no emperor who enter- ed more into the most minute details, as well as into the highest coucerus, of government. How indefatigable he was in visiting all the provinces of the empire, and investigating in person their respective grievances ; how severe an exactor of mditary discipline, aud how ready to share the duties, not only of a general, but of a private soldier, a reference to his coins affords frequent opportunities of proving, [as has already been shewn, and will continue to be shewn, in this dictionary.] Courteous in his demeanour to all persons, he was in the constant habit of joining the social meetings of his friends ; the sick, though of much lower rank, he used to visit two or three times a day, and cheer them with cucouragemeut ; in short, conducted himself iu all respects as a private individual. As in social life, so in public, his liberality was dis- played iu bis remitting to the nation, a.u.c. 871 (a. d. 118), an enormous debt to the treasury, aud relieving the provinces which had suffered loss, by money supplied from his private re- sources ; also in the erection of temples of the greatest splendour, especially at Athens, of which city he was very fond, aud in the construction of aqueducts aud ports, by which he consulted both the ornament and the utility of the different cities. — There is still to be seen at Rome a mau- soleum of vast proportions, built by him near the Tiber, accurately described by Procopius (now well-known under the name of the castle of St. Angelo) ; also the remains of the town of Tibur, a lasting monument of his magnificence, where, as Spartian relates, he built himself a villa, and in- troduced the novelty of inscribing on its several parts the names of the most celebrated provinces aud localities, such as the Lyceum, the Acade- mia, the Prytaueum, Canopus, Psecile, and Tempe. Although, from the moment of his accession to empire, he devoted his whole atten- tion to the preservation of peace throughout the world, in pursuance of which policy he volun- tarily ceded Armenia and the other regions beyond the Euphrates, as beiug a perpetual hot-bed of war, yet he did not permit the soldiers to become enervated by inaction, but kept them ever on the alert and in the practice of arms ; a circumstance which rendered him constantly formidable to foreign powers, and the more ready to suppress aggression, that he never himself took the initiative. “ Amidst these weighty cares of state, he still found time to bestow on his bodily exer- cise and intellectual pursuits. His coins bear witness to his untiring love of the chace. To Grecian literature he was, from his boyhood, so 3 L 3 HADRIANUS. 443 devoted, that he was called by many Gnecnlus. He was a proficient not ouly in arithmetic, geometry, painting, and music, but even in the arts of moulding in brass and chiselling 'in marble ; whether, indeed, iu such a manner as to rival the Polycleti aud Euphrauors, we have only the testimony of Victor to assure us. He was so fond of travelling, that he wished to verify, by personal inspection, all the accounts which he had read of different parts of the world. His extreme addiction to sensual pleasures to the extent of indulgence in propensities not to be named, nor, even to be alluded to, was a foul and detestable blot upon his character. The iufatuated attachment which he manifested for Antinous, and his ill-treatment of au amiable wife, cannot be too severely reprobated. It is a matter of his- tory, that his love of peace carried him beyond bounds at all consistent with the honour of the empire. For, that he was iu the habit of bribing foreign powers to forego their offensive designs, is stated not only by Dion, but Victor also more openly charges him with boasting, after pur- chasing pacific relations from many kings, that he had gaiued more without stirring foot, than others had by their campaigns. Hut, much more fatal in its effects was the spirit of envy, in which lie persecuted those who excelled in auy of the arts, going even so far as to put some of them to death; among whom were Euphrates, a celebrated philosopher of the period, aud Apollodorus Damasceuus, the archi- tect of the Forum of Trajan, and the bridge over the Danube ; nay many have supposed that a desire of peace and public tranquillity was but an ostensible reason for the relinquishment of Armenia and other provinces, aud the dis- mantling of the famous bridge over the Danube, the actual one being his envy of Trajan’s re- nown. His character, as drawn by Spartian, is full of contradictions, shewing him at one time cheerful, liberal, aud merciful; at another severe, obstinate, perfidious, aud cruel. The sauguinary disposition, indeed, which at the commencement of his reign he displayed in putting several emi- nent men to death, broke out with still greater violence in the later years of his life, when sour- ness of temper supervened upon the sufferings of disease, and a morbid suspicion took possession of his mind, which prompted him to take the lives of the most distinguished men iu the state, and many of consular rank, on the charge of cherishing designs upon the sovereignty.” — Sec Doctritia, vi. 473 to 484. He was buried first at Puteoli, in the villa of Cicero ; and subsequently his ashes were trans- ferred to Rome, and deposited in the tomb, which he had built for himself on the banks of the Tiber. Hadrian, in the first instance, not only took the name of Trajan [HADRIANVS TRAIA- NVS CAESAR] ; but he also called himself Filins Optimi Trajani ; and also the grandson of Nerva [IMP. CAES. HADRIANVS DIVI NER. TRAIAN. OPT. FIL.] Afterwards the style and title of this prince, as struck on his money, were for the most part HADRIANVS 444 HADRIANUS. AVGVSTVS P. P. with the addition, towards the close of his reign, of Valer V atria. On Hadrian's coins, after A. D. 117, wc read P. M. TR. P. COS. And from a. d. 119 to 138, TR. P. II. to XXI. COS. III. P. P. IMP. II. For from COS. III. a. d. 119, the number of the consulates is no longer repeated, nor are the suc- cessive investitures of the tribunitian power any longer recorded, a circumstance which renders it so difficult to mark the date of his mintages. The subjoined observations on the obverses of Hadrian’s coins are from Eckhcl, vi. 484 ct seq. : Firstly. — That Hadrian appears on them, for the most part, with bare head , which is of less frequent occurrence in the emperors immediately preceding and following him. Some suppose that this arises from the fact that, according to his biographer Spartianus, “ he was so indiffer- ent to cold and weather, that he never covered his head.” And this testimony is confirmed by Dion ; “ he could not be induced by any extre- mity of heat or cold, to go with his head covered ; for even amidst the Celtic snows, and the burning suns of Egypt, he always travelled with his head bare.” This practice, however, was eventually fatal to him ; for, according to the same writer, “ after travelling in every direc- tion with no covering to his head, and generally amidst storms of wet and cold, he at length fcil a victim to disease.” Secondly. — The beard is also a novelty; as wc gather not only from coins, but from the express statement of Dion — “ For Hadrian,” he says, “ was the first emperor who allowed his beard to grow.” We sec, indeed, that on coins, both Augustus and Nero display a small beard, but in their cases, as we have before remarked, the reason for its appearance was either some occasion of public mourning, or that their age was not sufficient to admit of their laying aside their beard, in accordance with ancient custom. Spartian says, that the motive in Hadrian’s case was “ that he might conceal some natural ble- mishes on the face.” But I suspect, that an- other motive was at the bottom of this fashion, viz. that he was more constant in his devotion to the study of philosophy, than its professors were to the cultivation of their beards. And that such was the view of the subject taken by the Emperor Julian is evident from the fling he has at him in his Casars — “ After him (Tra- jan) appears a venerable old man, with a long beard. * * * Silenus, observing him fre- quently lifting up his eyes to heaven, and anxi- ously enquiring after abstruse subjects, exclaims, what think you of this Sophist P” Certainly, it is well known, that Hadrian greatly encour- aged the Sophists, with the exception of those against whom he entertained feelings of envy; and Spartian informs us, that at the museum in Alexandria, he proposed many questions to the professors, which he answered himself, aud that the sole reason for his attachment to Athens was its long established reputation for the en- couragement of philosophy. His immediate successors in the empire, devoting their atten- tion with equal ardour to these pursuits, also HADRIANUS. allowed their beards to grow ; unless Spartian would have us believe, that they too were de- sirous of hiding personal defects. The fashion, thus introduced in connexion with philosophical habits, became in subsequent emperors a mere custom, so that for a long period, all the em- perors, however little addicted to learning, still persisted in wearing the beard. — See babba, pp. 123, 124. Thirdly. — Whoever will inspect attentively the coins of Hadrian, cannot fail to remark, that on those struck in his first and second consulates, there appears rather a bust than a head of the emperor ; in other words, a por- trait, including the greater portion of the breast aud the back ; also a considerable thiuness in the face, and sharpness of the chin ; and further, that the inscription accompanying such busts continues to give the name of traiani, in re- ference to his adoption, whereas, subsequently where the head, and not the bust, is displayed, and that too with fuller features, the name is invariably abseut. And this peculiarity, both of the portrait and the legend, is observed also on some coins of the third consulate. Whence it follows, that during the first year of his third consulate, the original mode of ponrtraying and inscribing was retained, and consequently that all such coins must be referred to the beginning of Consulate III. Fourthly. — Again, the custom of using the dative case in the legend, borrowed from the coinage of Trajan, is observed still in force during the first consulate of lladriau, or the year u. c. 870 (a. d. 117). Nevertheless, at the end of the year, in which he is styled, cos. des. n. the nominative case begins to take its place. There are a very few coins of the second consulate, which retain the dative case. Hadrian carried his display of reverence and affection for his parents, by adoption, to so high a pitch, as to cause a gold coin to be struck with the epigraph of divis parentibvs, and the heads of Trajan and Plotina on the reverse ; and others with the head of Trajan and the inscrip- tion DIVO TRAIANO PATKI or PATRI AVG. or divvs traiaxvs avg. (See p. 335.) Hadrian's various and continual jonrneyings amongst the provinces of the Roman world — as for example into Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain, Africa, Mauretania, Asia, Actinia, Egypt, &c. are narrated by Spartianus and by Aurelius Victor. No mention, however, is made on his coins of the word profectio, as wc find it (pro- fectio avg.) on the coins of succeeding em- perors. But on the other hand we find the com- memoration of arrivals (adventvs) no where more numerously or more curiously exhibited on any of the imperial scries than on the coins of lladriau. This geographical class of medals present on their obverse the laureated head of Hadrian, and on the reverse the emperor aud another figure, generally a woman, in the act of performing sacrifice, and sometimes a victim before the altar, bearing for inscription the words Adventus or Adventui, prefixed to the HADRIANUS. name of each province or city, viz. : — AFRICAE — ALEXANDRIAE — AltABlAE — ASIAE — BITHYN1AE — BRITANNLAE — CILICIAE— GALL1AE— IIISPANIAE— ITALIA E— IVDEAE MACEDONIAE — MAVRETA- NIAE — MOESIAE-P1IRYGIAE — SICILIAE THRACIAE. And as no journcyings or progresses from the capital into the different provinces of the Roman empire were more numerous thau those of Ha- drian, so neither were there any in which the arrival of an emperor in a provincial city was attended with greater benefit or advantage to that city, cither in privileges granted or in em- bellishments bestowed. These are indicated on those of his coins which bear the inscriptions, RESTITVTORI ACIIAIAE AFRICAE ASIAE— AltABIAE — BITHYNIAE — GAL- LIAE — IIISPANIAE — MACEDONIAE MAVRETANIAE— PHRYGIAE— SICILIAE. — We find also on the coinage of this great prince memorials of his visit to, or favours conferred on, AEGYTTOS, and CAPPADOCIA, inscribed on coins without the addition of either advenlus or restitutor. Whilst first brass of the same Emperor, bearing, in comprehensive magnifi- cence of terms, the epigraph RESTITVTORI ORBIS TERRARVM, will be found described and illustrated in its proper place. — See also adventvs avgvsti, pp. 8 and 9. It is stated by Spartian, that many cities called themselves after him by the name of Hadriana, or Hadrianopolis ; but that he does not remember any colonies to have been planted by him ; although Eusebius, in his Chronicles, affirms that the emperor sent many into Lybia, in the fifth year of his reign. With certain exceptions, arising from the rarity, historical interest, workmanship, or pre- servation of the specimens, Hadrian’s coins, of every metal and size, as well Greek as Latin, are common ; especially those in first, second, and third brass. First brass colonial arc rare, the others common. MINTAGES OF HADRIANUS. The following are among the rarest reverses : Silver Medallions. cos. hi. Jupiter /Ethophorus standing. — cos. hi. Minerva — Pluto & Cerberus — Apollo — Esculapius — Ephe- sian Diana. — com. bit. Octostvle temple ; on its frieze rom. s. p. avg. (Brought only £1 4s. at the Thomas sale). — [The above seven Mionnet values at 40 fr. each.] — cos. hi. Neptune — Two Furies — Cybele. (Mt. 48 fr. each). — PONT. max. tr. pot. cos. in. Jupiter Victor seated. [This splendid medallion (engraved in Mionnet, who values it at 600 fr.) nearly the size of large brass, is of Romau die. The preceding ones were struck in Asia], Gold. — ann. d. ccc. lxxhii. nat. vrb. p. cir. conc. [This, one of the rarest of Hadrian’s aurei, and of high historical interest, (see p. 46), brought £7 15s. at the sale of the Thomas collection. A specimen, at the Pem- broke auction brought £4 3s.] adventvi avg. italiae. (£1 14s. Thomas HADRIANUS. 445 sale; Brumcll, £2 2s.) — aegyptos. (£4 5s. Thomas). — Africa. (£3 18s. Od. same collec- tion.) — consecratio. Emperor on an eagle. (Brought at the Thomas sale £12 10s.) — cos. in. Jupiter, Hadrian, and Rome. (£4 Os. Thomas). — disciplina AVG. (Mt. 72 fr. ; Pembroke, £6 10s.; Thomas sale, £3 5 s.; see same in brass, engraved in p. 333). — divis parentibvs. Busts of Trajanus and Plotina. (Mt. 100 fr. ; Thomas sale, £13; Brumell, £11 15s.) — divo traiano patri avg. Head of Trajan. (Mt. 120 fr. ; brought £9 15s. at the Thomas sale). Engraved in Akerman, pi. vi. No. 4. hero, gadit. Hercules standing. (Mt. 60 fr. hispania. (£5 10s. Thomas). — imp. Hadrian divi ner. traian opt. fil. rest. The emperor sacri- ficing. (Mt. 150 fr.) — p. m. tr. p. cos. hi. Mars. (£3 Is. Pembroke). — p. m. tr. p. cos. in. Hercules and two figures in a temple. (Mt. 60 fr. ; Thomas, £4. Engraved in p. 456). — p. m. tr. P. cos. in. £3 11s. Thomas. — Same legend. Hercules in a temple. (£3 19s. Tho- mas). — Same legend. Hercules seated on ar- mour. (£2 10s. Od. Thomas). adventvi africae. (Mt. 50 fr. Engraved in p. 9). — RESTITVTORI IIISPANIAE. (Mt. 60 fr.) — RESTI- TVTORI italiae. — tellvs STABIL. A woman seated on the ground. (Mt. 72 fr. each). — ro- mvlo conditori. (£2 Thomas.) — saec. avr. p. m. &c. (Mt. 72 fr. ; Pembroke, £5 15s. 6d. Thomas, £1 14s). — secvritas avg. (£2 9s. Brumell). — vota pvblica. Emperor and four figures sacrificing. (Estimated by Mionnet at 120 fr. ; brought £6 2s. 6d. at the Thomas sale). — Without legend. Wolf and Roman twins. (£6 12s. 6d. Pembroke; £4 10s. Thomas). — Without legend. The Nile seated, sphinx and hippopotamus. (£3 10s. Thomas). — Without legend. Trophy with shields. (Half aureus, (£4 Is. Thomas).— cos. iii. The emperor on horseback. (This very fine aureus sold for £16 at the Thomas auction). Silver. italia felix. (Mt. 20 fr.) MARTI. (30 fr.) — RESTITVTORI ACHAIAE. (24 fr .) — sabina avgvsta. Head of the empress. (48 fr.) Brass Medallions. concordia parth. &c. Female sacrificing. (£2 14s. Thomas). — cos. iii. p. p. Man dragging a ram towards an altar. Engraved in Akerman, i. plate A. No. 1. (Mt. 200 fr. ; £2 14s. Thomas). — [A beau- tifully patiuated specimen of this rare and fine medallion brought the sum of thirty pounds at the sale of Signor Campana’s collection], — cos. ii. p. p. Cybele drawn by four lions. — cos. in. p. p. Victory in a biga. — decvrsio. Two horsemen and one on foot. — Diana carrying two torches. (Mt. 100 fr. each). — cos. iii. p. p. s. c. A galley, on the sail of which felici- tati avg. (Mt. 40 fr. Engraved in p. 383). — cos. III. FORT. RED. Fortune seated. — cos. iii. Romulus and Remus and the wolf. — vota svscepta. Two figures sacrificing. (Mt. 50 fr. each). felicitati avg. cos. iii. p. p. s. c. Pretorian galley, with eight rowers, gubemator, &c. (£1 5s. Thomas.) — genivs popvli romani. Mt. 150 fr. Engraved in p. 410). — p. m. tr. p. 416 HADRUMETUM. Roma Nicephoros seated. Without legend. Apollo aud Bacchus drawn by a goat and a pan- ther. Seep. 120. (Mt. 150 fr. each). — p. ji. tr. p. mi. Jupiter standing between two ga- leated females. Without legend. Jupiter seated between Juno and Minerva." (Mt. 200 fr. each). — YIRTVTI avgvsti. Emperor on horseback, chasing a lion. (£5 15s. Campana sale). — p. m. tr. p. cos. hi. Sow aud numerous piglets. (£4 IGs. Campana). [The medallion with the Pons .Eli us, orna- mented with statues, quoted by the early numis- matic writers, is a modern fabrication. — Mion- net — Akcrman.] Large Brass. — adlocvtio cou. praetor. ADVENTYI AVG. ALEXANDRIA!'. Serapis, Isis, Hadrian and Sabina. — Without legend. Eagle, peacock, and owl. (Mt. 24 fr. each). — adven- TVl AVG. BRITANNIAE. — ADVENTVI AVG. MOE- SIAE. — Do. PHRYGIAE. (30 fr. each). — COS. III. Emperor fully armed. (£2 5s. Pembroke sale, —cos. hi. Emperor in the toga, addressing six personages from the steps of a portico. — [See this reverse engraved under the head ofTEii- PLVM.] — EXERCITVS SYR1ACVS. (£2 15s. 0d. Campana). exercitvs dacicvs. (£2 same sale). — exercitvs cappadocic vs. (Mt. 30 fr.) — GERMAN ICVS. — MAVRETANICVS. — RHAETICVS. (20 fr. each). — moesiacvs. — noricvs. (40 fr. each). — fortvna redvci. Rome aud the em- peror. (Not in Mionnct : brought £4 2s. at the Brumcll sale).— locvpletatori orbis terra- RVM. — r eli q. VETERA, &c. (30 fr. each). — romvlo conditori. Emperor carrying tropliv. (24 fr.) — sabina. Head of empress. (Mt. 40 fr.) — sicilia. Head of Medusa. — virtvs avgvsti. Emperor on horseback, pursuing a lion. — vot. pvb. Emperor and several figures at a sacrifice. — Without legend. Pons rElius. (72 fr.) — Without legend. Jupiter, Juuo, and Minerva seated. (30 fr.) Middle Brass. — s. c. Four children repre- senting the four seasons. (20 fr.) Small Brass. — aei.ia pincensia, within a crown of laurel. (18 fr.) See p. 15. II ADR. — Eadrumetum, the capital of a par- ticular country in Africa, called Byzacena, be- tween the Syrtis and Zcugitana. — “ All authors who speak of Africa (says Pellerin) make men- tion of this city as one of considerable import- ance, and as the metropolis of the province in which it was situated. Pliny includes it in the list of free cities. But Grutcr has given an in- scription by which it appears that it was made a colony by the Emperor Trajan ; and Ptolemy in effect assigns to it the title of a colouy.” — Vaillant docs not appear to have been aware of the existence ol any coins belonging to this colony. But Pellerin lias published two. One of these he shews by an engraving to be of a module, which approaches the size of a medal- lion, and which he describes to be in perfect preservation ; the other is about the dimensions of first brass. Both have on their obverse IlADR/iiwefim AVGVSTVS, and the naked head of Augustus; and for their reverse the bare head of Julius, with lituus and star, and HANN1BALLIANUS. the legend CAESAR. — See vol. iv. pi. Ixxxviii. page 17 ; also Melange , i. vignette title-page. It is only by these two medals that the city of Hadruinetum (although a considerable city in the most fertile and corn-growing district of Africa Propria), is numismatically identified with the imperial series of Roman colonies aud municipia. It is not, however, included in Eckhel’s or Mionnct’s list of either. IIANDSyoi>i«/. — Sec Manus humana. 1 1 A XNI B ALLIAXU S {Flavius Claudius j t nephew of Constantiuc the Great, aud brother to Delmatius, born at Toulouse, in what year is uncertain. 11c was called Nobilissimus by his uncle Constantine, who appointed him prefect of Cappadocia aud Armenia, which provinces he governed with the title of king, a. d. 335. He and his brother Delmatius were killed by the soldiers, a. d. 337. (See delmattvs, p. 315). Of this prince there arc no gold or silver coins. His third brass arc very rare. They bear on their obverse fl. iianniballiano regi, with the bare head, aud the paluda meat urn ; and on the reverse secvritas pvblica, and also reipvblicae, with a river god. — The former valued by Miounet at 50 fr. the latter at 72 fr. HARP.Y, a very ancieut kind of instrument, in the form of a denticulated sickle, of which Saturn, according to a horrid myth, made use to mutilate his father Uranus, and is therefore one of the symbols of that god. — The harpa is seen on a coin of the Neria gens, behind the head of Saturn, and on a denarius of the Seutia family, in the hands of the same deity ; also on a silver coin of Valerianus, accom- panying the epigraph of Eternitas. (Eckhclj.— Mercury is also said to have used it to kill Ar- gus, and Perseus employed it as a weapon to cut oil the head of Medusa. — See saturnus. llARLSPICES. — See aruspices. IIASTA, a spear, lance, or pike — a weapon derived by the Romans from the Etrurians, who called it Co vim . By the Sabines it was named Qutris, whence Romulus received the designa- tion of Quiriuus, as Ovid atlirms — Sive quod liasta Quiris priscis est dicta Sabiais, Bellicus 5 telo veuit in nstra Deus. The Sabines called their kings Coritos, that is to say doves hastatos , because the spear was with them the attribute of royalty. Per ea tempora (says Justin), Reges hastas pro diadc- mate habebant, quas Gricci sceptra dixerc. 1 lie Easta was the symbol not only of power, fortitude, and valour, but nlso of majesty ami even of divinity. Inverted or reversed it de- noted tranquillity. Ilnvcrcamp, ad Morell. T/iesanr. Fain. p. 458. Easta Fura was a spear staff, without nu iron head — as in Virgil, Ille, vidcs, purl juvenis qui nititur haiU. HASTA — HELENA. Whereupon Servius remarks, that the ancient Romans presented a spear, without an iron point, to him who had conquered for the first time. — Spauhcim ( Pr. i. p. 455), says the hasta pura, as a kind of sceptre, is an indication of power both divine and human. It is one of the insignia of the Gods, and of the Emperors and Augusta after their apotheosis, implying that they had become objects of worship. It is generally found in the hands of female divinities and per- sonifications ; as the war-spear is in those of warriors and heroes. Hasta. We see this weapon on Roman coins in the bands of various deities, amongst the rest those of Apollo, Bacchus, Castor and Pollux, Ceres, Cybele, Diana, Hercules, Juno, Jupiter, Mars, Pallas, Sol, Venus, Vesta, and (as a demigod) Romulus. In like rnanucr it is an attribute of qualities, such as ZEquitas, .ZEternitas, Annona, Clemcntia, Concordia, Fecunditas, Felicitas, Fides, Fortune, Hilaritas, Honos, Indulgcntia, Justitia, Liberalitas, Muni- ficcntia. Nobilitas, Paticntia, Pax, Pcrcnnitas, Pcrpetuitas, Pictas, Providentia, Pudicitia, Quics, Salus, Securitas, Tranquillitas, Virtus, &c. A man on horseback with the hasta in his hand, on imperial coins, betokens an emperor hasten- ing to the wars. The type of an emperor shaking his spear over an enemy lying prostrate on the ground, denotes that his heroism in battle against the “ barbarians” shone like that of another Mars, and such like flattery. The genius of a city carries a hasta in the right band for the defence of the citizens against the bar- barians. Rome, when personified on coins, is almost always represented holding the hasta, that particular mark of dominion and sove- reignty. Hasta, placed crosswise behind a shield, arc marks of the equestrian dignity. Sec eqvestep. ordo pkincipi I WENT, on a coin of Corn- modus. For the Romans under the empire were accustomed to oiler such spears, as well as a shield, to young princes. Uastati, infantry of the Roman legions, so called because at the commencement of their institution, they were armed with spears. — Uastati (says Varro), quod primo Hastis pug- nabaut. And though afterwards armed in a different manner, they always preserved the name ; for in Polybius’s time they fought with swords, and a dart called Pilum ; the Velites, or light troops, alone continued to use the javelin termed Hasta. (Pitiscus). Hastati and Principes are expressed on family coins by the letters H. and P. (See Neria gens). — The Principes, like the Hastati, were the most distinguished of the Roman soldiers : their post was at the head of an army, the first in rank, and as it were, the princes ; it also mcaut the first cohorts and the first legions. — (Kolb.) IIEDERA.— See Ivy. HELEN' A (Flavia Julia), born at Drepanum, in Bithynia (a. d. 248), was the first wife of Constantius Chlorus, to whom she was married several years previously to his being invested with the rank of Ctesar, and by whom she was divorced HELENA. 447 after his elevation to that high dignity, a. d. 292> Constantius immediately' afterwards took Theo- dora, daughter-in-law of Maximianus Hercules, for his second wife; and Helena retired into pri- vate life ; but was subsequently honoured with the title of Augusta by her son Constantine the Great. She died a. d. 328. There are brass medallions (rare) of this empress, and third brass which are common ; on these she is styled FL avia 1VL ia HELENA AVG usta. Mionnet values secvritas avgvsta, and pietas avgvstae, two brass medallions of this empress, at 100 fr. each. HELENA (Flavia), wife of Julian the Apostate, to whom she was united in marriage when that emperor was declared Cscsar, a. d. 355. She was the daughter of Constantine the Great by the empress Fausta. Her death took place in 360, a short time after Juliau had been proclaimed Augustus. The coins of this lady have been by mistake assigned to Helena, wife of Constantine I. The gold are of extreme rarity, but the third brass are common : ou these she is styled FL. HELENA AVGVSTA. Au aureus, with legend secvritas keipvb- i.icae. Female standing ; s. m. t. (Valued by Mionnet at 1000 fr.) [This coin Eckhel (see his observations, B. N. V. vol. viii. p. 143), confidently assigns to Helena, wife of Julian. Mionnet (Be la Jiarete des Med. vol. ii. p. 303), follows on this point the opinion of Eckhel. — M. Lc Baron Marchant (in his xviith Letlre Numismati/jue), at once repudiates the distinctions previously established between the coins of the three dif- ferent Helenas, and ascribes all the pieces which bear that name to the mother of Constantine. — In this absolute revolt against a part of the system of appropriation, laid down by the illus- trious German, and for some time acquiesced in without further contest by the numismatic world, M. Ch. Lenormant has joined. And in vol. vi. p. 88 et scq. of Revue Numismalique, the latter has given liis reasons in full for undertaking to corroborate and carry out the ideas of Baron Marchant. To this luminous dissertation the attention of the student is particularly directed.] HELENA N. F. (Noii/issima FeminaJ . — A third brass, bcariug this legend and the unde- 448 HELIOPOLIS, coratcd head of a female. — Rev. without legend. A large star within a garland. — “ This princess is not alluded to in history, but from the men- tion of her name together with that of Crispus, in the Theodosian code, she is supposed to have been the wife of that Ccesar, the son of Con- stantine, although it does not clearly state that she was. The supposition is strengthened by the style of the coin (engraved in preceding page), which bears a strong resemblance to that of Fausta, the supposed wife of Constantius the Second. — Akerraan, Descript. Cat. ii. 25. [According to the new distribution by Baron Marchant and M. Ch. Lcnormant, this is, amongst others, rendered up, as a coin struck under her son, to the mother of Constantine. — See Nobilissima Femina']. I1EL. — Heliopolis , or city of the Sun. HELIOPOLIS. — There were more cities than one of this name. That however, which is dis- tinguished numismatically, was situated near Mount Lebanon; and having received from the Egyptian Heliopolis an idol of the Sun, adopted the same appellation. It became a Roman colony under Julius Ciesar’s foundation, and therefore called Julia. Augustus sent many veterans to it ; and the name of Augusta was consequently added to its colonial titles. They#* Ilalicum was moreover conferred upon it by Sept. Scverus, for its attachment to his interest during his struggle for empire with Pcscennius Niger. The ancient Heliopolis is now called Balbec or Baalbeck ; and the ruins of its once celebrated temple still exist. It is marked by some geographers a city of Pkcc- nicia, by others a city of Cocle-syria. Those, however, who place it in Phoenicia, make a double Phoenicia, one proper or by the sea shore, the other Lybanisia or Damascan (Da- mascena — Plin. 1. v. c. 18). That old soldiers were sent by Augustus to Heliopolis as a re- cruitment to the colony, drafted from the Fifth or Macedonica, and the Eighth or Augustan Legions, is shewn by its coins under Philip senior. This city inscribed money to Nerva, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, Com- modus, Pcrtinax, S. Scverus, Julia Domna, Caracalla, Plautilla, Geta, Maerinus, Alexander Sevcrus, Gordianus Pius, Philip sen. Philip jun. Valerianus, Gallicnus ; and styled col. h. or hel. Colonia Heliopolis. On one of Cara- calla’s it bears the title of col. ivl. avo. ff.l. hel. Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolis, or He/iopo/itani. — The epigraph of this colony on a coin of the elder Philip is col. hel. leg. v. maced, avg. Colonia Heliopolis Legionum Quintie Macedonica et Oct a vie Augusta . — Span- lieim, ii. p. f>02 — Vaillant, in Col. i. and ii. The coins of this colony are Latin imperial, in small, middle, and large brass (see Mionnct, Supplt. T. viii. 208). Amongst the types which occur on their reverses arc the following, viz. : Astarte. — On large brass of Philip sen. A woman, with tutulatcd head, standing, and clothed in the stola, holds a rudder in the right hand, and a cornucopia- in the left. At her feet arc two small figures, each supporting a rex- HELIOPOLIS. ilium. On either side, elevated on a cippus, is a young draped female, each holding the ends of a veil, floating in the air above the head of the goddess, whom Vaillant calls the genius of Heliopolis, and Mionnet describes as Astarte . — It is at any rate as remarkable a type as any engraved on a colonial coin. Athleta (wrestler). — On a second brass struck by the Ilcliopolitans, in honour of the emperor Valerianus, a male figure naked, stands with his right hand placed on a vase (or is in the act of receiving it as a prize). He holds in his left hand a palm-branch, the symbol of victory. — [Coins were minted at Heliopolis to record the arrival of Valerianus in Syria, on his way to undertake against the Persians (a. D. 258), an expedition, to the catastrophe of which he fell a miserable victim]. The abbreviated legend col. cer. sac. cap. OEC. isel. hel. Vaillant, supported by Bimard, interprets Colonia Certamen Sacrum Capiloli- num, Oecumenicum, Iselaslicum, Hcliopolita- num, and considers that it alludes to the public games which were celebrated at Heliopolis in the above named emperor’s presence, the same year. In these games the objects of competition and contest were of a three-fold kind, namely eques- trian, gymnastic, and musical. The certamen was called Oecumenicum ; because not only Syrian athletic, but other champions, from all parts, were admitted as candidates for the prizes. — Iselasticum, because the victors were said tttrt- \avvf iv, to be carried in quadrigae through the country. The shews were called sacred (sacrum) because they were celebrated in honour of some deity ; and at Heliopolis they were dedicated to Jupiter, surnamed Capitolinus by the Romans. — Colonia, ii. 37- The above figure is that of an Athleta, who seems to have triumphed in the gymnastic branch of the certamen, which itself comprised five different kinds of bodily exercises, viz. running, leaping, wrestling, pugilism, and throwing the discus, in all which they contended naked. — The vase or discus was the prize, the palm- branch the symbol, of victory. — (ii. 231-233). Colonist driving Oxen at plough, behind which are two military ensigns. — Sec coloniae komanae, p. 227. Cornucopia (double, with caduceus between them). On third brass of Gallicnus. Eagles . — Two legionary eagles within a wreath of laurel appear on third brass coins of Helio- polis, dedicated to Sept. Scverus, and to his second son Geta ; also to his wife Julia Doinua, HELIOPOLIS. who was a native of the province in which this colony was situated. The same type likewise occurs on a medal of Philip jun. — [The eagle- standard of the legionaries, exhibited on coins of Roman colonics, indicates (as has already been observed), the origin of such colonies from the veterans of a legion ; and when two eagles are represented, they argue that the colonists had been selected and sent from the soldiers of two legions. The two here alluded to were the 5th and 8th. See Philip sen. — Vaillant, ii. p. 20.] Port utue Bute . — On a coin of this colony, in- scribed to Hadrian, two draped females stand arm in arm. One holds a rudder in the right hand, the other a similar attribute in the left. [The legend is leg. h. col. ii. which Vail- lant (i. 158), interprets Legio Heliopolis — Colonia Heliopolis ; adding that, “ uuder the effigies of two Fortunes, which often stand for genii loci, the people of this city, mindful of their Roman origin, dedicated the genius of the legion and that of the colony to Hadrian, then tarrying within the borders of Syria.” — Bimard, in noticing the same coin, whilst admitting that it is properly assigned to Heliopolis, in Coele- syria, expresses his opiniou that leg. h. should be explained by Legio Octava ; the 8tb legion ( Macedonica ) belonging to this colony, and the letter ll. being employed, after the fashion of the Greeks, for a numeral sign. This eminent numismatist supports himself in this hypothesis on the precedent of a coin struck in the same colony, also under Philip, and which exhibits the union of a Greek legend with a Latin legend. (ad Jobert, ii. 187). — Pellerin, commenting on these tw'o opinions, says “ there is no apparent likelihood that the city which coined the medals here quoted by Bimard, should have used nume- ral letters purely Latin on the one, and Greek numerals on the other, for the purpose of de- signating the Roman legions which were sta- tioned in this colony.” 11c therefore infers, as Vaillant does, that it was a legion bearing the name of Heliopolis, the initial of which follows the abbreviated word leg. in the reverse legend of this coin, and he adds that it was, beyond doubt, struck at the Coelc-syrian Heliopolis. — Melange, i. 273]. Mercury. — On small brass of Philip senior and junior, this deity, standing clothed in a short dress, holds the crumena in his right hand, and the caducous in his left.. From this and other numismatic evidences, it appears that Mercury was, as well as Jupiter, worshipped in the lleliopolitan colony. — Sec Vaill. ii. 166. Temples. — There are two specimens of this type on second brass of Sept. Severus, one pre- senting the front of a temple, with a portico of ten columns. The other exhibits a side view of the whole building, which has steps leading up to it. The legend is COL. ltEL. I. o. m. h.— Colonia Heliopolis Jovi Optimo Maximo Helio- politano. [Both these types are intended to represent the temple dedicated at Heliopolis to Jupiter, who, as he was called Capito/inus at Rome, so 3 M HELIOPOLIS. 440 is he here sui named Heliopolitanus ; and at both places he was termed Optimus Maximus. The people of this Coele-syrian colony, in return for their obligations to Severus, who had conferred on them the jus Italicum, inscribed the above described coins to that emperor, adding the type and the name of the temple which they had erected to Jupiter Heliopolitanus. Coins with similar legends and types were dedicated to Caracalla. — Vaillant, ii. pp. 13 and 37.] Temple, upon a foundation of rock, with a flight of many stairs up to it. Before the tem- ple is au arula (or small altar), and near that a sacrificial urn. In the field of the coin, which is a first brass of Philip senior, near the top of the stair-case is a caduceus. Legend col. ivl. AVG. FEL. HEL. [Judging from the caduceus, Vaillant (ii. 167) adopts the opinion that this reverse typifies the temple of Mercury, to whom another coin of the same colony, struck under the same empe- ror, and already noticed in this list, points as to a favourite object of religious worship at Heliopolis. The situation of that city being on one of the spurs of Mount Lebanon, is supposed to account for the temple being delineated as built on a rock]. Pellerin (in Melange, i. pi. xxii. No. 5, p. 328), has engraved a coin of Valcrianus, which, with legend col. hel. typifies two temples, placed sideways opposite each other. Above arc three urns or vases, with palm branches in each. Victors at Games. — On a second brass of the same emperor, having for the legend of its re- verse sac. cap. oec. ise. but without the col. hel. engraved on the preceding coin, the type consists of two seated male figures, facing one another, each wearing the pallium, and placing with his left hand a crown on his own head. — These two figures sustain between them with the right baud a discus, or broad round vase, in which are two palm branches. Between the two men is an altar. [The two figures above described arc evidently designed to represent victors at the certamen sacrum, celebrated at Heliopolis, although the epigraph does not give the name of that city. — At such public trials of skill, all the conquerors were crowned. But the question is, which kind of crown was given as a prize at these Capito- linc games ? Vaillant thinks it probable that it was the olive leaf, as at the Olympic. The seated figures both supporting the same vase, which has two branches in it, serve to indicate that they had both come off victors at one of the three exercises (viz. gymnastics, equitation, and music). In this case there is room for con- jecture that it was for music, because the two figures are seated, and invested with the pallium or cloak. In wrestling and in horsemanship the candidates exercised naked. In music they per- formed clothed. The altar is placed between them on the coin, to denote that sacred rites had been paid to the gods before and after the games were celebrated. — Vaillant, ii. 231], The other types, occurring on coins of this colony consist of a turreted woman, repre- 450 HERCULES. scnted both as a whole figure and as a bust, portraying the genius of Heliopolis. Also urns (disci), from one to three in number, in each of which arc from one to three palm branches, struck on the occasion of the Capitolina games, celebrated there, in honour of Jupiter, as al- ready mentioned under the head of Athletes in this article. HERCULES. — This celebrated hero of my- thological romance was at first called Alcidcs, but received the name of Hercules, or Heracles, from the Pythia of Delphos. Feigned by the poets of antiquity to have been a son of “ the Thunderer,” but born of an earthly mother, he was exposed, through Juno’s implacable hatred to him as the offspring of Alcmena, to a course of perils, which commenced whilst he was yet in his cradle, and under each of which he seemed ready to perish, but as constantly proved vic- torious. At length finishing his allotted career with native valour and generosity, though too frequently the submissive agent of the mean- ness and injustice of others, he perished sclf- devotedlv on the funeral pile, which was lighted on Mount Oeta. Jupiter raised his heroic pro- geny to the skies ; anil llercides was honoured by the pagan world, as the most illustrious of deified mortals. The extraordinary enterprises cruelly imposed upon, but gloriously achieved by, this famous demigod, are to be found depictured, not oidy on Greek coins, but also on the Roman series both consular and imperial. The first, and one of the most dangerous, of undertakings, well-known under the name of the twelve labours of Her- cules, was that of killing the huge lion of Nemcea; on which account the intrepid warrior is represented, clothed in the skin of that forest monarch ; he also bears uniformly a massive club, sometimes without any other arms, but at others with a bow and quiver of arrows. On a denarius of the Antia gens he is represented walking with trophy and club. (See uestio.) — When his head alone is typified, as in Mucia gens, it is covered with the lion’s spoils, in which distinctive decoration he was imitated by many princes, and especially by those who claimed descent from him — as for example, the kings of Macedonia, and the successors of Alex- ander the Great. Amoug the Roman emperors Trajan is the first whose coins exhibit the figure and attributes of Hercules. On a denn- HERCULIS LADORES. rius of this prince (p. M. tr. p. cos. hi. p. p.) his image standing on a basis, has a club in the right hand, and an apple in the left (allusive to the llcsperidcs) ; the skin of the Nemtcau liou being thrown, like the pallium, over his shoul- ders, and falling on his left arm. — On a first brass of the same emperor (s. p. Q. R. opt. prin.) appears a club resting perpendicidarlv on the head of a lion placed on a pedestal, llut it was left for Commodus to shew his folly in affecting “the Herc’les vein.” And not only does the cfligy of the demi-god appear on numer- ous coins of that pest of society, but his own head is covered with the leonine attribute, and he assumes the appellation of “the Roman Her- cules.” — Gallienus, Postumus, Probus, Maxi- miauus Hercules, and other emperors, also se- lected this deity as the peculiar object of their worship. Hercules and the Centaurs. — On a silver coin of the Aurelia gens (sec p. Ill), Hercules stands in a car drawn by two centaurs, holding branches in their hands. His victory over these quadru- pedal monsters is referred to on several coins ; amongst others a beautiful medallion of Anto- ninus Pius. (See the subject described and en- graved in p. 194). — On a highly-relieved brass medallion of M. Aurelius, Hercules bearing a trophy on his left shoulder, and holding the club in his right hand, stands in a car drawn by four centaurs. (See Temporum Felicilas.) En- graved in Mionnct and in Akerman. 1IERCULIS LABORES. M. Dc Witte, an eminent numismatist, resi- dent at Cologne, in an elaborate and ably written paper, addressed to the Editor of the Revue Nu- mismatique (vol. vii. p. 330 to 369), respecting the veneration which Postumus manifested to- wards Hercules, gives a description of a set of coins, struck under that prince, the reverses of which present a complete series of the labours of Hercules. It is from the engravings (plate vii.) which illustrate the dissertation in question, that the subjoined cuts have been copied ; whilst advantage has also been taken of M. Dc Vi itte’s commentary on the different types, to throw fresh light on the numismatic as well as mytho- logical bearings of the subject : — No. 1. — iiercvli neiiaeo. Hercules suffo- cating a lion, that tremendous beast, which ra- vaged the country near the Ncnncan forest, in the neighbourhood of Clconas, and which he had in vain endeavoured to kill, with the sword, the club, aud the stone ; and the skin of which he afterwards wore as a trophy of his victory. My < hographers speak of two or three lions IIERCULIS LABORES. slaiu by Hercules. That of Mount Cithcra, or rather that of Mount Helicon, that of Les- bos, and that of Nennea. llis combats with the “ king of beasts” have often been represented by ancient artists ; this group offering favourable combinations, as well for sculpture as (or paint- ing ; numberless and very varied repetitions arc also found of it, especially on Greek coins. It is the lion of Nemcea, the slaying of which was the first of the hero’s twelve labours, that is shewn by the inscription on the denarius of l’os- t umus, No. 1. Mionnct has described an aureus similar to the above, with the legend hercvli invicto ; which accompanies the group of Alcides and the lion on a reverse of Postumus. Lastly, Ban- duri cites a brass coin of Postumus, which bears on its reverse the legend virtvs postvmi avg. s. c. with the same type. No. 2. — Rev . — hercvli argivo. Hercules armed with the club, the skin of the lion wrap- ped round the left arm, attacking the Hydra, or many-headed serpent of Lerna. Obv . — postvmvs pivs felix avg. Jugatcd heads of Postumus and Hercules, both crowned with laurel, to the right. (See obverse of a silver medallion of Postumus, p. 382). From an unpublished denarius of billon, be- longing to the collection of M. Dupre. This No. 3. — postvmvs p. f. avg. cos. Radiated head of Postumus to the left. Rev . — virtv postvmi avg. — Hercules seizing by the antlers, the hind or stag Ceryquita . — Middle brass, in the Cabinet de France. — Mion- net, Rarete des Med. ii. 68. The hind, with golden horns and brazen hoofs, furnished to Hercules his third labour. This is a rare subject on ancient monuments, except on the bas-reliefs dedicated to this series of representations. A few paintings on vases refer to the capture of this wild stag so famous for its swiftness. Sometimes also Hercules aud Apollo are seen contending for this fleet animal, a struggle figured on a magnificent helmet of bronze, in the collection of M . lc Due de Luyncs, and on two painted vases. The type of the hind tamed by Hercules, although not of frequent occurrence, is not unknown in Greek numis- matics ; and it is found on the gold and small brass of Diocletian, and of Maximian Hercules ; virtvs avgg. or viRTVTi avgg. The brass coin of Postumus (engraved above) is unique. — De AVitte, Revue Num. vol. vii. No. 4. — hercvli erymantino (sic.) — Her- cules carrying on his shoulders the wild boar of 3 M2 HERCULIS LABORES. 451 piece (says M. De Witte) formed part of a depot of medals found in the environs of Cologne. — Compare with Banduri, Num. Imp. Rom. vol. i. p. 286. Hercules and the Hydra arc represented on a tolerably large number of monuments in marble and on paiuted vases. With regard to coins, this type is found on some Greek money, aud upon imperial Latin coins of Maximianus Her- cules, bearing the legends hercvli debella- tori (brass medallion, and gold and silver) — hercvli victori (gold) — and hercvli invicto — and on those of Constantius Chlorus, virtvti avgg. (also gold). It has been conjectured that the extermination of the Hydra, which is often repeated on coins of Maximianus Hercules, bear reference to the persecution exercised against the Christians. The marshes of Lerna were situated in Ar- golis, whence came the epithet Aryivus, which Hercules bears on the denarius of Postumus, en- graved in preceding page. “ Of all the reverses of the labours of Hercules, says M. Dupre, that with the legend hercvli argivo is the most rare. Published solely by Goltzius, and not being found in the greatest collections, its existence has been doubted. But we are acquainted with an indubitable specimen of it, discovered amongst a deposit found near Treves.” Erymanthus. The lion’s skin is hung on the left arm. At his feet is a pithos or wine-jar. Denarius of billon in the Cabinet de France . — Mionnet, ii. 61. Banduri i. 285 and 291, in whose work it is engraved. Hercules, carrying the huge wild boar alive on his shoulders, is often depictured on painted vases as well as on marbles, on one of which Eurystheus is seen hiding himself in the pithos. The king of Mycenae, affrighted at the sight of the enormous victim to heroic strength and courage, lifts up both his arms, and seems to conjure Hercules to take himself away with his dreadful burthen. — On coin No. 4, neither the head nor the arms of Eurystheus are visible. — On other coins the pithos is seen, and Eurys- theus concealing himself therein, in the same 452 1IERCULIS LABORES. manner as on the painted urns — as for example, on a brass coin struck at Alexandria, in Egypt, under Antoninus Pius ; on another brass coin, struck at Hadrianopolis of Thrace, uudcr Cara- ealla ; and lastly, on three brass medallions of Pcrinthus, struck under Caracalla, Geta, and Gordianus Pius. No. 5. — hero pisaeo. Hercules naked, earn ing on his right shoulder what M. De Witte calls a kind of hogau pioche (but what in the engraving looks more like a club), proceeding to the task of cleansing the Augean stables. — A denarius of Postuinus in billon, unpublished, from the Treves Museum. The myth of the stable of Augias is re- presented only on a small number of ancient monuments ; for instance, on the celebrated cup Albani ; on the Borgia marble ; and on the altar of the Giustiniani gallery. The representation which corresponds most closely with the type of this rare denarius (No. 5), is the bas relief on the altar last named, and on which Hercules is seen walking to the left, armed with a auairavp (hoe or mattock), by means of which he prepares to split rocks, and open a passage for the waters of the Alphcus and the Pcneus. The club is placed against the rock. The coin (No. 5) is unfortunately defective in point of preservation. “ In the type of the reverse (remarks M. De Witte) may without hesitation be recognized the fifth labour of Her- cules — that in which the hero cleansed the Elide. But there remain difficulties attached to the task of reading the legend, in which it might have been supposed that more than one surname would have been found connected with the oper- ation — such as those of Hercuh Alpheo, Eleo, or Peneo. The first letter especially is of an uncertain form. — M. Chassot de Florencourt, to whom I had communicated my doubts, shewed in the most convincing manner, that it was a a P, and that it ought to be read hercvli pisaeo.” Pisteus is a new surname for Hercules. This epithet alludes to the territory of Elis, within the confines of which once stood the city of Pisa, of which no vestiges are now discover- able, although known to have been situated near the plain of Olympia, where the Olympic games in honour of Jupiter were celebrated. “ Pisa was regarded as the residence of king Augias, and the capital of the country called Pisatis. Some authors seem to make a distinc- tion between Olympia and Pisa ; others say that it was the same city. Seneca the tragedian gives the epithet of Pisanis to Jupiter (Aga- memnon, 930) : — “ £t ista donum palma Pisaei Jovis.” M. De Witte concludes his learned commen- tary on coin No. 5, by observing, that on a bas- relief in the Vatican, and on a brass coin of Egyptian Alexandria, struck under Antoninus Pius, Hercules, after having finished his labour (of opening a passage through a rock for the waters of two rivers — symbolized under the figure of stable-cleansing), is seen mashing his hands. llERCULIS LABORES. No. 6. — Rev. — hercvli av(g). Hercules standing, the lion’s skin on his shoulders, shoots with his arrows two of the Stgmpha/ides. On an aureus of Postumus in the Cabinet de France. — Tauini, Num. Imp. Rom. tab. ii. Hercules killing with shafts discharged from his unerring bow the birds of Stympbalus, is a subject found on ancient monuments of every kind, and on many Greek coins. This aureus, which bears on its obverse the jugated heads of Postumus and Hercules, both crowned with laurel, is a fine one, and may be considered to have been unpublished until cugraved in the Recue Numismatique to illustrate with others M. De Witte’s dissertation. Mionnct has not described it. Tauini has given a very had copy of it, the only one heretofore known. Nor are the birds of Stymphalus represented on any other Latin coin. [These birds were so called from the lake Stymphalus, in Arcadia, the neighbourhood of which they infested. They were said to have been of prodigious size, of insatiable voracity, and to have fed on human flesh. With the assistance of Minerva, they were partly de- stroyed by the arrows of Hercules, aud the rest driven away by the sound of brass timbrels. A specimen of these winged monsters (which differed from the Syren and the Harpy), is sup- posed by certain' numismatists of the elder school to be exhibited on a well-known denarius of the Valeria gens. That type, however, docs not agree with Pausanias’s description of the Stgmphates Aces, which the Greek writer com- pares to a crane in size, and with a head aud beak somewhat like those of an Ibis. It were, however, worse than trifling to criticise the form and dimensions of creatures about which even fable contradicts itself, and the existence of which probably had no place but in the imagination of the ancient poets]. No. 7.-HERCVU cretf.ssi. — Hercules, naked (turned to the right), seizes a bull by the horus. Obv. — POSTVMVS FIVS FELIX avg. Jugated heads of Postumus and Hercules (as in p. 382). On gold, in the Museum of Berlin. — Mionnet, Rarete des Med. v. ii. 61 — Banduri, Num. hupp. i. 287. — For a cast of this unique aureus, M. Dc Witte acknowledges himself indebted to M. Th. Panofka and to M. Piudcr, keepers of the Berlin Cabinet. The type of Hercules, struggling with a bull, also appears on a middle brass of Postumus, with the legend hercvli ixvicto. — Engraved in Patin, Imp. Num. Rom. p. 335, edit. 1696. On other monuments, Hercules is sometimes seen endeavouring to bind a bull with cords : — viz. on nn amphora with black figures, in the HEItCULlS LABORES. HERCULIS LABORES. 45 3 Musee Gregorien, at Rome ; and on another (unpublished) amphora, also with black figures, in the collection Panckoucke. [Diodorus designates Hercules by the sur- name of Creiensis. And the reverse of this coin typifies a great success which the hero achieved in taming a wild bull. The scene of the exploit is assigned to Crete; and it is enu- merated as the seventh of the labours awarded by his tyrant brother to this never-daunted, cver-victorious, undertaker of apparently im- practicable enterprises.] No. 8. — postvmvs avg. — Bust of Postumus, with face to the front, and head encircled with a radiated crown. Rev . — herctu thracio. Hercules taming a horse. On gold, in the Cabinet de France. Leuormant, Iconographie des Empereurs Ro- mains, pi. lii. No. 14. — Mionnet, Rarete, &c. ii. G2. — On a denarius of billon the same type of reverse occurs. [IIercu/es Thracius was the conqueror of Dio- mede, king of Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene, who fed his horses with human flesh. It was one of the formidable tasks imposed on Hercules to destroy Diomede. And accordingly the hero, accompanied by some of his friends, attacked the cruel monarch, forcibly took possession of his horses, and gave him up to be devoured by the same savage animals which he had employed to destroy the unfortunate dupes of his barbar- ous treachery]. The subject of Hercules taking the horses of Diomede is rarely represented on monuments of antiquity. Independently of a group in marble preserved at the Vatican, it is recognised on a paiuted cup in the second collection of Sir IV m. Hamilton. Several Greek medals bear the type of the horses taken away by Hercules. — Eckhcl quotes, after Tanini, a billon of Postumus, which on the reverse of a galeated head of that em- peror, exhibits Hercules accomplishing his 8th labour. No. 9. — Rev . — hercvi.i invicto. — Hercules standing, presses with his right foot on the body of a draped female, stretched on the ground beneath him, and from whose waist he is pre- paring to detach the girdle. The club is in his left hand, and the lion’s spoils are wrapped round his left arm. — Oi».-POSTVMVS pivs pelix avg. Tctes accolees dc Postume et d’Hcrculc. — “ This denarius of billon, unpublished, from the col- lection of M. Dupre, was found near Rennes, in Britannv.” [The type alludes to the combat of Hercules with Ilyppo/ita, whom, having overcome (in scarcely to him very creditable fight) he forth- with dispossessed of the baldrick or sword-belt of Mars, which this queen of the Amazohs car- ried at her girdle, as the mark of her royalty ; and which Adineta, daughter of Eurystheus, and a priestess of J uno at Argos, had ordered the Theban hero to bring to her. — In Millin, Gale - rie Mgthologique, ii. pi. exxii. No. 443, the sub- ject, copied from a Greek vase, is artistically dealt with, at an earlier stage of the encounter ; when the beautiful equestrian is about to hurl her ineffectual lance at the man of the ponderous club]. “ Hercules fighting with the Amazons (says hi. De Witte), a frequent subject on painted vases, is of very rare occurrence on monetary types. Hercules is seen pursuing an Amazon on horseback, on brass money of Heraclca, in Bithynia. There is also a specimen of the same type in the Cabinet de France, of mediocre pre- servation ; but there is in the imperial and royal cabinet at Vienna a third example, as w'ell pre- served as that in hi. Dupre’s collection.” No. 10. HERCVLI GADITANO. Hercules standing, with the lion’s skin suspended on the left arm, and the right arm raised as in the atti- tude of fighting against armed men. On a de- narius of billon, from the collection of M. Du- pre, unpublished till engraved in the Revue Numiswatique for the dissertation of M. De Witte, who says “ this unique piece was found in the neighbourhood of Cologne, at the same time as denarius No. 2. [In type No. 10 is to be recognised the fabled conflict between Hercules and the triple Geryon, represented in this instance by three heavy-armed soldiers), in the garb of Roman warriors. — The passage in question, like several others connected with the labours of Hercules, is very confused and contradictory. Geryon is de- scribed, by the poets, as a giant with three bodies, three heads, six arms, and six legs. — This monster, who lived in the island of Gadira or Gades, kept numerous herds of oxen ; Eurys- theus, the hard and malignant task-master of Hercules, believing that it was impossible to take away these cattle, charged Hercules with the consummation of this exploit. The hero nevertheless went to Gades, destroyed Geryon, although the giant was succoured by Juno, and carried away all the cattle to Tirynthus. — Ac- cording to Servius, Geryon was king of the three Balearic islands, Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica ; from which circumstance the ancients have made him with a three-fold set of bodies and limbs. — In later ages, the people of Gades (now Cadiz), reverencing the valour of Hercules, de- dicated a temple to his memory under the name of Hercides Gaditanus. — See gades]. 454 IIERCULIS LABORES. “ The combat of Hercules with Geryon (ob- serves M. De Witte) is figured on only one brass coin of oriental fabric, and of which there are but two specimens extant. The following is a description of the piece : — Obv. Hercules armed with the club, and wearing the lion’s spoils, in a fighting attitude. — Rev. Geryon with three heads, each covered with a Phrygian cap, and armed with a round buckler, in the act of com- batting. jE. 3. “ The above was not long ago the only medal known, as offering the type of Hercules light- ing with the triple king of Iberia. But Air. Samuel Birch has recently published a rare brass medallion of Caracalla, struck at Blandos, in Lydia. This medallion is preserved in the Bri- tish Museum. Its reverse type exhibits Her- cules, armed with the club, seizing the heads of Geryon, figured under the form of a little man, entirely naked, having three heads. On the left arm the triple giant carries a buckler, which resembles a wheel. In the field of the coin are two oxen. jE. 1 , 2.” M. De Witte contends for the Asiatic origin of the myth of Geryon, remarking that “ a tradition, preserved by Pausanias, places the tomb of Geryon in Lydia.” The coin of Blandos alludes to that local myth — a circumstance which he regards as corroborative of his own views on the subject. The legend herc. gadit. appears on an au- reus of Hadrian ; hut the type of that coin does not represent Hercules fighting with Geryon : but the unconqucred hero holds the apples of the Ilcspcrides, whilst at his feet is the recum- bent figure of Occanus. No. 11. — iiercvli libyco. — Hercules, wrest- liug with Autams, suffocates him in his arms. — Gold of Postumus, formerly of the Cabinet de France, disappeared at the time of the robbery in 1831. Mionnet, t. ii. p. Gl. — This piece, which will be found in Banduri’s work (t. i. 287), was engraved after a cast preserved at the French Institute. [Fable tells us that when, in the course of his peregrinations, Hercules arrived in Lybia, his progress was opposed by a mighty giant named Antrcus, son of Neptunus and Terra, whose strength as a wrestler was invincible, so long as he remained in contact with his mother earth. Boasting that he would raise a temple to his father’s honour with the skulls of those whom he conquered in certamine luctationis, he com- pelled the strangers who came to the country of Irasa, of which he was king, to engage in athletic combat with him, and slew his antago- nists, when he had exhausted them with fatigue. IIERCULIS LABORES. Having challenged Hercules, the cruel savage was three times prostrated by the intrepid hero, but in vain. Hercules, perceiving at length the source of the giant’s force and security, lifted him up from the ground, and caused him to ex- pire by violently compressing him in his arms], “In the series of the twelve labours (observes M. De Witte), the wrestling of Auticus is sub- stituted, on the reverse of Postumus, for the taking away of the apples of the Hcsperides. — Sometimes in the succession of the labours the order is changed. At other times, some sub- jects arc omitted, or one of the twelve great labours is replaced by one of the other exploits of Hercules. It is thus that Pausanias, in de- scribing the pediment of the temple of Hercules Promachos at Thebes, makes a remark, that Praxiteles, instead of the combat against the birds of Stymphalus, and the cleansing of the Augean stables, in other words, the drain- ing of the country of Elis, had introduced the contest with Antaeus. Moreover, the scene of this wrestling with the giant, as well as the garden of the Hcsperides, was placed in Lybia; thence the epithet Lybicus, which Hercules bears on the aureus of Postu- mus ; and Servius gives it to be understood, that it was in pursuing his course towards the abode of the llespcrides, that Hercules vanquished Ant, 'cus. — “ Item ad llespcrides perrexit, ct An- thamin, filinm Terra: victum luctationc nccavit.” Some painted vases, and several Greek coins, exhibit the conflict of Hercules with the Libyan athlete. This group is also fouud on a small brass of Maximianus Hercules, with the legend VIRTYTI AVGG.” No. 12. — hercvli inmortali. (sic.J Her- cules, with the club aud lion’s skin on his shoulder, drags Cerberus enchained. Billon of Postumus, in the imperial aud royal cabinet of Vienna. — Spauhcim, i. 2G5 ; Mionnet, ii. 61; Banduri, i. 291. [The twelfth and last labour of Hercules was that in which, conducted by Minerva aud by Mercury, he descended into the kingdom of Pluto, whence he delivered Theseus ; and drag- ged forth into the light of day the watch-dog of the infernal regions. Eurystheus, however, after having seen that triple-headed monster, ordered Hercules to lead him hack again. Of this crowning and closing trial Ausouius sings — Cerberus extremi suprema est meta laboris. The myth of Cerberus describes him as born of Typhou and Echidna ; huge in size, extremely cruel, with a terrible voice, and of extraordinary strength. Guard of the gates of hell, and of the dismal palace of its sovereign, this fearful dog was not less cunning than ferocious; he fawned upon and gave a deceitful welcome to those who entered ; but he never permitted them to go out again, and devoured those who at- tempted to escape from the dark realms of “ gloomy Dis ." — See Millin, Dictionnairc de la Fable, for an article on Cerberus, full of well- comlcnscd mythological information]. The subject is typified on a great many paint- HERCULES. cd vases, engraved stones, and Greek coins ; — also on an aureus of Maximianus Hercules, in which the dragging forth of Cerberus is accom- panied by the legend HERCVLl inmortali, ex- actly the same as is read on the dcuarius of bil- lon engraved in No. 12. All the labours of Hercules being then accom- plished, his submission to Eurystheus no longer continued, and the hero reposed. This repose, like his labours, was a favourite and a noble subject of composition for artists ; a fine exam- ple of which, though prostituted to the flattery of an execrable prince, will, for its monetary excellence, be given in another page. — See her- cvli ROMANO. Then commenced a series of exploits, per- formed, so to speak, from his own will and on his own account. Amongst other desperate en- terprises, he descended again into the regions below, and rescued therefrom Alccste, who had devoted herself to death for her husband. — “ These descents into the subterranean world of paganism (says Millin, Gal. My t hoi. ii. 181), are allegories of the mysteries of Eleusis, into which he gained initiation.” — Unable, after suf- fering horrible tortures, longer to endure the effects of wearing a tunic tainted with the em- poisoned blood of Ncssus, which that centaur had deceitfully persuaded Dejanira to send her husband, he, to terminate his miseries, caused an immense funeral pile to be raised on Mount Octa ; and Philoctetcs lighted the fire in w'hich the hero was consumed. The idole of the great Alcides descended to the infernal regions, but he was himself conducted by Iris and by Mer- cury into the presence of the celestial deities ; Jupiter reconciled him to Juno ; he received the honours of the apotheosis, and obtained the hand of Hebe. And here, in direct reference to the tradition of his deification, this coin presents the type of his concluding work, and conformably to pagan assumptions, the legend records the title of his immortality. Tacitus says — “ Hercules and Bacchus among the Greeks, and Quiriuus (Romulus) amongst the Romans, are placed in the ranks of the gods.” And thus by com- paring the reign of l’ostumus with the career of Hercules, the people of Gaul sought to houour an emperor who had long prosperously governed, and against all opponents gloriously defended them. Hercules Alexiacus. Among other attri- butes this apotheosised hero had a medicinal in- fluence assigned to him, and for that reason was surnamed Alexiacus (one who drives away ill- ness). He was likewise regarded as the pre- siding divinity over baths of health supplied from hot springs. This serves to explain the meaning of one of two medals struck during the last years of Caracalla’s reign, and which bear reference to the precarious state of the health of that emperor, which the remembrance of his crime, as the murderer of his brother, was secretly undermining. The silver coin in ques- tion has for the legend of its reverse p. m. tr. p. XVIII. cos. mi. P. p. (Sovereign Pontiff, in- I1ERCULES. 455 vested with the Tribuuitian dignity for the eighteenth time, Consul for the fourth time. Father of the Country). The type represents Hercules holding a branch in his right hand, and in his left his club and the spoils of the Nenueau lion. — See aescui.apius, p. 21. Hercules, the destroyer of Cacus . — The myth of Cacus, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represents him as a monster of enormous size, half-man half-snake, and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy ; and the paths to his cavern, dug in Mount Aventiue, were covered with human bones. Setting, as usual with these legends, geographical and other probabilities at defiance, the story brings Hercules, the conqueror of Geryon (see Here. Gadil.J to the immediate vicinity of what afterwards formed one of the seven hills of Rome. — Cacus stole some of the oxen of which Hercules had forcibly dispos- sessed the triple-giant of Cadiz, and which the hero was driving along the banks of the Tiber. The lowing of the cattle of Hercules was an- swered by the stolen ones shut up in the den of Cacus, and the robber)' was thus revealed to Her- cules, who attacked the horrid monster and strangled him in his blood-stained cavern. Her- cules is said to have erected an altar to Jupiter Conservator, in commemoration of his victory, and the inhabitants of the surrounding country every year celebrated a festival in honour of the occasion. It is to this that allusion is made, on a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, published by Ve- nuti, from the Museum Albani : the valiant and all-conquering Alcides has just slain the giant robber, half of whose dead body is still within the cavern, the upper extremities alone being visible. The inhabitants of Mount Avcntine are returning thanks to the hero for having deli- vered them from the tyrant of their fields, and they kiss the hand of the brave champion to whom they owe the blessing. Hercules Bibax . — On another brass medal- lion of the same emperor (published by Vaillant from the Decamps collection), without epi- graph on the reverse, Hercules is represented sitting before a table, with club in left baud, and patera in right. Opposite to him sit several figures holding pateras : around are urns and vases of various sizes ; and on each side are vine- trees spreading their branches. — Vaillant con- siders this unique type to be one of the attempts 450 HERCULES, of Antoninus to restore an old local tradi- tion — namely, the sacrifice performed by Her- cules before the great altar (ara maxima) at Rome ; and he describes the piece as exhibiting the demi-god sitting with Pinarius and Poti- tius on bundles of grass. The vines and vases, and especially the huge bowl above the great altar, he considers to indicate a liba- tion poured out by the hard-drinking hero (Ueros bibaxj. — Eckhel, on the other band, ex- plains the type as allusive to the bauquet in- stituted by Hercules himself, after he had put Cacus to death. This feast was afterwards made an annual one ; the Pinaria and Potitia families being the superintendents of the sacred cere- monies, to which Virgil rather copiously alludes ( /Eu. t. viii. 268). The guests at these ban- quets did not assume the recumbent posture, but sat at table. This would seem to be a pecu- liarity of the feast; for says Macrobius (cited by Eckhel, vii. 30), “ It is a distinguishing custom connected with the worship of Hercules, that the guests are seated at the banquet. Cor- nelius llalbus, in his 18th book, says that, in the cercmouics of the Ara Maxima it was cus- tomary to have no triclinia.” — Sec lectister- nium. Herculis Ara Maxima. The great altar of Hercules. — A denarius of the Antia gens has for its obverse legend restio, and for type an altar with flame kindled. Its reverse exhibits the name of c. antivs, and the head of a bull, or- namented with the inf ala. Comparing this coin with auother of the same family, on which a naked Hercules is carrying his club uplifted in one hand, and a trophy in the other, Eckhel is of opinion, that the altar called maxima at Rome, dedicated to the above-named demi-god, is here represented. Hercules in the Garden of the Ilesperides . — This subject is so vague in itself, and treated even as a myth in so unsatisfactory a manner, by poets and scholiasts, that it would scarcely claim notice amongst the exploits of Hercules, but for the fine bas-reliefs, and other monuments of antiquity, on which it is grouped, especially on that noble brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, in the Cabinet de France, from a cast after which the above wood-cut is executed. [The Ilesperides are described to have been three (some say four) young women, celebrated or their beauty, daughters of Hesperus. They HERCULES. were appointed to guard the golden apples of a tree planted in a delightful garden, situated near' Mount Atlas, in Africa. But the nymphs, in- stead of preserving their splcudid charge from depredation, were always gathering for their own eating; Juno therefore confided the care both of the fruit and of the Ilesperides themselves to a terrible serpent, which never slept. It was imposed by Enrystheus, as an extra labour, on Hercules, to procure some of the golden apples from the garden above named. This he effected, after having killed the watchful monster, whose dreadful folds were always coiled around the tree which bore those precious fruits]. On this medallion, the hero, personifying manly strength and symmetry in perfectiou, after having slain the serpent, which remains cut wiued about the tree, elevates his right hand, as if about to pluck one of the apples. He holds in the other hand the club and the lion’s skin. On the other side, standing close to the tree, arc the three nymphs, whose neglect of duty, according to the fable, led to an under- taking full of danger to Hercules; but who suc- ceeded in bringing away the golden produce of the tree, and in releasing the Ilesperides. Hercules between Virtue and Voluptas . — p. M. tr. P. cos. iii.-A temple with two columns, within which a naked male figure stands with a club in his right hand, whilst a draped female on his right, and another on his left, ap- pear endeavouring to attract him each to her side. Gold of Hadrian. This coin involves in itself a moral subject. The remarkable type is explained in the words of Cicero himself (Be Ojficiis, i. r. 32). Ac- cording to Xenophon, “ Hercules Prodieius, as soon as he arrived at years of puberty, a time assigned by Nature for every individual to choose his path iu life, went forth iuto some desert spot; and, sitting there a long time by himself, was much perplexed with doubts, whilst he re- flected that there were two ways, the one of Pleasure the other of Virtue.” Respecting this Hercules Prodieius, Eckhel refers to Xenophon, Quinctilian, and others enumerated by Potter” (ad C/ementis A/exand. Pedagog. ii. ch. 10). The fable was afterwards elegantly applied by Silitis Italicus (Punic, xv. v. 20) to the elder Africauus ; aud in later times, as we here see, the moneyer compares Hadrian with Hercules. For, as that demi-god, with a disposition averse to pleasure, chose a life of severe discipline, and by exterminating, with vast exertions, the mon- sters that infested it, restored tranquillity to the world, — so Hadrian also, eschewing the allure- ments of a luxurious life, preferred, with a re- markable endurance of fatigue, to travel over the Roman world, and by chastising the extor- tions of the governors of its provinces, by set- tling legal disputes, and by alleviating the con- dition of the destitute, to leave behind him im- perishable monuments of his benevolence. — IV e have already seen, that Hadrian i9 compared HERCULES. with Hercules repeatedly throughout the types of his coins ; “ whether, however (adds the Author of Doctrina), there be really such coins in existence as the one which Casaubou declares that he has seen apud prasidem Thuanum (ad Spartiani Iladr. eh. 13), inscribed ATT. K. AA- PIANOC. CEBACTOC. HPAKI.HC. PfiMAIOC. and representing the emperor with the attri- butes of Hercules, I am much inclined to doubt. It is probable that this is a coin of Commodus, who was often styled Hercules Romanes both on Roman and Greek coins ; though there is actually quoted, among the medallions of the Museum Thcupoli, page 778, one ou which the head of Hadrian is said to be covered with the skin of a lion ; provided, indeed, that this coin is considered to be genuine. What is meant by the aged and reclining figure, I am at a loss to discover. If it either held a reed, or were lean- ing on the customary urn, I should pronouucc it a river ; but cvcu then 1 could not account for its appearance.” Hercules, his attributes and arms. — On a denarius of c. coponiv« pr. s. c. is a club erect, with the skin of a lion ; on one side a dart or arrow, on the other a bow. The arms of Her- cidcs undoubtedly bear allusion to Copouius de- riving his origin from Tibur, in which city great honours were paid to Hercules, whence Propertius calls it Herculeum (ii. El eg. 32) ; and Strabo states that there was a temple of Hercules at Tibur. — See coponia gens, p. 279. A second brass of the Curtia gens (engraved in ilorell. Thesaur. Tam. Rom. vol. ii.) exhibits on its obverse the beardless head of Hercules, covered with the lion’s skin ; and on its reverse a bow, club, and arrow arc typified. On a brass medallion of Commodus, with legend of reverse p. m. tr. p. x. imp. vii. cos. iiii. Her- cules is represented naked, standing with the club and lion’s skin, lifting up with his right hand a crown to his own head. To the right are a bow and a quiver of arrows, suspended from a branch of a tree; to his left is an altar with the fire kindled. — See a cut of this reverse, engraved after a cast from the original in the Cabinet de France, at the head of the article hercvles, p. 450. The same vile caricature of an emperor, to whose fertile mints, nevertheless, our numis- matic treasuries are indebted for many a fine and interesting coin, caused, in his Herculean frenzy, the above legend to be struck, with the type of the club, bow, and quiver full of arrows, 3 N HERCULES. 457 which symbolize the hero, with whose world- wide fame his own contemptible notoriety dared to compare itself. — See hercvli romano. IIERCVLES ADSERTOR. (Hercules the Assister or Liberator). — See florente for- TVNA P. R. p. 391. HERCVLI. COMITI. AVG. COS. III. A naked Hercules, standing with club and lion’s skin ; near him the emperor veiled, sacrificing over a tripod ; the viclimarius stands beside him holding an ox. Brass medallion of Postumus. (Morelli. Specimen, p. 41). On this coin, which Morel states to be in the highest state of preservation, and of the most elegant workmanship, not only do the portraits of the obverse correspond in every feature, but the countenances of Hercules and Postumus, given on the reverse, also bear the closest re- semblance to those on the obverse. And from this circumstance, it is evident that the jugated heads, which so commonly appear on the ob- verses of Postumus’ coins, are not those of two Postumi, but those of Postumus and Her- cules (see p. 382.) — To the worship of that deity the Gauls were much devoted, and to the sculp- tured lineaments of his countenance Postumus studiously conformed his own, in the hope of rendering himself personally more sacred, by this conciliatory homage to the popular super- stition of the provinces he governed. — Doctrina, vii. 443. This title given to Hercules as Comes Augusti (compauion of the emperor), was in compliment to Postumus, who, bravest in w r ar, faithful in peace, grave in character and counsels, was re- garded as accompanied every where by the cour- ageous genius of Hercules himself, — and this brave prince is on the above medal rendering thanks to his tutelary divinity for being present with him as his companion m the triumph he had just achieved over his enemies the Germans. On a gold coin of Maximinus Daza appears the inscription of Hercules Comes Casarum Nostro- rum, as indicating the companionship of the same deity with himself and Constantine. HERC. COMM, or COM. MODI ANO. P. M. TR. P. XVI. COS. VI. Hercules, standing before an altar, with patera in his right hand, aud cor- nucopia; in his left, near him a tree, from which is suspended the skin of a lion. Gold of Corn- modus (engraved in Caylns) — Brass medallion of do. (in Mus. Albani). — First brass, engraved in the Cabinet de Christine. — See hercvli. HERCVLI CONS ervatori AVGVS ti. (To Hercules the Preserver of the Emperor). — On a very rare gold coin of Gallienus, having for the type of its reverse the Calydonian boar ruuning, a symbol of Hercules. HERCVLI CRETENSI. See Herculis La- bores, p. 452. HERCVLI DEBELLATORI. (To Hercules the Vanquisher). — This legend, with the killing of the Hydra as its type, appears on a coin of Max- imianus Hcrculius, respecting which Eckhel ob- serves as follows : — “ As his colleague Diocle- tian made an ostentatious display on his coins of his attachment to the worship and name of 458 HERCULES. Jupiter, so Maximianus, in like manner, boasted of Hercules. Thus we find on the medals of the latter emperor, Hercules the Preserver, the Conqueror, the Unvanquished, the Peace bear- ing, the Victorious, with various accompanying types, which exhibit different labours of the god, and many others occur on those coins of Maxcntius which are inscribed virtys avgg. — This was the reason why sometimes he appears on his coins in the worship of his favourite deity, his head covered with the skin of the lion, as though he made his son Maxentius heir of the glory symbolized in this reverse. And if we consider the barbarians every where van- quished and subdued by him, as monsters dan- gerous to the empire, Maxim ianus may be es- teemed, if not Hercules, at least his most sedu- lous and warlike imitator.” viii. p. 19. 1 . 2 . 1 FIERC. DEVSONIENSI.— Hercules, with the club in his right hand, and the lion’s spoils on his left arm, stands in a temple of four columns. On a denarius in billon of Postumus, whence cut No. 1 is engraved. — On another bil- lon coin, engraved in Baiiduri, Hercules stands (not within a temple), but with the usual attri- butes of club and lion’s skin. This appellation was given to Hercules from a place where he was worshipped, though it is not as yet sufficiently ascertained where Deuso or 1 Deuson was situated. — Tristan, following other writers, considered it not improbable that this place was the same as that of which Hiero- nymus thus speaks in the Chronicou of Euse- bius — “ The Saxons were slaughtered at Denso, in the district of the l’ranci.” Tristan conjec- tures that Deuso may possibly have been what is now' called Dugz, on the Rhine, opposite to Colonia Agrippina; (Cologn). If resemblance of name be the object, it is not necessary to look for the site of Deuso, on the other side of the Rhine; for there arc on this bank at the present day several towns called Duisburg, w hich may have derived their name from Deuso. It is the opinion of the authors of a work en- titled La Religion des Gaulois, b. iii. cli. 8, that this Hercules was identical with the Her- cules Magusanus mentioned bclow r . 2. HERCVLI MAG VS A NO.— Hercules stands, in repose, the right hand placed on the right hip ; whilst his left hand, on which hangs the lion’s skin, rests on the club. — Silver aud first and second brass of Postumus. As in the case of Hercules Deusonicnsis, so in this of Hercules Magusanus, there is a dis- pute as to the locality. It is probable, that Macusa, or Magusa, was a town celebrated for the worship of Hercules. Muratori cites (p. 64, HERCULES. Nos. 1 aud 2), two marbles dedicated to this Hercules, aud states that they were discovered in Belgium. —See various conjectures on this subject in Tristan, Muratori, and the authors of the work entitled De la Religion des Gaulois . — An anonymous writer of Ravenna enumerates, among the towns situated on the river Moselle, Macusa (Geogr. iv. c. 26), from w hich perhaps this Hercules derived his appellation. Few will imagine, with llarduin (ad Plin. vi. p. 344), that he was so called from Magusa, in ^Ethiopia. Kcyslcr has published a marble found at Wcst- chapcl (M'estcapella), on which is inscribed — HERCVLI MAGVSANO - - - TERTIVS. V. S. L. M. with a figure of the deity, representing him as standing naked, aud holding in his right haud a dolphin, in his left the trunk of a tree cleft in two, aud at his feet a scorpion (Antiq. Sep- tembr. p. 200) ; “ though (adds Eckhel) 1 am not aware how these attributes cau appertain to Hercules, such as through classical my T ths we are made acquainted with him. The types of the coins in question differ in no respect from the Hercules of the Greeks.” vii. 444. HERCVLI ERYMANTHINO. — Sec Labours of Hercules, p. 451. HERC. GADIT. P. M. TR. P. COS. III. Hercules standing, rests his right hand on the club ; in his left hand arc three apples. On one side of him is a man reclining on the ground ; on the other is the half of a ship. Coinage of Hadrian. Engraved in Caylus (No. 379), gold imperial series, in the Cabinet de France. “ Transported from the metropolis Tyre to the colony Gades, Hercules Got! it anus became celebrated, not only in Spain, but at Rome it- self ; insomuch that, according to the Roman law, the Hercules of Gades acquired a privi- lege, denied to most other foreign deities, of in- heriting property by bequest. (F/pian Fragm. xxv.) — This deity appears on the coinage of Ha- drian ; firstly, beeausc the town of Gades, from its proximity to Italics, his native place, easily communicated to it the worship of Hercules, Domitia Paulina, his mother, also deriving her origin from Gades ; and in the next place, be- cause Hadrian, by visiting all the provinces of the empire, and conferring benefits on each of them, in a certain sense earned the name and honours of Hercules. The ship doubtless alludes to the maritime power of the Gaditani ; but the recliuiug figure, which most other writers have pronouuced a river, Eckhel agrees with Florez in considering to be still a matter of dispute. It is not, perhaps, a very rash conjecture to say, that it is a figure of Oceanus. At any rate, ou coins of Tyre the metropolis, we see Occauus re- presented uuder the same figure of a man re- clining, and inscribed near it, to prevent misin- terpretation, the word flKEANOC ; and it is known to every one, that Gades was situated on the sea coast.” — Doctrina, vol. vi. 504. A similar figure of a man reclining appears ou a coin of Hadrian, referring to the anecdote of Hercules (Prodicius) standing betweeu Vir- tue and Voluptas, accompanied by the legend p. si. TR. P. cos. in. described and eugraved in HERCULES. p. 456. To the same subject may be referred the gold aud silver coins of the same emperor inscribed cos. ill. or jp. M. tr. P. cos. iii. and the type of which is a naked Hercules, sitting by bis armour, with the club in bis right band, and a thuuder-bolt in his left. Engraved in Cay- lus, gold, No. 380. 11ERCVLI INV1CTO.— Sec Labours of Her- cules, No. 9, p. 453. HERCVLI NEMAEO.— See Labour of Her- cules, No. 1, p. 450. HERCULES MVSARVM. See Pompouia gens. HERC. PAC. — Hercules naked, stands hold- ing a branch. Gold of L. Yerus. — “ No men- tion (says Vaillant) is made except on ancient coins of Hercules Pacifer (the pacific Hercules). In ancient times strong men were called Her- cules, aud many Roman princes were exhibited under the name aud image of that hero. Vcrus also, after having performed his labours in the Parthian war, condescended to give peace to the enemy, and was called Hercules the Peace- bearer.” HERCVLI PACIFEF.O. Hercules naked, stands with the face turned to the right, holding up a branch in his left hand, whilst he bears the club aud lion’s skin in his right. — Postumus. Banduri is of opinion that this rare silver coin is most correctly to be referred to the year a. D. 266, in which Gallienus, despairing of an opportunity to avenge the murder of his son Cor- nelius Saloninus, left off carrying on the war which up to that period had, with mutual loss, been waged in Gaul between him aud Pos- tumus, in order that he might, with the uni- versal strength of the empire, resist and repel the Scythian nations, who had for nearly fifteen years been ravaging both the European aud the Asiatic provinces ; for such was then the condi- tion of the Roman government, that it was un- able to sustaiu against one sufficiently formid- able enemy two wars at the same time. But HERCVLI ROMANO AVG. P. M. TR. P. XVIII. COS. VII. P. P. — Hercules stands lean- ing with his left arm on the club, which is placed on a rock. His left hand grasps a bow, behind which hang the lion’s spoils. His right hand rests ou the hip. An attitude which the artists of antiquity were fond of assigning to their statues of this hero. 3 N 2 HERCULES. 459 this coin shews that Postumus chose to ascribe the accepted peace to his ow r n valour, rather than to the calamities of the state. There are similar pieces in brass, vol. i. p. 292. HERCULI ROMANO AVGVSTO. This legend appears on a silver coin of Commodus, which has for its type Hercules standing ; he holds his club and lion’s spoils, and is crown- ing a trophy. Ou first aud second brass of the above emperor, with the same legend, we see, in the place of Hercules, only his attribute of the club, either by itself placed upright within a laurel crown ; or accompanied by a bow aud quiver. HERCVLI ROMtf CONI Wo™ COS. VII. P. P. — Hercules driving a plough with oxen. — On the other side of a gold medal is the head of Commodus covered with the lion’s skin. Commodus carried his ridiculous vanity aud presumption so far as to cause himself to be called the young Jupiter, and the Roman Her- cules (Hercules Augustus, or Commodiauus).— The above three coius furnish additional proofs of this fact, as regards the latter assumption. It appears that in order the better to accomplish his preposterous design, he laid down the laurel crown which emperors were accustomed to wear, affecting to cover himself with the lion’s skin, and to carry a club like Hercules. He appeared in public in this costume, aud with these ac- coutrements. His statues aud his medals otten represent him in this new dress. Indeed, hav- ing given multiplied proofs of his prodigious strength, aud even of physical courage, in vanquishing divers ferocious animals in the Circus, he might well, on that accouut, be com- pared to Hercules. The last quoted coin, bearing the extraordi- nary inscription of — “ To Hercules the Founder of Rome,” has reference to the insanity of Com- modus, in decreeing to change the city of Rome into a Colony , bearing his name ! — See COL onia Lucia AN loniniana COMmodiana, p. 234. Obv . — L. AELIVS AVRELIVS COM5IODVS AVG. pivs feux. Laureated head, exhibiting the likeness of the emperor, but covered with a lion’s skin, being intended to represent Corn- modus as Hercules. [Brass medallion, engraved after a cast from the original in the Cabinet de France. Besides the very fine preservation and high relief of this 460 HERCULES. HERCULES. particular specimen, the compiler has been in- I duccd to select it for the classic example which I its reverse presents of Hercules in repose ; and J also because the obverse serves, as a striking type, to illustrate those portraitures of Roman emperors who successively adopted the titles and attributes of the derai-god.l To such a pitch of madness did Commodus anive, as not only to give himself oat as a god, which indeed he would have done in common with several of his predecessors, but throwing aside even the laurel crown, the ens- tomary badge of sovereignty, he caused his por- trait to be exhibited on his coins with the attri- butes of divinity. Up to this time, such an indulgence had been conceded to Grecian vanity, which was wont to liken its kings to various ] deities, as it also did 9ome of the Augnsti, of ] which we have seen instances in the coins of j Nero of foreign die. But till this moment the J mint of Rome was guiltless of so base an adula- ! tion ; and though its reverses sometimes clothed an emperor in the attributes of a god, it was still done with some shew of reverence ; for the legend invariably abstained from the name of a [ deity, nor was any change made in the attire of . the head, inconsistent with the majesty of the empire. Those barriers, however, were broken down by the shamelessness of Commodus ; and from that year to the end of his life, both the legends and types of his coins speak of him as a | present deity , — on the same principle that he in- [ sisted, as Lampridius observes (ch. 15), on having ' recorded in the annals of Rome, all the base, foul, cruel, butcherly, and profligate acts of his life. Having the power to assume what character lie would, he chose that of Hercules, because lie I wished it to be thought, that in the slaughter of savage beasts he had rivalled that personage. I This folly of the sometime mau, but now, for- \ sooth, divinity ! is proved not merely by numer- ous coins, but by a host of ancient writers, the I most remarkable of whose testimonies arc here . subjoined : — Commodus was first called Hercules Romanus on account of his having slain wild beasts in the amphitheatre of Lanuvium. If we may credit the accounts of historians, his personal strength entitled him to the name, for he transfixed an elephant with a spear ; and in one day killed a hundred hears with darts ; fatigued with which exploits, he drained at a draught a cup brought to him by a girl, — faithful to the character of Hercules even in his drinking and amours. — These particulars are related by Dion, an cyc- w it ness, and by Lampridius. That a hundred lions were killed by him in one day, is stated by Ilerodianus and Ammianus. Being regarded, on account of these doings, as a second Alcides, and wishing to be so called, a crowd of statues w ere instantly executed, representing Commodus in the attributes of that deity, and soon after, sacrifice was offered to him. So persuaded was lie that he wa9 indeed Hercules, that when he went abroad, he ordered the lion’s skin and club to be carried before him. And to carry on his imitatiou of Hercules in the slaving of mon- sters, which were universally believed to be fabulous, lie had men sewn up alive in sacks, and made into the form of giants, and then killed them with darts. A report having been spread that the emperor intended to put several persons to death by shooting arrows at them, as Hercules had done in one of his encounters, few had the courage even to appear in the amphi- theatre. And all this took place before the eyes of the people and the Senate. To such a depth of infamy had sunk the son of Marcus, and to such a degree of degradation was that venerable assembly of the Fathers reduced by fear. The people, indeed, as far as they could, took their revenge in lampoons, of which the following example from Lampridius is not without merit. Commodus lierculeum nomen habere cupit, Antoninornm non pntat esse bonum, Expcrs humani juris et imperii, Spcrans quiuetiam clarius esse deum, Quara si sit princeps nomiuis egregii, Non erit iste dcus, nec tainen ullus homo. (Lamp, in Diadumen. I [Commodus covets the name of Hercules, nor thinks that of the Antonines good enough for him. Setting at defiance all humau law and control, and imagining it a more glorious lot to be a god than a prince of noble fame, he will not after all be a god, nor in auy sense a man]. One writer, however, ha9 been found some- what to mitigate the sentence of condemnation on this emperor’s follies. “ Why then (says Athenaeus, xii. p. 537), should we feel so much surprize, that the Emperor Commodus, when riding in his chariot, should have had placed beside him the club of Hercules, and the lion’s [ skin spread beneath him, and desire to be called Hercules, when Alexander, though imbued with the precepts of Aristotle, could liken himself to the deities, nay even to Diana.” — Eckhel, vii. ■ pp. 125, 126. HERCVLI T1IRAC10.— See Herculis La- bores, No. 8, p. 453. HERCVLES VICTOR.— Sec restio. HERCVLI V ICTORL — Hercules naked, I stands with club reversed in his right baud rest- ing on the ground, and holding a bow in his left : the spoils of the lion hang from his left arm. — This appears on a silver coin of .Fmili- anus, struck on the occasion of a victory gained by that emperor over the Scythians. (Banduri). The temple of 1 Icrculcs the Victorious was built at Rome, by Octavius Herennius. (llavercamp). — This surname of Victor, amongst the many appropriated to Hercules on Roman coins, agrees with the epithet CalUnicns, given to him by the Greeks, and which was borne by the successors of Alexander the Great, who pretended like him- self to have descended in a right line from llcr- | cules. (Spanheim’s Grsars of Julian). HERCVLI VICTOKI. — A naked Hercules, standing with a club in his right hand, and an ' apple and lion’s skin in his left ; in the field the letter Z, aud at the bottom S. M. S. D. Gold of FI. Severus, in the imperial museum of Vienna. “ This fine coin (says Eckhel), which came i into my possession mauy years ago, I published 1IERCULI0 MAX1MIANO. at the time with the greater satisfaction, that it was then au unique specimen of a gold coin of Sevcrus, bearing the title of Augustus. Taniu has since added two more, one of which is of medallion size.” vii. 44 A. HERCVLI VICTORI.— This legend also ac- companies the type of Hercules Requiescens, which represents the demi-god reposing after his victorious labours, cither standing with his right hand resting on his club, and his left holding the apples of the Hesperides, as is seen on a second brass of Val. Maximianus, or sitting on a rock, with his bow and other attributes, as on coins of Constautius Chlorus, Valer. Severus, Maximinus Daza. There is also a most rare brass coin of Coustantiue the Great, with the same legend and type, quoted by Baudnri from Mcdiobarbus and Spaukeim. IIERCVLIO MAX1MIANO AVG.— Maxi- mianns in the paludamentum, seated with a globe in his left baud, on which side sits Her- cules. Victory flying behind crowns them both ; at the bottom ROM. Brass medallion of Dio- cletian. The above cut engraved after a cast from the original in the French Cabinet. In illustration of the meaning of this coin, as well as of a gold medallion of the same emperor (see iovio et hercvlio), the author of Doctrina (viii. p. 9), quotes a passage from Victor (In Casaribus); “ He (Maximianus) after- wards acquired the surname of Herculins from the circumstauce of his worshipping that deity, just as Valerius (Diocletian) did that of Jovius ; whence the name was also applied to such por- tions of the army as had evidently distinguished themselves.” — The first part of this passage receives confirmation from the coin before us : and the second, as Banduri observes, from the fact, that in the Notitia imperii, there occur re- peatedly the expressions — ala Jovia, leyio Jovia, ala Herculia, aitxilia llercuUa, Herculiana, Ilerculensia, &c. — Clandiau (de bello Gild. v. 418) makes allusion to them as late as the reign of Honorius : — Herculeam suns Alcides, Joviam que cohortem Rex ducit superum. [The Herculean cohort is led by its own Al- cides, and the Jovian by the king of the gods.] That these Jovian and Herculean bands held the most exalted position in the Roman army, HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS. 461 and acted as body guard to the emperor, we learn from Sozomen, speaking of the reign of Julian (vi. ch. 6). — Respecting this absurd vanity of Diocletian and Maximian, in their adoption, respectively, of the titles Jovius and Herculius, sec further remarks in Spanhcim (vol. ii. p. 494), and Banduri (p. 13, note 4) ; also the inscrip- tion virtvs hercvli caesaris, and Eckhel’s comments on a coin of Constantius I. IIERENNIA gens. — A plebeian family, but of consular rank. It has many varieties on its coins. The only one of any interest, and that not rare, bears on its obverse pietas, with a female head ; on the reverse m. heiienni, and the group of a young man carrying his father on his shoulders. — Who this Herennius was, and what occasion led to the adoption of this type, is uncertain. But it evidently alludes to the story of the two pious brothers of Catana, who rescued their parents from the flames of Etna, during an eruption which endangered their lives. — See Amphinomus and Anapis, p. 41. HERENN1A ETRUSCILLA. — See etrus- CII.LA. HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS (Q. Messius Decius), eldest son of Trajanus Decius and Etruscilla, was named Caesar by his father, a. d. 249. He gained the following year the battle of Nicopolis against the Goths ; but was after- wards surprised and defeated at Berea. In a.d. 251, he was named Augustus ; served the con- sulate, fully associated with his father in the empire. He perished with Trajan Decius at the battle of Abrittium, a town of Msesia, the same year. — On his coins, which, with the exception of the silver (some of which are com- mon), are of more or less rarity, he is styled HEREN. ETRV. MES. QV. DECIVS CAESAR 01' AVG. The following are the rarest reverses : — Gold. princ. ivvent. A seated figure. (Valued by Mionnet at 600 fr .) — principi iv- ventvtis. A military figure standing. (Mt. 600 fr. Silver. — Same epigraph and type. (Quina- rius. Mionnet, 24 fr.) concordia avgg. Right hands joined. — Obv. q. her. etr. mes. decivs nob. caes. Radiated head of Ilcren- nius. — secvritas avgg. Woman standing, rest- 1 iug on a column. (Mt. 24 fr.) — victoria ger- 462 HILA RITAS. manica. Victory passing. (Mt. 10 fr.) — votis oecennalibvs within a crown. (Mt. 30 fr.) Large Brass. — paci. Temple of six cols. (Mt. 20 fr.) — principi ivventvtis. Prince in military habit, holding a sceptre and the liasta. (Large size, Mt. 24 fr.) — pietas avgvstorvm. Sacrificial instruments. (Mt. 20 fr. ; brought at Thomas sale 10s.) HESPERIDES. — See Hercules in the garden of, p. 456. HILARITAS (Gaiety or Joy personified). — On most Roman coins this legend has for its accompanying type the figure of a matron, stand- ing with a long foliaged branch of palm in her right hand, which she plants in the ground. — Green branches are the signs of gladuess ; and thence amongst almost all nations, on occasions of joy both public and private, it was the cus- tom to ornament streets, temples, gates, houses, and even entire cities, with branches and leaves of trees. In her left haud Hilarity holds the cornucopia; sometimes a patera supplies the place of a branch ; sometimes a hasta ; at other times a flower ; but the palm is the most fre- quent and peculiar attribute. HILARITAS P. R omani (Joy of the Roman People), S. C. COS. III. — On a first brass of Hadrian, Hilarity, figured as above, appears be- tween two draped children. According to Arte midorus, the children of princes are themselves designated by palm branches. In Scriptural language, the olive emblematically designates the products of conjugal union. Referring to this reverse, old Angeloni (p. 112) in substance says — “To fill up the emperor’s cup of glory many coius were coutiuually de- creed to him by the Senate. And amongst these, none held a superior place to those which represented the provinces he had visited, or which, having been first conquered and then lost by others, he had recovered back again ; or which he had enriched with his favours, em- bellished with buildings, furnished with laws, loaded moreover with gifts, and afterwards re- stored to the Roman Republic ; one remarkable instance of which was that of Egypt.” HILAR. TEMPORUM. (Joy of the Times). By the same type of a woman holding a palm branch and cornucopia?, was the delight of the Romaus intended to be signified, at the period which gave birth to children by Didia Clara, only daughter of the emperor Didius Julianus. The same legend aud type of llilaritas, with the addition of avgvsti avg. avgg. (Hilarity of the Emperor, Empress, or Emperors) are H1RTIA. — I1ISPANIA. found on coins of M. Aurelius, Faustina jun. Lucilla, Commodus, Crispiua, Julia Domna, l’lautilla, Caracalla, Tetricus senior, Claudius Gothicus, &c. — See laetitia. HIPPOPOTAMUS (river horse). — A huge amphibious animal, inhabiting the Nile, aud also found on the Gauges. On coins which serves to symbolize Egypt (see the word nilvs). The figure of this remarkable beast occurs on several coius of the two Philips, aud also on those of Otacilia Severn, with the legend of saecvlares avgg. — Spauhcim (Pr. i. p. 175) shews when this fluvial monster was first ex- hibited at Rome in the public spectacles. 1IIRCO (a goat). — The figure of this auimal is seen on some consular coins. A family de- narius exhibits a naked man, riding on a goat, at full speed, aud holding a branch iu his right hand. — See Cornelia gens, Cethegus, p. 285, No. 5. — On a silver coin of l'onteius, a winged boy is typified riding on a goat. — See fonteia gens, p. 393. — On a denarius of the Rcnia family, a woman, in a biga of goats, is goiug at a rapid pace. — See renla. HIRTIA, gens plebeia. — Its coins, rare and in gold only, have but one type, ns follows : — Obv. — c. caesak cos. in, A veiled female head. Rev . — a. hirtivs p. r. Poutifical instruments, viz. lituus (the augural crook), urceus (the pitcher), and secespita (the axe). Eckhel reads the legend of reverse thus : — Aulus Ilirtius Prefectus and not Pretor, as some have done. (See his explanatory reasons, in Cestia gens, vol. v. 269.) A. Ilirtius was a great favourite of the Dictator Ciesar, to whose commentaries he is believed to have put the last finishing touches. Consul iu the year of Rome 711 (u. c. 43), he perished, together with his colleague, Yibius Pansa, at the battle of Mutiua. HIS. — This abbreviation of Ilispania appears on a vcxillum behind the head of Coelius Cnidus, who, having, subsequently to a. u. c. 060, been scut as proconsul to Spain, gaiued iu that coun- try much military renown. — See Coelia gens, p. 223 — also epulones, p. 360. IlISPAN. Ilispania. — See postumia gens. Ilispania (Spain). — The Romaus uuder this name comprehended all that exteut of territory, which is bounded by the Pyrenees on the cast, by the Mediterranean to the south aud east, aud by the occau to the north and west. — The same motive which carried them into Sicily, led them into Spain ; that is to say, the political neces- sity of opposing the Carthaginians who occu- pied the larger portion of the country. After a long and bloody struggle the Romans succeeded in driving the Carthaginians cutirely out of Spain. It was Publius Scipio, afterwards but- HISPANIA. HISPANIA. 4G3 named Africanus, under whose command the legions triumphed over the troops of Hannibal. And Hispania being thus subjected to the power of the republic, was divided iuto two provinces. Augustus afterwards made three of it, Brntica, Lusitania, and Tarraconensis. He left the last named to the Roman people, who seut a Prctor there ; and he reserved the two other portions, which were governed by his Lieutenants. Bretica comprised the kingdoms of Grenada and Anda- lusia, Estrcmadura, and some places in New Castille. Lusitania included the kingdoms of Portugal, the Algarves, and some parts of the tw r o Castillos. Tarraconensis comprehended the kingdoms of Valentia, Murcia, Arragon, Na- varre, Galicia, and Leon, a large part of the two Castilles, the principality of the Asturias, Biscay, and Catalonia. — (See PitiscusJ. HISPANIA. — On several imperial coins Ilis- pania in genere is personified by a female figure, clothed sometimes in the stola, at others in the lighter folds of the tunic ; holding in one hand corn-cars, poppies, or (more frequently) an olive branch, emblems of the fertility of that country ; and in thc-other hand a garland, or some war- like weapon. The rabbit too, a well-known symbol of Hispania, appears on coins of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. On a first brass of the last-named emperor (engraved above from a cast after the original in the British Museum), with the legend of reverse iiispania s. c. cos. n. Tire province represented by a turreted woman, stands holding in her right hand a crown of laurel, and in her left a spreading branch of olive. At her feet is a rabbit. The quautity of rabbits in Spain was such, that, according to Pliny, they undermined a whole town with their burrows ; and Strabo affirms, that a portion of the inhabitants entreated the Romans to give them a settlement elsewhere, because they were no longer able to prevent the increase of this race of animals. Iiispania was greatly replenished with nu- merous colonies by Julius Csesar and by Augustus, under whom, as well as under Galba, Vespasian, Hadrian, Antonine, and other emperors, coins were struck referring in legend and in type to Roman domination in the provinces of Spain. The types of the autonomous coins of the Spanish cities make the same kind of reference to the fertility of the country, to its produc- tions, and to the warlike spirit of its natives. Coins bearing the inscription mspanobvm, exhibit horses, cavaliers armed and crowned. branches of olive, corn-cars, and fish. — See Akerman, Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes, p. 9;to 120. IIISPANIA. — A woman, clothed in a long dress, stands holding in her right hand some corn-ears ; and in her left she bears two short javelins, and the small round Spanish shield. This reverse legend and accom- panying type appear on gold and silver coins of Galba, (Obv. — galba imp. Lau- reated head of that emperor), under whom Spain and the provinces of Gaid were highly favoured, because they had been the first to declare them- selves against Nero. The corn-ears indicate the fertility of Spain ; the buckler and the two spears represent the weapons in use amongst her warriors. — (Kolb. vol. i. p. 124.) An elegant silver coin with the same epi- graph, exhibits the head of a woman, with tw r o javelins. On the obverse is the figure of Galba on horseback. This female bust represents Spain ; her head of hair flows curling upon her neck ; the small shield behind her is what Livy calls the cetra. — Hispania is struck on the coins of the emperor, not only because it was in Spain that he was first proclaimed, but also on account of the equestrian statue which the exercitus Hispanicus decreed should be erected to his honour. — (Vaillant, Pr. vol. ii.) HISPANIA. — A woman standing, w'ith ears of corn in her extended right hand, and two spears in her left ; a Spanish buckler hanging behind her. On a gold coin of Vespasian, the reverse type of which so closely resembles the preceding silver coin of Galba, Eckhcl gives the following description and commentary, as from a specimen in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, “ This beautiful coin (says the author of Doctrina, vi. 338) I formerly published in my Sglloge i. where I remarked, that it was intended to commend the attachment shewn by Hispania towards Vespasian ; it being a well-known cir- cumstance, that at a very early period, and at the instigation of Primus Antonius, that country favoured the pretensions of Vespasian, at the ex- pense of Vitellius, as Tacitus has recorded. (Hist. iii. cli. 53, 70.) It is probable, that it was on this very account that, as Pliny expresses it (iii. p. 144), “ Vespasian, Impcrator and Augustus, when tossed by the storms of civil commotion, conferred upon the whole of Hispania the Jus Latii. — Indeed, in such a position of affairs. Hispania might have been a formidable auxiliary being, as Tacitus says, considered in conjunction with Gaul, “the most powerful portion of the earth.” — Juvenal, too (Sat. viii. 116), cautions the governors of those provinces against harass- ing and provoking such robust and hardy tribes, as though they were so many effeminate Asiatics. Perhaps, also, this type was intended to intimate the transfer to Vespasian of the affections of the Legio Hispanica , which formerly accompanied 464 1IISPANIA. Galba, and kept guard in Rome. (Tacit, llist. i. ch. 6.) All these circumstances may have combined to induce a repetition, on Vespasian’s coins, of a type frequently observed on those of Galba. This coin appears to have been struck at Rome immediately on the accession of Ves- pasian, and whilst he was still absent abroad ; for, though it is of undoubted antiquity, yet the likeness of the portrait is not very striking, and we do not find on his later coins the avg. placed before the Vespasianus.” — The coin in question is not included in the catalogue of either Mionuet or Akerman. HISPANIA. S. C. — Spain personified on coins of Hadrian. Capt. Smyth, R.N. thus describes and animadverts upon the reverse of a large brass of Hadrian, with this legend, in his own cabinet of first brass : — “ A robed female re- clining against a rock, holds in her right hand a branch of olive — which, according to Pliny, flourished luxuriantly in Boetica. Her head is encircled by a sort of wreath, which some me- dallists have also prouounced to be of olive, from recollecting the ‘ limits olivifera crinem redi- mite corona ,’ of Martial, and the description of Claudiau, ‘ glaucis turn primo Minerva, Nexa contain soliis.’ ” (p. 105). The same type appears on other reverses of Hadrian, in gold, silver, and second brass. HI SPAN ICVS EXERCITVS. S. C.— The emperor ou horseback, addressing his soldiers. First brass, engraved in the Cabinet de Christine. 1 1 1 SPANIAE RESTITVTORI. Hadrian togated, raises a kneeling woman, who holds a branch in her left hand, at her feet is a rabbit — an altar between the two figures. Silver and first brass. See p. 365. Engraved iu Cabinet de Christine. In respect of his ancestors, Hadrian’s native country was Hispania, and the place of his birth was Italica, a municipium of Boetica ; though Hadrian himself first saw the light at Rome. When a boy he spent some time in Spain, till he was called away to Germany, and subse- quently to Rome, as has already been observed. After his accession he went to Hispania, on leaving Gaul, and having held a congress of all the Hispani at Tarraco, lie wintered in that place, and at his own cost restored the temple of Divus Augustus. Though then within so short a distance, he did not visit Italica ; never- theless, he lavished upon it many honours and munificent presents. Spartian positively informs us, that he there celebrated quinquenna/ia, to do honour to the place. D. N. Vet vi. 495. HISPANIA. Sec Eckhcl’s remarks on the rabbit as a sym- bol of Hispania, in his prolegomena to the coins of Hispania, vol. i. p. 8. HISPANIA CLVNIA SVL. S. C.— A large brass coin of Galba, bearing this remarkable in- scription, is equally remarkable for its finely- designed type, engraved above. The emperor is there seen, seated, armed with a cuirass, the head crowned with lam'd. He holds the para- zonitim in his left hand, and extends his right to a woman who stands opposite to him. She is clothed in a long flowing robe, and holds in her left hand a horn of plenty, whilst with her right she presents the figure of a Victory, or some trophy, to the emperor. Round it we read Hispania : Clunia : N«/(picia). The explanation of the subject rests entirely on the following statement of Suetonius (ch. 9), that Galba, when hesitating whether he should accept the sovereignty, “ was encouraged to do so both by the most favourable auspices and omens, and also by the prediction of a virgin of good birth, to which was added the circum- stance that the priest of Jupiter at Clunia, in- structed by a dream, had discovered in the pene- trate of the temple, the self-same verses, simi- larly pronounced by a young prophetess two hundred years before ; the purport of which verses was that at some future time a prince or Lord of the world would arise in Hispania.” — Wc must uot (says Eckhcl. vi. 294) omit, what Plutarch (in Galba, p. 1055) relates, viz. that Galba, on hearing of the death of Vindex, re- tired to Colunia, and actuated by repentance for his past conduct, and a longing for his for- mer life of ease, took no decided steps on his own account, but remained at that place till the Senatus Consultum was brought, by which the empire was decreed to him. There is no doubt, that the KoAouwa of Plutarch is identical with the Clunia mentioned on the coin ; and that this city was an especial favourite with Galba, both on account of the prediction above alluded to, and as being the place where he was first assured of his accession to empire; in consequence of which lie loaded it with honours and beuefits, as is proved by his conferring upon it even the dis- tinguished name of SVLpicui, as testified by the coin before us.” HOC. SIGNO. VICTOR F,RIS.— Victory crowning the emperor, who stands in a military dress, holding iu his right hand a labarum, on which appears the monogram of Christ, and iu his left a spear. Second brass. — Sec vetran'io. HONOR AND IIONOS. MONOS ET VIRTUS. 405 This is a coin, common in Constantius IJ. and Vetranio, though rare in Gallus. Tlie mo- nogram of Christ (sec the word) was intro- duced by order of Constantine the Great on a standard, when setting out on his campaign against Maxentius. This standard being carried into the middle of the ranks, where the danger appeared to be greatest, and invariably bringing victory with it, according to Eusebius, it at length became the belief, that success was to be attributed to the standard alone ; and hence is gathered the sense of the legeud, hoc sic no victor eris, which, in all probability, was inscribed upon the actual standard. Some have referred this reverse to the cross seen by Con- stantine in the heavens, accompanied with the words — EN. TOTTHI. NIKA, in hoc (signo) vince. — Sec Eckhel’s remarks on the legend spes pvblica. viii. 117. HONOR and MONOS. Honour. The Ro- mans, not satisfied with receiving amongst the objects of their worship, the gods of Greece, of Egypt, and even of Persia, thought fit to deify the virtues, the qualities, the affections of the mind, and to represent them by various attributes, on their monuments, principally those of a monetal kind. Such divinities were called allegorical, but had not, like the others, a mythological history. IIONOS. S. C. A young man togated, stands, with a branch in his right hand, and the cor- j nucopiic in his left. On gold, silver, and first brass of M. Aurelius. The above is not the only occasion on which honos occurs on the coins of this prince — “ Rare proofs (says Eckhcl), vii. 4), in the mintages of a youthful Cresar, of his bias to- wards honour and virtue, even in such times.” IIONORI. — Obv . — iionori m. dvumivs hi. vir. A youthful head on the denarii of the durmia. gens. — Sec p. 350. The obverse of these denarii constantly pre- sents a head of Honos, just as on similar coins of Aquillius Floras, the triumvir, struck at the same period there appears the head of Virtu s. — Dion Cassius states, that in the year u. c. 737 (b. c. 20), Augustus made some alteration in the games consecrated to Virtus and Honos, in consequence of which it appears, that Aquil- lius and Durmins, who in the years immediately following 734 were Triumviri Monetales in i conjunction with Caninius and Petronius, intro- duced the personified head of each of those qualities on their coins, (v. 236.) 3 O The laurcated head of Honour also appears on coins of the Lollia (Morell. Fam. Rom. p. 249), the Meinmia (p. 277), and Sulpicia families (p. 405). Honour is generally depictured on the mint- ages of Republican Rome, with a long robe, or toga, as though the Roman Magistrates derived their dignity from that divinity. The jugated heqds of Honour and of Virtue (or Valour) ; the former designated by a laurel crown, the latter by a helmet, appears on denarii of the Fufia and Mucia families. — Sec fufia gens, pp. 399. IIONOS ET VIRTVS. S. Q,.— Honos, naked to the waist, stands with spear in right hand, and cornucopia: in the left ; whilst Vi) tus stands opposite, with galcated head, a paraeonium in the right hand, and a spear in the left, and with the right foot planted on a stone. First brass of Galba. The above engraving is after a cast from a specimen in the British Museum. We have already seen on coins of the Fufia family the head of honos joined with that of v l kt vs. And here both those divinities are re- presented on the coinage of Galba ; but why they should have found a place there, Eckhel say3 he has no reason to assign, any more than their appearance on a similar reverse of Vitcl- lius. Respecting the temple erected at Rome to Honour and Virtue, see Livy, xxvii. c. 25. Honour, says Gesner, is occasionally exhi- bited on coins as the associate of Virtue, in which case he bears a spear as well as a cornu- copia;. Virtue stands face to face with Honour, indicating that through the temple of Virtue that of Honour was to be entered. Du Choul in his ingenious book De la. Reli- gion des Romains, cites the fact of Marius having been the first to erect a temple to Honour and Virtue — and observes, that “ the temple of Virtue was anciently placed before the temple of Honour, which had only one gate, shewing that the path which leads to honour was inaccessible but by means of virtue. This (he adds) is what Marcus Marcellus designated to impress on the understanding of the people of Rome, when he built two square temples joined together, one consecrated to Virtue, and the other to Honour. And unquestionably great honours spring from the pure and beautiful root of Virtue, whence it happens that they arc rendered more illustrious, more glorious, and full of immortal recollec- tions.” (p. 34). HONORIA (Justa Grata), daughter of Con- stantius III. and of Placidia, was born at Ravenna, 406 HONORIA. in Cisalpine Gaul, a. d. 417. Brought up at the court of her brother Yalentinian III. under the eyes of her mother, who kept her under great restraint, she received the title of Avgusta, about a. d. 433, being then sixteen years of age. It is conjectured that this elevation was con- ferred upon her, in order to prevent her from entering into any matrimonial engagement, by raising her above the rank of a subject. Thus debarred from marriage, however, she secretly communicated, by one of her eunuchs whom she sent, with Attila, who had lately become king of the Huns, inviting him to come into Italy, and to marry her. It is most probable that at the time of this mission (exact period unknown) she conveyed her ring to Attila, as a pledge of her faith. But the barbaric chief treated her invitation with apparent inattention. And she afterwards dishonoured herself and the imperial dignity she held, by an illicit connection with a man named Eugenius, her own household stew- ard, by whom she became pregnant. On the discovery of her condition, she was expelled from the palace ; and sent (a. n. 434) to Constanti- nople, where Theodosius II. ami Pulchcria re- ceived her with kindness. It appears that she remained in the East, until the death of Theo- dosius, which occurred a. d. 450. In that year, Attila, desirous of some pretext for quarrelling with the Emperor of the West, sent an em- bassy to Yalentinian, setting forth the wrongs of Honoria, and claiming her as having engaged herself to him ; furthermore he said, that he regarded her as his wife, and was entitled to have half of the empire as the dowry of the princess. The answer of Yalentinian was, that Honoria was already married (supposed to be a forced alliance with some obscure person) ; that women had no part in the succession of the em- pire, uud that consequently his sister had no claim. The fatal war which followed this re- fusal, and which brought so many calamities upon the Romans, having been terminated, Ho- noria passed the remainder of her days in Italy, where there is reason to believe she died, though at what time, or in what place, is doubtful, but | later than a. d. 454. The coins of this princess are in gold and sil- j ver, and of the highest raritv. On these she is stvlcd D. N. I VST. (or I VST A) GRAT. (or GRATA) HONORIA P. F. AVG. Gold. — The a reus described below is Tallied by Mionnct at 20 francs, and brought at the sale of the Pcmbr ' c collection £7. D. N. ivst. grat honoria. Bust stolata to the right, a cross cn the right shoulder, double necklace, ear-rings, and helmet-like head-dress, formed of double diadem of laurel and pearls, 1 HONORIUS. with round jewel in front : above the head a hand holding a wreath. — Rev. — bono reipvb- licae. Victory standing, holding a long staff surmounted by a broad cross, near which is a star. On the exergue conob. The above is engraved’ after a'cast from the original, in the finest preservation, in the Bri- tish Museum. Rev. — salts beipvblicae. Crown of laurel, in the middle of which is the monogram of Christ. On the exergue comob. (Quinarius. Mionnet, 150 fr.) Rev. — vot. xx. mvlt. xxx. Victory stand- ing, holding a cross. (Mt. 200 ft.) Silver. — Rev. — Without legend. Cross with- in a crown of laurel ; on exergue comob. ( Qui- narius. Mt. 100 fr.) HONORIUS, the son of Theodosius the Great, and JE1. Elaccilla, was born in the year of our Lord 384. When ten years old, he re- ceived from his father the title of Augustus ; and at his death in 395, he presided over the Western Empire, under the guardianship of Sti- licho. Being at the first much favoured by fortune, he quelled the revolt of Gildo iu Africa, and of others in different parts of the empire. Alaric, king of the Goths, and Itadagaisus, king of the Huns, elated with their occupation of the very centre of Italy, were checked iu some me- morable engagements by Stilicho, who, even then, however, revolving in his mind plans for securing the sovereignty, invited Alaric into Italy, and other barbarians iuto Gaul, but was put to death with his son Eucherius, by his own soldiers, at Ravenna. Alaric, finding no oppo- sition, besieged Rome, which he took and sacked a. D. 410 ; but died shortly after in Lucania, whilst preparing to pass over into Africa. His successor Ataujphus, leaving Italy, turned his steps towards Gaul, where he had married Galla Placidia, whom he had forcibly taken away from her brother llonorius; and proceeding thence into Hispania, he died at Barcinone (Barcelona). — Amidst these disturbances iu Italy, the Ala- manni occupied the part of Germany adjoining the Alps, and the l'rauci, under Pharamond, Gallia Bclgica ; whilst the Alani and Vandals, coming down from the shores of the Baltic, and scouring the Gallia;, made an incursion into Hispania ; and the Burgundionrs retained forci- ble possession of that part of Gaul bordering on the Upper Rhine. — Pressed on all sides by so many dangers, llonorius, iu the year 421, con- ferred the title of Augustus upon Constantius, a man of distinguished military reputation, with whom he had already allied himself, by giving him in marriage his sister Placidia, the widow of Ataulphus ; and iu 423 he died, leaving no HOSIDIA. — HOSTILIA. 467 HORATIA.— HOSIDIA. issue by either of his two wives; a prince of a slothful disposition, to whom, if l’rocopius has told truth (Bell. Fund. i. c. 2), the safety of his wife Gallina, whom he used to nickname Roma, was matter of much greater solicitude [ than that of the city itself. — See viii. 171 and 172. His coins in each metal are common, with the exception of medallions, which in gold and sil- ver, are of the highest rarity. On these he is styled— HONORIVS AVGVSTVS — D. N. 110- NORIVS AVG.— D. N. HONORIVS P. F. AVG. The following are the rarest reverses : — Gold Medallions. gloria romanorvm. Rome seated, comob. Front face. (V alued by Mionnet at 300 francs.) — cloria romanorvm. Similar type. (Mt. 600 fr.) Same legend. Emperor drawn in car and s ix. (Mt. 200 fr.) Silver Medallion. — trivmfator gent, barb. Emperor holding Christian labarnm. Silver.— ivssv. richiari. reges (sic.) round a crown, within which is X between b. and r. (Mionnet, 250 fr.) Exagium Solidi. — d. n. honorivs p. f. avg. Bearded head of Honorius. Rev . — exagivm solidi. Equity standing. (Mt. 18 fr.) Rev. — EXAG. SOL. SVB. V. INL. IOANNI (sic.) com. 3. l. In exergue cons. (24 fr.) HORATIA gens — a most ancient and noble family, of consular rank, bearing the surname of Codes. The following denarius is of the highest rarity, inscribed cocles. Galcated head of Koine ; behind it X. — Rev . — roma. Iu the exergue. The dioscuri on horseback, galloping with levelled lances, and with their caps laure- ated, and stars above. Mionnet values at 150 francs this elegaut de- narius (of which an engraving will be found in p. 316 of this dictionary, under the head of denarius. — The same restored by Trajan he prices at 300 fr. There is a modern fabrication ' of this coin, which must be guarded against. The name of Horatius Cocles recalls the me- mory of transcendant benefits derived from members of that family to the primitive Romans. Two are most remarkable. The former was the successful resistance offered by the first Codes, on the Pons Sublicius, to the troops of Por- senna, king of Etruria, who attempted to take Rome by a coup-de-main. — For a medallion of Antoninus Pius, representing this exploit, sec p. 221. On account of this valuable service the Romans erected a statue to his honour in the Comitium, and gave him as much land as lie could plough round in a day. The other benefit rendered to Rome by the Horatii, was their combat with the Curiatii, who to the number of three, re- mained slain by tbe last of the Horatii. The cognomen of Cocles was attached to the first 1 Horatius, from the circumstance of his having lost au eye on the occasion of some fight with the enemy. HOSIDIA gens. — It is not known whether this family was patrician or plebeian. The following is its sole type. 3 0 2 geta in vi r. Bust of Diana with jewels, mitella, and ear-rings. On her shoulder the bow and quiver. Rev. — c. hosidi. c. f. A wild boar trans- fixed with a dart, and followed by a dog. There is one variety of no importance. The precise period when Cains Ilosidius Geta was monctal triumvir is not known. The type of reverse is supposed by Havercamp to refer to the great hunting parties w T ith which in 734 (b. c. 20), the birth-day of Augustus was so magnifi- cently celebrated. Eckhel gives his reasons for regarding this coin as older than the age of Au- gustus, and considers the wounded boar only as an apt accompaniment to Diana Venatrix, whose bust Hosidius has, for some reason, chosen to place on the obverse of his denarius. HOSTILIA gens patricia ; an ancient and illustrious family, which claimed descent from Tullus Hostilius. Saserna and Tubulus are the two surnames, attached to it on coins. There are five varieties. The silver are rare. Two denarii of Hostilius Saserna (whom Cicero men- tions as among the most eminent senators living iu his time), are remarkable for bearing, one the head of Pallor, the other that of Pavor. 1. — Head of Pavor (Fear or Dread), typified by the bearded head of a man, with hair ou end; behind it a feather, br leaf ; in some, a buckler. Rev . — hostilivs saserna. A naked man, in a rapid biga, turns himself to the rear, and fights with spear and shield, perhaps against enemies who assail him, and the biga is driven by an auriga also naked, who whips the horses. 2. — Head of Pallor (Paleness), behind whose head, as a follower of Mars, is the military litttus, or trumpet. Rev . — l. hostilivs saserna. Diana stand- ing, with the radiated crown, and dressed after the Ephesian fashion of that goddess. The right hand holds a stag by its horns, and the left carries a spear. The image of when the as fell as low as the sextantarius, the mark of brass (i. c. of the as) was, ou one side a double Janus, on the other the beak of a ship, aud on the triens and quadrans, boats. Eck- hel, v. p. 14. The half-naked figure of Janus Bifrons stand ing, with spear in right hand, cos. ill. s. C. be JANUS. longs to the second brass of Hadrian. I. A. — Imperalor Augustus, or Indu/gentia Augusti. IAN. Janum. — ian. clv. Janum Clusit or Clausit, the temple of Janus closed. Janus, the fabled son of Uranus, is believed to have been the most ancient King of Italy, who hospitably received Saturn, when, as a fugitive from Crete, the father of Jupiter, banished by his son, arrived in a ship on the shores of Laiium. — According to the account of Aurelius Victor, Janus was the master-mind of the age in which he lived ; he was the founder of a city called Janiculum, taught liis people the divisions of the year, the use of shipping, and of money, the rules of justice, and the mode of living happily under the authority of the laws ; he also instructed them how to build temples and to honour the Gods with sacrificial worship ; to surround the cities with walls, to grow corn and to plant the vine. It was out of gratitude for these alleged benefits that Janus was placed by the Homans in the rank of the Gods, and regarded as presiding over treaties. On the first of January, or in the calends of that month, they celebrated the Janualia. At that festival they offered to Janus a mixture of flour and salt, with incense and with wine. The temple of Janus was said to have been built by Romulus, after he had made peace with the Sabines ; and in this temple was a statue with two faces. King Numa ordained that it should be opened during war and shut during peace. In the seventh book of the /Eneid, Virgil has described, in some fine verses, this imposing ceremony. The figure ot this temple is preserved on medals. It was shut only twice from the foundation of Rome to the year 725 ; namely, under the reign of Numa, year 38, and after the second Punic war, in 519, under the consulate of Titus Manlius. It was shut three times under Augustus, first in 725, after the Aetiac war, and subsequently in 729 and 752. Therefore it became an important event to shut the Janus, an allegorical expression signifying the restoration of peace to the empire. The poets celebrated these memorable closings . — From the first book of Ovid’s Tristia, it appears that the temple of Janus was shut under the reign of Tiberius. On a brass coin of Neio we read pace. p. e. teera mariq. parta ianum clvsit. (after having procured peace for the Roman people, on land and on the sea, he, the Emperor, has shut the Janus,) because this temple was called the Janus. — Lucan makes mention of the closing of this temple under Nero, to which the coin referred to above refers. Other princes afterwards performed the same ceremony, on a similar consummation of general peace. Trajan not only shut the Janus but embellished its site with an enlarged area. The last cpocha when the fane of this deity was closed was under the Emperor Constantius (Gallus), about a. d. 353 or 4. Janus Bifrons. — This was an appellation assigned to Janus, because he was represented with two faces, in consideration, as Servius 3 P JANUS. 473 states, of the alliance made between the Romans and the Sabines. Also, perhaps, according to other writers, to signify that he blew both the past and the future. — The as, the most ancient coin of the Romans, bears on one side the head of Janus with two faces, bearded, and above it a crescent, symbol of eternity ; on the reverse, we see the prow of the ship which brought Saturn to Italy : a type which has caused this coinage of brass money to be called ratiti, from the Latin word rat is, a ship or galley. These pieces are common in numismatic cabinets. — The half naked figure of two-headed Janus, standing with a spear in his right hand, on a first brass medal of Antoninus Pius, indicates either some sacred honours paid to Janus by that Emperor ; or that the securitv of the age was established by the providential care of Antoninus, as formerly under the reign of Janus. The legend of thi9 coin is tr. pot. cos. III., which Eckhel gives to v. C. 893. — There is a brass medallion of Commodus, which exhibits on its reverse the head of Janus, one of the faces having the likeness of that Emperor : the epigraph which accompanies it is — p.m. tr. p. xii. imp. viii. cos. v. p.p. — See also the tellvs. stabil. of commodvs. on a brass medallion. There are other medallions of Commodus, which all present the figure of the double Janus, and are remarkable for their elegance and rarity though the reason for the selection of such a type remains unbiown. — This adoration of Janus on the paid of Commodus, appears to have been an exemplification of that Pietas of which we see him styled the Auctor The excess of his predilection for Janus is manifested by a coin of the Medicean collection, on the obverse of wilieh the head of Commodus is represented with double face, like that of the god. — D. N. Vet. vii., 119. The head of Janus, with its beardless faces, after the likeness of Cnadus Pompeius (Pompey the Great) appears on the obverse of Pompcy’s first brass, and the prow of a ship on the reverse. Janus is said to have had a son, named Fontus, from whom the Fonteii assumed to derive their origin, and their right to place the head of Janus on their coins. — See Fonteia. Janus Quadrfrons. — Janus with four faces (three of which only are seen), is found on a second brass coin of Hadrian. IAN. CLV. — On a silver coin of Augustus, and either relates to the second time of that Emperor’s closing the temple of Janus, viz., in the year of Rome 729 (a.d. 25), after the conquest of the Cantabri (of northern Spain) ; or it was struck to renew the memory of the year 725, when the temple was closed on the occasion of terminating the Bellum Actiacum , or the war ending with the battle of Actiiun, which ruined Marc Antony, and made Augustus master of the Roman world. For the most detailed architectural representa- tion of the temple of Janus closed, to be found l on the imperial mintages, is the first brass of I Nero, in which this celebrated fane is typified i 474 JANUS. with one gate, and a double door. Its form is square, and its walls are ornamented with laurel garlands, which the Romans placed on it after a victory. The doors arc shut. — See the legend pace r.K. terra makiq. parta, ia.nvm CLVSIT. IANO CONSERVAT, Janus with two faces, standing with a spear in the right hand. — Silver of Pertinax. “ Rprtinax here styles Janus his preserver, and with some reason; for at the very time that Janus begins the new year, he commenced his reign ; and this appears beyond question to be the motive for the adoption of the type.” — Eckhcl vii., 141. IANO PATRT. — Two head Janus, with one face bearded, the other without a beard : the whole figure stands clothed in the toga, holding a patera in the right and a sceptre in his left hand. — See gold mintages of Gallicuus, p. 406. Pcllerin, in his Melange i. p. 160, gives an engraving of the above, and merely says “ the legend iano patri which one sees on this silver piece of Gallicnus, is singular. It is found on no other known coin.” — But Eckhcl, animadverting on the still more singular circumstance of its exhibiting a bearded head joined to a head with- out a beard, enters at some length into a research into all previous numismatic examples which show that the two faces must be bearded iu order to be characteristic of Janus, and concludes with saying, “I think, therefore, it may be allowed one to suppose cither that the portraiture of Pcllerin is fallacious, which depictures Janns with one head only bearded, the other without beard ; or that in the age (of Gallicnus — A.n. 253 to 268), there was something in the mode of representing this deity which deviated from the old immutible imagery.” — Vol. vii., p. 397. I Ibex . — A figure of this animal, walking j towards the right, with the epigraph saecvlares avgo, nnd the note VI. (perhaps because on the sixth day of the games this alpine animal was exhibited) appears on a silver coin of Philip ; senior. — Ange/oni calls it the Gazelle. Ibis, a bird held sacred by the Egyptians, I similar to a stork, except that its beak is some- J what thicker and more crooked. — The Ibis is the I peculiar symbol of Egypt, on account of the benefit which it rendered to that conntry in | constantly waging a destructive war with serpents I ICONIUM. and insects, in which Egypt abounds, and which it pursues and kills. The Ibis is seen at the feet of a female figure, lying on the ground, with the epigraph aegyftos, on gold, silver, and brass of Hadrian. — See p. 13. 1CONIVM, (now Konich, or Cogni,) the ancient capital of Lycaonia, (now Karamania, Asiatic Turkey). This city is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, c. xiii., v. 51. — A Roman colony , its coins (besides autonomes in sm. brass and imperial Greek in brass) consist of brass of the three modules, with Latin legends. The pieces with Greek inscriptions are respectively of Nero, Hadrian, and Faustina, jun. The following arc its Latin brass : — Gordianus Pius. — Ileo. col aei,. iconien. s. r — A veiled priest tracing the limits of a colony with plough and two oxen. In the field two military ensigns. — Rev. iconiensi. colo. s.r. Fortune seated. Valerianus, sen. — Same legend. Fortune seated, a wheel under her chair. Ga/lienus. — Rev. iconiensivm co. s.r. — I The twins and the wolf — same legend , Hercules standing — same legend , Minerva seated. Icuncula (from icon) a small image of fre- quent occurrence on Roman coins, sometimes in the right, sometimes in the left-hand of the principal figure. Idas, the Ides, from Ida us, an Etruscan 1 verb, iduare, to divide, because the Ides divide the month into two almost equal parts. — They were (says Vaillant) sacred to Jupiter. — | The Ides of March are marked on a denarius ; of Junius Brutus — eid. mar. — See Marcus Brutus, p. 145 of this Dictionary. Jerusalem , the most illustrious and most celebrated city of Palestine, besieged and de- stroyed by Titus ; restored by Hadrian at bis own expense. For further allusions to this place, in its state of subjection to the Romans, ; sec AELIA CAPITOLINA, p. 15. II. Secundus. — cos. it. Consul Secundum. Consul for the second time. — imp. II. Imperator Secundum. — leg. ii. Legio Secunda, &c. IIS. or IIS. Sestertius. — See the word. II. Iterum. tr. p. ii. Tribunitia Potestate Iterum. I1V1R. Duumvir. — A dignity in place of Consul, in the Roman colonies. I1VIR. QVINQ. Duumvir Quinguena/is. — The dignity of the Qninqucnnicl Duumvir in the Colonics rivalled that of the Censorship at Rome. II. VICT. Dux llelorut. victoriae avgo. ii. germ. — Two Germanic Victories of the Emperors — on a coin of Gallicnus. III. VIR. A.A.A.F.F. Triumvir or Triumviri (monctales), Auro, Argento, Acre, F/audo, Teriundo. — One of, or all, the three Roman Magi -(rates appointed to superintend the coin- age of money. — Sec p. 1. — Also Monela Ramona, and Sa/umus. III. VIR. R.P.C. Triumvir Rcipublirir Constitncndie — Triumvir for the establishing of the Republic. IIII. VIR. Quatuorviri a. p. e. — See p. 62. IMPERATOR. ILEUCAVONIA, or Ilergavonia ; a Roman municipium iu llispania Tarracoueusis (now Am post a in Catalonia, near Tortosa.) It was the eapital city of the llercaoueuses, situated on the coast near the mouth of the Ebro. Its coins struck, in alliance with Dertosa, under Augustus, Agrippa, and Tiberius, bear on their reverses the legend m. hi. ilercavonia d eVt. The type is a galley, with sail set. — See Aker- wan, “ Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes.” p 91. 1LERDA, a city of Hispania Tarracoueusis, the eapital of the llergetcs, which by a slight transposition of letters, is now called Lerida, in Catalonia. — Under the Roman sway it became a municipium, as is proved by a small brass coin of Augustus, inscribed man. ilkkda. with the type of a wolf walking. — See Akerman, “Coins of Ancient Cities, &c.” p. 92. PI. x., No. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, for specimens of the Celtibcrian and Latin brass of this municipium. ILICI, a city of Hispania Tarraconensis. It was situated in the country of the Contestant It is now called E/c.'te, and gave the name to the port called Alicant — pottos Ilicitanus. — It appears from the legends of its coins c. I. il. a. struck under Augustus and Tiberius, that it was a colony, and the second letter is considered the initial of Immunis. — Colouia Immunis It/ici Augusta. — See Akerman, same work, p. 94. The Imperial Latin coins of this Colony arc engraved in Vaillant, vol. i. p. 37., p. 73 — 78. ILLVRICVS or ILLYR1ANVS. — See Genius Excrcitus Illyriciaui, p. 411. Ittgricum, or as it is otherwise called Illyris, is a region lying on the shores of the Adriatic, opposite to those of Italy, and extending inwards from the Alps and the sea, to the Danube By some writers this tract of country is considered to be what is now called Dalmatia. IMP. Imperator. — caesak. imp. p.m. IM PERATOR. — The title of Emperor (Impe- rator) was, at first, only used as a surname, and placed after all the names of the individual on whom it was conferred. But at the esta- blishment of the empire, this appellation took another nature. The prince being general- issimo of the Roman legions, appropriated to himself the merit of all the victories achieved, whether he commanded the army in person, or whether he merely carried on the war by his lieutenants. When the Senate in the year 29 before Christ (725 of Rome) bestowed on Augustus the title of Imperator , it was placed after his name. Subsequently we see it borne by Emjierors from the first days of their reign ; and without any victory, even without any war to give occasion for it. In fact the word, from that time, became one of tbe attributes of sovereignty ; but, in this latter case, it is found preceding all the other names and dignities, even that of Ctesar, and is not followed by any number as I. n. hi. &e., on medals. But when, on the contrary, the ivord imp. or imperator was designed to enumerate victories, it is usually placed after the name, and often at the end of all the other titles. Thus we 3 P 2 IMPERATOR. 475 sometimes see the prince declaring himself Emperor for the fifteenth or twentieth time, and giving himself for surnames, titles formed out of the names of the vanquished nations. To such a pitch of mad presumption was tliis imperial vanity carried, that we sometimes see an emperor assuming the marks of triumph, and impudently pretending to be the conqueror of people who had actually defeated his armies. — After the extinction of the consular government, the name of imperator was very seldom con- ferred upon private individuals, either on account of military command, or of victories gained ; and it soon became the exclusive appendage of Imperial rank and power. — This title is expressed in Greek by the word ATTOKPATUP, which is often abridged. After the death of Caligula, the title of Emperor became elective, and it was the soldiers of the Prmtorian Guard who proclaimed the Emperor Claudius. The children, however, of the deceased Prince, or lie whom the Em- peror had adopted, pretty generally succeeded to the empire, not by right of succession, but because the reigning sovereign had, during his life-time, associated them iu the governnfent, or had created them Caesars, that is to say, appointed them his successors, with the con- currence of the armies, who, having the strength to enforce their wishes, had wrested from the Senate the right of election. The choice of the soldiery almost always fell ou some one of their own chiefs, whose bravery w T as well kuowni ; and held higher in their appreciation than either birth or political abilities. It was thus that the empire frequently devolved into the hands of mere soldiers of fortune, whose only merit w as their ferocious valour. On the other hand, when the Senate could influence the choice of an Emperor, that body, with all its faults, con- sulted with more judgment the qualities most suitable in the master of so mighty an empire. Immediately after their election, the Emperors sent their image to Rome and to the armies, in order that it might be placed on the military standards. This was the customary mode of acknowledging the new Princes. Their accession thus announced, they failed not to distribute largesses amongst the troops, each soldier re- ceiving his share as he marched past the emperor, to mark their joy at whose election they carried crowns of laurel on their heads. The first who introduced the system of giving money to the soldiers was Claudius, who, in gratitude for their choice of him, promised them fifteen sesterces a head. Soon after the election of the Emperor, the Senate conferred the name of Augusta on his wife and daughters. That the Imperial title, or appellative of the Roman general was augmented according to the number of victories, so that on coins it should be found marked by the inscription of imp. itervm or Hi., IV., &c., there are frequent proofs, in the series of the Augusli; nor arc like examples wanting, during the existence of the republic, or at least before it was utterly abolished, though these however are more rare. 476 IMPERATOR. Sylla is numismaticallv called imper. itervm ; whilst Cn. Pompey M., after having gained the greatest victories and those of the most varied description, is styled on his coins only imp. — Cmsar the Dictator, only imp. iter. — Nor is Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey the Great, mentioned as having oftencr enjoyed the title. But Antony the iiivir is recorded as imp. iiii. — And it is certain that after Blsesus, who was the last private individual (by Tiberius’s per- mission) to be called Imperator, the important honour, although obtained by the Lieutenants of the Augusti, belonged to the Prince alone, because wars were carried on under his sole auspices ; thus a preetor of former times derived the title of Imperator from a victory achieved by his quwstor, of which Varro records one example. If Dio is to be relied on, it was the Roman custom to assume the name of Imperator not oftener than once, for one war ; and this practice was abused by Claudius Aug., who allowed himself to be called by that title several times on account of victories over the Britons. — It is very questionable, however, whether this usage was, even in the earlier age, religiously observed, for from the coins of Sylla it is probable that he was called Imperator for the second time, during the same war. It is abundantly clear on inspection, that the greater part of the Imperial coins exhibit a numeral addition to this inscription of imperator on account of fresh victories gained. But it is observable, that Caracalla was the last who stamped this illustrious title on his coinage, as now by degrees the ancient institutions of the Roman empire had begun to be neglected or corrupted. Ncvcrthelcss.in the mint of Postumus, singular to say, there occur imp. v. and imp. x. — But Ducange adduces from marbles, some examples of adding numbers to the title con- tinued to a later period, although of rarer occurrence. — The gold solidi of Theodosius II. are common, bearing amongst his titles even imp. xxxxii., which Ducange considers to import the old acclamation of the soldiers. But Eckhel is of opinion that on the coins of this emperor the years of his reign are indicated by that number. — Gallienus, for the reiterated title of Imp. called himself Gcrmanicus Maximus in. or v., or inscribed on his coins victoria avo. vi. vii. viii.; and similar examples occur on the medals of Postumus, as before observed ; especially on one bearing the legend of p.m. tr. p. imp v. &c. — Other evidences which verify the derivation of the title from Victories, are to be found in the Doct. Hum. Vet of Eckhel. De Nomine Imperatoris. vol. viii. p. 346. IMP. — Imperator. Cassius, the assassin of Ciesar, is so called : c. cassi. imp. Caio C'assio Imperatori. — In like manner, Brutus, brvt. imp. otherwise q. caep. brvt. imp. — see the J a ilia family. — M. l.F.PIDVS obtained the title of imp. in Spain, and received triumphal honours for his victories there. — In imitation also of M. Antonins imp. the title of Imperator is given on coins to Caius Ciesar. — Moreover Poui]>cy is IMPERATOR. styled mag. or magn. pivs. imp. — See the Pompeia family. IMP. BRVTVS. — Sec brvtvs imp. IMP. or IMPER. — Imperator is frequently read on coins of Julius Ca*sar, (he being already dead) on whieh this single title of honour is assigned to him, in place of the prenomen ; not for any victory obtained, but by that signi- fication whieh refers to the heighth of power conferred upon him, he is called c.v.sar. imp. or IMPER. and afterwards with the Julian star. — For as in others, struck before his death, he is, after the ancient manner of the republic, called imp. qvint., on others imp. sex. and besides DICT. QVAHT., or DICTATOR PERPETVO, SO this one title imp. on only two coins, and a few struck after his death, can hardly be understood otherwise than as that highest title of Imperator, then for the first time granted to him by the Senate, not long before he was slain ; because, as occurs on many other coins of Roman Emperors, that name of supreme power docs not occupy the place of a prenomen but rather that of a surname. Such is the opiuion of Vaillant and of Spanheim on these coins of Julius. IMP. — On a silver and a gold coin of Galba, bearing this word on its reverse, that Emperor, in the patudamentum, appears on horseback, extending his right hand. — The figure of Galba appears to refer to the statues erected to his honour in Gaul and in Spain, as he docs not sit on horseback in the garb of peace, as emperors were accustomed to do when approaching Rome, \ut he is represented as they are depictured when setting out on a military expedition. — Sec HISPANIA. IMP. AVG. — Imperator Augustus. On another silver coin of Galba, a female figure, clothed in a robe, holds an olive branch in her right hand, whilst her left rests on a shield placed on the ground. This figure of a woman personifies Peace, bearing the olive branch which was peculiarly dedicated to that goddess, and was also worn on the head at pacific celebrations. Galba, through the concord of the two provinces, Spain and Gaul, by whom he was elected Emperor, declared his conciliatory feelings to the Roman people. IMP. CAES AVG. LVD. SAEC.— On a coin of Augustus, in memory of the Secular games, which that Emperor restored and cele- brated afresh. IMP. CAES. — A naval trophy fixed on the prow of a ship, with spoils of arms also appended, and a rudder and anchor added. This apjicars on a silver coin of Augustus, by whom, after the defeat of Antony at Actiuin, this trophy seems to have beeu erected. Others think the coin was struck in memory of the naval victory gained by Augustus’s lieutenant over Sextus Pom|>cv, near Sicily. IMP. CAESAR AVG. FILL COS.— Sevcrns seated on a suggestum (or raised platform) between Caracalla and Gcta. — On a silver coin I of Caracalla. The epigraph of Uie reverse (says IMPERATOR. Eckhel) is thus to be read : — Imperator (An- toninus — meaning Caracalla) et C'tesar (Geta) Augusti (Severi) Ji/ii consules, wlio doubtless made their consular procession together in the vear when the coin was struck, viz., a.d. 205. The type represents Scvcrus distributing the congiarium to the people, after his return from the East. IMP. NERVA CAESAR AVGVSTVS REST. — This legend appears on a brass medallion, by which the Emperor Ncrva restored the memory of Augustus and of his consecration. — Vaill. Pr. III. p. 101. IMP. PERP. — Imperator Perpetuus, is read on coins of Alexander and of Probus. IMP. QVART. Imperator Quartum. — Julius Crcsar was styled Emperor for the fourth time. IMP. INVICTI PII AVGG.— Laurcatcd heads of Severus and Caracalla, side by side, each with the paludamcntum. Rev. — Victoria parthica maxima. Victory marching with a garlaud and palm branch. Silver and gold. lMVERatore RECEPTo. — This inscription is found on a gold coin of Claudius, placed above the gateway of a structure, designed to represent the camp of the Prietorian guard. — It serves to shew in what manner Claudius was presented to the Prie- torians, recognised by them as Emperor, and taken under their protection. — AsEckliel observes this rare aureus together with the equally remarkable one of Pnetorianis Receptis, confirms history with wonderful precision, both in legend and in type. Suetonius relates that “ he was received within the entrenchments [of the Prretorian camp] and passed the night amongst the sentinels of the army ; where also on the following day, according to the account of Dion Cassius, the empire was offered to him with the unanimous consent of the soldiers, as the descendant of an imperial line, and as a man of good reputation.” — See praetor recep., which has for its type the Emperor and one of his guards joining hands, allusive to the protection which Claudius extended in his turn to the Prmtorians, who took an oath of fidelity to him, on the same day that he received the imperial power. IMP. TER Imperator Tertium. — -Emperor for the third time.— This inscription with a trophy, and two bucklers and spears, appears on a silver coin of M. Antony, who, having captured Artavasdc, King of Armenia, triumphed at Alexandria. — Gessner. Impp. Rom. IMP. TR. P.V. COS. II. P.P. Imperator, Tribunitia Potest ate Quinta, Consul Secun- dum, Pater Patrite. — Oiselius in his Select. Numis. gives a coin with the foregoing legend, and for its type, a most elegant and sumptuous building, with trophies and victories about its upper ranges, and a quadriga on the top of it. IMPERATOR. 477 IMPERATOR VII. Septimum.— The Em- peror sitting on an estrade, haranguing the I soldiers. This legend and type, on a very rare gold j coin of Trajan, refer to an anecdote of that Emperor, who assumed the title of Imperator { for the seventh time, on the occasion of his over- i coming the Adiabeni and Assyrians, a.v.c. 867. Being about to wage war against the Parthians, Trajan made an oration to his assembled troops. — (Cirnel. Vindob. Eckhel.) IMPERATOR VIII. (or VIIII.) S. C.— The Emperor seated on a suggestum, attended by two figures : below and before him stand four or five soldiers with standards and a horse. — This legend and type appear on a first brass of Trajan. IMP. X. — Augustus was called Imperator Decimum, in honour of a victory gained by the Roman legions in Pannonia. IMP. X — A military figure presents a branch to the Emperor, seated. — This silver coin of Augustus refers to the signal victory gained by Tiberius, as that Emperor’s lieutenant, over the Pannonians. IMP. X. — Two male figures, or Tiberius and his brother Drusus, offer a laurel to Augustus, sitting on a curule chair ; the former for the Pannonian, the latter for the German conquest ; or they are two ambassadors, with olive branches, asking terms of peace with the Emperor. IMP. X. SICIL. Imperator Decimum Sicilia. — See sicil. IMP. XI. ACT. Imperator TJndecimum, Actiacus . — See act. IMP. XIII. — Sow and pigs. Vespasian. — See Rasche. IMP. XIIII. Imperator Decimum Quartum. —The Emperor, seated on an estrade, receives into his hands a child offered to him by a man wearing a clilamys . — Gold and Silver of Augustus. The learned widely differ in their explanations of this type, which is the more to be regretted, because it obviously refers to some rather inter- esting point in the history of Augustus. Some think it represents Germanicus presenting Caius to the Emperor ; but this idea is not probable. — Vail/ant pronounces it to be Tiridates, who, driven from Parthia by Phraates, fled with his infant son to Augustus. — Eckhel, however, adduces chronological objections to this otherwise likely supposition; but suggests no opinion in its / 478 IMPERATOR. place. “ It is certain, however (he says), that the dress of the person offering the child, on this denarius is foreign, and, as it seems to me, is that of a German.” — (Vol. vi. Ill) IMP. XXXXII. COS. XVII. P.P.— On a gold coin of Theodosius II. — The number of forty-two, hitherto unusual, and almost without precedent, doubtless indicates the years of Theodosius’s reign, when this coin was struck, Therefore, as he was proclaimed Augustus a.d. 402, the year xxxxii. began in the year of Christ 443 ; and he was the Consul for the seventeenth time, as the fasti testify ; and about to enter into the eighteenth consulate the following year. Why this particular year should thus ostentatiously be stamped on the gold coinage of Theodosius II., adds Eckhel, 1 do not inquire, because I may judge rashly. It is, however, extraordinary that the same reverse shoidd appear ofl coins of his wife Eudoxia, of his sister Pulehcria, of Galla Placidia, Yalentiniunus III. and Leo I., although to them belongs neither the year nor the consulate. — Vol. viii. p. 182 . Imperator. — This title is not found attached to the names of the Roman Emperors much beyond the time of Constantine. For the sons of that great prince, instead of Imperator , caused themselves to be called D. N. Domini Nostri. Imperatores. — AftcrNero, the Emperors for the most part ceased to govern by hereditary’ right. (Spanh. Pr. ii. p.238). AY riting to the governors of provinces they called themselves, not Augusti , but Imperatores (ibid. p. 374) — nay, some- times they eveu mentioned themselves as of the number of the Senators (ibid. p. 413). — Emperors were called Patres, after the example of Jupiter, as Patres Ausonii, Patres Lutii, &c. (ibid. p. 450). — Appellations peculiar to the Imperatores Romanorum , and observable on their coins, are Pater Castrorum, Pater Exerdtuum, which as words denoting the highest rank were accustomed to be exclusively applied to the Augusti, or to their appointed heirs. Moreover a new surname was invented in honour of the Emperors, viz., that of Pater Senatus, which was first received by Commodus, called on his silver coin pater senatvs ; and afterwards by Pupienus aud Balbinus, as appears on their coins, inscribed patres senatvs. — (Vaillant). — Some Emperors were called Op/imi, some Maximi, and others Optimi Maxi mi, the two being joined as if equalling them with Jupiter himself. (Spanh. Pr. 500-501). — Pii and Felices were also among the titles of honour. And in like manner some of them were called Or bis Rec tores, Restitutores, Locnpletatores orbis terrarum — also Pacatores Orbis, Vbique Victores, &c., &c. The Imperatores Romani had by right no other power in sacerdotal and sacred affairs than that which they derived from holding the highest pontificate ( maxim us poutificatus), and the Em- perors themselves exhibited their testimonies of piety to the Gods, in discharging the oflices of pontiffs. For after Tiberius they were admitted IMPERATOR. i to all the functions of the priesthood ; and from ! the very moment of their accession to the empire, they sacrificed bare-headed and covered, ; aud in quality of pontiffs performed sacred rites. The Emperors, on their coins, are represented 1 in the act of sacrificing. We sec the contents of the patera poured out by them on the lighted altar ; the popa, or priest w hose province it w as to slay the victim, standing near it, and ready to perform his office. Amongst the numerous rc- I presentations of this kiud to be found ou the I Latin Ctcsarian medals may be mentioned — I Caligula sacrificing in front of a temple (see , pi etas.) Alexander Severus sacrificing before Jupiter. Ou coins also of Trajan, AI. Aurelius, L. Verus, Commodus, Severus, Alexander, Maximinus, Gordiauus Pius, we see some fine sacrificial groups, in which the Emi>erors are the prominent figures. — See Sacrifices. Some of the Imperial scries bear legends and typos which testify the piety or religion of the reigning prince towards the gods, as in the relioio avg. of M. Aurelius and Valerian us ; aud in the pi etas avg. of Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus, M. Aurelius, and others, with an altar, or with the Emperors sacrificing ; or with i pontifical instruments, or with a temple, or with Piety personified under the figure of a woman, standing with a patera in her hand • before an altar ; also with the image of Mercury holding his caducous, aud crumeun, or purse. — Even the truculent monster Commodus is on one : of his coins called avctor pietatm. — In token 1 of Piety, the temples of the Gods were frequently either erected, or repaired, or dedicated by the Emperors as well at Rome as in the pro- vinces ; a custom which explains w hy on so many of their coins, we read, aedes avg. or AEn D! VI AVG. REST; DEDICATIU AEDIS, and similar inscriptions. 1MPERI, instead of IMPERII. — See Aeter- i vitas Imperii. IMPERII FEL1CITAS. — A female standing, holding an infant. j On a silver coin of Marcus Aurelius, which 1 appears to have been struck ou the birth of a son of that Emperor, through which event the Happiness of the Empire was predestined, an heir having at length been born after so many adoptions. The goddess of Felicity, therefore, J holds in her hand the child Auuius Verus, who, however, died in his seventh year, after Aurelius had proclaimed him C'.esar. — (VailL, Pr. ii. I 171.) IMPERATORI. — See uestinato impeka- I TORI. Imperium Romanum. — The Roman Empire I was sometimes governed by two Augusti, at first ns a compact aud undivided territory as in the ease of M. Aurelius and L. Verus, and nlto of Diocletian and Val. Maximinn ; but after- wards divided into two parts, the Eastern and the Western. — The Imperial coins are distinguished by their chronological order, as belonging cither to the earlier, which is railed the Higher Empire, or to the age of its decline, which is called the Lower Empire. IMPERIAL SERIES. IMPERIAL SERIES. 479 CATALOGUE OF THE IMPERIAL SERIES. Strictly speaking the Imperial Series commences with Augustus; hut many of his coins properly come under the Consular or Family Series, in which department all prior to Augustus may, with propriety, be ranged. But the following catalogue is drawn up in accordance with the usual sequence in which the coins are arranged in cabinets and described by numismatic writers : — Cnacius Pompcius. Marciana. Hercnnius Etruscus. Romulus. Caius Jidius Caesar. Matidia. llostillianus. Alexander II. Cuaeius Poinpeius, the Hadrianns. Trebonianus Callus. Licinius, the Father. son. Sabina. Volusiauus. Licinius, the Son. Sextus Pompcius. Lucius Aelius, Aemilianus. Martiniauus. Marcus Junius Brutus. Antoninus Pius. Comelia Supcra. Constantinus I. — Caius Cassius Longi- Faustina the Elder. Valeri anus. (Maximus). nus. Galerius Antoninus. Mariniana. Fa'usta. Marcus Aemilius Le- Marcus Aurelius. Gallienus. Crispus. ' pidus. Faustina the Younger. Salonina. Delmatius. Marcus Antonius. Annius Verus. Salopians. Hanniballianus. Octavia. Lucius Verus. Postumus. Constantinus 11. Marcus Antonius, the LuciUa. Postumus, the Son? Constans. son. Commodus. Laelianus. Constantius II. Cleopatra. Crispina. Victorinus. Nepotianus. Caius Antonius. Pcrtinax. Victorina ? Vetranio Lucius Antonius. Titiaua. Marius. Magnentius. Augustus. Didius Julianas. Tctricus, the Father. Decentius. Livia. Manlia Scautilla. Tctricns, the Son. Constantius III. — Marcus Vipsanius , Didia Clara. Macrianus, the Father. (Gallus). Agrippa. Pescennius Niger. Macrianus, the Son. Julianus II. Julia. Fulvia Plautiana. Quietus. Jovianus. Caius and Lucius. Clodius Albinus. Alexander Aemilianus. Valentinianus I. Postumus Agrippa. Scptimius Scvcrus. Rcgalianus. Valens. Tiberius. Julia Domna. Dryantilla ? Procopius. Nero Claudius Drusus, Caracalla. Aureolus ? Gratianus. son of Tiberius. Gcta. Claudius Gothicus. Valentinianus II. Nero Claudius Drusus, Plautilla. Quintillus. Theodosius I. brother of Tiberius. Julia Maesa. Aurcliauus. Aelia FlaccUla. Antonia. Macrinus. Severiana. Magnus Maximus. Germanieus. Diadmuenianus. Odenathus. Victor. Agrippina, senior. Elagabalus. Zenobia. Eugcnius. Nero and Drusus. Julia Paula. Vabalathus. Arcadius. Caius (Caligula). Aquilia Severa. Athenodorus. Aelia Eudoxia ? Agrippina, junior. An uia Faustina. Tacitus. Honorius. Drusilla. Julia Soaemias. Florianus. Constantius IV. Julia. Severus Alexander. Probus. Galla Placidia. Claudius. Barbia Orbiana. Bonosus ? Constantinus III. Messalina. Julia Mammaea. Caras. Constans II. Claudia Antonia. Uranius Antoninus. Carinus. Maximus? Britannicus. Maximinus I. Magnia Urbica. Jovinus. Nero. Paulina. Nigrinianus. Sebastianus. Octavia. Maximus. Numerianus. Priscus Attalus. Poppaea. Gordianus Afrieanus, Julianus II. Theodosius 11. Messalina. the Father. Diocletianns Aelia Eudoxia. Claudia. Gordianus Afrieanus, Maximianus I. (Uer- Johannes. Clodius Macer. the Son. culeus). Valentinianus III. Galba. Balbinus. Carausius. Licinia Eudoxia. Otho. Pupienus. Allectus. Honoria. Vitellins. Gordianus Pius. Domitius Domitianus. Petronius Maximus. Vespasianns. Tranquillina. Constantius I. — Marcianus. Flavia Domitilla. Philippus, the Father. (Chlorus). Pulchcria. Domitilla, junior. Otacilia Severa. Helena. A vitus. Titus. Philippus, the Son. Theodora. Leo I. Julia . Marinus. Maximianus II. (Gale- Verina. Domitianus. Iotapianus. rius Valerius). Majorianus. Domitia. Pacatianus. Galeria Valeria. Severus III. Nerva. Sponsianus. Severus II. Anthemius. Trajanus. Trajanus Decius. Maximinus II. (Daza). Euphemia. Plotina. Etruscilla. Maxcntius. Olybrius. I 480 IMPERIAL SERIES. IMPERIAL SERIES. Placidia. Aclia Zenonis. Anastasius. Justinus II. Glyccrius. Leontius. Justinus. Sophia. Leo II. Julius Nepos. Vitalianns. Tiberius II. Zeno. Basiliscus. Romulus Augustus. Justinianus. Mauricius, The Incus , in the field of a coin, is a mark I of the monclal triumvirs, designed to shew cither the instrument or office of the mint, or the power of striking money. It is seen on coins of the Annia, Apronia, Claudia, Livineia, Na:via, Rubellia, Silia, Statilia, Valeria, and other families. So on denarii of Claudia, Livineia, and Statilia families, the incus, as a mint mark, is seen opposite the letters ill. viu. a. a. a. f.p. added to their surnames pvlchek. TAVrvs. regvlvs. — On a denarius of the Carisia family we sec all the tools used in the Roman process of coinage, namely, the incus, or anvil; the forceps, or tongs; and the malleus, or hammer. Incuse. — This epithet is applied to coins, which exhibit the same image, concave on one side, convex on the other. Some of these, from the rudeness of the workmanship, are obviously of the most ancient date ; others, it is no less evident, were thus stamped through the carelessness of the moneyers, in putting the metal to be struck on a coin already struck. Accordingly incuse coins (numi incusi) arc found to bear neither a new figure nor a new inscrip- tion on the opposite face. The example here given is a second brass coin of Diocletian. IND. Indictio. — This form of INI), n. began for the first time to be struck on small brass of Mauricius, about a.d. 582. Indictio. Indiction. — Indiction, a mode of reckoning, which contained a revolution of 15 years. Under Augustus, the indiction, according to some authors, signified the year when tributes were paid to the Roman Treasury. Most writers, however, insist that the iudiction was not known till long after the reign of that Emperor, and that under Constantine the Great it was intro- duced, not for the payment of tributes, bnt simply to obviate errors in the mode of counting years. It would, however, be difficult to fix the year in which they began to reckon by indiction, as indeed it would be to explain the reason why the indiction is comprised w'ithin the space of fifteen yearn, or why this appellation was given to it. Indulgentia. Clemency, lenity, pace, favour. — This word is used on Roman coins to denote either some permission given, some privilege bestowed, or sonic tribute remitted. — In inscrip- tions of a very early date, princes arc called indu/gentissimi. INDVLGENTIA. AVGG. IN. CARTIL— Silver and middle brass coins of Scptim. Scvenis bearing this inscription on the reverse, have for accompanying type, Cybelc with a turreted crown on her head, seated on a lion ; she holds a thunderbolt in her right and a spear in her left hand. The mother of the Gods was the favourite deity of the Carthageninns ; here the bon, whirh Virgil tells us {.Eneid lib . 3) was tamed by Cy bclc, I may be taken as an emblem of Afrira. — Scverns I was of African origin, and, attached to the land of his birth, conferred benefits (among others | theyV.s Italicum) on Carthage and Utica, accord- I ing to Ulpianus. — A medal of Caracalla exhibits the same reverse. INDVLG. AVG. Indulgentia Augusti . — On a medal of Gallienus, Indulgence is repre- sented under the form of a woman seated, holding out the right hand, and grasping hasta pura in the left. On another of the same reign, she appears in the act of walking, with a flower held in the right hand and spreading her robe with her left, “ as if (says MUlin, fancifully enough,) for the purpose of skreening the guilty.” INDVLGENTIA AVG. — On a first brass of Antoninus Pius, the virtue is personified by a woman seated, having in the left hand a wand, and the other open, or holding a patera. Eekhel observes that “ by this coin the words of Capitolinus arc confirmed, where he asserts that Antoninus Pius was eminently disposed to acts of indulgence and favour.” (Ad indutgentias pronissimnm.J INDULGENTIA. INDVLGENTIA AVGG IN ITALIAM. — A female figure with turreted crown, sitting on a globe, bears a trophy in her right hand, and a cornucopia in her left. — Silver of S. Severus. In memory of this Emperor’s indulgences towards Italy. Vaillant connects this with a passage in Spartianus, and supposes it to relate to some remission of the vekiculatio (or posting impost) of Italy, by which, as in the case of Nerva, the burthen was taken off individuals and transferred to the public treasury. INDVLGENTIAE AVG MONETA IMPE- TRATA. (The privilege of coining money obtained by permission of Augustus.) — This legend appears on the reverse of a large brass struck by the colony of Patrsc in honour of Julia (or Li via) wife of Augustus. — See Patrw colon ia. INDVLG. P1A. POSTVMI AVG.— The Emperor seated, extends his right hand to a woman bending the knee before him. — This legend on a gold coin of Postumus, is to be remarked for its novelty ; and also for its reference to the indulgence of that powerful usurper both in remitting tribute at the supplication of the Gauls, and in showing mercy to condemned criminals. IN. HOC. SIGNO VICTOR ERIS.— On a coin of Constautius. — See hoc signo, &c. Ino, daughter of Cadmus aud Hermione, and the unhappy wife of Athamas, King of Thebes. She was mother of Melicerta, and regarded as a goddess by the Greeks. On a first brass coin struck at Corinth, under Domitian, and on anot her minted in the same colony under Lucius Verus, a female is holding an infant in her anns towards a male figure, seated on a rock by the sea side. A fish appears at his feet. — Above this group the legend is perm. imp. (with the permission of the Emperor). This, says Vaillant (in col. I. 140), refers to Ino presenting her newly born son to Neptune, and imploring his assistance and pro- tection (see Ovid Metam. 4). The rock is that of Moluris; aud the fish bears allusion to the dolphin, on the back of which Melicerta was carried away aud saved from the unnatural persecutions of Athamas. — See Melicerta, also Corinthu s colonia. Inscription. — A brief statement, or sentence, by which a memorable event is recorded on some monument. The Latin word inscriplio is derived from two words, in, above, and scribere, to write ; as the Greek word, for the same thing, is derived from epi, above, aud grapliein, to write. — Properly aud distinctively speaking, the inscriptions are engraved on the field of the coin ; the legend, epigraphe, is placed around it. (See Legend). — On many Greek and Latin medals, no other inscription is found than a few initial letters, such as s. c., that is to say, by a Senalus Consu/tum— or a. e. letters which indicate the Tribunitian Power, mostly enclosed in a crown. On others the inscriptions form a species of epochas, as in Marcus Aurelius ( Prim i De- cennales, Cos. Ill ) Sometimes great events are marked on them, such as the victory gained over the Germans in the third consulate of Marcus Aurelius (Victoria Germanica, Imp. VI. 3Q INDULGENTIA. 481 Cos. III.) : the military standards re-taken from the Parthians, an event commemorated on coins of Augustus (Signis Parthicis Receptis, S. P. Q. R.) ; the victory gained over the Par- thians under Sept. Severus (Victoria Parthica Maxima.) — Other inscriptions express titles of honour given to the prince, as S. P. Q. R. Optimo Principi, in Trajan, and in Antoninus Pius ; and the Adsertori Public ie Liberta/is of Vespasian. Others are marks of grateful ac- knowledgment from the Senate and the People ; as in Vespasian, Libertale P. R. Restitutes ex S. C. In Galba A. P. Q. R. Ob Gives Servatos. In Augustus, Galba, and Caracalla, Salus Generis Humani. Some of these inscriptions have re- ference only to particular benefits granted on certain occasions and to certain places, or to the vows (vota) addressed to the Gods for the re- establishment, or for the preservation of the health of Princes, as objects of importance to the state and of interest to the people. The ancients seem to have been of opinion that medals should be charged with none but very short and expressive inscriptions ; the longer odes they reserved for public edifices, for columns, for triumphal arches, and for tombs. — Sometimes monetary inscriptions simply comprise the names of magistrates, as in a coin of Jidius Caesar, L. Aimilius, Q. F. Buca Illltwr. A. A. A. F. F. ; and in Agrippa, M. Agrippa Cos. Designatus. It is well and truly observed by the learned Charles Patin, that how justly soever we may prize the different reverses of medals, as deserv- ing to be ranked among the most precious remains of antiquity, it would ill become us to neglect the inscriptions which we read around the por- traits of those whom they represent. “ We behold there (says he) all the dignities with which the Romans honoured their Emperors, and indeed they often serve to authenticate chronology by the number of years of their reign, which is marked upon them. The style of these two kind of inscriptions (that of the obverse and that of the reverse) is as simple as it is grand ; and I believe that with all the rhetoric of our moderns, the thought cannot be more nobly expressed, although it may be with greater delicacy. The ancients despised all affectation, and dwelt more on the grandeur of the subject they described than on the cadence and the pomp of words, which they deemed unworthy of their attention. Demosthenes and Cicero give us the first proof of this, in their writings, which are altogether of a grand and natural style, a style of which the magnificence has nothing of the affected. Aud I take the second from medals, wherein we see histories perfectly described in two or three words, as may be seen in the following examples : — ADLOCVTIO COHORTIVM. SALVS GENERIS HVMANI. PAX ORBIS TERRARVM. VICTORIA AVGVSTI. DECVRSIO. CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM. VIRTVS EXERCITVS. 482 1NV1CTA. 1VDAEA CAPTA. AI1SERT0RI UHERTATIS PVBL1CAE, LIBERTAS REST1TVTA. REX PABTH1S UATVS. KEGNA ADS1GNATA. AMOR MVTVVS AVGVSTORVM. PAX PVNDATA CVM PERS1S. RESTITVTOR VRBIS. PACATOR ORBIS. SECVRITAS ORBIS. LOCLVPLETATORI ORBIS TERRARVM. VICTOR OMNI VM GEN'TIVM. AMPI.IATORI CIVIVM. &C. Eckhel, with his usual sagacity, remarks that the brevity of inscriptions on medals is the character of a flourishing empire ; whilst their loquacity, consequent upon flattery, vanity, and ambition, is, on the contrary', the sign of a state tottering to its fall. Instruments of sacrifice, and relating to the priesthood, designate Piety ; and it was cus- tomary to stamp the figure of such, instru- ments on the coins of a new emperor or of a recently proclaimed Cscsar, as if to shew that the business of empire began with the care of divine things. (See the word Augur.) — The tripos, patera, capeduucula, and lituus, all appear on a coin of Nero. (See sacerdos cooptatvs, &c. — The lituus, capeduncula, and aspergillum, on a first brass of Maximus Csesar, &c. — See PIET AS AVG. INT. VRB — This appears on a coin com- monly assigned to Gallienus. Patin thinks it was dedicated to that Emperor int ranti vrbcot, on the occasion of his re-entry into Rome. The legend of this obverse oenivs P ojtuli Romani, connected with that of the reverse l.vrru vrbem, seems to explain it flatteringly to the Prince. Eckhel quotes Patin’s opinion, and refers to Bauduri, but declines adding, “ in so doubtful a case,” any conjecture of his own. INV. and INVIC. In rictus. — maxentivs. p. p. avg. inv. avg. according to Khell. imp. c. probvs invic. — Probus took this grand surname, as having beeu the conqueror of of all the barbarous nations, and also victor over the usurpers. — inv. also, occasionally, appears on the coins of Carausius. INVICTA ROMA AETERNA. Rome seated. — This ridicidous and insolent epigraph appears on a third brass of Priscus Attalus. — The epithets of Unconquered aud Eternal are here applied to a city which had already beeu three times besieged, whose impending destruc- tion was delayed only by its submission to the commands of the barbarians, and by the almost total exhaustion of its wealth ; yet such was the inscription invented at the period of her ruin , for it does not occur before. INVICTA ROMA. FELIX SENATVS.— This sounding legend belongs to no part of the regular coinage of cither Rome or her colonics ; but appears on one of those Contomiates, which relate to amphithcatric shews (munera) of gla- diators and wild beasts ; which were struck in the times of the Christian Emperors. The obverse exhibits the bust of the Genius of INVICTUS. Rome helmcted ; and the reverse is inscribed reparatio mvneris, peliciter, with the type of a hunter killing a bear ; another repre- sents a gladiator victorious and his antagonist slain, referring to the same barbarous and cruel sports with which princes calling themselves Christian entertained the people of Constan- tinople. — (See Morell, Num. Coutorn.) INVICTA VIRTVS. — The Emperor on horseback trampling on a captive. This legend, of which the accompanying type renders the meaning sufficiently clear, as a compliment to Imperial valour, appears for the first time on a silver coin of Sept. Severus. There is a similar reverse on one of Caracalla’s medals. — The warlike virtus may be said in the case of Severus to have been unconquered, if what Spartianus asserts be true, that he was victorious in every action with the enemy, and no less dis- tinguished for science in the military art than for courage in the field. — (Vaillant.) INVICTI. — Those military' commanders were thus called who gained a glorious victory over the enemy. On some coins, Severus together with his sons Caracalla and Geta, took this sur- name on account of their united successes in warlike expeditions. INVICTVS. AV. — The Sun holding up his right hand and bearing a globe in the left. On a small brass of Carausius. — There arc numerous coins in the Roman Imperial scries which refer to the worship of the Sun — in the same manner as oriens. avg. with a similar type, or pacator orbis, with the radiated bust of the same deity, which name and ty'pes are frequently found on the coinage of Aureliau, Probus, and those Em- perors to whom the disturbed condition of the Eastern provinces gave much employment. — But to Carausius (says Eckhel), who governed in the furthest (then known) regions of the West, the affairs of the East do not belong. It must therefore be understood to be one of those types which his mint-masters restored, w ithout attention to appropriate circumstances. — Vol. viii. 45. INVICTVS. PROBVS. P. F. AVG.— Bust of the Emperor laurcatcd, in his right hand a globe surmounted by a Victoriola. — For the reverse type of this flue silver medallion of Probus, sec gloria romanorvm, in Khell, p. 206. INVICTVS SACERDOS AVG.— The Em- peror togated, stands before a lighted altar, with a palm branch in his left hand ; on the ground is a bull ready to sen e as the victim : in the field of the coin is a star. Silver. — This is one of the coins which serve to attest the insane passion of Elagabalus for the worship of that Syriac divinity, whose priest he was at Emesa, when, under the name of Varius A pit us Bassianus, he was, through the intrigues of his female relations, called to the empire. The mad adoration which this young monster paid to his idol, is referred to on the coin which is inscribed sanct. deo. soli, commemorative of his introduction of it into Rome, and of his performing the part of Chief Pontiff to his favourite elagabalvs, who, from the star ou JOVE, OR JUPITER his coins, is believed to be the Sun, although the idol for which he built a temple was only a large black stone of conical form.— See sacerdo dei sous ; see also svmmvs sacerdos. JOVE, or JUPITER, the king of Gods and men, was the son of Saturn and of Rhea. The Greeks called him Zeus, and he was their prin- cipal deity as well as of the Romans. Fable has been more than usually whimsical and obscure in describing the circumstances alleged to have been connected with his birth and education. We find him, however, at length arrived at adolescence, and making no ceremony of de- throning and mutilating his very unnatural father ; he then divided the empire of the world with his brothers ; to Pluto he assigned the infernal regions, to Neptune the seas ; for himself he reserved the whole of terra Jirma, with the air and the heaven. But before he was allowed to remain in peaceable possession of his new govern- ment, Jupiter, having already dispatched the Titaus to Tartarus, had to encounter the Giants, [Medallion of Antoninus Pius, in brass.] his memorable victory over whom is represented on a great number of monuments. We see him on marbles, on engraved gems, and on medals represented in the act of hurling the thunder with destructive aim at his gigantic foes. — Jupiter was worshipped in all the states of Greece, and throughout the whole Roman empire. At Rome, his principal temple was in the Capitol, with those of Juno aud Minerva; for which reason they are often called the three divinities of the Capitol. On a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, in the French cabinet, Jupiter is represented with 3 Q2 JUPITER. 483 tiast a and fulmen standing between Atlas and an altar surmounted by an eagle. The altar is oranamented with a bas-relief, the subject of which is Jupiter overcoming the Titans. On a medallion of Hadrian, Jupiter, full face, is seated between two female figures also seated : the one on his right hand, Minerva, wears a helmet and holds the hasta ; the figure on his left, Juno, holds the patera and hasta. Jupiter was venerated as the supreme deity, and received the name, therefore, of oftimvs maximvs. The attribute of his majestic power was the lightning. On coins he appears some- times with naked head ; on others crowned with laurel or olive ; and often bound with a small band, his form and aspect being that of a venerable man in vigorous old age, with a hand- some beard, and generally an eagle near him ; when seated he is naked to the waist, and the lower half of his body clothed. On most Roman Imperial medals he holds a figure of Victory in his right hand. The Greeks and Romans, but more particularly the former, gave Jupiter many surnames, takeii or derived from some quality ascribed or some action performed, otherwise from some province, city, or temple, where he was worshipped. On Roman coins we find this deity distinguished by the following names : — IVPITER AVGVSTVS.— Jupiter the August is seated, and holds in his right hand a globe with victory, as may be seen on coins of Dio- cletian. IVPPITER CVSTOS. Jupiter the Preserver. — Under this title, on the coins of Nero and others, he is generally repre- sented seated, holding in '/fit /Cjf ^ 4\ his right hand something ‘“MrU *** intended to resemble the thunderbolt, and in his left a spear. — IVPPITER LIBERATOR of Nero has a similar type. — Vaillant observes that Nero caused a coin to be struck, on which the effigy of Jupiter is seen sitting, with the epigraph of Jupiter Liberator, on the occasion of the Pisonian plot haviug been discovered, in acknowledgment that the deity had rescued him from so great a danger, as in the former medal of ivppiter he recognised Jove as his keeper and guardian. 484 JUPITER. This execrable tyrant was, however, not con- tent with honouring Jupiter as his liberator from the poniards of his enemies ; hut he made a bloody libation at the shrine of his tutelary divinity, by putting Seneca and Thraseas l’aetus to death, with a hecatomb of other victims, (iovi yindici) to the avenging Jove of the Capitol, or rather to the sanguinary impulse of his own vindictive and cruel nature. IVPITER CONSERVATOR.— Jupiter the Protector is depicted either sitting or standing with the fulmeu in his right hand, and a hasta in the other ; or to the same attributes are generally added the eagle ; and a figure of Victory which he holds in his right hand. On a large brass of Commodus, (edited by Pedrusi, in Mus. Farnese vii. xxi. 2) Jupiter the Conservator holds the sceptre, extends his mantle aud raises his thunderbolt over the head of a small figure representing the emperor, who has also in his hands the sceptrum and the fulmen : around it we read ivpitee conservator tr. p. m. imp. mi. cos. hi. p.p. The annexed cut represents Jupiter standing between two togated figures, Antoninus and Marcus Aurelius. It is engraved from a fine medallion in the British Museum. IVPITER PROPVGNATOR.— Jupiter the Defender is represented on foot, or walking in the attitude of attacking an enemy, and for the most part he is naked, haviug only a mantle hanging from the arm. IOVI PROPVGNATORI. — On a silver coin of Alexander Sevems this legend appears with the type of the god standing with thunderbolt and spear. Jupiter is often exhibited in the Imperial Scries with the surname of Propugnator, to denote that the emperors in their contest with the barbarians were defeuded in battle, as it were, by Jove himself; hence they made sacrifices of congratulation on their own safety, in the temple of the god, according to Gmtcr. — (Vaillant.) IVPITER STATOR, or IOVIS STATOR.— Jupiter Stator appears also ou foot, naked, resting himself on his spear, and sometimes holding the thunderbolt in his left hand — on silver coins of Gallicnus. Jupiter was denominated Stator, either bernusr he restored stability and firmness to an army of the Romans which was fleeing before the Sabiues, JUPITER. or because (as Cicero appears to indicate) all things exist and arc established by his beneficence. — Romulus dedicated a temple to Jupiter Stator on the Palatine hill after he had overcome the Sabines. The example here given is from a large brass coin of Antoninus Pius. IOVI TVTATORI.— This word Tutator, which is derived from tutari, to defend or keep safe, Bauduri observes : — J linns Latinum esse pterique volant ; certain it is that cxrept on the coins of Diocletian and Val. Maximian, it is not easily to he found. Besides which we fiud him named in coins of Coinmodus defensor salvtis avg. and sponsor secvritatis avgvsti. Amongst the Consular coins, on which the figure or the head of Jupiter is often seen, there is one which has for its type the temple of Jupiter Feretrius (Jovis Feretrins.), in which stands a triumphant warrior, who bears the spolia opimd. This figure may be found in Morel l on the coins of the Claudia family, in which Mnrcellus is represented in the act of carrying into the above-named temple the spoils which he had just captured from the slain king of the Gauls, Viridomnrus. — Jupiter Ammon, with the horns of a ram on his head, is seen on coins of the Coruuficia, Pinaria, and Papia families, and on medals of Augustus, M. Antony, Trajan, and M. A artlms.—Jupiter Serapis, the Jove of the Egyptians, with the modius on his head, appears on a medallion of Antoninus Pius, sur- rounded by Zodiacal signs, struck at Alexandria. IVPITER VICTOR.— Jupiter the Victorious — sitting with the image of I'ic/org in his right hand, and an eagle near him — is found on ' coins of Vitellius, of Domitian, of Nuinerian, of Claudius Gothicus, &c. Jupiter is named Victor, as being regarded the conqueror of all things, according to Livy. His temple was on Mount Palatine. He appears on the coins of Vitellius, in commemoration of that emperor’s army having vanquished the forces of Otho at Bcbriacum, on the feast day of Jupiter, celebrated at Rome in the Ides of April. (Vaillant, p. 81.) IOVI VICTORI. — When the emperors repre- sent Jupiter the Victorious on their coins, they either intend to ascribe the glory of their victories to him, or rather to designate themselves under the form and attributes of Jupiter \ictor, as though they had conquered the enemy under his auspices. — This legend appears first on a coin of Commodus, and afterwards on those of many other emperors. — Kckhel vii. 108. JUPITER. JUPITER. 485 On the coins of Gallienus ami of Saloninus, we see Jupiter repre- sented as a child riding on a goat with the inscrip- tion IOVI CKESCENTI. — [See Eckhel vii. 33 me- dallion of Antonine.] — This reverse bears rela- tion to the fable of Jove having been suckled by the goat Amalthiea. 10. CANTAB. — Jupiter standing with thun- bolt and spear Silver and small brass of Gallienus. Here we have a foreign Jupiter; this medal being dedicated IOw CANTABrionm — to the Jove of the Cantabri, a people of His- pania Tarraconensis. IOVI CONSERVATORI.— Jupiter sitting or standing, holds a Victory in his right and the hasta in his left. This appears on a first brass of Domitian, and on a silver coin of S Severus, &c. — And (as Vaillant remarks) it is not to be wondered at, if that Emperor, after so many wars conducted on his part with sur- passing valour and military skill, should have performed sacrifice Jovi Conservaloii, as ascrib- ing his own preservation and success to the help and assistance of the Optimum Maximus of the Roman Pantheon ; and it is in memory of so many victories that Jupiter himself bears the image of Victory.” — (p. 219.) IOVI EXSVPER.— This legend, with Jupiter seated, holding a branch in his right hand and a spear in his left, appears on a large brass of Commodus. That this abbreviated word exsvper is to be filled up thus — EXSVPER«»fiMM» 0 , is shown by that celebrated marble which Spon has published, and on which is read i. o M. svmmo. exsvperantissimo (to Jupiter the most benefi- cent, the greatest, the highest, the all surpassing.) — Of this Jove the Vienna marble published by Scipio Malleus speaks more copiously as follows: SVMMO SVPERANTI3SIMO DIVINARVM HV MANARVMQVE RERVM RECTORI FATOKVMQVE AR BITRO. Commodus himself added the title of Ex super a- toriv.s to his own, as if he had excelled all othe>- mortals in all things, (according to the explana- tion of Dio). — Sec exvperator. IOVI FVLGERATORI. — Jupiter hurling a thunderbolt at a Titan : in the exergue PR. upon a gold coin of Diocletian. The same legend occurs on coins of Claudius Gothicus. IOVI IVVENI. — Commodus represented as Jupiter with his attributes. At his feet are an eagle, and an altar with a bas relief, the subject of which is Jupiter launching a thunderbolt against the Titans. Brass medallion of Com- modus. IOVI. OLYM. To Olympian Jove. — A temple of six columns, surmounted by a pediment. This is considered to represent the temple of J upiter Olympius, the building of which was commenced at Athens at a very early period, and the completion of wliich was effected at the common expense of the kings in alliance with the Roman people, by whom it was dedicated to the genius of Augustus. IOVI PACATORI ORBIS. To Jove the Appeaser of the world. — On a silver coin of Valerianus (given in Bauduri) this epigraph appears with Jupiter seated, and an eagle at his feet. Eckhel observes, “ This is a rare inscription, and it is remarkable that the title of the Appeaser of the world (pacator orbis) should be assigned to Jupiter at a time (from a.d. 253 to 260 and afterwards) when the whole earth was shaken by a vast movement of all people. But, indeed, it is sufficiently evident elsewhere that the types of coins were often ordered to be struck in con- formity with the public desire.” 486 JUPITER. JUPITER. IOVI PRAE. ORBIS. — This inscription appears for the first time on a silver coin of Pesccunius Niger, (edited by Vaillant). Severus, however, immediately afterwards adopted the same dedication in his own coinage. The ancients always believed Juppiter to be Prases Orbis — the governor of the world — and on this occasion (of contest for the empire between Pescennins and Septimius) the deity was equally acknowledged by each of the two competitors, when the one refused to yield superiority to the other. — [Eckhel v vii. 155.] To Jupiter Tonans. — The image of the thunderer stands in a temple of six columns, bearing the usual attributes. Augustus, on the occasion of his escape from imminent danger during a storm of thunder and lightning, encountered in his Cantabrian (Spanish) expedition, dedicated a temple in the Capitol of Rome Jovi Tonanti, in the year 732. — [Dio. lib. 53.] — The engraving is from a denarius of Augustus. IOVI VLTORI. — On first and second brass of Alexander Severus, (p.M. tr. P. III. cos. p.p.) statue of Jupiter seated within a temple standing IOVI. TON. in a spacious enclosure. — Also on coins of Galli- enus this dedication appears with Jupiter and his fulminating attributes. The name of V/tor was given to Jove because he was considered to be the avenger of wicked men’s impieties. — According to Pliny, the temple, called also the Pantheon, was erected to his honour by Agrippa the kinsman of Augustus. Another temple was also built and consecrated — Jovi Ultori — by Alexander Severus, and the type of one of that emperor’s huge brass is regarded by Vaillant as confirmatory of the fact. IOVI VOT. SVSC. PRO. SAL. CAES. AVG. S.P.Q.lt., with a crown of oak leaves. — Jovi Votis Susccptis Pro Salute Casa r is Augusti Senalus Popul usque Romanus. — Gold of Au- gustus. This and the coin inscribed pro valrtvdine. caesaris are considered to bear reference to the dangerous illness with which Augustus was attacked when at Tarragona, in Spain, and when public vows were made for his restoration and safe return. IOVIS CVSTOS.— J upitcr standingand hold- ing the hast a pura and a patera: at his feet is a small lighted altar. On a denarius of Titus. I. O. M . — Jovi Optimo Maximo, under which name Jupiter Capilolinus is always understood. I. O. M. D. Jovi Optimo Maximo Dicatnm . — Dedicated to Jupiter the most excellent and the greatest of deities. I. O. MAX. CAPITO- LINUS. Statue of Jupiter seated in a temple . — Silver of Vitellius . — See Eekliel v. 6 p. 312. I. O. M. ET VICT. CONSER. DD. NN.— On second brass of Licinins and his son appears this legend, with the type of Jupiter stauding crowned by Victory. I. O. M. S PON SO Ron ST.Curiiatu WGusti. — IOVI. DEFENS. SALVTIS. AVG.— On silver coins of Commodus these inscriptions respectively appear, in which Jupiter is recognised as the sponsor or watching over the security, and as the defender of the health of the emperor. I. O. M. S. P. Q. R. V. S. PR. S. IMP. CAES. QVOD. PER. EV. R. P. IN. AMP. ATQ. TRAN. S. E. — Jovi Optimo Maximo, Senatus Popu/usque Romanus vota suscepta pro salute Imperatoris Caesaris quod per eum Res Publica in ampliore atque tranquilliore statu est. [struck about 738 v.c.] — The Senate and the Roman people have addressed vows to the best and greatest Jupiter for the preservation of the Emperor Ciesar, in acknowledgment of his having re-established the republic in a better, richer, happier, and more tranquil condition. — The above long and remarkable inscription, within an oaken or civic crown, is stamped on the reverse of gold and silver coins of Augustus, in relation to which Suetonius (vita c. 23) says, — " Vovit JUPITER. et mug nos ludos Jovi Optimo Marimo , ft. res- publiea in meliorem statum vertisset, quod factum Cimbrico Mar si cogue betto crat." Jupiter Feret rites. — See fereteius — clavdia family. Jupiter Axtir. — See axvr, or Vijovis. Jupiter Capitolinas. — A large lirass of Ves- pasian exhibits the faqade of a temple of six columns, the exterior and pediment of which are ornamented with statues. — Inthc inside the figure of Jupiter is seated, having Minerva on his right and Juno on his left haud. In the exergue is s.c. The temple of Jupiter in the Capitol at Rome, burnt during the disorders which prevailed in that city at the close of Vitellius’ reign, was rebuilt with costly magnificence by Vespasian. — It was the Jews who contributed the most largely towards the expenses of this grand undertaking ; for whereas being by their own laws obliged to furnish each two drachmas towards the mainten- ance of the temple at Jerusalem, they received the emperor’s order to surrender this money to the proposed purpose of rebuilding the temple of Jupiter. The statues of the three divinities were placed in the same manner that they are repre- sented on the medal, in which we see Minerva occupying the place of precedence to Juno. It was certainly the custom at Rome to render to Pallas the first honours after Jupiter. Thus Horace, speaking of the god, says — “ Proximos il/i tamen occupavit Pallas honores.” On a brass medallion of Trajan, the three divinities of the Capitol are represented standing, Minerva being on the right of Jupiter. For the same reason there appear on a medal of Antoninus Pius the birds consecrated to these three deities, in the order above described, viz., the eagle in the middle, the owl of Minerva on the right, and the peacock of Juno on the left. IOVIO ET HERCVLIO. — On a gold medal- JUPITER— ISIS. 487 lion of Diocletian, edited by Banduri, that emperor appears, with his colleague Maximianus, sacrificing .it a tripod to Jupiter and Hercules. Jupiter was the favourite deity of, and his name was assumed by, Diocletian, as Hercules was, in like manner, by Maximian. — See HERCVLIO. 10. 10. TRIVMP. 10. SAT. 10.— Eckhel in his Section II. on Pseudo-Moueta, notices two small brass tessera, one with the former, the other with the latter inscription. — The Io Triumphe doubtless relates to the joyous accla- mation which welcomed the victorious charioteer at the circus. — The other epigraph is explained by Seguin, who reads it 10. SAT urnalia 10. — (See Eckhel, vol. 8, p. 316.) Jovianus ( Flavius Claudius), born in Pan- nonia (a.d. 331) son of Varronianus, an illustrious nobleman of that province. He distinguished himself in the war against the Persians, during the reign of Julian the Apostate, at whose death he was elected emperor by the army. Compelled by necessity, he agreed to conditions of peace with Sapor, far from honourable to the Romans. Though luxurious and even dissolute in his manners, Jovian possessed many excellent qualities ; he was watchful over the tranquillity and zealous for the happiness of his subjects. He recalled the bishops and priests whom Julian had banished, and was judiciously promoting the restoration of Christianity through the empire, when he died suddenly in Bithynia, a.d. 364, after reigning little more than four months. — His style is d.n. fl. c. iovianvs. p. p. avg. ; or D.N. IOVIANVS P.F. AVG. His brass coins, of which an example is here given, are scarce ; silver rare ; gold very rare. Jovinus, the most noble of the Gallic chiefs, in the reign of Honorius, assumed the imperial purple in the Gaulish provinces, a.d. 411. He was, however, taken prisoner by Adolphus, King of the Goths, and put to death a.d. 413. On his coins, which are all of extreme rarity, he is styled d.n. iovinvs p. f. avg. I. S. Juno Sispila. — I. S. Jussu Senatus. ISIS, the most ancient and most celebrated of the Egyptian divinities. Her husband was Osiris, the symbol of the sun and of the source of all fertility. Amongst the various foreign deities whose worship became in time introduced among the Romans, Isis appears to have been one of the greatest favourites of that superstitious people. In Rome itself she had several temples, the ceremonies in which, whatever might be their mystic meaning, real or pretended, teemed with abominations. The festivals of this goddess were indeed so frequently marked by indecencies ITALIA. 488 ISIS, that decrees were passed for their abolition, but they were as often re-established. In the year of Koine 711, Augustus and Antony pandered to the depraved and dissolute taste of their age by dedicating to Isis a temple in the centre of the city Even Tiberius, however, found it needful to close it. But the prohibition of her worship was not of long duration. Domitian, Commodus, and Caracalla became her priests. And some of the empresses arc represented under the figure of Isis. — On a coin of the Cacilia family, edited by Morell, (p. 52 tab. iii.) Isis appears standing : she has the head of a lion, ornamented with the lotus flower ; she is clothed in the Egyptian fashion, and holds in her right hand the sistrum, and her left hand is in the act of pressing the right breast. The legend to this type is METEL/u*. PIVS. SCIPIO IMPmrtor. Near the head of this figure are the letters G. t. a which are interpreted by some to mean Genius Tutelaris Africa, (by others Aegypti), Isis being called the tutelary genius of Africa. — We also sec the figure of this goddess on coins of Com- modus and Caracalla, with the sistrum and situla (or bucket) anil sometimes carried by a dog. — Sec Osiris. ISIS FARIA. — These words, inscribed round the beardless head of Julian II., on third brass of that emperor, have reference to Isis as pro- tectress of the Pharos islet at Alexandria. Ban- duri quotes Statius to show that Isis was the “ regina Phari, numenque Orientis anheli.” Respecting the sistrum and the situla in the hands of Isis, Scrvius, as quoted by Eekhcl, says, “ Isis is the genius of Egypt, who by the movement of her sistrum, which she carries in her right hand, signifies the access a.id recess (or the rising and falling) of the Nile; and by the situla, or bucket, which she holds in her left hand, she shows the tilling of all lacuna, that is of all ditches aud furrows into which the stagnant w r ater of the Nile is received.” — Sec Pharia Isis Isis and Serapis. — Busts of Isis and Scrapis, face to face : her head ornamented with the lotus: his, with the modius. DEVS SARA. — Rev. tota l’VBMCA. Isis suckling Horns. Small brass struck under Julian the Apostate. Isis suckling Horns. — This Egyptian goddess seated in a chair before an altar, with the lotus flower upon her head ; in her lap a naked infant whom she is suckling, and who has also a flower upon his head : in the field L. u. Large brass of Antoninus Pius, struck in Egypt. 1. S. M. R. (Juno Sispita, or Sosjnta, Magna Regina .) — On a coin of the Thoria family, we find these abbreviations, accompanied with the head of the Lanuvinian Juno, covered with the goatskin, and even the leg and hoof of the goat are seen below the neck of the bust. — See Juno. IT. Iterum. COS. DES. IT. Consul Designates Iterum . — Consul Elect for the second time. ITALIA. Italy. — This most noble and most interesting of European countries was thus called, from Italus, ancient King of the (Enotrians, or, as Thucydides says, of the Sicilians, previous to w hich it bore the name of Hesperia, from Hcs- perius, brother of Atlas, King of Mauritania. — Latium and Ausonia are also names of certain parts of the same celebrated and beautiful region, which has for its natural boundaries the Alps aud the Mediterranean Sea. ITALIA. — Italy's fertility and power over the rest of the world are expressed — the one by the cornucopia; and the cars of corn, the other by the sceptre, on coins of Vespasian, Titus, Hadrian, &c. First brass medals of Antoninus Pius and also of Commodus represent italia under the figure of a matronly female (the latter with head turrited) sitting on a globe and holding the hasta pura and cornucopia. ITALIA. — A woman standing with spear in her right and cornucopia; in the left hand. It is thus that Italy and its personified genius are stamped on silver coins of Hadrian, whose arrival in that country (adventvs avg. italiae) is also marked on others of his medals. — A woman with cornucopia*, holding a patera on a lighted altar, on the. other side of which stands the emperor: adventvi avo. italiae: on the gold, silver, and brass of Hadrian. ITALIA,— ITALIC. Hadrian’s first coming to Italy is dated in the year of Rome 871, and this advent was often com- memorated; as often, indeed, as he returned to the capital of his empire from his accustomed pere- grinations. But it also appears that the mistress of the world received many benefits and embellish- ments from him. lie remitted her fiscal debt ; an indulgence which greatly relieved Italy. — -In an increased spirit of liberality he remitted to her moreover the aurum coronarium (see the words) ; and he augmented the funds which Trajan had destined for the maintenance (alimenta) of a certain niunber of the Italian youth of both sexes. He likewise bore annual honorary office in the magistracy of many cities of Italy; thus establishing, beyond the mere claim of imperial flattery, his pretension to be called restitvtor italiae, as he is styled on a fine large brass medal, the reverse of which exhibits the emperor who, standing, raises with his hand a woman bend- ing the knee to him, and holding the cornucopia;. ITALIA RESTffafa. S. P. Q, R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. — The Emperor, in the toga, with sceptre surmounted by an eagle in his left hand, stauds holding out his right hand to a female wearing aturreted crown, who kneels before bim, accompanied by several children, who hold up their hands to “ the best of princes.” — On second brass of Trajan. ITALIC. Italicum. Itatica. Italica was a city of llispania Brctica (Anda- lusia), and a Roman municipium, situate on the river Iiactis (Guadalquiver) : it is now- called Sevilla la Fieja (Old Seville). An inscrip- tion of Grutcr’s refers to this place under the title of COLONIA ITALICENSIS IN PROV. BAETICA. It was in the neighbourhood of Hispalis, the native country' of Trajan, Hadrian, and Theodosius senior. — In the year v.c. 654, when Scipio Africanus, after bringing the affairs of Rome with the Carthaginians in Spain to a pacific settlement, contemplated his return to Italy, he allocated all the Italian soldiers, disabled by wounds and fatigue, in one town, which, from their native country, he called Itatica. This is what Appianus Alexandrines states in his Bellum Hispan. p. 463. — The town had after- wards the title of municipium bestowed upon it ; but as the number of its citizens became greatly diminished by the wars, it seems to have been re-peopled with legionary veterans scut thither by Augustus. Hence its coins, dedicated to Augus- tus, Livia, Drusus, and Germanicus, bear the in- scription mvn.ital. or mvnic. or mvnicip. italic. — It here deserves remark that the privilege of coinage granted to the Spanish municipium by Au- gustus, is noted on all its coins by the abbreviated word per. or perm. avg. Permissu Augusti. The following are among the types of this Roman municipium : — Altar. — On a second brass struck by the Italicenses, in memory of Augustus, (whose radiated head appears on its obverse with legend of divvs avgvstvs pater.) an altar is repre- sented on which is the word provident. The rest of the legend is mvn. ital. perm. avg. — Muni- cipium Itatica, or Italicense, Permissu Augusti. 3 R ITALIC. 489 After the example of many cities who, after the apotheosis of Augustus, built temples to his honour, the people of this municipium placed on their coins a representation of the altar, which they erected to the Providence of their benefactor — as if in his deified capacity he still, as whilst living, happily administered the affairs and watched over the interests of the Roman world. A similar reverse appears on a second brass of the same colony, struck in honour of Tiberius, with the sole difference of the words pro- videntiae augusti being engraved on the side, instead of at the foot, of the altar. The Pro- vidence which the coin is meant to commemorate is, in the opinion of Vaillant, not that of Tiberius, but of his imperial predecessor divvs avgvstvs pater — the august Rather, whom by the ceremony of consecration Rome had placed among her Gods ! Woman seated, holding in her right hand a patera, in her left the hast a. This type appears on the reverse of a rare and elegant coin dedi- cated to Julia (Livia), called in the legend avgvsta. — The obverse presents a female head (that of Livia herself) surrounded by the in- scription of mvnic. italica. perm. avg. [The seated female figure seems to be the statue of Livia, w'hich is often found represented on coins struck by order of the Senate, in refer- ence to statues raised to her honour. — The colony of Italica, mindful of the privileges bestowed on them by Augustus, and amongst others the right of coinage, placed the statue here depicted, in token of their congratulation, that Livia his wife had been adopted into the Julia family.] — Vaillant, i. 51. Legionary Eagle and Vexillum, a second brass, noticed as elegant and very rare, by Vaillant (i. 92), bears on its obverse drvsvs caesar ti. avg. f. with the bare head of Drusus. And on its reverse appear the aquila et vexillum of a legion. — [The Duumviri who struck the above coin in honour of Drusus obviously designed by this type to indicate the military origin of the municipium. — There is the same reverse and the same legend (mvnic. italic, per. avg.) on a second brass of Germanicus. Thus the veterans of Italica pay a compliment to each of the two young Caesars : to Drusus, indeed, because, as the son of Tiberius by natural right, he stood apparent heir to the empire; and to Germanicus, because being adopted by Tiberius at the desire of Augustus, he became the associate of Drusus.] There are pieces which on one side bear the name of Italica, and on the other that of Bilbilis. This circumstance is noticed in Ilardouin’s Opcr. Selec. — M. Hennin also mentions it, in the nomenclature of his Manuel, as indicating that an alliance subsisted between the two cities. Ilia, a family of unknown rank ; its denarii of a single type ; rare, hut devoid of both numis- matic and historical interest. Winged head of Minerva : X. — Bev. L. ITD/.r. The Dioscuri on horseback. — In the exergue roma. Itinera Hadriani. Hadrian’s travels. — Seo Rasche. it. — 1016. 490 JUDAEA. IV. Juventutis . — Titus and Domitianus are called PRIN cipet IVventutis. Juba I., son of Hiempsalis, and King of Numidia, in the time of Sylla and Pompey, died in the year of Home 708, 46 years before Christ, A silver coin of this prince hears on one side the Latin legend of hex ivba, with the head of the king, bearded, and curiously curled hair on his head; on his shoulder a sceptre, the sign of royal majesty. On the reverse arc unknown characters, supposed to be Numidian, and a temple of eight columns, with a flight of steps to the portal. IVD. Judaea. — Judaea , a region of Syria, comprising the whole country' of Palestine, but more strictly speaking that part inhabited by the two tribes of Judah aud Benjamin. It was conquered by Pompey, and given at first to Herod, then to Autiochus, next to Philip, and to a second Herod, and after their time it became a province of the Roman empire. But, revolt- ing against the tyranny and exactions of Gcssius Floras, the people of Judaea waged a long and bloody war with the Romans. Flavius Vespasi- anus was, however, at length sent by Nero against them with a vast army, and brought them again into complete subjection to the Roman power. He took and entirely destroyed Jerusalem, and since that time the Jews, driven from their country, have been scattered as wanderers over the face of the earth. It was under Vespasian that those medals were first struck which record the victories gained by the Romans over the Jews. They bear the in- scription of IVDAEA, IVDAEA CAPTA, IVDAEA DEVICTA, de rvDAEis, and their types are most interestingly allu- sive to the conquest of Judaea, aud to that awfully destructive war which ended in making “ Jerusalem a heap of stones.” — There are coins of Titus, hearing the same character. — On a large brass of Hadrian (in the Farnese Museum), with the legend ivdaea, the van- quished country is personified by a woman bending the knee before that Emperor. She is accompanied by three children bearing palms, and who, according to Winkleman, are intended to represent the three divisions of the province, namely, J udtea, Galikca, and Petra:a. Another coin of the same emperor represents a togated a JUDAEA. female clothed in the stola, and holding a patera over an altar, by the side of which is a victim for sacrifice. By the side of the woman stands a child ; and two children, hearing palms, approach the 'emperor : in the exergue is in- scribed ivdaea. On a very rare first brass of Vespasian, bearing the usual mark of Senatorial authority, but without legend, the Emperor, with radiated head, is represented standing, with his right foot placed on a ship’s prow, or ou a helmet ; he holds the hasta in his left, and a victonola in his right hand ; before his feet an old man is kneeling, behind whom, under a palm tree, stands a woman in a tunic, raising her hands towards the l’rincc, in the act of supplication. — There is a large bronze coin, which t aillant gives as struck under Titus, and which agrees with it in type except that the head of the Emperor is hclmcted. This medal is described to bear the legend of ivdaea. IVDAEA CAPTA. SC. — Outlie well-known coin of Vespasian, in large brats, Judaea appears under the figure of a woman, clothed in a tunic, with short sleeves ; she sits, in the attitude of extreme sorrow, at the foot of a palm, which tree is peculiarly the growth of Palestine: behind her stands the Emperor habited in military vestments, holding a spear in his right and the parazonium in his left hand ; aud with a buckler or a helmet under his lcfl foot. — A medal in the same metal, and of the same module, struck under Titus, exhibits the same lcgcud and a similar type. This coin presents the emblem of Judaea, whose inhabitants, not easily to be ruled over, were compelled at length to crouch under the Homan yoke, in consequence of the wise aud skilful measures taken by \ espasian, and espe- figure (Hadrian himself), standing opposite JUDAEA. cially after the taking of Jerusalem by Titus, in the 70th year of the Christian era. IVDAEA CAPTA. — On another first brass of Vespasian a female sits weeping beside a a palm, close to which tree a man stands with his hands tied behind him. — Havcrcamp gives a first brass of Titus, with a slight variation in the grouping of the figures, and with a helmet and buckler on the ground before the captive. — The legend of this fine medal is inscribed ivd. cap. s. c. in the field. 1VDEA DEVICTA. — This legend is read on coins of Vespasian and Titus. The type is a woman standing in a sor- rowful posture under a palm tree. — Mionnet and Aker- mau give examples of this in all the three metals. DE IVDAEIS. A Trophy. — On gold coins of Vespasian. FISCI. IVDAICI. CALVMNIA. SV PLATA. S. C. A Palm Tree. — First brass of Nerva. The type of this historically interesting re- verse is, as well on ancient Jewish as on Roman coins, symbolical of Judrna, the palm being 3 R 2 JUDAEA. 491 indigenous to the country. — It is engraved in Akerman’s Baser. Catalogue ; in llavercamp’s Cabinet de Christine; in Kolb’s Traite Ele- mentaire. In explanation of the unique and very re- markable legend attached to this reverse, the observations made by the author of Boctrina are hereto subjoined as worthy of the coin’s historical interest, and of his own learned sagacity: — From the earliest period of the Jewish Commonwealth, the Jews were enjoined to pay the half of a ficlus, or two drachmae, for the service of the altar, as may be seen from the Book of Exodus (eh. xxx. 12, 13.) This money, in after times, went towards the ex- penses of the Temple, being collected, not only from the inhabitants of Judaea, but from all Jews, in whatever part of the world residing: and this private system of taxation was sometimes prohibited by the Romans, of which I have given instances, under the coins of Vespasian (p. 327), and sometimes sanctioned by an edict, an example of which, issued in the name of Augustus, has been given by Philo Judaeus (de Legat. ad Caium, p. 592) ; and several by Josephus (Antiq. xvi. c. 6.) The same Philo frequently throughout his treatise calls this money auapxai, first-fruits for offerings) ; and, consequently, it was of the same nature as those gifts, which colonics were formerly in the habit of presenting every year to their mother-countries, to support the worship of the national deities; just as Polybius has applied the term hirapxai to the contribution which the Carthaginians used to send to their mother- country Tyre. Now it is certain, that the Holy City was regarded by the Jews of every clime, as their mother-country. But the half ficlus alluded to above was the well-known didrachnr, which our Saviour paid for him self and Peter with the stater miraculously found in the mouth of the fish, as recorded in the Gospel of St. Matthew (ch. xvii. 24.) When Jerusalem and its Temple were overthrown by Vespasian in the year v.c. 823 (a.d. 69), the Jews, wheresoever residing, were ordered to continue the payment of this didrachm, not, however, to be applied to their own religious uses, but to the worship of Jupiter Capitolinus, as is expressly stated by Josephus (de Bell. Jud. vii. c. 6, § 6) and Dio (lxvi. § 7.) — Suetonius relates (Bomit. c. 12) that Domitian “ rigorously exacted the Jewish tax, under which were charged all, who either clandestinely lived after the Jewish fashion within the walls of Rome, or who, concealing their origin, had evaded the payment of the tribute imposed upon their nation.” — Spauheim, who has proved his learning and eloquence in his explanation of this coin (vol. ii. p 500), argues from the terms of the legend itself, that it was not intended to convey the notion, that the Jewish tax or didrachm, as many have sup- posed, was abolished by Nerva, but simply that the calumnia (system of false accusation) was done away (sublata) ; that is to say, exemption from the tax in question was thenceforth secured to all who did not admit themselves to be Jews, 492 JUDAICUS. — JULIA, and their names no longer entered on the fiscal I lists as belonging to that nation. For the iniquitous inquisitorial system pursued by Domi- ' tiau towards those who were suspected of Judaism, is circumstantially recorded by Sue- tonius in the passage above referred to. In confirmation of this mode of interpreting the legend in question, Eekhel adduces an ad- mirable example : — According to Eusebius (in vita Const, ii. c. 45), Constantine the Great, with a view to repress the excesses of idolatry, drew up two laws, one of which was called “ a law to suppress the abominations so long per- petrated by idolatry throughout the cities and districts.” — Not a few individuals have taken these words to mean that Constantine wished, by this law, to put a stop to all the rites of Paganism ; a notion entirely at variance with history. — Eusebius merely says that such abomi- nations (rd uvaapa ) were forbidden by the Emperor, as the ancient superstition cherished, especially beyond the w r alls of the city. That the Jews were not afterwards exempt from the payment of the didraclim, is shewn from an epistle of Origen to Africanus, in which the expression occurs : — “ Since even at the present time the Jews still pay T the didrachm to them (the Romaus.”) — It is sufficiently evident that the affair of the Jews had become one of con- siderable moment (rem Juilaicum magni fuisse momenta ) even within the walls of Rome; and that the people generally suffered so much indis- criminate severity, on account of suspected Judaism, that, when at last the evil was re- moved, the Senate considered the event of sufficient importance to be perpetuated on coins. — Eekhel, vi. 405. 1VDAICVS. — Although it was a frequent custom with Roman conquerors to assume the appellation of a vanquished people as a surname of honour, as Dacicus, Parthicus, Britannicus, &c., yet neither Vespasian nor Titus was called Judaicus, so greatly were the name and the re- ligion of the Jews held in detestation. Jngurt/ia, a King of Numidia, grandson of Masinissa, delivered by his father-in-law Bacchus , King of Gartulia toSylla.when the latter was lieutenant to Marius. — See Cornelia family. IYL. Julia. — A colony is thus called as having been planted by [Julius Caesar, as the name indicates, or as having received benefits from him. Such for the most part relates to Africa. — The epigraph COL. White, or in reversed order AVG ustte IVL, when it Orem's on colonial coins is considered to signify a colony established in the first instance by Julius Cicsar, and after augmented by Augustus. IVL I. Jutii. — nrvi IVLI. The customary epigraph on coins of Julius Cicsar struck after his death. Julia Augusta. — From an ancient inscription, edited by Mark Velserus, Julia Augusta, it appears, is the Augusta Vindelicorum, now Augsburg, in Germany. To this splendid colony of the Rhodian province, reference is made on coins of Augustus, Ncrva, and Gordiauus l’ius, under the name of con. IVL. avg. JULIA. Julia (Traducta), a colony of Hispania Bsctica (now Algesiras). — See Traducta. Julia. — This illustrious family is that of Julius Cicsar. — The name Julius is derived from lulus, whom some believe to be Ascanius, the son of iEneas ; and others, the son of that Ascanius. In claiming* to be descended from this stock, Julius Cicsar prided himself on his origin from the Goddess of Beauty, and hence the images of Venus, and of .Eneas earning Anchises, which are often found on his denarii. Be the question of pedigree decided as it may, it appears that after the destruction of Alba, the family came to Rome, aud eventually furnished twelve persouages, honoured as huperatores , with the highest offices and dignities of the Roman Commonwealth. According to Eekhel it is patrician in the Casarian branch, and uncertain in that of Bursio, the only two surnames which occur ou its coins. — There are seventy-live varieties, of which the rarest type is a silver one, bearing on its obverse a youlhfid head, ornamented with wings, and having hair hang- ing down in ringlets, behind which is a trident and two arrows (in others, a scorpion), — the reverse is inscribed L. ivu. bvksio (in another ex a. p.), with Victory in a quadriga holding a crown. The head which presents itself oil the obverse of this denarius is of au unusual kind, aud there has been much ado amongst anti- quarians to find out its meaning. L’rsin and Yaillaut take it to be that of Mercury, whilst Ilavercamp boldly calls it the head of “Triumph.” But it is evidently not a male but a female head, and, as the judicious Eekhel observes, it is scarcely worth while to enter into a new field of conjectures about w hat nymph or goddess (of the sea or sky) it is meant to depicture. And, even after the prolix guessings of Vaillant and Haver- camp, it is perhaps better openly to confess ignorance as to who Bursio is, to whom these medals belong. Those denarii of the Julia family writh the elephant trampling on a serpent, and Pontifical instruments on the reverse ; also with the head of Veuus, and .Eneas bearing the palladium in his hand aud his father on his shoulders, arc common enough. The name of this family is also found on coins struck by the mint masters of the great Julius. — See caesar — dict. Julia is a name frequently found given on coius to thewives of Emperors, and in several instances to their daughters and mothers. — Lida, fourth wife of Augustus, assumed it when by adoption she had passed into the Julia family. We find also medals of Julia Agrippina, senior, mother of Caligula ; Julia, mother of Cains and Lucius, by Agrippa; Julia, sister of Caligula; Julia, daughter of Titus ; Julia Agrippina, junior, second wife of Claudius, and mother of Nero; Julia Aquilia Secern, second wife of Elagabalus; Julia Paula, first wife of Eluga- balus ; Julia Domna, second wife of Scvcrus ; Julia Maesa, grandmother of Elagabalus and Alexander Severus ; Julia Vantaea, mother of Alexander Scvcrus ; Julia Paulina, wife of Maximiuus. JULIA. IVL (or IVLTA) AQVIL. (or AQVILTA) SEV. (or SEVERA.) A\G us/a. Julia Aquilia Severn. — Sec Aquilia Severa. IVLIA AYGVSTA GENETRIX ORBIS.— Sec Livia. JULIANUS. 493 Julia Augusta, the wife of Sevcrus, is styled Julia Augusta, or Julia Domna Aug. ; or Julia Pin Augusta ; or Julia Pin Felix Aug. as upon the large brass of which an example is sub- joined. — See Domna. Julia Cornelia Paula, said to be the daughter of l’aulus, praetorian prefect, was the first wife of Elagabalus having been married to that odious miscreant a.d. 219. — Divorced shortly after her nuptials, on some pretence of bodily defect, she died in retirement. — Her gold coins are of the highest rarity, silver by no means scarce, first and secoud brass very rare. — Her name of Cornelia, to which illustrious family she belonged, is omitted on her Latin medals, on which she is styled only ivlia pavla AVGVSTA. Julia Maesa, the grandmother of two Em- perors, Elagabalus and Alexander Sevcrus, is honoured on medals with the title of Augusta. — Sec Maesa. Julia Mamaea, daughter of the Julia Maesa and mother of Alexander Sevcrus, bears the title of Augusta on her coins. — See Mamaea. Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus. — See Soaemias. Julia, the daughter of Titus, by Eurnilla, his second wife ; she was a woman of great beauty, at first refused the infamous addresses of her uncle Domitian, married Sabinus her cousin german, afterwards became the mistress of her father’s brother and successor, who caused her husband to be put to death, and lived in open concubinage with her. Julia abandoning herself to debauchery, died in the attempt to destroy the fruits of her incestuous connection. She was nevertheless placed by apotheosis amongst the deities, and is called diva ou her coins, which in brass and silver are rare, and in gold of the highest rarity. On medals struck during her life-time, she is stvled IVLIA AVGVSTA 1 III AVGVSTI Yilia; also IVLIA IMP. T. AVG. F. AVGVSTA. (The August Julia, daughter of the August Titus). The reverse of one of her gold coins bears the legend of DIVT TITI FILLA, with a pea- cock ; and ou a silver coin of hers appears the word VESTA, and that Goddess seated, whence it would seem that she wished at least to be thought chaste ; and this incident agrees with the attempt to conceal her pregnancy, to which she fell a victim. On a large brass of this princess, who died in Domitiau’s reign, we see her consecration recorded, and the honours of deification paid to her memory at the will of her profligate uncle, by an obsequious senate, in the following dedi- catory inscription, divae ivjliae avg. div. titi f., accompanied with the type of the carpentum, or funeral car, drawn by mules. There is no portrait ; but the emperor’s titles, and the mark of cos. xvi., shew the direct influence under which the coin was struck Senatus Consul iu ; and in the name of that body and of the Roman people (s.p.q.r.) On a silver medal the image ot diva ivlia appears on a car, drawn by elephants. IVLIANVS. f Didius Severus .) — The father of this emperor was Petronius Didius Sevcrus, his mother Clara Aemilia, and his paternal grandfatherlnsuberMediolanensis. (Spartian .) — According to the calculation of Dio, whom, in the disagreement of other writers, we prefer to follow', as he lived at Rome at that period, Didius Julianus was born a.v.c. 886, at the end of January. Being advanced in due time to a share in public business, he defeated, in the reign of M arcus, the Cauei, a people living on the river Albis, and gained his Consulate ; after which he succeeded Pertinax in the government of Africa. (Spartian.) — Pertinax, having been put to death by the Pnetorian guards, and those soldiers having fortified their camp, and from its walls proclaimed the empire open to the highest bidder, though all men of standing and integrity strove to avert such a disgrace, Julian listened to the instigation of his party, and taking his stand outside the trenches, blushed not to bid against Flavius Sulpicianus, the father-in-law of Pertinax, who within the camp 494 JULIANUS. offered his own price for the empire. — Julian, however, made the most liberal offers, scaling ladders were let down from the walls, and he was received into the camp, acknowledged Emperor, and, escorted by a guard of Praetorians, was conducted to the Senate-house. But the people, irritated no less by the undeserved fate of Per- tinax, than by the recent disgraceful sale of the empire, attacked the newly-created Emperor first with abuse, and then with a shower of stones ; nor would they be satisfied without demanding as their Emperor, Pescennius Niger, the newly appointed Governor of Syria. On learning this position of affairs, Pescennius allowed himself to be declared Emperor by his friends, but neglecting to follow up his ad- vantage, Severus, the Prefect of Paimonia, in obedience to the wish of a party, put in his claim to the honours of the sovereignty, and taking all his measures, made a hasty journey to Italy. (Eckhcl, vii. 148, Didius Julian .) — Intelligence of this movement being received at Rome, Jidianus gave orders that Severus should be declared by the Senate as the enemy of his country ; but he found the army less prepared than he expected to act on the de- fensive; and in a state of disaffection, partly because he was dilatory in the liquidation of the sum he had agreed upon in the purchase of the empire, and partly because, from being long habituated to sloth and inactivity, they wanted the courage to cope with the hardy soldiers of Severus. — Severus meanwhile threatening the city, Julian is driven to adopt milder counsels, and induces the Senate to allow him a participation in the sovereignty ; but a universal turn of feeling in favour of Severus having taken place, he is deserted by all, and put to death. His body was restored by Severus to his wife Seantilla for burial, and deposited in the tomb of his great-grandfather on the Via Lavicaua. — According to Dio, he lived sixty years, four months, and four days, and reigned sixty-six days. It is generally admitted that he was a distinguished lawyer. Spartian speaks of his economical habits, his gentle manners, and other virtues ; but Dio, his contemporary, and alse Ilerodian, assert that his vices were numerous. — Eckhel, vii. 147. Julianas (Planus Claudius), usually called Julian the Apostate, because he, at an early age, abandoned the Christian faith, and, as soon as he had the power, restored the worship of idols, which he pretended to re- form, but which he in fact enforced in all (lie bigoted extravagance and blind absurdity of Pagan superstition, lie was the son of Julius Constantins, nephew of Constantine the Great, and brother of Constantius Gallus, bom at Con- stantinople a.d. 331. He was created Cmsar JULIANUS. a.d. 335, and married Helena, sister of Con- stautius II. The government of Gaul, Spain, and Britain was committed to his charge. Ho repulsed the Gcrmaus from Gaul, and esta- blished himself at Lutet'ut, now Paris, in 358. Proclaimed Emperor by the troops in 360 ; the death of Constantius soon after left him sole master of the empire. — J ulian was a great general — a man of learning — a fine writer — possessing many qualities of a wise, energetic, and excellent prince ; but in matters of religion one of the weakest, most fantastic, and mischievous of mankind. This declared and inveterate enemy of Christianity made war upon Persia, with decided success ; but w as slain in an engage- ment on the banks of the Tigris, at the age of thirty-one, a.d. 362, in the fourth year of his reign. His second and third brass coins arc, with certain exceptions, common ; his silver of the usual size, are by no means scarce ; but his gold are rare. — On these he is styled d. n. IVLIA.NVS NOB. CAES. — IMF. FL. CL. JVLIANVS FERP. or P.F. AVG. “The Ciesars” of Julian, a work which that Emperor wrote in Greek, is a remarkable proof no less of his scholarship than of his talent for raillery and satire. The translation of that extraordinary production by Ezech. Spanheim, illustrated by the most learned re- marks, mythological, historical, and numis- matical, enriched by a profusion of medals and other ancient monuments, is one of the most interesting as well as instructive volumes which can be perused by the student of the mcdallic science. Julian is noted, by Ammianus his pagan admirer, but by no means indiscriminate pane- gyrist, for having made himself very con- spicuous in wearing a long and bushy beard, which amongst the courtiers of Constantius procured for him the derisive appellation of a goat (capetlam non hominem). In confirmation of this alleged peculiarity we find him on many of his coins “ bearded like a pard as Cicsar he appears with naked head ; but as Emperor he wears a diadem ornamented with precious stones. Under the reign of Julian coins were strurk, which Bauduri exhibits, and which Eckhel comments upon, inscribed deo sekapidi (see the words), and vota publica, shewing that this philosophic contemner of the Christian mysteries was not ashamed to stamp his iin- perial coinage with representations of Serapis, Isis, and Anubis, and to revive the monstrous Egyptian idolatry. Julianas ( Marcus Aure/ianus), nn usurper of the imperial purple at the period of Nmnc- rianus’s death, from which time (a.d. 284) Pannonia acknowledged his claim and submitted to his government, until defeated and slain in a battle with Carinus, near Verona, in the fol- lowing year. — There are gold and brass coins of this “ tyrant,” all of extreme rarity, and on which he is styled imp. c. m. avr. ivlianvs p. F. AVG. Julius (C) Casar . — Sec Cains Julius Caesar. junianus. JUNO.— JUNO AUGUSTAE. 495 IVN. Junior. — Augusti reigning together, but with unequal authority, were called majores and seniores, or minores and juniores. Thus Commodus, advanced by his father, M. Aurelius, from the Ctcsarship to the title of Augustus, is called on one of his coins ivn. avg., or Junior Augustus . — In like manner Gaterius Maximi- anus, in contradistinction to his father-in- law, Diocletian, is called ivn. avg. — We find also Coustantiuus ivn., and Coustautius ivn., &c. IVN I. J unianus . — p. cras. ivni. leg. peopr. Publius Crassus Junianus Legatus Propraetor, that is to say, of Metellus Scipio in Africa. — See Ctecilia family. Junia, this celebrated Roman family was patrician under the kings, but, as it appears from coins, was regarded as plebeian under the consular government. The surnames are Brutus, Si/auus, and perhaps Libo. It took its name from Junius, the companion of iEneas, from whom, as Dion Ha/ic. writes, this family derived its origin. It took the cognomen of Brutus on account of the idiotic folly which, through fear of Tarquin, was feigned by Lucius Junius, previous to the overthrow of the monarchy, as Plutarch informs us. — Of this renowned avenger of his country’s liberty upon a proud tyrant and his licentious sons, there arc no coins extant of contemporaneous date ; but in honour of the man who was the first consul, with his colleague Collatinus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, the head of Lucius Junius, with the inscription brvtvs, has been placed on the obverse of a denarius belonging to the Servilia family, which bears on its obverse the naked head of Servilius AHALA. Of the name of Brutus there are also two individuals recorded on the coins of the Junia family — viz., M. Junius Brutus, likewise called Caepio, the assassin of C'resar the Dictator, and Decimus Junius Brutus, an orator and lawyer, who each of them gained a very conspicuous place in the history of their age. — The coins of M. Brutus Caepio arc ranged with the Imperial series. (See Bitvrvs.) The coinage of this family, which Morcll states to consist of more than seventy varieties, exhibits an interesting type on a denarius, of which the following is a description : — LiBERTAS. — Head of Liberty. Rev. brvtvs. — The march of the Consul (Consulis Processus) between two lictors, carry- ing the fasces, and preceded by a verger or usher (accensus.) Some of the silver pieces arc restored bv Trajan, and are rarer than the original coins.— The brass of this family are the As, or parts of the As. Juno, daughter of Saturn, and at once the sister and the spouse of Jove, the goddess of kingdoms and of riches, was believed to preside over marriages, and thence received her appella- tion of Pronuba ; aud from her supposed obstetrical tutelage over women, was likewise called Lucina. — The Romans, as well as the Greeks, assigned to her the highest rank amongst the goddesses, and the poets relate many fables respecting her jealous and imperious disposition, which she carried sometimes to the length of attempting to put even Jupiter himself (who gave but too much cause of offence) under her feet. — The figures of Juno differ from each other, inasmuch as we find this deity on the most ancient coins of the Romans, as Juno Lanuvina, or Sispita (Sospita), aud Juno Moneta. She is most frequently represented with her head veiled, and when, as Juno Pronuba, the goddess patro- nises a solemnization of nuptials, she is covered with a veil that conceals half the body. ’Whilst, on the other hand, as Juno Sospita, her head is adorned with the skin and two horns of a goat. The distinctive symbol and protege of this goddess is the peacock, into which bird she had changed her faithful Argus, after he had, as the guard of Io, fallen a victim to the pandering artfulness of Mercury, and the intriguing revenge of Jupiter. On the imperial coins Juno appears under various aspects— viz., sometimes standing, some- times sitting, as in Faustina, jun., at others in a walking attitude, with a serpent at her feet, holding a flower, a sceptre, a patera, the hasta, or a child, as Juno Augusta, Juno Regina, Juno Conservatrix, &c. On a first brass of Faustina the Younger, the reverse, without legend, is charged with a female figure, clothed in the stola, standing between a peacock and a lion. IVNO. — On silver and second brass coins of Julia Domna with this inscription, the goddess stands veiled, holding a patera in the right, a hasta in her left hand ; and a peacock stands at her feet. . • The Empress herself is exhibited under this image, for, in order to conciliate greater dignity and reverence towards women, the Empresses were foud of assimilating themselves to the goddesses, and were accustomed to represent their own forms, under the names of female divinities, to the people. IA NO A\ GVSTAE. — Silver and brass coins of Julia Mam sea, with this legend, exhibit the goddess sitting, holding in her right hand a flower, and in her left an infant in swathing bands. This Juno of the Em- press is obviously Juno Lucina, and the coin is struck in acknowledgment of the favour of the goddess at the birth of an im- perial heir. IA NONEM (in the accusative case), occurs on silver and brass coins of Julia Domna. — • See p. 493. IVNO CONSERVATRIX.— Juno, the pro- 490 JL'NO CONSERVATRIX. tectress or preserver, is another surname given on medals of the Augusta to the great Queen of the Goddesses. Her figure on silver, gold, and brass, of Julia Jlamtca, Ota- ciliaSevera, andSalonina, is that of a female stolated and veiled, holding a patera and the hasta pura, and generally with a peacock at her feet. Juno Lanuvina, or with the title in full, Juno Sispita, or Sospita Maxima Regina , as it is expressed on denarii of Thorius Balbus ; see the initial letters i.s.m.r., p. 488 of this Diet. — The goddess bearing this surname is found on the silver coins of those Roman families who drew their origin from the town or munieipium of Lanuvina, to which the Cornuficii, the Mettii, the Papii, the Procillii, the Roscii, and the Thorii belonged. Her appearance on these coins nearly corresponds with the description given hv Cicero, in lib. i. de nat. Deor. cap. 23, viz., cum pelle caprina, cum hasta, cum scututo, cum. calceolis repandis (shoes turned up at the points), to which it only remains to be added that her head is covered with a goat’s skin, as Hercules’s head is with that of a lion, having, moreover, two horns, and her entire vestment is composed of this skin, with the fur outwards. On a denarius of the Cornuficia family is an eagle on the top of her shield (probably intended for a legionary one) ; at other times she is depictured in a biga, as on some medals of the Mettia and Procilia families, a great serpent preceding her, and in the act of raising itself. On a denarius of the Roscia family we see opposite to the serpent a woman offering food to it, the meaning of which may be learnt in Elianus and Propertius. Cicero teaches us in his Oration pro Murana, in what high estima- tion this goddess was with the Romans, to which may be joined the testimony of Livy, who says that she wa3 worshipped (majoribus hostiis) with sacrifices of the highest order, shewing that the Romans granted to the Lanuvians the right of citizenship, on condition that they themselves (the people of Rome) should have a share in the Temple, and in the sacred grove of the Goddess. In the Imperial series, Juno Lanuvina, or Sispita, is seldom to be seen. Mcdiobarba, however, notes two medals of Antoninus Pius (a.d.*140), and one of Commodus (a.d. 177), with the inscription lVNONI sospitae : after which period it again disappears. — See Juno Sospita. Juno Lucina. — It was under this name, as has been already observed, that Juno presided over parturition ; and accordingly on medals of those Empresses, who either had brought forth a child, or who had invoked the aid of the goddess in their approaching accouchement, we see her represented seated, holding an infant and a flower. On coins of Faustina, wife of M. Aurelius, she appears with two children near JTNONI LUCINAE. her. — There are some writers, indeed, who think this Juno Lucina to be the same as Diana; and with Luna, one deitv. IVNONI LVCINAE.— The Goddess sits with a flower in her exteuded right hand ; in her left an infant in swathing bands. — Silver and brass coins of Lucilla, with the above legend and type, present that tutelary goddess presiding over child-birth, whom the Greeks called llithgia, and the Romans denominated Juno Lucina. — It is in reference to the custom of parturient women to address their prayers to to her that Terence, in his Andria, puts these words into the mouth of Glycerium : — Juno Lucina, fer opem, serva me, obsecro. For this reason, therefore, she holds a child in her left hand, whilst her right is extended with a (lower in it, because this is the symbol of hope, and she delights in hoping well of the safety and growth of the child; or rather, says Eckhel, she herself displays her attribute manifestly as indicated by Ovid. In the speci- men here selected from the first brass of Lucilla, the right hand is extended empty. Juno was called Magna Regina. — See I. s. M. r. IVNONI M ARTIALI . — Juno Martial is, or the warlike Juno, is seen seated with globe in left hand and corn ears in right. She is also seated in a round temple, with a shield or [Large brass of Yolusian.] other attributes, on silver and first brass coins of Trcbouianus Gallus, and also of Volu- sianus, by the latter of whom the legend and type appear to have been restored. The legend originated with Trcbonian, and was struck about the period when a dreadful pestilence excited the then reigning princes of the empire to “ weary” all the gods, of every name in Olympus, with victims and with prayers. Juno might appear at that juncture a deity whose aid ought to be propitiated, because. JUNONI REGINAE. according to Tally, “The air which floats between the skies and the ocean is consecrated to the name of Juno ; and it was this region (or element) which, having contracted some taint, brought destruction on men.” And the same author says shortly afterwards — “ Hut 1 believe the name Juno to be derived a juvendo, from rendering aid.” “ But why Juno is in this instance called Martialis, I have not (says Eckhcl) been as yet able satisfactorily to ascertain.” Yet by that title the goddess was commemorated not ouly on medals, but in a temple erected to her honour as the Martial Juno, in the Roman Forum. Juno Moneta. — According to Suidas, Juno was suruamed Moneta by the Romans, a monendo, because this goddess is said to have counselled that very docile and scrupulous people to undertake none but just wars, promising them, that, in that case, they should never want for money. A pretty story ; but it would he much more to the purpose to suppose that she was honoured with this cognomen, as denoting her presidency over the Homan mint, which was established in the precincts of the temple. The (supposed) effigy of Juno, with the title of Moneta, appears on a denarius of the Carisia family ; the reverse of the coin exhibits a hammer, a pair of tongs, and an anvil, above which is the bonnet of Vulcan, with the circumscription of t. carisivs, and on some coins salvtaris, the whole surmounted by a laurel. — See Carisia — Moneta. Juno liegina . — This surname of REGINA was given to ivno, because she was the wife of Jupiter, who was the King of Gods and Men. The type, which generally accompanies this legend ou coins of the Imperial series, is that of a woman standing or sitting, veiled, who holds in the right hand a patera, and in the left a hasta pura, or rather, perhaps, a sceptre ; and frequently at her side the peacock, a bird consecrated to her, either because it is so beautiful in plumage, or because all the colours in its tail are comparable to the rainbow, or Iris, who was the messenger of Juno, as Mercury was of Jupiter. IVNONI REGINAE. — A throne and a pea- cock with tail spread beneath it ; on some a sceptre is placed transversely upon the throne. — On large brass of Faustina, senior. IVNO REGINA and IVNONI REGINAE. —This legend is never seen on coins of the Emperors, except one of Claudius Gothicus. But as the venerated Queen of Deities, Juno was 3 S JUNONI SOSPITAE. 497 a favourite patroness of the Empresses, and thus she appears on coins of Sabina, Lucilla, Faustina, junior, Manlia Scantilla, Julia, Soaemias, Etruscilla, Cornelia Supera, and others. With some of the Augusta:, the inscription (in the dative case) was simply a dedication of the medal to the honour of the goddess ; with others it was a positive appropriation of the name in flattery to the Emperor’s wife, who was herself in a concealed manner represented under the figure of Juno. Juno Sospita, or according to the more ancient mode of writing it Sispita, Juno the preserver ; also called Lanuvina (see above), because she had a temple and statue at Lanuvium. On a coin of the Procilia family she has on her tunic a goat-skin, which also serves as the covering of her head. The points of her shoes are turned up, after a fashion which was renewed in the twelth century of the Christian era. She is armed with a buckler and a lance to defend the people under her protection. The serpent which is at her feet is a symbol of the health and safety which they owe to her, and also serves to typify the serpent to which a young girl of Lanuvium went every year to offer it nourish- ment in its cavern. This denarius was struck by I. Procilius whilst he was monetary triumvir. He chose this type because his family was originally of Lanuvium, where he perhaps pos- sessed the estate called Prociliana, and by corruption Porcilien, which has become cele- brated for the great number of monuments dis- covered there. — See Procilia. Juno Sospita crowning an Augur, is seen on a denarius of the Cornuficia family, bearing the inscription of Q. cornvfici. avgvr. imp. — For by an institution of Nurna, perpetuating a most ancient ceremony of the Aborigines, a goat was sacrificed at the altar of Juno, in the presence of an Augur, as appears from a dena- rius of Liciuius Varus ; whence Juno Sospita herself is made to place a crown on the head of Quintus Cornuficius, standing in his augural robes and with his lituus of office. The Em- peror Trajan restored this numismatic monu- ment, relating to the religion and to the history of times long antecedent to his own. IVNONI SOSPITAE— and SISPITAE.— On first brass of Antoninus Pius and of Com- modus, the former legend spelt Sospitac, the latter Sfspitac, the Goddess appears with goat- skin and horns on her head, and casting a javelin, having a serpent before her. 498 JUPPITER GUSTOS. JUSTINIANUS. Juno Sarnia . — The Samian Juno, so called from the island of Samos, where she was (also as Pronuba ) worshiped with great devotion. A figure of the Goddess in question, standing with an ear of corn at her feet, appears on a silver medallion of Hadrian, with the legend cos. in. a legend very common on that Emperor’s silver coins. Juppiler and Jupiter . — On coins this name is spelt both without and with the double P. IVPPITER CVSTOS— 1VPP1TER LIBE- RATOR. — Jupiter seated, holds the thunder- bolt in his right hand and a spear in his left. The above two legends (with the double p), accompanied hv the same type, appear on gold and silver of Nero. — “ It is very probable (says | Eekhel) what Vaillant thinks, that these coins were struck on the occasiou of the tyrant’s escape from the conspiracy of l’iso, about the year of Rome 818, under the peril of which he acknowledges the interposing guardianship of Jupiter the Protector and the Liberator. It appears that Nero, after the defeat of that plot against his life, consecrated in the Capitol the dagger which had been aimed at him, and in- scribed it iovi vindici. — The Greek colonics of Patras and of Corinth, were also induced, in consequence of this danger, to inscribe on their coins under Nero, ivppiter liberator. — See Patrcc col. in which he is represented standing with Eagle in right and hasta in left hand. — And not only with Nero, hut also with others, at the same period, was Jupiter the Liberator held in honour, though from different causes. For Seneca and Thraseas Paitus, doomed by that sanguinary monster to sutFer death, sprinkling around the blood from their opened veins, ex- claimed tibemus Jovi Liberatori. — See Jupiter. Jus appettandi or provocandi — The exercise of this privilege is well represented on a coin of the Porcia family, on the obverse of which there is the head of Rome helmeted, with the in- scription Publius laeca roma : on the reverse is a figure in a military dress between two others, of whom the otic on the right hand is togated, or in the habit of a Roman citizen, over the head of which the other extends his hand ; on the left is a Lictor with rods : in the exergue we read provoco. — See porcia family. — This medal is a monument of a law carried by a Tribune of the People, called the Lex Porcia, that no citizeu of Rome should be beaten with rods. The advantages of this law have been attested by many writers ; anil especially by Ciccro. — On another coin of the same family is found a monument of this Tribune in the safety of the main liberty of Roman citizens. The obverse of this is nearly like the one above described ; but on the reverse appears the Goddess of Liberty with the pi/eus or bonnet in her right hand, and with a spear in her left, standing in a quadriga, and crowned by a figure of Victory. The legend is Murruj PORCiiw ROM A. ‘ IVSSV. RICIIIARI. REGES. fsie.J— This memorial of Rirhiarus, king of the Suevi, appears on the reverse of a silver medal of i Ilonorius. It is inscribed round a garland, within which is a cross, between the letters B. R. This singular coin was first published in the Catalogue of the D’Enucry Cabiuet (p. .893), the author of which adds that it was found at Tolosa (Toulouse), where reigned Thcodoricus, King of the Goths, who, about the year 449, gave his daughter in marriage to Rechiarius, son of Rcchila, King of the Suevi. — Taniui, who republishes the same coin, merely adds : Richiarius Suecorum rex in monument am pads hunc singularem minimum percutere jussit . — “ That celebrated collection (says Eekhel in his note on this subject), well deserved to have been more thoroughly examined, nor ought it to have been so loosely asserted that the medal in question was struck by Rechiarius, the son-in-law of Thcodoric. The former, according to Idacius and the Chronicle of Isidoms, became Kiug of the Suevi, in Spain, in the year 447 ; but Ilonorius, to whom the coin is inscribed, had already paid the debt of nature (423). This coin, therefore, must necessarily belong to some King of the Suevi of the same name, who, during the reign of Honorius, might have obtained kingly power over his countrymen, or a portion of them, and to whom it may have seemed fit thus publicly to honour this emperor. In the same manner at a later period, the Gothic Kings of Italy adopted the practice of placing the heads of the Emperors of the East on their coinage,” Mionnct gives the above coin, as from the cabiuet of M. Gosselin, and observes — Cette medaiUe unique paroit etre le seal monument que Von ait des Suttees. I VST. Just a. — I VST. VENER. MEMOR. — Justa Veneranda Memorue (Sotuta beiug understood). — Legend on a coin of Constantine, mentioned by Bimard in his notes on Joubert, vol. i. p. 283. — See also Eekhel, vol. viii. p. 93. Justinianus I. (T/acins AnidusJ, born in the district of Bederiana, or in the town of Tauresium, near Bederiana, in Illyria, A..D. 483, was the nephew of Justinus the First, by his sister Vigilantia, the divorced wife of Sebatius, and adopted by his uncle in 527, succeeded to the empire a few mouths afterwards. He was a prince of weak, ungenerous, vain, and heart- less character; whose reign, though marked by events of honour to the Roman name, was no less stained by the Emperor’s mennuess under adversity, overhearing arrogance in more prosperous circumstances ; aud, worst of all, by his ingratitude to Belisariua, the most illustrious of his many able generals. Of a studious dis- position, his talents for jurisprudence linvc served more than his princely virtues to hand down his name to posterity. For, by his command, all the laws, as well as edicts of sovereigns, and the opinions of jurisconsults, were collected into one body, nfterwards digested into those celebrated volumes called the codex, pandects, institutions, Ac. Before his death (a.d. 5C5), he made a fifty years’ truce with JUSTINUS. Chosroes, King of the Persians, which, how- ever, that scourge of the Romaus broke under Justinian’s imprudent successor, Justinus the Secoud. Justinianus is styled on his coins d. n. ivstixianvs. p.p. avo. and appears, after the mauncr of Coustautinopolitan Emperors, crowned with a gemmed diadem. His brass coins are common ; silver and gold less so. An unique gold medallion exhibits his full-faced bust on one side; and his equestrian figure with sai.vs and glouia eomanorvm, on the re- verse. — See Mionnet. Justinus I. born of a peasant family at Bcdcriana, in Thrace, in the year 450, and employed dining his earliest years in the lowest occupations, lie travelled to Constantinople in his sixteenth year, and there exchanged his ragged garments for the dress and arms of a soldier. His striking figure recommended him to one Emperor, and his military qualities to another, till at length, by dint of cunning and courage united, the poor cottager’s half-starved son contrived to mount the first throne of the east. — On the death of Anastasius, whose Prietorian prefect he had become, A.n. 518, he was proclaimed emperor at Constantinople. — Considering his origin, it is not surprising if his natural abilities proved greater than his educa- tional acquirements. In fact, he could neither write nor read. But, says .Beauvais, “ The mildness of his character, the affability of his deportment towards his subjects, the justice with which he governed them, his zeal (carried, however, to a rigorous excess against the Arians) for the purity of the Christian faith, marked the course of his reign, and have entitled him to a place in the rank of good princes.” — In 526, Cabadcs, king of Persia, having broken the peace which subsisted between the two empires, Justin sent against him an army commanded by the celebrated Belisarius, who marched vic- toriously into the heart of Persia; but the Emperor did not see the end of that war, for he died on the first of August, 527, having a few months before associated his nephew Justinianus in the government. He had no children by his wife, named Eufemia. — On his coins (which are common in gold, with his head only, and in brass of every size ; but rare in silver, and very rare with his figure and that of Justinian) he is styled d.n. ivstinvs p.p. avg. — On the reverses of some, appear the monograms of Theodoricus and of Athalaricus, kings of the Ostrogoths. Justinus II. (Flavius Anicius), who had held the office of master of the palace to his uncle Justinianus, was the son of Dulcissi- mus and Vigilantia, and became, by succession, Emperor of the East, a.d. 565. A weak and imprudent prince, addicted to pleasure, and selfish in policy, he re-called and ill-treated Narscs, his predecessor’s wise general, and conqueror of the Goths in Italy ; who, in revenge, invited the Lombards (Lonyobardi) into Italy, which that Scandinavian people over- ran, with 200,000 fighting men, making them- selves masters of the greatest portion of that 3 S 2 JUSTIT1A. 499 country, a.d. 568. — Italy lost, Justin had to struggle with the increasing difficulties of a Persian war, and died in the midst of it, a Pelagian heretic, in the year of Christ 578, and the thirteenth of his reign, having appointed Tiberius as' his successor. — He is numismatically styled d.n. ivstinvs. inn. pp. avg. His coins in yold are common, except those with title of junior, and with the legend of Gabalorum ; silver are very rare ; brass are common, except those on which his name is conjoined to that of his truculent and imperious wife sopiiia. — “ The coins, however (says Akerman), of Justinus the Second arc difficult to distinguish from those of the elder Justinus ; but those which are supposed to belong to the latter arc more common than the others.” Justitia, the virtue that renders to everyone his own (suurn cuique). On coins of the Roman mint, struck under the Emperors Tiberius, Ncrva, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Pesecunius Niger, Sept. Severus, and Alexander Severus, Justitia, or Justitia Auyusti, is represented under the type of a woman, standing with patera, sceptre, hasta, or rudder, in her hands ; or, like aeqvitas, sitting with balance in one hand, and holding the hasta pura in the other, or a cornucopia:. IVSTITIA. — On a gold coin of Hadrian’s, Justice is seated on the curule chair, as on a tribunal : with the insignia of the hasta pura and the extended patera she displays her care for religion. — The head of this goddess, whose other name is Themis, appears adorned with the diadem on a coin of the Mamitia family, iu memory of a law made respecting boundaries or land marks. IVSTITIA. — On a second brass, Livia, or Julia, appears with the name, and after the form of Justitia. It is one of three medals on which the mother of Tiberius is represented under the figure, or attributes of different Divinities. She is called on the first, salvs avgvsta ; on the second, ivstitia ; on the third, piet as. These medals were struck under Tiberius; the two latter were afterwards restored by Titus. IVV. Juventutis. — PRINceps YfN entvtis . — See the w'ords. IVYENTAS — IVVENTA — IVVENTVS. — The Goddess Juvenlas, or of Youth, the same with her who was called Hebe by the Greeks, is thus made by Ovid to perform the office of cup bearer at the feasts of the Gods : — Nectar, ct ambrosiam, latiees, epulasque, deorum Dct mihi formosa nava Juventa manu. Pontic. Epist. I. x. 11. There was a temple of Juventas at Rome, where, by a very ancient custom, money was deposited by those who assumed the toya viri/is. After Antoninus Pius, adopting M. Aurelius, had nominated him as his successor, a medal was struck, on the obverse of which we see M. Aurelius having the dow y n merely on his cheeks, and with the inscription avk. cae. avg. pii. f., | and on the reverse a crown, writhin which is the 600 JI7VENTAS. word IWENTVS, or in some coins IVTENTAS ; and, below, s. C. — Antonio Agostini believes that this medal was struck in remembrance of that important day when the beard of Aurelius was first submitted to the tonsor’s operation, and the downy fruits were, according to established usage, consecrated to this same goddess. — Allusive to the same event, there are the coins in which Juventas stands under the figure of a woman placing frankincense on a candelabrum, with her right hand, and holding a patera in her left, as here shown from a second brass coin of Marcus Aurelius. 1VVENTAS. S. C— On a first brass of M. Aurelius, bearing this legend, the type, instead of the goddess above described, presents the figure of a young man, in a short dress, stand- ing with a branch in one hand, and a ha.it a in the other, near a trophy. The type of a young man standing with a spear near a trophy is frequently seen on coins of subsequent reigns, with the accompanying legend of phinceps iwentvtis ; and this, perhaps, was intended to represent the statue dedicated to M. Aurelius as Prince of the Roman youth. IVVENTA IMPERII. — This legend appears on a denarius of Caracalla, on the reverse of which the Emperor stands, in military garb, holding a globe surmounted by Victory, and a spear ; a captive crouching at his feet. Caracalla, says Vaillant, when his father Sevcrus had already become an old man, was called Juventa Imperii, the youth of the empire, because great hope was entertained of him in his early years. Thus we see him represented on this coin with a Victory in his hands, having, in conjunction with his father, conquered the Parthians, as the captive at his feet serves to testify. Hence also on another silver coin of this ferocious prince, struck during the reign of his scarcely less truculent sire, he is fondly called Imperii Fe/icitas. Juventia ; this family is scarcely to be classed amongst those of the Romans. The colony of Ccrsar-Augusta exhibits on its coins the names of magistrates who bear the surname of Juventius. For example the Luperci : ivvent lvpehco llviR. Juventio Luperco Ihiumeiro. Juventns . — See PRINCEPS IWENTVTIS. IX. Numeral marks — as imp. ix. &c., on coins of Augustus — lmperator Non urn for the ninth time. LABARUM. K. K, the Kappa of the Greeks, and the tenth letter of their alphabet, very seldom appears amongst Latin letters, and then only in small words. On Roman coins, with Latin inscriptions, the K is used only iu the instance of Karthago, as felix kart., and that not always ; for on the well-known coins of Severus we read indvi.gentia in cart. — See the legend. K and C were formerly, from similarity of sound, employed indiscriminately the one for the other, as in the above-named example — karthago, kalendae, &c. But though this was the most ancient custom, yet in inscriptions of a subsequent date the K. was relinquished and those words remained written with the letter C. In later times the K resumed its ascendaucy. K is found in use on Latin coins of the lower empire, viz. : kaa. and bka., on medals of Tacitus, Florianus, Probus, Cams, Numerianus, Carinus, as subsignationes (or monetary under- signings.) — Tristan, in his remarks on the Carthaginian state, has attempted an interpreta- tion of these letters. L. L. — The eleventh letter of the Roman alpha- bet. — A single L is sometimes put for a double one, as apolini for afoi.lini. Banduri i. p. 157- AQViuvsfor aqmllivs. Seethe Aquitia family.— This letter is used as a mint mark on many family coins. L. — This letter signifies the colony called Laos, or Julia Laos. It also signifies Legio (Legion), or Lucius, or Ludi, the public games. L. on a tablet means Libero. Sec the denarius of the Coe/ia family, on which arc the letters L. D., Libero, Damno, struck in memory of C. Coelius Caldus. L., Lugdunum, or Lugduni, the city of Lyon. — L. p., Lugduni Percussa (money) struck at Lyons ; or Lugdunensis Pecunia, money of Lyons. — L., on coins of Carausius and Allectus, Londinium. L. is a Latin sign for the number fifty. LA., Latienus, as in Postumus. Labarum, a Romau military ensign, which is described to have been a more distinguished species of veiitlum, or cavalry standard, and, like the rest, was an object of religious veneratiou amongst the soldiers, who paid it divine honours. That the Labarum dated its designation ns the imperial standard from an early period of the empire, is a supposition confirmed by a colonial medal of Tiberius (dedicated to that Prince by Cttsarea Augusta — Saragozza), on w hich may be remarked the form of tliat ensign. It was originally a kind of square banner of purple bordered with gold fringe, attached to the upper end of a long pike or spear ; on the drapery of this banner an eagle was painted, or embroidered, in gold tissue, and it was hoisted only when the Emperor was with the army. But Constantine, LABIEXUS. after having abandoned paganism, caused a decided change to he made in the ornaments of the labarum. The staff of the pike was crossed at a certain height by a piece of wood, forming a cross. At the upper part, above this cross- piece, was fastened a brilliant crown of gold and precious stones, iu the middle of which appeared the monogram of Christ, formed by two Greek initials, X. P., joined together thus T) and often accompanied by two other letters, A. and Cl., placed on each side, indicating the belief of Our Saviour’s divinity, in the words of St. John’s Apocalypse, as noted in Eusebius’s Life of Constantine. From the two arms of the cross-piece, hung the purple banner, richly ornamented with jewels and with gold embroidery. And, instead of the Roman Eagle, the former object of the soldiers’ idolatry, Constantine caused the monogram of Christ to be placed on the banner also. In the space between the crown and tjie flag, the Emperor placed his bust in gold, or those of his children. But this feature is not engraved on the medals. — Fifty chosen men were charged by him with the appointment of carrying and defending this sacred standard at the head of the army, when commanded by the Emperor iu person, and were thence called Labariferi. The Labarum marked with the monogram of Christ is seen on coins of Constantine the Great, also of Constaus, of Jovianus, of Valentinianus, &c. A vexillum, or cavalry standard, resembling the Labarum, appears on several colonial coins, such as Acci, Antiochia Pisidisc, Cacsar-Augusta, &c. — It is also found in the left hand of emperors, on some military figures, on coins of Nero, Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, Commodus, Sevenis, and other princes anterior to Constantine, with whose family and successors it appears on coins with the Christian symbols to the end of the imperial scries. The Labarum, or at least the vexillum, is an attribute which accompanies the numismatic personification of many of the Roman provinces, viz., Africa, under Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, Constantius Chlorus. — Armenia, under Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius Verus. — Britannia, under Antoninus Pius, and Sept. Severus. — Cappadocia, under Hadrian, and Antonine. — Dacia, under Antonine, Philip sen., Trajanns Decius. — Ilium, under Caracalla. — Pannonia, under Aelius Cajsar. LABIEN\S, a Roman General under the Republic, surnamed Parthicus, for his hav- ing conquered the Parthiaus, is thus re- corded on a denarius of the Atia family : — Q. LABIENVS PARTHICVS IMP erator.—Rev. A horse saddled and bridled. — This coin is of the first rarity : in gold unique . — See Atia. Laelianus (Tjtpius Cornelius), one of the usurpers in the time of Gallienus. — He appears to have been of Spanish origin, and when Postumus was slain by his soldiers, he seized upop the government atMaguntiacum, (Mayence, in Germany), about a.d. 267. An active and very courageous man, he was distinguished for his military knowledge aud skill, and made head L. AELIUS CAESAR. 501 against the Germans on the Rhine, where he fortified several towns ; but after a few mouths, in the midst of his labours, he was treacherously slain by his troops, at the instigation of Victorious. — He is styled imp. c. vlp. cok. J.AELIANVS. p. f. avg. — His gold and base silver are the rarest of all the coins struck by the usurpers in the time of Gallienus. Those in third brass are also rare. Mr. Akerman, in his “ Descriptive Catalogue” (vol. ii. p. 63), observes : — “ The names of Laelianus, Lollianus, and Aelianus, are used indiscriminately by historians, who appear to apply them to the same personage, namely, the usiu-per who assumed the purple in Gaul, during the reign of Postumus in that country ; but, according to some coins, upon which the preno- men is different, the above names belong to three different persons. The coins of Laelianus are fully authenticated ; not so those ascribed to Lollianus and Aelianus.” L. AELIVS CAESAR. — Lucius Aelius Casar, sou of Annius, created Csesar by Hadrian, aud adopted as his successor. — See aelivs. Laetitia, Joy, or Rejoicing, is personified on many Roman medals, and characterised by different attributes. This Latitia first occurs oil a gold coin of Antoninus Pius, struck in his fourth consulate (v.c. 902), under the figure of a woman, having corn-ears in her right hand and an apple in her left ; and the same type is frequently found, in subsequent reigns, engraved on Im- perial coins, with various additions to the name, viz., Latitia, Avg., Temporum,Publica,Fundata, &c. Nor (says Eckhel), is there any room for doubt but that sacred rites were publicly dedi- cated to her, the same as, on an ancient marble we read, were paid to Jucunditas : — GENIO IVCVNDITATI MVSIS FI.ORAEQ. S. On other coins she appears, sometimes holding a sceptre or wand in one hand, and in the other a croton, because in public festal rejoicings the people were accustomed to wear crowns. Some- times she holds a branch of a tree, because the verdure of boughs and branches delight the mind; on which account, during public occa- sions of rejoicing, the houses and streets of a city were ornamented with them.— On some medals Latitia holds an anchor, to shew that the cause of hilarity was of a solid and lasting kind. It is thus that we see her represented on coins of Gordianus Pius, Philip senior, Valerian, Gallienus, Victorinus, Quintillus, Aurelian and Severina, Tetricus, Floriauus, Probus, Carausius, Allectus, Galerius. — Sometimes Latitia is de- pictured standing, with a garland and a rudder, as on coins of Crispina, Lueilla, Severus, Domna’ Caracalla, Elagabal us, A quilia, Alexander Severus, Mresa, Philip senior, Tacitus, and Carinus.— On other medals she is seated with the same attributes, as we see in the case of Philip senior — Sec Hilaritas. . I V ^ DATs — W ell founded re- joicing— On coins of Crispina and also of Philip senior, with this inscription, a woman with a garland iu her right hand ; and in her left the rudder of a ship placed on a globe; because. 502 LAETITIAE. LAODICAEA. says Oiselius (Set. Num.), “ the pilots of vessels direct their course firmly through the waves of the ocean to the place of their destination.” LAETITIAE PVBLICAE— To Public Joy. — Lmtitia stands with corn-cars in her right hand and the hasta pura in her left : on first brass of Faustina jun. LAETITIA AVG. — On coins of Gallicnus, in all the three metals, this legend appears with type of a woman holding a garland and an anchor, struck by order of that voluptuous, heartless, and eccentric emperor, when his father Valerian was actually groaning under the cruel and ignominious captivity of the Persians. — According to Pollio, “ Gallieuus, aware that Macrianus and his children had been slain, and that his father was still a pri- soner to Sapor, in fancied security against con- sequences, abandoned himself to lewd plea- sures, gave public games, aud invited the people as if in days of victory to festivity and re- joicing.” — Sometimes the legend of Latilia Augusti (Joy of the Emperor) has for its accom- panying type a galley at sea, with rowers pro- pelling it, and the Emperor standing at the helm : as on gold, silver, aud brass coins of Postumus. LAETITIA COS. IIII. Two female figures stand- ing together ; one holding corn-ears, the other a globe. On a gold coin of Anto- ninus Pius. LAETITIA TEMPORVM. — A galley with sail spread, about which quadriga are running ; and many animals. — This unusual type, on the reverse of a gold coin of Sept. Sevcrus, serves to illustrate a passage in Dio, wherein that writer referring to various spectacles, exhibited by the above Emperor on his return from the East, and in which a great many wild beagts were killed, says — “ A receptacle w-as built for them in the amphitheatre, constructed in the form of a ship, so that 150 (c. d.) wild beasts might be received into it, and at the same time be at once sent forth from it. , The ship suddenly falling to pieces, there issued out of it bears, lionesses, panthers, lions, &c” — A gold coin of Caracalla here engraved has also the same reverse. LAETITIAE C. V. S. P. Q. R. — Laetiiia Clipeum Vovit Senatus Populusq. Romania . — This appears on a first and second brass of Corn- modus. Lanuvina. — Juno with head covered with the goat-skin, carrying spear and small shield, and wearing shoes turned up at the toes. — See Juno Sospita or Sispita. Lanuvina, the virgin who, according to the ancient Campania fable, was yearly sent to offer a serpent food in its cave, represented on a denarius of L. Papius Celsus, to shew his origin from the city of Lanuvium. — The same virgin is seen on coins of the Papia and Roscia families, offering food to a serpent, which is raising itself in coils before her. — A bronze medallion of Antoninus Pius, in the Mus. Pisan. i exhibits a girl standing near a tree and feeding a serpent folded round the trunk. The Lanuvinian serpent, or dragon, coiled in folds, appears on coins of Poinponia and Papia families, with the figure of a woman near it. Lanuvinium, or Lanuvium, also Lavinium, a municipal and colonial city of Campania, whose temples were restored by Antoninus Pius. LAOCOON, with his two sons, entwined in the folds of serpents, appears on the reverse of a contorniate medal (in the Imj>crial Museum at Vienna), having on the obverse the head of Nero, and the legend imp. neko Caesar avg. Laodicea Syria (now called Ladkcyah or Lafakia), a maritime city situated on a peninsula towards Phoenicia, and possessed of cue of the finest harbours. It was founded by Seleucus Nicator (one of the most powerful of Alexander’s generals, and the first of the Selcucidie, Kings of Syria). It afterwards received many favours from Ciesar, and in conscqucucc took the name of Julia, about a. v. c. 707, from which time it dates its new epoeha (before Christ 48). — It struck both Autonomous and Greek Imperial coins. The former offer the head of Alexander I., Bala, King of Syria. — An Imperial Greek of Hadrian bears the name of Aradus, in token of its alliance with that island ; but it was not till the reign of Sept. Sevcrus that this Laodicea became a Roman Colony. By the same Emperor it was constituted a Metropolis, and invested with the privilege of striking coins with Imtiu legends, which it exercised under his reign, (including his Empress Julia Domna), and continued to do so in considerable numbers, under the succeeding reigns of Caracalla, Geta, Macrinus, Diadumcnianus, Klngabnlus, Philip scuior, Trebonianus Gallus, and Valerian senior ; on which were inscribed col. SEP. aur. i.aod. metro. Colonia Scp/imia Aurelia Laodicea Metropolis. The name of Scptimia being adopted in memory of its benefactor Sevcrus, and the former name of Julia abandoned. Vaillaut has uot enumerated any colonial medals of Laodicea in Syria ad mare, struck under S. Sevcrus. But Pcllcrin has supplied that omission by giving engravings of three fine large brass of this colony dedicated to that j emperor, viz. : — I 1.— IMP. CAES. L. SP. SEVERO AVG. LAODICEA. T. IVL. AVG. M.C. — Radiated head of Severus, joined with that of Julia Domna. — It is judged that this legend should be read IMP eratori CAESari L urio SeP timio SEVEUO AVG usto e T. 1 V Lia AVG ustce M atri Castrorum. Reverse . — SEP. LAOD., that is to say, SFjV/imia LAOD icea . — Jupiter seated, holds a Victory in one hand, and rests his other hand on a sj>car. Under his chair is an eagle, llcfore him is a table, on which is a large urn. 2. — Ou the second medal arc the same legend and portraits outhe obverse ; and on the reverse a figure of Silcnus standing. 3. — The third coin has the single head of Severus on its obverse; and on the reverse ANT. AVG. GET. CAE. — Caraealla and Geta joining hands. The following are also amongst the types of this colony, as given in Yaillaut : — Temple . — On a second brass of Caraealla, which bears the legend of col. i.aodiceas metropoleos, and the initials A. E. ; in the field of the coin an eagle, with its wings j spread, stands within a temple of two columns sunnounted by a dome. — The same reverse J appears ou a coin of Elagabalus. — [The eagle in the temple is considered by Yaillant as referring to Jupiter rather than to the llomau empire. — ii. 38.] In Vaillant’s work there is only one medal of this colony inscribed to Caraealla. — Pellerin, however, speaks of no less than ten others struck under the same emperor. Among the more remarkable of these he mentions those that have for their legend aeternvm bexeficivm, and for their type a measure full of corn-cars ; also those attributed to this city which repre- sent the wolf suckling Romulus and Remus, with the legend ROMAE EEL. Laurel Crown. — A small brass, inscribed to Geta as Osar, bears for legend sept. col. laod. Metro. Sept i mia Colonia, &c., within a laurel wreath. [Laodicea, as has been already remarked, computed a new era from the times of Severus, to whom, deserting the cause of Pescennius, this city adhered, during the brief but bloody struggle of those two ambitious men for the imperial throne. The consequence was that Pescennius treated her with the greatest oppression and cruelty. But as soon as he was slain, Laodicea was invested with the colonial privileges of which Severus had instantly stripped the people of Antioch, who had sided with his rival. As Antioch, however, was afterwards pardoned by Severus, he, as if by way of com- pensation, made Laodicea a colony, and amongst other great privileges allowed it to assume Metropolis for its second title. — The laurel wreath alludes to the victory gained by Severus over the Parthians, and on which account the title of Cicsar was conferred upon Geta by his father — ii. p. 57.] Diana. — On a middle brass of Elagabalus (ii. 82), this goddess in her character and costume of huntress stands in the attitude of drawing with her right hand an arrow from the LAODICEA. 503 quiver which hangs at her back, and holding the bow in her left. [The Laodiccans of Syria, from the variety of coins which they dedicated to Elagabalus, a native of that country, seem to have been among the first who proclaimed him Emperor. They selected Diana as the type of this reverse, doubtless, on account of her being the object of supreme worship in their city, as Lampridius records, in noticing her image placed in the adytum, a most secret and sacred place of her temple there.] Diana also appears on a small brass of Philip senior, standing with bow and arrow in her hands, and with two stags at her feet, one on each side; those animals being sacred to her, as Apollodius affirms. — In this medal the goddess appears with the tutulus on her head, and clothed in a long tunic. — ii. p. 162. T arreted head. — On a small brass of Elaga- balus is the turreted head of a female, with the legend laodiceon. — On another of the same size, is the same head, placed within a temple of two columns : in each are the letters A. E. [Vaillant gives what appear to be sufficient reasons for regarding this type as representing the Genius of the City, and not one of the Dii majorum gentium, such as Pallas and Diana, as l’atin seems to consider it. — ii. 82.] Wrestlers. — On a small coin of the same Emperor are two naked Athletce wrestling. — Legend laodeceon [These male figures indicate certain certamina or public sports celebrated at Laodicea. On such occasions the competitors for the prize were stripped of every particle of clothing, and being previously annointed with ccroma (oil mixed with wax), they contended together with mutual grappling and lifting, whilst each endeavoured to give the other “a flooring.” — Hercules was, according to Pausanias, the re- puted institutor of the Olympic games. — There are colonial medals of Caraealla which inform us that the certamina o/ympia were perfonned at Tyre ; and this coin shews the probability of the same contests having been celebrated* at Laodicea. — ii. 83.] Woman, with a tutulated or turreted head, stands holding in her right hand an eagle, and in her left a rudder, on a small brass of Philip senior ; on another the same female figure ex- tends her hand but without the eagle ; and on a third she appears sitting on the rudder, holding the handle of it in her right hand. — The legend of the reverse, on all three coins, is col. laod. or LAODICEON METROPOI.EOS. [The woman delineated in these different ways represents the city of Laodieea, and is the Genius loci, adorned w ith towers as if strongly fortified ; bears a ship’s rudder, to indicate its maritime site, and its possession of a directing | influence. As a Roman colony, the Genius of Laodicea holds an eagle, the symbol of i Rome. (The port of the city appears, from I the description given of its ruins by Shaw, to have been spacious and well sheltered.) 504 LAODICEA. LAODICEA. The Genius being seated on the rudder (an unusual mode of representation) argues the tranquil state of the colony ; for Laodicea re- posed awhile after peace had been entered into by Philip with the Persians, who, occupying part of Mesopotamia, threatened Syria herself, and therefore the city, in congratulation, inscribed these coins to the Emperor. — ii 168.] Woman standing with tutulus on her head and clothed in the tunic, places her right hand on the tiller of a ship’s rudder, and in her ex- tended left baud holds two small images. [The personification of Laodicea here supports the small statues of Trebouianus Gallus and his son Volusiauus, as if those two princes were the Genii of the city, in like manner as on coins of Phillipopolis, Rome seated is seen bearing in her hand the images of the Philips, father and son. — ii. 214.] SUenus. — On a first brass of Trebonianus Gallus, struck by the Laodiceans, Silenus appears in his usual posture and with his usual attributes, the right hand uplifted, and the goat-skin bag on his left shoulder. [This type shews that the deified tutor and associate of Bacchus was worshipped at Lao- dicea. — ii. 215.] Wolf suckling Romulus and Remus. — This type appears on a second brass of this colony struck under Macrinus, omitted in Vaillant, but engraved in Pcllerin (Mel. i. pi. xviii. No. 11), with legend of reverse ROMAE EEL — also on a very fine first brass of Diadumcnianus, not noticed in Vaillant, but given in l’lauch. xix. of the Melange , tom. i. No. 2. Women with turreted heads. — On a large brass of Elagabalus struck in this colony, the reverse presents for legend col. i.aod. Metro- poleos, and for type a group of six figures, the centre one of which represents a woman with towers on her head, seated, having the figure of a river god at her feet. Four other females standing, two on each side of the middle one, have the like turreted ornaments on their heads, and have their faces turned towards the woman who is seated. In the field of the coin are the letters A E. — This remarkable and elegant medal is described in Pclleriu’s Melange , T. i. pi. xix. No. 7. Quadriga. — On a second brass of Laodicea struck under the same emperor, is another re- markable reverse, allusive to the stone worship introduced by that Syrian priest of the Sun into the city of Rome. The reverse CO Lon or SEPri'mia 'Laodicea ; and the type, a car drawn by four horses, on which is the image of the God Elagabalus , represented under the symbol of a round conical formed stone. — This also is engraved in Pellerin’s Melange , pi. xix. No. 8. — For further explanation of the type see con- servator. avo. of Elagabalus. Table, with urn and palms. — On a second brass of Gordiamis Pius, with legend col. 1 iieliop. is a table on which is placed a large I urn, containing three palm brauches. — Pellerin, I Mel. i. pi xx. No. 11. Colonist at plough . — This type appears on a I second brass of Philip junior, inscribed to him by the Laodiceans. Lapis, a stone, was with certain oriental nations of antiquity a symbol of divinity. (Jobert, i. p. 394 — 423.) — A stone shaped in the form of a cone, or of a pyramid, and placed in a temple, was the type of Venus. And under this lapidary form Jupiter himself appears to have been worshipped, and was hence called Jupiter Lapis. (Bimard, i. p 423.) — A huge stone in the form of a mount, and placed in a car, was the representative of the Sun, whom Elagabalus worshipped, and by whom this type was impressed on silver coins, with the legend of conservator avo. and sanct. dei. soli, elagabal. — See those inscriptions. Lares, household gods, who were supposed to take care of both house aud land ; and hence the Latins called them Dii familiares. Each tutelary deity, chosen by a family, received this appellation. They were at first worshipped on the domestic hearth (focus), but afterwards in a particular chapel or oratory named the Lararium. The Lares were commonly represented under the figure of twins in the age of adolescence; still oftener as young men, between whom was placed a dog, the usual house-guard. — There was a more than ordinary display of superstition among the Romans with regard to the Lares. They were crowned with flowers, and at each meal a portion of the victuals was served to them, no one daring to touch it ; but it was burnt in honour of them. Slaves on their emancipation consecrated their chains to the Lares ; and youths arrived at manhood, dedi- cated to these household gods the symbols of their minority ; that is to say, the golden bulla as children they had worn on their breast. Youug women did the same when they married. — The Lares were considered to be the guardians of the cross-ways. And Augustus, according to Ovid in the Fasti, decreed that, at the com- mencement of spring, the cross- ways (compita) should he adorned with chaplets of flowers. A denarius of the Casia family (see the word, p. 197), on one side of which appears the image of the God Vejovis, represented in the manner in which Aulus Gellius de- scribes it at Rome near the capitol ; with the letters ap. (Argentum Publicum) iu monogram. — On the reverse of this rare silver coin, we see the legend of l. caesi ; and the type consists of two juvenile figures with spears, seated together, each with helmets on, the upper part of their bodies naked ; the lower part clothed ; with a dog between them, and above them the bust of Vulcan, with forceps. Iu the field on one side is la. on the other he., both iu monogram — which put together makes lare ; and which fully warrants the supposition that the Vejovis on the obverse was a god chosen as Lar or special protector of L. Cassius, who caused the medal to be struck. This reverse exhibits in the seated youths two of the Lares, whose domestic and familiar guardianship has just been adverted to; and to these household gods the head of Vulcan is LARGITIO. appropriately conjoined, because the focus or hearth, whose protection was religiously assigned to the Lares, was moreover sacred to the God of Fire ( Volcanos J The figure of a dog seated between them refers to the fidelity and domestic habits of that animal. The composition and union of such objects as these was not of rare occurrence among the Romans, as the following words of Ovid very illustratively shew : — Pnestitibus Maine Laribus videre Kalends: Aram constitui, signaque parva deum At canis ante pedes saxo fabricatus codem Stabat. Qua: standi cum Lare causa fuit ? Servat uterque domuin, domino quoque, fidus uterque, Compita grata deo, compita grata cani. Exagitant et Lar, et turba Diania fures, l’ervigilantquc Lares, pervigilantque canes. Bina gemellorum qmerebam signa deorum. . . Fasti. Lib. v. 1. 129. In Bandelot de Dai real's curious work entitled Be I'utilite des Voyages , vol. i. p. 171, the medal in question is given, with some learned remarks on the Lares and Penates of the Romans. LARGITIO, a bountiful largess. — This word, indicative of the Liberalitas Imper atorum, occurs on a brass medallion of Constantius II. (son of Constantinus Magnus), on the obverse of which is d. n. constantivs p. p. avg. ; and on the reverse, the Emperor, crowned with a tiara, sitting between two figures standing, the one hclmeted and in a military dress, the other wearing a radiated crown, and extending the right hand to Coustautius, from whom it appears to be receiving something — with the epigraph of LARGITIO. The learned differ in their explanations of this very rare medallion. — Eckliel, however, adopts, and apparently on the better grounds, the opinion of Gori, the Florentine numismatist, that Constantinople is persouified by the type of the woman with radiated head : that the female with a helmet is intended to represent Ancient Rome ; and that the whole relates to donations on an extensive scale distributed to the troops aud people by Constantius. The word largitio is introduced in this instance for the first time on coins, instead of the Liberalitas, and the Congiarium, previously in use. “ Iu fact (adds Eckhel) this was the term peculiar to the period in question, whence the expression Comites privatarum, or sacrarum largitionum, &c.” [vol. viii. p. 117 .] — See abvndantia — libe- ralitas. Larices, larch trees. — For the fable of three nymphs, sisters of Phaeton, changed into these trees, see Accoleia. LARISCOLYS, surname of the Accoleii, from the abundance of the larch tree. p. accoleivs lariscolvs, whose name appears on a denanus of the Accoleia family, is believed to have been appointed monetal triumvir by Julius Caesar. LAT. otherwise LATI. Latienus : one of the prenomina of Postumus senior. Latii jus. — To what regions, states, and cities, the privilege of this Latin law w r as con- 3 T LAUREA CORONA. 505 ceded, and of what rights it consisted, Birnard de la Bastie, in his notes on Jobert, has shewn in a very able and diffuse inquiry. Latium, or the country of the Latins ; a region of Italy, between the Tiber and the plains of Circe, a city of the Volscian territory Lavinium, a city of Latium, built, according to Servins, by Lavinius, brother to Latinus, King of the Latins, under whose reign iEneas landed in Italy. — For an interesting illustration of the story of the arrival of riiucas on the shore of Latium, see JEneas. Laurea corona, the laurel crown, among the Romans, was rightly conferred only on those who had acquired pro-consular dignity ; nor was it granted even to the Ccesars, unless they had been invested with the title of Emperor. — Respecting the laurel crown of Julius Casar, Sue- tonius (in his “ Life” of him, c, 45) says : “ He | manifested much impatience under the blemish | of baldness, which often exposed him to the ! jest of malicious detractors. It was on this account that he was desirous to remedy the deficiency of hair on his head ; and of all the honours decreed to him by the Senate and people, there was none which he more readily received or more freely availed himself of, than the jus laurea perpetuo gestanda — the privilege of perpetually wearing the laurel. — This state- ment is confirmed by Dion Cassius (L. xliii.) who observes, speaking of Julius — “Always and everywhere he wore the laurel crown, with which he covered his head, becanse he was bald.” — The laurel crown', as the prin- cipal ornament of Augusti, is seen for the most part on Roman coins, tied with a kind of ribband, which they employed in place of a diadem, although that specially royal emblem was itself not placed on the head of an Emperor. Augustus, after the example of Julius, by whom he was adopted, frequently allowed the laurea corona to be assigned him. Referring to this point Dion (L. xlix.) says — “ By unanimous consent, at Rome, among other honours, this also was decreed to him ut semper lauro coronaretur.” — Hence, on many of his coins we see the laurel encircling his head. And the same author affirms (L. liii.) that, in addition to numerous honours already con- ferred on Augustus, it was ordained by the Senate and people that laurel trees should be planted in front of his palace, and oaken crowns suspended on them, as though he were the perpetual conqueror of the enemies, and saviour of the citizens of the republic.” In memory of this Senatorial decree, a gold coin was struck, having on the obverse the naked head of Augustus, with the legend of CAESAR cos. VII. civibvs servateis, and on the reverse the words avgvstvs s. c. with the type of an Eagle, whose wings are expanded, and who stands on an oaken crown, behind which are two branches of laurel. — A denarius of the Caninia family bears a type which alludes to the same event. The s. c. observes Eckhel, in this coin, “ shews both Ciesar called Augustus, Senatus 506 LAUREA CORONA. Consul to, and by the same law decreed the oaken wreath and the laurels. Illustrating the voice of Pliny, that Augustus having put an end to the civil wars of Rome, accepted a civic crown from the human race.” — vol. vi. p. 58. Dion further mentions that after the death of Drums, Augustus carried the laurel into the temple of Jupiter Feretrius, prater con- suetudinem Romanam, and that ascending to the capital, he took otf the laurel from the fasces and placed it on the lap of Jupiter. — L. liv. The head of Tiberius likewise occurs, on coins, adorned with a crown formed of laurel, which sign of the highest rank is known to have devolved to him from Julius Ciesar him- self, although it is also known that he wore it as a preservative against danger from lightning, conformably to “a vulgar error” of the ancients, which even Pliny adopts, and which encouraged the belief that the electric fluid never struck the laurel. His predecessor and relative Augustus is said to have had the same dread of thunder, and to have worn the laurel for the same reason. The numismatic portraits of succeeding emperors are crowned with laurel, generally tied rouud the head with a fascia or tillct, of which the ends hang down behind. The laurealed ornament of the Imperial head does not appear beyond the reign of Constantine. It is indeed found as far down as on coins of his son, accompanied with the title of Caesar ; but afterwards the Augusti assumed the diadem, the use of which Constantine had already intro- duced, as may be seen ou the chief portion of their coins. — -See Diadem. Upon a medal of Probus we see the laurel between two Victories. The laurel appears in the hands of Pietas, of Securitas, of C/ementia, on medals of Tiberius, of Helena, wife of Con- stantius Chlorus, Ac. Two laurels before the paflace of the Emperor Augustus are given amongst others by Oisclius, plate 92. — The laurel is also to be remarked on coins of the Asia, Caninia, Claudia, Cornelia, and Junia families ; and tbc Emperors Augustus, Nero, Vespasian, Domitian, Nerva, Ac. The same type also exhibits itself on coins of Trajan, Caracalla, Trcboniauus Gallus, Volusinnus, JSmilianus, Valerianus, Gallicnus, and Quiutillus, The branch of laurel is sometimes in the hand of another figure, but often in the hands of the Emperor. The laurel crown is observable on coins of colonics, families, and emperors, from Julius Ciesar to Honorius, sometimes by itself, some- times containing an inscription within it ; at others with the addition of emblems ; or placed . on the head of a figure. — The laurel in the [ band of Victory, or of Jove, of Minerva, and other figures appears ou coins of the Cordia, | Julia, and Sallust in families ; and in the Imperial series on those of Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus, Caracalla, Ac. — The laurel in the beak of an eagle appears on coins of the Emperors Geta, Macrinus, Gallicnus, LAURENTIA NICA. Probus, Licinius, and Julian the Apostate. — The laurel branch in the hand of Apollo is a frequent type on coins of Trajan, Caracalla, Trebonianus Gallus, Volusianus, iEmilianus, Valerianus, Gallicnus, Quiutillus. L. AVREL. Lucius Aurelius. — Sec Corn- modus. L. AVREL. COMMOD. GERM. SARM. Lucius Aurelius Commodus Germanicus Sar- maticus. LAVRENTIA NICA.— Amongst the Con- toruiate medals described by Eckhel from the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, is one bearing on its obverse the head and superscription of Nero ; and on its reverse the above legend. The type represents an instrument, composed of pipes ranged in regidar order, joined together, and descending in size, as the pipes of Pan are represented. Near it stands the figure of a man holding out something similar to a fan. The legend expresses a wish that Laurcntius (the organ player) may succeed or conquer. All the learned, in explaining this and similar medals (of which Havercamp has given engrav- ings in his Dissertatio de Nummis Conlomiatis), agree iu pronouncing the type in question to be tiiat of a musical organ, thus exhibiting the image of a machine already known to the ancients, and which serves also in our age for various uses. This organ was also of two kinds, the hydraulic, which was worked by water, and the pneumatic, in w hich bellows, or a ball filled with wiud (follis) was employed. Of the former more frequent mention is made by ancient authors. — “ Nero,” says Suetonius (in allusion to the eccentric manner in which that prince trifled away time which ought to have been devoted to state affairs), “ Nero, at the sug- gestion of those who were now really his greatest enemies, spent the principal part of the day in shewing the first men of the city certain hydraulic instruments ( organa ) of a novel and hitherto unknown description.” — Testimony of a more definite kind, adds Eckhel, is to be found on this subject in Thcodorctus (de Pro- vident. Oral. 3.) For it was, says that writer, “ of the same construction as the organ com- posed of brass tubes (or trumpets), and blown into by bellows, which when put in motion by the fingers of the player produces those har- monic modulations.” It would seem that the hydraulic were on LECTISTERNIUM. a small, what the pneumatic organs were on a larger scale. — “ Athenseus (observes Millin) in the chapter wherein he treats of musical instru- ments, speaks of an hydraulic organ, and in a way which proves that it was sufficiently small to be capable of beiug transported from place to place like the hand organs of our Savoyards. The same passage informs us that the people were in extacy when at a fair they heard un- expectedly an instrument of this description.” L. CAN. Lucias Caninius. — Name and pre- nomen of a man. L. D. — Letters inscribed on tablets, exhibited in a denarius of the Coelia family, to signify the words Libero Damno, in giving votes at elections. — i,n, a mint-mark, Lugdunum. LE. Lepidus, Lectisternium, a species of sacrifice, at which, in times of great public calamity, the Gods themselves were invited to a solemn feast. Their statues were taken from their pedestals, and they were laid on pulvinaria, or lecti., that is to say, on beds prepared purposely for their reception in the temples, with pillows under their heads, and in this posture they were each day of the festival served with a magnificent banquet, which the priests never failed to clear away in the evening. There were tables set out in all the different quarters of the city, to which every one, without distinction, was admitted. The festival, whilst it lasted, was a signal for reconciliation, and an occasion of universal good-will, in which enemies were treated as friends, and liberty was given to all prisoners and captives. This ceremony was appointed by the order of magistrates called Quindecemvin sacris faciendis, and the feast was prepared by those who went under the appellation of Septemviri epulones, or Epulones. The first celebration of the kind was held by Duumvirs, in the year 356, after the foundation of Rome. — Livy (in his xxii. book, cap. x.) gives an account of the most splendid leclisternia, reckoning in them the twelve principal cities. Turn lectisternium, says he, per triduum habitum decemviris sacrorum curantibus ; sex pulvinaria in conspectu fuere: Jovi et Junoni unum ; alterum Neptuno ac Minerva; ; tertium Marti et Veneri, quartum Apollini ac Diana ; quint um Vulcano et Vesta; sextum Mercurio et Cereri. — The word lectisternium signifies the act of making or preparing beds. It is derived from lectus, a bed, and sternere, to raise, prepare, spread. The word also designates sometimes the bed itself, on which was placed the statue of the divinity in honour of whom the above-mentioned ceremony of the lectistcm was celebrated. — A true representation of a lecti- sternium, with the recumbent figure of Jupiter upon it, is seen on a denarius of the Coelia family, with the inscription l. cai.dvs virviR Epvl. Septemvir Epulonum . — In further numis- matic illustration of this subject, it may be mentioned that a medal of Caracalla’s, struck by the colony of Sinope (c. I. a. v. sinop.) exhibits in the attitude of lying on a lectisternium, Jupiter, who has a calathus on his head, an 3 T 2 LECTISTERNIUM.— LEGEND. 507 eagle on his right hand and a hasta in his left. — The same deity is in like manner figured on a coin of Pergamus. By Jupiter’s side a woman is seated, and there is also a young man who seems to wait at table. * Lectisternium. — We also see this represented on medals of Marcus Aurelius, Lucilla, Alexander Severus, and Philip senior, whereon Fortune, Isis, or some other female figure is seated. — On a coin of Nero, there is upon this prepared bed of honour a woman who offers food out of a small vase to a serpent. — Some authors consider this figure to be meant for Hygcea ; others refer the type to Agrippina, mother of Nero, who was desirous of passing with the Roman people for Hygcia Salutaris — the health-giving Goddess. — On the medals of Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, &c., there are lectisterns on which a thunderbolt is placed. Several coins of the Elder Faustina present a lectistern, w r ith a peacock having its tail spread, and the hasta pura, or sceptre of divinity. These medals evidently refer to the apotheosis of that Empress, the wife of Anto- ninus, indicated sometimes by the word ivnoni reginae, in others by that of consecratio. — A coin of Faustina the younger, in first brass, saecvli felicit. s. c., has for its type a lectistern, on w'hich are seated two young children, viz., Commodus and Annius Verus, who were twins. The same legend Saeculi Felicitas (the happiness of the age) occurs also in silver. — On a coin of Septimius Severus appear the lectisternium and the corona laurea, both of them insignia of the Emperor’s con- secration. LEG. Legatus, a Lieutenant or Deputy. — l, eg. avg. pr. r. LEG atus AXGusti P ro- Vratore. Lieutenant of the Emperor for the Pnctor. LEG. Legio, the Roman Legion. Legend. — By this appellation numismatists distinguish the words engraved on coins around heads and types, from the inscription which, on the contrary, is an assemblage of wwds that hold, in the area, or middle, of the medal, the place of a type. After this distinction, it may he said that each medal bears two legends, that of the head and that of the reverse. The former generally serves no other purpose than to make known the personage represented, by his proper name, by his offices, or by certain surnames which his alleged good qualities have assigned for him. The second is destined to publish. 508 LEGEND. whether justly or unjustly, his virtues and his tine actions ; or to perpetuate the remembrance of advantages derived through his means to the empire ; and also of the glorious monuments which serve to dedicate his name to immortality. Sometimes great actions are expressed on medals, either in a natural manner, or by symbols, which the legend explains. It is thus that on a medal of Trajan, which shews that prince putting the crown on the head of the Parthian King, we find the legend to he rex partuis dat vs. (a King given to the Parthians). On the other hand, by a symbol, the victories of Julius and of Augustus in Egypt are repre- sented by a crocodile chained to a palm-tree, with the words : — aegypto capta. A considerable number of legends arc only the explanations of symbols which form the types of medals, intended to proclaim the virtues of priuces, together with certain events of their life, the honours decreed to them, the services rendered by them to the state, the monuments of their glory, the deities they professed in an especial manner to worship, and from whom they believed, or pretended to believe, that they had received particular protection. The legend of a medal, therefore, is (so to speak) the key to its type, which without it would sometimes be with difficulty explained. Amongst Roman medals, the types of those of the first Emperors are always studiously chosen, and applied from some motive which the legend reveals to us. In the lower empire, on the contrary, the same types and the same legends | are continually and without discrimination re- curring under all the Emperors. The legends | which express the benefits conferred on the cities, and spread over the provinces of the ! empire, are generally very short and simple; | without being on that account the less mag- I nificent; such as conservator vrbis svae (the saviour of his city) ; kestitvtor vrbis — \ hispaniae — gali.iae, &c. (the Prince who has re-established the City, Spain, Gaul, &c.) ; i saevs generis humani (the safety of the j human race) ; exvperator omnivm gentivm (the conqueror of all the nations) ; roma kenascens (Rome reviving), &c. The par- | ticular acts of public benefit conferred by the reigning prince are sometimes more distinctly | expressed in the legends of Imperial medals, as I HEMISSA dvcentesima. — Legends also oeca- [ sionally point to events peculiar to a province, j when they are represented only by ordinary | symbols, such as a military' trophy, a figure of I Victory, &c. At other times the legend speci- fically indicates the victory and over whom it was gained. Thus on a medal of Claudius the I legend tells us of the glorious reception which J the soldiers of his army gave to that Emperor. In the same manner, the unusual mark of favour shewn to Nero, whilst he was ns yet only Princeps Juventutis (Prince of the Roman Youth), in admitting him a member of all the sacerdotal colleges is a fact which has been pre- served by the legend Sacerdo s co-opt at us in omnia collegia supra numerum. — In a coin of 1 LEGEND. Philip senior, there is this legend, pax FVNTUTA cvm persis (Peace concluded with the Persians); by which that Emperor has left us a monument of the pacific treaty which he made' with the people of that powerful monarchy. — The legends of some coins shew', as has already been hinted, the professed attachment of certain princes for particular deities. For example, we become acquainted with the marked veneration of Numerianus for Mercury, from the circumstance of several medals of that Emperor exhibiting on their reverse the legend PIETAS AY Oust i, round a figure of Mercury. — Jupiter was the tutelary deity of Diocletian ; and we see on medals of that prince the legends of j IOVI co.nservatori ; iovi propvgnatori (to Jupiter the Preserver; to Jupiter the Defender). This Emperor also took the surname of Jovius. — Gordianus Pius, having gained a battle by the firmness of his soldiers, who would not abandon their position, caused a medal to be struck which has for its legend iovi statori. The | good fortune of the Roman Emperors is often j recorded, in a dedicatory form, on their coins. 'llie names of particular legions are also re- I corded in the legends of medals which likewise I make known the names of public games, the ‘ vows for the Emperors ; their titles, alliances, adoptions, &c. It is by means of these legends that we also ascertain how long their gratitude lasted, who, having received the empire from | their father, or from their predecessor who had adopted them, soon afterwards quitted the name and quality of son, which they had at first most eagerly assumed. — Trajan began his reign by joining to his own name that of Ncrva, whose successor he was by adoption. Sometimes, how- ever, cither ambition or vanity prompted certain emperors to retain and even to assume the names of princes, whose memory was cherished by the people. Accordingly we find that of Antoninus used by six Emperors down to Elagabalus. The circumstance of this name having become common to several princes, has indeed occa- sioned much difficulty in numismatic researches. The natural position of the legend is along the round of the medal, within the engrailed ring, commencing from left to right ; there are instances also in w hich it is read from right to left ; and even where it is partly to the left, partly to the right. Some legends appear only on the exergue (see the word) ; or upon two parallel lines, one above the type, the other at the bottom ; sometimes they are placed across ; at other times saltier- wise. LEG. Legio. — Legion, the body of soldiers thus named by the Romans, was composed of cavalry and infantry', but the number of which it consisted differed considerably at different cpochas. Under the republic, the legions were commanded by one of the consuls, and by their lieutenants. Under the emperors they were commanded by a prefect us exercituum. In the earliest ages of Rome, when the number of the legion did not exceed three thousand foot- soldiers, there were only three tribunes in each. But when afterwards the legion was augmented LEGIONS. LEGIONS. 509 to four thousand and five thousand, that of the tribunes was carried to six ; and on a further increase to six thousand infantry, the number of tribunes was increased again, even to sixteen. Each manipu/us or division of two hundred men, had for its chief an officer named ducenarius ; and he who commanded a century, or one hundred men, was called a centurion. Each legion had for its general ensign an eagle with stretchcd-out wings.- 1 - | The cavalry which belonged to each legion bore the name of aleror took place in his second Consulate. The third Consulate ! offers two following each other. Capitolinus in I many passages of his history notices the cov- giaria and the donatives bestowed by Antonine, and vini, o/ei, et tri/ici, penuriam per aerarii j sui d annul emendo, et gratis poputo dando, sedarit. But he mentions these generally with- out making mention of the time. Of these liberalities, however, which the coins in question extol, one doubtless seems to have been that of which Capitolinus speaks thus — Suptias Jitue sutr Faustina usque ad donalivum mititum ceteberrimas fecit. LIBERALITAS COS. IIII. AVG. IIII. or V.— LIBERALITAS AVG. V.—Ou first brass of Antoninus Pius. Similar type to the pre- ceding medals, except that here the pnctorian prefect stands behind the Augustus. LIB. IIII. COS. IIII. — A woman stands with the tabarum in her right hand and a cornucopia: in her left. — Silver coin of Antonine. According to Capitolinus, on the day when Verus took the toga v iritis, Antoninus Pius dedicated the temple of his father and was liberal to the people. This silver coin, in which Liberalitas is represented as holding the splendid tabarum instead of the accustomed tessera, teaches us that the liberality of the Emperor was also extended to the soldiers, as indeed is testified by Capitolinus, who, however, takes no notice of the time : Congiarium poputo dedit, militibus donalivum addidil. LIBERALI (tas Aug. Cos. mi.) — A woman standing, holding in her right hand a tessera, and in her left a labarum, in which is VI. — First brass of Antoninus Pius. LIBERALiVflj AVG. II.; in others III, ; in others IIII. — Liberality is standing (in the field of the coin a star). — Elagabalus. Silver and second brass. — On a first brass medal of the same Emperor he is figured seated on an estrade distributing gifts. This vile youth profaned and degraded the name of Liberality by having two about the year a.d. 220 ; but the cause of them is not assigued. — Thus much is known on the authority of Lampiidius that the mad -brained monster caused a species of lottery tickets to be dis- tributed amongst the people, which assigned to “ the fortunate holders” ten camels, or ten pounds (libra-) of gold, or as many pounds of lead, Sic. ; whilst other lots appropriated to those who drew them ten bears, ten dormice, ten lettuces, &c., whereby the populace, whether desirous of gain or of amusement, were abundantly delighted. LIBERALITAS. LIBERAL. AVG. TR. P. COS. II. SC.— The Emperor seated oil an estrade ; in advance of him, on the right hand, is the personification of Liberality ; behind him stands the praetorian prefect ; a figure is ascending the staves of the raised platform. — On a first brass of Pertiuax this legend and type appear, and with apparent fidelity and truth, for Capitolinus observes' that the donatives and congiaria which G'ommodus had promised Pertinax distributed. — [There is also a second brass of Pertinax with the same legend, but the type is simply that of Liberality standing.] LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI. III. S.C.— The Emperor seated on a suggestum, two figures standing behind him, the statue of the goddess at his right hand, and a figure ascending from below. — On a first brass of Alexander Severus, under whom were struck other coins in each metal, recording a fourth act of similar munifi- cence, and on which seven, and even eight figures are seen at the foot of the estrade. — The illustration selected is taken from a medallion of this Emperor. LIBERALITAS AVG. or AVGVSTI— On a first brass of Maximinus the emperor is repre- sented sitting on a curulc chair surmounting a platform on which are three other figures ; and there arc several small ones at the foot of the suggestum. LIB Libertas. — LIB. AVG. Libertas Au- gusti, or Augusta. LIBERATIS CIVIBVS. — ToCitizensrestored to Liberty. — This inscription, which appears on a rare silver coin of Pertinax, is new to the Roman mint ; but its meaning is obvious, as struck by the virtuous prince who restored Rome to liberty, after the tyranny of Commodus had been abolished. It is, however, more difficult to find any agreement between the epigraph and the type of this medal, which is simply the usual one of Liberality (a woman with tessera and cornucopia). It appears that by this reverse only the liberality of Pertiuax is indicated, which has been noticed on a preceding medal, but which was the more agreeable to the Roman people, because it was a liberality no longer bestowed on citizens oppressed with tyranny, but granted at length liberatis civibus — to freemen. LIBERATOR ORBIS. — The Liberator of the World. — This new title, and sufficiently LIBERATOR. 517 assumptive, appears on a third brass of Con- stantine the Great, the type which it accompanies being that of the Emperor on horseback with his right hand raised, and a lion crouching under his horse’s feet. — Eckhel refers it to the successes of Constantine over cither his rivals or the barbarians whose incursions were pernicious to the whole Roman world, and who there- fore on this medal are shadowed forth under the image of a lion trampled upon by a horse- man. LIBERATOR REIPVBLICAE.— Thislcgend is found on a gold coin of Magncntius, who is typified on the reverse as on horseback, ottering his right haud to a woman turret-crowned, hold- ing a palm branch aud cornucopiie. — It forms one amongst several medals struck under this usurper, in which, prematurely enough, he boasts of himself as the liberator of the republic, the renovator of the Imperial City, and the restorer of the liberties of the Roman World, chiefly grounded on his victory over Nepotianus, who only imitated him in assuming the purple, and in acting with great cruelty during a short career. LIBERI IMP. GERM. AVG. Liberi Im - peratoris Germanici Augusti. — This legend appears on an elegant gold coin of Vitellius, which has for the type of its reverse the naked heads of that Emperor’s two sons, looking towards each other. The names of these chil- dren are not known. Of one of them Tacitus speaks (Hist, ii.) in reference to the time when reports were sent to Vitellius respecting the death of Nero : — “ Mox universum exer- citum occurrere inf anti filio jubet : perlainm, et paludamento opertum, sinu relinens , Ger- manicum appel/avit.” — According to Suetonius, he perished at the same time with his father and uncle. LIBERI IMP. AVG. VESPASm«aj— The heads of Titus and Domitian, on a silver coin of Vespasian. This reverse is taken from the above cited coin of Vitellius, except that the faces in the latter look towards, and these look from, each other. Titus and Domitian are here called the children of the Emperor Vespasian ; their mother was Flavia Domitilla ; and each in his turn reigned after the father, but both died without male issue. There is another rare and elegant silver coin of Vespasian, with the same legend, but of which the type consists of two veiled figures standing, each holding in his right hand a patera. These represent Titus and Domitian, on whom their father conferred the honours of the priesthood, in the anticipation of their future succession to the empire. This custom was borrowed from the example of Augustus, in his adoption of Caius and Lucius, on w'hich occasion that Emperor placed the one amongst the Pontiffs and the other amongst the Augurs. L1BERIS AVG usti COL. A. A. P.— The Colonia Augusta Aroe Palrensis (in Achaia) is pronounced by Vaillant, and confirmed by 618 LI BERTAS. Eckhcl, to have struck a second brass coin, which throws a light on the domestic history of Claudius. On the obverse is that Emperor’s image and superscription ; on the reverse is the uncovered head of Britannicus between the heads of his sisters Antonia and Octavia, placed on a cornucopia: — a proof of the fecundity of the Imperial house. — See Patrae Col. LIBERT. Liberia!. — This word appears behind the head of the Goddess of Liberty, on a silver coin of the Cassia family. LI BERTAS. — Liberty is represented in two ways on coins : the one as a woman with a naked head, which is the image of Roman Liberty ; the other having her head covered with a veil, and adorned with a diadem, is the effigy of the Goddess of Liberty, whose temple was on Mount Avcntine. The veil is in this case the token of divinity, as indeed the diadem is the ornament of a goddess. — Liberty is repre- sented not only on Consular medals, but also w'ith considerable frequency on those of the Imperial series. The head, of Liberty is the type of many medals of Roman families ; she is crowned with an olive garland in Licinia; with laurel in Junia, Pedania, Servilia, Vibia ; and her head-dress in different styles on coins of the Csecilia, Cassia, Cousidia, Junia, Petillia, Porcia, Postumia, Sempronia, Silia, and Valeria families; she appears veiled on the denarii of the .Emilia, Calpurnia, Crcpusia, Lollia, Lutatia, Mamilia, Marcia, and Sulpicia families ; and she is both veiled and laureated on a medal of the Scstia family. — On the greater part of the denarii, struck by the conspirators against Cmsar, we sec the head of Liberty, sometimes ornamented, at other times veiled. “ By this symbol (says Milliu) they intended to shew that they had taken up arms only to deliver Rome from the tyranny of Julius ; whilst on the other hand even Caesar himself pretended also that to avenge the liberty of the Roman people was his sole object.” — On a celebrated silver coin the head of M. Brntus appears on one side ; and on the other a cap between two daggers, with this historically interesting inscription EID/Awr MAR/uj; “to the Ides of March,” the day of Caesar’s murder. — Dion Cassius (in the 25th chap, of his 47th book) also acquaints us that Brutus caused coins to be struck, of which the type was simdar to the one above described.. The same writer adds that by this type and by a medal bearing the legend of mrertas p.r. rest. (Liberty restored to the Roman people), Brutus wished to shew that, conjointly w'ith Cassius, he had restored the liberty of bis country. — See ElD. mar. — m. brvtvs — and Junia family. Liberty is often depicted under the figure of a woman standing, with a hat or cap (pileus) in her right hand, and holding in her left a hasta, or perhaps that particular wand which the Romans called rudis or vindirta, with which slaves were slightly struck, at the moment of their emancipation. Under this form and with such attributes she is seen on medals of Claudius, LIBERTAS. Vitellius, Galba, Vespasian, Nerva, Trajan, Marciaua, Hadrian, Antoninc, Commodus, Severus, Caracalla, Gcta, Elagabalus, Alexander Scverus, Mamma, Gordiauus Pius, Trajanus Decius, Trebouianus Gallus, and Claudius Gothi- cus. — On a medal of Hadrian we see Liberty seated, holding in the left hand a branch, and in the right a spear. — A coin of Galba shews us this Goddess standing, w'ith a horn of plenty in the left hand, holding in her right the pi/eus or cap of liberty. — On a coin of Antoninus Pius she holds a patera in her right hand. — On a medal of Clodius Macer, and on a gold coin of Galba, restored by Trajan, she holds a cap in the right and the patera in the left hand. — The pileus held in the right and the cornucopia: in the left are the attributes of Liberty on coius of Antoninus, Elagabalus, Volusiauus, Gallienus, Quintillns, Aurelianus, Julianus the usurper, and Julianas II. LIBERTAS AVG usta (August Liberty), or LIBERTAS AVG ustorum (the Liberty of the Emperors), “who called it freedom when them- selves were free.” We find the title of mb. p. r. (the Liberty of the Roman people), indis- criminately expressed on coins of Galba, Vitellius, Vespasian, Nerva, Hadrian, Antoniue, Commodus, Gordianus Pius, Treb. Gallus, and Gallienus, as if libektas pvbLlCAand mbebtas restitvta were epigraphs applicable to the political state of the Roman Commonwealth under the best and mildest of those princes, even a Nerva, or an Antoniue. Liberty is a type especially repeated on the medals of Galba ; a circumstance not sur- prising, when it is considered that after the death of Nero the people testified so lively a joy, and so fully believed that the republic was re-established, that according to the testimony of Suetonius, they ran through the streets, their heads covered with the cap of liberty. Liberty, in a biga, appears on coins of the Crepusia, Mamilia, and Marcia families; and in a quadriga on a denarius of the family Cassia ; she sometimes holds a cap with one hand and the reins of the horses in the other, or otherwise she holds the reins with both hands. — On a silver coin of L. Dolabclla, in the Cornelia family, a figure of Victory flying through the air offers a crown to Liberty. LIBERTAS. Head of Liberty. — Reverse. brvtvs. — Procession of the Consul, between two lictors, preceded by the accensus, a public officer of Rome, appointed to call courts aud assemblies. — On a silver coin of M. brvtvs. — See the name. LIBERTAS. Head of Liberty. — Reverse. P opu/o Kama no RESTtlula. — The pileus or cap of Liberty, between two daggers.— On another denarius of M. brvtvs. — See the name. LEI BERTAS for LIBERTAS.— The head of a female crowned with a nimbus or glory ; on others veiled besides — On a denarius of C. Cassius Longinus, the colleague of Brutus, who here places the head of Liberty on his medals, because he had taken up arms in her cause. LIBERTAT1S. — Sec Lollia gens. LIBERTAS. LIBERTAS AVGVSTA S. C.— The goddess standing, holds the pileus in her right hand, and extends her left — This legend and type LIBERTAS. 519 appear on a second brass of Claudius, as if he had restored liberty to the Republic after Caligula’s tyranny and oppression. LIBERTATIS P. R. VINDEX.— ' This flatter- ing title — Vindicator of the Liberty of the Roman People — appears on the obverse of a silver medallion of that Liberticide, Augustus ! So much for Roman flattery. It is, however, the only instance in which the adopted son of the great Julius received such adulation on a coin, and none of the succeeding emperors offer on their respective coins a similar example. — The reverse of this coin exhibits a female figure, holding a caduceus ; near to which is an altar with a serpent on it. The word pax is in the field of the coin, and the whole is within a laurel garland. LIBERTAS P. R.— The Liberty of the Roman People. — This legend appears on a denarius of Galba, which presents the image of Liberty in an unusual attitude. She is depicted under the form of a woman standing between two corn ears, and raising her hands towards heaven. — “ It seems (says Eekhel) that this type involves a fine allegory, namely, that Liberty exhorts the people to devote themselves anew to the pursuits of agriculture, after the extinction of that execrable tyranny with which Nero had desolated the empire — as if in joyful accents she exclaimed to the Roman husbandmen, with Maro : — “Pascite ut ante boves, pueri, submittite tauros." LIBERTAS RESTITVTA. S.C.— The restor- ation of liberty is for the first time typified on a first brass of Galba, by a group representing that Emperor standing, in the toga, and raising up a kneeling female figure, whilst a soldier stands behind him, allusive to the freedom of the Roman people rescued from destruction by the death of Nero, and the accession of Galba. This coin of Galba evidently formed the prototype from which Hadrian afterwards took his tvpes in reference to restored provinces. On a first brass of Hadrian, with the same legend, we sec the Emperor seated on an estrade, below which stands a woman, who offers in her left hand a child to the Emperor.— Eekhel expresses himself at a loss to know what this type signifies, unless it be to what Spartianus mentions : Libens proscriptoruni duodecimo s bonorum concessit. LICI. Licinius. — LICIN. Licinianus. Licinia. A plebeian family. Its surnames on coins are Crassus , Macer , Murena , Nerva , Stoto. From this stock many illustrious branches, adorned by men of consular and pontifical dignity, have sprung, as the above appellations serve to impart. — There are silver medals bear- ing the name of this family amongst those struck by the moneyers of Augustus. — The brass pieces are the As, or its parts, and some are also by the moneyers of Augustus. — There are thirty-one varieties. Silver and first brass rare ; the rest common. Ihe following denarius of this family, bearing the surname of Crassus, is rare : — The head of Venus : behind which is S. C. Rev. p. crassvs M. f. — A soldier standing, holds in his left hand a spear and buckler, with his right he holds a horse by the bridle. I his silver coin appears to have been struck by P. Crassus, the son of Marcus Crassus, killed by the Parthians, and who himself lost his life in the same war ; but who, previously to the Parthian war, followed the camp of C®sar in the Gallic war, as the latter often testifies in his Commentaries. Whether this denarius, as some have supposed, was struck by him whilst he was qumstor in Gaul, or at another time, is un- certain. — The type of the reverse is believed to allude to the ceremony of the transvectio equi, or parading of the liorse, accustomed to be performed before the Censor, thus recalling to remembrance an ancestral honour, for both his father and grandfather w r ere censors. — See Spanheim, tom. ii. p. 99. The following denarius of the same family, under the surname of Stoto, is also rare : — avgvstvs tr. pot. — Augustus on horseback, holding a garland in his right hand. Rev. The pontifical Apex between two ancilia, with p. stolo iirviB, — On first and second 520 LICINIUS. LITUUS. brass of Augustus we read p. licinivs stolo IIIVIR. This Licinius, who, as tribune of the people, caused a law to be passed, prohibiting any Roman citizen from possessing more than five hundred acres of laud, was, according to Varro, called Stolo, because he bestowed so much care in cultivating his land, that no one could find a stolo, or off-shoot of a plant, on his farm. — One of this man’s descendants was Stolo, whom these coins shew to have been a monetal triumvir of Augustus — Vaillant is of opinion that on these denarii Augustus is exhibited on his return from Syria, entering the city with the honours of an ovation, because without bloodshed he had recovered Roman citizens and standards from the Parthians, as Dion relates ; to which event the reverse type is also thought to bear reference, for these military standards were hung up in the temple of Mars Ultor, whose flamen, or priest, wore the apex, and whose duty it was to preserve the ancilia. — See the word. Licinius ( Publius Flavius Claudius Galerius Valerius Licinianus) was born of an obscure family in Dacia, a.d 263 : distinguished him- self against the Persians. — Upon the death of Severus II., he was named C®sar and Augustus by Galerius Maximianus, who associated him in , the empire, a.d. 307, and assigned Pannonia and Rhcetia to his government. — Covetous, and of infamous habits, he cruelly persecuted the Christians. In 313 he espoused Constantia, | the sister of Constantine the Great, and daughter of Constantius Chlorus. The same year he defeated Maximinus Daza, and reigned with Constantine ; caused the deaths of Valeria and Prisca ; made war upon Constantine ; was beaten at Cibalis in 314, and was offered terms by the victor; declared his son Licinius, Caesar ; and again appealed to arms against Constantine, by whose generals he was defeated at Adrianople, in 323, and at Chalccdon ; shortly afterwards he sur- rendered himself at Thcssalonica, where, by order of Constantine, he was strangled a.d. 324 — The style of this prince on his coins (which are very rare in all metals except second and third brass) is imp. c. oal. val. licin. licinivs P. P. avg. — The coins published by Banduri, on which Licinius is styled Ciesar only, when it would appear that Galerius had first given him that title alone, arc regarded by Eckhel to be either false or to belomr to Licinius jun. Licinius (Ft. Val. Licinian.) the younger, son of the elder Licinius, by Constantia, was born a.d. 315, and declared Cassar a.d. 317 ; a prince of great promise ; but the victim of Constantine’s policy, he was stripped of his title on the death of his father in 323, and put to death in 326. His style is LICINIVS IVN. NOB C ttsar — also Ft., vai, licinianvs licisivs nob. caes. — On the same coin with j his father it is dd. nn. iovii licinii. invict. avg. et. caes. — His gold and silver are very rare ; brass medallions still rarer ; third brass very common. Lictores. — Lictors, officers established by Romulus, after the example of the Etruscans. They were usually taken from the dregs of the people, but were nevertheless free, and some- times emancipated by the magistrates they served. Their functions were various : — 1st. They walked in procession before the magistrates with fasces, composed of axes and rods. 2nd. They gave notice to the people to render to the magistrates the honour due to them. 3rd. They walked before the magistrates, not two and two, nor confusedly, but ranged one after the other in single file. 4th. When the magistrates pronounced these words : — I, Lictor, adds virgas reo, et in eum lege age, they struck the guilty person with rods, and cut off his head. The Dictator had twenty-four of these officers in attendance on him ; the Master of the Horse six ; the Consul twelve ; the Praetor six. A denarius of the Junia family, bearing on its reverse the head of Liberty, exhibits on its obverse a group of four figures, considered to represent the sons of Junius Brutus, guarded by the lictors. — See brvtvs. A Lictor standing with the virga or rod is seen ou a brass coin of Antoninus — also on a second brass Liberalitas of Alexander Severus. — See likewise the denarius inscribed provoco. L. I. MIN. RESTITVTA. Legio 'Pnma Minercia Resliluta. — On a brass coin of Aure- olus, who is figured joining hands with Minerva, a palm branch being between them both. — Banduri, i. p. 328. Lit u us Augurum, the augural staff, like a Bishop’s crosier, but shorter, which the augur held in his haud, whilst describing and measuring off the different regions of the sky, is found on a denarius of the Licinia family, bearing the portrait of Numa Pompilius — and also is seen behind the head of King Ancus, on a denarius of the Marcia family, inscribed ancvs. Ancus Martins being the kiug who restored from their neglected state the institutions of religiou which Numa had formed. — The same augural instru- ment appears on coins of Julius Cwsar, M. Antony, Lepidus, Augustus, Caius Lucius, and Caligula, — frequently accompanied with other religious utensils, such as the prsefericulum, secespita, &c. The Lituus Auguralis, or pontifical symbol, also appears on coins of Vespasian, Nerva, Hadrian, Antonine, M. Aurelius, Commodus, Elagabalus, Gordianus Pius, Maximus Caesar, Philippus junior, Herennius, Hostiliauus, Volu- sianus, and other Emperors. — The Lituus is like- wise observed on medals of the Annia, Cassia, Cornelia, Domitia, and other Roman families. Lituus Militaris, a military instrument, so called from its resemblance to the augural lituus, was a species of curved trumpet, which served in camps to mark, by its sounding, the day and night watches of the soldiers. In the Junia family, a denarius exhibits on its reverse two of these military him, placed crosswise, with bucklers at top and bottom. A silver coin of the same LIYIA. family bears for type Jupiter in a quadriga, holding a military hi tins ■ as does Mars, on a coin of the Domitia family — Two military litui appear placed with shields and spears, on a coin of Marcus Aurelius. Lima Brasilia, also called Julia, was the daughter of Livius Calidiauus of the Claudia family, and the fourth wife of Augustus. She first was espoused to Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she was yielded up to Augustus, who divorced his third wife Scribonia in order to marry her; she being already mother of Tiberius, and pregnant with Nero Drusus. Handsome, and of great abilities, yet proud, cruel, and unprincipled, she compassed the deaths of Augustus’s heirs, Marcellus, Agrippa junior, and Germanicus, in order to raise her son Tiberius to the imperial throne. The coins of this princess, of Roman mintage, do not hear her portrait. She is represented as JVSTITU, as pietas, and as salvs, on second brass (which are scarce) struck under Tiberius : the two latter restored by Titus. A first brass with the head of Justice is very rare. (See ivstitia ) It was after the death of Augustus that she took the name of Julia, and these pieces are of that epocha. — On Latin coins she is always styled ivlla avgvsta. — On some Greek medals she is called livia. — The legend avgvsta mater patriae is found ou a coin struck in her honour by some unkuown colony. LIVIAN. Livianus, surname of the ^Emilia family. Livineia, a plebeian family, whose surnames on coins are Regulus and Ga/his. Its medals present thirteen varieties, extremely rare in gold ; somewhat common in silver, except those pieces restored by Trajan : the third brass of this family are by the moneyers of Augustus, and are common. The following are among the few interesting denarii of the Livineia family : — h. regvlvs. PR. — The bare head of a young man, without beard. Rev. regvlvs. f. praef. vr. — A curide chair, upon which is a crown ; on each side are the fasces without axes. Same head. — Rev. Two men, with spears, fighting with a lion, a tiger, and a bull. — In the exergue l. regvlvs. The portrait on the obverse of these coins is certainly intended to represent some one of the more ancient Reguli, but which of them in particular does not seem to be blown. — Haver- camp thinks that the letters PR. following the word REGVLVS should be read Taler Reguli, because ou the reverse of the first coin we read REG\ LVS F ilius. — Eckhel clearly proves, how- ever, that there should be no point between the P and the R, as erroneously engraved in Morel], but that it should be read PR cetor. He, more- over, entertains no doubt of the epigraph of the reverse reading REGVLVS Y ilius, meaning the son of the Praetor Regulus. It is thus also ou coins of the Valeria family that we read MESSAL. F. — These coins, in the opinion of Havercamp, were struck by that L. Regulus, 3 X LOLLIA. 521 who, as may be implied from the addition PRAEF. VR., was one of the Prefects of the City, whom Julius Csesar, when he went to Spain, left at Rome (as Dion relates), and who assumed to themselves the jus lictorum et sellte curulis, as the coins of this Regulus seem to shew, unless perhaps the type in the above described denarii more correctly belongs to the Pnctorship of Regulus the father, especially as there are no axes (secures) to the fasces ; and we learn from Spauheim that such was the case with the fasces of the pratores urbani . — By the type of the combat of men with wild beasts, the magnificent gladiatorial shews, given by Julius Caesar, are probably indicated. LN., as a mint-mark, Lugdunum. Lollia, a plebeian family, having for its sur- name palikanvs. Its ’ coins offer twelve varieties, two of which deserve note, viz., one a denarius with legend libertatis and head of Liberty, and the other inscribed honoris, with laurcatcd head of Honour. libertatis. — The head of Liberty. Rev. palikanvs. — A portico, to the columns of which are affixed the beaks of ships, and on the top of which is placed a table. — The fore- going is Eckhel’s description of the type. — By Mionnct it is described as a bridge with several arches ; a table above, mid three galleys below. The brass pieces of this family were struck in Cyrenaica, by L. Lollius, one of the lieu- tenants of Augustus. honoris. — A juvenile head laureated. Rev. palikanvs. — A eurule chair between two ears of corn. The reverse of the first denarius exhibits the rostra Populi Romani, an appellation given to the suggestum, or elevated platform, constructed in the forum, and adorned with the beaks of galleys captured from the Antiates. The type is re- garded as referring to M. Lollius Palikauus, who, being tribune of the people in the year of Rome 684, succeeded, with the assistance of Pompey the Consul, in restoring to the tribune- ship its ancient power, of which Sylla had left the shadow without the substance. [See Tribunitia Potestas.] By the head of Liberty, therefore, the restoration of liberty to the Roman people is clearly indicated : whilst the rostra point to the place where the tribuni plebis were accustomed to speak on behalf of the assemblies of the people. LOCVPLETATORI ORBIS TERRARVM. S.C. (To him who enriches the world). — The Emperor Hadrian, seated on au eslrade, has 522 LUCILLA. Liberalitas beside him, who, from a horn of plenty, pours forth gifts into the bosoms of two figures standing beneath. The generosity and munificent largesses of Hadrian, after having been recorded many times on various coins and in divers ways, arc on the reverse of a first brass medal of great rarity, glorified altogether by the above splendid title — “ The Benefactor of the World”— a superlative the more remarkable, inasmuch as, neither before nor afterwards, js it found conferred on any other Emperor. — Dion Cassius at once illustrates and countenances the otherwise hyper- bolical character of this legend — locupletator orbis terrarum, in a passage wherein he says of this prince that he was accustomed to enrich whole provinces with his gifts, which were bestowed ou a crowd of citizens of all ranks and classes, and that he never waited to be asked, but bestowed his beneficence wherever the necessity of the case required it. — See Hadrian. Lollianus. — Sec Laelianus. LON. Longus. — Surname of a man. LONG VS is a surname common to many families of different races. It is an addition to the Casca branch of the Servilia family — CASCA LONGVS. Lorica, the cuirass of the Romans. This piece of defensive armour, which the ancients at first made of leather, was afterwards formed j of iron rings, and lastly of steel, brass, silver, 1 and even gold scales. The lorica squamece of the Emperors is frequently seen on their coins, j — See Bomitian, Severus, & c. L. P. D. AE. P. Lucius Papirius Besignatus JEdilis Plebis. — Plebeian Edile elect. — Vaillant in his coins of Families gives this as inscribed on a remarkable brass coin, having on one side Janus, and on the other the prow. L. R. Lucius Rubrius or Roscius. L. S. DEN. Lucius Sicinius Bentatus. — Prenomcn, name, and surname of a man. L. VAL. Lucius Valerius. — Preuomen and name. LVC1F. Lucifera. — Sec diana lvcifera.— LVNA I.VCIFEIIA. Lucilia, a plebeian family, whose cognomen [ is Rufus. It has only one type, winged head of Minerva, behind it a. fv., the whole within a laurel crown. — Rev. Victory in a biga, inscribed m. lvclli. rvf. Silver common. ( / ) Lucilia ( AnniaJ , daughter of Marcus Aurelius LUCIES.— LUCRETI. and of Faustina the younger. Handsome, and at first virtuous, she was married to Lucius Vcrus. Forsaken by him, she gave herself up to lewdness and excess. After Vcrus’s death, to which Lucilia is accused of having been an accessory,* she espoused Claudius Pompeianus, a Roman senator ; lived with Cominodus as his mistress ; abandoned by him she conspired against that tyrant, by whom she was exiled to Capreae, where she was shortly after put to death. She is styled on her coins (which in every; metal are more or less common), LVCILLAI AVGVSTA — and as the daughter of Marcus! Aurelius, LVCILLA AVG. M. ANTONI NI AVG. F ilia. The types of some of her brass medallions are of great beauty and rarity. She had children by her two husbands, and her medals often make allusion to her fecundity. LVCINA. — See ivno lvcina. LVCIO. — See caio et lvcio. Lucius, born seventeen years before Christ, was one of the sons of Agrippa, by Julia, daughter of Augustus, and with his elder brother Coins was adopted into the Julia yens, and at the same time into the family of the Caesars, by his grandfather Augustus, and was called Princeps Juventutis — Prince of the Roman youth, llis portrait appears on second brass colonial of Augustus (l. avg. or L. caes avg. f. princ. tWEN.) Sent to the army of Spain, he died on his way, at Marseilles (Massilia), a.d. 2 ; supposed to have fallen a victim to the poisouiny arts of Li\ia. LVC. or LVG. P.S. Lucduni, or Lugduni, pecunia signata . — Money struck at Lugdunum, now Lyons. LVCR. — LVCRETI — The name of Lucretius. — Sec Lucretia gens, a family extinct in its patrician branch ; but its plebeian cognomen of trio is preserved on eleven varieties of coins ; none, however, of any remarkable interest. The following is a rare denarius; but as restored by Trajan it is trebly rare : — I. Head of the Sun radiated. — Rev. The | crescent Moon between the Triones, or constella- tion of seven stars — L. i.vcreti trio. There is an elegant though by no means a scarce silver coin : — II. Head of Neptune, behind it a trident ami xxxi. — Rev. Cupid riding on the back of a dolphin, which he guides with a bridle — L. LVCRETI TRIO. It is evident that the seven stars, or Triones, arc placed on this family coin in allusion to its name. — Eckhcl adds, “ The symbols of the sun and inoon were, moreover, engraved on it, because those planets diffusing, as they do above all others, an abundant light, have a reference, in my opinion, to the name of Lucretius." Cupid mounted ou a dolphin is a doubtful subject on this second denarius of Lucretius. — Vaillant refers to the naval victory of Aemilius, Pnctor of Sicily ; bnt that eminent writer carries his perspicuity so far ns, from the numerals xxxi. which he secs near the head of Neptune, to gather the very number of ships /ci Lift hmnifi /. iCsiLLft 1 hp\iTiA-/L . LUDI ROMANI. captured ! Quis hac refutabit ? drily asks the unimaginative but sagacious Eckhel. LVD. Ludi, Ludis, Ludos. Ludi. Games. — Public sports or spectacles exhibited for the amusement of the people. These celebrations formed part of the religion of the ancients ; the games themselves were solemnized for the professed purpose either of appeasing the wrath of the gods, and meriting their favour ; or of invoking the blessing of health for the people, whose good graces were also sought to be conciliated by those who instituted and arranged them. — The Grecian states, in the ages of their independence, carried the system of holding public games to the highest point of national distinction. After- wards when Greece submitted to the Roman yoke, her conquerors encouraged this extravagant taste, which better suited their ambitious policy than to leave her to the galling thoughts of lost liberty. And from numismatic evidence, it woidd even appear that the provinces increased the number of their public games in the very ratio of their decreasing prosperity. — From the time of Septimius Severus, medals are fouud to indicate many new institutions of this sort, of which no preceding record had been made. Rut their number was never so great as under Valcriauus and Gallienus — that is to say, during reigns in which the Greek provinces of the empire were in the most neglected and ruinous state. Passing over (by no means as uninterest- ing but simply as exceeding the limits of a work expressly confined to Roman numismatics), those notices of Grecian games which Millin has so nobly given in his bictionaire des Beaux Arts, we proceed to enumerate and shall attempt con- cisely to explain the Ludi Romani. These re- ceived their respective appellations from the places where they were celebrated, as circensian and as scenic games ; or by the name of the deity to whom they were consecrated ; and these latter were divided into sacred games, and votive games, funeral games, and games of amuse- ment. The Plebeian Ediles had tbc manage- ment of the plebeian games. The Prator, or the Curulc Edile, took the direction of the games dedicated to Ceres, to Apollo, to Jupiter, to Cybele, and to the other principal deities, under the name of Ludi Megaleuses. Amongst this variety of public spectacles, there were some which were specially denominated Ludi Romani, and which were themselves divided into magni, and maximi. Ludi Publici, the public games which the Roman Emperors dedicated to the amusement of the people, were a species of feasts or holidays ; but it was not every public festivity that was accompanied by public games. On coins these ludi are very frequently noticed. — Besides being indicated by vases, whence spring palm branches, or over which appear crowns, they are dis- tinguished by legends, which for the most part exhibit either the name of the author, or that of the deity to whose honour they were insti- tuted. — Thus Nero is shewn to be the author of certain contests celebrated every fi'vc years by a 3X2 LUDI ROMANI. 623 coin bearing the inscription ceu. qvinq. kom. co. Cerlamen Quinquennale Roma Oon- stitulum. — See CEit. qvinq. kom. co. — And from a legend on a Greek coin of Caraealla, it is ascertained that at Ancyra in Galatia games had been celebrated in houour of Esculapius, in like manner with those already dedicated in the Isthmus of Corinth to Apollo. Ludorum Pramia, the prizes or symbols of public games, were the caduceus, the corona or garland, the laurel, the palm, vases, &c. The following are the only Roman games alluded to on medals with Latin inscriptions : — Ludi Apollinares, which w'ere instituted in Rome to the honour of Apollo by a Senatus consul turn, and celebrated for the first time in 543. These annual games consisted of horse- racing in the circus. Several coins of the Calpurnia family offer types which, in the head of Apollo, the laurel crown, the vase, and a horse at full gallop with its rider, are considered as having reference to the Apollinariau games, which were identical with the Pythian games of the Greeks. Ludi Cereales. — These games, common to Ceres and to Bacchus, were under the direction of the Curulc Ediles. Ludi Circenses. — The games of this name, borrowed from the Greek, were fust celebrated at Rome, when the Elder Tarquin built a circus between Mounts Aventine and Palatine. They commenced on the 23rd September, lasted five days, and five sorts of exercises, called Gymnici, were performed at them — viz., racing, pugilism, wrestling, the discus, and the dance. The procession from the Capitol to the Circus, on the opening day, was of the most imposing description. — A coin of Nerva records the games of the Circus in connection with their reputed founder, Neptune ; and an equally interesting allusion to them is found ou coins of Roman mintage, that which is inscribed on a coin of Hadrian, inscribed ANNo DCCCLXX1 II NAT ali VRB is Yritnum CIRcenses CON stituti, recording the revival and re-cstablishment, alter long disuse, of the Circensian games, in celebra- tion of the 874th anniversary of Rome’s natal or foundation day (see the words anno, &c). — Havercamp, in his remarks on Coutorniate medals, show's to what an insane pitch the love of these games w T as carried, even under the Christian Emperors. Ludi becennales. — Games which theEmperors gave to the people ou the tenth year of their reign. The custom of celebrating the decennial games derived its origin from Augustus, after whose example other Emperors adopted it, as Dion Cassius teaches us (L. iii.) — See peimi decennaj.es and decexnalia. Ludi Florales. — Floral games which were celebrated at Rome in honour of the Goddess Flora, under the direction of the Curule Ediles, on the 29th of April, to invoke the seasonable appearance of the Flowers. — A record of one ol these cclcbratious is seen on a denarius of the Servilia family. — Sec Flora. Ludi Funebres. — Funeral games given in 524 LUDI ROMANI. honour of persons of distinction after their death, under the superstitious idea of satisfying their manes, and of appeasing the wrath of the infernal gods. Th ey included combats of gladiators ; and this cruel spectacle was called inunus, that is to say a gift. — The Romans for- bade women being present at these murderous exhibitions. The games lasted three or four days, and the people attended them in mourning habits. The ludi funebres in honour of Divus Augustus, ] instituted by the Col. Ficlr. Jut. Carth., arc | referred to on coins of Roman families, edited by Havercamp and Morell. Ludi Francici. — In the calendarium of ; Philocalus, published by Lainbecius, mention is made of games bearing the name of Francici , and which are supposed to have been instituted on the occasion of the victory gained over the Franks and Alemanni by Constantine the Great, who, according to Eutropius — “ Casts Francis < atque Alemannis reges eorum cepit, et bestiis, j cum magnificum spectaculum muneris parasset, \ objecit.” — If this horrible act of ungenerous bloodthirstiness was really committed by this first professed imperial convert from Paganism to the religion of the Cross, the gavdivm which stands on the numismatic record of his achievement, as the vanquisher THAN Comm et AI.A 'Sian norum, should have been written CRVDEL1TAS ROMANORVM. The man, indeed, who could deliver up the chiefs of his no longer resisting foes to wild beasts at the games which he exhibited for the amusement of the people, was not a monarch but a monster — not a Christian Emperor, but an incarnate fiend. — Eumenius, in his panegyrics, lauds Constantine in giving his Frankish prisoners in such numbers to the wild beasts that they at last stood still, satiated with slaughter. — See a notice of the amphitheatre at Treves, the site of the carnage, in Mr. Roach Smith’s Col. Ant. vol. ii. Ludi Magni, or Romani, were institnted under the Kings of Rome, and were called magni, because they were given on a grand scale and at a great expense. They were dedicated to Jove, Juno, and Minerva. The curule chair, with the thunderbolt and face of Jupiter above it, on the obverse of denarii, shew that it was the Ediles who celebrated these grand or Roman games. Ludi Megalenses, or Megalesii, in honour of Mater Magna, the Idican Goddess (Cybele), were held in April, with great religious pomp. Tlic early coinage of Rome shews that the above- named goddess was a principal deity, whose favour it was sought to invoke, and whose wrath to appease, by these games. Their types arc found on certain denarii of Roman families (see Havercamp ; aud Morell, Fam. p. 298). These public games were celebrated by Scipio at Nassica, in Spain. — Sec Calagurris. Ludi Farthici. — The Parthian games were celebrated at Rome in remembrance of the victories gained by Trajan over the 1’arthiaus. — “ It would seem (says Millin) that the com- memorations occasioned a great number of Con- LUDI SJSCl'LARES. tomiatc medals, with the head of Trajan on them, to be distributed amongst the people.” Ludi Saculares . — Secular games, so called, because they were celebrated only once in a century or age, or perhaps because it was scarcely given to a man to see them more than once in his life. They constituted one of thei most solemn of the Roman festivals. Their actual origin is thus related. In the same year when the kingly government was abolished, Rome became afflicted with a dreadful pestilence; and Publius Valerius Publicola, then one of the two consuls, sought to stay the vengeance of the offended deities, by causing sacrifices to be offered on the same altars to Pluto and Proser- pine ; and, as we are told, the plague ceased. — ■ Sixty years afterwards, the same rites were repeated by order of the priests of the Sybilliue Oracle, and certain ceremonies were added, as pretended to be prescribed in the sacred books of the Sybills; and then it was ordained that these feasts should take place at the end of each century. The preparation for and arrange- ments of these games were extremely imposing, especially during the period of the empire, with whose preservation they were, in popular opinion, identified. When the time arrived for holding these secular sports, the Quindeccmvirs sent heralds throughout all Italy, for the express purpose of inviting the people to assist at a festival “ which they had never seen, and which they would never see again.” — When everybody was assembled, the solemnities began with a procession, consisting of the Priesthood, the Seuate, and the Magistrates, accompanied by a multitude of citizens clothed in white, crowned with flowers, and each holding a palm-branch. For the three days and nights that the festirtd lasted, three different hymns were sung in the temples, and various shows were exhibited to the people. The scene of action was changed each day. The first was in the Campus Martins; the second at the Capitol ; the third on the Palatine Hill. After a preparatory form of devotion, called Perrigi/wm, when lustral cere- monies were gone through, and black victims offered up to the Infernal Gods, the multitude assembled in the Field of Mars, and sacrificed to Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Ceres, and other divinities. The first nizht of the games, the Emperor himself, at the head of fifteen Pontiffs, proceeded to the banks of the Tiber, and there at three altars erected for the occasion, and sprinkled with the blood of three lambs, they dedicated victims and other burnt -offerings. A certain space of ground was afterwards marked out, and converted into an illuminated scene. During the first two days appropriate hymns were chanted in chorus ; different kiuds of games were performed ; scenic pieces were exhibited at the theatre ; and at the circus there were foot, horse, and chariot races. The third day, which concluded the festival, seventeen young men and as many young women of condition, and having their fathers and mothers living, entered the temple of Apollo Palatinus, and I sang hyinns in Greek and Latin, invoking Ll'Dl S.ECULARES. upon Rome the protection of the gods, who had just been honoured by the most solemn sacrifices. At length the Sibylline Priests who had opened the ludi see cut ares with prayers to the deities, closed them in the same manner. In giving an account of the various epochas when the Secular games were celebrated under the Emperors, M. Millin observes that after an interruption which lasted for a long series of years, these festivities took place for the sixth time from their original institution during the reign of Augustus, and in the year of Rome 737. — The Emperor Claudius, indeed, when he was but a private individual, had borne testimony 1 to the fact that Augustus’s calculation of the j year for performing the secular games was carc- I fully and correctly made. But when Claudius became emperor he found fault with this calcidation, which he said had anticipated the I time; and he pretended that the celebration ought to have been reserved to the end of the century in which he was living. In conformity with I this his professed opinion, Claudius repeated these games in the 80uth year after the founda- tion of Rome. It is in reference to that occasion Suetonius remarks that the pro- clamation of the herald, about “ what people had never seeu and would not see again,” failed in its application to this particular instance; because many persons who had witnessed the secular games under Augustus, were then still living ; and because there were even actors that had been employed on the former occasion, who took part in the spectacle of this Claudian cele- bration. — Forty-one years afterwards, Domitian renewed the secular games, not according to the calculation established by Claudius, but agree- ably to that of Augustus, by which it had been laid down that the games in question were to be celebrated every hundred and ten years. — Tacitus was then praitor, and actively assisted at this celebration of Domitian, in his office of quin- decemvir, or sibylline pontilf, as he calls him- self, says in his Ann als (Lib xi. c. 11). — | Antoninus Pius, as Aurelius Victor informs us, celebrated the 900th year of Rome, with great , magnificence; it is not said that the secular i games were then exhibited, but that they were * is the more probable, inasmuch as the writer above-mentioned does not even use that ex- pression when speaking of the secular games celebrated in the reign of Philip. — Septimius Severus adopted the computation of Augustus, in giving the secular games at Rome, in the year 957. It is well-known that Philip repeated them with unexampled magnificence and splen- dour, in the year of the city 1001. The types of several medals of Gallienus shew that, under his reign, there was a performance of these games. And Eckhel, Syllog. i. Num. Vet. has published (plate 10, No. 11) a coin of Maxi- niianus, which goes to prove that under that prince also the same games were celebrated. Nevertheless, according to the two modes of calculating the epochas of the secular games, which we have seeu were adopted by preceding emperors, viz., a period of one hundred and LUDI SJDCULARES. 525 ten years, in taking for a base the 737th year of Rome, when Augustus re-established them ; or else the period of one bundled years adopted by Claudius, Antoninus Pius, and Philip — in taking for a base the secular games celebrated in 957 under Severus, according to the com- putation of Augustus, they ought to have been celebrated one hundred and ten years after, that is to say, in 1067 ; but Maximianus w as dead in 1063. The same reasoning may be employed in order to prove that dining the reign of Gallienus, which comes in the series between that of Philip and that of Maximian, there should not have been any secular games. It is this circumstance which induced Eckhel to suppose that, having found the period of a whole century too long, the Emperors determined upon cele- brating these splendid feasts at the end of half a century. This hypothesis acquires great weight, when it is considered, in the first place, that at this cpocha, the Roman empire was afflicted with pestilence and ravaged with wars, and that it was expressly with the view of removing these scourges that the celebration of the secular games was instituted ; in the next place, accord- ing to the newer computation, the time for per- forming them coincides with the reign of Gallienus, and with that of Maximianus, under whom the testimony of medals shews that they took place.— Severus celebrated the games in 957, ou the computation 'of Augustus. In adding thereto 55 years, the half of 110, according to Augustus, composing the period required to elapse between one celebration and another, we arrive at the year 1012, which corresponds with the seventh year of the tri- bunitian power of Gallienus, a period at which his father Valerianus was taken prisoner by the Persians — an event which perhaps induced Gal- lienus to give the secular games as a supposed means of appeasing the anger of the gods. — M ith respect to Maximianus, it must be con- cluded that he took for the basis of his calcula- tion the games celebrated in 1001 under Philip, adding thereto fifty years, as the half century, according to the computation followed by Clau- dius, in which case the secular games would have been celebrated under Maximianus, in the year 1051 of Rome — the thirteenth year of his tribunitian power. — Constantine did' not cele- brate them in the year when he was consul, with Licinius for the third time, in the 1066th year of Rome, or a.d. 313.— But the Emperor llonorius, having received intelligence of the victory gained by his general Stilico over Alaric, permitted all the Pagans again to cele- brate the secular games ; and these were the last of which history makes mention. Ludi Votivi . — Games which Roman Generals caused to be celebrated when they were about to depart for the wars, or which they made a vow to celebrate in the event o’f their escaping some imminent danger. — The ludi votivi were performed on various occa- sions, being of a private as well as public kind. Mention is made of them on a coin of the Non ia family, the reverse of which has for its 620 lud; s.-eculares. circumscription SE Xtus NONImw VRimus (or as some read it PR ator) Ludus Xotivus P ublicos Fecit . — To this may be added a medal of the. Maria family, in tab. i. no. 5 of Morell’s Thesaurus. LVD. SAEC. — On a rare silver coin of Augustus is a cippus on which are inscribed the words IMP. CAES. AVG. LVD. saec. In the field, on one side, is xv., on the other, s. F., which means Casar Augustus lud os sacularcs, ( subandit ur fecit,) Quindecemcir sacris faciun- dis. (The Emperor Cicsar Augustus instituted the Secular games as Quindecemvir having the care of sacred things.) Augustus, as has been stated, restored the secular games in the year of Rome 737, when ' he was one of the Quindqcemciri, or officers | appointed to superintend the sacrifices. Hence we find it recorded on the cippus, as on the coins of Domitian and of Philip. LVD. SAEC. EEC. COS. XIIII. — Ludos sttcttlares fecit Consul XIIII. — The Emperor (Domitian) caused to be celebrated — or rather under the reign of Domitian, and during his 14th Consulate, the secidar games were celebrated, about the year of Rome 841 ; 104 years after those of Augustus, and 41 after those of Claudius. The coin above, in second brass, commemorates this event. Of all the medals struck under different Emperors in commemoration of the secular games, none arc more curious, none are more replete with antiquarian interest, than those of Domitian, representing the solemn ceremonies of these games. — On one of these (a denarius) we sec a man habited in the toga, standing near a cippus inscribed as above, and wearing on his head a helmet, whence spring two wings ; in his right hand he holds a small staff, and in his left a round buckler. — This figure, it is conjectured, is that of the herald whose duty it was to announce the celebration of the games ; or perhaps one of the quindecemcirs who presided at them. The same figure (says Millin) is found on coins of the Sanquinia family, of which the type recalls the memory of those secular games which Augustus re-established (737), and when one of the members of the above named family was monetary triumvir. On a first brass of the same Emperor, bear- ing the same legend, we sec his figure standing, clothed in the toga, holding a patera in his right hand, aud performing sacrifice before .an altar. LUDI S JSCCLARES. Near the Emperor, a woman holding a cornucopia; is seated on the ground ; whilst on the other side we see a harper, a flute player, and a popa I (or priest who slew the victims) with a sow. — ("he woman whom we see on the ground, says Eckhcl, is Tel/us, or Mother Earth — the fertile nurse of all living creatures, characterised as such by the horn of plenty. The sow which we see brought to the altar is destiued to be sacrificed to her, as the verses of the Sibylls, quoted in Zosimus, indicate, by mentioning the hog and the black sow as fit immolations to the Goddess ■ of the Fertile Earth. Hence also Horace, amongst other deities, to whom vows were accustomed to be made, invokes Tellus, in the Carmen Krcu/are : — FertilLi frugum, pecorisque Tellus Spicea donet Cererem corona. On another first brass of Domitian, bearing the same legend of lvd. saec. fec. Cos. xiIll. s. c., the Emperor stands in front of a Temple, holding a patera over a lighted altar ; opposite him is a man seated on the ground with a harp in his hand ; behind arc two flute players. On a second brass of Domitian, the Emperor is seen in the act of sacrificing at a lighted altar, whilst one popa holds down an ox, the second popa strikes him with his axe. This type refers to the custom which prevailed at the Secular games of offering up while bulls to Jupiter and Juno, aud black ones to Pluto aud Proserpine, as Horace says — Qiorque cos bobus reneratur albis . — LUDI SiECULARES. Sheep and goats were also sacrificed on these occasions, as may be remarked on other second brass coins of Domitian, which bear equally specific reference to the Secular games. On a first and second brass of the same Emperor we see a river personified in a recum- bent posture, and holding a cornucopia; — This river, says Eckliel, is the Tiber ; for, according to the laws of these games, as Zosimus instructs us, the victims were immolated on the bank of the Tiber, near the Campus Martins, at the spot called Tereutum. On a first brass 0 i Domitian the Emperor appears clothed in the toga, and holding a volume,!, or roll of papyrus, in his left hand ; behind him is another togated man ; whilst near him is a procession of three young persons, whose hands are raised, and who hold palm branches. — This type has relation to the twenty-seven boys and the twenty-seven girls, who ( ambos parent es adhuc superstites habent) had both parents still surviving, and who chanted hymns in Latin and Greek. — Horace illustrates this custom thus in his Carm. Sac . : — Condito mitis, placidusque telo Supplices audi pueros, Apollo ; Sulerum regina bicornis audi Luna , puellas. And Catullus still more pointedly: — Diana sumus in fide Puellce, et pueri integri, Dianavn pueri integri, Puellteque canamvs. On a first brass also of Domitian, which on its obverse bears his laureated head, with the newly assumed title of CENiOr PER petuus, and which on the reverse is notified as having been struck in the 14th Consulate (cos. xim). D e read as on all the foregoing : — LVD. SAEC. EEC. S. C. ; and we see the Emperor clothed in the toga, sitting in front of a temple on the suggest um, or raised platform. LUDI SjECULARES. 527 on which is written svfpd ; and, unattended by the usual assistants, he is making a distribution to a man and a child. — This type, according to the concurrent opinion of the learned, refers to certain functions performed by the Emperor as quindecemvir sacris faciundis. The letters SVlj'PD being explained to mean SVE fimenta Vopulo Data LVlJoj SXECularcs FEC#, that is to say, perfumes (for the purpose of lustrations) given to the people , some days before the com- mencement of the Sfceular games. A large brass of the same Emperor, which has for the legend of its reverse cos. xim. lvd. saec. a. pop., and on the base of a suggestum frvg. ac. — Here we see Domitian seated; before him stand two figures, in front of a temple. This last legend gives rise to two interpretations. Some read : cos. xim. Ludi Srecularibus a Populo fruges accepit ; which alludes to the first fruits of the harvests offered to the Gods by the people. But the greater number of numismatists, holding opinion with Spanheim, think it should be interpreted Cos. xim. Ludos Saculares, (the word fecit being understood) a Populo fruges accepter, it being remembered that after the games an abundance of distributions were made to the multitude. — Another first brass, with the same legend (but without the abbreviated w r ords frvg. ac.), represents Domitian near a temple, having before him several figures kneeling, with them hands raised towards the Emperor. LYDOS. SAECVL. FECIT. COS. III.— Bacchus with panther , and Hercules with club st ending ; and between them a cippus bearing this legend constitute the reverse of a second brass of Severus in the Queen of Sweden’s cabinet. A gold coin is given by Mionnct, which he values at 150 francs, bearing the same legend and type, but apparently without the cippus. — These medals record the renewal, by this warlike Emperor, of the Secular games celebrated by Domitian; but not till after a lapse of 116 years, as perhaps on account of the civil wars he was unable to give them at the prescribed time. Herodianus (as quoted by Vaillant) thus alludes to them — “ We see also under him (Severus) certain games of every kind produced at all the theatres, and at the same time public festivities celebrated, and vigils after the manner of the initiated in the rites of Ceres ; these are now called the Secular games.” — Dion Cassius states that Severus built a large temple to Bacchus and Hercules. COS. 111. LVD. SAEC. EEC. S. C.— The 528 LUGDUNUM.— LUNA. Emperor sacrificing before an altar, attended by Hercules and Bacchus. In the back ground a flute player. In the front, on the left , is Tcllus ; on the right, a boy holding the victim. — First brass of Scverus. Thus we see from the above cited instances of Augustus, Claudius, Domitian, and Severus, that in spite of their name (saecvlares), these solemnities had no decidedly fixed epochas ; the will of the reigning prince, and the circumstances of the empire, uuiting to alter the era from which their return was computed. LVG. Lugdunensis. — C. C. COL. LVG. Claudius Copia Colonia Lugdunensis. — The Roman colony of Lugdunum. Lugdunum, a city and colony of Gaul ; according to Herodianus a large and opulent city, now called Lyon, in central France. — Havcrcamp ( ad Morell Tam. p. 26 ) states that Lugdunum was made a Roman municipium under the provincial qnaestorship of M. Antonins Creticus, the father of Mark Antony the triumvir. It was furthermore invested with the jus civitatis Romance by the Emperor Claudius, who, by his mother Antonia, was related to the Antonii. — An ancient copy of the decree of Claudius, upon brass plates, is preserved at Lyon. They were discovered in 1528. LVGDVNI A. XL. — A Lion walking. — This inscription and type appear on a quinarius of M. Antonius, and shew it to have been struck at Lugdunum in Gaul, now Lyon. Lugdu.ni Genius. — The Genius of Lyon, personified by a male figure, turret-crowned, standing with a spear in his right, and a cornucopia: in his left hand, with an eagle at his feet, appears on a silver coin of Clodius Albinus. — See gen. lvo. Luna, the Moon. — This deity was by the Romans, who borrowed their worship of her from the Greeks, generally identified with Diana, from which chaste goddess she is, however, to be distinguished, inasmuch as to Inna, or Selena, were attributed certain amorous adven- tures, amongst others that with Endymion, of which the fable is depicted on one of the Contorniates in llavercamp’s collection. The symbols of Luna are various on Roman coins ; on those of Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian (second brass), the figure of Eternity holds in her hands the heads of the Sun and Moon. — The moon mingled with stars is a type, of Consecration, and serves on a second brass of Faustina senior to designate the reception of that Empress amongst the celestial divinities. — On a second brass of the younger Faustina Luna is seen standing with a torch in each hand, symbolically pointing to that princess as siuektbvs kecepta. — See that legend ; also see aeternitas and conseciiatio. Luna is represented in different designs on coins of the Empresses, amongst others in those which exhibit Julia Domna, whether in allusion to the fecundity of that princess, or as flattering her with the Sond idea of being another light to the world. She appears in a biga of bulls on coins of Caracalla. — The crescent, or two-horned LUNA LUCIFERA. — LUNUS. moon, over or under the head of the Emperor or Empress, on coins of Augustus, Nero, Commodus, Mamira, Otacilia, Etruscilla, Salo- nina, Saloninus, Postumus, &c. The Luna Crescens, with seven stars, apj>ears on a silver coin of Hadrian. LVNA LVCIFERA. — A female figure in a car drawn) by two horses, and having a crescent moon on her head. — This epigraph and type appear on silver, gold, and second brass coins of Julia Domua. The ambitious wife of Severus is exhibited on her coins now as Cybcle, then as Venus, but here as Diana, or Luna. Just as her imperial husband is styled uumisinatically Parator Orbis under the figure of the Sun, so Julia on account of her fertility in bearing sons, is called Luna Luci/era, for as Cicero says, (Lib. ii. De Nat. Dear.) Diana was invoked by women at the time of child-birth. It is singular to find such a legend as this, with the type of the Goddess (her head adorned with a crescent, walking and holdmg a torch in her hand), on a coin (third brass) of Gallicnus; but that Emperor was a complete pantheist in his mint, and has dedicated his coins to all the Goddesses as well as Gods of Heaven, Earth, and Hell ! Lunus, a deity; that, by the testimony of many coins, and also according to Spartianus ( Anton. Caracal! us, c. vii.), was a peculiar object of Pagan worship throughout almost all Asia Minor and Syria. It was iu fact Luna, or the Moon, adored by several nations under the figure of a man, because, as the above-mentioned author aflirins, they persuaded themselves that he alone would obtain obedience from his wife who worshiped Lunus as a male divinity ; but that he who adored the moon as Luna that is to say, as a female divinity, could not assure himself that his wife would obey him. The Romans called him Mcnsis as well as Lunus. — On medals of Antioch in Pisidia (see Vaillant, Col. i. p. 180), struck under Antoninus Pius, we sec this deity standing, clothed in the long dress of a woman, wearing a phrygian pileus, or cap ; holding the hasta in his right hand, aud extend- ing his left with a Victory in it. At his feet is what looks like an eagle, but which is described to represent the galfus gallinaceus, or cock. At his back is a crescent, the cha- racteristic attribute of Lunus. The legend of the reverse is mensis col. caes. antioch. — “ The Antiochians of Pisidia by this medal (says Havcrcamp in Mus. Christ. 896), npjicar to have designed the congratulation of Antoninc LUNUS.— LUPA. on some victory gained by his lieutenants under his fourth consulate (cos. mi. as recorded on the side of the portrait).” — It is not without a cause that mention is made of Mensis (or Mouth) in the inscription of the reverse, for the people of Pisidinn Antioch rendered a religious worship to the mouth, called Ascens, as we learn by a passage from Strabo (L. xii. p. 557), quoted by ' Vaillant, in Col. tom. i. p. 240 .—Lunus, as distinguished by the above noted attributes, appears on the reverse of a first brass of Sept. Severus, in the Colonies of Vaillant (tom. ii. p. 4), who shews that the worship of this god was particularly observed in Pamphvlia, and that the Antiochians had consecrated this medal to Severus after his victory over Pescenuius Niger. — In the coin of Severus, the legend of the reverse is col. caes. antioch. Colonia Casarea Antiochensis. In the field are the letters s. K., which Vaillant interprets Senatus Romanus ; but without assigning his reasons for so doing. — On the medal in question, as engraved in his “ Colonies,” the god Lunus is represented in male attire ; a similar medal of Severus and of Julia Domna (in Mus. Christina) gives him the long robe of a female. — See Antiochia Pisidia. Lupa. — The she wolf suckling Romulus and Remus. On one of the coins (struck in each metal) of Antoninus Pius, we see the fabled cohabitation of Mars with Rhea Sylvia, the Vestal daughter of Numitor; and on another we see the fruits of that alleged connection in the birth of the twin brothers, and in their preservation by the popularly credited miracle of a savage animal performing the office of a mother to the exposed and deserted babes. — We see on a second brass of M. Aurelius the wolf in the cave on the banks of the Tiber, with the two sturdy infants imbibing nourishment at her pendent dugs — a representation consecrated on innumerable monuments, and held as a symbol indicating the origin of the Roman Coinmon- w-ealth, especially of the Colonies : the whole is singularly illustrated by the following verses of Virgil : — Fecerat et viridi fetam Mavortis in antro Procubuisse lupam : geminos huic ubera circum Ludere pendentes pueros, et lambere matrem Impavidos; illam tereti cervice rejiexam Mulcere alternos, et corpora fingere lingua. LUPA.— LUPUS. 529 The illustration, taken from a large brass of Antoninus Pius, exhibits above the cave a bird, which has been usually considered to be an eagle. It may be so ; but Ovid describes the wood- pecker as officiating at the nursing of the infants. Besides those of Antoninus Pius, the well- known type of the Lupa cum puerulis, occurs on coins of that Emperor’s predecessors Tiberius, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian; and of his successors M. Aurelius, Commodus, Severus, Caracalla, Maerinus, Elagabalus, Alex. Severus, Gordianus Pius, Philippus, Trebonianus Gallus, Valerianus, Gallienus, Aurelianus, Probus, Carausius, Maxentius, and Constantine the Great. The last-named exhibits the wolf suckling the twins ; and, on some, two stars appear above the wolf, an emblem under which Castor and Pollux are generally represented. With the mint-masters of the Roman colonies this is a frequently recurring type. — See Beul- tum . — On a coin of Maxentius quoted by Vaillant, the same type is united to a singular epigraph, viz., aetekna felicitas. — On a family coin of Sextus Pompeius (having the helmetcd head of Rome on its obverse, and for the legend of its reverse sex. pomp, fostvlvs.) we see the wolf standing before the fig-tree quietly devoting her teats to the mouths of Romulus and Remus. LVP. Lupercus . — The name of a man. — On a coin of the Gallia family is read g. gallivs lvpercvs III. VIE. A.A.A.F.F. L. V. P. F. LudosVotivos Publicos Fecit . — In the collection of Ursinus, p. 188, and in Vaillant’s Pam Rom. ii. p. 172, a coin is given, in which a togated figure, sitting on spoils, is crowned by a victory ; with the inscription of SEXlus NONIkj PR. and the above letters — The Ludi Votivi in this instance are con- sidered to relate to the celebration of a victory gained by Sulla, the uncle of this Nonius, over Mitbridates. LV PO PR. C. CAESAR. Lupo Prafecto Cohortis Caesarea . — On a coin of Livia in Vaillant’s Colonies, i. p. 50. Lupus . — The wolf was sacred to Mars.— On a coin of the Satriena family, w T e see a she- wolf walking, and above it the word roma. — A wolf is also the distinctive sign of the Roman colonial town of Ilerda, now Lerida, in Spain. — See Ilerda. On a coin of the Papia family, we see a wolf holding a log in his mouth, whilst an eagle 530 LTJRIA.— LUTATIA. stands by it with expanded wings, near a fire. This coin was struck to shew the origin of the Papii in the town of Lanuvium, of whose “ wonderful wolf” Dionysius Halicarnassus re- lates a strange story. — See Papia. LVRIA, a family little known. Its cognomen Agrippa : — P. lvrivs agripfa iiivir. &c., on first and second brass of Augustus. Lusitania , part of Uispania ulterior , which Pliny (L. iv. c. 12) bounds by the river Durius (or Douro), calling the other and by far the larger portion by the name of Uispania citerior. But Strabo and Mela ascribe to it much ampler boundaries. It is now called Portugal. — Vaillant in his Colonies (L. p. 35; shews it to have been a province under Augustus. — The Lusitani offered a resistance of some duration to the Romans, but were conquered by D. Brutus. Lustratio. Lustration. — A ceremony by which things both animate and inanimate were purified. The Romans regarded it as so solemn a rite, that on certain occasions not only the army but also the city itself was lustrated, crimes being then expiated, and the polluted citizens purgated with pure water. — The manner of purifying the armies was by dividing a sacrificial victim in two, and causing the soldiers to march between the two portions, in pronouncing some form of prayer. — The rite of Lustration is shadowed forth on a coin of the Poslumia family (see the word). — A large brass medallion of Lucilla, without legend, is also considered to be a monu- ment of the lustral ceremony performed on infants — viz., a female shaking a tree, from which an infant is falling; another female bathing an infant in the sea ; three winged genii ; one on an estradc, the other on an altar, the third on a gardeu wall. Lupercal, a place thus named, was situated under the Palatine Hill at Rome. It was sacred to the God Lupercus whom the Romans otherwise called Pan Lyccrns. There were yearly feasts termed Lupercatia, on the days of which the Luperci or Priests of Pan, ran naked through the streets, and with the whips they carried struck the hands of women, who held them out to receive the lash that they might conceive and bear children. — As bearing allusion to this piece of indecent superstition, Du Choul, in his Religion des Anciens Romains, professes to copy a large brass of Lucilla, exhibiting Juno Lucina sitting with a sceptre in one hand and a whip in the other. LVTATIA, a plebeian family, whose surname on its coins is Cerco. — It has three varieties. The following is a rare denarius, viz., cerco roua. Hclmcted head of Minerva. — On the reverse Q. lvtati. Q. A galley within an oaken garland. The type of the reverse is supposed to indicate the celebrated naval victory, which Lutatius LYRA. Catulus gained at rEgates over the Carthagenians, in the year of Rome 512, and which at a later period this Q. Lutatius Cerco has in this manner alluded to in honour of his family. LYX MYNDI. — Banduri gives this epigraph, on a silver coin of Tiberius Constantinus (Em- peror of the East in a.d. 578), with a cross in the middle. Lyra. — The lyre was generally regarded as the instrument of Apollo, although artists have given it also to other divinities. It was distin- guished by many names such as lyra, chelys, barbiton, cithara. It seems that the grand lyre of the Apollo Citharoede and Palatine was the barbiton. The number of strings to this instrument varied much ; that of seven strings was the most used, it was that appro- priated to Apollo, and was the most perfect. The lyre was played with the fingers, or with a small ivory instrument, or a reed, called pecten, or plectrum, which was employed to save the fingers; but it was deemed more skilful to touch the lyre without the plectrum. The lyre w as also performed upon w ith both hands, which was called touching or nipping it inside and outside. The great lyre was considered to be the invention of the God of Music, the divine Apollo, whilst the smaller or cithara was re- puted to have been invented by Mercnry. The Lyre is figured on various coins both Roman and Greek. One or two of these instru- ments appear on medals which have been struck in those cities where Apollo Actius, or the God of the Muses, was worshipped. — A single lyre is found on coins of Acmilin, Papia, and Pctronia families; and in the Imperial series on medals of Augustus, Hadrian, and Domitian. The Lyre, as displaying the image of celestial harmony, is represented in the hand of Apollo, or the arm of that deity is seen resting upon it, on coins of Augustus, Nero, Domitian, Hadrian, Antonine, Commodus, Severus, Caracalla, Tre- bonianus Callus, Valerian, Gnllienus, Probus, &c. — In the hand of Calliope, or the Muse Clio, and of HerculesMusagctcs, in the Pompunia family. — In the hand of a citharoedus, or harper, it is a frequent type in sacrificial solemnities ; likewise in the secidar festivals — sec lvd. saec. fec. — On Nero’s coins, we sec it in more than one instance in the hands of that imperial "fiddler." The Lyre and laurel branch is exhibited on a coin of Domitian. Two Lyres suspended, one on each side of an altar, on a coin of the Scribonia family — and the same number with a caduceus in the middle, on a silver coin of Domitian. — Havercainp on Morcll (Pam. p. 204) gives the type of two Lyres, on which an owl is standing, designating as he interprets it. Concord assisted by prudent counsel, or indicating simply the worship of Apollo and Minerva. — See Cithara. MAGISTER. M. M. The twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. A capital M appears on coins of Anastasius, JustinusL, Justinus II., Tiberius Constantiuus, Mauricius, Phocas, Heraclius, and other Em- perors of the East. M. as a letter of the alphabet is observed on many coins of Roman families. M. Magister. — KQ. M. Equitum Magister. Master of the Horse. M. Magna. — I.s.m.r. Juno Sospita Magna Regiua. M. Marci. — m. f. Marti Filius. In like manner as M. N. Marci Nepos. M. or MA. Marcia. — aqva. m. on a deuarius of the Marcia family. M. Marcia, a prenomen and name of a woman. M. Marci-us. — Q. M. Quintus Marcius. M. or MA. Marcus, a prenomen, frequently found on coins of Roman families, and likewise on those of the Imperial series, where we see IMP. C. M. (or MA.) AVREL. ANTONINVS ; on a coin of Caracalla. M. A. Marcus Atitonius,aho 3f arcus Aurelius. M. AVR. Marcus Aurelius. M. Martia. — leg. xiiii. gemina. m. v. Legio xiiii. Gemina Martia Victrir. — This epigraph, with the legionary eagle between two standards, appears on a very rare silver coin of Sept. Severus, as edited in Khcll's Suppl. p. 108. M. Mater. — M, c. Mater Casaris; or Mater Castrorum . — M. patr. Mater Patrice. M. Maxima. — victoria g. m. Germanica Maxima, on a coin of Gallienus, in Khell’s Suppl. p. 184. M. Maximo. — See I. o. M Jovi Optimo Maximo. M. Maximus. — p. m. Pontifex Maximus. M. Messius, prenonien of Trajanus Decius. m. Q. traianvs. M. Metropolis. — col. sep. avr. laod. m. Colonia Septimia Aurelia Metropolis. M. Militaris. — R. M. Pei Militaris. M. Minervia. — leg. m. xx. Legio Minervia P icesima. M. Moesia. — p. M. s. col. vim. Provincia Moesia Superioris Colonia Viminiacum. M. Moneta. — m. sacra avgg. et caess. NX. Moneta Sacra Augustorum Et Casarum Nostrorum. M. Multis. — See votis x. m. xx. on coins of Galerius. M. Munita. — qvod. v. m. s. &c. Quod Via Munita Sunt. M. Municipe s. — m. ivl. vticen. Municipes Julii Uticensis. M. Municipium. — M. r. — Munidpium Pa- vennatum. — Vaillant, Pr. i. 300. M. at the end of Roman words was now and then formerly omitted ; for example we find it wanting on denarii of the Aemilia family, as priver. captv. — It is also sometimes observed to be left out in the word avgvstorvm, as victoria avgvstorv. 3 Y 2 MACEDONIA. 531 M. as a numeral signifies Mille, a thousand. MAC. or MACED. Macedonica. — leg. v. mac. Legio Macedonica Quinta, Sexta, fy~c. MAC. AVG. Macellum Augusts. — On the reverse of a large and a middle brass of Nero we find this inscription, and for its accompanying type an elegant edifice, with many columns, into w r hich the ascent is by a flight of steps, ornamented with a statue in its portico. These rare coins were struck in memory of the Mar- ket-place, which, as Dion relates, was con- structed by order of Nero. — See a view of the building, p. 77. The Macellum was a place where meat and other eatables w’crc sold. It appears that at Rome the place appropriated to the slaughtering of beasts was not the same as that destined to the sale of meat, but that each had its particular locality. Hence the word macellum, which is commonly translated butchery, properly means a market for meat, fish, and other eatables ; and in this sense the word as used by Varro, Plautus, and other writers, must he understood. On the above quoted medal of Nero, we see a building equal in exterior magnificence of archi- tecture to the public baths, to the circusses, and to the amphitheatres. This Market-place is perfectly characteristic of the Roman empire, * which lavished the utmost grandeur of design and splendour of art, on the simplest monu- ments of public utility. — The word macellum (adds Milliu), written on tbe map of the capitol, in front of an edifice adorned with columns, leaves no doubt as to its destination ; hut it does not appear to be the same with that repre- sented on the medal in question. Therefore by this epigraph of mac. avg. and the type above described the macellum is recorded, respecting which Xiphilinus from Dion thus speaks : — “Then also Nero dedicated the forum of provisions, which is called the macellum.” — The name is derived from Maccllus, formerly a noted robber in Rome, on whose con- demnation the censors ordained that in his house victuals should be sold. Suetonius also mentions annona macelli. This coin of Nero clearly then confirms the words of Dion, and at the same time shews the form of the building, with which that emperor embellished the forum obsoniorum. The ever visionary Harduin interprets the epi- graph Mausoleum Casaris AVG ustil MACED. Macedonica. — leg. v. maced, viii. avg. Legionis Quinta Macedonica Octava Augusta. On a colonial coin of Philip senior. Macedonia, an ancient Greek monarchy, in the south of Europe ; the kingdom of Philip and of Alexander the Great. After royalty became extinct in Macedonia, the people governed themselves by their own laws. Conquered by /Emilius, it was at first left free, but w'as at length made a Roman province by Cecilius Metcllus, and was divided into four parts. — During tbe empire it struck Greek medals in honour of Augustus, Claudius, Nero, Vitellius, Vespasian, Domitian, Hadrian, Antonine, Marcus Aurelius, Faustina, Commodus, Severus, Gor. 532 MACER. — MACRINUS. dianus Pius, and Diadumcnianus. — The four Roman colonies in Macedonia, of Cassandra, Dium, Pella, and Philippi, indicate their esta- blishment by Julius Cmsar, or Augustus, on their coins which bear the inscription col. Ivl. avg. Colonia Julia Augusta. — Macedonia, as a province under Imperial Rome, is personified on two distinct coins of Hadrian, viz., the adventvs and the restitvtor macedoniae of his large brass geographical scries : the latter exhibits in its type the pointed cap and the round buckler of the Macedonians. MACEDONIC. Maeedonieus, a surname of Metellus. Q. mete. MACEDONIC. Quintus Met i'll us Maeedonieus , appears on the denarius which records the triumphal honours decreed to Metellus on the conquest of Macedonia. MACER (Lucius Clodius), Proprietor of Africa under Nero, and afterwards for a short interval invested with the title of Augustus, until he was deposed and put to death by order of Galba. His coins, struck in Africa, arc in silver, and very rare, those without the head being, perhaps, somewhat more common than those w T ith the portrait. They present several varieties of type, one of the most interesting of which is here engraved : — Obv. L . clodivs macek s.c. Bare head of Clodius Macer. — Rev. PRO prae. africae. A galley upon which is a military standard. — Valued by Mionnet at 300 francs. M. ACILIVS. — Prenomen and name of the Aeilia family. MACRIANVS ( Marcus Fulvius) the elder, one of the many usurpers who took advantage of the distracted state of the empire, during the reign of Gallienus. The friend of Valerianus, he excited him against the Christians, and then betrayed his cause. Elected Emperor a.d. 261, he appointed Balista his general, and defeated the Persians. But soon afterwards marching into Illyria against Aurcolus, another tyrant, he was himself defeated, and fell a victim to the treachery of his own soldiers a.d. 262. — Beauvais, in his History, quotes coins of the elder Macrianus ; but according to the opinion of Vaillant, confirmed by later writers, there are no Latin coins of his extant ; but those which remain belong to the younger Macrianus. Those, in potin, struck at Alexandria, are of extreme rarity. MACRIANVS junior (Marcus, or Titus, Fulvius), proclaimed Augustus nt the same time with his father, by the legions of the eastern pro- vinces a.d. 261. He was a good soldier ; acted as a tribune under Valerianus ; associated in govern- ment with his father, whose fate he shared alter their just defeat by Aurcolus. — There are no gold coins of Macrianus jun., and those called MACRINUS. silver are of base metal (often described as third brass). On these he is styled macrianvs, NOBIL. CAES., or IMP. C. FVLVIVS. MACRIANVS P.F. AVG. “ It would appear (says Mr. Akcrman) from the first of these titles that, contrary to the testimony of historians, Macrianus the younger was first declared Caesar, and that the title of Augustus was conferrred upon him subsequently. The Latin coins of the young Macrianus do not bear the prenomcn. His Greek coins differ in the name ; some have marcvs, others titvs. If any of the coins with these names bore an old head, instead of the youthful portrait always found on them, it might reasonably be supposed that either Titus or Marcus belonged to the elder Macrianus. Nevertheless, it is certain that many of the Imperial Greek coins have portraits but little resembling those on the Latin coins of the same emperor.” — Descript. Catal. vol. ii. p. 77, 78. MACRINUS (Marcus Ope/ius Secerns), the successor of Caracalla, who was assassinated in Mesopotamia at his instigation. He was born in Africa, of an obscure family (a.d. 164). At first an advocate, he came to Rome and was favourably received by Scptimius Severus; after- wards appointed Prmtorian Prefect by Caracalla, but having ascertained the intention of that ferocious tyrant to destroy him, he took the above-mentioned effectual but treacherous step to prevent it, and was proclaimed Emperor a.d. 217. He was a prince well skilkJ in the laws, and just in their administration; a pro- tector of literature, and a great disciplinarian, but somewhat cruel and voluptuous. Although confirmed in the government by the Senate, he did not proceed to Rome, having immediately entered into a war with the l’arthians, by whom he was defeated, and at length was constrained to make a peace with their King Artabanes on terms disgraceful to the Roman arms. Having by his parsimony and severity indisposed the troops towards him, and being attacked by the generals of Elagabalus, he was defeated, pursued, and slain, in Bythinia, a.d. 218, in the 54th year of his age, not having completed the second year of his reign. — The coins of Macrinus are of extreme rarity in gold ; not scarce in silver; but rare in first and second brass, and his brass medallions arc very rare. On these he is styled imp. caes. m. opf.l. sev. macrinvs avg. On the obverse of a first brass medal, with the above names and titles for its legend, is the laureated head of the Emperor. — On the reverse, the epigraph is secvritas tempokvm, and the type a woman holding the hasta in her left hand, and resting her right hand on a column. The more frequently revolutions multiplied themselves under the Emperors, the more the throne tottered on its base ; and the princes who were called to the government of the empire affected to invoke a security of which they would hardly have been otherwise than doubtful. For the portrait of Macrinus, sec Annona Aug. M . ,EM . Marcus - EniiUus . — Preuomen and name of a man. M.ECILIA — MjENTA — MAESA. MvECILIA, a plebeian family ; surname Tiillus. Four varieties of coins, all common. — M MAECII.IVS. TVLLVS. IIIV1R. A.A.A.F. F. This inscription is found un first and second brass of Augustus. MyENIA, a plebeian family, which extended itself from the two Manii, tribunes of the people. Its surname is said to be Antiaticus. There are four varieties on its coins, which arc rare in silver, and much rarer in third brass. — The types of the silver (Mania) are the common ones of Minerva’s head on the obverse ; and Victory in a quadriga, or the Dioscuri on horse- back, on the reverse, with the legend p. mae. or P. mae. ant. — A small brass of this family bears on one side the head of Hercules, and on the other the prow of a galley, with the inscrip- tion P. MAE. ANT. ME. Aloysius Odericus thus signally explains the above coins in the dissertation which he has given in Saggi di Cortona. Havercamp, says he, from these contracted epigraphs, ( epigraphes sigla, for the letters arc tied together) (colligahs) has made out three persons, viz., P Mtenius, Antonius (or Antronius), and Mctellus, when nevertheless only one individual is named, that is to say, P. Manias Antiaticus , Megellus, or Medullinus , or what other surname soever begins with the syllable me. The first surname rightly belongs to the Mania race, of which was C. Mien ius, who, in the year of Rome 4 1C, triumphed over the Antiates, according to Livy’s history, and the Fasti Capitolini, in which latter appears as follows: — C. MAENIVS P. F. P. N. COrcSaf DE ANTIATIBVS. — The second cognomen, whatever it was, distinguishes this Msenius from other Antiatici, just as the cognomen Spinther serves to distinguish the Cornelii Lentuli from the Marcellini. MAESA (Julia), born at Einesa in Syria, daughter of Julius Bassianus, priest of the Sun, sister of Julia Domna, and grandmother of Elagabalus. She married Julius Avitus, by whom she had Julia Soacmias and Julia Mamma, the mother of Alexander Severus. She was a woman of great sagacity and courage, possessed of vast wealth. Retiring to Emcsa, at the period of Caraealla’s death, she gained over the soldiery by her largesses ; proclaimed Elagabalus emperor ; fought at the head of his troops against Macrinus ; proceeded to Rome, took her seat in the Senate, though contrary to the laws ; gave good counsels, but in vain, to her infamous grandson ; and died regretted in the reign of Alexander Severus, a.d. 223, whom she had ! MAESA. 533 adroitly iuduced Elagabalus to adopt for his successor, and by whom she was honoured with the ceremonies of consecration. — Her coins are of extreme rarity in gold ; but common in silver and first and second brass. On these she is styled IVLIA maesa avgvsta, and, after death, diva maesa avg. On a large brass medal, with the head of Micsa, we read ivlia maesa avg.; and on the reverse S4ECVLI felicitas s. c. A woman standing, with a caduceus in her hand ; at her feet a modius, or bushel, out of which issue ears of coins ; in the field of the medal is a star. — The greater part of Mmsa’s coins probably belong to the reign of Elagabalus. MAG. M agister. — MAG. IVVENT. Ma- gister Juventutis. MAG. PI VS. Magnus Pius. — Great and Pious, names and titles of Cueius Po’mpey. — See Pompeia fam. Magister Juventutis. — One of the coins on which this title is read, according to Morcll, is of the Mitreia family, thus — on the obverse C. M1TRE1VS L. F. MAGwfer IWENTwfw, with the naked head of a man. — On the reverse the number XII. within a laurel crown . — 111 the Pembroke coins this is placed amongst the Spintria. — The office of the Magister Juventutis seems to have bceu that of instructing in military discipline and equestrian exercises the Roman youth — i.e., the young nobility, and, in the first place, Caius and Lucius, on whom Augustus had conferred the title of principes juventutis. — On one of the ancient inscriptions by Gruter is read M. fveiiorvm dom. avgvst. Magister puerorum domus Augusta. — The word Magister properly signifies a man invested with some authority — a master, one who has more power than another. Magistratus. — Magistracy or the dignity of Magistrate. — This name was at Rome given only to those offices, which were discharged in that city, and the functions of those who governed in the provinces were simply denomi- nated Potestates. — Magistratus also (derived from Magister) signifies the Magistrate, of whom there were several sorts among the Romans. 1. The ordinary magistrates, and the extraordinary magistrates. 2. Patrician, Plebeian, and mixed magistrates. 3. And these were again distinguished as the great and the lesser magistrates. There were, moreover, Curutes and Non Curutes, Magistrates of the City, or Capital, and Provincial Magistrates. — The Magis- tratus Curutes were those who had a right to the curule chair, as the Dictator, the Consul, the Praetor, and the Curule Edile, and these alone possessed the jus imaginis, or right to have the images of their ancestors in their houses, &c. — The Magistratus Majores, or superior magistrates, were so called because they had the grand auspices, the right to have lictors and messuages, and were chosen in the comitia by centuries, such were the Consuls, the Pnetors, and the Censors. — The Magistratus Minores were those who were appointed in the comitia by tribes — viz., the Curule and Plebeian Ediles, 534 MAGNENTniS. the Tribunes of the people, the Questors, the I Monetary Triumvirs, and the Provincial Magis- , trates, both ordinary and extraordinary. — Magistrate Ptitricii : At the commencement of the republic the magistrates were all patricians, but in the end the people acquired a share in all. these dignities, except that of the interrex . — Magistratus Plebeii: The plebeian magistrates were the 'Tribunes and Ediles of the people ; all the others were mixt. — Magistrate Provinciates were those the exercise of whose functions was limited within the provinces to which the republic sent them, as governors, in quality either of Proconsul, of Prretor, of Proprietor, and for the purpose of administering justice according to the Roman laws. The insignia of Roman Magistrates, repre- sented on the reverses of Consular medals, are sella curules, fasces, secures, gubernacula, tripodes, &c. — See those words. MAGN. Magnentia. — salvs d. n. magn. et. caes. — Sal us Domini Nostri Magnentii et Ca saris — ( Decentii understood.) MAGNENTIVS (FI. Magnus), born in Gaul, of obscure British or German parents, about a.d. 303, was brought up by Constans, with whom he was so great a favourite, on account of his skill in military affairs, that in a tumult when the soldiers were on the point of putting him as captain of the guard to death, his imperial master threw his pa/udamenlum as a protection over him, and thus saved his life. This kind- ness Magnentius most ungratefully requited with treachery, and the basest machiuations, through which the Emperor fell a victim, and this usurper obtained the empire, after having assumed the purple at Autun (Augustoduuurn), a.d. 350. He was a man of studious habits, powerful in conversation, but hard-hearted and cruel. He named as Ctesar his brother Decentius whom he sent with an army to defend Gaul beyond the Alps ; and he himself marched against of peace he had rashly rejected, and by whom he was defeated in two engagements, one in Italy, the other in Gaul. Fleeing to Lyons, and unable to retrieve his affairs, he then slew him- self a.d. 353, in the 50th year of his age. — The second and third brass of Magnentius arc very common; his gold arc rare; his silver rarer. On these lie is styled imp. cae. magnentivs AVG. DN MAGNENTIVS P.F. AVG IMP. PL. MAGNENTIVS P.P. AVG. — Also MAGNENTIVS TR. p.p. avg. The signification of the lclteis tr. has not been explained. MAGXIFICENTIA AUG. MAGX1A VRBICA, whose coins in every metal are extremely rare, has by some been ascribed as the wife of Maxentius, by others of Magnentius or Decentius, by others again of Carus and Nuincrianus; but Khell and Eckhel assigu her to Carinus. — See Urbica. M A GN I FI CENT I A AVG. — The mag- nificence, or as it is generally expressed muni- ficence (mvnificentia) of the Emperors, is a legend which has relation to public games, through the attractive medium of which the Roman Emperors strove to gain the affections of the people. The usual type is the figure of an elephant standing, as we see it on coins of Antoninus Fills, of Commodus, of Sept. Severus, and of Elagabalus. M AGNI FICENTI AE AVG. COS. VI. P. P. within a crown. — Second brass of Cominodus. — This coin is wanting in Mcdiobarbus, but appears in Vaillant, and in Ilavercamps’s Cabinet of Queen Christina, and is recognised by Mionnet and Akennan. It is an unique example of Magnificentia (says Eckhel) inscribed on coins ; an epigraph the adoption of which any occasion or motive, how trifling and absurd soever, might suggest to so very vain a man. MAGNVS, a surname or title of gods, heroes, kings, and emperors. The deities were generally called Magni, and the term was par- ticularly applied to Jupiter, Diana. &c. — Magnus and Maximus are titles often found assigned to Roman Emperors. The inscription divo antonino magno appears ou coins of Caracalla struck after his death ; for that bad prince, as vain as he was ferocious, loved to be saluted with the distinctive appellation of Magnus, after the example of Alexander the Great, whom he affected to imitate. MAGNVS is a cognomen ascribed on certain consular coins to Pompey and to his sons, Cnaeus and Sextus ; to the father on account of his victorious exploits, and to his posterity as an hereditary distinction — See Pompeia family. The name of Magnus was assumed by the usurper Magnentius, and also by his brother Decentius. — Maximus, another pretender to the imperial throne, during the rcigu of Theodosius I., took the prenomen of Magnus. Magusano, or Macusano, on coins of Pos- tumus. — See Hercu/i Magusano. MAIANIA, a family of uncertain rank, and respecting which no mention is made by ancient writers. Its coins bearing on the reverse c. maiani. present three varieties; are rare in silver ; common in first brass, being parts of the as ; but very rare in third brass, which are by the moneyers of Augustus. The denarius of this family bears on its obverse the head of Minerva, with winged helmet. — Rev. c. maiani. A winged figure, with a whip guiding a biga at full speed. In the exergue roma. Vaillant assigns this silver coin to the Mtcnia family, and liavcrcainp leans to this opinion ; but l rsin and Morell place it under the head of Maiania, and in doing so npjicar to have the sanction of Eckhel. MAJORIANUS. — MAMEA. MAJORIANVS ( Flavius Julius), appointed by Leo, Emperor of the East, to be bis general in chief, and sent by him to occupy the government of the western empire ; assumed the title of Imperator, at Ravenna, after the deposition of Avitus a.d. 457. He had proved himself a good general under Aetius, and possessed great and excellent qualities. lie inflicted severe injury on the barbarian tribes both in Italy and in Gaul : whilst his friend and general, Ricimer, defeated Genseric, 458 ; Majorian beat the Goths under Theodoric; but he had scarcely made peace with Genseric, when Ricimer conspired against and deposed him at Dertona, now Tortona, in Liguria ; and he died by his own hand a.d. 461. — The gold coins of Majorianus are esteemed rare; the brass still rarer; on these he is styled D. N. ivuvs. maioiuanvs. FELIX. AVG. P. M. or MAM. Mamercus ; a prenomen, and afterwards a name of the Aemilia family : — mam. lf.pidvs. Mamercus Lepidus. MAMAEA (Julie), daughter of Julia Masa, sister of Julia Soaemias, and mother of Alex- ander Severus. She took the name of the Julia family from her father, whom some call Jidius Avitus, but her surname of Mamea, like that of her sister Soaemias, is believed to be Syriac. — Julia Mamaea was married to Genesius Mar- cianus, by whom she had Theoelia and Alexander Severus. On Roman coins she is honoured with the title of Augusta (a.d. 222). By her sagacity she conciliated the good-will of the soldiery in favour of her son Alexander, of whom by education she made a perfect prince ; by her assiduity with her mother Micsa she promoted his adoption to the empire, whilst by her pru- dence she extricated him from the snares laid for him by Elagabalus. She ruled under her son with talent and courage ; was Ids companion even in the Persian war ; but ambitious, haughty, and covetous, she committed some acts of in- justice from the love of money. It is said, on historical authority, that she had embraced the Christian faith. This princess was murdered at the same time with her imperial son a.d. 235. The silver coins of Mamaea are common ; the brass, first and second, very common ; third brass rare ; her gold arc of the highest rarity. On these she is styled IVLIA MAMAEA WGusta MATcr AVG usta. On the reverse is sometimes MATER CASTRORI M. MAMJLIA, although a most noble and most ancient famdy, emigrating, it is said, from Tusculum, or from Tibur, yet it became plebeian MAMILIA. 535 at Rome. It derived its surname Limetanus, it is believed, from its being given at first to C. Mamilius, tribune of the people, because he (v.c. 589) carried the lex de limitibus or boundary law. In its coins which are for the most part common, there are eighteen varieties ; the silver pieces restored - bv Trajan are extremely rare, amongst these is the following interesting type:— C. MAMIL. LIMETAN. — A man in a short habit, w'earing on his head the pileus, or hemispherical bonnet, and holding a long knotted stick, and a dog at his feet fawning on him. — The obverse of this denarius bears the head of Mercury, as designated by his attributes, the winged cap and the caduceus. This coin has been explained as representing Ulysses recognised by his dog. — According to the Homeric recital, that Grecian hero, after an absence of twenty years, resolved to repair once more to his kingdom of Ithaca without making himself known. Accordingly he disguised him- self, as a pilgrim, or traveller, and effectually escaped discovery by any man, when his faithful dog Argus, knew again his long lost master, and by wagging his tail, and other canine blandishments, testified his dying joy at the sudden recognition — “ Et moriens reminiscitur Argos." The affecting incident is most graphically re- corded on this elegant denarius. The Mamilia family pretended to derive its origin from Mamilia, the daughter of Tclegonus, the reputed son of Ulysses and Circe ; and C. Mamilius, as a monetai triumvir, caused this subject to be adopted on one of his medals. There is another denarius, with same reverse, but, instead of the bust of Mercury, its obverse exhibits that of Diana Venatrix, below which is S. C. MAN. Manias; a prenomen, which, in linked monogrammated letters (MN), appears on coins of Fonteia family. M. AN. Marcus Annius. — Sec Florianus. Manens, an epithet of Fortune, on a coin of Commodus. — See foktvnae manenti MANLIA, a plebeian family. The coins said to belong to it are passed over by Eckhel as “ numi Goltziani,” and not noticed by Mionnet or Akerman. Manipulus, a band or company of Roman soldiers, whose military ensign was an extended hand placed on the top of a spear. MANL. or MANLI. Manlius. MANLIA, a patrician family, of the most noble descent. Its principal surname is Torquatus, celebrated in its association with Manlius in Roman story. — The gold coins are very rare ; 636 MANLIA. MANLIA. the silver common. — This family took the sur- name of Torquatus from the valour of T. Manlius, who, in the year of Rome 393, slew in single combat a Gaul of superior strength to himself, and took away his collar (torques). Thenceforward the Manlii adopted the honour- able addition, and stamped it on their coins. — Thus on the reverse of a silver medal of this family we see l. tohqva. q. ex. s. c. A man, armed with helmet, spear, and buckler, galloping on horseback. — The obverse presents the winged head of Pallas, the word koma and x., all within a torques. — On the reverse of another denarius of the Man/ia family we read the words l. svi.i.a. imp., and the type represents Sylla in a triumphal quadriga, holding in his right hand a caduceus, and crowned by a flying Victory. — The obverse of this coin bears the legend L. max 1. 1. pro. q., and for its type hits the winged head of Minerva. — We learn from Plutarch that Manlius Torquatus, who' on the above is called Proquastor, was one of Svlla’s generals. — Another coin of the Man/ia family exhibits the same reverse of Sylla triumphing, and bears on its obverse ROM. and the mark x., together with the head of Pallas, all within a torques, or ornamental collar , allusive to their intrepid and victorious ancestor. Besides the silver coins above described, there is an elegant one inscribed ser. ( Serranus , or more probably Sergius), with the head of Minerva for the type of its obverse, and roma before it ; on the reverse of which is a. maxli. Q. F., and Apollo, or the Sun, in a chariot draw-n by four horses, on his left X., on his right a crescent, and on each side a star. — See SOL. Also another denarius, with female head, and inscribed SIBYLLA. — Rev. : L. TORQVATiw III. VIR. A tripod, above which are two stars, the whole within an ornamental circle. — See Sibylla. MANLIA SCANTILLA, the wife of Didius Julianas, by whom she had the beautiful Didia Clara, she being herself the .most deformed of women. On the same day that her husband j became Emperor (a.d. 193), she was proclaimed j Augusta, by a decree of the Senate, but her happiness was of brief duration, for Julianus j having in a few weeks been put to death, the imperial titles were taken away both from her and her daughter by Scverus, and Manila Scant ilia died in obscurity.— She is nu- mismatieally styled Manl. (or MANLIA) SCANT1I.LA. avg. — All her coins are of extreme rarity, the gold, silver, and second brass particularly so. — The silver and bronze have on their reverse ivno regina, aud a veiled female, or deity, standing with a patera in her right hand, a hast a in her left, and a peacock at her feet. — The illustration has been selected from a gold coin in the British Museum. M. ANN Marcus Annius ; prenomen and name of a man. Manus Humana, the human hand, is some- times the numismatic index of Liberality ; at other times two hands joined together serve to symbolize the concord of individuals, and to designate the confirmation of friendship and of treaties. — We see a human hand, intended to represent “the hand divine,’’ put forth from clouds on a coin of Constantine the Great ; another holding the cross or a crown, on coins of Arcadius, and of Eudoxia his wife. Manus dua juncta. — Two hands joined, hold- ing a caduceus, or corn-ears, with poppies, or other fruits, in indication of the happy con- sequences of concord, appears on coins of the Junia family; also on medals of Julius Ciesar, M. Antony, Lepidus, Augustus, Vespasian, Titus, Doinitian (see Caduceus), Antoninus, M. Aure- lius, Albinus. Manus dua juncta. — Two hands joined, hold- ing a military ensign placed on the prow of a galley, symbolical of the concord of the army, is a type found on coins of M. Antony, Vespasian, Domitian, Nerva, M. Aurelius, Com- inodus. — See Concordia Ezercituum. Tw o hands joined, occur on silver of Balbinus and Pupicuus, with amor mvtvvs avgg. ; and pi etas mvtva avgg. ; and on silver of Carnusius with the legend concordia militvm. Three hands joined, appear on coins of Anto- ninus, Salonina, and Valerian, jun., and the same holding a caduceus on a coin of Augustus. MAQ. Moneta Aquileia Percussa. — smaQP. Secra Moneta Aquileia Percussa. — These letters appear on the exergue of a coin of Gratianus ; also on one of Theodosius M. — [Aquileia, for- merly a rich town, near the Gulf of Venice, is now a small village.] MAR. Marcellinus — lent. mar. f. Len- tulus MarceUini Fi/ius. MAR. Marcellus. — mar. cl. — Marcellas Clodius. MAR. Marcus. — mar. avrelivs probvs. — Banduri, i. p. 456. MAR. Mars, Marti. MAR. The month of March. — eid. mar. Idas Martii. The Ides of March. — See Junia family. MARCELLINVS. — On a denarius of the Claudia family ap]>cars the name of mxrcel- Lixvs., aud the head of Claudius Marcellus, behind which is the triquetra (or three mens’ legs), allusive to his conquest of Sicily. On the reverse of the same denarius appears the word. MARCELLVS, the surname of the above- meutioned plebeian family, marcellvs cos. qvinq. (Consul Quinquies, five times Consul.) — The type represents this valiant commander, clothed in the toga, carrying into a temple MARCIA. of four columns, a trophy formed of armour which he had himself taken from the person of Viridomarus, a Gaulish chief. — See Claudia. 51 A RC I . Marcius. MARCIA, a family originally patrician, but afterwards plebeian. Its surnames are Censorinus, Libo, Philippas . — Morell gives forty-two varieties of type, of which the silver are common, the brass rare. Many of the latter pieces are asses or parts of the as, or struck by the moneyers of Augustus. — The Marcia family claimed to derive its origin from Ancus Marcius, King of the Romans— a claim which is plainly indicated on a silver coin of that house, on which are exhibited the name and portrait of ancvs, with the iituus behind the head — On the reverse are the word PHILIPPVS, and an equestrian statue on a bridge, underneath the arches of which we read AQVA MARcta. This is allusive to the famous Marcian aqueduct at Rome, whence flowed another honour to the family. Respecting it Pliny ex- presses himself in the following emphatic terms : “The most renowned of all waters (conveyed by* aqueducts) for the merit of coolness and wholesome qualities is, by the city’s testimony, that of marcia. Ancus Marcius, one of the Kings of Rome, was the first to introduce it into the city. In after times Q. Marcius restored it, during his praetorship, and the same thing was done subsequently by M. Agrippa.” — With respect to the figure of the horseman placed on the arches of the aqueduct, Eckhcl observes that as the same recurs ou several coins of the Philippi, it is probable that it may allude to the surname Phi/ippus, although he would not deny that it may probably refer besides to the domestic praise of the family, since both Livy aud Pliny bear witness to an equestrian statue publicly erected to Q. Marcius Tremulus, on his victory over the Samnites. — See Ancus Marcius, p. 44. MARCIA, the prenomen of a woman, taken from Marcus — as marcia otacilia seyera,- wife of Philip senior. — See Otacilia. MARCIA, a concubine of Commodus, to whom (according to Lampridius and other historians) above all others that profligate emperor was the most passionately attached, appears depicted on his coins under the form of an Amazon. (Span- heim, Pr. ii. p. 292.) — On the obverse of a fine bronze medallion of this prince (having for the type of its reverse a sacrificial group) are the joined heads of Commodus aud Marcia ; that of the former is laureated ; that of the other helmeted. The bust of this woman is some- times clothed in a cuirass ; at other times it is accompanied by the Amazonian pel la. This 3 Z MARCIANA. — MARCLANUS. 537 medallion is valued by Mionnet at 200 fr. ; and there are others, of equal value, which he describes in his Recaeil des Medailles Romaines, and on which, in the opinion of Vaillant, the head of this Amazonian female is to he re- cognised. MARCIANA, sister of the Emperor Trajan, and mother of Matidia, an accomplished woman. She lost her husband previous to the accession of her brother to the empire, and lived as a widow with the Emperor’s wife, Plotina, to w hom she was united by the tenderest and most uninterrupted friendship. She died about a.d. 114, and received the honours of Consecration (see that word). — She is styled marciana avg. SOROR. IMP.TRAIANI — DIVA AVGVSTA MARCIANA. The coins of this princess are, in every metal, exceedingly rare. The brass which form a monument of her consecration are all of the first size. — The annexed cut is from a specimen in the British Museum. In commenting on the medals of Plotina, Marciana, and Matidia, the intelligent and accu- rate author of Lemons de Numismatique liomaine observes, in reference to the types of Consecration, which appear on the coins of these three princesses, that “although the Roman mintage retraces, from the earliest reigns aud in divers manners, the apotheosis of Emperors aud Empresses, yet the word consecratio appears only for the first time on the medals of Marciana ; and with that legend a funeral pile, an altar, chariots of various forms, &c., serve to represent the apotheosis, without its being possible to deter- mine the rules by which one type was employed in preference to another. Nevertheless the eagle taking its flight, a type at first common to both sexes (as is shewn in a large brass medal of Marciana), was afterwards reserved for the Augusti alone ; whilst the peacock (a bird con- secrated to Juno), and the covered car draw r n by two mules, known by antiquaries under the name of carpentum , became types exclusively appropriated to theEmpresses and other Augusta. MARCIAN VS (Flavius Valerius), born of humble parentage in Thrace, or in Illyria, but an accomplished soldier, he was honoured in marriage with the hand of Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius the Second, who proclaimed him Emperor of the East, a.d. 450. From that time to the end of his reign, seven years after, he preserved the peace and integrity of the empire ; refused to pay tribute to Attila ; destroyed paganism; favoured the Christians; 538 MARCUS.— MARIDIANTJS. MARINIANA.— MARIUS. and died regretted, at Constantinople a.d. 457, supposed to have been poisoned, in the 65th year of his age. — All his coins arc of the highest rarity, and on them he is called D. N. MARCIANVS P. F. AVG. MARCVS, a frequently recurring prenomen, which on silver coins of the ^Emilia, Antonia, and Aquilia families, is commonly found joined with the prenomina of relations and ancestors, for we read M. aemiu. m. f. m. n. Marcus Aemilius, Marci Hlius, Marci Nepos. In like manner M. AQVILIVS M. f. m. n. — The Emperor Commodus used the same prenomen of Marcus, which, as well as that of Lucius, by the initials M. and L. is designated on his coins. Marcus Agrippa. — See Vipsania family. Marcus Antonius. — See Antonia fam. Marcus Aurelius. — See Aurelius. MARI. Marius. — See Maria fam. MARIA, a plebeian family. Its surnames, on coins, are Capito and Trogus. — The varieties are forty-six — most of them rare. Connected with its surname of Marcus, is a denarius, on the obverse of which we read C. mari. c. f. ( Caius Marius, Caii Filius) capit. xxvm., with head of Ceres. — Rev. : A man driving two oxen. Trogus. — C. Marius Trogus was one of the moneycrs of Augustus, as is shewn by his denarii, which arc all honoured with the portrait of that prince. It is probable that they were struck about the year v.c. 741. As these denarii, with the exception of the name, offer nothing that relates to Trogus, but refer in all their types to Augustus and his family, and they are also of doubtful explanation, it will suffice to notice a few, and those briefly : — Epigraph. — c. makivs. tro. nrviR., or c. MARIVS. C. F. TRO. Tgpes. — On the obverse, as has been stated, the head of Augustus. — On the reverse, the head of Julia, daughter of Augustes, between the heads of Caius and Lucius, her sons by Agrippa. — This coin was struck under Augustus, about the year 737. — See avgvstvs divi. f., in which the type is explained. Two men, clothed in the toga, standing, one of whom has his head laureated, the other wears a turreted crown ; they both hold a roll in their left hands, and at the feet of each is something that resembles an altar, or pedestal ; or, as Ilavcrcamp thinks, the scrinium (or casket), such as it was customary to place at the feet of senatorial statues. The same writer recognises in these two figures, Augustus and Agrippa, and the latter especially from his turreted crown. A priest veiled stands, holding in his right hand the simpu/um (or small chalice used in sacrifice). This is perhaps intended for Augustus, promoted to be pontifex maximus, in the year of Rome 741. Some pieces in gold and silver of this family are by the moneycrs of Augustus ; and (here are denarii restored by Trajan. MARIDIANVS. — Caius Cossutius, a verv rich man, seems to have adopted Maridius, who, according to the custom of those who were adopted, lengthened out the name, and was called Maridianus. — C. MARIDIANVS, who is read on the denarii of Julius Cicsar, was of the Cossutia family, that is of the equestrian order. — As one of the monetary triumvirs, he placed the figure of Venus Victnx on Julius’s coins, to indicate the latter’s pretensions to divine origin. MARINIANA, the second wife, as it is be- lieved, of Valerianus, and the mother of Valeri- anus jun. — This priucess is known only through the medals on which her name as diva Mariniana appears, and from which it is inferred that she died at the beginning of Valerian’s reign. It is still a matter of doubt whether she was the wife of Valerianus ; but she certainly was of his family. Her silver coins, or rather billon, are very rare, on the reverse of which we see a peacock, the symbol of her consecration. The brass are still rarer. — See Akerman’s note on Mariniana. MARIQVE. — See pace p. r. terra mariqve on a coin of Nero. MARIT. Maritima . — PRAKP. CLAS. ET OR. marit. Prafectus C/assis Et Ora Maritima . — See Pompeia. Maritime, or naval power, is denoted on Roman coins by the prow of a ship, as on a denarius of Pompey the Great (with legend maqn. pro. cos.), or by the Roman Eagle and two standards, the latter resting on the prows of vessels, on a second brass of Serious Gallia. — The prictorian galley, with rowers, also serves to mark the prefecture and command of the sea, as on medals of Hadrian and other emperors. — See Pratoria Navis and Felicitati Augusti. MARIVS ( Caius.) — It is observed by Plutarch in the beginning of his life of this man, ennobled by so many consulates and by two triumphs, that he had no cognomen or third name. That this, however, is not to be referred to the entire family called amongst the Romans by the name of Maria, but only to the branch of the house whence Marius descended, the surname of Capi/o and of Trogus struck on other coins of the same family serve abundantly to shew. MARIVS ( Marcus Aurelius), called also Ma- nurius and Vecturius, from being an artificer in iron and an armourer, became a Roman General, and proclaimed himself Emperor a.d. 267, by favour of the Gaulish legions, after the death of Victorinus. lie was a bold and active man, conspicuous for prodigious powers of body, aud of especial strength in the use of his hands and fingers. According to Po/lio he reigned only three days, having been killed by one of his ancient comrades with a sword which he had himself fabricated. The mode of his death may have been authentically described ; but that the career of his usurpation should have been so extremely short is scarcely credible, when regard is had to the abundance of coins (of limited variety) struck with the muue and portrait of MARIUS.— MAES. Marius , and which though exceedingly rare iu gold ; are scarce in potin or base silver, and in third brass, but less so in the latter He is styled imp. c.m. AVR. MARIVS. P.F. AVG. — The cut is taken from a gold coin iu the British Museum. MARS, the god of war, was, according to the common belief of the ancients, the son of Jupiter and of Juno; or as some of the later poets have pretended, the son of Juno, by whom solely he was generated, as the goddess Minerva was brought forth of Jupiter alone. Mars was re- garded as a great leader iu battle ; as presiding over discord and contest, everywhere exciting slaughter and war. Although this divinity had numerous adorers in Greece and iu many other countries, there was no place where his worship became more popular than at Rome. — On a gold coin and also on a middle brass of Anto- ninus Pius, appears a type which reeals to mind the legendary origin of Rome. It represents Mars armed with helmet, spear, and shield, descending to Ilia or Rhea, the Vestal mother of Romulus and Remus, who is depicted half naked iu a recumbent posture, and buried in a profound sleep. It was to support the fable which made Romulus pass for the son of Mars, that the Romans gave to their first king, in his apotheosis, the name of Quirinus, and afterwards to Mars himself many temples, amongst which that built by Augustus after the battle of Philippi, under the name of mars victor, was the most celebrated. The priests of this deity, called Salians, had the custody of the ancilia, or sacred shields. The Hat ins derived his name from Mares (males), because it is men who are employed in wars. They also called him Gradivus and sometimes' Quirinus ; and established this difference between the two appellations, that the former indicated this god during war, and the latter during peace. The Romans likewise denominated him pater, on several of their imperial coins, in allusion to his being father of Romulus aud Remus. — On medals and other ancient monuments Mars is represented under the figure of a man armed with a helmet, a lance, and a shield, sometimes naked, at others in a military habit, or with a soldier’s mantle over the shoulders; in some instances bearded, hut more frequently without a beard. Mars Victor appears bearing a trophy, and Mars Gradivus is depictured in the attitude of a man who is walking with great strides. The wolf was sacred to Mars, and the Romans sacrificed a horse to him on the 12th of October. His familiarity with Venus is shadowed forth on coins of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina jun., in which we see the goddess of beauty, as venvs victrix, embracing him iu her arms, and retaining him by her blandish- ments. The unbearded head of Mars appears on a denarius of the Cornelia family, with inscription 3 Z 2 MARS. 539 of cn. bi.asio c. iv. f — See Visconti and Riccio on this point. The temple of Mars, with the epigraph of mar. vlt., Marti Ullori, appears on coins of Augustus. On medals of Caracalla, Gordianus III. and other emperors, he has the name of propvgnator (the defender); and Constantine, previous to his profession of Christianity, dedi- cated a coiu to his honour, with the circum- scription of MARTI PATRI PROPVGNATORI. The legend of mars victor is found on medals of Domitiau, Antoninus, Numerianus, Claudius Gothieus, Probus, &c. mars vltor (the avenger) on those of Alexander Severus, and others ; mars pacifer (the peace-bearer) on those of Gallienus, &c.; mars conservator (the preserver) on those of Licinius, Constantine, &c. We see, moreover, on other products of the Imperial mint, that this favourite deity of warlike Rome was distinguished, according to the occasion on which the medal was struck, by titles of adsertor, stator, and pacator. MARS ADSERTOR. (Mars the Assister.) — On a silver coin ot Galba this legend appears, with the type of Mars in the paludamentum, standing with trophy and shield. Like that which bears the inscription of mars vltor, with the same type, it was clearly intended as a memorial of acknowledgment on the part of the veteran general of Nero’s Legions in Spain, that he owed the success of his enterprise against the tyrant, and his own elevation to the empire, to tbe assistance and tutelary favour of the god of war. MARTI AVGVSTO. — Mars helmeted, march- ing with spear iu right hand and trophy on his left shoulder. On silver of Pescennins Niger. — See Pescennius. Khell, in recording this coin from the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, says — “ Unicum kune, atque prelii non eestimandi pronunciare confidenter audeo.” — Vaillant notes two coins of Niger as rarissimi, with the epigraph of Marti Victori ; and with the exception of the parazonium instead of the spear, the type of one of them is the same as that above described. The leeend of Mars Augustus appears on no other Roman Imperial medals as yet discovered. MARTI DEO. — See deo marti. — On a silver coin of Gallienus we see this rare inscrip- tion, with a figure of Mars, supporting his left hand on his spear and his right hand on his shield, standing helmeted in a temple of four columns. MARTI.— The figure of Mars stands helmeted and in a military dress, his right hand grasping the hasta f errata or iron-headed lance, and his left placed on a shield resting on the ground. On this rare silver medal Hadrian is depictured under the form of Mars. — “A similar image, says Vaillant, may be seen in Parian marble at the Capitol in Rome, with this sole difference, that in the statue Hadrian is represented naked ; while on the coin he appears in the costume of a warrior.” MARTI CONSERA ATORI. — Respecting this dedicatory inscription which appears on coins of 540 MARS. Maxentius, Licinius, and Constantine, — Span- 1 heira, in his “ Ca-sars of Julian,” observes — “ Ancient medals present to us this son of Jupiter, not only under the images of an avenging, a victorious, and a lighting god — Martis U/toris, \ Victoria, Propugnatoris — in a word, he who takes | delight in nothing but war and combats ; but they also designate him to us under the appearance of a peaceable and peace-making, a preserving, and fatherly deity — Martis Pad/ici, Pacatoris, Conservatoris, Statoris, Patris, in order to teach ns what are the duties of conquerors, and even what ought to be the aim of their conquests.” — Banduri gives a second brass of Maxentius, with an armed Mars walking, and the legend MARTI. CONSERVATort AVG usti N ostri. (To Mars the Preserver of our Emperor.) MARS PACATOR. — A half-naked figure of a man, with helmet, a branch iu the right and a liasta in the left hand. On silver of S. Severus. Mars here carries the olive branch, a symbol of peace. — As the supposed father of their city’s founder, the Romans (observes Vaillant) paid the highest honours of their re- ligious worship to Mars, whom they denominated Gradivus, and offered sacrifices to, when on the point of war ; but whom they called Pacator when they entered into pacific treaties with the enemy. To this Ovid alludes in the 3rd book of his Fasti : — Nunc primum studiis pads, deus it til is armis, Advocor. MARTI PACIFERO. — This dedication, with the image of the god holding the olive branch, appears on a silver coin of Volusianus, who thus assumes to be Mars the Pacificator, or Peace-bearer, on account of the peace made, under his father, with the Vandals. The same legend appears on coins of Florianus, &c. MARTI PATRI CONSERVATORI. — This new title on a second brass of Constantine has for its accompanying type an armed and hclmctcd effigy of Mars, under whose lineaments Beger thinks the features and helmet of Constantine himself are plainly to be recognised. Hence he observes we may understand that it was the emperor himself rather than the heathen deity who is on this medal represented. Constantine is called Mars on the occasion of his great slaughter of the Fraud and Alemanni, and his capture of their lriugs, thus preserving Gaul to the empire. The surname of Conservator is found assigned to Mars, not only on coins, hut on an ancient inscription, given in Gruter — (p. lvii.) Mars is called Pater, as Liber (or Bacchus) was called Pater, and as Janus was called Pater, because, as Lactantius writes, it was “ the custom to invoke by that name every god when offering to him solemn rites and prayers besides, who does not know that Mars was commonlv held to be the parent of the Romans? MARTI PATRI SEMP. VICTORI. (To the ever victorious Father Mars). — On another second brass of Constantine the Great appears this epigraph ; and it occurs only in the case of this emperor. MARS. MARTI PROPAG. IMP. AVG. N.— Mars, in military garments, stands with spear in left hand, and joins his right hand to that of a woman standing before him, between both is the wolf suckling the twins. — Respecting this epigraph and type on a silver coin of Maxentius, Eckhel observes that Mars Propagator imperii, like Princeps imperii Romani, on a gold coin of the same Augustus, is a new title, contrived by the ingenuity of Maxentius, to be conferred upon this deity. Vaillant says, “ At a time when Constantine was iu possession of great part of the empire, and Galerius with Licinius governed a still larger portion, Maxentius invokes Mars as the author of the City of Rome, praying him that he w ould amplify and propagate the boundaries of his empire.” MARS PROPVGnahw, and MARS PRO- PVGNATVri. (Mars the Champion or Defender.) — A hclmctcd fieure, clothed in armour, walk- ing, with spear and buckler. The former legend appears on a silver piece of Gordianus Pius, and the latter on a denarius of Gallienus, who, as his coins teach us, paid particular adoratiou to Mars. Indeed he is known to have raised a temple to the worship of that divinity in the Circus Flaminius, and to have called the god Propugnator. See Hostilianus . — Well indeed he might, being at that period sore pressed in every quarter of his government by both civil and foreign wars. (Vaillant.) — There is a second brass of Constantine which presents on its reverse the naked figure of Mars, with spear and buckler, marching, and the inscription MARTI HATH! PROPVGNATOBI. MARS VICTOR. — A helmeted figure walk- ing, holding a spear transversed, and in his left hand a trophy resting on the shoulder. — A very rare gold coin of Probus bears this legend and inscription, by which this warlike emperor is compared to Mars — no inappropriate or un- meaning compliment to a prince, of whom it has been recorded that every part of the Roman world w as rendered celebrated by his victories. MARTI VICTORI. — In noticing this lcgrnd of Pescennius Niger, Vaillant ( Pr. ii. 204) observes that Mars, in his quality of presiding over war seems to have had the cognomen of Fir/or assigned jto him; and that, as the coins bearing that epigraph denote, it is probable that Pescennius performed sacrifices to the God of MARS.— MARTINIANUS. Rattles, propitiating his aid to gain the hoped- for victory over Severus — a rival who, how- ever, proved to be his conqueror. — See Marti AVGVSTO. MART VLTO. — On a denarius of Augustus we see a round temple, in which is a figure of Mars Ultor, whose temple Augustus caused to be built in the capital. There is another silver coin of the same Emperor, with the same epigraph, and a similarly formed edifice, in which is a military ensign. This represents the temple of Mars the Avenger, which Augustus ordered to be built at Rome, in imitation of that of Jupiter Feretrius, in which the military standards restored by the I’arlhians were suspended. MARS VLTOR. — Mars walking with spear in hand, and trophy on his shoulder ; on coius of Alex Severus, Claudius Gothicus, Quintillus, Tacitus, and Probus. — With the ancient Romans, as well as Greeks, it was one of the principal marks of worship paid to their gods, to honour them as Avengers of injuries received ; hence originated, amongst others, the titles of Jupiter Ultor, of Mars Ultor, and the like, which medals so frequently exhibit to us. MARTI VLTORI. — On a silver coin of Galba edited in Morcll’s Inipp. Rom. we see this legend accompanied by the type of Mars, naked, except the helmet, walking: he brandishes aloft a dart in his right hand, and holds out a small round shield on his left arm. MARTI COMITI W Gusli N ostri. (To Mars, the companion of our Emperor.) — A second brass of Maxentius bears this sufficiently presumptuous inscription. The Emperor who thus makes a colleague of his deity is represented on horseback, with right hand uplifted, and a soldier with spoils preceding him. — The epigraph and type occur only on the money of Maxentius, who on other coius treats Hercules with the same familiarity (Herculi Comiti f MARTIALI. — See ivnoni martiali. MARTIN I AN VS ( Marcus J, general of Licinius, in whose palace he held the post of M agister Officinorum . — He was created Ciesar by that prince, after the latter had declared against Constantine, A.n. 324. — Martinianus usurped the style and title of Augustus, as appears by his coins, which are in third brass, and most rare, d. n. m. Marti an vs p. f. avg. — Two years afterwards he shared the fate of his master, both he and Licinius, after the two disastrous battles of Ailriauopolis and Chaleedon, having been put to death by order of Constantine. Martins, formerly the first month of the year with the Romans, it being named by Romulus after his reputed father. — It appears on certain celebrated coins. — See Ell), mar. MASSO, a surname of the patrician family of Papiria. MAT. Mater . — Thus Julia Mamtea is styled mat. avgvsti. (Mother of the Emperor.) MATER AUGG. 541 MATER AVGG. — Cybele in a quadriga of lions, holding a branch. This appears on gold and silver of Julia Domna, wife of Severus ; and, as Eckhel observes, there does not exist on coins a weightier proof of servile adulation. Here we behold Domna held out as the object of the high worship paid to Cybele, and that, too, when this “ Mother of the Gods” was really the parent of Caracalla, and of Geta ; see also by how subtle a device these two young Augusts are placed on an equality with the gods them- selves I — This coin was struck when Geta, as well as his elder brother, had attained to Augustal honours. MAT AVGG. MAT. SEN. M. PATR. Mater Augustorum, Mater Senatus, Mater P a tries. — A female figure representing Julia, sitting or standing, with corn ears in one hand, and the hasta in the other. — Gold, silver, and large brass of Domna exhibit this unique and remarkable inscription. On this medal we see not only new titles, but such as no other princess ever before assumed. For one Domna to call herself, on her coins, the Mother of the Senate, and the Mother of the Country, was bold iudeed. It was the result of that insensate veneration which her son Caracalla affected to entertain for her, it being also under his reign that the surnames of pia, fei.ix, were conferred on the imperial widow of Severus. MATER AVGVSTI ET CASTRORVM. — The Mother of the Emperor and of Camps are the titles assumed (on large and second brass coins) by Mamma, mother of Alexander Severus, who in all things acted under her counsels, and who, with her, was assassinated by the troops of the ferocious Maximinus. MATER CASTRORVM. — A woman seated, having before her three military ensigns. This reverse of a large brass of Faustina the younger, is remarkable. The title of Mother of Camps, which no empress previous to her had borne, though others afterwards received it, was given to Faustina, on the occasion of her having followed her husband, M. Aurelius, in his victorious expedition against the Quadi, a.d. 174, a campaign memorable for the victory regarded as miraculous, and ascribed to the prayers of the Theban legion, called Legio fulminans. — Julia Domna, and Julia Mamma, successively exhibit the same title on their coins’ the latter (as above observed) prefixing to it that of mater avgvsti, as the mother of Alexander Severus. — The type in Julia Domna’s first and second brass, with this legend, is a female figure, sacrificing before three military ensigns. MATRES AVGUSTORVM — The following are nearly all the mothers of emperors of whom there are authentic coins : — 1. — Livia, of Tiberius. 2. — Antonia, of Claudius. 3. — Agrippina, of Caligula. 4. — Agrippina, of Nero. 5. — Domitilla, of Titus. 6. — Julia Domna, of Caracalla and of Geta. 7. — Julia Soaemias, of Elagabalus. 8. — Julia Mamaea, of Alexander Severus. 542 MATER DEUM. MATIDIA. 9 . — Marcia Olacilia Severa, of Philip jun. 10. — Mariniana, of Valcrianus jun. 11. — FI a via Helena, of Constantine the Great. To no living mother was there by any son, being emperor, any coin struck representing two portraits, except to those who either had mingled in the allairs of state, or had sons under their guardianship who were afterwards advanced to the empire. Of these there were six, viz., Livia with Tiberius. 2. Agrippina with Caius (Caligula). 3. Agrippina, jun., with Nero. 4. Domna with Caracalla aud Geta, whose coins, however, were struck with the heads of the sons upon them during the life- time of their father Scverus. 5. Julia Sotemias with Elagabalus. 6. Julia Mamaea with Alexander. MATER DEVM. See Cybele .— Numerous coins of pro-consular cities in Asia attest the worship of this Phrygian deity, by the exhibition of her image. The same Magna Deum Mater, or Great Mother of the Gods, celebrated under so many names, was worshiped in her inmost sanctuary under the form of nothing more than a black stone ( lapis niger), as Arnohius, L. vii., from personal observation describes. — Her temple was repaired by Augustus. — As identified with Tel/us, Cybele carries the tympanum, by which the terrestrial globe was signified ; and the towers on her head bespeak her influence over towns. MATER DEVM. and MATRI DEVM.— Cybele seated between two lions, or Cybele standing, with a lion at her feet. — On gold, silver, and brass of Julia Domna, called on the obverse ivlia avgvsta. — The ambitious wife of Severus is not more fully exhibited by the title of Mater Avgustorum than she is as Cybele ; hut on the above coin, with the epigraph of Mater Deum, she is represented as though Cybele and Julia were the same. 'MATRI CASTRORVM. — On her coins, in gold, silver, and brass, Julia Domna stands veiled before a small altar, and two, or three military ensigns, performing sacrifice, as though partaking the councils of her husband, in his warlike expeditions, she invoked success on his enterprises, and made herself a consort in his victories. — This title of Mater Cattrorum con- ferred for the first time on the unworthy wife of M. Aurelius, was afterwards, in the same spirit of congratulation to the husband, bestowed on the masculine and ambitious empress of Septimius Severus. — We sec the same inscription and a similar type on a medal of Julia Sooemias ; whose claim to this martial appellation of honour, as an imperial camp mistress, is in like manner substantiated by her historical character as a courageous princess and a leader of armies MATIDIA, the daughter of Marciana aud niece of Trajan ; she was the mother of Sabina, who became the wife of Hadrian. She was declared Augusta along with Plotina, by a decree of the Senate about the year of Christ, 113; possessing all the virtues of her mother, she equally re- ceived with her the honours of the apotheo- sis, under the reign of Hadrian, some say of Antoninus Pius. The medals of Matidia, like those of Plotina and Marciana, are in each metal of the highest degree of rarity, especially the first brass. On these she is stvled MATIDIA. AVG. F.— MATIDIA AVG. D1VAE MAR- CIA NAK Viha. also DIVA MATH H A SOCRVS. — The annexed cut is from a denarius in the British Museum. MATRI DEVM CONSERV. AVG. (Con- servatrici Augusti.J — This legend, with Cybele riding on a lion, appears on first and second brass and ou silver of Commodus ; who with his characteristic audacity, whilst he was violating every law, divine and human, calls the Mother of the Gods his preserver ; in like manner as on other medals he selects Jupiter himself as the spousor for his security ( sponsor securitatis), and as the defender of his health and safety ( defensor salutis.) -MATRI DEVM SALVTARI. — A temple in which Cybele is seated : on the outside stands Atys near a tree, which he touches with his left. hand. — Bronze medallion of Faustina, senior. The type of Cybele, or mother of the gods, is common ou the coinage of Faustina the elder ; but on this exceedingly rare medallion we see also introduced, Atys both the priest and the lover of Cybele. He stands near a tree, and touches it ; either because he was detected by the goddess in a forbidden amour, and being sought after to receive punishment, hid himself under a pine tree, or because he was changed into a pine tree by Cybele (which are the several opinions of certain mythologists), or because this was the very tree on whose existence de- pended the life of the nymph Sangaris, with whom Atys had fallen desperately in love, aud MAURETANIA. which tree the goddess, in wrath at her lover’s infidelity, had cut down and destroyed. — See Cybe/e — and Atys. Matrix (Matrice). — This word is used by some numismatic writers to signify the die, square, or punch, that is to say, the mass of hardened medal, on which is engraved or sunk, the inverse way, the type of the medal, in order to impress it, the right way, on the blank which is exposed to its stroke. The word by which the Romans designated the die, or as the French call it the coin of the medal, is not known. MAVRETANIA — spelt with an e as well on inscribed marbles, edited by Gruter, as on coins of Hadrian, Autoninc, and Commodus — a region of Africa, separated from Spain by the straits of Gibraltar (/return Gadilanum), and from Numidia by the river Ampsaga. It now forms the kingdoms of Fez and Morocco. — Mauretania was made a conquest of by Julius Caesar, who having vanquished its king, Juba, reduced the country to a Roman province, giving the govern- ment of it to the Pro-consul Crispus Sallustius. — Augustus afterwards exchanged it with Juba, the son, for Numidia. — This region remained under subjection to the Romans till about a.d. 441, when Genscric, King of the Vandals, gained possession of it. The Emperor Valentinian dis- puted with him its retention, sword in hand, for three years, with various success; and at length peace was established between these two potentates, who divided Northern Africa between them. At the death of Valentinian, Genserie not only recovered all which he had ceded, but again overthrew' the Empire of the West. Justinian re-conquered this territory ninety-live years after the Vandals had permanently occu- pied it. Spauhcim (Pr. ii. p. 583) affirms that the ensigns of royalty were accustomed to be sent to the Mauretanian Kings by the Roman Emperors, and in no other way w'ere they confirmed in their regal dignity. MAVRETANIA. — An inhabitant of this pro- vince stands with a spear in his left hand, and holds with the other a horse by the bridle. — This name and appropriate type of the Moorish race, appears on a large brass of Hadrian, of which an illustration is here given. The cavalry of the Mauri was renowned of old both for the excellence of the horses and the skill of the riders. — Accordingly we find the figures of horses stamped even on the earliest coins of the Mauretanian Kings. That this equestrian people were employed, under their MAURICIUS TIBERIUS. 543 leader Lusius Quintus, in the various wars of Trajan, is attested in several passages of Dion ; and the Trajan column itself affords a lasting testimony to this fact, in that compartment of its sculptured shaft, on which the Moorish horsemen arc represented making a furious charge upon the Dacians. Tlie Mauretaniau is depictured on the coin, walking with bridle and lance in his hand, because that people, according to Strabo, gene- rally fought with spears and on horseback. MAVRETANIA. COS. II. S.C. — A man, with garment tucked-up, standing with basket in right hand, and spear in left. First brass of Antoninus Pius. — Eckhcl. For other numismatic memorials connecting the same province with the Emperor Hadrian, see ADVENTVI AVG. M AV RETAN LA E . — EXEKC1TVS MAVRETANICVS. — RESTITVTORI MAVRETANIAE. MAVRICIVS TIBERIVS, as on coins he is styled, w'as born in Cappadocia, but of a family of Roman extraction, a.d. 539. Adopted by his father-in-law Tiberius, he succeeded to the empire in 582. An energetic prince, skilled in war and not less conversant with peaceful arts, but avaricious and wrathful. He conquered the Persiaus, by his generals Philippicus and Ger- manus : he also fought many battles, with different degrees of success, against Chosroes, king of Persia, and also against the Avars, who had invaded the eastern provinces. His soldiers revolting, under the leadership of Focas, either because they had not received their pay, or because the emperor had refused to ransom, at a small price, many thousand captives taken by the Avars, paid the forfeit of his outrageous covetousness; the emperor himself, with his whole family, having been murdered by the traitorous usurper Focas, a.d. 602, in his 63rd year and 20th of his reign. — The gold of Mauricius are common ; silver rare ; brass com- mon, except quinarii. His name and titles are d. n. mavric. Tiber, p. p. avg. — The legends of bis medals are in the Latin character, but like nearly all the rest of the Byzantine series, the types are uninteresting and the execution I barbarous. MAX. Maxima. — Sec vict part. max. Victoria Parthica Maxima on coins of Caracalla. MAX. Maximo. — i. o. max. — Jovi Optimo Maximo. MAX. Maximus. — A title of the chief pontiff. Thus, P. max. Ponlifex Maximus, in Nero; pon. max. in Domitian. MAX. Maximus. — A masculine surname de- rived from illustrious exploits. MAX. Maximus. — An epithet of honour applied to several emperors, as referring to some conquest or victory. Thus M. Aurelius, L. Veins, Sept. Severus, Caracalla, were dis- tinguished by the title of Parthicus Maximus ; Commodus with that of Britannicus Maximus. Constantine the Great, after overcoming Max- entius, assumed this superlative max., which was afterwards conferred on Constans and Valens. MAXENTIVS (Marc. Aurel. Valerius), son of Maximianus Hercules and of Eutropia, was 544 MAXIMIANUS. bom a.d. 282. — Diocletian wished to have named him Ctesar ; Galerins was opposed to it. This neglect, and the promotion of Severus, Maximinus Daza, and, later, of Constantine to that rank, made him a mal-eontent; and he caused himself to be declared Emperor at Rome by the Pretorian soldiers ; the Senate assented, and proclaimed his assumption of the purple, according to history, in 306. But “ the medals, which assign to Maxentius the title of Caesar only, lead (as Mionnet observes) to the belief that this prince was at first content with that honour, and that he did not receive the title of Augustus until some time afterwards. In that case the coins are at variance with the historians, who make him Caesar and Augustus at once, by the united voice of the soldiers and the senate.” — Maxentius was a monster of cruelty aud lust ; he compelled his father to re-aseend the throne in order to maintain him in the government of the empire; he ruled Rome like a sanguinary tyrant, resembling his parent in harshness of disposition ; pillaged Italy by his confiscations of private property and by fiscal extortions to increase his revenues, till he became the object of universal hatred. After having sustained his authority against Severus II., and against Gale- rius Maximianus, by whom he was successively attacked ; he drove Maximianus Hercules, his father, from Rome ; defeated the usurper Alex- auder in Egypt, which he ravaged ; burnt Carthage in 311; and having quarrelled with Constantine, his former ally, he proceeded horribly to persecute the Christians. Con- stantine, however, secretly invited by the Seuate, marched from Gaul, and arriving near Rome, gave battle at the Milvian bridge to Maxentius, who being totally defeated, threw himself as a fugitive into the Tiber and was drowned, on the 28th December, 312, in the 30th year of his age and sixth of his reign, leaving his victorious rival Constantine undis- puted master of the Roman empire. — Maxentius had a sou, named Romulus, who died before his father, in the fourth year of his age, to whose aeterna memoria medals were struck, and are extant in each metal. (See romvlvs.) The style of Maxentius on his coins is MAX EXT I VS NOB. CAESAR — IMP. MAXENTIVS. P. F. AVG. — MAXENTIVS. P. F. AVG — MAXEN- TIVS PKINCV/w IN- V I CTmj. — S everal of the reverses are of historical interest. MAX1MIANVS. — Two Emperors rejoiced in the common name of Maximianus ; and of these Galerius Maximianus was called junior, to distinguish him from the elder by birth, and who in respect to the other was called senior. This distinction, however, we do not always see observed in cither else. For the coins of Maximianus the elder born, called by the other name of llerculeus, do not all present the name SEN. or senior; and it is very seldom MAXIMIANUS. that the appellative of IVN. or junior is found on the coins of Galerins. For as Herculeus Maximianus alone had hitherto home the title of Augustus, it was the less necessary by the word SEN /or to distinguish him from Galerius, who was at that time only Caesar. Nor was there any risk of Galerius being confounded with llerculeus Maximianus, because the title of Caesar sufficiently distinguished his coins from those of the elder one, who is said never to have received the dignity of Caesar, but was declared at once Augustus by Diocletian. Hence it is that the title of IVNior is never found con- joined to N ( J bilissim us CAESar on the medals of Galerius ; nor is the prenomen of Galerius by any means common on them, as for example by MAX1MIANVS NOB. CAES. Galerius is indicated, although no mark of the prenomen GAL. should be found, the title HObi/issimus CAESar sufficiently distinguishing him from Herculeus. But when Galerius became Augustus, the prenomen of each might be left out, and the title alone of IVNior and of SENior might be placed on their respective medals. And we find this done on their coins which arc inscribed — MAXIMIANVS SEN. P.F. AVG. when Valerius Maximianus is indicated, or IMP. MAXI- MIANVS IVN. P.F. AVG. when Galerius Maximianus is intended to be designated. — The following are the observations of the perspicuous and accurate Bimard (in his notes on Jobert), with reference to this point, than which nothing is better calculated completely to remove the difficulty which some learned writers have started thereupon : — “ History, both ecelesiastic and profane, teaches us that there were two, and only two Emperors, of the name of Maximianus; one of whom called himself M. Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, and the other C. Galerius Valerius Maximianus. The former was, on the medals struck after his abdication (as Diocletian’s colleague), called Maximianus Senior Augustus -, the latter to distinguish him- self took at the same time the appellation of Maximianus Junior Augustus It is, however, needful to observe, that Junior is never found except on medals whence we see only the name of .Maximianus, and which we have not yet remarked on those which bear the family name of Galerius Maximianus, because then the name of Galerius suffices to distinguish him from Maximianus Aurelius. Nor do we find Maxi- mianus Junior Nobi/issimus Ctrsar, because the quality of Ctrsar sufficiently distinguished Galc- rius Maximianus from Mnximianus Hercules, who always bore the tide of Augustus.” — (vol. ii. p. 309.) M AXIMIANVS ( Marcus Aurelius Valerius), surnamed Herculeus, on the ground of his pre- tended descent from Hercules, was born at Sirmium (Sinnich), in Pantionia, in the year of our Lord 250. Entering the army he served with distinction under Aurclian and Probus. It was on account of his valour and military talents, and in spite of his unpolished mind and harsh temper, that he was associated in the empire with the title of Augustus, by Diocletian, MAX TMI ANUS. MAXIMINUS. 545 a.d. 286, having previously been created C;csar by the same emperor. — Maximianus was an out- rageous tyrant, covetous, violent, and cruel ; an abominable persecutor of Christians, against whom he further instigated his sufficiently pre- judiced colleague. He conquered and kept down the Bagaudie, the Persians, and the Germans. — In 292, whilst Diocletian adopted Galerius Maximianus, be on his part conferred the title of Caesar on Constantius Chlorus, and besides adopting the two emperors joined them by the closer bond of relationship. After becoming Augustus, he defeated aud dispersed the Mauri of Africa (296). — On the day of Diocletian’s abdication (305), Maximianus renounced the empire also, the former retiring to Nicomedia, the latter iuto Luoania, having named Scverus in his place. At the solicitation of his son Maxentius, or as some say for the lust of power, he resumed the quality of Emperor at Rome (307) ; but driven from that city, he fled (308) into Gaul, and received protection from Con- stantine, afterwards the Great, who had married his daughter Fausta, and to whom he had given the title of Augustus. Lodged in the palace of Constantine at Arles, he, in the absence of that prince, once more attempted to regain the imperial dignity a.d. 309. But Constantine having retraced his steps back into Gaul, soon compelled Maximianus to make his escape to the city of Marseilles, where he was made prisoner, and for the third time forced to abdicate his pre- tentions to empire. Having, however, entered iuto a plot against his son-in-law, he was detected, through the disclosures of his wife, who preferred, in this case, her husband to her father, and Constantine ordered him to be strangled, at Marseilles, in the 60th year of his age, and in the year of Christ 310.’ He is numismatically styled VAL. MAXIMIANVS NOBt/imnttu CAES. — IMP. M. AVR. VAL. MAXIMIANVS P. F. AVG. — HERCVLEVS MAXIMIANVS AVG. &c.— The same as in the instance of Diocletian, the medals which give to Maximiau the epithets of SENt'or, BEATIS- SIMUS, FELICwmttj, and the title of Domi/ius N oster, arc posterior to his first abdi- cation, as above noticed. Maximianus the elder boasted of celestial origin ; hence on his coins is read HERCVLI DEBELLATORI, with the figure of Hercules striking the hydra ; then HERCVLI PACIFERO ; and also HERCVLI VICTORI. His head not unfrequently appears covered with the lion’s skin. (See iovi et hercvli avgg.) — E utropia, a Syrian woman, yras the wife of this Maximianus. His silver medals arc rare ; his gold still rarer ; second and third brass for the most part very common. — See Herculio Maximiano. MAXIMIANVS ( Galerius Valerius), the son of a peasant, was born near Sardica, in Dacia ; he distinguished himself by his ability and valour under Aurelian aud Probus ; in the year of the Christian era, 292, he was declared ' Ca>sar, by Diocletian, who adopted him, and gave him his ourn daughter Valeria in marriage. A man of lofty stature and robust frame, his 4 A look, voice, and gesture inspired terror by their savage rudeness. Ignorant, arrogant, brutal, and cruel, his lust for power w as equalled only by his ingratitude to his benefactors ; he per- secuted the Christians with unexampled bar- barity ; constrained Diocletian and Maximian to abdicate, and reigned in their place with the assumed dignity of Augustus, a.d. 305. This prince founded the colony of Valeria, in Illyria ; defeated Narscs, King of Persia, and forced him to conclude a peace favourable to the em- pire ; declared Constantine Caesar, and Severas Augustus, a.d. 306 ; died iu 311 of a most horrible disease, nineteen years after being nominated Caesar, and the seventh from Diocle- tian’s abdication. He was buried in the place of his birth, and placed in the rank of the gods by Maxentius. The second and third brass coins of this Maxi- mianus are common ; his silver are rare, and gold rarer. On them he is styled GAL. MAXIMIANVS CAES. IMP. GAL. VAL. MAXIMIANVS P.F. AVG. — - DIVVS MAXIMIANVS SOCER (that is to say socer Maxentii.) M AX 1 M IN VS ( Caius Julius Verus), bom in Thrace, a.d. 173, of an obscure and bar- barous family, the son of Alicea, a Goth, and of Ababa, an Alanian. This herdsman, by original occupation, entering into the Roman cavalry, attracted by his extraordinary size and strength the notice of Septimius Severus, who eventually raised him to military dignities. — Alexander Severus caused him to be elected a senator, and appointed him to different govern- ments. In the war against Persia he shewed his courage aud capacity. Accompanying that excellent Emperor into Germany, he basely pro- cured bis assassination ; and then usurped the empire a.d. 235. The army haring proclaimed him Augustus, he associated with himself his son Maximus, as Caesar, and the Senate con- firmed their election. A harsh and distrustful tyrant, pride, insolence, avarice, and blood- thirtiness governed all his actions. Of gigantic stature and of prodigious muscular powers, the wondrous proofs of his bodily form obtained for him the names of Hercules and Milo. His ferocity was equally manifested iu his devasta- tions of Germany by fire and sword ; and in letting loose his fury against the Christians as 546 MAXIMINUS, well as his other subjects. At length, justly abhorred for his cruelty, and declared the enemy of the country, this sanguinary despot was massacred by his own soldiers, at Aquileia, (together with his son.) in the 65th year of his age, a.d. 238. — Maximinus manned Paulina, by whom he had Maximus. — This Emperor’s brass and silver coins are common, but the gold extremely rare. His numismatic titles are imp. maxi min vs pivs avg. (for this most impious usurper assumed the honoured surname of the good Antoninus !) — maximinvs pivs avg. GERM. — IMP. C. IVL. MAXIMINVS AVG. — Tile reverses of the large brass medals arc common enough, such as liberalitas avg. — fides MIMTVM. — VICTORIA GERMANICA. There is a large brass medal of Maximinus, which exhibits the laureated head of that em- peror, and which has for the legend of its reverse p.m. tr. p. mi. cos. p.p. s.c. (Sovereign PontitT, possessing the tribuneship for the fourth time; Consul; Father of the Country; struck under the authority of the Senate.) The type is the Emperor standing, holding his spear, in the midst of three military ensigns. The above medal has an interest in reference to chronology. Historians were not agreed respecting the duration of Maximinns’s reign. Several assign to him only two years, whilst others suppose it 4o be five or six. But we here see by the fourth tribunitian power, which this coin records, that the third year of his reign was at least begun when it was struck. On the other hand, the fifth tribunitian power for Maximinus, is found on no public monument whatever : and since chronologers determine the commencement of his reign to have been the month of March, in the year of Roue 988 ; the fourth tribunate of Maximinus must be referred to the year of Rome 991, the more probable cpocha of the death of this barbarian, as well as of the ephemeral reigns of the two African Gordians, immediately followed by those of Balbinus and Pupienus. MAXIMINVS II. ( Ga/erius Valerius), surnamed Daza, bom in Illyria, was the son of the sister of Galerius Maximianus, and like his paternal ancestor, rude and un- educated. — Importuned by Galerius, Diocletian reluctantly confers upon him the dignity of Ca'sar, a.d. 305. He governed Syria and other provinces of the East. Timid, super- stitious, addicted to drunkenness, cruelty with him went hand in hand with debauchery. This savage tyrant persecuted the Christians in the most horrible manner. In the year 307, Maximinus received the title of Filius Augusti, at the same time with Constantine, conferred by Galerius Maximianus. The year following he caused himself to be proclaimed Augustus, by his army. In 313, he having imprudently allied himself to Maientius, the enemy of Con- stantinc and Licinius, the latter marched against him into Thrace, and defeated him in a decisive battle. Pursued and besieged by Licinius, he poisoned himself at Tarsus, in Cilicia, a.d. 313, eight years after being named Ctcsar, aud five MAXIMUS. and a half after assuming the purple. — Advert- ing to the dreadful tortures both of mind and body which marked the end of Maximinus Daza, Beauvais observes — “ This destroyer of the faithful exclaimed in the paroxysm of his torment ; — It is the blood of the Christians which I have caused to be shed that has re- duced me to this state. His memory was stigmatised as that of a brutal ruffian ; his children were put to death ; and his wife was thrown (at Antioch) alive into the river Oroutes, where by her orders a great number of Christian women had been drowned ” The coins of this emperor are extremely rare in gold : of still greater rarity in silver ; but for the most part common in third brass, aud very common in second brass. On them he is styled maximinvs nob. caesar. — gal. val. MAXIMINVS NOB. C. — MAXIMINVS F1L. A VUG. IMP. GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS. P.F. INV. AVG. MAXIM VS, a surname of the Fabia family. — The title of Maximus appears on Imperial coins, as ascribed to some few princes, not as a family name, but as an adjunct to the surnames of conquest. Thus we find Parthicus Maximus borne by S Scvems, who subdued the Part Ilians ; Anneniacus Maximus is included in the style of Lucius Verus, for his successes, or, rather for those of his colleague M. Aurelius, over the Armenians. — We read on the coins of Valerianus, Gallienus, and Postumus, Germanicus Maximus, a title which these princes assumed on account of victories gained by them respectively over the Germans. — Constantine the Great is called, on his coins, maximvs, as a title of the greatest distinction. — The idea of Harduin, concurred in by Jobert, that Maximus was a name belonging to Constantine’s family is clearly shewn by liimard, in every point of view, to be unsus- tainable. MAXIMVS. — See germanicvs. MAXIMVS. — Sec Petronius, on whose coins the circumscription of the head is petronivs. maximvs. MAXIMVS. — Sec Pupienus, whose coins bear pvpienvs maximvs. avg. MAXIMVS ( Coins Julius Verus), son of Maximinus 1. and (as is supposed) of Paulina, came into the world about a.d. 216. He passed for one of the finest and haudsomest young men of the empire ; but early abandoned himself to pleasure and luxury. After the elevation of his father, who declared him Cicsar (235), he became so proud, insolent, aud vicious, us MAXIMUS. to render himself as much detested by the Romans as Maximinus himself was. This beautiful and accomplished but ill-mannered prince, who was eighteen years of age when clothed with the purple, enjoyed his honours but a short time, for being obliged to join his father in Germany, he was assassinated with him by his soldiers near Aquileia (238), just as he was on the point of uniting his barbarian blood to that of the illustrious family of Anto- ninus Pius, by a marriage with Junia Fadilla. — His silver coins are rare; the gold exceedingly so ; the brass scarce. lie is styled c. IVL. VERVS. MAX III VS CAES. — MAXIMVS CAES. GERM. MAXIMVS ( Flavius Magnus), bom in a family of little distinction in Spain, he rose, from serving in the army of Britain, to be a general under Theodosius. Profiting by the hatred entertained by the legions in that island towards Gratian, who neglected them, he cor- rupted their fidelity, and was proclaimed by them Emperor. This usurper then passed over from England into Gaul, a.d. 383, and assem- bling around him a large force, marched against Gratian, who was encamped near Paris, seduced that emperor’s army from their alle- giance, and caused him to be assassinated at Lyon the same year. Thus become master of Gaul, Spain, and Britain, with all the legions of the west under his orders, Maximus sought alliance with Theodosius, who, on certain con- ditions made in favour of Valentinian the Second, conferred on him the title of Augustus. He subsequently established his residence at Treves, rendering himself formidable to the nations surrounding him, especially to the Germans, whom he laid under tribute. His ambition leading him to drive Justina and Valen- tinian II. from Milan, he was attacked by Theodosius, defeated on the Save, near Siscia, and being taken prisoner at Aquileia, was put to death by the soldiers of Theodosius, in spite of the wish of that emperor to spare the life of a man who had borne with glory the title of Augustus for more than five years. — “ Brave, skilled in war, active and vigorous, this tyrant (says Beauvais) would have appeared worthy of the throne if he had not ascended it by means of a crime.” — His coins are rare in gold and in second brass ; common in silver of the usual size ; but extremely rare in large silver or medallions ; and scarce in third brass. On these he is styled d.n. mag. maximvs. p.f. avg. 4 A 2 MAXIMUS.— MEDAGLIONI. 547 The annexed cut is from a fine silver medallion in the British Museum. The portrait of Magnus Maximus on some of the brass coins is very different from the above, as is shewn by an example found at Richborough, in Kent, and published in Mr Roach Smith’s “An- tiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and Lymne.” It appears to exhibit much individuality of features. MAXIMVS (Tyrannus ) , on the death of Constans II., was proclaimed Emperor in Spain by Geroutius, one of the generals of the usurper Constantinus, a.d. 409. But divesting himself of the purple, he returned into private life, and might have died in peace. — “ The caprice (how- ever, says Gibbon,) of the barbarians who ravaged Spain, once more seated this imperial phantom on the throne : but they soon resigned him to the justice of Honorius ; and the tyrant Maximus, after he had been shewn to the people of Ravenna and Rome, was publicly executed a.d. 411. — -There .are two varieties of silver coins of this Maximus, bearing his portrait, and the legend d.n. maximvs p.f. avg. The reverse of one is inscribed victoria aavggg., a helmeted woman holding a globe, surmounted by a Victory ; and that of the other victoria romanorvm, a similar type. M. C. I. or IV. Municipium Calagurris Julia . — The Municipality of Calagurris Julia, (now Lahorre, in Spain.) M. COM MOD VS ANTONINVS AVG. BRIT. Marcus Commodus Antoninus Au- gustus Britannicus. M. D. M. I. Magna Leum Matri Idea . — To lda;an Cybele, the great mother of the gods. MEDAGLIONI. Medallions. — Everybody in the least acquainted with the Italian language knows that the augmentations end in one ; thus of medaglia, medal, they have made medaglione. The French have borrowed from the Italians the word medallion, grand medaille; and we have taken from the French our word medallion, to express a large medal. MEDALET, an appellation given by Pinkerton to a curious though not uncommon class of Roman pieces not intended for currency, which consists of small coins, or missilia, scattered among the people on solemn occasions; those struck for the slaves in the Saturnalia ; private 548 MEDALLION, counters for gaming ; tickets for baths and feasts ; tokens in copper and lead, and remains of a like kind. MEDAL, from the French word midaille , which takes its derivation from the Latin, metallum. The appellation of medal is given to every piece of gold, of silver, or of brass, which bears an impression designed to preserve the remembrance of a great man, of a sovereign, or of a remarkable eveut. Medals or coins in the monetary sense of the term may also be defined as pieces of metal on which public authority has stamped different signs to indicate their weight and their value, iu order that they might serve for the acquisition of things neces- sary to human existence, and that they might facilitate commerce, which, without that means of exchange, would be too difficult. The Greeks called money or coins vipicrpa, the Latins nummus or numus. The science of medals has beeu called by modern French archicologists Numismatique. MEDALLION. — Under this term ore, without distinction, comprised all monetary productions of the ancients, whether in gold, silver, or brass, the volume and weight of which mate- rially exceed the usual size of coins struck in those respective metals. — There is, however, a difference of opinion amongst numismatic anti- quaries as to whether what are called medallions were or were not used for money. — Patin observes that they were made for no other original purpose than that of satisfying the curiosity of princes, as is done to this day with fancy pieces (piece de plaiser). — Jobert, in his Science des Medail/es, remarks that their work- manship was too exquisite, and their size too unwieldy for common currency.— -Biinard, in his historical and critical notes on the work of the last named writer, agrees that it is most probable not to have been the intention of those, who in ancient times caused medallions to be struck, that they should serve for money ; but with his usual cautious and discriminative judg- ment adds — “ 1 think, nevertheless, that when those pieces had fulfilled then - first destination, and were dispersed abroad (distribuees), a free currency was given them in commerce, by re- gidating their value in proportion to their weight and to their standard of purity. At least I have thought myself warranted in coining to this conclusion, from the countermarks which I have seen on several Greek medallions of the Imperial scries, and it is certain that the Greek medallions were real money. It was doubtless after the example of the Greeks, that the Romans put also their medallions into circula- tion as current coin.” — Malmdal, to whose dissertation on the same subject Billiard refers, supports the opinion, “ that medallions were pieces distinguished from money, as they were with us from medals." — But, says Millin, “there are other writers, who far from entertaining this opinion, maintain against the system of Malmdal, that we are to recognise money in those medallions which are multiplied from a piece generally acknowledged to be money, such MEDALLION. as the tetradrachms and the cisiophori, the only pieces with which the province of Asia payed its tributes to the Komau republic ; and by analogy, all the Greek medallions of the same weight aud form. Millin himself goes on to instance the fine gold medallion of the Emperor Augustus, found at Herculaneum, which “ought, he says, to be regarded us a piece of money, so likewise those of Domitian aud Cotnmodus, all these quadruples of the aurei of Augustus, which weigh nearly two gros. Whatever might have been the weight of their monies, the Romans neither knew, nor employed, more than the two synonyms nutni aud numismata to designate them all. Marcus Aurelius caused a great number of medallions of the largest volume to be struck, numos maximos, says Julius Capitolinus. A particular word would have been invented to name these extraordinary pieces, if they had been anything else than extra sized money. An inference favourable to this opinion (adds Millin) is derived from types which adorn the Roman medals iu each metal ; these types and their legends arc absolutely the same with those of the ordinary sized medals. We find, indeed, on the medallions, especially from the reign of Gallicnus to that of the Constantiues, the figure of Moneta, sometimes aloue, at others uuder the emblem of three women, bearing each a balance. These symbols are accompanied with legends used, in a similar case ; MONETA AVO. ; AEl^VlTAS AVO. ; MONETA avgg. ; and upon a medallion of Crispin,, moneta vrbis vkstrae. Some medallions, few how- ever in number, bear the two letters s. c., that is to say, Senatus Consultus, which are gene- rally placed on the bronze medals of the three modules (first, second, and third brass), and announce the authority of the Senate. — As it is nowhere read that the Senate made largesses or liberalities, the pieces which have the mark of the Senatus Consultus, large and heavy as they may be, were therefore struck by order of that body, only to be used as money. — As to the rest it is generally to be observed on medallions of all the three metals, that they are worn just like the coins. This wearing of the coin is certainly attributable to the same cause, namely the continual rubbing to which circulation exposes all monies. The medallions, therefore, (proceeds Millin,) served for the same purpose, although they were much more rare. They moreover often exhibit a characteristic which only belongs to money, and which is the countermark. Their fabrication, therefore, has always had a commercial object, into which they entered, after having originally been presentation pieces (pieces de largesses). — Such (concludes Millin) was doubtless their first destination. The Emperors caused them to be struck for the purpose of distributing them on solemn days, aud on occasions of state pomp. Those who came afterwards into possession of them, were competent to supply with them the wants of life and the demands of commerce.” Amongst the number of writers opposed to this theory is our owu Addison, who, in his “ Dialogues MEDALLION. upon the usefulness of Ancient Medals,” makes Philander tell his numismatic pupils that “ for- merly there was no difference between money and medals. An old Roman had his purse full of the same pieces that we now pre- serve in cabinets. As soon as an Emperor had done anything remarkable, it was immediately stamped on a coin, and became enrreut through the whole dominions.” (p. 147). And a little further ou, in answer to Cynthio’s question, “were all the ancient coins that are now in cabinets once current money?” our illustrious countryman, through the mouth of his imaginary representative,*' replies, “It is the most pro- bable opinion that they were all of them such, excepting those we call medallions. These in re- spect of the other coins were the same as modern medals in respect of modern money. They were exempted from all commerce, and had no other value but what was set upon them by the fancy of the owner. They are supposed to have been struck by Emperors for presents to their friends, foreign princes, or ambassadors. However, that the smallness of their number might not endanger the loss of the devices they bore, the Romans took care generally to stamp the subject of their medallions on their ordinary coins that were the running cash of the nation. As if in England, we should see on our half- penuy and farthing pieces, the several designs that shew themselves in their perfection on our medals.” — (p. 148.) A later and perhaps more practised English numismatist, the dogmatical but still scientific and sagacious Pinkerton, in his “ Essay on Medals,” says — “ Under the term of medallions arc included all the pieces produced by the ancient mints, which, from their superior size, were evidently not intended for circulation as coins, but for other occasions. Medallions were presented by the emperor to his friends, and by the mint-masters to the emperor, as specimens of fine workmanship. They were struck upon the commencement of the reign of a new emperor, and other solemn occasions, as monuments of gratitude or of flatten'. Some- times they were merely what we would call trial, or pattern pieces, teslimonia probata moneta ; and such abound after the reign of Maximian, with the tres moneta on the re- verse.” — (vol. i. p. 278;) The most recently published observations ou the subject in question are from the pen of M. Hennin, a very acute and accomplished French numismatist, who in his “Manuel” of the Science, devotes a chapter to the purpose of defining the difference between coins and medals,” (difference des monnaies aux me- dailles), words which are continually con- founded with each other, particularly in re- ference to the mintages of ancient times. “ Coins ” (les monnaies), says the above- named writer, “ are pieces of metal which, uniformly and very numerously multiplied, and bearing similar impressions in evidence of their value, whether real or fictitious, serve for an universal medium of exchange against all other MEDALLION. 549 objects of value. — Coins, or money , ought necessarily to unite these three determinate, uniform, and known characters — standard, weight, and types. “ Medals ( medailtes) arc pieces of metal which, multiplied in an uniform manner, with- out having any precise value, and without uniting the known and determinate characters for standard, weight, and types, are designed to serve in commemoration of events or of personages.” M. Hennin proceeds to remark that, in giving the name of medals to the money of the ancients, three inconveniences arc incurred — the first is that of calling these pieces by what is not their real name ; the second, that of giving a false idea of what they were in the ages of antiquity ; the third, that of confounding thereby antique coins with antique medals, for the ancients themselves knew the difference between one and the other. So much for the questiou, whether any of the pieces called medallions passed as coins with the ancients, a matter of no intrinsic import- ance. It is of much greater moment to notice the different articles belonging to the class of medallions. There were a great number of medallions struck in the Grcekc ities, subject to the Roman empire, and they arc of considerable importance on account of the extent of their inscriptions, which elucidate many extremely curious points connected with antiquity. Pellerin has published and explained many of these medallions, and the Royal Library at Paris possesses a large collection of them. They are particularly useful to beginners, because their legends are more easily read than those ou coins of a smaller module, and because they exhibit themselves in a great variety of form. — Rut passing by the Greek, both Autonomous and Imperial, which though highly interesting in each metal, from the general excellence of their workmanship and the diversity of their types, do not come within the province of this work, we proceed to that more truly Roman branch of the Imperial series, commonly called Latin Medallions. All gold and silver pieces larger than the diameter ordinarily assigned to im- perial money may be regarded as comprised in this category, and are all of greater or less rarity. Medallions are indeed generally more adapted to facilitate the study of antiquity than common medals, because their types present more curious and interesting subjects in reference to mytho- logy, and to ceremonies and customs religious, civil, military, &c., representing as they gene- rally do, on their reverses, triumphs, games, edifices, and other monuments, which are the most particular objects of an antiquary’s re- search. Nor is the information to be derived from medallions less important with regard to the history of art. Their superior size has enabled those who executed them to charge their reverses with more complex designs ; and accordingly we find amongst the medallions of the Roman Emperors, many specimens of work- 550 MEDALLION. MEDALLION. manship almost equal in point of exquisiteness to that of the finest engraved stones. Millin places at the head of these antique pieces of inetal the gold medallion of Jus- tinian, in the French King’s Cabinet. This magnificent product of coinage, not for money purposes, is more than three inches (French) in diameter, and in proportionably high relief. Its extraordinary volume, equal to that of the gold medallion of Tetricus, shews it to have been appropriated to the same use. The per- | forated rams-horns (be/ieres, as the French call I them), which are attached to the former, clearly point out that it was originally destined to serve as an ornament, principally for suspension from the neck. With these medallions should be classed those pieces, which are surrounded with borders, encircled with ornamental mountings, and wliieh are double the size of coins, to which, however, J their types are common. Sometimes the circles are of the same metal as that of those extra- j ordinary pieces, and in that case they arc con- I tinuous with the field of the coiu ; at other times they are found composed of a metal, or rather of a mixture of metals (alliage), different from that of the medallion with which they have been j soldered after being placed between the dies. | These sorts of medallions do not commence ! until the reign of Commodus. Sometimes even the circle made of a different metal, or alloy, is i itself enclosed in a rim, the material of which I still differs from its own. In these singularities is seen a marked intention to place them out of \ currency. It was the custom to use these j extraordinary medallions as ornaments for the decoration of military ensigns, whether they were suspended to them with be/ieres, or fixed to the standards by means of holes pierced in the centre of their diameter, or whether they j were inlaid on them from space to space. Per- j haps the medallions which were composed of two different metals were employed for the same , purpose. Medallions from the time of Julius to that of Hadrian, are very uncommon, and of enormous price ; from Hadrian to the close of the western empire they are generally speaking less rare. The largeness of medallions is not to be 1 understood merely in comparison with that of common coins, of which the greater have some advantage over the others. The size of me- dallions is so considerable, that it sometimes exceeds the ordinary weight of medals by one or two proportions. The thickness, the height of relief, and the extent of surface are the qualities which are held by numismatists in the higher esteem. A remarkable distinction between tho Greek and Roman medallions lies in their different thickness, the Roman being often three or four | lines thick, whilst the other seldom exceed one. M. Mionnct, in some observations which he , makes (in the preface to his celebrated work De la rare/d et da pri-r des Medailles Rom nines,) j on the module of the coins, says, — “ Silver , medals of the larger size, as they arc called, I I ought not to bo confoimded with medallions ; they are distinguishable by the head of the Prince, which is always radiated, whilst it is laureated on coins of the common size. These medals were not struck till the period from Caracalla’s reign to that of the elder Philip inclusive. — As to medallions of gold and of silver, it is very easy to recognise them ; it suffices that they arc found to exceed the usual module by their weight, or their diameter ; when however of extraordinary dimensions they are of extreme rarity, and should not be mixed up with the smaller size, which in general are less estimated. — Brass medallions and large brass medals have for the most part been frequently the object of mistaken notions with authors and connoisseurs. Some, foi the reign of Postumus especially, have given us for medal- lions the coins w hich belong only to large brass ; whilst others, for the hower Empire, have passed off for large brass w hat can be regarded as no more than middle brass.” The following remarks concerning the Roman medallions are chiefly drawn from Pinkerton and Millin : — Many of these have s. c. as being struck by order of the Senate; others have not, as being by order of the Emperor. Of Augustus a noble gold medallion was fouud in Herculaneum. There are many of Tiberius and Claudius. Some of Agrippina, Nero, Galba, Vespasian, and Domitiau, are also extant. Those of Trajan and Hadrian have generally a broad rim beyond the legend with indented circles. Above all it was under the reign of Antoninus Pius, and some of his first successors, that very fine medallions were struck. That emperor hail a religious respect for all which recalled the history of Rome’s foundation aud that of her first ages. Thus we find on these medallions Hercules, whom the inhabitants of Mount Avcutinc thanked, for having delivered them from the giant Cacus ; likewise we sec Horatius Codes defending the Sublirian bridge ; the arrival of ,-Esculapius at Rome, under the form of a serpent, &c., &c. These medallions, more- over, retrace many ancient aud important features of mythological and heroic history. A medallion of Lucilla represents the combat of the Romans and the Sabines, and Hersilia throwing herself between Tatius her father and Romulus her husband. — A fine one of* the same empress has for the type of its reverse that lady walking in a garden and several cupids overturning each other — “ A meet emblem (says Pinkerton) of her various amours ; and which calls to mind Anacreon’s description of his heart, as a nest in which old loves begot young ones.” There are medallions of Commodus remarkable for their superior workmanship : one of them in bronze, Pat in has engraved in his “ llistoire de* Medailles ," of which the reverse is enriched with one of the finest sacrificial groups, a master- piece of ancient art. — On another of this emperor we see him aud his concubine Marcia ; their heads joined, and she wearing a helmet. — One of Pertinax has for reverse that emperor sacrificing, with votis dece.vnalldvs. Of MEDALLION. Septimius Severus there are many. The mints of Gordian III. and of Philip contribute to the number. Numerous varieties subsequently appear of Trebonianus Gallus, Valerian, Gallienus, Aureliau, Piobus, Diocletian, Maximian I., Constantins I., Coustantiuus I. and 11., Constans aud Constantius II. — For a notice of the curious brass medallion of Constans, which represents him standing in a ship, aud a human figure in the waves, — see the legend bononia oceanen. It has been asserted that no medallions were ever struck in the colonies. Nevertheless, Vaillant has published one of Cordova and another of Saragossa. The medallions called Contorniate, from an Italian word, indicating the manner in which they are struck, are quite a distinct class of pieces. — See the word. It is very difficult to form a numerous suite of medallions; those extant do not furnish all the Emperors, and thus the series remains always imperfect. — The first who collected any considerable number of these pieces was Gothifredi, a Roman gcutlcmau, who possessed nearly two hundred of them about the middle of the seventeenth century. These he augmented from time to time, and in 1672, wheu they became the property of Christina, Queen of Sweden, they amounted to more than three hundred. — Cardinal Gaspard Carpegna was also one of the earliest who attached themselves to the task of forming a suite of medallions. He caused one hundred and ninety-five of them to be engraved, and they were accompanied with observations by Buonarotti. — Vaillant has de- scribed about foiu- hundred and fifty from Julius C;esar to Constans, which he had seen in different cabinets of France and Italy. — According to a catalogue published at Venice, there were two hundred and twenty-nine medallions in the Museum Pisaui. — The Carthusians at Rome had a very fine collection of medallions, which was afterwards sold to the Emperor of Germany ; the engravings from it are now extremely rare — In the seventeenth century more than four hundred medallions in the French Kiug’s Cabinet were engraved. Their number had been much increased since the acquisition made of all that belonged to Marshal D’Estrees. This suite comprised all the medallions which had enriched the collection of the Abbe de Camps, besides those which appeared with the explana- tions of Vaillant, aud which did not exceed one hundred and forty. The Abbe de Rothelin also possessed a very considerable series of them. — Above all, Cardinal Albani’s fine series of medallions ought to be mentioned. These after- wards passed to the Vatican ; Venuti engraved and described them. This collection and those of Cardinal Carpegna were, in Buonaparte’s time, united to that in the cabinet of antiques in the national Library at Paris, which even before that period was one of the most numerous in Europe. [Restored to the Vatican at the peace of 1815.] In 1806, when M. Millin was Conservateur des Medailles in that magnificent establishment, the number of autique medallions there accumulated was not less than 1,500. MEDUSA. — MELICERTA. 551 Medals and Monies, or Coins, difference between. — See Medallion. The following are among the terms used by French numismatists to denominate and dis- tinguish the different pecularities of ancient medals and coins : — Medailles non /rappees . — Pieces of metal of a certain weight, which served wherewith to make exchanges against merchandize and com- modities, before the art was discovered of im- pressing figures or characters upon them, by means of dies and of the hammer. Medailles affrontees, frc .— A medal some- times offers several heads. The French call them affrontees, or opposees, according as they look towards each other, or as they are placed in a contrary direction. They are conjugees, or conjoined, when there are more than one on the same side. Medailles enchassees. Euchased medals, — A small number of pieces in bronze, are of two metals, that is to say, of two different qualities of copper, the centre being, as the French calls it, enchasse, or surrounded by a circle of another quality. The plates (plans) thus pre- pared were afterwards struck, and of this there can be no doubt (says Hennin) since the letters of the legends are often found imprinted on the two metals at one time. These pieces are all Imperial of the Roman die, and they appear under the reign of various Emperors up to the end of the third century. They ought, without doubt, to be considered as true medals, con- tradistinguished from current coius, aud to be ranged amongst the medallions — (see the word). They are generally of fine workmanship, and remarkable for the pains bestowed on their fabrication. MEDUSA, one of the three Gorgonides, who, according to Ovid’s amplification of the fable, was a most beautiful nymph, both in form and feature ; but of all the charms with which she was gifted, none were more lovely than her luxuriant locks of golden hue. Neptune declared to her his passion in the temple of Minerva,, who was so offended that she changed the hair of Medusa into serpents; and gave to this horrible image of deformity the power of turn- ing iuto stone all who looked upon it. The beauty thus become a monster, fatal to all beholders, was at length encountered by Perseus, who cut off her head with the sword of Minerva; and that goddess placed the viper-tresses and the hideous countenance on her own redoubtable -Egis. — The head of Medusa appears on a first brass of Hadrian, hearing the legend of sicilia. — Also on gold and silver of Septimius Severus, with the epigraph providentia, where the winged head (Jf the Gorgon, bristling with serpents, is exhibited as the symbol of Pro- vidence. MELICERTA or Melicertes, called by the Latins Portumnus, and by the Corinthians Palamon, was the son of Athamus, King of Thebes, and of Ino. It was with Melicerta that Ino is said to have cast herself into the sea, from the summit of the Moluris rock, to 552 MELICERTA. — MEMMIA. MEMORIA. — MEMORIE. avoid the persecutions of Athamas. Melicerta | then became a marine deity, and was worshipped j under the name of Palsemon. Sisyphus insti- tuted the Isthmian games to his honour. He was regarded as the god who came to the succour , of the shipwrecked. The Romans have con- [ founded Palsemon with their tutelary divinity 1 of the sea-ports, Portumnus. — See Connthus Cotonia for the following types : — Melicerta is represented on a first brass struck at Corinth under Domitian. Ino pre- sents him as a child to Neptune, who is seated or* a rock by the sea-side ; a dolphin is at his feet ; above we read perm. imp. (by permission of the Emperor), referring solely to the miutage of the coin. Melicerta , lying on the dolphin who saved his life ; behind him is the pine-tree near to which he had fallen, when Sisyphus took care of him. This type with the legend clicor, (Colonia Julia Connthus ,) appears on a coin struck at Corinth. The same subject is alluded to on another ; Colonial medal of the Romano-Corinthian mint, I struck under Aurelius. In the round temple of Neptune, of which the dome is formed of fish scales, and where a dolphin is placed on each side of the roof, we see the same recumbent figure of a boy on a dolphin, and read the same inscription of cli cor. A third medal of Corinth exhibits its acropolis, or citadel, with the temple of Neptune on the top, and a grotto at the bottom, in which the body of Melicerta had been deposited. On the right is the pine where Sisyphus found him. Same inscription. On a fourth medal struck by the Roman ! colony of Corinth, Melicerta is seen on a dolphin. By his side is Sisyphus, conqueror at the Isthmian games, which he had instituted in ' honour of Melicerta. He bears away the case and the palm-branch, symbols of the prizes he had won. MEMMIA, a plebeian family. Its surnames arc uncertain. Its coins which in silver are common exhibit fifteen varieties. Some were restored by Trajan and are very rare. The bronze pieces of this family are parts of the as. One of the scarce types refers to the CeriaJia, or festival of Ceres; it bears on its obverse a laureated head, with curled beard, and the inscription c. memmi. c. f. qvirinvs. — On the reverse Ceres sitting ; a serpent at her feet ; in | her right hand three ears of corn ; in her left a 1 distatf, and memmivs. aed. cerialia. preimvs. I FECIT. Whether the word Quirinus may be con- sidered as a cognomen of the Memmia family, or whether it refers to the head as that of Quirinus or Romulus, or both together, is a point iu dispute among the learned. But the reverse of this rare denarius teaches us that Meinmius, in his edileship, was the first who celebrated at Rome the CeriaJia, or feasts, in honour of the Goddess of Harvests, a ceremony held in much consideration by the Romans, but of the time of first celebrating it no mention is made by ancient writers. — We see Ceres with serpent, torch, and corn-ears, things dedicated to that divinity on account of the earth’s fertility. The colus or distaff seems to point her out as presiding over the domestic care of matrons. — See Ceres, and Cerialia. The same type, as restored by Trajan, bears on its exterior circle imp. caes. traian. avg. germ. dac. P. P. rest. Imperator Ctesar Traianus Augustus Germanicus Dacicus Pater Patrue Restituit. MEMOR. Memorise. — On a coin of Maxi- miauus. MEMORIA. — See aeternae memoriae, on a gold medallion of Maxentius, having for type a temple with an eagle seated on the s umm it of its dome. MEMORIAE AETERNAE.— There are two third brass coins of Claudius Gothicus (both struck after that Emperor’s death, as the in- scription of DIVO CLAVlllO opt. imp. on the obverse clearly shew), but the type of one is an eagle with expanded wings, and of the other a lion standing. MEMORIA DIVI CONST ANTI. — On a medallion of second brass of Constantius Chlorus, the type of which is a round temple surmounted by an eagle. Spanheiin, in his commentaries on theCmsars of Julian, observes that “ Immortal remem- brance” was esteemed the most glorious reward of conquerors in ancient times. Hence pro- ceeded the choice of such inscriptions as those of Aeterna Memoria, of Memoria Perpetua, and of Memoria Felix, which arc found on the coins of some Roman Emperors, struck after their death, and which clearly mark that this was the end and true meaning of their consecration. — Moreover we find these inscriptions accompanied cither with temples, or with lighted altars, or eagles (generally with expanded w ings), or with cars destined for public processions, the usual symbols of Apotheosis, as (amongst others) on two medals of Constantius I., the father of Constantine, both of them struck at Treves — one with the words Memoria Did Constantii, the other JFAema Memoria. MEMORIA FELIX. — An eagle with ex- panded wings, within a temple, on the frieze of which is another eagle. — The obverse has the veiled head of Constantius I. — See Constantius I., — Arte, — Consecratio. MEMORIAE AGRIPPINAE. S.P.Q.R. — A funeral carpentum drawrn by two mules. — This medal, in large brass, aud also a bronze medal- lion cited by Morell, bear on the obverse the portrait of Agrippina senior, struck after her death, in exile under the cruel and unjust Tiberius, and remind us of the translation of her ashes from the island of Pandatarin, and of all the funeral honours which were decreed to her by the filial piety of Caligula her son, at the seemingly auspicious commencement of his reign. — Suetonius, whose account is confirmed by Dion, adds that the above-named emperor caused annual sacrifices to be instituted to the maucs of his mother, together with Circensian MEMORIAE. — MENSIS. celebrations, in which the carpentum was drawn in state procession. MEMORIAE DOMITILLAE S.P.Q.R.— Funeral car as in the foregoing. On a rare large brass, struck under Titus ; the reverse of which has s. c. in the middle of the field, surrounded with the inscription imp. x. caes. Divi. vesp. p. avg. p.m. tr. P. P.P. — See Car- pentum, with illustration. “ Antiquaries (says the author of Lemons de Numismatique Romaine) are divided on the question whether the medal belongs to the wife or to the daughter of Vespasian, for each of them bore the same name. It seems with more probability assignable to the daughter, who never received the title of Augusta, nor the honours of the apotheosis, whilst those high dis- tinctions were decreed to Domiti/la the mother, who was consequently called DIVA. AVG usta on the gold and silver coins which incontestably belong to her, and who would undoubtedly have been in like manner honoured on those of brass. — The car with two mules was uot ex- clusively appropriated to consecrations ; and the type of the above medal, struck by order of Titus, is copied after that of Agrippina ” above noticed. MENS, the mind, was worshipped as a goddess by the Romans, who erected an altar and a temple to its honour. Ovid bears witness to this fact when (in L. vi. Fastor. 1. 21 1) he sings — Mens (juoqae numen hahet. Menti delubra videmus. (See menti lavdandae below.) MENSA, a table on three feet — Tripus. — See the word Table. MENSIS, the name of the god Lunus, which is read ou coins of Antioch in Pisidia, dedi- cated to Antoninus Pius. col. caes. antioch. mensis, according to Patin, Havercamp, and Vaillant. — See Lunus. MENSOR, one who measures fields or camps; the surname of the Farsu/eia family. — L. far- SVLEI MENSOR. MENTI LAVDANDAE.— A woman stand- ing, holds in her right hand a crown and in her left a lance. The coin, which bears on its reverse this singular legend, is a Pertiuax in silver, treasured in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, and for a long time unknown to other museums, till afterwards produced in the collec- tion of M. D’Ennery. — By the words mens was understood human reason, sense, or judgment, which arc in themselves susceptible of good or cl evil influences. Taken in a favourable acceptation, such for instance as bona mens, a temple was erected and worship paid to “ the divine intelligence.” But the reign of Commodus having been one continuous outbreak of dementedness, or mala mens; it was of great consequence to Pertinax t c restore the sanity of public sentiment and ideas (mentem bonam vel laudandam.) He made a virtuous and bold attempt to re-establish good morals and military discipline, but in vain. The goddess of the praiseworthy mind was not a 4 B MERCURIES. 553 match for the ma/us animus which caused the wise and honest Pertinax to be butchered at the shrine of Prsetorian avarice. MER. Meritorum.— See REQVIES OPTi- morum MER itorum ; on third brass of Claudius Gothicus. MERC. Mer curio. MERCVRIVS. — The God Mercury, son of Jupiter, and Maia one of the daughters of Atlas : so called by the Latins (according to Festus) from merces or the gains of trade, because he was supposed to preside over mercantile affairs. The Greeks called him Hermes. By the poets he was honoured under various surnames ; and the offices and occupa- tions assigned to him by inythologists were still more numerous and diversified. His principal characteristic was that of being the faithful and intimate attendant upon Jupiter, and his ordi- nary messenger. Next in importance was his dignity of chief herald and minister of the gods, as well infernal as celestial. — Diodorus Siculus says of Mercury that he was the first amongst the deities who instituted religious worship and sacrifices; hence we see him on coins imaged with caduceus and purse, and the inscription around his effigy of pietas avg., or avgg. — There is a coin of Gallienus which illustrates his attributes of rewarding acts of religion to the gods with gifts, and on which Mercury is represented with caduceus and crumena, the inscription being dona avg. — He is distinguished on all ancient monuments by his head being covered with a winged cap (in latin petasus), and his feet are also furnished with wings. He wears a hat, as the. reputed god of merchants, because (says Vaillant in his Colonics) all business negociations should be kept hidden; and wings are appended to it, because the bargaining between sellers and buyers should be speedily dispatched like a bird through the air. — The rod with serpents entwined on it, called caduceus, signifies the regal power which is sometimes given to merchants, or it is the symbol of contentions removed and peace promoted. Sometimes we see a ram, a tortoise, a dog, or a cock at his feet. Mercury, the worship of whom was borrowed (so early, it is said, as the time of Romulus) from the Etruscans, has his' bust impressed (with or without the petasus covering his head) on the ancient brass coins of the Romans. — See the Sextantes or parts of the As.— On a quinarius of the Papia family appears the head of Mercury, and a lyre on the reverse, an association which corroborates the pretensions made for him by Horace and other poets, to be considered as the inventor of that instrument. — We also see the head of Mercury, with the caduceus behind it, on denarii of the Aburia, Apronia, Pomponia, and other families. Mercury's image at full length is not often found on coins of the republic or of the upper empire. His head is, however, to be discerned on some denarii of the Mamilia family ; and on one of th eRubria family it exhibits itself united 554 MERCURIO. to that of Hercules, like the head of Janus. — | Mercury seated is the most rare to be met with. His posture is almost uniformly upright. — Bcgcr, however, gives a very rare medal of Tiberius, on the obverse of which is that Emperor’s head laurcated, with the circum- scription TI. CAES. DIVI. AVG. F. AVG. IMP. — On the reverse appears Mercury sitting on a rock, with a caduceus in his right hand, and with the inscription pekmis. p. cokneli. dolabellae. pnocos. c.p. cas. n.D. — Spanhcim (in his ! Carsars of Julian) gives us, on two Greek Imperial medals, Mercury with all his adorn- ments, his hat with two wings, his caduceus in one hand, his purse iu the other; and his two winged buskins, which he put on when lie per- formed the part of Jupiter’s messenger. Mercury, with his attributes, is depictured on a rare third brass of Claudius Gothicus, with the epigraph fides. avg. — A half-naked male figure, with radiated head, holding the winged caduceus of Mercury in his right and an instru- ment like a trident in his left hand, appears on a first brass of Albinus, with legend of saecvlo FliVGlFKKO. — A similar figure, and the same legend is seen on first brass of Sept. Scverus. Mercury standing, with the crumena in his right hand, forms the reverse type of a very rare gold coin of Gallienus, inscribed FORT l XA KEDVX. — An image of the same deity appears on coins of Hcrenuius, Iiostilianus, Valerianus, I’ostnmus, Cariuns, and Numcrianus : the epi- graph to most of these is PIETAS AXGiuti . — On a gold coin of Gallienus Mercury accompanies the legend of PROV1DENTIA AVG. — On a first brass of Marcus Aurelius, he appears iu a temple; and also without the temple. See REGLIGio AVGVSTI. — On a silver coin of Gallienus, Mercury with his attributes accom- panies the legend of dona avg. Mercury dragging a ram to the altar is the type, without legend, of one of the beautiful medallions of Antoninus Pius. Mercury, though not unfrequent ly typified on coins of Roman die, is represented with his various attributes of the petasus, caduceus, and crumena, on many colonial medals, bearing Latin legends. — See Heliopolis (Philip, sen.), Paine (Caracalla and Elagabalus), and Tyrus (Valerianus and Salonina). MERCVRIO COXS. AVG. — The Egyptian sea-ram, with horns turned backwards like those of Capricomus. — Silver and third brass of Gallienus. The ram is here uuited with Mercury, because as Pausanias allinns, this deity was esteemed above others as the protector of flocks ; and as the shepherds chose him for their patron he is fouud on ancient monuments associated with the rum. It is also stated that near Tanagra, in Breotia, a temple was erected to him under the uaiue of Chriophorus. — The Chriophorian Mer- cury has his hand on a ram ; but on some gems, and on a Corinthian coin of L. V crus, the he yoat is substituted for the he sheep. Jt is not so easy to assign the reasou, from ancieut monuments MERCURIO.— MESCIXIA. or ancient writers, why in this instance the ram should have a fish’s tail, except from the fancy of poets and painters to change almost every animal which the earth produces into fishes. — Eckhel — Millin. MERCVRIO FELICI. — This circumscrip- tion appears on gold, silver, and small brass coins of Postumus, with the ertigy of Mer- cury standing naked, with the pallium thrown back on the left shoulder, the purse iu his right hand, ns the tutelary of merchants, and in his left a caduceus. — 1 The Gaids (according to Caesar) wor- shipped Mercury as the iuvrutor of arts, a.-, the guide of jourueyings, aud also as the favourer of merchants. Allusion in this coin is made to the civic virtues in w hich Postumus was acknow- ledged to excel ; and for encouraging, as well as enforcing, the practice of which he was esteemed vir dignisshnus by the Gauls, whom he governed. On a small brass of Diadumcuinnus, struck by the Roman colonists of Sinope, Mercury is represented holding the purse in his right hand and caduceus in left. — See Crumena. MERCVRIO PAOIFERO. — Mercury stand- ing, the caduceus iu his right hand, the petasus on his head. This legend, on small brass coins of Postumus, is quoted by Bnnduri. It is not included in either the catalogues or the Doetrina Mum. of Eckhel ; blit both Miuuuct aud Akerman give it as authentic. — The epithet of Pacifer would well apply to Postumus, w ho re- stored peace to Gallia, by defeating aud coercing her German invaders. MERIT. Meritomm . — REQV1ES OPTI- MODarn MERITorirm on third brass of Clau- dius Gothicus ; also Yal. Maximiauus aud Con- stantius C’hlorus. MESCIXIA, a plebeian family; surname Rufus. — L. mescinivs rvfvs was monetary triumvir under Augustus. Many coins inscribed with his name are extant, (both iu gold and silver, the former of extreme rarity,) because they proclaim the deeds of that Emperor, as occurring in the years v.c. 737 and 73S, when he was moneyer. — Morell gives six varieties. MESOPOTAMIA, so called, because it lny betweeu the Tigris and Euphrates. It is now denominated Diarbec. — According to Spartianus, Mesopotamia was brought under the power of Rome as a province of the empire by Trajan; declared free of tribute by lludrinn, and after- wards relinquished to the Parthians by that Emperor ; received into the empire again by Vcrus; lost by Commodus; recovered again by Sept. Severus; ceded to the Persians together with Armenia by Philip. — Sec on a large brass coin of Trajan, the line group composed of that Emperor standing, armed and sceptred, amidst the prostrate personifications of the Armenian province, and of the two celebrated rivers abovc- meutioned — with the inscription ahmema et MESSALINA. MESOPOTAMIA IN POTESTATEM P.K. REDACTAE. ) s.c. — See Armenia. MESS. Messius. — A family Roman name, occupying the place of a pneuomen, on coins of Trajanus Decius, Herennius Etruscus, and Hoslilianus. MESSAL. Messala. — A surname of the Valeria family. MESSALINA (Valeria), fourth wife of the Emperor Claudius, was daughter of Val. Messala Barbatus and Domitia Lcpida (daughter of Domitius Lepidus and of Antonia, daughter ol M. Antony and Octavia, sister of Augustus.) 'Chough thus high in birth and rank, and the mother of Octavia and Britannicus, the name of this woman has descended with horror to pos- terity, as a monster of shameless lust, avarice, and cruelty. She caused Julia Li villa, Julia, daughter of the younger Drusus, Silanus, Yiuucigs, lhfppsca senior, and many others, to be put to death ; and was herself subjected to the same fate, from her adulteries and prostitu- tions, by order of Claudius, a.d, 48. — There are no Latin coins of this Augusta , except colonial. MESSALINA (Slalilia), third wife of Nero, who put to death her fourth husband, Attieus Vestinus. She was distinguished for her taste in the sciences, and for her perfect eloquence. After Nero’s death, Otho would have married her, if he had survived his defeat. — Of this Empress no Latin coins are extant. MET. otherwise METAL. Metallum. — There arc coins extant which serve as memorials of mines, which the industry and cupidity of the Romans established iu different provinces of the empire. Of this kind are some inscribed with the name of Trajan, and of Hadrian ; and perhaps also of their immediate successors ; they are all of third brass, although it is certain that the mines commemorated on these coins also yielded more noble metals. From thence it may be reasonably supposed that this description of money was struck to pay the wages of those who were employed iu the occupation of making the metals. Eckhcl has (in the sixth volume of his Doct. Nuin. \ et. p. 445 et seq.) brought together the various specimens of these numi metallorum. Thus we see, among others in small brass, bearing the head and titles of Trajan, the following re- verses ; — META LIT VLPIANI TSElMatici (Ulpian and Dalmatian metals) ; a woman with balance and cornucopia. METAL. PANNONICI (Metals of Pannonia), in the field of the coin. Third brass of Hadrian bear the inscriptions of MET. NOR. ( Metallum Noricum, Metal of Noricum), within a crown of oak leaves; and metal. HELM. (Metallum Belmaticum , metal of Dalmatia) ; a coat of mail ; shewing that the mines of Noricum and Dalmatia contributed their treasures to the mint of Hadrian MET.— METR.— METRO.— METROP.— Metropolis. 4 B 2 METROPOLIS.— MEHTA. 655 METROPOLIS (Mater XJrbium ), the mother city. — The Greeks called a chief city M^rpiuoKis, the Latins civitas. Afterwards the term was applied to the larger or more ancient city, in which deputies from other cities ( civitates) I assembled on provincial affairs. The more distinguished metropoles of the Roman empire were designated on their respective coins, both Greek and Latin. Thus on medals of Caesarea, in Palestine, is read col. pr. fl. avg. caes. metro, p. s. p. Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta Cresarea Metro- polis Provincire Sprite Palastina. — Also on coins of Damascus, Laodicea, Sidon, and Tyre, the dignity of each of those cities as the METROPo/w of Roman colonies is in like manner recorded. META, a pillar, or boundary mark placed in the circus. It consisted of three columns, or pyramidal figures, round which the racing chariots turned. Horace alludes to them in his ode to Maecenas — Metaque fervidis evilata rotis. The rule was to turn seven times round these bounds ; and in doing so it was necessary to avoid approaching too near to them, lest in driving against them the chariots should be broken ; whilst, on the other hand, if the charioteer kept too far distant from them, he ran the risk of being cut off by a competitor, who should have taken advantage of the interval. These metre circensium were of wood ; and the Emperor Claudius, according to Suetonius, caused them to be gilt. They are shewn with great clearness on several medallions and coins of Augustus, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Trajan, Hadrian, Caracalla, Alexander Severus, and Gordianus Pius.— See Circus. META SUDAN'S, a fountain so called, situate at Rome, near the amphitheatre of Titus, and from whose waters the people drank who came to the public spectacles exhibited in that vast structure. — It is thought to be represented on a large brass of Vespasian, and a middle brass of Titus. METELL. Metellus. — Surname of the Ceecilia family, from which descended many very great personages. Of these, nineteen obtained four Chief Pontificates, two Dictator- ships, three the titles of Princes of the Senate, seven Censorships, twenty Consulates, and nine Triumphs, in the space of 290 years.- — Q. METELL. SCIPIO IMP erator, on a denarius of the Ceecilia family. METTI. Mettius. — Name of the Mettia family. METTIA, a family of uncertain rank, and little known in Roman history. — There are coins inscribed with the name of 31. Mettius, of which the greater part present on their obverse the head of Julius Caesar, one of whose moneyers he appears to have been. Indeed, Caesar, in two passages of his Commentaries, mentions M. Mettius as having been bound in chains, and afterwards liberated by Ariovistus. Mettius is also named by Cicero. — Two very rare quinarii, each bearing (the first on its obverse, the second ou its reverse) the type of 556 MILIAR1UM SAECULUM. Juno Sispita, would warrant the inference that the Mettii were of Lanuvian origin ; “ unless perhaps (says Eckliel) it may rather be supposed that this goddess and her attributes were engraved on these coins, in consequence of Launvium having, from a municipium , been made a colony, and surrounded by a wall, by J. Crosar, as is affirmed by Frontinus (de coloniis ).” — Eight varieties arc givcu by Morel], M. F. ManiiFilius. — M. N. Manii Sepos. M. F. Marci Filia. — AGRIPPINA M 1 GERMAXICI ( A ESA U1S. MGN. Magnus. — MGN. PIVS. IMP. Magnus Pius Imperator, and two-headed Janus, on coins of Pompey the Great. M. H. ILLERGAVONIA DERT. Muni- cipium Ibera Iltergavonia Dertora. — Muni- cipality of Ilibera, IUergavonia Dertora ( Tortosa in Catalonia, Spain). Michael I., Michael II., Michael III., Michael IV., Michael V„ Michael VI., Michael VII., Michael VIII., Michael IX. — The coins of these Byzantine Emperors, whose reigns took place between a.d. 811 and a.d 1320, present no Latin inscriptions, except the mired one of IHS. XIS. REX. REGNANTIVM on the reverse of a gold coin belonginir to the second of that name. — See Akerman’s Descriptive Catalogue, vol. ii. MIL. Militum. — CONCORD. MIL. Con cordia Militum. — Concord of the Soldiers. — FIDES M ILi/um. Fidelity of the Soldiers. — TR. MIL. Tribunals Militum. — Military Tri- bune ; the last on a coin of the Fonteia family. MILIARIVM SAECVLVM. — On the reverse of a large brass of Philip, senior, we read this legend, which is accompanied by a cippus, whereon is ineribed cos. lit. It forms the first of a series of five medals, struck under that emperor, in record of his having, with extra- ordinary' magnificence, celebrated the secular games (they were the ninth and last) ; for the purpose of consecrating the completion of the year 1000 from the foundation of Rome. This memorable period, appropriately called the millenary age, might well seem to authorise the commencement of a new era ; and the appropriation of the term sceculum novum, or a new age, to that which was about to begin. — See Ludi Stecu/ares. Miliarium is on these coins almost invariably spelt with only one l, it is scarcely ever written MiLLiAiuvM ; not, however, from any error of the mint-masters, for both mile and mills are written by the ancients, as Papinianus (in Cassiodorus) has it, and as not a few antique monuments also shew ; but it is never read millen arivm on these coins, although in Occo and the Arschot collection it is thus written. MILITARY ENSIGNS.— The image of on eagle (aquila) was the ensign of the whole legion. One of these, either in gold or in silver, was placed on the top of a spear, with wings expanded, and frequently holding a thunderbolt (fulmen) in its talons. — In the first period of Rome, the standards of her armies were but a bundle of hay tied to the end of a MINATIA. pole, called in Latin Manipulus foeni, which caused the name of Munipu/us to be given to the companies which are ranged under those ensigns. Two such may be seen represented on a first brass of Augustus, given in Seguin’s Set. Sum. Ant., p. 110. But these standards of poverty soon assumed a new and more imposing form. The Roman troops placed either a cross piece of wood at the top of a lance, whence hung a velum, or banner, as may be seen on the same coin of Augustus between the two manipuli ; or they surmounted the ensign staff with the figure of a hand, as may be observed on two military ensigns which appear on a large brass of Tiberius, givcu iu Seguin (l. c. 109) ; perhaps as the word manus bore allusion to the word manipulus. Below this hand, covering the whole shaft of the spear, were little round plates of go^jl or silver ( orbiculi) , on which are portraits at first of the Gods, and subsequently of the Emperors, aud other persons of princely distinction. The names of Emperors were also inscribed on the v exilla, or cavalry standards of the army. — On a denarius of the Valeria family is seen the name of C. VAL erius FLAot’m IMPERATor, and a legionary eagle, between two military ensigns. — On a silver coin of the Sena family is a legionary eagle, between two vexi/la, one of which has on it H (astati), the other P (rincipes). A similar type appears on a denarius of the Cornelia. — It is to be observed, as a reason why these military ensigns appear in an upright position on Roman coins and other monuments, that the lower end of the spears on which the ensigns were placed had sharp points, in order that they might be planted into the ground, and be made to stand perpendicularly whether in the camp or in the field of battle. — See Signa Militaria ; also Aquila, — Laba- rum, — Vexillum. Military Standards, on Roman coins, near a colonist ploughing with oxen, shew that the colony had been peopled by veteran soldiers. Military Lituus. — See Lituus. MIN. Minerva. — MIN. Minerria. — The name of a legion, so denominated by Doinitiau, on account of the particular devotedness of that emperor to the worship of Minerva, as appears from his coins. — There is on a gold coin of Sept. Severius, in Banduri, whirh exhibits two military standards and a legionary eagle between them, with this inscription, LEO. i. min. Legio Prima Minervia. MIN AT. Minatius. — Family name of the gens Mitia/ia. MINATIA, a plebeian family; its surname Sabi nus. — There arc three varieties, all very rare. — The following silver pieces, which bear the name of this family, were struck in Spain by Cnaeius Pompey the younger, after his father’s death, or by the other son, Sextus, in Sicily : — 1st.— CNw MAGNVS IMP. F.— The bare head of Cnaeius Pompey. Rev. — Marcus MIN AT iut SABINw l’Ro Quest or. — Pompey landing from a ship joins MINATIA. MINATIA. 557 his right hand with that of a woman, .wearing a turreted crown, and holding a spear in her left hand, before whose feet is a heap of Spanish arms. On this denarius (says Vaillant) is represented the entry of Pompeins Magnus into Spain (for the purpose of assisting Metellus against Ser- torius), respecting which event great expecta- tions had been entertained both by the Homans themselves and by their Spanish allies. — Plutarch in his life of Pompey, narratest hat when he “ first reached Spain, the reputation of the new commander inspired, as is usual, new hopes in the minds of men, that such of the Spanish nations as had not taken a decisive part with Sertorius, began to change their opinions and go over to the Romans.” — There- foVe we here see Hispania meeting Pompey with congratulations on his happy arrival. — The above cut is engraved from a denarius in the British Museum. 2ud. — CN. magn. IMP. — The same head. Rev . — m. minat. sabin. pit. Q. — Pompey the Great, in a military habit, stands with a spear in the right hand. On one side stands a woman, with turreted head and short dress, and who, holding two spears in her left hand, offers her right to Pompey. On the other side, a woman carrying a trophy on her left shoulder, places with her right hand a crown on the head of the middle figure. Havereamp, in Morell (differing from Vaillant, who considers the middle figure to represent not Pompey, but Metellus), shews on good historical grounds that on this coin Minatius had in view to display the honours not of Metellus but of Pompey. Indeed, referring to the authority of Plutarch for the results of the sanguinary struggle engaged in by the latter, first with the brave, skilful, and active Sertorius, and after- wards with that formidable chieftain’s assassin and successor, Perpenna, Havereamp appears warranted in bis opinion that the type of this rare denarius alludes to the two closing victories, by which the Sertorian revolt was subdued, and Spain restored to the Roman empire. Nor is there, perhaps, anything erroneous in the con- jecture of the same antiquary, that the trophy- bearing figure persouities Rome herself, crowning the victor ; Hispania, as a Roman province, standing by, and with extended hand bearing testimony to the merits of the all powerful imperalor. 3rd. — On another very rare denarius, with the same head (that of the elder Pompey), and stamped with the name of M. Minatius Sabinus, Proqusestor, the type of the reverse is a military figure standing between two women, both turreted ; one of whom, bending on one knee, offers a drown of laurel to him. In Morell’s Thesaurus (under the head of the Minatia family), Havereamp, who characterises Vaillant’s reference of this denarius to Poinpey’s successes in Spain as interpretatio infelicissima, after describing the standing female figure as having her head radiated, proceeds to give his own opinion, that the above type alludes to the Mithridatic war. — It shows (according to the learned but often fanciful commentator) that the long-continued war with the great barbaric king could be brought to a termination by no other Roman General than Pompey, “ and therefore (says he) 1 understand the figure wear- ing the pallium, and having her head radiated, to mean the East (Oriens), who beckons and seems to call Pompey to her ; whilst he himself | displays his expectation of a sure victory over j Mithridates, by pointing with hand stretched forth and finger extended to the garland (corolla), which Spain (the kneeling figure) gratefully offers to him, as to the conqueror of the republic’s foes.” — After quoting a passage from Florus, lib. iii., cap. 5, as the quasi interpres of this very coin, Havereamp con- cludes by exclaiming — “ Behold here the honours and titles of Pompey, especially those I gained in Spain, about to be augmented in the East.” By the above cited observations, it will be I seen that Havereamp lays some stress on the J fact which he asserts, that the figure of the J woman, standing before Pompey, is pa/lia/a et radiata, whereas in Morell’s engraving of this denarius, (and Dr. King’s is the same,) the female in question, though wearing the pallium or cloak, falling from the shoulders, has a turreted, not a radiated, head-dress. — And Eckbel describes both women as turretce. — Mr. Akerman, in His Descriptive Catalogue of Roman Coins, has given (see plate 3, No. 9,) the design of a silver coin amongst those struck [ by Cnteius Pompey the son, which with the head of the father for its obverse, exhibits on j the reverse a type resembling in most par- ; ticulars, though not in all, the denarius of Morell and King. — The able secretary of the Numismatic Society states that the kneeling figure is presenting not a crown but “ a petition, or written instrument, as appears very plain from this denarius, which shews four miuute, but distinct lines, drawn across the object called by Morell a crown.” — But, unfortunately for those who have only the engraving in* Mr. ! Akerman’s catalogue to form their opinions by, the type of the reverse is so indistinctly de- lineated as to make the “ kneeling” figure look [ as if she was seated, and what she holds in her lap resembles a shield more than a petition. — l Be this as it may, the difference in the repre- I sented type has suggested a different interpreta- tion to Mr. Brumell, in whose cabinet the J coin is, which Mr. Akerman has caused to be J copied. — “ I should describe the reverse (savs i Mr. Brumell) as bearing the personification of ; the East, inviting Pompey to relieve that region, I oppressed by Mithridates, — an invitation which I he appears to decline ; and points to the kneeling 558 MINEIA.— MINERVA, figure, whose petition claims priority of atten- tion.” — That kneeling figure, Mr. Brumell thinks it probable, is the personification, not of Spain as Morell conjectures, but of “ Cilicia, who implores the aid of Pompey, that country being ravaged by pirates, whose power was crushed by the Roman general, immediately before he obtained the command in the Mithridatic war.” — Who shall decide when the learned, the scientific, and the ingenious disagree ? MINEIA, a family of uncertain rank, to which Morell assigns some small brass coins ; one has on its obverse mineia. m. f. and a female head, and an edifice on the reverse; — rare ; the others equally uninteresting. MINERVA, the goddess whom fable describes to have come forth fully armed and of mature age from the brain of Jupiter — in other words, an emanation from the intellect of Jove him- self. — She was the tutelary divinity of the Athenians, and was called in Greek Athene. Her head is the type of the medals of Athens ; and, under the name of Pallas , she was wor- shipped in that city and throughout Greece, as the protectress of heroes. — By the Romans she was regarded as the first in rank after Jupiter and Juno, and, with the statues of those deities, was placed in the principal temple of the capitol at Rome. As the goddess of reason, wisdom, and prudence, she was considered to preside over literature and the sciences. The invention of weaving and embroidery, together with the honour of having first taught mankind the use of the olive, was ascribed to her. — On consular coins Minerva but seldom appears. Morell has givcu her image or attributes on coins of the Gloria, Cordia, Cornelia, and Vibia families. During the period of the empire, she occupies somewhat more frequently a place on Roman medals, particularly those of Domitian (sec Domitianus), Cominodus, Albinus, Scverus, Caracalla, Geta, as far as Gallienus and Postumus. — On these generally she is figured in a walking attitude, clothed in a long tunic, with sometimes the icgis on her breast, a helmet on her head, holding in her right hand by turns — as the deity both of war and of peace — a spear, the thunder- bolt, an image of Victory, a branch of olive, and in her left hand a buckler. — On one silver coin of the Vibia family she stands as Minerva the Vanquisher, with victory and spear; on another her bust is represented, and on a third she stands in a quadriga. — Amongst the rare medal- lions in brass, struck uuder Antoninus Pius, without legend, the image of this goddess is three times introduced — viz., 1. Where she is placed on the right hand of Jupiter, whilst Juno is on his left, and all three arc seated, full faced, on curulc chairs. 2. Minerva leaning against u tree, around which a serpent is entwined, and looking at Prometheus, who is in the act of forming a man. 3. Minerva standing before Vulcan, who is forging a thunderbolt : on another coin a helmet. 4. Vulcan standing before a statue of Minerva placed on a cippus. — On a coin of Clodius Albinus the surname of Pacifera MINERVA VICTRIX. is assigned to this goddess. — See Oleir Ramus, the olive branch. Minerva was the object of especial adoration with that vain, profligate, and murderous tyrant Domitian ; on coins of each metal struck under this Emperor, we see a well executed figure of the goddess, holding in one hand her buckler, and in the other the fulmen or thunderbolt, which she is going to lauueh, intended, says Oise/ius, “ as the symbol of Domitiau’s au- thority,” with the circumscription imp. xix. cos. xvi. ce.ns. P. P. (emperor for the nineteenth time, consul for the sixteenth, censor, father of the country.) — On a first brass of this em- peror, without legend on its reverse, but bearing the authorisation of the Senate, he stands between Minerva and Victory, the latter of whom is placing a laurel crown on his head. MINERcd 5 ICTriju Minerva the Victorious. — On a large brass of Commodus, with this legend, we see the victory-bringing Minerva (Nicephora) helmeted, having in one baud an image of A ictory, which holds a palm branch, and in the other hand a spear; behind her is a trophy. — Minerva the Victorious was called by the Greeks Nnnj^Jpos, as is shewn on the coinage of the Athenians. Eckhcl dedicates a short chapter of his Prolegomena on Family Coins (vol, v., 84-5) to shew that, when on the silver coiii of the Roman, as well as of the Athenian mint, we see a winged Pallas, or Minerva, it is to be understood as representing Pallas Nnfij^opoi, or Minerva Victrix. A brass medallion of Trajan exhibits Minerva standing on the right, and Juno on the left of Jupiter. — See Jupiter. MLNERVAE VICTRICI — VaUlant, in de- scribing a silver coin of Pescennius Siger hav- ing a similar figure, but without the trophy, and inscribed to the Victorious Minerva, observes that Minerva, like Mars, was said to preside in war ; thus as the surname of Victor was applied to Mars, so also the appellation of Victrix was given to Minerva; and that the title was dedicated to that goddess by Pesccnuius for a victory about to be obtained over Scverus, is indicated by this coin, on which, as if certain success had been assured him, she bears the sign in her right hand. MIN ER V A SANCT. — Tiie goddess stands with spear and shield. — On a silver coin of Sept. Sevcrus this legend of Minerva Sancta appears for the first time, and afterwards occurs on coins of Geta Cccsar. That the ancients put sanctus (saered) for propitius (favourable or propitious) we learn from Tibullus respecting Juno, whom he ad- dresses At tu sancta fare; and from Catullus, speaking of Venus, Quern neqne sancta Venus. Moreover, .Minerva was accounted the Goddess of Arts, and Geta, according to llcrodiunns, Disciptinarum laude celebres Arch se frequent es habebat, instructed by his mother Julia, who daily disputed with philosophers. — (Vaillaut, ii. p. 260.) » MINUCIA. MINER FAVTR. Minerva Tautrix — The favouring Minerva. — This legend, accompanying the usual type of the goddess, appears only on a silver coin of Postumus, who was so renowned for valour and for wisdom, that Gallienus assigned to him the education of his young son, Cornelius Saloninus, choosing him, according to Pollio, quasi custodi vita, et morum et actuum imperialium inslituton. Besides, Minerva was, in the estimation of the heathen world, the goddess of wisdom and fortitude. Mint Marks. — See Notes Monetales. MINVCIA, a plebeian family, whose sur- names, as they appear on coins, are Augurinus , Rufus, Thermits. — The gold are very rare ; the silver common. Some of the latter, restored by Trajan, are of high price. The brass pieces of this family are parts of the As. — Amongst the same types is one in silver, having on its obverse a female head helmetcd, and ou the reverse the legend Q. TMERMtw M. P. Two soldiers, armed with sword and buckler, engaged in combat ; another soldier similarly armed, on his kuecs between them. This type clearly points to the honour of having saved a Roman citizen’s life in battle ; but leaves it in doubt to whom the glory of this distinguished exploit belongs. Morell gives his reasons at some length for believing that this denarius was struck by Quintus Mimtcius Thermits, the son of Marcus (as the inscription indicates), a monetal triumvir perhaps, or quatuorvir, under Julius Catsar, who had just attained the direction of affairs in that public department, and that he had particularly fixed on this type, in order at once to compliment Cicsar, and to recall his own father’s prowess to remembrance. — For wc have the testimony of Suetonius that Caesar made the first payments to the legions in Asia, in the tent of Marcus Therm us, and that Caesar was by the same Thcrmus presented with a civic crown at the taking of Mitylene. The head of Pallas, or of Rome, winged ; behind it X. Rev. — c minvci c. f. avgvkini. — A fluted or chamfered column, on which a statue is placed ; on the left of the column stands a man in the augural habit, and holding the lituus ; to the right stands another togated figure, holding in each hand something uncertain, and planting his left foot ou something equally doubtful; from the base of the column ou each side springs a corn-ear ; above, roma. These denarii revive the memory of Lucius Minucius, who is also by Pliny called Augurinus, and who, being Vrafectus Annona at a time of dearth, when Spurius Madias was attempting to corrupt the populace with largesses of corn, detected his pernicious designs, reported him to the senate, and then at a low price distributed the corn to the common people. Ou this account, according to Pliny, a statue was erected to him outside the Porta Trigemina (at Rome) at the public expense. The statue in question is here represented mounted on a column, as Vaillant says striata, fluted; perhaps, says liavereamp, M1SSILIA. — MITRE1A. 559 with more ingenuity than judgment, consisting of modi* (or bushel measures) placed one ou the top of another; and, in connection with the subject which the medal was struck to com- memorate, there are ears of corn rising up from the base of this pillar. — ( l)oct . num. vet. vol. v. p. 255.) MISSILIA, now called by the Italians Medaglioni, is a term applied generally to the medals which the Emperors caused to be struck for their own especial use, with a view to distribute them as presents among their friends. — The term Missilia was also applied to those gifts which princes scattered amongst the people on festival days, and which, like money, were in no danger of being spoiled by their being flung, as they were generally, from some lofty spot. Thus, according to Suetonius Caligula ascended to the top of Basilica Julia, in order to throw money to the people. Qtiim et ninnmos non mediocris sitmma e fastigio Basilica Julia per aliquot dies sparsit in plebem. — “ Caligula,” cap. xxxvii. MITREIA, a family of uncertain rank, and known only from its name of mitreivs appear- ing on two third brass coins struck by the moneyers of Augustus. M. K. V. Moneta Carlhaginensis Urbis . — Money of the city of Carthage. M. L. Moneta Lugdunensis . — Money of Lyons, in France. INI. MARC. Marcus Marcellus . — Prenomen and name of a man. M. M. I. V. Municipes Municipii Julii Uticensis . — The citizens of the municipality of Julius, of Utica (now Biserta in Africa) . M. N. Moneta Narbonensis . — Money of Narbonne. MO. Moneta. MODERATIONI. A richly decorated shield, in the centre of which is the full front-faced head of Moderation. — On a second brass of Tiberius. — See dementia. MODIVS, a bushel measure — of wheat for instance, or any dry or solid commodity. It contained the third part of an amphora, and four of these measures per month was the ordinary allowance given to slaves. On Roman coins we see the modius repre- sented with corn-ears, and sometimes a poppy hanging or rising from it — and having reference to distributions of w'heat to the people, by various Emperors, such as Nerva, Vespasian, M. Aurelius, and Doinitian. On a denarius of Nerva, with the legend cos. mi., there is a modius with six ears of corn. The modius is also the sign of the /Edilcship on coins of the Papia and other families, and is represented full of wheat, between two ears of corn, as the symbol and attribute of Ahundantia and of Annona (see the words). The coins of Nero, and from that Emperor down to Gallienus, furnish frequent examples of this figure as in- dicating the fruits of fertility, whether domestic or foreign; and the Imperial liberality and providence in procuring, and in bestowing them on the people. — See Spica. 560 MOBSIA. — MONETA. MOESIA, a country of Europe, between Mount llemus and the Danube, joining to Pannonia. There were two provinces of Moesia, now called Servia and Bulgaria. The latter (or Upper Mcesia) lying towards the Black Sea, and which was subdued by the Romans under L. Piso, during the reign of Augustus, the former (or Lower Moesia) was inhabited by the Get re. Sec P. m. s. cot,, vim. Provincia Mania Superioris Colonia Viminacium. — The Roman legions stationed in the Upper Province are honoured by oue of the large brass of Hadrian, on which, with the legeud exercitvs moesiacvs, that Emperor stands on nil cstrade addressing four soldiers. A visit paid by the same Prince to the province itself is also commemorated on another large bronze medal, inscribed adventvi avg. moesiae, and exhibiting the Emperor and the Province sacrificing at an altar. MON. Moneta (the Goddess.) MONET. AVG. Moneta Angusti. — The mint of the Emperor. MO. S. T. Moneta Signata Treveris. M. S. TR. Money struck at Treves. M. S. AVGG. ET CAESS. NOSTR. Moneta Sacra August or um et Casarum Noslrorum . — The sacred mint of our Emperors and of our Ciesars. Inscription on coins of Diocletian, Val. Maximian, Constantins Chlorus, and Gal. Maxiinian. MONETA. — This term was used by the Romans to designate their public mint, in con- sequence of money having originally been struck at Rome, in the temple of Juno Moneta — a surname given to the consort of Jupiter, because she was said to have counselled the Romans to undertake none but just wars, in which case she promised that they should never be in want of money. — The name of Moneta was afterwards used alike to signify pieces of money, aud the officina or workshops in which they were fabricated. — There are some consular deuarii of the Carisia family, which on their obverse re- present the head of a woman, with the legend moneta ; and on the reverse a pair of pincers, an anvil, and a hammer — instruments used by the ancients in the coinage of money — these are surmounted by the rap of Vulcan, and circum- scribed by the word T. carisivs. — Upon another silver coin of the same family, similar monetnl instruments are figured, the accompanying legeud being SALVT.vRis. — See Carisia. The epithet salvtaris refers to Juno Moneta having afforded relief to the Romans when their affairs were straightened by the events of war. The head of the Goddess is also found with but slight difference on coins of the Platoria family. The legeud moneta is indeed, as has MONETA.— MONET JE. already been remarked, very frequently seen on medals of the Emperors, and particularly on medals of the lower empire. MONETA, typified as a woman holding the balance and cornucopia:, occurs on coins of nearly all the Emperors, from Vitellius to Con- stantine the Great, both inclusive, with the epigraph of aeqvitas — aeqvitas avg. &c. ; or with the inscription mon, avg. — moneta avog. &c. — The head of the Goddess, with moneta round it, appears on a silver coin of the Platoria and (as above-mentioned) of the Carisia family. MONET.E — the three standing with their accustomed attributes, sometimes with and other times without the mass of metal at the feet of each female, make their first apjicarance on a brass medallion of Commodus. — Under the reign of Scptimius Severus they begin frequently to display themselves ; and they are also found on coins of the following princes : — Caraealla, Geta, Elagabalus, Alexander, Maxiininus, Gordiauus III., the Philips, Trajan Decius, Hercuuius, Treboniauus Gallus, Claudius Gothieus, Tetricus, Tacitus, Floriauus, Probus, Cams, Carious, Numerianus, Dioclctianus, Val. Maximianus, Constantius Chlorus, Gal. Maximianus, Max- entius, Maximiuus Daza, Constantine and Family, Jovian, Yalcutinian, and down to Yalcns. — The illustration given above is from a brass medallion of Diocletiau. MONETA AVGVSTA. (T he mint of the Emperor.) — A woman standing with balance and coruucopiie, (or as in Alexander Severus,) dropping coins from her right hand into a measure. — Coins bearing the image of the Goddess Moneta, with the above epigraph, occur for the first time in the reign of Domitian, in whose honour they were struck for his imputed care in restoring purity, exact weight, and good workmanship, to the coinage of the empire. Certain it is that the medals of this otherwise worthless prince, are in every metal finely designed and boldly executed. The recurrence of this legend and type on so many im|>crial medals of divers reigns is in itself one of the clearest and most direct proofs that these medals were real money. MONE'l’A AVG. — A female figure, with the usual attributes of Moneta. On a most rare silver coin of Pcsceunius Niger, edited by Vuillant, who says — “ Moneta is exhibiteJ on the coins of Pescennius to denote the supreme right which he asserted over the imperial miut. MONETA. The woman holds the balance to shew that the quantity of metal was to be weighed, and a just portion assigned to each piece.” MONET. AVG. COS. II— Moneta, with her accustomed attributes. On a very rare coin of Albinus. The coining of gold and silver money was a right which Augustus and his imperial successors reserved to themselves exclusively, leaving to the Senate the privilege of striking brass money. — Albinus, whom Severus had made his associate in the empire, had the same right as the latter to coin money, and he exercised it throughout his short, but eventful, career of power. MONETA AVG.— Moneta personified in the usual form. — This legend and type occur on a silver coin of Julia Domna, the wife of Severus, and indicate the supreme authority which that ambitious woman was allowed to share with her husband, who had yielded to her the privilege of the Roman mint. There is a medallion of Julia with the three Monetae, and the epigraph Aequitus Publica; the same may be observed on coins of Julia Paula, Julia Aquilia, and Julia Maesa, struck under Elaga- balus ; also on coins of Saloniua, wife of Gallienus, and other Augusta. MONETA AVGG. — The three Moneta stand- ing. — This type and legend occur (says Vaillant) on coins of Volusianus, not because he was the restorer ’of purity to the Roman mint, for his silver was not better than that of his pre- decessors ; but simply to shew a new coinage struck with his image. This coin, in gold, is of the utmost raritv. MONete RESTITVTA. S. C. — Moneta standing, with balance and cornucopia: ; at her feet a heap of metal. — This epigraph aud figure appear on a second brass of Alexander Severus. Another brass coin of the same Emperor, and the same module, bears the legend of restitvtor mon. s. c., and represents Alexander wearing the paludamcntum, extending his right arm, and a spear in his left hand. Alexander is the only Emperor who boasts of being the restorer of the mint (restitutor Moneta: and Moneta restituta). — Eckhel, in his annotation on these two coins, after quoting a long passage from Lampridius, whom he shews to be no safe authority to guide the opinion of a practical numismatist, appeals to the fact that the silver coinage of Alexander is not purer than that of preceding reigns, but rather more adulterated, “so that (he adds) were it not for the testimony of the above- named author, and the legends of the medals in question, we should not know' that this Emperor had made any improvement whatever in the state of monetarv affairs.” MONETA IOVI ET HERCVLI AVGG — Moneta with her attributes, standing between Jupiter aud Hercules, standing in like manner with their respective attributes. — Brass me- dallion of Diocletian. The brass medallions of Diocletian arc rare, but this is amongst the rarest of them, and forms a curious deviation from the common 4 C MONETA. 561 types under w'hich the Moneta August orum is represented. — We here see depicted, as sup- porters on each hand of the Monetary Goddess, the tutelary divinities of those two cruel per- secutors of the Christians — Diocletianus, who called himself Jovius, after Jupiter, and Maxi- mianus, who assumed the name of Herculius, after Hercules. MONETA VRBIS VESTRAE. The mint of your city. — This unusual expression of Vestra in this legend, which (accompanied by the three Moneta) is found on brass medallions of Crispus, and Constautimis, jun., indi- cates (according to the opinion of Du Cange,) that the right of coinage was conceded to other cities besides Rome, from the period I when Claudius is supposed to have taken aw'ay from the Senate the power of striking money. MONETA SACRA.; in others SACRA MONET. AVGG. ET CAESS. NOSTR. ; in others SACRA MON. VRB. AVGG. ET j CAESS. NN. — Woman standing, w'ith balance and cornucopia:. On second brass of Diocletian. The above are common under the reign of this Emperor. The divinitg whom the avarice of individuals in every age had made an object of private adoration, has at length a public expression of honour cousecratcd to her ; and “ we now (says Eckhel) find Moneta called sacra.” This appella- tion was assigned to the public mint, doubtless, on account of the vast advantages which it con- fers on mankind, whom in return it behoves to guard that institution from being violated, either by adulteration of metal or diminution iu weight. Accordingly, to preserve its sacred character, the penalties of sacrilege were denounced against offenders of this description, similar to those enacted for the punishment of such as had dared to assault the Tribuni Plebis. — The inscription Sacra Moneta urbis, which from Diocletian’s time becomes more aud more fre- quent, is recorded on the marble, cited by Muratorius, and at the conclusion of which, as appears from the correct emendation of Marini, is read— CVRANTE VAL. PELAGIO Viro Egregio PROC uratore Sacrae Moneta Vrbis VNA. CVM. P.P. (prapositis) ET. OFFICINATORIBVS. Lastly, it may be observed that long before this, the Antiochians used the inscription MON^fa VRBis on their coins. MONETAL TRIUMVIRS. — From the com- mencement of the republican form of govern- ment at Rome, the coinage of money was entrusted to three officers, who bore the title of lirviR,, a. A. A. F.F., which signifies Triumviri Auro, Argento, Aere, Plando, Feriundo. The supposed date of their institution is about the year of Rome 465 (289 before Christ). — Julius Ca:sar added one more person to this Monetary Triumvirate, who thus became iiiiviri. But the number was again reduced to three by Augustus. — From their first institution under the republic, these Monetal Magistrates were invested with a supreme degree of authority in 562 MONETARII. all things that related to the fabrication of money ; a striking proof of which is exhibited in the privilege which belonged to them of re- cording, by means of types and legends, facts connected with the history of their ancestors or of other branches of their families. — On money struck during the existence of the republic, and even afterwards, the names of those who formed the potent triumvirate of the mint, together with the initial letters which indicate their office, were inscribed on medals of Roman die. But it is to the ancient marbles that we are obliged to resort for information as to the different appellations given to the workmen employed in the various processes of the coinage. We there find the following deno- minations : — Monelarii ; Officinal ores moneta auraria, argentaria, Casaris ; Numutarii officinarum argentareum ; Familia monetaria ; Numutarii officinatores moneta; Exactores auri, argenti, aeris ; Signatores ; Suppostores ; Malleatores ; Flatores. But though the officers and even the mere artizans of the mint are thus noticed, yet neither the coins themselves, nor any writers on monuments of antiquity, furnish the slightest particulars respecting the artists who engraved the dies for the mint of Rome. There is, however, an antique inscription, (edited by Marini), which bears these words — NOVELLIVS AVG. LIB. ATIVTOR PRAE- VOSitus SCALPTORVM SACRAE MONE- TAE, — See Triumviri Monetales. MONETARII, coiners, or workmen of the mint. — Amonst the Romans they formed, with their wives and their children, an immense body, exclusively employed in the fabrication of specie, and, doubtless paid from the public treasury, were under the orders of particular magistrates. It is not to be supposed, however, that there would have been so vast a number of them, if in ancient times the process of striking coins had been as simple as it is become in our days.— The monelarii were, moreover, of the lowest order, and classed so much as a matter of course amongst those who follow menial occupations, that the path to honours was closed to them, and their position in society differed little from that of slaves. — On coins of the Cornelia family, edited in the Pembroke collec- tion, we read CVR. j. FL. C V Hat or Dena- riorum Fhandorum. And as in the age of Julius and of Augustus, Triumviri or Quatuorviri were appointed as mint-masters, so in the reign of Diocletian and his successors, the super- intendents of those who coined the money of the empire were called Procuratores Moneta, or Prapositi Moneta. The monelarii not unfrcqucntly made blun- ders, especially in the case of plated coins, where the type was least accordant with the legend. — Fra-lich and Morell notice many instances of monetal errors committed by the i workmen, and amongst others that of producing a duplicate impression of the type when the medal was turned on the die. Of these lapsi monetarionim several examples are given in the Mu*. Pembroeh. MONOGRAMMA. MONOGRAMMA. Monogram — This name is given to a figure which joins together several letters, so that they seem to make but one. — Monograms are thus characters composed of many united letters, and therefore differ from the ligature which is only a connecting stroke which unites several letters. Monograms, which are very frequent on Greek money, are seldom found on Latin medals, except on those of Roman families. — Millin, in his Dictionnaire des beaux Arts , after acknowledging the great learning and research displayed by Montfaucon, Froclich, Combe, Torremuzza, Pellcrin, Rasche, and other distinguished numismatists, in their endeavours to explain the meaning of mono- grams, observes that “ the pains thus taken eau hardly be regarded as otherwise than use- less, since these abbreviations are for the most part incapable of bciug deciphered, and to be considered in no other light than as conventional signs, whose signification was known |>crhaps only to a few persons. Possibly (he adds) these monograms were adopted for the purpose of throwing difficulties in the way of forgers. It may be as well to know w hat letters are repre- sented by such and such monograms, but with the exception of some, it is lost labour to attempt to discover their meaning.” Monograms appear on coins of the Ca/purnia, Didia, Papiria, and other Roman families. MONOGRAMMA CHRISTI.— The mono- gram of Christ T3 is observed on coins of Constantine the Great, Lieinius, juu., Con- stantine, jun.,Constans,Constantius 11., Vctranio, Magnentius, Deceutius, Constant ius Gallus, Jovianus, Valentinianus I., Valcns, Procopius, Gratianus, Valer.tiniauus II., Theodosius, Magnus Maximus, Arcadius, Houorius, and most of the Emperors of the East down to lleraclius. — See Decent tus. MOS. Moneta Ostia Signata. — These initials are found under the exergue of coins struck under Maxentius and others. — Sec Banduri, who also gives mosp. most, mosta. mostb., Ac. MOS. S. T. orTR. Moneta Signata Treveris. — Money struck at Treves. M. POP. Marcus Popitius. — Mark Popilius, prsenomen and name of a man. M. R. P. Moneta Roma Percussa. M. S. Masia Superior. — P. m. s. col. vim. Provincia Masia Superioris Colonia Fimi- nacium. M. S. or MVN. S. Manila sunt. — Sec Qvod. v. M. s. Quod Via Manila sunt ; on coins of Augustus. M. S. AVGG. NOSTR. Moneta Sacra An- gustorum Nostrorum. — The sacred mint of our Emperors. MV. Municipitm. — mv. avgvsta bilbilis, in llispania Tarraeonensis. MVCIVS ; name of the Mucin family. — C. Mucius was a distinguished architect in the time of Marius, about v.c. 653. MVCIA. A plebeian family. 'Die surname Cordus. — The only coin attributed to it is one, respecting which it holds a contested claim for, with the Fujia family. The denarius in question MUMMIA. has on its obverse kaleni, with two jugated heads, one juvenile and laureated, near which are the letters ho ; and the other juvenile and helmeted, near which is the word virt. — Eckhel remarks that the Mucia family was equally worthy with the Fufia to claim the dis- tinction of Honor and Virtus, by adorning their medal with the heads of those favourite Homan divinities. This silver coin is rare. That in gold is pronouuced by Mionnet to be false. MVL. Multa. — mvl. fel. Multa Felicia . — Vows made for the Emperors, and wishing them prosperity and happiness. MVL. X. MVL. XX. MVLT. XXX — Multis Decennalibus. Multis Vicennalibus. Multis Tricennalibus. — Other kinds of vows and acclamations, by which the Emperors were wished long life, as of many tens or scores of years, or many thirties of years, &c. — See VOTA. MVLT. XXXX. Multis, oi Multiplicatis Quadricennalibus, — On a gold coin of Con- stantius jun. — Eckhel, Catal. Mules. — Vehicles drawn by these animals were amongst the accustomed shews of funeral pomp connected with the interment of womens’ remains. It was a custom borrowed by the Romaus from eastern nations. The Carpentum Mu/are, or covered chariot, with two mules, is a type of consecration. [See Carpentum — Consecratio — Thensa7\ One of these with the epigraph s.p.q.r. ivliae avgvst., in honour of Livia, appears on a first brass of Tiberius. — A funeral biga of mules appears on large brass of Agrippina, wife of Germanicus ; and of Domililla, wife of Vespasian, with the word memoriae preceding their respective names. — The same type appears on a silver coin of Marciana, Trajan’s sister, with the epigraph consecratio; and also on a first brass of Faustina senior. — A carpentum, drawn by two mules, appears on a rare first brass of Julia Titi , struck after her death, under the 15th consulate of Domitian, and which by the sacred title of diva prefixed to her name, proves that that princess had been placed by her “ incestuous uncle” in the rank of divinities. — But we see other instances, as the intelligent author of Logons de Numismatique Romaine says, that “ the car and pair of mules were not exclusively appropriated to designate consecrations.” MVMMIA, a plebeian family, but of con- sular rank. — Goltzius alone, and on his autho- rity Morell assign coins to it, which, however, are not recognised either by Eckhel, Mionnet, or Akerman. MVN. or MVNT. Municipium. — mvn. avg. bi i. bills. Municipium Augusta Bilbilis. — The municipality of Augusta Bilbilis. MVN. CAL. IVL. Municipium Calaguris Julia. — See Calaguris. MVN. CLVN. Municipium Clunia. — Muni- cipium of Clunia, an ancient city of Spain (now Corunna.) MVN. PANE. AEL. Municipium Fanestre jElium. MVNICIP. STUB, or STOBENS. — Muni- 4 C 2 MVNATIA. — MUNICIPIA. 563 cipium Stobensium. — Municipium of the Sto- bians, in Macedonia. MVNIC. ITAL. PER. AVG. — Municipium ItalicensePermissuAugusti. — The Italian Muni- cipality (of Hispania Boctica, now Andalusia), bv permission of the Emperor. MVN. IVL. VTICEN. D. D. P. V.—Muni- cipii Julii Uticensis Decuriones Posuere . — The Decurions of the Municipality of Utica ; (or, of Julius, of Utica), have placed, &c. MVNICIPI PARENS. — See Vaillant (Priest. Num. Impp, iii. 104). MVN. TVR. or MV. TV. — Municipium Turiaso, in Hispania Tarraconensis. MVN AT. Munatius. MVNATIA, a plebeian family, surnamed Plancus. — L. Munatius Plancus joined Ciesar the Dictator, and in the beginning of the civil war in Spain took up arms against L. Afraniu%; was appointed by Cmsar Prefect of Rome, and next governed in Gaul as Pro-consul. After- wards, in v.c. 714, Mark Antony promoted him to the government of Asia ; and he served his second Consulship in 718. — Morell notes three varieties in the coins of the Munatia family. — Its gold and silver pieces were struck under Mark Antony, and are rare, particularly the latter ; one of which is inscribed L. PLANCVS PRAEFec/«i VRBij — and another bears the same surname followed by PRO COnSul. The following rare coin, struck in gold and silver by the monetal triumvir, by order of his patron and chief Mark Antony, is curious from its exhibition of sacrificial instruments and re- ligious symbols : — M. ANTON. IMP. AVGwr IIIVIR. R. P. C. — The lituus and the prscfcriculum. Rev — L. PLANCVS IMP. ITER.— The pricfericulum between a thunderbolt and a caduceus. For a further account of Munatius Plancus, and some remarks on a brass medal of extreme rarity, bearing the head of that consular per- sonage, see the word Plancus. M VNICIPIA. — This name was given to towns in the Roman provinces, whose inhabitants had obtained from the Senate, with the consent of the people, some or all of the civic rights and privileges of Rome, and were allowed to govern themselves by their own law r s. — Some- times the colonics Romanorum arc called muni- cipia ; but this appears to arise from writers being in the habit of indiscriminately using one word for the other. That there was, however, a marked distinction between the colonics and the municipia, and that the superiority of con- dition rested with the latter, is shewn by a passage in Aulus Gellius, wherein he relates that the Emperor Hadrian expressed his in- dignant surprise that the inhabitants of Italica, (in Spain,) the place whence he himself derived his origin, and which had been elevated to the rank of a municipium, should have petitioned him to bestow on them the rights of a colony. Among the privileges granted by Rome, under her Emperors, to these municipal cities, was ' the right of coinage; and taking as their inha- 564 MUNIFICENTIA. bitants did the title of Roman citizens, they I were subject to no burthens or offices but such j as were imposed on the Romans themselves. It is not precisely known what were the nature aud extent of power yielded in this instance; but the towns on whom these peculiar privileges were conferred did not fail to stamp on their money the name of Munieipium. — On those of the Spanish provinces a bull appears to be the customary symbol ; as may be seen on coins of Cascantum, Ercaviea, Graccurris, Osicerda, &c. — For a review of the Municipia of Imperial medals, see Vaillaut’s learned and unique work on the Colonies of llome ; of the principal points of information contained in which an analysis has been attempted in this Dictionary. MVNIFICENTIA. Munificence. — Another term for expressing the magnificent liberality of the reigning prince to the Roman people, in giving them public shews, or spectacles, with the accustomed exhibition of games. We find it commonly represented on coins of Antoninus Pius, Commodus, Severus, aud Elagabaltis, by the symbol of a lion or of an elephant. On a brass medallion of Gordiauus Pius, which pre- sents the figure of a man sitting on an elephant, and fighting with a bull in the Flavian amphi- theatre, the inscription added is mvnificentia gordiani avg. — The incomparable munificence of Hadrian is most elegantly complimented on that most rare coin, in first brass, which bears the epigraph locvpletatori oiusis terrarvm. — The munificence displayed by different Em- perors, at stated times, in the distribution of largesses to the Roman people is frequently re- corded on their coins, nuder the designation of CONGIAR1A DATA POP.R.,or I.1BERAMTAS AVG. Other examples of imperial munificence, cither in the remission of taxes (centesimal, ducentesima, guadragesima), or in the abolition of out- standing claims on state-debtors are to be found in the same series of Roman coins. MVNIFICENTIA AVG. COS. I ill. — An elephant harnessed in armour. The types of two coins (the former a brass medallion, the latter a second brass,) of Antoninus Pius, most clearly explain what Capitolinus relates of that Emperor. “He gave public spectacles, (munera) iu which were exhibited elephants, and crocuta (a mongrel beast of Ethiopia), and bouquetins (strepsiccrota:) with tigers , and all rare animals from every part of the world. He also shewed a hundred lions at one dis- play.” — It is nuder this prince that the epigraph mvnificentia first appeared on coins (to which Eekhel assigns the date v.c. 902), though it became of frequent occurrence in subsequent reigns, with the accompanying type of some wild or foreign animal destined to be hunted in the arena of the amphitheatre. For the word munus was used by the old writers to signify a shew of wild beasts, or a combat of gladiators, as Cicero says — Magnificent issi ma vero nostri Pompeii munera secundo consulatu. — (Sec Eekhel, vol. vii. p. 19.) It is also to be observed that on the second coin the elephant is represented in a covering of MUNIFICENTIA. armour (loricatus). The first type of this kind is seen on medals of Titus, about the year of Rome 833. That it alludes to the games then celebrated by that Emperor is more fully proved, because of Titus it is said by Suetonius — et tamen nemine ante se mvnificentia minor. Amphitheatro dedicato, t/iermisque juxta cele- riter exstructis, munus edidit adparatissimum, largissimumque.- — The same type of a loricated clephaut, with the legend mvnificentia avg. recurs on coins of Commodus, in the year v.c. 936 (when lie shewed his wondrous skill in archer)’ at a public spectacle), and also on coins of Severus in 950 (before he set out on his Parthian expedition), and is therefore to be regarded like that of Gordianus Pius above quoted, as indicating some grand display of Roman prodigality and cruelty in the sports and combats of the amphitheatre. — See FAephant. MVNIFICENTIA GORDIAN I AVG.— The Flavian Amphitheatre, in which a bull and an elephant (the latter with a man sitting on it) arc opposed to each other. On each side of the amphitheatre is an edifice ; by the side of that on the left stands a colossal figure of Hercules. To a description of this remarkable type, which appears on a brass medallion of Gor- dianus III., Eekhel appends the following illustrative note. After adverting to the word Munificentia, accompanied with the figure of an elephant on coins of Antoninus Pius (see preceding column of this work), he says — “Livy has recorded that elephants first appeared in the games of the circus, in the year v.c. 586. Extravagance keeping pace with the increase of wealth, they were frequently introduced into the spectacle, and afforded a sight, not only ex- traordinary, but in many instances pitiable. Pompey the Great, in his second Considate, exhibited altogether eighteen of these animals, which, wouuded and mutilated as they were during the progress of the performances, met with the commiseration even of the people, when, on feeling tlicir wounds they desisted from the combat, and moving round the circus, with their trunks lifted into the air, they appeared to entreat the interference of the spectators, and to rail their lords to witness, reminding them, ns it were, of the oath by which they had been induced to allow them- selves to be allured from Africa. This is Dion’s account; to which Pliny, writing on the same MURCUS. — MU RENA. subject, adds that the people were so excited with indignation at this spectacle, that dis- regarding the general in chief (imperator), and the signal munificence displayed by him in their honour, they rose as one man, with tears in their eyes, and showered on Pompey impreca- tions, the weight of which he soon afterwards experienced. — Cicero, also, who was a spectator on the occasion, has related, that great as was the astonishment of the people, they felt no gratification at the sight, hut rather that a feel- ing of pity followed the exhibition, and an opinion that there was a kind of affinity between that animal and the human race. — “ For myself,” adds Eckhcl, “ I would willingly bestow my praise on the feeling displayed by the people, who suffered themselves to be touched by the toils and pains even of beasts. But I am reluctantly compelled to withhold my commendations, when I reflect on the inconsistent sympathies of this same populace, which, desiring that the blood of brutes should be spared, could feed its eyes and thoughts with the slaughter of human beings in the arena. — I now recur to the coin itself, which represents the Amphitheatre of the Flavii (at Rome), and within it, in addition to the elephant, a bull also ; for these animals used anciently to be pitted against each other ; Martial having described such a combat.” — Doct. Num. Vet. vol. vii. p. 315. MURAL CROWN. — The Corona Muralis was given by the Emperor to him w r ho first scaled the wall or fortifications of an enemy’s town or camp. — M. Agrippa was decorated with both the mural and the rostral crown ; with the former for having suppressed an insurrection in Rome ; and he bore the latter also on account of his victory over Sextus Pompey. — The mural crown is an attribute of Cybele ; and its turreted circlet is found adorning the head of those images which serve as the personifications of cities and provinces. — See Coiona. M. VRB. Moneta Vrbis. — The mint or money of the City. — See m. vrb. avgg. et. Caess. JJ.N. Sacra Moneta Vrbis Augustorurn Et Casarum Nostrorum. — On a coin of Con- stantins Chlorus. MVRCVS, surname of L. Statius, as it is read on a coin of the Statia family. MVRENA, surname of the Licinia family. MVREX, a shell fish, of the liquor whereof was made the celebrated purple of the Tyrians ; accordingly it forms the numismatic symbol of Tyre. — It is said that the inventor of this purple dye made the discovery by accidentally observing the jaws of his dog tinctured with the liquor of the murex. — A colonial medal of Tyre, struck under Elagabalus, and another under Gallienus, are given by Vaillant as exhibiting the murex, or conc/tylium. — See Tyrus. MVS — -a mouse or rat — the figure of one is seen under a horse on a coin of the Quinctia family, on which are the letters TI. Q. — Havercamp not improbably conjectures that this medal refers to some Tiberius Quinctitis , who perhaps had the surname (like JDetius) of Mas. MUSjE. 565 MYS.-E (Muses), the goddesses of song, of verse, and of civilization, given to mankind through the medium of music and poesy. — The daughters of Jupiter and of Mnemosyne (Memory), their usual abode were the heights of Parnassus, except when they assisted at the banquets of the gods. At first there were only three of them, but the poets successively in- creased their number to nine, and artists repre- sented them sometimes together, at others in separate figures, in a great variety of com- positions. Amongst the rest, the muses are found on the denarii of the Pomponia family, on account of the analogy between the name of Pomponius Musa (who caused their images to be thus exhibited), and the generic designation of these “ Heavenly maids.” They are ordi- narily depictured in long dresses and the neck covered. Sometimes, however, the shoulder and the arm are naked, to facilitate their per- formance on the cithara or harp. — At Rome one temple of worship was common to them and to Hercules Mvsayetes. In Morell’s Thesaurus Pam. Rom., amongst the coins of the Pomponia family, are given the types of denarii, on which Ursin, Vaillant, and Havercamp have, each in their turn, exercised their spirit of research and ingenuity, to dis- tinguish successively by their habiliments and attributes the respective personifications of the whole choral troup. The same difficulty has, however, opposed itself to the success of this attempt at discriminating the different demi- goddesses, which is experienced with regard to the sculptures of the celebrated sarcophagus published by Spon ; because, unlike the case of the Herculaneum pictures, no names of muses are inscribed, but the inquirer is left to identify each member of the “ tuneful choir,” merely from the accompanying insignia, which are not in all instances either clearly delineated, or ex- clusively appropriated. — Of each of this series, the obverse bears the head of a young female, laureated, (representing the muse,) with a vo/umeu, or a star, or a garland, or some other distinctive mark, behind it. — On the reverse we see a female figure, and the words mvsa. q. pomponi. — The types and substance of the ex- planations are as follow, viz. : — Calliope, the inventor of the heroic poem (carmen heroicum) stands holding in her right hand a rolled volume, her left aim resting on a column, with the epigraph q. pomponivs mvsa. Clio, inventress of the lyre (cithara), stands holding against her side with the left hand that musical instrument, the strings of which she touches with her right, as if playing on it, not with the plectrum, but (what was more highly esteemed) with the fingers. Erato, who invented hymns to the Gods, is represented as if singing ; with dishevelled locks she stands, clothed in the stola, quietly hold- ing her right hand thrust into her vest ; the graphium, or iron pen, is in her left hand, which hangs down. Euterpe, the inventor of Tragedy, stands 566 MUSSIDIA. resting her right haud on a club, and holding a mask in her left. — The sceptrum (says Havercamp in Morell) which appears behind the head of the female on the obverse of this denarius shews to what muse the image on its reverse is to be assigned, viz., to Euterpe, to whom, as above stated, the invention of Tragedy was imputed by the Greeks. In describing Tragedia herself, Ovid says — Lava maims sceptrum late regale tenebat. The costume and attributes of the muse on this coin are singular : she not only holds a massy club, but she wears the lion’s skin for a head- dress. The carmen tragicum seems to have been regarded by Ovid as robust, violent, immortal, and therefore truly Herculean. Thus he sings (in his Amor. iii. 1. 68) : — Exiguum vati concede, Tragadia. tempos. T u, labor aternus, quod petit ilia, breve est. Melpomene, to whom Horace ascribes the epigram, stands playing on a barbiton resting on a pillar before her ; the right hand, with extended fingers, strikes the strings, and the left supports the instrument. She seems to be accompanying her voice on this harp. Potymnia, to whom the invention of the barbiton is attributed by Horace (L. i. Od. i.), stands with right hand hanging down, holding the plectrum : she supports the lyre in her left hand, and her right foot is slightly uplifted. This last named attitude alone (as we are told) proclaims this type to be that of “ Polgmnia mater chorea for it was by the silent move- ment of the foot that regular time was given to the song. And thus on this denarius the goddess (as Havercamp quotes from Virgil (in Catalectis,) Carmina vultu Signal cuncta, manu, loquitur Polyhymnia gestu. Terpsichore, who taught the act of playing on the pipes (calamos inflare) is recognised by Morell in the female figure, clothed in the stola, who stands supporting her head on her left hand, which she rests on a column, whilst she holds two flutes (tibia) in her right hand. — Others, however, refer this type to Euterpe. Thalia, the inventress of comedy, and delineator of the manners of society, stands with her left elbow resting on a column, and holding a theatric mask in her right hand. Urania, the muse of astronomy, stands before a globe placed on a tripod, which she touches with a wand held in her right hand. — According to the old Greek epigram, Urania discovered the pole, or point of the axis, on which the ancients supposed the heavens to be turned, and also the mystic dance of the stars (chorus celestium aslrorum ). — For this reason a star is placed behind the head of this muse on the obverse of the medal. MVSARVM. — See Hercules Musarum. MVSSIDI. Mussidius. MVSS1D1A, a family little known, except on the coins of Rome struck during the latest days of her republic. Its surname is Longus . — The silver are rare. There are pieces of this MUTUA.— NAEVIA. family, in gold and silver, struck by the moncycrs of Julius Caisar and of the triumvirate (Antony, Lepidus, and Octavius). — The brass coins of the Mussidia family are by the moneyers of Augustus, and are common. Among twenty varieties given in Morell, there is a denarius of this family, bearing on one side either a portrait of Jidius Osar, or the radiated head of the Sun, or the head of Con- cordia ; and, on the reverse, a representation of the Comitium, in which is seen a distributer (diribitor) of voting tablets, and a citizen giving his suffrage. On the base of the comitium is inscribed cloacin, and above it is read L. m vssidivs lon'gvs. — See C/oacina, and Comi- tium. MVTVA. — Mutual, reciprocated, equal on both sides. — Sec caritas mvtva avgg. — amor mvtvvs. — pi etas mvtva. — On coins of tialbinus and Pupienus. Mysteries of Bacchus. — See Cista Mystica ; also ASIA RECEPTA. N. N. the thirteenth letter of the Latins, is to be observed as a mint mark (ad matrices discernendas) on coins of the Antonia, Cal- purnia, Cornelia, Fabia, Hcrennia, Julia, Junia, Mamilia, Poblicia, Scrvilia, Sulpicia, and other Roman families. N. is also seen on the exergue, and in the field of coins of Gallienus, Claudius Gothicus, Quintillus, Probus, Diocletian, and of a subse- quent age. N. This letter signifies Natalis (birth), or Nepos (nephew), or N'obilis (nohlc), or Noster (ours), or Novus — Nova (new), or Nurncn (divinity), or Numus (money). NN. Xoslri. — The double N, like the double D and double G, denotes the plural, thus dd. nn. avgg. liominorum Nostrorum Augustorum. This letter is three times repeated ou a coin of Constans, and on another of Valcus, to express three Augusfi — avggg. nnn. — and four times repeated on medals of Constantius Chlorus, Diocletian, and Val. Maximianus, to acknow- ledge the authority of two emperors and two Cicsars — as for example, avgg. et. caess. NNNN. NAEVIA, a plebeian family — its name naevtvs — its surnames bai.bus, capella, surdinus. — The silver coins, of which there are many varieties, arc common. Its brass pieces are by the moneyers of Augustus. None of them arc interesting ; very few rare. Head of Venus, with s. c. in the field. Rev. — C. NAEctks HALIW. Victory in a car drawn by three horses, at full sjiced. The denarii of this type arc all serrated. Names on coins of Roman families. — See Nomina Romanorum. NARBON ENSIS. The Narbonnaise; part of Gaul, which, under the Romans, comprised Savoy, Dauphiny, Provence, the Ccvennes, the county of Foil, and the rest of Laugucdoc. NASIDIA.— NASO. NASIDIA, a family whose name comes for- ward late, and whose rank is plebeian. Some silver coins, however, bearing the name of this family, are by Sextus Pompey ; and the follow- ing is both rare and interesting : — neptvni. The head of Pompey the Great, in front of which is a trident. Rev. — Q. nasi »i vs. A ship with sails spread. — This Nasidius was the prefect (or admiral) of Sextus Poinpey’s fleet in Sicily, and afterwards served in the same capacity under the appoint- ment of Mark Antony — See neptvni. NASO, surname of the Axia family, the first man of which had perhaps a large nose. L. axivs l. f. naso. — It was the cognomen of Ovid, OVIDIVS NASO. NAT. Natalis. Relating to birth. — ann. DCCCLXxim. nat. vrb. circ. con. Anno 874. Natalis Urbis Circenses Constituit, on a coin of Hadrian, allusive to certain games of the circus, or combats, instituted on the anniversary day of the foundation of Rome, noticed in pp. 202 and 203 of this Dic- tionary. NAT. Nato. — See Constantino p. avg. b.r.p. nat. Bono Rei Public ee Nato. NAVALIS CORONA. — The naval crown was given to him who was the first to board an enemy’s ship. — See Corona. NAVIS — a ship or galley. — See the former word. The representation of a ship’s prow is the customary symbol of the Roman As and its parts. — See Eckhel’s explanation as to its cause. — vol. v. p. 14. NAVIS PRETORIA — or admiral’s ship. — See Pretoria Navis. NAVIVS. — The Augur Nmvius, with head veiled, and holding the lituus in his left hand, kneels before Tarquinius Priscus, who stands clothed in the toga, and sees with astonishment the miiacle performed of cutting a whetstone in two with a razor. This inscription and type on a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, assist in handing down, from the mass of Roman traditions that notable prodigy performed by Accius Navius for the timely and effectual removal of all doubts in the King’s mind as to the veritable powers of augury ! — See Augur. N. C. Nero Ceesar — or Nobilissimus Casar — or Noslri (hesaris. N. CAPR. — Letters struck on some coins of Augustus, Germanicus, Drusus, Antonia Drusi, Claudius, and Agrippina. Some numismatists think that it signifies N ota Cusa or N ummus Cusus, A P opulo Pomano. NEAPOLIS. 567 NEAPOLIS, the name of many ancient cities; that which, on account of its Latin coins alone, comes within our province to notice, is Nea]>olis, in Samaria, situate at the base of Mount Garizim, and called Sichern in our Saviour’s time. Its modern name is Naplouse or Napulosa. It was near “ Sichem, in the plain of Moreh,” that (Genesis 12) the Patriaich Abra- ham dwelt, and built an altar to the Lord, as did also his descendant Jacob (Genesis 33). Of this place there are Imperial coins, with Greek legends, from Titus and Domitian to Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, Commodus, Caracalla, Elagabalus, and Maximinus. It was, as is believed, made a Roman colony by Philip senior, for the first coins struck by the Samarian Neapolis, in its colonial quality, have the head of that Emperor, and from his reign to that of Volusianus, its coins bear Latin as well as Greek inscriptions. The former run — con. NEAPOL. ; or COE. SEllG. NEAPOL. ; or COL. NEAPOL. NEOCORO. The following are the types which appear on coins of this colony, on every one of which (besides the particular subject) appears a mount with a temple upon it, pointing to the site of Neapolis Samarise, in the immediate vicinity of Mount Garizim : — Colonist ploughing with oxen.— On a middle brass of Neapolis Samaria: dedicated to Otacilia, wife of Philip, appears this customary symbol of a Roman colony, above which is a temple on a mountain. Cybele, seated between two lions, a patera in her right hand, a cymbalum in her left ; above her is a mount with a temple upon it, with legend of col. neapol. Colonia Neapolis, or Neapolitana. — On second brass of Philip senior. The goddess is represented on this medal as having been worshipped at Neapolis. Aesculapius and Hygeia. — On a second brass of the same Emperor, the God of Medicine, seated, extends his right hand towards the Goddess of Health, who is standing opposite him ; both are respectively distinguished by their usual attributes. — The legend of this coin is COL. serg. neapol. Colonia Sergia Neapolis. At the upper part of this medal is a temple on a rock. SEltGfrz, or Sergiana, or Sergiapolitana, is placed on this coin instead of its former appella- tion of Flavia, which it bore in honour of Vespasian and his family, under whom it first began to strike money. But why Neapolis should have adopted this word, after Philip had made it a colony, is difficult to comprehend. Vaillant ingeniously conjectures that the colonists selected and sent by the last named Emperor belonged to the tribe called Sergia at Rome, and hence the appellation on Philip’s coin. Escu- kpius and Hygeia were deities of the colony, and their images were perhaps engraven on the above medal, in commemoration of sacrifices performed by the Neapolitans of Samaria for Philip the founder. Silenus. — On two medals of this colony, inscribed to the same Emperor, Silenus stands 568 NEAPOLIS. in the usual manner ; before him is a temple on a rock. On one of these medals (of which the rarity is very great) an eagle stands at the foot of Silenus, with legend col. sekg. neapo. — On the obverse of the same coin appear the laurcated heads of the two Philips, father and son, with the inscription d.d. n.n. phii.ippis avgg. Dominis Nostris Phi/ippis Augustis. The example selected for illustration is taken from a brass coin in the British Museum. It is explained by the description given of the pre- ceding varieties. The image of the associate of Bacchus war- rants the inference that as one of the minor deities the Pagan conquerors of Samaria wor- shipped him. On Mount Garizim (figured on this and all other coins of Neapolis), a temple had been built in honour of Jupiter, as is shewn by a passage in Josephus Gib. 12, cap. 7), stating that the Garizitanean temple was for- merly dedicated to the Mo9t High (and only true) God - but that the Samaritans sent ambassadors to Antiochus Epiphanes, petitioning him that as the temple had not hitherto the title of any God, it might thenceforth be called that of Jupiter Grtecanicus , which request was granted. — The eagle with wings spread is regarded by some as au ensign of the Romans, whilst others think it refers to Jupiter, to whom the temple on Mount Garizim was dedicated. Triumphal Quadriga . — The following singular type, on a first brass of this colony, struck under Philippas senior, is given in Pcllcrin’s Melange , i. pi. xxi. No. 2, p. 316: — Rev . — neapoli. NEOCOii. On a ear drawn by four horses, abreast, the figure of a man is represented standing, facing to the front, hav- ing the right hand extended, and holding a spear in his left. Two other male figures, one at his right, the other at his left hand, hold each a spear in the left hand ; he on the right side ex- tends his right hand ; and he on the left side raises his right hand over the centre figure, a9 if in the act of crowning him. In the upper part of the medal is seen Mount Garizim and a temple on its summit. Wolf, with Twin Children . — This type (the accustomed symbol of Homan colonics) alSo appears on first and sccoud brass of Philip senior, with a temple on Mount Garizim at the top of the coin. The legend of the reverse is col. neapoli neokoro. Colonia Neapolitana Neoeoros. The Neapolitan colony of Syria Palastina, NEMAUSUS. after the manner of the Greek cities in Asia Minor, adopted the inscription of Neoeoros. The coins indeed exhibit the letter k for c, but the Romans used both letters, as in the instance of Calend and Kaleud. The Neocori (N twicipoi) seem to have been the curators of sacred edifices, and managers of public games, or as in Latin they would be called Aedi/es. — See Neoeoros. Venus and ITercules . — On a first brass of Philip senior arc the following legends and type, which Pellerin adds to those of Neapolis, edited by Vaillant : — NEAPOL. NEOCORO. COL. — VcnUS, clothed, is standing before Hercules, who extends his hand towards her. Above is Mount Garizim with a temple, on one side of which is the sign of the sun, and on the other the sign of the moon. — Melange, i. pi. xxi. No. 2, p. 317. Eagle with expanded wings, beneath a temple on a rock, appears on a coin of Trebonianus Gallus, struck at Neapolis Samaria;, with Greek legends on both sides. Legionary Eagle and Serapis. — On a second brass of Volusiauus, stmek by the colonists at the Samaritan Neapolis, Serapis stands opposite a cippus, on which is placed a legionary eagle with a military ensign ; between them is a ram on one side and three corn-ears on the other ; above them is a temple on a rock — legend col. neapol. [The legionary eagle and military ensign on this coin shew that not only togated citizens from the Sergia gens (whence Neapolis is called Sergia) were transmitted to it (in Vespasian’s time), but also that this colouy was reinforced with legionary veterans. Serapis was worshipped at Neapolis as coins of M. Aurelius and Caracalla (Greek) serve to prove. The ears of corn signify their abundance in the territory of Neapolis. The ram (arics) seems to designate the season of spring, with which under the above-mentioned sign of the Zodiac the Nea- politans, like the Antiochians and Damascenes, were accustomed to begin this year, whilst some cities in these regions calculated theirs from autumn.] Nebrus, an animal represented tm coins of Gallienus, sacred on account of the chase, to Diana. NE. CA. Q. PR. Nerone Cesar e, Qnwstore Provinciali. — See Utica. NE. CAES. Nerone Cesare. NEM. Nemausus, or Nemauseniorum . Nemausus, a celebrated city in Gallia Narboncnsis, so called from its founder of that name, was established as a colony o( the Romans during the reign of Augustus. It is now called Nismes, in Languedoc (France). A large number of its coins, gold, silver, and brass, have been found at various times. — The autonomous medals of this colony, in second and third brass, have the head of Mars or of Rome for their type, and arc inscribed NEM. col., Nemausus Colonia, within a crown of laurel — The imperial medals struck at Nismes arc of middle brass, and present on their obverse the heads of Augustus NEMAUSUS.— NEMESIS. NEPOS. 569 and Agrippa placed back to back, with the inscription imp. divi. f., Lnperator Bivi Fi/ius ; and, on the obverse, a crocodile attached by a chain to a palm-tree, with the epigraph col. nem. — The type refers to the conquest of Egypt, and its reduction into the form of a province. — Strabo speaks of Nemausus as of a colony invested with great privileges, among the rest that of the/iw Latii ; and an ancient inscription found at Nismes calls it CO Lonia AYGusta. Thus derived and con- stituted, the Nemausenses invariably struck the associated effigies of Agrippa with Augustus, and the image of the crocodile tied to a palm- tree, on their coins, as pointing to the origin and date of their colonial foundation. After Mark Antony’s overthrow, a great many veterans from various I/egions were, as a matter of necessity, sent to defend different colonies, partly in Italy, partly in other provinces. And those who were passed over to Nismes, having perhaps been themselves present in the Alexan- drine war, were pleased to commemorate that occurrence by stamping on their coins also that symbol of vanquished Egypt which has just been described. Nemesis, avenger of crimes and punisher of wicked doers. The divinity thus named aud adored by the Greeks was also by the Homans held in high respect for the equitable and im- partial severity of her chastisements; an altar was consecrated to her in the capitol ; and there before setting out for battle, warriors resorted to immolate victims aud to make her the offer- ing of a sword. In a philosophic sense, Nemesis was the symbol of Providence, and of the care which the supreme power takes of what happens in this world. — On a medallion of Macrinus, struck at Cyzicus, Nemesis is crowned with towers, because it is the Fortune of Cyzicus. — Nemesis is recognised as having a sister goddess of the same name, though sometimes called Adrastia. The two avenging goddesses appear on Greek medallions of Marcus Aurelius, Anto- ninus, Severus, and others. — Millin says that these Nemeses are the two Fortunes Antiates , which are seen on a denarius of the Rustia family, (see Fortuna and Rustia ). Both divinities, principally invoked in treaties of peace, were guarantees for the fidelity of oaths. — On Roman coins Nemesis has accordingly the same attri- butes with the Goddess of Peace (Pax). The Nemeses of Smyrna, where they had a temple, appear on a brass medallion of Hadrian, stand- ing, the one holding a wheel, the other a sword : 4 D each has her right hand lifted to her mouth, with the inscription cos. hi. — T he Nemeses have often a finger placed on the mouth, to shew that it is necessary to be discreet. — On a very rare gold coin of the Tibia family, a winged woman stands, holding her robe. This figure Eckhel pronounces to be that of Nemesis, and gives examples of similar types on gold and silver coins of Claudius, in which the same winged figure of a female is walking, lifting her robe from the bosom towards the face with one hand, and holding a caduceus in the other, a serpent on the ground before her, with the inscription paci avgvstae. — Also on a silver coin of Hadrian there appears the same type of a woman, only that she holds a branch in her left hand, with victoria avg. — The former of these Eckhel calls the Nemesis of Peace, the latter the Nemesis of Victory. — [See vol. vi. pp. 237 and 511.] NEP. Nepos, or Nepoti — Grandson. — divi ner. nep. Bivi Nerva Nepos. — By this appellation Hadrian is frequently called in inscriptions, and sometimes, rarely, on coins (second brass.) NEP. Nepotianus. — fl. nep. constantinvs avg. — See Nepotianus. NEPOS (Julius), born in Dalmatia, was son of Nepotianus, a general officer, and of a sister of Marcellinus, who had been made sovereign of that province under the reign of Severus III. The Emperor Leo I. gave him the niece of his wife in marriage, and having first deposed Glycerius, declared him Emperor of the West and Augustus a.d. 474. Victorious, humane, courageous, he was both worthy to hold the sceptre and capable of re-establishing by his wisdom and justice the glory of that more truly Roman portion of the empire over w r hich he had been placed. But his desire to preserve peace and tranquillity for his war-worn aud exhausted people was frustrated by the revolt of Orestes, commander of the Gallic legions, an ambitious and intelligent usurper, who compelled Nepos to abandon Italy ; and this unfortunate priuee was, about four years after his dethronement, assassinated at Salona in Dalmatia, by two members of his owti household, at the instigation of Glycerius, who had there afforded him an asylum, a.d. 480, having reigned in Italy one year aud two mouths. I 570 NEPOTIANUS.— NEPTUNE. — His coins are all very rare. He is styled D.N. 1VLIVS NEPOS. P.F. AVG. ; or D.N. 1VLIVS nepos. peep. p.f. avg. The example given is from an aureus in the British Museum. NEPOT1ANUS ( Const ant in us Flavius Popilius ) was the son of a senator of that name, and of Eutropia, sister to Constantine the Great, lie was consul in a.d. 336. In imitation of Magneutius, he aspired to the empire, assumed the purple in June, A.n. 350; took the title of Augustus, which his gladiatorial mercenaries pretended to confirm to him ; and after repulsing Auicetus, prefect of the Praitorians at Rome, obtained easy possession of the capital of the West. But this usurper had not the genius to preserve to himself what his good fortune had acquired. Instead of conciliating the Romans who, from hatred to Magnentius, had received him with pleasure, he struck terror through the city with his proscriptions, and irritated the inhabitants by his murderous cruelties. Within a month the tyrant was killed, desperately de- fending himself, in a battle with Marcelliauus, one of the generals of Magnentius, who punished Rome for her revolt by the most ferocious execution of military vengeance ou the wretched people. — The only coins of Nepotianus probably struck at Rome are in second brass, and of the highest rarity. He is styled Ft., pop. NKPOTIANVS P. F. AVG. ; and FL. NEP. CONST AN tinvs avg. — The example given above is taken from a coin in the British Museum Neptes Augustorum . — The graud-daughters and grand-nieces of emperors were called Augusta, as Matidia, daughter of Trajan’s sister. NEP. S. or SACR. Neptuno Sacru> a. NEPT. RED. Neptuno Reduei, as if Rome was about to render thanks to Neptuue, who had been propitious to the Emperor’s invocation, and guarded him safely over the sea. NEI’T Neplunus. — Neptune, son of Saturn and Rhea, was one of the twelve greater divinities of Greek and Roman worship. In the partition of the world with his brothers Jupiter and Pluto, the empire of the waters fell to his share. Statues, medals, and engraved stones, present to us the peculiar incidents of his fabled history. His image differs but little from that of Jupiter; there is a great conformity in the arrangement of the hair of the head, and in the form of the beard, but the expression of power aud majesty is comparatively feeble in the figure of the Sea-King. He is usually pourtrayed naked, or with a very light chlaniys. — Ou some medals, coins of Corinth and of Berytus, he is seen drawn by sea-horses, which have the upper portion of that animal, whilst the lower extremities terminate in a fish’s tail. This imaginative creature is the hippocampus. Nep- tune carries a sceptre with three points or teeth, called the trident. — Mythologies give many NEPTUNE. reasons for this attribute, amongst others to mark the triple authority of the God over the sea, which he was supposed to have the power of troubling and of calming, and which he also preserves. — Millin suggests whether it may not be regarded “ as an instrument for catching fish,” and he instances the Greek fishermen, who, to this day, make use of a similar instrument for that purpose. — See Berytus — Hippocampus. The poets have ascribed a prodigious number of amatory adventures to Neptune, and made him the father of various enterprising heroes and warriors, the founders of cities. In Greece aud in Italy, especially in maritime places, a great many temples were raised to his worship. The Romans held him in such veneration that festivals and games of the circus, at Rome, were celebrated in his honour ou the first of July, and which were marked for that day in their calendar by the words 1). Neptuni Ludi. What is most singular, -as they believed that Neptune formed the first horse, so all horses and mules remained without working during the feasts of this deity, and enjoyed a repose which no one dared interrupt. — Neptuue crowned by Victory signifies the gratitude of him who ascribed to that diviuity the means of his gain- ing a naval victory. — The great number of children assigned to this god arose from the circumstance of those being generally called the sons of Neptune who had distinguished them- selves in sea fights, or by their skill in naviga- tion. Sextus Pompeg, puffed up with his naval successes, chose to be so denominated ; and we find this title on his medals. — The temple of ; Neptune is seen represented on a coin of the ' Domitia family. The god himself placing his I foot on a globe, in a medal of Augustus (inscribed caesak divi. f.), and iu another of Titus, iudieatcs that the Emperors assumed equally to be masters of laud aud sea. Besides the trident, the dolphin, the rudder, and the acrostolium were attributes of Neptune, and bear refereuce on medals to maritime power. — Neptuue was held to be the author of earth- quakes, which he produced by pressing the earth with his feet ; hence we often see him on coins with sometimes the right, sometimes the left foot on a globe. — See Trident — Dolphin — Acrostolium. Neptune, lying down, is seen on a coin of Nero, representing the port of Ostia. He is figured in a sitting posture, with a dolphin in the right hand and trident in the left, on colonial coins of Corinth, struck during the reigns of Domitian, Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, and Coinmodus. He stands naked on colonial coins of Augustus, Trajan, Autoninc and Commodus. — Sec poet, ost. — and CORINTHVS. Neptuue standing, with dolphin and trident, appears on a second brass medal of Agrippa, with the epigraph of M. AGRIPPA. L. F. COS. III., his head bearing the rostrated crown. — See Agrippa. Neptune standing, to the right, his left hand grasping a trident; behind him the Tiber ; NEPTVNO CIRC ENS. rest, or CONSTIT. — On a NEPTUNE. rare second brass of Nerva. — See Mr. R. Smith's “ Catalogue of London Antiquities and “ Num_ Chrou.” vol iv. p. 150. Neptune appears, ou a brass medallion of Cmnniodus, standing, with the trident in his right hand, a dolphin in his left, and his right foot on the prow of a vessel ; the Emperor, full-faced and in the toga, sacrificing before him. The accompanying epigraph is Fio. imp. omnia Felicia, &c. (see the words), which shews that Neptune was a type of Felicity and of Con- gratulation. Neptune's head, with long heard, and crowned with laurel, appears on a coin of the Procu/eia family. Medals of other Roman families exhibit similar busts of this deity. NEPTuniei. — This inscription accompanies the type of a temple of four columns, on a very rare gold coin of the Domifia family, struck by Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, son of L. Domitius, who in the year of Rome, 705, dared to resist Julius Cmsar’s passage of the Rubicon, but afterwards became reconciled to Antony and Octavian’s party. The temple of Neptune indi- cated by the abbreviated word kept., shews maritime power, which Domitius retained under the Triumvirate, as commander of a fleet of triremes, on the Italian coasts. NEPr. COMITI. — Neptune standing, hold- ing the trident ; his right foot upon the prow of a vessel : on gold of Postumus. — Tanini. NEP. RED. — Neptune stamping with his right foot on a globe, holds the acrosto/ium in his right hand, and a spear in the left. — This type appears on gold and silver of Vespasian, and also recurs on coins of Titus. — Vespasian had, indeed, in the year of Rome 823 (a.D. 70), and Titus in the following year had safely re- turned to Rome, by a sea voyage ; in con- sequence of which honours were rendered to Neptune under the name of Redux. NEPTVNI. — On the obverse of one of Sextus Pompcy’s silver coins, this verbal dedi- cation accompanies the head of his father, Poinpey the Great, below which is a dolphin, and before it a trident. — The reverse presents a galley with swelling sail, and star near it. Another denarius, with the same portrait, has on the other side four galleys with their rowers. See Nasidia family. Neptuni, inscribed over the head of Pompeius Magnus, was doubtless intended to be read Neptuni Jitius, “ the son of Neptune,” whom Sextus himself pretended to be ! Hence the typical allusions on his medals arc all maritime NEPTVXO REDVCI. — Neptune standing. ■ holding a dolphin, and the trident ; at the feet, in some instances, an anchor : on coins of Pos- tumus. In the example here engraved (from the cabinet of Mr. Roach Smith), Neptune holds what, no doubt, was intended for a dolphin, though it more resembles an eel. 4 D 2 NEPTUNE.— NERO. 571 NEPTVNO AVG. — Neptune standing, holds a dolphin in one hand, a trident in the other. — On a third brass of Claudius Gothicus. NEPTVNO CIRCEXS. (RESTIT. or CON- STIT.) — See “Num. Chron.” vol. iv. p. 150; and “ Eckhcl,” vol. vi. p. 406. NEPTVNO CONS. AVG. Neptuno Con - servatori Augusti. — This dedicatory inscription, with the accompanying type of a sea-horse, is quoted by Banduri as occurring on silver and third brass of Gallicnus : on other third brass coins of the same Emperor the type is Capri- cornus, or the sea-goat. On these Eckhel remarks — “That the horse was held sacred to Neptune is generally' known.” This compouud animal is conjoined with Neptune, either because it terminates in the form of a fish ; and according to Hyginus formerly inhabited the Nile; [Ibis doubtless is an allusion to the Hippopotamus or River Horse] ; or because it assailed the Titans with sea-shells. — “ Banduri thinks that this coin was struck on occasion of the naval victory gained over the Scythians in the Euxine, of which Trebellius speaks, and confirms this opinion by a coin inscribed Victoria nept. But his reading is erroneous : it should be victoria aet.” — There is the same inscription to Neptune the Preserver, and the same type of a sea-horse on a third brass of Tetricus Pater . — The other coin, with the ty r pe of Capricorn, was unknown to Banduri. NER. Nero ; ox' Nerva. NER. I. Q. VRB., as some interpret it Nerva Primus Quaestor Urbis. Nereides. — Nereids were sea-nymphs, to whom the poets of antiquity ascribed the human form, and whom artists represented under the form of women as far as the waist, but ter- minating in two tails of fishes — in short the mermaid of the middle ages. — There is a figure exactly answ'ering to this description ou a silver coin of the Valeria family. Neria, a plebeian family. — The following in silver is its only type: — NERL m Q ueestor VRBw or Urbanus. — The head of Saturn, with theHarpa projecting behind. — Rev. Lucius LENT ulus Caius MARC el/us COnSules. A legionary eagle between two military standards, on one of which is incribed H. ; on the other P. The former is by some numismatists considered to signify Hastati, the latter Piincipes, as re- ferring to certain corps of the legion. But Eckhel regards the interpretation as doubtful. — See the family Cornelia. — See Salurnus. NERO, a surname common to the Claudia family, as appears from writers on Roman affairs, and from inscriptions in the fasti, as well as from the ancient denarii of that family; thus we see C. CLAVDIVS NERO, or TI. CLAVDIVS TI. F. NERO, and NERO CLAV- DIVS DR VS VS GERM««fr/a- IMP erator. Nero Claudius Drusus, commonly called Drusus senior, brother of Tiberius, second son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and of Livia, was born in the year of Rome 716, three months after his father had yielded up Livia 572 NERO, to Augustus. Realizing the anticipations of that Emperor, he became the most accom- plished hero of his time. Sent at the age of twenty-three into ilhaetia (the Tyrol) to quell a revolt, he conquered the insurgents at Trent in a pitched battle. Afterwards named General of the armies in Germany, his successes were so great that he extended the dominion of the Romans to the banks of the Elbe. This fine character conceived the design of re- establishing the Republic, and entrusted his secret to his brother Tiberius, who it is said betrayed him to Augustus. — He died in the year 745 (a.d. 9), before he had repassed the Rhine, in the 30th year of his age, deeply regretted by the whole empire for the great and virtuous qualities with which his name was so gloriously associated. After his death the Senate sur- named him germanicvs, which was transmitted to his children. Statues and triumphal arches were also erected to his honour and figured on his medals. This Prince had married Antonia, by whom he had Germanicus and Livilla. On his coins which, in each metal, arc all more or less rare, he is styled DRVSVS — NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMANS IMP. NERO ET DRVSVS CAESARES QVINQ. C. V. I. N .C. — Nero et Drusus Casares Quin- quennales, Colonics V ictricis Julia Nova Car- t hay inis. — Nero and Drusus, Csesars, Quin- quennial (Duumvirs) of the Victorious Colony Julia Nova Carthago — now Carthage. Nero, son of Germanicus and of Agrippina, brother of Drusus, with whom he was carefully educated and trained by his mother. He was born 760 (a.d. 7), an accomplished character and of excellent qualities. The monster Tibe- rius, who had married him at 15 years old to his graud-daughter Julia, soon after employed the infamous minister Sejanus to entangle him in the snares of his cruelty, and becoming him- self his accuser, caused his exile in 734 to the Ponza isles (Pontia), where he was left to die of hunger, in the course of the following year. Caligula his brother, at the beginning of his reign, brought back his ashes with those of their mother, Agrippina, and deposited them in the same tomb. (Sec Drusus). — The coins of these two young princes (in second brass) arc common — they are represented together on horseback, with the style, nero et drvsvs caesares. — See Drusus Crsur. NERO ( Claudius Domitius), son of Cncius Domitius Ahcnobaibus and of Agrippina the younger, was born at Autium, in the 37th year NERO. of the Christian era. He was adopted (a.d 50) and created Caesar by Claudius, whose daughter, Octavia, lie married, and whom he eventually succeeded, although he had no family claim or birth-right to the imperial throne. But Claudius having espoused Agrippina, that unscrupulously ambitious princess persuaded him to adopt her son by Domitius, and consequently to exclude Britannicus, whom the Emperor had by Messa- lina. From this time he took the name of Claudius Nero ; received the title of Princeps Juventutis in 51 ; and, Claudius being removed by poison, Nero succeeded him a.d. 54, being then 17 years of age. It is said that he naturally possessed great and even good qualities. His preceptor Seneca certainly neglected nothing to ennoble his mind and to accomplish his education. He was fond of the fine arts, of poetry, and above all of music, his passion for which led him to commit a multitude of ex- travagances. In the first year he seemed to give promise of a happy reign. But in this he evidently was disguising the atrocity of his dis- position. Nero soon dropped the mask of virtue ; and abandoned himself to his vicious and cruel propensities. He successively put to death Britannicus his half-brother (55), Agrippina his mother (59), Domitia his aunt, Octavia his wife, Claudia his sister-in-law, Seneca and Burrhus, who had bccu his tutors, and Corbulo his victorious general ; Lucan and Petronius, and his second wife Poppica, also became the victims of his murderous fury, which extended to a multitude of other persons. In the year 64 he caused ten districts of Rome to be burnt, at the same time falsely accusing the Christians as the incendiaries; and this crime being imputed to them, gave rise to the first persecution. Among the works which he caused to be constructed in Rome after this horrible con- flagration, was a palace for himself, railed the golden house, on which he lavished prodigious expenses. Meanwhile he amused himself publicly in contesting for the prize with musicians, with actors, and with charioteers of the circus, both in Italy and in Greece. In social life he gave him- self up to such excesses of cruelty and infamy that his name afterwards became synonymous with that of monster and of tyrant. At length his detestable conduct having rendered him an object of universal execration, the Gallir and Spanish provinces revolted in 68. Gal ba was proclaimed Emperor, the Senate confirming the election, declared Nero cucmy of the Republic ; NERO. and this odious prince, abandoned by everyone, found himself compelled to plunge a dagger into his own throat, llis death, to tiie joy of all, took place in the 68th year of the Christian era, in the 31st year of his age, and in the 14th of his reign. He left no children by his three wives— Octavia, Poppsca, and Statilia Mcssalina. llis name on coins is nero. clavd. caesak. ayg. GERMANICVS. P.M. — NERO CLAVDIVS DKYSYS, &c. — imp. NERO caesar, &c — On medals struck after Christ 51 to 53, Nero is styled CAESAR PRINC. 1WENT. COS. DES. — In 54, his titles are avgvstvs tr. p. cos. des. p.m. imp. The name of Drusus is dropped, which he bore during the lifetime of Claudius. — In 66 he is styled IMP. NERO CLAVD. CAES. AVG. GERMrtw;V«i. Nero established in Italy the colonies of Antium and Atina in Latium ; Beneventum in the Hcrpini ; and reinforced with fresh veterans Capua and Nuceria in Campania : the city of Puteoli in Campania received from him the right and title of a colony. — Vaillant, Col. i. p. 115. Nero's first jrife was Octavia, daughter of Claudius by adoption, whom, however, he soon got rid of after that Emperor’s death. — Poppaa was his second, whose nuptials are celebrated on an Ephesian medal. — Statilia Messalina was his third. — See their names. Nero’s coins are numerous, and for the most part common in each metal. Some of them re- present the Emperor with his mother Agrippina the younger. — “ The silver pieces,” says Aker- man, “ are generally ill struck, or are in bad condition. A really fine round denarius is seldom met with, and will consequently bring a high price.” — The bronze on the other hand afford many specimens of high relief and tine workmanship. — Havercamp on Morcll gives numerous illustrations and descriptions ot the Contorniate medals of Nero. But as the pieces so denominated aTe well understood not to have been struck under the princes whose portraits they bear, it is unnecessary to say more re- specting them than that the most interesting of the inscriptions and types on their reverses will be found noticed in this Dictionary under their proper heads Neronia, an appellation given to the quin- quennial meetings, for contests (certamina) in music, poetry, aud gymnastic exercises, founded at Rome by the Emperor Nero, in the 60th year of our era. An evidence of this institution of Nero’s, so far as relates to his favourite science of music, is given on a brass coin of that Emperor’s, the reverse of which, inscribed pont. max. tr. pot. and S.C., exhibits his whole length figure, in a walking attitude, clothed in a long flowing tunic, and holding a lyre, on which he seems to be in the act of playing. Neroniana. — The city of Patrae, in Achaia, was so called, as Vaillant (i. Col. 179) proves from Pausanias; and the same is shewn also by a coin, bearing for its inscription gen. cot. ner. pat. Genius, vel Genio, Colonies Neroniana Patrensis. — See Patrae. NERVA. 573 NERVA ( Marcus Cocceius), born at Narni (Narnia), in Umbria, a.d. 32. He was the son of M. C. Ncrva, of a family not particularly illustrious, though eminent from its consular honours ; of Cretan origin. His mother was Sergia Plautilla, daughter of Lunas. For his warlike virtues, or, as some have said, for his poetic talents, he was on good terras with Nero, who accorded to him triumphal ornaments in the year of Rome 818; placed his statue in the imperial palace, and the following year appointed him Pnctor. — In 824 (a.d. 71) he was consul with Vespasian ; and in 843 (a.d. 90) consul for the second time, with Domitiati for his colleague. On the day of that tyrant’s death, Nerva was elected Emperor by the Senate and the Prmtorians (a.d. 96). Upright, moderate, merciful, wise, generous, and of a sweet disposition, this prince sought no other object than to restore happiness to the empire. Substituting for the horrors of his predecessor’s reign a government of justice aud equity, he re- established the laws, reduced the taxes, protected and encouraged literature, and taking for his motto that a good conscience is worth a kingdom, displayed his humanity, fortitude, clemency, and munificence, less as the master than as the father of his subjects. Nevertheless being advanced in years, and under the impression that on that account the Prmtorian guard failed to treat him with the consideration due to the exalted rank which he held, he completed his noble and virtuous administration of public affairs by adopting Trajan, a.d. 97, whom he created Cmsar and made his colleague and successor. — Nerva died three months afterwards, in the 66th year of his age, having reigned sixteen months, leaving a name venerated by all good men. — The inscriptions borne on his medals are imp. nerva caes. avg. germ., and after his death divvs nerva. Nerva’ s coins in the year of Christ 96 (the year of his accession), bear P.M. TR. P. COS. 'll. — Those struck in 97 read COS. III. DES. IV. In the same year commences the title of GERMANS.?. — On those of 98 he is called TR. P. II. COS. IV. IMP. II. GERM. Notwithstanding the shortness of his reign, the coins of this prince are numerous, Some of them represent him w ith Trajan. — The gold, especially those restored by Trajan, are very rare; so are the silver medallions. — Silver of the ordinary size, common, except some re- verses. — The brass are for the most part 574 NICOMEDIA. — NIGRINIANUS. NILT'S. common ; but there are some rare reverses, and l of great historical interest, as illustrative of the I mild and equitable character of his government, t N. F. — N. N. Numerii filius, or Numerii Nepos.— Son or Nephew of Numerius. NICEPH. Nicephorium, — A city of Meso- potamia, situate near Edessa, according to Pliny, \ who states it to have been founded in the neighbourhood of the Euphrates, by order of j Alexander the Great, on account of the ad- I vantages of its locality. In it was the temple of Jupiter Nicephoros, whence, as Spartianus relates, an oracle announced the destination of Hadrian to the empire. — Banduri (i. p. 205), in a note on a Greek second brass of Gallienus, quotes, on the authority of Mediobarbus, a colonial coin of that prince as bearing on its reverse colonia niceph. cons, or cond. — But no such coin is to be found in Vaillant. — And Greek imperial of Gordianus Pius and Gallicnns arc all that M. Hennin, under the head of Nice- phorium, recognizes in the nomenclature of his Manual. — vol. 2. p. 293. NICOMEDIAE. — See restitvtori nico- MEDIAE, on a first brass of Hadrian, with the the accustomed type on coins of restored cities and provinces, viz., the figure of the Emperor, clothed in the toga, standing, and lifting up with the right hand a woman, who bends the knee before him. Nicomedia, a city of Bithynia (in Asia Minor, on the Black Sea). It is described by ancient writers as a place of superior size and mag- nificence, ranking next to Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch in the splendour and beauty of its buildings; and was one which Diocletian studied to make the equal of Rome itself. But not- withstanding the great consequence of Nicomedia among the provincial cities of the empire, and though its Greek medals present a numerous and almost uninterrupted series from Augustus down to the age of Gallienus, there appears to be no coin, with Latin inscription, which refers to Nicomedia, except the Restitutori of Hadrian above-named ; and that was evidently not struck in Asia, but is of Roman die. — Eckhcl gives and describes it from the Imperial Museum at Vienna, but Mionnet does not include it in his catalogue. NIG. Niger. — Surname of the Emperor Pescennius Niger — See. Pescennius. NIGRINIANVS. — This name, accompanied j by a youthful radiated head, appears on certain j gold coins of the greatest degree of rarity, and j on third brass also of great rarity — coupled with | the appellation of Divvs. ; and on the reverse is ' CONSEC RATIO. The type ' of the^ofrfisa funeral pile j with a biga placed, on the , summit. The type of the third brass , (which are sometimes found washed with gold or with silver,) is an eagle having its wings ex]>andcd. The annexed portrait is from a brass coin in the British Museum. History makes no mention of this Nigrinianue, who is known only by the coins above alluded to. — Tristan supposes him to have been son of the tyrant Alexander, who reigned in Africa during the time of Maxentius. — Beauvais and other subsequent writers, on the other hand, furnish more conclusive reasons for giving him Carinus for his father, and with much probability Arria Nigrina for his mother. — It would further appear that this prince died in his early youth, and that Carinus, after the example of Domitian, ambi- tiously gave Nigriuianus the honours of the apotheosis . — Both Eckhcl and Mionnet quote the gold coin from the museum of Saxe Gotha. Nilus, the Nile, after traversing a large portion of Northern Africa, enters Egypt, which it passes through in its course towards the Mediterranean sea. This most celebrated river, formerly more than at present abounding with crocodiles and hippopotami, is by its inunda- tions the principal cause of the fertility of Egypt ; hence the ancient inhabitants of that country paid divine honours to it. N1LVS. — The river personified, recumbent, holding in his right hand the cornucopia, in his left a reed ; somet imes with a female figure in the stola, standing at his feet : below him a crocodile. — On large brass of M. Aurelius (struck in Egypt), without legend. NlLVS. S.C. — The Nile lying down, with a cornucopia; in his right haud ; a hippopotamus at his feet ; a crocodile below. In other coins a child is seated on the hippopotamus ; several children also arc cither standing round the old long-bearded man, or are creeping over his body. — On first and second brass of the same Emperor (Hadrian). The above coins, struck during the reign of Hadrian, have reference to Antinous, who was drowned whilst navigating this illnstrious river. — Hence (as Eckhel observes,) on these most elegant medals, we have the Nile pourtroyed with all his attributes; the reed, the sphinx (who had two natures, as indicated by her woman’s bust and lion’s body) ; the crocodile and the hippopotamus (amphibious animals), and the children, being symbols frequently found on coins of Alexandria, which present a similar personification of the river in the same recum- bent posture. The Nile was considered and adored ns a god by the Egyptians, among other reasons, as possess- ing the property of spreading its waters and of NILO. — NIMBUS. NIMBUS. — NO BILLS CvESAR. 575 fertilizing the country by its periodical risings. And perhaps the most ingenious allegory under which this famous stream has been represented, is that of the sixteen children which are grouped around the fine half-colossal statue of the Nile, preserved iu the Vatican at Rome, and which allude to the sixteen cubits to which the river required to rise iu order to make Egypt fertile. The degree of actual elevation was ascertained by an instrument called nilometer. — This subject is admirably illustrated by Pliny, (N.tl. lib. v.,) who thus expresses himself Justum incremen- tum est cubitorum xvi. — In xii. cubitis famem sunlit ; in nil. etiamnum esuril ; xiv. cubita hilaritatem afferunt ; xv. securilatem ; xvi. de/icias. The proper increase of the Nile is sixteen cubits. At twelve, Egypt experiences famine ; at thirteen, it feels want ; fourteen, restores gaiety ; fifteen, security ; and sixteen, the pleasures of abundance. This last-named number is designated on coins by the mark is, which signifies sixteen, and serves to shew that in that year the Nile attained the height so much desired by the Egyptians. NILO. — deo. sancto. serapidi. The head of Serapis. — Rev. deo. sancto kilo. A River, bearded, sitting on the ground, with reed in right hand and cornucopia; in left ; and lean- ing upon an urn ; below ale. Third brass of Julian. — (Banduri.) On the obverse of a third brass of the same prince, published by Tanini, we read Deo Sancto Serapidi, and on the reverse deo sancto nilo, its accompanying type being the personified Nile holding a reed and a sceptre, sitting upon a hippopotamus : in the exergue ale. It is stated by Eusebius, amongst other authors, that the Nile was religiously worshipped by the natives of those regions through which it flowed. Sozomenus also expressly testifies that, conformably to the established custom of the ancients, sacrifices were ottered up to it, that its overflowings might be plentiful. To this coin, which exhibits the God Serapis on one side and the God Nile on the other, applies what Sozomenus relates as having been ordered by Julian, that according to the custom of the ancients, the cubitus Nili should be carried to the temple of Serapis, as in previous years by command of Constantine the Great, it had been carried to the church. — Moreover, Serapis and Nilus were appropriately conjoined on these coins, because the former was believed by the Egyptians to bring the latter through their country for its irrigation, and to regulate the river’s increase and decrease. Nimbus, a circlet, or disc, which on Roman coins, almost exclusively of the lower empire, appears around the head of Deities and of Emperors similar to that lucid nebulous ring with which the hands of Christian artists were afterwards accustomed to adorn the Saviour, the Virgin Mary, the Angels, Apostles, and at length all the Saints in the calendar. The word nimbus was formerly used in a varied sense. It originally signified the veil or band which w omen wore round their foreheads. As a small forehead was a mark of beauty, those women who possessed that feature on too large a scale, diminished its extent by means of this bandeau, and they effected it with so much art as to render it difficult of detection. This frontal decoration is seen on the head of goddesses, and principally of Juno. — Of the coins which ex- hibit specimens of the nimbus, the most ancient is that in large brass of Antoninus Pius, on the reverse of which is the figure of that Emperor, who stands w r ith this circlet surrounding his head, which is radiated also : in his right hand he holds a branch, and in his left a spear. The Emperor is here represented with the emblems of Apollo. Nimbus purus, that is to say, without rays, simply the form of a circle, after a long series of years from the age of the Antouines, presents itself as ornamenting the bust of Constantine the Great, on a gold coin published by Morell, inscribed gavdivm romanorvm. — The same ornament appears on an aureus of Elavia Maxima Fausta, wife of Constantine. Then it occurs on coins of Constans and Constantius. From that period it became frequent on the Eastern Imperial medals ; and especially on those of Valens. Lastly, among the Byzantine Emperors, we see the head of Our Saviour, and of the Virgin, crowned with the nimbus, as on the coins of Iohn Zimisces, a medal of whose reign bears a cross enclosed in the nimbus . — Eckhel remarks that the Romans conferred the honour of the nimbus on the phoenix, regarding that fabulous bird as the symbol of immortality and of eternity. Nisibis, or Nesibis, a city of Mesopotamia, at the foot of Mouut Masius, erected into a Roman Colony by S. Severus, and made metro- polis of the province by Philip senior. — There are Imperial Greek coins of this colony (struck in honour of Julia Paula, wife of Elagabalus, Alexander Severus, Gordianus Pius, and Philip) ; but none with Latin inscriptions NOB. C. NOBi/f* or NOB ilissimus C cesar. — Noble or Most Noble Caesar. Nobilis Caesar, Philip the younger, before he was declared Augustus, and admitted by his father to all the honours of the sovereign power, enjoyed the title of Nobilis Cesar ; a distinction which was afterwards continued to princes who were not associated in the govern- ment of the empire, as well as to those on whom the Emperors devolved the administration of their State affairs. For example, Diocletian gave the title of Nobilis or Nobilissimus 576 N0B1 LITAS. — NISB1S. Cesar, to Constantins, Maximinus, Scverus, and Maximianus, as we perceive by their medals (Bimard and Jobert, vol. i. 248). — The style of nob. C. occurs on Imperial coins from Hcrennius, a.d. 249, to Julianus II., a.d. 355. — Some women also, were, in like manner distinguished — for example Nobilissima Fausla. Noctua — the image of Wisdom. — See Owl. Nobility, both as a privilege and as a quality, was always held in the highest consideration with the ltomaus. Those were called Nobles who could shew a long series of ancestral por- traits. For in the times when the Republic was free, the Jus imaginum or right of images was but another term to express the right of Nobility, and the one is often used for the other. Thus it was not the circumstance of birth which conferred nobility, but the public offices, which entitling their possessors to the right of images, consequently rendered them noble. At first none were accounted Nobles but the Patricians, they alone being invested with functions that gave nobility. Afterwards, however, the appellation of Nobles was extended to those, who without belonging to the mere ancient families of Rome, could point to their ancestors or themselves as having occupied the chair and fulfilled the office of a Curule Magis- trate. — Nobilitas is personified on medals of Commodus, Geta, Elagabalus, Philip the elder, and Tetricus the elder. NOBILIToj \\ Gusli. — A woman clothed in the stola, standing, with the hasta pura in her right hand, and the palladium in her left. On gold, silver, and first brass of Commodus. — On this coin a degenerate Emperor boasts to his own shame of his own nobility. It would appeal - that although Roman respect for the nobility of families was from the earliest date of their history intimately associated with their patriotism, yet the type of nobleness as a virtue, does not occur on coins of the empire before the reign of Commodus. His example was, however, followed by several of his suc- cessors. The figure, with varieties, is seen principally on coins struck in honour of those young Imperial heirs, to whom was sub- sequently given the title of Nobi/issimus Gesar. NOBILITAS. — A female figure standing, with a lance in one hand and the palladium in the other. This type, on a silver medal of Geta, indicates by the attribute of the spear, and the image of Minerva, the two means (valour in war, wisdom in council,) by which nobility was or ought to be acquired. — Commodus, the descend- ant of Emperors, might rightly lay claim to the highest distinctions of hereditary rank, though he disgraced his illustrious birth by every vice; but the nobility of Geta’s father w r as that of a novus homo, the first gieat man ' of his family, and therefore not tit mntter foi self glorification on the part of a younger son. NOMINA. Nomina Romanorum. The proper names of the Romans. — Cicero thus defines the word nomen ; it is, says he, quod unicuique personte datur quo suo quoeque proprio el certo vocabulo appellatur. Amongst the Romans there were gentes and familia. The latter, as a species, were comprehended under the former. The gens or race was made up of many families, or branches. Thus the gens Cornelia had for its families the Blasioues, Ccthcgi, Dolabellte, Lentuli, Scipiones, &c Whilst the Greeks assigned to each individual but one name, the Romans, who allowed only one name to their slaves, gave each citizen three and even four, especially when he was adopted, viz., pnenomen, uomen, and cognomen — as Publius Cornelius Scipio. The pnenomen served to distinguish each persou such as that of Publius; the no men designated the race whence he sprang, such as that of Cornelius; and the surname marked the family to which he immediately belonged, such as that of Scipio. To these sometimes was added a fourth, called agnomen, which was given, either on account of adoption, or in reward of some great exploit, nnd even for some personal defect or peculiarity. Thus, on Publius _ Cornelius Scipio, for his conquests and services to the republic, was conferred the agnomen, or additional appellative, of Africanus. An ancient grammarian, whose authority Eckhcl quotes from Sigonius, thus succinctly defines the appellative words by which the heads of Roman families were distinguished, and which wetc ot four kinds — viz., the Pnenomen, which was prefixed to mark the difference in the ancestral name ( Nomini genfi/itio) : the Nomen, which was designed to shew the origin of the gens or race : the Cognomen, which was subjoined to the ancestral names : and the Agnomen, which was an extrinsic designation constantly added, for some particular reason, or on account of some public incident. Valerius expresses himself of a similar opinion on these points. — By some writers even the agnomen was recognised as the cognomen or surname. “ Of this an example,” observes Eckhel, “ is furnished to us in the case of L. Calpurnius l’iso Frugi, by Cicero, who distinctly points to, and comments on, Frugi as the sur- name of Calpurnius Piso. — See Poet. Num. Vet. vol v. p. 56. — See also Cognomen. It has been remarked that, during the exist- ence of the Republic, it was the sedulous rare of the Romans to preserve and hand down their nomen gentililium, or name which came to them by descent from their ancestors. The eldest son usually took the proper name of his father, as in the Claudia, Fabia, and Cornelia families. With respect to the younger sons, they, it appears, assumed inditTcrcntly other names. But under the Imperial Government of Rome the people gradually relaxed in attention to this rule, till at length, when the Emperor Caracalla made I it a law to bestow the name of Citizen indis- criminately on all the subjects of the Roman empire, the ancient custom with regard to names was entirely forgotten, and everyone colled him- self what he pleased. . NOMINA. Nomina gentilicia. — The ancestral names ended in ivs. “ This rule of termination,” observes Eckhel, “seems, but only seems, to fail in some cases. For we have in this very class of families, Norbanus, Caecina, Betilienus, Allicnus, Setrienus, which end otherwise. Never- theless, it is almost beyond a doubt that these were not nomina gentilicia, but cognomena, or agnomena, the real nomina being unknown, in consequence of the practice which prevailed among the Romans of calling some individuals by the name of their gens and others by their cognomen. Thus Cicero, in his orations and elsewhere, always speaks of Ceesar, never of Julius; on the other hand he always names Pompeius, never Strabo. — Moreover there were those who in speaking of themselves always omitted the nomen gentis, or name of their original race. Agrippa at no time either called or wrote him- self Vipsanius, but M. Agrippa. — And hence historians, as the established custom leant one way or the other, designated them by their surnames only. For which reason, when we read the name of a Roman personage ending otherwise than in ivs, it is to be considered as the cognomen, and unless we have other means of ascertaining the nomen gentis, we may be cer- tain that the nomen gentilicium was, not indeed wanting, but unknown. But this rule also applies only to the times when the republic flourished, and was deviated from at a sub- sequent period.” Nomina per adoptionem. Names by adoption. — The adopted Romans passed into the family of him who adopted them, so that having re- ceived all his names they placed the name of their own family last, but lengthened out to anvs. Thus Acmilius Paulus, adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio, was thenceforward called P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus. C. Octavius, afterwards Augustus, adopted by Cicsar the Dictator, became C. Julius Caesar Octaviants ; and in like manner on coins we see A. LICINIVS. NERVA SILIANms ; and T. QVINCTIVS CRISPINVS SVLPICIANVS. — This rule, how- ever, was often departed from. M. Junius Brutus, he who slew Ca:sar, bciug the adopted son of Q. Scrvilius Csepio, was called Q. Cmpio Brutus, that is to say, his family surname was retained, whereas he ought to have been called Q. Servilius Cmpio Junianus. — So also Scipio, who opposed himself to Cfesar in Africa, being adopted by Q. Csecilius Metellus Pius, is called on coins, Q, Metellus Pius Scipio, not Cor- nelians. — It does not appear, however, that about the assumption of names, to which they succeeded, they were particularly scrupulous. The same adopted Brutus is often on coins styled only : brvtvs imp. ; and P. Clodius, adopted by Fontcius, to the end of his life continued to be called P. Clodius. Moreover the surname was elongated by adoption, as from Marcellus, Mar- cellinus, of which an example may be seen on coins of Lcntulus Marcellinus, in the Cornelia family. Nomen patris et avi. — The name of a father and even of a grandfather will sometimes be found alluded to on the family coins of the 4 E NOMINA.— NONIA. 577 Romans; as, P. CRASSVS M. F., or C. ANNI. T. F. T. N., that is to say T iti Yilius T iti N epos. Another way of mentioning the name of a father, but a somewhat ambiguous one, is that exemplified by REGVLVS. F., that is Vilius, as may be observed on coins of the Curiatia family. Nomina foeminina. — Names of females as given to men, are to be found on the family medals of ancient Rome. For example, asina, BESTIA, CAECINA, CAPEI.LA, FIMBRIA, GLVCIA, mvrena, mvs a, svra, vaala, &c. — Harduin says “ the names of the Romans were derived to them partly from the fathers’, partly from the mothers’ side.” — But this was not always the case ; for Spanheim ( Pr . ii. p. 309), among other instances to the contrary, quotes that of Herennia Etruscilla, daughter of Trajanus Decius, who took no part of the paternal name, but was called after her mother. Nomina gentilicia mulierum. — The family name of the woman frequently received the addition of the husband’s. In the earliest ages of Rome women had but one name ; afterwards, following the men’s example, the names of women were multiplied. Nomina Augustomm. — The names commonly assigned to some Roman Emperors are not to be found on their coins, Thus we never read Caligula, but Caius ; never Caracalla, but Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. The w'ord Ela- gabalus is not placed as a name round the head of that Emperor, but forms part of a legend to the reverse, as Sanclo Deo Elagabalo ; whilst on the obverse he also pirates, or rather pollutes, the name of M. A. Antonina. We find Emperors, on their accession to the throne, assuming the names of their immediate predecessors, in cases where those predecessors were their parents by nature or by adoption. Thus Trajan, adopted by Nerva, called himself nerva traianvs; Hadrian wishing to appear in the same relationship to Trajan, at first took the style of traianvs hadrianvs. — Antonine, adopted by Hadrian, is called on his earliest mintages hadrianvs antoninvs. Ills suc- cessor, Marcus Aurelius, took, not his pre- nomen, but his surname, and is styled on medals M. avrelivs antoninvs. — Commodus bears the name sometimes of his natural parent, sometimes that of his family — and his coins accordingly are inscribed either h. or m. anto- ninvs commodvs, or m. commodvs antoninvs. — Spanheim explains the reason (Pr. ii. p. 508) why Severus, who was not the son of Pertinax, either by nature or by adoption, nor assumed the government either in association with, or as succeeding him, yet, being made Emperor, added the name of Pertinax to his own. NONIA, a plebeian family, but of con- sular rank. Its surnames are Sufenas and Quinctilianus. There are three varieties of type. The silver are scarce : the brass pieces are by the moneyers of Augustus and common. The following is a rare type : — svfenas s.c. — The head of Saturn as Eckhel considers and shews it to be. 578 NORBA.— NORBANA. Rev. — sex. noni. PR. l. v. p. p., which some learned antiquaries read Sextus Nonius Primus Ludos Votivos Publicas Fecit; or as others interpret it, Sextus Nonius Prator Ludos Publicos Fecit. — The type is a female figure, considered to personify Rome, sitting on spoils, holding in her right hand a spear and in her left a parazonium : a Victory stands behind and crowns her with a garland. — Spanhcim decidedly gives preference to the reading, which records Nonius as having celebrated the Ludi Votivi during his prsetorship ; not as being the author of those games. NOR. Noricum. — See met. nor. Metellum Noricum, on third brass of Hadrian. — The ancient Noricum was part of Illyria. — See f.xerc. noric., on first and second brass of Hadrian. Norba, a city situate on the river Tagus, formerly part of Lusitania, supposed to be the modern Alcantara, in Old Castille, in Spain. — Raschc, on the authority of Hardouin, Patin, and Liebe, quotes coins as struck there, not only under Augustus, but also under Tiberius and Caligula. — The assignment of this coin to w r hat Pellerin calls “ the pretended colony” of Norba, is shewn to be erroneous by that writer, who on the contrary agrees with Florez in read- ing the four letters in question, as Colonia Casarea Nova Carthago (New Carthage now Carthagena, in Spain.) — M. Hennin, in the nomenclature of his Manual, under the head of Lusitania (ii. p. 87), makes Norba to be now Brozas; and he limits its coinage to imperial autonomes, and even these he appears to treat as of doubtfid attribution. NORBANA. — The name of this family is lost, and the surname norbanvs substituted in its room. It appears to have been plebeian, but consular. There are many varieties in the coins, but none of any interest, although some of the silver were restored by Trajan. The latter denarii are very rare — the rest common. It is not ascertained to which C. Norbanus they belong. — There arc gold of high rarity inscribed c. norbanvs l. CESTivs. pr., which come under the Cestia family. — See Cestia. NOVA SPES REIPUBLICAE. NOST. NOSTR. Nostrorum. — See avgo. et caess. nost. Augustorum et Casarum Nostrorum, on coins of Diocletian, Constantius Chlorus, &c. Notre Monetales. — The family coins of the Romaus exhibit an infinite number of marks peculiar to the moncyers, placed there to dis- tinguish their workmanship. These consist of characters and of small figures; and are found also in great abundance on coins of the lower empire, particularly from the time of Trcbonianus Callus and Volusiauus, to denote (Jobert, vol. i. 186; the place where they were struck; but often in so obscure a manner as to baffle the conjectural skill of the most erudite numis- matists. NOVA SPES REIPVBLICAE.— Victory seated on spoils of the enemy, inscribes on a buckler xx. xxx. ; in the field is a star : below conob. — This legend and type appear on a very rare gold eoiu of Arcadius, one of which is now in the H un- tcrian Museum. — Bauduri is (naturally enough) at a loss to know in what manner Arcadius could at the time when the vows for xx. (years) were already discharged for him, be called Nora Spes Reipublica ; he offers therefore various conjectures on the point — the trouble of settling w’hich Eckhel, in his quiet easy way, freely leaves to those who are fond of exercising their critical skill on coins struck in “ times” so much “ out of joint,” as the age of Arcadius. NOVI. — See gloria novi saecvli. On coins of Gratian. Novia, a plebeian family, as may be inferred from the fact of L. Nonius having been a tribune of the people. — But the coins struck at Corinth by the colonial Duumvir Novius, belong not to the family class. NO VIES M 1 LLies ABOLITA.— See be- liqva vetera, &c. On a coin of Hadrian. NVBIS CONS. — The signification of these letters, on the coins of young Romulus, the son of Maxentius, notwithstanding all the attempts made by the learned to explain it, still remains not fully ascertained. — The Baron Bimard, in his commentary on Jobert’s work, decides that the Nostra; Xrbis CON servatori of Tristan; the N ostra Xrbis B is CON suli of Harduin ; and the Nobilissimo Consuti of Car- dinal Noris, arc interpretations all of them respectively beyond the bounds of probable con- jecture. — Eckhel confesses himself destitute of patience sufficient either to record or refute the conflicting opinions on these still ambiguous words. And Mionnet pleads absolute ignorance of their import. — E. C. B., in the “ Numis- matic Journal,” vol. i., thinks that Jobert is correct in reading N. V. as Nostra Urbis. He adds that “.it would of course be absurd to expect to find DIVVS and CONSVL in the same legend ;” but it docs not appear evident to us why they should be so inconsistent ; and NUMA. BIS CONSVL. (twice Consul), seems at least not objectionable; and as upon one of his earlier coins Romulus is styled NOBILIS CAES., the previous letters may be considered rather as something equivalent, in preference to Nostra Xrbis. — See Romulus. N. T. — Numini Tute/ari. N. TR. ALEXANDRIANAE COL. BOSTR. Nervia Trajana Alexandriana Colonia Bos- trensis. — To the Nervian, Trajan, Alexandrian Colony of Bostra (a city of Palestine). NVM. Numa. — NVM. POMPILI —Numa Pompilius. — NVM. Humerus. Numa Pompilius, of a Sabine family, was, after the death of Romulus, elected to till the throne of Rome, and is calculated to have commenced his reign in the third year of the sixteenth Olympiad. Conspicuous for justice and piety, he entered into treaties of peace and amity with the neighbouring nations, whose minds hitherto brutalized by long and cruel wars, he led to cultivate the arts of peace. He shewed particular atticliment to the ceremonies of religion ; reformed the manners, and im- proved the legislation of the people ; and of a mere band of warriors, undertook to make a nation of men civilized, just, and fearing the Gods. To Numa is ascribed the Jionour of having first founded a temple to Janus, and also of haring been the original author of the Roman coinage. He created the pontifical order of the Flamines C Ilia l is, Martialis, and Quirialis.) Twelve Salian Priests were also assigned by him to the worship of Mars. He instituted the Vestals, as a body of virgins, to preserve the sacred fire ; established on the calendar the dies fasti et nefasti ; and divided the year into twelve months. To Numa is likewise attributed the foundation of the Feciales, heralds who decided on the justice, and made the declaration of w r ar, and who watched over the observance- of pacific treaties. NVM A. — The head of this king, with his name inscribed on the diadem (see the word), appears on a rare stiver coin of the Calpurnia family, whose boast it was that they were descended from Calpus, the son of Numa Pompilius, as both Plutarch and Festus ex- pressly affirm. — The head of Numa also occurs on a denarius of the Pompeia family, with the legend cn. piso pro q. — L ikewise on a brass coin of the same monetary triumvir, on the reverse of which is the head of Augustus, as may be seen in Morell. — A denarius of the Marcia family also presents a portrait of this royal lawgiver; and on a scarce denarius of the Pomponia family, the reverse exhibits the fol- lowing : — NVM. POMPIL. — A figure representing Numa in his quality of Augur, holding the lituus, stands before a lighted altar, to which a man is leading a goat. — See Pomponia, That the Pomponia family referred its origin to Numa we have the positive testimony of Plutarch. And to his account of the four sons of Numa, being Pompo, Pinus, Calpus, and Mamercus, he subjoins “for from Pompo are 4 E 2 NUMERIANUS. 579 descended the Pomponia.” On the reverse of this coin Numa is represented employed in that sacred office, of which he was the chief author. NVMA POMPILI ANCVS MARCI.— Heads of Numa Pompilius and Ancus Marcius. — Rev. C. CENSOri»«i; below ROMA. Two sterns of galleys, on one of which is a figure of Victory placed on a column. This appears on a second brass of the Marcia family, of which Ccnsorinus is one of the surnames. — See Ancus Marcius for another coin of the same family. Both types appear to refer to the Port of Ostia, built by Ancus Marcius. NVMERIANVS ( Marcus Aurelius), second son of Cams, w r as bom about a.d. 254. Declared Cfesar at the beginning of his father’s reign, he accompanied him in the war against the Sar- matians, and afterwards against the Persians. On the death of Cams, a.d. 283, he was re- cognised Emperor of the army in Persia, con- jointly with his elder brother Carinus, who re- sided in the West. — Unlike that brother, how- ever, he was an excellent prince, endowed with the most amiable virtues, governed by the most honourable principles, eloquent, a good poet, a man of tried courage and sound wisdom, a decided supporter of the laws and promoter of the public interests. Attacked by illness, and obliged to be conveyed in a litter, on his return into Europe, he was basely assassinated by his father-in-law Arrius Aper, near Heraclea, in Thrace, a.d. 284, to the great grief of his subjects, in the thirtieth year of his age, having reigned only nine months. — The honours of con- secration were paid to his memory by Carinus or by Diocletian. The coins of this prince in third brass are common — silver doubtful, if any — brass me- dallions very rare — gold most rare. Some pieces represent him with his brother Carinus. Numerianus is styled M. avr. nvmerianvs. c. (On reverse, sometimes princeps iwent.) — NVMERIANVS NOB. CAES. — IMP. C. M. AVR. NVMERIANVS NOB. C. — IMP. NVMERIANVS. P.F. AVG. — IMP. NVMERIANVS INVICT. AVG. — DIWS. nvmerianvs. — The illustration is taken from a fine brass medallion. Numerius, a surname peculiar to the Fahia family, and which the Latins designated by the single letter n. — Valerius Maximus informs us that the only one of the Fabii who escaped the massacre of Cremera, where 300 of them perished, married the wife of Numerius Otacilius, on condition that the son whom he might have 580 NUMITORIA. — NUMONIA . should bear the name of Numerius. The denarii of this family bear witness to the alleged fact that the Fabian race used the pr&nomen of Numerius, and expressed it solely by the letter N., as N. FAR I. pictoe. Numerius Fabius Fictor. — Sigonius, however, states that two other ancient and patrician families, Furia and Quinctia, also used the surname of Numerius. Numidia, a part of Africa between Mauretania Cmsaricnsis and the Carthaginian region, whose inhabitants were called Numid® by the Romans. — Jugurtha, King of Numidia, waged a long and bloody war against the Roman republic. Twice subdued by the Consul Quintus Metellus, he again took up arms against the power of Rome ; but, though at first occasionally success- ful, he was finally vanquished by Marius, with Bocchus, King of Mauritania, whom he had drawn over to his party. That traitor betrayed him to Marius, who conveyed him to Rome, dragged him in the train of his triumphal procession, and caused him to perish in prison. Numidia, in the year of Rome, became a province of the republic, and, after the death of Lepidus, was ceded to Augustus. — For the kings of Numidia, on Roman coins, see Juba. NVMITORIA, a plebeian family, as appears from its having furnished to the republic tribunes of the people ; but it was also a family of the greatest antiquity, and seems to have referred for its origin to Nuinitor, brother of Aurelius, grandfather of Romulus and Remus. — There are five varieties. Silver very rare. The brass, which arc common, form parts of the As. — A denarius of this family has on one side the winged head of Pallas, and koma ; on the other, c. nvjiitori, a man in a triumphal quadriga, crowned by a flying victory. NVMONIA, a family of but little celebrity in Roman annals. Whether it was plebeian or patrician is uncertain. — Its surname on coins is Vala, or Vaala. — Velleius alludes ta Numonius Vala, who basely deserted Varus in Germany ; and Horace writes an epistle to Numonius Vala (Lib. i. 15). — There are three varieties. Both the gold and silver coins of this family are extremely rare ; of the latter, some were restored by Trajan, and these are of the highest degree of rarity. One of the gold medals bears on its reverse the name of nvmonivs vaala, and for its type a soldier attacking the rampart of a camp, which two others inside are defending, The same type occurs in silver, of which an example is here given. “ From this,” says Eckhcl, “ we learn, what besides is attested by ancient writers, that a NUMONIA. certain C. Numonius gained renown by assault' ing an enemy’s entrenchment (vallum)-, and, moreover, that on account of such exploit the surname of Vala was conferred on him, which, handed down as usual, is in this instance made mAtter of boast by one of his descendants, who places the image of his distinguished ancestor on this coin. — vaala for vala is an archaism, as on coins of Sylla we read feelix for felix. — An archaism also leaves out an h. Thus pilipvs, for philippvs, in the Marcia family. — On the above denarius you have also a representation of the form of the Roman vallum.” Nutnus, or Nummus, the name by which the Romans denoted a coined piece of metal. The word seems to be derived from the Greek vipos, although among the Greeks the word vipiopa was more in use, whence the Latins wrote Numisma, which signifies what* (from the French monnoie) we call money — namely, pieces of metal bearing the impress of different signs, indicative of their weight and value, which, for the public accommodation and benefit, are ordained by law to circulate in exchange for the necessaries and the luxuries of life, and to facilitate the otherwise too difficult means of conducting commercial transactions, but the liberty of fabricating which was denied to private individuals. Numi bigati. — Roman coins so called, from their bearing the representation of cars drawn by two horses. Numi bracteali. Plated coins. — This name was given to a species of fraudulent coinage practised by the ancients, which consisted in covering with leaves of gold or of silver pieces of metal of inferior value. Numi cistophori , medals so denominated from their presenting the mystical eista or basket, with a serpent issuing from or coiled round it, allusive to the worship of Bacchus. — See Cistojibori. Numi contomiati. — Sec Contomiale Coins. Numi contrasignati. Counterm arked coins. — Numerous instances of medals stamped with some particular mark occur, in the ancient mints of Greece, especially those of kings and cities. Coins struck with a similar countersign arc to be found in the Roman Imperial series, under Claudius and also under Vespasian. Numi frustati. — The Latin word frustatus, derived from frustum, a bit, a fragment, is applied by numismatic antiquaries to a medal which is so much defaced that its inscription is illegible. — The French call it une medaille fruste. Numi incusi. — Incuse medals arc those which are stamped only on one side, and which represent the same type on both sides, one in relief and the other hollow. The process was employed by some cities of Magna Gracia in striking their silver money. But they must not be confounded with those which are incuse through the neglect or participation of the moneyers, and which are found as well among the Consular coins as among the brass and silver of the Imperial series. NUMI. Numi pelliculati. — Tlie same as subarati. — See below. Numi quadrigati. — So called from the quadriga, or chariots with four horses, which form the type of their reverses. Numi raliti. — A name given to the most ancient pieces of the Roman mint, which bear on the reverse a galley (ratisj, or rather the rostrum or beak of a galley. Numi restituti. Restored medals. — These are pieces, both Consular and Imperial, on which, besides the type and legend which belonged to their original fabric, exhibit the name of the Emperor, by whose order they were struck a second time. — See rest. Numi serrati. — By this term are distinguished certain Greek and Roman medals, of which the rim is indented, or garnished with teeth. — Authors have conjectured various reasons for this process having been adopted in the mints of antiquity, but none which appear to solve the mystery. — Eckhel is of opinion that the earliest of these medailles dentelees (as the French call them) mount to as remote a date as the year of Rome, 564. Under the Emperors none of these serrated coins are found, but they fre- quently occur amongst the Consular medals. Numi subarati. Another term for plated coins. — Rink (in his work Be Vet. Numism.) describes this species of money in the following terms : — “ It should be understood that the numus subaratus is a brass (or copper) coin, which has been overlaid with a coating of silver, in such a manner that the silver can easily be re- moved from the brass, by merely loosening it at the edge.” Numi tincti. — These are what the French call medailles saucees, namely, struck on copper and afterwards covered with a leaf of tin — numbers of which are found amongst those struck in the declining periods of the empire. Numi victoriali. — On the Consular coins the figure of Victory in a big a or a quadriga is frequently seen ; and hence this kind of money took the name of victoriatus. Numi metallorum. — See met. or metal ; also Trajan. Numi pro moneta kabiti (says Vaillant) marmore perenniores, ac monumentis veteribus sunt accuraliores. — Coins are more durable than marble, and more accurate than ancient monu- ments. For (he adds) they were struck by authority of magistrates after mature delibera- tion ; therefore, all things respecting them must have been carefully weighed, rendered clear and perspicuous, and freed from obscurity and doubt. The same writer admits, however, that in some cases medals are of less value than monuments. Numismatique. — By this word, used sub- stantively, the French designate that science which has for its object the study of medals, principally those struck by the ancient Greeks and by the ancient Romans. — See Numus. Numismatiste. — Hennin, in the introduction to “ his Manual,” observes that the word numismate has been for some years replaced by NYMPH.® 581 that of numismatiste, which is now adopted to signify a person who studies, explains, and collects antique coins and medals ; in short who cultivates the numismatic science, or la numis- matique. Nympha. — The ancients were accustomed to place under the protection of beings whom they called nymphs, those productions of nature which, as in the vegetable woMd, seem to possess certain attributes of life. Neither goddesses nor mortals, but partaking to a degree of the quality of both, they lived a long time, for ambrosia was their food; but their life at length yielded to the fatal axe of the woodman, or to the scissors of the inexorable Fates. The nymphs of Roman fable were of divers kinds. For some of them presided over moun- tains, others over fountains and fields, whilst others again found their element in the sea and other places. — Some writers appear to regard them in no other light than as celebrated women of the most remote antiquity. For example, Egeria, the familiar spirit of Numa; Acca Laurentia, the nurse of Romulus ; Anna Perenna, the sister of Dido; Flora is said to have been a most noted courtezan. — Figures of nymphs are often found on Roman monuments and vases; they also appear on a few Greek Imperial and Colonial coins. But the only Latin coins which present them, as a type, are that denarius of the Accoleia family, on which the three sisters of Phaeton appear, as changed into larch trees ; and the bronze medallion of Antoninus Pius, which exhibits two nymphs of the Hesperides standing close to a tree bear- ing apples, round the trunk of which a serpent is entwined. — See Hercules. 0. 0. Fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet. O. a globule or circle, is generally accepted as denoting the uncia, as the sign of weight and value — viz., o, uncia; thence oooo, trims ; 000 , quadrans ; oo, sextans. O. and AV. were used promiscuously by the more ancient Romans. — Thus in the Claudia family clodivs and clavdivs ; in like manner in the Plautia family plottvs and plavtivs appear on consular denarii. By the same custom the foster-father of Quirinus (Romulus), whose name among Latin writers, spelt Faus- tulus, is inscribed fostvlvs on the denarius of the Pompeia family. O. was often substituted by the ancient Latins for V. — Of this we have examples in the words aegyptos instead of aegyptvs ; divos for DITVS ; VOLCANO for WLCANO, &C. 0. is adjoined sometimes to V., forming the diphthong OV., in place of the single letter V. Thus on family denarii fovlvivs, is written in the room of Fulvius, fovri, or fovrivs, for Furius. O. This letter by itself signifies Ob, on account of ; or qfficina, office of the mint ; or Ogulnius, the name of a man ; or optimo, an epithet often given to Jupiter. 582 OB CIVIS SERVATOS. OB. C. S„ or OB. CIV. SER., or 0. C. S. ' Ob Civet Servatos. — Money struck in houour of, or an oaken crown dedicated and given to, some one for having been the preserver or saviour of citizens. OB CIVIS SERVATOS. — Many coins, in gold, silver, and brass, struck by the moncycrs of Augustus, exhibit this commendatory legend (the letter i being usually elongated), within a crown of oak leaves, or around a votive shield (cl. v.), inscribed S. P. Q. R. — This more frequently occurs after the Emperor above-named had caused the Roman citizens made prisoners in Parthia to be restored to liberty in the year of Rome 734, as may be seen on coins of Aquilius, Caninius Durmius, and Petronius, who about that period were monetal III Viri at Rome. (See Caninia family.) — “This reverse (observes Eckhel), which makes its first appearance under Augustus, was fre- quently revived by succeeding Ca-sars, not often careful about whether such praise could truly be bestowed upon them.” — For example, the words ex s. c. ob crvES servatos inscribed with a laurel crown, forms the legend of the reverse «on a first brass coin of Claudius, as if that most indolent and apathetic, if not most stupid, of Emperors, ever did an heroic or humane action to merit the eulogy conveyed in this senatus consult um. OB. C.S. S.P.Q.R. P.P. Within an oaken crown. — On gold, silver (and first brass, with addition of P.P.) of Caligula. — According to Dion, Caligula accepted the honours (such as Augustus, Pater Patria, &c.), some of which his predecessor Tiberius uniformly refused. On these coins we see not only the title of Pater Patrite, but also the civic crown, neither of which are found in the mintage of Tiberius, and rightly so, for Suetonius tells us of 'Tiberius cog- nomenque Patris Patna, et civicam in veslibuto coronam recusavit. By these coins, therefore, it is (says Eckhel) revealed to us, that this commendatory distinction meritoriously earned by Augustus ; afterwards decreed to, but re- jected by, Tiberius, was seized upon quite early enough by Caligula, and subsequently intruded into the public coinage, by one so utterly unworthy as the man, who far from deserving rewards for saving his fellow-citizens, had openly wished that all had but one neck that he might dispatch them at one blow. — (Vol. vi. 223.) OB. C.S. S.P.Q.R. P.P. Within a laurel wreath. — Silver of Albinus. — On this coin as given in Vaillant, Num. Prast. T. ii. edit. Rom. p. 208, — Eckhel makes the following remarks : “ As Albinus, from the moment of his usurping the honours of an Augustus, in defiance of Sevcrus, was declared the enemy of Rome, this medal could not have been struck in the city, “ nor could the honour, which the coin indicates, have been conferred upon him by the Senate, devoted n3 that body might be to his service. If, therefore, it be genuine, the above quoted coin teaches us what all historians have passed over without notice, that Albinus in Gaul formed a Senate of his own, from whom OB CONSERVATIONEM, he obtained the appellation of Pater Patria, and the distinctive ob cives servatos, with the laurel crown. For the same reason, in an earlier age, Pompey the Great in Greece, Scipio in Spain, had each his Senate, although Ctesar had at the same time the city, which was the scat of the Senate, in his power. And at a later period of the empire, the same thing was done by Postumus, as is shewn on his coinage.” — (Vol. vii. p. 164.) OB CONSERVATIONEM PATRIAE. — GALLIENVM AVGVSTVM POPVLVS ROMANVS. — Ilygeia feeding a serpent. — By this epigraph, which appears on a large and very rare silver coin of Gallicnus, the Roman people are made to worship that Emperor for his having saved the country (ob conservationem patria), after the model of the servile Greek inscriptions. “ The goddess of health, and the word Salutis in the next coin (says Vaillant), shews that the merit of having effectually exerted himself to drive away the pestilence from Rome was claimed by Gallicnus,” and awarded by the obsequious Senate. OB CONSERVATIONEM SALVTIS.— Same type as above. — Here Gallienus Augustus receives the religions veneration of the Roman people, as the preserver of the public health. — On this legend and type, Vaillant observes — “ The praise, though flatteringly, was not alto- gether falsely bestowed by the people on their prince; for that general plague, or pestilence, which had raged throughout the empire, under Decius, G alius, and -Einilianus, after fifteen years’ duration, ceased under Gallienus, who seems thus to have fulfilled his vow to the goddess Salus. — Tristan, therefore, is of opinion, from the epigraph of this coin, that a statue was erected to him in honour of the event.” OB CONSERVATOREM SALVTIS.— A similar type on a silver medallion of Gallienus. OB LIBERTATEM RECEPTAM.— GAL- LIENVM AVG l’.P. -With the laureated head of the same Emperor on one side, and the figure of Liberty on the other; a gold medal records the veneration of the Roman people towards Gallienus Augustus for their “recovered liberty.” — That was indeed a vain and false display of popular praise, which could openly affirm the existence of Liberty, under the son, whilst the Emperor Valcrianus, his father, was languishing in ignominious and cruel captivity amongst the Persians, to the great disgrace of the whole Roman empire. In adding a second brass of the same emperor, bearing a similar type, and having for its epigraph on. kkdmtam ubertateh, Eckhel justly observes that “the above coins are remark- able for the ostentatious grandeur and novel terms of their respective inscriptions. But the base adulation, as well of the Senate as of the people, which they betray, must be obvious to evervone.” OB VICTORIAM TR1VM FALEM (sic.)— Two victories holding a crown, on which is inscribed vot. x. mvi.t. xv. or mvlt. xx. — This occurs on gold and silver coins of Coustans I. OBSEQUENS.— OCTAVIA. (son of Constantine the Great), who it appears had waged war with the Franks, and afterwards with the Caledonians, which procured for him this distinction of a triumphal victory. OB. DV. FILII SVI. — A legend of uncertain signification on a coin of Licinius senior. — Noris has made it the subject of a dissertation, in which he expresses his opinion that the letters OB. DV. mean Oblationem Bevotam, aud endeavours to shew that gifts were accus- tomed to be offered to princes on account of the performance of vows. But other writers of equal erudition prefer reading the DV. as D ecennalia Yota, that is to say suscepta, accepted or received. Obeliscus, an obelisk, formed of the hardest stone, rising from a square base, becoming " fine by degrees and beautifully less” to gene- rally a commanding altitude. — This figure may be observed, as situate in the circus maximus, on medals of Augustus, Nero, Trajan, Caracalla, Alexander Severus, Gordianus Pius, and else- where. — See Circus. An obelisk, placed on a round foundation, adorned with statues, appears on a second brass of Titus. — Vaillant in his Colonies (i. p. 137) gives on a coin of Corinth, struck under M. Aurelius, an obelisk, on which stands a little naked image, and on each side an equestrian figure as if in the act of running. — Sec Corinthus Colonia. Obices Castrorum. — The gates of a camp, with a spear, and below it the pileus (or cap of liberty), appear on a denarius of Cacpiq Brutus, to shew that he was in arms for the defence of liberty, and that his camps were for such Roman soldiers as were friends to liberty. OBSEQVENS. — See Fortuna Obsequens . — On silver and brass of Antoninus Pius. It is also written opseqvens from interchange of the consonants b and p. * Obsidionalis Corona. — See Corona. Obulco, a Roman municipium, of Hispania Bietica (Andalusia), now called Porcuna, a town of some note between Cordova and Gienna. — Its coins, which are autonomous, bear for their types generally a female head, some- times a horseman, at others a bull, and the word obvlco, with the names of Roman duumvirs, and Celtiberian inscriptions. OCEAN VS, on a coin of Constans. — See BONONIA. Octavia, one of the most ancient families of Rome. — Elected into the Senate by Tarquinius Priscus, and introduced amongst the patricians by Scrvius Tullius, it in aftertimes united itself to the plebeian order, and then returned again with great influence into the patrician ranks through Julius Csesar. It was principally noted from Caesar Octavianus Augustus. — Mionnet and Akerman do not include the reputed coins of this family in their catalogues. — Eckhel mentions them only as numi Goltziani, aut Llvirorum Corinthi. Octavia, the sister of Augustus, the third wife of Mark Antony, whom she married in the year of Rome 714 (b.c. 40), aud by whom she OCTAVIA. 583 was divorced in 722. She is said to have died of grief for the loss of the young Marcellus, her son by a former husband. There are coins of this Octavia ; but, according to Mionnet, none are known in either metal of Roman die bearing her likeness, except a gold one of the highest degree of rarity, thus described by that eminent medallist, cos. design, itek ex ter. 11IVIB. R.P.C. Naked head of Octavia. Rev . — M. ANTONIVS M.F. M.N. AVG. IMP. TER. Naked head of M. Antony. But the portrait and even the name of Octavia, adds Mionnet, is also found on a Latin brass medallion of Tiberius, struck out of Rome (in what province is not known). On the reverse of this coin appears the head of the princess, fronting that of her brother Augustus; and the legend is DIVVS AVG. IMP. OCTAVIA. Octavia, the daughter of the Emperor Clau- dius, by Messalina. Born at Rome in 795-6 (a.d. 42 or 43) ; given in marriage to Nero (806), by whom soon after her father’s death she was put away and banished to Campania, and afterwards to the island of Pandataria, where the ungrateful tyrant caused her death by suffocation in a bath, under pretext of her being an adulteress, a.d. 62, in the 20th year of her age. Her successful rival Poppiea, at whose instigation she was murdered, had the bleeding head of the victim brought to her ; and little perhaps anticipating the fatal kick of her brutal paramour, fed her own monstrous barbarity with the sight of it. The Romans were dis- mayed at her death, and preserved her memory as that of a virtuous as well as a most unfortunate empress. The only coins of this empress which are known are of Colonial and of Greek fabric. From one of the former in the British Museum, in potin, the portrait annexed has been en- graved. They are all of great rarity. One in third brass with her head is mentioned by Beau- vais, as contained in his time in the cabinet of Pellerin, having for its legend octaviae avg. c. I. f. Colonia Julia Felix. — On the reverse is the head of Nero, crowned with laurel, and inscribed nero ci.avd. caes. avg. ann. c. nil. A medal, adds Beauvais, which may be regarded as unique. — Eckhel has since edited from the cabinet of Count Festitic, a remark- able coin of an uncertain colony, with the following : — octavia avgvsta. Octavia veiled, standing before an altar : patera in her right hand. — Rev. aorippina avg. Agrippina seated. Octavianus, a name elongated from Octavius, who was afterwards called Augustus. (See Nomina Romanorum). — But Augustus, after his adoption by Julius Csesar, is never styled on coins either Octavianus or Octavius. Odenathus Septimius, Prince of the Palmy- renians, a warlike man, the saviour of the 584 OFFICINA MONETAE. Roman empire in the East. When Valerian became the captive of Sapor, Odenathus took the Persian Generals prisoners ; and commanded himself to be styled in the first place King, and then Emperor He married the famous Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, and died a.d. 267. “ The coins of Odenathus (says Eckhel) arc known only to Goltzius ; and if any one will put faith in their existence, let him go to the fountain head ( i.e . Goltzius). — According to Trebellius, Gallienus caused a coin to be struck in honour of Odenathus, on which he was re- presented leading the Persians captive; but a coin of this kind has met, as yet, no one’s eye — not even that of Goltzius.” Oea, or Ocea, a maritime city of Africa, situate on the Sertice, and according to Pliny (L. v. c. 4), a Roman colony. — The city of Oea ( Civitas Oeensis or Oecensis) was one of three, which from their number gave the title to the African Tripolis, according to Solinus, quoted by Rasche. To this city Vaillant attributes a coin of Antoninus Pius, on the obverse of which appear the titles and portrait of that Emperor; and on the reverse c. a. o. a. f., which he has rendered Colonia Aelia Oea (or Oeensis), Augusta Felix, with the turreted head of the Genius loci. But Pellerin, by the pro- duction of a better preserved but exactly similar medal, has shewn it to belong to Hadrian’s colony of (Elia Capitolina (Jerusalem). — Pellerin adds that no coins of the city of Oea were known in his time.. OEC. Oecumenicum, or Oecumenica . — Public games or combats of athletes, so called because competitors from every part of the world were allowed to enter the lists, in contra- distinction to the Eirixwpta, which were only provincial games (certamina provincialia). On colonial coins of Heliopolis in Cado Syria, among other epigraphs allusive to these wrestling matches, is one of Valerianus scuior, given by Banduri (I. p. 120), cer. sac. cap. oec. isel. hel. Certamen Sacrum Capitolinum Oecumenicum Iselasticum lleliopolitanum . — See Heliopolis Colonia. OFF III. CONST. Officiate Tertia Con- stantinopoli. — Struck in the third office of the mint of Constantinople. Officina moneta, a monetary workshop or mint. — Officinatores moneta, inspectors of the mint. — Inscriptions on ancient marbles collected by Gruter and others have preserved the appellations given to the respective workmen em- ployed in different parts of the coinage. Among these are found the following denominations : — Monetarii ; Officinatores monette auraria, argentaria, Casaris ; Numularii officinarum argentiarum ; Families monetaria; Numularii; Officinatores moneta ; Exactores auri, argenlo, aeris ; Signatores ; Suppostores; Malleatores ; Flatores . The learned arc of opiuion that under the reign of Probus, or thereabouts, those cities of the empire which enjoyed the right of coinage designated their names, and the officina, in which their money was struck. This was done OGULN1A. by certain initial letters and numerals, as well Greek as Latin, engraved either in the field of the coin or on the exergue. Of this sort are the following: — antp. Antiochia Percussa. — Struck at Antioch. ants. Antiochia Signata. — Coined at Antioch. aqps. Aquileia Pecunia Signata. — Coined at Aquileia. comob. otherwise conob. — Constantinopoli Obsignata, or Constantinopoli officina Secunda. lv g ps. Lugduni Pecunia Signata. — Money coined at Lyons. ptr. Percussa Treveris — (Treves.) sisepz. Sciscia Percussa in officina Septima. sma. Signata Moneta Antiochia — or smab. Signata Moneta Antiochia in officina Secunda. smsise. Sacra Moneta Siscia in officina Quinta. The following inscription on a coin of Mau- ricius, edited by Banduri and Ducange, in which the debated syllables are drawn out at length, favours the above interpretations — viz., Vienna DE OFFICINA LAVRENTI. Officina Monetaria. — The monetary offices arc frequently recorded on coins of Valentinianus II., as well as on those of Valens aud Gratianus, thus — OF. II. III. &C., or R. PR1MA, R. SECVNDA, R. TERTIA, R. QVARTA. OGVLNIA gens . — Q. and Cn. Ogulnins, being recorded as tribuni plebis, teach us that this family was plebeian. They had the cognomen of Gal/ut. — Five varieties of its coins are given in Morcll ; one of which in silver, bears on one side a juvenile head laurcated, under it a thunderbolt; and on the other, ogvl ver. car. — The bronze pieces are the as or some of its parts. — Coins of the Carcilia family exhibit the same ^iame and cognomen, but not the same types. Olba, and not Olbia, according to Vaillant, quoting Ptolemy, was a city of Pamphylia, which territory borders on Cilicia. It was also a Roman colony, as its coins testify, bearing the legend col. ivl. avo. olbanen* with the equestrian figure of the God Lunus. It has one autonomous coin, one Greek Imperial, struck in honour of M. Aurelius, and two Colonial Imperial, inscribed to Julia Mmsa and Gordianus Pius. Olbasa, Pisidia, Colonia. — The Latin Imperial medal ascribed to this colony, is following in middle brass, namely, with the style and por- trait of Gordianus Pius on the obverse — and with col. olba on the reverse, and the type of Bacchus standing, holding the cartherns and thyrsus : a leopard squatting at his feet. But Mionnet mnrks it “ questionable .” Olea, the Olive, of which Minerva is (by Virgil) styled the inventress ; or, according to Ovid (Metam. lib. vi., v. 80), Pallas produced out of the earth the olive tree, during her contest with Neptune for the possession and name of Athens. Hence, on coins, this goddess has her helmet adorned with au olive branch, as sacred to her, or she carries the same in her OLY BRIUS.— OLYMPIAS. right hand. And when Minerva bears this symbol of peace, she is called Paci/era ; an example of which appellation and type is found on a brass coin of Albinus. Minerva is also seen with similar attributes on coins of Anto- ninus, Counnodus, Postumus, and Tetricus junior. Olece Ramus. — The olive branch in the hand of Peace is to be seen on nearly all the medals of the Imperial series, from Augustus to Gallienus, and further downwards to Gal. Maximianus. — The same as a symbol of peace, appears in the hand of Mars Pacifer,'' on coins of Commodus, Sept. Sevcrus, Caracalla, Alex. Severus, Maximianus I., Gordianus III., Gallus, Volusianus, yEmilianus, Gallienus, and other emperors. — The olive branch appears in the haud of Emperors, as the preservers of peace, on coins of Augustus, Tiberius, Vespasian, Titus, Trajan, Commodus, Sept. Severus, Bal- binus, Pupienus, yEmilianus, Diocletian, and Maximianus. The olive branch appears on divers of the Imperial medals, in the haud of Concord, of Felicity, of Security, of Procidentia. It is the symbol of Hispania, on account of the abundance of olive trees in that country. OLV. for OLY. Olympico. — See iovi olym. ; and a temple on a coin of Augustus. OLYBRIVS (Anicius), descended from the ancient family of the Anicii, who held a high senatorial rank, married (a.d. 462) Placidia, daughter of Valentiniau III. and of Eudoxia. The Emperor Leo nominated him Consul 464, and sent him against Ricimer, who proclaimed him Augustus in 472, in the place of the Emperor Anthemius, whom Ricimer caused to be assassinated. Olybrius is described as a man of distinguished merit, estimable for his morals, piety, and patriotism. A good general, hut an ambitious subject, he had not the time allowed him to perform any memorable action, as he ter- minated his days in the year of his accession, possessing the empire only three months from the death of his predecessor. His daughter Juliana married, during the reign of Anastatius, the patrician Areobindus. His style is d. n. ANICIVS OLYBRIVS AVO. — D. N. ANIC. (or ANICIVS.) OLYBRIVS, P.F. AVG. His coins both in gold and silver are very rare. — Tanini gives a piece in lead with a reverse similar to that on the aureus represented above ; but the obverse bears full-faced heads of Olybrius and Placidia. OLYMPIAS (or sometimes OLIMPIAS) REGINA. — A female veiled, reposing on a richly adorned bed, extends her right hand towards a serpent which is rearing itself before her. — This legend aud type appear on a Roman 4 P OLYMPIAS.— OLYMPICUS. 5S5 Contomiate medal, bearing the head of Nero; and, according to Havercamp, the recumbent female is no other than Queen Olympias herself, the faithless wife of Philip, King of Macedon, and the courageous mother of Alexander the Great. Of this lady it is related, by Plutarch, among other writers, that becoming pregnant during the absence of Philip, she, for the purpose of concealing her shame, devised a story about her having had intercourse with Lyhian Jove, or Jupiter Ammon, who had assumed the form of a serpent. Olympias, an olympiad, the space of four years, sometimes used as equivalent to the Roman Lustrum, which included five years. From the period when the Greeks began to reckon dates of time by olympiads, they enumerated them as, the first, or second, or third, &c., olympiad. Olympicus, Olympic, or what is of or belong- ing to Olympus. — Jupiter was called Olympicus, either from Mount Olympus, in Thessaly, the reputed place of his education, or from heaven itself, which the Greeks denominated Olympus, and in which he was said to reign. — The title of Olympicus was also assigned to Hercules, who instituted the certamen olympicum, and won at those games the victory in wrestling. Olympius. — This appellation (says Eekhel, vi. 518), peculiarly appropriated to the king of heathen divinities, was, by an unusual stretch of even Grecian flattery, assigned in common to the Emperor Hadrian and to Jove himself, as appears from a variety of inscriptions both on marbles and on coins, especially Athenian. The cause or pretext for this adulation was the finishing and dedication by the above Emperor, of the great temple of Olympian Jupiter at Athens. Connected with this fact was the institution of games, called Hadriana Olympia, by various Greek cities. — This application of a celestial cognomen to Hadrian finds no example on any Latin coins ; and we find on contorniate coins, the epithet of Olympius degraded so low as to be the designation of an auriya or an athleta. Olympiodorus, Olympius. — 'These names occur on the reverses of eontorniates, the obverses of which bear the portrait of Nero. The types are naked men standing in quadrigae, and the names are doubtless those of victorious charioteers or wrestlers. O M. Optimus Maximus. — I. 0. M. Jovi Optimo Maximo. — To the name of Jupiter, the tutelary Deity of Rome, these letters are added, in recognition of his goodness and his power. OMN. Omnia. — SACERDcw COOV' l' at us IN OMNta CONL eyia SVPRA NVMcnm. On a coin of Nero. Omnipotens. — Jupiter is thus called on a colonial coin quoted by Vaillant. O. M. T. Optimo Maximo Tonanti — i.e. (Jovi) (to Jupiter) the best, the greatest, the thunderer. OP. or OPT. or OPTIM. PRIN. or PR. Optimo Principi. — To the best of Princes. An epithet given to Trajan. 586 OPEIMI A . — OPI. DIVIN Opeimia, as written on coins, otherwise Opimia, a plebeian family ; but it was dis- tinguished nevertheless by several consulships, especially that of L. Opimius, by whom C. Gracchus was put down. — Among seven varieties of coins is a rare denarius with a winged head of Minerva on one side; and on the other M. opeimi. and Apollo in a biga, holding his bow : below it roma. The bronze pieces of this family are the as, or some of its parts. OPEL. Opelius. — We learn from coins that Macriuus and his son Diadumcnianus should be called Opelius, and not Opi/ius, as it is com- monly written by historians. OPI. DIVIN. Opi Divina. — A female seated, holding ears of corn. On a very rare large brass of Pertinax. This reverse will admit of a two-fold inter- pretation. It may be taken for the Divine Ops, wife of Saturn, who had a temple dedicated to her at Rome. Or it may be supposed to mean the power of producing in abundance all things generally useful. The abundance, personified on this medal, holding in her right hand ears of com, that truly divine gift of nature to man- kind, apparently refers to the great pains which Pertinax took for the subsistence and advantage of his subjects. — Capitolinus says of this virtuous Emperor, Annona consultissime pro- vid'd ; and Dion also in like manner speaks of his provident care. In dedicating this medal to Ops, who is the same as Rhea, or Terra, which brings forth com, Pertinax shews his disposition to ascribe to divine assistance that universal plenty which he had secured for his people. — With this legend and type, therefore, may be appropriately conjoined the inscription which Gruter has published, and which reads : OPI. DIVINAE. ET FORTVNAE. PR1MIGENIAE. SACK. IMP. SACR. IMP. CAESAR. HELVII PER- TINACIS AVGVSTI. V. D. D. There arc coins of Antoninus Pius in silver and first brass, struck in the year of Rome 893, on which is the epigraph OPI. AVG usta ; and the type a woman sitting with the hasta in her right hand, and her left hand lifted to her head. — The Ops Augusta whom this coin was intended to honour, is considered by Spanhcim (in his notes on Julian’s Cicsars), as only another name for the Goddess Oybele, to whom the Romans assigned a feast of two days dura- tion, under the name of Opalia. — See Temptum Opis. Opima Spolia. — Sec Spolia. OPPIA.— OPTIME MAXIME. (M) OPPIVS CAPIT. PROPR. PRAEF. CLAS. ( Marcus) Oppius Capito Proprietor Prafectus Classis. — Propretor and Commandant of the Fleet. OPPIA. — This family is known to have been of the plebeian order, from the tribunes and ediles of the people, who belonged to it. Its surnames were Capito and Salinator. — The former appears on brass coins of Mark Antony, struck during his triumvirate. The latter may be considered as belonging to two families, viz., Livia and Oppia. — In the whole there are nine varieties, all of second brass. The rarest of which bears on its obverse the double head of Janus, and on the reverse c. cassi. l. saxin. The prow of a galley, with the doubtful epi- graph of dss. — Livy affirms that L. Oppius Salinator was sent in the year of Rome, 561, with a fleet to guard the coast of Sicily, and to bring back a supply of corn. And this frumentatio is regarded by Havcrcamp as here commemorated. Eckhcl, however, shews that such an inference is not to be drawn merely from a ship’s prow, which is in fact a pcr|>etual and almost exclusive type on the brass coinage of Republican Rome. There are bronze pieces of this family struck in Cyrcniaca. The following second brass is probably one of them : — The head of Venus, with a capricorn behind it. — Rev. q. oppivs pr. Victory walking, holds on her right shoulder a long palm branch, and in her left hand a patera containing fruit. According to Havercamp, the letters PR. are to be read Prafectus, and Oppius was one of eight prefects, whom Julius Ctcsar, on setting out for Spain, appointed to act for him at Rome. — “ This opinion (says Eckhel) 1 have enlarged upon in commenting on the medals of the Cestia family ; and as I have there noticed its vagueness and uncertainty, so I hesitate not to assert that respecting these coins of Oppius he is greatly mistaken. For the capricorn which in some of them is placed beside the head of Venus, {mints to a later {icriod ; in all probability the time when Augustus was at the head of Roman atfaiis, and in houour of whom alone that fabulous animal was engraved on medals. Moreover, the fabric of the coins themselves, bears evidence of their not having proceeded from the mint of Rome, insomuch that in all likelihood they were struck in some province.” OPr. Optimo, in other instances optim., or at full length optimo. OPT. IMP. Optimo Imperatori, on coins of Claudius Gothicus, and also (as given by Banduri) of Constautius Chlorus. OPT. Optimorum. — OPT. MER. Opti- mo rum Meritorum, — See Requies. OPTIME MAXIME. — Jupiter stands hold- ing the thunderbolt in his right, and a spear in his left hand ; on some an eagle is at his feet. — Silver and second brass of Commodus. Jupiter (observes Vaillant) was called Optimus for his beneficence and Maximus for bis power. But this epigraph of oitime maxime seems placed on the above coin on aceouut of the OPTIMO— OPTIMUS. acclamation made to Commodus by the* Senate. — Eckhel, in noticing this legend, alludes to the opinion of Spauheim, that on this coin Commodus is addressed (proponi) with the worship of Jupiter, and that to him also were applied the names Optimus Maximus. But he does not see sufficient cause for coming to such a conclusion. Each of these epithets (he adds) is ascribed to Commodus on the marble of Muratori ; but several emperors before him were called by titles sacred to Jupiter, as is shewn by inscriptions. OPTIMO. PRINCIPI. S.P.Q.R— This le- gend, cither in abbreviation or at full length, is most frequently to be read on coins of Trajan, of whom Dion Cassius observes that he seemed to take much greater pride in the surname of Optimus (as combined with Princeps), than in all the rest of his titles, from which trait of character might be recognised his mild nature and his courteous manner, which predominated over his love for military renown.. — See Tra- janus. The same legend also appears on coins of S. Severos, Gallienus, Daza, Licinius Sen., and Constantine the Great OPTIMO. PRINCIPI. S.P.Q.R. S.C.— This same legend also appears within lam-el, on a second brass of Antoninus Pius, in the Imperial Cabinet of Vienna. That the title of Optimus Princeps was decreed to Antonine, as it had beeu to Trajan, by the Senate, is not affirmed by history. But the right to this title devolved to him from Trajan by adoption. — Eckhel, vol. vii., 18. OPTIMVS. — This laudatory cognomen, first conferred on Trajan, was regarded by the Roman people as exclusively suitable to that Emperor, insomuch that after him (according to Pliny) it was a solemn custom in public acclama- tions thus to address each succeeding Augustus : “ May you be better than Trajan ( Sis melior Trajano). We learn from coins that Trajan did not accept this, by him most highly prized, title of Optimus before his sixth consulate. There are extant some coins of Hadrian, who was adopted by Trajan and succeeded him in the empire, on which not only the name Trajanus, but that of Optimus is retained — viz., imp. CAES. TRAIAN. HADRIAN VS. OPT. AVO, GER. dac. — The appellation of Optimus conjoined to Maximus has already been noticed as occurring on a coin of Commodus. — And the same title appears on a consecration medal of Claudius Gothicus : DIVO CLAVDIO opt. or OPTIMO. Optimus Princeps. — Patin in his work on Imperial coins (p. 455) remarks that not only Trajan, Antonine, Aurelius, and other good Emperors were honoured with this high com- pliment, but it is mendaciously applied (amongst others undeserving of it) to Sept. Sevcrus, whose conduct, at least during the first years of his reign, was atrociously cruel and inhumanly vindictive. Nay even the Thracian Maximinus was so styled by the Senatus Populusque Romanes, at the very worst period of his bad reign, and at a time when he was not in Rome. 4 F 2 ORBIAMA. — ORBIS. 587 The most probable supposition is that this bar- barian was so called by his own creatures (terming themselves a Senate) out of sheer adulation. OR. Ora. — PRAEP. CLAS. ET. OR. MARIT. Prafectus Classis et Ora Maritima. ORB. Orbis. — orb.tekr. Orb/s Terrarum. — The world; the universe. — See Gloria Orbis. ORBIAN A ( Gneia, Seia, Herennia, Sallustia, Barbia.) This princess is not mentioned even by name in the writings of any historian. It is to modern research alone, amongst antique medals, that we owe the knowledge of her having existed, and the proofs that she was the last wife of Alexander Severus. Her first three prenomina are only on Greek coins. Antiquaries had long been of opinion that sallvstia barbia orbiana was the Empress of Trajanus Deeius. But medals of Alexander Severus having been found which bear her portrait on their reverse, the lot of this lady has .been fixed and a true place in the Imperial series assigned to her. — Orbiana is represented on medals (especially on large brass where her features are more de- veloped) as possessing an agreeable physiognomy. — The author of Lefons de Numismatique Romaine describes a coin of this princess in his collection, which, on its reverse, with the legend concordia avgvstorvm, typifies the Emperor and the Empress standing hand in hand. And this intelligent numismatist remarks, that “ small as are the two figures they are so clearly engraved (when the medal is in perfect pre- servation) that in the lineaments of the emperor the likeness may plainly be traced of the true husband, and not the totally different coun- tenance of Trajanus Deeius” (p. 200.) — It appears by a coin struck at Alexandria, that she was married to Alexander, a.d. 226. Her gold medals and brass medallions are of the highest degree of rarity — the silver and first brass are very rare. On these she is styled sal. or (sall.) barb, (or barbia) orbiana. avg. Some pieces represent her with Julia Mamaa as well as w ith Severus Alexander. Orbis. — An orb, or circle, on coins denote the Roman empire. We see it united sometimes to the rudder a symbol of government ; at other times to the sacrificial axes, the fasces, the joined right hands, and the caduceus on a gold medal of Julius Csesar ; and placed on a tripod, in a coin of Augustus. It is also the symbol of the terraqueous globe. In the hand of the Emperor it signifies his accession to the supreme power. Orbis terrarum. — The world, which the ancients divided into three parts, and to which one of the most ephemeral of the Roman Emperors assumed to have given Peace. — See pax orbis terrarvm on gold and silver of Otlio. ORBIS. — This word forms a component part of several different epigraphs on medals of the 588 ORIENS. Imperial series. — See ff.i.icitas ; genetrix ; GLORIA ; IOYl CONSERVATORI ; LOCVPLETATORI ; PACATOR; RECTOR ; RESTITVTOR ; SECVRITAS ; VOTA DECENNALIA, ORBIS. ORD. or OR DIN, Ordini. — eq ord. Equestri Ordini. — Sec Equester Ord. Organum hydraulicum. — A representation of one of these (supposed) musical instruments — a water organ of a triangular form — appears on a large contomiate brass of Nero, which Haver- camp has given an engraving and description of in his work on that peculiar class of medals. — See LAVRENTI NIKA. Orient. The East. — This word was used by the Romans to designate cither that part of the world where the sun appears to rise, or some province of the empire situate towards the East ; or the Sun itself. The East is figured by a young head crowned with rays ; and Oriens often is the accompanying legend. ORIENS. — Vaillant, in noticing a coin struck under Trajan, referring to a similar one of Hadrian, observes : Orient, personified by a radiated head, represents the provinces of Armenia and Mesopotamia, which Trajan had just added to the Roman territories in that quarter of the globe where the sun seemed to rise. — Orient, as mean- ing the Sun, is pourtraved under the form of a naked man, generally standing with the right hand raised, and the left holding a globe, or a whip, on coins of Gordianus Pius, Valerianus, senior and junior, Gallienus, Postiunus, Claudius Gothicus, Aurelianus, Probus, Numerianus, Diocletian, Constantins Chlorus, Allectus, &c. — A medal of Diocletian places a branch in one hand and a bow in the other ; and on a reverse of Gallienus, Oriens is represented under the figure of a woman, wearing a turreed crown, who, offering a figure of Victory to the Emperor, gives him assurance of success against the bar- barians who have over-run the Asiatic provinces. ORIENS AVGG. — Sol standing, naked, ex- cept a cloak thrown back from his shoulders, lifts up the right hand, and holds a whip or scourge in his left. On third brass of Valerian. On a quinariut of Valerian the elder, ex- hibiting this epigraph and type, the Editor of the Roman edition of Vaillant makes the fol- lowing historical remark: — “When the empire of Rome was on all sides assailed by barbarian arms,' Valerianus declared his son Gallienus Emperor, and leaving him to the defence of Gnid and Germany, he himself, haviug assembled together the legions from the neighbouring pro- vinces, resolved to march and give battle in the East to the Scythians who were peopling Asia, and to the Persians who had already takeu possession of Mcso]>otamia and of Syria. For this reason Orient Augustorum — (the rising Sun of the Emperors) — was struck on their coins;” already anticipating — alas! how fal- laciously — the Victories of Valerian. ORIENS — ORIGINI AVG. ORIENS. — Valerian the younger, in a mili- tary garb, [daces a crown on a trophy. A very rare silver coin bearing this legend and type, is given both in Danduri and Vaillant, the latter of whom makes the following annotation : — “ Valerianus junior is on his coins called Orient, as though a new sun had risen on the empire, when he was associated in the government with Gallienus.” ORIGINI AVG. — The wolf suckling the twins, — On a very rare third brass of Probus, whose origin is veiled in obscurity. This is a new reverse (says Eckhcl), and known only from the coins of Probus. It seems to intimate that Probus was descended from Roman blood, which might be true, although he was allirmed to have been bom in Pannonia. Origin of the Surnames belonging to Roman Families and races. This is derived either from brute animals, as asina, capella, vitvlvs, &c. ; or from some mark or member of the human body, and especially from the head, as capito, chilo, labeo, &c. ; or from some corporeal affection or peculiarity, as Niger, pvlcher, rvfvs, &c. ; or from the manners and disposition of men, blandvs, frvgi, LEPIDVS, &c. ; or from occupations and offices, as CAPRA R1VS, FIGVLVS, VESPLLLO, &C. ; OT from deeds and achievements, as achaicvs, African vs, NUMimcvs, &c. ; nay, even from garden herbs or pulse, as cicebo, fabivs, piso, &c. — Sec Families Romance. Orontes, the largest river of Syria, which has its source not far from the ancient Seleucia, Picrin, and Mount Lebanon, and flows past Antioch, into the Mediterranean sea. — On a Greek colonial coin of Trajan, a figure per- sonifying the Orontes, is seen emerging, writh extended arms as if swimming, at the feet of the Genius of Antioch, who is sitting on a hill, the rocky features of which indicate the lofty site of that city. — “ The Antiochians (says Vaillant) commemorated by this medal the visit of Trajan to their tow n.” — See Antioch. Orut, or Horns, the son of Osiris and of Isis, by which the Egyptians, according to Plutarch, understood the subjection of this world to birth and to death — to decay and to revival. By Isis and Osiris all those effects were said to be designated, which by Solar and Lunar influences are produced in the world. — On a third brass of Julianas II., among other types of the monstrous super- stitions of Egypt, which that philosophic re- pudiator of Christianity “ delighted to honour,” is Isis seated, in the act of suckling Orus: the legend, vota pvblica. Osca, a very ancient and noble city of Hispania Tarraconensis, formerly a Roman mnnicipium, now called Huesca, in Arragon. — According to Morell, it is denominated on coins v. v. osca, or Osca was called Urbs, as the city par excellence, and took its name of Victrix from Julius Cicsar. VRB. VIC. OSCA. Urbs Victrix Osca — The monetary triumvirs of Osca arc almost always designated by the surnames only ; hence OSCA.— OSICERDA. OSIRIS.— OSTIENSIS PORTUS. 589 it is impossible from their coins to ascertain their respective families. The Oscenses uniformly stamped their medals with the figure of a man on horseback, wearing a helmet, holding a lance, and riding at full speed. That Osca was a place of great riches is shewn by the argentum oscense (its silver bullion), to which Livy more than once alludes. But the argentum oscense differs from the bigati, in this respect, that the latter signify silver coined by the Romans, either at Rome, or in the provinces ; whereas argentum oscense is a term applied to money struck in Spain and in the city of Osca, having, moreover, Spanish types. Accordingly Livy afterwards distinguishes those particular coins from Roman denarii. There are five varieties of autonomous coins belonging to this once celebrated town : one of these bears a beardless head of a man, and in the field URBS. vict. ; on the reverse is a horse- man, with couched spear, galloping. — The Imperial coins of osca extend from Augustus to Tiberius, Germanicus, and Caligula; all with the equestrian figure on the reverse — “either,” says VaiUant, “ because the country abounded in good horses, or because the inhabitants were pre-eminently warlike. Julius Csesar himself praises the Spanish Cavalry.” On a first brass, bearing on its reverse the same horseman galloping, with spear couched in his right hand, is the following legend : — V. V. OSCA. C. TARRACINA. P. PR1SCO. II. VIE. Urbs Victrii Osca, Caio Tarracina (et) Pub/io Frisco, Fuumviris. — [This is a coin which VaiUant gives as of the highest rarity, struck by the municipium of Osca, in congratulation to Caius Caesar (Caligula) Augustus, whom it calls by the name of his father Germanicus, but by whom its privilege of coining money was, in common with the other Roman cities in Spain, taken away, never afterwards to be renewed, it appears, by any subsequent Emperors.] OSCA. — Ou a silver coin of the Cornelia family is the head of a man, bare and bearded. Behind it is the word OSCA. On the reverse is a male figure, seated on a eurule chair, holding a cornucopia and a spear, over whom a Victory floats with a crown, with the legend p. lent. p. f. SPINT. Eckliel points to the bare head, bearded, such as occurs on common denarii of Hispania, and also to osca, as that of the noted Tarraco- nensian city, and as sufficiently warranting the belief that these denarii were coined iu Spain. A similar head, and the same inscription of osca , appear on a denarius of the Domitia family. Osicerda, a city of Hispania Tarracouensis, whose people are eaUed by Pliny Ossigerdenses ; it was admitted to the rank of a municipium under the Romans. But the only imperial coin extant is one struck under Tiberius, on the reverse of which is inscribed mvn. osicerda. with a bull for its type, the common symbol of a Roman Municipium . — Its autonomous coins bear celtiberian and latino-celtiberian legends. There are coins of this city which also bear the name of Sesaraca, ns in alliance. Osiris, the principal deity of the Egyptians, who attributed to him their original laws, their instruction in agriculture, and all useful in- ventions. According to the recitals which com- pose his mythological history, he married Isis, his sister, and lived with her in uninterrupted harmony ; both applying themselves to the civilization and instruction of their subjects. He was the founder *of Thebes, and extended his conquests far and wide. From the most remote periods of antiquity, the Nile, which is the centre of the whole religion of the Egyptian people, was represented under the image of Osiris, and worshipped as such in that country. Osiris was also regarded by the same super- stitious nation as a symbol of the sun, and figured sometimes with the head of a man, at others with that of a hawk. Sometimes he has the horns of an ox, allusive to his union with the earth, which owed to him the blessings of fertilization. His living representative was the bull Apis, and he often appears with the lotus flower on his head. — Osiris was afterwards re- placed by Serapis. The Roman Emperors placed his statue among the images of their own pantheon. — There is in Fedrusi's “ Museum Farncse,” a brass medallion of Commodus, which bears a very elegant group allusive to Osiris, who stands with the modius on his head, whilst the Emperor holds out his hand to him, over a lighted altar. Behind the togated figure of Commodus is Victory holding a garland over his head ; and by the side of Osiris is the Goddess Isis, with the sislrum in her right hand. — The legend of this fine reverse is p.m. tr. p. xvii. imp. vm. cos. VII. p.p. OST. Ostia . — m. ost. p. — Moneta Ostia Perci/ssa . — Money struck at Ostia — on the exergue of coins of Val. Maximianus, Maxentius, Romulus, and Licinius Senior. Ostiensis . — See port. ost. avgvsti. Portus Ostiensis Augusti. On large brass of Nero. Ostia, a Latian city, built by Ancus Martius at the mouth of the Tiber; it was afterwards made a colony and a sea-port by that enterprising king. This commodious haven afforded to Rome the easy means of enjoying all the riches of foreign lands. Its excellent baths, its good cheer, and its healthy site, fanned by the breezes of the Mediterranean, rendered Ostia a favourite resort with the pleasure-loving Romans. Ostiensis Portus . — The port of Ostia, accord- ing to Suetonius, was with difficulty constructed by the Emperor Claudius, although thirty thousand men were unintermittingly employed on the work for eleven years in succession — a quay being carried round the harbour right and left, and a mole carried out at the entrance of it into deep water. Moreover, in order to strengthen its foundation, he caused, before this mole, a ship to be sunk, on board of which a large obelisk from Egypt had been brought, and 590 OTACILIA SEVERA. placed a very lofty tower on a basis of piles, in imitation of the Alexandrian pharos, for the purpose of directing the course of navigators by fires at night. The same author (in his Life of Nero, c. 9 and 31,) relates that when Claudius had resolved upon building the port, he questioned the architects what they estimated the cost of his work would be. They answered by naming such a sum as he might he unwilling to incur, hoping that when he heard the mag- nitude of the charge, he would abandon the design altogether. Nothing discouraged, how- ever, the Emperor bent his mind upon pursuing his plan, which he accomplished in a manner worthy of Roman powers. — Nevertheless, there are no coins of Claudius extant which exhibit types of this port, though many of Nero’s appear with a representation of it, (as the large brass here introduced) a circumstance which shews either that the ‘latter named prince put the finishing stroke to this grand work, or that he was so ungrateful aud vain as not to acknowledge even that a share of the merit belonged to his Imperial predecessor. — See pok. ostia, avgvsti. Ostro Gothi. — Those tribes of the Goths were so called whose original country lay towards the East. See Gothici numi. — For the Ostro Gothic Kings in Italy— see Athalaricus — Baduila — Theoda/iatus — JFitiges. OT. or OTACIL. Otacilia, or Otacilius . — Otacilia, the name of an Empress, or Otacilius, the name of a man. OTACILIA ( Marcia ) Severn, daughter of Severus, Governor of Pannonia, married Philip senior, about a.d. 234, by whom she had Philip the younger, seven years before the elevation of her husband to the Imperial throne. Of an engaging person, and in private conduct without reproach, she was culpably ambitious, and participated with Philip in the murder of the Third Gordian. This princess professed Christianity, and is said to have been subjected to ecclesiastical penance by the Bishop of Antioch, Saint Bnbvlas, for her criminal share in the death of the virtuous young emperor. It was, however, by Otacilia’s protection that the Christians breathed in peace, during the reign of her husband, and by her instruction that her son, a youth of great promise, was brought up in the piety and wisdom of their holy faith. But the death of Philip precipitated this woman into the obscure condition in which she was born, and, after sustaining the OTHO. horror of having her son slain in her arms by the Pretorians, in whose camp they jointly sought a refuge on the approach of Trajan Dacius to Rome, Otacilia passed the remainder of her days in retirement. The inscriptions on her coins arc otacilia. severa. avg., and Marcia, otacilia. severa. avg. Some pieces represent her with Philip the father and Philip the younger — aud many of her coins retrace the celebrated epocha, aud the festal solemnities which occcupy so large a portion of the types struck in honour of her husband and her son. On the large brass of this Empress we read CONCORDIA AVG. S.C. ; PVDICITIA. AVG. S.C. ; and on another saecvlakes avg. s.C., with the figure of a hippopotamus. — Pellerin also gives in his Melange a silver coin of Otacilia, with fecvnditas TEMPORVM., and a woman seated on the ground, holding a cornucopia: in her left hand, and extending a branch in her right towards two children. She is said to nave had a daughter as well as a son. Her gold coius and brass medallions are very rare : silver of the usual size, and first and second brass, very common. OTHO, surname of the Salvia family, m salvivs otho IIIVIR. a. a. a. p. f. on a large brass struck by Salvius Otho, oue of the moucyers of Augustus, and the maternal uncle of the Emperor Otho. — See Salvia. OTHO ( Marcus Salvius), born A D. 32, was son of Lucius Salvius Otho, a man of consular rank, and of an illustrious Etrurian family. His mother’s name was Albia Tcrcntia, also of an illustrious house. — Handsome, brave, and possessed of talents, his youth gave promise ot high distinction. As one of the favourites of Nero, he soon, however, became voluptuous and prodigal, abandoning himself, like his infamous master, to the most shameful excesses of debauchery. He hnd scarcely served the Pnetorship, when that tyrant libertine, wishing to possess himself of Poppiea, his wife, sent him, in the year 58, as Governor to Lusitania. After ten years’ absence from Rome, he took part in the revolt which led to Nero’s death. He was at first faithful to Gnlba; but, in 09, displeased and disappointed at Piso’s adoption, Otho basely instigated the Praetorian soldiers to assassinate this veteran Emperor ; and, by their audacious aid, succeeded iu mounting the throne. But his reign was short. Having to contest the crown with his competitor Vitellius, whom he three times defeated, Otho was vanquished in his turn at the battle of Bcdriacum ; and, rather OTHO. than be the occasion of further bloodshed in civil war, he preferred making the sacrifice of his life, and with a firmness wholly unlooked for from so effeminately luxurious a character, deliberately slew himself with his own hand. He died on the 16th of April, v.c. 822 (a.d. 69), in the 37th year of his age, having reigned only ninety-five days. v The inscriptions on the medals of this Prince style him— IMP. OTHO CAESAR AVG., or M. OTHO CAES. AVG ust. IMP. P. P.— All Otho’s medals of Roman die are in gold or in silver. — No Latin brasscoiu, properly <^/ so called, is known or acknowledged as truly authentic. — The medal on which Otho is styled p. p. (Father of the Country) is of brass, “ but (says Mionnct) elle est suspecte. C'est une medaille de restitution .” — All tbe brass medals of Otho were struck at Antioch, in Syria, or at Alexan- dria, in Egypt. His genuine gold and silver medals present nothing very remarkable, except that which bears the legend of Victoria otiionis. It has been alleged, as a reason for the total absence of authentic coins of Otho in brass of Roman fabric, that the senate did not declare itself in that prince’s favour, being desirous, before it recognised his imperial title and caused brass money to be struck in his name, to see a termination put to the civil war which had arisen between his party and that of Vitellius. Still (as Mr. Akermau observes) it is singular that “ no medal by order of the conscript fathers would appear to have been struck in honour of the new prince ; for Tacitus informs ns that, when Otho was elected, the senate assembled, and voted him the title of Augustus and the Tribunicia Potestas. Some antiquaries indulge the fond hope that, at a future time, a deposit of the (Roman) brass coins of the Emperor may be discovered.” M. Hennin, a scientific and highly intelligent numismatist of the present day, in bis “ Manuel,” referring to those ancient w r ritings and historical facts which support the opinion that the brass coinage alone was under the jurisdiction of the senate, says — “ Gold and silver money of Otho is found in large quantities; but of this prince not a brass coin exists of Roman die. If the senate had been invested with the right of striking money in all three metals, why should it have exercised that right with respect to the two precious metals, and not have done the same with the brass, since the latter was the most common money ? The division of the right of coinage between the Emperor and the seuate explains this circumstance. Otho caused money with his effigy to be struck in gold and in silver, therein exercising his privilege ; and yet the senate did not order any brass money to be struck for that Emperor, although it had yielded to him, and he was master of Italy. The OTIIO— OVATIO. 591 reason of this is unknown. It might be because he w r as the first Emperor proclaimed by the Pnetorians, and as such not likely to conciliate the good will of the senators. The short dura- tion of his reign might also be alleged as a cause. But these reasons arc not entirely satis- factory. There must have been for this conduct of the senate motives of which we are ignorant.” See on this subject Eckhel, Doctrina Num. Vet. vol. vi. p. 302 et seq. Otho’s Coin of the Colony of Antioch . — Tbe obverse of this middle brass coin bears on its obverse imp. m. otho caes. avg. round the head of this Emperor. The reverse exhibits simply s. c. in a crown of laurel. This medal is described to be of coarser workmanship than that of the Roman mint, but by no means of a barbarous fabric. Although marked with the two letters s. c. (Senatus Consutlo), it could not have been struck at Rome, where the senate never, by any formal act, acknowledged the authority of Otho. Many circumstances, such as its workmanship, its resemblance to other coins bearing Greek legends round the heads, and peculiar to Antioch in Syria, seem to shew that it must have been struck in the last mentioned city, to which the right of coinage had been continued from the time of Pompey, by senatorial decree, which is what is meant by the letters s. c. The desire to fill up the void left in the Roman brass series of imperial medals, causes this Antiochian piece to be sought after with an eagerness that renders it extremely dear. But, as before observed, all other brass medals with the head of Otho, and with Latin legends, are known to be false. Otho (M. Sa/viusJ. This name appears on brass of Augustus, struck s. c. Obverse ; CAESAR AVGVST. PONT. MAX. TRIBVNIC. POT., with laureated head of the Emperor, behind which is a winged Victory. Reverse : m. salvivs otho mviR. (See a. a. a. f. f., p. 1 of this Diet.) This coin, and two others by monetal triumvirs, are the only ones which, in large brass of the real Roman mint, were coined during the life-time of Augustus, and present to us the head of that prince. They are rare ; whilst the large brass of the same reign, without the head of Augustus, arc common; and those in middle brass, with the head, are extremely common. With reference to the moneycr otho, above-named, it may be observed that certain persons, curious, but not well-informed, in these matters, have sometimes confounded him, from close similarity of appellation, with the Emperor Otho. Hence so many popular tales respecting Othos in brass found in such and such a place. (See Lefons de Hum. Rom p. 71.) Ovalio, the lesser triumph. This was dis- tinguished from the triumph, by its being con- ducted with less pomp and magnificence than the greater ceremony, for (as Dionysius, of llelicamassus relates) the successful general on whom the honours of an ovation were conferred made his entry into the city commonly on foot, 592. OVATIO. never in a chariot, seldom even on horseback ; I to the sound of flutes not of trumpets ; neither did he bear the triumphal insignia, the toga picta, the sceptre, &c. Preceded by warriors, he held a branch of olive in his hand, was clothed in a white robe bordered with purple, and wore a crown of myrtle on his head, to indicate that the action had not been sanguinary. The Senate, the members of the Equestrian Order, and the principal inhabitants attended the procession, which terminated at the capitol, where a sacrifice of rams was performed. The ovation was awarded to those who had gained over the enemy some advantage which had cost but few lives, and which had not been sufficiently decisive to finish the war ; or in which the foe defeated was of no reputation and unworthy of the Roman arms, or even when a war had not been declared with all the accustomed forms. — The term ovalio is derived from Ovis, a sheep being the animal sacrificed by the ov antes, or those honoured with an ovation. After the servile war, an ovation was con- ceded to M. Licinius Crassus ; to have vanquished slaves being deemed unworthy of the full honours of the triumph. Augustus, after the recovery of the captured standards from Parthia, returning from the East, entered Rome in an ovation ; and Vaillant thinks this event expressed on a coin of the Licinia family, in which that Emperor on horseback is holding a crown ; but Spanhciiu is not of that opinion. The ovation of M. Aurelius, who, after an eight years’ war carried on against numerous nations of Germany, returned victorious to Rome, is, according to Vaillant, typified on a brass medallion, on which that Emperor marches on foot, adorned neither with the trabea nor with the toga picta, but in a military garb, holding a spear in his right hand. He appears to have been sacrificing at an altar in front of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinas, which is seen behind him, and to be about to pass through a triumphal arch as if on his way back to the Imperial palace. A praitorian standard hearer, as was the custom, precedes him, and Victory follows him, holding a laurel crown over his head. — The xxviiith Tribunitian power, with the title of IM1 'erator VI. COS. III. round the medallion, shews, says Vaillant, the time when the ovation was decreed. At the bottom P. of the coin the epigraph of ADVENTVS AVG usti also points to the period when it took place, namely, after the return of the Emperor. P. P. the fifteenth letter of the Latins. — On some very early coins of the Romans its form is somewhat like the T of the Greeks, the semicircular part not being complete, as on coins of the Minucia and of the Faria families. P. is found serving as a mint-mark on the denarii of several Roman families, and appears also on the Held and in the exergue of many coins of the Lower Empire. It is sometimes doubled as in Jupiter, written jvppiter. P. was occasionally used by the Latins for B, and this not only in the more ancient times but also in later ages, probably from similarity of sound. An instance occurs, so far in the Imperial series of Roman coins, as Antoninus Pius, on a second brass of whose reign is to be observed the word OPSEQVENS, as an epithet to FORT VN A, when, according to the ordinary rule of writing, it should he 05SEQVENS. P. This letter by itself signifies Pater; or P atria ; or Per ; or Percussa ; or Perpetuus ; or Pius ; or Pontifex , or Popu/us ; or Posuit ; or Prafectus ; or Primus ; or Princeps ; or Provincia ; or Publius ; or Publico ; &c. P. Pecunia, or Percussa moneta. — aqvil. p. Aquiliensis Pecunia, or Aquileia Percussa ; on a coin of Julianus II. P. Penates. — D. P. Dii Penates. — (Bau- delot, i. p. 180.) P. Peragrata. — adventvs avovsti. g. p., that is to say, Romam in urban Adcentus Augusti Gracia Peragrata ; on a medal of Nero. P. Pia. — LEGio V. P. C. Pia Ponstans. — P. for Pia is also an epithet frequently applied to Roman colouies. P. Plebis. — TR. p. Tribunus Plebis. A Tribuue of the people. P. Pondus — Pondera. — PNR. On the field of a second brass of Claudius ; Pondus Mu mi Restitutum, as it has been interpreted. P. Populi. — P. R. Populi Romani.— C A PR. Casus Auctoritate Populi Romani. Money struck by the authority of the Roman people. P. Populo. — P. CIK. con. Popu/o Circenses Concessit . — P. D. Populo Datum. P. Potestate. — T. P. or tr. p. Tribunicia Potestate. P. Prator. — pro p. Pro Pratore. P. in the r exillum, or cavalry standard, means Principes, or that corps of Rnmau soldiers which formed their second line in battle array. Thus on certain denarii of the Valeria family the letters H. and P. on the legionary standards signify Principes and Hastati. P. Pro. — P. c. Pro Consul or Pro Con- sule. — p. Q. Pro Quasi ore. P. Pronepos . — C. OCTAVXVS C. P. Caii Pronepos. PACATIANUS. P. Provincia. — A. p. Armenia Provineia. P. Public#. — R. P. C. Rei Public# Con- stituent!#. P. Publius, a frequent Roman pramomen, both on Family and Imperial coins. P. A. Pietas Augusti, or Augusta ; also Perpetuus Augustus. PAC. Pad. — PAC. ORBIS. TERRARVM. Pad Orbis Terrarum ; also Pacator, Pacifier, Paci- fero, as mars. pac. Mars Padfer. — HERO. paci. llerculi Pacifero. — [To the Pacilic Her- cules, or the Pacific Mars.] PAC. Pads. — ARA PACw. PACATIANVS, an usurper whose existence has not been alluded to by any historian, and whose memory is preserved by medals alone. — Even on coins the names of TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS MARIVS, or MARCIVS, PACA- TIANVS were unknown to antiquaries “ until (says Beauvais) for the first time a medal of him was discovered by Chamillart, during his travels in the Pyrenees. This was at first regarded as spurious ; but several others, and all of them in silver, were afterwards found.” — Of the medal brought home and engraved by Chamillart, the antiquity is on all hands allowed to be incontestable. The obverse exhibits the radiated head of this tyrant with the inscription, not as Jobcrt gives it IMP. T. IVL. MAR. ; but, according to Eckhel, with the coin before his eyes, IMP. 77 . CL. MAR. PACATIANVS. P.F. AVG. — The reverse represents a woman standing clothed in the robe called stola, hold- ing in her right hand an olive branch; and in her left, which is also employed in lifting the skirt of her gown, is a hast a pura ; the legend reads PAX AETERNA. — From the workmanship of this coin and others, the Tgrannus whom it represents is supposed to have lived during the reign of Philip or of Trajan Decius; and to have been recognised as Emperor at the same time that Marinus and Jotapianus assumed the purple. — There is another silver medal engraved in Akerman from the one in the French King’s cabinet, which has for its legend round the radiated head, IMP. TI. CL. PACATIANVS AVG., and on the reverse ROM AE. AETER. AN. MIL. ET. PRIMO. Roma-Victrix, seated. — Eckhel, in correcting the egregious error into which both Frcelich and Khcll, as well as some other writers had fallen, quotes a letter of M. D’Ennery to Khell in 1772, in which the learned French numismatist says — “The legend of this tyrant (Pacatianus) does not bear the prenomina of T. IVL., but those of TI. CL., as I have ascertained from all the medals of that prince, which are esteemed to be indubitably genuine ; and you may rely upon it that those, on which you do not find the afore- said prenomina of Tiberius Claudius, are of modern fabrication. It is an error which I have corrected in several works.” With respect to the theatre of Pacatian’s revolt, observes Miounet, “opinions are divided. Some place it in the south of Gaul, where his medals were first found ; others, on the contrary, believe that there are reasons for placing it in 4 G PACATIANUS.— PACATOR. 593 the same country (Moesia), where Marinus took the title of Augustus. There are even anti- quaries, he adds, who suspect that Marinus and Pacatianus are the same person, and that the vprenomen mar. in the legend ought to be read Marinus, instead of Marius or of Mardus ." — The latter conjecture may or may not be well founded ; but the former suspicion appears totally devoid of any valid support; and after the description above given of the medals them- selves may surely be dismissed without hesita- tion. There is ground to suppose that, falling into the power of Trajanus Decius, (who in that age of usurpers “ passed for no better than one himself,” as Beauvais says, “before he had vanquished Philip,”) Pacatianus was deprived of life in the district where he commanded, shortly after his assumption of the purple. His medals, which present five different reverses, and which give him the physiognomy of a man of about thirty, are of the highest degree of rarity. They were evidently struck at the seat of his usurped authority, whether that were in Gaul, which is most probable, or in Moesia, or in Pannonia, or elsewhere. — The illustration of the coins of Pacatianus which appears above is taken from a denarius in the cabinet of Thomas Faulkner, Esq., F.S.A., who purchased it at the sale of the Sabatier collection for £19 10s. PACATOR. — Sometimes by this cognomen, at others by that of Bellator, Mars, as the reputed father of Romulus, was distinguished by his most ardent worshippers the Romans. A bronze medallion of Gordianus Pius, in the lies Camps Collection, and exhibiting a fine sacrificial group, is considered by Vaillant to shew the devotion of that young prince to the God of Armies, in his two-fold character of pacific and warlike. PACATOR ORBIS. — The radiated head of the Sun. This appears on the reverse of a gold and a silver coin of Sept. Severus; and alludes to the restoration of peace to the world by the conquest of Parthia, lying as regards Rome, to the East. — Of Odens or the East, the ancient symbol was the Sun, as represented by a young man’s head adorned with rays. — It was after having subdued the Parthians that Severus took the name of Part/iicus Maximus; and now, on his making peace with them, he is called Pacator Orbis. — This Emperor is also designated on a marble in Gruter, as Pacator Orbis and Fundator Imperii. — Besides its appro- priation to Severus, the title of Pacator Orbis is bestowed, in the inscription of their coins, on Caracalla, Gallienus, Postumus, Marius, Aurelianus, Florianus, and after them on other 594 PACI. AETERNAE. Roman Emperors, but more out of hope than from reality, for the world was never at peace under any of these princes. PACE. P R. TERRA. MARIQ. PARTA. IANVM. CLVSIT. — The first and second brass medals of Nero, on which this interesting legend appears, represent in their type the temple of Janus shut — a circumstance limited to the very rare epoclias of an universal peace. — It is only on his coins that Nero is recorded to have closed the sacred fane of old bifrons, after having procured, peace for the Roman people by land and by sea. But possibly the infatuation of that vain tyrant prompted him to boast of a peace which seems denied as a fact by some his- torians — and though the coins themselves are common, it is uncertain to what year the reverse alludes. — On others we read Pace populi Romani ubique (instead of Terra Manque) parla Janum clusit. — It will be remarked that clvsit is here read for clavsit. That “ this was a mode of writing the word in Nero’s time is proved (observes Eckhel), not only by these coins, but by the contemporaneous autho- rity of Seneca, who in various passages of his work employs the term cludere for claudere .” — See Janus. , According to Livy, the temple of Janus, which remained always open when Rome was at war, was shut only once, from the foundation of the city to the battle of Actium. Under Augustus it w as closed three times ; and one of the occasions was about the period of our Blessed Saviour’s Nativity, when, as the writings of the Fathers attest, the whole world enjoyed peace. PACI. AETER»crial, with Latin legends, beginning with Hadrian and finishing with Philip the younger, including Caracalla, Macrinus, Elagabalus, Alexander Severus, Julia Mamma, Maximinus, Maximus, and Gordianus Pius. The following are the types of this colony, as given in Vaillant : — On second and small brass of this colony, inscribed to Hadrian, to Macriuus, and to Gordianus III., the reverse exhibits the figure of a young man, sitting naked on a rock, having his right hand lifted over his head, and his left elbow resting on musical reeds, or Pan’s pipes. — Pellerin supplies a coin of Pella, dedicated to Maximus Caesar, which Vaillaut omits, and which exhibits the same type ou its reverse. — See Melange, i. pi. xx. No. 2. A second brass of Pella, struck uuder Alex. Severus, presents the same figure of a naked man, sitting ou a rock, with his right hand over his head ; but in this instance he holds the pedum (or shepherd’s crook) in his left hand, and the fistula or pipe of reeds appears before him in the field of the coin. Pellerin supplies a coiu of this colony, struck under Maximus, of whom, as well as of his son Maximus, Vaillant has failed to give any medals. — col. ivl. avg. peli.a. A female figure seated on a rock, on which she rests her left hand ; she lifts her right baud to her mouth. [Spanheim, in his notes on the G tsars of Julian (p. 160), cites this colonial medal of Pella, and refers to the figure sitting on a rock, as allusive to the fart of its being a city built on a hill. — Scguin regards it as a wrestler, the victor at some athletic games, who is placing the crown he has won on his own head. — Others, amongst whom is Eckhel himself, seem to con- sider the figure to be intruded for Pan, and Mionnet adopts that designation. — On the other hand, Vaillaut, throughout his various notices PELLA. of the same type, as it occurs successively under Hadrian, Macrinus, Alex. Severus, and Gordian III., argues that it is meant for Apollo, in his pastoral capacity (as God of Shepherds), crown- ing himself after his victory over the unfortunate Marsvas, who had daringly provoked this vin- dictive and merciless deity to a trial of musical skill, and that his left arm is resting on the pipe of the satyr, as the trophy of his triumph. — In confirmation of this opinion, Vaillant adds that according to Goltzius (in Gracia minimis ), the inhabitants of Pella represented Apollo on their coins, with the tripod and a crown of laurel, whence it is inferred that he was wor- shipped there.] On coins of Caracalla, and also on one dedi- cated to Julia Mam.ca, appears a woman clothed in a tunic, sitting ; she seems to be lifting her right hand up to her face, whilst her left hand falls at case beside her chair. The legend of this reverse is c. iv. ; in others col. ivl. avg. pella. Colnnia Julia Augusta Pella. [This is the Genius Urbis, seated in the attitude which Security is made to assume on coins of Roman die ; a security that belongs to a city built upon a hill.] On a small brass of Macrinus, bearing the legend of that colony, Victory seated on the spoils of war, holds a stylus in her right hand, and with her left supports a shield, which rests on her knee. [This type refers to the Parthian war : that war having been brought to an end, and peace made with the Parthians by Macrinus, we see Victory seated. — The Roman Senate had decreed sacrifices to Macrinus on account of the alleged victory, and offered him the surname of Parthicus, which, however, he did not accept. The Pellenscs have here intimated the compliment to the short-lived and intrusive emperor.] There was another city called Pella, situate on the JiecapoHs of Syria, which is said to have struck some coins with Greek inscriptions, under Commodus and Elagabulus.] Pelliculati Numi. — See Numi PelHculati. Pellis Caprina. — The goat’s skin covers the head of Juno Sospita. — See the word. Pellis Leonina. — The lion’s skin, which appears so oftin on ancient coins, not only indicates the valour aud strength of Hercules, as he is sup- posed to be going forth invested with the skin, but it was also the distinguishing mark of the Heraclidse, and of other Kings; such, for example, as those of Macedonia, who, like Amyntas, Philip, and Alexander the Great, arrogating to themselves the honour of being descendants of the renowned Alcides, imitated his attribute by placing the spoils of the Neinieau lion on their coins. In the same spirit of imitation, but with infinitely less pretension, that gladiatorial ruffian of the empire, Commodus, calling himself the Homan Hercules, caused his numismatic por- traits to be decorated with the exuvia leonis. Peloponnesus, a fertile peninsula, pleuteously flowing with all things needful to man’s subsist- ence and convenience; its most ancicut name 4 K PENATES. 6I7 was Aeyialea , which, derived from Aegialus, it retained till the time of Pelops, a Phygian by birth, who having ascended the throne of this country, called this celebrated part of Greece after his own name. It is united to the northern regions of Greece by the Isthmus of Corinth, and is washed by five seas — viz., the Ionian, the Siculan, the Cretan, the iEgaean, aud the Myrtoan, which from the advantages they offer for navigation, give it a local superi- ority over the other Greek provinces. For coins struck in the Peloponnesus, by Roman colonists, under the Emperors, see corinthvs and PATRAE. Pella, a short buckler or shield, the use of which is traditionally ascribed to the Amazons, and also, with more authenticity, to the warriors of Thrace ; but the latter differs from the former in having two sloping indentations. On medals aud monuments the Pelta of the Amazons is in the form of a half-moon. Penates. — What these were is perspicuously shown by Millin in his Dictionaire de la Fable. — According to Servius, it w r as a title given to all deities who w r ere worshipped privately and at home (qui donii coluntur). Cicero (de Nat. Deor. ii^l says the Penates are so called sire a penu ducto nomine, est enim omne, quo vescuntur homines, penus ; or because, penitus insident, they rest in the inmost and most secure part of the family dwelling. These domestic gods are sometimes confounded with the Lares and Genii, but they are still more frequently distinguished the one from the other. It was permitted by the religion of the Romans for each individual to choose his Penates ; thus sometimes Jupiter, and oftencr Vesta, with other deities of the heavens, the earth, the water, and the infernal regions, were selected for household worship. Even living Emperors, and a man’s own ancestors were allowed to be amongst the number of these Penates, and the last-mentioned case was the most common of all. — The origin, indeed, of this species of devotion was founded on the opinion entertained by that most super- stitious people, that the manes of their forefathers delighted, after their removal from this life, still to dwell in their former habitations, where not unfrequently their ashes were deposited, and where their poi traits were usually preserved in the most honourable situations. For, after having been praised whilst living as illustrious persons, they became gradually the object of homage and respect when dead, and at length their assistance was implored, aud religious rights were assigned to be paid to them. The statues of the Penates were consecrated in the Penetralia, or most secret apartment, and on certain occasions were covered with festoons of garlic and poppies; wine and incense likewise were offered, and some- times sheep and lambs were sacrificed to them. It was during the Saturnalia that the festivals of the Lares and Penates were celebrated ; besides which a day in each month was dedicated to the honour of these domestic gods. The zeal for this species of worship sometimes went so far that they were feted every day. Nero is 618 PENATES, recorded to have forsaken all the other divinities for the sake of favourite Penates. The figure of these deities was at times the simple repre- sentation of some god, genius, hero, or demi- god, or in short of some celebrated ancestor. They were often represented by Panthean figures ; that is to say, such as bore the symbols of many divinities. — Eckhel considers them to be identical with the Dioscuri and the Caiiri. DEI PENATES. — On a coin of the Julia family, quoted and figured by Morcll, appear two juvenile heads jugated, and close to which is the foregoing inscription, clearly shewing that the images are those of Penates. — See Antia. On a gold coin of the Sulpicia family, with the inscription l. servivs ryfvs, occur two juvenile heads laureated, wearing the pileus, and with each a star over him. — The type on the reverse of this denarius exhibits the walls of a city, whose gate is inscribed tvscvl. — A silver coin of the same family has two young heads on the obverse, and the letters d. f. p., that is to say Dei Penates. — On the reverse of this silver coin, which is inscribed o. svlpici C.F., appear two men, in military habits, standing with spears in their hands, they point to one kneeling between them holding a sow. — See Scrofa. Eckhel, in commenting on the reverse of the first coin inscribed L. servivs rvfvs, pronounces the two juvenile heads to be those of the Dioscuri, as plainly bespoken by their appearance and attributes. And the type bears reference to the following historical fact — viz., that “ Servius Sulpieius, a military tribune, being invested with considar power, in the year v.C. 378, pro- ceeded to the relief of Tusculum with an army from Rome, and obliged the Latins to raise the siege of that place. Now it appears from Cicero that the temple of Castor and Pollux stood in Tusculum, and Festus also states that Castor was worshipped in that town. — Therefore (adds Eckhel), not only the two deities who were anciently honoured with especial worship by the inhabitants of Tusculum, but the walls of the town itself are exhibited on this superlatively rare and curious gold coin.” 1’ENTESlLEiE ACHILLIS, on a contorniate medal of Trajan. — See Eckhel, vol. viii. p. 287 ; and Havercamp, De Num. Contor. p. 115. Penetrate . — The ancient Romans called by this name a small apartment in their houses, which they dedicated as a private chapel, to the Penates ; it was a sacred and retired spot, in which they deposited, as in a secret and sure asylum, whatever they held most precious. " Peplus, a long robe, clothed in which Minerva appears on coins : it is a garment much celebrated by poets and mythologists ; and was worn by honourable matrons at Rome whenever they went into public. PER. Periodicum. — cer. per. Certamen Periodicum. — Rejecting ns incorrect interpreta- tions both the Certamen Periodicum of Yaillant, and the Certamen Perpetuum of llarduin, followed by Jobcrt, the Baron Biinard adopts the opinion of bis contemporary Iselin, of the French Academy, who, in a dissertation on this PERMISSU. point, has shewn that by cer. per. is to he understood CER tamen PER iodicum, that is to say, games at which were united all the different kinds of combats and gymnastic exercises prac- tised in the (our grand spectacles of Greece. To thesewere given the name of certamen periodicum, because to conquer at the Pythian, Isthmian, Nemrean, and Olympic games was denominated Vi uav ttjp irtploSov. PER. or PERM. Permissu, by the Per- mission. — This marks the privilege of striking coins granted by Augustus to any municipium or colony. — per. avg. Permissu Augusti (by permission of the Emperor), occurs on medals of the municipium Ita/icu, in llispania Bietira (Southern Spain). — imp. caesaeis avg. per. On a coin of Patricia (Cordova) in the same province. * PER. A. or PERPET. Perpetuus Augus- tus. Perpetual Emperor. — Also Perpetuo — as CAESAR Dictator PER petuo, on coins of Julius Caesar. PER. Persicus. — exercitvs per. on a coin of Probus. PER. Pertinax. — severvs per avg. — See Sept. Secerns. PER. or PERP. AVG. Perpetuus Augustus, as on coins of Gal. Maximianus.Constantiiiusjun., and Juliau the Apostate ; also Zeno and I'ocas. PERG. Pergaea. — Diana was thus called, from the city of Perga, in Pamphylia, where there existed a temple of that goddess, to which the privileges of a sanctuary were attarhed. — A silver medallion of Trajan bears on its re- verse the date of cos. II., and has for its type a statue of Diana, of Perga, within a temple : on the frieze of which is inscribed diaxa perg. PERM. IMP. Permissu Imperatoris, on coins of the Corinthians, to whom the privilege of coining money together, with the liberty of the province (tibertas prorincia), seems to have been extended by Vespasian, inasmuch as there are coins which signify that this privilege had been restored to the colony of Corinth, by Domitian his son. Hence, iu Morell, we read on their coins cor. perm. imp. PERM1SSV. — After Augustus had given up the brass mint to the Senate — a shadow as it were of Roman liberty, that body granted the power of coining to errtain cities in those pro- vinces which remained under its authority, as Augustus did to those whose government he still retained. Some coins are inscribed as having been struck by permission of the pro-consul (Morcll, Fam. p. 32) — an instance of this is found on a coin bearing the head of Tiberius, and inscribed permissv doi.abeli.ae procos. — And on another, bearing the head of Dmsns, son of Tiberius, with the inscription permissv l. a pros I procos ill. — Thus we see that even a simple magistrate, governing one of the pro- vinces, of which the Emperor had left the administration to the Senate and to the Roman people, sometimes gave these sorts of per- missions : examples of the kind are to be found on medals struck in the cities of Aehaia, and of Africa. — Dimaid, i. 210, _ PERPETUETAS. PERP. Perpetuus . — cens. peep. Censor Perpetuus. This abbreviation appears frequently on the medals of Doinitian. — imp. peep. Im- perator Perpetuus occurs on coins of Alexander Severus, and of Probus. PERPETVETAS (sic). — This epigraph occurs for the first time ou a silver coin of Valentinian II. But though the legend is new, the accompanying type, which is a phoenix radiated, standing on a globe, is by no means an unusual mark of eternity, or symbol of ages. Still there is this novelty as respects the type itself, that it forms the sole instance in which Perpetuitas unites itself on the same medal with the phoenix. PEKPETVITAS AVG. or AVGG. (the im- mortality of the Emperors) appears on coins of Gallienus, FI. Severus, Florianus, Probus, Carus, and others ; but the type is, on all these, a woman, who stands holding a globe and spear, and resting her elbow on a column. PERPEl'VA CONCORDIA. On a silver coin of S. Severus, bearing the portraits of Caraealla and Geta.— This epigraph also appears on the reverse of a most rare and elegant gold coin of Sept. Severus, which exhibits all the heads of himself and family ; viz., the Emperor and his wife Julia on one side, and their two sons, Caraealla and Geta, on the other. There seems no doubt but that this, and three other gold and silver medals offering a similar union of portraits of the reigning house, were struck in that period of S. Severus’s life (about a.d. 201), when he was in Syria, occupied with the affairs of the East, and when he gave the toga viri/is to his ferocious first-born, Caraealla. — With respect to the legend, unless “ the wish” rather than the fact be taken as “father” to the phrase, nothing could be less veracious ; for perpetual discorA, mutual hatred, and sanguinary dissection were the real characteristics of that ambitious and ill-governed house — the Imperial familv of Severus. PERPETVA VIRTVS.— A military figure, with spear and buckler, marching. — In the exergue, s. T. Ou second brass of Constantinus Magnus. PERPETVA VIRTVS AVG.— The Emperor on horseback, preceded by a foot-soldier. On gold of Licinius. PERPETVO! was a form of acclamation addressed by the soldiers and people to their Emperors. — According to Lampridius, in his Life of Alex. Severus, ou the inauguration of a new Augustus , the multitude shouted not only Dii te servent, but also Dii te perpetuent ! Perpetuus Augustus. — Spanheim alludes to Trajan and Biinard to Nerva, as the first who added this emphatic word perpetuus to the Imperial titles. But Eckhel rejects both these authorities, and assigns the primary assumption of it to Probus. — pekpetvo imp. pbobo. avg., with the helmeted or radiated bust of Probus appears on third brass coins of that Emperor ; [on the reverse eestitvtoe okbis.] — Harduin, with a degree of judgment which that learned Jesuit but seldom displays, observes, “that the 4 K 2 PERSIA.— PERRUQUES 619 appellation Perpetui Imperatoris, thus assigned to Probus as the highest title of honour, dearly teaches us that not all the Roman Emperors were perpetual Emperors, but only temporarily appointed by the Senate.” Afterwards, we find peep. avg. inscribed on their coins by the sous of Constantine the Great. The origin of this epithet, perpetuus , dates itself from a remote period, as ou coins of the earliest princes a boast is made of their eternity, but peepetvitati avg. occurs frequently from the period of Alexander Severus, on a single coin of whom is also read potestas peepetva. PERS. — On a consecration medal of Carus is read the surname of Persicus, which the biographer of that Emperor says he merited. — DIVO CAltO PEES1CO. Persia, a region of Asia, so called (according to Stephauus) from Perse, son of Medeas. — The people of this country — the Persians — were noted as the most corruptly addicted to luxiu-y and pleasures. — Ptolemy describes the geography of Persia, as bounded on the north by Media, on the west of Susiana, on the east by the two Carmania;, on the south by the Persian Gulf. — As the empire of the Persians was in ancient times celebrated, so to this day it is an important state, and includes several extensive provinces, which are governed in our age by the Sop/iis, Kings of Persia. — Except on a coin of Philip senior, uo mention is made of the Persians on Roman Imperial medals. — See pax fvndata cvm peesis. Perruques, or Wigs. — From a learned, ela- borate, and comprehensive historical disserta- tion on Perruques, contained in M. Millin’s Dictionaire des Beaux Arts, the following ex- tracts are made, as applicable to the connection of the subject with Roman numismatics : — “ The custom of covering the head with false hair (or more correctly speaking with hair of its own growth), fixed in whatever manner it might be, is traceable to a very remote antiquity — it is a custom which prevailed especially amongst the Greeks and the Romans. The usage is to be ascribed not less to necessity than to luxury and to the love of dress. The Romans designated the adornment of the head with false hair by such expressions as the following : — Coma adulterina, coma apposita, positi capilli, galerus, capillamentum, reticulum. They had also adopted the Greek term corgmbus . — Martial uses the word persona capitis, when speaking of what the French call perruques and we call wigs. — The commonest denomination of perruques, with the Romans, was galerus, a word which originally meant a bonnet which went circularly round the head. We learn from Suetonius that Domitian was entirely bald ; and yet upon all his medals he is represented with hair. Now, we see on the other hand, Julius Csesar figured on many medals with the head bald, but having a crown of laurel, under which this defect is concealed. It is therefore probable that Domitian covered his baldness with a species of perruque, which had already become common enough to be represented on C20 PERRUQUES. — PERTINAX. medals as if it were the natural head of hair. | This is the more probable, as the biographer of that emperor says, he was vexed at being bald, I and never liked to have it mentioned to him. — Domitian’s head of hair, as we observe it on his medals, has the form of a galerus, rounded and j curled with so much care and art, as leaves it necessarily to be inferred that it is represented as he wore it, because it is not handsome enough to be taken for an ideal head of hair, and it is an uudisputed fact that Domitian had a bald head. — Suetonius and Plutarch both aflirm that Galba had but little hair. Upon some of his coins he is bald, upon others he is figured with hair. It seems probable, therefore, that some- times this prince wore a wig. — The Emperor Otho constantly wore one, which, according to Suetonius, was so well made, that it was im- possible to distinguish it from natural locks. “ The Roman women especially took great pains with the coiffure , and generally wore veritable wigs. — A passage of the 7th chapter of Tertullian’s treatise, de cullu feminarum, seems to indicate that in his time, that is to say, in the third century of the Christiau sera, the art of wig-making had already arrived at perfection. By the same passage it is also shewn that the name of galerus was given only to those round perniques which covered the to]) of the head, or which surrounded the head, and that they differed from the corymbus, which formed a point, or cone. — Julia, the daughter of Titus, on her medals has a similar corymbus. The coins struck in honour of the Roman Empresses, together with the statues, busts, intaglios, and other works of antiquity, which have been preserved to us, in the various museums of Europe, serve to make us acquainted with the various ways of dressing the hair in use amongst the Roman ladies. But it is scarcely possible to distinguish with precision the natural clievelure from that which repre- sents the false hair. Some marble busts of Roman ladies, which have a moveable coiffure , prove evidently the use of perruques by the women of Rome. There is one of this kind, representing the Empress Lucilla, and greatly resembling her image on medals. — The coiffure of Plautilla, wife of Caracalla, is clearly a perruque, and the same may be said of a bust of Julia Pia.” — See Galerus. PERT. Pertinax. — According to Orosius, Scptimius Scvcms was desirous of being called by this name, after that of the Emperor, w hose death he affected to avenge. Hence on his coins we read imp. sev. peut. avo. &c. PERTIN. Pertinax.— Iterator CAESar Publius HELVuw PERTINW ANGustus. PERTINAX (Publius SelciusJ, the son of a freedman and timber- merchant, named Ilelvius Suceessus, was born, ac- cording to Capitolinus, in Villa Mnrtis, in the Appcnuines; according to Dion, at Alba Pompeia, PESCENNIUS NIGER. a.d. 126. — Quitting his father’s business, he first applied himself to literary pursuits, and soon after- wards adopting the military profession, he dis- tinguished himself in Parthia, Britain, and Noricum (part of Illyria). For his good con- duct he was placed among the Senators by Marcus Aurelius, then the pnetorship, and lastly the consulate, was conferred upon him. — Recalled from a distant command, under Commodus, he was appointed Prefect of Rome, and although he discharged the duties of the office with the strictest integrity, he yet succeeded in securing the approval of that worst of Emperors, who even chose him as colleague in his seventh and last consulate, and last year of his life. — In the year of Rome 945 (a.d. 192), on the night when Commodus was slain, the con- spirators, looking round for an able, honest, sober-minded man to fill the vacant tbone, fixed upon Pertinax, and at their earnest and repeated persuasions, he reluctantly accepted the fatal gift of supreme power. The soldiers elected him by acclamation iu their camp, and the Senate confirmed their choice with sincere felicitations. To restore the ancient discipline, to reform the morals of the city, to bauish informers, to replenish an exhausted treasury, and iu his own person to set the first example of frugality — were objects to which the sexagenarian Emperor was intent in commencing his unwilling career of government. But it was these very measures for the public good that brought upon Pertinax the furious displeasure of the Praetorians, whom the intemperate liberalities of Commodus had rendered impatient of all restraint. A hastily assembled troop of these military debauchees, rushed into the palace, and seizing upon the virtuous and unsuspecting prince, slew him after a reign of ouly 87 days, in the 66th year of his age. He was a vcuerable looking old man, with flowing beard and thick hair turned back — a character honest, just, and virtuous. The people and senate lamented his death, and distinguished his funeral with the deifying rites of cousecration. — Scvcrus also, after Didius Jidianus had been also removed by I a violent death, paid a tribute to the virtues, in assuming the name, of Pert ih ax, and by dedi- cating other honours to bis memory. The coins of Pertinax, in each metal, arc very rare. The large brass arc especially so, ' and' the gold and silver hardly otherwise. As this Emperor reigned only four months, 4 affiant ! finds no medals struck by T the colonics to his honour. — The head of Pertinax on his Latiu i coins is circumscribed — imp. CAES. P. helv. pekt. (or pehtin. or pektinax.) avo. — Also, struck after his death, Divvfc pebt. pivs pater., with the usual symbols of consecration. PES or l’ESV. Pesucius — A prcnoinen of Tctricus senior. — imp. c. c. pesv. tetuicvs. l’ESC. N1G. J’escennius Niger. l’E. S. C. on a denarius of Lcutulus, which letters Manutius has, from ancient inscriptions interpreted — Publico Aere, Senatus Consulto. Pescennius Niger (Cuius) was descended from a family that originally belonged to PESCENNIUS NIGER. PETILLIA. — PETRONIA. C21 Aquinum (now Aquino). His parents, Annins Fuscus and Lampridia, were of the middle class. After discharging in a laudable manner various military offices, he was declared Consul by Corn- modus, and at length was appointed to the command of the Syrian army. — On the death of Pertinax, and the execrable pur- chase of the empire by Didius Julianns, tbe troops of Niger immediately invested him with the purple, in the year of Rome 946 (a.d. 193). He was a man conversant with every important branch of public affairs, eminently skilled in the art of war, and a great disciplinarian ; but ferocious in his manners, and given to the unbridled indulgence of a libidinous disposition. — Septimius Scvcrus made war upon him, as against a public enemy, and routed his forces in several engagements. Pescennius finally took refuge at Antioch, where, whilst endeavouring to conceal himself, he was discovered by some of Scverus’s soldiers, and put to death in the 58th year of his age, a.d. 195. The extreme rarity of Pescennius Niger’s coins is a fact known to all numismatists. — Eckhel, in his animailversio on the Latin coins of this brief reign, says : — “ All the medals of Pescennius , even those wrought after the manner of the Roman mint, are certainly of foreign fabric, and were doubt- less struck at Antioch, that being the capital city of the region, in which he fixed the scat of his temporary government. For at the time when he usurped the purple in the East, Didius Julianus, and, presently after, Sevcrus held possession of Rome, by whom, although the senate and people might have been well affected to his cause, either he was not acknowledged as an associate in the empire, or what happened at a later period, he was denounced as an enemy. This is the reason why no brass coins of Pescennius struck (ex s. c.) by order of the Senate are extant ; and if you happen to light upon any pretending to be such, you may con- demn them at once as unworthy of credit. As, however, the gold and silver coinage belonged of right to the Emperors, and as, in what- ever part of the world they seized upon the imperial sceptre, it was their practice to coin money instantly in token of their power (a palpable instance of which we see in the case of Vespasian), so following the same example Pescennius issued gold and silver coins stamped with his image.” After remarking that a gold medal of Pescennius hitherto unique had been found, with the inscription of Concordia, and that all the rest bearing Latin legends are silver, and of the greatest rarity, and conse- quently of the highest price, the illustrious numismatist above quoted, concludes his ani- madveision by saying — “ Re it observed that all these coins are of very inferior workmanship, the letters of the inscription often vilely dis- torted and disjointed, whence their foreign origin may at once be inferred ; a circumstance to be borne in mind, lest on account of the ill- favouredness of their appearance, we should undeservedly impute a spurious origin to the medal itself.” Style: — IMP. CAES. PESC. NIGER. IVST. or 1VSTYS. — IMP. CAES. C. PESCEX. NIG. IVS. AVG. “ His brass coins (says Akerman) have Greek legends ; and although there are many types, are all very rare. The unique gold coin (alluded to by Eckhel) was formerly in the cabinet of the French King. It has been considered dubious by most medallists, on account of the title “ Pater Patriae,” which it • bears on the reverse; and which Niger could not have re- ceived from the Senate of Rome. This coin unfortunately formed part of the recent plunder of the Flench cabinet, and has, in all pro- bability, been consigned to the crucible.” — (Descriptive Cat. vol. i. p. 333.) The illustration selected above is from a fine denarius in the British Museum. The only colonial coins struck in honour of Pescennius, during his reign of a year and a half, were those of Ccrsarea and Aelia Capitolina , which indicate that his authority did not extend beyond Syria and Palestine. Petasus, Mercury’s cap, with tw'o wings. — Sec Mercury. PETILLIA, a plebeian family — surname Capilo/inus. Its coins (which are rare) consist of two varieties ; one denarius bears on its obverse CAPlTOLiNvs, with the head of Jupiter, and on its reverse petillivs, with a temple of five columns. [See engaving p. 171.] The other has on one side petii.livs capitolinvs. An eagle standing on a thunderbolt. Pev. A temple of six columns richly adorned with statues. “ M hatever might have been the reason why the Petillii took the cognomen of Capitolinus, certain it is (says Eckhel) that the type as well of Jupiter Capitolinus, as of the temple, refers to that cognomen. — At a subsequent period, some individual of the same family, being curator of the Capitoline temple, is said by Horace to have pilfered various precious things therefrom : — Mentio si qua De Capitolini furtis injecta Petilli Te coram fuerit. Lib. i. Sat. iv. 1. 93. PETRONIA, a Roman family, which although of the plebeian order, was of consular rank, and of the most ancient date, for it was noted as early as the reigns of the Tarquins, and had a Sabine origin. Its only surname on coins is Turpilianus. P. Petronius Turpilianus was monetary triumvir under Augustus, whose head or epigraph appears ou all the coins of this family, which are rare both in silver and gold, and present nineteen varieties. The types allude to Petronius him- self, or they are occupied in celebrating certain deeds of Augustus ; as in those which repre- sent Armenia kneeling — a Parthian restoring standards — the Emperor borne in a biga of elephants — and other similar events of the year 622 PETRONIUS MAXIMUS. of Rome 734. — Petronius was the name of a pro-consul of Asia under Tiberius, and after- wards of Syria under Claudius. FERON. TVRPILLIANVS IIIVIR. Head of the Goddess Feronia.— Rev. CAESAR AVGVSTVS. SIGNj'j RECEPTm. A Parthian kneeling, offers a military ensign. AV. R. From this type it may be inferred that Petronius was master of the Imperial mint when the Parthiaus restored to Augustus the Roman eagles they bad formerly taken from Crassus. Feronia, whose head appears on the obverse of this denarius, was worshipped as a goddess by the Sabines, in a city of the same name, situate at the foot of Mount Soracte. See Feronia. Another denarius of this family bears on its reverse the surname of tvrpillianvs iiivik. (one of Augustus’s moneycrs), and the figure of a woman hall-buried in a heap ot shields. Here we have a fresh instance of a Sabine type adopted by Petronius, which indeed from the birth-place of his remote ancestors he had a right to make choice of. Ihe subject shadowed forth in the above denarius, is the well-known legend of Tarpeia, the virgin daughter of Sp. Tarpeius, who, during the w r ar which arose out of the famous rape ot the Sabine women, com- manded the citadel of Rome. The Roman maiden, as Livy relates, being allured by the desire of possessing the bracelets of gold which the Sabine soldiers wore on their arms, engaged to admit them into the fortress, on condition that they gave her what they had on their left wrists (meaning the bracelets). And the Sabines were as good as their word ; only, instead ot their bracelets (anniUse), they threw upon her the shields which also they carried on their lelt arms, until she was crushed to death by their overwhelming weight. For a medal of Petronius, exhibiting a Siren on its reverse, see the word Sirenes. PETRONIVS MAXIMVS (Flavius Anicius), a wealthy senator of the Anician family, who by the favour of Valentinian III., had risen to be patrician, twice consul, and three times prsetorian priefect ; but, enraged at his imperial benefactor’s having dishonoured his wife, he em- ployed assassins to destroy him a.d. 455. He afterwards seized upon the empire, and com- pelled Licinia Eudoxia, widow of his sovereign prince, to marry' him. She, however, to avenge the death of Yaleutinian, and in resentment of this forced union with her husband s murderer, invited Geuseric from Africa into Italy ; and on the approach of that Gothic chieftain to Rome, Petronius was torn to pieces in an insurrection of the people, in the third month of his usurpation. — There are no brass coins of this tyrant, and both his gold and silver ones are of extreme rarity. On these he is styled d. n. PETRONIVS MAXIMVS. r.F. Avo. A beardless head, crowned with an impcarlcd diadem. — On the reverse victoria avo. The Emperor hold- ing an oblong cross and treading on a dragon’s head. The coins resemble in character those of Houorius and his time. PHARETRA. P. F. Pia Felix. — Pious, happy, a feminine title of honour given to none of the Roman Empresses before the time of Theodosius jun. Thus Aetia Eudoxia, wife of that Emperor, Licinia Eudoxia, wife of Valentinian III., Galla Placidia, and Honoria, are styled P. F. AVGorfa. P. F. Pia Fidelis. — Pious, faithful : epithets applied on coins to certain Roman colonies and legions. P. F. Pius Felix, a frequent abbreviation on Imperial medals. — Everyone is aware that the Emperor Antoninus was distinguished by the surname of Pivs ; but why it was thus formally appropriated to him is a point on which opinions vary ; whether it was on account of his signal devotion to the gods of his religion, as Pau- satiias hands it down, or rather for his virtue of clemency. P. F. Primus Fecit. — He did such and such a thing the first, sex. noni. pr. l. v. p. f. — Sec Nonia fam. P. F. Pui/ii Fi/ius, son of Publius ; or Pii Filia, daughter of Pius (viz., of Antoninus Pius.) P. 11. C. Provincire IHspania Citerioris. — Of the province of hither Spain (i.e. nearer to Italy.) Phaeton, son of Apollo (or the Sun), drawn in a quadriga, appears on a Corinthian coin of M. Aurelius. — See Vaillant, in Col. vol. i. p 181. Phaeton's sisters changed into larch-trees. — This subject is found coustautly and exclusively repeated on the denarii of the Accoteia family ; on one side of which is the effigy of Clymeue, with the epigraph P. accoleivs i.akiscoi.vs ; on the other, the three sisters metamorphosed, according to the ancient myth, as a consequence of their grief for the loss of their rash brother. Pharetra, the quiver or case for arrows and darts, is a frequent type on coins of kings, cities, and people, with Greek inscriptions. It is by no means common on Roman medals. Conjoined with the bow and a tiara, it occurs on coins of Augustus, with the inscriptions ARMENIA capta, and df. PAHTHls ; also on a brass medallion of Hadrian, without legend, appears a quiver peudant from the branch of a tree, near which stands Hercules, holding his club and lion’s skin. — The quiver, according to Vaillant, was dedicated to that demi-god. It appears as a mint-mark on coins of the Julia and other Roman families ; and as an emblem of Hercules, on coins of Postumus. Pharia Isis, or as on coins of Jidian the Apostate it is written Faria, was so called according to Pliny, from Pharus, in Egypt, an island joined by a bridge to the Roman colony of Alexandria. Isis here means the protectress of the Pharus, on which a light-house was built. — Isis is fabled to have been the daughter of Inachus, King of the Argives, and to have been trans- formed by Jupiter into a cow ; and having afterwards been restored to her pristine form was made a goddess, and adored as such by the Egyptians above all other divinities. On coins PHILIPPI. she holds in her right hand the sistrum, a musical instrument used in the sacred rites qf this favourite divinity of Egypt ; whose worse than absurd — whose grossly indeceut — worship, the above-named imperial philosopher preferred to the pure and holy religion of Christ ! — One or two of the Roman Empresses appear on medals under the figure of Isis. — See Isis Faria. Philippi, in Macedonia, named in the Acts of the Apostles (c. xvi. v. 12) as “ a chief city and a colony,” and to the Christian converts in which the epistle of St. Paul was addressed. Situate at the foot of Mount Pangreus, it w r as originally a part of Thrace, under the name of Crenides ; but afterwards became annexed to Macedonia, and was then called after his own name by King Philip. Subsequently it was made a Roman colouy, and invested with the Jus Italica. Near this town two celebrated battles in the civil wars of Rome were fought, namely, first that memorable campus Philippicus, where Pompev w as defeated by Julius Ciesar, aud afterwards that when Brutus and Cassius were vanquished by Octavius and Mark Antony, memorable events to which Lucan in his Phar- sa/ia alludes repeatedly; and which are re- corded by other poets and historians. It was Philip, the son of Amyntas, w r ho enlarged the city, and from whom it derived its name of Philippi. By this appellation it is also designated on its imperial coins, with the addition of surnames, which shew it to have been made a colony by Julius, and to have been re-peopled with veterans by Augustus. COL. ivl. avo. Philip. — The scries (a very much broken one) of these coins extends as far (says Rasche) as Caracalla. Hennin carries it to Gallienus. The modern name of the city is written Filippi. In the types there is but little variety. — The first colonial imperial medal of this colouy appears to be a second brass inscribed to Claudius, and bearing on its reverse col. ivl. avg. philipp. Colonia Augusta Julia Philippensis. Two figures standing on a pedestal, one that of a man clothed in military habiliments, with right hand elevated, and left hand placed against his side. The other that of a woman having in her right hand a crown, which she from behiud holds over the head of the male figure. On ^hc pedestal is engraved divvs avg. Patin, in his engraving of this type, has caused both figures to be represented in the dress of warriors (paludata), lifting up each his PHILIPPI. 623 right hand ; and that learned numismatist has pronounced his opinion from the inscription on the pedestal, that the images of Julius Ciesar and Augustus are therein delineated. — Spanheim, in his Ccesars of Julian, has given a similar representation (p. 221), and although at first of opinion that the hinder figure was that of a woman, afterwards adopted Patin’s sentiments. — But Vaillant affirms that on the above coin of Claudius, as well as on others inscribed by the Philippians to several succeeding emperors, it is constantly a woman who holds the crown over the head of the foremost figure, which alone is in military garments. And then, observing that the title diws avg. belonged solely to Augustus, as indeed an honour of deification awarded to him after death, the last-named writer goes on to express his decided opinion that the type in question represents the Genius of the city crowuiug the image of Augustus, whose statue had beeu erected in the public forum of Philippi, in gratitude for his having re-established and greatly favoured that colony. — [The type of a Genius placing a crown on the head of an Emperor is often met with on Greek coins.] — Ilardonin, Havereamp, and several others take the same view of the subject. Pellerin, on the other hand, publishes a second brass medal of Philippi, which he observes was unknown to any of the above-men- tioned numismatists (tom. i. Recueil des Medailles, p. xiv.) On the obverse of this coin appears the laureated head of Augustus, with PHIL. IVSSV. AVG. COL AVG. IVL. Rev. DIVO. ivlio. avg. divi. f. Two figures standing on a pedestal, the foremost young and in a military dress ; the one behind, older, and in the toga, who holds his right hand extended over the head of the other. Respecting the figure last-described, Pellerin says — “II est indubitable que cette figure est celle de Jules Cesar designS par son nom divo ivlio, inscrit derriere lui; comme Auguste est pareillement designe par son nom avg. divi. f. inscrit au-devant.” — The same judicious author adds, however, that this medal is not to be regarded as laying down any rule for the explanation of those other coins which have on the pedestal diws avg., but on those of this kind in his collection, whereon the above described type appears ; he concludes by pronouncing "the hinder one of the two figures to be that of Julius Casar deified, holding the right hand stretched out and elevated, witli the body naked to the waist. [This is not so clearly discernible in the engraving.] The same as Jupiter and the other pagan deities are most generally repre- sented on medals aud other ancient monuments. — Havereamp gives the engraving of a small brass of Philippi as struck under Vespasian, very like Pellerin’s, except that the hindermost figure is not naked to the waist, but clothed in the toga from the shoulders to the feet. It appears, moreover, from a second brass of Claudius and Nero, which are described in Eckhel’s Catalogue (i. p. 86, n. 5 and 6), and the figures on which he identifies with Augustus (524 PIIILIPPOPOLIS.— PHILIPPI'S. aud Julius Ctesar, that the interpretation of Patin and of Spanheim is supported hy that of the great German numismatist, but it is no less evident that their interpretation refers to another coin of Claudius quite distinct from that com- mented upon in Vaillant’s work on the colonies, but of which the type corresponds with that delineated in Patin and Spanheim Thus both opinions may he reconciled in almost every material point, or at any rate need no longer to he regarded as conflicting with each other. Second brass dedicated by the Philippians successively to Galba, Vespasian, Domitian, Hadrian, M. Aurelius, and Caracalla, how different soever the precise occasion might be for striking such medals, still continue to exhibit (with the exception of the wolf and children on a coin of Cominodus) the type of the military figure crowned by a female figure, together with the divvs avg. on the pedestal, as if to perpetuate the remembrance of their great benefactor, Augustus. Philippopolis. — There were two cities of this name : one in Thrace, dignified with t he title of metropolis; the other in Arabia, which was included amongst the number of the Homan colonies. — The Thracian Philippopolis (now Fi/ibe), situate in that province of European Turkey at this day called Pome/ia, derived its origiual name from the Philips of Macedon. It does not appear to have been a Roman colony ; but its Imperial coins are very numerous, beginning with Domitian, and extending to Salonina, wife of Gallienus. — The pieces of Domitian have Latin legends on the side of the head — namely, imp. caes. domit. avo. germ. cos. xml. cens per. p. P. Imperator Ctesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus Consul (for the fourteenth time) Censor Perpetuus Pater Patrirr . — On the reverse in Greek characters 'I'lAinnOnOAEITflN PAi/ippopo/itarum. A woman with turreted crown stands holding patera and branch ; at her feet is the recumbent personification of a river. — This large brass bilingual coin is published in Eckhel’s Doct. Num. Vet., and is also noted in his Catalogue of the Imperial Museum at Vienna. — The Arabian Philippopolis was founded by Philip senior, in honour of his native country. One coin of this Philippopolis, edited by Vaillant (ii. p. 173), has its legend, both of the obverse aud reverse, in Greek. It is a first brass of elegant design, inscribed to Philip, who colonised as well as built the city ; aud the type is Rome seated, holding in her hand an eagle, on which are placed the images of the Emperor and his son. PHILIPPVS ( Marcus Julius), commonly called the Arab, or Senior, or the Father, was, according to Zonarns, horn in the Arabian colony of Bostra, his father being, it is said, a captain of robbers. Rising through the various grades of office in the Roman army, on the death of Misithcus (in which he is supposed to have had a secret hand), he became Prsctorian Prefect under Gordian III. And when that vouug prince was (at his instigation) slain in Mesopotamia, Philip was proclaimed Emperor PIIILIPPUS. hy the soldiers, a.d. 244. He is said, by historians, to have been a man of wonderful craftiness, and of the greatest military skill. He won the mercenary hearts of the troops with ample largesses, whilst he sent the discharged veterans into colonies which he had himself established, viz., Damascus in Coelcsyria, Neapotis in Samaria, P/ii/ippo/is in Arabia, which latter city he himself founded. Imme- diately on his accession to the throne, he made an inglorious peace with Sapor, King of the Persians, aud returned to Rome. He marched afterwards against the Carpi, a Scythian or Gothic people, who had given trouble (during the reign of Balbinus and Pupienus and the younger Gordian), to the Roman provinces bordering on the Danube, and compelled them to be peace- able. Aud that Dacia should owe its pre- servation to him, he declared it to be a free province. He was the first ipse primus alien foreigner presented with the rights of a Romau citizen. He celebrated the saecularia or secular games on the thousandth anniversary of the foundation of Rome. He took to wife Marcia U/aci/ia Secera, who is believed to have been a Christian. By this marriage he had a son aud a daughter, the former bore his own name of Philip, and was declared Ctesar and Augustus. Marching against Trajanus Decius, who had been saluted Emperor by the army in Pannonia, Philip was killed at Verona by his own troops, about the sixth year of his reign, a.d. 249. The monies of this Emperor arc very numerous ; the gold very rare ; the silver and brass, with certain exceptions, common. Some pieces represent him with Otacilia and with Plidip jun. His numismatic titles arc imp. m. IVL. FILIPPVS. (sic.) — IMP. PHILIPPVS AVG. or P. r. AVG. PHILIPPVS ( Marcus Julius), junior, the son of Philip and Otacilia, appears to have been seven years old when his father ustuped the empire, and immediately proclaimed him Ctesar, a.d. 2 44. The Roman Senate granted to him the title of Nobitissimus, as if to conceal the ignoble- ness of his Arab sire ; although Philip is said to have boasted of his origin from A nrhiscs. and con- sequent connection with the Julia family. — In 247 the son was associated, as imperii consors. PIIILUS.— PHOENICE. with Philip, who bestowed on this mere child the title of Augustus. The unhappy youth shared the fate of his clever but unprincipled father; and when the latter was, under a just retribution, slain at Verona by his own soldiers his innocent son was murdered by the same prictorian banditti, in the very arms of his mother, a.d. 249, in the 12th year of hi3 age. — From the period when the younger Philip was declared Augustus, and admitted to all the honours of the sovereign power, the reverses of most of the coins both of father and son exhihit similar types. — The coins of Philip junior are numerous, and for the most part common in brass, and also in silver, but are very rare in gold. On them he is styled m. ivl. philip. caes. — PRINCEPS IWENTVTIS. — M. IVL. PHILIPPVS. NOBII,. CAES. IMP. PHILIPPVS. P. F. AVG. — Some pieces represent him with Philip senior and Olacitia. Phi/osophus. — The Emperor M. Aurelius Antoninus was commonly called the philosopher, because he was enthusiastically addicted to philo- sophical pursuits, and had that sentiment of Plato constantly on his lips, which expresses an opinion that “ The state would flourish if either philosophers governed or Emperors were philoso- phised.” It is to be observed, however, that neither monetal legends nor lnpidary inscriptions of any kind take the least notice of this imputed denomination of Aurelius, though some writers have mistaken the epithet for his surname. PHILVS, surname of the Furia family. — M. fovri. l.p. roimd the head of Janus. — Rev. phili. Minerva crowning a trophy. Phoenice, part of Syria. — All ancient and the most accurate modern writers write the word Phoenice, not Phoenicia — witness the coins of Antoninus Pius and of Caracalla, inscribed phoenice. — Vaillant, in his Colonies (I. p. 106), derives the name of this country from the Greek word Phoinix, a Palm. Nor is it to be denied that the Palm is a typo of Syria, Jud:ea, Egypt, and of other countries remarkable for Palms; but it is more probable that the tree received its name from the country than the country from the tree. Above all other regions belonging to the ancient Phoenicians, that of Tyre was celebrated, hence the Palm occurs ou a coin quoted by Span- heim, and which is inscribed tyrvs metropolis colonia. According to Strabo, the Phoenicians were distinguished for their knowledge of arith- metic and astronomy, and equally so for their skill iu the arts of navigation and of war — inso- much that they became the sovereigns of the Mediterranean Sea, and everywhere established colonies on its coasts. The imperial coins of the Phoenicians were struck at 'l'yre ; they comprise only four reigns. Those of Nero and Trajan bear Greek inscriptions; those of Antoninus Pius and of Caracalla are in Latin. PHOENICE. COS II. S. C.— A figure stands holding a vase, or basket, in the right hand, a wand in the left — behind is a palm tree. Respect- ing a large brass, with the head of Antoninus Pius on its obverse (in the imperial cabinet at 4 L PHOENIX. 625 Vienna), bearing the above legend and type on its reverse, Eckhcl remarks to the following brief purport : — “ Cellarius, in his Geographia Antiqua, says this region is properly written in Latin Phoenice, not Phoenicia, which opinion, indeed, this medal confirms.” — (D.N.V., vii. 5.) A similar medal is ascribed in Mediobarbus (Occo) to Caracalla, but it is not acknowledged either in Mionnet or Akerman; nor is the Anto- ninus Pius, above quoted, in their catalogues. Phoenix. — This name was given by the Egyptians to a bird, which some writers have professed to regard as a reality, or at least as possible ; whilst others have treated its existence and history as equally fabulous. Many Christian ecclesiastics of the early ages have followed (strange to say) the traditions of paganism re- specting the Phoenix, and adopted it as a symbol of the resurrection. — On imperial medals we find it with its head surrounded by rays, symbolizing eternity. The radiated head of the Phoenix (says Addi- son) gives us the meaning of a passage in Clauilian, who must have had his eye ou the figure of this bird, in ancient sculpture and painting, as indeed it was impossible to take it from the life : — Arcanum radiant oculi jubar : igneus ora Cingit honos: rutilo cognatum vertice sidus Attollit cristatus apex , tenebrasque serend Luce secat. His fiery eyes shoot forth a glittering ray, And round his head ten thousand glories play: High on his crest, a star celestial bright Divides the darkness with its piercing light. The Phoenix occurs on medals of Constantine the Great, and of his children, after the example of the Princes and Princesses of the early empire, in order to designate, by this bird of reputed immortality, either the eternity of the empire, or the eternity of happiness supposed to be enjoyed by those princes who already were placed in the ranks of the immortal gods. — Biinaid, confirming this observation of Jobert, says, “ the phoenix appears on coins of the upper empire. We see it iu Trajan and in many other emperors. On a first brass of Faustina senior, a female seated, holds a phoenix on her right hand.” — See aeternitas. [Amongst the medals which have birds on their reverses, scarcely any are more curious than those of Hadrian and of Antoninus Pius. The type re- presents an Eagle, a Peacock, and an Owl, placed on the same line, with the simple legend cos in. for Hadrian, and cos un. for Antoninus Pius. These medals have their meaning easily explained by means of a medallion of Antoninus, which represents Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva on its reverse. It is to these three divinities that the type of the three birds refers, the Eagle being consecrated to Jupiter, the Peacock to Juno, and the Owl to Minerva.] — See Birds. The Phoenix, on medals, signifies not only eternity, but also the hope of better times, because this bird was formerly believed to rise again into existence from its ashes. Sometimes it is seen by itself perched on a globe; but 626 PHRYGIAE. — PIA FELIX, more frequently on the hand of the emperor. — I The fable of the Phoenix, and its revival from extreme old age to a new youth (on a funeral l pile of its own construction), probably led to its adoption as a symbol of restoration, on the reverse of medals (with the legend fel. temp, re pa ratio), struck in honour of the Emperor Constans, under whom the city of Smyrna was restored. — On a coin of Constantius jun. a figure in military garb holds a Pluenix instead of the more usual figure of a Victory. — Sometimes this “ wondrous” bird is seen standing oil a rock ; at others, placed on the funeral pile. — See fel. TEMP. REPARATIO ; also CONSECRATIO. Phrygia , a region of Asia Minor, adjoining to Caria, Lydia, Mysia, and Bithynia, “ of all which (says Strabo) the boundaries so intermix as to be with difficulty distinguished.” PHRYGIAE. — See adventvi phuygiae on a coin of Hadrian, who performs sacrifice with the Genius of the Province, personified by a figure wearing the Phrygian bonnet. — Also see restitvtori phrygiae, on a first brass of Hadrian, on which the Emperor is seen lifting up a figure clothed in the Phrygian habit, and bearing a branch or garland. Phgsiognomia, or more correctly (in accord- ance w ith its Greek derivation) Physiognomonia. On the utility of medals for prosecuting the study of this science (the object of which is to teach the mode of discerning the dispositions and qualities of men, from their eyes, countenances, forehead, and personal appearance), the cele- brated Swiss antiquary Spoil published a Disser- tation. PI. or PIAV. Piauvonius, the prenomeu of Victorinas, both senior and junior, imp. c. pi. (or PIAV.) V1CTOR1NVS AVG. PI. Pius ; as in Commodus. avg. PI. MAX. — PI. FE. Pius Felix ; as in Valcrianus senior. P. I. Pius Imperator ; as on coins of the Ciecilia family. — Q. c m. p. i. Qui/itu- Cacilius Met elites Pius Imperator. P. I. or PR1N. I WEN. Principi or Princeps Juventutis. Prince of the youth. PIA. — Why this name was given to colonics, see Vaillant, Col. i., p. 189. PIA. The surname of a Roman legion. — leg. xxx. vlpia. pia. F. Legio Tricessima Ulpia Pia Fide/is. PI. A. Pius Augustus. PIA FELIX. — These denominations, applied to some of the Augusta, appear to have re- ference to their fellowship in the imperial | government. — Spanheim and Liebe concur in the opinion that the above appellation of Pia | and Felix, like that of the Pius and Felix of i the Emperors, was not a title of virtue and of raise, but is simply to be regarded as the ereditary surname of the Empress’s family, Thus in Julia Domna, wife of Severus; in Severina, wife of Anrelian ; in Aelia Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius ; in Gal l a P/acidia, mother of Yalentinian, and in other Empresses, we find Via Felix preceding the title of AVG usta. PIET. AVG. Pi '.etas Augusta. — August piety. PIETAS. PIETAS. — On many coins of Roman families, and on a vast variety of Imperial medals from Augustus, in almost uninterrupted succession down to Constantine the Great, we see the personification of Piety, a virtue which, elevated by the Romans to the rank of a divinity, had a temple erected to its honour in the ninth and in the eleventh region of Rome. They expressed by this word not only the worship and reverence due towards the gods, but also in a more extended sense applied it to love and charity borne towards parents, children, friends, and neighbours, to their country, prince, and soldiers. Piety has her head ornamented with a veil or with a fillet, and in this form, with the title pietas, is found on denarii of the Ilerennia family, and also on some coins of the Emperor Tiberius : although in the latter instance the effigy is by some considered to be that of an imperial lady ; for at that period they had not the boldness and confidence to place female portraits publicly on coins, or as it were to deify them. It is generally supposed that the image in question (beneath which is inscribed pietas) is that of Livia Drusilla, mother of Tiberius. Piety is for the most part represented under the figure of a devout woman, with veiled head, near a lighted altar, before which, as in Hadrian and Antonine, she sometimes stands with both hands lifted up, which is peculiarly the attitude of praying (as in Antonine and Verus) ; at others she is seen with a patera in the right and the acerra (or censer) in the left hand ; or with the right hand extended she is dropping grains of fraukiuccnsc into the fire, as we observe in the silver coins of I.. Aclius, and of Faustina, all with the title PIETAS, by which repre- sentation is clearly shewn the pious feeling, aud religious worship, implied by both the legend and the type. — To these are to be conjoined many Imperial medals bearing the circum- scription PIETAS AYGVSTI, or AVG ustorum, and which, having the same professed object of reverence for the gods, exhibit on their reverses the fa 9 ades of splendid temples, as in Antoninus Pius and Faustina senior ; others represent pontificial and augural vases, pateras, altars ; also sacrifices and sacrificial instruments (such as the lituus, the urceolus, the aspergillum, the simpulum, and on the larger coins the scccspita (or axe) — as in Commodus, Maximus Caesar, Gordianus Pins, &c. Pietas, when intended by the Romans to signify the love and affection of parents towards their children, or of children towards their parents, and in like manner those of Emperors and Empresses towards subjects, is found symbolized under the figure of a stork, an example of which we have on a denarius of Q. Mctellus Pius. — The same attribute of filial love is displayed under the figure of .Eneas, in the act of carrying on his shoulders his aged father Anchiscs, after having been taken captive, and expelled from the city of Troy, as may be seen not only on denarii of the Hcrennia i family, but also on coins of rouipcy the Great TIETAS. and of Julius Cmsar’s moneycrs. — The story of the pious brothers ( Pii F rat res) of Catania, in Sicily, who, during a destructive eruption of Etna, were content to lose all their property in order to secure the safety of their father and mother, is also made the subject of a type on silver of the Hereuuia family, and on a denarius of Sextus Pompey. See Amphinomous and Anapius . — Another coin of the Pompeia family, with the legend of pietas, has a female figure, in the stola, holding a hasta transversely in her left hand, and a laurel branch in her right. And as it was a freqnent custom of the Romans to include in the use of the words Fins and Pietas, love towards parents, children, country, &c., so on Imperial coins Piety frequently shadows forth the same mutual affection, not only under the symbol of a mother cherishing her children in her bosom, or extending her hand protectively over them ; but also, as in a gold coin of Antoninus Pius, designates it by a female figure standing with three children, one in her arms, the other two by her side ; whilst below is the inscription pietati avg. cos. iiix. Nor ought mention to be omitted of a third brass struck in honour of FI. Maximiana Theodora, second wife of Constantins Chlorus, which represents a woman standing, with an infant (and in rarer coins two infants) at her breast, with the inscription pietas ROMANA. On coins of the Imperial series we also see represented the submission and the veneration of the Senate towards the Prince, as towards a common parent, or even as a kind of tutelary deity. This is finely illustrated on a rare first brass of Galba, where the Emperor stands, in a military dress, crowned by a Senator, accom- panied with the significant legend senatvs pietati avgvsti. (See the words). — An utterly prostituted instance of similar honours was afterwards wrung from the senatorial body during the reign of terror established under Commodns, who (on gold and large brass) com- plimented them on their affection for him — pietati senatvs — whilst he was at the same period thinning their affrighted ranks by daily murders. — Could we find this legend and its accompanying type (two men clothed iu the toga, joining hands) amongst the genuine coins of Antoninus Pius, they would indeed be pro- nounced worthily appropriated ; but none such receive authentication from Eckhel, Mionnet, or Akcrman. The concord (more matter of boast than of reality) subsisting between the two Augusti, Balbinus and Pupienus, is symbolized by their favourite device of two hands joined, and round it is read pietas jivtva avgg. There is something very peculiar in the mode of representing pietas avgg. The piety of the Emperors, by the mint of Trajanus Decius, on one targe brass specimen of which we see Mercury, with the crumena or purse in his right hand, and his caduceus in the left, writh the above circumscription. — The same legend and type is continued on coins of Ilerenuius 4 L 2 PIETAS. 627 and Hostillianus, sons and successors of the abovc-uamed emperor. — Similar to this is a medal of M. Aurelius, on which also Mercury appears, holding in his right hand the crumena (or purse), if indeed it be not a patera. But the legend round the type is, not Pietas, but RELIGzo AVG usti, under which expression the Emperor perhaps wished to teach the Roman people, that in paying all honour and service to the gods, was the way to proceed in the path of national improvement, to preserve peace with their neighbours, and to increase the fertility of their country. — See eelig. avg. With reference to the pietas avgvsta, or Imperial Piety, a word or two may here be said, respecting coins of Matidia, on which “ August Piety” appears as a female standing between two children ; also respecting a rare medal of Faustina, wife of Antoninus Pius, on the re- verse of which that princess is seen seated in an elevated place, in the act of receiving from Roman matrons their infant daughters, for the benevolent purpose of educating and providing for them, as is further illustrated by the legend Of PVEI.I.AE FAVSTINIANAE. On a coin belonging to the Antonia family, Piety is represented standing with a lighted altar in her right hand, and with a cornucopia; in her left. On a coin of Trajan, she appears with a caduceus in one hand and cornucopia in the other; and on coins of Constantine the Great, Piety is represented under the image of a soldier, who holds in his right hand a globe, with the usual monogram of Christ, and in the left a hasta, with the circumscription pietas AETEENA. PIETAS. — A first brass of Caligula, a very beautiful though not a very rare coin, has on one side the Goddess Piety seated, with patera in her right hand, and on the other side are three figures sacrificing a bull before a temple of six columns, richly ornamented : thus repre- senting divine honours paid to Augustus, and indicating the pious affection professed by Caligula for the memory of his deified pro- genitor. — At the bottom of the obverse is the PIETAS, and round the figure is this legend, C. CAESAR DIVI AVGVStf PRONe/ww AVG \ T slus V on t if ex Maximus TR ibunicia Potestate 1 1 II. Pater P atria. — The inscription of the reverse explains to whom the sacrifice was offered, namely, DIVO AVG. S. C. To the divine Augustus by decree of the Senate. PIETAS, a surname of L. Antonius the consul, brother of Mark Antony the triumvir. According to Dion, he assumed this addition to his name during his consulate in the year of Rome 713, out of fraternal piety towards Marcus, then absent in the Perusinian war. This accounts for the legend of pfETAS cos., with the type of a woman standing with rudder and cornucopia;, and stork at her feet, appearing on a denarius of VI. Antonius, who caused it to be struck in memory of the act. Storks were chosen as symbols of Piety, because it was believed of them that they supported on their wings their parents when enfeebled by old age. 628 PIETAS. PIETAS AV6VST.— This legend accom- panying the type of a female figure seated, with a boy at her feet, appears on a silver coin of Doniitilla, which the filial piety of Titus caused him to have struck iu honour of his mother’s memory, who had educated and taken care of him in early youth. Thus we tiud the virtuous wife of Vespasian represented as Piety seated and veiled, whilst a boy stands before her clothed in the toga prelexta , which noble youths were accustomed to wear until their 17th year. PIETAS AVGVSTa. S. C— Titus and Domitian joining hands ; between them is a female veiled On first brass of Titus. This beautifully designed type exhibits an interesting symbol of fraternal union. The Goddess Concord herself here joins the hands of the two sons of Vespasian, Titus and Domitian. The sincerity, however, of the reconciliation to which this fine medal alludes, was exclusively on the side of the former. — Titus, according to Suetonius, often adjured his brother, in private and with tears, ut tandem mutuo erga se animo vellet esse, but in vain. Domitian never ceased to aim at the possession of the empire, unscrupulous as to the means. — pietas avgvsta, therefore, as expressive of natural affection, is an inscription congenial to the character of Tittu, but the very reverse of applicable to such a prince as Domitian. PIETAS AVG. — This legend appears on an extremely rare silver coin of Alexander Severus, having for its type certain pontificial and sacri- ficial instruments) which indicate that with the title of Caisar all the sacerdotal offices were conferred upon Alexander, as on the destined successor to an imperial throuc. — For on the death of Macrinus, Elagabalus being proclaimed Augustus, Alexander, the cousin- german of Elagabalus, was forthwith honoured with the appellation of Caisar by the Roman Senate. Soon after this, by the persuasion of Julia Itl a;sa, who advised it as a means of removing ) from him the general hatred, Elagabalus adopted him and again declared him Caisar. — Coins of llostiliauus (gold and silver) exhibit the same inscription and type, as indicating the piety of that young prince towards the gods, on account of the priesthood conferred upon him as a candidate for the throne, after the custom first established by Augustus. PIETAS AVGG. — On a remarkably elegant and rare silver coin of Philip senior there appear on the reverse the heads of Otacilia and of Philip junior, fronting each other. The Em- peror here denotes his piety, or love, towards his wife and son, the latter of whom under the auspices of the empire he had nominated Cicsar, whilst he takes care to inscribe the name round the image of both. — [Vaillant.] PIETAS AVG. N. — A woman in a robe standing, holds out a globe in her right hand : a boy at her feet. On silver of Otacilia Scvcra. — The boy who stands before the figure, evidently intended to represent the Empress, is her son Philip, aud the coin was desigued to proclaim I PIETAS. her maternal piety in educating him for the empire. Otacilia here holds out to him a globe, the symbol of imperial power, for the infant l prince had already been declared Caisar by his father, and young Philip uplifts his owu little right hand as if to clutch the proffered gift — splendid delusion ; for soon after theTribuuitian power aud title of Impcrator were conferred upon him and stamped on his coins, at the premature age of 12, he was slain by the Prmtorians, whose hands were reeking with his father’s blood. PIETAS AVGG. (Pietas Augustorum.) — A robust female seated, with the hasta pura in her left hand, and extending her right towards a couple of children before her, whilst a third child stands by the side of the throne. In this group Pedrusi secs the offspring of Gallicuus and Salonina — or as he (in more high flown language) expresses it, “ the three precious pledges, with which the Caisarcan lady had enriched the marriage bed of her august Con- sort.” This is perhaps the case, though it may be merely a symbol of Charity towards the Puellte Alimentar'ue, subsisted by her bouuty. The female is not veiled, for the reason which Beger gives in his Selection from the Thesaurus Paiatinus : — “ Piety towards God was cus- tomarily depicted iu a veiled dress. But Piety towards men without veil.” — Smyth, p. 303. [There is a similar reverse on a silver coin of the same empress, except that the female figure holds a patera in her extended right hand over the heads of the two children before her.] PIETAS FALERI. — A goat under a tree, with two children, one of which is sucking the ! udder of the animal, the other sits on the ground ; near it is au eagle ; at the bottom a thunderbolt. In his appendix to Vaillant, Khcll has given a plate of this singular silver medallion of Gallieuus, and also written copiously in illustra- tion of its meaning. — “ His exposition of this type, however (says Eckhcl), is far-fetched ; as w ill be shewn by a comparison of it with the following reverse on a silver coin of the same Emperor, viz. : — PIETAS SAECVLI. — A goat giving suck to a child. — Silver of Gallienus. “ It is easy to perceive (adds the author of Doct. yum. Vet.) that allusion in these coins is made to the infant Jove nourished by a goat, to which myth certain well-known coins of the same age also allude, bearing the inscription iovi CliESCENTI, and the type of the boy Jove seated on a goal. — [On a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, without legend, the infant Jupiter appears riding on a goat before an altar, on which is the figure of an eagle.] — But to what do the infant twins of the preceding coin, inscribed Pietas Faleri, allude ? Khcll’s opinion is that one boy relates to Jupiter, the other to Saloninus (son of Gallienus) as likened to Jupiter, an opinion which, I fear, will not be approved by all learned numismatists. That by this ‘ piety of the age' was intended to shew the care bestowed on infants by Gallienus, after the PIETAS. example of Trajan and Antoninus, was an opinion founded on extreme probability ; for the word pietas often appears used in conjunction with a woman taking care of children, in place of which ontificial signs (a further explanation of which will be found under their respective heads) are exhibited on coins of Julius Caesar, Antony, Lepidus, Augustus, &c., to denote that each was invested in succession with the office of Pontifex Maximus. — See pietas — pietas avg., &c. POP. Populo. — See cong. dat. pop. Con- giarium Datum Populo. POP. ROM. Populus Romanus, on a third brass, struck under Constantine or his family. P opa, was the sacerdotal minister, who, crowned with laurel, and naked to the waist, con- ducted the victims to the altar, provided the knives, mallets, water, and other necessaries, for the sacrifices, felled the victims, and cut their throats. Vaillant, in his brass medallions, gives a fine group of this kind, in which the Emperor Commodus stands as Pontifex at a lighted altar, and opposite him is the Popa, answering to the above description, standing by a bull with his slaughtering hammer. [See vota pubi.ica.] — A gold coin of Caracalla also exhibits the Popa, 642 POPPAEA. with the victim, near the altar, before which : the veiled high priest, in the person of the emperor, stands in the act of sacrificing, whilst a flute-player performs on his double instru- I ment. — The I’opa appears with a pig as the ] victim on a bronze medal of Domitian. — See Porca. POPPAEA (Sabina), daughter of Titus Ollius, was married to Nero, as his second wife, a.d. 63. This woman, equally celebrated for her beauty and voluptuous extravagance, was three years afterwards the victim of that execrable tyrant’s murderous brutality. She died in consequence of the injuries she received ; from -a kick, which Nero, in a fit of anger, [ gave her on the abdomen, when she was in a state of pregnancy. — With the exception of two small brass, no Latin coins referring to this princess are known. Upon these her name is inscribed as divi poppaea, on the reverse of that of her daughter Claudia. These medals, says Mionnct, seem to have been struck in some colony. — See CLAVDIA, the daughter of Nero. I P. OPTIMO. Pio Optimo. — On a coin of Val. Maximianus. POPVL. Populi. — popvl. ivssv. (by order of the Roman people). — An equestrian figure in : a military garb, lifting up the right hand. On a silver coin of Augustus. The learned are of opinion that this repre- [ sents the equestrian statue which was erected in the year of Rome 710, in honour of Augustus j Caesar," by a decree of the Senate, pursuant to tlie command of the people, when be went I forth against M. Antony to the Mutinian war, of which Velleius Paterculus speaks. • POPVLI. — Sec PEi.iciTAS popvli romans and genio popvu romani. POR. Portus. — A port or harbour. Porca. a sow. — This animal was sacrificed to Ceres, and, says Gellius, was called pracidanea ; a silver coin of the Vibia family in Oisclius represents Ceres walking, holding before her a torch in each hand, and a pig is at her feet. Those also, who formed a treaty of alliance with each other, ratified it by the immolation of a sow or a hog. It is depicted in connection with federal rites on several Roman denarii. The animal on these occasions was killed by the blow of a stone struck by the Fecial priests. — See Scrofa. Amougst the incerta of the Roman family coins is one on which is a man squatting down with a pig, or sow, on his knees ; behind him is an obelisk ; on each side of him arc four men pointing with their daggers towards the pig. On a denarius of the Veturia family (c. svlpici. c.F.) engraved in Morcll’s Thesaurus, is the type of a sow crouching down between two men standing, in military garb, each with spear in his left hand, and pointing to her with his right. — See Veturia. Amongst the series of Domitian’s coins that serve to illustrate the ceremonies of the Ludi Scecutares, there is a fine first brass, on which the Emperor is represented sacrificing at an altar, to the accompanying music of the lyre I PORCIA. and the flute. Mother Earth (Tel/tis Mater) personified by a woman, who holds a cornu- copia;, sits on one side on the ground : on the other a sow is brought forward by the popa, as if about to be sacrificed to Tell us; it being prescribed by the Sibylline verses, among other solemnities, due to that fruitful goddess, that there should be sacrificed to her honour the hog and the black sow. — See Ludi Saculares. PORCIA, a plebeian family, whose surnames on its coins are Cato, Lceca, Licinus . — Out of twenty-six varieties of types, the following two arc the only rare and (historically speaking) interesting for their legends or reverses. Cato. — M. CATo PRO. PR. A female head, behind which is ROMA. — Rev. VICTRIX. Victory seated, holds out a patera in her right hand, and a palm branch in her left. There is a quinarius similar to the above denarius, but without the word roma ; and doubtless struck by the same person, that is to say, by Marcus Porcius Cat6 Uticensis as is generally supposed, although there is a difference of opinion on this point ; inasmuch as some imagine them to have been coined, when Cato was sent to Cyprus, as Proprietor, to receive the treasure of Ptolemy, while others think they were struck when the war was carried on by Scipio against Ciesar in Africa. The question remains doubtful. — liavereamp unites the legend of the obverse with that of the reverse, so as to read roma victrix. — The more ancient view seems to be taken by Ursiu, viz., that the ancient glory of the Porcia family was restored by Cato. According to the j account of Livy, a.v.C. 561 ; “ at the same time Marcus Porcius Cato dedicated a small temple to Victoria Virgo, near the temple of Victory.” The illustration is from a quinarius. P. LA EC A. — The winged head of Pallas ; in the field of the coin x and above the head, roma. On the reverse a man, in military dress, standing, places his right hand on the head of a togated citizen ; near him stands a lictor w ith ! rods ; below provoco. This remarkable silver medal reeals the memory of the Porcian Law carried by Porcius Licca in the year of Rome 454, in favour of Roman citizens, to whom it gave, on appeal (provocatio), exemption from the ignominious punishment of scourging. Porcia Lex, says Cicero, virgas ab omnium civium Romanorum corpore umovit ; hie misericors flagella retulit. — Oral, pro C. Rabirio. This exemption, how- ever, was confined in its operation to towns and cities. Soldiers on duty were still left entirely dependent on the will of their cora- mander-in-chicf. — See provoco. The brass pieces of the Porcia family were struck in Cgrenaica (now Barca) in Africa. PORT. Porcia Lex. — It was the Porcian law, accord- ing to Cicero, which rescued the liberty of the citizens from the rod of the lictors, and, as Livy records, sola pro tergo civium videtur lata, “The only law which seems to have been carried to save the backs of the citizens.” lienee the Apostle Paul, when scourged by a centurion, asked the question : is it just or lawful to scourge a Roman citizen ? — The law is expressed by the word provoco, on a coin of the Porcia family above quoted. ’ Porp/igrogenitus. — This title is frequently found on those medals of the Byzantine Emperors, who were of the family of the Comnena and their successors. This word IIOI’ < t> VPOTEN HTOC, (says Jobert) derives its origin and adoption from an apartment of his imperial palace, which Constantine the Great had caused to be built, paved and lined with a precious kind of marble, having a red ground spotted with white, and which was destined for the lgings-in of Empresses, whose children were in consequence said to be (Mali in purpura) bom in the purple. PORT. Portus. port, avgvsti. — A port with ships in the midst of it, and the river Tiber recumbent at its mouth. — See OSTia. Porta. — A gate or entrance to a camp or walled tow r n. — The Romans, when they built a city, traced the line of its enclosure with a plough, and the person entrusted with this office, accord- ing to the plan drawn out, lifted up the plough at the place where a gate was intended. It was also the custom to place images of the gods at the gates of towns ; and subsequently those of the emperors were placed there instead. They were plated with iron, so that the enemy might neither break nor burn them.— On a denarius of Augustus is the gate of a walled city, before which is placed an equestrian statue on a pedestal, with SPQR. IMP. CAES. The gates of cities are often to be found on Roman coins, especially those of the colonies. Porta Castrorum. — The gates of (Pnctorian) camps appear, with two or more towers, some- times with a star above them, on coins of the Constantine family, Gratian, Magnus Maximns, and Victor. On silver coins of Diocletian, Maximian, and Constantine Chlorus, with the legend of virtvs militvm, is the gate of the Prmtorian camp, with four soldiers sacrificing before it. Gates of Temples w r ere sometimes surmounted with the round arch, but more frequently square in form. — See the Temple of Janus, on coins of Nero. POR. (in some PORT.) OST. AVGVSTI.— The Portus Osliensis, or Port of Ostia, repre- sented on first and second brass of Nero, who in this instance appropriates to himself the honour of those immense works, w'hich, according to Suetonius, were caused to be commenced, and in a great measure executed, if not entirely com- pleted, by the Emperor Claudius, at the mouth of the Tiber. The medal exhibits a sea port, with several vessels in it, and a recumbent figure of Neptune at the entrance. — Sec Osliensis Portus. 4 N 2 PORTUM.— PORTRAITS. 643 PORTVM TRAIANI. S.C.— A port adorned with various edifices, and in the middle of which are three gallies. On a first brass of Trajan. “There are three Italian sea-ports, which seem (says Eekhel) to have claimed each for itself this title of the port of Trajan .” Our great numismatist then enumerates them as follows : — I. Centum Celia, now called Civila Vecchia; II. Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber: III. Ancona, in the Adriatic; and (after apposite quotations from Roman writers) con- cludes with expressing an opinion in which his readers can hardly fail to concur — that “ all things duly considered it appears most probable that this portus Trajani is the port of Centum Celia, which was wholly the work of that Emperor, according to the testimony of Pliny. And although Ostia was also called the port of Trajan, it is not likely that the Senate would make boast, on its coinage, of a port which Trajan had only restored and augmented, and yet neglect the other port of Centum Cell*, raised as it was by that priuce, at an immense expense, from the very foundations. Much less is to be regarded as the port of Ancona, which it appears by certain inscriptions was indeed enlarged, and rendered more secure, at Trajan’s own cost, but which did not bear the honour of his name.” The form of this port of Trajan, on the medal engraved in Oiselius (p. 533), and also in Haver- camp’s Cabinet of the Queen of Sweden, is hexagonal. That on Nero’s coin, wnth the inscription of port. OST. is nearly round. — As, however, the Roman moneyers were not dis- tinguished for their skill in perspective, so neither, perhaps, is much reliance to be placed on the geometrical accuracy of their designs. Portus Anconitanus. — The type of a sea- port, or the arch of a bridge, underneath which a boat or vessel is seen, on a first brass of Trajan (with the inscription s. p. Q. r. optimo principi. s. c.) is by some thought to be the port of Ancona; but by others, an arch of that celebrated bridge of stone which the Emperor caused to be built over the Danube. — See Pons Danubii. Portus Frugifer. — See Patra Colonia. Portraits. — The coins of the ancients have been the means of handing down to us the features of numerous sovercigus and celebrated personages. 644 PORTRAITS. Under the Greeks and other nations who | followed their policy in this particular, the right I of engraving portraits or money was vested solely in the government. And the types which j the magistrates adopted to attest their superin- | teudence over that most useful and important | sign of commerce, and to secure the standard and weight of the coins, were the images of , their tutelary and national deities, the emblems of those divinities, or the symbols of peoples and | cities. It is desirable, however, in order to put on their guard those who are but little versed in numismatic science, that a remark should be made with reference to those ancient coins which exhibit the effigies of persons who existed long before the invention of coinage, as Homer, Pythagoras, Numa Pompilius, Ancus Martius, and others. These pieces are not coeval with the times in which the individuals they represent flourished, but are purely commemorative, and only serve to prove how high must have been the character and fame of men who were thus honoured so long after their death, by tra- ditional portraits, which were believed to re- semble them. The Romans were late in allowing the images of living men to be placed on their money. But as the Republic hastened to its fall it was a prominent object with those ambitious men who possessed themselves of ascendancy in power to cause medals to be fabricated with their effigies. — This became an invariable custom and peculiar privilege of the Emperors ; and we find that even those usurping adventurers who, in different provinces of the empire raised the standard of revolt against the reigning prince, lost no time in circulating coins bearing their portraits whenever they had the means of striking them. In the earlier times of the Republic no one was allowed the privilege of coining money ; still less was it permitted to stamp the portrait | of any living person on a medal. — In particular instances the senate, by an express ordinance, conceded this honourable distinction to some illustrious characters after their death. And we know that the Monetary Triumvirs occa- | sionally obtained the official privilege of placing on the coinage with which they were entrusted | the head of some ancestor or other of theirs | rcuowTied in Roman story. Even Sylla, all powerful as he was, both over the lives and legislation of his countrymen, had not the hardihood to perpetuate the traits of his physiognomy by that moneta over which he, for a time, held dictatorial and unlimited power. It was Julius Cfcsar on whom this mark of supremacy first was bestowed by the Senate of Rome. His example w'as imitated by Pompey and his sons ; and, strange to say, that stern tyrannicide Marcus Junius Brutus, after assist- ing to slay C cesar, for the love of freedom and to restore the republic, was likewise the man to adopt this regal practice of numismatic por- traiture, as witness the celebrated denarius, on the reverse of which is the eld. mab., with the POSTUMIA. cap of liberty and two daggers, clearly allusive to the assassination of the Great Julius. The example thus set never ceased to have followers in those who attained sovereign authority in the state. Octavius and his colleagus, Mark Antony and Lcpidus, no sooner began their triumvirate than they placed their likenesses on the products of the Roman mint. Afterwards as sole master of the Roman world, Augustus conferred this peculiar privilege on the members of his family ; as we see from the coins of Tiberius, Marcus Agrippa, and Cains and Lucius his adopted grandsons, which respectively bear their portraits. In like manner Tiberius placed the effigies of his son Drusus, and afterwards of Germanicus, sou of Nero Claudius Drusus, his adopted son, ou the early medals of his reign. * The Roman government having become “ a monarchy,” though still preserving some out- ward shew of respect for “ republican institu- I tions,” a series of coins commences, which, besides its other numerous claims to attention, possesses the merit of presenting to us, in uninterrupted succession, the portraits of Princes, who, during a period of fifteen centuries, reigned over the greatest empire in the world. The portraits of the Emperors, Cmsars, aud other personages of their families, together with most of the generals who assumed the purple emblem of imperial authority in divers provinces of that vast dominion, form indeed a suite not only precious and instructive in themselves, but ren- dered still more valuable as affording almost the only means of ascertaining the personal identity of various statues, busts, and relievos, which without comparison with medals on which names are united to effigies, would remain totally void of historical interest. Postica pars, or aversa pars. The reverse side of a coin. — See the word Reverse. POSTYMIA, a patrician family, and as such always remained unadopted by any plebeian family. It was divided into several branches, the noblest of which, as recorded by name on Roman denarii, was the Albini. With the ex- ception of a few rare reverses, its coins, all in silver, are common. The following is rare and of historical interest : — I. — a. posTVMivs. cos. The bare head of Pos- tumius the consul. — Rev. ai.bisvs. brvti. f. inscribed within a crown of corn-ears. This denarius was struck by Junius Brutus, who, after being adopted by Postumius Albinus, was called Albinus Bruti t\, and who, to indi- cate the conspicuous rank of the family into which he was admitted, inscribed on these coins the name of A. Postumius Albus, who, in the year of Rome 258, whilst as yet the republic was in its infancy, gained a signal victory over the Latins near the lake Regillus; whence he received the appellation of Hegillensis. Titus and Sextus Tanpiinius, sons of King Tarquin the Proud, the chief authors of the war, having both been slain in that battle, according to the copious narratives of the Roman historians. POSTUMIA. The following serves to illustrate a fabulous passage built on the above-named fact of Postumius’s victory, as related by Dionysius of Halicarnassus: — II. — On the obverse is the bead of Apollo, crowned with laurel, before which is the sign x ; behind, there is a star ; at the bottom is inscribed ROMA. On the reverse we see the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux) wearing the distinctive caps of conical shape; they stand resting on their lances by the side of their horses, which are drinking at & fountain ; above their heads are stars, and before them is a crescent. Below we read the most illustrious cognomen of the family : a. albinvs. s. f. (Aulus Albinus, son of Spurius.) After the Regillensian victory achieved by Postumius Albinus over the Latins and the sons of Tarquinius Supcrbus, it is said the Dioscuri appeared, as they are represented on this medal, in the forum of Rome, and brought the intelli- gence of this battle, at a moment, when, on account of the distance, no one could as yet have known of its occurrence. The story goes on to say, that, during the action, two young men were seen fighting valiantly on two white horses for the Romans ; and this figment gave rise to the worship of the twin brothers at Rome. — This silver coin was struck by a monetal triumvir of the Postumia family, in memory of his consular ancestor’s great exploit. III. - — There is another denarius of this family, which doubtless refers to the same subject. It exhibits on one side the head of Diana with the inscription roma, and on the reverse the epi- graph a. albinvs. s. f., with the type of three horsemen armed with bucklers and lances, riding at full speed, whilst a foot-soldier is running before, as if endeavouring to escape them. Roman historians relate that, as at the fight near lake Regillus, victory at one time was doubtful, the Master of the Horse ordered his men to give the reigns to their horses, that they might the more powerfidly charge the enemy, and it was by this means that they broke the ranks of the Latins, and took their camp. The following denarii of this family are serrated and rare : — IV. — Head of Diana, over which is placed the head of a stag, and behind her shoulders are bow and quiver. — Rev a. post. a. f. s. n. albin. The top of a rock or hill, on which stands a togated man, who extends his right hand over a victim bull; in the middle between each is a lighted altar. V. — IilSPANi'a. A female head, wearing a veil and with dishevelled hair. — Rev. a. post. POSTUMUS. 645 a. f. s. n. albin. A man clothed in the toga, stretches forth his right hand towards a legionary eagle planted near him ; behind are the fasces with their axes. In commenting on the former of these two denarii (IV. and V), Eckhel cites Livy to shew that A. Postumius Albinus was created a Decemvir sacris faciundis in the room of L. Cornelius Lentulus. Antiquaries (he goes on to observe) are of opinion that as it belonged to these Decemviri to superintend the secular games, those public 3hews were celebrated by him, or by his son appointed to the same office, and that this honour was long afterwards re- corded on these silver coins of Aulus. For the games above-mentioned were performed in honour of Apollo aud of Diana, accordingly the the image of the latter deity is placed on the obverse. Moreover, the temple and altar of that goddess stood on Mount Aventine, and that at these games of Diana oxen were immo- lated we have the testimony of Horace in his Carmen saculare : — Quceque vos bolus veneratur albis. Quceque A ventinum tenet , Atgidumque, Quindecim Diana preces virorum Curet. The type of the denarius (No. V.) is thought by Ursin 'to allude to the triumph which L. Postumius Albinus obtained in the year v.c. 576, for his victories over the Lusitani aud Vaccaei in Hispania ulterior, as Livy and the Fasti triumpha/es record. POST VM VS (Marcus Cassianus Latinius), born in an obscure village of Gaul, was, on account of his remarkable valour and other good qualities, appointed by Valerianus to be Praefect of Gaul, and guardian of its frontier against the Germans, whose incursions he also effectively repressed during the first years of Gallienus’s reign. That prince had already entrusted to him the care of his son, Saloninus, a mark of confidence which he faithfully repaid, until the year 258, when he assumed the title of Augustus, and all the accustomed honours con- nected therewith. The commencement of his usurpation was sullied by an act as cruel as it was traitorous. He caused Saloninus, who had taken refuge in Cologne, to he delivered up to him, and he put him to death with Sylvanus, the youth’s preceptor, who had become his enemy. He then established his reign over 64(5 POSTUMUS. Gaul, Spain, and Britain, in each of which three provinces the people acknowledged him with joy as their Emperor, whilst he, by his courage and wisdom, defended them from every foe, and, though an usurper, saved the empire from threatened destruction. At the head of the Roman armies in the west, he drove the barbarians beyond the Rhine, and built forts to restrain them. This Restitulor Galliarum, as he is styled on his medals, having established public tranquillity, not less by the influence of his character for justice, moderation, and sagacity, thau by the power of his victorious sword, took the dignity of consul three times, and associated his son Postumus with him in the government, under the title of Caesar and Augustus. — Gallienus having made war upon him with fluctuating success, Postumus took Victorious, a brave and able general, into colleagucship ; and by their united efforts, in spite of the hostility of the legitimate Emperor, and the numerous tyranni who were tearing the empire to pieces, the provinces were nobly rescued from the attacks of the barbarous tribes that swarmed on the frontiers. Crowned with success in arms, Postumus reigned with glory and honour over the western provinces, until the period when Ladianus assumed the purple in the city of Mayenee. It was, after vanquishing this adventurer about a.d. 208, that he and his son were assassinated by his own soldiers, instigated by an officer named Lollianus. Thus perished Postumus after a reign, which, rendered alike brilliant by his personal merit and his military talents, caused him justly to be regarded not only as by far the most illustrious of “ the thirty tyrants,” but also as one whom nature had formed to be a hero, and qualified at once to govern and defend a state. On the coins of Postumus, which arc numer- ous, especially in base silver, and first and third brass, he is styled imp. postvmvs. avg. — imp CAES. POSTVMVS. P. F. AVG. — Also IMP. C. M. cass. lat. postvmvs. p. f. avg., with some- times P. P. or GERMANICVS MAXIMVS, or RESTI- tvtor galmarvm on the reverse. Some pieces of Postumus likewise bear another head, which was for a long time sup- posed to represent that of his son. (See Pos- tumus junior). All his coins, though of Roman die, were struck in the provinces of Gaul, where he reigned as Emperor. His gold coins are of the highest rarity, and oue is unique. — See Akcrman’s Catalogue. Junia Donata is conjectured to have been the wife of Postumus ; but nothing is known of a princess so named, nor is even her existence proved. — The piece published by Chiftlct from a MS. of Goltzius is suspected by Beauvais, and pronounced by Eckhel, Miounct, and Akerman, to be false. As the authority of Postumus did not extend over Italy, he was never acknowledged by the Senate of Rome. This circumstance did not, however, deter him from investing himself with the usual titles of legitimate Emperors. He even caused the senatorial mark of s. c. on POSTUMUS. many of his brass monies, but not on the greater portion. His coins generally exhibit the portrait radiated; sometimes, however, crowned with laurel, but more rarely is the head covered with a helmet. — A great number of his medals seem to have been, not struck, but cast. Others, evidently re-struck, still retain remains of the impression of preceding emperors and empresses: a circumstance which shews that he hastily re- stamped with his own “image and super- scription” a part of the current coin of the empire. POSTVMVS junior, was the son of Postumus, and (according to conjecture) of Junia Donata. He is described by Trebellius Pollio as a most eloquent youth, and so skilful in his harangues and declamations, that they were sometimes taken for those of the celebrated Quinctiliau. Associated by his father in the government, under the title of Cicsar, and soon afterwards with the supreme dignity of Augustus (a.d. 258), the younger Postumus is affirmed, by the author above-named, to have partaken with his father both in civil government and in military command. Thus united, they bade defiance to all the efforts of Gallienus to conquer them, and held possession of the three great provinces of Gaul, Spaiu, and Britain for seven years, that is to say until a.d. 267, when they both perished by the bauds of the soldiers uuder their command. It is by no means certain that there arc any pieces of Postumus the son extant, and those which were formerly ascribed to him have been re-appropriated to his father, with the exception of a very small number, and even those cannot with positive certainty be attributed to him. Mionuet gives an engraving as of Postumus junior, of the ordinary size in base silver (billon), which on the obveise is inscribed imp. c. postvmvs. p. f. AVG., with the laurcated head of Postumus senior; and on the reverse bears the legend invicto avg., with the radiated bust of Postumus the son, holding a sceptre on his shoulder. — See Mionnct's note on Eckhel's opiniou relative to the alleged medals of the younger Postumus, and Akcrman’s animad- versions on both. The heads represented on the reverse of some coins of Postumus senior may be with great probability regarded as those of Mars or of Hercules. POT. Potestate. — aed. pot. Aedilitia Potestate. — cens. pot. Censoria Potestate . — tr. pot. Tribunitia Potestate. Potin. — This is one of the names given by French numismatists to base silver. The writers of that nation have adopted both this denomina- tion and that of billon, either indiscriminately, or in their endeavour to discover the differences between the nature of the alloys which form the materials thus qualified. Potin is a composition of copper, tin, and lead, of which some of the money of the ancients was fabricated. “ Its name (says Millin) is derived from the mixture of metals employed in the manufacture of pots.” — Savot denies that there is any silver in potin ; p. p. an opinion not coincided in by Rinckens, who agrees in sentiment with Savot. — Biinard asserts, that, “ besides copper, lead, and a little tin, there enters into the components of that potin, of which medals were coiued, about one-fifth of silver.” In which case there is but little dis- tinction between potin and billon, the latter containing a slight portion of silver. “ These discussions respecting the real mean- ing of two modern appellations (as M. Ilennin justly observes), lead to no result of any im- portance. It is sufficient to know that silver was subjected to various degrees of adulteration, in different countries and at different epoehas ; and this species of ancient coinage is designated by the names of potin or of billon, always bear- ing in mind that the denomination of potin is more generally applied to Imperial Greek; and that of billon to Roman money.” P. P. Pater Patrie. — Father of the Country. (See the words.) — It w'as hy this title that Augustus was most desirous of being called on his coins, as indicating the clemency of his government, and the security of the people under it ; — a name of honour which, after his example, the successors of that prince seldom, if ever, omitted to couple with their own. — Augustus began to assiunc the name of P. P. in the year of Rome 752. — It is found on medals of Tiberius and of Caligula. Nero at the com- mencement of bis reign refused the title, but subsequently p. P. is read on his money. Olho, Vespasian, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, exhibit on their respective mints the same initials. Hadrian adopted it in the twelfth year of his reign. Antoninus began to use the title a.d. 130. Capitolinus relates that the name was proffered by the Senate to this good Emperor, who at first declined, but afterwards accepted it. Hence on his coins we read antoninvs avg. pivs. p. p. M. Aurelius first took this denomination a.d. 139. Commodus, amongst his other profanations, must also pass for the Father of his Country ! Sept. Severus appears first as p. P. in the year 190 ; Geta a.d. 211, and Caraealla about the same time. Postumus and Tetricus also assumed it ; and the same title appears on coins of iEmilianus, Yalerianus, and other Emperors, down to Theodosius Magnus ; bestowed, as in the preceding instances, some- times on princes who possessed claims on the public gratitude, but much more frequently awarded to unworthy and even odious men in a spirit of servile flattery by a frightened and a degraded senate. P. P. Penates, or Penates Patrii. — Two joined heads laureated and youthful, with stars over them. On coins of the Fonteia and Sulpilia families. P. P. A. Perpetuus Augustus. — These initials appear on Imperial medals of the lower age. P. Q. R. Populigue Romani. — See CON- SENSV SENATkj ET. EQV«fm ORDINw P. Q. R. On coins of Augustus. — Also Popu- lusque Romanus. — See S. P. Q. R. PR. or PRAE. P ret or, and sometimes Prefectus. Prefect. PRiEFECTUS. 647 PR. Pretextatus. — PR. H. o. c. s. Pretex- tatus Hostem Occidit, Civem Servavit. On a coin of the /Emilia family. — See Aemilia. PR. Pretoria. — coh. PR. Cohors Pre- toria. On a coin of Gallicnus. PR. Primum. — cong. PR. Congiarium Primum. PR. Principi. PR. The preposition Pro. — PR. s. imp. cae. &c. Pro Salute Imperaloris Cesaris. P. R. Percussa Rome. Struck at Rome. P. R. Populus Romanus. PRAEF. CLAS. ET ORAE MARIT. EX. S. C. Prefectus Classis et Ore Maritime. Prefect (or Commander-in-Chief) of the Fleet and of the Sea Coasts. This legend appears on denarii of Sextus Pompeius. (See the name.) — The type which accompanies one of these very rare silver coins represents the fabidous Scylla, with dogs issuing from her waist, and striking around her with her rudder. This subject shadows forth a naval victory. Sextus had gained some advantage over Octavianus (afterwards Augustus) at the entrance of the straits of Sicily ; and this event the former designed to commemorate, by placing on his medals the personification of that whirlpool-environed rock which the terror of ancient mariners and the imagination of Greek poets had converted into a monster, depicted with the body of a sea-nymph, but the tail of a fish, and a belt of dogs’ heads ready to devour the unfortunates whom the fatal stroke of her massive weapon had dashed into the foaming billows. As the zealous and brave, but unsuccessful champion of the republic, after the death of Julius Casar, against the Triumvirate, Sextus Pompey received from the Senate a high naval appointment, under the same title as that which had been previously conferred on his father, when the latter weut out to destroy the Medi- terranean pirates. And hence we find him inscribing it on his medals. To this empire of the seas, he alludes with no little portion of insane presumption, on another of his coins beariug the dedicatory inscription of neptvnj, with a type of the God whose son he preteuded to be. Prefecture. — Those cities of Italy were called Prefectures which were governed by Roman magistrates, according to the laws which these magistrates thought proper to impose on them. — The condition of these towns Festus describes as having been worse than that of the colonies and municipia. — It was the lot of those nations who had resisted to the last extremity the yoke of Rome, or who had revolted from her domination after having been subjected to it. This hard and unjust distinction was removed by the operation of the Lex Julia, by which all the Italian cities received the rights of Roman citizenship, and all the privileges of colonies, municipalities, and prefectures were amalgamated. Prefectus. — The name of Prefect, so long as Rome retained even a shadow of a republican government, was confined to certain magistrates 648 PR.EFECTUS. of the city and to the governors of provincial towns in Italy. But under the emperors, such changes took place both in the authority and influence which had formerly belonged to the first officers of state, that some were redueed to mere ciphers, and others were called by new appellations. Julius Ciesar appointed Prefects instead of Praetors. — Augustus was the first to confer the title of Prefect on governors of pro- vinces. — The title of Prefect is frequently found on leaden coins. — Prrefecti Classium and Prrefecti Fabrum are found on silver coins of the repub- lican mint, and of the triumvirate of Octavius Lepidus and Antony. — Prefects are also enume- rated among the magistrates of colonies. Prafectus Classis. — The commander of a naval armament was thus called. It answers to our terra Admiral of the Fleet, which under the republic was usually entrusted by the senate to men of consular or prretorian rank. Those who in M. Antony’s time enjoyed the maritime pre- fecture had his permission to place their names on his coins, as for example, L. atratinvs, L. BIBVLVS, M. OPPIVS CAP1TO, who as PEAEF. clas., or Prafecti Classis, are, with the prre- torian galley (the symbol of their prefecture), thus inscribed. For as to this day in maritime states, so amongst the Romans, in the fleet of the prefect, which consisted of a vast number of vessels, there was one which took precedence of all others, as the “ Admiral’s ship.” — That both the Pompeys, father and son, claimed the empire of the sea as a charge delegated to them by the senate is shown, under different titles, on well- known denarii of that family, which designate the parent as magn. pro. cos., with the prow of a galley; and Sextus, the son, as praef. class. ET. ORAE MARIT. A prefect of the British fleet is recorded in an inscription found at Lymne, in Kent. — “ Report on Excavations made ou the site of the Roman Cast rum at Lymne,” pi. vii., by C. Roach Smith Prafectus Pne/orii. — Prefect of the Pre- torium. He was the chief commander of the Prsetorian bands, -and, as a high military officer in a monarchy, may be termed Colonel of the Imperial Guard. The office, established, as we learn from Dion, by Augustus, was, at first, of little importance, being purely military, and given only to one of the Equestrian Order. But afterwards these prefects, by the concentration of their cohorts within the prretorian camp on the outskirts of Rome, rendered themselves equal in real power to the emperors themselves, whose constant companions they were. For as, after Augustus, most of the Caesars were tyrants, their security was solely placed in the fidelity of the praetorian soldiers, with whom their com- mander was an object of greater attachment than the sovereign himself. Hence it was the custom for the Praetorian Prefects to be con- stantly near the emperors for the protection of their persons, and fatal indeed was such pro- tection to some of those who trusted in it. — During the reign of Coustantine the Great, four Praefecti Prretorii were appointed, to whom that PRJ2FECTUS. Emperor gave supreme civil and judicial power in the provinces, but deprived them of the command of the army, which originally belonged to them. — On medals which commemorate Liberalities, the military figure which stands behind the Emperor, seated on an estrade, and distributing the congiariitm, is considered to be that of- the Prsetorian prefect, who always stood near his prince on public occasions. — See Liberalilas and Congiarium. Prefectus Annona . — The prefect of provisions was appointed only at periods of scarcity and of pressing necessity with regard to the supply of food for the people. It was then their especial duty to take measures for the promptest possible conveyance of corn from the provinces and neighbouring states to Rome. Afterwards this dignity was conferred with greater extent of power on Pompcy, as Cicero ( L. iv. ep. i. ad At/icumJ mites. — Subsequently Augustus took upon himself the care of the Annona, and to avoid the personal trouble of this prefecture, appointed two persons to whom he committed the task of distributing wheat and other victuals to the people (according to Dion Cass. L. iv. p. 521). Prafectus TJrbis. Prefect or Warden of the City (of Rome). — Under the free republic there was no such magistrate, except for a short space of time, when the consuls were absent on account of the peculiar ceremonies called Ferue Laiitue, celebrated on Mount Albanus at the breaking out of a war, in order that Rome should not be left without a government and a magistrate ( Tacit Annul l. vi J. But Augustus rc-created this Urban Prefecture, and his coun- sellor Mieeeuas was the first to fill it. — The jurisdiction of this officer extended entirely over Rome, and to the hundredth stadium beyond its walls, and his authority became at length so considerable as to equal that of the Pretorian Prefect. On the reverse of a denarius of the Livineia family we see a curule chair between two fasces, and the inscription regvlvs f. praef. vr. Regulus Filius Prefectus Urbis. — There are also extant coins of M. Lepidus and L. Plancus, of the Munatia family, on which is inscribed the same dignity of PR.IEFwfw V U Bw, but with- out the insignia of the fasces. In after times, however, the Prefects of the City had the privi- lege of the fasces. — See Livineia fam. Prafericulum, a metal vase, used by the Roman augurs aud priesthood at their sacrifices for holding wine used in the libations. It had a prominent mouth, aud an ear or handle like our modern ewers ; and in it was put the wine or other liquors dedicated to libations. — Du Choul (p. 283) observes that it was gene- rally carried in religious processions by one of the sacrificial ministers. Like the lituus, these prafericula were amongst the sacerdotal insignia, and although the former was the principal symbol of the augur, yet on coins of pontiffs both arc pro- miscuously exhibited. — Sec Pontificalia. PIIAE. ITER. (Prafectus IterumJ. — The PILENOMINA. prctorian galley with sails set. — On the reverse of a first brass coin, having on its obverse three heads assigned to M. Antony, Octavia, and Augustus. — See Seguin’s Selecta Numismata, p. 106, where the medal is engraved and explained, llavcrcainp in Morell’s Thesaur. gives a similar type with this legend ; hut neither Eckhcl, Mionnct, or Aker wan, makes any allusion to it. Premia. — The rewards or prizes of gladiators and wrestlers (athletic) were palms, money, aud wands. They were placed before the eyes of the contending parties in the midst of the course or the arena. (Vaillant on Colonial Coins, p. 218.) — The prizes distributed to the victors in the various public games of the Greeks and Romans were distinguished by numerical marks, from one to three and even four. Praneste, a celebrated city of Latium, about ten miles from Rome, where the Dictator Sylla planted a Roman colony, now called Palestrina. Pranestina Sortes, as if of some sibyl or prophetess. — See Platoria family. — Sors. Praenomen. — The first name of the three, by which each Roman citizen was called, took its place before the nomen gentilicium, or family name, for the sake of distinction, that they might be known from others who were of the same high and honourable race. Of these pre- noinina some are derived from the Roman people, others more frequently from neigh- bouring nations. Praenomina, for the sake of brevity, were accustomed to be written, some with a single letter only, others with two, others with three letters. — Thus the following are designated ou coins by one letter only : — A. Aulus ; C. Caius; D. Decimus; K. Caso; L. Lucius; M. Manius, or Marcus; N. Numerius; P. Publius; Q. Quintus; T. Titus. In like manner, with two letters, AP. Appius ; CN. Cnaus ; OP. Opiter (according to Sigonius) ; SP. Spurius ; TI. Tiberius. Lastly with three letters, as MAM. Mamercus ; MAN. Manius; SER. Servius; SEX Sextus; TVL. Tu/lus. That in the earliest times of Rome, pranomina occupied the place of a proper name, there are sufficient examples to be found, as well ou coins as in ancient authors. This is abundantly shewn in the instances of the Kings Numa, Tu/lus, Ancus, Servius. — In like manner the same usage prevails among the Roman families, which for the most part want the cognomen. — [Spanheim, Pr. ii., p. 23, sq.~\ Pnenomina are sometimes peculiar to one family or race. There are extant denarii of the Domitia family wliieh show this. And particu- larly in those of the Abenobarbi, on which no other than CN. or the pranomen Cnarns is read ; otherwise the common name of Caius, as belong- ing to the Octavia family. The pranomen of Numerius is pccidiar to the Fabia family. Manius is the first name of the Aquillia family, aud the name is likewise given on coins of the : Acilia family. 4 0 PRjENOMINA. 649 Pranomina of fathers and grandfathers are ordinarily retained, as M.ANTONIVS M.F.M.N. the son of which triumvir by Fulvia, Marcus, is in like manner named ou a coin of Seguin’s, M. ANTON1VS M. P. On other denarii the same pnenomina of parents and ancestors occur, e.g. M. AIMILI M. F. M. N, aud so likewise M. AQVJL1VS M. P. M. N.— AP. CLAVDIVS. AP. F. AP. AN.— C. PANSA. C. F. C. N.— C. VIBIVS. C. F. C. N.— CN. FVLVI. CN. F. CN. N. — L. CAEC1L. L. F. L. N., and others similar to these. — In fact, we learn from coins that the pramomen of a great grandfather passes down to a great grandchild, as in the case of C. OC'l'AVIVS. C. P. C. N. C. P. Caii Pronepos. In like manner, L. MVNATIVS. L. F. L. N. L. PEONeyww. The Pranomina belonging to some families, the nomen gentile being omitted, are used instead of the names, as appivs on medals of the Claudia family, and SERVivs on those of the Sulpicia family. — See Sigonius and Nomina Romanorum. PRAE. ORB. or ORBIS. — See iovi frae., &c. PRAES. Prasidi. To the Patron or Presi- dent . — iovi PRAES. ORBIS. — Presidents or Governors ol the Provinces of the Roman people were called Proconsuls, but Presidents of the Provinces of Augustus were distinguished by the appellation of Legati August i (Lieutenants of the Emperor) ; or Legati Pro Pratore, or both those titles conjoined, Legati Augusii Pro Pratore. — In process of time the name of Prases, or President, was given indeed to those who administered public affairs eveu in the minor provinces of the empire ; thence it came to pass that provinces were divided into proconsular, and praitorian, and even into praisidial. PRAESID1A REI PVBLIC. — Two soldiers armed with spears, stand with hands joined, supporting a figure of Victory ; between them is a captive on bis knees. — On the reverse of a third brass of Constantius Chlorus. Eckhel, from whose catalogue of the Vienna cabinet the above is quoted, says — “ This epi- graph has hitherto been unknown. It indicates [in conjunction with the type] clearly enough that the defence of the commonwealth was con- fided to the valour of the soldiers.” Prastantia numorum. — The excellence of numismatics. PRAET. Prat or — Pratore. — KEREN NIO PRAETorc. On a coin of M. Agrippa. — PRO PRAET. A FR ICae. — Sec Clodius Macer. PRAET. Pratoria, or Pratoriana. — COIIII. PRAET. VI. P. VI. aud COOIJH. PRAET. V 1 1, P. VII. F. (Cohortes Pratoriana sephmam pia septimam fidelis.) Pratexta. — A long white robe bordered with purple, and much resembling the toga. It was worn bv noblemen’s children ; that is to say by boys, from the time of their entering the age of adolescence to their assumption of the manly gown : aud by girls till they were married. It was also used by aedilcs, censors, tribunes of the people, and even by consuls and dictators on 650 PR.ETOR. certain occasions of ceremony, when it was likewise worn by the priests and augurs. Prator. — This was a title which the Romans, immediately after the expulsion of the kings, conferred on the consul and other great magis- trates, who in the law, the army, aud amongst the people (prairent ) took the lead, or who were appointed to any office of dignity, whether for things sacred or profane. Rut in the year of Rome 387, a magistrate was created to whom this name was thenceforward exclusively appropriated. Two causes led to his institution. The tirst was to abate the discontent of the Patricians with the law' which had rendered the Plebeians eligible to the consulship. The second was to provide some competent person as pre- sident at the tribunals, during the too frequent absences of the consuls, on warlike expeditions. At first only one Prator was elected, hut on account of the numerous strangers whom busi- ness of every kind drew to Rome, a second was appointed, whose functions were solely confined to the administration of justice, and this officer was called Prator Peregrinus , to distinguish him from the former, who was called Prator Urbanus. In or about the year 526, two praetors were chosen to govern the recently conquered provinces of Sicily and Sardinia, in the name of the republic. And the same year, six praetors were created to govern subjugated Spain. It was thus that as Rome extended her conquests beyond Italy she augmented the number of her magistrates to rule over her territorial aggrandisements, aud these were called Pratores Provinciates. — Cscsar consti- tuted ten I’netors instead of the eight who bad continued to preside from the time of Sylla. The Pnctors were denominated “ Colleagues of the Consuls and the honour of the fasces was extended to them also, but with a less number of lictors than attended the consuls. These magistrates wore the pretexta ; and each took his seat on a curulc chair plated on an elevated tribunal. All the pnctors, after having exercised their functions at Rome for a whole year, were seut to govern their respective pro- vinces. (Spanheim, 107.) The duties of these magistrates were principally to administer jus- tice to the citizens and to strangers, to preside at the public games, and to superintend the sacrifices. Jurisdiction appertained as well to the provincial as to the urban praitors. The goverumeutal powers of the prtetorship in the provinces embraced the right of punishing criminals. Neither during the republic, nor even under the cmpeiors, were the prmtors invested with the jus gtadii in Rome itself. — Under Augustus the praitors discharged the duties of prefects of the city ; afterwards the official employments of the pnctors were trans- ferred to the urban prefects. Prator Urbanus. — The government of the city, as above observed, was in the first instance entrusted to a single magistrate, called simply Prator ; but the immense increase of public business in Rome subsequently led to the appointment of a colleague for him, under the PRyETOR. name of Prator Peregrinus . — The authority of the Prator Urbanus was great in Rome com- pared with that of all the other praitors, who were of later creation. Besides sustaining the consular functions during the absence of the consuls themselves, a privilege which they sometimes were allowed to exercise under the emperors, the Pratores Urbani per- formed the office of introducing ambassadors from the allies of Rome to the senate, and of replying to those ambassadors in the name of that illustrious assembly ; they heard and deter- mined on matters of petition, when the consuls were not present, and under like circumstances, this print or, honoralus et maximus, put his name to epistles and edicts. This dignity was expressed on the public money. — The Prator Urbanus had the care of the games celebrated in honour of Apollo, on which occasion, clothed in the triumphal robe, he was carried round the circus (per circum) in a quadriga — a mark of distinction which was afterwards denied by Augustus to the tribunes of the people, although they had offered to exhibit these shews to the public at their own expense. He also had the management of the venationes, or wild beast hunting, and the spectacles in which rare foreign animals were displayed. The ludi votivi, or extraordinary games, likewise devolved on the I’rictor Urbanus to conduct, and at length the whole of the various festal celebrations fell under the superintendence of that magistrate. The name and office remained in use down to a later period of the empire, and even in Con- stantinople there were several prretors, whose functions were especially counected with the public games. Spanheim, Pr. ii. p. 120 et seq. — The Urban I’rastois did not strike money. Prator Peregrinus, so called, because he administered the law to foreigners at Rome ; for as the state increased, many natives of foreign countries, subject to the power of the Romans, came to reside at, or to visit, the “eternal city.” Prator. — A figure representing this high officer of the republic appears oh coins of the Postumia family, standing, in the toga, with right hand uplifted, between the legionary eagle and the fasces with axe. PRAETOR. RECEPT. Pratorianis Re- ceptis. — The Emperor in the toga, and upstand- ing, gives his right haud to one of the Praetorian soldiers (or imperial body-guard), who holds in his left hand the eagle of the Roman legions. On silver of Claudius. This is the second of two medals, both of them illustrious as confirmatory of historical facts; the first inscribed lMPEIWore RECEPTo, (see p. 477 of this Dictionary), shewing the manner in which Claudius was presented to the guard, who acknowledged him for Emperor, and placed him under their protection. The prescut denarius has for its subject the patronage and favour which the same Emperor granted in his turn to the Pra-torians, ou the occasion of their taking the oath of fidelity to him. — The “ Pnetorians received (that is to say, received into alle- PILETORIUM CASTRUM. fiance), is the appropriate inscription of this coin, for it is an allusion to the military oath as “ on that same day (according to Suetonius, c. 10, quoted by Eckhcl,) he (Claudius) Suffered the Praitoriau guards to swear in his name.” Pratorium Lustrum or Castra Pratoriana . — The camp of the Praetorian soldiers. — The Emperor Tiberius built for the cohorts, who were under the command of the Praetorian Prefect in the immediate vicinity of Koine, a permanent camp enclosed within walls, and, moreover, defended by a rampart and ditch, in the form of a fortress, where they were gene- rally stationed. — The earliest instaucc in which the Pnetorian camp is represented on Roman coins is that of the Imperatore Becepto of Claudius above alluded to. [See imp. recep.] — Ou coins of the later empire we sec the Pratoria Castra with towers aud gates, some- times without figures; at others, with two or four soldiers performing sacrifice at a tripod, or otherwise. The Pnetorian camp, with or without figures, is represented on reverses of the following Imperial coins, chiefly silver and third brass, viz:— On GLORIA ROMANORVM of Gratian; on PROVIDENTta CAESaraw of Licinins jun., Crispus, aud Constautinus jun. ; on PliOVI- DENTIA AVG. or AVGG. of Diocletian, Maximian Hercules, Constantius Chlorus, Gal. Maxiinianus, Licinius senior, Constantiuus Magnus, and Constantiuus jun. ; on SPES ROMANORVM of Magnus Maximus and FI. Victor; on VICTORIA AVGG. of Diocletian, Val. Maximian, Constantius Chlorus, Gal. Maximian, &c. ; on VICTORIA SARMAT. or VICTORIA SARMATICA of Diocletian, Maximianus Hercules, and Constantius Chlorus ; on VIRTVS MILITVM of Diocletian, of Val. Maximianus, of Constantius Chlorus, of Gal. Maximianus, Maxcntius, Maximinus Daza, Licinius jun., and Constantiuus M. “ The prmtorian camp (says Milliu), which is believed to have been situated to the east of Rome, behind the Baths of Diocletian, was con- structed of bricks, of reticulated work, faced with stucco, finished with great nicety, and enriched with superb porticos, supported by columns. It was surrounded by an enclosure, sometimes double, more or less extended, in which were wrought, on a quadrangular plan of two stories in height, the barracks of the guards, between which an easy communication was effected by means of covered galleries. Towers placed on the outside gave to this camp the aspect of a formidable castle, or fortified town ; whilst the vast space included within its walls conduced to its salubrity, and alforded every facility for exercising the troops.” Pratoria Navis, the galley on board of which was the commander in-chief of the naval arma- ment — or as we should call a modern vessel of war, the admiral’s flag ship. — The navis pratoria is seen ou various coins from Augustus to Hadrian aud thence to Cominodus, Sept. Sevcrus, Cara- calla, aud other Emperors, some with sails and others with rowers ; a figure seated at the helm, 4 0 2 PREIVER CAPTUM. C51 and others standing in other parts of the galley. — See FEI.ICITAS AVG. Pratorium. — This word in its original accep- tation meant the prictor’s or general’s tent, which was placed in the situation best suited to render it conspicuously visible to the whole camp. It was afterwards used to signify the palace or other place ‘where the praetor of a province re- sided, aud where he administered justice to the people. There was a prmtorium in all the cities of the Roman empire. PREIVER. CAITV M . ( Preivemum Captum). — P. HYl'SAEVS. AED. CVR. C. HYPSAE. COS. This inscription appears on a denarius of the Plautia family, which bears on its reverse Jupiter fulminator in a quadriga. This coin was, it seems, struck to commemorate the event of C. Plautius, who was consid in the year of Rome 425, having taken the city of Preivernum, or rather Privernum, and received triumphal honours on that account. — See Plautia, p. 226. Pretium numorum antiquiorum. — The re- lative value of coins was indicated in the early times of the Roman mintage, either by single letters or by points, thus — X. or the denarius. V. the Quinarius or Victoriatus. S. Semis. L. Libra, or as. LLS. Sestertius, or two asses and a half. O. one globule or point, the uncia. 00. two points, the sextans. 000. three points, the quadrans. 0000. lastly, four points or globules signify the triens. PRI. FL. Primus Flavit. — This appears on a coin of the F/aminia family, bearing the inscription l. Flamini. chilo. iiiivir. pri. pi„, that is to say, L. Flaminius Chilo, one of the four magistrates appointed by Julius Caesar to superintend the coinage of denarii, (primus flavit ), was the first prsefect of that depart- ment of the moneta at Rome. • PRI MI DECEN. Primi Decennales. — The first period of ten years. This epigraph (with cos. mi. in a crown of laurel) appears for the first time, either abridged or at full length, on coins, in all three metals, of Antoninus Pius, and afterwards on those of his immediate suc- cessors, M. Aurelius and Commodus. — These decennales (says Eckhcl) like the vota, whether suscepta or so/uta, were doubtless celebrated for the health and safety of the reigning prince. Recorded in the first instance during the reign of the Antonines, they afterwards became a constantly recurring subject of numismatic inscription, and especially in the age of the Constantines. The primi decennales of Anto- ninus ended on the tenth of July, a.d. 148, and then the second term of ten years began. PRIMIGENIA. — A name given to the 22nd Legion, on a silver coin of Mark Antony, as given by Morell, in the Antonia family, exhibit- ing also a legionary eagle between two military standards. With a capricorn it occurs ou a small brass coin of Carausius. — Num . Chron. vol. ii. p. 121. 652 PRIMIS.— PRIMUS. PRIMIS X MVLTIS XX.—Primis Becen- nalihus Mult is Vicennalibus. — Two figures of Victory attach a shield to a palm, on which is inscribed vox. x. fel. (Vota Becennalia Felicia.) On the reverse of a gold coin of Diocletian. — On a medal of Val. Maximianus the same legend appears, but a single figure of Victory inscribes vo. xx. on the shield. In the Lower Empire, as has been already observed under the head of primi decennai.es, these votive legends are continually recurring; the vows themselves being carried forward even beyond the term. This is expressed by the word mullis ; for instance, votis x., multis xx., or by the word sic , for example, sic x., sic. xx. On epigraphs of this kind, Bimard, in his Notes on Jobert, remarks that “among those mcdtds, on which allusion is made to Vota Becennalia and Vicennalia, there are scarcely any more curious than those of Diocletian and of Maximian his colleague, which have for their legend puiMis x. mvltis xx. — Banduri has quoted two of these medals, but there were more than thirty varieties in the cabinet of the Abbe de Rothelin. Some bear the type of Jupiter standing ; others ot Hercules also stand- ing. A Victory seated is seen ou several, hold- ing with the left hand a buckler resting on her knee, and with her right hand inscribing on this buckler, votis x. or vox x. Others, lastly, represent two Victories, who sustain a buckler, on which we read vot. x. fel., and sometimes vot. x. et xx. These medals are so much the more remarkable, as the vows form the legend and not the inscription ; and as they are re- peated on those where we again read them in the buckler. PRIMI XX. IOVI AV6VSTI, — Jupiter sitting, with thunderbolt and hasta. This legend and type appear on a very rare gold coin of Diocletian, who celebrated the vota vicennalia, the twentieth year of his reign being been com- pleted a.D. 303. — Banduri and Vaillant. PRIMO AVSP. — The infant Hercules strangling two serpents. On a fourth brass of Gal. Maximianus. This fine and remarkable little coin, in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, was first noticed by Eckhel in his Syllog. i. Num. Vet. And the same great numismatist in his Boot. Num. Vet. thus explains the epigraph: “ Two modes (he observes) suggest themselves. It is called PRIMO AVSPtee, as on coins of S. Severus we read D1S AVSPICIBVS, or it is PRIMO. AVSPIeio; for on coins of that very age, viz., that of Diocletian and Maximinian Hercules, we find it written AVSPIC. FEL., which may be held certainly to mean AVSPICio FELtei. PRIMVS. — Those who were the first (primi) to do any particular thing of public importance, or who bore any office first, were noted, by • writers accordingly, and the memory of the event struck ou coins, as L. BRVTVS PRIMui CONSUL. A similar instance is rend on a denarius of the F/aminia family sec PRI. FL. or Qualuor Vir Monet al is Primus flarit). — On other coins the word primus occurs: SEX. PRINCEPS. NONI. PR. LVD. V. P. F. Sextus Nonius Prcetor Ludos Votivos Primus fecit. The Prtctor Sextus Nonius was the first who cele- brated the Votive Games; and C. SERVEIL. M. F. FLORA. PRIMVS. Cuius Serveillius, Marci Filius, Floratia Primus; that is to say, he first instituted the Floral Games. PRIN. Princeps. — PEI N. IVVENTVTIS. S. C. On a third brass of Maximus Cicsar. PRIN. Principes . — TITVS ET DOMI- TIANVS PRIN. I V VENri/riJ. C. L. CAESARES AVGVSTI F. COS. DES. PRIN. I WENT. Cains Lucius Caesares, Augusti Filii, Consu/es Besignali, Principes Juventutis. PRIN. Principi . — OPTIMO PRIN. On coins of Trajan.— DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO PRIN. On a coin of Coustnutius Chlorus. PR INC. Princeps , Principle, Principi, Principes. — PRINC. 1VV., or JVVEN., or IV VENT., or IVVENTVT., or at full length IVVENTVTIS. Princeps Juventutis. Princeps Juventutis was a name of dignity even in the most flourishing days of the re- public. It was an honorary appellation given to him who took the lead of the greater and lesser boys appointed to perform a part in the game of Troy (ad ludum Troja). The prince of the youth was, in the earlier times, the chief of the Equestrian Order. Under the empire, and from the very commencement of that monarchical form of government, this title, although simply honorary, appears to have been given, as an apanage, to such young princes of the imperial family as were destined to reign, and was sometimes conferred on them at a very early age. Tjie dignity in eeitain instances accompanied that of Ccrsar. It is a mark of distinction of which the memorial is found perpetuated, cither directly or indirectly on the medals dedicated to these youthful heirs of the throne. Sometimes, as in the case oi Cains and Lucius, sons of M. Agrippa, adopted by Augustus, two princes were honoured together with this title. The types which bear reference to it present to us usually, under the first reigns, horsemen, with spears, as in Nero and Drusus, Titus, Domitian, [First brass of Gcta." and Gcta. But after Gcta, the Princeps Juventutis was no longer represented by an equestrian figure, but appeared on foot, in a military habit, either by the side of two ensigns, aud hoidiug the hasta pura and a short wand, as PRINCIPES. in Alex. Severus and Maximus ; or holding a globe in left hand and a javelin in the right, as in Gordianus Pins and Philippus jun. ; or the prince standing, in a military habit, holding a sceptre, with three standards, as on first brass of Diadumenianus, of which an example is here given. There are several slight varieties of this coin, in which Diadumenianus holds also a javelin ; or the hasta pura in the right hand, a globe in the left, as ii the younger Philip and Numerianus, and with a captive at his feet, as on a rare medallion of Saloniuus ; or holding a military standard in the right and a spear reversed in the left hand ; or with bacillum and javelin, or hasta pura, as in Herennius and Numerianus; or holding a military ensign in the right and the hasta in the left hand, near to which a sacred standard is sometimes planted, as in Hostilianus ; lastly, the frequently recurring legend of princ. IWf.nt. accompanies the unusual and scarcely appropiiatc type of a woman seated, holding an dive branch in her right hand, and resting her left arm on the back of the chair, as is seen on the coins of Herennius and Hostilianus alone. On a silver coin of Saloninus, son of Gallienus, we find the legend of princ. iwentvtis, accom- panying the type of a military figure (evidently intended for that of the young prince), standing, not, however (as is commonly the case on coins of the Lower Empire), holding a military standard, but with spear and buckler in his left hand, and crowning a trophy with his right. — A coin of Tetricus, junior , shows the prince of the youth , holding an olive branch, and the hasta pura. PRINC. IVVENTVT. Principes Juventutis. — On a very rare silver coin, bearing on its obverse the uaked head of Augustus, and on the reverse two horsemen galloping, this legend appears, with the letters C. L . (Caius and Lucius) at the bottom. The former received the houours when he was 14 (v. c. 749) ; the latter when he was 15 years old (v.c. 750). For the emperor above-named having destined these sons of Agrippa (whom he had adopted) to be his suc- cessors in the empire, it became the delight of the Equestrian Order to call them Principes Juventutis (Tacit. Annal.) The spear and buckler (hasta et clypeum) were the insignia of the Princes of the Youth : see a denarius of Augustus, on the reverse of which the two Cicsars, Caius and Lucius, are standing, veiled and togated, each holding the above-named dcsciiption of arms. PRIXCIPI. — PRISCUS. 653 PRINCIPI IWENTVTIS. S C.— Two right hands joined, hold a military ensign, fixed into a ship’s prow. — Second brass of Commodus. This coin on its obverse bears the yonne head of Commodus, and the inscription CAES. AVG. FIL. GERM. SARM. Its date is assigned to the year 930 (a.d. 177), when the title of IM Yerator, and the dignity of the Tribnnition Power (TR. P.) began to be added to that of CAESAR AVG. FIL., &c., which had previous to that period appeared on the coins of that emperor. It was about* the same time that he took Crispina to wife. — The meaning of a type so unusual as an accompaniment to the legend is not explained by Eckhel, through he quotes the coin from the Vienna cabinet. The title of Princeps Juventutis, which at the beginning was accustomed to be bestowed only on the young princes who were as yet only Ceesars, and on actually appointed successors, was at a later period accepted even by the Augusti themselves. “Volusian,” says Bimard, “is, I believe, the first on whose medals Princeps Juventutis appears, on the reverse of a head which has in the legend the title of Imperator ; but in the lower empire a thousand examples of it are found.” PRINCIPI IMPERII ROMANI.— Mars helmeted, walking, with spear in right hand and trophy on his left shoulder. — On a gold, coin of Maxentius. A dedication to Mars, as the Prince of the Roman Empire, was a new title for their God of War, created by the ingenuity of Maxentius, who had already inscribed one of his silver coips to Mars Propagator Imperii. PRIN CIPI A IWENTVTIS. — Crispns Csesar in a military habit, standing with spear and shield. On a third brass. So many coins of Crispns with this inscription are extant, that it would exceed the bounds of reasonable belief to suppose PRiNCiriA. written by mistake for principi, especially as there are medals with this epigraph which yet differ in type from those which exhibit the word principi. This epigraph seems to occur only in the mint of Crispus; for Bandurins, who produces one similarly inscribed among the gold coins of Constantine the younger, draws his authority from Ilarduin only, and it was seen by no one else. Lastly, there are the coins of Gratian inscribed principivm iwentvtis. “I shall not (says Eckhel), perhaps, seem to go wide of the mark, if I express my opinion that by the principia juventutis here in question are to be understood those principles or that descrip- tion of youth, required in camps by Crispus, whose image is represented by the military figure on the reverse of this coin.” How greatly distinguished by warlike deeds was the youth of this truly noble but ill-fated Caesar, the pen of history has with sufficient clearness proved. PRISCVS. — He was called Priscus, who was the eldest born. It is the cognomen of the Bahia, Mussidia, and Tarquitia families. PRISCVS ATTALVS, an Ionian by birth, and of no ignoble family, was appointed' Prefect 654 PRISCUS. of Rome by Honorius the same year (a.d. 509( that Alaric took possession of that city. The Gothic King, having a friendship for Attalus, compelled the conquered Romans to recognise him as Emperor; but disgusted with the in- dolence, imprudence, and presumption of his protege , Alaric deposed him the following year (a.d. 410) ; and this feeble puppet of the northern conqueror remained in a state of obscurity and humiliation until the death of Alaric, which happened shortly afterwards. Attalus then re-assumed the purple in Gaul, but meeting with no support either from the soldiers or the inhabitants, and being destitute of re- sources, he continued to dwell with the Goths till a.d. 416, when he was delivered into the hands of Constantius, general of the armies of Honorius, who sent him to Ravenna, where that Emperor then resided. After experiencing again the most extraordinary vicissitudes of fortune, sometimes being suddenly re-elevated to a semblance of dignity, and at others as speedily plunged into the lowest depths of degradation, he was condemned, after the amputation of his right hand, to a perpetual banishment in the Isle of Lipari, where, supplied with decent necessaries, he ended his eventful but unhappy life. The coins of this Emperor are, in all metals, classed by numismatists among the rarest of the imperial series. — Iiis style on them is prisc. (or I’RISCVS) ATTALVS. P.F. AVG. — IMP. PRISCVS ATT A I. VS P.F. AVG. The engraving of a silver medallion of very large size (weight 2oz. lOdwt. 4gr.) bearing on its obverse the portrait and imperial superscrip- tion of Priscus Attalus, and on its reverse 1NVICTA ROMA AETERNA, with type of Rome seated, holding a globe surmounted by Victory, and the hasta, is given by Air. Akcrinan (see Descriptive Cat., vol. ii. p. 353) who observes that “ it is in the collection of the British Museum, and is probably unique.” — The dete- rioration of the arts, betrayed in the bad design and coarse workmanship of this coin (supposing the engraving to be from a faithful copy) renders it alike congenial to the degeneracy of the Lower Empire, and worthy of being issued from the gothic mint of Rome. PR. IV. Princeps Juventutis. — On a coin of Tetricus the younger, published by Bandurins (i. p, 411). PRIV. CEPIT. Privemum Cepit. — On coins of the Aemi/ia and Plautia families. PR. L. V P. F. Prtetor Lit dot Voticos Puhlicos Fecit. — See Nonia family (Spanhcim). PR. N. Pronepos. — See Caligula. PRO. Preposition. — pro. r. caes. Pro Reditu Caesaris . — pro. s. caes. Pro Salute Caesaris. PRO. VALETVDINE CAESARIS. S.P.Q.R. On a very rare gold coin of the Antestia family this legend appears, accompanying the type of a veiled priest standing before a lighted altar, holdiug a patera in his right hand ; whilst on the other side is the victimarius bringing up a bull for sacrifice. PROBUS. This, and the coins inscribed PRO Salute ET RED/7k WGusti, or CAESarw S. P. Q. R., struck respectively by the Monetal Triumvirs Antistius Fetus and Mescinius Rufus, arc all referred by Eckhel to the year v.c. 738 (before Christ 16), when, in consequence of war being threatened by the Germans, Augustus made a journey towards Gaul, and when (as Dion records), vows were made at Rome for his health and safe return. — Doct. Num. Vet. vol. v. p. 137, vol. vi. p. 103. Alluding to these votive medals, Dr. Clarke says — “ Although the Emperor, who had removed to Ariminium (Rimini) for the greater con- venience of giving bis orders and receiving intelligence, did not purpose to go farther, yet it appears that public vows were made for his safety and return with as much solemnity as if he had been personally engaged in foreign war and indeed “ the apprehensions of the public were great, the enemy being numerous, bold, well disciplined, and near at hand.” — Medal. Hist. vol. i. p. 294. PRO. Procidentia. — pro. avo. Procidentia Augusli. The providence of the Emperor. PROB. Probi. — See adventvs probi. avo. Proboscis. — An elephant’s proboscis is a symbol of Africa. — [Vail. Pr. ii., p. 75.] PHOBVS (Marcus Aurelius ). — This illus- trious Emperor was born at Sirmium (Scnniel), in Panuouia, a.d. 232. His father’s name was Maximus, of an obscure family ; that of his mother is not known. Eminently favoured by nature, from the dawn of manhood, his look was uoble, his carriage majestic, and his inclinations heroic. Valerian, discovering his rising merit, made him a military tribune, at an unusually early age. In the reigns of Claudius II., of Aurelian, of Tacitus, he displayed his valour and skill ; as rendering himself formidable in Africa, Egypt, and tbe Gallic provinces ; the Rhine, the Danube, the Euphrates, also bore witness to his warlike triumphs over the foes or the empire. Prefect of the East, at the period of the death of Tacitus, he was about 44 years of age when he ascended the imperial throne ; “ in the full possession of his fame, of the love of the army, and of mature mental and bodily vigour” (a.d. 276). After having vanquished Florianus, he was confirmed in his title by the Senate, who in homage to his exploits and to his virtues conferred upon him at once the names of Cicsar, Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, the Tribunitiau power, and the Proconsular command. Thus honoured by “ the Conscript Fathers,”, he was no less acknowledged by the whole empire, and his reign was a succession of victories and useful labours. He strengthened the Rhietinn frontier; made the Goths feel the keen edge of the sword, and induced them to seek his alliance ; broke the power of the Sarmatiaus in the north and of the Isaurians in the east ; defeated the Blemmycs, and con- strained the King of Persia to sue for peace. Then retracing his steps westward, Probus de- livered Gaul from an invasion of the barbarous tribes of Germany — drove back the Franks into PROBUS. their morasses ; and carrying his amis into the German fastnesses, built a wall from the Rhine to the Danube. Victor in all these expeditions and encounters both with foreign and domestic enemies, he eiyoved triumphal honours at Rome a.d. 279 ; on which occasion, as is shewn by his coins, he distributed the congiarium, and treated the people with maguiGccut shows. In quelling the subsequent revolt of Saturninus, Proculus, and Bonosus, who had severally usurped the puqde under his reign, he used his good fortune with remarkable moderation and humanity. Many and stupendous were the works which this ever active Prince caused to be effected by the labour of his soldiers, after having restored peace to the world. But the treaty between Rome and Persia having been broken by “the Great King,” Probus prepared for war again on a grand and decisive scale ; but his rigid and exact discipline, and certain expressions which had unguardedly escaped him respecting the military, provoked his own troops to mutiny, and they assassinated him on the march, in the month of August, a.d. 282. Probus had reigned six years and four mouths ; and his death was deplored, not only by the Senate and people, but also by the very soldiers, whose discontent at his severity, and jealousy of his preference for civil over military government, had prompted this murderous attack ou the life of their Emperor. Ilis superior genius, both in the council and in the field, had indeed placed him ou a levef at least with the best and ablest princes of the Roman Empire ; and the eulogium inscribed on liis tomb at his native town of Sirmium, where he died, fell far short of justice to his memory, in designating him merely as the vanquisher of the barbarous nations : for his wisdom, probity, good morals, and disinterested- ness, had established for him a more valid claim to be called “ the Father of his Country,” than could ever be truly advanced for au Augustus, or even for a Trajan. Probus is styled on his coins — imp. c. piiobvs PIVS AVG. — IMP. CAES. M. AVR. PItOPVS P. F. AVG. — PERPETWS IMP. PROllVS. PROBVS 1NVICTVS. — BONVS IMP. PROBVS INVICT. AVG. The gold and silver of this Emperor are rare ; his brass money of the third form is extremely ommon. Beauvais states that the Abbe de Rot helm had formed a set of them, amounting to no less than two thousand in number, with differences. One of the most interesting with the reverse of virtvs probi avg.. Probus on horseback spearing au enemy, is here given. Vopiscus, in his life of Probus (c. ii.), relates that this Emperor was called Guthicus, aud also PROCILIA. 655 by the other cognomina of Parthicus, Sarmalicus, and Fraticicus , by the senate. None of these honorary appellations, however, arc to be found on his coins. But we do read on some of his medals victoria germanica, and also victoria gothica. Moreover, in the room of his other more usual titles, we see on some coins of this prince virtvs probi invicti avears ou a first brass of Corn- modus, with the type of a ship, whose two sails are expanded. — Vaillant. Even that monster of cruelty, and of bru- talized voluptuousness, is not without the his- torical honour of having, amidst a reign of atrocities aud indecencies, been the author of an establishment advantageously useful for the simply of provisions to Rome and to Italy. — “ 'I’lie fleet of Alexandria (says Crcvicr, quoting Lampridius as his authority,) was the accustomed vehicle for conveying thither the corn of Egypt. Commodus employed a similar one at Carthage for the transport of grain from Africa, in order that in rase of need, the one might supply what the other failed to bring. But here again he spoiled this really laudable institution, by the ridiculous vanity which he mingled with it, in changing the name of Carthage into tlint of Alexandria Commodiana, and in causing the fleet to be called fleet of Commodus Hercules." Krklirl considers this coin to refer to the African fleet destined for the purpose above described, and which was established by Com- modus in the year of Rome 944 (a.d. 191). PROVIDENTIA. PROVIDENTIA AVG. — A woman standing with the proboscis of an elephant on her head, and at her feet a lion, displays a sistrum in her left hand. Opposite is a naked figure of Her- cules, whose foot is placed on the prow of a vessel, and whose left hand holds a club ; both figures, symbolical of Hercules and Africa, join right hands with each o*her. This legend and type, on a large brass of Commodus, is regarded by the learned as re- ferring to the African fleet of corn transports, alluded to in the preceding coin, and which is also believed to be referred to in a medallion of the same emperor. (See votis felicibvs.) — The elephant’s head, the sistrum, the lion, are attributes peculiar to Egypt aud to Africa proper, which were the granaries of Rome. But Commodus haring sent his ships for freights of corn is on this coin represented paying worship to Hercules, and he himself plants his foot on the prow of one of the vessels, as if shewing care for his new colonv. PROVIDENTIA AVGVSTI. S. C.— Two figures in the toga standing ; one presenting a globe to the other ; between them is a rudder. On a first brass of Titus. As the coin on which this fine historical reverse appears is recognised as genuine by Mionnet and Akerman, although unnoticed by Eckhel, we shall here append an explanation of the type from Ilavercamp’s Commentaries on the Cabinet of Queen Christina : — “ This medal was struck in praise of the Providence, or foresight of the Emperor, that is to say of Titus, who to annihilate factious, and to prevent the occurrence of every thing calcul- ated to disturb the public tranquillity, had asso- ciated his brother Domitian with himself in the government of the empire. For, according to Suetonius (in his Life of Titus, chap, ix.), a primo Imperii die consortem successoremque testari perseveravit. And this he did doubtless to gratify the haughty and ambitious dis- position of Domitian, who, ps the same writer (in vita Domit. c. ii.) says, nunquam jaclare dubilavit, relictum se participem Imperii, sed fraudem testamento adhibitam. To disprove this foul charge of having falsified his father’s will was, therefore, the provident policy of the Emperor, by sharing the imperial inheritance with his unworthy brother. And accordingly on this medal Titus and Domitian are represented PROVIDENTIA. C61 as taking each other by the hand, and together supporting a globe (orbem terrarum of the Roman world), under which is placed a rudder, to mark (that one-sided reciprocity) their mutual concord in the government of the state. On this coin we see one of the two figures wearing a radiated crown (corona radiata). — By some antiquaries this type is described as representing Vespasian delivering over a globe to his son litus, as a symbol of entrusting him with the management of state affairs. But this supposi- tion is not borne out either by the countenances of the two figures, which are both those of young men, or by the assignment of the medal to the reign of Titus. PROVIDENTIA DEORVM. S. C.-Impe- rator togatus stans d extenta, s. volumen respicit aquilam supeme advolantem, et scipio- nem unquibus deferentem, ae. i. and ii. (Mus. Cas.J It is in the above terms that Eckhel (Doct. Num. Vet. vol. vi. p. 507), describes a coin of Hadrian, in first and second brass, as from the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, viz., the magnificent collection over the safe keeping and arrangement ot which that most able and judicious numismatic antiquary presided. — The same remarkable type of the Roman fuovidentia is given in, and commented on, first by Tristan (Comment. Hist. tom. i. p. 402), and afterwards by Pcdrusi (vol. vi. p. 336, Museum FarneseJ. But it is not included in Mionqet's Itecueil, nor in Aker- man’s Catalogue. I n the descriptions respectively made byTrajan, Pedrusi, and Eckhel, there are some minor points of difference ; but all agree about the togated figure standing, with right hand ex- tended towards an eagle, which appears flying down with something in his talons, either a branch, or a wand, or sceptre. — Tristan (after observing that Antonio Augustino is wrong in ascribing this medal to Trajan, and in speaking of the bird not as an eagle but as a dove,) says, “ Pour le certain, ce revers regarde la piete d’ Hadrian, qui ref ere a la providence des Dieux, et non au Destin, sa promotion a V Empire, cet Aigle ltd en presentant le sceptre de la part de Jupiter He then quotes Eustatius on the subject, to the effect of shewing it to be that Greek writer’s opinion, that “ the Eagle is the sign of the Providence and the Love of Jupiter towards mankind.” This seems a felicitous explanation of an other- wise obscure subject; and, supposing the great German medallist not to have been deceived by the specimens immediately under his own eye, the coin is an interesting and curious adjunct to the legend of fhovidentia deorvm. — It may be as well, however, to add that Pedrusi con- siders the figure to be, not that of Hadrian, but of an Augur, who stands in the act of taking the auspices, for some purposes of super- stitious inquiry into future events, to which that emperor was greatly addicted. — Dion says that Hadrian was much addicted to divination and the use of magic in sacred ceremonies. 662 PROVIDENTIA. PROVIDENTIAE DEORVM. COS. II.— A woman stands holding out both hands towards a globe suspended in the air and radiated. On a first brass of Pertinax. It has already been remarked that, from the time of Augustus, frequent mention is made of Providence by the mint of Rome. The first types were the altar, the thuuderbolt, the eagle. At a later period a globe is generally employed to designate it, as being the image of the orbis terrarum, or the whole world. — “ This globe, therefore, serves to symbolise that orb of earth whose government is entrusted to princes by the providence of the gods; and those princes themselves often bear it in one of their hands with that signification. A small figure of Victory is frequently placed on this globe; but afterwards, under Christian Em- perors and Ciesars, a cross was substituted for the Victory. And lest it should be taken for a common globular figure, it was sometimes en- circled with zones, which correspond with the celestial zones, as may be seen on the denarii of Mussidius Lougus. A female genius either points to this globe, with a rod or short stick, or, what is almost solely observed on this coin of Pertinax, she seems to accept it as descending from above, occasionally adorned with rays, as if it was to be regarded as a heavenly gift. A similar type appears on the second brass as well as on the gold and silver of Pertinax. PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES.AVGG. ('Quiet Augustorum.) — A woman standing with a branch in right hand and a hast a in the left, opposite another female figure, who has no attribute. [This type, therefore, presents the respective images of Providence and Repose!] This legend is common on the coins of Diocletian and of Maximian Hercules, as asso- ciated with the well-known fact of those two partners in empire having (a.d. 305) abdicated their high positions, and retired from the ad- ministration of public affairs to lead, as private individuals, a more tranquil, if not a happier life. That Diocletian’s abdication was per- formed with a sincerity, and persevered in with a temper of mind, which justified the appella- tion of Quies, in its calmest and most peaceful sense, we have the concurrent authorities of both ecclesiastical and profane historians for believing. Not so with respect to Maximian, who, during the whole period of his reluctant privacy, appears to base been the very imago PROVIDENTIA. inquiet ud inis, and whose perturbed spirit was ever at variance with anything like resignation. In illustration of the above reverse, as well as in explanation of the term SENior k\ Gust us, which forms part of the inscription on the obverse of this coin, Baron Bimard makes the following instructive remarks : — “ Although (says he) Diocletian and his colleague had quitted the throne, and had divested themselves of all their authority in favour of the two Casars, Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Maximianus ; yet they nevertheless retained the title of Augusti, because the character which that title imparted to those who bore it legitimately, was regarded as ineffaceable. The only point about which care was taken, being to join the uame of Senior to that of Augustus (thus designating Diocletian and Maximinian as the elder em- perors) in the laws wherein Diocletian and Maximinian were spoken of ; in the medals which were continued to be struck in their die, and even in the inscriptions, in order to distinguish them from the reiguing emperors. It is so well authenticated a truth, that the honours apper- taining to their rank were preserved to these princes, after they had voluntarily laid them down, that in the year of Christ 307, Maxi- mian Hercules was consul with Constantine, and the following year with Galerius Maxi- mianus. The Chronicler of Alexandria, Cassio- dorus, the Greek Fasti at Florence, and Prosper, also place in the year of our Lord 308 a tenth consulate of Diocletian, who had abdicated the empire three vears before.” PROVIDENT I SSI MI.— See sapiestia principis providentissimi. — O n coins of Constautinus M. Providenlia. — Besides the instances which have been already noticed, shewing the various modes of typifying Providence, whether in praise of an emperor’s care and foresight, or in acknowledgment of a divine superintendence, the following, among many others, appear in the Roman scries : — A thunderbolt as in Anto- ninus Pius — the Emperor addressing his soldiers on large bronze of M. Aurelius — on coins of Gallienus, Mercury with his usual attributes appears, accompanied by the legend of PRO- VIDENTIA avg. — the Providence of the Gods is symbolised by a thunderbolt, on gold and silver coins of Autoninus Pius — on a second brass of Aurelian, the same legend is accompanied by the figure of a woman holding two militnry ensigns, opposite whom stands the Sun, with radiated head, uplifted right hand, and globe in his left — on coins of l’ostumus the same legend has for its type a woman leaning on a column. The type of Providence, as applied to an Emperor’s acts, assumes the form of some edifice, such as a temple, an altar, or the castra prtrtoria, frequently with a star above, on medals of Constantius Chlorus, the two Liciuii, and Constautine the Great and his family. PROVIDENTIA SENATVS. S. C.— Two men clothed in the toga, one of whom gives a globe to the other. — On a first brass of Nerva. PROVINCIA DACIA. These two figures (says Havcrcnmp) are de- signed to represent the Senate and Nerva. — The republic (or, more properly speaking, the imperial monarchy) began to breathe again, and to recover from the effects of past calamities, after the death of Domitian, under Nerva, the excellent prince who succeeded that cruel tyrant. In fact Nerva not only in his own person rendered great services to the state, hut also by his choice of a successor as the public interest required. Having no child of his own, he adopted Ulpius Trajan, who from his virtues and great qualities was most worthy of being selected for so glorious a destiny. Nerva, whilst living, transmitted to Trajan all the rights of empire, which he had himself received from the senate, for Nerva had beeu chosen by the senate, who had placed the supreme power in his hands as the worthiest to which they could he confided. Accordingly the present medal is made to hear the inscription of PROVIDENTIA SENATVS. PROVINCIA DACIA. AN. I. — The province of Dacia, on brass of Philip the elder. Havercamp, in his commentary on the Queen of Sweden’s cabinet, says in reference to this coin : — “ Dacia was the second province (Moesia was the first) that struck a medal in honour of Philip. It is dated of the year 1. The type consists of a figure standing, clothed after the manner of the Dacians, and representing the genius of that province. She holds a Dacian sword in the right and a standard in the left hand, on which is marked the number xiii.” Vaillant, in his colonies, gives a medal of /Emilianus, with Provincia Dacia, a.n. vii., and a female figure holding an ensign marked xiii., and a number v. being in the field of the coin. “ The numbers (says Havercamp) signify that the veterans of the fifth legion, called Macedonian, and of the thirteenth, called Gemina, had beeu placed in the province of Dacia by the Emperor Philip. These legions, from the time of Trajan, were almost always stationed in that province.” On a medal of Trajanu9 Decius, given by Spanheim in his notes on Julian’s “Caisars,” the Dacian Province assumes an upright posture, standing, with right hand elevated, between an eagle and a lion. Provincia Dacia Romana . — This vast and very noted province, as has already been observed (p. 334), comprehended within its limits, not only the modem Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia, but also part of Hungary. How much too, after its dearly purchased acquisition by the victorious arms of Trajan, it was the care of Imperial Rome to civilize and adorn it, is shewn by various remains PROVINCIA DACIA. 663 of its acknowledged importance, in sculptured marbles, and inscribed stones, in public roads and edifices, in the ruins of Trajan’s bridge and other monuments. But although the name of Dacia, and the memory of its conquest, are recorded on many coins of Roman die, struck in all the three metals, yet it docs not appear that any of its cities or districts were admitted to partake of colonial or municipal privileges, nor that any pieces of money w r ere struck within the provinces itself, until the reign of Philip senior, who was the first emperor that changed its political con- dition from subjugation to frec-citizenship, and gave it immunities which placed its inhabitants on an equality, as to rights, with the Romans themselves. — The Imperial Greek pieces which bear the name of this country in Greek, were fabricated elsewhere, in memory of the advan- tages which the Romans had gained over the Dacians. “ It has not been possible,” says M. Henniu (Manuel vol. ii. p. 107), “to ascertain positively the places where those pieces were coined. M. Sestini ascribes them to the Isle of Crete, and believes them to have been struck in the city of Thalassa.” Be this, however, as it may, it was under Philip senior that it began to use Latin legends. And from notations of years which appear on the exergue of these coins, such as an. I., an. II., an. in., &c., the inference seems warranted that, having been rendered free under Philip, and admitted by him to share in the immunities of the Jus Italicum, and thus to be placed on the footing of Roman citizens, the entire province, out of grateful remembrance of benefits thereby conferred upon it, adopted the plan of computing dates from that period, as being the sera of its liberation. The marks of years appear on coins of the two Philips and Otacilia, also on coins of Decius, Etruscilla, Hcrennius, Hostilianus, Gallus, Volu- sianus, .Emilianus, Valerianus sen., and Gallienus; and they begin in the year of Rome 1,000, a.d. 247, being the fourth year of Philip senior’s reign, in which, as may be gathered from Zo9imus, that emperor rescued Dacia from the incursions of the Carpi. — On the coins of Philip only i. n. and in. are engraved. Under Trajanus Decius, this province struck coins with the years mi. and v., answering to the years of Rome 1003 and 1004, in which last Decius perished. — There is a medallion of extreme rarity, struck under Volusianus (as given by Froclich, Tert. p. 137), which bears for legend provincia DACIA an. v. as the Fifth year of this Dacian sera. — The next which arc noted arc the years vi. and vii. under Treb. Gallus, agree- ing with the years of the City 1005 and 1006, in which last Gallus was slain. — But, as Dacia in the same year, vii. of its sera, inscribed coins to Hostilianus, Gallus, Emilianns, and Gal- lienus, the fact shews that all these princes reigned in the course of that year : viz., that Hostilianus died at the beginning of the year of this sera, that Gallus was put to death some months afterwards, that /Emilianus was killed after three months more, lastly that Valerianus and Gallienus were proclaimed emperors at the 664 PROVINCIA DACIA. close of the same year. The Annus vim., or Ninth year of Free Dacian, engraved on a coin of Valerian, falls within the third year of Valerian and Gallienus. The Tenth year of the Dacian sera, which is the fourth of Gallienus, is revealed on a coin of his by Froelich (ibid, p. 140), with the assistance of chronology. — So long as Dacia was treated as a conquest, the personification of the province was, on coins of Roman die, almost invariably in a sitting posture, before some trophy, as if weeping for the loss of her barbaric independence ; but from the period when Philip senior bestowed upon her, less perhaps from choice than from necessity, the too tardily conceded boon of liberty, Dacia Provincia is seldom found seated. — Neumann (Pop. Num. i. lb. 3, 4, 2) has edited a second brass of Philip, on the reverse of which the genius of the province is seated, her head covered with the mitra, or bonnet, of her country. — But on the colonial imperial coins of Dacia in general, from Philip to Gallienus, the province is represented as follows : — A woman, adorned with the pi/eus, and wear- ing a sort of tunic and long cloak, stands holding in each hand a military ensign. On the velum, or small flag, of the right hand is the numeral v. ; on that of the left, the numeral XIII. — On others the woman bears in her right hand a curved sword, peculiar to the inhabitants of the country ; and a military ensign is planted near her to the right. At her feet is on one side an eagle with a crown in its beak, and on on the other side a lion. — On another coin the velum of the military standard contains the letters d. f. — T he above types belong to coins dedicated to Philip senior and junior, and to Otaeilia Scvera. — On a very rare second brass inscribed to Trcbonianus Gallus, the female figure holds in her right hand a branch ; and in her left a staff, on the top of which is an ass’s head. [According to the explanations of these types given by Vaillant, Froelich, and others, the woman represents the Genius Provincia: her head is covered with the pi/eus held to he the symbol of liberty, and allusion in this instance to the freedom conceded to Dacia by Philip. — D. F. is Dacia Felix. Dacia, as is well known, was added to the empire by Trajan, yet in an ancient inscription the merit of this annexation and of giving this province the appellation of Felix is (strangely enough) awarded to Hadrian, in the following terms : — IMP. caes. diyo NERVAE TRALANO HADRIANO PONT. MAX. COS. III. P. P. CVIVS VIRTVTE DACIA 1MPERIO ADDITA Felix est. — Under Philip it resumed the name of Felix, having been declared free by that emperor, and on coins of Trajanus Decius, Philip’s successor, it is also called Dacia Felix. — In reference to the figures v. and xni. on the military ensigns, Vaillant observes that as Trajan had placed the fifth Macedonian and the thirteenth Gemina Legions in Dacia, so Philip, having transmitted their veteran soldiers into all the colonics of the province, proclaimed them Roman citizens, n fact shadowed forth in the military ensigns borne in each hand by the PROVINCIA DACIA. Genius of the Province. — Dion states that, under Alex. Severus, both legions (viz., v. Maccdonica and xm. Gemina) were stationed in Dacia. And Philip having sent the veterans of these legions into the colonies of the province, made a new levy of soldiers to guard Dacia from the inroads of the barbarians. The sword in the hand of the female figure, is called by Clemens Alexand. [Strom, lib. 1] apinj, and, according to that writer, was borrowed from the Thracians. — On some of these Dacian coins it more resembles the lituus than a sword. — The eagle, which is the ensign of the Roman empire, is here adopted by Dacia because she has been made Roman. The lion is the accustomed symbol of the pro- vince. — The female figure representing Dacia, which on coins of the Philips and of Trajanus Decius holds (as already described) a military ensign in each hand, is exhibited on a very rare second brass of Trcb. Gallus, in a different manner. Instead of those legionary standards allusive to the Roman soldiers appointed to guard her confines, the genius of the province now presents the olive branch, indicating (says Vaillant ii., p. 213) that peace had been entered into by Gallus with the barbarian invaders — a peace which that emperor had ignominiously purchased by the payment of an annual tribute, of 200 gold drachmas.” The figure in question bears in her left hand a tall staff, on which is placed the head of an ass, seemingly as though it were a national ensign, as may be observed on coins of Trajanus Decius struck by the Senate : likewise on the silver mint of that emperor. We shall here append the scries of annual notations on coins of dacia provincia, making the sera of her freedom, as exhibited by Eckhcl [Cat.Mus. Cas. i. p. 48, 49, 50]; not like Vaillant and others, taking them in the chrono- logical order of the imperial reigns, from Philip to Gallienus ; but according to the order of years, commencing under the first named emperor. Annus I. ; as in Philip senior, Otaeilia Scvera, and Philip junior. Annus II. ; as in Philip junior and Otaeilia Scvera. Annus IIT. ; as in Philip sen., Otaeilia, Philip jun,, Trajanus Decius, and Volusianns. Annus IV. ; as in Trajauus Decius, and llerennius Etruscus. [In honour of Decius, who dethroned and succeeded to the founder of her freedom, Darin nevertheless deemed it policy, no doubt, to strike coins. But as the Illyrian army acknowledged the inactive Philip, it first proclaimed Marinas, and afterwards Decius, Emperors against the Barbarians then pouring into the Roman terri- tories , the neighbouring provinces followed the same movement, especially as Decius was boru in Pnnnonia, on the borders of Dacia, whilst Philip being a native of Arabia, was less popular with the provinces. It was for this reason that the senate struck coins of Decius with the epigraph of oenivs exercitvs illvriciani, and recorded the names of those provinces which had proclaimed him emperor, viz., Pan- PROVINCIA. nonia and Dacia. In fact they inscribed dacia felix, on the coins of the latter, as if she had recovered her pristine felicity under such a prince as Dccius, she having become, to the most privileged extent, a Roman province, to which allusion is made on a marble edited bv Zamosins. — See Vaillant, ii. p. 196. — With re- gard to the an. IV. appearing on a coin inscribed to Hereunius, Vaillant remarks — “ Dacia, on receiving intelligence that Trajanus Decius, at the entreaty of the senate, had proclaimed his son Herennius Etruscus, Cicsar, struck coins of congratulation as well to the son as to the father, and placed the marks of the year iv. (annus quartos) on those of the former, as a monument of liberty derived from Philip.” — ii. p. 206.] Annus V. ; as in Trajanus Decius, Ilerennia Etruscilla, Ilostilianus, Treb. Callus, and Volu- siauus. [The fifth year of the Dacian sera is the second of Decius’s reign. — Vaillant, ii. 206.] Annus VI. ; as in Tr.b. Gallus, Valerianus, and Gallicnus. Annus VII. ; as in Ilostilianus, /Emilianus, and Gallienus. Annus VIII. ; as in /Emilianus and Vale- riauus. Annus IX. ; as in Valerianus. Annus X. ; as in Gallicnus. Provincia. Provinces. — These were territories which the Romans had either conquered in war or obtained possession of by other means. They formed a third part of the empire, and for the purposes of government were divided into con- sular, proconsular, pnetorian, and pnesidial, according to the respective rank and dignity of the magistrates appointed to ride over them the maxim of the republic being to form the countries which it subdued into so many distinct governments. As soon as it acquired them, their laws were annulled, their own magistrates re- moved, and themselves subjected to the Roman laws, for the administration of which, according to the extent and importance of the provinces, a proconsul, or a prator, or a prases (see these words) was sent from Rome — each with a quastor, whose business it was to enforce pay- ment of the tributes imposed by the conquerors. In return for the loss of its independence, in being reduced to a provincial state (redacta in formam Provincia '), its generous masters granted to such country the Jus Provincia, a privilege very inferior to the Jus Italicum and to the Jus Latium, inasmuch as it not only fell short of exempting its inhabitants from tribute, but com- pelled them to receive their laws and governors from Rome. — Thus during the republic, the pro- vinces, as well those of Italy as those at a greater distance from the capital, were altogether under the control of the senate and people. But when Augustus became master, that subtle personage, to serve his own ambitious policy, made a divi- sion of the provinces, which, whilst it apparently abolished a monopoly of administrative power on his part, had the effect of placing the whole military force of the state at his sole disposal. 4Q PROVINCIA. 665 To the senate he yielded those provinces which were situated in the centre of the empire, reserv- ing for himself and successors the frontier lines ot country, under pretence of defending them from the attacks of barbarian and other hostile nations. The provincia subnrbana, as those of Italy were called, from their comparative proxi- mity to Rome, were placed under the authority of annually appointed magistrates, sent to them by the Senatus Populusque Romanus, whether proconsuls or praetors. On the other hand, the . provinces reserved for imperial government were presided over by the Legati Augusti, or lieu- tenants chosen by the prince himself. After the partition above referred to, conquered territories, moulded iuto provinces, fell to the sway, not of the people, but of the emperor, as Dion informs us. Thus Thrace, at length made a province of, in the reign of Vespasian, likewise Dacia and Arabia under Trajan, increased the number of Caesarean provinces. Hence it is that on the coins of those provinces so acquired, we read the name not of the proconsul or of any other popular magistrate, but of the legates of the emperor— On this point Spanheim, in his notes on the Casars of Julian, makes the follow- ing remarks on those medals of Trajan, which display Dacia, under various types, as a sub- jugated nation : — “ We sec these coins (says this erudite and observant author) with in- scriptions not only of vict. dac. and of dacia capta, but even of dacia avqvstj provincia. ; that is to say, according to the custom alluded to by Dion that 'nations or conquered provinces, subsequently to the division made by Augustus, fell no longer within the jurisdiction of the Roman people, but devolved to that of the Emperor, and became his provinces, and were therefore governed by his Lieutenants, and by Praetors or Proconsuls, except in those changes which the Emperors themselves made on the subject from time to time.” — Spanheim then cites the well-known medal of Trajan, com- memorative of his capture of Dacia; and also the less common, but not less interesting coin of the same emperor, which bears the legend of Dacia Augusti Provincia — that province being represented by a Dacian seated on a rock, with j two children near him, and with a Roman | ensign in his left hand. [See Dacia.']— The l same numismatist refers to other medals of [ Trajan, as marking the fact that this emperor, after having conquered arabia, had made a 6GG PROVOCO. — PRUDENTIA. Roman province of it, particularly that inscribed ARABIA AVGVST. PROVINCIA ; also ARABIA ADQVis. Arabia Adquisita , or ARABIA CAPTA. — Sec those inscriptions. PROVOCO, title of the Porcian Law (Lex Porcia), on the denarius of that family, in which the prmtor is represented standing with his hand extended towards a citizen clothed in the toga : behind the pnetor stands a lictor, holding in his right hand a rod. — See Porcia family. PR. P. Pro Pratore. — pro pr. pr. a. Pro Pratore Provincia A chat a. Pit. Q. Pro Quastore. — m. min at. sabin. pr. Q. On a denarius of the Minatia family. PR. S. P or PAL. Provinc'ue Syria Palestina. Of the province of Syria in Palestine. PRVDENTIA AVG. Banduri, citing Mediobarbus, gives this epigraph as inscribed on the reverse of a gold coin of Aureolus, in which a female figure stands holding a short wand in her right hand, and resting her left arm on a column. The word Prudentia is in this instance obviously used instead of Procidentia , one of whose well-known types is here represented. — Millin indeed says that “Prudence is the same allegorical divinity as Providence, and that there are medals on which she is figured.” But as Eckhel, Mionuct, aud Akermau are all silent on the subject, it is probable they consider the word misread or blundered for Procidentia. P. R. VOT. Poputi Romani Pota. — In a shield, held by two victories, round which V1CTOR1AE LAETAE. PRIN. PERP. On a gold medal of Constantine the Great. PR. VRB. Pr refect us Urbi, or Prietor Urbanus. — l’ncfcct of the city, or rather Pnetor of the city. P. S. Percussa moncta Siscia. — Money struck at Sicia (a town of Croatia now Sisscg) on the exergue of a coin of Liciuius sen. Pseudomoneta. — This term is applied to such numismatic irregularities as the Contorniati , the Spin trice, Tessera, &c. P. T. Percussa Treveris. — Money struck at Treves. Ptolomaus IV. Phitopator . — One of the many Egyptian kings who rejoiced in the regal patronymic of Ptolomicus, died in the year of Rome 550, having appointed by his will that the Roman people should be tutor to his infant son. This remarkable fact, which history, by the pens of Valerius Maximus, and Justiuus, affirms and explains, forms the subject of typical allusion, on a rare denarius of the y Emilia family, described by Eckhel as follows, from one in the Imperial cabinet at Vienna : — alkxandre a. — T he tuiTetcd head of a female Genius. M. LEP1DVS. PONT. MAX. TVTOR. REG. S. C. Two figures, in the Roman toga, standing ; one placing a crown on the head of another. Here then we have Lepidus in the consular robe, crowning with the regal diadem the young Ptolemy (V. Epiphancs), whom the king, his father, had left under the tutelage of the Roman PTOLEMAIS G ALII, A Edik people. And on the other side is seen, under the image of a woman crowned with towers, the city of Alexandria, capital of the kingdom, where the ceremony took place. tSee Aemitia family in this Dictionary.) — The year in which an event so strikingly illustrative of the power aud influence of republican Rome occurred is not exactly known. But it appears that the Marcus .Emilius Lcpidus, to whom the office of Tutor Regis was entrusted by the senate, com- menced his first consulate a.v.c. 567, was elevated to the supreme pontificate v.c. 574, and served his second consulate v.c. 578. Plolemais Gatitaea, a town on the Phoenieean coast, originally called Acc, from Hercules, now St. John of Acre. It took its Greek name from one of the Ptolemies, Kings of Egypt, and was the only eity of that name converted by the Romans into a colony — an cveut which occurred under Claudius. Except, however, the bare title of colony, it docs not appear that any right or privilege was conferred upon the place. For example, if Ulpian is to be relied upon, Ptolemais was never admitted to a participation in the Jus Italicum, and was invested with nothing but the name of a colony (nihil prater nomen colonite habet). Yet it docs not seem probable, that an emperor would send citizens and veterans to colonize a distant territory, without investing them with some special liberties and immunities, to enjoy in their establishment there. At any rate we know that Ptolemais had its scries of colonial -impel ial coins, from Claudius to Salouinus, including also those of Nero, Trajan, Hadrian, Severus, Caracalla, Alexander Severns, Philip senior, Valerianus, and Otaeilia Sevcra. The following arc the chief types found on coins of this colony : — Altar and Serpents . — On a fine aud rare first brass of Valerianus, bearing tbe legend COLONIA PTOLEM A 1 DEN Sis, the type is a lighted altar, from underneath the base of which, on each side, rises a serpent. On the left is a caduccus. [This appears to be the memorial of a sacrifice offered by the people of Ptolemais for a happy issue to the war with Persia, commenced by Valerian about the time when the medal was struck. We sec in it the altar on whirh sacred rites, accordiuu to the usages of paganism, were performed to the gods on this account. The serpents arc an augury of victories, as the caduceus is a symbol of felicity. But the auspices, which thus promised triumphs over the barbariaus, proved fatally deceitful ; for the emperor was defeated, made prisoner and, after the most ignominiously cruel treatment, put to death by Sapor, King of the Persians.] Bust of a Bearded Man . — On a second brass of Sept. Severus, struck at Ptolemais, is the head of a man with long beard flowing in thick curls, and as if adorned with several horns; before whom is a cornucopia:. [Vaillaut regards this as intended to personify the Nile. lie observes that the people of Ptolemais had borrowed the worship of that PTOLEMAIS GALILAEJ3. celebrated stream as well as the worship of Scrapis, from Egypt — the Nile being, according to Parmenides, the Jupiter of the Egyptians. The images of rivers were exhibited on ancient coins, with beards unshorn and with dishevelled hair, as in the instance of the Nile itself on Egyptian medals. Horns were appended to the heads of these effigies, as denoting the different months through which a river debouched into the sea : accordingly Virgil calls the Rhine bicornis. But the Nile has several horns assigned to it, because it was said to branch into seven arms, as Virgil him self sings : — Et septem gemini (urbant trepida ostia Nili. \_FEn. vi., L BOO.] The cornucopise shadows forth the fertility, and the abundance of all fruits, of the earth.] Colonist and Military Ensigns. — -On second und third brass of this colony, dedicated, in the first instance, to Claudius its founder, and afterwards in succession to Nero and to Hadrian, the type of co/onus bores age/is, is accompanied with four or five military standards placed behind the oxen. — The legend is col. ptol. or ptolem. Co/onia Pto/emais. — On a very rare and fine large brass of Philip senior, with the legend COL. VTOl.emais, there are the colonist and oxen, but not the military ensigns. [The colonist, or more properly the pontiff guiding a plough team of oxen, refers to the origin and antiquity of the settlement. The military ensigns are introduced because not only citizens from Rome, but veterans from a legion, were sent to Ptolemais by Claudins.] It is doubttul whether this medal of Ptolemais has been correctly copied as havingyfre military ensigns. Pellerin has given two coins of this colony, one with the head of Claudius, and the other with the head of Nero. — On the reverse of each of these, behind the colonist at plough, appear four military standards. And on the square of each of these standards are seen certain numbers, not visible on the medals published by Vaillant. These numerals shew the Legions whence were drafted the veteran soldiers who were sent to Ptolemais to form that colony. It seems that it is the vith, lxth, xith, and xnth Legions which are marked thereorf. Nevertheless, adds Pellerin, it is very possible that the last two numbers were only x. and XI., the unit which apparently terminates both those numbers being, perhaps, only the lateral line of the squares in which they are enclosed. — [ Recueil , tom. ii. p. xi. and 2, which see for an explanation of the legends of these coins.] Cgbele. — On a first brass of Valerianus, struck at Ptolemais, the type of the reverse is Cvbcle, who, seated between two lions which are at her feet, holds in her right hand some- thing which resembles an infant in swaddling clothes. Behind the chair of the goddess is a caduceus winged. — See Pellerin, Melange, i. pi. xxii. No. 8, p. 329. Diana Venatrix. — On a rare second brass dedicated to Valerian, the people of this colony 4 Q2 PTOLEMAIS GALILAEjE. 667 have stamped the image of the hunter-goddess within a temple of two columns, round which are the signs of the Zodiac. [This is one of the coius struck by the city of Ptolemais under Valerian, whilst he was engaged in the Persian war. — By the temple and its idol, it shews that Diana was adored ill quality of Venatrix by the people of this colony. — The twelve signs of the Zodiac, referring to astronomy, seems to have been introduced into this type in memory of a science in which their (Phoenician) ancestors were, according to Strabo and Pliny, pre-eminently skilled.] Emperor on Horseback, with right hand elevated, and holding the reins in his left, on a second brass of Caracalla, with legend colonia ptolemais. [This appears intended to record the arrival of the above named Emperor at Ptolemais ; for he is represented as an equestrian, and in the garb of a pacificator, just as coius of Roman die exhibit the entry of Emperors into Rome itself. This also agrees with what Herodiauus relates of Caracalla’s advent and sojourn in Syria : when on his military expedition against Armenia and Parthia, he visited Antioch, and most pro- bably Ptolemais, which is situated between the former place and Syria.] Emperor on Horseback . — An exactly similar type and legend (to that of Caracalla’s) appears on a second brass, bearing on its obverse the portrait and titles of Alexander Severns. [Struck in congratulation to that Emperor on his having defeated and dispersed the invading armies of Persia, and (as Lampridius testifies) vanquished their powerful King, Artaxerxes. The equestrian figure is viewed by Vaillant as re- lating, not to Alexander Severus, but rather to a statue raised at Ptolemais to Caracalla’s honour (and represented on the preceding coin). For Alexander, according to Herodianus, took the name of Severus from reverence for his ancestor Septimius Severus, and called himself the son of Caracalla, professing to have won his many trophies of success over the barbarians, under the auspices and tutelage of those two Emperors]. Fortune, standing, clothed in the stola, with, as usual, the rudder and cornucopias, on a small brass of Hadrian. [The many coins of tliis colony, dedicated to Hadrian, afford an indication that some singular benefit had been conferred by that munificent Emperor on Ptolemais. Fortune forms the type of the reverse, as a goddess worshipped by the inhabitants of the city, and also as a favourite object of Hadrian’s veneration.] On an elegant second brass, inscribed to Caracalla, stands Fortune as designated by her accustomed attributes, and with the calathus on her head. Behind, is a small figure of Victory, placed on a cippus or column, extending a crown over the head of the Goddess. — There is a similar type of Fortune crowned by Victory, placed on a cippus, on a second brass of Valerianus, with the sole addition of a winged caduceus in the 668 PTOLEMAIS GALILAE.E. field of the coin. — See PeUerin, Melange, i. pi. xxii., No. 8, p. 332. [Vaillaut says that the Victoriola standing on a short column frequently appears on colonial coins of Phoenicia, in allusion to the victories gained by the ancient and enterprising people of that country, and to the colonies which they established far and wide ] Human Foot. — Pcllcrin furnishes ns with the engraving of a singular coin dedicated by the city of Ptolemais to Salonina, wife of Gallienus (to whom Vaillaut assigns no medals of this colony). It bears on its reverse a human I foot with part of the leg [most probably an I ex voto on account of some cure supposed to be i miraculously effected]. Above it is a thunder- bolt, and by its left side a caducous. — [See also ! Recueil — Let/res Addition, t. ix. p. 36.] Hercules and the Emperor. — On a first brass of this colony inscribed to Otacilia, wife of Philip senior, given in Pcllcrin ( Melange i. 1 pi. xxi. No. 5, p. 317), Hercules joins his right I hand to that of the Emperor, both standing opposite each other. Between them is an altar, and above them a eaduecus. Legend, coi,. noi. Neptune and Proserpine. — Pellerin, in supply- J ing an omission of Yaillant, who has given no medals of Otacilia, as struck by this colony, has noted one which exhibits on one side the head of that Empress, and on the other Neptune [contrary to the well-known myth which makes Pluto the ravisher of Ceres’ daughter] driving a quadriga, in which he is carrying away Proserpine. Above are horses, and Mercury flying with a caduceus in his right hand. Serapis. — A second and third brass of Sept. Scvcrus and of Caracalla, bearing the legend of COLmis PTOLmaw, the head of Serapis appears with the Modias. [The image of this divinity occurs on a great many coins of Phoenicia and Palestine, those countries having respectively adopted his worship from Egypt, where he was held in the highest adoration. — Sec Serapis. Thunderbolt. — This type presents itself on second brass of Ptolemais, inscribed to S. Sevcrus. [The thunderbolt (sec the word Fu/men) is the mark of Providence and the symbol of empire ; but on this coin its appearance seem- ingly refers to some passage in the history of the city. Perhaps (says Vaillaut) as the Ptote- maideuses were in the habit of admitting the deities of their Egyptian neighbours among their own objects of worship, so also is there room for conjecture that the Ccraunian Jove of the Scleu- ccnsians was adored at Ptolemais under the symbol of a fulmen, or thunderbolt. They after- wards called Jupiter by the surname of Ful- minator, and dedicated a temple to him under that title.] Woman and River God. — On second brass of this colony, dedicated to Trajan and to Hadrian, a woman, turret crowned, is seated on a rock, with corn-cars in her nght hand At her feet a male figure appears, emergiug from water with outspread hands. PTOLEMAIS GALILAE.E. [The seated female is the Genius urlis, crowned with towers, as Ptolemais was sur- rounded with strong walls; she sits on rocks, as the city was on every side encompassed by lofty mountains; she carries corn-ears, as the colony was situated in a fertile and well culti- vated plain ; the foot treads ou the shoulder of a river god, being the personification of the Pagida or Bcleus, which flowed past Ptolemais, as Josephus states, at the distance of two stadia.] On second and small brass of Julia Domna, there is a similar figure of a woman, some- times with, sometimes without, the male figure. Woman with Turreted Head, clothed in the stola, holding a rudder in the right hand, and a cornucopia iu the left hand. She stands beside a column, on which are placed the infants Romulus and Remus, suckled by the wolf. [The colony of Ptolemais, deriving its founda- tion from Claudius, has, to indicate that origin, placed on its coinage the graphic illustration of Rome’s pet legend, in like manner as all Roman colonies were accustomed to adorn their market- places with the same group in statuary.] PVR.— lM RE. Pub/ica. PUBLICA. — See aeqvitas publica. — fides PVBLICA, &c. Pudicitia. — Modesty was worshipped at Rome as a goddess, especially by females She bore the surnames of Patricia and P/ebeia. The temple of the latter was erected by Yiiginia, the daughter of Aldus, who had married a plebeian, and to whom the Patricians, in consequence, had refused entry into the temple of Pudicitia patricia. The image of this divinity is rarely found on coins of emperors, but it is frequently seen figured (not always appropriately) on those of the Augustre, viz., Plotina, Sabina, Lucilla, i Faustina junior, Crispina, Julia Micsa, Mnnura, Otacilia, Etruscdla, Salonina, &c., under the traits of a woman, in a matronly gown and veiled; or, on the point of veiling herself, holding in one hand the hasta pura; she is sometimes j standing, as in Lucilla; but oftener seated, os in | Julia Micsa and llercunia Etruscilla. PVDIC. P. M. TR. P. COS. III.— A woman, j veiled, stands with her bauds concealed within her robe. i This dedicatory legend appears on a silver coin of Hadrian, who, as Eckbcl observes, was by tnrns both “ pudicus et impudicus." — With this special point for our remembrance, that although his modesty (pudicitia J could ou certain occa- sions be grievously offended at the vices and indecencies of others, yet it nevertheless easily | reconciled itself to his own more numerous and infinitely more odious rriiuinalitics. But as coins of contemporaneous date record the virtues only of princes, it remains for history, after their death, to make mention of their vices. Thus also the medals of Hadrian boast of his clemency; but history, not to be corrupted, calls to mind the violent deaths of illustrious men whom he caused to be sacrificed to his hatred and revenge. PUDICITIA. — PUELLAE. PVDICITIA.—' This legend appears, with a variety of types, in every metal and form, on coins of Faustina the younger, wife of .M . Aurelius, and of Lucilla, wife'of L. Verus.— Whether the modesty of these two princesses is boasted of on these medals according to the custom of court flattery? or whether, after the manner iu which we hoid up princes, as wishing to he what they ought to be? is a question we presume not to decide.— We have seen that even the coins of Hadrian make a vaunt of his pudicitia, a claim to commendation which no one less than he had established for himself. PVDICITIA AVGaite— This form of legend by which the attributes of deified modesty are more closely identified with the person of the Empress than they are in the previously cited instances, appears with the usual type of a veiled woman, on coins of Orbiana, l ranquillina, Magnia L'rbica. And also, by an inappropriate ostentation, if not by a mistake of the nioneyers, the same reverse is found on medals of Gordianus 111., Trajanus Decius, Hostilianus, \ olusianus. Puella, or Pueruli. — Infants of both sexes in the arms of females, or standing by the side of women, appear on many coins of the Imperial series, especially of the Trajan and Antonine families. — See Children or Infants. Puella Alimentaria — This term will be, perhaps, most significantly rendered by the English phrase “Charity Girls,” the objects of an institution by Antoninus Pius, in honour of his wife Faustina senior, and called Faustinianoe, after that Empress. Two of these Puella Alimentaria are seen standing before the Em- peror on a gold medal of Trajan, which thu9 commemorates the signal liberality of that great prince in constituting and assigning throughout Italy permanent funds for the maintaiuance and education of destitute children, both girls and boys. PVELLAE FAVSTINIANAE. Reference has already been made to these benevolent insti- tutions, founded by the Emperor Trajan, who took under his protection and support such children as were orphaus, or had been deserted. Antoninus Pius followed this excellent example, and in honour of his wife, Faustina senior, caused a great number of poor girls and young women to he brought up, at the expense of the state. The memory of this institution, which reflects equal honour on the Emperor and on the Empress, is preserved on medals in gold and silver.— 1 he obverse is inscribed diva avg favstina, accom- panying the head ot Faustina. On the reverse, Antoninus is represented sitting on an eslrade, in the attitude of extending his arms to a child whom one of the people presents to him. Faustina had promised to many distressed per- sons that she would take care of their children’s education and future interests: she had even given these unfortunate infants her ow r n name, as a further assurance of her generous intentions in their behalf, as we perceive by the legend of Puella Faustinian®. It seems evident, how- ever, that this institution was not carried into effect until after her death, as well from the word PUELLAE. — PUER. C69 diva, which announces that Faustina had already reeeived the honours of the Apotheosis — as from that passage in Julius Capitolinus, which says “Antoninus appropriated a fund for the nurture of a number of girls whom he called Faustiniana, in honour of Faustina.” — It is also said that Marcus Aurelius formed a similar establish- ment iu compliment to his wife, the younger Faustina. To a similar institution for the children of citizeus, who (according to Pliny the younger) were nourished and provided for, at the public cost, under Antoninus Pius, a bronze medallion is considered to refer, on which stands a female figure, holding a child and a globe* and having at her feet two children, with the inscription pietati. avg. cos. mi. — See pietati. Puer or Puella , (see Infant). — Children at the breast, or in the arms, or at the feet of their mother are seen on various coins of the Imperial series — such as of Lucilla, Juba Domua, Faustina, Otacilia, Urbiea; with epigraphs of fecvnditas avg. and ivnoni lvcinae. A naked boy sits on a globe, between seven stars (the Triones) on a denarius of Domitia, wife of Domitiau, in memory of a son they had lost. See divvs caes. imp. domitian. A boy sitting on a goat, with the epigraph aetf.rnitas ; and another seated on the same animal, with legend of iovi crescenti, appear on coins of Gallienus, Saloninus, and Yalerianus jnn. — See Fecunditas, Juno Lucina, JEternitas Imperii. Puer alatus. — A winged boy (see Cupido) ap- pears in the area of a coin of the Julia family; and is seated on a goat in a denarius of the same family. — See Julia. Puer. — A boy as the sign of Felicitas, or of Succession, appears on medals of the Faustinas, Lucilla, Crispina, Domua, Msesa, Aquilia,Mamsea, Orbiana, Etruscilla, and other Augusta. — The same figure is an index of Hilaritas, on coins of Hadrian, Caracalla, Elagabalus, Tetricus. Pueri quatuor. — Four boys, with the attri- butes of the seasons of the year, on first brass of Commodus, Caracalla, and other Emperors ; and ou a small brass of Carausius. See FELICIA TEMPORVM. Pugiones. — The figure of two daggers, or poiguards, with the pi/eus or cap of liberty, appear on coins of Brutus. — Sec eid. mar. Pugna. — The combat of a lion with a stag, on a silver coin of jhe Burmin family, is regarded as allusive to some celebration of the secular games (ludi saculares). Pu/cheria (Aelia), daughter of the Emperor Arcadins, sister of Theodosius the second, and the wife of Marciatius, was born at Constanti- nople (a.d. 399). This princess was associated in the imperial government by her brother, from whom she received the rank and title of Augusta (a.d. 414). Pulcheria’s historical character is that of a woman, as virtuous as she was beautiful ; no less distinguished for charity and beneficence than for sweetness of temper and affability of manners. That her piety, however, partook of the ascetic taint of the age in which she lived, is strongly indicated by the unconjugal condition 670 PUPIENUS. on which, after the death of Theodosius (a.D. 450), she gave her hand in marriage and a seat on the throne of empire to Marcianus — viz., that he should not claim his rights as a husband, but leave her to live chaste. Accordingly she re- mained in a state of perpetual virginity, and died in “the odour of sanctity” (a.d. 453). There are silver and gold coins of Pulcheria extant, but they are of extreme rarity. Bimard and Beauvais both assert the non-existence of any brass medals of this empress, but Tanini gives two examples of third brass coinage to her reign, which Mionnet recognises as genuine, and values at twenty francs each. — Her style is ALE. PVLCHERIA. AVG. Pulli. — Two chickens are seen in the act of feeding, at the bottom of a tripod, on a silver coin of Lepidus. A cockerel appears among the insignia of the augural office on a denarius of Mark Antony. — See avgvr. Punic (or Carthaginian) characters. — We find these on the reverse of a silver coin of Juba the younger, King of Mauretania, whose por- trait, and title in Latin , is engraved on the obverse. — See ivba rex. Puncta. — For points on Roman Coins, espe- cially Consular, see Globulus. PUPIENUS ( Marcus Clodius), with the sur- name of Maximus, born about the year of Christ 164, of humble parentage, attained, through the various grades of military rank and civil sendee, to the highest honours and powers of the state. For his exploits in the field the senate received him into their body ; made praetor and twice elected consul, he afterwards governed iu succes- sion the provinces of Bithynia and Gaul with great credit. Victorious over the Sarmatians and the Germans, he was rewarded with the Prefecture of Rome, and discharged that respon- sible office with great talent and prudence. At length he was elected Emperor, in association with Balbiuus, about the year 237, and con- tributed by his courage, activity, and generalship mainly to the deliverance ot the empire from the insupportable tyranny of Maximinus. On the death of that ferocious Thracian and his son, the army acknowledged Pupienus as Augustus, con- jointly with Balbinus, who had remained at Rome. This virtuous prince was lofty in statue, grave in demeanour, and venerable in aspect. Of a melancholy t urn of character, he was strict, yet humane ; firm and decisive, without rudeness or irascibility. Irreproachable in morals, the friend of his country and obedient to her laws, he rendered impartial justice to all, and main- tained discipline amongst the soldiery. After enjoying for a brief space, with his colleague, the state of peace which he had procured for the empire, Pupienus was preparing to carry the Roman arms into Persia, when he and Balbinus were suddenly dragged from the imperial palace by the Pnctori.au guards, and massacred in the streets of Rome, on the 15th of July, a.d. 238, in his 74th year, after having reigned three months and a few days. On his coins, which are rare in silver and brass, and of great rarity in gold, Pupienus is PUPIENUS.— PUTEAL. styled IMP. CLOD. PVPIENVS AVG.— IMP CAES. M. CLOD. PVPIENVS. AVG.— IMP. CAES. PVPIEN. MAX I MVS. AVG. On reverses sometimes Voter Vat rice and PATRES SENATNS. The silver is of two sizes, the larger of which exhibits the head of this emperor with the radiated crown. The second brass are very rare, and so are such of the first brass as have the title of Maximus after Pupienus. Puppis. — The poop or hinder part of a ship; the image of which does not appear on Roman coins so frequently as the prora, or prow. It was on the puppis or stern of ancient vessels, as in those of our own day, that the pilot or helms- man (Gubernator) took his station, and where the commander had his post. This part of tho ship was held inviolably sacred; it was also in the larger gallics formed into a kind of temple, ornamented with crowns, fillets, aud other religious decorations in honour of the gods. — On a medal of Hadrian, the Emperor is seated on ■the poop of the prietorian galley, and Pallas on the prow. PI I’EAL. — In the comilium, or place of popular assembly, at Rome, there is said to have been a spot, on which a statue of Accius Nievius (of Tarquinius Priscns’s time) was placed, because there the celebrated augur was said to have severed, or caused the above-named king to sever, the whetstone with a razor. Under this statue there was (according to Dionysius Halicarnassus) a subterranean cavity, called putcus (a well or pit), in which beneath an altar, the whetstone of Accius was deposited ; over the well a cover was placed, whence it derived its name of Put eat. But when the place fell into decay, Scriboitius Libo, by order of the senate, caused it to be restored, which led to its being called pitteal scribo.vii, as certain denarii show. — According to Beger’s opinion, this covering to the well was called libo, because that person (see Scribonia fumilv) lived in the vicinity, or because it was erected or repaired at his expense. Thus Horace would seem to infer (lib. 1. ep. xix. 1. 8.) Forum Putealque Libonis. It was, however, not the tribunal itself, but only in the neighbourhood of the tribunal. — One of the numerous opinions subsisting, as well among ancient authors as among modern commentators, respecting this place, so often alluded to in Roman history, is this, that on some occasion or other, lightuing had fallen upon it, and that in consequence a covered well was con- structed there, under authority, by the functionary whose name it bears. Be this as it may, it PUTEAL. seems agreed on all hands that the Puteal of Libo was much frequented, as a sort of exchange, by the commercial and banking classes of Rome. — Sec Scribonia. Spanheim (Pr. ii., p. 189) contends that the Puteal Libonis or Scribonii ought not to be con- founded with the one constructed in the comitium, to which Cicero refers. The object represented on medals of the Aemilia and Scribonia families looks more like an altar adorned with sculptured flowers than the tribunal or scat of a prietor. But the whole matter remains involved in obscurity, and is too much associated with fabulous history, and too little with events of any importance, to repay or to deserve the learned researches and conjectures which have been bestowed on it. Q- This letter (the sixteenth of the Latin alphabet) by itself signifies Quastor, or Quinarius, or Quintus, or Quinquennalis, or Quod, because q. is sometimes put for c. on early denarii, as qv>f. for cvm. in the Antestia family. Q. or QV. Quinquennalis. — Duumvir or Quatuorvir Quinquennalis, a magistrate peculiar to some Roman colonies, so called because the term of his government was limited to five years. Two or four of these magistrates were elected according to the size of the colonial city. — Quinquennalis was also the name of the Roman censors, who exercised their office for five years. Q. C. Quintus Cassius. — Name of a man. Q. C. M. P. I. Quintus Cacilius Meteltus Pius Imperator. — See his initials among the denarii of the Crecilia family. — These are the preuomen, surname, and qualities of Quintus Metellus.Scipio, who served as Consul v.c. 702, and was a contemporary of Pompey the Great. He was the natural son of P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, but adopted by Q. Metellus Pius Pontifex Maximus. Q. DES. Quastor Designalus. — The Qua:stor Elect. Q. HER. ETR. MES. DEC. NOB. C. Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius Nobilis Casar. Q. M. Quint usMarcius. — Praenomen andname. Q. O. C. F. or FAB. Quinto Ogulnio (et) Caio Fabio. — Preuomen and name respectively of two men. Q. P. Quastor Pratoris, or Pralorius, or Pratorianorum. — Qurestor of the Praetor, or of the Praetorians. Q. PAPIR. CAR. Q. TER. MON. Quinto Papirio Carbone (et) Quinto Terentio Montano. Q. PR. Quastor Promncialis. — The Qumstor of the Province. Q. PRO. C. or COS. Quastor Proconsulis . — The Proconsul’s Quaestor. QQ. Quinquennales. — QQ. II. Quinquen- nales Iterum. — Quinquenals for the second time. QVAD. Quadrans. — The fourth part of a Roman As, that is to say three uncue. — See As. QVAD. Quadralus. — Name of a man. QUADRAGENS. 671 Quadi — A nation or tribe formerly inhabit- ing that part of Europe now called Bohemia ; as the Marcomanni occupied the modern Moravia, and the country bordering upon Austria. The Quadi accepted kings at the hands of the Roman Emperors, and frequent mention is made of them in the annals of the reign of Marcus Aurelius. QVADIS. — See rex qvadis datvs. QVADORVM TRIVMPHVS.— See Triumphus. QVADRAGENSVM (sic) REMISSA. S. C. On second brass of Galba, or on others. QVADRAGENS. REMISSAE. S. C. (first and second brass), or QVADRAGENSVMA REMISSA., or XXXX REMISSAE., with types of a triumphal arch. — These legends refer to the remission made by the Emperor above named, either of a tax called the fortieth, or of the fortieth part of certain imposts. Eckhel’s remarks on this subject are in sub- stance as follows : — That Galba was unseasonably parsimonious is the concurrent affirmation of all historians — that there was, however an occasion in which he showed some little liberality of disposition, and doubtless immediately on his accession to the empire for the sake of conciliating public favour, is proved by these medals, which proclaim a benefit conceded on his part to the people, amounting to the remission, or at least the reduction of a tax (quadragesima remissa). To this may be added the testimony given by implication in that passage of Suetonius, stating that Vespasian reinforced the fiscal burthen remitted under Galba (omissa sub Galba vecti- ga/ia revocasse) .” — What was the nature of the quadragesima, and whether the abolition of this tax was the act of Galba — for there are some who, from what Tacitus has written, assign this boon to Nero — are points which the learned do not seem to have ascertained, although it would appear that the law alluded to as having been repealed in this instance was one by which the fortieth part of the property of individuals was required to be brought into the publio treasury. Quadrans. — Three globules are the certain token of the Quadrans, or of the as divided into four parts, and the head of Hercules is the equally sure type. Quadrans — The brass coin so called had its name from a mark of three globules, originally denoting three uncia, whilst the as weighed a pound (libra), hut in the second Punic war it was reduced to one uncia. Quadranlis not a. — The mark of Vac quadrans, namely, three globules struck on each side of the coin, and indicating its price, is to be seen on coins of many Roman families. On the obverse of this money appears either the head of Hercules, covered with the spoils of the lion, as in Aburia and Acilia, &c. ; or the head of Mercury, as in Fabrinia, or the head of Rome helmeted, as in the Apuleia and other families ; on the reverse of these early brass coins of Rome, the repre- sentation of a ship is to be observed, whence their appellation of numi ratiti. — See As. 672 QUADRIGA. Quadriga. — A chariot drawn by four horses, by four elephants, or indeed by four animals of any other kind. The quadriga on coins docs not always signify a triumph, for it was also employed in the consular procession, and in the conveyance of him who was victor at the public games. In like manner it was used at the funeral ceremony of an Emperor’s con- secration. (Froelich, Num. Reg. p. 79, 80.) — The right of using quadriga in the processus consularis, or at the assuming of the tribunitian power, was bestowed by the senate. Sec Car. Quadriga. — On a medal of M. Aurelius, in memory of Faustina jun., is a quadriga of elephants drawing a thensa, with a statue of the deceased empress ; and on a coin of Con- stantine the Great, who, veiled, is carried upwards in a quadriga, a hand from above being extended to receive him. We see a quadriga placed on the summit of the funeral pile (rogus) on the consecration medals of M. Aurelius, Sept. Sevcrus, and Constantius Chlorus. — See CONSEC RATIO. The Quadriga (and the same remark applies to the Biga and Triga), which so frequently occur on coins of Roman families, do not relate to the honours of the triumph, as we learn from an historical dissertation published by the French Academy of Inscriptions. — On some coins, both consular and imperial, xvc see a quadriga, without a driver, and without any figure standing or sitting in it, hut only a flower, or some orna- mental object, as in Aquilia, and coins of Augustus, ami in Titus. On others a legionary eagle appears in the quadriga, as on a coin of Augustus. Quadriga of horses and elephants arc seen placed on the summit of triumphal arches in coins of Julius, Augustus, Tiberius, Nero, Galba, Domitian, Trajan. — A car with four horses, ou which is a species of cone, or stone, with four small vexilla, or standards, appears on gold and silver of Elagabalus, with the epigraph of sanct. deo sou ELAGABAi,. (See the In- scription ) — A quadriga of centaurs, carrying Hercules, appears on a medallion of M. Aurelius. — See TEMPO RVM FELICITAS. Quadriga, in which the Emperor himself is the charioteer, is a type of very frequent occurrence, and extends through the Imperial series from Julius Cmsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Vespasian, Domitian, and so on down to Placidius Valentinianus. — Some Roman Em- perors are represented on coins standing in quadrigie, who took no triumphal honours ; and in these cases wc must suppose the medals to refer to their having participated in the pompous solemnity of the consular procession, as those coins indicate, on which the imperial functionary tcagqons his own team of four, with the inscrip- tion FEL. PROCES. Quadriga, in which the Emperor is crowned by Victory, whilst a prietorian soldier leads the horses, and another or more prictorinns follow the cur, appears on coins of Gordiauus l’ius, Alex. Severn*, Probus. QUADRIGA. Quadriga, in which are the figures of two Emperors, occur on coins of Titus, M. Aurelius and L. Verus; of M. Aurelius aud Commodus; the two Philips, Trcb. Gallus and Volusiatius ; Cams and Nuincrianus ; Diocletian and Val. Maximian. In all these the Emperors are crowned by standing or flying Victories, and preceded and followed by soldiers bcariug trophies. On a medal of Valerianus senior, with legend of felicitas temporvm, the Emperor and his two sons appear in a quadriga — and there is a medallion selected by Vaillant from the collection of De Camjts (p. 109), wherein Victory crowms Valerian, stauding between his two sons — all in the same quadriga, the four horses of which are led by two soldiers, one on each side. Jupiter standing in a quadriga is the dis- tinguishing mark of those quiuarii and- denarii called quadrigati (that is to say haring the stamp of a chariot on them), which belong to the class of family coins. — In Vaillaut’s selection from the De Camps cabinet (p. 31), we see a bronze medallion of M. Aurelius, in which Jupiter, driving furiously in a quadriga, shakes his thunderbolt at the King of the Quadi, who is falling prostrate on the ground at the horses’ feet. Mars, Neptune, Pallas, Pluto, Sol, and other deities of pagan worship appear on a variety of coins, and the favourite Genius of Victory guides the four horses of the Roman car, on numerous denarii both consular and •imperial. Quadriga Consulares. — These in memory of the pomp and circumstance attendant on the consular procession, appear on coins of M. Aurelius and of Alexander Severus, aud also on denarii of the Cacilia family ; in these the consul holds the ivory sceptre in his right and reins of the horses in his left hand, aud in some instances is crowned by a Victory behind Similar memo- rials of proconsular and of propratorian honours were recorded by the mint of Republican Rome. Quadriga Triump hales. — Amongst the chariots with four horses represented on consular medals, are those which are regarded as triumphal, and in which the triumpher stands crowmed with laurel, and holding the scipio eburnens. In these they appear going at a slow' pace as if in a state procession. A figure of Victory, more- over, stauding in a quadriga with a palm branch, and a crown above, also designates the occasion of a triumph, whilst the head nnd name of Rome, on the obverse of the medal serves as a fit symbol of the subject. — Triumphal quadriga were drawn not only by horses, hut also by elephants, and indeed sometimes their drivers or conductors were hoys, an rxample of which was for the first time given in the case of L. Mctellus, who triumphed over the Carthaginians in the first Puuic war. [Baudrlot, quoted by Rasehe.] — On a silver coin of Augustus (caes. i mi\) a figure stands in a triumphal quadriga, holding a laurel ciown in the right hand — Vaillant (ii. p. 29) states it to have been struck, on the occasion of the triple triumph, which QUADRIGA. — QUiESTORES. Augustus enjoyed in the year 725, for the victory gained, in the preceding year, over Mark Antony; from which circumstance he wore a crown of laurel as the conqueror of all his foes. Quadriga E/ephantorum. — These arc rarely represented on the coins of Roman families ; hut on coins of the Imperial series their occurrence is not un frequent. The honour of thi3 species of quadriga is found bestowed on Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Vespasian, Titus, Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, L. Verus, after their deaths, as the words Divo and consecratio inscribed on such coins of those emperors shew. — Nero and liis mother Agrippina, arc represented sitting in a car drawn hy four elephants. Diocletian and Yal. Maximian appear on a medallion in Banduri, standing in a mag- nificent triumphal chariot drawn by four ele- phants, on whose shoulders sit as many drivers. One of the Emperors carries a trophy, aud behind them hovers a Victory. Quadrig rtus, an early Roman coin, so called from quadriga. — “ The marks of silver money were biga and quadriga , and hence their appellations (says Pliny) of bigati aud quadrigati. That piece of money which is now (he adds) called Fictoriatus, was struck under the Lex Clodia. It w r as also stamped with the figure of Victory, and thence derived its name. — In the course of time, however, the types of denarii varied. For each individual magistrate, at his own will and pleasure, placed on the coin which he was officially privileged to have struck, that particular god or goddess, who was the favourite object of his worship, or whom for any other reason he might choose in that manner to honour. Thus for example C. Licinius Macer represented Pallas wearing a helmet, in a car drawn hy four horses at full speed. In like manner C. Aburius stamped his deuarii with the figure of Mars, as his brother M. Aburius did that of the Sun. Quadrussis, a coin of the Romans, of the weight and value of four asses, with the figure of an ox on each side. Quastores. — The quaestors were magistrates, thus named, amongst the Romans, from the duties attached to their office, which was the first and the lowest in public honours. Their origin seems to have been very ancient, but whether it was coeval or not with the regal insti- tutions of Rome old writers and modern com- mentators are not agreed. Be this as it may, the quaestor was a public treasurer, a kind of receiver general of taxes and tributes, whose function was to watch over the sources of revenue, and to detect aud bring to justice the per- petrators of peculations and frauds in that depart- ment. At first, there were only two qutestors appointed, but afterwards their number was increased to four. Two of these were assigned to the city, and the other two were appointed to accompany the consuls, in time of war, as pay- masters in the armies. — Towards the close of the republic, the number of these magistrates was still further augmented. Sylla created as 4 R QU.ESTOKES. 073 many as twenty of them ; Julius Cccsar appointed forty ; and under the empire there were no limits to their number. One portion of them was named by the prince, the other by the senate and people. It was customary for the booty taken in war to be sold by the qiuestors. As the boundaries of the empire extended them- selves, the discretionary power of these officers was great. As the quscstorship was the first, so it was frequently an effectual, step towards the attain- ment of the highest honours among the Romans. “ The fidelity of the quoestorship, the mag- nificence of the edileship, the punctuality and integrity of the pne torsi! ip, opened a sure path to the consulate.” Quastura. — The quscstorship was of a two- fold kind. There were the quastores urbani, who presided over the treasury, and were for that reason called quastores ararii. There were also the quastores provinciates, who were usually sent with the governors ( rectores ) into the provinces, and who sometimes presided in the absence of those governors. No one was eligible to the quarstorship who had not com- pleted his twenty-sixth or twenty-seventh year. When a person had served this office, he might go into the senate, although he might not yet be a senator. The qufestorship was abolished and re-established several times under the emperors. Quastores Urbani. — The quaestors of the city exercised their functions within the walls of "Rome. Besides being entrusted, as has been already stated, with the custody of the public money, with the receipt of tributes and imposts, and with the expenditure of the state revenue, they had in their keeping the laws and senatus consutta ; and when the consuls went forth in their capacity at the head of the troops against an enemy, the quaestors brought to them the military ensigns from the treasury. It was also the duty of the same class of functionaries to give the first reception to the ambassadors or envoys of foreign nations, to shew them hos- pitality, provide for their accommodation, and conduct them to an audience with the supreme authorities of the republic. Frequent mention is made of quaestors on the coins of Roman families, the name of the consul or consuls being also thereon recorded. On a denarius of the Neria family, the head of Saturn (as designated by the harpa or sickle behind it) is accompanied by the inscription NEIU Q. vkb. (Quastor Ur bonus). — On the other side of the coin is a legionary eagle between two standards, with the epigraph of l. lent, c.- marc. cos. (See Neria). — Here then, as Ecklicl remarks, is not only the image of Saturn, hut the title of Quastor added to the name of Nerius, whilst military ensigns present themselves on the reverse. Thus it plainly appears not only that the Qumstors were prefects of the treasury (prafecti ararii), but also, what Plutarch teaches and inscriptions confirm, that the treasury itself was the temple of Saturn. “But (adds the German numismatist) what have the signa mili - 674 QUiESTORES. taria to do with the quicstor ship ? Rightly this, that those things were preserved in the temple of Saturn, assigned to the care of the quaestors. This is expressly stated by Livy. And thus we have a clear explanation of the cause why the Quicstor Nerius placed the head of Saturn and the military standards on his denarius. One more fact of interest may he gathered in refer- ence to time. From the names of the consuls, L. Lcntulus and C. Marccllus, being inscribed on this denarius it is manifest that it svas struck in the year of Rome 705 — that year in which Julius Caesar, eager to possess himself of the public money, broke open and plundered the treasury ; L. Metellus, tribune of the people, who endeavoured to defend the sacred wealth of the republic, by opposiug his person to the violence of Caesar, being driven from his post through fear of death. It therefore pleased the Quicstor Nerius, who, together with the consuls had left the city from dread of Caesar’s power and vengeance, to insert on this medal (for the pur- pose of increasing popular hatred against the perpetrator of such sacrilege) the head of Saturn, whose very divinity had by force been violated.” Quastores Provinciates . — The quaestors of proviuces accompanied the proconsuls and pro- prietors to the appointed scats of provincial government, as superintendents over that department through which provisions and money were supplied to the soldiers — or (in modern phraseology to express it) as heads of the commissariat. If it happened that a governor left his province before the arrival of his successor, the quaestor performed his functions during the interval. Under such cir- cumstances the quaestor was called Qiuestor Pro- prcelore (as inscribed marbles show) or Qiuestor Proconsule, as is read on a denarius (quoted by Spanheim) Ml sii.anvs. avo. q. procos. — Quaestors went out from Rome to the provinces, by authority of a senatus consultum ; and when money was struck in those provinces, “ there is no doubt (says Eckhcl) but that the care and mastership of the provincial mint devolved ou the quaestors. The words of Cicero (in epistola ad Plancum) expressly confirms this fact that the same kind of services were performed by the queestores provinciates, that constituted the duties of the mouctal triumvirs at Rome. For cither they inscribed their names alone, or those of the proconsul or the proprietor, with whom they were sent to the province, or the name of the quicstor was joined to that of the proconsul. Of this an example is offered on coins of the Annia family, on one side of which appears c. annivs procos., on the other q. TARqvrri. Quaestor.” The curulc chair was uot included amongst the privileged distinctions of (he quicstor, unless the individual himself had been proconsul. — Thev had the fasces and indeed the lietors in the pro- vinces, but without the axes. Vnillant, in his Colonies, shews the quastor provincial^ on coins of the Antonia family — also an example of two quicstors under one and the same proconsul. Fart of the qurcstor’s office was the importation QUART1NUS. — QUI LUDIT ARRAM. of wheat from the corn-growing provinces to Rome and other parts of Italy. QVAR. Qiiarlum. — As cos. qvAR. Consul for the fourth time. QUART I XUS (Titus). — Proclaimed Emperor iu Germany during the reign of Maximinus; and slain shortly after his assumption of the purple. To this personage has been attributed a denarius of base silver, bearing on one side nivo tito, and ou its reverse consecbatio. It is, however, says Eckhel, sufficiently evident that the coin in question is one referring to Titus Vespasian, and is of the number of those which about the time of Trcbonianus Callus were struck in honour of the memory of conse- crated Cicsars. Itcrodiauus calls the usurper Qudrtinus. Mcdiobarbus, who has engraved the coin, names him Quarcinns, and makes the strange mistake of ascribing it to an ephemeral tyrant whose name is not rncutioucd iu the inscription, and whose pranomen is scarcely ascertained, some writers calling him Tyrus, others Titus. Qnartuorviri monetales. — Four joint masters of the Roman mint, appointed by Julius Osar, who (according to Suetonius) had increased the number of the iuferior magistrates, and added one to that of the monetary triumvirs. Accord- ingly, under the supreme triumvirate of Lcpidus, Antony, and Octavianus, we find 1 1 1 1 . VlRr. inscribed on the denarii of iEmilius lluca, P. Clodius, L. Flaminius, Liviueius Regtdus, Maridianus, and others. — Sec Triumviri. Quercea Corona, commonly called the civic crown. Such a crown of oak leaves was granted to him who saved a citizen, as one of laurel was awarded to the victor in battle. — The corona quercea was offered by the curulc ediles to Jupiter, as to the supreme preserver of the citizens, previous to the celebration of the games, and whilst sacred rites were paid to him in the capitol. Before the doors of Augustus’s house on the Palatine hill, crowns of oak were renewed yearly in the kalends of March, because he was, in the language of Roman flattery, ‘‘perpetuus hostium victor ac civium senator." — See Corona. Qitercus.- — The oak tree was, with the ancients, held sacred to Jupiter. It was also consecrated to Juno. QVIES AVGG. or AVGVSTORVM. The rest or repose of the Emperors. — This legend cither abbreviated or at full length (with the accompanying type of a woman, in the stola, with a laurel branch in one hand, and the hasta pura in the other) ap]>cars on coins of Diocletian and Val. Maximianus struck after their abdication of the Empire. “ .Viter having prosperously governed the empire for the period of twenty long years (says Harduin) the Quiet Augnstorum (by the voluntary resignation of their imperial power and retirement into private life) is here recorded ns a subject of commenda- tion.” QVI I, YD IT ARRAM DET QVOD SATIS SIT. — Ou the reverse of a third brass coin, or tessera, published by Peter Scguin QUI LUDIT ARRA.M. fSelecta Numismata Antigua) appeal's this remarkable legend, accompanied by the type ot four astragali, or tali lusorii (bones of lour sides to play with — in other words gamesters’ dice.) — On the obverse of this piece is the head of a womau, with the letter c. on one side and s. on the other. Seguin calls this the medal of Sors. He supposes the female head to be that of the ancient goddess of chance, or destiny, and that the letters C. and s. placed near it arc to be explained Casus, Sors, influences which certainly govern most games, and especially that of the dice. The reverse of this tessera contains a saying of the gaming table — namely, let him who plays put down arram, or his stake of mouey, as agreed upon by the rule of the game. The subject itself therefore shows (says Eckliel) to what uses small coins of a similar description were applied. Bet, quod satis sit, is a known form of legal expression, employed in testa- mentary documents. Baudelot de Dairval thinks that this medal may be interpreted oy referring the c. and the S. on the side of the head to the feast of the Saturnalia at Home, and reads it Conti Satur- nalia or Consulto Saturni, or Consuetudine Saturnatiorum, or Convivio Soluto, in joining it with this legend of the reverse, Qui ludit arram det quod satis sit, which is in the midst of the four little pieces of bone, as above described. — Indeed it is certainly (adds the ingenious author of L’Utilile des Voyages ) that the ancients made few festivities which did not terminate in play, as among other expressions of Plautus, thisyVw de mots demonstrates : Accuratote ut sine talis, domi agitent convivium. Be careful that they Itave not the liberty at mine to make feasts ; which means, drive them away from my house. The poet avails himself of a quirk or pun of the common people, which plays upon the Tali, or small bones, because that word in the plural expresses the same thing. Lucian makes Saturn order that folks slioidd play particularly at that game; and Macrobius, saying that the Saturnalia did not anciently begin till the 14th of the January kalends, adds — Quo solo die apud tedem Saturni convivio dissoluto, SAT vena LI A. clami- tabantur. Sat. c. x. — On which day only, at the end of the banquet given in the temple of Saturn, they made the cry, or exclamation of Saturnalia. Thus the medal should be a symbol of those festivals, and for the feast of some quarter, and for the gaming which is about to take place. For there arc marks which were so called at that time — Symbotum dedit, cvenavit: “ he has given his sign and has supped,” says an actor in the Andria. Baudclot goes on to adduce another passage from Macrobius, which seems to him capable of throwing light on the medal of Monsieur Seguin; but, at the same time, he confesses himself (as well he may) to be not yet entirely satisfied. For instance, he admits that he is totally at a loss to conceive whose was the female head on the obverse ; but a learned 4R2 QUIETUS.— QUINARIUS. 675 friend of his, he adds, had no hesitation in pronouncing it to be that of Copa Syrisca, a famous woman of Rome, who kept an academy for gambling, feasting, and lascivious dancing ; and was the subject of an epigram written by Virgil, in which her Greek head-dress (caput Grata redimita mitelld), and her accommoda- tions for drinking and gaming ( merum el la/os) are alluded to in a lively manner. This rich and luxurious courtezan, it is remarked by the friend of Baudelot, could well afford to have her portrait engraved on the symbol (the tessera) which she was accustomed to bestow on those who frequented her abode; and also to have inscribed thereon the first letters of her name — c. s. Copa Syrisca. Be this as it may, com- paring the Pone merum et talos of the epigram with the bones delineated on the reverse of the medal in question, Baudelot de Dairval thinks they do not ill serve to confirm the conjecture which he has endeavoured to explain — namely, that the legend and type of this singular medalet bear reference to the Saturnalian celebrations at Rome. This piece is engraved in Pinkerton’s Essay on Medals. QVIETVS (Caius Fu/vius), second son of Macrianus (one of the numerous usurpers that assumed the imperial title and authority in most of the Roman provinces under the reigns of Valerianus and of Gal- lienus), was first named Cicsar, and afterwards also Augustus, about the beginning of a.d. 261. His father and brother, however, having been overcome and slain by Aureolus, who afterwards himself assumed the pur- ple, Quietus fled into Asia, and for a short, time occupied Emesa, where he was besieged by Odenatus, Prince of Palmyra, and being taken prisoner was put to death a.d. 262. — Born with heroic qualities, he early distinguished himself iu arms, and shewed great talents for government both civil aud military. But the Quies Augus- torum was not enjoyed by Quietus. — On his coins he is styled IMP. C. FVLw’im QVIETVS P.F. AVG. All the medals of this prince arc of billon or in small brass, and very rare. QVIN. Quinquennalis. — The censors in Roman colonies were called Duum viri Quinquen- nales, because they were elected every five years.— P. POSTV;«i«i ALBINVS II. VIR. QVIN. ITEll. Duumvir Quinquennalis Iterum. — See Q. Quinarius. — This word sufficiently indicates that the piece of money so called was the half of the denarius. The mark of this coin was v., as beiug worth five asses, or five lbs. in brass money. On some, as on those of the Egnatuleia family, the mark is Q., namely, the initial letter of Quinarius. In the most ancient quinarii, as also iu the sestertii, the types were the same as in the denarii, namely, the head of Pallas with a winged helmet. — Rev. roma and the Dioscuri (Castor 676 QUINCTIA.— QUINDECIMVIRI. and Pollux) on horseback. — At a later period, I however, a figure of Victory became its perpetual type — now occupying the obverse, now trans- ferred to the reverse side of the coin. It also appears in various postures, sometimes standing, at others sitting; now erecting a trophy, now in the act of doing something else. “ Out of so large a number of quinarii as are extant, I see (says Ecldiel) extremely few that have any other type than Victoria, viz., those which were struck by C'ordius, Mettius, Pappius, and Cestius. The quinarii coined in the times of the emperors conform to the same rule, having rarely any other type than a Victory. So that it may be considered as peculiarly designating that class of silver money” — aigl thence they were called Victoriali. — For an illustration of the Quinarius, see Porcia. Quinctia was originally a patrician, afterwards a plebeian family. Its surname is Crispinus, with the agnomen of Su/picianus added by adoption. — The brass are parts of the As, and pieces coiued by the mint -masters of Augustus. Morcll gives twelve varieties. — There is a gold coin struck iu Macedonia (valued by Mionnet at 800 francs) which exhibits on its obverse the bare head of a man, but without legend; on the reverse is t. qvincti. with the type of Victory holding a palm branch and a garland. — The portrait on the obverse is ascribed to Quinctius Flaminius, who gained a victory over Philip of Macedon. And a Macedonian shield, which appears below the Dioscuri on a denarius of the same family, is supposed to have reference to the same event. Quincunx, five uncia, or parts of the as, with the distinctive mark of five globules. — Eckhcl describes one of these most rare of Roman coins, contained in the Imperial cabinet at Vienna, as having on one side the head of Apollo laureated, with T behind it, and on the reverse ROMA. The Dioscuri on galloping horses, and below five circles or globules. Quindecimviri. — The sacerdotal functionaries thus named were, according to Livy, the specially appointed keepers of the Sybylline books, which were first entrusted to the care of two officials (duumviri), by King Tarquin the Proud ; afterwards (a.v.C. 387) their number was increased to ten, under the name of Decemviri sacris faciundis, that part should be of the plebeian and part of the patrician order. — Lastly, Sylla (at the same time that he augmented the numbers of the priesthoods) increased the Decemviri to fifteen (Quinde- cimviri), who were instituted in the same manner as the Pontiffs ; and their chief was called Magister Col/egii. The dignity was for life, aud it exempted its possessors from mili- tary service aud from every other civil office. Besides guarding with mysterious care the oracles of heaven, which the superstitious Romans believed to be contained in the volumes of the Sybils, find which were consulted, by order of the senate, in times of great actual calamity or of impending danger to the state, these magistrates were, moreover, charged with QU I X QUF, NNALES.— QUINTILLUS. the celebration of the sccidar games aud also the Apolliuarian games. The memory of the Quindccimviral order of Priests is preserved on a silver coin of Yitcllius, the reverse of which presents a tripod, upon which is a dolphin, and below, a crow, with the the inscription xv. vie. sac. fac. Quindecimvir Sacris Faciundis (one of fifteen appointed to superintend sacred things). — “ The whole type of this coin (says Eckhcl) belongs to Apollo — the tripod symbolising the oracles of the Pythoness, and the dolphin aud crow being (as everyone knows) sacred to Apollo. — Augustus, when he was himself Quindecimvir, was honoured with that title, on a silver coin of Mescinius Rufus, in the field of which on the one hand is xv. ; on the other side sf. and on a cippus is inscribed imp. caes. avg. lvd. saec., that is to say Imperator Ceesar Augustus Ludos Scrru/ares (fecit being understood) Quindecimvir Sacris Feciundis • because the Qnindceimvirate had the care of the greater public sports, and at the secular games distributed the tustra/ia (or per- fumes for purification) to the people. — Eckhcl, in corroboration of this fact, happily quotes the authority of Tacitus — “ Collegio XVvirorum antiquitus ea cura : and as happily that of Horace, who has immortalised the secular games and the Quindccimviri in his ode — “ Quindecim Diana preces virorum curet. — Doct. Num. Vet. vol. vi. p. 102. Quinquennales Ludi. Games celebrated by the Romans every five years under such Emperors as had reigned during that period. They were instituted in the reign of Augustus, in whose honour many of the provincial cities, especially Nicopolis, near Aetium, which (accord- ing to Suetonius) he built— established the quinquennial shows, which had some resem- blance to the Olympic games of the Greeks. Quinquennalis, a magistrate in the colonies, so called because his term of government lasted five years. It was also the name of the Roman Censors, who exercised their functions for the same period. Q V I \ Q VEX N A LES POSTVMI. AVG — This legend appears on the reverse of a gold coin of Postumus, with the type of Victory inscribing on a shield the words VOT/r X. This emperor, as he deserves to be, although legally he cannot be, called, celebrated the quin- qucnualian games a.d. 262. The vor. x. refers to his having, in his tenth tribunate, performed the vows registered for five years, engaged him- self in fresh vows for teu years. The quin- quenna/ia of the Augusti had not hitherto been recorded on their coins. Quinquessis, or Quinrussis, according to Spanheim, was of an oblong form, and of nil the Roman coins the largest, earliest, and most rare, its weight equal to five of the as libralis. — Akcrmnn, however, in his Descriptive Cat. (vol. i. p. i.) says, “ the quinrussis (five asses, equivalent to a quinarius) is only a "nominal sum.” QV1NTILLVS (Marcus Aurelius Claudius), resolved to be the successor, although Aurcliau QXJINTILLUS. — QUIRIN. was the choice of his brother Claudius the Second, took the title of Augustus, which the legions of Italy by acclamation had bestowed upon him, and which the senate, from a high opinion of his vir- tues, readily confirmed to him (a.d. 279). In the meantime, however, Aurc- lian was proclaimed Em- peror by the array that was at Sinnium (Pannonia). And Quintillus, finding himself abandoned by the soldiery who had just elected him, but to whom the rigor of his mili- tary discipline was unwelcome, caused his veins to be opened, and thus terminated his life, in the city of Aqnilcia. Possessed of the modera- tion and integrity which distinguished Claudius Gothicus, he was deficient in that firmness and enterprise which also characterised that great prince, otherwise he would have been well worthy to occupy the imperial throne. “ Most of the ancient writers, (says Eclthel) agree in limiting the duration of his reign to the short period of seventeen days. But from the abundance of his coins and the remarkable variety of their types, the workmanship of which would require more time, the opinion expressed by Zoziinus seems the most probable, that at least some months must have elapsed between his accession and his death. — He is numismatically styled imp. C. m. avr. cl. qvintillvs. P. F. avg. — His gold coins are of the highest degree of rarity. There arc no silver. One brass medallion is known. Third brass are common. — There arc Consecration medals of this Emperor, indicating the honours of the apot heosis, which w ere in all probability rendered to his memory, through the intervention of Aurclian. QVIRIN. — On a denarius of the Fabia family we find this written on a shield to the left of a sitting figure, helmeted, representing Rome, and holding in her right hand the pontificial apex, with the following inscription, N. FAB1. PICTOR, Numerius Fabius Pictor. — Ursin, Vaillant, and Spanheiin have all three interpreted the inscrip- tion QVIRIN on the shield by reading it QVIItlNai, and have expressed their belief that Quirinus (or the deified Romidus) himself is exhibited by the type of the seated figure. “But (says Eckhcl) the coins when accurately inspected clearly represent the form of a woman. Besides which, it appears that Quirinus was usually represented with a flowing beard, as may be seen on a denarius of the Memmia family. For which reason, as Havcrcamp rightly observes, the figure on the coin of Fabius is rather to be regarded as the image of Rome, and to be read QVIRINa/w, namely Flamen, as is more fully inscribed on medals of the Cornelia family, L. LENTVLVS FLAMEN MARTIALIS. — Of the Fabii, who were Quirinalian Flamens (an order of priests attendant in the temple of Quirinus at Rome), frequent mention is made in Livy and by Valerius Maximus. To which Fabius Pictor, however, this denarius relates, there are not sufficient reasons for determining.” • QUIRINUS.— QUOD VIAE. 677 QVIRINVS. — Mcmmius, whose family coin is above alluded to, lived in the time of Julius Crcsar, and was one of the Curule Ediles named Ceriales, established by that dictator. The legend on the reverse of this medal — .mem mi vs AED. CERIALIA PUE1MVS FECIT simply sllCWS that a certain person named Mcmmius w r as the first who presided at games, which it had been the custom to celebrate in honour of Ceres — a fact not noticed by any of the old writers, and which has led to a variety of conjectures among numismatists as to the age of this coin. But our present concern is with its obverse, on which appears the laureated head of a man, with a long and luxuriant beard, accompanied with this inscrip- tion, c. memmi. c. f. QviiuNVs. — Respecting the word Quirinus, Eckhcl says, “ It is still a question whether it refers to the surname of Mcmmius, or to the portrait as beiug that of Quirinus or Romulus. Those who regard it as a surname, adduce the instance of Calpurnius Quirinus, and of Sulpicius Quirinus, whence they, with seeming probability infer, that the same cognomen also belonged to some individual of the Memmia family. As these opinions do not amount to more than conjecture, so it is certain that the god Quirinus is indicated by this bearded head, and that' the word Qviuinvs was added, in the same way, in which that of nvma or of ancvs is placed near each of their heads, although it still may be that the word, moreover, serves to denote the surname of the family, as in yens Pomponia, the word mvsa stands both for the suniame of Pomponius, and the Muse ; but wffiich Memmius is not known, for none of the old writers bring forw ard a Memmius Quirinus. Of as little value are the examples of Calpurnius and Sulpicius, cited by Havercamp. For the name of Calpurnius Quirinus is found solely on a Spanish lapidary inscription quoted by Gruter; whilst in Tacitus, Sulpicius is not called Quirinus, but Quirinius. It still, therefore (concludes Eckhcl), remains uncertain why the head of Quirinus was engraved on this dena- rius.” — See Fabia. Quirinus, a surname of Mars, allusive to potency in war. The name is said to be derived from the spear, which the Sabines called Curis. — Quirinus was also the name given to Romulus (as the fabled son of Mars by Rhea Sylvia) after his death. It was thence that the Romans took the name of Quirites, and it was under the appellation of the god Quirinus, that tlut first King of Rome had, in the city which he founded, many magnificent temples erected to his honour and worship, among others one on the Quirinal hill, QVIR1TIVM. — See vesta p. r. qviritivm. Q. V. or QVOD V. M. S. Quod Via munitee sint, or sunt. — On account of the public roads having been made safe and convenient. QVOD VIAE MUNI 771 A SVNT. — A figure, with Victory, in a biga of elephants, on the top of a triumphal arch, built on a bridge of several arches. This legend and type appear on a gold coin of Augustus ; and there are other coins in 678 QUOD VIAE. silver as well as in gold, bearing the same legend, with the type somewhat varied from the first, such as a quadriga on a triumphal arch, or two triumphal arches, with an equestrian statue and a trophy on each. There is also a denarius, struck by the monetal triumvir Vinicius in honour of Augustus, which displays on its reverse a cippus (or the milliary column) on which is inscribed S.P.Q.lt. IMP. CAESari QVQD Vise M uni tie Hunt EX EA Pecunia, Quam IS AD A erarium DEtulit. [The Senate and the Roman people to the Emperor (Augustus) for having caused the highways (or great public roads) to be repaired with the money which he had procured from the treasury of the state.] All these medals, therefore, it is evident, refer to that systematic reparation of the different roads of the Roman empire, on which Augustus bestowed the utmost care and attention, dedi- cating to those works of public utility aud grandeur a portion of the contributions which he had levied on the foreign enemy. The sim- plicity of the last quoted inscription is remark- able. Yet nothing can be more clear, nothing more free from affectation or pomposity, than the manner in which the sense is conveyed (the meaning of the initial letters being once inter- preted). It would be difficult indeed, if not impossible, to find a like subject for admiration and praise in the inscriptive memorials of modern times. There arc passages in Dion which point with singular and luminous exactitude to the facts commemorated and typified on the above-men- tioned coins. “ Augustus himself took the management of the formation of the Flamiuiau way ; because he intended to lead forth an army in that direction, and so it was immediately renewed. On this account statues on arches were raised to Augustus as well on the bridge over the Tiber as at Ariminum.” — This work of repairing the principal highways (or military roads), which diverged from Rome to the most remote territories of the republic, appears to have been begun in the year v.c, 727. “But the labour was great, demanding both time and expense, and frequently it was obliged to be suspended. At length, in the year of Rome 738 (says (Eckhel) it was finished, aud then and for that reason were the statues placed and dedicated, which Dion notices aud these medals represent. The same historian also adds that other roads were subsequently repaired. — There arc, moreover, testimonies even more specific, which are related by Suetonius, who says, “In order, however, that the city might be more easy of access from all quarters, he took upon himself the task of constructing the Elaminian way as far as Ariminum, and distributed the others among individuals who had gained triumphs, to be laid down, and the expenses defrayed out of the money that the spoils of war were sold for.” — And what Suetonius here states, without marking the time, is related by Dion to have taken place in the above year : “ To those who had gained a triumph, he enjoined that they should erect some monument in memory of QUOD INSTINCTU. their exploits, out of the money raised by the sale of the spoils.” QYOD. INSTINCTV. DIVIXITATIS. MENTIS. MAG N l I’VDINE CVM.EXKRdTV. SYO. TAM. DE TYRAXXO. QVAM DE OMNI. El VS FACTIONE. VXO. TEMP. IVSTIS. REMP. YLTVS. EST. ARMIS. ARC. TRIVMPHIS IXSIGXEM. DICAY1T. S. P. Q. R. — Within a laurel crown. On a brass medallion of Constantine, having his head, on the obverse, within the signs of the zodiac. — Sec Mus. Pembrok. iii. tab. 89, fig. 2. Bauduri places the above in the class of Contorniati • medals (see the word). — “But what- ever it should be called (says Eckhel) it does not appear to me to be of autique workmanship. Be it however what it may, this inscription is altogether the same as that which is read at the present day on the arch of Constantine at Rome (near the Flavian amphitheatre), erected in honour of his victory over Maxeutius, which freed the state from the reign of terror that had been established by that tyrant. The words inslinctu Divinitatis, according to the opinion of many of our later writers, arc to be referred to the Divine or Holy Cross, which is said to have appeared in the heavens to the above- named emperor. — (vol. viii. p. 87.) — Eckhel condemned this remarkable Contorniate medal without having seen it. In Messrs. Sotheby and Co.’s “ Catalogue” for the sale of the Pem- broke Collection, p. 297, arc some very sensible remarks on this singular piece, from which it may be concluded that this Contorniate is genuine; but that the use of a graving tool to remove oxidation has been the chief cause of exciting suspicions of its antiquity. R. R. The seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet. — Pomponius hands down a traditionary notice that the letter R. was invented by Appius Claudius, but the far more ancient appellations of Roma, Romulus, Remus, together with the brass and silver coinage of the earliest ages, refute this assertion, as Spanheim, commenting ou the Dialogues of Augustino, justly observes. R. This letter serves as a mint-mark on the denarii of several Roman families, and also ou some coins of the Lower Empire. R. Remissa, vel Restituit, vel Roma, vcl Romanus, & c. — Remitted, or he re-established ; or Rome, or Roman, &c. R. Reditu. — pro r. caes. Pro Reditu Catsuit. — R. avo. Reditus Augusti. R. placed before P. Rei Pubtica. R. in the monetal tubsig nations shews the coin to have bccu struck at Rome. — M. R. Monet a Ronue (pereussa vel signata). — P. R. Percussa Roma, i.e. Moneta. R. Romani. — in protestatem p. r. Populi Romani, on a coin of Trajan. R. Romano. — coxgiar. dat. pop. r. Con- giarium Datum Populo Romano, as in Nero. R. Romanorum. — gl. r. Gloria Roman • orum. RAMUS.— RATITI. R. Romanus. — P. K. Populus Romanus, on a coin of Constantinus Magn. — s. p. q. k. Senatus Populusque Romanus , of frequent occurrence. R. or RA. Ravenna. Radiala Corona. A crown cortiposed of rays. — It first appears on coins encircling the head of Augustus, denoting his consecration, or as the Greeks called it apotheosis. But on the medals of succeeding Emperors, both during their life-time and after their death, it is dis- played indiscriminately, as if thereby to claim openly some kind of divinity. — See Corona. Ramus, a branch, or more properly Ramus- culm, a little branch, is seen in the hands of many different personifications, figured on Roman as well as Greek coins. — A branch either of laurel or of olive (for the ancients used both the one and the other in performing the lustrations) is an attribute or sign of Apollo Salutaris, as may be seen on a coin of Trebonianns. It is also a symbol of Hilaritas and of Lsctitia. — Hercules, Mars, and Minerva, in their respec- tive qualities of Pacifer, or Peace-bearing, are distinguished by a branch held in the right hand. — The olive branch of Peace is held in the right hand of that goddess, on numerous coins of the Imperial series — pax avgvsTI. — The types of Concord, Hope, Fortune, Providence, Piety, Rest ( Quies), Security, Victory, and Valour (Virtue), likewise bear palm or other branches among their other attributes on Roinau coins. — On coutorniate medals we see the Quadrigarii, or charioteers of the circus, hold- ing palm branches. Raptus Sabinarum. — The memorable rape of the Sabine women is graphically referred to on a coin of the Tituria family. A first brass of Antoninus Pius is quoted by Vaillant, on which arc many figures represeutiug the rape of the Sabines. The same numismatist speaks of a bronze medallion of Constantine jun., without epigraph, exhibiting traits of the same cele- brated event. llatis, or the ship stamped on the Roman triens and quadrans. Raliti. — Certain brass consular coins were called asses ratiti, quadrans ratilus, because those asses and quarter asses were marked on the reverse with the figure of a ship. And this kind of money' was in use among the Romans long before they had begun to coin silver money, whether denarii, or quinarii, or sesterces. — See As and its parts. RAV. and RAVEN. Ravennte . — Subsigna- tions on coins of Justinian I. and of Mauricius, signifying that they were minted at Ravenna, an ancient city of Italy, situate on the shores of the Adriatic. R. C. Romana Civitas, or Romani Cives. R. CC. Remissa Ducenlesima. — Initial letters inscribed on the reverse of a third brass coin of Caligula, commemorative of a tax having been abolished by that Emperor. — The treasury of the state having been exhausted by the civil wars, Augustus, to assist in replenishing the public revenues, ha3 established an impost of the RECTOR OR BIS. 079 hundredth denarius on all sales. But this burthen, in the year v.C. 770, Tiberius, yield- ing to the petitions of the people, had reduced one-half, that is to say to one denarius for 200. At length, iu the year v.c. 792 (a.i>. 39), the whole tax was taken off by Caligula, as the inscription, on this small brass coin, of Remissa CC. plainly tells ; and Suetonius confirms the fact, in saying ducentesimum auctionum Italics remisit, although he does not specify the time. And that this act of liberality was permanent is proved by medals struck in subsequent years of Caligula’s reign, on which the memory of this benefit is gratefully renewed by the senate. — The obverse is inscribed C. CAESAR. DIVI. AVG. PRONepos AVG. S. C. (Caius CaiSar Augustus, great grandson of the Divine Augustus), and the type is the pileus, or cap of liberty, an allusion made to the right of suffrage granted to the people in the year 791- RE. Receplis, Reditu, Redux. Rechiarius, king of the Suevi — his name inscribed on a coin of Hohorius. — See tvssv RICHIARI REGIS. REC. Recepto. — IMP. REC. Imperatore Recepto, as in Claudius. RECE. Receptis. — See SIGN is RECEjjfts, as in Augustus. RECEP. Recepta. — See ARMEN*# RE- CEIVtf, as in Augustus. Rector, a governor or ruler. — The proconsuls were restores provinciarum, whether sent by the people or by the Emperor. — Spanheim observes that governors (red ores) were sent into the provinces, invested with consular authority. RECTOR ORBIS.— This legend, with a togated figure holding a globe in his right hand for its accompanying type, appears on gold, silver, and first brass of Didius Julianue. The flattery was as gross as the times were venal which could give this ephemeral sovereign — this contemptible dealer and chapman in state affairs — the appellation of Master of the World. — The title occurs iu this instance for the first time, and is found repeated in very few subsequent instances. A silver coin of Septimius Sevcrus exhibits the same words ; but, from the type of a naked man standing with a globe in his right hand and a spear in his left, it would seem that the sun, as a deity, and not the reigning prince, was referred to as Rector Orbis; and that, peace being restored in the East, Severus by this medal, paid religious homage to Sol, as the arbitrator of the world’s destinies. Caracalla is perhaps the only other emperor (besides Juliauus) on whose medals this legend presents itself. R E C V P. Recuperatio. Recovered — re- gained. — See Civibus et Sign is Militaribus a Parthis RECVPeratfis, as in Augustus. RECVPERATOR VRB1S SVAE. The rescuer of his city. — The Emperor seated : a I soldier presenting to him a figure of Victor)'. In the exergue sahl. — Mionnct gives this from j the reverse of a third brass of Constantinus Magnus in the Catalogue d’Ennery. — Billiard, in his annotations on Joberl (vol. i. p. 27), gives the following minute description of a medal in C80 REG ALI ANUS. small bronze of the same prince, which at the time he wrote was in the cabinet of the Abbe de Rothelin, and not then published, and which, considering its diminutive size, must be a wonder for design and workmanship. RECVPERATORI YRB. SVAE. (in the exergue PARL.) — The Emperor seated on a kind of trophy, composed of cuirasses and bucklers, receives with his right hand a small image of Victory placed on a globe, and which is presented to him by a figure clothed in a military garb, having a helmet on, and standing before him. On the obverse is the head of Constantine crowned with laurels ; the bust of the Emperor is visible to the middle of the chest, adorned with the Imperial habiliments ; the right baud is also to be seen, and holds, resting on the right shoulder a javelin, or a sort of staff rounded at the two ends. The left hand, which is not in sight, holds a buckler, on which is engraved a man on horseback, who treads under-foot a captive thrown down. These legends, together with that of roma restitvta on another small brass coin of Con- stantine the Great, certainly refer to him as the rescuer of Rome by the defeat and destruction of the tyrant Maxentius, than whom no one ever more afflicted the inhabitants of that city. RED. Redact a. Reduced, brought under. — Armenia et Mesopotamia in Potestatem Populi Romani RED actae, on a coin of Trajan. RED. Redux, oi Reduci. — Sec Fortuna. REDDIT. Reddi/am.— See OB REDDITam LIBER'lWem, as in Gallienus. REDITVS AVG itsli. — The return of the Emperor. — Rome seated, presents a globe to the Emperor as he approaches her. On a third brass of Florianus. It is common to read on the reverses of coins the words adventvs avg., or when the Emperor has returned to Rome, FORTVNAE REDVCI ; but REDITVS AVG. is a legend that appears only on this coin, which Tauini has published. It is evident from this inscription that the return of Florianus is to be understood as an event desired ; but his deatli prevented its being realised. REF. Refecta. Re-built, or repaired. — AIMIMA ref. The Basilica /Emilia Refecta on a denarius of the .(Emilia family. — Rejicere, was a word peculiarly applied to such public edifices ns were re-constructed afresh, or restored to a perfect state. REG. Regis. — See TVTOR REGw, on a silver coin of the Aemilia family. REGALIANVS, one of the usurpers in the reign of Gallienus. — Trebellius and Victor call him Rcgiltianns, “ and from this name (says Eekhcl), Goltzius, on his own authority, has fabricated Q. Nonnius Regi/tianus. But there arc genuine coius which call him P. C. Regali- anus. He was a Dacian by birth, and was believed to be a lineal descendant of Dcccbalus, whom Trajan with difficulty subdued. Regali- nnus is said to have possessed the heroic courage and great qualities of that king, lie served under Valerian, and commanded the Illyrian REGI ARTIS.— REGNA ADSIGNATA. army when Ingenuus assumed the title of Augustus, about the end of the year 260. The cruelties inflicted by Gallienus on the troops and inhabitants in Mcesia, who had declared in favour of Ingenuus, induced them, after the defeat of that usurper, to elect Rcgalianus, who . had already distinguished himself by his victories over the Sarmatiaus, against whom, even after his election, he continued to signalise bis valour and augment his military renown. Some say that he was defeated and slain in battle by Gallienus; others that he was killed by his own soldiers, in concert with the people of Illyria, who dreaded becoming victims again to the in- human vengeance of Gallienus. — Beauvais cal- culates his death to have occurred about the cud of August, a.d. 263, and Eckhel, on the authority of Trebellius, assigns the same date to the event. Instead, however, of agreeing with Beauvais that the medals of Rcgalianus arc to be found only in the collection of Goltzius, Eekhcl publishes two coins from the Cabinet of Vienna with the style imp. c. i>. c. regai.ianvs, and his head radiated; the legends of the reverses being respectively liiiekalitas avggo. and oriens avg. The great German numis- matist also ascribes another coin to Rcgalianus, which is preserved iu that Imperial collection. — The coins of Rcgalianus arc iu small brass or in billon, and of extreme rarity. REGI ARTIS.— To the King of Arts.— Spanheim, in bis Casars of Julian (107), mentions a rare coin of Claudius Gothicus in third brass, contained in the French King’s cabinet, with this unique inscrip- tion, and with the effigy of Vulcan, holding a ham- mer and pincers, — aud observes that it alludes to a Greek word, Cheironax ■, or Rex manuum, that is to say, the chief of handicraftsmen, or manufac- turers, the true epithet of Vulcan. — In reference to the same coin, Eckhel calls to mind those coins of Valcrianus and Gallienus inscribed deo. volkano, with a similar type of Vulcan stand- ing. At the same time he expresses an opinion that this rex artis is probably the god Cabirus commemorated on another coin of Claudius II., who (see deo cabibo) was believed to have been beneficent to that emperor, and who might like- wise be called rex artis, as the type of that coin and the doctrine respecting the Cabiri lead one to suppose. REGINAE REGYM. FILIORVM REGYM. — See Cleopatra, on a coin of M. Autouy. REGN. Regna Regina . — Sec Juno. REGN A ADSIGNATA. Kingdoms assigned. — The legend of a coin of Trajan, in gold, silver, aud large brass, (from the last of which an example is here given,) on which is the Em|>eror sitting on an eslrade, and attended by two figures standing ; before and below him arc five other figures, the foremost of whom touches the hand of the Emperor with his own. * RELIGIO AUG. The subject of this coin, analogous with that of the first brass inscribed rex parthis datvs, (see the words) is alike glorious to the Roman name and to Trajan himself : for that this illustrious prince, when he was in the east, gave kings not only to the Parthians but also to other nations ; that he received some foreign states into alliance; confirmed treaties with others; and settled differences existing between people aud people, are facts vouched for by Dion, by Eutropius, and other writers. REI. — RE1 P.— REIPV.— REIPVB. Rei- publicce. — See felicitas — gloria — reparatio — RESTITVTOR — SALVS — SECVRITAS SPES ReipubUcce. KKLIGfo AVG. — The Religion of the Em- peror. — On the reverse of a first brass of M. Aurelius is a temple, supported by four termini , and in the centre of which stands the statue of Mercury on a pedestal ; in the pediment appear a tortoise , a cock, a ram, and other attributes of the messenger of the gods. — The tust-named animal recalls the fable that Mercury was the inventor of the lyre, called in Latin testudo. The second is the symbol of watchfulness, a quality needful to his employment; and the shepherds having adopted him as their patron, he is sometimes seen accompanied by a ram. The legend of this reverse presents itself for the first time on any medal — Religio Augusli. That Marcus Aurelius, malgre his love of philosophy, was zealous for all that related to Polytheistic worship, even to the utmost extent of its manifold superstitions, is proved hy his oppressive and cruel rigor towards the Christians. But it would have been difficult to account for his having selected Mercury from so great a crowd of deities, in order to display his piety, had not Diodorus Siculus thrown a light on this point by stating that, in Egypt the bearer of the caducous and wearer of the winged cap was reputed to he the author of sacred rites and sacrificial cere- monies connected with religion. — On coins of 4 S REL1QUA. VETERA. CS1 Valcrianus, we read RELIGIO AVGGvstorum; but as it was a privilege, freely exercised by princes, to choose the divinity whom they most delighted to honour, so the religion of Valerian aud his imperial colleague is found associated not with Mercurius but with Diana Fenalrix. Religio Christiana. — We see the scries of imperial medals consecrated to the Christian religion, from the time of Constantine the Great, with the sole exception of Julian the Apostate. The celebrated monogram composed of the Greek letters X aud P, indicating the name of Christ, displays itself on a coin of l’laeidia, encircled with laurel ; on the helmet of Constantiue ; and most frequently on military standards, with various inscriptions ; such as gloria exercitvs — GLORIA ROMANORUM — IN HOC SIGNO VICTOR eris. — A brass medallion of the usurper Mag- nentius offers on his reverse the monogram between the Alpha aud Omega, aud salvs dd. nn. avg et caes. The monogram also occurs on the reverse of a coin of Procopius in the line of the legend. — See p. 657. RELIQVA. VETERA. HS. NOVIES. MILLief. ABOLITA. — The coin of Hadrian (in first brass), on the reverse of which this legend appears, is certainly one of the most remarkable monuments of imperial munificence that can be found within the recording province of numismatic art. They tell us that the emperor voluntarily remitted to his subjects all the arrears owing to his treasury, on account of 1 tributes, revenues, or other debts, amounting to an immense sum of money, and that he caused the notes aud bonds relating to arrears to be burnt in the Forum Trajani — an act of liberality unexampled in its extent, and every way worthy of a great aud mighty prince. The inscription states the abolition or cancelling of old fiscal dues to the value of nine thousand sestertia, or (according to Eckhel, equal to 60 millions of Austrian florins, or 30 millions of Roman scudi — and by the calculation of the author of Lemons de Numismatique Romaine, to about 157 million French francs ; and according to Pinkerton 7,500,000 pounds sterling). The emperor is here represented standing, clothed in the chlamys, and with a lighted torch in the act of setting fire to a heap of scrolls. — There is another and a rarer medal of Hadrian bearing the same legend ; but in which the type exhibits the emperor standing in the attitude and act above-described, before three citizens of 682 REMUS. Rome, who lift up their right hand as if in acclamations to their sovereign. The inscription of the obverse marks his third consulate. There is a passage in Spartian’s Life of Hadrian (c. vii.) with which these two medals perfectly correspond. He says that this pririce, omitting nothing that was calculated to gain the favour and good opinion of the people, remitted his claims to immense sums, which were due to the imperial exchequer (infinitam pecuniam qua fisco debebatur) by many private individuals, as well in Rome as in the rest of Italy, and even exempted the provinces from paying residues amounting to very large sums, and that he caused to be burnt inforo Divi Trajani all the syngrapha or documentary proofs of these pecuniary obligations, in order to remove thereby every subject of disquietude to the debtors for the future. The term reliqua vetera is used on coins to denote arrears of the last sixteen years ; and the liberality of Hadrian in this memorable instance was also limited to that space of time, according to the testimony of Dion. Yet, the reliqua thus abolished were, it seems, not arrears of every kind of debt, but only of money. Hence, as Spanhcim remarks, this act of generosity, however extraordinary, has not remained free from the shafts of de- tractors. And looking to so vast a sum of outstanding debts as arc stated to have been remitted by Hadrian, the same author shrewdly asks, “ whence could they have accumulated to such an amount within the space of sixteen years?” Nevertheless, making all proper allow- ances for uncertainty as to the exact value, and for exaggeration as to the scope of the benefit conceded, it was an illustrious boon worthy of a Roman Emperor to grant, and of the Roman Senate and people to applaud with heart and hand. Reliqua were remitted by other Emperors also. Thus there is an act of vast liberality recorded of M. Antoninus, by whom, as Dion relates (1. lxxi.), arrears of six and forty years due to the Emperor’s treasury and to the public exchequer were freely forgiven to the people. Remus, the brother of Romulus, and reputed son of Mars by Rhea Sylvia. — Sec Lupa ; also see Romulus and Remus. According to fable, miscalled history, he appeared after his death to his foster father and mother, Acca Laurentia and Faustulus, to demand that divine honours should be rendered him. And certain it is that in the most remote j times, a temple was consecrated to liim iu the fourth region, at Rome. REN. This abbreviation, about the meaning of which there are various opinions, appears on j the reverse of a silver medallion of great rarity, which, having the bare head of Augustus on its obverse, exhibits as the legend of its reverse an upright figure, holding out two ears of corn in | his right hand, his left hand wrapped up in the toga which he wears, and inscribed hadrianvs avo. p. P. REN. Baldiui would explain this REN by reading it REN ovavit, that is to say, as though Hadrian RENIA. had wished to renew the memory of Augustus! after a hundred years had elapsed since his decease. Others approve of the same reading, but think that the word renovavit was put for the more usual word restituil, and that it signifies that the original coin was restored by Hadrian, in like manner as was done by Titus and others. But this opinion is overturned by the subjoined observations of Eckhcl, who, in opposing himself to Baldini, begins by remarking that this coin does not belong to the class of numi reslilulionum. For, in the first place (says he) even if it were granted that the abbreviation meant RENorarif, yet it still would remain uncertain what Hadrian was to be understood to have renovated. Then, it is evident enough that this silver coin, because it is of the largest module not used in the mint of Rome, must have been struck at a distance from the city, respecting which rule a frequent lesson is read on Roman imperial coins. And, indeed, not a few silver medals of this size are extant with the names of Trajan and Hadrian, which were almost all of them struck in the eastern provinces of the empire. But, says Eckhcl, 1 have sufficiently proved that this coin offers every indication of its having been struck abioad. It is, therefore, very likely that some such temple of Augustus (and there were many then existing in the provinces, especially in Asia), together with its image, as is exhibited on the reverse of this medallion, had been renovated by Hadrian. Nor (he adds) do I rashly imagine this; for it was not the only benefit bestowed by Hadrian on the temple of Augustus. Spartianus alluding to the jouruies of that emperor relates, Post lure Uispanias petit, et Tarracone hgemavit, ubi sumptu suo aedem Augustirestituit. Cap. 12. Similar acts of bounty and liberality performed not only by princes, but also by private individuals, are sometimes boasted of on coins (abundant men- tion is made of such deeds on marbles), and on this point we arc taught by the denarius of Aemilius Lepidus with the epigraph AIM I LI A REFecfa. And that the word renovare is rightly applied to substructures, or buildings, may be learnt from Cicero — rides Honoris templum a M. Marcello renocatum. Let the reader judge (says Eckhcl in conclusion) whose explanation may appear most entitled to the preference.” Renia, a family of whom historians make no mention. Its denarii have but one type, namely, the winged head of Pallas, on one side, and on the other, c. keni. with a female driving a biga of goats, and koua in the exergue. Morcll remarks: Renius ille, triumvir monetatis, apte bigis imposuit : pro equis renos posuil ad nomen mum adludens. RENORATIO. VRBIS. ROM IT. For Reno- vatio Urbis Romic. — This legend with its pecu- liar orthography appears on a second brass of Magnentius, forming one of four medals struck by that usurer, and which boast of the liberty of the republic, ns vindicated, of victory and freedom as restored to the Roman world; of the REQUIES. OPTIMOR. MERIT. renovation of the city itself as accomplished ; and all this to he understood as the result of his having conquered and slain his rival in usurpa- tion and tyranny, Nepotianus. Yet these vain- glorious pretensions to the character of a liberator and a restorer are not confined to the coins only of Maguentius, hut arc assumed in an inscription on a marble quoted by Grutcr, dedicated to his honour as liberatori vrbis et okbis romani RESTITUTORI LIBERT ATIS, etc. REP. — REPARA. — Reparatio. REPARATIO. MVNERIS. FELICITER. — A man receiving on the poiut of his spear a bear which is rushing upon him. This is one of those Venationes, or hunting subjects, which appear on the reverses of Con- toruiate medals, having on their obverses the head of Nero, included in Havcrcamp’s Catalogue and represented in MoreU’s plates. — See Eckhel, who uuder the name of Pseudomoneta, has classified these peculiar productions of the Roman mint, not in the order of the Emperors’ reigns, but according to their respective subjects, and these latter are so various as to embrace, among others, mythology, history, illustrious personages, public spectacles and sports, &c. REP. Reparatio. — See fel. tem. rep. Felix Temporum Reparatio. — A legend which first ap- pears on coins of Constans I. (from a.d. 337 to 350), with various types ; and afterwards occurs frequently in succeeding reigns. See p. 378. Repetitions of types and of inscriptions on the reverse as on the obverse, are among those errors of the mint, more or less gross, which occa- sionally betray themselves on Roman coins of the Imperial scries; even in the earlier reigns such as Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian not omitting Augustus himself. [See Rasche.] REQVIES. OPTIMOR. MERIT. (Opti- mo rum Meritorum .) — A figure veiled, wearing the toga, sits in a curule chair, the right hand extended, the left holding a sceptre. This epigraph and the accompanying type prescut themselves, for the first time of their occurrence in the Imperial series, on a silver and on small brass coins of Claudius Gothicus. It appears, says Bauduri, as well from the deified title on the obverse — (divo clavdio optimo imp.) — as from the veil (likewise a symbol of divinity) with which the head of Claudius is covered, that these medals were struck after his death. — The rest or repose of the highest merits, was, as applied to him, the language, not of adulation or of exaggerated praise, (as, when similarly used in subsequent reigus on coins of Maximianus aud Constantins Chlorus,) but of truth and justice, to the memory of a prince so universally beloved and lameuted that all writers of Augustan history unite in making him the theme of the most glowiug, and apparently as sincere as glowiug, panegyric. Trebellius Pollio, in relating the various honours awarded to Claudius after his decease, says a golden shield was, by the unanimous vote of the whole senate, placed as a tribute to his virtues in Romana curia. And the people (a thing never before done) placed, at the public cost, a statue of him 4 S 2 RESTIO.— RESTITUTIONS. 683 in gold, ten feet high, in the capitol before the temple of Jupiter; nor were similar demonstra- tions of respect confined to the authorities and population of Rome, but (we are told by the same writer) that in every city throughout all the provinces statues, standards, crowns, altars, temples, aud arches, were dedicated and erected to his honour. Trebellius, indeed, in his life of this good, great, aud victorious Emperor, finishes with saying — Ilium et Senatus et populus ante imperium et in imperio et post imperium sic ditexit, ut satis constet, neque Trajanum, neque Antoninos, neque quemquam alium pnncipem sic amatum. RES. REST. RESTIT. Restitutis or Restituit. — Restored, or he has restored. RESTIO. — The cognomen of Antia gens, on a denarius of which the obverse type is the head of a man, remarkable for its muscular, large featured, aud hard favoured countenance. This is supposed, with much probability, to be the portrait of the C. Antius Restio who was the author of a sumptuary law, which not ouly placed the expenses of convivial banquets under restriction, but also prohibited any magistrate, or magistrate elect, from dining abroad, except at certain people’s houses. — It is not worth while to inquire when this unsocial aud fruitless limitation was enacted, for a law so absurd met its fate of remaining unobserved, aud even its proposer is said to have never afterwards dined out, for fear of witnessing (and perhaps assisting in) the violation of his own legislative inhospi- tality. — See Antia gens. Restitutions, or restored coins, is (from the verb restiluo ), a name given to pieces of money copied from other pieces struck at an anterior period of time, with the adjunction of legends which prove the reproduction of these particular coins. — The motives which led to the fabrication of such medals do not appear sus- ceptible of a satisfactory explanation, notwith- standing the pains bestowed and the ingenuity exercised by the most learned numismatists, with a view to throw light upon the subject Certain it is, that many of the Roman Emperors caused the coins of several of their predecessors, and also coins of the consular or republican sera, to be restored — that is to say, they commanded pieces to be struck which reproduced the types and legends of those more aucieut coins, with the addition of the name of the reigning emperor, together with the word REST\V«i7 — a word which has been subjected to very different interpretations. The learned and judicious Bimard de la Bastie, in his annotations on Jobert’s work, thus defines the kind of money now in question : “ We call (says he) -those restored medals ( Medailles Restituees), be they consular or be they imperial, upon which, besides the type and the legend which they had at their first coinage, we see, moreover, the name of the emperor who caused them to be struck a second time, followed by the word REST. — Of such a sort is the second brass coin on which, round the radiated head of Augustus, we read DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER, 631 RESTITUTIONS, nnd of which the reverse type is a globe with a rudder, and the legend IMP. T. VESP. AVG. REST. — Of the same kind is that silver medal of the Rubria family, which represents on one side the head of Concord veiled, with the abbre- viated word DOS., that is to say DOSjenniw; and on the reverse a quadriga, on which is a Victory holding a crown, below it L. RUBRI., and round it IMP. CAES. TRAJAN. AVG. GER. DAC. P.P. REST.— There arc other medals to which the epithet of restored, has improperly been given, although they do not bear the word REST., which seems to be the distinctive mark of these restitutions. Such arc the medals struck under Gallicnus, to renew the remembrance of the consecration of many of his predecessors. Nor can the appellation of restored medals be in any sense given to those which Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero caused to he struck with the name aud the head of Julius Cscsar, of Augustus, of Livia, of Agrippa, of Agrippina, of Drusus, and of Gcrmanicus, because these are not instances of ancient types employed afresh, hut absolutely new coinages, as well with respect to the type as to the matrix or die.” — After correcting the error which (misled by false coins quoted by Oiselius and Hardouin) Jobert had made in stat- ing the restorations to have commenced with the reigns of Claudius and Nero, Bimard proceeds : j — “ It is under Titus that we begin to see restored coins, and we know them to have been struck in memory of Augustus, of Livia, of Agrippa, of Drusus, of Tiberius, of Drusus son of Tiberius, of Gcrmanicus, of Agrippina mother of Caligula, of Claudius, of Galba, aud of Otho. — After Titus’s example, Domitian restored certain medals of Augustus, of Agrippa, of Drusus, of Tiberius, of Drusus, son of Tiberius, and of Claudius. — Nerca restored none of his predecessors’ coins except those of Augustus ; hut Trajan renewed by restoration the medals of almost all the emperors who had reigned before him.” Besides which, he restored numerous coins of Roman families. — Marcus Aurelius and L. Verus jointly restored a denarius of M. Antony. The majority of the earlier writers on Roman numismatics, and Bimard seems nearly to coincide with them in opinion, contend that the word rest., that is to say, Res/iluit, signifies merely that Titus, Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan eansed the dies of their predecessors’ coins to be re-made ; that by their command medals were struck with these same dies ; and that they allowed such medals to be circulated in com- merce, like their own money. These anti- quaries also believed that Trajan did not confine himself to this practice of coining medals from the dies of the princes who had preceded him ; but took the further step of re-establishing all the matrices which had been used for the con- sular medals, at the period when they were the current coin of the state. After combating at considerable length the objections of Pere Hardouin, who has ridiculed the above ideas ou the subject, and who has RESTITUTIONS. I given ( Oper. Select, p. 507), a counter explana- tion fraught with great ingenuity but equally fraught with greater diflicidties, Bimard declares his preference for the opinion of Yaillant, as having much more of probability in it ; namely, that Trajan, in order to conciliate in his own favour the sentiments of the senate and people, wished to shew marks of his veneration (generally) for the memory of- his predecessors, and of his good-will towards the first houses of the republic. With this view be restored the money of emperors who had reigned before him, and those coins also upon which were inscribed the uames of Romau families. A proof (adds Bimard) that Trajan had restored all the con- sular medals is that in the small number of such restorations extant at the present day, many arc found of the same family, with different types, and sometimes of a family but little celebrated, as amongst others the Rubria family, of which we have three different coins restored by Trajan. According to this opinion, the meaning ascribed to the legend imp. caf.s. TRAIAN. AVG. GER. DAC. P.P REST, is perfectly conformable to the rules of grammar and to the genius of the Latin tongue. When the inscrip- tion was engraved ou the very monument itself which an emperor caused to be re-built, the name of the restored monument was frequently omitted, because it was impossible to make any mistake as to the case governed by the word restituit, and because everybody supplied it with ease. Thus when ou the Nimes road n military column is seen, with this inscription TI. CAESAR DIVI P. AVG. PONT. MAX. TR. POT. xxxil. refecit, et RESTITVIT. v., we clearly understand that this column, which served to mark the fifth mile from Nimes, had been re- erected by order of Tiberius. Amongst an infinity of examples exhibiting this elliptical mode of expression, there is in an ancient inscription on the Pous Fabricius at Rome the following: b. FABRICIVS C.F. CVR. VIARVM. facivndvm coeravit; and that was sufficient to convey the meaning that Fabricius had caused this bridge to be built, because the inscription was engraven ou the bridge itself. Nothing is more common thau to find on Cippi, whether votive or sepulchral, posvit. — fecit. — faciendvm cvravit, without those verbs being followed by any governing noun, because the Cippi (or altars) themselves arc supposed to supply the place of it. For the same reason, when we find on medals IMP. TITVS— IMP. DOMITmni/j —IMP. TRAIAN uf RESTifaiV, if it is, as I believe, of the re- fabrication of the coin itself that it is designed to make mention, it was not necessary to add hunc nummum, for we hold in our hand, nnd have under our eye the very thing which was re-established. But it would not be thus if it had been intcuded to record that these Emperors caused in some sort the revival of their predecessors, nnd of the great men whose names were engraved on these pieces of money, for it often happens that there is nothiug in the type which bears re- lation to the virtues, or to the actions, by RESTITUTION'S. which the Emperors are supposed to represent them.” But, before he approaches the task of elu- cidating, so far as erudition, research, and numismatic skill can elucidate, the obscure and difficult, yet curious and engaging, subject of Restored Coins — Eckhcl has applied himself to draw up a descriptive catalogue of these peculiar monuments, in composing which, — I. He has, in the order of the three metals, enumerated them, with the addition of the restorer’s name. — II. He has noted such coins of this kind as arc known to have archetypes ; also such as have none yet known ; and such as in any degree differ from, or fall short of, the archetype. — III. He lias likewise inserted those coins of the Augusti and Casares, without which no decision could be arrived at in this examination. — IV. Aud, lastly, he mentions none but coins of perfectly authenticated genuineness, and which credible witnesses have seen and approved. — The catalogue is divided into the following heads : — Silver Coins of Restitution. — These are all the work of Trajan (except the medal of Divus Trajanus, on which is read the name of Hadrian as the restorer; aud the coin of Mark Antony the Triumvir, restored hy M. Aurelius and L. Verus). — On the reverses of all the coius restored hy Trajan we find the legend, inscribed circularly, imp. traian. avg. gek. dac. p. r. rest. — Of this class we have the archetypes (with the exception of the above cited one of Hadrian) manifestly agreeing with the restored coins. — Of consular medals there are two, one with the head of Janus, the other with the head of Pallas — the reverse of the former has Jupiter in a quadriga, and the word uoma ; the reverse of the latter is the Genius of Rome seated, with roma and the wolf aud twins before her. — Of family coins there are thirty-five — viz., of Aemilia, Cfccilia, Carisia, Cassia, Claudia, Cornelia, Cornuficia, Didia, Horatia, Junia, Livineia, Lucretia, Mamilia, Marcia, Maria, Memmia, Minucia, Norbana, Numouia, Pompeia, Rubria, Scribonia, Sulpicia, Titia, Tullia, Valeria. — The denarius restored by Hadrian bears on its obverse the head of Trajan, with the epigraph mws traianvs pater avgvstvs; and on its reverse Hadrian sacrificing; it is inscribed imp. Hadrian, diyi. ner. traian. opt. fil. rest. — The silver coin of M. Antony, restored jointly by M. Aurelius aud L. Verus, is inscribed an'toninvs avgvr. iii.vir. r. p. c., the type a Triremis. On the reverse is the legionary eagle between two other military ensigns, and these words LEGio VI. ANTO- MNYS UT VKRVS. AVGG. REST. [The intelligent author of Leqons de Numis- matique Romaine, in a passing observation on the silver coins of families restored by Trajan, says “ tout en conservant soigneusement les anciens types ces deniers n'ont que le poids ordinaire des autres deniers du mime prince : ce qui prouve qu’ils etaient assimilees a la monnaie couranle de son regne.”~\ Gold Corns of Restitution. — These also have Trajan for their restorer, with the exception of RESTITUTIONS. 685 six which, if genuine, were restored by Titus. — Of all these no archetype is known to exist, or | if anything like their original be extant, there is some material difference betweeu them. They consist of Julius Cicsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius, Galba, Vespasian, Titus, Nerva. Brass Coins of Restitution. — Coins of this metal have Titus, Domitian, and Nerva for their restorers. The epigraph of the restorers vary, as it also varies in other coins of theirs. In these medals Domitian often indicates his name by the single letter d.— At the end is added rest., or at full length restitvit. These brass are of Augustus, Agrippa, Drusus senior, Tiberius, Drusus jun., Gennanicus, Agrippina senior, Claudius, Galba, Otho, Julia Titi. Lc Beau, in bis “ Lucubrations on restored coius,” rejects the views of the matter in question entertained by Bimard and others, and brings forward what he thinks a sounder opinion. He asserts that the word restituit signifies that the emperor whom the coin denominates as the restorer, had restored some public monu- ment of him (whether emperor or other illus- trious man) whose name the coin publishes. A compendium of the prolix arguments urged by this learned writer in support of this opinion is furnished by Eckhel, who characterises them as being all so specious as to be worthy of the genius of Hardouin alone. II. — Brass coins, on which the portraits of Emperors are restored, belong chiefly to that class whose reverses exhibit nothing but the letters s. c. ; a mark from which we cannot glean any other information than that it was the pleasure of ’Titus, of Domitian, and of Nerva, from what cause soever, to recall the images of those princes. III. — To this class, iu which the types only are restored, or the memory of some singular facts are recalled, belong all the gold and most of the brass coins of this kind. They cannot be called restored coins, because between these and the originals a striking difference presents itself, whether seen in the epigraph or in the types, and sometimes even another metal. The same coins may be seen in the first gold of Tiberius, and iu others. In many the archetypes are manifestly wanting, as in the greater portion of the gold ; and it is probable that they never did exist ; but that the types of those medals were devised by Trajan, whatever might be the motives which actuated him. In the same manner Trebonianus also (others suppose it to have been Gallienus) restored the consecrations of preceding emperors ; but after a new fashion, or certainly one but little iu conformity with the size of the archetypes. But no one may persuade himself that the fust models of the gold coins have perished, and (what follows) that in like manner the gold and the silver can be reckoned among the number of restored coins ; for who would believe that the gold had suffered such a fate, as that their primeval forms should have been annihilated, when the originals of all the silver, so far as we have hitherto met with them, are still extant ? 686 RESTITUTIONS.— REST1TUT0R. These are the things, adds Eckhcl, which either ascertained, or probable, or uncertain, or wholly unknown, I find on the subject of re- stored medals (de reslitutionum numis). I shall conclude with but a few animadversions. — I. As Trajan restored the coins of obscure families, for instance three of Rubria, it is very likely that most of them (the Consular and Family coins), and perhaps all, were restored by that emperor, but they have hitherto not been seen. For we perceive that their numbers, although slowly, yet by degrees increase, and without doubt a great many lie in various museums hidden, and unknown to us. — II. We have no gold piece, either consular or of a family, restored by Trajan, who nevertheless ordered the restored imperial medals to be struck generally in gold. This deficiency serves gieatly to confirm me in the conjecture which I have formed (and stated in section i. cap. iv.), that during the republic there were no gold coins struck. For what was the reason why Trajan should abstain from restoring the gold consulars ? The cause of his omitting to re- store the brass coinage of the republic, I think, was that these had common types, peculiar to the weight of each, and which therefore it did not seem worth while to restore. — III. As hitherto no restored coin of any family has been discovered, of which the archetype is not also extant, a ray of hope may now he indulged, that hereafter the scries of family medals may be more amply enriched with the desired accessions. — IV. Out of the whole crowd of family medals, which the fertility of Goltzius has brought to light, though kuowu to himself aloue, we are cognizant of no restored coin ; nor has any restored coin hitherto appeared, whose origiual the Thesaurus Goltzianus sup- plies. This may seem wonderful, but we can nevertheless divine the true cause. To forge restored coins will not have exercised much reflection, but he will never he able to furnish the archetypes, because the coins hitherto seen by him (Goltzius) alone arc almost all esteemed fictitious. Such is the substance as well of the various opinions hazarded, as of the ditferent facts stated, by autiquaries, both of the new aud of the elder school respecting restored coins. And, although some of the speculations on this subject are freer from objections* as being more reconcileable to probabilities than others, yet when we look to these instances con- fined to a few reigns of emperors re-coining the money of the republic precisely after the designs of the original types, and also of re- newing the medals of their predecessors on a less accurate principle of imitation, it must be confessed that the restorations in question arc still left amongst the unsolved riddles of aucient numismatism. RESTIT. GALL1AR. Restitutor Ga/tiarum. — On the reverse of a silver coin of Gallienus that effeminate voluptuary, who by his heartless misconduct brought the Roman empire to the very verge of ruin, is here represented lifting RESTITUTOR. the personified Genius of the Gauls from a kneel- ing posture. This piece of inscriptive adulation was fabricated after a victory which Gallienus obtained over the barbarous invaders of Gaul, by the assistance of Postumus ; but that great commander, nevertheless, retained the govern- ment and improved the security of those important provinces, and therefore might with greater right have assumed that title on his own coins. That Gaul was spoken of by the Romans in the plural we have seen iu the coin of Galba, inscribed tkes oalliaE. REST. 1TAL. Restituta Italia, or Restitutor Ita/ue. — The Emperor raising a woman that kneels before him ; opposite arc two children standing with uplifted hands. — This legend aud type, ou gold, silver, and first brass of Trajan, doubtless refer to the large funds appropriated by this beneficent prince to the maintenance and education of youth iu various cities of Italy, which by this well-timed and paternal liberality of his mav rightly be said to have been restored. RESTITVTOR LI BER TATIS.— The Em- peror holding iu his right hand a figure of Victory, and iu his left hand a banner with the monogram of Christ. — This medal, in gold and in silver (engraved in Khell’s Supplement, ad Vaillant, p. 259), is one of several struck under Magnentius, in which that ferocious traitor and most cruel tyrant, who profaned the Christianity he professed, has impudently designated himself as the restorer, the renovator, the conqueror of liberty and of republican independence for Rome, whose lawful prince (Constaus) he had caused to be assassinated, and whose Illyrian provinces he had deluged witli Roman blood. RESTITVTOR MON. Restitutor Monet ce. — The Emperor (Alexander Scverus) standing with his riuht hand extended, and a spear iu the left. Second brass Of all the emperors, Alexander is the only one who boasts of himself as the Restorer of the (Roman) Mint. But this he has done, with the sanction of the senate (s. C.), both on the prescut coin and on another middle bronze, inscribed MONonds clearly with [ these coins of Domitian, when he affirms him- j self to have seen rhinocerotes (which he calls j ^Ethiopian bulls) from the extremity of whose 1 nose a horn juts out, and a little higher up another, but not a large one. — These particulars | (adds Eckhel) have demanded notice, because Hardouiu teaches that from these identical coins of Domitian it is manifest that this wild beast is furnished with only one horn on its snout ; and the same error, derived perhaps from Ilar- douin, about only one horn being observable on the coins of Domitian, has since been propagated by James Bruce, an Englishman, who, iu his travels in Abyssinia, relates many things respect- ing this animal, at one time as unicornis, at another as bicornis, when describing the natural history of quadrupeds in that region. Right hands joined, are symbols of Concord and indications of mutual confidence, real or assumed. — See Manus. Bogus funebris, or funeral pile of the Romans, was a quadrangular kind of scaffold, or compact structure of timber-work, on which the dead bodies of princes and princesses were burnt to ashes. — Vaillant says it was called Rogus because the dii manes, or deities of the shades below, in eo rogantur, were supplicated, and believed to be propitiated by the ceremonies performed at them. — The rogus, from the reign of Antoninus Pius, is the common type of consecration on coins of Imperial personages of both sexes. — Dion briefly speaks of this pile as in form like a tower of three stories, adorned with ivory, gold, and a few statues. — Herodianus gives a fuller description of it, observiug that the ground- floor of this square building was filled with dry fuel ; that on this substructure stood another tier, similar iu form and ornament, but narrower, and furnished with open doors ; that on these were erected a third and a fourth, still narrower in dimensions, so that the whole work presented the appearance of a pharos ; that the corpse being then deposited in the second story, and the accustomed ceremonies being performed, the lighted torch was applied, and the entire mass consumed by fire. — After making these citations from the old writers, Eckhel alludes I to the abundance of coius, which place before our eyes the form of the rogus, exactly corres- ponding with their description ; and he par- I ticularly mentions a medal of Julia Micsa, not | long ago found at Rome ; the possessor of which, Viscount Ennius, an antiquary of great repute, wrote to the Papal Nuncio at Vienna, saying that it was in so beautiful and entire a state of preservation, that, what had never before been observed in these representations of funeral piles, the body of the Augusta appeared placed on a bier in the second story. As symbols of consecration, these Rogi are seen on coins of Aclius Cn-sar, Antoninus l’ius, Faustina senior, M. Aurelius, Faustina jun., L. , Verus, Pertinax, Sept. Scverus, Caracalla, Julia Miesa, Saloninus, Valerianns jun., Claudius Gothicus, Tetricusjnn., Nigrinianus, Constantins Chlorus. — See conskckatio. Ou the Rogus (says Vaillant, Pr. ii. 293), an eagle was placed at the consecration of emperors, and a peacock at that of empresses; and when the cord by which it was tied became consumed in the flames, the bird thus freed, and flying through the air, was popularly believed to carry the spirit of the deified personage up to heaven. This image of consecration was after- wards struck on the Imperial medals. RO. or ROM. Roma. At Rome. — ROM. Romani, or Romano, or Romanorum. Roma, formerly queen of almost the whole earth. — Horace (L. iv. od. 3) calls her the prince of cities; and according to Martial (L. xii. epig. 8) she is terrarum dea genliumque : — Rome, a city of Latium in Italy, situated on the Tiber, founded by the Alban youth, under the leadcrsliip of Romulus and Remus, the grandsous of Numitor. At least the most generally received opinion is that Rome was so called from Romulus, who was first named Roraus, according to the authority of Scrvius. For when Romidus and Remus undertook joiutly the building of the city, the latter wished that its name should be Remuria, from his own name. Romulus, ou the other hand, preferred to have it named Roma. The auspices were given in favour of Romulus ; nevertheless, the city was not styled Romu/a, lest such a diminutive of the name should derogate in any degree from the majesty of the city. Rome took for its sign the wolf suckling the twin brothers, in recognition of the well-known story. When, indeed, the power of the city became so great that the descendants of its founder begau to he ashamed of their origin, its history was adorued with fables. — Hence the sagacious Livy, in his preface to his Libr. llistor., says — “ Qua ante conditam condendamce urbem, poeticis magis decora fabulis, quam incorruptis rerum gestarum monumenlis traduntur, ea nec adfinnare, nec refellere, in animo esi." — But although it is the common belief that Rome was built by Romidus, because he founded a monarchy there, yet there are many authors who assert that, before him, Evander, from Arcadia, reigned over that part of the city, afterwards called Mons l’alatinus; nay, there are others, especially the Greeks, who pretend that, before the time of Romidus, there existed in the same place a city named Rome which had been budt by a certain noble lady, Greek or Trojan, named Roma, who was with Eneas, it is not known iu what quality, whether slave or wife. Leaving these, however, and other opinions which have been advanced respecting the origin of Rome, and which are founded only on con- jectures altogether arbitrary, we may regard it thus far as certain, that she sprang from the smallest beginnings; that her first foundations were on the Palatine mount ; and that her boundaries were then from time to time enlarged round that spot to a vast extent. For Pliny ROMA. (L. iii. c. 6) writes that, in the reign of Vespasian, the circuit of the city was 13,000 paces. And Vopiscus relates that the Emperor Aurelian increased the compass of its walls to thirty thousand paces. — So great and tamous did this city in the end become, as the capital of the most powerful and extensive empire ever known, though it owed its origin to a troop of herdsmen, fugitive slaves, and robbers, conducted by a man of ability and resolution. — If writers have varied in their sentiments on the origin of Rome, they have equally differed with regard to the year of its foundation. The most general opinion assigns for that event the year from the creation of the world 3231, viz., 753 years before the birth of Jesus Christ, the third year of the sixth Olympiad, 431 years after the ruin of Troy, and during the reign of Jothau, King of Judah. Rome w r as called Septicollis, because she in- closed within her mural boundaries seven hills, — viz., Palatinus, Quirinalis, Aventinus, Coclius, Viminalius, Esquilicns, and Tarpeius, or Capi- tolinus. Such was “ the eternal city” under King Romulus and his successors. And if, after the substitution of the consular for the monarchical form of government, she gained in point of extent, she was but a rude and unsightly mass of cabins and cottages, until the period of her being burnt by the Gauls. Subsequently to that event she assumed a better architectural character, having been re-built in a more com- modious and durable manner. Rut it is stated by her historians, that even so far down as the arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy, the houses were covered with only shingle and planks. Nor was it till the year 622, that the embellishments of Rome commeuecd, thence proceeding to that pitch of splendour to which Augustus carried them. A spleudour which Nero, after playing himself the part of an incendiary with the old city, still further improved upon in restoring it from its ashes. This high and pabny state was under Trajan not only maintained, but rendered still more noble ; and long after that great emperor’s time it exhibited almost untliminished magnificence, in spite of the ravages of the Goths, the Vandals, the Ostrogoths, and other barbarians, whose assaults were scarcely more ruinous than the degeneracy ot the people them- selves. — Rome still contains relics which serve to indicate what she must have been in the days of her imperial power and grandeur. Romanum imperium . — The Roman dominion or territorial jurisdiction, which began under kings (viz., Romulus and his six successors, Numa Pompilius, Tuilus Uostillius, Aucus Martins, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, and Tarquinius Superbus), whose united reigns occupied a space of 243 years, — did not extend further than within 18 (Roman) miles each way from the city. But under the Consuls, amongst whom were sometimes Dictators, &c., the advance of Roman power, and the extent of Roman con- quests, during a period of 447 years, were in effect nearly as follows : — Italy captured as far as beyond the Po; Africa and Spain subdued; ROMA. 693 Gallia and Britannia rendered tributary ; the Illyrians, the Istrians, the Liburni, the Dalma- tians, vanquished ; Achaia invaded ; the Mace- donians overcome; war waged with the Dar- danians, the Moesians, and the Thracians ; the legionary eagle was planted on the banks of the Danube. Having defeated Antiochus, the Romans set foot for the first time in Asia ; victorious over Mithridatcs, they take possession of the kingdom of Pontus, together with Armenia Minor, which that monarch had held ; they march into Mesopotamia, and enter into a treaty with the Parthians ; they fight against the Arabians; Judaea is conquered ; Cilicia and Syria brought into subjection ; at length Egypt is reached by the victorious arms of Rome, and her republic is no more. — Under the Emperors, from Augustus to the times of Theodosius and his sons, a period of 440 years — the Cantabri, the Astures, and all Spain were placed under the yoke; the Alps, Rhrctia, Noricum, Pannonia, and Moesia, were added to the empire; the whole tract of the Danube was reduced to the state of provinces ; all Pontus and the Greater Armenia, Mesopotamia, Assyria, Arabia, and Egypt yielded obedience to the laws of Rome, And thus, by the successive efforts of these “foremost men of all the world,” and by the valour and perseverance of the Roman people, this most august empire was elevated to the supremest height of human glory- — having for its limits the ocean on the west, the Rhine and the Danube on the north, the Tigris on the east, and Mount Atlas on the south. ROMA. — This word is often found inscribed on nearly all the coins of families, in addition to their names, especially on the most ancient denarii, and even on coins anterior to them. They are generally wanting on such as were struck in the decline of the republic. — VailLmt says, and so docs Havcrcamp, in very many places, that when the word ro.wa is added it indicates that the medal was struck in the city ; the omission of it signifies that the piece w r as coined in some province. “ In the first place, this rule is fallible, because on coins of a later age the word is wanting ; in the next place, I know not why coins, although struck in a pro- vince yet by a Roman magistrate, could not have been recognised as Roman, wheu they were doubtless Roman currency, especially as on even foreign coins the word koma is not unfrequently read, by which indeed the conquered people sought to prove their connexion with the govern- ing city.” — Eckhel, vol. viii. 70. ROMA. — This word also appears in mono- gram on denarii of the Didia and Marcia families, and on a denarius of Calpurnius Piso Frugi. — Roma likewise is inscribed on the Con- sular coinage, in silver, both denarii and quinarii. On family denarii it is generally accompanied by types of Victory in a big a or in a quadriga, or by the Dioscuri. Rome was personified and worshipped as a deity by the Latins as by the Greeks, and the appellation of 0«a, or of Dea Roma, is found applied to that renowned but presumptuously 694 ROMA, proud city both amongst writers and on coins. Thus it was said of her : “ Terrarum dea gentiumque Roma .” — Cassiodorns narrates that under Hadrian, Pompeianus and Alettins being consuls, a temple was raised to the worship of Rome ; and a representation of this temple appears on coins of Antoninus Pius, with the legcud of romae aeternae. — There arc also Several coins of Augustus and Tiberius, with an altar and the inscription rom. et avg. — See the words. Designed after statues of the best age of art, (which are, however, extremely rare,) we see her on medals of Nero, in the dress of an Amazon, seated on a mass of body-armour or spoils of war, holding in one hand a short sword and in the other a spear. On coins of Galba, Titus, Domitian, Ncrva, Hadrian, Anto- ninus Pius, M. Aurelius, Commodus, L. Verus, Pcrtinax, Severus, aud many other emperors, Dea Roma appears either standing or sitting, with her amazonian habit tucked up, and the right breast uncovered. On a first brass of Vespasian, she presents herself seated on seven hills, at the foot of which are Romulus and Remus suckled by the wolf : in the front, the Tiber personified. The mint of ancient Rome invaiiably represents “ the goddess” wearing a helmet, and frequently, besides the hasla, or the lance, holding a small image of Victory, and sometimes a globe. It is a remark of Eckhel’s that, under the lower empire, Rome was represented with the head surmounted by a crown of towers, and resting the right foot on a ship’s prow. On Greek coins of the Imperial scries, the effigy of Dea Roma is not always represented with a helmet, but is also ornamented with a turreted crown. — The people of Smyrna, accord- ing to Tacitus, built a temple to her, and she was worshipped as a goddess by most of the cities of Asia, as coins to this day testify. Nor did the adulation of the Greek cities stop at paying divine honours to Rome ; but many of them, with the view of conciliating favour from their conquerors, stamped ou one side of their coins BEAN PflMHN, Deam Romam ; and on the other side ©EON CYNKAHTON, Deum Senatum ; thus including the senate with the city of Rome within the “ ample room and verge” of their impious llattcry. ROMA RENASC.— ROMA RESTIT. ROMA RENASC. vcl RENASCES, vel RENASCENS. — Rome rising again — or Rome reborn. — A helmeted figure standing, with a Victoriola in right hand. — This epigraph, on gold and silver coins of Galba, was a vain augury of the Romans indulging in hopes of happier days, after the reigns of those impure and tyrannical men Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, aud Nero. Rome is here called renascens, as if appearing to be again free ; for after the death of Caligula the senate, though the government still continued in the family ot the Ca'sars, had it in contem- plation to assert the cause of liberty, so it seemed that, the Ciesarian stock being, by the death of Nero, now extinct, Roman freedom came to a second birth through the election of Galba to the empire. On the word renasces, Eckhel makes the following remark in reference to Ilavcreamp, who interprets it in the future tense: — “An opinion this, truly, which imports a gross solecism iu the Roman mint, since even tyros knew that it was (in that case) to be written renascf.ris. llut its true sense, the word placed on other coins being renascens, is suificiently clear. Thus on medals of Aespasian also is read roma rksvrges. The Latins were often in the habit of leaving out the N, especially when it preceded the letter s. Thus also on marbles of the best age you may read infas for infans, and other instances similar to it have been searched out from lapidary inscriptions by Marinins. The same fancy prevails in the words quotient, guad- ragensima, &e., the N. is omitted.” ROMA RENASCENS. S.C. — Rome seated, a helmet on her head, a victoriola in her right hand, and the hasla pura in her left. First brass of Nerva. Eckhel does not notice this legend and type under the reign of Nerva ; but Mionnet and Akcrman recognize its genuineness; and llavercamp, from whose work this engraving is taken, makes the following comment : — “Medals were struck during the above reign with the type and inscription of roma renascens. (Rome reviving, or springing up, rising, or being born again), in like manner as had already been done under Galba, but with more justice and truth in regard to the latter than to the former emperor. For under Galba the Roman people had cherished only a vain hope of better times — whereas their condition soon changed lor the worse through the gross negligence and the shameful debaucheries of Vitellius. Under Nerva, on the contrary, the Roman common- wealth began really to revive, and was perfectly re-established under his successors.” — Cabinet de ta Reine Christine, p. 49. ROMA R. XL. — See r. xl. roma. ROMA RES FIT. S.C. — There is a first brass of Galba with this legend of Roma Restituta (Rome restored), which — accompanied by the type of the emperor raising up by the right hand a helmeted female figure having in her left hand a trophy, or in some coins a child — was obviously designed to shadow forth the same [ state of popular feelings of joy aud confidence ROMA RESURGES. at the death of Nero and the accession of the veteran Galba, which is referred to under roma W W A RrVltfQ ROMA RESVRGENS. — S. C.— Vespasian, veiled and clothed in the toga, and a female hold- ing a shield, standing by a kneeling female, whom the Emperor is raising up. First brass . — Under Vitellius the Roman empire fell into decay and confusion. Assigning, therefore, to that glutton the merit of restoring Rome was an act of wretched flattery on the part of the senate. To Vespasian, on the contrary, it was an honour rightfully awarded. And the large bronze medal, which thus ascribes to him the re-establishment of the Eternal City, first by his military virtues and afterwards by his attention to her architectural embellishment, represents that fine old emperor standing, clothed in the toga, lifting up a kneeling woman; another female figure, helmcted, and with a buckler, stands at the back of the kneeling figure, as if supporting her. — Ruhenius and Oiselins under- stand by the woman on her knees Liberty op- pressed under Vitellius. This fallen goddess Ves- pasian raises up and restores her to Rome, who is present in a military form. ROMA RESVRGES. — Similar type. — The Roma Renasces, in Galba, has been noticed above. — Here we have Resurqes doubtless for Resurgens, as already stated. — “ And truly (says Eckhel) Vespasian could speak of Rome rising again in his reign ; for he signally adorned her with new edifices, whilst he as effectively repaired the old buildings, which, either through neglect in antecedent times or from the ravages of in- cendiary fires under Nero and Vitellius, had sus- tained great injury. And it is this golden period of Vespasian of which a retrospect is taken by Tacitus, in that passage of his Annals (xv. 41) where, in dwelling on the splendid monuments of the city which were ruined by the Neronian conflagration, he goes on to say : — quamvis in tanta RESVRGENTIS V JIB IS pulchitudine multa seniores meminerant, quee reparari nequibant.” Roma Aetema. — Vaillant observes that the Genius of Rome bears a Victory in her hand, as conqueror of the world, and that the peculiar epithet of Eternal as applied to Rome is one which Livy, Ammianus, Dionysius of Halicar- nassus, and Symmachus severally employ, cither in prediction of her perpetual domination, or for the purpose of distinguishing her from other cities. ROMA AETERNA.— ROMANUS. 695 ROMA AETERNA. — This legend, with the type of Rome seated, supporting the heads of the sun and the moon, appears for the first time on a rare gold coin of Hadrian, “ under whom (says Vaillant) Rome was called Eternal , on account of the many things restored, and the various edifices constructed by him, so as thereby to have been ensured a perpetual duration. A temple was constructed to the honour of Rome, as a goddess, on Mount Palatine, by Hadrian himself. It was in memory of these benefits that she holds in one hand the head of the sun, in the other that of the moon, as symbols of eternity, the Romans, from the religion of the Egyptians, regarding those planets as eternal.” Rama; Aetema. — From the earliest age it wa 9 the presentiment of the Romans that their city would he Eternal; and to such a pitch of mad- ness did this opinion of theirs proceed, that they paid divine honours to Rome, erected temples and altars to her honour, and instituted priests to perform sacrifices to this deity of their own creation. ROMAE AETERNAE. — This legend, struck in each metal, with various types (hut chiefly that of Roma Victrix seated, a shield by her side, a spear in her left hand, and a figure of Victory in her right,) appears on coins of Antoninus Pius, of Pescenuius Niger, of Sept. Severus, of Gordianus I. and II., Alex. Severus (first brass), Philip sen., Treb. Gallus, Hostilianus, and others. — A silver medal of S. Severus bears on its reverse romae aeternae, with a temple of six columns, adorned with many statues, in the midst of which Rome is seated. ROMAE RESTITVTAE. — On the reverse of a third brass of Constantine the Great, are this legend, and the image of Rome seated, holding in her right hand a flower, and in her left a globe, divided into zones. This doubtless was meant to describe the happy change in the state of the city which ensued on the death of the tyrant Maxentius, than whom no one had more cruelly afflicted the inhabitants of Rome; and in contrast to whose atrocious government the lawful and comparatively merciful sway of Constantine was, therefore, in the eyes of the Romans a renovation of Rome. Romans. — The following heads of illustrious Romans occur on coins of families, viz., of Agrippa, M. Antony, and M. Antony ’ the Younger, Lucius Antony , gens Autonia; L. Brutus and also M. Brutus, g. Junia ; Coelius Caldns, g. Coelia; Bolabella, g. Trebonia; Domitius Ahenobarbus, g. Domitia ; L. Libo, g. Livia; Livineius Regulus, g. Livineia; Munatius Plancus, g. Munatia; Norbanus Place us, g. Norbana ; Pompeius Magnus, as also Cn. Pom- peius F. and Sextus Pompeius, and Pompeius Rufus, g. Pompcia ; Numonius Vaala, g. Numonia ; A. Postumius, g. Postumia ; Servius Rufus, g. Servia : Servilius Ahala, g. Junia ; M. Silanus, g. Junia ; Sulla, g. Cornelia. Roman Emperors— Portraits of on coins. — See Imperatores. Romanus I. Lecapenus, born in Armenia, of a family in private life, became distinguished in 696 ROMANUS. arms, and was made prafectus classic, or ad- miral, under Constantine X., by whom he was afterwards declared Augustus, and associated iu the empire at the same time he married Helena, daughter of that prince, a.d. 919. — He soon usurped priority of rank, and gave the second station with title of emperor to his son Christo- pher, compelling his benefactor Constantiue to content himself with the lowest place — Driven from the throne and banished to the isle of Prota, by his son Stephen, whom, after Christo- pher’s birth, he had taken as his imperial col- league, a.d. 944, lie died in a monastery, a.d. 946. — Romauus and his son Christopher united on coins are called ROHAN, et. xristofo. avgg. His medals are most rare, both in gold and silver. Romanus II. surnamed Junior, the son of Constantinus X. Porphyrogenitus, and of Helena, daughter of Romanus Lccapenus, born at Con- stantinople, a.d. 938. Succeeded his father in the eastern empire a.d. 959 — a bad prince, and suspected to have been a parricide. — Died a.d. 963, aged twenty-one. — The inscriptions on his coins arc in Greek. Romanus III. surnamed Argyrus, the son of Leo, horn about a.d. 973, married Zoe (another Messalina), daughter of Constantinus XI., a few days before the death of that Emperor, and through that union arrived at the throne, a.d. 1028. — Poisoned and stifled in a bath by his lascivious and wicked wife, who then bestowed her hand and the empire on Michael of Paphla- gonia, a.d. 1034. — Mionuet says there are no coins of this prince. Romanus IV. surnamed Diogenes, of eminent Cappadocian family, and himself a great com- mander, was the son of Constantinus Diogenes ; raised to the throne by Eudocia, widow of Con- stautine Ducas, whom he married a.d. 1068 ; he was made prisoner by the Turks a.d. 1071. Restored to freedom the same year he was de- prived of sight by Michael Ducas, whq, during his captivity, had usurped the throne, and he died in a convent a short time afterwards. There are noLatin inscriptions on this emperor’s medals, which are all extremely rare. Roma Latii . — From certain coins of Com- modus, we find “the Eternal City” itself treated as a colony by that mad-brained emperor — thus confirming the assertion of Dion, in which, speak- ing of the unworthy son of Aurelius, he states that he wished his City to seem to be a colony ; and to this refers his golden statue with a bull and a cow. It is on large and middle brass, struck senatus con- su !/o, that thciusaucidcaof changingt he very name of Rome to that of COLouia Lucia AXT oniniana COMM odiana, is proved to have been enter- tained by Commodus — and not only entertained but recorded as a work actually wrought with the usual ceremonial observed in founding a new colony, by a veiled priest (in this case the Im- perial Pontifex Maximus himself), tracing its circuit with a plough, to which arc harnessed a bull and a cow. See col. i,. an. com. ROM. COND. — Sec herc. rom. cond. Tlerculi Romano Condi tori . — Ou a coin of Commodu3. ROM. ET AUG. ROM. ET AVG. ( Roma et Augtisto. To Rome and Augustus.) COM. AS1AE. — Com- munitas Asia. — A silver medallion in the im- perial cabinet at Vicuna, exhibits on one side the naked head of Augustus, with imp. ix. tr. po. v., and bears this inscription ou its reverse. The type is a temple of six columns, on the epistyle of which the words bom. et avg. are engraved. See com. asiae. The most learned and skilful numismatists unite in opinion that coins of this type (and there is a variety of them as well in brass as in silver) were struck out of Rome with the character and workmanship of whose mint they have iudeed nothing in common. Suetonius, in his life of Augustus, says — “ Templa quamvis sciret etiam proconsutibus decerni solere, (namely Titus Flamiuius, by the people of Calcbcdon), in nulla tamen provincia, nisi communi SVO ROMAEQVE nomine recepit: nam in urbe quidem pertinacissime abstinuit hoc honore. — Ecklicl, after making the above cita- tion, alludes to the supposition hazarded by Schlcgel, that the temple represented on this medallion was that of the Olympic Jove, at Athens, the construction of which was fiuishcd at the common cost of the kings of Asia. This Eckhel treats as an unfortuuate conjecture, and proceeds to observe on the contrary — “ We have other and most derisive evidences that the temple in question was that of Pergamus (now Bergamo), the capital of a province of Asia (Miuor). This in the first place is proved by Tacitus — cum divus Augustus SIBI atque urbi ROMAE lemp/um apud Pergamum sisti non prohibuisset. To corroborate the fact there are also Greek coins of Pergamus, struck not only after Augustus’s death but during his lifetime, on v\hich he is represented standing with a spear in his hand, within a temple inscribed 0EON 2EBA2TON (Deum Augustum). — Moreover, on other coins stnrck also ift the age of Augustus, at the same city of Pergamus, is seen the head of Rome turreted, with the epigraph 0EAN PGMHN (Dcam Romam). — And likewise on a Pergamanean coin, in the Imperial Museum, struck under Trajan, is read: PflMH. KAI. 2EBA2TD. accompanied with the type of a temple, within which Augustus stands, and, hold- ing a spear, is crowned by Rome, who sup- ports a cornucopia- in her left arm. If there- with be compared those silver medallions which severally, bearing the heads of Claudius, Ncrva, and Trajan, are inscribed COM. ASI. (Com- munitas Asia); ROM. ET. AVG., accompanied with a similar type ; and also the beautiful silver medallion of Hadrian, bearing on its reverse the words COM. BIT. (Communitas Bithynia), and for its type a temple of four columns with the statue of the emperor in the portico, and the legend ROM. S. P. AVG. on the entablature above, it will be apparent enough that the coins which both in inscription and in type thus agree, although they may differ in language, yet were struck in one and the same city, namely in Pergamus. Still more applicable to the present medal ore the words of Dion, who after having ROM. ET AUG. stated that Caesar had permitted a temple to be erected at Ephesus and at Nicasa, in honour of Rome and father Julius, adds : extraneis autem hominibus quos Grcecos ipse appel/abal, concessit, ut SIBI quoque templa facerent, ASIANIS quidem Pergami, Bithynis vero Nico media. Therefore those also are Asiatics, who, on this coin, call themselves COM munitas ASIAE, and who show that it was purposed to raise at their own expense the temple ROM. n. diocletiano. p. F. s. avg. Domino Nostro Diocletiano Pio Fetid Seni Augusto. S. Servatos. — o. c. s. Ob does Sercaios. S. Sercavit. — H. O. C. s. Moslem Occidit Civem Sercavit. S. Sextus. — S. ATIL. Sextus Atilius. — s. pomp. Sextus Pompeius. S. Signal a Moneta. — P. S. Pecunia Signata. S. Sint — qvod. v. M. s Quod Via Ma- nila Sint, or Sunt. — See Vinicia family. S. Money struck at Siscia. — s. C. Siscia Cusus, at bottom of a gold coin of Diocletian. S. Sispita. — i. s. xi. R. Juno Sispita, or Sospita. S. Solvit. — v. s. Votum Solvit, on a coin of Augustus. S. Soluta. — vot. XX. S. Vo la Vicvnnalia Soluta, on coin of Val. Maximinianus. S. Solution. — v. and S. — Votum Solutum, on coin of Augustus. S. Spes. — s. a. Spes Augusta. — s. r. Spes Reipublica . S. Spurius, a-' surname. — s. N. Spurii Nepos, Spc. — Sec Postumia family. S. Sumptibus. — D. S. S. Dedit Suis Sump- tibus. S Suo. — cons. s. Conserratori Suo. S. Suscepto. — v. s. Voto Suscepto.- S. A. in the field of some coins. Sal us Augusti, or Securitas Augusti, or Spes Angusti, or Signata Antiochia (money struck at Antioch). SABIN. Sabina. — sarin, avg. — See Sabina, wrife of Hadrian. SABIN. Sabinus, surname of the Minatia and Tituria families ; the heads of which pro- duced their origin from the Sabines. SABINA (Julia), the consort of Hadrian, of Mitidia, and great rriccc of Trajan, SABINA. by his sister Marciana. History Las not re- corded the name of her father. She was given in marriage a.d. 100, to Hadrian, who, through this alliance and the influence of Plotina, was enabled to become the successor of Trajan. But although coins in plenty boast of Concordia Augusta, and some even exhibit Hadrian and Sabina together, yet mutual disagreements in domestic life, which resulted fatally to Sabina, abundantly prove that these nuptials were uncon- genial to Hymen. The infamous passion of the emperor for his minion Autinons was partly the cause, and a just one too, of that irreeoncileable hatred which Sabina entertained towards her husbaud. And, he no sooner saw himself in pos- session of the throne, than, throwing otf the mask of pretended courtesy and of conjugal regard, he became the morose and persecuting tyrant of his wife. On her arrival at Rome, this princess received the title of Augusta (sabina. avgvsta. IMP. HADBIANI. avo.) ; and the senate flattered her with the name of Nova Ceres. But treated by Hadrian rather as his slave than as his empress, her life was one continual course of vexation and unhappiness. Nor on her side was there any display of resignation or forbearance under the insults and indignities to which she was exposed by the brutality of him who ought to have been her protector. She openly declared that the sterility of their marriage was owing to a determination on her part never to bear children to him, lest she should give birth to one who should be more wicked than his father, and become the scourge of man- kind. Enraged at her alienation and re- proaches, Hadrian, though feeling himself sink- ing under a mortal disease, had the barbarity to compel her to commit suicide, or, as Roman writers singularly express it, ad mortem volun- tariam computsa est. It has been said he poisoned her himself (a.d. 13?), a short time before his own death, — and, according to the sarcastic remark of Beauvais, satis/ait de V avoir ravie a la terre, it la fit placer dans le del! — That she was canonised into the number of the goddesses we indisputably learn from the coins of diva Sabina ; but that this honour was conferred on her by Hadrian, is scarcely credible under all the circumstances of the case. Eekhcl argues this point with his usual intelligence, and refers to the two follow- ing silver coins, as confirmatory of his opinion, that Sabina was consecrated not by her husband, but by his successor Antoninus, whose mother she was by the law of adoption. diva. avg. sabina. — Head of Sabina, veiled. Rev. consecuatio. — Aft eagle standing; on others, Sabina with hasta in right hand, carried upwards by an eagle. The second medal has the same obverse. Rev. PIET ATI. avg. — An altar. According to the opinion of some ancient writers, Antoninus was called Pius because he wrought upon the senate by the earnestness of his entreaties to decree celestial honours to his father Hadrian. He would seem to have obtained the same requested object in favour SABIN AE. — SABINI. 70.3 of Sabina, from the coinage of this medal with the type of an Altar, which he dedicated to her with the epigraph of Pie/as Augusta. This empress is described by historians as particularly handsome and well formed, of noble manners and gracious demeanour, of great recti- tude and even elevation of mind, in short a truly virtuous woman, whose temper, naturally amiable, had been soured only by the ill treatment of her husband. That her countenance beamed with an air of majestic dignity will readily be believed by those who have contemplated the lineaments of her profile and the symmetry of her bust handed down on coins of the Imperial and Sena- torial mints of Rome. The head dress of Sabina, like those of Marciana, Matidia, and Plotina, is arranged in different styles, sometimes with the hair flowing straight and terminating in a long braid behind, with or without a veil ; at other times bound upwards tightly from the back of the neck in a circular knot, and ornamented w'ith a tiara or diadem in front, but almost always with great elegance, proving the diversity and inconstancy of female fashions, whilst the medal fixes the epocha of their change. The Roman coins of Sabina are common in silver and brass, except medallions ; but the gold are somewhat rare. Sabinia called Tranquillina, wife of Gordianus Pius. — See Tranquillina. SABINAE. — The rape of the Sabine women is represented on Contorniate medals, one of | which has the image and superscription of Nero ; another those of Agrippina senior; and a third those of Constantins II. — On these the soldiers of Romulus are seen engaged in their violent breach of hospitality and good faith ; behind the group of men and women are seen three obelisks, constituting one of the Circensiau metre, at Rome. Eckhel, in his no less instructive than copious observations on what he terms “ Pseudomoneta,” states that, amongst the various subjects to which the types of this peculiar elass of medals refer, only one example is to be found drawn from the history of Rome’s earliest age— viz., that flagrant injury inflicted on the whole Sabine nation, which the denarii of the Tituria family also typify, but upon which it would have been more honourable to have remained silent, instead of restoring its characteristic incidents as the fabricators of these conlorniati have done. The meta is introduced as indicating the place in which the affront was given, namely the Circus. Sabini. — The Sabines, a people of ancient Italy (Italia Propria), whose country lay between Latium and Etruria. Pliny writes that it was enclosed on both sides by the chain of the Appennines. — Strabo says the Sabines inhabit a narrow field. — Feronia was their goddess. See Petronia family in Morell. — Butler, in his Ancient and Modern Geography, describes the territory of the Sabini as south-east of the Lmbria, separated from Latium by the river Anio, now T the Teverdne. SABVLA. — See Cossulia family. SAC. Sacra. Thus sac. mon. veb., &c. Sacra HI one la Urbis, as in Diocletian. 704 SACER. SACR. F. Sacris Faciundis, vel Sacra Faciens, Appointed to take care of sacred things. C. SACR. FAC. Censor Sacris Faciundis. xv. vi r. sacr. fac. Quindecimvir Sacris Faciundis. A tripod, with a dolphin upon and a crow below it, on a silver and gold coin of Vitellius. SACER. Sacerdos, Sacerdotes. Priests, ministers, who, under the Pagan system, were entrusted with all the affairs, interests, and cere- monies of religion. Amongst the Romans the sacerdotal institution commenced with their worship of the gods. Romulus appointed two persons in each enria, to the priesthood. Numa, in adding to the number of the deities, increased also the number of those who were dedicated to the service of their temples. This important i function was for some ages exclusively confined to the Patricians and the most illustrious families, but after a time the Plebeians were allowed to share every branch of the priesthood with the nobles. At first, these priests were chosen by the college in which they entered ; hut in the sequel, after a hard struggle, the privilege of electing them was transferred to the people, and the colleges retained only the right of admitting the candidate into their body. Under Sylla’s dictatorship, things resumed their former state, and the people were deprived of the privilege they had usurped. But the altera- tion was short-lived. Atius Babrinus, a tribune of the people, carried the revival of the Lex Domitia, which Marc Antony caused to be again abrogated. At length a monarchical form of government rose on the ruins of republican liberty ; and the emperors seized upon the rights j which had so long been the subject of mutual [ contention between the priests and the people. [See the word Pont i/ex.'] Augustus aug- mented the number of priests. The emperors j who followed him made a great point of j having those destined to succeed them in the empire, even boys, admitted into the College of Priests, which was called cooptari, and cooptari supra numerum. The case of Nero presents a flagrant instance of mauy different sacerdotia being heaped upon one individual, and he a youth. [See sacerd. coopt, in omn, coni.., &c.] — The emperors went under the assumed name of Pontifex Maximus. — The member's of the pontifical order possessed several privileges ; they could not be deprived of their dignity ; they were, moreover, exempt from serving in the army, and from the obligation to discharge the duties of any civic office. The heathen priesthood continued to exist some time under the Christian emperors, and was not wholly suppressed until the reign of Theodosius, who expelled from Rome the whole sacerdotal body, of both sexes, as Zozimus states — Expellebantur utri usque sexus Sacerdotes, et fana destituta sacrificiis omnibus jacebant. — The Roman priests may be divided into two classes, viz., those who were attached to the service of no duty in 1 particular, but whose duty was to offer sacrifices } to all the gods. Of this class were the Pontiffs, j the Augurs, the Decemvirs, the Aruspiccs, the SACERDOS. Curiones, the Septemvirs, named Eputones, the Feciales, the Rex Sacrificulus. — The other priests had each their peculiar divinity, such as the Flaincns, the Salians, the Luporcals, the Potitii, the Pinarii, the priests (of Cybele) called Galti, the Vestals. These priests had assistant ministers to serve them at the sacri- fices, such as the Camilli and Camilla, the F/amines and F/aminica, the Cultrarii, the Popa, the Victimarii, the Fictores, the Pracla- mitatores, the Lictors, the Scribes, the attend- ants on the Aruspices, the Pul/arii, the Cala- tores, &c. Sacerdos. — The figure of a priest appears at the altar, holding a patera, and behind him is the victimariis, or slaughterer of the victim, with the ox for sacrifice, appears on a gold coin of Augustus, with legend of vota. pvblica. — On a coin of the Postumia family, a priest stands on a bullock, with his right hand extended above an ox, the altar being between them. SACERD. COOIT. IN. OMN. CONL. SVPRA. NV.MR. Sacerdos Cooptatus In Omnia Collegia Supra Numerum. — This legend, having for its accompanying type four instruments of sacrifice (namely, simpu/um, tripns, lituus, patera) appears on a gold and silver coin of Nero, with the addition of ex. s. C. By the manoeuvres of Agrippina, unscrupu- lously ambitious to procure from the senate fresh accessions of honours for her son Nero, at the age of fourteen, he, already designated for emperor, and made Princeps Juventulis, was (as this medal tells us) adopted priest in all the colleges, and admitted as supernumerary. The various sacerdotal companies into which this boy was co-optatus, or elected a member, are thus enumerated in a lapidary inscription, copied by Pighius. — PONTIF. AYGYR. XYFIR. EPYLON. — And a Grutcrian marble marks the time with singular preciseness. ADLECTVS. AD. NVMERVM. EX. S. C. Nero Claudius CAES. AN Gust i films GERMAN ICVS. &c. ANN. DCmiM. iv. < 804). These four colleges are also indicated by the type itself. For the simpu/um is the sign of the pontifi- cate, as coins of Caius Agrippae F. manifestly show ; the lituus denotes the office of augur, or soothsayer ; the tripus, or tripod, is the mark of the quindecimvirate (or commission of fifteen magistrates for ordering religious affairs) ; the patera is that of scptcmdecimvirate, officers called Eputones, whose number had been in- creased from three (or seven) to seventeen, and whose duty it was, according to the testimony of Cicero,, ludorum epulare sacri- ficium facere, to furnish banquets on feast days for Jupiter and the rest of the Gods. SARERDoj. DEI SOLIS ELAGA Ba/us. — A figure, clothed in the stola, stands holding in the right hand a patera over an altar, ns in the act of sacrificing. — On silver aud bronze of Elagnbalus. At the period of his being elected emperor, the son of Soicmias, whose real name was not Antoninus, but Farius Aritus Bassianus, held at Emcsa, in Syria, the office of the Phoenician SACERDOS. Deity called Elagabalus, or Ileliogabalus (which his coins lead us to believe was the sun.) — The present is one of a set consisting of six or seven coins (all struck a.d. 219), which bear witness to the insane devotion of this wretched youth for his favourite divinity ; of which he brought ! to Rome both the worship and the idol (the j latter being a large black coloured stone of a conical form) ; and built a temple, where he himself exercised the priestly office, llcrodianus, speaking of him and his cousin Alexander, says, they were both high priests of the Sun, which the people of the country chiefly worshipped under the Phoenician name of Elagabalus. So when he had brought his oriental tutelary to Rome, and adored him in preference to others, he himself always adopted the title of the God, of whom he was called Summits et Inviclus Sacerdos. — See Elagabalus. The medals convey but a faint idea of the extravagant veneration which this half madman, half monster, paid to the symbol of the Deity, whose barbaric appellative has remained a nick- name to the execrable pontiff. — The star placed above in the field of the coin, in this and most others of the emperor in question, signifies Letts Sol — the Sun, as an object of Divine worship, according to the religion of the Phoenicians and other Asiatic nations. On a marble, in Muratori, is read Junius Matemus sacer. d. s. halagab. SACERDOS DIVI AVGVSTI.— Two torches with garlands attached. The legend and type appear on gold and silver of Antonia, whose head on the obverse is crowned with corn-ears, as if she had been another Ceres. — Caligula, who was grandson to this princess, conferred upon her the title of Augusta, made her Priestess of (the temple of) Augustus, and appropriated to her all the honours of a Vestal. — Vaillant con- siders the torches on the reverse as referring to the mysteries of Ceres. But Eckhel is of opinion that this type bears simply on the rites of her Augustan priesthood. He adds that “ as it is certain from the very titles themselves that the present coin could not have been struck before the government of Caligula, so is it most probable that it saw light in the reign of Claudius.” Similar reverses to this and to another coin (const anti ae avgvsti) is found also amongst the money of her son Claudius, who frequently restored the memory of ancestors. — See Antonia Augusta. It was this circumstance which induced Haver- camp to suspect that the dies had been changed through the carelessness of the mint-master. — Eckhel sees no reason for supposing any such thing. For, he remarks, “ Claudius, as well as his mother Antonia, had been appointed a Sacerdos L. Augusti, and he indeed by Tiberius, as Tacitus affirms. And there seems to have been another cause for Claudius’s choice of this reverse. For, besides his professing to reverence Augustus so much as to hold no oath- taking more sacred than that of swearing per Augustum, he appears to have employed this type for the purpose of removing the disgrace 4 X SACERDOS. 705 of another priesthood, the office of which he was himself forced by Caligula to accept, when the latter called himself Jupiter Latialis, &c. — Loci. Num. Vet. vol. vi. p. 230. SACERDOS VRBIS. — The emperor stands before an altar ; his right hand, hanging down holds a branch ; in his left is a spear. — On a third brass of Alexander Severus, the obverse of which bears his laureatrd head, with the epigraph of imp. marco. avr. se. al. av. — In the imperial cabinet at Vienna. Eckhel, in his Sylloge (i., p. 103), has edited and copiously illustrated this remarkable and genuine antique coin. It will have been seen, from the description of some of his medals, that Elagabalus, treating with contempt the sacred rites of the Romans, had the stupid folly to intro- duce the religion of his Syrian god into the city, and attempt to spread through the empire the worship of the Lea Coelestis of the Carthaginians. But it also appears, on the positive authority of llcrodianus, that, immediately on his accession to the throne, Alexander, having abolished those barbaric ceremonies, restored in all their former splendor the forms of the ancestral worship. “ To this fact, therefore (adds the great German numismatist), both the inscription and the type of the present coin allude. F'or the reason above mentioned, Alexander called himself Sacerdos Urbis — the priest of the city — namely of Rome, which was itself regarded as a goddess, by whose influence Roman affairs were governed, and not by the power of that deity, from whom either Einesa or Carthage sought protection. In the same manner, on an inscriptive marble ( Ilosci Memo rue Breasc.), a certain Sex. Valerius boasts of being SACERDm VRBIS ROMAE AETERNAE. — On account of the metal, the bad workman- ship, and the epigraphs on the obverse, the like of which does not occur in the Roman mint, there is no doubt but that this coin was struck out of the city. — [Eckhel, vol. viii , p. 270.] Sacerdotalia Instrumenta. — Instruments, or insignia of sacrifices — such as the apex, securis, culler, capeduncula, adspergillum, &c., are re- presented on coins of the pontiffs and priests. — Spanheim (Pr. ii. p. 370), with his usual dis- play of learning and ability, treats of those coins which, exhibiting the sacerdotal instruments and the names of the sons of emperors, refer to the offices of priesthood borne by those Caesars. Thus that class of coins which bears the inscription severi. pii. avg. fil. is to be explained as re- lating to the adoption of, and admission of the children of Severus (Caracalla and Geta), into the sacerdotal colleges. — See Pontificalia and Sacrficia. Sacerdotal Crotons. — The priests, to denote their sacred office, took for their model the skulls of oxen, and the dishes into which they put the entrails of victims, strung together with the ribands that served to decorate them when led to the altar, and wrought the representation of these objects into the form of a crown. — Such an one is found on a medal of Augustus. SACR. PER. Sacra Periodica. — Sacrificers, periodical or perpetual vows. 706 SACHA MONETA. — SACRIF1CIA. SACK. MON. VRIi. AVGG. ET. CAESS. | NOSTR. Sacra Moneta Urbis Auguslorum Et Casarum Nostrorum. — This legend, more or less abbreviated, and with the type of a woman holding a balance in one hand and a cornucopia: in the other, appears frequently on second brass coins of Diocletian, Maximianus, Maximinus Daza, and other emperors of the same age. Sacra Moneta Urbis, an inscription which, from the period of its adoption by Diocletian, appears more and more frequently on the coins of the empire, is also engraved on a marble (in Muratori), at the end of which, according to the amended reading of Marini, is CVRANTE. VAL. PELAGIO. Xiro Y.gregio RROCuratore Sacra M onette Xrbis VNA. CYM. P. P. fpra- positis) ET OFFICINATORIBVS. — The inscription of MONe/a VRBw occurs also on medals of Antioch. SACRA MONETA VRBIS, and MONETA VRBIS VESTRAE, with the type of the three Moneta standing, appear on fine bronze medal- lions of Constantine junior. Sacrficia. Sacrifices. — To make these con- stituted a principal part of the worship which the heathens paid to their fabled deities. In this act the ceremonies performed had relation to the individuals who sacrificed, the animals to be immolated, and the sacrifices themselves. With reference to the sacrifices, they were, in the first place, required to he pure and chaste, and without spot or blemish ; secondly, to wash themselves, especially their hands, for which purpose near the temples there were vases, called Fanissa, or Futitia. The sacrificer was clothed in white, and wore a crown formed of the leaves of the tree sacred to the god to whom he made the sacrifice. When the sacrifice was votive, or promised by a vow, the priest per- formed it with dishevelled hair, with robe unloosed, with naked feet, and the ceremony always began with pledges and prayers. The animals intended to be offered up were called Fictima or Ilostia. — At the commencement of the sacrificial rites a herald proclaimed silence, the profane were driven away, and the priests threw upon the victim a sort of paste made of wheaten flour and of salt ; this was termed immotalio, or the offering. He afterwards lightly tasted of wine, and gave it to others present, for them in like manner to taste, pour- ing the remainder between the horns of the victim. This was called Libalio, or the drink offering. After the libations, the fire was lighted, and, as soon as incense had been burnt, certain menial attendants, named Popa, naked to the middle, led up the victim before the altar; another of the priest’s servants, named Cultrarius, struck it with an axe, and instantly I cut its throat. The blood was received into goblets, or broad circular plates, called patera, and poured over the altar. Theslaiu victim was then laid on the sacred table, Anclabris, and there it was skinned and cut into pieces. Some- times it was burnt whole, but more frequently the sacrificcrs and their friends shared it with the gods, whence it often happened that many SACRIFICIA. | persons performed this religions solemnity solely ] from gluttony. The ceremony being finished, the sacrificers washed their hands, said some prayers, and, having made fresh libations, were dismissed in the customary form. If the sacrifice was in the name of the public, it was succeeded by a public feast, called Eputa sacrificales, but if it was a private act of worship the feasting was also in private, and the parties eat of that portion of the victims shared with the gods. — Allusion having just been made to public, in contradistinction to private, sacrifices, it should be mentioned that the Romans had, in effect, three sorts of sacrifices — viz , public, private or domestic, and foreign. The first of these was conducted at the expense of the state ; the second was performed by each family, and at the expense of the particular family on whose account the sacrifice was undertaken, and they were called Gentititia; the third class was celebrated on occasions when the tutelary gods of conquered cities and provinces, together with their mysteries or ceremonies, were transported to Rome. — The sacrifices themselves differed from each other according to the diversity of gods adored by the ancients. There were sacrificial rites peculiar to the celestial deities, others for the infernal gods, others again for the marine deities, for those of the air, and for those of the earth. So there was, moreover, as already observed, a difference both in the victim and in the manner of sacrificing it. In the public sacrifices, there were some called Stata, fixed and solemn ones, which were reckoned as feast days, marked in the Roman calendar ; others extraordinary, named Indicta, because they were ordered for some extraordinary and important reason ; others again depended on chance; such were those of the Erpiationes, or atonement ; the Benicales and Novendia/es feria, viz., ten or nine days together kept holy, for the expiation of some awful prodigy or calamitous event. Sacrificial preparations are minutely set forth on Roman coins, revealing the clearest represen- tations of sacred vestments and instruments. Thus we see the pontifical mitre, or atbogatenu, with its iu/ula or labels hanging on each side. The ]>eculiar form of the apex or top of this cap, said to be the sign of the flamen martialis, is also learnt from medals. Then there is the whole apparatus of sacrificial weapons spread before us through the same ancient medium — viz., secespita, a species of knife ; securis, the axe ; prafericulum, the vase ; urceolus, the small water pitcher ; patera, the broad dish ; simpulum, a ladle, or cup with long handle; and capeduncuta, a little pitcher ; all suited to hold wine or blood ; acerra, or turibulum-, the censer ; also altars and tripods in great variety. On coins of M. Antony the lituus, or augural staff, is frequently seen with the prafericulum. — The adspergillum, or sprinkler, as well in its ordinary form (see the word) as in that of the lustral brauch, which the censors used in their office of purification may also be seen ou coins of Augustus. — Nor SAECULARES AUGG. are the instruments solely, but all the “ pomp and circumstance” of the sacrifice are offered to our new, on coins of the Imperial series, as in the pietas of Caligula, the vota pvbljca of Commodus, &c. The sacrificed dressed in the toga and veiled ; the doomed and decorated ox held bound by the victimarius, and standing under the uplifted axe of the popa ; the sacerdos, with head veiled, pouring from a patera libations on the altar ; lastly, the augural crows, together with the tibicen, ot flute player, the citharoedus, the harper, and other assistants at a pagan sacrifice, are clearly and graphically displayed on these medallic monuments of Roman antiquity. Sacrificans Imperator. — The emperor sacri- ficing before an altar appears on Latin coins of Domitian. — Also of Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonine, M. Aurelius, L. Yerus, Commodus, Severus, Caracalla, Geta, Elagabalus, Alex. Severus, Gordianus Pius, Trebonianns Gallus, and their successors down to Licinius senior. The emperors, as soon as elected, performed solemn sacrifices, in quality of their pontifi- cate. After Tiberius, they were admitted to all the orders of priesthood. — On a first brass of Severus arc three figures clothed in the toga, veiled, and in the act of sacrificing, two joining hands across a lighted altar, and one in the centre behind the altar. In the Cabinet Famese a similar type is given as from a first brass of Caracalla. And as the former medal bears the 18th Tribunitian power of the Father (cos. in.), and the latter medal records the 13th Tribunitian power (cos. in.) of his eldest son and successor, the supposition of Havcrcamp (in Mus. Christ in. 164) appears ex- tremely probable, that the type in question of an offered sacrifice refeis to the subject of the Britannic victory, achieved by the emperor and his sons, a.D. 210, and that Severus, Caracalla, and Geta here are represented redeeming the vows which they had made to the gods at the commencement of that memorable, but to the emperor himself fata], expedition. — On a coin of Caracalla and Geta, two emperors are seen sacrificing (see saecvlarla sacra) ; the same type occurs in the Philips, father and son ; in Valerianus and Gallienus ; and on a medal of Aurelian the Emperor and a woman standing opposite each other perform sacrifice at an altar. On some imperial coins, three, four, five, and even six figures — for example, the saecvlvm NOWM of Philip sen. SAE. Saculares. See lvd. sae. fec. Ludos Saeeutares Fecit. — On coins of Domitian, Severus, Caracalla, referring to the celebration of the secular games. SAEC. Saculi. — saecvli felicitas. SAECV LARES A V G G . — This legend, with the type of a cippus, or of Romulus and Remus suckled by a wolf, or of some wild beast (such as a hippopotamus, an ibex, a stag, a lion, &c.), appears on coins, in each SAECULARES AUGG. 707 metal, of Philip, father and son, and qf Otacilia, empress of the former. They bear reference to the secular games celebrated in the thousandth year from the foundation of Rome. The animals represented on the re- verses of some of these medals are amongst those which were exhibited in the amphitheatre on that and similar occasions. The cippus is a column with an inscription, which it was cus- tomary to erect for the purpose of preserving the memory of some particular public event ; as may be seen on coins of Augustus, struck ob vias munitas ; and as in former cases of secular celebrations may be observed to have been before done, in the respective reigns of Domitian and Severus. — See Ludi Stecu/ares. SAECV LARES AYG. — A stag standing, beneath it a palm branch. This appears on a silver coin of Gallienus in the Vienna Museum. On others it is engraved saecvlarhs. As, not very long before the reign of Gallienus, the secular games were performed, viz., under Philip and his son, it has been supposed by some that the above reverse was rashly counter- feited by Gallienus from the mint of those two predecessors of his. — But, says Eckhel, they certainly are mistaken ; for on the coins of the Philips avgg. is always read, and at the bottom of them, instead of the palm-branch, there is invariably a numeral mark ; nor on any medals of the last-named princes do we ever find that barbarous saecvlarhs which is common on the coins of Gallienus. It must be acknowledged, therefore, on numismatic testimony, that among other proofs of madness by which Gallienus signalised his reign, was his having at an irregular period ordered the secular games — an instance by no means without precedent — the time for these particular celebrations having been anticipated by Claudius also. — We learn from TrebeUius, that on receiving intelligence of Macrinus’s death, Gallienus began to indulge in pleasures, and to give to the public sports of every description, amongst which it is probable were also the ludi saculares. — But, respecting the apparently improper times in which these games were suffered to take place, our illustrious numismatist has more copiously discussed the question in his annotation on a third brass of Maximianus Hercules (in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna), bearing on its reverse the following inscription : — SAECY LARES AVGG. A cippus ; below it iaxx. — This remarkable coin, however, from which all suspicion of fraud is to the remotest degree removed, openly attests the celebration of those games, which were secular, as is manifestly shewn, not only by the epigraph (saecvlabes avgg.) but also by the type (a cippus), which is also the symbol of the Ludi Saculares on the coins of the Philips. * Eckhel in an elaborate dissertation observes that this is not the only coin bearing witness to the fact of secular games performed at an irregular period of time, yet on which historians are silent. He then refers to the two silver coins of Gallienus, which have just been noticed. 4X2 708 SAECULARIA SACRA, as the subject of his own elucidations ; and re- marks that Banduri is one of those who, aware of the existence of both the above medals, charges Gallicnus with having recklessly applied to his own coin a reverse which belongs to the Philips. — Doct. Num. Vet. vol. viii. pp. 20 et seq. SAECVLARIA SACRA. S. £.— Sacrifice, with victim, llute-playcrs, popa, and some other assistants. On a first brass of Sept. Severus. This is one of three medals which com- memorate the secular games performed by Severus, — a fact corroborated by Caracalla’s coins of the same year, and still further authen- ticated by Hcrodian and Zosimus. SAEC. AVR. Saculum Aureum . — This legend appears on a silver and a gold coin (both of them transccndently rare) of Hadrian. The accompanying type is a half naked man, standing in the middle of a circle, which he touches with his right hand ; his left baud holds a globe, on which rests a phoenix. The Genius of the Senate seems to be in this circle, as if to denote that Hadrian's reign deserved to be called the Golden Age. For this reason the circle is introduced, as likewise a phirnix placed on a globe, both these constituting symbols of eternity. SAECVLI FELICITAS. — On a third brass of Julia Domna, this legend appears with the type of a female figure, standing with a child on her arm, and her left foot on a galley. — Akerman. SAEC. FEL. Sacnli Felieitas . — On a silver coin of Oommodus, which has for its ty]>e a figure of Victory inscribing on the trunk of a palm-tree vo. de. Vo/a Becennalia. SAECVLI FELICITrtj. The happiness of ilie age . — On silver and brass of Faustina junior this legend appears, with the type of two boys in a leclistemium . — Sec Lectistemium. Commodus and Antoninus, whom Faustina brought forth at one birth, arc here dedicated in worship to the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux). As to any degree of felicity imparted to the age by that event, it is certain that the subsequent fera uttArly failed to prove the reality of the anticipated blessing. SAECVLI F ELICIT A S. — Accompanying this legend there is a rare and curious type, from the mint of Severus, given among the second brass of the M us. Christina, and also from a gold coin in the Imperial Greet Cabinet, pub- SAECULO FECUNDO. lished by Andrew More 11, in his Specimen Bet Numaria. The inscription of the obverse round the laureated head of the emperor is — SEVERVS PI VS AVG. ; and on the reverse is read COnSu/ III. Voter 1 'atria. SAECVLI FELICITAS. In the field of the coin stands a female figure, clothed in the stola, holding on her left arm a cornucopia: filled with grain and fruit, and iu her left a dish or patera, which she extends before her over the heads of two smaller figures (apparently children), as if in the act of shower- ing its contents over them : there are three other little figures close behind her, lifting their faces and hands up towards this personification of the Felicity of the Age. The particular occasion on which this singidar medal was stnick is but matter of conjecture. — Ilavcrcamp quotes the commentary of MoreU, who regards the medal as referring to the great and munificent care taken by Severus in furnishing an abundance of provisions to the Roman people. On this subject he cites the authority of Spauheim (Biography of Secerns, c. xxiii.) to the effect, that this emperor “ bequeathed for public distribution so great a number of measures of corn, as would supply every day, for seven years, 75,000 bushels ; and that he likewise left by his dying will for the same purpose a quantity of oil sufficient for the consumption, during five years, not only of the city of Rome, but even of all Italy !” — Mionnet and Akerman both include this among the rare reverses. It is not noticed in Eckhel. Saculi Felieitas. — This flattering legend also appears on bronze medals and medallions of Trebonianus, Marius, Probus, and Cams, with the elegant type, copied from the well-known coin of four boys, representing the four seasons and their attributes. SAECVLI GLORIA. — See oi.oria saecvi.i. SAECVLO FECVNDO. — On a first and second brass of Clodius Albinos, exhibiting the type of a man with radiated head, holding in one hand a caduccus and in the other a rake, or some instrument resembling a trident. The age of Albinus and his successful rival Severus, was indeed fruitful, but its fecundity chiefly consisted in human misery and in social desolation, produced by the wars of ambitious chieftains and their military adherents fighting for supremacy at the expense of a mighty empire in its period of decline. SAECVLO FRUGIFKRO. — A caduccus between corn-ears. On silver of Pertinax. — To the honour of this good but ill-fated emperor, it is recorded by Dion, that scarcely had he ascended the throne when he himself undertook a sca- voyage for the sake of procuring a supply of corn for the people. Annona consuttissime proridisse is a merit on the part of Pertinax expressly ascribed to him by Capitolinus. — It was there- fore to signify the abundance of all articles of subsistence which prevailed under his govern- ment that this epigraph of the fruit-bearing or plentiful age (Saculum Fmgferum) was adopted, with the appropriate type of ears of corn and the caduccus, as a symbol of peace. SAECULO FKtGIFERO. SAG ITTA .— S AGUNTUM. 709 SAECVLO FRVGIFERO. COS. TI.— On first ami second brass of Clodius Albinos. The type, which is given here, from a large brass coin, resembles that described above. In the gold series, how ever, occurs a remarkable variety. The Saeculum Frugifer is represented as a seated, bearded, figure, wearing an eastern head-dress ; his right hand is raised ; and in his left he holds a flower. On each side of the chair is a winged sphinx, wearing the Phrygian cap. A similar type is found on tw o medallions in brass in the French cabinet. — See M. Lenormant’s remarks in Revue Num., 1842, p. 20. The same legend (sakcvt.o frugifero) is found on a first brass of S. Severus, who certainly appears to have been almost unprecedentedly provident for the wants of his subjects, in re frumentarid. — Immediately on his arrival at Rome, he evinced his policy as well as his providence by sending legions into Africa, lest Pcscennius Niger should, through Libya and Egypt, occupy the former province, and cause the Romans to suffer under a scarcity of corn. And (as Spartian affirms) he extended his care in this respect during all the remaining years of his reign, ut moriens septem annonum canonem reliquit ; so that 75,000 measures of oil alone might be expended daily, which should suffice for five year’s consumption not only of the city but of all Italy. “ The type of this coin repre- sents a man with a radiated head, holding a caduceus with corn ears and a trident, and (observes Eckhcl) is composite ; for the rays indicate the sun, by whose ripening influence the fruits of the earth come to maturity; the caduceus and the corn cars apply to Mercury, the presid- ing deity of trading people; the trident symbolises Neptune, across whose waves the corn-laden fleet was borne.” SAECVLVM. An altar with fire on it. — Banduri gives this as on a third brass of Tetricus films. Eckhel briefly says of this coin, that the epigraph of its reverse is new, and that its type has a recondite meaning, which he does not attempt to explain. SAECVLVM NOVVM. — A temple of six, in other coins, of eight columns, in which is an idol seated — Silver and first and second brass of Philip sen. — There is also a middle brass, in which Philip and his son, veiled, are sacrificing at an altar, with flute players and four other figures standing near, in front of a temple. This New Age , like the Thousandth Year, (milliarivm saecvi.ym, which see,) comme- morated on a coin of the same emperor, bears reference to the secular games so munificently celebrated by him in the 10th century from the foundation of the city, the charge and manage- ment of which w r as entrusted to the Quinde- cimvirs. The temple is that of Jupiter Capitolinus. The same reverse occurs on coins of Herenniua Etruscus, Hostilianus, Trebonianus, and Volusi- anus, from which it appears that Novum Scecutum does not necessarily signify the first year of a new century or age ; for we read this epigraph ou the coins of the above-mentioned princes, although the saculum was not renewed during their reigns. Sagitta, an arrow'. — This missile is seen in the hand of Diana Venatrix, on coins of Titus, Domitian, Hadrian, Trebonianus, Aemilianus, Gallienns, and other emperors. — Also with quiver and bow, between two serpents, on a medal of M. Antony. — An arrow, bow, and tiara appear on a coin of Augustus. — Three arrows appear in the hand of the figure of Asia, on a coin of Hadrian. — On a denarius of the Cornelia family, Bacchus (standing between two females) holds in his right hand the thyrsus, and in his left a bundle of arrows, both of which Eckhel shows to have been attributes of the god of wine. Saguntum, a city of Hispania Tarraconensis, founded by the Zacynthians, “and situate beyond the river Iberus, or Ebro, at the foot of a chain of mountains (says Pliny) which divides the Hispani from the Ccltiberi, about a thousand paces distant from the sea. It was once a flourishing and faithful ally of the Romans. — During the second Punic war (a.v.c. 535, b.c. 216,) Saguntum was rendered famous by the siege which it endnred for four months, at the expiration of which time Hannibal took it, and the inhabitants, rather than that their persons and property should tall into his hands, committed both to the flames. — Saguntum is stated by Pliny to have been neither a colony nor "a municipium, but simply a town of Roman citizens, for that writer makes a ‘distinction between the co/onia, and the urbs or oppidum. cimum Romanorum. — It is still a place of some consequence in Valencia, under the modern Spanish name of Murviedro, at the mouth of the river of that name (the ancient Turia ). — The coins of the Saguntines (brass) arc autono- mous and imperial, the latter with the head and uame of Tiberius only. — Rev. sag. Saguntum, 710 SAL.— SALII SACERDOTES. and the names of the Duumvir, with the type of a trireme aud military standard. The galley either refers to its site, or implies its maritime importance. — See Akerman’s Coins of Cities and Princes, p. 102-3. Satacia, the reflux or ehb of the sea personified. — Venitia was the flow of the tide. — Milliu — Diction, de la Table. SAL. — These three letters are engraved on a silver coin of Sextus Pompey, immediately beneath the head of Cn. Pompey his father. — On the subject of this singular abbreviation, which has given rise to some conflicting con- jectures, Jobert, among others, reads it SALduba, which was the old name of C/esar august a (Sarragossa.) Bimard, on the other hand, shews the fallacy of this opinion ; but, in its place (for reasons with which, however, he seems himself not sufficiently satisfied), proposes that it should be read SALka — T here is ingenuity in the explanation offered by Vaillant, citing Appian, who reads it SALocia, a marine goddess regarded as the spouse of Neptune. Vaillant thinks, therefore, that as Sextus Pompey had, on other denarii, caused himself to be called the son of Neptune, so, on the coin in question, he openly professes to be the sou of Salacia. — Against Vaillant’s ingenious interpretation is the question as to what the word in the Greek text of Appian may have been, for it reads $a\a. cvr. Cicero himself has commemorated ( Pro A. Cluentio) the curule edileship of that eminent magistrate. Sella aurea el corona. — A curule chair of gold and a crown were decreed by the senate to honour the memory of Julius Ciesar. In reference to this fact, a sella curulis, upon which is a laurel crown, presents itself ou a silver coin, struck in honour of Julius after his death by order of Octavianus, his adopted son and heir, whose head (caesar iiivir. e. p. c.) is on the obverse. (See Morcll’s Pam. Julia, tab. 7). In this instance the curule chair itself bears the inscription Caesar Die. pee. ; in others there is ex. s. c. in the field. It was doubtless the sella decreed among other honours by the senate as related by Dion. (Duse) Sella; Carules. — Rasche says that to the above-mentioned ceremony of placing magis- terial mementos of illustrious personages, even when absent or dead, iu the theatres at Rome, is to be referred the circumstance of two curule chairs appearing on silver coins dedicated to Vespasian and Titus after their death aud conse- cration. But with this remark of the learned lexicographer, I do not find any coin in Morell or elsewhere to correspond. A gold coin bear- ing a type of the same character, having a curule chair with a laurel crown upon it, occsirs in the case of Titus, but struck during his lifetime, as its inscription (tr. p. ix. imp. xv. cos. vm. p. p.) manifestly shows. — This custom, however, seems to have been revived amongst the Romans from the usages of the old republic, during which, at funerals of illustrious men, the effigies of their ancestors were placed in ivory chairs, such as were the sella curules. — Scats of this kind were placed in the theatres in honour not only of deceased or absent emperors, but also of their wives, as in the instance of Faustina, empress of Antoninus Pius, or of their relations and progeny, as in the case of Marcellus and Ger- mauicus. — By degrees also it was so ordered, that not merely one chair of this sort was assigned to one emperor, but, out of greater rcvcrcucc for the defunct Augustus, several of them were in this manner publicly dedicated, as in the case of l’ertinax, at whose death three seller curules were so appropriated. Spauheim, Pr. ii. p. 210. — The same honours of the sella were sometimes exhibited in temples to the Cmsars. Sella curulis, supra quam fulmen. — A curule seat, with a thunderbolt upon it, appears on gold and silver of Vespasian, inscribed imp caes tuaian, &c., rest. — It is well known (says Yaillant) that the fulmen is a symbol of imperial power, and we see it on this coin de- posited on the sella curulis in memory of the 5 A SEMP. 729 consecrated Vespasian. This was also placed iu a temple as a sign of the highest respect for the new deity, the remembrance of which honour paid to so great a prince Trajau has here re- stored. — A similar restitution by the same em- peror is also extant, of which Titus's consecra- tion is in like manner the object of reverence. Sella Imperatoria, called also Castrensis, was the curule chair which the geucrals of a Roman army, in the time of the republic, used when in camp with their troops, aud which afterwards became the throne of the emperors. Sella Principle Juvcntulis. — A chair was given, as a token of honour, to such sons of emperors as were graced with the title of Prince of the (Roman) Youth. A seat with an anaclinlerium, or back, richly ornamented, aud with a stragulum, or embroidered cover, spread over it, is elaborately figured on the reverse of a silver coin of Domitian, with the inscription PRINCEPS IWENTVTw; on the obverse appear CAES. DIVI. F. DOMIT1ANVS. COS. VII., and the laureated head of that emperor, who, in his seventh consulate, on the death of his father, was declared by his brother Titus partner with and successor to him in the empire ( imperii consors et successor J, aud 'to whom a chair of this ornamental aud honorary description was assigned. — In Morell is an en- graving of the above coin, and the commentary of Gorias thereupon, who says : that “ the sella was classed amongst those decorations with which the sons of emperors were endowed, as soon as they were called Ccesars, may be gathered from Tacitus ('Hist. 1. iv. c. i.), who says respecting Domitian : Nomen SEDEMQVE CAESARIS JJomitianus acccperal ; it is there- fore not surprising if on his medals the sella is so often assigned to him.” Sella Junonis, or Matronalis. — This was a seat on which matrons at Rome performed sacred rites to the goddess Juno, lienee on Roman coins (as in Faustina sen.), a curule chair, traversed by a hasta, or a sceptre, is used as a symbol of Juno, to designate the consecration of Augusta;. Semis, or Semissis, or Semi as, the half as, indicating half a pound, weighed at first six ounces. But when the Roman commonwealth found itself unequal to meet the expenses incurred from the Punic wars, it began to diminish the weight of this early piece of brass money. Besides the face of Jupiter, there were struck on the semisses the heads of Apollo, Hercules, Mars, Pallas, Rome, &c. But the ship of Saturn (represented by the prow of a galley) was impressed on the reverse side of most of them. And for the most part, on each field of the coin, is the mark S, (or the same reversed S, or lying ,) or six globules Many of these coins bear the names of Roman families. — See As Romanus, and its parts illus- trated. SEMP. Semper. — semp. avg. Semper Augustus. — This title (according to Banduri) is seen first on coins as given to the Emperor Julian II. — [It seems but another mode of ex- 730 SEM PRONI A . — SEN ATU S . pressing the permanent possession of the im- perial dignity by the reigning prince, as implied, is the PERPefeus IMP erator, and the PERP. AVG. of an earlier period, as in Probus, and in Constantius II.] Sempronia. — The surnames of this Roman family as they appear on coins arc At rat in us, Graccus, and Pitio. Of these (as Livy shews) the Atratini were patricians, the Gracchi ple- beians ; of what order were the Pitiones is uncertain. — Although Morell gives twenty-two varieties, in silver and first brass, yet the types are, as Mr. Akerman observes, “for the most part uninteresting; consisting of the winged head of Minerva, with the reverse of the Dioscuri.” — A very rare gold coin, bearing on its obverse the moderately bearded face of Octavian, with divi ivli. f., and on its reverse a female figure holding rudder and cornucopiie, together with the imposing inscription of ti. SEMPKONIVS GRACCVS 1III.VIR. Q. DES1G. has given rise to a dissertation of Havcrcainp’s, in which Eckhel finds him to have twice shewn symptoms of somnolence (bis dormitat) ; and about which nothing of consequence seems pro- bable than what the coin itself indicates, viz., that this Graccus (of plebeian parentage, to say nothing “ de sedilione” of his famous agitating ancestors,) officiated as Quatuor vir monetalis to Augustus, and at the time when he struck the coin was Quicstor elect. — There are silver pieces of this family coined by the mintmasters of Julius Ca:6ar and Augustus. The brass are either the as, or parts of the as. SEN. Senatus. — See mat. sen. mat. pat. Mater Senatus, Mater Patna of Julia Domna. SEN. Senior or Seniori. — This title is frequently read on coins of the Emperors Diocletian and Maximian, to indicate (Spanheim observes), or to explain the cause of their both abdicating the government at the time when the strength of Maximian was still unimpaired. SENAT. Senatus. — See gonsensv senat., &c. Consensu Senatus, tyc., as in Augustus. SENAT. — See pater senat. of Coininodus, and patres senat. of Balbinns. SENATVS. — The emperor in imperial or senatorial habit, richly ornamented with the clavus latus, holding in his right hand a globe, and in his left a sceptre. In the exergue smts. This beautiful gold medallion of Constantine the Great forms the vignette to the second volume of Mr. Akcrmnn’s “ Rare and Unedited Roman Coins.” lie observes it is most pro- ! SENATUS. bably unique. The obverse shews the bust of Constantine arrayed in robes covered with ornament, holding a globe in his left hand ; and a sceptre, surmounted by an eagle, in the right. It was struck at Treves, in compliment to the emperor and the senate. SENATVS NYS. — Victory walking, holds a shield in her right hand, on which is inscribed vi. av. Eckhel gives the above from a silver coin of Vitcllius, in the imperial cabinet, and, filling up the letters which are wanting in the legend thus : SENATVS JtomaNYS, he remarks that tlm inscription appears in this case for the first time on the coinage of the Romans. “ By its type (lie adds) the senate rejoices at the August Victory (Victoria Wgusta ) gained by Yitellius over Otho.” — Vol. vi. p. 317. SENATVS.— See EX SENATVS CON- SVLTO. — GENIO SENATVS P. Q. R., in Gallicnus. — M A'lVr SENatoz, a title given to Julia Domna. — PATER SENATVS, in Coin- modus. — PATRES SENATVS, in Balbinus. PIETATI SENATVS, in Commodus. Senatus, Senate, or assembly of senators, the name given (from series, because, at first, elders alone, on account of their experience and sup- posed prudence, were alone selected for mem- bers) to that council of state, which Romulus instituted to assist him in the government of his infant kingdom, and to regulate its public affairs, durine his absence on any warlike expedition. The original number ap|>ointcd by the founder of Rome was one hundred, and these being chosen from the oldest, as well as the wealthiest and wisest of the citizens, were called patricians, from the word pater. — Tar- quinius Priscus (himself a novus homo and of foreign descent) was the first who, from amoug the most eminent of the commonalty (plebesj, took another hundred men of advanced age, and conferred upon them the senatorial title and dignity. It was the object of Romulus, in creating the senate, to establish a body who should perform a leading part in the administra- tion of government, and occasionally to com- mand in his place. His successors supported it in the exercise of this great authority until Tarquin the Proud began to reign ; and he, according to Livy, abolished their former pre- rogatives ; had a council of his own, consulting neither senate nor people, but made peace and war, treaties and alliances, with whom he pleased. After the expulsion of that tyrant, and the abolition of the Roman monarchy, the first consuls, in order to supply the places of those whom Tarquin had slain, and at the same time to augment the order, made it to consist of three hundred. It was at this cpocha that the senate possessed its highest degree of political power. It then became nbsolute master of the commonwealth, and a senatus consultant was the sole channel of information about public matters to “ the masses." The people, in fact, appeared to have enjoyed in- finitely less liberty under the consular govern- ment than had been granted by Romulus, and SENATUS. continued to them by the majority of their kings. For the insupportable weight of the Patrician yoke the people revolted in the year v.c. 259, and their retreat to Mous Sacer proved the means of obtaining for them the right of electing Tribunes as the peculiar magistracy of the Ple- beians ; and the subsequent law by which, on the occasion of the all'air of Coriolanus, every ltoman citizen, without respect for order or diguity, should be compelled to answer, when duly sum- moned to appear, before the people assembled in comilia by tribes ; the patricians having pre- viously acknowledged themselves amenable to no other judges than the senate itself. But, although thus materially shorn of its over pre- dominating power, this aristocratic and justly influential body still remained the sole guardiau of the public treasure ; it took cognizance of all political affairs committed in Italy, retained the right of sending ambassadors to, and of receiving envoys from, foreign princes and states ; it con- tinued to exercise the prerogative of decreeing triumphs, of receiving the despatches trans- 'mitted by those who commanded the Roman armies ; and in great emergencies of ordering the consuls to raise forces for the preservation of the state. The senate was moreover entrusted with the superintendence of all that concerned the festival rites and the functionaries of religion. In a word, so long a3 the free republic lasted, it was regarded by all as the sacred head, the perpetual council, the support, defender, and preserver of the commonwealth. Three hun- dred remained the number of the senate up to the age of Sylla. And, although the amount to which he increased it cannot be precisely ascertained, yet probably it then exceeded four hundred, which was the number in Cicero’s time, as may be gathered from his letters to Atticus. — When the empire supplanted the republic a corresponding change took place in the constitution of the senate, which had already been enormously increased by Julius Ciesar. (Dion says to uine hundred, and Suetonius carries it to one thousand). But as a great many of these new members were totally unworthy of the honour (for strangers from Gaul and else- where had been introduced into association with the patres conscripti of Rome) Augustus sig- nalised his accession to supreme power, amongst other things, by bringing the senate back again to the numbers, and restoring it to the out- ward splendour which it had before the civil war ; or, perhaps, he permitted it to be numeri- cally greater, as, according to Dion, it then consisted barely of six hundred senators ; and, although succeeding emperors sometimes made augmentations, its average number was never afterwards much more. The revolution, still rejecting the name of King, gave a monarchical form to the government, and soon influenced the positiou of the senate. Augustus’s appointment of a distinct council of state was the first blow struck at the pristine authority of that celebrated assembly. Tiberius managed step by step to deprive it of executive power in matters of any leading importance. There was, indeed, a show 5 A 2 SENATUS. 731 of re-establishing the senate in its old rights under Nero ; but Tacitus, who alludes to the circumstance, observes that it was a mere disguise of that prince, who, under some such a fair outside, sought to mask his real inten- tions, which soon betrayed themselves in the most atrocious encroachments. Succeeding Ctesars, equally arbitrary, and some of them still more artful, proceeded in the gradual but effectual task of robbing this powerful and once majestic body of all its state privileges, and of erecting imperial despotism on the ruin, humilia- tion, and disgrace of the senatorial order. Senatus Consultum. — See s. c. SENATVS. PIETATI. AVGVSTI. S. C.— On an elegant first brass of Galba, with the foregoing legend, a senator is represented in the act of crowning the emperor. Ilavercamp, in his commentary on Morell’s engraving of this coin, says he has no doubt but that this remark- able type refers to two similar statues, which were erected at Rome by a decree of the senate in honour of Galba. For he is here seen crowned by the senate, or by the Genius of the senate, a rite originally performed among the Greeks at the ceremony of raising statues, and which seems to have been adopted from them by the Romans. As to the Piety celebrated on this medal, the same numismatist regards it as an allusion to that display of modesty which distinguished the conduct of Galba, who shunned the appearance of assuming the empire without the consent of the senate, and who, after he had revolted from Nero and been saluted as emperor by the army, had the prudent shrewdness (as Suetonius relates) to call himself only Legatum Senatus ac Populi Romani. — See genio senatvs. SENATVS. POPVLVSQVE. ROMANVS. S. C, — A column, on which is an owl. This legend and type present themselves on a first brass of Trajan. And in reference to the column, Ficorini, in his dissertation on leaden coins, has expressed an opinion that it was intended to represent the one which is to this day seen lying on the ground within the palace called Curia Innocenziana on Monte Citorio at Rome. SEN. AVG. — Senior Augustus, additions to the title of the Emperor Vat. Maximianus. The word Senior appears on coins of Diocletian and his colleague Maximian, who reserved to them- selves this honour, in their abdication of the empire. SEN. ET. P. R. — See vota oebis, &c., of Constantine the Great. Senes r, an old man, bearded, with a staff, which a serpent entwines with his folds. — See /Escutapius. An old man borne on the shoulders of a younger. — Sec Uerennia family. SEN. FORT. IMP. — Senior Fortissimus Imperator, on a consecration medal of Val. Maximianus, given by Banduri. Sentia, a plebian family, from which sprang C. SENTIVS, who served as tribune of the people a. v.c. 651. — It had the surname of Salurninus. — Ou the obverse of one of the many 732 SENTIAM. — SEPFLLIA. denarii of this family, bearing the winged head of Pallas, is inscribed' AUG. PVB. — on the reverse is the name L. SENTIiw C. F. L. SENT ha C aii Yilius, and the type Jupiter in a quadriga. — On the reverse of another denarius we read L. SATVRNmmm; the type being a naked man driving a four-horsed car at full speed, and holding up in his right hand a curved knife. — It is not clearly known who was the L. Sentius who had the charge of coining these earlier denarii (prions denariis) out of the public silver — AUG entum PVB lictim. As to what the naked man on the latter coin holds in his right hand, Eekhel agrees with Ilavcrcamp in pronouncing it to be the falx (or curved reaping hook), and, from that symbol recognizing Saturn, the more likely to be figured by Sentius on his coins, because the name of that deity bore allusion to his own cognomen of Satuminus. (See Saturn .) — There are thirty- one varieties, but differing only in minute par- ticulars. The silver common. SENTIAM. — Fortune standing, with her rudder and cornucopia:. — Rev. feliciteb, with- out type. — These appear on a leaden coin, or tessera, of the third magnitude ; and Seguin in his Setecta Num. Antiq. has honoured it with an attempt at explanation, more copious and much more scrions Ilian merited by, or elucidative of, the subject; on which Baudclot, in his Uti/ite des Voyages, is judiciously briefer, but scarcely more luminous. — These counters, in the heaviest and dullest of metals, if they have any meaning, have most probably reference to the feelings and fortunes of the private individual who caused them to be struck, SEP., or SEPT. — Septima, an appellation adopted by the several colonics of Laodicura in Syria, Sebastc in Palestine, and Tyrus in Phoenicia, from the praeuomen of their founder, or benefactor, Septimius Sevcrus. Septa, places in the Campus Martius at Rome enclosed with rails, in which the people were accustomed to assemble for the purpose of giving their votes. From the resemblance which they originally bore to sheep-folds, these septa were also called oviles. They were thirty-five in number, one for each tribus or ward. Built at first of wood, they were afterwards more solidly constructed, and, under the emperors, shews of gladiators and other spectacles were occasionally given in them to the people. — The septa, as used for the purpose of collecting the popular suffrages, arc seen depicted on denarii of the Cocceia, Hostilia, Licinia, and Mussidia families. — v. suis tods. Septem. Septima, Septimum. — This number, seven, we find written on Roman coins vn. — Thus, VII. vm. Septemvir. — leg. VII. Legio Septima . — imp. vn. Imperator Septimum. SEPVL. Sepuf/ius . — Family name of a Roman.— P. sepvi.. macee. Publius Sipullius Macer. — See SepuHia. SEPVLLIA, a family snrnamed Mover, known only from its coins, struck in silver by the moneyers of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. — It has thus been 1 he instrument, however, of SEPCLLIA. — SERAPIS. handing down to us portraits of Julius Cicsar in various attire, and with different inscriptions. And, on the reverse accompanying the names of p. sepvllivs macee, we see in one instance the favourite tutelary of the Dictator, Venus VictrLc ; and in another the dedicatory epigraph clkmek- tiae caesakis, also of frequeut occurrence on the coins of Julius. — The following is one of the rarer types of this family : — No legend. — A veiled head, bearded, before it the lituus, behind it the pncfericulum. Rev . — p. sepvllivs macee. An equestrian (Desuitor) guiding two horses, which he urges, on w ith raised whip ; behind is a palm branch and a garland. The veiled head on this denarius is considered to be that of Mark Antony. And from the circumstance of its exhibiting a beard (the fact being recorded that Antony suffered his board to grow for some time in token of his grief for (,'fcsnr’s murder), it would appear that these silver coins of Sepullius were struck not long after the death of the Dictator, the head of Julius being placed on some of them, in grateful ' remembrance of such a man, by the then governing triumvirate. The male figure on the reverse, riding on one horse and leading another, is regarded by numismatic antiquaries as one of the desuttores, or equestrian vaulters [the Ducrows and Battys of their day], whose part it was, at the Apollinarian and other public games, to spur on two horses together at their fullest speed, so that, being mounted on one, they presently jumped upon the other, and backagainaltcmatcly, with wonderful quickness. — Ilencc, byametaphor, the light and fickle character, he who courted many mistresses, or who often changed political sides, was called desuitor. Thus Ovid — iVon mi hi mille placent, non sum desuttor amor is. But Manilius ( Astron . 1. v. 85), whom Eckhcl happily quotes, affords the clearest illustration to the type in question : Nec non ultemo desuitor sidere dorso Quadrupcdum, et stabiles poterit defgcre plantas, Perque volebat erpios, ludens per terga volantum. These bold and skilful horseriders nre likewise typified on coins of the Marcia and Ca/purnia families. SER. Sergius. — On coins of Galba, whose pricnomen it was. SER. Servafos . — Sec OB GIVES SFMratos. Scrapis. — The mythology of the Egyptians is more than usually obscure and difficult in ex- plaining the powers and attributes of this divinity, whose name and worship, however, though not known to them in the earliest age, was at a later period held above all others in the highest rever- ence and distinction by that superstitious people. — That the ancients themselves were at variance with each other respecting Scrapis is shown by tlint passage in Tacitus wherein it is affirmed that many recognised in this god, eEsculapius, imputing the healing of sickness to his interven- tion ; sonic thought him identical with Osiris, the oldest deity of the Egyptians ; others again SERAPIS. regarded him as Jupiter, possessing universal power ; but by most he was believed to be the same as Pluto, the “gloomy” DU Pater of the infernal regions. Be this as it may, the general impression of the ancients obviously seemed to have been, that by Scrapis, was to be understood the beginning and foundation of things; and accordingly we find him adored in process of time not only at Alexandria, but at Athens, ami in other Greek cities, some of which charged their coins with the figure of this deity. At length the Romans, whose fondness for new gods increased with the corrupting influence of their foreign conquests, introduced the worship of Serapis within the walls of their city ; not, how- ever, without opposition and resistance for a season on the part of the senate to the popular thirst after such novelties. Through the influence of P. Victor an altar was erected to Serapis in the Circus Flaminii, and it quickly assumed the form of a superb temple, which, after its Alexandrine prototype, was called the Sera/peon. The prin- cipal Italian cities, never far behind Rome in the race of idolatry, soon imitated her example in this instance; and it was not long before the worship of Scrapis was extended from Italy by the different colonies sent from that country into Asia Minor. — It has already been noticed that amongst the motives for invoking this fabled deity, was his healing attribute, especially in cases of acute diseases. Marcus Aurelius, tor- tured with the malady which afterwards proved fatal to him, made a visit to the temple of Serapis, at Perinthcus, in Thrace ; and thence, according to his historian, he returned in health. The circumstance is recorded on a medal (struck by the Pcrinthians), on which is seen the head of the emperor, and on the reverse that of Scrapis. — At a much later a:ra, and with not the same excuse of educational prejudices, the Emperor Julian II., another philosopher, but bigotcdly preferring Paganism to Christianity, and especially delighting to honour Egyptian Polytheism, under Grecian and Roman names, consulted the oracle of Apollo, for the purpose of learning whether Pluto and Serapis were different gods ; aud he received for answer that J vpiler-SerapU and Pluto were one and the same divinity. — We sec the use of this made by that able, brave, accomplished, but wretchedly inconsistent man and most eccentric prince, in his coins inscribed deo serapidi; vota pvbmca, &c. Serapis is represented with thick hair and rough beard ; he is also furnished on his head with the measure (modius) or basket (calathus) seen in Greek coins on the head of Jupiter. — In the Roman imperial series, he usually stands with right hand elevated aud holding a staff transversely, and the skirts of his garment in his left, always with the modius in capite. It is thus that he is delineated on coins of Com- modus, Caracalla, Trebonianus Gallus, Gallieuus, Postumus, Claudius Gothicus, and Helena. Serapis, on a first brass of Hadrian, given by Vaillant, appears with Isis, and they both join hands w T ith that emperor and Sabina, across an SERAPIS.— SERAPIDI. 733 altar placed between them. — See adventvi avg. AI.EXANDRIAE. On a coin of the colony of Caisarea (col. prima fl. avg. caesar.), struck under M. Aurelius, the head of Scrapis is depicted, covered with the calathus , or bushel measure. This serves as one of numerous proofs that the worship of Serapis was greatly spread at this time among the different nations of the pagan W'orld; and corroborates the observation made by Vaillant (tom. i. p. 167), that the ancients understood, by the name of Serapis, the universe itself, or rather the soul of the world, that is to say, that ancient principle which gives life and motion to all created beings. On a coin of Commodus, in Eckhel’s Cat. (ii. p. 264), Scrapis is depicted with Isis behind holding the sislrum. Opposite to them is Commodus W'cariug the toga, \ ictory standing at his back and crowning him. Scrapis and the Emperor join right hands together. Jobert ( Science des Medailles, vol. ii. p. 369) in animadverting on the word Pantheon, which signifies an assemblage of the symbols of several different deities in one personification, illustrates his meaning by reference to a bronze medal (coined in Egypt) of Antoninus Pius. This presents on its reverse the head of a man in which (says he), all in one, is to be recognised “ Serapis by the boisseau or measure which it carries ; the Sun by its crown of rays ; Jupiter Ammon by the two rams’ horns ; Neptune by the t rident ,• and vEsculapius by the serpent entwined round the handle of the trident. Sec Pantheon. — [This coin is given not only in Jobert but also by Seguin.] On a large brass, struck by the colony of Sinope in honour of Geta, is a majestic figure of Scrapis standing.— See Pellerin, Melange . i. xviii. No. 10. The Emperor Julian, in his " Cmsars,” makes Jupiter address himself to his “ brother” Serapis (the imperial author taking him here for Pluto), because (says his translator Spanheim) it w'as in his celebrated temple at Alexandria ( Me grandest and most beautiful in the world, as we learn from Thcodoret), that Vespasian re- ceived intelligence of the death of ViteOius, and even other auguries of his own accessiou to the throne. This perhaps led his son Domitian to raise a temple to that god of Rome, or at least to re-build the one which was burnt during the reign of Titus.” M. Dumcrsan, in his Descriptive Selection of Ancient Medals from the A/lier de llau- teroche Cabinet, has given an engraving of an unedited first brass, struck at Sinope, °and dedicated to Marcus Aurelius. — The reverse of this beautiful coin bears for its legend c. 1 . f. sinope ann. ccvn., and for type the busts of Serapis and Isis— See pi. x. No. 17 , pi 67 SERAPIDI CONSER. AVG. -Serapis standing with the modius on his head, his right baud extended, and a spear or wand in his left. On a rare silver coin of Commodus. Lampridius bears witness to the fact that Commodus was mightily addicted to the super- 731 SERAPIDI.— SERPENT. stition of the Egyptians, that he sacrificed to Tsis, shaved his head, and officiated as a priest in the procession of Anuhis. As, therefore, Serapis was thought by many to be jEsculapius, Vaillant supposes that the medal was struck on the occa- sion of Commodus being cured of some disease, after paying his vows to Serapis, who is for that reason here called the Emperor’s preserver ( Con- servator Augusti.) SERAPIDI COMITI AJTQusti.—' This le- gend, with the type of the god, and an ibis at his feet, appears on a first brass of Gallienus, w ho, having selected a multitude of deities as his preservers, here condescends to acknowledge the great Serapis for his “ companion." SERGIA, a family of high patrician rank, which, according to Virgil (Aeneid. v. 121), re- ferred its origin to Sergestus, the companion of jEneas : Sergcstusque, domus tenet a quo Sergia nomen. Prom this stock sprang Catilina, the mortal enemy of Cicero, and the profligately daring conspirator against the very existence of Rome itself. Its coins are silver, and exhibit the word Situs as the surname of the Sergia family. There is only one type, but that claims notice as being of historical interest, as follows : — On the obverse is the winged head of Minerva: behind which is roma, and before it ex. s. c. — On the reverse M. sergi. silvs. A horseman helmeted and in military habit, riding at speed, holding in his left hand a human head and a sword. This denarius represents a Roman veteran, named M. Sergius, a prodigy' of courage and fortitude, as evinced by his exploits in the Gallic and Ilannibalic wars. Respecting this extra- ordinary man there is a remarkable passage in Pliny (1. vii. $ 29), who describes Sergius as having lost hi.3 right hand in one battle, and iu two campaigns receiving three and twenty wounds — yet fighting four times with his left hand only — and afterwards having made for himself an iron right hand, fastening it on (the stump) and again skirmishing in mortal combat with the foe ! To this Sergius, Eckhel considers the coin relates. Serpent — Serpents appear to have been the symbol of Asia. Pompouius Mela says “ the figure of Asia Minor holds in its hands a ser- pent, because perhaps serpents abound in that regiou.” — Serpents may have become the symbol of Asia after that country had adopted them on its coinage, for the purpose of calling to mind the worship of Bacchus, which they carried to a great extent. — The Bacchantes in the mysteries were crowned with serpents. The serpent was one of the symbols of initiation into the Bacchanalian orgies. Serpent. — This reptile, as an image of divinity and of nature, is figured both in its natural shape, and under a variety of monstrous and imaginary forms, on a great multitude of coins of Greek cities, and also on Greek Imperial medals. It is less frequently found on coins with Latin inscriptions ; but still there arc not SERPENT. a few instances in which it is represented both on the Consular and on the Imperial medals of Rome. — The inventor of medicine, .Esculapius, son of Apollo, was worshipped by the Romans under the form of a serpent. That animal was the sign of the health -restoring faculty, because, as the serpent, in casting off its skin, was sup- posed to become young again, so the sick, through the tutelary aid of the healing deity, were believed by the ancients to renew life and to put off old age. It was in consequence of this animal being thus regarded as the symbol of renovation, that the name Serpentarius took its rise in reference to the constant attribute of ^Esculapius. The Serpent, with the head of Serapis, on medals struck under Antonine, is thought, by Millin, to signify a beneficent genius and the master of nature. This serpent is also seen on a medal of Nero, with a legend which indicates that this emperor was a new beuefactor for Egypt. — On a medal of Memphis, and in the hand of Isis, it symbolises fecundity and fer- tility. And as the serpent was said to renew its youth by the annual casting of its skin, the above-mentioned writer thinks it may be taken for the symbol of the Sun, on a medal of the Emperor Vcrus, on which a serpent, with the head of Serapis, is mounted on the back of a horse, whose march symbolises the year passing away : the head of Serapis representing the Sun as the sovereign of the universe. The Serpent was a symbol of Apollo, and as salutifer accompanies the image of that deity whom the ancients regarded as the guardian of health, on coins both of the Greeks and of the Romans. The Serpent was assigned to Bacchus under various titles, and for various reasons founded like the object symbolised on fable and super- stition. Clement of Alexandria affirms “ Sigmon Bacchicorum Orgiorum esse initiatum ser- pentem." The same author describes Bac- chantes as crowned with serpents, lienee a scrjieut creeping out of a half opened chest (cista) betokens the orgies of Bacchus. A serpent appears on coins of M. Antony, who called himself a second Bacchus. Twin Serpents, rising in tortuous folds, attached by the tails to each other, but with a cista between them, appear on silver medallions, bearing the heads of Antony and Cleopatra, as given in Morcll. Two Serpents arc seen on a medal of Hadrian, a male and a female; one has by its side a sistrum and a poppy, the attributes of Isis ; the other is represented with a caduceus aud corn- cars, attributes of Anuhis. - — “ This type, (says Millin) ineontcstably refers to the mysteries of Isis, aud the fecundity of nature.” It is sacred to and attendant on Juno Lanurina, or Sospita, in whose temple or grove, according to ancient custom, it was required that a virgin, in proof of her chastity, should offer food to the sacred serpent (" corrupfis virginibus pericu- losus," says Woltercck). Coins of the Popitia aud Procilia families, and of Antoninus Pius SERPENT. and Commodus, have types allusive to this legendary subject. The same animal was also held sacred to Jupiter, Neptune, Minerva, Pluto, Ceres, Proserpine, Mercury, Isis, and Serapis. — And that its image was used by the ancieuts to denote Felicity, Vigilance, Concord, Pru- dcuce, Power, Victory, and, above all. Health (Salus), is shewn on Rotnan as well as Greek coins. A dead Serpent twilled round a tree appears on a fine brass medallion of Antoninus Pius. Hercules, who has slain this Hydra, stands on one side of the tree gathering its fruit : on the other side are the three Hcsperidcs. A Serpent is the sign of Asia (see Asia Recepta ) ; also of Africa ; we see a serpent trampled upon by the fore feet of an elephant on a well-known denarius of Julius Ca;sar. — Like- wise a serpent before the figure of Africa, on one of Diocletian’S medals. — It is seen entwined in folds, erecting itself above an altar, on coins of the Claudia, Nonia, Rubria, and Tullia families; and on imperial medals of Augustus, Tiberius, Nero, Hadrian, Antonine, Aurelius, Alexander Sevctus, and Maxfmian. A Serpent coiled round a tripod is, according to Jobert (p 415), referable to Apollo, or indicates the Delphic oracles. This type is seen on Greek coins of Nero and Domitian. — [But it is seldom seen on imperial medals of Roman die, except as an attribute of Aesculapius and Sa/usi] A Serpent issuing forth from a ship, occurs on a fine medallion of Antoninus Pius. — See aescvlapivs. — There is one that crawls before Victory on a gold coin of Julius Cmsar, re- stored by Trajan. — Another is seen erecting itself before the face of a woman, in Faustiua sen. A Serpent invariably appears either in the hand or near the figure of Salu's, goddess of health, on numerous coins of emperors and empresses. On a contorniatc medal of Nero a serpent appears as if lapping food from a patera offered to it by a woman [Olympias ?] lying on a couch ; on another a huge snake, raising itself in a spiral form, directs its head towards some apples deposited on an altar ; behind the serpent is a tree. A Serpent is placed on the back of a horse on coins of Vespasian struck in Egypt, and the same reptile creeps with head uplifted on the prow of a ship on a Greek medal of Domitian. A Serpent occupies the reverse of a coin of the Fabricia family, which Eckhel calls “the serpent of Esculapiusr” L. Fabrieius is recorded to have caused the stone bridge to be built at Rome which communicated with the island in the Tiber, in the year v.c. 092. — To this fact the epigraph of L. FABRICD/i on a tablet with Populus Rom anus above it, which appears on this second brass medal, most probably alludes. And this opinion is the more strongly corrobo- rated by the type of the serpent, inasmuch as yEsculapius being brought under the form of that creature [as the story goes] from Epidaurus to SERPENT.— SERRATI NUMI. 735 Rome had a temple in that very insula Tiberina, which the bridge of Fabrieius served to unite with the city. A Serpent folded round an egg placed on an altar appears on a first brass of the Eppia family. The signification of which type Haver- camp has attempted to explain with various con- jectures, no waj's satisfactory to the judgment of Eckhel, who, in his turn, displays as usual his learning and research, but perhaps not with his accustomed success in solving the enigma of the snake and the egg. A Serpent wound (iortuosus) into many circles, or rising in spiral folds, occurs on denarii of the Aemilia, Papia, Pompeia, and Pomponia families, and on Greek coins of Trajan, Hadrian, and Faustina sen. — A sinuous snake glides before the biga of Juno Sospita, in Procilia. A Serpent with a lioii’s head is given by Banduri, from a coin of Diocletian. A Serpent creeps before Minerva on a brass coin o{ the Clovia family. Two Serpents twined, round a winged wand constitute the cadueeus of Mercury. A Serpent is placed at the bottom of the labamm on medals of Constantine the Great (see spes. fivn.) ; and on coins of some of the later Christian emperors (such as Petronius Maximus) a serpent prostrate is seen with the loot of the emperor placed Upon it. Serpentina cista. — See Cisla Mgstica. Serrali Numi. — Coins arc thus called Which have their edges regularly notched round like the teeth of a saw. These serrated, or denti- culated, medals are common amongst products of the consular mint as far as the time of Augustus, after which scarcely one is to be found. — Thus specimens of this ancient prac- tice are seen on coins of the Antonia, Aquilia, Claudia, Cornelia, Domitia, Mam ilia, Maria, Memmia, Papia, Porcia, Postumia, Procilia, Roscia, Sulpicia, and other families. It waS a precaution adopted, as Pinkerton observes, by incision, to prevent forgery, by shewing the inside of the metal. “ But,” .adds this scientific numismatist, though churlish writer, “ the old forgers also imitated this ; and I have a Serrated consular coin, of which the incisions, like the rest, are plated with silver over copper.” — From a brief passage in Tacitus (1. v. Be Mor. Germ), it would seem that the Germans had a partiality for this class of Roman money — “ Pecuniam probant velerem et din notam, serratos, bigaiosque.” — The brass coins of the Syrian kings (such as the Seleucida ?) also exhibit the same peculiarity; but this probably was done to them as an ornamental feature, and the metal was cast in that shape before they were struck. Serlum, a garland or wreath, of leaves or flowers, a chaplet. — See Corolla and Corona . — Seen in the talons or the beak of an eagle (see Aquila) ; and in the hands of Victory (see Victoria). SERVATOS. — See ob cives seuvatos, on I coins of Augustus ; to be found amongst those of 736 SERVILIA. many Roman families ; also on medals of Caligula, Claudius, Galba, Vespasian. SERVILIA, an Alban family, transferred to Rome, after the destruction of Alba, by king Tullus, and. elcctcTl into the patrician order, according to Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus. It became divided into many branches, none of whose names, however, arc recorded on coins except Ahala, Caepio, Casca, and liullus. The two last were plebeian. Ahala. — A coin of the Servilia family (most rare in gold, though common in silver,) exhibits on one side the head and name of ahala, and on the other the head and name of brvtvs, re- marks on w bieb denarius will be found under the head of Junta. — See Ahala. Capio. — For denarii inscribed piso caepio q. — S ec Calpurnia. The following silver coin, belonging to the Servilia family, is of historical interest: — A laureated female head. No legend. — Rev. Q. caepio brvtvs. imp. (on some others pro cos.) Two captives at the foot of a trophy. The above are the names and titles of that M. Junius Hrutus, who stabbed Ctesnr. It is thus that he is designated on denarii, and the fact is coulirmed by writers of his time ; among others by Cicero, who, at the end of the Tenth Fhilipic, repeatedly calls him Q. Capio Brutus, proconsul. 'Whence (adds Eckhel) it becomes certain that he was adopted by Q. Servilius Cicpio, who was his uncle on the side of his mother Servilia. llut he did uot, after the usual custom of using the family name, call himself Junianus; perhaps because at that period there was already a Crassus Juuianus; but he turns the surname of his adoption Capio into the name, retaining his cognomen of Brutus. With respect to the inscription of I M Vendor on the above denarius nnu others of Brutus, Dion assigns the time and the reason of Brutus’s accepting this title, namely, that he went on an expedition against the Bessi of Thrace, as well with a view to punish the hostilities of that savage tribe, as in order to gain for himself the name and dignity of Imperator (see the word), wherewith he might the more easily carry on war against Cmsar, and against Antony, aud make an end of both. According to Plutarch, Brutus, together with Cassius, was proclaimed lmperator by the army, at Saudis. Ou a denarius of Brutus, hearing on its obverse a female head aud the word LIBEKTAS, the reverse is charged with the inscription caepio brvtvs pro. cos., and the type is a lyre between a laurel branch and a stylus. The word procos is affixed (instead of Imp.) on this coin and others of M. Brutus, because he governed the province of Macedonia with proconsular authority. Casca. — Connected with this surname there arc two coins, one most rare iu gold, the other very rare in silver, both iuscrihcd casca LONQVS ; the gold has ou the obverse a trophy between two prows, the silver bears the laureated head of Neptune. On the reverse of the former is brvtvs imp. aud the hare head of Marcus SERVILIA. Brutus. The reverse of the latter exhibits Victory marching, with a garland and palm branch, and the same inscription brvtvs. imp. Plutarch states that the two brothers Seroilii Casca were amongst the assassins of Ctcsar. Of these P. Casca, whom Dion asserts to have been a tribune of the people, struck the first blow at the Dictator. Afterwards, when war was declared against the murderers, he associated himself with Brutus, amougst whose friends iu that war P. Casca is classed by Plutarch, and we see their names united on the above described coins. Appin states that Caius was the pre- nomcn of the other Casca. But there is a prolix aud tedious examination in llavcrcamp, as to whether Casca and Longus be surnames (cognomina) of different families, aud whether Longus be the agnomen of Casca, or otherwise. — The types of these two denarii allude to some maritime victory ; which it was is uncertain. — Bod. Bum. Vet. vol. v. p. 308. liullus. — A common silver coin exhibits the cognomen of the Servilia family, viz., rvlli, with the bust of Minerva. Ou the reverse side is p. servili. m. F. aud Victory galloping in a biga. P. Servilius Rullns is known as that plebeian tribune whose agrarian law Cicero, when consul, stoutly opposed in an oration which is still extant. The father of the tribune, also named P. Servilius liullus, was the man of whom Pliny says, that he first at feasts served up a wild hoar whole to table. It is uncertain to which of the two this denarius belongs. Amongst other uncertain coins of the Servi/ii, Eckhel takes a copiously intelligent notice of a denarius of no rarity, but nevertheless of some historical interest, from the legend and type of its obverse, allusive to the public shews celebrated at Rome under the name of F/oralia. See FLORAL. PIUMVS. To which M. Servilius, lieutenant (LEOatus) of Brutus aud Cassius the following coins belong, has been matter of much controversy, hitherto with no benefit resulting. He seems to have been the same individual whom Cicero calls a tribune of the people, and to have arrayed him- self on the side of liberty ; but the surname docs uot appear. The former of the two denarii (very rare in gold) presents types that agree with the times of Brutus and of Cassius; viz., C. Tassei. imp. A young female head laureated. — Rev. servilivs. leo. The aplustrum. The latter denarius bears the same head on its obverse, and on the reverse appears the inscription servilivs (m.) i.eo., with a crab fish griping an acroslolium in its claws ; below it is the flower of the pomegranate (balaustium) and a diadem unbound. — On this enigmatical reverse both Vaillant aud Havercamp have offered comments, abounding more iu the wondrous, but partaking much less of the probable, than the following remarks of Eckhel : — “ As the above type is plainly allegorical, the very manes of the aucicnts will pardon us, if we sometimes decline attempting to explain the riddles under which they often veil the truth. SERVIUS. — SERVVS Tlie following conjecture alone perhaps carries probability with it, viz., that the bataustium or flower of the pomegranate (since this obviously was the symbol of the Rhodians), alludes to the victory gained by Cassius over these islanders, recorded by Dion and Appian, It may be added, that there appears in the lower part of the coin, a diadem unbound ; and that it is a diadem, I confidently assert, from an inspection of the best preserved specimens of this denarius in the Imperial Museum (at Vienna) ; although in engravings it is always represented as if it were a shoot springing from the stem of the pomegranate flower. It is diffieult to imagine what is the meaning of this diadem; unless it may perhaps allude to the fall of the regal power which Julius Ca>sar aimed at.” For a description of the acrostolium see the word in toco. Twenty-five varieties of the Servilia coins are given in Morell. — The gold arc extremely rare, the silver common. The brass pieces of this family are parts of t*>e As, and are very rare. Servius Tullius, king of the Romaus, who died about the 218th year of the city, and who, (passing by as fabulous the asserted claims for Saturn aud Janus), there appears something like historical ground for believing to have been the founder of a money coinage in brass at Rome. — On this point the words of Pliny ate Servius rex primus signavit as. Antea ritdi usos Roma Timaus tradit. In this opinion Cassiodorus also concurs — Servius rex monetam in aere primum impressisse perhibetur. — See Moneta. Goltzius has published a medal as belonging to the Tullia family, exhibiting in the legend the names of Servius Decu/a, and in the type the head of King Servius Tullius. And Morell has copied the same into his Thesaurus Familiarum, under the head of Numi incerta fidei (pi. xxxiii. No. 2). But, as Visconti observes, this numis- matic monument has never been seen by antiquaries whose fidelity and judgment are above suspicion ; and, therefore, it is very properly consigned to the class of apocryphal monuments. Servus Christi. — Justinian the Second is thus called on his coins ; the reverse of which exhibit a figure of that Byzantine Augustus (who died a.d. 711), standing with his right hand taking hold of a cross placed on steps, and iuscribcd d. JVSTIN1ANVS. SERV. CHRISTI. That for the first time in three hundred and seventy years after the cross had been munis- raatically acknowledged as the sign and surety of imperial success, (see hoc signo victor eris of Constantius II.), the title of Christi Servus should have been assumed by a Roman Emperor, and he the most avaricious, the most debauched, and the most barbarously cruel of princes, is remarkable in a two-lbld point of view. The fact, however, constitutes only one, though a flagrant, example amongst many which history furnishes, that the wickedness of the very worst men is found equalled by their hypocrisy. — The Servus Servorum Dei of the papal style too often marked the ecclesiastical pride that apes humility aud the title of 5 B SESTERTIUS. 787 Fidei Defensor was in as bad keeping with the character of the lustful tyrant on whom pre- tended infallibility, for Iris own worldly purposes, bestowed it. Sestertius ( quasi sesquitertius), the sesterce, a coin in value two asses and a half. It was, therefore, one fourth part of the denarius, and the half of the quinanus, and, when the value of the Roman coinage underwent a change, it shared with them a common fate. It was the smallest coin of the Roman silver mint (exclusive of the “ pretended libella,” which was the tenth part of a denarius, about three farthings of our money). — The sestertius is marked iis., shewing it to be worth two as and a semis, which multiplied by four make the denarius. — On the well-known medal of Hadrian inscribed reliqva vetera &c. (sec the words), as well as on other ancient monuments and in published books, it is written ns., namely, with a small line joining together each mark of the as, thus resembling the letter h. Hoffman, quoted by Rasche, says — “ Four sesterces make a denarius, that is ten asses, which, if it is silver, is equal in weight to a drachm.” The sesterce has for its types, on one side a female head helmeted and winged, behind it ns., on the reverse are the Dioscuri on horseback, and below roma. — T his little coin is by no means common. Eckhel had seen but two ; one belonging to the Cordia family, ascertained to be a sesterce solely by its weight ; the other to the Sepullia family, which, besides the right weight, had the mark ns. The simple sesterce, or little sesterce, says Kolb, was worth about four sous French money (2d. English). At the epocha when, according to the generally received opinion, silver money was introduced at Rome, viz., in the year 209 before Christ (485th of the city), themonetal unit (V unite monetaire) was changed ; the As, which had become successively of a less important value, ceased to be used in numbering sums. The sesterce was adopted as the monetal unit, probably because this real money (monnaie effective) was the intennedial coin of three established forms of specie. Sestertium. — Under this word, as contra- distinguished in its terminal letters from sestertius, it is here expedient to explain the Roman mode of reckoning and designating sums in sesterces, an object which has been accom- plished with no less accuracy than conciseness by M. Hcnnin, as follows : — 1st. — Sestertius, in the masculine singular, signified a single sesterce; aud, in order to describe any number whatever of these pieces, the Romans put, with the number, the plural masculine sestertii ; thus, centum sestertii, one hundred sesterce pieces. 2nd. — Sestertium, in the neuter singular, signified mille sestertii, one thousaud sesterces ; its plural sestertia, with a number, denoted as many thousand sesterce- pieces as that number contained units. Thus, decern sestertia was 738 SESTIA. — SEVERINA. SEVERINA.— SEVERUS. equivalent to decern millia sestertiorum, ten thousand of the pieces called sesterces. 3rd. — If the word sestertium was used with the adverbs decies, vicies, centies, millies, &c., centies willies , a hundred thousand, was under- stood ; thus decies seslertium signified decies centies millies sestertiorum , ten times a hundred thousand, or a million of sesterces ; centies seslertium was centies centies millies sesterti- orum, one hundred times a hundred thousand, or ten millions of sesterces. — Of this mode of reckoning in sesteices there is an example in the coins of the imperial series : ns novies miia. ABOLITA. — See RELIQVA. According to some authors, sestertium would ! here be an adjective referring to mille understood, and would signify a seste diary thousand; as sestertia would be the adjective of millia, sestertiary thousands ; but with the adverbs decies, centies, sestertium would be a contrac- tion of the genitive plural sestertiorum. When Claudius was elected emperor he gave to each Prietorian soldier sestertia quindena, which (means not fifteen sesterces but) is equiva- lent to quindena millia sestertiorum, fifteen thousand sesterces. SESTIA, originally a patrician, at a later period a plebeian family. — Four varieties in its coins ; all of silver and rare. — There are two quinarii of this family, the former of which bears on one side I., sesti. pro. q. Lucius Sestius Pro- Quastore, with a chair and the hasta. The latter has on its obverse the same name of the Proqua:3tor Sestius, and for its type the veiled head of a woman. The reverse of both is inscribed q. caepio brvtvs pro. cos. Quintus Ccepio Brutus Pro Consule. — On the reverse of the former is a tripod between the apex and the simpulum ; on the reverse of the latter is a tripod, on either side of which is the securis and the simpulum. The Lucius Sestius mentioned above not only was a zealous personal friend and most intrepid adherent to the cause of Brutus, but what exhibits a rarer virtue, he shewed unequivocal proofs of his affection for him after his death. On the authority of Dion, quoted by Ursin, aud adopted by Eckhel, it appears that Augustus, in the year v.c. 731, appointed to the consular dignity', L. Sestius, who had always favoured Brutus, had taken part with him in his wars, and reverenced his memory in possessing his statue aud extolling his merits, Augustus regard- ing the friendship and fidelity of Sestius as honourable to him. — This anecdote, so creditable to both parties, deserves to be adduced, as it has been, in illustration of these two seemingly uninteresting coius, on the former of which the sedile and the hasta indicate the rights of the Quicstorship. SEV. Severn. See IVLia AQVILIA SEWra AVG usta. SEV. SEVER. Secerns. SEVERA (Julia Aquilia ), second wife of Elngabalus. — See aqvii.ia sevf.ra. SEVERINA (UlpiaJ, wife of the Emperor Aurelian, as she is certainly proved to have been as well from coins as from the dedicatory in- scription of a marble copied by Muratori, which names her as ULPIA SEVERINA AVG. COwIVX INVICTI AVRELIANI AVG. But scarcely anything is his- torically or personally known of this princess. Her medals, as Beauvais observes, do not represent her as handsome, aud give great severity to her countenance. She is said to have been warlike in disposition, aud even as Empress to have followed Aurelian ou his military expeditions, ou which occasiou she gained the affection of the soldiers by her kiud- uess and her liberalities. The eyes of her cruelly rigid husband were watchful over her conduct, but she never gave the least pre- tence for slander. — Greek medals of Severina, struck at Alexandria, acquaint us that she sur- vived her husband. These same medals give her the name of the Ulpia family : a circum- stance which induces Eckhel to believe (what indeed Beauvais had already stated) that she was the daughter of Ulpius Crinitus, a celebrated general in Valerian’s time, who, descended from the family of Trajau, resembled him in valour and talents for war. This great captain adopted Aurelian (a.d. 258), named him for his heir, and gave him his daughter in marriage. — Her coius are of the highest rarity in gold; sccoud brass scarce; base silver aud small brass common. Some pieces represent her with Aurelian. — Style: severina avg. — severina p.f. avg. — The portrait given above is from an aureus in the British Museum. SEVERYS ( Sept twins) , whose talents, judg- ment, prudence, and courage qualified him, before all other men of his age, for the arduous task of restoring the empire to that stability which it had lost under the baneful sway of Coinmodus — was born at Eeptis, in Africa, year of Rome, 899 (a.u. 146.) His father, Septimius Gcta, was of a senatorial family; his mother’s name was Fulvia l’ia. Before bis attainment of sovereignty, be held a command in Gallia Lugduncnsis ; administered allairs in Sicily with proconsular authority ; was honoured w ith the consulship in the year V.c. 938 ; became governor of Pannonia and Illyria under Corn- modus, after whose death he was equally faithful to Pertinnx. That virtuous prince having been SEVERUS. basely slain, the legions of the above-named provinces revolted against the venal election of Didius Julianus, and proclaimed Severus Emperor at Carnuntum (now Altenburg on the Danube), he effecting a rapid march upon Rome, caused himself to be acknowledged by the senate, who put Julianus to death, in the year of the city 946 (a . 1 ). 193.) Having first disgraced the Pnc- torian guards for their baseness in selling the empire, he entered Rome with a magnificent retinue, amidst the favouring acclamations of the people ; on which occasion he added to his other names that of Pertinax. Then proceeding with- out delay to the East, he defeated Pescennius Niger; returning with equal celerity to the AA'est, he vanquished Albinus at Lyons ; and thus by the successive fall and death of his rivals he remained sole and undisputed master of millions (a.d. 197). No less victorious over foreign foes than successful against domestic enemies, Severus, as emperor, subdued the Parthians, the Adiabenians, and the Britons, adding the several names of those regions to his own titles, in memory of his conquests. He formed three new legions ; celebrated (a.d. 204) the secular games with a magnificence that astonished the Romans ; adorned Rome itself with many edifices, to which architectural em- bellishments he .added the restoration of the pantheon ; above all he made a constant and liberal distribution of corn and provisions to the people. He founded several colonies in the Asiatic theatre of his military glory, among others Helvia Ricina in Picenum, Laodicea in Syria, Nisibis in Mesopotamia, Tyre in Phoenicia Moreover, Heliopolis in Phoenicia, Carthage, Leptis Magna, and Utica in Africa were in- cluded by him in the privileges of the jus Italicum. In the year of our Lord 209, he set out from Rome with his wife and his two sons, for the purpose of conquering Caledonia ; that expedition is recorded to have cost the Romans above fifty thousand men. The next year, under his orders, commenced the con- struction or reparation of the fortified wall which, crossing from sea to sea, separated the bar- barians of the North from that part of the island forming the Roman province of Britain, and of which the vestiges still remain. It was after fighting with his usual success in many battles, and whilst preparing a war of extermination to punish the renewed invasion of the Caledonians that this emperor terminated his mortal career. He died of a disease (it is said) in the joints, on the 4th of February, 211, aged 65, at the city of York (Eboracum), not without suspicion of having been poisoned by his execrable son Caracalla, who, impatient to reign, had already tried, though in vain, to seduce the troops from their allegiance, and was even on the point of making an attempt on his father’s life, whilst the latter was at the head of his army. Severus had great qualities, but their glory was tarnished and their utility impaired by atrocious crimes. In his character there was no mediocrity ; his vices were enormous, whilst even his virtues carriel to excess, approximated 5 B 2 SEVERUS. 739 to the most odious faults. Simple in his habits, patient under laborious exertion, content with the coarsest fare, and temperate amidst luxu- rious abundance, persevering, intrepid, self- possessed in danger, and unsubdued by adverse circumstances; skilful in war, indefatigable in state affairs, he had early cultivated eloquence, philosophy, and other liberal acts congenial to peace ; an able statesman, a victorious com- mander, a prosperous ruler ; on the other hand his sanguinary disposition and vindictive temper revelled in the destruction of Roman competitors and their families, whilst his cruelty no less frightfully displayed itself in the brutal fury with which he persecuted the Christians. A\ ise and just in his general policy, a friend to order and the public good, he oppressed a defenceless senate whom he hated, and relaxed the discipline of soldiers whom he both loved aud feared. Craft and dissimulation equally with force aud bloodshed ministered to his remorseless ambition and to his insatiate avarice. “ He promised, only to betray ; he flattered, ouly to ruin,” as in the instances of Niger and Albinus. And though he left the empire in a state of glory, peace, aud plenty, yet the consequence of his system and conduct, especially as regarded his licentious children, was destructive to the permanence of its power ; and of this sovereign of the Roman world, as of Augustus, it was said, “ that he ought never to have been born, or that he should have lived for ever” — so bloodstained was the path of his ascent to supremacy — with so firm a hand did he hold the reins — with so sagacious a mind did he direct the course of governmeut — so ruinous an example of military despotism, and so fatal a legacy of calamities in his immediate successor did he bequeath to his subjects and their posterity. — He had two wives, namely Martia ,. who died before he became emperor, and Julia Domna, by whom he had Caracalla and Geta. — His coins are very numerous ; those of Roman die are rare in gold, common in silver, first and second brass; his bronze medallions are very rare. There are no third brass of his. Severus is stvled IMP. CAES. L. SEP- TIMIVS PERTINAX AVG. ; also SEVERVS PI VS AA 7 G. WYVannicus. — On reverses his ad- ditional titles are often A RABt«w, ADI ABenicus, PART hicus, PARTAicw MAX mmw.DIVI M arci PI I Yilius, Voter Patria. — [This last reverse, observes M. Mionnet, confirms the statement of historians who have recorded that in the year v.c. 948 (a.d. 195), Septimius Severus declared himself the adopted son of Marcus Aurelius, although that prince had then been dead fifteen years.]— -On other reverses we see him further distinguished by the appellation of FVNDATOR PACIS, or of PACATOR ORBIS, or of RECTOR ORBIS, or of RESTITVTOR ARBIS. — His stvle in association with his son Caracalla is IMP. INVICTI. PII. AVG.— Some pieces of this Emperor represent him with Julia Domna, Caracalla, and Geta. It was during the reign of Septimius Severus that the silver money of Roman die began to be 740 SEVERUS. SEVERUS. adulterated. Coins of that metal are mentioned in the following reigns, as far as that of Gallienus inclusive, as being of silver, although the standard of them was successively debased, insomuch as to reuder them no longer anything but billon of the lowest alloy. The coins of this Emperor arc exceedingly numerous, and present a great variety of reverses, many of which are historically interest- ing. The denarii are particularly common, but include many rare reverses, and a legionary series of at least fourteen legions. The gold coins are somewhat rare, with several rare reverses, from which that of the Circus Maximus (see the word) is here given. Quinarii in gold are still rarer. Silver and brass medal- lions are rare. The large brass and the second also may be termed scarce ; the third brass rare. — For a list of the rarer coins of Sevcrus, see Akcrmau’s “ Descriptive Catalogue.” SEVERI INV1CTI. AVG. PIT. FIL.— A youthful bust with radiated head and right hand uplifted. — The obverse exhibits the legend of p. sept. geta. caes. pont., and the portrait of Geta as Caesar. — Eckhel gives this from a gold medal in the imperial cabinet at Vienna, with the following remarks on the singularity of the reverse type .• — Geta is here exhibited in the guise of the Sun, as appears from the radiated head aud elevated right hand, which, coins commonly teach us, are peculiar to the God of Day, or, ; what is the same thing, to the East (Orient), which is delineated with those attributes as well as the Sau._ It was about this period, v.c. 957 I (a.d. 204), that Sevcrus effected his Oriental conquests, whence lie derived the title of Invictus, or Invincible, engraved on this medal. This was the reason why Geta is here depictured under the figure and usual attitude of Sol, for, indeed, from that son, Severus received aid throughout his campaigns in the East. ' SEVERI PI I AVG. FIL. Son of the August Severus Pius. — This legend appears on the reverse of coins (in all three metals) of Anto- ninus (Caracalla), the type of which presents the figure of that Emperor standing in the dress of war, holding in his right hand a figure of Victory placed on a globe, a spear in his left hand, and a captive at his feet. This medal, which is rare in gold and silver, was struck in the year v.c. 951 (a.d. 198), when Caracalla was called Augustus by his father, and soon after his brother Geta had been declared Caesar It was in that year when Sevcrus, at the expostulations of friends, haring relinquished the assumed name of Pertinax, took the surname of Pius. SEVERVS ( Flavius Valerius), second of the name, Caesar, and afterwards Augustus. Born of an humble family in Illyria, he was dis- tinguished chiefly if not solely for his vices. But the very perverseness of the man was the cause of his advancement. For, in the year v.c. 1058 (a d. 305), Galerius, whom his profligacy and subservience alike suited, raised him to the dignity of Caesar ; and soon after, on t he the de ath of Constantius Cliloros, rc- fused to recognise Conslantine, son of that emperor (whose superior merit he dreaded), iu any other quality than that of Caesar, whilst he persuaded Maxim ianus Hcrculius to invest the debauched Severus with the title of Augustus, and in the partition of provinces, Italy, Africa, and Upper Pannouia, were allotted to his share. But when, by Galerius’s orders, Severus marched at the head of a numerous array from Milan upon Rome, for the purpose of dethroning Maxcntius, who had there assumed the purple, Maximianus, resuming his recently abdicated titles, came to the assistance of his intrusive son, and besieged Severus in Ravenna. There, haring surrendered himself to Maximian, on the promise of being allowed the unmolested enjoyment of his imperial dignity, this unhappy prince was perfidiously sent captive to Rome, in the neighbourhood of which he was put to death, April, 307, after having home, without glory and without desert, the name of Ciesar for fifteen months, and the supreme title of Emperor about nine months. He left a son named Scvcrianus, whom Licinius caused to be slain six months afterwards. His gold coins and small silver medallions are extremely rare. Eckhel doubts whether any silver of the ordinary size exist. His brass medallions and small brass arc very rare, and his second brass are scarce. On these he is styled severvs. nob. caesarj or IMP. PL. VAL. SEVEKVS. P. P. AVG. SEVERVS (Libius), the thiid emperor who bore that name, successor of Majorianus, was a native of Lucania. This phantom of a sovereign, enslaved to the will of lti( imer, who induced the soldiers to give him the title of Augustus, in the city of Ravenna (a.d. 461), passed his days carelessly and iuiquitously at Rome, and died there in the palace of the Ctrsars, a.d. 465, after about three years and eight months’ occupation of a degraded throne, during which the bar- barians under Genscric invaded the empire on all sides, scarcely leaving a single province ex- cept Gaul iu the possession of the Romans, lie SEXTARIUS. — SIBYLLAE. is styled on his coins, which (of each metal) arc more or less rare, d. N. lib. severvs avo., and imp. severvs p. f. avg., with the monogram of Christ, or the emperor holding a long cross, and planting his foot on the head of a dragon ; or Victory standing ; or Rome seated. In the exergue comob. or other letters. — The portrait here given is from a gold coin in the .British Museum. Rev. victoria avggg. Six globules, or circular marks, indicate a semiss. SEX. Sextus, a Roman pnenomen. — sex. f. Sexli Filius, son of Sextus. SEX. NONI. PR. L. V. P. F — See Nonia family. Sexdecim, marked thus xvi. denotes the increased value of denaria. — [Havercamp and Morell, tom. p. 202, 419.] Sextans, a Roman coin, which is marked sometimes on the obverse, sometimes on the reverse, or on both sides with two globules or [. ,], denoting it to be the sixth part of the as, or two ounces ( uncia), because the as was divided into twelve. It has for its types the head of Mercury and the prow of a ship. — Some of these pieces bear the names of Roman families. The sextans was also a measure for liquids, which contained two cyathi, or twelfth part of a sextarius. Sextarius, a Roman measure for liquids, which, like the as, was divided in twelve ounces, that was also called cyathi. This measure held two cotytce, or hemina, being about an English pint and a half — “ Hence (says Eckhel) the phrases duo cyathi sextans, tres cyathi, quadrant, &c., by which is easily explained that passage of Martial : Ep. xi. 37. Quincunees et sex cyathos hessemque bibamus, Caius ut fiat Julius, et Proculus. Namely, nineteen cyathi for the number of letters, which are in Caius, Julius, Proculus.” ■ — The sextarius was also the sixth part of a con- gius, a liquid measure of ten libra in weight (about one gallon). It was the moderate quantity of wine which persons of sober habits drank at their meals, as Vopiscus remarks of the Emperor Tacitus : — Ipse fait vita parcissima, ita ut sextarium vini tot a die nunquam potaverit. On the other hand, the congius was the scale and criterion of “ deep drinking some topers being celebrated under the names of bicongii, whilst those more daring were called tricongii ; three or rather six bottle men I S. F. Sacris Faciundis. See Mescinia family. — S. V. Saculi Felicitas. On coins of Diocletian and his colleagues. Shield. — See Buckler ; also cl. v. (Clipeus Votivus.) SIBYLLAE, the Sibylls, women who, pre- tending to be divinely inspired, predicted future events. Authors agree neither as to who the Sibyls were, nor respecting their numbers, nor the times and places where they prophesied. Some reckon fourteen, others ten, others only four, and even three. The principal were the Erythrean and the Cumiean. It is the SIBYLLAE. 741 Sibyll of Curmea in Italy, whom Virgil makes .Eneas consult, at a time when, according to the fable of Apollo’s gift of longevity to her, she had lived some hundred out of the thousand years allotted to her, The same attribute of supernaturally prolonged existence has been given to another of these prophetesses ; so that to signify an extremely old woman, she is termed a Sibyll. Nothing is known of the way in which, what arc called, the Sibylline verses were composed — Among the records of anti- quity no information is to- be found as to how this alleged mass of predictions, put into hexameters, happened to be discovered, nor at what period it appeared, nor who was the author of it. The early Romans boasted of being the preservers of the Cumsean Sibylls’ verses. But all that their historians state which can be construed to bear on the subject, is the w r cll-known story they tell in connection with the reign of Tarquinius Super bus, of a woman who offered to that prince nine books of this prophetic poetry, for three hundred pieces of gold, and obtained her price after burning six and leaving Tarquin only three for his money. So profoundly secret was the custody of this precious deposit, that fifteen officers formed specially into a college alone were allowed to see and examine it. They were called the Sibylline Quindecemvirs ; and so implicit was the popular belief in the truth of the things foretold in this collection, that the Romans, whenever they had a war to undertake, or when- ever pestilence, famine, or any extraordinary calamity afflicted the city or the country, invariably had recourse to it. The senate itself set the example of consulting these mysterious volumes on occasions of seditious insurrections or of any serious defeat sustained by the armies of the republic, or when the appearance of prodigies seemed to threaten some great mis- fortune. Many examples arc furnished in the annals of Rome, which shew the solemnity with which the Sibylls’ books were referred to in similar conjunctures. The Sibylline verses continued to be held in respect even under the emperors, but a large portion of the senate having become professed Christians about the time of Theodosius, the sentiment of veneration for these supposed revelations began to decline, and at length Stilicho, the general of llondrius, caused them to be burnt. Such, however, was the degree of superstitious regard which the different Sibyls and their oracles had at one time obtained, that some of them received divine honours ; the Sibylla Tiburtina was worshipped at Tibur as a goddess ; and the Sibylla Cumaa had her temple at Cuma. On a denarius of the Manlia family, the obverse bears a female head, beneath which is the word SIBVLLA ; on the reverse of the coin is a tripod, with two stars above it ; the whole within an ornamented circle, including the name of L. TORQVATtw III.VIR. The learned have hitherto adduced nothing either probable or consistent on the subject of these types. Havercamp, in Morell, iuclines 742 SIBYLLAE. to regard the female head as that of the Erythraean Sibyl, and, in confirmation, points to the tripos, as the sure and constant sign of the quindecemvirs specially entrusted with the guardianship and inspection of the Sibylline hooks. Eckhel offers no explanation of his own ; nevertheless, in describing the medal, he speaks of the caput Sibylla, and shews the accompany • ing word, SIBVLLA, to have been written for SIBYLLA (the V. being on ancient monumeuts not unfrequent ly substituted for Y.) If the same Lucius Manlius Torquatus who struck the coin had been called All VI R, instead of HIM IR, the direct allusion of these types to the Sibyll and her sacred books would have been indubitably clear. It is, however, not unlikely that he who, as Monetal Triumvir to Caisar, has encircled the reverse with his ancestral collar (torques), should have decreed the word SIBYLLA on one side, and the tripos figured on the other, to be sufficient designations of the Sibylline Oracles entrusted to the authorities of Rome And, considering the importance in which they were ostensibly held, and the care bestowed ou their preservation, as well as the many occasions on which they were consulted, the matter of surprise is that these denarii should be the only known memorials, at least of a numismatic kind, pointing to so favourite and long prevailing a superstition. — Sec Manlia. SIC. Sic. — Sicut. SIC. V. SIC. X. Sic Quinquenna/ia, sic Decennalia (decurrant feliciter) ! — These mono- syllabic words and numerals appear on a gold coin (given by Banduri) of Licinius junior, inscribed on the pedestal of a sitting statue of Jupiter, who holds in one hand the hasta pura, and in the other a small victory ; an eagle at his feet ; and encircled with the legend of IOYI CON’SERVATORI CAESW This most rare and remarkable medal repre- sents on its obverse the full face of Licinius Filius, under the features of a child scarcely two years old, bare-headed, and clothed np to the bosom in the paludamentum. It was struck on the occasion of his being called Cmsar, when he was placed, with festal celebrations, under the pro tection of Jupiter, the tutelary god of his father. To this infant a happy five years are wished, and that ten years more may roll on with equal felicity to him. Alas, for the un- certain fate of imperial princes in the fourth century ; he perished in his twelfth year, a victim to the same barbarous policy which subjected his ambitious father to a violent death, but which, carried out against the life of this meritorious and innocent yonth, disgraces the memory, as it belies the pretensions, of the Emperor Constantine, his nncle. SIC. X. SIC. XX. — By these marks of votive augmentation, it was the custom of the Roman mints of the Lower Empire, to wish that (xx.) Ficennalia, or a score of years, might be enjoyed in health and prosperity, after the com- pletion of the first (X.) Decennalia, by the prince in whose honour the coin was struck. — This is extended from XX. to xxx., viz . sicut SICILIA. Ficennalia sic Tricennatia (vota solvantur,) on medals of Diocletian and Maximian. Sicilia, Sicily, the most celebrated island of that part of the Mediterranean, called Tyrrhenum mare, or the Tuscan sea. It was anciently- denominated Sicania, from the Sicani, a Spanish tribe, who held possession of it until driven to its western extremity by the Siculi, a nation of Italy, the original inhabitants of Latium. — The soil of Sicily, favoured by its fine climate, was so luxuriantly fertile, especially in corn, as to have obtained for it the not undeserved appellation of the granary of the Roman em- pire ; it was regarded as the ce/la panaria, or bread store-houses of the Romans— plebisque Romance nulrix. It is believed, at a very re- mote period of antiquity, to have been joined to Italy, from which it afterwards was divided by some great natural convulsion. Thence it is supposed to have derived its name quasi. Sicilita, i.e. Reseda. — The very narrow sea which separated it from the main land, pre- sented two well-known objects of terror to ancient mariners, in Chrybdis and Scylla, the former rock being on the Sicilian, the latter on the Italian shore. On the general principle of assimilating countries to the form of some familiar object, Sicily was called Triquelra, from the figure of a triangle It was also called Trinacria, from its three promontories Peloram, Pachynum, and Lilvbmura. Sicily, (observes M. Heunin,) from the re- markable events which have taken place in it, offers, in a numismatic point of view, the greatest degree of interest. The principal cities of the island issued a very considerable number of coins, in all the metals, which do not yield to those of any other country in historical importance and in beauty of workmanship. Some of them are perhaps even superior to all that can be mentioned as belonging to other countries — particularly those pieces of unusual size, commonly named large silver medallions of Syracuse. These are in the highest degree to be admired for the style and grand character which they display in their fabric. It is doubtfid whether they were current money. There seems better ground for believing that they were used as prizes at the games, or on other occasions. [In this class, holding a chief place in the foremost rank for excellence of design and execution, is that with the head of Proserpine on one side, and on the other a quadriga, and a Victory flying to meet and crown the successful charioteer, who seems to be cheering on his fleet coursers to the goal. — The Aretbusa, with a similar reverse, is also a splendid specimen of the Greco-Siciliau mint. — Syracuse iudeed, as Kolb says, is a veritable Peru for the antiquary, for no city produces so many gold and silver pieces, nor of such heavy weight, and, what is most remarkable, they surpass in perfection everthing that presents itself on other medals ] Money appears to have been coined in Sicily from almost the original period of the art. Passing the autonoms and the coins of kings and tyrants, it may be remarked that the Car- SICILIA. thaginians, who conquered and occupied ^a portion of Sicily, struck money there which is conspicuous for its elegance. These pieces, with Punic characters, are considered to have been coined at Panormui (Palermo), the central seat of Carthaginian power in the island. The neighbourhood of Magna- Grsccia, and the relations existing between the monetary systems of those two countries, warrant the belief that Sicily was subjected by the Romans to the same regulations as those they imposed upon Italy, and that the independent rights of coinage ceased to be exercised in both those countries towards the same epocha. Some cities of Sicily, however, issued I mperial-Greek pieces, which was not the case in Italy; hut those pieces were struck only under Augustus and Tiberius. Subsequently, there is reason to believe, offices were established in that island for minting coins of Roman die. In the partition of territory, which took place after the death of Sextus Pompev, who at one time held despotic sway over the island, whilst Corinth and Achaia were ceded to M. Antony, Sicily, with Sardinia, was assigned to Octavianus (afterwards Augustus). By that emperor the Sicilians were included in the number of Roman citizeus ; and l’anonnus (Palermo) made a Roman colony, with the power of coining money, which privileges were continued to that city under Tiberius. The whole island became a praetorian or proconsular province. Hence it is that so many coins, both denarii and brass money, are extant, on which the remembrance of those Roman proconsuls and praetors, who were sent into Sicily, are preserved. From family medals we also learn that Sicily received two Qutcstors from Rome. Sicily is represented, as well on Latin as on Greek coins by the Triquetra, composed of three human legs, spread out from one another in a triangular form, in allu- sion to the three-sided shape of the island, or to its three promontories. On some also of these medals, in the centre be- tween the three uniting thighs, a female head (namely, of Medusa) is seen. See Panormus . — The iria crura, and a Medusa’s head in the centre, and sometimes with corn-ears joiued thereto, as upon the above denarius of the Cornelia family ; also a maritime trophy in a temple, whose pediment exhibits the same symbol of Sicily, appear on certain medals of Augustus, and refer, says Spanheim, to the defeat of Sextius Pompeius (shortly after that of Brutus and Cassius,) in the straights of Sicily, where this son of the Great Pornpey had become a captain of pirates, as Homs states : not to say that Augustus oppressed this young man under the appearance of Peace, as some wise men view it in Tacitus, and moreover that Agrippa had the better share in all the suc- cesses of that war of which Sicily was the theatre. — On a denarius of L. aqylli\s florvs, SICILIA. 743 monetal iii.vik. to Augustus, we see the three legs with the head of Medusa, which symbolise Sicily, which coin he caused to he struck in memory of his ancestors, the Caii and Manii who were proconsuls of that province. SICIL. Sicilia . — This abbreviated word appears on the exergue of a denarius struck by the above-mentioned mint-master, to revive the memory of his ancestor Manius Aquilius Floras, who, as proconsul of Sicily in the year v.c. 654, put an end to the senile war. Round the reverse of this historically interesting coin is the inscription MANtuJ AQVILjkj M A N ii i'ilius. MANti N epos. The type is a soldier holding a shield on his right arm, and looking back, he lifts up with his right a female figure, who, with a shield on her left arm, is sunk down on her knees. It is thus elegantly that Sicily, which had been despoiled and insulted by the fugitive Italian slaves, is figured under the traits of a helpless and almost prostrate woman, raised from degradation and misery by the rescuing hand of a brave warrior, who, on his return to Rome after this service performed, enjoyed the honours of an ovation. — See Jquilia gens. SICIL. IMP. VIII. IX. X. &c.— The word Sicilia, thus abbreviated, is exhibited on other gold and silver coins of Augustus, after he had recovered possession of that island, on the ex- pulsion therefrom of Sextus Pompey. On the obverses of these medals are avgvstvs divi f. and his head ; on the reverse is Diana, who, walking, with a dog at her feet, holds a bow and arrow. Vaillant, and other learned antiquaries, have referred the coinage of this denarius to the year of Rome 733 (before Christ 21), because during that year Augustus tarried in Sicily, and arranged his affairs there. On many similar coins the numbers IX. X. XI. and XII. are added to IMP erator, in the same manner as other denarii of Augustus are inscribed ACT. IMP., with various numbers and with the type of Apollo of Actium. — On these circumstances, Eckhel com- ments with his usual sagacity and intelligence. These types of the Sicilian Diana and of the Actian Apollo (says he) are not without motive repeated through many consecutive years ; for (according to the popular superstition of the Romans) Augustus owed his good fortune to both those divinities, namely, at Artemisium or Dianium Sicilia, near Mylas, when Sextus Pompey was vanquished, and at Actium, sacred to Apollo, where M. Antony sustained his deci- sive defeat. — The same pre-eminent teacher of the numismatic science, refers to the priesthood (sacerdotium) DIAN«e VICTRim ET APOL- LINIS PALATini, recorded on a marble by Muratori, and which priesthood was unques- tionably instituted by Augustus, when, by the assistance, as was believed, of the divine brother and sister (Apollo and Diana) he achieved the victory over his enemies.. SICILIA. S. C. — On a first brass of Hadrian, with this legend of the reverse is a juvenile head which presents a full face without neck : it has the hair dishevelled, and the chin without beard. 744 SICILIA.— SICILIAE. Beneath it is some sea monster, having the figure of a woman from the head to the waist, and having serpents for the legs and arms. Vaillant thinks that this head represents that of Medusa. Havercamp regards it as more likely to be in- tended for the Sun, such as it is represented on medals of Rhodes, which often sent colonists to Syracuse. — Kckhel believes that, if the head be really that of the sun, of which, however, he thinks, there is strong ground for doubt, it alludes to the sun as seen at the rising by Hadrian at Mount Etna (as related by Spartian) rather than to the Rhodian strangers, especially as the inhabitants of his Mount .Etna engraved the head of the sun on their money. . But (he adds) the head is more probably that of Medusa, which pften appears on Sicilian medals, placed (as above described) in the centre of the triquetra. — There can be no doubt but that the marine monster, placed below, is Scylla, which, in the Sicilian straights (fretum SiculumJ, appears to have exercised a grievous tyranny, and which in a form not greatly dissimilar is typified on coins of Sextus Pompev. SICILIAE (AD VENT VI AVGi) — An altar, by which on one side stands the emperor, and and on the other a woman whose hand is adorned with ears of corn, and who also holds corn ears in her left hand. — On first and second, brass of Hadrian. < SICILIAE (RESTITYTORI).— The emperor raising up a kpeeling woman, whose left hand holds, aud whose head is bound round with ears of corn. — On first and second brass of Hadrian. The types of the above described, forming as they do part of the series of geographical medals, furnished by the rich and varied mint of Hadrian, are susceptible of easy explanation ; since the ears of corn clearly denote fertility ; one of the well-known qualities of Sicily. It was to that island, on his returning from Achaia (to which event Tillemont assigns the date of v. c. 879), that Hadrian made a voyage, on which occasion, according to Spartianus, Aetna m montem con- scendit, ut soils ortum rider et, arcus specie, ut dicetur, carium. On first and second brass of Antoninus Pius, bearing the word sicllia, was the same figure of a woman holding corn ears, thus associating with the name of Sicily the symbol of abundance in agricultural products, which served long to distinguish her as the granary of Rome. SICIXIA. — A plebeian, but formerly also a pratrician family. — Its coins consist of three varieties, in silver, rare. — On a denarius of Q. sicinivs mviB monetalis, are port. p.R., and the type of a female head. The type of the reverse is a palm branch, caduceus, and laurel crown. Ursinus explains the word port, as meaning Fortitudo. Eckhcl and others as Fort ana. His observation is that Fortitude does not appear to have been worshipped by jhe Romans, though Firtus, which is almost equivalent, was placed among the qualities deified by that people. But the Romans on the other hand paid vast honour to Fortune, to whom splendid temples, under a SIDERIBl'S. — SIDOX. multiplicity of epithets, were raised, as Plutarch says, who besides uuhesitatingly affirms that more to fortune than to their virtue the Romans owed their aggrandisements, which gradually extended their empire from the banks of the Tiber over the greatest nations of the known world. Fortuna Vopuli Romani appears also on coins of the Arria family. — Another denarius of the above Q. Sicinius is classed with the Coponia familv. SIDERIBVS RECEPTA.— On a first brass of Faustina junior (Empress of M. Aurelias), bearing this legend, is the type of Diana Lucifera walking. On another bronze medal, we see her conducting a car, after the fashion of Diana. Other medals struck in honour of her apotheosis, represent her seated on a peacock that wings its flight heavenward. But the present ty]>e was evidently intended to announce to the subjects of an emperor who loved this wife of his “ not wisely, but too well,” that she was already received into the firmament, and had become a new star. — On the obverse, round the head, we read diva favstixa pia. The Divine Faustina Pia. — See Consecration. Sidon, or Zidon (now Seyde), a maritime city, in that part of Syria called Phcsmcia, renowned for its great antiquity, being celebrated in history both sacred aud profane.— Sidon has its name from the son of Canaan, mentioned in Genesis (c.x. v. 15). The equally famous city ofTyrelong contended .with it for primacy. But, as Isaiah (c. xxiii. v, 12) calls Tyre the “ daughter of Zidon,” thus confirming what Strabo says, that Sidon only, and not Tyre, was celebrated by Homer, the palm of antiquity must necessarily be yielded to Sidon. Its inhabitants were early famous for their naval power, insomuch that, according to Diodorus, they could send out a hundred gallies of the largest class. At length the opulence of this grand emporium of commerce became a prey to Persian cupidity. — Falling after- wards under the sway of the Romans, Sidon was deprived of her long enjoyed dignity of a metro- polis by Augustus. — But Trajan, mindful of its ancient glory, reconstituted its pre-eminence in the Syrian province; and at length this most ancient city was restored to its metropolitan rank, and made a Roman colony, by one utterly un- worthy to hold the sceptre of imperial Rome, viz., by Elagabalus, himself a Syrian by birth. — These metropolitical rights, however, seem to have been soon abolished, for beyond the reign of Alexander Severus no coins assign that title to her. — That Sidon was constituted a colony, with the distinctive appellation of Aurelia Pia, by Elagabalus is shown by the numerous coins struck in honour of himself and wives, of his mother and annts. — The autonomous coins of this place, many of which have Phmnician legends, bear the heads of Syrian kings from Antiochus IV. to Demetrius III. Its imperial medals, with Greek legends, are from Augustus to Hadrian. The colonial are inscribed to Elagabalus, Julia Paula, Annia Faustina, and Julia Maesa, and also to Alexander Severus. These all have Latin legends. SIDON. such as col. met. avr. pi a. sidon. Colonia Metropolis Aurelia Pia Sidon ; and On their reverses the features of the Greek and Roman are singularly mingled with those of the Syrian and oriental superstitution. The following are the types found on coins of this colony, as given by Yaillant, whose work is rich iu Latin medals of Sidon, and no les3 so in explanatory animadversions on the subjects to which the different types refer : — Astarte. — Among the numerous numismatic dedications made by the Sidouians to the Syrian Elagabalus aud to members of his house, are first aud second brass, bearing the legend of COL. avr. PIA. METR. sid. (Colonia Aurelia Pia Metropolis Sidon), and exhibiting the effigy of their favourite goddess, standing with her right hand placed on a trophy, and with her left holding a wand. A figure of Victory, placed on a column, extends to her a crown, and at the feet of Astarte is the figure of Silenus. — On another first brass, inscribed to the same emperor, the same deity appears, and the same Victoriola, within a temple supported by four columns, but without the trophy. This type also appears on corns of Julia Paula. [The Sidonians, like their Tyrian neighbours and rivals, paid supreme adoration to Astarte (see the word); aud their city contained a temple erected to her honour. The goddess lays her hand on a trophy, in the same way as will be seen on the Tyrian money, aud seem- ingly for the same purpose — namely, to point at the various colonies established far and wide fiom Phoenicia, and in which trophies had been placed as tokens of conquest ; for which reason, perhaps, the small figure of Victory is made to offer a crown to Astarte, who holds the scipio, or a sceptre, her appropriate symbol, as queen of the place, loci regina .] [Sidon, after having experienced many changes of fortune, was at length made a colony, and the metropolis of Phcenicia, by Elagabalus. And he, having invested Alexander Severus with the title and rank of Cscsar, had this medal dedicated to him, in congratulation of the event, and especially in remembrance of Alexander’s victory over the Persian invaders of Syria. The Sidonians, therefore, adopted the deified hero as a type on their coins, perhaps in flattery to Alexander himself, as if he were another con- queror of the eastern world.] Colonies agens boves . — On the first brass of Elagabalus, the colonial priest drives his plough- team of oxen, by whose side stands a vexil/um, on which is inscribed leg. hi. par. — Legio Tertia Parthica . — On a similar reverse of Annia Faustina, the colonist extends his right hand, which holds a staff over the oxen. [The third legion had its appellation of Parthian conferred upon it by Sept. Severus ; and the military standard here inscribed with its name denotes that old soldiers from that legion were sent as a reinforcement to the Roman population of this colony. — It appears that in order to supply the place of the many veterans who had fallen in the civil con- 5 C SIDON. 745 tests between him and Pescenuius and Albinus, and also to fulfil his determination of waging war against the Parthians, Severus established three new legions, which, that he might give them a character for valour, as if they had already gained victories over the enemy, he called Parthicce. But having brought the war to a successful conclusion, he ordered the first and third of these newly formed legions to winter in Mesopotamia for the protection of that province. Subsequently, as many of the soldiers had completed their term of sendee, they were ordered by Elagabalus to be stationed in this colony of his own founding, not far remote from the place of their winter quarters. Europe, riding on the back of a bull, holds with both hands a veil, which floats above her head ; on a second brass of Elagabalus and of Annia Faustina, his third wife, the legend of this coin is c. a. pi. met. sid., Colonia Aurelia Pia Metropolis Sidon. [Vaillant observes that this elegant type, re- presenting the rape of Europa by Jupiter under the form of a bull, refers to the antiquity of Sidon. Biniard (ad Jobert. ii. 261) views it in the same light, in opposition to the conjecture of some writers, who contend that the young woman and the bull simply designate the united beauty and strength of the Sidonians, qualities for which they were by no means remarkable. — The same learned annotator judi- ciously adds that “ Sidon, at the period when its Roman authorities caused these medals to be struck, was inhabited not only by Phoenicians, but also by Greeks, the latter of whom had established themselves there from Alexander the Great’s time. And the Greeks, adopting on their part the worship of Astarte (the most ancient divinity of the Sidonians), imparted in their turn to the Sidonians, the worship of Europa.” Thus, the figure of Astarte and of Europa, with their respective attributes and indications, were alternately engraven on the colonial-imperial coins of Sidon, whose inhab- itants, like the rest of Phcenicia, had eventually become composed of people who paid adoration equally to each of these deifications.] Emperor Sacrificing. — On a coin of Sidon, struck under Elagabalus. — The emperor, in the garb of a pontiff, stands before an altar with patera in right hand ; star in field. — PI. xix. 10, p. 203. Modius. — On a first brass of Elagabalus, struck at Sidon, appears the modius, or bushel measure, filled with cars of corn, and at the bottom of the coin is aeternv. bexefi. Aetemum Beneficium. 740 SIDON. [Allusive to the donations of corn which, after the custom of Rome (see Annond), were made by Elagabalus to the Sidonians. This type seems to have been borrowed from a cele- brated coin of Nerva, struck by order of the senate, with the epigraph Plebei Urban a Fru- mento Constitutor The epigraph is singular, but still in keeping with the monstrous exaggerations and fulsome flatteries of a hideous reign. Signa Militaria. — There is a first brass of Sidon, struck under the same Emperor, which exhibits three military ensigns, whose tops are surmounted by small eagles. These refer to the veterans of the Third Parthian legion sent by Elagabalus as colonists to Sidon, and on which remarks have already been made in describing the type of Colon us boves agens ; see above. On small brass, dedicated by this colony respectively to Julia Sommias, the mother, and to Julia Msesa, the grandmother of Elagabalus, are three military standards, but without the eagles. Tables and Urns. — A coin of Sidon, inscribed to Elagabalus, has a table with two urns upon it, each urn having a palm branch. Around is inscribed col. metro, avr. pia. sid. ; or col. avr. pia., etc., as in the example here given. Below are a vase, apples, aud the epigraph cer. or cert. per. isel. oecvm. (Periodonica, '■Iselastica, (EcumenicaJ. In the coin engraved above it must read, ce. pe. oec. is. [Vaillant considers cer. or cert. per. to signify Certamina Periodonica. But Bimard, who rejects Periodonicum as an unknown and even barbarous word, and who equally rejects the explanation offered by Hardouin of Certamen Perpetuum, adopts the opinion of Iseliu, that by cer. per. is to be understood Certamen I Periodicum, that is to say, public games, in which all the different kinds of combats and contests were united, as was the custom at the ! four great games of Greece. Compare with I \ aillant “ Num. Imp. in Coloniis Pcrcussa,” vol. ii. p. 90. On a very rare first brass coin of this colony, struck under the same emperor, and on a second brass of Annia Faustina, his wife, appears a laurel crown, within which is read CERT. SAC. PER. OECVME. 1SELA., the whole sur- rounded by COL onia AVR elia PIA. METRopo/w SIDON. — alluding to the celebration by the Sidonians of the same certamen periodicum. Triremis, or Galley. — On a rare second brass of Elagabalus, bearing the usual legend of this colony, arc two gallics, iu the right baud one of SIDON.— SIGNA MILITARIA. which a male figure stands with hands extended towards two figures (one of them a female), in the other galley. At the top of the coin is the car of Astartc, and iu the lower part is a dolphin. [This naval group is supposed to refer to the story of Dido’s flight from Sidon.] On another Sidonian medal of Elagabalus a half naked woman is seen stauding on the prow of a galley, with right hand extended, aud left hand holding a wand transversely. [Some regard this type as alluding to the flight of Dido; others, as merely representing Astarte.] Woman, with turreted head, standing, clothed in the sto/a, holds her right hand over an altar, opposite to which is a legionary eagle placed on the prow of a ship. — On a first brass of Ela- gabalus. [This figure represents the genius of Sidon. She wears a crown of towers, as a Metropolis ; she is dressed in the garb of a Roman matron, as a colony ; she holds a patera over the altar, as in the act of sacrificing for the emperor. The legionary eagle refers to the veterans with w hich the colony was peopled ; it is placed on a ship’s prow, either to shew the site of the place (Sidon, till its capture by the Persians, being, according to Mela, the greatest and most optdent of maritime cities), or to demonstrate the naval power of the place.] Sidonia dea, or goddess of the Sidonians, is believed to have been the same object of worship as that called Europa by the Greeks, Astaroth, or Astarte by the Hebrews, and Venus Caelestis by the African colonists of the Sidonians. Nor is she otherwise considered by Froclich, who shews her (Ann. Syr. p. 113) on many Greek Imperial coins to be denominated Lea Syria. Sidus. — A star or sign in the heavens. — See Astra — Stella. Sidus Jidium, a star with hairy train, like a comet, is near the head of Julius Osar, some- times opposite his face, at others behind his neck, on coins of his struck after his death. S1G. Signis. — SIG. EEC. — Sign is Receptis. Sigil/um, a little image of something, im- printed on a medal as a mark. Sighr, abbreviations in writing on coins and on marbles. Signa militaria. Military ensigns. The Romans entrusted these to the custody of the Qiucstors, who preserved them with the ararium or public treasury, in the temple of Saturn. — See Salumus. The ensigns of the legions arc roinmon on Roman coins, especially the imperial, not with the bundle of hay ( manipulus foenij, but with small bucklers on the top, in which were painted images of the Gods and of the Caesars, and even of illustrious men. On a colonial medal (of CiTsaraugusta ) the simpler aud more ancient form of the signum manipulare is exhibited, viz., fasciculi of corn-cars, straw, or hay. As symbols of the soldiery they were held by the Romans in the highest veneration ; auspices SIGNA MILITARIA. . SIGNA.— SIGNIS. 747 were taken upon, and divine worship paid to, them. The signa militaria, captured by the Parthians from M. Crassus and M. Antony, but restored by that nation to Augustus, in consequence of a renewed treaty between the Parthians and the Romans, arc found alluded to on several family denarii, such ns those of Aquillia, Caninia, Durmia, Petronia, which have perpetuated the remembrance of this event by a diversity of types and symbols ; that is to say, by the kneel- ing figure of a Parthian holding an ensign ; or by a triumphal arch with a quadriga on the top of it ; or by the naked image of Mars standing with an eagle in his right hand, and the standard of the legion in his left ; or by a similar figure holding a trophy and standing in the temple of Mars. The same fact is also typified by an eagle in a thensa, or sacred chariot, drawn by four horses ; or by votive shields placed between the eagle and the ensign of the legion ; likewise by oaken garlands and civic crowns; or by a capricorn, the astro- logical sign of Augustus’s birth, with the addition of various inscriptions. — Augustus always treated his recovery of these last standards as holding the place of a great triumph to him- self. — The signa militaria, taken by the Ger- mans in the slaughter of the legions under Varus, and recovered by Gertnanicus, are also commemorated on coins of Tiberius. — Domitian’s pretended re-capture of Roman standards from the Sarmatians occasioned coins to be struck, like Augustus’s, niutato nomine, Sarmati for Parthi. Sign a militaria form a frequent type on colonial coins, and they were engraved thereupon in memory of the colony having in its origin been formed of legionary veterans. “For (as Rubcnius says in his notes on the Arschot collec- tion) Augustus, who had partly associated the legions of Lepidus and Mark Antony with his own, after the division of the provinces with the people, disbanded a great many soldiers, and sent them into such of the colonies as needed a supply of men.” This fact is proved from a multitude of coins, the most rare of which exhibit the names of the legions. Thus, as Vaillant teaches us, the sign a veteranorum are found on medals of Antioch iu Pisidia, under Caracalla, Elagabalus, Gordianus Pius, Philip, and Decius ; on those of Apamea, under Caracalla; on those of Cremna and of Sidon, under Elagabalus and his family ; of Dacia, under Philip ; of Deultum, in honour of Tran- quillina ; of Heliopolis, under Maerinus ; of Viminacium, under Gordian. On the reverse of a fine brass medal of Tiberius, struck at Cmsaraugusta (Sarragoza) in the thirty-seventh year of that emperor’s tri- bunitian power, appears a standard (or labarum) between two military ensigns, with the initial letters of the colony, and with the names of the duumvirs and of the legions who had been sent to settle there. Nor arc any types more common on Imperial coins of Roman die than the legionary eagle, the vcxillum, and other ensigns 5 C 2 of the army, in the hands either of the emperor himself or of his cohorts, or iu the grasp of some personification, or placed before an Em- peror, Empress, or Caesar, throughout the series from Tiberius down to Constantine, accom- panied by legends declaratory of the concord, the fidelity, the glory of soldiers, who were continually quarrelling amongst themselves, murdering their sovereigns, oppressing their fellow-subjects, and betraying the empire they were entrusted to defend. The eagle-standard, as distinguished from the ordinary ensigns of the Roman legions, is well pourtrayed on a silver coin of Nero, and still better on a second brass of Galba, where these peculiar objects of the soldiers’ idolatry are planted on prows of ships. — See Legionum Insignia. SIGNA P. R. Signa Populi Romani. — On gold and silver of Augustus ; this legend accom- panies a legionary eagle placed on an altar between two military ensigns, thus typifying and designating the conquering standards of the Roman people. SIGNIS RECEPTIS. Capricornus.— An elegant gold medal of Augustus bears this legend and type. It was under the Zodiacal sign of Capricorn that this emperor was born, to use the jargon of superstitious astrology (“ 0 faustum et felieem diem”) ; and to which sidereal influ- j enee he was wont to ascribe all fortunate and happy events of his life. Even the very surren- dering to him of the military ensigns, which the Parthians took front Crassus, and which Augustus most evidently wished for, seems here to be attributed to this gencthliacal constellation, or star on which “his nativity was cast.” SIGNIS PARTIIICIS RECEPTIS.— Still more specifically allusive to the same event is a denarius bearing on its obverse the youthful head of Augustus, and on the reverse side the legend annexed within the field of the coin, and without type. SIGN. RECE. CAESAR AVGVSTVS. — A Parthian kneeling on oue knee, and holding out in his right hand a military ensign, as if in the act of presenting it to some one. This appears on a denarius minted by Aquilius Florus, one of the moneyers of Augustus, the obverse of which bears the radiated head of a man, and which, like several others, was struck in memory of the standards captured from, and sent back to the Romans by Phraates, King of the Parthians, to Caesar Augustus whilst remain- ing in Syria (in the year v. c. 734), and which, says Dion, “ he (the emperor) received as though he had been victorious in some battle with the Parthians.” — SeeAVGVSTVs,p. 105;andi'Eito.\'iA. Another silver coin of Augustus, bearing the same legend, and allusive to the same event, exhibits the standing figure of Mars, who holds in his right hand a Roman eagle, and in his left a military ensign. — The god of war is here 748 SIGNIS. introduced, iu immediate reference (o the temple which Augustus, on the restitution of the military ensigns by the Parthians, caused to be built in the eapitol, and which he dedicated to Mars the Avenger. (See Mars Ultor.) In grateful memory of au event so acceptable to heal their wounded national pride, the senate and people of Rome voted a buckler of honour to the emperor, which is represented with the above legend. SIGNIS RECEPTIS. S. C.— The emperor standing on a pedestal, with a spear in his left hand, accepts with his right a legionary eagle, which Victory presents to him. — On a first brass of Vespasian. Pcllcrin in giving this, from the treasures of his own cabinet, as a coin considered to be unique, observes that “ there is no doubt but that it was struck after the model of those which Augustus caused to be struck at Rome, in each metal, to record the fact of his haring obtained from the Parthians a restoration of those military ensigns, which they had kept as a glorious monument of victories they had gained over the Roman armies commanded by Crassus and Mark Antony ; but history is not found to have made mention of a like event under the reign of Vespasian. It is only seen in Josephus and Tacitus, that, whilst in Italy he was contending for the empire with Vitcllius, the Dacians attacked all the troops of his party, who were on the banks of the Danube, in Mocsia ; and it may be inferred (adds Pellerin) that haring afterwards reduced these barbarous tribes to obedience, he com- pelled them to give up the military ensigns of which they had possessed themselves; a par- ticular circumstance which probably was for- gotten or neglected by the historians.” — Melange, vol i. p. 200. Agreeing with the illustrious Frenchman above quoted, so far as relates to the motive of Vespasian being similar to that of Augustus in causing medals to be coined as a record of military honours recovered after being lost, the equally illustrious German, whose Doctrina is ihe text book of all Greek and Latin numis- matists of the present day, goes on to express his opiuion that this singular coin refers, not to trans- actions with the Dacians or any other barbarians inhabiting the borders of the Danube ; but rather with barbarians occupying the regions washed by the Lower Rhine, and which followed that sanguinary and desolating revolt raised (v.c. 823, a.d. 70) by Cirilis the Batavian, in which the Germans made common cause with his country- men, and which would have been still more injurious to the Roman empire, if either there had been greater concord amongst the barbariaus, or if a general, less discreet in policy and less self-possessed amidst surrounding dangers than Petilius Ccrcalis, had chanced in the end to command the Romans. 'That during that war military ensigns were lost by them in various unfortunate battles, Tacitus the eloquent his- torian of that rebellion distinctly declares. He states that Civilis went forth to the assault SIGNIS. environed with the signa of captured cohorts; again, after that disgrace the legions lost their standards also ; and these were carried about in reproachful insult to the Romans (in Itomanorum opprobrium circumlata). And as, indeed, the coin in question distinctly exhibits the aquila legion- aria, so we find the same author, Tacitus, not disguising the shame incurred by his own nation, in the cutting off of two legions by Civilis, but acknowledging that they were compelled to surrender. — Eckhel, under the circumstances, thinks it very likely that these ensigns were restored when the good fortune of Civilis had fallen way, and he was himself compelled to sue for peace, the beginning of which we have from Tacitus ; but what afterwards happened between those things which have been narrated and that restitution of ensigns which this coin proclaims, together with the fact of the restitution itself, has had the misfortune to be omitted in Roman history. These medals, therefore, teach us what we arc not allowed to learn from written history.” A similar case of signa recepta occurred, or was pretended to have occurred, under Domitian, whose duplicity and treachery sufficiently betrayed themselves in the war with Cirilis. The imperial braggart caused medals in gold and silver to be struck with the type of a Dacian, who, kneeling iu the attitude of a suppliant, presents a military' ensign. — Pellerin on this point quotes Dion, who relates that the degene- rate son of Vespasian, and unworthy successor of Titus, “ received back arms and captives from Decebalus, king of the Dacians, of whom he had purchased peace at the price of great sums of money ; and that he was so vain of it as to cause himself to be decreed a triumph by the senate, as if he had gained some signal victory ; the same ancient writer also states that Domi- tian had required all the Roman prisoners and arms in the possession of the Dacians to be delivered up to him ; but, Dion adds, that they kept many of them in their castles, where Trajan subsequently found them.” SIGNIS RECEPTIS. — This inscription, with the addition of S enatus P opulus Que Worn an us, appears on gold and silver coins of Augustus, some with the type of a votive shield and CL. v. (Clipcus Votivus) engraved on it, between a military ensign and a legionary eagle; others with a triumphal arch: all serving to accumulate evidences of the joy with which Augustus received the blood-stained ensigns of slaughtered legions from the Parthians, and for which he took an ovation, entering the city on horseback, and being honoured with a triumphal arch in the year v.c. 734. But why the memory of the event should have been renewed after his death it is certainly difficult to imagine. And yet, in the Museum Farncse, there is a second brass with Divus Augustus s. C. and his radiated head, having on its reverse the above inscription of siqnis recfptis s. P. Q. R. and cl. v. between military standards, as in the gold nud silver medals struck during his life time, and at the |>eriod of the transaction. SIGNIS.— SILENUS. SIGNIS. RECEPT. DEVICTIS. GERM anis, S. C. — Germauicus, in military habiliments, stands with the right hand extended, and hold- ing a legionary eagle in his left. — On the obverse is germanicus caesar, who stands in a triumphal quadriga, holding a wand sur- mounted by an eagle in his left hand. — See p. 416. This elegant and most interesting, although common coin, in second brass, was struck in the year of Rome 770, under Tiberius, to comme- morate the celebrated triumph of Germauicus, on the occasion of having subdued several nations of Germany (such as the Cherusci, the Catti, the Angnvarii, &c.) — The obverse attests that triumph. The reverse by itsinscription DEVICTIS GERMantr bespeaks the complete defeat of those tribes, and also marks the subject of the triumph: the other part of the epigraph, SIGNIS RECEPTwcomprisesan allusion to that renowned exploit of Germauicus, iu which, after his victory, having instituted a search for the eagles lost in the overthrow and destruction of Varus and his legions (by the Cherusci, under Arminius, a.d. 10), and having found them in a grove, where they had been buried by the barbarians, he brought them back to Rome, as Tacitus most circumstantially relates. — P. Gabinius, one of Claudius’s lieutenants, having in the year v.c. 794 (a.d. 41) conquered the Chauci (according to Dion) recovered the eagle which alone had remained with that noble and warlike nation as a relic of the Varian slaughter. SIGNIS A SARMAT1S RESTITVTIS. — A barbarian on his knee presents a military standard. On a gold coin of Domitian, published by Morell. — See civib. et sign. &c., and clipevs. Silenus, the Phrygian, to whom fable has assigned the distinction of being the foster-father, tutor, and companion of Bacchus, as one of the first that held the son of Jupiter and Semcle in his arms, and who followed him in his travels and excited him in virtue and glory. — Indeed some ancient traditions have exalted the character of Silenus into that of a great captain, a great physician, and a sage counseller. But (as Spauheim in JulianusCasar sarcastically remarks) “he was evidently better versed in the knowledge of nature than in that of reasoning.” In other words, he would seem to have beeu more the friend of wine and raillery than that of science and research — a sort of philosophic voluptuary. And as to the representations of this personage on antique monuments, the ridiculous consider- ably predominates over the diguified. He is ordinarily figured as an old man with a bald head and a thick beard, a snub turned-up nose, in a state of more than half nudity and of entire drunkenness, holding a staff, or the cantharus into which he was wont to press out th e juice of the grape ; sometimes standing, but seldom without support, sometimes lying along carelessly on the back of an ass. — The images of Silenus arc found on medals of Macedonia, and of Ancyra in Galatia. It is a type seen on some family coins, and is of sufficiently frequent occurrence on Roman colonial medals. On a SILENUS.— SILIA. 749 denarius of Marcius L. Censorinus, Silenus stands with one hand raised, and the wine skin at his back ; behind is a small pillar, on which stands an image. — Etkhcl, in his commentary on the coins of the Marcia family, acknowledges himself ignorant of the reason why the figure of Silenus appears on the medals of Censorinus. — Among the colonial are those of Troas, in Phrygia, struck under Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, in which he is accurately recognised by Vaillant as an elderly male figure, naked, holding up his right hand towards the stars, and bearing his goat skin bottle on his left shoulder. The people of Troas, his reputed birth place, honoured his memory as the author and master of the best of studies, and worshipped him as a god. — A coin of Boslra , under Alexander Severus, exhibits Silenus in the same posture, and with the same attribute of the wine skin, but as a younger man. — The colonies of Coillu, in Numidia, under Caracalla, Elagabalus, and Gordianus Pius ; of Damascus, under Philip senior ; of Deultum, in Thrace, under Macrinus ; and others, likewise bear the effigy of Silenus ; on some of these his extended hand is pointing to a cypress tree. SILIA, a plebeian family. Its surnames Nerva and Italicus. — A silver coin bearing the former cognomen, exhibits on one side roma, with the bust of Minerva holding spear and buckler — on the other side p. nerva, with the septa or enclosure of the Comitia, within which a citizen standing puts a voting tablet into an urn, whilst another stands by in the act of receiving the tablet from the officer (dirib it orj appointed for that purpose. Morell inserts the denarius amongst those of the Licinia family, to which the same surname of Nerva belongs. Vaillant assigns it to the Silia family ; and Eckhel thinks this the more accurate reference, “ because (says he) we know of no Licinius with the prsenomen of Nerva, whereas there are many Silii who bear the addi- tion of Nerva.” — A similar type of the Comitia appears on coins of the Mussidia family, under the head of which an explanation of the above described is given. — With respect to the surname of Italicus, Eckhel adds that C. Silius Italicus, the considar poet, is commemorated on medals of Smyrna. Silvanus, the god of cattle, of fields, and of woods, at whose altar a hog w'as sacrificed. Simpulum, or Simpuvium, a small vessel or ladle with a long handle, used at sacrifices to make libations, and to taste the wines and other liquors which were poured on the head of the victims. It is the sign of priest- hood, and one of the insignia of the college of pontiffs. It appears on a coin of Patne, struck under Augustus. It is also placed before the head of Vesta, as a mark of that goddess, on a coin of the Domitia family, and is seen iu the hand of a vestal on eoius of the Claudia. family. — A togated and stolated man holds a simpulum in his hand on a coin of Antonio Drusi, sen. — This vase is united with the asper- gillum, securis, aoex, patera, secespita. urDeferi- 750 SINGARA.— SINOPE, culura, lituus, that is to say, with one or other of these sacrificial and augural instruments, on coins of Julius Cmsar, M. Antony, Lepidus, Augustus, Caligula, Vespasian, Nerva, Anto- ninus, M. Aurelius, Caracalla, Geta, Philip jun., Volusianus, Salome us, Valcrianus jun., as well as on many consular aud colonial medals. Singara (now Sengiar), a city of Mesopo- tamia, appears to have been a Iloman colony, from coins inscribed to Alexander Seferus, aud also to Gordianus Pius, with Greek legends, in which it is called Aurelia Septimia Colonia Singara. — Vaillaut, who gives a specimen of her colonial mint under each of the above- named emperors, inclines however to the opinion, that Singara owed its first foundation as a colony to M. Aurelius and L. Verus rather than to Alexander Severus. — Its sole type is a female head, turreted and veiled, representing the Genius of a fortified town (the common symbol of the Mesopotamian cities) ; above the head is placed a centaur (Sagittarius), with bow in his right hand ; allusive either to the surpassing skill of the Singarenes in archery, or more pro- bably to the computation of their year com- mencing under that zodiacal sign. Sinope , a very ancient city (now called Sinub), situate on the shore of Paphlagonia, in Asia Minor — the birth-place of Diogenes, the cynic philosopher. Originally founded by the Mile- sians (Greeks), it subsequently became the residence of the kings of Asiatic Pontus, and especially that of the great Mithridatcs, after whose death it was brought into subjection to the Romans, and reduced to the state of a pro- vince. But Pharnaces, having driven out Domitius Calvinius, one of Julius Ctesar’s lieu- tenants, occupied for a time this kingdom of his ancestors. Cresar, however, at the entreaty, as was said, of the Sinopians themselves, com- pelled Pharnaces to quit the province, and formed it into a colony, to which he crave the name of Julia. Its colonial- imperial coins extend from Julius Ceesar to Gallienus, including in that series those of Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Agrippina Claudii, Octavia Neionis, Nerva, Hadrian, L. Verus, Faustina Aurelii, Caracalla, Geta, Diadumenianus, Alex. Severus, and Maximus Caesar. All these pieces have Latin legends, and are very numerous. — The first medal of Sinope given hv Vaillaut (who calls that city the oldest of Roman colonies) is dedicated to Hadrian. But Pellerin and the Abbe Belley agree in assigning one to Julius Caesar. Its legend, however, shows it to have been coined after his death, viz., divos ivlivs. C ..... . sivs. iivir. c.r.f.s. Laurcated head of Julius. Rev. Augustus divi f. Naked head of Augustus. (Melange, i. p. 245.) Those struck in this colony under Augustus hear the initial letters c. i. f. s. Colonia Julia helix Sinope. — Pellerin gives a remarkable one of this reign, bearing bis portrait on one side, and the united heads of M. Antony and Octavia on the othaf. — The legend of the obverse is C. I. F. 8. A. XXXVI. Respecting the date of the year J6 marked SINOPE. on this coin, Pellerin observes that “ it is reckoned from the tera of the year of Rome 684, which was established at Sinope in memory of the freedom which Lucullus that year grafted to this city. This date of the year 36 falls in the year of Rome 719, in which M. Antony openly divorced himself from Octavia his wife, seuding her from Greece into Italy. The city of Sinope (he adds) was doubtless unacquainted with that fact, when it caused that medal to be struck. 'I he Abbe Belley has edited a similar medal, dated the year xxxi, accompanied with remarks on the two scras which Sinope followed at different times .” — ( Melange i. p. 245.) Sinope — Caligula — c. I. F. s. ann. Lxxxrn. — A colonist and oxen. (Melange i. xvi. No. 8 p. 262.) Sinope. — Agrippina Claudii, (xvi. No. 10.) With respect to the types found on coins of this colony, as given in Vaillant, there is one struck under Hadrian, which bears the head of Serapis ; another coined in honour of Geta ex- hibits a fish, and is inscribed c. i. f. sinopes. — One of the most elegant as well as most remark- able types presented on the Latin coins of this Roman settlement was struck under Caracalla, who gave it the name of Aurelia. — c. I. avr. Sinope. ANN. CCLII. Colonia, Julia, Augusta, or Aurelia Sinope, anno 252. Jupiter recum- bent on a lectislernium, his head adorned with the calathus, an eagle on his right band, in his left the hasta of divinity. — The years 252 are the a:ra of the Sinopian colony, reckoning from the time (v. c. 706) when Julius Ctesar drove Pharnaces out of Pontus, and which, joined together (as Vaillant observes), make v.c. 958, in which year Caracalla was associated in the imperial government with his father. Among many other reigns, to winch Pellerin has supplied medals of this colony not to be found in Vaillant ’s work, arc the following, viz. : — 1. — A very fine brass inscribed to Geta, on the obverse of which is the laurcated head of that prince; on the reverse, c. i. f. sinope. ann. cclv. The type is a majestic figure of Serapis, having the moifius on his head, with his right hand extended, and holding a hasta pura crosswise in his left hand. ( Melange i. pi. 18.) A similar figure of this great divinity of the Egyptians appears on a coin of Alexander Severus, pi. xix. 14; and of Maximus, xx. 3. 2. — On a small brass of Sinope, Strunk in honour of Diadumenianus, the youthful son of Marrinus (c. i. f. sinope. cclxi.) ; the type of the reverse is Mercury standing, holding a purse in his right hand, and a caduceus in the left. (Melange i. pi. xix. No. 3.) 3. — On a large brass of Gallienus, struck at Sinope; the revel sc exhibits a woman, crowned with towers, standing with the right hand pointing downwards, and resting her left hand on a hasta. 4. — Another large brass of this colony (c. I. f. s. an. cccxxx.), dedicated to the same emperor, represents Bacchus, clothed in a long dress. Holding n cartharus or pitrher in the right S1RENES. . hand, and supporting himself with the left hand on a thyrsus. At his feet is a panther. Sirenes, Syrens . — The poets represent these fictitious monsters as persons, who, with the handsome countenance and voice of women and the thighs and legs of a bird, inhabiting steep rocks on the sea-coast, allured voyagers by the sweetness of their singing, and caused them to perish. On some ancient monuments the Syrens are figured as women, with the lower extremity of the body terminating in shape like a fish, but this is the form ascribed to Nereids. — On others, they have the head and breast of a woman, with the wings, thighs, and feet of a bird, which better agrees with the description given of them by the poets of antiquity. An instance of the former kind occurs on a coin of the Valeria family ; an example of the latter is also given by Morcll, in coins of the Petronia family. The. Syren Parthenope, as depictured on the medals of Cuma, has the head and upper part of a young woman, with wings on her shoulders, and the lower part of the figure terminates in the form of a fish. — See Parthenope. The medal struck by P. PETRONtai TUR- PILIANVS. IIIVIR (Monetal) of Augustus, has for the type of its reverse a figure presenting the head, body, and arms of a young woman ; and the wings, legs, talons, and even tail of a bird ; this monster stands holding a trumpet, or tibia, in each hand. On this type, Eckhel makes the following observations : — “ Here we see a single Syren ; and, according to ancient fables, the true appearances of those beings, w'ho sprung from Achclous, and as some say the muse Terpsichore, others Calliope, have been represented by the voice of antiquity as at once delightful from the allurements of their singing, and dangerous from the snares laid by them for the unwary. She appears with the face of a virgin, her shoulders have wings attached to them, her form ends below like a bird, and she holds in each hand a trumpet, or a flute, as if about to sing ; that is to say, as Servius re- marks — there were three Syrens; one of these sang with the voice, the other performed on the pipes (tibia) the third played the lyre; and they inhabited first the neighbourhood of Pelorus, afterwards the island of Capraa. The fact is (he adds) they were harlots, who, because they reduced passengers to extremities, were feigned to have occasioned shipwreck to them. The three Syrens standing together, and with their respective musical instruments, arc represented on ancient anaglyphs, and especially on the sar- cophagi of the Etruscans ; and in the same design Ulysses is generally to be seen on board his ship with his hands tied to the mast.” Why the type of a Syren is placed on a coin of Petronius does not appear to be known. SIRM. — Letters engraved at the bottom of certain coins, doubtless designating Sirmium Pannonia:, at present Sirmieh in Sclavonia. — This mint mark is seen on the exergue of medals, struck under Constantius Chlorus, Licinius jun., Constantine the Great, Crispus, Fausta, Con. SISCIA.— SISPITA. 751 stantine jun., Julian II., Jovian, Valentiniau I., and other Augusti and Cicsars of the Lower Empire. Sirmium, situated in a pleasant and fertile spot, held a conspicuous and important rank amongst the ancient cities of Pannonia. Pliny (1. iii. cap. 25) mentions “ Sirmium oppidum” and “ Civitas Sirmiensium.” It is also mentioned by Ilerodian, Aramianus, Zosimus, and others; and was the birth-place of the Emperor Probus. It is now named Sirmieh, in that part of Sclavonia wliich belongs to the Turks, between the Drave and the Save rivers, SIS. — This abbreviation frequently occurs on coins of the lower empire, and denotes that they were struck at Siscia. Siscia, a chief town and a colony of Pannonia, which was a Roman province, divided into upper and lower, comprising Styria, Austria, and Croatia of the present day. — It was situate at the confluence of the Colapis and Savus, and is now called Sissech. There were offices for coining imperial money at Siscia, and a mint master called procurator monela Sisciana. SISCIA. AVG nsli. — On a silver coin of Galli- enus this legend appears, accompanied by the type of a woman sitting, who holds a hasta iu the right and a cornucopia; in her left hand, below her is the recumbent personification of a river (the Save). — On another silver coin of Gallienus the female figure sits with outstretched hands, and the river deity is emerging below. — On a third brass of Probus is the inscription siscia probi avg., with xxi q in the exergue ; but, in the type of this last-named coin, the seated female holds a sort of scarf in her ex- tended hands, and there are the demi figures of two river gods, one on each side below her. With regard to the former coin, Vaillant thinks that it was struck after Gallienus had conquered Ingenuus, the usurper of Pannonia. But as Siscia may be seen named on the mint of Probus, Eckhel conjectures that this city was considered as a sort of barrier to the empire, as well on account of its convenient situation (on the frontiers of Sarmatia) as because it was fortified by nature, and had, therefore, been constituted a place of arms amidst the wars which were per- petually breaking out in that tract of country'. — On a marble found near Sabaria, in Pannonia, is read coi.onia. septima. siscia. avgvsta. SISC. P. Siscia Percussa (moneta). — Money struck at Siscia (Sissech.) SISC. P. S. Siscia percussa officina Septima. — Money struck at Siscia, iu the seventh office of the mint. SISEN. — Sisenna, surname of the Cornelia family, on a coin of which it is written at length, but with only one n. — thus sisena. SISPITA, surname of the queen of the gods, as is shown on some rare coins of Antoninus Pius, with the inscription ivnoni sispitae; such as are in the Medicean and Barberini cabinets. Capitolinus refers to the tempta Lanuvina as restored by that emperor ; for this Sispita was the goddess of Lanuvinm. The word sispes with the ancients was the same as Sospes ; whence 752 SISTRUM. Festus remarks — “ Sispitam Junonem quam vulgo 1 Sospitam appellant , antique usurpabant ” — For thus it is to be read, not Sospitam and Sospitem. | — Spanheim (Pr. i. p. 120) confirms this by an old inscription, in which mention is made not only of Juno Sispes, but also of Jupiter Sispes . — Rasche's Lexicon. Sisters of Emperors were sometimes distin- guished by the Roman moneyers by the surname of Augusta, as is shown on coins of Drusilla, of Domitilla, of Julia Titi, and of Marciana, sister of Trajan. On the other hand, the names of Agrippina, Drusilla, and Julia, the three sisters of Caligula, are found inscribed together on a large brass medal of that Emperor, without the title of Augusta being affixed to either of them. Sistrum. — This was a species of timbrel, or rattle, made of brass or some other sonorous metal. It was oval, and its circumference per- forated with several holes opposite each other, through which were inserted horizontally several small metallic rods. This “ tinkling cymbal or sounding brass,” shaken in cadence, emitted a harsh sound, and was carried hv the priests of Isis when sacrificing to that Egyptian idol. It is an instrument which is seen figured on a great many monuments of antiquity. It is described by Apuleius ( Metamorph. lib. xi.) The Sistrum, as one of the insignia of Isis is seen in the hands of that deity, on coins of the Ceccilia family ; and on coins of Hadrian, the two Faustinas, Commodus, Claudius Gothicus, Julian the Apostate, and other emperors. The same instrument is generally seen in the right hand of Egypt and of Alexandria personified. “ Isis (says Vaillant) was believed to be the genius of Egypt, who, bv the shaking of the sistrum, signified the increase of the Nile.” It also appears in the hand of Anubis, another of the monster-divinities of Egypt, on coins of Julian and of Helena. Sitella (diminutive of SitulaJ, a little vessel into which voting tablets were put : one of them is seen on a denarius of the Cassia family. S. M. Signata Moneta. S. M. A. Signata Moneta Antiochia. (Money struck at Antioch). — On the exergue of coins of Diocletian, Licinius jun., Constantinus, and several of their successors. S i M. AQR. Sacra Moneta Aquileia Percussa. — On coins of Valentiuian, Valeus, and Gratian. S. M. HER. Signata Moneta Iferaclei/r. (Money struck at Ilcracleia). — At the bottom of coins of Constantine, Gratian, &c. S. M. KA. Signata Moneta Carthagina oflicina prima. (Money struck at Carthage, in the first office of the mint) — On coins of Liciuius and of the Constantines and their successors down to Theodosius the Great. S. M. N. Signata Moneta Narbona, or Nico- medeia. — On coins of Val. Maximianus, Gal. Maximianus, Maximinus Daza, the two Licinii, and Constantine and his family. S. M. R. Signata Moneta Roma. — On coins of Diocletian, Theodosius M., Aelia Endoxia, Gratian, Valentiuian jun., and Valeus. SOCRATES.— SOAEMIAS. S. M. SISC. Signata Moneta Siscia, on the exergue of coins of Valentinian I. and of Valcns. S. M. T. and S. M. TR. Signata Moneta Treceris . — (Money struck at Treves). On coins of Constans, Constantius jun., Valens, Magnus Maximus, &c. S. M. T. SB. Sacra Moneta Treveris Signata Secundo in Officina. — (Sacred money struck at Treves in the second office of the mint). On eoins of Constantine M. and Constantine jun. Socrates. — There are two contorniate medals which bear, what are said to be, portraits of this great philosopher. One of these is taken irorn Ursinus by Ilavercamp. His name is given in Greek characters, and his head is naked and bearded. What was the reverse of this medal is not stated. The other is pub- lished by I’edrusi from the Faniesc Museum, and on the obverse of which is a bearded head, but with no epigraph added. “ I cannot (says Eekhel) discover on what grounds he should have ventured to pronounce this a head of Socrates.” SOAEM IAS (Julia), mother of Elagabalus. — This princess was the daughter of Julius Avitus, a Syrian by birth, who was consul under Caracalla, and of Julia Mcesa, sister of Julia Domna, wife of Sept. Severus. Married to a senator named Varius Marccllus, also a Syrian, she became the mother of Elagabalus in the year of our Lord 204. Becoming a widow she retired, after the death of her nephew Caracalla, to Emesa, in her native country, where she and her mother Miesa caused Elagabalus to be declared emperor. By the influence of her beauty, and by her courageous example, she won the hearts and secured the aid of the legions in the east, by whose means she succeeded in defeating Macrinus and seating her son on the imperial throne. On her return to Rome she was declared Augusta and admitted into the senate, when she assumed so far as to give her vote like the rest of the senators. Vain, proud, and profligately ambitious, her whole I conduct was that of a shameless, insolent, and cruel woman, who by the encouragement which she gave to the abominable crimes of her son, had made herself in a great degree answerable for the horrors of that monster’s reign. — She fell a victim to the fury of the soldiers, who put her to death at the same time and in the same ignominious way that they killed her detestable son, a.d. 222. — She is styled on her coins ivl. (or ivlia) soa km i as avo. (or avgvsta). The gold are extremely rare ; silver of usual size common ; large brass rare ; and middle brass 1 common. SOL. Sol, the Sun. — This glorious luminary was originally regarded and worshipped by the Pagans as being the most brilliant and the most useful object in the uuiverse — as constituting by his light and heat the natural source of life aud health both to the animal aud vegetable kingdoms, aud as imparting his splendour to the other heavenly bodies, aud his glory to the whole firmament. The more deeply investigations arc carried into heathen mythology, the more clearly it is to be seen that almost all its principal divinities resolve themselves into an identity with the Sun, to whose predominating influence over the moon and stars the government aud preservation of all things both in heaven and earth were ascribed. Ancient monuments represent the Sun under the form of a man, with a youthful face, the head encircled with rays : sometimes he is mounted on a chariot drawn by winged horses. A horse was sacrificed to him, on account of the great swiftness of that animal, a usage especially practised by the Lacedemonians. The Sun was called Mithras by the Persians ; Osiris by the Egyptians. He was considered by some to be the same deity with Apollo ; by others the same with JEsculapius. Sol and Bacchus were also one and the same according to the superstition of the Syrians ; and in illustration of some Roman colonial medals, Vaillaut quotes Macrobius to show r that Hercules and even Jupiter were only other names under which the Suu was worshipped iu the East — The Romans, following in this and almost all other instances the polytheism of the Greeks, paid divine honours to the Sun, and on the silver coins of the republic his figure is represented. — A medal of the Manlia family exhibits him in a quadriga, which he is driving at full speed ; on each side of him is a star. Amongst the coins of foreign die inscribed homano, Eckhcl notices one with the head of Apollo on one side aud a horse leaping on the other ; a star above him, which he regards as confirming what is asserted by old writers, that the horse was consecrated to Apollo or the Sun ; and that the same animal was in many countries publicly dedicated and afterwards immolated to the honour of that deity. Thus by the Rhodians, who were especially noted for being Sun-worshippers, a quadriga of consecrated horses was cast into the sea, because, as Festus relates, the God of Day was believed to be carried rouud the world in such a chariot. On a denarius of Coelius Caldus, appears the radiated head of the Sun, evidently iu allusion to the name of Caldus, for Calidus. (See Morell’s “ Fa mil. Roman.”) Sol is represented in various ways on coins of the Imperial series. A second brass of Aurelian presents the naked head of the god, with the inscription sol dominvs imperii romani (see the words) ; thus shewing how pecidiarly he was the favourite deity of that emperor, who caused a magnificent temple to be built at Rome to his honour. — On auothcr coin of Aurelian, with the same remarkable inscription, the head of Sol is radiated. Sometimes he appears in his 5 D SOL. 753 perfect stature, either standing, or in a walking attitude, or even as if running with great swift- ness, and almost always with a circlet of rays diverging from the head ; the right hand is open and extended upwards, the left holds a globe or a whip (flagellum), the symbol of his velocity. — On coins of Elagabalus, a huge stone, in the form of a cone, drawn iu a chariot, represents the Sun, of whose temple at Emesa, in Syria, Elagabalus was a priest, before he was raised to disgrace the throne of the Cmsars. — Different types of the Sun are more frequently seen ou the coins of Roman emperors without any other inscription than that of the letters p.m. TR. p. and so forth, as in Alexander Severus ; or in conjunction with the words conservat. avg. as in Probus : also with the following legends : ORIENS AVG. or AVGVST. — SOLI 1NV1CTO. — SOLI INVICTO comiti. — invictvs. These are found on many Imperial coins from the time of Hadrian to Constantine, shortly after which there is uo longer a recurrence of these signs of paganism. The personification of the Sun is accompanied with the inscription invictvs, on coins of Victoriuus, Tetricus, and Carausius. Sol v T as, with the Egyptians, the symbol of eternity, because, said they, he never grows old, but flourishes in perpetual youth. Hence it is that he is represented on some Roman coins under the figure of a naked young man, with radiated head and uplifted right hand, as an everlasting sign in the heavens. So we find Sol and Luna placed on other coins (see p. 23) in the hands of the female figure personifying eternity. Nor was the Sun adopted only as the symbol of eternity ; but he was held to denote invincible fortitude ; since diversity of times and seasons withdraws nothing from him, and he pursues unwcariedly his ceaseless course. — The first of the emperors who dedicated coins to the Sun, under the name of Invictus, was Elagabalus, aud he called himself Solis Sacerdos. On a gold coin of Vespasian, given by Morel], is a rostrated column, surmounted by the image of a naked man, with radiated head, holding the hasta in his right hand, and in his left something like a parazonium. — This is considered to repre- sent an image dedicated by Vespasian to the Sun, and which, on account of its vast height (respect- ing the exact number of feet, however, historians greatly differ), and of its wondrous perfection as a work of sculpture (on which latter point all coincide), the testimonies of the old historians designate as having ennobled the government of the above-mentioned emperor. This colossus is recorded to have had its head crowned with rays. — On the subject of this prodigy of art Eckhcl quotes Martial: — Epig. i. 71. Nec te detineat miri radiata Colossi, Quce Rhodium moles vincere gaudet opus. Now (says he) the image presented on this coin has also its head radiated. The time likewise corresponds accurately : for in the year v.c. 829, not before, this type was exhibited on medals. But it appears from Dion, that this famous colossus was in the year v.c. 828 placed in the 754 SOL. Via Sacra ; and, therefore, as a work of such immense hulk, it was thought fit to bestow upon it the celebrity of coins. The gold medal of Geta, whose bust is radiated in the likeness of that under which the Sun is generally represented on coins, has already been described and explained. — See severi INVICTI AVG. PII. PIL. SOL. AVG. — This epigraph, accompanying the type of Sol standing with right hand elevated, and with the flagellum in his left, appears on a third brass of Claudius Gothicus, in the Vienna Collection. — There is another with a similar type, but inscribed soi,vs avg., given in Pellerin. — (Suppl. ii. p. 99.) This allusion to the Sun recurs not unfrequently on the coins of the above-named emperor. — Pellerin supposes that the inscription solvs avg. intimates that Claudius, to the exclusion of Tetricus and Zenobia, was to be acknow- ledged as the sole head and sovereign of the empire. — “ This is a shrewd guess (says Eckhel) ; but as all the others agree with the first quoted coin (soi,. avg.), the word solvs goes, doubt- less, to augment the catalogue of those errors which careless moneyers have so very often committed.” SOL. DOM. IMP. ROMANI— The ra- diated head of the Sun, before whom are his four horses. On second brass in the Vienna Cabinet and in the British Museum. SOL. DOM IN VS. IMPERI ROMANI.— The naked head of the sun, without rays. On a brass medallion in the Museum Pisani, and on second brass given by Banduri. These very rare and curious medals bear reference to the worship which, according to historical as well as numismatic testimony, was in a peculiar manner and beyond the example of all preceding emperors, paid by Aurelian to the Sun. This avowed disposition to regard the Solar Orb, not only as a divinity, but also as supreme Lord of the Roman world, is said to have been hereditary in Aurelian, whose mother was priestess of the Sun, in the village which his family inhabited. — Eckhel, who quotes the authority of Callicrates, as adduced by Vopiscus on this point, proceeds to remark that this prince’s religious reverence for the Sun dis- played itself with increased ardour, when he took upon himself to wage war against Zenobia in the East— a region of the earth anciently believed to be peculiarly subject to the deified power of that luminary. This is the reason why the head of the Sun appears on coins of Trajan, and likewise on those of Mark Antony the triumvir, both of them having been much occupied with their Oriental expeditions and conquests. Nor were the Romans the first to acknowledge the government of the Sun in the East. The Greeks at an earlier age set the example of this devotion; and, according to Pausanias, erected an altar at Troezcne (now Dhamald, in the Morea), to Sol the liberator because, as they thought, they were freed from the dread of Xerxes and of the Mcdcs, by bis assistance : and therefore iufluenccd by the same SOLI. superstition, Aurelian, ascribing hi 3 military success in the East to the same celestial aid, performed his vows and founded temples. He also ordained the same honours to the Sun at Palmyra, a city greatly addicted to that kind of worship. But the chief proof of this em- peror’s devotion to the Sun was the temple which he caused to be built at Rome in honour of his favourite Do minus Imperii Romani, the magnificence and enormous cost of which edifice is a subject of record with almost all the old writers. Hence the fact, that the greater part of Aurelian’s coins relate to the worship of the Sun, who either alone constitutes the type of the reverse, or at least his head is placed on the field of the coin. Of this kind there are ORIEXS AVG. The Sunstanding, of which the abundance is incredible— PACATOR ORB1S. The Sun standing. — PROVIDE N tia DEOItaw. The Sun, and a woman carrying two military ensigns. — REST1TVTOR ORIENTIS. The Sun standing. — SOLI INVICTO. The Sun treading a captive underfoot. — MARS IN- VIC I VS. The Sun delivering a globe to a military man standing opposite. — On the two coins to which we are now directing our atten-. tion, there seems to be a concentration of the honours paid to the Sun, for they salute him as the Lord of the Roman Empire. — After quoting an expression of Julian the Apostate, iu which he calls himself the serving attendant upon Rex Sol, Eckhel concludes by observing that the manifestation in Aurelian’s time of so much obsequious reverence for the Sun as went to ascribe to it the absolute sovereignty of the universe, is not to be woudered at, since Pliny himself appears to have regarded the same King of Stars ns almost the only deity. — The first type is the most illustrative, on account of the four horses of the Sun being added; on the other coin, the head could not have been under- stood to mean that of the Sun but by the help of the inscription. SOLI COM I PI At G. N. — The Sun and the Emperor standing : a captive kneeling at the feet of the latter. On gold of Constantiuc the Great. SOLI CONSERVrt/on. A centaur holding a bow. On a third brass of Tetricus Filius, given by Banduri. SOLI CONS ervatori At Gusti. — Pegasus, or an ox standing. SOLI INVICTO. — The Sun standing, with right hand raised, and a globe in the left. These inscriptions and types occur on silver and third brnss of Gallieuus. They are founded on the very ancient and long-coutinued belief of paganism that Apollo, or the Sun, was both the author and dispeller of pestilence. — That the Sun was worshipped with the epithet of Invictus is attested by numerous marbles; so also the Emperor Julian, in one of his orations, says — “ Ultimo mense, qui Sat unnest, sp/endidissimot ludos So/if icimus, fest urn illud SOLI INVICTO nuncupantes." Pegasus, as the companion of the Muses readily applies to Apollo, " unless indeed (says SOLI. Eckhel) it may be moic correctly considered as one of the horses of the Sun, to which wings arc added for the purpose of signifying velocity — What appertains to the figure of an ox, Homer (in the Odyssey) commemorates the oxen, of the Sun granny. Strabo alludes to the hull Mnevis consecrated to the Sun at Heliopolis in Egypt. Inscriptions on marbles are addressed deo sou INVICTO MITHRAE. SOLI. INVICTO. — The Sun personified, stands with his right foot pressing upon a captive, with his right hand he offers a globe to a military figure, helmeted and armed with a spear : below, xxn. — Small brass of Aurclian, in the Vienna cabinet, not noticed by Mionnet or by Akcrman. SOLI INVICTO. — The Sun in a quadriga : his right hand raised. On a small brass of Carausius. SOLI INVICTO COMITI.— This legend, with the usual type of the Sun standing with right hand uplifted, and a globe in the left, occurs on brass coins of Constantine the Great — one of the relics of the old solar worship, which, like other symbols of paganism, appears on the mint of this professed convert to Chris- tianity. The words sou invicto comiti are found on tw r o other medals of the same Emperor ; one (third brass; with the radiated head of the Sun ; and the other (gold and silver) wherein this god is represented standing with his crown of rays, a globe which he holds in his left hand ; whilst with his right he places a crown on the head of Constantine, who holds the labarum, or Imperial standard. Both these coins have the name and portrait of Constantine on their obverse. In noticing them, in his remarks on the Cicsars of Julian, Spanheim says they may be supposed to have been struck by the moneyers of some Roman cities still addicted to idolatry, or before they had solemnly renounced the worship of false gods. The fact is, how r cver, that, with the exception of the In hoc sig. vie. legend of a doubtful medallion, all the epi- graphs and types of the artful, cautious, and anything but pious or humane Constantine arc drawn from heathen mythology, not from Christian theology. And, accordingly, we see on his medals the Sun represented as the Guide, Protector, and even Colleague of this emperor, with the inscription sou invicto and sou invicto comiti. — See Comes. The same inscription of Soli invicto Comiti occurs on coins of Probus, Maximinus Baza, Crispus, and others. SOLI INVICTO COMITI —The Sun placing a garland on the head of the Emperor, who stands, in military costume, holding a globe 5 D 2 SORS.— SOSIA. 755 and spear: in the exergue sirm. In gold and silver of Constantine. In the exergue of some, aq. or other letters. SOL. BOM. IMP. ROM. Soli Domino Imperii Ilomani. — Pull-faced radiated head of the Sun surmounting the horses of a quadriga. Obverse of second brass of Aurelian. The reverse reads avreuanvs avg. cons. The Emperor sacrificing. In the exergue s. Solidus. — See gold coinage. — See Exagium Solidi. SORS. Chance, or Fortune. — A denarius of the P/celoria family (given in Morell) presents on one side a female head, and on the other the half-length figure of a young woman (whose neck is adorned with a collar) ; and the pedestal which this female bust rests upon' is inscribed with the word Sorts round the type is M. plaetou. cest. (Marcus Plcetorius Cestius) s.c. The Romans (as M. Millin observes), not content with receiving Gods from the Greeks, from the Egyptians, and even from the Persians, undertook the imaginative task of deifying the virtues, the qualities, the affections of the mind. And these they have represented by various attributes on monuments, principally medals. Among such allegorical divinities was this personification of Sors (chance or hazard), which has been sometimes confounded with Bestiny or Fate. — At Autium and Prameste were two most celebrated temples of fortune. The Fortunes Anliales are already noticed in their place, as appearing on a silver coin of the Iiustia family. The present denarius makes allusion to a similar piece of superstition called the Sortes Prtoiestue, which, it seems, were tesseree, or tablets of oak inscribed with sentences of antique writing, and shut up in a casket of olive wood. It was believed that, under the secret guidance of the goddess Fortune, Sors drew these lots by the hand of a child, and it was supposed to learn its fate by the reading of what was written on the tablets by one of the ministers called sortilegi, or fortune-tellers. SOSIA, a plebeian family. — The coins, which are of second and third brass, exhibit three I varieties. Amongst them are pieces bearing the head of Mark Antony. — The following offers a reverse of historical interest : — c. sosivs imp. A male and female captive sitting at the foot of a trophy. This small medal, in bronze, commemorates the victory gained by Antony, in the year v.c. 716, over Antigonus, King of Juda:a, the last of the race of the Asmoneans, who had retained the kingdom 120 years. — The C. SOSIVS whose 756 SOVSTI. — SPES. SrES„ name appears on this coin as IMP erator was M. Antony’s Lieutenant in Syria, and sent by him (as Josephus informs us, I. xiv. c. 16) to assist 1 lerod in taking the government from Antigonus, according to the decree of the senate. These two generals having, by their united forces, gained possession of Jerusalem, Antigonus sur- rendered himself to Sosius, who sent him to Antony at Antioch, where he was put to death, being the first kiug whom the Romans had ever beheaded. And thus was the cruel, corrupt, and low-born Herod confirmed in the sovereignty of Judica, and an end put to the illustrious Asmoncan family. Sospita. — See Sispita. SOVSTI. — A brass coin of Faustina senior bearing these six letters, followed by the senatorial authentication, s.c., and having for its reverse type Ceres standing on a globe, and holding a torch in each hand, is given in the Memoires de Trecour, as from the collection of P. Chamillart. It is accompanied by various attempts at interpretation — the productions of as many learned writers, whose conflicting opinions ltasche has, without comment, re- capitulated ; but respecting which, on account of their far-fetched extravagance or their ludicrous absurdity, sovsti is evidently, Eckhel says, an unhappy blunder of some careless mint-master, similar instances of which arc not unfrequent on the reverses of Homan coins. SP. A ltoman prcnomcn. — sp. F. Spurii Filins. — On coins of the Postumia family. SPE. AVG. i Sipes Augusta. Speculator, derived from Specula, a prospect, that is to say a view from the summit of a place, whence anything may he seen advantageously at a distance. — Thus a cohort of this description ( Speculatorum CohorsJ was established by M. Antony, that they, from an elevated part of his ships, might explore and act as sentries or watchmen. There were other acceptations of the word, such as spies, and even executioners. Speculatores under the early emperors were public attendants on the person of the prince ; in effect, his body guard. Otho was attended by an escort of this kind ; whence it is that Tacitus conjoins the pratorian cohorts with the speculatores. And, for the same reason, also in inscriptions on marbles the latter may fre- quently be seen commingled with the former, as spec. coh. mi. Pit. — On a denarius of M. Antony, the cohors speculatorum evidently relates to maritime affairs, as the military standard fixed on the prow of a ship serves to indicate, together with the pnetorian galley and the triumvir’s name on the obverse of the coin. — See CHORTIS SPECVLATORVM. Spes. — The ancients worshipped Hope as a divinity. She had her temples aud her altars, but nothing is said by old writers as to what victims were sacrificed to her. Livy speaks of the herb market (forum olitorium) at Rome as one of the places where this goddess had a temple ; and he also makes mention of that which Publius Victor built in the seventh region of the city. The censor M. Fullius also dedi- cated a temple to her honour near the Tibur. The personification of Hope appears on some ancient sculptures ; but it is much more fre- quently seen figured on medals of the Imperial series, struck at the beginning of a prince’s reign, indicating either the favourable anticipa- tions which the people entertained of him, or the expectations which he wished to raise re- specting himself. She is often exhibited on medals of the Casars, or adopted heirs to the Imperial throne, because her iuflucnce is pecu- liarly strong over youthful minds. — Spes is ordinarily represented iu the shape of a young woman, standing, or walking, holding iu her right hand a tender flower : for where a flower appears there is hope of fruit to come. Her left hand is usually employed in lifting up the skirt of her semi-transparent robe. Some- times she holds in her left hand a cornucopia: with other symbols, marking the benefits antici- pated from her On a brass coin of Drusus senior, the word spes stauds alone ; it was with Claudius that the practice began of adding the words avg. or avgg. or avgvsta, or r.R. or fvb. pvblic. pvblica, &c., all serving re- spectively to designate the occasion for which she had been chosen as an appropriate type. — Yaillant gives a silver coin of Pesccnnius Niger, bearing on its reverse the legend bonae spei, with the type of the goddess walking — Cicero opposes the feeling of good hope (bona spes) to that of despair in all human affairs. — And Plutarch remembers an altar at Rome inscribed For tuna Bona Spei. — Gruter quotes a marble inscribed bonae spei avg. — It is observable that on coins of the lower empire, the early image of Hope no longer appears. The legend Spes Reipublica of the Empress Fausta has for its accompanying type a woman suckling two ! childreu ; and the Spes Romanorum of Maguus ! Maximus, the gate of the Pratorian camp. Spes appears, iu the form and with the attributes above described, on coins of Claudius, Vespasian, Hadrian, M. Aurelius, Commodus, Pcscennius Niger, Albinus, S. Sevcrus, Cara- calla, Geta, Diadumeniauus, Elagabalus, Alex. Severus, Philip senior and junior, llercnnius, Hostillianus, .Kmilianus, Gallienus, Postumus, Tetricus senior, Quietus, Claudius Gothicus, Tacitus, Probus, Carausius, AUectus, Julianna II., Yalcus, &c. — The following arc the most rare of this legend and its types : — SPES AVGVSTA. S.C. — Hope walking, with flower in right hand, and left raising her tunic behind, as if to disengage her tripping footsteps from impediment. This type of Spes, which became afterwards so common on coins of the Imperial mint, appears for the first time on a large brass of Claudius. From other bronze medals, having the same legend, but with dissimilar types, as well as from an inscribed marble, it would seem that Claudius worshipped Hope as a favourite divinity, and on his natal day made vows to her honour. SPES AVGVSTA. S.C.— Hope and three I soldiers standing. On first brass of Vespasian. SPES. SPES. 757 [Mionnet and Akcnnan both recognise the genuineness of this fine coin, of which Haver- camp has given an engraving from the Mus. Christina;. The last-named antiquary thus com- ments on the type — “ Vespasian had very much greater pretensions to the empire, and a hotter founded hope for success in his enterprise, than many of those who had preceded him. In fact, before his accession to the throne, he had unequivocally displayed the virtuous qualities essential to the character of a great prince. Nor did he disappoint the high expectations entertained of him. For this reason spes avgvsta — August Hope, was adopted as the type of this medal ; and the goddess is repre- sented under the form of a female, clothed in light drapery, who presents her right hand to the foremost of three soldiers, because Vespasian had assisted the republic with his victorious legions, and there was the strongest ground of hope that this warlike emperor would re-establish it on a firm foundation.”] SPES AVG. COS II. and SPE. COS. II.— Hope with its accustomed attributes. — Silver of Albinus. — In reference to the former of these inscriptions, Vaillant remarks that on coins of the Casar. s (as contradistinguished from those of the AugustiJ, Hope was exhibited, chiefly to indicate those amongst the former who were actually designated as successors to the reigning prince; but as the harvest of empire was still in embryo, the goddess is pictured with a flow'er, portending fruit to the plant in its maturity. SPES FELIC1TAT1S OBB1S.— Hope stand- ing in her usual attitude. The elder Philip, one of whose silver coins bears this reverse, after having done everything in his power to conciliate the Roman senate and people in favour of his usurpation, and wheedled himself into the soldiers’ good graces by his profuse largesses, here indicates his hope that the world, under his sway, would enjoy hap- piness. The commencement of his reign is therefore called Spes felicitatis orbis. SPE I FIR MAE.— Hope walking.— This unusual legend appears for the first time on silver of Pcsccnuius Niger, published by Gcssncr, from the Pfau cabinet; it is afterwards found repeated by the mint of Sevcrus. SPES PVBLICA. — Hope standing. — Silver of Diadumenianus. — Hope, as goddess of youth (says Vaillant), is represented on the coius of Caesars, as if for the purpose of exciting the feeling of Good Hope (Bona Spei) iu the breasts of these young princes ; each heir of au emperor being regarded, like Marcellus by Virgil, Magna Spes altera Roma. So Diadu- menianus is made, by Lampridius, to say to the soldiery of his father, Macrinus, Ego autem elaborabo, ne desim nomini Antoni nontm. SPES PVBLICA. — Hope advancing towards three military figures, extends iu her right hand towards the foremost and principal, who may be considered as the emperor himself, a figure of Victory. The obverse exhibits the laureated head and bust of Alexander Severus iu armour ; iu his left hand he holds a baton ; in his right, a figure of Victory bearing a trophy. Brass medallion in the cabinet of Mr. Roach Smith. SPES PVBLICA. S. C.— Hope walking.— A coin of Aemilianus, in third brass (pub- lished by Banduri), bearing this legend and type, is remarkable on account of the s. c. being annexed thereto, after having for a long interval been almost wholly disused. The same also appears on a rare and elegant quinarius of Gallieuus. This coin was struck when that emperor was proclaimed Imperator Augustus by his father. — Vaillant (Pr. ii. 369) says of the type and legend that; they unite in suggesting to the people to place their firm faith, not in the old age of Valerian, but in the youth of Gallieuus, to whom Spes gives promise of a long life and a happy reign. — “ Hope told a flattering tale” in this case. SPES PVBLICA. — A serpent, on which stands the labarum, inscribed with the mono- gram of Christ. Small brass of Constantine. SPES PUBLICA. — A figure in military garb, stands with right hand raised, opposite to which stands a female with flower in right hand, &c. ; a star between them. — On a rare and elegant silver coin of Salouinus. There we see Hope, the usual companion of the Cmsars, pre- senting herself to Saloninus, who is clothed as a soldier to denote his having just embarked in a war with the incursive barbarians. The goddess holds out a flower to the young prince, as if to assure him of victory. SPEI PERPETVAE. — Hope with her usual attributes. — On a silver coin of Elagabalus, who is here, by a w’retched piece of flattery, made to appear, whilst growing up, to be under Hope’s good and perpetual influence. Spei Perpetuae is first found on silver and bronze of Caracalla, whose conduct and dis- position from his boyhood upwards also gave the lie perpetual, to such a compliment. 758 SPES.— SPHINX.— SPICA. SPINT. — SPINTRI A. SPES REIPUBLICAE. — A woman suckling i two infants. — See Faust a. SPES 11. P. (Romani Populi). — The Hope of the Roman people. — On a gold coin of Valens given by Banduri, two imperial personages arc ) seated, each with the nimbus encircling his head, and holding the hasta and a globe. A smaller figure stands between them, but with- i out the nimbus, above whose head is a buckler i inscribed vot. v. mvl. x. The two principal figures of this type were | doubtless intended to represent the two emperors Valcntiuian and Valens, whilst the lesser figure is evidently designed for the boy Gratian, : already destined to the tluoue, but who, not being yet proclaimed Augustus, remains un- distinguished by the nimbus. Sphinx. — This fabled monster, according to the myth of the Greeks, horn of Typhon and Echidna, had the head and face of a young woman, with the wings of a bird ; the rest of I the body resembling that of a dog. This fictitious animal, whose mysterious origin is associated with the most remote antiquity, is said to have | had its haunts in Mount Sphincius, near Thebes, ] and to have been accustomed thence to assail j and destroy wayfarers. Apollo having been con- j suited in this matter, the oracle assumed that j there was no other way to rescue the country from its fury than some oue’s solving the enigma of the Sphinx (allusive to man in his infancy, youth, and old age). Oedipus guessed this riddle, | and the monster flung itself from its rocky seat | and perished. — On numismatic and other ancient i monuments, the Sphinx is represented in two | ways, that of the Greeks and that of the | Egyptians. The former has wings and breasts, j the latter has neither. The early mint of Rome adopted, as usual, the Greek model. On denarii of the Carisia aud Rahinia families (says Morell) is a figure of the Sphinx, sitting on its hind legs; it has wings, and a virgin’s head, displaying the [ paps of a woman in front and the dugs of an animal of the canine species beneath the belly. Ou coins of Augustus the Sphinx occurs I often; in one instance it is accompanied by the legend akmexia capta. — According to ; Suetonius, that emperor was accustomed to seal his diplomatic papers and private letters with a ( figure of this (enigmatical nondescript. \ aillant (Pr. i 176), and Banduri, describe a first brass of Volusiauus as having a Sphinx for the type of , its reverse. But neither those writers, nor ' Eckhcl, who quotes their authority, attempt to ' give any explanation on the subject of its appear- ance, so little to be looked for on a medal of j that Emperor. Spica. — An car of corn, on ancient medals, sometimes signified the fertility of a particular country, aud the abundance of grain produced | in it ; at others it denotes the care of the Annona ! (sec the word), or import of corn into Rome os I well as its distribution to the people by the jJMiles, to whom that important duty was especially committed in the time of the republic Many denarii struck uuder the consular govern- ment exhibit (see aed. cyk. aud ad. ruv. emv.) | this symbol of the tedileship. In the Aemilia, Cornelia, Norbana, and other families, the Spica accompanies the papaver, or poppy, the caducous, aud t he fasces. Sometimes a corn-ear is placed on each side of a curule chair; at others, on each side of the rnodius, as on a denarius of the Livincia family. On many imperial medals from Augustus to Val. Sevcrus, Spica appear either in the rnodius, or bushel measure, or in the hand of Ceres, or combined, ns before observed, with the caducens and the poppy, or placed between a double cornucopia:. — Sec temp, felicitas. — saecvlo pkvgifeko. — On a brass coin of the Serci/ia family two corn cars are engraved, which intimate certain shipments of wheat and other grain from the corn-growing provinces to Rome. — Ears of corn are the insignia of fertility in the hands of those figures which personify Egypt, Africa, Spain, Sicily. &c, SPINT. — Spinther, a suruamc of the Cornelia family. Spintria, in Italian Spindria, from “ cnrivSrip, scintilla, quod celut scintilla et fomes libidinis sit,” as Rasehc, quotiug Sabellicus, says: — It is a word used to denote the inventor or inventress of obscene monstrosities, such as were patronised and employed by Tiberius, according to a passage in the work of that depraved emperor’s biographer — “ Secessu (says Suetonius, Tib. Nero Caes. cap. xliii.) vero Capreensi sellariam exeogitacit, sedem arcanantm libidinum : in quani undique cou- quisiti puel/arum et exoletorum greges, monstro- sique concubitus repertores, quos SPINTRI AS appellabat. — — — Cubieula plurfariam dis- posita tabe/fis ac sigilHs lascicissimarum pictu- rarum et figurarum adomavit, &c.” — To the honour of the MONETA ROMAjw, be it ob- served, however, that no numismatic monuments, even under the most profligate of her princes, have ever been found to fix the stain of such pollutions on any medallions or coins, either sanctioned by the senatorial mark of authentica- tion, or in auy way issued under the public guar- antee of imperial authority. The only medals struck within the pale of Roman domination, on which shamelessly indecent figures appear, arc a few Greek colonial, dedicated to the Lompsacan god — aud that suite of brass tessera, or counters, known under the name of Spintria, which ex- hibit on one side, in desigus of coarse work- manship, immodest representations ; and on the other the numeral letters I. or II. or iv. or x. to xvi. and upwards. Numismatic antiquaries, as well as other learned writers, arc much divided in opinion respecting this “ ignobile vulgus” of mcdallic relics ; a vile class of remaius, which, to use the sensible expressions of Eckhcl (viii. 315) “ thrown into the rear, like the suttlers, soldiers’ boys, wine sellers, and strumpets of a great army, are to be recorded more to avoid the slightest deficiency in anything that could throw light upon the subject of Roman coins, than from the profit to be derived from them to learning and to a useful knowledge of antiquity.” Some think that the Spintria were struck to ridicule aud expose that perfidious tyrant and worn-out SPINTRIA. voluptuary, Tiberius, who made the sea-girt rocks of Caprsca the scene of his brutal pleasures, and, to issue them with greater facility, numer- ous letters were imprinted on them as on those which served as admission tickets to the theatre ; others consider them to have been stamped by “ the rank old emperor’s” express orders. Some, again, believe that they were used at the festivals of Venus; others, for the Saturnalia, and others that they were coined for the purpose of being flung, in showers, among the crowds of a corrupt metropolis, who flocked to the public exhibition of licentious spectacles, and which were of the kind alluded to in the epigram of Martial, (lib. viii. 78.) Nunc veniunt subitis lasciva numismata nimbis: Nunc dant spectator tessera larga /eras. Addison, who visited the island of Caprma, in 1701, observes (in his “ Remarks on several parts of Italy”) that these medals were never current money, but rather of the nature of medallions to perpetuate the monstrous inven- tions of an infamous society ; and he adds — “ What, I think, puts it beyond all doubt that these coins were rather made by the emperor’s order than as a satire on him, is because they are now found in the very place that was the scene of his unnatural lusts.” This is certainly a fact strongly calculated to support the opinion which ascribes to Tiberius himself the coinage of these Spintrim and their circulation amongst the companions and victims of his infamies. — Yet it is to be remembered that such a belief is not borne out by the authority of any historian. Even Suetonius, whose language we have above quoted, and who touches more fully than any other ancient writer on these revolting traits in the biography of Tiberius, says indeed that the emperor had made a collection lascivissimarum piclurarum, at Capraa, but does not speak of his distributing medals of that sort, unless by the word sigillum in the passage in question be meant a medal , as Patin interprets it. But as M. Kolb, in his Traite de Numismatique, ob- serves, “si Tibere eut fail f rapper de pareil/es medaiUes, elles se /assent repandues dans Rome, et ce trait d’in/amie eut ete rendu par Sue tone avec plus de force et d’ energie .” Execrable, therefore, as was the personal character and individual conduct of that emperor ; disgusting as is the portraiture which historians have drawn of his vices and excesses, it appears to be not without sufficient reason that Spanhcim acquits him of being the originator, or (by an express command of his) the author, so to speak, of these numi obseveni, or lewd counters ; first, be- cause they are not identified by any indication with his name ; and next, because Tiberius was evidently disposed rather to conceal his base enjoyments within the recesses of Caprtea than to reveal them by public representations and disclosures. Nor docs that profoundly erudite man, whose opinion is above referred to, as- sociate these coins with the lascivi numismata of Martial ; but rather seems to be of opinion that what arc called Spintria are to be added to the rest of those tesserre, or species of marks SPOLIA. — SPONSIANUS. 759 which, uuder impure and dissolute rules, served to admit persons to Floralia, and other public spectacles, where the grossest indecency was practised. — It is, however, a curiosity of no creditable kind that leads to minuteness of in- quiry into so filthy and profitless a subject; and it shall here suffice, therefore, to add, from Spanhcim, that in the cabinets of Roman anti- quaries, medalcts similar to the above, are found up to number xxix. inscribed on them, whilst Beauvais greatly increases this estimate of their number and variety, by affirming that “more than sixty of them, with different attitudes, are known. Their module is uncertain, between middle and small brass.” Spolia bellica — spoils of war — are exhibited on coins of the Cornelia, Claudia, Furia, and many other Roman families ; also on the imperial series commemorating victories over the Par- thians, Sarmatians, &c. It is sitting on, or standing near, warlike spoils of armour that Rome is personified on coins, because she enriched and loaded herself with booty taken from the foes whom she had conquered. On a denarius of Lepidus we see a figure on horseback carrying on his shoulder a trophy composed of the spolia bellica . — See jEmilia fam. Spolia opima. — These, “ the most honourable” of military acquisitions, consisted of tbe armour which one general of an army took from another general whom he had encountered in single combat. In their origin they formed nothing more than a trophy of arms raised on a simple cross of wood, or the stem of a young oak tree. During the republic, they were carried bv the Romans in a triumphal chariot, aud afterwards dedicated in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius. This ceremony is shadowed forth on a denarins of Lentulus Marccllinus, whose ancestor Claudius Marcellus, v.c. 532, slew in single combat Viridomarus, chief of the Insubrian Gauls. Allusion to the consecration of the Opima Spolia is also regarded as made on a coin of Cossus Lentulus, struck in memory of his progenitor, Cornelius Cossus, who, v.c. 320, killed in battle Lartis Tolumnius, king of the Veientcs. — See Claudia and Cornelia families. SPONSIANVS. — Who this person was cannot be correctlj ascertained, as historians are totally silent respecting him. It is supposed that he usurped the title of Augustus in Dacia, or some adjoining region of the empire, about the same time as the equally unknown Iotapianus, and the no less obscure Pacalianus, assumed the purple — viz., probably during the reign of Philip senior and junior; certainly after Gor- (lianus Pius ; because the following gold medal- lion is of the same workmanship, and seems to have had the same origin as the barbaric medal- lions, described by Mionnet (vol. i. 394 and 404). Eckhel enumerates two medallions in the Vienna Museum, and two in other Austrian cabinets. imp. sponsiani. Radiated head to the right. R ( ‘ v - — cavg. A column surmounted by a statue, which has a spear in his right hand ; on one side of the column is a man clothed in the 760 S. P Q. R. too, holding ^methimz which cannot be W»ed . on tie other side of the eolomn is an a agur bearing the Hint; and at the foot of the rr Jhm n are two ears of corn. — See Aserman, toI- L p- 493, pi. vin. Xo. 7. S. P. Q. R Letten whit* were used by the Romans ou their coins, standards, and imUie moo ament*, to sznify Senatut Populutque Romanos. TV Senate and the Roman People;.— These initials appear cm several eoins of uncertain families. They stand ns an inscription by them- sdves. with some type or other, oo coins of A UTIL'S*', Galba, Faustina jnn., Gallietina, Ac. S. P. Q, R. — A lkm, on which stands u fg-rU both within a laurel crown. — On zold of Gallienns, in the Imperial cabinet at Viram. “It is for the reader to jodee says Eekhel in reference to this coin) whether it is because the senate, with its inveterate habit of adulation, had compared Gallienns to Jupiter and to Hercules, that the creature sacred to each of those denies it here brought forward: or, , whether it is because the eagle and the lion are supposed, after a manner, to bear sway, each over its respective genus of a nim a l' , and to give jJm* uq m master — that Gallienns is here feigned to possess supreme power over the whole . race of Tnanlrind, and even over the very usurpers themselves, who were at that identical period invading every part of the empire. — Doct. Sum. Vet. voL viL p. 41L S. P. Q. R — These initials likewise exhibit themselves on numerous medals of the imperial series in each ■“*»!. from Augustas down to Constantine the Great : they are found placed nithrr round the circumference of the coin, , along with some other legend, or in the field of the coin on a shield, preceding the abbreviated word cl v. (Oypeom Tovit): or with some other legend, as in the following examples : — S. P. Q. R. ADSERTORI LIBERTATIS PVBLICAE. (TV Senate and the Roman people, to the Defender of Public Liberty.)— On first brass of Vespasian. — See p. 8. of this DietionarT. S. P. Q. R DIVO TRAIAXO PARTHICO. — See Aurora. S. P. Q. B. EX. S. C. (Ex Senain t Cousulto.J — Hadrian. S P. Q R IMP. CAES. QVOD V. M. S. EX. EA. P Q. IS. AD. A. I)E (Senatut Populutque Romanut I m per a ton Cretan quod rue mu rut a tint ex ea petunia quam it rtranum detulit.) — This is inscribed on a coin of Augustus, struck by L visicits, monetal triumvir, as a monument of the gratitude of the Senate and Roman people towards the Emperor Caesar Augustus, for having established hizh roads, and contributed to fhe public safety, at his own expense; in causing to he conveyed to tV public treasury the money which is* the fruit of his victories, and of the advantages which he has gained over the enemies of the state. — See p. 19 of this Dictionary. S. P. Q, R. IVLIAE AVGVST. — The Senate nod Roman people to Jnlia Augusta.— On coins of Li via and Domna. S. P. Q R — SPIRILIA. S P Q R. MEMORIAE AGRIPPIXAE — Sec p. 552 of this Dietiocarr. S. P Q. R. OB. C. S. (06 Cere* Serratot )— Caligula and Albinos. — See p. 166 of this Die- tionarT. S P. Q. R. A. X. F. F. OPTIMO PRIXCIPI The Senate, Ac., ‘pray for) a prosperous and happy new year (aamam novum, fauxtum, feticem) to the best of Princes. — On coins of Hadrian, Antoninas Pins, and Alexander. — See p. 44 of this Dictionary. S. P Q. R. OPTIMO PRIXCIPI.— On coins of Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pins, Sept. Severns, Gallienns, Mat in. inns Daza, A kx and. Tyran. Lieinius pater, and Constantin as Magnus. — See pp. 2-36-397 of this Dictionary. S. P. Q. R. PAREXT. COXS. SVO. Senatut Populutque Romanut Parent i Conserratori Suo. — This is engraved on a denarius of Augustas, as a memorial that the Senate and Roman people pre- sented to that emperor the sceptre with an eagle, tV toga picta, or embroidered robe, and the laurel crown, as to their parent and pre- server. S. P. Q. R V. S. PRO. S. ET. RED. AVG. Senatut Populutque Rcrmanut Vota Sot runt pro Salute et Reditu Quarit. — The Senate and Roman people acquit themselves of their vows for the health and happy return of Caesar. — On a coin of Augustas. S. P. Q. R QVOD IXSTIXCTV DITIXI- TATIS, Ac. — On a coin of Constantine the Great. — See p. 678 of this Dictionary. S. P. Q, R. V. P. RED. CAES, Senatut Pcrpu- lutque Romanut Vota pro Reditu Cretans . — The Senate and Roman people offer vows for the safe return of Csesar. — On a coin of August ns. S. P. Q. R. SVP. P. D. Senatut Populutque Romanut tufimeuta Populo data. — On a first brass of Caligula this inscription is considered to signify that the emperor, in concurrence with the Senate and the Roman people, had made the usual distribution, that is to say, of thing t necessary for the Secular Garnet . — See Sufimenia. SPVRILIA gent. — There is no authentic or precise information to be gleaned from the old writers respecting the ordo of this family. Its eoins present but one type — namely, in silver; a winged bead of Pallas on one side, and on the reverse A. SPVRi/tas, and Diana in a biga of horses at full speed ; at the bottom, ROMA. S. R. appears on the field of certain coins, about the time of Constantine, signifying Saint Romanorum or Spet Retpublien. S. R. Senatut Romanut . — On coins of Antioch in Pisidia, instead of a. c. Senatut Coatulto. S. T. Signal a Trererit. — A mint mark of eoins struck at Treves. ST A BOV. — These letters, accompanying the type of a boll walking, appear on the rev erse of a second brass of Gets, in the Vienna Museum. — Gessner gives it as a third brats. Palin and Hard rain have both commented on this can of a foreign mint. The former (Impp p. 367) reads stjLBOV a* one word, and STAR. proceeds to ascribe the coin to Stabue, a town iu Cam pauia, at the bottom of the bay between Naples and Sorrento, now Monte de la Torre . — , Hardouin (O/jer. Selec. p. 161) divides sta. from nov., professing to believe that the one means Stabile and the other Bovilla. He goes on to call them oppidum geminum, twin towns iu Campania ; adding that Stabue is now Castell' a mare di Stabia, between the mouth of the river Sarno and Sorrento ; and that Bovilla was amongst the cities of Campania, on the shores of the Mediterranean. Eckhel, who, as well as Vaillant (Col. ii. 6.) places this coin in the list of incerta numiemata, says, after quoting the above opinion of Hardouin, “ I have my doubts whether this explanation of the enigma will be deemed satisfactory at the present day ; for the prevailing impression now is that from the time when the supreme power of Rome was vested in the emperors, the cities of Italy at large abstained from striking money. And then, again, how can Hardouin say that Bovilla is a town of Campania, when in point of fact it stood in Latiurn and near Rome?” — Eckhel (vii. p. 234) concludes his note on the legend in question by referring his readers to a coin struck under Trebonianus Gallus, which bears the words akn. asi. as throwing light on the subject. In that particular case (see the words,) the enigma seems fairly solved by the reasonable conjecture of Pcllerin ; but the riddle sta. bov. remains as dark as ever, and seems hardly worth the pains of being rightly guessed. Star. — On many coius the figure of a star has reference to astrology. It was also among the Pagan Romans a symbol allusive to eternity or to consecration (see those words). It was like- wise a sign of glory. It frequently is used as a mint-mark. Besides appearing on numerous medals of cities and kings, it is found on several coins of Roman families, such as .Elia, Aquillia, Maulia, Papiria, Portia, Rustia, &c. A Star appears before the head of Mars, on a coin of the Rustia family, because the year was believed to begin with the month Martins, which took its name from the God of War. Stars arc seen on some one coin or other of nearly all the emperors, from Jidius Ciesar to Justinian, and even still further down the series. Long-haired Star (Stella Crinita), or comet, appears on denarii of Augustus, referring to an extraordinary meteor seen immediately after the death of Julius Cajsar. This cometary sign is placed on some medals behind the portrait of the murdered dictator, or occupies the reverse side of the medal. A Star, under the heads of Mercury and Her- cules, on coins of Vespasian (Khell 33-34). — within a crescent moon, as in Domitian, Trajan, S. Scvcrus, and Caracalla. — by the side of an emperor sacrificing, as in Elagabalus. Its frequent occurrence on the coins of this Emperor was associated with his Syrian birth and office as priest of the sun at Emcsa.-«-See Bimard i. p. 399-426. 5 E STAR. 761 A Star appears opposite the personification of the Sun (soli invicto), as iu S. Sevcrus, Elagabidus, Gallienus, Maximinus Daza, Licinius senior, and Constantinus M. — between two military figures, with salvs beipvb., as in Theodosius M. — by the side of Fortune, as in Constantius Chlorus. — before the figure of Genius Augusti, as iu Licinius senior. — above two emperors, standing with joined hands, as in Theodosius jun. — is seen over the spirit (anima) of Con- stantine the Great, drawn iu a quadriga. — in a crown of laurel, on coius of Con- stantine and Constantius II. A Star and Cross appear on coins of Cou- stantinus Magnus; also of Flaccilla, wife of Theodosius, and .Elia Eudoxia. Also on Justiniauus II. and other medals of the Byzantine series. A Star at the back of Venus, as in a coin of Scemias. — See Venus Coelestis. — under Vesta, seated. — (Khell, Sup. 74-75.) — near the figure of Victory, as in Aurelian, Valentinian I., and Gratian. Two Stars over the bonneted beads of the Dioscuri, who are distinguished thus as often as they are represented on coins or other ancient monuments. — See Castor and Pollux. — over the head of a bull, as in Julian the Apostate. — See Securitas Reipub. — under which Cupid sits on a dolphin, as in silver of Augustus, inscribed s.p.q.k. — above the wolf, with Romulus and Remus, and the epigraph vkbs koma, on coins of Constantine the Great. Six Stars on a globe, on which Faustina is seated, with epigraph Aeternitas. — surrounding the figure of Jupiter. — See 10VI DEFEN Serf SALVTIS AVG. — amidst which a naked child sits on a globe, appear on a silver coin of Domitilla, wife of Domitian. Seven Stars encompassing Augustus, in a chariot drawn by elephants, as on coins of Caligulji and Claudius. — around the figure of Faustina senior, on a consecration coin of that empress. Six Stars, surrounding a crescent moon, appear on coins of several families ; and on some of Augustus, Hadrian, F'austina senior, Faustina junior. Sept. Sevcrus, and Julia Domna. Stars on Roman imperial coins sometimes serve to distinguish figures, as those representing the children of reigning princes ; and, in other instances, their deceased offspring received into the ranks of the gods, and placed amongst the stars. A Starg sphere, on which stands a phoenix, appears on a coin of Constans. — See pel. TEMP. KEPABATIO. — on which stands an eagle, on a consecration medal of L. Verus. — on which the emperor is seated, forms the type of a bronze medallion of Alex. Severus. — See TEMP. PELIC1TAS. 762 STATIA. — STATILIA. STABIL.— See TELLVS STABILE, on coius of Hadrian, Sabina, Faustina sen., and Commodus. Stannei numi, pewter money, respecting which see Spanheim, Pr. i. p. 9. STATIA, name of a Roman family ; it was of the plebeian order, for T. Statius belonging to that yens is enumerated among the tribuni plebis: its surname Marcus. There are two varieties in its coins. One of them bears on one side the head of Neptune, on the other mvrcvs imp. and a trophy, before which stands a male figure in the toga, who extends his hand to a kneeling woman. Lucius Statius Murcus was one of Julius Ctesar’s lieutenants during the civil war. On the death of Julius, he first of all gave his aid to Octavianus (afterwards Augustus) in Syria. Subsequently he sided with the republican party ; and Cassius not only gave him the rank he had before held, but also committed the fleet to his charge. This circumstance is alluded to by the head of Neptune on the above denarius. Cassius himself, in an epistle addressed to Cicero, calls L. Statius Murcus, imperator ; and he is termed t nr pratorius and imperator by Valleius. It is not known why the honour was conferred upon him which led to the title imp. being placed after his name on this coin. Cicero calls him publicly, proconsul. After distinguishing himself by his skill ami courage in naval warfare, he fled, after the defeat of Brutus and Cassius, to Sicily, where he was at first kindly received by Sextus Pompcy, but afterwards, out of either jealousy or distrust, he waB put to death. On the reverse of this very rare silver medal, it is Asia which seems to be represented in a suppliant posture, soliciting the help of Cassius. — [Eckhcl, vol. v. p. 316.] STATILIA, a family of uncertain rank. It was first known under the Caesars. Its surnames are Taurus and Libo. There are four varieties in its coius, all in brass, either Spanish money, or struck by the mint-masters of Augustus. S Valor, a surname of Jupiter, from sisto (to make or cause to be made to stand or continue.) See iovi statori. Statuaria ars. — See quotation from Baronius, iu Rasche, vol. v. pt. i. p. 30. Statues abounded in ancient Rome. It was the custom of the Romans to pourtray in images of brass and of marble, their various deities and illustrious men, whom the common people believed to be thereby rendered present to them, lienee it is that so many statues of gods and goddesses, demigods, emperors and heroes, re- main to this day. — Spanheim (Pr. i. p. 26) animadverts on the multitude as well ns the excellence of autique statues still extant. On family aud on imperial medals we see repre- sentations of statues, both equestrian and pedes- trian, of Consuls and Ediles, Emperors, Em- presses, and Cresars. Statues also appear in the interior and on the pediments, nnd on the steps of temples and triumphal arches, which form the types of numerous Roman coins. Amongst other denarii of the Cornelia family, relating to Sulla (the Dictator), is one, which, bearing for STEPHANTJS. legend l. svli.a. imi*„ and for type, a military figure on horseback, seems to derive illustration from a passage in Cicero, wherein he mentions a gilt statue of Sulla on horseback, erected to his honour in Rome. (Eckhcl, v. 191). — An eques- trian statue was customarily erected in a city on the occasion of the reigning priuce’s arrival within its walls. Vaillant enumerates seven different equestrian statues of Augustus, as repre- sented on rare coins, chiefly silver. The statue of an Emperor on horseback (Imperator eques) is to be seen frequently on Imperial medals, sometimes in a military dress (palucbitus), at other times iu the garb of peace (habitu pacificatoris.) — See Cornelia. Statue of Trajan, on horseback. — There is on silver aud first brass coins of this emperor, accompanying the legend s. p. Q. n. optimo phincipi, an equestrian figure of this “best of princes,” holding a spear in his right hand. — Doubtless (says Eckhcl) this was intended to represent what Ammianus (L. xvi. c. 10) s|tcaks of in terms of the highest praise as a wonderful work of art. That writer relates that Con- stantins the Second, having come to Rome, viewed with admiration, among other objects of magnificence, the Forum of Trajan, and ex- pressed his conviction he could himself construct nothing equal to it, but added that he was both willing and able to imitate the horse of Trajan, placed in the centre of the court-yard (atrium), and which bore on its back the prince him- self. One of the distinguished personages near the emperor at the time, llormisda by name, replied by saying, — “ Ante stabulum tale condi jubeto, si vales : equus quern fabricare disponis, ita late succedat, ut isle quern videmus.” “First build such a stable as this (Trajan’s forum), and then let your horse lie made of as ample dimensions as that which wo now see.” Stephanas Quadriyarius. A Contoraiatc medal, given by Pcdrusi in the Mas. Fames. bears on it3 obverse the head of Trajan, and on its reverse the word step an vs, accompanied with the type of a llieronices, or conqueror at the public games, who, holding iu his right hand a whip, and in his left a palm brnm-h, stands in a chariot drawn by four palm-bearing horses. — Havcrcamp (in 3/ore/ti ImppA also gives a contorniate which has a similar type on its reverse, and with the words stefan. nika. — On the obverse is the head of a man, which Eckhcl, as well as other antiquaries, states to he that of Apollonius Tyanensis. The reason which the portrait of Apollonius Tyanensis is here found on the same medal, with a representation of Stephanas, the charioteer, is affirmed to be, that the former hap|>ening to be in the act of public disputation at Ephesus, the very moment when Stephanas, the freed- man, slew Domitiau at Rome, suddenly became speechless, nnd seemingly like one thunder- struck ; but presently, ns if regaining his senses, he began to exclaim — “ Well done Stepbanus — bravo Stcphnnug — strike the homicide — you have struck — you have wounded — yon have slain STOBI. him.” This story, fabulous as indeed it is, was, according to Dion and Philostratus, universally credited at the time. — Eckhel, vol. viii. 297. Stobi, or Stobas was, according to Livy, one of the most ancient cities of Mace- donia. Situate in Pclagonia, a central region of that kingdom, to the north-east of Pella, it is called by Pliny oppidum civium Romanorum, and its coins prove it to have been a municipium; but by whom it was invested with that character, whether by* Augustus or by Vespasian, is uncer- tain. — Paulus includes this place amongst those of Macedonia, which enjoyed the privileges of the Jus Italicum. — The inouey, struck by the Stobcuses, comprised but one Autonome ; the rest are Imperial, with Latin legends, beginning with Vespasian, and continuing under Titus, Titus and Domitian, Domitian, Trajan, S. Scverus, Domna, Caracalla, and Geta, finishing with Elagabalus. — The followiug arc the prin- cipal types on the coins of MVNic., mvnici., or mvnicip. stobens. Municipium Slobensium, as given in Vaillant ’s work on the Roman Colonies : — Temple. — A second brass of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, has a temple of four columns, in which a military figure stands with right hand extended, and holding a spear in his left. [The people of Stobi seem to have been much attached to the Flavian family, for we see coins of this municipium dedicated in succession to Vespasian and to his two sons and successors in the empire. — The temple on the above reverse is regarded by Vaillant as representing one which was erected in honour of Augustus, rather than of Vespasian. There is a similar type on a coin of the Stobenses bearing the head of Trajan. Woman Turreted. — A second brass of Ves- pasian exhibits a female figure standing, clothed in a short dress, and wearing towers on her head. In her right hand is a Victory; in her left a cornucopia: ; at her feet on each side arc spoils of armour. [The woman thus depicted seems to be the Genius of Stobi. The crown of towers sym- bolises the municipium, whilst the horn of plenty is an especial attribute of an urban Genius. She holds a victory, in reference to the conquest of Judsca, the warlike spoils being judications of that recent event. It was by striking this medal that the people of Stobi congratulated the emperor ou his decisive aud appalling triumphs over the Jewish nation. — Col. i. p. 133.] Victory. — A second brass of S. Severus has for legend on its reverse mvnic. stobens., and for type Victory walking, with crown and palm branch. [Vaillant supposes the Stobenses to have placed this type ou the coins of Scverus, in memory of the victory which that emperor had gained over the generals of Pescennius Niger, at Cyzicus.] Victory. — There is a medal of the Stobenses dedicated to Julia Domna, on which a female figure, turret-crowned, aud with wings, stands holding a cornucopia; in her left baud, aud in 5 E 2 STOBI.— STOLA. 703 her right a hast a pura, round which a serpent coils itself. [The people of Stobi, in consecrating a coin to the wife of Severus, as they had already done to himself, have flatteringly coujoined the Goddess of Victory with the Genius of their city. Respecting Victory with wings, Ovid writes (Trist. Eleg. i. lib. i.) Victoria Rea te solilis circumvolat alls. The serpent is added, as a companion of Victory, because, as Valerius Maximus observes, the former foretold the latter : in other words the serpent predicted military successes. The head of the woman is turreted, aud bears a cornu- copia:, as the Genius of a city. Thus, in their self-exalting adulation, the Stobenses represent Victoria under the form of Genius, on the coins of Domna, as though that empress was herself at once the Guardian Deity of their town, and the companion of Severus in his victorious career. — Col. ii. 22.] A similar type appears on coins struck by the same municipium in honour of Caracalla, whose successes over the Parthiaus had afforded security to the whole province of Macedonia. — The same type is also appropriated to a coin of Geta; aud to Elagabalus (the last in the list of em- perors whose portraits appear on Stobcnsian medals) a second brass is dedicated, with the same reverse, struck on the occasion of Macri- nus’s defeat aud death. River Deities. — On an extremely rare and rather singular coiu, dedicated to Geta by the Municipium Slobensium, two Rivers are per- sonified in a recumbent posture, resting each an elbow on an urn whence water flows, and between and above them is a military figure. [The site of Stobi is pointed out by this type, as being at the confluence of two streams, one of which was called Erigon, the other Rhoedias. The figure, in warlike attire, would seem to be that of Geta, to whom the province dedicates itself. — Col. ii. 59.] Observe — In the text of Vaillant one of the river deities is described as bearded, and the other as without a beard ; but in the engraving inserted to illustrate the letter-press, both those recumbent figures arc drawn as females, clothed in the stola, and of course without beards. Most probably the engraver has made a mistake. Stola. — This was the long gown or robe worn by every honourable matron among the Romans. It was a dress with sleeves, and descended to the feet ; usually of purple cloth, having quite round it at the bottom a plaited welt or border of fringe, sometimes of gold stuff ; for which reason the words stola et instita are used by some authors to signify the chasteness and modesty which best become women of respectability, to whom alone it was allowed to wear the stola, as according to Festus, the toga had been abandoned to the lower classes of women aud to courtesans. Hence the phrase mulier stolata designated a woman of quality. Over the stola Roman ladies put a sort of mantle, called palla, which was also an article of dreos peculiar to the sex, inas- 764 STOLO.— SUBAURATUS. much as men could not with any degree of pro- priety wear it. — The female colonists of Antioch used the stola, on which account the Genius of that Roman city appears on its coins stolata (Vaillant Col. ii. p. 4). — The Genius of the colony of Sidon is also personified as mulier stolata , after the Roman manner. STOLO. — Surname of the Licinia family. — On first and second brass coins of Augustus we read r. licinivs stolo iuviR a a a f f. — Also on de- narii of the same emperor is the legend P. stolo llivnt. — The apex between two ancilia. [Accord- ing to Varro, one of this family, who as tribune, caused a law to be passed prohibiting any Roman citizen from having more than five acres of land, was called Stolo, on account of the extreme care which he took to have all such suckers and other useless offshoots rooted out from his land as might inconvenience his farming labourers.] S. T. R. Signata Treveris. — M. S. TR., or MO. S. TR. Moneta Signata Treveris. — The mint mark of money coined at Treves. STRAB. Strabo. — Surname of the Volteia and Pompeia families. Strobilus (artichoke) or nux pinea (apple of the pine tree). Something that bore resemblance to each of these plants was an ensign of the Vindelici. — On a gold coin of Claudius appears a triumphal quadriga, in which is cither the strobilus or the nux pinea, in the room of a human figure. Strues Armorum. — A pile of arms ; the sign of victory gained. — See DE GER, as in Domitian; 1)E GERM, as in Dmsus senior, M. Aurelius, and Commodus ; BE GERMANIS, as in Augustus; DE SARMalu, as in M. Aurelius. Struthocametus. — An ostrich appears on a coin of the Fabia family, as a symbol of Africa. — On a denarius of the Cornelia family this bird stands between a palm and a branch of laurel. STB. — SVBAC. Subacla, subdued. — See alemannia svbacta, as in M. Aurelius. Subauratus numus. Plated money. This species of false coin consisted of brass or copper covered over with a thin coating of silver leaf, both materials beingso dexterously united together as frequently to baffle detection, except by the coin itself being cut in two. This description of counterfeiting commenced among the Romans (says Jobcrt i. 42) during the times of the early cousuls, and was revived at the period of Augustus’s triumvirate. It is at the same time an ir. fallible proof of the antiquity of the medal, and even of its rarity ; for, as Morcll observes, as soon as this spurious coinage was discovered, the dies were broken and the fabrication de- nounced, under the heaviest penalties, by the state. — See Pelliculati numi and Medailles Fourrees. Subtician Bridge. — See Aemilia family. Subscriptionesf liter/e) . — Letters or characters, under-written, with which coins of a late age in the Imperial series are furnished, first present themselves in the reign of Gallienus. — Some, however, are observed on silver of Philip sen., and Otacilia Severn, his wife. But it is under Gallienus that this usage is more clearly found to have commenced : for on his coins are engraved SU FFIBULUM. — SU BSELLI A . certain numeral letters, either Greek or Latin, placed sometimes in the field of the medal, viz., i. or ii. or hi. or iv. or v., as in small brass of Tacitus ; at other times on the lower part of the coin, viz., n. c. A., &c., as in small brass of Probus. These under-struck characters are also found on small brass of Saloninus, Postumus, Victorious, Claudius Gothicus, Quiutillus, Aurc- lianus, Florianus, Caras, Numerianus, Cariuus, Magnia Urbica, Maxcntius, &c. Suffibulum, the name, which according to Festus, was given to a long, white, bordered veil, or covering for the head, worn by the Vestals whenever they officiated at sacrifices. Its name derived itself from the word Fibula, because this vestment was fastened with a buckle, or broche, lest it should happen to fall off. — Oiselius (Set. Num., tb. 46, fig. 8) gives a coin of an uncertain family, inscribed Vesta P. R. Quiritium, and on which the fibula as well as the suffibulum, is very conspicuous. In the same work arc several figures of Vesta, whence it is easy to perceive the form and length of the suffibulum, and also the mode in which it was put on by the priestess of Vesta. Subsellia . — This word was originally applied to the public benches or scats in the amphi- theatre. But it was afterwards used to denote a low sort of scat (humilis mensa), of which Ascouius describes the use by saving that they were appropriated to the plebeian tribunes and ediles, the triumvirs, the qiuestors, pro qumstors, and other persons who, exercising judicial func- tions of a minor kind, sat, not in curulc chairs nor on tribunals, but on subsellia . — Eckhcl (vol. v. p. 317) refers to a silver coin of the Sulpicia family, on which two men clothed in the toga, sit together on a simple sort of low form, and comparing this commou looking seat with certain ornamental and more elevated chairs, which arc represented on denarii of Cornelius Sulla, Cestius, Norbanus, Lollius, and other consular dignitaries, he leaves his reader to judge whether the humble bench figured on a coin of Sulpicius Platorinus must not be one of the subsellia mentioned by Asconius. — See Sulpicia family. Suffimenta, donatives of sulphur, bitumen, and other inflammable and combustible sub- stances for the composition of torches, which were distributed among the people a few days before the celebration of the secular games, and with which they performed their part in the expiatory and lustral ceremonies peculiar to those occasions. Pitiscus takes notice of these suffi- menta, which he observes were wont to be given in the way of atonement and purification, cither by the emperors themselves, or by the consuls and decemvirs when sacrificing at Rome before the temples of Apollo Pallatinus and Jupiter Capitolinus. Bellori states that the suffimenta included frankincense and other kinds of per- fume used by the Romans in their public lustrations. SVF. P.D. Suffimenta Populo Lata — In- scribed on a first brass of Domitian. — Sec lvd. saec. fec., p. 527 of this Dictionary. SUFFRAGIA. Suffragia, suffrages ; the vote given to some one in elections for magistrates, and other public offices. The right of suffrage was the distinctive attribute of Homan citizens ; and for a long time they exercised it vivd voce, the votes being re- ceived by the seniors of tribes ( Rogatores) , who, each for his respective tribe, reported to the President of the Assembly the result of the polling. But this custom was annulled by the Lex Cassia Tabellaria, which enacted that in order to leave the suffrages of the citizens in a state of greater freedom they should thence- forward tender them by means of a ticket or tablet, called Tabelta, which gave its name to the law. — This important change from open voting to the vote by ballot, was extremely popular at the time, inasmuch as it appeared favourable to the cause of republican liberty, but it was fraught with consequences destructive to the purity of election and fatal to the real freedom of the state. These tabellte were very narrow bits of wood, or other materials, on which were written the names of candidates at the elections for magistrates, and were dis- tributed among the voters according to the number of competitors. — If, however, the busi- ness before the assembly was that of passing some law or decree, which had already been pro- posed to the people, there was then given to each citizen two tabellte, or billets; the one for ap- proving, the other for rejecting. On the former was inscribed a v. and an R., which signified Uti rogas, “ as you request and on the latter, which was for the negative, an a. meaning Antiquo, “ I annul,” or “ I vote for the old law.” If the matter in question was to pass a verdict in judgment, either to condemn or to acquit any one, three tabellte were given to each elector ; one of these had the letter a. absolvo, the other C. for condemno ; and the third N. and L., meaning non liquet, “ it docs not appear,” as expressing inability to decide, or a desire to put off the business in hand to another hearing. This last was used when the accused had not appeared to have fully cleared himself, and yet (lid not seem to be absolutely guilty. It was L. Cassius Longinus, who, during his tribunate in the year v. c. 617, carried the lex tabellaria, whereby in all judgments, cases of murder excepted, the people were required to give their votes on inscribed tablets ; and in effecting this great alteration in the law respect- ing suffrages, he was regarded, as it would ap- pear, even by Cicero himself, to have eminently consulted the interests of public liberty. There is a denarius of the Cassia family, which bears on its obverse Q. cassivs and the veiled head of a woman, with the word vest. near it. — Rev. A round temple, within which is a curule chair. In the field of the coin is on one side an urn, and on the other a tablet inscribed a. c. The letters, as above explained, signify Absolvo ; Condemno ; and the urn, or little pot (often by Cicero called sitella), into which the tabellte of the voters were thrown, is here seen standing near them. — Another denarius SULLA. 765 of the same family has on its obverse Q. cassivs, a female head, and the word LIBERT. ; and on the reverse side the same type and letters as the preceding. The urn, the tablet marked a. c., and the head of Liberty, all evidently refer to the above-mentioned pas- sage in the history of Cassius Longinus, as the author of the system of voting per tabellas. And it was in memory of this ancestor of his that Q. cassivs longinvs, a monctal triumvir, caused the coins to be struck. — See Bod. Num. Vet., vol. v. 166. — See also Cassia family in this dictionary. Suggestu, de suggestu, pro suggestu, $rc . — A term used with respect to the emperor, when standing on his tribunal or eslrade (suggestum) ; and about to make a speech to the soldiers (Spanheim, Pr. ii. p. 628). — See adlocvtio. SVL. Sulpicius. — Sec Galba Imp. SVLL. Sulla. — Surname of the Cornelia family. Suita (or Sylla). — Lucius, descended from a high patrician family, was the son of L. Sulla, prietor of Sicily. In the thirty-ninth year of his age, he was appointed quaistor to Marius, who was then in his first consulship, and whom he accompanied into Africa. It is to Sulla that his biographer, Plutarch, ascribes, in an especial degree, the glory of those victories which crowned the Roman arms in the Jugur- thinc war. But in that war were at the same time laid the seeds of mutual hatred between the consul and his quaestor, which produced the most furious factions, and involved the republic in all the sanguinary horrors of domestic strife. Bocchus, the Numidian king’s perfidious betrayal of J ugurtha into the hands of Sulla ; and the ostentatious use which the aspiring Roman was prompted to make of praises bestowed by his countrymen on that early instance of his enter- prise and courage, excited the ferocious jealousy of Marius, and led to results the most disastrous to the peace and prosperity of their common country. Ascending in the scale of public offices, he obtained his election for prador, and was sent as general into Cappadocia. In the year v.c. 665 he obtained the consulship. And after Marius and himself by their antagonistic system of proscription had filled the families of Rome with terror, and her streets with blood, he succeeded in wresting from his defeated rival that favourite object of his ambition, the management of the war against Mithridates. Having taken and plundered Athens and van- quished Achelaus, the general of that monarch, near Mount Thurina in Bceotia, he erected two trophies, and was styled Imperator. After- wards, having defeated Dorylaus, another of the Mithridatic commanders, he raised another trophy in Thessaly, and was called Imperator Itervm. Hence, we find three trophies on his coins, corresponding with the number of those which, it is tg be inferred from Dion, were engraved on the signet ring of Sulla. The flattering surname of Felix (i. e. Fortunate) was added to his own. Indeed, according to Plutarch, he gave himself that appellation. 766 SULLA. SULLA. making it his boast that he enjoyed perpetual felicity, or good success, in all his affairs. “ For this reason,” says Appianus, “ he was designated as the happiest of men.” Pliny also testifies : “ units hominum ad hoc cevi Felicis sibi cognomen asseruit L. Sulla.” That this name of “Felix,” at first bestowed upon him in private was afterwards publicly appended to his other titles, we further learn on the authority of Appianus, who writes that a gilt equestrian statue was placed in the rostra at Rome, with this inscription—" Cornelio Sul he Imperalori Felici. Moreover, Cicero, whilst Sulla was still living, called him Felix. Certain it is also that Sulla, whether sincerely or affectedly, ascribed all the glory of his exploits, not to himself nor to human wisdom, but to Fortune, and what others imputed as a disgrace he pro- fessed to honour as proceeding from this leadiug tutelary of his choice and worship. In order still more closely to identify the source of his extraordinary prosperity with the favours of Fortuna et Felicitas, not only did he take the surname of Faustus (i. e. auspicious and happy), but lie also conferred it upon each of the two childrcu whom he had by his wife Mctella, naming his son Faustus, and his daughter [ Fausta. There was, however, apparently much art and tact in the way in which Sulla made his subservience to the superstitions of the priesthood work together for advantage to his bold and unscrupulous plans of aggrandisement. Not only Fortune and Felicity, but Apollo and Venus, and Diana came in for a share of his grateful devotion. The character of this re- markable personage was one of st rikingly con- trasted qualities, in which, however, the vicious predominated frightfully over the better attri- butes of his nature. A gross voluptuary, and a licentious wit, yet strict and punctual even to austerity as a man of business ; infamous for his libidinous excesses, and most disorderly in his convivial pleasures ; lie was a sage in council, and a hero on the field of battle. In the obscurity of his early life the associate of jesters, mimics, and profligate revellers of both sexes ; he changed his exterior behaviour on the attain- ment of supreme power, displaying the highest talents for civil government, combined with consummate genius and capacity as a military commander. Yet, in these and in all other things, ever rushing to extremes and glorying in eccentricities, he exhibited himself as a monster of lust and of cruelty, checkering a life of the most splendid and important actions with flagrant inconsistencies, blackened by enormous crimes, and paying the forfeit of intemperance and debauchery by a horrible death from the most loathsome of diseases. — Sec the words FEELIX, FAVSTVS, and UOCC11VS. As connected with the numismatic illustra- tions of Sulla’s history, it may here be noted that ou a dcuarius of the /Emilia family, bear- ing the name of L. bvca., the figure of a man is represented as if sleeping in the presence of a female figure, who, distinguished by the crescent moon ou her forehead, and by a veil I floating above her, seems as if sitting in the clouds. In the midst stands Victory bearing a palm branch. — See /Emilia family. [This type corresponds in its group of figures with the main incidents of Sulla’s dream, in which he pretended to have been forewarned by some goddess of his future victorious fortunes, and ou account of which he regarded his celestial monitress with “a grateful mind.” — The relation by Plutarch of this incident is as follows : — “ There appeared to him (Sulla) in a dream a goddess, whose worship the Romans borrowed from the Cappadocians, whether she be Luna (Diana), Minerva, or Bellona, who seemed to stand by him ; and to put thunder into his hand; aud who, having summoned each of his enemies by name, bade him strike them. They fell under his stroke, and were consumed. Inflamed by this vision, he related it to his colleague the next morniug, aud bcut his way towards Rome.” — This dream of Sulla’s refers, in point of time, to v.c. 671, when he was threatening the city from Campania. — L. rEmilius Buca was qutcslor in Sulla’s time.] The following are the only denari: of Sulla that were struck during his life-time : — (L) SVLLA I M Verator. — A military figure, standing in a triumphal quadriga, holding a caduccus and crowned by a victory flying over his head. — On a coin, rare in silver, and most rare in gold, of the Cornelia family.— Sec also the Manlia family. SVLLA IMP. — Sulla in military habiliments, standing with parazoninm in his left hand, joins his right hand with that of a soldier standing opposite him, and holding a spear in his left ; behind is the forepart of a galley, from which Sulla seems to have disembarked. — This type appears on the reverse of a very rare silver coin of the Cornelia family, the obverse of which has a bust of Minerva, with Victory behind placing a garland on her head. — Sec Cornelia family. (L) SVLLA. — Head of Venus, before which a little figure of Cupid stands, holding a long branch of palm. Rev. — iMi'En. itervm. — The lituns and the pnefcriculum between two trophies. — Ou a denarius of the Cornelia family, common in silver, but most rare in gold. [The first of the above three seems to record some signal triumph won by the Dictator over Mithridatea. — Of the type on the second coin, Eckhel says, “ 1 am in donbt what opinion to adopt. The conjectures which antiquaries have hitherto hazarded arc not satisfactory.” — The third dcuarius is more open to animadversion. The head of Venus is placed on the obverse, because, on the authority of Plutarch, it appears that Sulla caused the names of Mars, Fortune, and Venus to be inscribed on a trophy. — Cupid with palm branch readily poiuts out Venus Victrix. AVc further learn from Plutarch that Sulla was singularly devoted to the worship of Venus the Conqueror, and that, in honour of that goddess, he adopted the Greek surname of E/mphroditus, or (as translated iuto Latin) Venustus. — Plutarch adds that, iu writing to the SULLA. Greeks (in answer to their applications), he took this additional name, and that the inscription on the Roman trophies left at Cheromea was Lucius Cornelia Sulla Epaphroditus. — A ppianus records this last adopted surname, and also says that Sulla Imperator dedicated certain gifts to Venus, because, as he pretended, he beheld in a dream that goddess meeting his soldiers, and mixing with them in martial attire. — The two trophies on the reverse denote the two victories, which, in the year v.c. 667, Sulla gained over Arclielaus near Mount Thorium, and in the field of Cheromea ; in memory of which events, as we learn from Plutarch, two trophies were erected. That on account of those two brilliant and decisive victories he was called IMP erator ITERVM, is shewn with sufficient clearness by the epigraph itself of this denarius — a coin which, by universal acknowledgment, w r as struck in Sulla’s life-time ; aud which, in its type of the lituus and prafericulmn, or guttus, un- questionable insignia of the augurs, demonstrates that Sulla was one of that fraternity, as was also at a later period Faustus his son. — Appianus affirms that Sulla was admitted to the sacerdotal order. (Num. Vet. vol. v. p. 191 .) — See Cor- nelia fam. SVLLA. COS. Bare head with beardless face. — Rev. hvfvs cos. q. pomp. evfi. A bare head and beardless face. Att. SVLLA COS. Q. POMPEI. RVF. — Curulc chair, between the lituus and a gar- land. — Rev. hvfvs. cos. q. pompei. q. f. A curulc chair, between an arrow and a branch of laurel, ar. Sec Eckhel’s observations on the above two denarii, vol. v. pp, 191 , 192. — Sec also Sella Cuni/is. SVLLA COS.— Head of a man, bare and beardless. Rev. — hvfvs cos. — Q. pom. hvfi. — Another beardless and uncovered head. This denarius of the Cornelia family pre- sents the portraitures of two Romans, L. Cor- nelius Sidla, and Q. Pompeius Rufus, who were Consuls in the year v.c. 666. — “It is an acceptable thing to see, as we do on this coin, the effigy of Sylla, in contemplating whose countenance, a certain Chaleedon, versed in physiognomy (as Plutarch relates), exclaimed that such a man could not be otherwise than destined to future greatness, and that he even wondered how it could be that he did not already occupy the highest place in the Republic. Those traits of personal appearance, which of course are not perceivable on a medal or in a statue, are also mentioned by the same writer, who observes that “ his eyes were of a lively blue, fierce aud menacing ; and this ferocity of aspect was heightened by his complexion, which was of a strong red, interspersed with spots of white.” — His sliining hair of a golden colour is likewise mentioned. SULP. Sulpicia. — See hispania clvjtia. svlp., on a coin of Sulpicius Galba, on which Ilispania is called Sulpicia after that emperor’s family name. SULPICIA. 767 SULPI. Sulpicianus, surname of the Qttinclia family. SVLPICIA. — This house, which possessed an illustrious name amongst the most ancient families of Rome, came originally from the city of Camera. — According to some writers, the Sulpitia were so called sue specta. And this is done by a sufficiently far-fetched process of derivation, founded on the legendary figment about one of /Eneas's companions being the first to behold, beneath an oak, the sow lying with her litter of thirty, on the spot pointed out by the oracle, and on which the city of Lavinium was afterwards built. Hence, we are told, this fortunate sow- finder was by his immediate descendants, called Suispicius, which word was changed by their posterity into Sulpicius ! — This family did not, however, make its appearance in history, it seems, until about the year v.c. 254, at which period Sulpicius, suruamed Camerinus, was consul with M. Tullius Longinus — although the Emperor Galba, who belonged to it, pretended to trace bis descent from Jupiter. Its surnames, as recorded on coins, are Galba, Rufus, Plato- rinus, and Proculus ; of these the Galba branch was patrician, that of Rufus plebeian; the others are of uncertain rank. — There are thirty- two varieties in the medals of this family. Its gold arc of the highest rarity ; its silver common, except those restored by Trajan, which are very scarce. The second and third brass are also rare. The following are specimens of the Sulpician denarii, 'arranged according to sur- names : — Galba. — On the obverse, head of a woman, veiled, behind it S. C. Rev. — P. GAt.n. (Publius Galba) ae. cvr., or aed. cvr. (iEdilis Curulis). — The simpulum and secespita. [It is uncertain by what P. Galba this coin was struck during his year of office as curule edile ; but, as already stated, it was from this gens that the Emperor Galba sprang ] Platorinv.s. — On the obverse of a very rare silver coin of this family we find the epigraph CAESAR avgvstvs, with the naked head of Augustus. Rev. — PLATORINVS IIIVIR. M. agrippa. — Naked head of Agrippa. Another denarius of the Sulpicia family, with the same obverse, has on its Rea. c. sulpicivs platorin.; aud for type, two men clothed in the toga, sitting on a low table, or form, at the bottom of which are three rostra, or beaks of gallies. — [No mention is made of Platoriuus, in ancient history. The reverse of the second denarius remains of doubtful interpretation. Ursinus sees in it the rostra nova, or Julia, which Ciesar caused to be erected at Rome. In this opinion, Spanheim, Vaillant, and Haver- camp appear readily to coincide, aud they even go so far as to recognise Augustus and Agrippa, as consuls, in the two figures sitting here with the rostra beneath their feet. “ But (says Eckhel) on what a lowly and unbecoming sub- sellium would this supposition place two men of such high rank, who in their quality of con- 768 SULPICIA. sular dignitaries ought to be represented seated on curule chairs.” The same sagacious com- mentator then refers to the form of scats assigned to inferior magistrates, to whom the jus sella curulis did not belong, many examples of which are furnished on consular medals ; such for instance as those on which Piso and Ciepio, qusestors ad frumendutn emundum (officers appointed for purchasing and importing corn to ltome), and also such as M. Fannius and L. Critonius are seated. (See Fannia family). Moreover, the hasta leaning against the seat, as in the denarius in question, is also seen on coins of Papius Rufus, qiuestor, and L. Cauinius Gall us. “We may consider ourselves, therefore, (concludes Eckhel,) to have before us in the type of this reverse the identical kind of benches or seats appropriated to the use of those less exalted functionaries of the Roman commonwealth, whom Asconius alludes to in these terms : — Subsellia sunt Iribunorum, triumvirorum, quastorum, et hujut modi minora judicia exercentium, qui non in sellis curulibus, nec tribuna/ibus, ted in sub- sel/iis, considebant .”~\ — Sec the word Subsellia. Rufus. — 1. The obverse of a rare denarius of the Sulpicia gens bears for legend l. servivs RVTV8., and for tvpe a bare head with short beard. Rev . — No legend ; but the type exhibits two naked men standing with spears ; a star over the head of each. This, restored by Trajan, is very rare. 2. A gold coin of the highest rarity, with same legend on the obverse, has two heads of youug men, jugated, each wearing the pilcus and laureated ; two stars over head. Rev . — The walls of a town, over the gate of which is inscribed TVSCVL. — See below. 3. Another denarius of this family has on one side d. p.p. ; two jugated heads of young men, laureated. — Sec Penates. Rev . — c. svlpici. c. p. Two military figures, with spears, stand pointing with their right hands to a sow, which is lying on the ground between them. Who the L. Servius Rufus of the first two coins was is a matter of uncertainty. Some erudite antiquaries believe him to have been the sou ot Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, a celebrated juris- consult, the friend of Cicero, and who was consul v.c. 703 ; after that, having embraced the side of Cicsar, he was seut on a mission to M. Antony, at the time of the Mutinensian war. Whom the head on this denarius was meant for has likewise been made the subject of a con- troversy still undecided, and never worth the pains bestowed upon it. That the two standing SULPICIA. figures were meant for the Dioscuri (see the word) is plainly indicated by their caps and other attributes. The reason why the type of the second denarius was adopted, appears to have been that Servius Sulpicius, a military tribune, invested with consular authority, hastened from Rome with an army, and rescued Tusculum, when pressed with a close seige by the Latins. — But it seems from Cicero, that in his time there was a temple dedicated to Castor and Pollux, at Tusculum. — Festus also states that Castor was worshipped in that town. On account of this hereditary honour, not only the most venerated divinities of the Tusculans, but the very town of Tusculum itself, are exhibited on the pre- eminently rare gold coin. Eckhel refers to the Dioscuri also, the two heads on the obverse of the third coin, although the letters D. p.p. (Dii Penates) are inscribed near them. Heads similarly conjoined, laureated, and surmounted with stars, are likewise found on denarii of the Fonteia family, with the addition of p.p. (i.e. Penates.) But still more explicitly on coins of the Antia family we read Dii Penates, at full length, near heads similarly yoked together. Deities in appearance different (because they are differently delineated on other coins) are in reality identical with these Dioscuri. The Dii Penates were so called, according to Cicero, because their name was derived from Penus, the name given to everything eaten by man, or from the fact of their having their situation w-itbin the house ; whence als<-. they are called by the poets Penet rales . — Sec penates. The reverse type of the third coin has given rise to a difference of opinion among learned numismatists. Some have professed to regard it as exhibiting two of the companions of .Eneas, who first beheld the white sow under the oak (ilex) with her litter of thirty, to which Yarro and Virgil both allude. — Others suppose that it relates to the treaty ratified between Tullus llostillianus and Mctius Fuffetius, by the sacrifice of a pig. — Ericius, on the contrary, thinks that the Dii Penates (whom it was not unusual to depict armed with spears and in warlike costume) are exhibited in this instance also. — Eckhel (vol. v. p. 320-21) himself considers this last-men- tioned opinion to correspond the most closely with the tnith, aud he goes on to quote old . writers in support of it — amongst others Dio- nysius Halicarnassus, who adds that “ the sow and the whole litter were offered by .Eueas in sacrifice to the Dii Penates.” It was held as a great point of religion amongst the Romans that the public solemnities or rites connected with the worship of the Penates should always bo celebrated at Laviuium. Insomuch that when it was alleged against M. -Emilius Scaurus, prin ceps Sena/ us, as a criminal charge, that the public solemnities, in honour of the Dii Penates were, through his neglect, omitted to be per- formed at Lavinium with the solemnity due to those sacred observances, he very narrowly escaped a sentence of condemnation from the people. (See Asconius on Cicero pro Scauro.) These testimonies being so closely in accordance SULPICIUS. — SUMMUS. with the type of the coin in question, and the Pii Penates being so distinctly named on the Sulpician medals, there can, adds Eckhel, be no doubt hut that in this denarius allusion is made by the type of its reverse to those household deities. SVLPJCIVS URANIVS ANTONINVS. — Zosimus makes mention of two usurpers, who, with the support of a disaffected mutinous soldiery, assumed the purple in the reign of Alexander Severus. He adds that one of those was called Antoninus ; the other Uranius — that the former, unable to sustain the weight of government, took to flight, and appeared uo more; that the latter, a man of servile origin, was proclaimed in his room, but he being soon taken prisoner, was brought before Alexander with the purple robe on, in which lie had arrayed himself. — It is to Sid- picius Uranius, (unless, as Eckhel observes, Zosimus, whose knowledge of the history of that period is deficient in accuracy, may per- chance have made two out of one usurper,) that the unique gold coin, described below, is to be assigned : — L. IVL. AVR. SVLP. VRA. ANTONINVS. — LaU- reated head ; moderately bearded ; shoulders clothed with the paludamentum. Rev. — fecvnditas avg. — A woman standing, clothed in the stola, holding in one hand a cornucopia;, in the other a rudder. Meffei hesitates to allow the antiquity of this medal. His doubts are based on these grounds — first, that medals of gold, with Latin legends, and of such fiue workmanship as this is, would not have been struck for a tyrant who was acknowledged only in the East, and whose reign lasted but a few days ; second, that the head of this usurper is accompanied by the type of Fecundity, and that that Fecundity is represented with the attributes of Fortune. — But Bimard, who (in Jobert, tom. ii. p. 348) has given an engraving of this coin, and written a long and, as usual with him, an ably critical com- mentary on it, contends that these difficulties are not such as to be in any degree calculated to over- turn the strong intrinsic evidence of its genuine- ness offered by the medal itself. To the opinion of this eminent man, and of those equally experienced numismatists who coincided with him, “ I (says Eckhel), who have not seen the medal, aud have nothing to urge in opposition, most freely sub- scribe.” (Poet. Num. Vet. vii. 288.) — Mr. Akerman, in his Descriptive Catalogue, states that this aureus of Sulpicius Uranius Antoninus “ formed part of the plunder of the French Cabinet in November, 1834.” The genuine- ness of the gold coin is confirmed by those in brass struck in the East, in Greek characters : like the gold they are extremely rare. SVL picia. — See hispania clvnia svl. SVMMVS SACEBDOS AVG.— The emperor clothed in the toga, and holding a palm-brauch, stands before a lighted altar: a bull, as a victim, on the ground ; a star in the field. The foregoing legend aud type appear on a silver coin of Elagabalus. — There is another coin of the same 5 F SUPERA. 709 ! emperor, which has for legend of reverse p.m. ! tr. p. in. cos. in. p.p., aud of which the type ■ is similar, with the exception of there being in in the area of the medal, behind the figure, two darts, one of which is sharp-pointed, the other has a conical head. '[These coins, together with those bearing the legends of Inoictus Sacerdos ; Sancto Deo Soli Elagabal., etc., indicate the worship paid by the Syrian Bassianus at the time of his accession as emperor, to the Phoenician god, called Elagabalus, or Heliogabalus, believed to be the Sun, after whose name he has since beeu called, and of whom he here proclaims himself the High or Chief Priest, having the audacity to prefix it to the Imperial title. We here indeed see him officiating at those rites, for which functions, as his hateful biography informs us, that loathsome young maniac “circumcised him- self and abstained from swine’s flesh.” These coins also exhibit the sort of dress which he used in these sacerdotal ministrations — viz., a something between the Phoenician sacred robe and the cloak of the Medes, according to Hero- dianus’s description of it ; and as the author says in another passage, “ he (Elagabalus) walked in barbarian costume, with purple tunic interwoven with gold, long-sleeved and down to the feet.” The palm-branch which he holds in his hand, and which on most of his coins more resembles a club, perhaps points to the Phoenician origin of the worship. But the darts placed near the before-meutioned attributes no doubt constitute part of this absurd idolatry. The star placed above, in the field of the coin, as in many others of Elagabalus, denotes the god Sol. — On a marble published by Muratori is read ivnivs maternvs sacer. d. s. helagab.] The able author of Leqons de Numismatique Romaine, in reference to the monstrous freaks of Elagabalus, as faintly shadow'ed forth on some of his coins, makes the following pertinent and comprehensive remarks : — Conservent pour sa divinite favorite une extravagante veneration, it en apporta a Route le culte el I’idole (qui etait une grosse pierre noirdtre de forme conique) et lui ft batir un temple, oii il remplissait lui mime les fonclions sacerdotales. Enfin de toutes ces demences, dont ces medailles offre un faible monument, il restu a Vinfame pontife le nom de son dieu pour sobriquet .” SVPERA (CAIA CORNELIA.)— This lady is known only through the medium of the coins which bear her name as Augusta. Some antiquaries have regarded her as the consort of Trebonianus Gallus. — Tristan, who was the first to publish a medal of this princess, supposes her to have been the w'ife of Valerian the younger. — Vaillant, and as it would seem even Pellcrin (Mel. i. p. 239) adopted the same opinion. — Beauvais also expresses himself in favour of this latter conjecture ; but .candidly admits that he had been confidently assured by others of the existence of a Greek medal, bear- ing the name, with imperial title, of Cornelia Supera, the date of which led to the inference that she was the wife of the Emperor /Emilianus . 770 SYLVANUS.— SYMBOLS. This opinion, Eckhel, by reference a9 well to numismatic monuments of indubitable authen- ticity, as to the chronology of the period, has proved to be correct. Adducing two medals of Cornelia Supera, one Greek of /Egea, in Cilicia ; the other of the colony of Parium, in Mysia, the epochs and reverses on both which are to be retraced with exactness on the medals of jEmilianus ; Eckhel, after a full investigation of dates and historical facts, comes unhesitatingly to the conclusion, that the emperor last named must have been the husband of the unknown Augusta. (See Boot. Num, Vet. vol. vii. p. 374 et seq.) “In this decision (says the judicious author of Lefons de Numismatique Romaine) we are furnished with another, amongst many instances, to show us how the different departments of medallic science afford mutual aid and illus- tration to each other ; teaching us at the same time how disadvantageous it is to confine our- selves to the study of a single branch of it ex- clusively.” The style of this princess, on coins of Roman die, in silver, are : — c. con. or corn, or cornel, svpera. avg. — The head placed on a crescent moon. The reverses are concordia. avo. — rvNO REGINA. — VENVS VICTRIX. — VESTA; with the usual types accompanying each respectively. — These are in silver and of the highest degree of rarity. If small brass really exist, they are equally rare. Sus. — The figure of a sow appears on the earliest of Roman coins. Thus, on the semis, a sow stands with s. above its back. — A sow, or bristly boar, accompanies the three globules which are the mark of the quadrans. — The head of a sow or boar is placed between the four globules that designate the triens. — The sow, with her litter, was represented on the coinage of Rome to indicate its primary origin. — The same animal is figured on medals of Vespasian aud of Antoninus Pius. — The sow was conse- crated and sacrificd to Ceres. — On a coin of M. Aurelius, given by Vaillant (Pr. iii. 138), the popa, or slaughterer of victims, is dragging by the ear a sow to the altar of immolation. It was employed in connection with oaths taken on the ratification of treaties. — (SeeFeciales, Scro/a, Su/picia.J SVSC. Suscepta. — See vota. svse. ( Vota Suscepta), an epigraph of frequent recurrence on medals of the imperial series. Sglranus. — The name of an usurper, in the j reign of Constantins II., the son of a Gaulish captain ; proclaimed emperor at Cologne a.d. | 355; slain within thirty days after his assumption of the purple. The coius, which have been as- cribed by Goltzius and others to Sylvanus, arc pronounced to be false. Symbols, or signs, on Roman coins. — Some of these allude to the names of families ; as Aciscutus, on denarii of the Valeria family. Flos, an open round flower, the surname of Aquilius Floras. The Muses, as in the l’ompouia family, on account of the surname musa. Vitulus, a calf walking, in a symbol of SYMBOLS. the Voconia family, from the surname vitulus, &c. — Other symbols are [enigmatical or fabulous, such as Pegasus, griliin, sphinx, chimmra, centaur, capricorn, &c. — The following symbols have their peculiar and appropiiate signification on Roman coins, viz. : — Aplustre, a ship’s ornament, imports maritime power. Apollo’s head refers to the Apolliuarian games. Bow, symbolises Apollo. Bow and club, Hercules. Bow and quiver, Diana. Buckler, round, Macedonia. Caduceus, or winged rod with serpents, is an attribute of Mercury, Felicity, and Peace. Caduceus, between two cornucopia-, signifies Abundance and Peace. Caduceus, between corn-ears, Fertility as well as Peace. Camel, symbol of Arabia. Capricorn, or 9ea goat, the astrological sign of Augustus’s nativity. Capricorn, or sea goat, also symbol of Plenty and Happiness. Ceres, the goddess, denotes Fertility, and dis- tribution of corn. Cornucopia-, or horn of plenty, Fecundity ; also abundance of all things. Corn cars (spiew tritici) symbolise Egypt, Africa, Spain, and also Annona and Fertility. Crowns, of various kinds, relate to public games. Crocodile, symbol of Egypt. Crabfish (pagurus) indicates a maritime city. Chimaera belongs to Corinth. Crane fciconia ) ; this bird symbolises Piety, meauiug affection to parents. Club (data) attribute of Hercules. Colonist driving two oxen to plough, sign of a Roman colony. Column, or pillar, denotes security. Dog, attribute of Diana Vcnatrix ; also of the Lares. Dolphin, attribute of the Cyprian Venus ; it also marks a maritime town. Eagle, the wings of, Jupiter, whose attribute it is ; also a type of Eternity. Eagle, legionary, refers to the army of the commander-in-chief. Elephant, symbol of Africa; also of Eternity. Frankinsccnce, branch of (thuris ramus ) attribute of Arabia. Fasces with the axe, imports sovereign authority. F'ish, denotes a maritime state. Grain of wheat, marks Fertility. Grapes, bunch of, indicates a place celebrated for its produce in wine. Horned head, Jupiter Ammon; also regal power. Hasta purn, or spear with blunt point, mark of Divinity. Laurel, attribute of Apollo and of Victory ; also refers to public games. Lion, symbol of Africa. Lion’s skin, attribute of Hercules. Lituus, or staff with curved head, sign of the Augurship, or Soothsayers’ office. SYMBOLS. Lotus flower, Isis ; the Egyptian people. Lyre, attribute and symbol of Apollo. Modius, or bushel measure, symbol of the Edileship. Modius, or bushel measure, filled with corn ears, signifies provision, chiefly corn. Owl, attribute of Pallas. Olive branch, of Peace. Praetorian galley, represents the fleet of the Republic. Prow of a ship, refers to Rome, or some mari- time city. Palm tree, emblem of Alexandria, Damascus, Judaea, Sidon, Tyre, Phoenicia. Panther, attribute of Bacchus. Peacock, of Juno. Pedum pastorale, shepherd’s crook, emblem of Pan and Eaunus. Pegasus, a winged horse so called, symbol of Apollo ; also of Corinth. Pegasus and Bellerophon, type of Colonial Corinth. Pileus, cap so eal'ed, symbolises Liberty. Rabbit, attribute of Spain. Right hand raised, signifies Security, Peace, Health. Right hands joined, denote concord. Right hand holding a caduceus, concord ; and at the same time Peace. Rocks, or stones, indicate places on lofty sites. Rudder, or helm of a ship, attribute of Fortune ; also shows a maritime city. Serpent signifies Prudence and Wisdom ; it is also the attribute of zEsculapius ; and of Hygicia, or Salus. Star, the numismatic mark of Elagahalus. Stella crinita, or comet, alludes to Julius Cirsar. Stars, over the heads of two young men, mark the Dioscuri. Sow, with litter, symbolises the Romans. Staff, round which a serpent is coiled, attri- bute of jEsculapius. Thyrsus, or spear wrapped round with ivy, attribute of Bacchus. Triquetra, three human legs triangularly joined, is an emblem of Sicily. Tropseum, trophy with captives at foot, betokens a province captured or a people vanquished. Table, with urns upon it, refers to the prizes at public games. Urns, with palm branches issuing therefrom, allude to the same thing. Vases, augural, pontificial, and sacerdotal, insignia of the Augurship, Pontificate, and Priesthood. Veil on the head of a female, sign of Vesta or a Vestal virgin ; also of a consecrated empress. Symbols. — On the subject of those, by which the superintendence and control of the Curule Ediles over the celebration of public games (Ludi) is designated on Roman medals, Spanheim should he consulted (Pr. i. p. 149), where he refers to such coins as hear the effigy either of the dea spici/era, Ceres ; or of the mater magna, Cybcle, drawn in a biga of lions ; also where the same great writer treats of coins on which 5 F 2 SYRIA; 771 appears a curule chair, with a crown upon it, the latter being the reward of victors at the public games, accompanied frequently, on the same medals, with the inscription itself of aed. or AI'DIL. cvk. (JEdilis Curulis ■), viz., those same Curule Ediles, under whose management and direction these games were conducted with due dignity and order. Objects allusive to these matters, always of intense interest and predilec- tion to the people of Rome and of her colonies, are to be found on coins of the Norbana, Papinia, and Vibia families. — Moreover, as to this class of ediles was committed the curatio annonee: the important charge of securing a constant supply of provision to the Roman capital and circum- jacent territories : so we sec the exercise of these functions recorded on coins by the curule chair, and a corn ear on each side of it, together with, sometimes, a cornucopia: added, as on denarii of the Lollia, Plautia, Quintia, aud Rutilia families. Indeed, the title aed. cvr. is inscribed on the last three, whilst the modius, or bushel measure, placed between two corn ears, appears with obviously the same signification on medals of the Livineia family. — Spanheim, Pr. ii. p. 151, et seq. Syria, a maritime region of Asia, the most interesting as well in a religious as in an his- torical sense, of any in the world. It anciently included Phoenicia and below it Palsestina, (the latter afterwards called the Holy Land, as hav- ing been the country of our Blessed Saviour’s nativity, the theatre of his miracles and labours of love, the scene of his passion, death, burial, glorious resurrection and ascension.) Syria was bounded by Cilicia on the north, by Arabia and the river Euphrates on the east, by Arabia and Egypt on the south, and by the Mediterranean on the west. This magnificent region had, for ages before its subjugation by republican Rome, been governed by a succession of independent kings, conspicuous among whom were the Scleucidce. The cpocha when Syria became a Roman province is not precisely known; pro- bably it was Pompey the Great who reduced it to that condition, as he appears to have invested its municipal authorities with the privilege of coining money (autonomes). It stands after- wards recorded amongst the provinces of the empire, under Julius Cmsar and Augustus; and its famous city Antioch, (where Christians were first distinguished by that appellation,) situate on thc^Orontcs, was by succeeding emperors made not only its metropolis, but also the metropolis of the whole East. — The Syrians were especially devoted to the worship of the Sun; at the same time acknowledging Jupiter and Apollo as the chief, if not only, divinities. — The Genius TJrbis is represented on Imperial colonial coins of cities in this province, par- ticularly those of the first rank, under the form of a woman with turreted head. — See Vaillant’s Num. Imp. in Col. ; also the words Antioch and Astarle. SYRIA. S. C. — Eekhel gives from the Im- perial cabinet, a large brass of Antoninus Pius, having on its reverse this legend, and for type a 772 TABELLiE. woman with turrctcd head, holding in her right hand, apparently, a triple crown, or perhaps a basket (canistrum) ; in her left hand is a cornu- copia:. This female figure has her right foot placed on an emerging river deity. — Mionuet recognises this coin amongst the grand bronze of Antonine. — In the catalogue of the Museum Thcupoli is a similar medal, with the addition of cos. II. to the inscription. — The sagacious author of Doct. Num. Vet. (vol. vii.) eouples this coin with the scythia, &c , of the same emperor, as furnishing in the type of its reverse, an instance of the aurum coronarium, pre- sented by a Roman province to the reigning prince. — See the word, p. 115 of this Dictionary. T T. This letter of the Roman alphabet is seen as a mint-mark in the field of many family coins, and also on medals of the lower empire. T. double is a mark of the plural number. — See ge.vtt. Gentium, as in Constantine the Great. T. Tarraco Hispanite. — C. v. t. t. Colonia Victrix Togala Tarraco. — Billiard, and Vaillant. T. Tat ius. — ta sabin. Tat ins Sabinus. T. Temporum. — T. F. Temporum Felicitas . — Billiard ad Jobcrt, and Vaillant. T. Tertia. — t. akl. Tertia Arelatensis (ojjicina monetaria signavit num mum.) — Money struck at Arles in the third mint. So T. con. Tertia Constantinopolis officina, &c. T. Tertio. — D. t. Die tertio, as on coin of Volteia. — Vaill. Fam. T. Tiberius. — T. ghacchvs. Tiberius Grac- chus. — Eekhel Cat. T. Titus. — T. divi. vest. f. Titus son of the Divine Vespasian. — On a large brass of Titus, the legend of the head reads as follows : — IMP erator Titus G'AESar VESPajm/iKj AVG ustus Ponlifix M aximus TR ibuniria Tut estate Pater P atria COnSul VIII. — The Emperor Titus Ciesar Vespasianus, the August Sovereign Pontiff, enjoying the Tribunitian Power, Rather of the Country, Consid for the 8th time. T. Traducla. — cot. I. T. Colonia Julia Traducta. T. Tranquillitas. — n. T., in the field of coins of the lower empire : Beata tranquillitas. T. Tribunicia. — T. P. Tribunicia Potestate. T. P. Treveris percussa. — Coin struck at Treves. T. Tutelaris, or Tulator, on denarii of the labia, Licinia, and Octavia families, this letter being placed before the head of a Genius, of whom Ccnsorinus says, — “ Genius, that guar- dian under whom every mortal was born and lives.” Tabel/te— -Tablets or Billets. — These arc made the subject of more than one type, on coins of the Cassia family, on account of the lex tabel- laria carried by L. Cassius in the year v.c. 653, for the purpose of securing to the Roman people the right of voting by billet (or ballot) in all judgment cases, for all alleged crimes and mis- TACITUS. demeanors, excepting murder. — See Suffragia ; also Cassia gens. — The letters l.d. were inscribed on Tabellte to signify Libero, Damno, used in voting on questions of guilty or not guilty, at judicial assemblies. One of the tablets marked L.n. is seen at the back of a man’s head, C. caldvs. cos. on a denarius of the Coelia family. The Tabella or Tessera in the hand of the statue of Liberalitas was a square brass tablet, on which the quantity of bread and the name of the recipient were engraved, according to what the liberality of the emperors had ordained to be distributed to each citizen. — See Tessera. TACITVS (Marcus Claudius), a noble Roman of cousular rank, wbo was not ashamed to reckon the historian Tacitus among his ancestors; and who, after an interregnum of eight months, during which the empire remained wholly with- out a head, was, by the united assent of the senate and the army, elected and declared Augustus, a d. 275, as the successor of the illustrious Aurclian. The elevation of this prince, whose merit and virtues placed him on the throne of the Cmsars, at the age, it is said, of 65, was hailed with universal joy by the people of Rome and of the provinces. lie was a man of strict integrity, correct in morals, benign and affable, and so addicted to the pur- suit of literature, that he never suffered a day to pass without reading or writing something. Temperate in his habits, he ap|iearcd, when emperor, in the same unostentatious dress to which he had been accustomed in individual life, nor woidd he permit his wife to wear either diamonds or pearls. Yet he expended his own immense fortune in contributing to the popular gratification and comfort, causing public baths to be built at his own cost, hut command- ing them to be shut before night. — Although an involuntary and unwilling occupant of the imperial seat, Tacitus, after having established several laws for the maintenance of good order and the preservation of internal peace, proceeded quickly from Rome to join the army in Thrace. The Scythians, who, having crossed the pa! us Mmotis, had penetrated into the provinces of Pontus, Cappadocia, and Cilicia, were arrested in their career of devastation and cruelty by the arrival of this brave sovereign, who, in con- junction with his brother Floriatius, vanquished those barbarians of the north, and compelled them to take refuge within their own native forests. Blit, as he was returning from this successful expedition into Europe, he died, according to some writers, at Tarsus, according to others, at Tyana, in March, a.d. 276, either TARQUINIUS. — TARQUTTIA. of fever, or through the treachery of certain military conspirators concerned in the assassina- tion of Anrelian, whose death he had avenged hy the capital punishment of most of his mur- derers. — His coins, which are very rare in gold, are still rarer in brass medallions and second brass ; but common in small brass, from one of which the engraving above was made : his style is imp. cl. TACITVS AVG. — IMP. C. M. CL. TACITVS P. F. AVG., or INVICTVS AVG. Tada . — See Torch. T. A EL. Titus Aelius. — Prenomcn and sur- name of Antoninus Pius. Ttctiia, fillet or wreath. — An ornament for the head, which the figure of Victory on coins often holds in her haud. This head band, the attribute of heroes, in the Homeric age, and called by the Greeks oT«pav>), became the coronal and diadem of a later period. TAMP1L. Tampilus. — Surname of theBaebia family. Tarpeia virgo. — On denarii of the Petronia and Tituria families two soldiers are seen, ap- parently in the act of casting their bucklers upon a young woman, who, with arms uplifted, seems already sinking amidst an overwhelming heap of shields. This type recalls to mind a well known incident of early Roman story, in which, with no small inconsistency of narration, a virgin, at the period of Romulus’s war with Tatius aud the Sabines, is made to earn immor- tality by a deed of perfidious treason to her country ; and to give her name to the highest rock of the Capitoline Hill at the price of sacri- ficing her life to her sordid love for “ gold bracelets.” — “ It is pretended (observes Visconti) that this woman was the daughter of a warrior to whom Romulus had confided the defence of the capitol, and it is added that the price of the treason was to have been the bracelets of gold which the Sabines wore round the left arm. — Propertius ( L . iv. el. iv.) supposes that the female named Tarpeia was a priestess, and that she had fallen iu love with the enemy’s general or prince.” — See Petronia. Tarquinius Prisons, king of the Romans, having subdued the Tuscans, is said to have assumed the patudamentum from that conquered nation. His figure is represented, with that of the Augur Navius, on a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius. — See navivs. — Eckhel quotes Macrobius to show that a son of this Tarquin distinguished himself whilst yet a boy by an act of valour against an enemy in battle, similar in description and in the honour of its reward to that which is alluded to in the remarkable inscription on a coin of the jpmilia family, as achieved hy the stripling M. Lcpidus, and which Val. Maximus explains to the very letter. — See Aemilia. TARQVITIA. — a family embracing members both of the patrician and the plebeian order. Its surname, on a coin of foreign die, is Prisons. One in silver, out of but two numismatic varieties, has for legend and type of obverse C. ANNIuj T. F. T. N. PRO COS. EX S. C. Titi Fi/ius, Titi Eepos, Proconsule Ex Senatus Consnlto. The head of a woman ; aud of the reverse Q. TARRACO. 773 I TARQVITI. P. F. Q. Quintus Tarquitius i Publii Fi/ius Quastor. Victory in a biga. — Tarquitius Priscus appears as proconsul on medals of Nictea in Bithyuia. — See Annia gens. Tarraco, a city, and colony of Hispania citerior, or the nearer Spain — of which it was the capital, and thence the province itself was also called Hispania Tarraconensis. Situate at the mouths of the Tulcis (now Franconi) river, its foundation is ascribed to Scipio Africanus. The Romans of Tarraco took part with G'lesar against Pompey’s lieutenants ; and afterwards professed on all occasions to be influenced by the greatest attachment and devotion to the person and government of Augustus — a fact which the legends and types on some of its numismatic monuments serve to place in a very servile and superstitious point of view. — The modern name of this celebrated old city is Tarragona, on the coast of what is now Cata- lonia. Some of the coins of this colony are inscribed with the initial letters c. v. t., which are interpreted Colonia Victrix Tarraco. The surname of Victrix was generally given as a reward of good desert to cities and colonies founded or re-established by Julius Cscsar. — On others of its coins, we read c. v. t. t., which Vaillant considers to mean Colonia Victrix Togata Tarraco, founding as he does the epithet Togata on a passage in the 3rd book of Strabo, from which it would appear that the Tarraco- nensians distinguished themselves from the in- habitants of other colonies in Spain, by their use of the toga after the manner of the Romans. The judicious Bimard agrees in regarding this as a reasonable inference. — All the medals of Tarraco are of brass, and are rare — consisting of Colonial Autonomes and of Colonial Imperials, with Latin legends, from Augustus to Drusus. — On a first brass of this colony divvs. avgvstvs. pater, is read on the obverse, accompanied by the head of Augustus. — The reverse has for legend only the letters c. v. t. t., the type being a handsome altar, with a palm tree on the top of it. [This elegant coin forms an historical monu- ment. When Augustus had set out on his warlike expedition against the Cantabri (a people occupying that region of Spain, now the Biscayan and Asturian provinces), in the year of Rome 728, the effects of anxiety and fatigue threw him into a bed of sickness. On this occasion the people of Tarraco, where he had halted, offered up public vows for his health, aud after- wards raised an altar in memory of his restora- tion. It was on this altar that, according to the current story of that period, a palm tree was seen growing. Deputies from the colony made a journey to Rome, and congratulated the em- peror on the remarkable circumstance, as being an auspicious presage of victory. To these he replied by saying — Apparet quam, scepe accen- datis — “ it is a sign that you do not very often light it.” In quoting this shrewd and sarcastic bon mot from Quinctillian, Vaillant (Col. i. 45) adds that the Tarraconensians continued, never- theless, to regard this event as au augury and 774 TARRACO.— TATIUS. TATIUS.— TAURUS. symbol of their imperial founder’s immortal glory ; and we see that even after his d.cath they studiously adorned their medals with a representation of this palm-surmounted altar.] There is another first brass with similar ob- verse ; hut the reverse exhibits the initials C. v. T. T. within an oaken crown. [The corona quercea , or wreath of oak leaves, being the civic crown, was struck on most coins of colonies, under Augustus, in honour of that emperor as the liberator of Roman citizens. Both the altar and the oak crown appear on medals of this colony, dedicated to Tiberius — a fact which proves the continuance of the worship rendered to Augustus by the inhabitants of Tarraco, and their disposition to cherish and perpetuate the remembrance of the palm tree growing on his altar, as a marvellous event.] On another first brass, struck at Tarraco, is seen on one side c. v. t. t. aeternitatis avgvstae, and a splendid temple of eight (in some ten) columns ; on the other deo avgvsto, and the statue of Augustus, with radiated head, seated after the fashion and attitude of Jupiter, holding in the left hand the hasta, and in the right a victoriola (in other coins a patera). — See deo avgvsto, p. 318 of this Dictionary. [The Tarraconensians, whilst as yet Augustus was living, and even suffering as a sick man within their walls, paid divine honours to him, as oue in reality immortal. With Greek adula- tion (as Vaillant observes), pretending to recog- nise him, not merely as Dims (obtaining deifica- tion through the ceremonial of the apotheosis), but, as Deus, these colonists raised a statue to him, which they placed in a magnificent temple, consecrated, as this medal shews, to his Eternity! Havereamp (in Num. Regina Christina ) re- fers to Bartolo’s engraving of this coin, which places a patera, instead of a figure of victory, in the right hand of the emperor. — Pelleriu f Melange , i. 255) edits two coins of Tarraco, one dedicated to Augustus, the other to Cains and Lucius Cicsares ; the reverses of both which have for legend c. v. t. tar., thus marking the name of this colony by its three first letters, instead of the single initial T., as it is on all those coins of Tarraco, published by Vaillant. Other medals of this colony bear the portraits of Tiberius, Julia, Drusus, and Gcrmanicns. TATI VS, kiug or general of the Sabines, who inhabited the city of Cures, with whom the Romans waged the first war. This brave chief- tain proved a formidable enemy to the then infant colony of Rome, within whose walls he and his soldiers succeeded in penetrating, and they would perhaps have destroyed it, if the Sabine women, whom the Romans some time before carried off, had not made themselves the medium of consummating peace between their husbauds and their own pareuts. The two people became united as one, at the expense of the power of Romulus, for he shared the functions of royalty with Tatius, and admitted into the senate one hundred of the principal Sabines. Tatius was soon after assassinated, and had no successor. — On a denarius of the Tituria family there is a naked and bearded head, which accompanied by TA. in monogram, and the legend SABINoj [ the Titurii, thus referring to their Sabine origin,] is generally considered by numismatists •to be meant for that of Tatius, the Sabine. Visconti, in his Iconographie Romaine, remarks that certain denarii of the Tituria and Vettia families present two very forcible instances of the eagerness with which those Roman magis- trates, who presided over the mint of the re- public, availed themselves of every opportunity to unite family pretensions with historical facts, in the legends and types of their coins. It is thus that Titurius Sabinus and Vcttius Sabinus Judex, magistrates who prided themselves on their descent from the ancient Sabines, and pro- bably from Tatius himself, have cansed the head of this chieftain to be engraved on the coinage of their respective families. On both the medals in question we accordingly see the head of Tatius without ornament. And on the reverse of the Titurian denarius, the Sabines are represented as in the act of overwhelming, with their bucklers, the virgin Tarpeia, who had just betrayed the capital into their hands. The posterity of Tatius, doubtless, wished to do honour to the founder of their race by manifesting his hatred of traitors, even whilst profiting from the treason. — On the denarius of the Vettia family, we see, behind the head, the word SABINkj, being the surname of a branch of that family. The monogram, composed of a T. and an A., gives the two initial letters of the name Tatius. The two letters S. C. — Senates Consulto — mark the fact that Titus Vettius Sabinus Judex caused this piece of money to be struck by the authority of the senate. “ The bearded man, who stands in a car drawn by two horses (adds Visconti), is pro- bably Tatius himself. The palm braueh, which on the first described medal is at the side of the portrait, is on the second coin seen behind the figure of a Sabine prince, and bears allusion to his victories.” [Part i., pp. 23-24.] Taurus — A bull was immolated at the altars of several of the pagan deities. — Virgil points to two in particular — Tau mm Xeptuno, taumm tibi putcher Apollo. It was also sacred to Jupiter, and to the Egyptian god Apis. — Represented on Roman coins, this animal is the symbol of a colonia deducta , or transplanted colony. — The figure of a bull appears on many family coins, and also on numerous imperial medals from Julian and Augustus down to Julianus II., cither as a sacrificial victim, or at large, standing, walking, running, or butting with its horns. Taurus et Etephas. — A brass medallion of Alexander Scverus presents a bird’s-eye view of the Flavian Amphitheatre at Rome, in which is seen an elephant, with driver on its neck, facing a bull. — See Amphitheatre. Taurus et Leo. — The bull and the lion at the feet of a recumbent female arc attributes of Africa, ns on a coin of Sept. Scverus. — The same two animals, with a human figure standing between them, appear on coins of Viminaeium in TAURUS.— TELEGONl'S. Moesia Superior.— A bull torn in pieces by a lion appears on a coin of Probus ; a bull, a lion, and a tiger, encountered by two men armed with spears, allusive to certain public shows and combats w ith wild beasts at Rome, are exhibited on a silver medal inscribed regvlvs iu the Livineia family. Taurus et Mutter. — A bull on which a young woman is sitting, or rather, Jupiter under the form of a bull carrying away Europa on his back, is seen on a denarius of the Valeria family ; also on a third brass colonial of Sidon, dedicated to Elagabalus. Taurus irrueus. — A bull rushing furiously along, delineated on a rare silver coin of the Thoria family is regarded by Eckkel as bearing allusion to the name of Thorius; “for Suptos or Sopios,” says he, “ signifies impetuous, and the bull on this medal carries himself with an air of great impetuosity, for which reason it seems probable that the Thurii, or Thorii, of Italy, caused the figure of a bull charging at f ull speed to be engraved on their coins.” Taurus Neptuni victima. — On a brass medal- lion of Commodus, inscribed votis felicibvs, the reverse exhibits five ships, and a tower on a promontory, from which a bull is thrown down into the sea ; before the tower are two men standing. — Hayin (in his Thesaur. Britan, vol. ii.) explains this singular type as allusive to the African fleet sent out by the above-named emperor to fetch corn. “ And here (says he) you see the sacrifice offered to Neptune, when the fleet set sail, it being the custom of the Romans on such an occasion to sacrifice a bull, and throw it into the sea ; the two figures are priests who offered the sacrifice at the sea-side.” — Eckhcl, who approves of this interpretation, goes on to explain an enigmatical type on a gold coin of Augustus, in the cabinet of Vienna, which represents Victory plunging a knife into the throat of a prostrate bull ; and this he does at some length, by shewing it to be an ingenious mode of symbolizing Mount Taurus. Taurus ' et Stella. — On coins of Julian II., with inscription SECV1UTAS R E 1 1 J V B/ ica, a bull is frequently seen with two stars above its horns, or over its back. It is a well-known historical fact that this apostate from the Christian faith, with all his enlightened genius and philosophic learning, was superstitiously addicted to a system of polytheistic worship, chiefly borrowed" from the Egyptians ; and that he was in t he habit of sacrificing whole hecatombs of bulls at the various altars of his favourite deities. Oiselius, commenting on this type, aud referring to this leading feature in Julian’s character, considers that by the bull that emperor meant to designate the god Apis. — Both Bauduri and Eckliel favour this opinion. — See the words Securitas Reijmb. for the substance of Eckhel’s remarks on the question why a bull appears on so many of Julian the Hud’s medals. Telegonus , son of Ulysses, and the reputed founder of Tusculum. It is from him that the most noble family of the Mamilii, who came early to Rome from the former city, were accus- TELEPHUS.— TELESPIIORVS. 775 tomed to claim their origin. — See the word Mamilia, describing the elegant denarius of C. Mamilius Limetanus, on which the anecdote of Ulysses recognised by his faithful dog Argus is interestingly illustrated. Telephus, the fabled son of Hercules, by Auge, daughter of Alcns, King of Tcgea, in Arcadia. — On a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, in the Mas. A/bano, the reverse (without epigraph) exhibits Hercules standing near a tree, looking at a little boy suckled, on a mountain, by a doe. On the top of the mountain is an eagle. — Vaillant and Venuti both regard this type as referring to the twin brothers and wolf of the Roman story. But Eckhel, after com- paring it with that on the coin of Pergamus iu Mysia, clearly shows that it relates to the infancy of Telephus, who being, according to the Greek myth, the offspring of a furtive amour, was abandoned at his birth by his unhappy mother, ou Mount Parthenius, where, left exposed to die, he was miraculously suckled and fostered w ith maternal fondness by a doc. The presence of the eagle above is explained as an interposition of Jupiter himself, who sends his watchful bird to guard the helpless child — ordaining that the deserted progeny of his own son by AlcmeDa should not miserably perish, but be preserved for a high destiny. — See copious reasons for this interpretation given in Loot. Nam. Vet. vol. ii. 46S, aud vol. vii. 34. Te/esphorus, the son, or at least the companion, of Aesculapius — symbol of success attendant ou the exercise of the healing art, aud .allusive to that state of a person with whom disease has ended, and to whom perfect health is restored. Telesphorus is figured as a little boy in a hooded cloak, staudiug by ADsculapius. — In an antique paiuting he is introduced at the side of Atropos (one of the Fates), whose aim he holds back at the moment when she is going to sever the thread of life. — Amongst those coins of Caracalla which bear express reference to the alleged recovery of that ferocious tyrant from a horrible complication of diseases, mental as well as bodily, and to the various deities (such as Apollo, Serapis, Hercules, Sol, Luna, &c.) who, during the paroxysms of his painful illness, were invoked for his relief, there is one on which are a bearded man, naked to the waist, with staff and serpent, aud a dwarfish figure, wrapped in a mantle, standing near him. — Here then we see Aesculapius and Telesphorus jointly recognised as deities who were supposed to bestow their care and power ou the reparation of health. Dion records the fact of Caracalla’s having implored the aid of Aesculapius ; and to the same period of Caracalla’s history belongs what Herodianus relates of him — viz., that passing from Thrace into Asia, he went to Pergamus, in order that in the city where the god of medicine was adored with pecidiar veneration, he might place him- self under this salutary influence, as was the custom. This is clearly confirmed by the Greek coins of the Pergamenses, on not a few of which Caracalla is represented offering sacrifices and vota to Aesculapius. It is to this subject that 776 TELLUS. TELLUS. allusion is made on that remarkable gold medal edited by Vaillant (Pr. ii. p. 249), the reverse of which has for epigraph pm. tr. p. xvii. cos. xnt. p. p. ; and for type, the emperor dressed in the paludamentum, sacrificing at the altar of iEsculapius, which stands before the doors of a temple. (Pergamus contained a magnificent temple dedicated to that divinity.) — Buonarotti also gives a fine bronze medallion of Caracalla, with iEsculapius and Telesphorus, struck on the same occasion of that emperor’s going to Per- | gamus (about a.d. 215), to be cured of his j corporeal ailment, and (hopeless case for a fra- tricide !) of his mind’s disease. — See i Esculapius . Tellus (the earth), considered to be the same pagan deity as Cybele, Mater Magna , and Rhea. ' — At the celebration of the secular games at Rome, a sow pig was, as a customary victim, slain in sacrifice to Tellus, personifying the fer- tile mother of all things terrestrial. — See lvd. saec. FEC. TELLVS STABIL. — A man in a short rustic vest- ment stands holding in his right hand an implement which appears to be a weed-hook ; and in his left a lake. Gold and silver of Hadrian. TELLVS STABIL. — A woman, seated on ! the grouud, leaning upon a basket of fruit, and 1 touching with her right hand a large globe. Silver and brass of Hadrian. [These types, and the epigraph which accom- panies each — Tellus Slabilita — (the earth firmly established) are evidently allegorical ; but munis- ] matists seem more inclined to reject each other’s explanations on the subject than to impart any that shall be satisfactory either to themselves or to their readers. — Tristan gives us, in one of his neat engravings, a medal, having this legend on its reverse, with the male figure holding in one hand a plough share, in the other au anchor, and at his feet are two corn-ears. The commentary of this fine old French writer is to the following effect, viz., that the device of "the earth rendered firm” (La Terre Affermie), does not allude solely to the re-establishment of agriculture, by the couutry being relieved from all fears of war as well external as domestic, and a permanent state of peace being secured for “ the whole world” by the prudent and wise policy of Hadrian ; but it also seems to praise that emperor for his “ piety,” as evinced by the zealous attention he manifested to the ceremonies of religious worship in every part of the empire — conduct which had so propitiated the favour of the gods, that the Roman provinces, it was believed, would thence- forth be no more desolated by earthquakes, such as at the commencement of Iris reign had fre- quently occurred, to the ruin of many cities, but which, according to Spartian, Hadrian had caused to be effectually and in some instances splendidly rebuilt. Thus restoring confidence where terror before prevailed, and plenty where famine had annihilated everything. — The anchor (adds Tristan, Com. Hist. i. 479) is the mark of the one, and the plough-share and corn-ears indicate the other. — Vaillant entertains an un- hesitatingly expressed opinion that the drainage of the lake Fucinus is the subject alluded to — an opinion certainly untenable. — Eckhel, whilst throwing a doubt on Tristan’s ingenious attempt at interpretation, and utterly rejecting Vaillant’s as “ preposterous,” ofiers on his own part no other clue to the occult meaning of this reverse, than one which rests on a brass medallion of Hadrian, of whose genuineness he confesses a strong suspicion. It is quoted from the Mus. Thevpo/i, as having for legend tellvs sta- bilita (at full length), and for type a woman seated on the ground, who places her right hand on a globe, round which are seen several boys, or girls. — A similar type appears on a coin of Julia Domna, inscribed felicitas tem- porvm. But neither Mionnet nor Akerman recognises the medallion described by the editor of the Museum Theupoli, as bearing the epigraph of Tellus Stabilita. — Hadrian, how- ever, as Eckhel himself observes, might truly be said (in a political sense) to have given stability to the earth, when, having suppressed all internal seditions, and banished all appre- hension of foreign wars, he took measures for restraining the avarice of governors, and diffused throughout his vast dominions cars seated, holding a victory and spear, accompanied by the epigraph veneris felicis; aud, in TEMPORUM FELICITAS. explanation of this last-mentioned coin, he quotes Cassiodoros, from whose words it would appear that what was originally built for the temple of Rome and of Venus, was afterwards called the Temple of the City (Templum Roma et Veneris factum est, quod nunc Urbis appel- latur). — That the joint worship of those two deities continued to a late period in templum Urbis is amply attested by Prudentius ( Contra Symmach. 1. i. v. 219) in the following verses : — Delubrum Roma (colitur n am sanguine et ipsa More dea, nomenque loci ceu n umen habetur Atque Urbis: Vene risque pati se culmine tollunt j Templa, simul geminis adolentur thura deabus.J TEMPORVM FELICITAS COS. TTTI. — A double cornucopia, on each of which is placed the head of an infant. The type of this reverse, which is found on a first brass of Antoninus Pius, resembles that on a well known coin of Drusus junior. There seems no reason to doubt but that, in the present instance, it serves to represent two (twin) children born to M. Aurelius, probably about the year v.c. 902 (a.d. 149) : their names, however, remain unascertained. TEMPORVM FELICITAS.— A brass medal- lion of M. Aurelius, bearing on its obverse the bare head of that emperor, with legend of AVREL1VS CAESAR AVG. PII. F. TR. P. II. COS. II. ; and on the other side, Hercules bearing a trophy in his left hand, and resting the right hand on his club, as he stands in a car drawn by four centaurs, each having different attributes. In the second edition of his work Me la Rarete et du prix des Medailles Romaines, Mionnet has given an exquisitely finished en- graving of this splendid medallion. It is also engraved in Akcnnan’s Descriptive Catalogue, vol. i. pi. c. TEMPORVM FELICITAS,— Four children, designating the seasons of the year ; on a brass medallion, thp obverse of which exhibits the infant portrait of Annius Vcrus (son of Aurelius and of Faustina jun.) facing that of his brother Commodus — [in the French national cabinet] — with inscription of COMMODVS CAESar ; VERVS CAESar. It was during the childhood of these two princes (the former of whom died at a very early age), that this elegant type was produced for the first time on the coinage of Rome, though afterwards revived under Commodus, Caracalla, Diocletian, and others. It personifies, in sue- TEMPORUM FEL1CITAS. cession, Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter, each season bearing some symbol of its respective gifts. The first bolds a basket filled with flowers; the second a sickle ; the third a basket of apples and a bunch of grapes, which an animal (a panther) is leaping at ; the fourth a hare, and a bird suspended from a stick upon his shoulder ; all the figures are naked, except the oue which represents winter, which is wrapped in vest- ments — as in the octagon tower of Andronicus, at Athens, Boreas is sculptured, enshrouding his face in a cloak. On the exergue we read an announcement of that public happiness which, in flattery to the reigning emperor, was boasted of as the characteristic of the times when the medallion was struck. — See felicitas temp. and FELICIA TEMPORA. TEMPORVM FELICITAS— COS. fiTT. P.P. — A woman, seated, holds forth corn-ears in her right hand ; before her four naked children are plucking fruit from a tree, and putting them into a vase. Eckhel gives this as the reverse type of a brass medallion of Commodus, from the collec- tion of Count De Vitzai, and after observing that the worn state of the coin prevents its date from being sufficiently ascertained, goes on to mention a similar medallion in the Royal Museum at Paris, and in which specimen also the chronological marks are wholly wanting, apparently from the destructive effects of time. The four boys shew that the type was meant to symbolise the seasons, as clearly appears from a coin, with similar legend, struck under the same prince a.v.c. 944 (a.d. 191.) — See feli- citas temp. Same legend. — The emperor sitting on a globe, which is adorned with stars, holds in his ex- tended right hand a large circle, on which four naked children are walking. He is himself crowned by Victory, who stands behind him. Jupiter, holding the hast a, is also present at the right hand of the prince. The preceding is given by Eckhel, as from a brass medallion of Alexander Severus, from the Museum Albani. — The starry globe, the circle, the children — all indicate the Times (Tempora) and their eventful changes (under the form of the Seasons) as we learn from that rare coin of Hadrian, which bears for legend SAEC«/rm AVReum, and also from various medals of Commodus. — The obverse of the coin in question exhibits the head of the Emperor above-named opposite that of his mother, accompanied with the following inscription : — IMP. SEVERVS ALEXANDER AVGustus, IVLIA MAMAEA AVGusta MATER AVG usti (The Empress Julia Mamma, Mother of the Emperor). TEMPORVM FELICITAS.— A woman lying on the ground, holds in her right hand an olive branch, and near her left hand is figured a rabbit. Banduri gives this from the Vienna cabinet, as the legend and type on the reverse of a gold coin of Laelianus (one of those military chieftains who assumed the purple in the troubled reign of Gallienus). — From this monetary revival of TER. PAULLUS. 783 the rabbit, as the old symbol of Hispania, it would appear that that country, or at least a portion of it, was subject at the period in question to these usurpers in Gaul. TEMP. FEL. — Buonarotti (in his Osservazioni Istoriche) gives the engraving of a fine and very rare brass medallion of Otacilia Severa (wife of Philip, sen.), on the reverse of which a matron of dignified appearance is seated in a chair of state, between two other female figures likewise clothed in the stola, who stand, the oue holding a caducens, the other the hasta pjtra and a small vase. At the knees of the seated woman are two children. The learned and judicious Italian above cited describes this type as representing Otacilia in the form of Piety with her two children, one of which became the Philippus Csesar and Augustus, whom bis father associated with him in the empire, and the other a daughter whose name is not mentioned. In support of this interpreta- tion, Buonarotti refers to the beautifid first brass of Domitia, in which that lady, wife of Domitian, is represented under the form of Piety, veiled and seated, and holding her right hand extended, as if pointing towards a child who stands before her. That child was meant for the infant Caesar, her son by Domitian, as is shewn by the dedicatory legend, D1VI CAESAR** MATRI, and the epithet DIVVS as applied to the word CAESAR also shews that the im- perial heir was already dead and consecrated. “And so likewise in the medallion before us (our author proceeds to say) the two figures of children were really meant for those of Otacilia, as is proved by the inscription FELICITAS TEMPORVM — as if the Roman empire had redoubled its happiness in the hope of that happiness being continued by the assurance of a succession to the throne, through the health and domestic felicity of the imperial family — hence it is that these two deities, Hygeia and Felicitas, are represented on the above-described coin, standing on each side of the Empress.” — p. 297. TEMPORVM FEL. or FELIC. or FELICIT. — A woman standing, holding a long caduceus and a cornucopia. On coins of Carausius and Allectus. TER. or TERR. Teirarum. — orb. tee. Orbis Teirarum. — paci. orb. terr. TER. Tertium. — cong. ter. p. r. dat. Congiarium Tertium Fopulo Romano Datum . — COS. DESIG. ITER. ET. TER. Consul Design at US Iterum et Tertium. Consul for the third time, was the highest honour in the republic of Rome. TER. PAVLLVS. — The very rare gold coin, though common as a denarius, of the Aemilia family, on which this legend is found, has for its reverse type a subject of high historical interest ; for it serves to remind us of the defeat of Perseus, king of Macedonia, at the battle of Pydna, by the consul L. Aemilius Paullus, to whom he was compelled to surrender himself and his family. It also recalls to memory the important consequences of that victory ; namely, the reduction of the Mace- 784 TEREXTIA. donian kingdom to the state of a Roman pro- vince; and likewise refers to the magnificence of the triumph with which, in the year of Rome 587, Paullus was honoured for that signal achievement — a triumph than which, for wealth of spoils and gorgeousness of warlike pomp, nothing (according to the old writers) had till then been exhibited more splendid or on a grander scale. The type of this medal repre- sents the consul, clothed in the toga, standing on one side of a trophy, with his right hand stretched forth as if he were in the act of delivering some command to Perseus, who him- self stands on the opposite side, with his hands tied behind him, aud accompanied by two children, his sons, with whom, as history informs us, this unhappy prince followed in chains the tri- umphal chariot of the victor. Respecting this remarkable coin there is much in Spanheim (Pr. ii. 220), but it is preferred to take advantage of the briefer aud more useful observations of Eckhcl, who regards the epigraph tek. pavllvs as ambiguous ; for either, says he, it signifies the duration of the triumphal honours to have been extended over a space of three days, from the fourth kalends of December, of the year above-mentioned, of which Florus (L. ii. c. 12) thus speaks — quippe cujus spectaculo triduum impleverit. Primus dies sitjna , tab ul usque ; sequens, anna, pecuniasque iransoexit ; tertius captivos, ipsumque regent atlonitum adhuc, tan- quant subito malo stupentem : (alas, poor fallen monarch !) Or it means the three triumphs of Paullus, one of which was for his victories over the Ligurians ; the second over Perseus ; the third remains uncertain, (notwithstanding what the indefatigable Pighius could glean from Velleius.) But (hat there were three distinct triumphs, is a fact which, however controverted by some antiquaries, receives confirmation from a marble still existing at Rome, and which is quoted by Pighius as follows: — L. AEM1LIVS. L. F. PAVLVS. COS. II. CENS. AVGVR. TRIVMPHAVTT. TER.— The obverse of the medal in question bears for legend PAVLLVS LEPIDVS CONCORDE, and for type the veiled head of Concord. — See Aemilia family. TEREXTIA, a plebeiau family, whose surnames on its Roman coins were Lucanus and Varro. There arc fourteen numismatic varieties belong- ing to this gens, the brass pieces of which are the As, or some of its parts, or struck by the moueyers of Augustus. The following is amongst the more rare in silver : — VARRO PRO Q uxestore. — Bearded head with diadem, finishing in the form of a Terminus. Reo . — MAG. PRO. COS. An eagle and dolphin with sceptre erect between them. M. Tcrentius Varro, who on account of his singular ability and extensive acquirements was honoured with having, whilst still living, his statue placed by Asinius PoUio in the Bibliotheca, at Rome, had a high command under Pompey the Great in the war agaiust the Pirates, aud for his distinguished exploits in that war, as commander of the fleet in the Ionian sea, was TEREXTIUS.— TERPSICHORE, rewarded with a naval crown, at the hands of his illustrious chief. The above denarius shews that Varro, in that arduous contest, was Pompey’s proquastor. And that it was struck during the bellum prtedonum is rendered clear by the name Magnus, which had already been assumed by Pompey. — For similar obverses aud reverses see Pompeia family. — In the civil war, he was com- pelled at length to surrender himself to Ctesar. The head of the obverse is by some thought to be intended for that of Quiriuus; others make it a Jupiter Terminalis; both, however, are mere conjectures. TEREXTIVS. — Terence, so celebrated for his dramatic writings, was a native of Carthage, aud the slave of Terentius Lucanus, who, in consideration of his genius aud merit generously gave him his liberty. This facile princeps comicorum lived on terms of intimacy with many noble personages, aud especially with Scipio Africanus aud C. Ladius. — But though Rome w f as the scene of his fame, his ashes were not destined to repose there. He is said to have died at Stymphalus in Arcadia, from disease brought on by grief for the los9 of many of his comedies. — Amongst the contorniates is one on which appears the name of teuentivs aud the naked and beardless head of a man ; on the other side is a wrestler, or a young man leading a horse by the bridle. Of the uamc inscribed on the reverse only the last letters are discernible .... rvs. Terminus. — A divinity to \jhom the ancients generally, and the Romans in particular, paid worship, as presiding over the boundaries of fields. He is represented with a human face aud a body terminating in the form of an inverted pyramid. On the feast days of these tutelary gods of landmarks (February 21), the inhabitants of the neighbouring villages crowned their images with flowers. — On the obverse of a denarius belonging to the Catpurnia family appears the statue of a man, the upper part of whose body is clothed in the toga ; but it has neither arms nor feet, on one side of which is a laurel crown, and on the other a vase — without legend ; but on the reverse si. riso m.f. fhvoi. — Ursinus sees in this the symbol of Terminus; and supposes that Piso (whoever he might be) adopted it as a type for his coin, for the purpose of indicating the origin of certain religious rites per- formed in honour of that rural deity, as introduced by Numa, who (according to old writers whom Ursinus quotes) first erected a little temple (sacellum) to Terminus, on the Tarpciau hill, at Rome. A similar figure of the same guardian of property limits, having on its head a radiated crown, and with a thunderbolt lying beneath, exhibits itself on a silver coin of Augustus, iuseribed IMP. caesak. Terpsichore, one of the Muses, who was said to have taught men the art of playing on the musical reeds— or “ Pan’s pipes." Her head, covered with laurel, is delineated on a denarius of Q. Poini>onius, and ou the reverse she is herself represented standing (with tho word iivsA before her), holding the above- TETRICUS. mentioned instrument with both hands. — See Pomponia family. Terra. — See Cybele — Ops — Rhea — Tellus . — The earth, which, according to the doctrine of the Pythagoreans, and now of all philosophers, moves round the sun. — Oiselius, Selec. Num. p. 253. TERT. Tertium. — c. caesar. cos. teut. Consul Tertio or Tertium. — C. Caesar (Caligula), consul for the third time. Teruncins, a silver coin of the Roman mint, so called from ter for tres, and uncia. — See as et partes ejus. Tessera, a square, marked with a certain number of points, to serve as a ticket or voucher. — Tessera were also small pieces of wood, of bone, or of ivory, or of bronze, which received various names, according to the different purposes to which they were applied. Accordingly there were theatrical, gladiatorial, liberal (frumentaria) , convivial, military, and hospitable tessera. Many of these are a species of coin, or counter, and are found in most large numismatic cabinets. From the times of the emperors they were chiefly employed for dis- tribution amongst the people, to enable each individual to go with one or more of them, and receive the gifts which had been assigned to him, in corn, in oil, in money, and in every other article of greater or less value. For this reason they were called tessera liberalitalis . — Medals, struck when public distributions were made, present numerous examples of this kind, and the tessera, or tablet, appears in the right hand of the figure, which respectively personify Annona, and Liberalitas. — See the words. TETRI CVS (Caius Pesuvius, commonly called Tetricus pater or senior), one of those who took the name of Augustus during the troubled state of the empire, under Gallienus. This prince belonged to a family of high dis- tinction in the senate, and had been honoured with the consulship. Being governor of Aqui- tania at the time when the usurper Marius died, Tetricus was induced by the persuasions of that extraordinary heroine Victorina (mother of Victorious senior), to accept the title of em- peror from the legionaries in Gaul, a.d. 268. Already in great repute for valour, prudence, and good principles, he disarmed envy by his unpretending simplicity, and conciliated general good opinion by the equity of his administration. His first act of sovereignty was to give the rank of Ca;sar to his son Tetricus. He next under- took to reduce the revolted city of Autun, and succeeded after a six months’ siege. But, 5 H TETRICUS. 785 although he maintained himself in his govern- ment for more than five years, including the period of Claudius the Second’s reign, yet frequent mutinies amongst his soldiers, who were continually threatening to depose him, ren- dered his crown insecure and his existence wretched and unsafe. Disgusted with the slavery of his situation, and anxious to regain the tranquillity of private life, he applied for succour to Aurelian, who, on his return from the East, advanced with his victorious army as far as Catalaunum (now Chalons-sur-Marne), delivered Tetricus from the power of his rebellious troops, and resumed for the Roman empire, the pos- session of those Gallic provinces, which the re- volt of Postumus had detached from it. In thus surrendering himself, his sou, his army, and his imperial authority into the hands of Aurelian, he did not escape the deep humiliation of having to follow the triumphal chariot of that proud conqueror ; by whom, however, according to Trcb. Pollio, he was aftenvards treated with the utmost benevolence, friendship, and con- fidence. Among the honours heaped on him by the emperor, w r ho called him his colleague, was his nomination as governor of the important Italian province of Lucania. — Tetricus died in retirement, at a very advanced age, in what year is not known, and, as his coins of con- secration shew, he was placed in the rank of divinities — “ a remarkable circumstance,” observes Beauvais, ‘‘in the instance of a man who for many years before had renounced the title and sceptre of supreme power.” His style, on coins, is, by himself, imp. TETRICVS AVG. — IMP. C. C. PESV. TETRICVS p. F. avg. — in association with his son, impp. TETRICI. AVGG. — IMPP. TETRICI. PII. AVGG. IMP. INV1CTI PII. AVGG. There is a gold medallion of this prince, said to be unique, on the obverse of which, with the inscription imp. tetricvs., is seen the bust of Tetricus as emperor; in his right hand is an olive branch, in his left a sceptre surmounted by an eagle. This medallion, according to a memoir of Dc Boze, is composed of two thin leaves of gold stamped together, and mounted in an ornamented circle of gold with two loops. His gold of the ordinary size are of the highest rarity; base silver or billon very rare: third brass extremely common. The money of Tetricus senior, of Roman die, was fabricated in Gaul. — Among the third brass, of which the number extant is very considerable, there are not a few of which the workmanship is most barbarous, and the legends undecypherable. TETRICVS filius, or junior, as he is com- monly called. — Caius Pesuvius Pivesus Tetricus, son of the preceding, was very young when his father became emperor in Gaul (a.d. 267). He was soon after named Caisar ; and associated with his father in sovereign power. Possessed of a good figure, of an agreeable countenance, and of high intel- lectual endowments, this young man reigned as 786 TETRICUS. TIIEATRA.— THENSA. his parent’s colleague, under circumstances of great promise, until a.d. 272 or 273, when the elder Tetricus thought fit to abdicate, and voluntarily submit himself to Aurclian. Then it was that the son shared the degradation of the sire — walking through the streets of Rome, behind the triumphal car of “ Restitutor Orbis,” as Aurelian had the oriental presuraptuousness to term himself ; but who respected neither his own good fame nor the dignity of the senate in thus treating two such distinguished members of that body. However, after this indulgence of his pride as a triumpher, the emperor is said to have behaved towards both those princes as though they had not “ fallen from their high estate.” The younger Tetricus was re-established in the possessions of his family, and admitted to a seat in the senate. Such, indeed, was his conduct, says Beauvais, “ that he obtained the friendship of the Romans by making himself useful to every one; and no man of senatorial rank was more honoured than himself by Aurelian and his successors.” — His style on coins is pivesvs tetricvs caes. — c. pivesv. TETRICVS. CAES. — IMP. TETRICVS P. F. AVG. and caesar tetricvs avg., as on the small brass (from the cabinet of Mr. Roach Smith) given above. Whether Tetricus the younger remained Caesar only, or whether he also re- ceived the title of Augustus , is a question which historians appear to have left in doubt, and on which numismatists are not agreed. Referring the reader, who may desire further acquaintance with the pros and cons of the case, to what Banduri has advanced on this {>oint and Eckhel stated in opposition, together with Mionnet’s comments on both, in his notes on the medals of this young prince (vol. i. p. 83-4), it shall suffice for us here to observe that, with the fact, both historical and numismatical before us, that Tetricus junior was conjoiued as imperator with his father, there is the greatest probability of his having also been proclaimed avgvstvs. — And as moreover a gold coin of the younger Tetricus, with the title avg. has, since Eckhel’s death, been published as genuine by Mionnet, we should hardly deem it premature to regard the question as already decided ; in other words we are of opinion that there exists sufficient proof of Tetricus jilius having been styled Augustus as well as Csesar, especially as we find such a conclusion supported by those undoubtedly authentic medals whereon his portrait joined to that of his father is accom- panied by IMPP. TETRICII P1I. AVGG. for legend of obverse, and by AETERNTTAS AVGG. (Augustorum) for legend of reverse. The coins of Tetricus jnn. are extremely rare in gold — very rare in base silver, or billon ; but very common in small brass. The pieces of this prince, of Roman die, were coined in Gaul, as were those of his father. — " A great many medals of the two Tetrici are found (says Beauvais) with their legends and types disfigured by the coarseness of their fabric, and the ignorance of the workmen. T. FL. 7 iti Films. — T. FL. Titus Flavius. Theatra, places specially appropriated, amongst the Greeks and Romans, to the repre- sentations of dramatic spectacles. — The theatre differed greatly as to form from the amphi- theatre, the latter being of a circular, or, more properly speaking, of an oval figure : whilst the former was that of a half circle, at the extremity of which a structure was transversely erected. The theatrum consisted of three principal parts : the seats of the spectators occupied the semi- circular space, the stage was in the edifice trans- versely built, and between the two was the orchestra. — [For an accurate description of the construction, arrangement, and decoration of ancient theatres, see Dictionnaire des Beaux Arts par Millin, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities by Dr. Taylor, and Museum of Classical Antiquities.] — The reverse of a first brass coin, stmek under Gordianus Pius, at Heraclea, in Bitbynia, and engraved by Buonarotti from the Carpegna cabinet, presents a theatre with a portico behind the stage, which exhibits the scene of a temple ; the semi-circular portion of the building is filled with spectators. — See Amphitheatre. Thcnsa, a sacred car in which the images of the gods and godesses were carried to the games of the circus. Vehicles of this kind served with the Romans to symbolize that solemn consecra- tion, or apotheosis, of defunct persouages, which, confined to the imperial rank, was decreed by the senate alone. — The thensa was usually made of the wood of such tree as was consecrated to the deity whose statue was thus publicly dis- played in procession, and which appeared with all his or her attributes. — This peculiar sort of carriage was also used to convey either the image of some emperor or empress already placed amongst the divinities, to some public scene of pompous celebration, or the dead body of a prince or princess round the campus martius, where the corpse was afterwards burnt on a funeral pile amidst very imposing rites and ceremonies. — On some of these occasions, elephants were employed to draw the thensa , those vast animals, on account of their longevity, being selected as the symbol of eternity. — Ac- cordingly we find a first brass coin, struck under Tiberius, which exhibits the statue of Augustus, with radiated head and other marks of deification, seated ou a thensa, drawn by four elephants, on the neck of each of which sits a driver. — See DIYO AVGVSTO. — There is also a large bronze medal, struck under Titus, with similar types of the thensa. — See D1VO AVG. VES- PA Siano. From the above and several other numismatic monuments, the form of the thensa appears to have been that of a platform, richly ornamented, and mounted upon four wheels, by which mode of construction the idols or statues placed upon it were rendered conspicuously visible. In this respect it .differed, as well from the carpentum which was covered with an arched roof, its front 1 alone being open, as from the triumphal chariot which was an open vehicle sometimes of cylin- ' drital, at others of semi-circular shape and THEODORA.— T1IE0D0RICUS. THEODOSIUS. 787 entered at the back, both of them being two- wheeled vehicles. — See Carpentum and Currus. THEODORA, second wife of the Emperor Constantins Chlorus, whom she married a.d. 292. She was the daughter of Galeria Valeria Eutropia (second wife of Maxi- minian Hercules) by a Syrian nobleman, whose name has not been recorded. Maximiuian, havingadoptedConstantiusaud conferred on him the title of C cesar, induced, or rather com- pelled him to divorce his wife Helena, and to marry this princess, who received the name of Augusta, but who is known only by her rank as empress, and by the numerous family she left. History is, indeed, equally silent respecting the incidents of her life, the qualities of her character, and the time of her death. “Set medailles (says Beauvais) la representent avec des traits assez fins , et un air spirituel.” It speaks well of her merit as a wife, that so excellent, a man as Constantius, was greatly attached to her, and made her the mother of three sons and three daughters. The former were — 1. Delmatius Censor, father of Delmatius Crcsar, and of the younger liannibaliauus. 2. Julius Constantius, Consul, who had by Galla, his first wife, Con- stantius Gallus, Caesar; and by Basiliua, his second wife, the Emperor Julian the Apostate. 3. Cuustantinus Hauuibalianus. The princesses were — 1. Constantin, wife of the Emperor Licinius. 2. Anastatia, wife of Bassienus, Cajsar; and 3. Eutropia, mother of Nepotianus, who assumed the name of Augustus. The medals of this lady style her fl. max. Theodora, avg. — There are two (of very great rarity) catalogued in the Cabinet d'Ennery, and which Beauvais regarded as of pure silver and genuine : one has for its legend of reverse pietas romana, the type is a woman who holds an infant in her bosom, as if suckling it, and in the exergue t. r. p. — This legend and type also appear on her small brass coins, which are rather scarce. — The coins of Theodora arc considered to have been struck by Constantine the Great. Theodoricus, first of the Gothic Kings in Italy, was the son of Tbeodemirus, king of the Ostrogoths, a tribe of people from northern Europe, who, about the middle of the fifth century, were in occupation of Pannonia and Illyria. — Sent at eight years of age to Constan- tinople, he lived there ten years as a hostage at the court of the emperor Zeno, who, with his able assistance, vanquished and deposed Basi- liscus, and who rewarded his bravery and sendees with wealth, preferment, and the highest honours. But, in a.d. 478, having quarrelled with his imperial benefactor, Theodo- ricus marched the armies of which he had been appointed general into Thrace and Macedonia, where he rendered himself so lormidable that Zeno was necessitated to negociate peace with him. In 483 he was elected consul. Four years afterwards he again broke with the emperor, whom he besieged in Constantinople. Zeuo having once more come to terms w ith his 5 II 2 rebellious subject, surrendered to him his own rights over Italy, which he permitted him to invade a.d. 489, for the ostensible purpose of cx- pcllingOdoacer (who had already proclaimed him- self king of that country), but in reality to rid himself of so dreaded a foe as Theodoricus. — At the head of a powerful army, the gothic chieftain arrived at Aquileia, on the 28th of August of the above-mentioned year; and, having defeated Odoacer, in three different battles, compelled that prince to yield, after sustaining a three years’ siege at Ravenna. Theodoricus engaged to spare his life, and even entered into a treaty of friendship with him ; but at the expiration of a few days, Odoacer and his son, together with the nobles of his court, were, by Theodoricus’ orders, basely assassinated at a banquet to which their perfidious conqueror had invited them. — Proclaimed king of Italy at Ravenna a.d. 493, this barbarous successor to the Ausonian domains of the Cresars, confirmed his power by an alliance with the emperor Anastatius, and by other political advantages. — After governing Italy aud the Gaulish provinces with great wisdom and justice, preserving tranquillity between the Visigoths and the Italians, as well by the equity as by the vigour of his administration, the natural cruelty and mistrustfulness of his disposition regained its baneful influence over him, at the close of his reign, and led him to pollute with the blood of many distinguished and innocent persons the glory of its commencement. Theodoricus, full of remorse and terror at the remembrance of his murderous enormities, expired on the 30th of August, 526, at the age of seventy-two, having survived Odoacer thirty-three years aud a half. He had married Anafledc, sister of king Clovis. On his medals, which are rare, he is styled Dominies Noster THEODORICVS REX. Some pieces represent him with Anastatius and with Justinus I. There is a third brass given in the Pembroke collection, on the obverse of which his name and titles appear within a garland; the reverse exhibiting the helmed head of Rome, with the inscription invicta roma. The money of this prince was doubtless struck in Italy. THEODOSIVS (Flavius), customarily sur- named by historians (but not so on his coins) Magnus, was born of an illustriously noble family, at Italica (now Seville), in Spain, a.d. 346. — Son of Theodosius, one of the ablest generals of his time, Flavius early showed his hereditary courage aud his good soldiership in campaigns against the Sarmatians, aud iu 374 was created 788 THEODOSIUS. Count of Moesia. Endangered by the jealousies and unjust suspicion which led to his father’s decapitation at Carthage in 376, he retired into Spain, where, by order of Gratiau himself who caused that father to perish, he headed an army against the Goths, whom he defeated in a great battle. On the death of Valens, he was chosen by Gratiau for bis colleague, and with the title of Augustus, declared Emperor of the East early in 379. This event took place at a time when that portion of the Roman empire w r as ravaged in every direction by the Goths. Assembling his forces with the utmost expedi- tion, he attacked those barbarian hordes ; over- throwing them in several successive engage- ments, and finally compelling them to sue for peace; and to take refuge within their own wild fortresses. From admiration of his valour and great qualities. Sapor III., king of Persia renounced his enmity to and entered iuto a treaty of alliance with the Romans, which lasted a considerable period. In the year 383, Theodosius conferred the title of Augustus on his eldest son Arcadius, an object of domestic policy, which he had no sooner accomplished than the conquest of Italy and the deposition of Valentinian, junior, by Magnus Maximus, called the imperial hero once more away from his own capital and dominions. Having vanquished and put to death the invading usurper (387), he re-established Valentinian on the throne of the west, and hastened back to quell an insurrection at Thcssalonica, where one of his provincial lieutenants had been slain by the inhabitants of that city. On this occasion he sullied his hitherto irreproachable fame, by an act of the most inhuman cruelty, in permitting his victorious troops to massacre more than seven thousand persons, the greater portion of whom were guiltless of the sedition which had so violently irritated him. It was some time after this frightful atrocity that Theodosius, having presented himself at the portal of Milan cathedral, was denied permission to enter by St. Ambrose. It is further related that the emperor, under the impression of religious awe and compunction, humbly submitted to the sentence of the vener- able arch-prelate, and abstained from again offering himself for admission into the church, until for a term of eight months he had ex- hibited signs of sincere penitence. Returned at length to the seat of his own government, he found the Gothic tribes pillaging Macedonia and Thessaly ; and he chastised and expelled these barbarians from the confines of his empire. After the decease of the younger Valentinian, he returned again to the west, and achieved his last military exploit by gaining a decisive victory (though not till after some desperate struggles), near Aquileia, on the 5th of September, 394, over the usurper Eugenius, whom Arbogastes, the traitorous general of Valentinian and insti- gator of his murder, had caused to be proclaimed emperor. On the 17th of January in the following year, having just before obtained the senatorial recognition of his second son Honorius, as emperor of the cast, this extraordinary man THEODOSIUS. fell ill of a dropsy and died (395), at Milan (Mediolanum), in the 50th year of his age, after an eventfnl reign of nearly sixteen years. He is recorded to have expired in the arms of St. Ambrose, regretted as one of the greatest and best of princes. For fortitude, sagacity, lion-heartedness, and consummate skill in all the acts of government, he might indeed justly be regarded as “ the model for sovereigns but as to his piety, so much lauded by Roman historians, there is more than a doubt of its purity and genuineness, and to speak of his moderation and clemency of character would be an insult alike to humanity and common sense after the horrible proof of his savage vindictive- ness at Thessalonica. Theodosius the Great had two wives — the first was .Elia Flacilla, mother of Arcadius and Honorius; the second was Galla, daughter of Valentinian I. and of Jus- tinia, by whom he had Placidia, who was the mother of Valentinian III. On the medals of this emperor he is constantly styled D. n. theodosivs p. p. au. (or AVG.), the head diademed with pearls. They arc common in silver and gold, except gold quinarii and silver medallions, The middle and small brass of this prince are very common ; but his bronze medallions are rare. — On the reverse of a silver medallion he is styled, and with historical trnth, tri vmfator gent. barb. Before Eckhel’s time, there existed an almost insuper- able difficulty to distinguish the medals which belong to Theodosius I. from those which were struck under Theodosius II. A note of Mion- net, of which Mr. Akerman has given in his Descriptive Catalogue (vol. ii. 330) a translation, furnishes in a condensed form the information on this subject so usefully afforded by the learned and sagacious author of Doctrina Num. Vet., in vol. viii. (pp. 181 et seq .), of that invaluable work, to both of which the reader is referred. THEODOSIVS (Flavius), junior, or II., grandson of the above, being the son of Arca- dius and Eudoxia, was born at Constantinople, a.d. 401 ; declared Augustus the following year ; and in a.d. 408, became Emperor of the East. — During his minority the administration of affairs devolved, first to the prefect Anthemius and afterwards to Pulchcria, sister of Theodosius, under whose influence he, in 421, married the celebrated Athenais. The same year he gained by his generals a victory over the Persians ; and the peace which they concluded with tho Romans after that defeat, lasted twenty-four years. On the decease of Honorins, becoming sovereign of the west, he conferred that division of the empire on his cousin-german Valentinian THERMJ2 ROMANORUM. III., and sent him at the head of an army, in 423, to expel the usurper Johannes who had possessed himself of Italy, Gaul, and Spain. Theodosius engaged Attila to renew the treaty subsisting between the Iluns and the Romans by conditioning to pay an annual tribute of seven hundred pounds weight of gold to that barbaric chieftain, and by other humiliating concessions. In 438 he caused the publication of that code of laws which has come down to us under his name. After failing in an attempt to effect the assassination of Attila, who had broken the peace made between them ; and who devasted many provinces of the empire, Theodosius the Second ended his days at Constantinople, dying either from disease, or in consequence of a fall from his horse, a.d. 450, in the 49th or 50th year of his age. He was a prince whose personal qualities and intellectual attainments are de- scribed to have been such as would have rendered him most estimable as an individual; but his monastic turn of piety and pusilauimity of disposition totally disqualified him for the position he occupied and for the times in which he lived ; whilst his timid, temporising policy was ruinous to the empire, which he governed only to sacrifice its independence and dishonour its renown. His gold coins of the usual size, are common : but the quinarii are rare; the silver extremely rare ; but silver medallions less so ; and small brass very uncommon. His style is D. N. theodosivs p.f. avg. But, as has already been observed, it is difficult to recoguise the difference between the medals of the Second and those of the First Theodosius. — On this subject Eckhel expresses himself to the fol- lowing effect : — Of the coins ot both the Theodosii it should be remarked, that, even in the majority of instances no safe decision can be come to, whether they are to be refered to the elder or the younger, the same legend on the obverse above quoted appearing on the coins of each, and there being no clue afforded in that age by the lineaments of the countenance. This circumstance presented such difficulties to Banduri (ii., p. 558) that he preferred to give the point up, and in the classification of the respective coins, to rest on the opinion of others rather than on his own. For myself, adds Eckhel, having noticed that on certain coins of the younger Theodosius there usually occurs a full-faced bust he/meted, with spear and buckler (a type which does not appear on coins of Theodosius the grandfather), I have ascribed these without exception to the younger ; and the rest, with the diademed head, to the elder ; except where obvious reasons induced me to think that some even of these should be assigned to the junior. — See Mus. Cas. Vind. ii., p. 523. Thermre Romanorum. Baths of the Romans. — During the republic the sole object of the Romans in building baths was to consult natural inclination, and atteud to considerations of cleanliness as promotive of health. Accordingly they were content to render such places sub- servient to the purposes simply of ablution, and THERM.E ROMANORUM. 789 producing perspiration. And although even in the earlier ages, there were structures of this kind which far exceeded in extent what was actually needful, yet it was not until a much later period that the public thernue at Rome arrived at that pitch of grandeur and magnificence to which they were brought with the increase of wealth and luxury, chiefly through the unbounded munificence, or more properly speaking, extra- vagance of princes, who, in the greatness of their works, sought to glorify their names in the eyes of posterity. The very ruins of these baths, indeed, exhibit at the present day evi- dences of their by gone grandeur so stupendous as to excite the astonishment of every intelligent and observant person who has had the oppor- tunity of contemplating them. Nero appears to have been the first who contrived a gymnasium for robust and athletic exercises with the therniee for cold bathing and for sudatory purposes. Titus followed the example of Nero, and caused baths to be built by the side of his amphitheatre. Domitian and Trajan successively added to the number of these public establishments ; and, like their predecessors, built them on a vast scale. Hadrian restored those which Agrippa (in Augustus’s time) had erected. Commodus and Sept. Severus also built baths at Rome. And those with which Caracalla adorned the city were remarkable for their extraordinary extensiveness of plan and splendour of construc- tion and embellishment ; but it would appear that they were not completed until the reign of Elagabalus. Alexander Severus added porticoes to the baths of Caracalla ; and it is the general opinion that he either conjoined new thermce to those of Nero, or that he restored, enlarged, and improved them. The edifices thus com- bined, and provided through the liberality of that emperor with everything that could admin- ister to public convenience and gratification, received the appellation of Thernue Alexandrine. Diocletian was thelast emperor who built baths, and those which still bear his name were the grandest of any in Rome. When, therefore, certain silver and brass medals of Alexander are found exhibiting an edifice profusely adorned with statues, columns, and other decorations, we may regard it as in the highest degree probable that such types were intended to depicture the baths which that prince dedicated to the use of the inhabitants of Rome. Nor is this probability at all lessened, when we note the exterior enrich- ments that mark the character of the buildings represented on these numismatic monuments. For as luxury increased so the therme of imperial Rome became more and more prodigally I augmented and beautifully adorned, both inside and outside, with the most precious marbles, the most exquisite sculptures, and the most splendid ; works as well of pictorial as of architectural art. The Laocoon found iu the ruins of Titus’s baths, and the Farnesian Hercules in those of Caracalla, together with the fine paintings with which modern discoveries show the walls and ceilings of the bath of Titus to have been covered, are amongst the most convincing proofs of the fact above 790 THERM.E ALEXANDRINE, stated. Aad in the instance before us, although there is not, as in the Basilica U/piia, or the Forum and Aqua Trajani, that conclusive aid which inscriptive precision affords, yet, with the s. c. conspicuous on the bronze medal, we may reasonably infer from such a type, that the senate caused it to be struck as a record of gratitude to Alexander for having undertaken and achieved so great a public work. For a general description of the various apartments comprised in the interior of the Roman baths, such as the spoliarium, for undressing ; the frigidarium, for bathing in cold water ; the lepidarium, or warm bath room ; the 'sudatorium, or vapour bath ; the balneum, or caldarium, in which hot water bathing took place ; and the unctuarium, where the oils and perfumes were applied to the persons of the bathers, together with the various utensils employed and arrangements made in each ; see Discours sur Bains Antiques, par Du Choul; and Diclionnaire des Beaux Arts, par Millin. Captain Smyth’s remarks on the subject are so appropriate in themselves, as well as so characteristic in their tenour, of the manly views and correct feelings of the gallant author, [ that we are proud at once to grace our pages and express our concurrent statements with them : — “ The temples of idleness, called therma, were imitations of the Greek gymnasia, and consisted of vast buildings replete with splendid and fascinating luxuries, calculated to relax the mind, and afford voluptuous exercise for the body, j But it may be questioned whether the health of the citizens was not substantially better, when they only bathed in the Tiber, than when hot baths became necessary to the very fax civilatis.” Furnos el balnia laudat JJt fortunatam plene prastantia vitam. “The hardy warriors of the republic lost but little time at their toilet, despised the matutino amomo, and made no difference between wiuter aud summer rings ; but even before the age of Cicsar, a “ pretty gentleman” was unable to get under weigh until he had been shaved, scraped, shampooed, perfumed, and what not, as the father of the “Carmiua Morum” says — Scabor , suppelor, desquamor, pumicor, omor, Expilor, pingor. There is no doubt (adds Capt. Smyth) that the enervating effects of the warm baths, en- [ gendered both nee and effeminacy ; but though ; it is too clear that there were bagnios where I the sexes bathed indiscriminately, the promis- | cuous intercourse was not general, and such I could only have been frequented by the dregs of the females. Varro tells us — “ Ubi bina essent eonjuncta adificia lavandi causa ; unum ubi viri, alterum ubi mulieres lavarentur and Lampridius, speaking of Alexander Sevcrus, says, “ Balnea mixta, Roma exhiberi, pro- hibit .” Descriptive Catalogue, p. 230. Therma Alexandrina. — Alexander Severus is recorded to have adorned Rome with many noble structures — a fact which Lampridius, in his Life THESEUS. of that emperor (c. 25), at once confirms and eluci- dates by r saying that he not only restored the works of the earlier princes but also himself raised many new ones, amougst others the baths which bear his name. ( Thermos nominis sui, juxta eas qua Neroniana fuerunt, aqua inducta, qua Alexandrina mine dicitur) The reinaius of these baths of Alexander arc still to be seen in the Palazzo di Medici. A representation of them also is, accoidiug to the generally re- ceived opinion, handed down to us on silver and bronze coins of his, bearing on their reverse the legend P. M. tr. P. v. cos it. P. P. (his second consulship corresponding with a.d. 226). That in silver is edited by Vaillant (Pr. ii. 285) — a brass medallion is given in Angeloni (p. 226) ; also one by Havercamp, from the Mnscum Christina ; and another by Eckhel, from the Imperial cabinet at Vienna. The types of all these, though differing in some features of design from each other, yet agree in delineating an elegant and lofty edifice, adorned with statues and enclosed in front with a portico. Angcloni’s specimen is proluscly charged with imagery, and surmounted by a quadriga, with the emperor himself in the act of enjoying triumphal honours. The same writer goes on to point out in his engraving of what he describes as “ be/lissimo medaglione," a fountain in front of the Therma, representing that which in Alexander’s time poured forth the waters, called after him Alexandrina, aud which were con- veyed to it at immense cost and trouble by two grand canals (or aquaducts). This coin was struck a.d. 226, “ and cither commemorates the erection of the baths or the lighting them up at night, at Alexander’s expense j” addidit et oleum luminibus thermarum, quum antea non ante auroram paterent, et antea solis occasion c/auderentur. — Lampridius, c. 24. Theseus, son and successor of Aigcus, king of the Athenians. The history of this Grecian hero is so much mixed up with the fables of antiquity that it is scarcely possible to disentangle his real exploits from the marvellous adventures which poets and tragedians have ascribed to him. But Plutarch, in his life, has collected many things worthy of commemoration, and there are some passages in Apollodorus which also serve to justify his title to celebrity. The only circumstance by which a name, familiar enough to mythological associations, can with any shew THORAX.— THORU. of probability be brought within the range of Roman numismatics, is that of a contorniate medal given in MorelTs Thesaurus. This pseudo monetal relic bears Nero’s portrait on its obverse ; it has for legend of reverse agit spe tesevs ; and for type a naked warrior, with helmet on his head, and spear and buckler in his left hand. He stands, with his right hand pressing on the neck of a Centaur, who holds a lyre, and whom he seems in the act of forcibly compelling to go down on his knees. — Ovid (in Melamorph. lib. xii.) in recounting the incidents of a bloody skirmish between the Centaurs and the Lapithse, assembled together at the nuptial feast of Pirithous, sings the praises of Theseus, who slew Eurytus and others of the double- limbed race, “ half men, half beasts,” for committing a brutal outrage on fair Hippo dame, the bride of bis faithful frieud. — Of the meaning to be attached to the inscription above-quoted, no satisfactory explanation has been offered ; and whether the group pourtrayed on the contorniate was intended to shadow forth the triumphant prowess of Theseus, as the ally of “ the horse- tamers,” and the avenger of outraged hospitality and the insulted honour of marriage, is a question still left to be determined by those who may deem it worthy of further inquiry. But the type shews at least that the family or tribe of the Centaurs continued to cultivate the science of music after the example of their great progenitor Chiron. — Sec Centaur. Thorax, the breastplate or corslet of a Roman warrior’s suit of defensive armour. This is shewn on numerous coins of the imperial series, from Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius, down to the lower ages of the empire. The breastplate is placed on a trophy, or by the side of the emperor. It serves also as a seat for Pallas, Roma, Virtue, and Victoria. Thoria, a plebeian family, surname Balbus. Its coins consist but of two varieties, both in silver, one of which is rare, viz., I. s. M. k. Head of Juno Sispita. Rev. — L. thorivs balbvs. A bull running furiously. The reasou why hi no Sispita M agna Regina (for thus are the letters ou the obverse to be explained by copious authorities deduced from ancient marbles) is represented on this denarius, is supplied by Cicero, in a memorable passage of his works, in wl.ich he describes the character of L. Thorius Balbus, as that of a wealthy aud systematic voluptuary, yet at the same time as a man of rare and wonderful genius. He was born at Lanuvium : hence the adoption of Juno Lanuvina’s image on his coin. — See Roscia family for what relates to that superstition, aud the words Taurus irruens, for what is alluded to by the type of the bull on the reverse. Thracia, one of the most extensive, and, with the exception of a few Greek colonies on its maritime confines, one of the most uncivilised countries of ancient Europe, now forming that part of Turkey called Roumelia. Thrace bordered westward on Macedonia, from which it was divided by the river Nessus, according to THYRSUS.— TIARA. 791 Ptolemy, or by the river Strymon as Pliny gives it. It touched Mocsia on the north ; the Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea) was its boundary eastward ; and the Egean sea ou the south. — Spauheim (Pr. ii. 5S8) includes it amongst the provinces of Julius ; but from an obseivation of Suetonius it would appear not to have been reduced to that form of subjection to the Roman government until the reign of Vespasian. There is a rare medal of Hadrian, in large brass, which records his visit to this distant part of the empire, by the legend ADVENTVI A V Gnsti TIIRACIAE, and by the type of the Emperor, and the Genius of Thrace, sacrificing together before an altar. Thyrsus, one of the peculiar attributes of Bacchus. It was a spear or lance, the iron head of which was wrapped round, sometimes with ivy leaves, at other times with vine leaves aud branches of the vine. The ancients feigned that Bacchus used this weapon against the Indians, with whom he was said to have waged successful war. In memory of this event, it was the custom of his votaries at their sacrificial feasts to have the thyrsus borne in triumphant proces- sion by the Bacchantes, who employed it in the frenzied ceremonies of their wild and licentious worship. The thyrsus is seen almost always in the left hand of Bacchus, as may have been observed on coins of the Cosconia and Trebonia families, and on many imperial and colonial- imperial medals, such as those of Trajan, Hadrian, Antonine, Commodus, Sept. Severus, Caracalla, &c. Tiara. — The cap or turban worn by the ancient Kings of Persia and of Armenia. This ditfers from the cidaris, inasmuch as it was larger at the top than at the bottom, whilst the cidaris was of a conical form and terminated in a point, as may be seen on various medals of the Parthian King’s. The cidaris, with bow and quiver, on a denarius of Marc Antony (with legend of imp. tertio iiivir. r.p.c.), is a monument of the conquest of Armenia by that triumvir. For Tigranes, the father of Artavasdes, who was taken captive by Antony, laid this symbol of royalty at Pompey’s feet. — That the cidaris was also the mark as well of Armenian as of Parthian royalty, is shewn from the medals of Augustus, where the same kind of tiara, with bow aud quiver, accompanies the inscription de parthis, and Armenia CAPTA. TI. Tiberii. — ti. avg. f. — Tiberii Augusti Filii. TI. F. — TI. N. Tiberii Filins, or Tiberii Nepos. Son or nephew of Tiberius. TI. Titus. — ti. caes. divi. vesp. F. — Titus Ca’sar Divi Vesptasiani Filins. Tiber and Tiberis. — Though not the largest, yet the most noted river in Italy, on whose banks, according to the well-known legend, a wolf suckled the twin brothers, Romuius and Remus. Taking its source in the mountains of Etruria, the Tiber flows into the Mediterranean at Ostia, on the Latian shore, about twenty miles from where Rome stands, on its southern 75*2 TIBERIs. — TTBERTTS. have jna below e* junenon wnb the Asia. The Tiber was s: first called Albula ; btn- Tibermus or Tibens, son of one of the Alban kings. having been drowned in ~hai river, bn name *t- given no it, and be was regarded as end of the -T-ream TIBER!:- B E — A on cad urmtrH mm the ground — bis nght band placed on a naan, and nis left band, reposing on an am balds a reed. Tbt Tiber, thus dstinctiy named, is finely personified on a brass medallion of Antoninus Pins. Tbert is also another brass medallion of tbt saint emperor, tbt type of which alludes to out of tbt fabulous legends of early to nit ; such at bt del invited no restore in pubbc memoir viz„ tbt arrival of -Escuiupius in Ina'v from Epidaurus. under the farm of a serpent. On ibis beautiful reverse. Tiber is seated amidst tbt waters as a venerably bearded odd man, wrtb a bulrush in bis left band, and bis elbow resting on a vast pouring forth a billowy stream that completely covers hk lower extremities 'Set axscvxajtvs.' — O n a first and second brass of Domitian. forming one of tbt series of mcdiik struck nmW That pnnoe to commemorate bis celebration of tbt secular names a nver end, in a rernnibenl position, occupies a prominent place in tbt group of figures, and is shown by Eckbel to be unques- tionably a personification of tbt Tiber. 'See Ul. sta r me " — in tbt Catalogue D Enuery a gold medal is ascribed to Galba, with Tra ms r. a. tb_ r. cos. n. and an aquatic divinity seated. Eckbel quotes and comments upon ibis coin, without intimating any doubt of its gennmeness. Mionnet and Akerman, however, do nut include stub a piece in their respective catalogues of Komar money. — Tailiam CPr. ib 11s r res a bronze medaibon of Hadrian, the type of which be describes, as exhibiting tbt emperor on horseback, to whom the genius uf Eomt offer* a branch ; and below, the re— nm bent figure of a river god, resting bis arm on an urn whence water is flowing. with the word Tin rats But no notice is taken of this remarkable reverse by either Eckbel, Mionnet . or Akerman TI BE kl Vs ( Claudius SeroJ born on the 10th of November, in the 712th year of Rome, forty -two years before the birth of Christ, was the son of the Pontiff Tiberius Claudios Nero and of Livia, afterwards tbt wife of Augustus. Descended from the high patrician family of Claudia, this prince united a penetrating com- prehensive mind to the qualities of a suspicious. TTBERTTS. cruel and perfidious disposition- Having become early conversant with the literature of Greece and Rome, and having devoted particular atten- tion to bis political and military studies, Tiberius shewed so great a capacity for public life, that Augustus caused bun to be passed through all the civil offices of the republic, and conferred upon him frequent appointments to important commands in the wars which be bad to cany on with external foes. In all these charges be acquitted himself with superior talent, energy, and courage. 'When but 22 years of age (t_c. 754 . be entered Armenia with an army, and restored Tigranes to the throne of that kingdom. Tht same year be received back far Augustus from the Farthians the legionary eagles which M Crassns bad lost. In be served the Prstorsbip, and at the same time accompanied Augustus into GauL With bis brother Drusas, m 7AS, be subdued the Kbcri. In 742 re- duced tbt Pannomans to submission, and though denied a triumph was invested with triumphal honours. Divorced from bis wife, Tips&nia Agr.pp-.na, be, in 743. married Julia, daughter of Augustus, and widow of Marcus Agnppa. He made tbt same veaz a successful campaign against the Dalmatians and Pannonians. In 745 be entered Rome with the honours of an ovation for fresh victories gained over the Dal- matians. In 746 be marched into Germany, and having restored the power and influence of Rome in that quarter, be received the title of Imfieratar . was decreed a triumph , and elected Consul for the second time.. In 74s (a_d. 6) the tribunitian power was snsmlwi to him far the unusual term of five years. In 750, be re- tired to Rhodes, ostensibly as the lieutenant of Augustus, but in reality, as it is said, to avoid being a witness of the abandoned conduct of bis wife Juba : and in ibis sort of exile be passed several years in a manner that rendered him generally despised. On bis return to Roane be was adopted by Augustus, TX. 757, on which occnsion. being received into the Julia family, be took the appellative of tisekjvs c axsab, and as be bad himself sprung fins the Claudia family, be was also, according to the custom, called c la vp i vs. prom that period tQl the death of Augustus, an interval of ten years, Tiberius wss continually engaged is military expeditions against the Germans, Dalmatians, Pannomans, and Illyrians, sustaining several severe checks but gaining many victories, and obtaining the highest honours from both em- peror and senate. In the year of Rome 767, be succeeded to the empire 118th August, A.P. 14.) The first ten yean of his reign his behaviour appear* to hate been on the whole that of a pnnoe, studious of promoting, by the maintenance of civil order and an adherence to good policy, the interests and happiness of his subjects. Amongst the good actions of his early government, the munificent Liberality with which be extended aid, and supplied the means of restoration to twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake in one night, deserves the record which has eternised it, if only ss a rind con- TTBERIUS. trast to the gloomy despotism of his subsequent career. [See civitatibvs asiae restitvtis.] — The sequel of his biography is one continued series of barbarity and oppression — he over- whelmed with taxation the provinces which his tyranny had depopulated — most of the greatest families of Rome were ruined by his confiscatory decrees— he put Archelaus, King of Cappadocia, to death in prison : Germanicus, who had saved him and his troops from destruction in Germany, was sacrificed to his jealousy ; Agrippina, the wife of that hero, and her son, also fell victims to his cruelty and ingratitude — even Sejanus, his minister aud favourite, he had the pusillanimity to give up to the clamorous demands of a blood- thirsty rabble — and many of the best and most patriotic senators were delivered into the hands of the public executioner, he being himself their accuser as well as judge. In the midst of these atrocities, and sinking into a dishonoured old age, Tiberius quitted Rome in which, during nearly twelve years, he had lived only to desolate and oppress it, and took up his abode in the isle of Capra;, whither his enslavement to horribie debaucheries had led him, for the purpose of concealing his enormities from the public eye. Multarum virtutum capax, omnium vitiorum compos , pessimum egit Principem. This wicked prince, who became in old age an object of mortal dread from his murderous crimes, and of detestation and contempt for his hideous vices, expired on the 16tb March, in the year v.c. 790 (a.d. 37), at Mysenum, in Campania, where he was suffocated, as is believed, by order of Caligula, whom he had named for his suc- cessor. — It was in the seventeenth year of Tiberius’s reign that Our Blessed Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ, underwent the cruel death of the cross, on the 3rd of April, in the 31st year of the Christian a:ra. Names and Titles. — Tiberius was called Claudianus and Germanicus, but not on his coins. — The name of Augustus appertained to him by hereditary right ; it appears invariably on his mintages, and was used by him in his state letters and public documents, but he did not otherwise adopt it. — That the honour- able addition of Pater Patrive was the one which he uniformly refused, and abstained from, appears to be the unanimous assertion of the Roman historians ; the words do not appear, cither in the full or the abbreviated form, on any of his genuine coins. — There is a second brass of this prince which has for legend of the head Tl. CAESAR AVGVST. F. IMPERAT. v., and for that of the reverse pontif. tribvn. potestate xii. s.c. — The author of “Lemons de Numismatique Romaine” gives this medal, from his collection, not on account of its rarity, but because it is the first which is known of Tiberius. This medal was struck in the year of Rome 703, during the life-time of Augustus, who for twelve years had granted to his adopted son the tribunitiau power. — On this he is simply styled Pontiff' and Son of Augustus, without being honoured himself with that name. But after his accession to the throne, he took the appella- I TIBERIUS. 793 tion of Augustus, son of the Divine Augustus (AVG. DIVI F. ANGusli), and also the title of Grand Pontiff (PONT. MAX.) With regard to the title of Imperator, Tiberius is said to have also abstained from applying it to himself as a prenomen. This is borne out both by coins and inscriptive marbles, on which he is styled, not imp. ti. caesar, but simply ti. caesar. — Nevertheless, he allowed himself to be called imperator in a military sense, and on account of his victories. Accord- ingly we find by his coins that Tiberius in his 12th investiture with the Tribunitian Power, was Imperator V., and at his accession to the empire Imperator VII. On the authority of Dion and Velleius it appears that this prince was called Imperator seven times, and decreed to have deserved triumphal honours for a like number, though content with enjoying them thrice ; but what these particular victories and triumphs were which caused the title to be so often renewed, it is difficult to decide. — See Eckhel Doct. Num. Vet. vol vi. p. 201. The coins of Tiberius are — Gold c. (worth double with head of Augustus on reverse) ; ditto restored by Titus, rrr ; ditto quinarii, rr. — Silver c., with the head of Augustus, r ; ditto medallions, rrr. — Brass medallions of Roman die, rrrr; first brass (with his head), rr, without it, R ; first brass of the colonies, rr ; second brass, c ; ditto restored by Titus or Domitian, rr ; third brass, s ; Spintriati (see the word), rr. Tiberius, son of Drusus junior. — In the year of Rome, 772, male twins were born to the younger Drusus by his wife Livilla, an event greatly rejoiced at and boasted of at the time by the emperor Tiberius, who is said to have bestowed his own name on oue of these children. The other, whose appellation remains unknown, died at the age of four years. The less fortu- nate survivor was appointed in the grandfather’s will to be associated in the empire with Caligula, on whose accession to the supreme power in the year v.c. 790 the youthful Tiberius was put to death. The infant heads of his brother and himself, placed on two horns of plenty, with a caduceus between them, but without inscription, appear on 1st brass coins of Drusus their father. It is a type which elegantly symbolises the fertility and happiness of the imperial family. — See Comucopice. Tiberius Constantinus, emperor of the East, a native of Thrace, adopted by Justin II., was named Augustus, a.d. 578, and succeeded to the empire by the death of Justin the same year. He is reported to have been a prudent, mild, yet energetic prince, under whom the Persians were twice defeated. He died at Constantinople, a.d. 582. His gold coins are r., his silver rrr. ; his brass common. On them he is styled d.n. or tib. constant, or constantinvs p.p. avg. — The reverse of a quinarius bears the legend lvx mvndi, and the type of a cross, the whole in a crown of myrtle. Tiberius Mauricius, successor of the above. — See Mauricius. 794 TIBIA.— TIBICINES.— TIGRIS. Tibia, pipe or flute. — Passing over the myth in which the invention of this instrument of music is ascribed to Minerva, and the praise of celebrity as performers thereon awarded to Marsyas, Pan, and Olympus, it may suffice for our present purpose to observe that the flutes of the Greeks and ltoinaus were made either of a peculiar sort of reed, or of some light kind of wood ; and were of two descriptions — single and double. Of the latter, which is by far the more frequently delineated on coins, sculptures, and in pictures : one was called sinistra, from its being held in the left hand, and serving for the treble ; the other was called deitra, because held in the right hand, and employed as a second to accompany the first. There is, however, one particular which Vis- conti in describing this musical instrument has omitted to mention, but which the sight of his graphic illustration suggests as a subject of remark — namely, that above as well as below the cross mouth-piece of the instrument in question, the fingers of the performer seem employed as if in covering stops — a peculiarity in the conformation of the tibia simplex which we have never before seen in ancient representations. Tibicines, players on the pipe or flute. — This class of musicians amongst the Romans formed a corporate body under the name of a college, and possessed the privilege of attending to play at feasts, and on all occasions of a ceremonial kind. This privilege was at one time taken from, but afterwards restored to them. There is a denarius of the Plautia family, the type of which alludes to the banishment of these Tibicines from Rome, aud their return to ihat city. — Sec Plautia. Tibicines arc represented, generally blowing the doubled flute, at sacrifices, on coins of Augustus, Domitianus, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Commodus, Sept. Severus, Caracalla, Gcta, Philip sen. and jun., Trebonianus, Ga'.lus, Volu- sianus, &c. Tigris. Tiger. — This animal, observes Span- heim (Pr. i. 207), is not to be confounded with the leopard or the panther. His skin is marked, not with round spots like theirs, but with long stripes. — The tiger is the symbol of Bacchus. On denarii of the Vibia family one is present at a sacrifice to Liber Pater. — He is often seen at the feet of Bacchus on coins of Roman colonies. Havercamp gives a contorniate medal of Nero, on which the god of wine is figured, seated in a car drawn by Tigers Tigris — a celebrated river in Asia, which, rising in the greater Armenia, and flowing theuce in a southerly direction, formed the eastern boundary of Mesopotamia (a tract of country lying, as its name signifies, between two rivers), the equally renowned Euphrates washing it on the western side. Below the site of the ancient Babylon, the Tigris forms a confluence with the Euphrates, and their streams, thus united, enter the Sinus Persicus, or Persian Gulf. — The extension of the Roman empire to the right bank of the Tigris, by the intervening regions, is at once recorded by the legend aud symbolised by TITIA. — TITINIA. — TITURIA. the type of a fine first brass medal of Trajan, which represents this river with the Euphrates. The emperor is standing between the personifi- cations of these two mighty streams, with the figure of an Armenian at his feet. — Sec Armenia ET MESOPOTAMIA IN POTESTATEM P. R. RE- DACTAE. TIT. Titus. TIT. CAESAR, &C. — TIT. ET DOM IT. Titus et Domitianus. Timor. — Fear, amongst various other affec- tions, passions, and qualities of the mind, was, according to Plutarch, held sacred as a deity by the Lacedaemonians. And from such types as those of Pallor and Pavor, on coins of the Hostilia family, it would seem that the Romans, ever fond of intimating Greek examples, adopted this absurd system of worshipping the malt, as well as the boni genii. Tilia, a plebian family. Its coins present six varieties. One of its silver pieces, restored by Trajan, has on the obverse a winged and diademed head with long beard ; aud on others there is the head of Bacchus, crowned with ivy; the reverse exhibiting a flying pegasus, with Q. titi. — The opinions of the learned on these types amount to nothing satisfactory or useful. And who the Q. Titus of the above cited denarius was is involved iu conjectures neither interesting nor probable enough to claim further notice. Titinia, a patrician as well as a plebeian family. Its denarii, which are common, have the winged head of Minerva, and the numeral letters xvi. behind it. — On the reverse, c. tit in i ; and a victory iu a biga. Its bronze money arc the As or some of its divisions. Tituria. — The order to which this family belonged (whether patrician or plebeian) is un- certain. Its surname was Sabinus. — Morell gives thirty-three varieties of its coins, which are all silver, aud common. Nor, with the exception of two, do they offer any features of the least iutercst. — The former of these has on the obverse a bearded head, and is inscribed sabin. a. P.v. On the reverse, a female with dishevelled hair aud uplifted arms, sitting amidst a heap of bucklers, and ou each side of her is a soldier, with shield in haud, as if about to cast it on her. Above is a crescent aud a star. In the exergne i,. titvri. The surname SABINirs on the obverse of this medal was borne by Lucius Titurius, w ho caused it to be struck. “ It may,” says Visconti, “ also refer to the portrait of Tatius, who was a Sabine.” The legend of the reverse presents the prenomen and the name of this magistrate : L. titvri. Lucius Titurius: the crescent aud the star, emblems of night, serve to point out the time when the act of treachery was perpe- trated, according to this traditionary incident of Rome’s earliest days. The second denarius of the Tituria family, to which allusion has been made, as exhibiting an intcrestinif connection with early Roman history, has on one side sabin. aud a bearded head, near which is ta in monogram ; or, iu others, a. pv. — On the reverse, l. titvri. Two soldiers, each carrying a female figure. TITURIA.— TITUS. The name of Sabinus, and the types on both the above described coins, associating themselves, as they do, with well-known narratives of the old writers, snfficiently prove that the gens Tituria was of Sabine origin. On the first medal (as in one of the Petronia family), we see Tarpeia sinking beneath the weight of shields successively flung upon her by the avengers of her perfidy, themselves not less perfidious, and adding brutal cruelty to the evasion of their mutually understood pledge to give their gold armlets, not their brazen bucklers, to the betrayer of her countrymen’s stronghold. — But the type of the other denarius obviously alludes to the Sabine rape. And on this point, Eckhcl reminds his classical readers that the manner in which the women are represented as carried oft’ by their Roman ravishers, agrees with the graphic expressions of Ovid (Art. Amator. 1. i. v. 127). Si qua repugnarat nimium , comitemque negaral; Sublaiam cupido % nr tulit ipse sinu. That the head of the obverse was designed to pourtray the lineaments of Tatius, at that time king of the Sabines, is rendered the more highly probable from the letters ta in mouogram, appealing on most of the denarii. This suppo- sition is further strengthened by the circumstance of the same monogram occurring on a silver coiu of Vcttius Sabinus [see Vettia family]. — As to the letters a.p. they have, says Eckhel, un- doubtedly the same meaning as the arg. pvb. ( Argento Publico) on denarii of the Sextia family. — See Tatius. T1TVS ( Flavius Vespasianus), eldest son of the emperor Vespasian by Domitilla, was born at Rome in the year v.c. 794 (Dec.30th, a.d. 41). — Although brought up along with Britanuieus, in the same licentious court where Nero’s vicious propensities were nurtured, and not uncon- taminated with its seductions, his docility in education saved him from utter ruin. Assisted in his devoted application to study by an extra- ordinary memory he was eloquent in speech, and felicitous in poetical composition. Skilful and adroit in gymnastic and equestrian exercises, his warlike courage and his moral firmness were early displayed. Possessing the ability to execute, as well as the judgment to form great designs, he proved himself, often amidst the severest trials and under the most disastrous 5 1 2 TITUS. 795 circumstances, one of the first commanders of his time. To the loftiest qualities of genius there were, in his character conjoined a sweet- ness of temper and an affability of manners, that might truly be said to have won for him “ golden opinions” from people of every sort and condition. Whilst yet a mere youth Titus began his military career in Germany ; he after- w'ards served in Britain : in both those countries he was the companion and pupil of his father ; and in the latter theatre of sanguinary warfare he gave a signal proof at once of his intrepidity and his filial affection, by rescuing Vespasian from a situation of the most imminent peril. On his return to Rome he was promoted by Nero from the rank of tribune to that of prefect, and to the command of a legion. Following his father to the Jewish war he successively planted the Roman eagles on the walls of Tarichfca and Garnala, two strong cities of Judaea. — At the end of the year v.c. 821 (a.d. 69) he went on a mission from Vespasian to salute Galba, when, hearing of the murder of that emperor, and of the aspiring movements of Vitellins, he opportunely halted, and returned to his father. Then taking advantage of the public hatred to Vitellius, he entered into nego- tiations with Mucius, governor of Syria, for transferring the sovereignty to Vespasian ; and so successful was he in conciliating the favour of the legions, stationed in that and the neigh- bouring provinces, that they quickly proclaimed his father emperor in the room of Vitellius. Left by himself in the year v.c. 822 (a.d. 69), to com- plete the conquest of Judaea he was proclaimed by the senate, C*sar, and Princeps J uventutis, and elected for the consulate «of the following year as colleague of his father. And now, being specially entrusted by his imperial sire with the awful charge of carrying on the siege of Jerusalem, he directed his whole strength against the place, which he at length took by assault on the 8th of September, v.c. 823 (a.d. 70). “This celebrated city (as Beauvais says) was then destroyed, as had been predicted by the Son of God, after having flourished two thousand one hundred years, and its defence cost the life and the liberty of twelve hundred thousand Jews. It was not without shedding tears that Titus saw, in spite of all his efforts to save it, the destruction bv fire of that famous temple of the Hebrews, a monument the most superb which the piety of men had ever raised to the honour of the Almighty.” For this splendid achievement he was proclaimed Imperator by the soldiers. The following year (a.d. 71) quitting Palestine he went to Egypt, and thence returned to Rome, where, as his coins shew, ho was designated Imperator II. by his father, with whom he also shared triumphal honours, and was soon afterwards associated in the govern- ment of the empire, as Vespasian’s sole colleague and appointed successor. His first exercise of the supreme power was marked by pride, and tainted by injustice, not unmixed with despotic violence and even with excesses of an odious kiud. But on his accession to an undivided 796 TITUS, throne, at his father’s death (rear of Rome 832, 79th of our sera), these blots on his fair fame were effaced by a reformation so complete as to render him the model of good princes and of virtuous men. Humanely anxious for the wel- fare of his subjects, his liberality and muni- ficence knew no bounds when either public calamities required to be assuaged through his ample funds, or when, in happier periods, the Roman taste for amphitheatric and circensean spectacles could be gratified, as they were always sure to be at his own enormous cost. The con- quest of Britain, by his lieutenant Agricola (v.c. 832, a.d. 79), is recorded amongst the most interesting successes of his aims abroad. At home his course of policy bore the true impress of magnanimity and beneficence. The year above-mentioned was marked by a dreadful eruption of Mount Vesuvius, which laid waste the beautiful shores of Campania, and buried Herculaneum and Pompeii in lava and in ashes. In the following year (a.d. 80), by a most destructive fire at Rome, the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and other edifices, both sacred and secular, were destroyed. On the other hand, whilst these structures were put in progress of restoration, Titus dedicated the stupendous ampitheatre, now commonly called the Coliseum ; opened public baths ; and gave the most magnificent shews to the people. Benignant and glorious indeed, yet eventful was the reign of this great prince ; hut too short for that generation of mankind in which he lived, and of which, for his active benevolence, he was justly named (amor deliciteque) the admiration and the delight. From the effects of poison, administered, as is believed, by his own un- grateful and wicked brother Domitian, this renowned emperor expired on the 13th of September, year of Rome 834, a.d. 81, in about the fortieth year of his age, having swayed the sceptre of the empire two years and nearly three months. The coins of Titus are numerous. Some represent him with Vespasian, others with Domitian and with his daughter Julia. — On these, as associated with his brother, he is styled tit. et domit. vesp. avg. f. — Also CAESARES VESP. F. LIBERI. IMP. AVG. VESP. Alone, he is called, T. CAESar AUGwti Yilius : on the reverse sometimes IMP. After his father's death, imp. titvs caes. VESP. or VESPASIAN. AVG. P. M., &C. On coins struck after his death and conse- cration (which latter event took place by a senatus consultum), Divvs titvs avgvstvs, or DIVO avg. t. divi. vesp. f. vespasiano. In animadverting on the mint of Titus, for tome singular points in the order of which it is difficult to assign any precise reason, Eckbel refers, with an expression of astonishment, to the fact, that there is no coin of this emperor, bearing the date of v. c. 824 (a.d. 71), which { attests the conquest of Judaea; whereas it was | Titus alone who brought the Jewish war to a ' decisive close, and in consequence of which he enjoyed a triumph with his father. “Beyond I TITUS. all doubt (says the author of Doct. Num. Vet. vol. vi. p. 352), the medals which commemorate the conquest of Judaea, were without exception struck in subsequent years, although many coins are extant, with the head of Vespasian, up to the year in question. And, therefore, judging from the absence of this record on other undis- puted coins of the same date, we may conclude it to be altogether probable that during this whole year (824) there were no coins of Titus struck, except those on which he appears in fellowship with Domitian. For had such beeD the case, it would seem strange that there should not be found, as a matter of course, on the coins of Titus, some memorial of a victory so signal, and so mainly attributable to his prow ess and generalship.” The title of Imperator is variously placed on the coins of Titus, and in a manner differing from the general usage of all others of the Ctcsars. On those struck v.c. 822-823, that title is omitted to be given him. — In 824, on his medals of the first half year, he is called caes. desig. imp., or designatus imperator (imperator elect) : whilst on coins struck later in the same year he is styled t. imp. caesar. And thenceforward, until he became Augustus, he is constantly termed t. caes. imp., the other titles following. From that time also he continuously presents the laureated head (with however the radiated crowrn on many second brass), but never the bare head. — It was in V.C. 832 that Titus received the dignity of Augustus ; and then we find that the imp., which was invariably put last on the coins of Titus, as Cttsar, was thenceforth put first on his coins as Augustus, and the inscription, by a perpetual rule, became imp. titvs caes. vesp. avg. &c. — On his coins struck in v.c. 824, he is called DESIGrurtw IM P era tor. “ To this title,” observes Eckhel, “it being the fruit of victory, no one was designated, or pre-ordained; but it was conferred after a victory by military acclamation. Moreover, Titus had been in the preceding year (823) already styled Imperator for the capture of Jerusalem.-— The title of Imperator, therefore, given him in v.c. 824, is certainly to be understood of Titus as the designatus consors, or elect associate (with his father) in the imperial government.” Nor is it less certain, that on the medals of Titus, the word imp. sometimes serves to denote colleagueship in government as well as the military title of Imperator, as conferred on account of victories. And from a chronological series of inscriptions on Titns’s coins, Eckhel shews that he was Imperator for the first time in the year of Rome 823, and that the same title was renewed to him every successive year, and in some instances twice, and even four times, in one year, successively till 833-834, when he was imp. xvi. (Imperator for the six- teenth and lost time.) Of this emperor’s coins, the gold and silver, and the first and second brass, are common. The third brass rare. Brass medallions rare. Silver medallions (foreign die) rkb. TOGA. Titus had two wives. The first Arricidia , daughter of Tertullus, a Roman knight, whom he married when a young man, hut who is not named on any medals. The other, Marcia Furmlla, born of an illustrious family, to whom a Greek medal has been, but in Eckliel’s opinion erroneously, ascribed. Toga. — A species of garment so peculiarly in use amongst the Romans, that romanus and togatus became synonymous terms. It was made of woollen stuff, generally white, without sleeves, circular, or as some say, semi-circular in form, and of such dimensions that when thrown over the body it entirely covered it down to the feet, as appears from coins and statues. — Toga were of course different in colour and ornament, as well as in quality of material, according to the diversities of rank and age. It was large and fine and with ample folds for the rich man’s wear, whilst for the frugal and the poor it was scanty and coarse. Only Roman citizens were allowed to clothe themselves in the toga. It is said that King Tullus Hosti’lius invented that called pratexla, a robe bordered with purple, as a dis- tinction for men of rank. — (See Pratexta.) — In the first age of Rome the toga was a dress com- mon to both sexes, but subsequently the women exchanged it for the palla or the sto/a. — Towards the decline of the republic, persons of high quality wore the toga lined with purple, and so adjusted on them that the front part fell a little below the knee. Statues, has reliefs, and some medals serve to elucidate better than any verbal attempt at explanation what was the disposition and effect of the toga on the person. It was essentially the garb of peace, as contradistin- guished from the paludamentum or military cloak. Hence to indicate a peaceful condition of public affairs, emperors were represented on their coins clothed in the toga praetexta. The expression cedunt arma toga clearly points to the difference between the warlike and the pacific habiliment. Nevertheless, it appears that there was what bore the name of Toga mi/itaris , which was expressly for the use of the soldiery, and so made as to be easily girded round the waist and shoulders so as to leave the legs free and unen- cumbered. When on coins emperors are figured with a portion of the toga thrown over the head, such an appearance is meant to signify that the personage himself was of sacerdotal dignity Toga picta, properly called the vestis trium- phalis, being part of the usual costume of the triumphers — although also worn by the Consuls, at their inaugural processus. It was covered with embroidery, and with figures of divers colours — and so far resembling the toga pur- purea, which latter derived its name either TORQUATUS.— TOXXOTES. 797 from its being ornamented with large flowers of purple, or from its being dyed purple : it was the robe of the senators. — The toga picta, accompanying a legionary eagle, and a laurel crown, is exhibited on a denarius of Augustus. — See parens cons. svo. s. p. q. r. Togati, and togata gens — appellations given to those colonies and municipia whose inhabitants dressed themselves after the Roman fashion, and wore the log a. Togatus — a male figure clothed in the toga, ascending a biga, appears on a silver coin of the Farsuleia family. — On a medal of the Postumia family we find a togated man, raising his right hand towards a legionary eagle. — On a denarius of the Cassia family, a male figure in the toga holds a voting tablet in his hand. TON. Tonans — thundering — an epithet of Jupiter. — See iov. ton. , Ton Tonanti. TORQ. Torquatus ; a surname of honour borue by the Manlii, derived from torques, a collar, which one of that high patrician race took from an enemy in battle. — Livy (L. vii. c. 10) says that (in the year v.c. 394, b.c. 357) T. Manlius, son of Lucius, one of the noblest of the Roman senators, having slain in single combat a Gaulish chieftain of remarkably large stature (who had challenged the Roman army to send for a chieftain against him), snatched a goldeu collar or torque from the body of his slaughtered foe, and without offering it any other indignity threw the gold spoil round his own neck. The historian concludes his animated description of the combat, by saying that in the soldiers’ congratulatory effusions — Torquati cog- nomen auditum, celebratum deinde posteris etiam, familiaque honori fuit. “ The appella- tion Torquatus was heard joined with his name ; which, being generally adopted, has since done honour to the descendants of that whole line.” Nor is the military exploit, with its con- sequences, recorded by Livy alone. Suetonius also makes it incidentally a subject of allusion that the posterity of Manlius wore the torques in memory of the event: cetera familiarum insignia nobolissimo cuique ademit (says he, speaking of the tyrant Caligula), Torquato torquem, Cincinnato crinem, C. Pompeio slirpis atUiqua, Magni cognomen. And it was for the same reason that the Manlii caused this honour- able decoration of the golden collar to be engraved on their coins ; nor was it the dis- tinctive mark of those only who continued to be the members of the Manlia family. It is like- wise seen, together with the surname torqvatvs, on denarii of the Junia family, in consequence, as Ursinus explains, of T. Manlius Torquatus having, about the year of Rome 600 and odd, been adopted by D. Junius Silanus, and become therefore transferred into that family. — See Manlia. TOXXOTES. — A horse walking, on whose thigh a mark is impressed; before the horse is a palm-branch. To this may be added amor : a horse standing, a palm-branch before it, and a similar mark on its thigh. Each figure of a horse is scooped out of the brass of tha 798 TOXXOTES.— TRABEA. medal, and filled up with silver (MoreUi Specim. p. 43.) These several legends and types appear on two contorniates, each bearing on their obverse the head of Honorius. They unite in presenting examples of a practice, common amongst the ancients, and which prevails to this day — namely, that of giving names to horses. — From Homer we learn that Achilles had his Xautbns: Virgil sings of the Aethon of Pallas, and the Phoebus of Mczeutius. Suetonius informs us that Ineitatus was the name of the horse which the demented Caligula caused to be elected Consul. Dion names Borysthcnes as the favourite steed of Hadrian ; and Capitolinus records that Volucris was the appellation which L. Verus bestowed on a “ winning one” of his imperial stud. Names appear to have been selected for these noble quadrupeds, on account either of some corporeal quality, such as colour, swiftness, &c., or of disposition, as courage, good temper, &c. Frequently the name of the country, to the breed of which the animal belonged, such as Seracusus, for Syracusius, was adopted for it. — The horse Toxotes, on the first of these medals (wrong spelt with a double x.), was doubtless so- denominated, from his speed , ToJdTTjs being Greek for Sagittarius (an archer). The other was called Amor, most pro- bably as indicating his master’s affection for him. Each horse, therefore, may be considered to have been introduced on the coin where he is represented, on account of a race won (as shewn by that symbol of victory a palm-branch), an honour which ought not to be thought greater than the ancients would readily bestow on the merits of horses, since it is well-known that sumptuous monuments were erected to the memory of those noble creatures, and that even a city was built by Alexander the Great in honour of his Bucephalus. — See Boot. Num. Vet. vol. viii. p. 299 ; and Contomiate Coins. TR. P. TribuniliaPolestas. — TheTnbunitian power. — See the word. TR. Treveris. — A mint-mark of money struck at Treves. TROB. Treveris in Offirina Secunda. — Coin struck in the second office of the mint at Treves. TRA or THAI. Trajanus. — IMP, CAES. TRAIANiw. Trabea — a vestment which differed from the common toga and likewise from the prietexla in being shorter and less ample. Its colour was white like the sagum of the soldiers, but orna- mented with bands of purple called trabes, or virgee , according as they were more or less broad. Liebe (Goth. Numaria, p. 254) says that the paludamentum and the chlamys are not to be confounded with the trabea ; but other writers assert that there was at least much analogy between them. What appears certain is that the trabea was placed over the tunic like the toga, aud was particularly in vogue amongst the youuger Romans of the equestrian order. Traducta (Julia). — A city of this name was founded on the southern shore of Hispanic Baltics, and on its site now stands A lgcsiras TRABEA.— TRAJANUS. in Andalusia, to the west of Carteia (now Rocadillo), and consequently near Gibraltar. The coins of the Roman colony, or municipium, are all Imperial, some having on their obverse the head of Augustus, with the legend PERMwrn CAESan'j AVGusii; the inscription of the re- verse is ivl. tkad., and the type presents cither the heads of his two grandsons Caius Lucius Cmsars (looking opposite ways), or objects sym- bolical of those hononrs and functions which belonged to Augustus, such as the oaken croton, and pontifical instruments, allusive to the sove- reign priesthood. — Other coins of this Julia Traducta bear on their obverves the head of Caius Caesar, or that of Lucius C®sar, singly and separately, and have for the respective types of their reverses either an ear of bearded corn, placed horizontally, or a bunch of grapes, serving, Vaillant says, (and he supports his interpretation on Strabo’s authority) to denote that the Traductani of Spain possessed both corn aud wine in abundance. — For a description of these rare medals, and for fac simile en- gravings, see Akerman’s learned and valuable work on Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes. A medal ascribed by Goltzius to the Emperor Claudius, and which that writer publishes as exhibiting the epigraph of col. ivl. traiivcta, has given rise to mueh disputation amongst the learned. Whether the Goltzian coin be genuine, or whether it be spurious, thus much is certain, that there was another town of the same name, and it appears to have been situate on the coast of Mauritania Tingitana (now Fez, in Northern Africa.) According to a passage in the elder Pliny, its original appellation was Tingis (now Tangier), and it was made a colouy by Claudius under the title of Julia Traducta. TRAJANVS (M. Vlpius) was born at Italics (now Sevilla la vieja, or Old Seville), in Spain, in the year of Rome 806, 18th of September, a.d. 52. His family was more distinguished for its antiquity than its rank ; his father being a soldier of high reputation (whose portrait was afterwards placed on his son’s coinage), was the first of his race who enjoyed the honour of the consulate. Whilst yet a boy in age, Trajan commenced his practical study of the art of war, under the paternal auspices, in campaigns against the Parthians, and with so much success that he became one of the most celebrated generals, whose victories are enrolled in the annals of Rome. He was made prictor v.c. 839 TRAJANTJS. (i.D. 86), and consul 844 (a.d. 91). After which he was sent by Domitian into Spain, whence by command of the same emperor he proceed to quell an insurrection in Germany. It was in the autumn of the year v.c. 850 (a.d. 97). whilst residing at Colonia Agrippina (now Cologne), as prefect of the Lower Germany, and, entertaining no views of such elevation, that he was adopted by Nerva, being, as Pliny the consul expresses it — Simul FILIVS, simul CAESAR, mox IMPERATOR, et censors TRIB. POTESTATIS, et omnia pariler, et statim, factus es. Nerva also shared with him the title of Germanicus. — Those tw r o princes, indeed, seemed as meu destined by their union to secure the prosperity and happiness of the empire. The reign of Nerva was too brief ; but that of Trajan was extended long enough to exhibit him as the approved friend of the Roman people, and the firm protector of all the Roman families. — At the death of Nerva (v.c. 851, A.D. 98), Trajan took the title of Augustus, being still at Cologne employed in suppressing the outbreaks of certain barbarous tribes in that vicinity. — The following year he returned to Rome, entering the city on foot, amidst the applauses of the citizens. Not only the panegyric of Pliny who spoils the praise of truth itself by the extravagance of flattery ; but also the more calm and sober evidences of coins, unite in attesting that his largesses (congiaria) were distributed to the people on a scale of most munificent liberality. This year (v.c. 832, a.d. 99) not only the title of Pater Patrice was assigned to him, but also the novel and to him pecu- liarly acceptable appellation of Optimus was con- ferred on him by the senate, although it does not appear so early on his medals. Having refused to pay the annual tribute which Decebalus, king of the Dacians, had exacted from the pusillanimous Domitian, Trajan followed up his determination to wipe away this ignominy from the Roman name, by entering Dacia at the head of his armies, v.c. 854, a.d. 101. The war continued till v.c. 856, a.d. 103, when having lost his capital Sarmizegethusa, and the greater part of his kingdom, Decebalus sought an audience of Trajan and humbly sued for peace, wliich be obtained on very hard conditions. Returning shortly after these successes to Rome, Trajan enjoyed ex invicta gente printum trumphum, and received from the senate his surname of Dacicus. — In the year v. c. 847 a. d. 104, Decebalus, being openly charged with having violated the terms of his treaty with the empire, and with having been guilty of renewed acts of aggression, was again denounced by the senate as the enemy of the Roman people. — Accordingly, the following year, Trajan having completed his stupendous work of constructing a stone bridge over the Danube, entered Dacia, for the second time, and again totally defeated its brave but rash and unfortunate monarch, who killed himself in despair. The royal treasures of Decebalus were found either sunk in the river Sargetia, or buried in caves. The emperor made a province of this kingdom, and returning to TRAJANUS. 799 Rome (v. c. 859 a. d. 106), received the fullest honours of a triumph for his conquest. Mean- while, an expedition was undertaken by one of Trajan’s generals against that part of Arabia which borders on Judaea. It was crowned with success, and is recorded to the emperor’s honour, on coins by the legend ARABis ADQVISifa, struck in the name and by authority of S.P.Q.R. — In the same year he began to construct a road through the Pontine Marshes, besides repairing the old paved road from Benevcntuin to firundusium, which great works he finished v.c. 863 a.d. 110, at his own expense. [See via tkaiana.] — From the last- mentioned period he employed an interval of nearly five years in embellishing Rome and Italy with numbers of useful as well as magnificent works, and in return (v. c. 866 a.d. 113) had the sculptured pillar of the Forum dedicated to his name and honour — a monument still existing to perpetuate the memory of his Dacian victories. In v. c. 867 a.d. 114, hearing that Chosroes, king of Parthia, had disposed of the crown of Armenia, Trajan, from a professed regard for the rights of the Roman empire which he deemed violated by this procedure, but in reality from a too great love of conquest and military glory, carried the terror of his arms into the east, when he placed a Roman governor over the Parthians, whom he had conquered, and after- wards (v. c. 868 a.d. 115) compelled Armenia and Mesopotamia to acknowledge his govern- ment. — For these brilliant achievements he was called Parthicus by the soldiers, a title soon afterwards confirmed by the senate and inscribed on his coins : nor was it an empty name ; for Dion narrates the admission of the Parthian king to the presence of Trajan as a suppliant for the Parthian throne. In v. c. 869 a.d. 116, he entered Assyria, and having first made a treaty of occupation with the city of Ctesiphon, on the Tigris, he penetrated to the shores of the Persian Gulf. On his return to Ctesiphon he appointed Parthamaspatcs, king of Parthia, in the room of Chosroes, whom he had deposed. — [See hex farthis datvs.] — And he explored that part of Arabia, situate between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates (called from that circumstance Meso- j potamia). — Nor was it to the Parthians only I that this great emperor assigned a sovereign ; but, according to Dion, Eutropius, and other writers, he also appointed rulers to other nations, and bestowed sceptres on other princes — [See regna adsignata.] — at the same time receiving some into alliance with him ; forming treaties of peace and amity with others; and adjusting quarrels which had subsisted between different states that owned his influence or felt his power. But the days of this great prince were numbered, and his career of existence, as well as of glory, was fast verging to its close. In returning from his oriental expedition, Trajan became a prey to disease. He hastened to embark for Rome, but the disorder, which was dropsical, made such rapid progress that he was obliged to halt at Sclinuntum, in Cilicia, where, having adopted Hadrian, he expired, on the 10th August, v.c. 870, a.d. 117, at the age of 61, according to 800 T RAJ ANUS. TRAJANUS. some, of 65 as others assert. He had reigned I nineteen years and a half. His body was burnt at Selinuntum ; and his ashes, enclosed in a golden urn, were carried to Rome by Plotina and Matidia (his wife and sister), and there deposited within, or upon, the celebrated column | which the senate and people had raised to his imperishable renown. — Of portly stature, robust in frame, and hardy in constitution yet exhibiting in his countenance an air of grandeur that com- manded reverence, Trajan was a man not less \ intellectually than physically qualified by nature i to govern such an empire as that of Rome. I After all the atrocities which had characterised I most of his predecessors, he was regarded as a blessing specially sent by Providence to comfort and restore an afflicted world. His gTeat and beneficent actions, emanated from a noble mind and an amiable disposition — simple and modest in his manners, benevolent, sincere, indulgent, generous, patient, yet just, firm, and decisive, he comported himself towards the senate with that respect, and towards the people with that | benign affability, which made all feel that under him the ancient freedom was restored, and that the surname of Optimum, bestowed on him by universal concurrence, was a title well deserved. A hero in valour, Trajan re-established the dis- cipline of the armies, by being himself an example equally of the civil and the military I virtues. As in private life moderate and unosten- tatious, so whenever state policy or the majesty i of the Roman name, whether in peace or in w ar, 1 required it, he was most liberal in expenditure, j and conspicuous for the highest display of imperial maguificence. His coins bear inscrip- tive testimony to the realization of many of his j great projects for the benefit of his subjects and j advantage of his vast territories, in the founding | of cities, the formation of roads, the construe- j tion of ports and bridges, and the building of , edifices at once superb and useful. Great and ! good in general character and conduct, he was not without vices. A proneness to excess in wine is mentioned as one, and that not the worst of two degrading propensities laid to his charge. But the fault which comes most pro- minently into view, as affecting his character for princely wisdom and prudence, was his extreme fondness for military glory — a passion which led him into continual warfare, thus endangering the safety of his empire by too great an extension of its boundaries, and consequently absenting himself too often and too long from the proper seat of administrative power — the metropoltian centre of his dominions. Never- theless so dearly, and indeed so justly upon the whole, was the memory of this illustrious em- peror prized by the Romans, that for ages after- wards in congratulating each succeeding prince on his accession to the throne of the Ctesars, the senate expressed its wish that he might be “ happier than Augustus, and better than Trajan felidor Augusta — Trajano metier. — We have the evidence of coins, as well as of numerous inscriptions, together with not a few passages from historians to show that Trajan was placed after his death, according to the superstitious system of the Greek apotheosis, in the number of the celestial divinities. Spar- tianus affirms that even a temple was dedicated to the worship of divvs tralanvs. Titles or Trajan. Optimus. — Pliny, in whose Panegyric the titles conferred by the senate on Trajan are enmnerated, attests the fact that that of Optimus was given to him soon after his arrival at Rome from Germany — namely, about the year v.c. 853 (a.d. 100) ; but neither on coins, marbles, nor public monuments, does this title appear to have been used in conjunction with his own name, before the year 858, a.d. 105 ; and then, as regards his medals, it never appears on the obverse, but always ou the reverse, and almost always this, s. v. q. r. oftimo principi. — It is also to be observed, that at the same period in which this form begins to obtain, the custom also begau of inscribing the names and titles of Trajan always in the dative ; in other words, in the dedicatory style. Hence, it is sufficiently evident, that about the same time, by a new senatus consultum, it was decreed that the title Optimus Frinceps should be inscribed on public monuments. At length, however, in the year v.c. 867, a.d. 114, it became the practice to omit Optimus Frinceps on the reverse of his coius, and to transfer the word Optimus by itself to the obverse, in such a way, as that it always is found to occupy the intermediate space between tralano and avg. — From this date, therefore, it appears that the title in question began to be applied to Trajan as a real cogno- men, and its use as such extended to the coins of his successor Hadrian, to whom, because it was become a true surname, it passed by | adoption. — See Eckhel's observations on the I titles of Trajan, vol. vi , p. 458. Germanicus. — The title of Germanicus was not assigned to Trajan on account of any victory gained by him in Germany, but de- ! volved to him as the adopted son of Nerva — the law of adoption causing the son to succeed | to all the titles of the father. An instance of the operation of this same legal right was exhibited in the case of Hadrian, who when first recognised by the Roman Senate and people as Trajan’s adopted son, was called Optimus, Dacicus, Parthicus — the cognomiua of hia predecessor. Pliny, therefore, asserts what is quite in accordance with truth, when he says of i Trajan — cum Germania prasideret, GER- MANICI nomen hinc (Roma) missum. ludeed the title was communicated to him by adoption. I In like manner, and on the same principle, the I titles Fill us, Casar, and Imperator were also sent to him from Rome. Accordingly, the first I coins of Trajan exhibit the title of Ger-manicus, as belonging to him by adoption, nor are they omitted even in the latest products of his mint. Dacicus. — This title was conferred on Trajan, for his glorious victories over the Dacians, and began to be used on coins and other public i monuments in the year v.c. 356-57, a.d. 104. TR A JANUS. Parthian. — It has been observed, in the biographical notice of this emperor, that the epithet Part/iicus (the Parthian) began to be included amongst the titles of Trajan, v.c. 869 (a.d. 116), in which year the tribunitiau power is numbered xix. and xx. In a copious note of explanation on this point, the learned Eckhel shews on the authority of Dion that, v.c. 868 (a.d. 115), after or on the taking of Nisibis (now Nisbin), an important town in Mesopotamia (and for nearly two centuries and a half after- wards a frontier of the empire), Trajan was called Parthian by his soldiers. But, not choosing to rest his pretensions to that honour on their acclaims alone, he waited for the confirmatory act of the senate before he assumed it. That confirmation appears to have been awarded on the occasion of his taking Ctesiphon, which happened about the year v.c. 369 (a.d. 116), from which time the title began to be ascribed to him on public monuments. There is extant an extremely rare consecration medal of Trajan, struck in gold, which proves that, on account of his great successes against the Parthians, not only was the name of Parthian decreed to him, but permanent games (ludi) or spectacles of triumph (spectaaila triumphalia) called “ Parthian” were instituted to the honour of his name and memory by the senate and people of Rome. — See trivmphvs pakthicts. The coins of Trajan are very numerous. — On these, amongst other inscriptions, he is styled IMP. CAES. XERVA TRAIAN. AVG. — IMP. CAES. TJtAIAN. AVG. GERM. DACICVS. P. P.— IMP. CAES. NER. TRAIAXVS. OPTIMVS. AVG. GER. DAC. PAR- thicvs. p. p. — After his death and consecration, DIVVS TRAIAXVS PARTHICVS. DIVVS TRAIAXVS PARTH. AVG. PATER. Of Boman die. — Gold c. Some reverses rr. ; that with the head of Trajan’s father rrr. — Silver c. There are a few rare reverses in this metal. — Silver medallions rr. — F irst, second, and third brass c. Some reverses rr. and RRR. — Brass medallions rrr. Of Foreign fabric. — Silver medallions hr. — Brass Latin Colonial rr. rrr. Several pieces represent Trajan with Nerva, with his father, with his Empress l’lotiua, and with Hadrian. These are of great rarity. Trajan restored many coins of Roman families, and several of his imperial predecessors. For a list of these sec Akerman’s Descript. Cat. Amongst the coinage of this emperor have been found some very remarkable pieces, to which Eckhel and other erudite medallists give the appellation of numi metal/orum , as having been struck in the metal of different provinces of the empire, such as Dalmatia, Pannouia, Noricum, Ac. — See METAL. DELM, &c. TRAJAXVS (Jf. Ulpius), the father of Trajanus Augustus, born in Spain, appears to have been a distinguished soldier during the reign of Nero. I'or it is recorded by Josephus (Bell. Jud. 1. iii. c. 7, s. 31) that Vespasian, then in chief command of the Roman army emploved in the Jewish war, sent out Trajan, commander of the tenth legion, with one thousand horsemen 5 K TRAJANUS. 801 and two thousand foot, against a city called Japha, near Iotapata, in which expedition he showed great courage, skill, and prudence ; but, at the moment when the besieged were reduced to the last extremity, he solicited Vespasian to send Titus with a small reinforcement, that to the son of his general might devolve the honour of taking the place. — The same historian records another instance during the same memorable contest, in which Trajan again served ably and successfully as Titus’s companion in arms. For the qualities of a brave and good officer, there- fore, he stood high in the confidence of Vespasian, who soon after his own accession to the imperial throne, caused him to be elected consuL Plinv the younger calls the elder Trajan consularis (of consular dignity) and has thus preserved the remembrance of this event.— the Calendars (Fasti) making no mention of bis name (yet there is no doubt, says Eckhel, of his having been consul suffer tus — i.e., ehosen to fill the consulate). He also seems to have been at that time enrolled amongst the patricians ; for, Pliny (in the same passage of his Panegyric on the emperor, his son;, also designates him as patricius. After the period of his consulship, he was sent as prop ra; tor into Syria. This fact is ascertained from a remarkable brass medal published in the Pembroke Museum (part 3, tab. 87), and the existence of which was pre- viously unknown to Vaillant and to Spanheim. The coin in question bears on its obverse the laureated head of litus, with the letters imp pox., the rest of the legend being effaced. For legend of reverse it has Em TPAIANOT ANTIOXEflN ET EKP (SubTraiano, Antiochen - j «'“■ Anno 125). — Eckhel shews from the ! epocha, EKP, marked on this coin of Antioch in Syria, that it was struck in the year of Rome j 829 (a.d. 76); and, moreover, that it proves, i what is not to be gleaned from any writer, the j fact of Syria being then governed’ by Trajanus Pater as proprietor. — There is a fine passage in J the Panegyric of Pliny above alluded to, which expressly bears testimony to the fact that Trajan the father boldly grappled in the field of battle ■ with Parthian ferocity and haughtiness (ferociam , superbiatnque Parthicam), and won well deserved laurels in victory over that formidable enemy of the Romans. But the time and other circum- stances are not known. “It appears, however | (say s Eckhel), from what I have observed in the annals of Vespasian up to the year v.c. 828 (a.d. 75), and Belley has carried his remarks still further, that it was about the period when Vespasian was embroiled with Vologeses the Parthian.” — Since, therefore, according to the coin above quoted, Trajanus Pater was governor of Syria, and since he is mentioned by Plinv as decorated with the Parthian laurel, .the pro- bability is that the conduct of that war had been entrusted to the Proprmtor Trajan by Vespasian, and that he, in consequence, obtained the ornaments of a triumph, for Pliny in another place also calls him triumpha/is. ’That he was promoted from the propraetorship of Syria to the proconsular government of Asia, is’ a fact 802 TRAJANUS. discovered in a celebrated Greek inscription found at Laodicca iu Phrygia. It is a marble dedicated to Titus Caesar in his seventh consul- ship by Marcus Ulpius Trajanus Proconsul, thus demonstrating that the Trajanus named on this monumental stoue was of the Ulp'ia family ; whilst from the circumstance of Titus’s seventh cousulate being recorded thereon, it is rendered no less certain that the marble was dedicated in the year v.c. 832, a.d. 70. And as it belongs without doubt to Trajan the father, so it shews that he was at that time Proconsul of Asia. What afterwards were the incidents of his life, and iu what year he died, is not known. But it is clear from the tenour of a passage in Pliny’s Panegyric, that at the time when that com- position was delivered to the emperor iu the name of the senate, viz., in the year v.c. 853, A.n. 100, Trajan the cider was no longer living. It has been seen from Pliny’s account that he was patricius, consularis, and triumphatis ; and, from both coin and marble, that he had been governor first of Syria, next of Asia. That after his death he was deified is equally certain, although all the ancient historians arc silent upon it. This fact is attested by Latin coins, struck in gold and silver by order of Trajan the son, and which bearing on one side the name, titles, and portraiture of that em- peror, exhibit for legend on the other side divvs pater traianvs. The type of one of these very rare reverses is the bare head of Trajanus Pater, and that of the other repre- sents him seated, holding in his right hand a patera, and in his left the hasta pura, attributes of divinity. There are also gold aud silver medals, with the head of Trajan the Emperor on their obverse, aud the head of Nerva laurcatcd, and that of Trajan’s father without laurel, on the reveise, of which the legend is divi nerva et traianvs pater. — Respecting these three coius, Eckhcl remarks that they furnish a second example (that of Domitilla, wife of Ves- pasian, being the first) of a private individual being numbered with the deities. — It also deserves attention that Trajan’s father is depicted without the laurel crown, whilst a similar con- secration medal, dedicated by the same emperor to his father by adoption, presents Nerva with laureated head ; thus making the distinction between a private person aud an emperor. — The year in which Trajanus Augustus, iu filial piety, caused divine honours to be paid to his father, is uncertain. — Eckhcl assigns good reasons for thinking that, as these medals bear the same date, and also exhibit the same form of inscription on their respective obverses, w hich appear on the coin of the Forum Trajani and on that of the Basilica U/pia (v.c. 867, a.d. 114), it is probable that Trajan the emperor, when he dedicated his forum, added some new testi- monies of his veneration for the memory of the already consecrated Nerva, and willingly took the same opportunity to offer similar honours of deification to his natural parent. — See l)oct. Bum. Vet. vol. vi. p. 433 et. seq. Trajanus . — See JJccius Trajanus. TRAIECTUS. TRAIECTVS. — This epigraph, signifying the passage over a river, or a short transit by sea, appears on brass medallions of Caracalla, of Gordianus III., aud of Cariuus. — On the coin of the first named Emperor, the accompanying type represents him iu the act of passing over a river, at the head of his guards, on a bridge of boats. In the second aud third instance of the word Trajectus being used, we see the pne- toriau galley, with the emperor at the helm, soldiers bearing military ensigns, aud rowers at their oars. — The traiectvs of Caracalla is shown by the remainder of the inscription (pontif. tr. p. xii. cos. hi.) to have beeu struck a. v.c. 962, a.d. 209, whilst that prince was engaged with Scvcrus, his father, in war with the Britons. The traiectvs AVG. ( Trajectus Augusts) of Gordianus III., marked with the record of his fifth tribunate and second consulate (tr. p. v. cos. hi.), corresponds in the date of its coinage with a. v.c. 995 a.d. 242 — the year iu which that emperor, according to Capitoliuus, passed over from Thrace into Asia, namely by tho traject of the Hellespont, at the head of an army. The traiectvs avgo. (Trajectus Augustorum) of Cariuus is assigned by Eckhel to the first year of that priuce’s association in the inqierial government, viz., v. c. 1035, a. d. 282. — Banduri thinks that the legend refers to the passage of the river Euphrates or of the Tigris. But Eckhcl, looking to the ship and its military freight, which form the type, with greater pro- bability, regards the coin as having beeu struck by Carinus in honour of his lather Cams and his brother Numerianus, to perpetuate the remembrance of their joint traject across the llellcspontian straight, preparatory to an expe- dition against the Persians, undertaken the fol- fowiug year. TRA'NQUILLINA (Furia Saiinia), daughter of Misithcus.Pricfcct of the Praetorians aud Prime Minister of Gordianus III. — That promising young prince’s friend- ship for and confidence ryj in so wise, eloquent, aud able a statesman, and to m eminently good a man, rendered him the more ca]>able of appreciating the merits of Trauquil- lina; aud, preferring her to any of the daughters of the must illustrious Roman families, he gave her his baud in marriage, v.c. 994, a.d. 241. Young, beautiful, aud intelligent, she graced, by the sweetuess of her disposition and the purity of her morals, the illustrious elevation to which Gordian had raised her, and secured to her from the virtuous of all ranks of both sexes through- out the empire, congenial tributes and public testimonies of love, respect, aud admiration. She survived her murdered husband ; but her subsequent lot iu life aud the period of her death remain equally without record. — Of this em- press’s coins there arc but few of Romnn die — none genuine iu gold. The silver and first aud second brass iu the highest degree of rarity. 8he TR AN QTJILLIT AS. is styled on these SAB1NIA TRANQVTLLINA AVG usta. Her prenomen Furia is omitted on her Latin coins ; but it frequently appears on the more numerous Greek medals struck in honour of this excellent princess, from one of which the portrait above is engraved. Tranquillitas. — Tranquillity. The companion of peace ( Comes Paris) as Froclich terms her. — Security and tranquillity, or quiet, arc usually found united, and on some coins arc typified under a similar figure and with similar attri- butes — namely, those of a woman resting her left elbow on a pilaster, and holding the hasta in her right hand. The effigy of Tranquillitas is seen on a silver coin of Antoninus Pius, as a female standing with a rudder and ears of corn, a ml w it li the circumscription TRAN Q uillitas T It. POT. XIII. (or XIIII.) COS. III. (a.d. 153). Also on a gold coin of the same emperor, with legend of reverse TRANQVILLITAS AVG. It is truly appropriate to the reign of this wise and good emperor. Not so the following. TRANQVILLITAS AVGG. — This legeud appears on the reverse of a first brass and of a denarius of Phillip senior, from the latter of which the annexed cut is taken. The type is that of a woman standing. She holds in her right hand some animal ; and the hasta pura in her left. — Mcdi- obarbus calls what the female figure on this coin holds in her right hand a dolphin in one instance, and in another describes it as a capricorn : on some it is not unlike a rabbit, but which is not confirmed by a close inspection. Eekhel, who quotes the type from finely preserved specimens in the imperial cabinet of Vienna, prouounccs it to be a dragon ; and of the same form which the Romans were accustomed to place on their military ensigns — with this difference, that the draco of the coin has two feet outspread, which the dragons on the military ensigns have not. — An enigma is presented in this numismatic imatre of the dragon, or great serpent, which the erudite and acute author of Doctrina Num. Vet. (vol. vii., p. 328) thus undertakes the task of solving : — That dragons were the ensigns of the Roman cohorts, is expressly stated by Vegetius — “ The chief standard (says he) of the whole legion is the eagle, which is carried by an officer styled the Aquitifer. Dragons (dracones) are also borne in battle, in each cohort, by officers called draconarii.” That they were interwoven on the standards we learn from Ammianus, in his description of Constantius’s solemn entry into Rome. “ Others (says that writer) were sur- rounded by dragons woven in purple threads fixed on spears, with gold and jewelled heads; blown about with their gaping mouths, and so appearing to hiss with indignation, lashing the long folds of their tails in the wind.” Ammi- auus elsewhere mentions dragons fixed to spear3. And Trcbcllius alludes to the appearance of 5 K 2 TREBAXIA. — TREBONI ANTIS. 803 dragons, among the military ensigns at the vain pompous processions of Gallienus. The learned Frenchman Le Bean has collected further testi- mony on this subject even from the poets. It moreover appears, as well from the Trajan column as from Lucian’s account, that long prior to the period of Philip senior, dragons fixed on the tops of spears, were used as standards by the Dacians and the Parthians. We may, there- fore conclude that the dragon on the coin in question, borne by a woman, alludes to the tranquillity (which this murderous traitor to his own sovereign wished to he thought) ensured to the empire, by the fidelity and valour of the cohorts. The same reverse is likewise found on a very rare coin of Tacitus, with doubtless a similar meaning. — See Draco. In the mintage of Constantine the Great are some coins, circumscribed on their reverses beata tranqvilutas — the types of these are a globe or an altar, on which wc read the words votis xx. TRB. Treceris in OJJicina Secunda. — Mint- mark of coins struck at Treves in the second raonetal office of that city. TRB. Tribunitia . — tub. p. cons. iiii. Tribunilia Poleslate, Consul , Quantum, on third brass of Constantinus Magnus. Trebania , a family of uncertain order. Its coins exhibit four varieties, none of which arc of any interest. The name of Lucius TREBANIaj, an urban quaestor, or monetal triumvir appeals on a denarius of this family, with the head of Minerva on one side, and with Jupiter Ful- minator in a quadriga on the other. Trebellianus — one of the usurpers of im- perial power — proclaimed Augustus in Isauria, towards a.d. 264; killed some months after- wards. The coins ascribed to Trebellianus are false. TREBONIANVS GALLVS (Cains Tibius). ' — This emperor’s family, native country, and lime of birth are not known with any degree of certainty. As general of the Mccsian army, he was at the battle which Trajanus Decius fought with the Goths, and is said to have most perfidiously betrayed his trust, causing that brave prince and his son to perish in the morasses near Abricium (a.v.c. 1004) a.d. 251. — Being immediately afterwards proclaimed Augustus, he began his reign by conferring the title of Caesar on his son Volusianus, and by making Hostil- lianus, son of Trajanus Decius, his colleague in the supreme government. — Iu the same year he advanced Volusianus to the sovereign rank of Augustus; and precipitately concluded an igno- minious treaty of peace with the Gothic invaders of the empire, whom he not only permitted to return to their own country with their booty, and even with their Roman prisoners, but also engaged to pay them an annual tribute in gold. Having in this base aud impolitic manner 804 TRES GALLIAE. TRES GALLIAE. — TREVERI. pacified for a lime the foreign enemies ol the state, he arrived at Rome, into which he made as pompons an entry as if the peace he had just concluded with the barbaiians had been the fruit of his victories over them. The pestilence, which was then ravaging the world, had attained its most frightful mortality. Ilostilianus is said to have been one of its numberless victims a.d. 252. — Trebonianus, ascribing to the Christians this wide-spread and desolating plague, subjected them to a cruel persecution. Meanwhile, he and his son remained in the city, endeavouring to gain popular favour by their courtesies and liberalities ; nor with all such as were as indolent, voluptuous, and corrupt as themselves did they fail of success. But famine accompanied pesti- lence. — The Goths, in another invasion, on one side, and the Persians, rushing across the eastern frontier on the other, over-rau the finest pro- vinces, and the reign of Trebonianus became a succession of miseries, devastations, and horrors. In 253, Aemilianus, commander of the legions in Thrace and Moesia, who had just vanquished the Gothic invaders, was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers. On hearing this, Trebonianus at length abandoned the course of effeminate luxury, which had brought his affairs to the verge of ruin, and began to take measures for the defence of his throne. lie entrusted the first operations of the war to Valerianus, who had for that purpose drawn forces from Gaul and Germany. But jEmiiian was beforehand with him, and ere the close of the year had entered Italy at the head of a great army. — In the beginning of 254, Trebonianus set out from Rome to encounter JEmilian, by whom he was totally defeated in a pitched battle; his ow'n soldiers, despising his cowardice, slew him in his flight, together with his sou Volusianus, near Iuteramna (nowTcrni), in Umbria. He died in the 49th year of his age. During the eighteen months of his holding the government, he had done nothing worthy of praise, nor had he been favoured with a single incidcut of good fortune; on the contrary, his reign was one of the most calamitous, as well as the most disgraceful, recorded in the annals of the empire. For the consequences which imme- diately followed the deaths of Trebonianus and Volusianus, see JEmilianus and Valerianus. The coins of Trebonianus Gallus are — in gold, rrr. ; in silver c. (with very few exceptions) ; first and second brass c. ; Latin colonial R. — On them he is styled imp. c. gali. vs. avg. imp. CABS. VIB. TUEB. GALLYS. AVG. — IMP. CAE. C. V1B. TREB. GALLVS. AUG. TRES GALLIAE. — This epigraph, on the reverse of a very rare silver coin of Galha, accompanies the type of three female heads upon globes ; before each of which is (sometimes) an car of corn.— The obverse exhibits an equestrian figure of Galba, with the circumscription of SFWIV. GALBA IMP. This coin would seem to make Gallia consist of three divisions only as described by Julius Cicsar ; whereas later historians inform us that it was portioned off by Augustus (a.v.c. 727, B.c. 27) into four great provinces — namely, Narboncnsis, Aquitania, Lugduncnsis, and Bel- gica. — Ou the testimony of Tacitus, however, it may be believed that Bclgiea was afterwards excluded from this arrangement, because those Gaulish cities which lay nearest to the Germanic legions obtained from Galba neither the jus civitatis, nor any relief from taxation, as the others had done ; nay, some of those cities were subjected to a diminution of territory, probably on account of their having too tardily given in their adhesion to him even after Yindcx had been slain. — But this omission of Belgic Gaul is observable on marble also. Thus on one, in Gruter, we read trivm. prov. gall. LVGDVXENS. NARBOXENS. ET AQVITANEXS. The same three provinces are doubtless alluded to on other marbles inscribed tres. provinc. gall. It is likely then that Belgica was separated from the other three Gallia:, the whole tract of Gaul situated on the banks of the Rhine having been reduced to subjection and divided by Augustus into Germania Superior and Inferior. This fact is gathered from Tacitus, who, in his Annals (i. 31), speaks of two armies formed ou the Rhine, one in the Upper, the other in the Lower Germany, and both subordinate to Ger- manicus, the commander in-chief, then in the interior of Gaul, holding the assembly of states and collecting the revenues of that nation. The same writer mentions, under the reign of Tiberius, “ Germania superior” and “ Germania inferior.” But it is to be remembered that both these districts lay on the left bank of the Rhine, and formed no part of Germany properly so called. From that time the provincia Belgica and Germania superior and inferior seem to have constituted one and the same territorial body. Hence they are often united together in inscriptions, as in Gruter, T. Varius Clemens is called proc. provinc. belgicae. et. vtrivsq. germaxiae. And in Spoil, C. Furius Sabinus is styled proo. prov. belgic. et dvarvm. germaxiar. — Ilardouin excludes Narboncnsis (instead of Belgica) from the Tres Gallia: of this singular coin, on the ground that Pliny divides Gallia Coma/a into three distinct tribes — viz., Aquitani, Lugduuenscs, or Celtic, and Belgic. — Baron Bimard also unites these provinces to the exclusion of Narboncnsis. Yaillaut, in noticing the denarius in question, affirms that under Galba the three provincial divisions of Gaul were respectively denominated Belgica, Celtica, and Aquitanica. — Amidst these uncertainties, the opinion of Eckhel, which has been first referred to, appears in every respect to be the best supported, and consequently the most entitled to adoption. Treveri — a numerous and important tribe of people in Gallia Belgica. The Romans gave the name of Augusta to their chief city, which still reveals its antiquity under its modern name of Treves, situated on the Moselle, or Mosella, a tributary of the Rhine. — It was one of six cities in Gaul to which the privilege of coining TRIBTJNITIA POTESTAS. money was granted, during the lower empire. The appellation of the Tr evert abbreviated, is of very frequent occurrence as a monetal sub- siguatiou — such as TR. p. Treveris percussa, or Treverensis Pecunia. (Money struck at Treves.) Tit. obs. Treveris Obsignata, or Treveris Officina itecunda Signata. (Mouey struck at Treves : or, money struck at Treves in the second office of the mint of that city.) TKIB. P. ; or TRIB. POT. ; or TRIBV. POTEST. — See Tribunitia Potestas. Tribunitia Potestas. The tribunitian power. — It is well known that the Tribunes of the People (tribuni ptebis) were magistrates created at Rome, sixteen years (as it is said) after the abolition of Royalty (v.c. 262), to protect the rights and advocate the claims of the plebeians against the over-bearing and tyrannical conduct of the patricians. It is equally well known, that by means, aud under circumstances, which historians have fully explained, but which it comes not within the province of this work to do more than incidentally allude to, the strength and power of this popular magistracy, gradually increasing, arrived at such a pitch as rendered it not only a perpetual source of vexation and annoyance to the aristocracy ; but also enabled it to make inroads on the privileges, and to compete with the functions, of the highest magistrates. After being thus elevated iu the scale of political aud judicial importance, the tribunate became iu its turn an object of jealousy aud hatred to those ambitious faction- aries, who, like Sy 11a and Marius, either by their corrupt proceedings undermined, or by their open violence overthrew, the liberties of the republic, aud paved the way for the usurpa- tions of Julius Caesar, and for the proscriptive tyranny of that triumvirate on which the artful Augustus subsequently built a superstructure of imperial power. — There is a denarius of the Lollia family (see p. 521 of this Dictionary), the type of which, according to Morell, alludes to the restoration, a. v.c. 684, of that authority (potestas), which the constitution had assigned to the Tribuni Ptebis, but which, under Svlla’s dictatorship, had dwindled into a mere name. As one of the attributes of sovereignty it eveutually fell, with other dignities, into the hands of the emperors, who, reserving it to themselves, assumed the tribunitian title, not because it was the first in rank, but because it woidd have given too much authority to any individual citizen, lienee Roman monuments, under the emperors, instead of bearing the first, second, or third years of their reigns, exhibit an enumeration of their tribunate, which was renewed to them from year to year ; and, accord- ingly, the legends Tribunitia Potestas, or Potestate, which are found on most coins of the imperial series, mark the yeafs when their tribunitian power was rc-assigucd to them. For example, when tr. rot. Is. appears on a medal, it signifies that the emperor had just entered into the twentieth year of his tribunate, or that the tribunitian power had devolved to him for the twentieth time. — It is in the 731st I TRIBUNITIA POTESTAS. 805 year from the foundation of Rome (before Christ 23), that the most accurate numismatists place the first medals on which appeared the date of the tribunitian power. But although that legend serves as a means for calculating the years of an emperor’s reign, yet it is not to be relied on as the basis of an invariable rule ; for some princes, sons of emperors, or adopted by them, were invested with this dignity (so for- midable under the commonwealth), more than once before their accession to the imperial throne. The tribunitia potestas (says the author of Legons de Numismatique Ptomaine) was in some sort the foundation of the inviola- bility aud unlimited powers of the emperors (who were supposed to have succeeded to the rights of the ancient tribunes of the people, and who certainly augmented those rights). This power or dignity was the title which of all others they generally least neglected to mention ; but as it was considered to be removed each year, it was by that renewal they almost always reckoned the years of their reigns, thereby offering the greatest help to chronological researches. Unfortunately, however, for those researches, le quantibne of the tribunitian power is not always expressed on medals. The above may suffice to convey a general idea of what is meant by the Tribunitia Potestas; and to explain some of the reasons why those words, cither in full length or in a more or less abbreviated form, so fx'equently occupy a place ou Roman coins and marbles. As, however, it is a point of considerable importance to be cor- rectly understood by those who are willing to devote themselves to “ the science of Latin medals;” and is, morever, one on which the talents and researches of several very learned antiquaries have been employed, we shall proceed to add the subjoined passages, translated from Eckhel, including the purport of his sagacious remarks on the subject in question, after his having critically examined the lucubrations of others : — Wkence the Emperors derived the Tribunitia Potestas. — So important were the rights, and so extensive the powers, which had been conceded to the old Tribunes, that nothing was more likely than that the princes, who overturned the republic, and who afterwards endeavoured to appropriate to themselves all the magisterial functions, should also canvass for the tribunitian authority, or at least be desirous to have it spontaneously offered to them. Nor was it indeed a slight ^addition either to their supreme power or to their permanent welfare to be per- sonally inviolate (sacrosanctum) ; and that, as Cicero says, not only against force of arms (contra vim et ferrum), but also, under the pro- tection of sacred laws, against words also, to be enabled to negative any order of the senate, to convoke and to dismiss at pleasure both the senate and the people, and to compel obedience from even opposing magistrates.— Julius Caisar was the first to whom, according to Dion, the tribunitian power was decreed out of regular course. Indeed amongst other honours which, 806 TRIBUNITIA TOTESTAS. on hearing of the victory of Pharsalia, the people couferred upon him, was that of his being privileged to retain, after a manner, the tribu- nitan power for life. The same honour was bestowed on Oetavian (after his victory over Sextus Pompey and Lepidus in Sicily, according to Orosius, or over Antony at Actiurn, as Dion asserts) ; but he seems at that time to have declined accepting it, or at least to have treated it with indifference. Because, seven years after these events (v.c. 731), as Dion affirms, it was decreed by the senate that Augustus should be perpetual tribune of the people (t rib anus plebis perpetuus) ; aud be immediately adds, hence it arose that Augustus and the emperors who suc- ceeded him, under some such law, assumed, with the other honours, that of the tribnnitian power. Augustus, therefore, was the first who received and retained it under the authority of that law, of which his successors availed them- selves, as we learn from ancient monuments. Why Augustus coveted this dignity. — In doing this, Augustus was actuated by more than one motive, l’or besides the reason above adverted to, he increased thereby his own power and security, whilst he avoided, in appearance; an invidious assumption of the power of the people. — Tacitus (Ann. l. iii. s. 56), in treating of the Tribunitian power, intimates that this policy of Augustus did not in fact escape the discernment of the quick-sighted. — “ That specious title (id sum mi fastigii vocabulum) — that term of the proudest assumption, importing nothing less than sovereign power, was invented (says he) by Augustus at a time when the names of rex and dictator were uot only unconstitutional, but universally detested. And yet a new name was wanted to overstep the magistrates, aud the forms of the constitution. The same historian (Ann. L. i. s. 2) had said of the same emperor, that he laid aside the invidious title of Triumvir, content with the more popular name of Consul, and with the Tribunitian power, which he pro- fessed to assume for the protection of the people.” Augustus indeed pretended by that course, which seemed most agreeable to the people, to be in the highest degree regardful of the public welfare; aud, in strict conformity to the institutions of the state, to protect the lives aud property of the citizens. This sort of affected decorum was the more needful at that time, when the recollections of liberty were still cherished in the minds of men. Yet, it is to be observed, that Tiberius — a man in other re- spects of violent character but of keen craftiness — adopted the same line of policy. — “ He (says Tacitus, Ann. l. i. s. 7) began all his movements through the consuls, affecting the appearance of republican principles, as if the constitution still existed, and he himself had formed no design for destroying it. The proclamation itself, indeed, by which he convened the scuatc, pro- fessed no other authority than that of the Tribunitian power conferred upon him by Augustus.” — Hence, it is clear, how available was that power for the strengthening of the sovereignty, and how much more surely by those TRIBUNITIA POTESTAS. treacherous dealings, disguised, however, under a popular mask, than by more open assaults, the commonwealth might be overthrown. — Well aud truly was it called by Tacitus — summi fastigii vocabulum — not that it signified, but that it was the means of procuring the snpremc authority ; insomuch as to warrant Velleius in aflirming of Tiberius that “by his being associated in the tribunitian power he became equal to Augustus.” And Vopiscus also calls that power “the most importaut part of regal government.” — There are writers who have not sufficiently appreciated it, whilst others have ascribed to it too much. Amongst the former, Noris, too sparing, is of opinion that the tribunitian power of the em- perors had no reference to the actual administra- tion of public affairs, but only meant the right of putting in a veto, and of enjoying perfect immunity from harm or violence. Amongst the latter, Henry Dodwell, too liberal, asserts that in the power of the tribunate was included that of the proconsulate. But both these ex- treme opinions have been accurately refuted by Schwartz, in his learned work, Exercitatio Academica de Augustorum, Ctrsarumque Trib. Pot estate ; and also by Mazzoleni in his dissertation on the same subject. Difference between, the republican and the imperial tribunate. — Between the old tribunes of the people and the emperors endued with the tribuuitian power, there was a great difference, the nature of which Dion explains in certain passages of his work : — First, he says that neither Augustus nor any other emperor bore the name of Tribunus Plebis, but simply the title of the tribunitian power. This, indeed he affirms in another place, ns follows: — “The cmiierors esteem it inauspicious to hold the plebeian tribunate, they being themselves patri- cians ; but they accept the whole tribuuitian power at the highest pitch of greatness to which it ever attained.” From this we learn that the emperors, although they might have been of the plebeian order, were immediately elected into the order of patricians, of which Spartianus also has given an example, in Didius Julianas. In the next place, during the freedom of the republic, a tribune of the people could not be at the same time consul, nor till any other magisterial office, but the emperors were permitted to do so. Moreover, the ancient tribunate, according to the usual couise of law, was only an annual office, entered upon the fourth ides of December in each year; whereas the tribunitian power of the emperors was perpetual, and decreed to them at any period whatsoever of the year. Lastly, the old tribunes were not allowed to be absent from the city, nor even to pass a single night out of its walls, except during certain holidays called fer'ue Latinm ; besides which their authority did not extend beyond the city; but it was lawful for the emperors to absent themselves from Koine, and the tribunitian power lost none of its force during their nbscncc. Of this Tiberius furnished an example when, being at Rhodes, he ordered some one who had been cited before the judgment seat as a slan- TRIBUNITIAN POWER, dercr (conciliator) to be dragged to prison (Suetonius in Tib. c. 11). But although the emperors possessed themselves of the tribuuitiau power, yet the ancieut custom of appointing tribuucs was uot diseontiuucd; and there are frequent examples of the tribuuitiau prerogative of the veto, beiug exercised agaiust decrees of the senate, as may be seen iu l’ighius. But it may readily be supposed, that, as to the rest of the magistracies so also of the tribuneship, the authority gradually decayed, and at length nothing but the mere name was left. — Panvinius is of opinion that the tribunes lasted till the reign of Coustautinc tbc Great, by whom, in establishing as he did, a new form of state government, many old institutions were abolished. The tribunitian power conferred by the senate. — The rigLt of investing the emperors with the power of the tribunate belonged to the senatorial body, by whom, as already observed, it was granted to Julius Ciesar and to Augustus. But afterwards, even when the imperial government became fully established, and when such princes as had the inclination, were not deficient in the strength of means, to usurp the privileges entrusted to the senate, yet those honours do not appear to have been wrested from it by force. Thus, according to Tacitus (Ann. iii. c. 56), Tiberius himself requested the senate to confer the tribunitian power on bis sou Drusus. It is for pursuing an opposite course, in this respect, that Dion, among other things, reprobates the conduct of Elagabalus, who, without waiting for the sanction of a senates consultum, seized, with the rest of the honours usually paid to princes, ou the name of the tribunitian power. On the other hand, respect- ing the immediate successor of Elagabalus, viz., Alexander Severus, we learn from Lampridius, that on one and the same day the senate pro- claimed him, by the respective titles of Augustus, Tribunitia Potestas, and Pater Patriae. — Nor can I (adds Eckhcl) discover the reason why a coin of Pcsecnnius, struck after he had opeidy declared himself Augustus, should make no mention of the tribunitian power, unless, since it could uot be decreed to him by the senate, who were under the coutrol first of Didius Julianus and next of Sept. Severus, he had the moderation to abstain from taking it unopposed. But certainly, on no coin of Peseeunius hitherto discovered, is this power found inscribed. Moreover, as the people of Antioch from the time of Trajan, aud sub- sequently, were accustomed constantly to stamp on their tetradracbms the words AHMAPXIKHC ESOTCIAC, Tribunitia Potestate, so for the reason alone stated, they have ou a Peseeunius omitted that epigraph, substituting in its stead that of IIPONOIA ©EflN, Procidentia Deomm. Emperors had their colleagues in the tri- bunate. — Instances are frequent of the reigning prince associating with himself a colleague in the tribunitian power. — According to Dion, Augustus himself supplies three examples. In the year v.c. 736, he conferred it upon M. TRIBUNITIAN POWER. 807 Agrippa, for the space of five years ; after that, in v.c. 741, it was continued to him for another five years. In v.c. 748, with a view to repress the insolence of Caius and Lucius, Csesars, he gave it for the same quinquennial period to his son-in-law, Tiberius, who, beiug banished from Rome, was again reduced to a private station. But Caius and Lucius both dying, Augustus, to prevent uncertainty respecting his choice of a successor, and to curb the perverse hopes of others, as Tacitus remarks (Ann. iii. c. 56), adopted Tiberius in the year v.c. 757, aud gave him the tribunitian power for ten years ; at the expiration of which term he extended it to him beyond that period, as is shewn on the coins of Tiberius. It was Augustus, therefore, who set the example of an emperor treating him whom he had iuvested with a share of the tribunitian power as his colleague in the empire, aud as his destined successor ; which measure of his became a precedeut. For succeeding emperors took especial care that the tribunitian power should be immediately decreed to those, whom by adoption they had selected for the government, provided only they were, in point of age, com- petent to administer public affairs. Examples of this pre-arrangement were given by Augustus as regarded Tiberius, by Ncrva towards Trajan, by lladiiau towards Ad i us, and afterwards towards Antoninus. It has been advisedly said, provided such adopted heirs to the imperial throne had attained an age to qualify them for the public service; for neither did Augustus allow the tribunitian power to be bestowed upon Caius and Lucius (his grandsons), although by adoption his appointed successors, aud although the former had already served the consulship ; nor did Claudius permit it in the case of Nero ; nor Antoninus give it directly to Aurelius. The same rule also prevailed with respect to the natural sous (Jilii naturales), as contradis- tinguished from the adopted sous, of emperors, and consequently to the Caesars. Of this a conspicuous example was afforded by Tiberius, who, when lie asked the senate to bestow the tribuuitiau power on his son Drusus, amongst other reasons, uieutioued the circumstance of that young prince being then of age, which he himself had attained w hen raised by “ the Divine Augustus,” to the same honourable office. Nor could the favour which he now sought be regarded as premature (he added) ; for Drusus had gone through eight years of probation. It w r as by seditions quelled, by wars successfully terminated, by triumphal honours earned, and by two consulships served, that his merits had been proved, aud his qualifications for duly discharging the duties of public office established. (Tacitus, Ann, iii. s. 56). — Ves- pasian made his son Titus, already of mature age aud of well-known virtue, partaker with him- self iu the same dignity. — The worst examples were — that in which Marcus Aurelius bestowed the tribunitian power ou his son Commodus, then aged only 16, besides adding to it in the same year the title ot Augustus — and the more insane folly of Severus, who signalised the tenth 808 TRIBUNITIAN TOWER. year of his son Antoninus (vulgo Caracalla), by giving him the tribunate together with the Augustan title. — Afterwards, all rules and pro- prieties were set at naught, as in the instances of Philip the younger, and of Volusianus, whose respective fathers heaped the honours of the consulate and the tribunitian power, with the titles of Csesar, Imperator, Augustus, and Pontifcx Maximus, on these beardless boys of theirs, in disordered haste and in “ much admired confusion.” The tribunitian power customarily renewed year after year. — As the polestas tribunitia, conjoined to the title of emperor, was some- thing like a foundation or basis of government ; and as he who bore it was either a reigning prince, or an appointed successor to the sove- reignty — so each of those princes, in his turn was pleased, from the day of this power being bestowed upon him, to take that (if such an expression be allowable) as an epocha, from which to date his admission into the supreme government. For what, says Dion, on this point ? “ They (the emperors) assume the whole tribunitian power, in the most enlarged degree in which it was ever exercised ; and they reckon according to that the succeeding years of their reign, as though they had accepted it yearly with the tribunes of the people.” — Nothing, however, is more common than to see, on coins and on marbles, the tribunitian power of each prince so numbered as to increase a unit every year. For we sec the tribunitian power, and its number, inscribed on the public monuments of Augustus ; yet the same Augustus, on the celebrated monument at Aucyra (a town of Galatia, now Ancyre), which sets forth a train of achievements performed by himself, has marked out their dates, not only from the consulships, but also from the tribunitian power. For instance, in recounting the different con- giaria (or gifts either in corn or in money' which he had caused to be distributed, the time is noted to have been tuibvnitia botestate pvodecimvm; and presently after tribvnitiae POTESTATIS DVODEVICESIMVM CONSVL XII. Thus, when Augustus departed this life, his last tribunitian power was xxxvu. — From this one may easily perceive how much the numbers of the tribunitian power, if correctly described and known, contribute as well to fix the chronology of the emperors, as to reconcile certain acts and events with their dates in each reign. Tribunitian power — opinions as to the mode of its renewal to the emperors. — Eckhcl then adverts to the different opinions which, in the application of their great erudition and intel- lectual acuteness to this point of research, have been advanced by various eminent antiquaries — from amongst these he selects two opinions as appearing to him the most probable, namely, — 1st, that of Ouuphrius l’anvinius ( Dc Civit. Rom. c. 60), who contends that the tribunitian power was renewed yearly, on the day on which it was first received ; and 2ndly, that of Nicholas Toiuard, who thinks that it was repeated yearly, on the IV th ides of TRIBUNITIAN POWER. December in each year. — The author of Doct. Num. Vet. then enters (vol. viii. p. 897) into a critical examination of these respective opinions, shewing, with his usual clearness and candour, to what extent, as he conceives, each may safely be adopted, or should prudently be rejected. And having fully and impartially delivered his judgment on the sentiments of other learned meu, he next proceeds to state his own, which arc in substaucc as follows : — That the tri- bunitian power of the emperors, from Augustus to Antoninus Pius, was renewed yearly, on the same day of the year on which it was first conferred; and that from Antoninus Pius down to Cial/ienus, it was renewed on the kalends of January, in each year. Rules for illustrating the mode of renewal . — In exhibiting the grounds of proof on which his doctrine rests, Eckliel lays down the following seveu regulw, viz. : — 1. That coins are the surest testimony to rely upon in the attempt to investigate the method of renewing the tribuni- tiau power. — 2. That no coins, however, are to be admitted as evidence, in the course of research on this branch of the subject, but such as arc of clear and acknowledged genuineness. — 3. That the testimony of marbles, in the case of the tribunitian power, is uncertain. — 4. That it is not the adverse tenour of some few monumental inscriptions, although of unquestionable antiquity, and supported by the best authority, which can overturn an opinion confirmed by sure and abuudaut numismatic proofs. — 5. That wherever the emperors are found to have renewed the tribunitian power on any day within the same Julian year after the kalends of January, it is most certainly shown that the tribunates were coujoined with the consulates. — 6. That if em- perors have renewed the tribunitian power with the Julian year, it was doubtless rcuewed ou the very day on which it had been first received. — 7. That on coins of those emperors the tribu- nitiau power never alters, within one and the same Julian year; thence it is certain it was renewed in the January kalends. Having with copious citations and apposite examples supported the above rules for ascer- taining the mode of renewing the tribunitian power, and for avoiding those errors into which an incautious handling of the matter in question has led some even of the most learned men, Eckliel goes on to adduce a perfect scries of evidences from such numismatic monuments as arc themselves of undoubted authenticity to cor- roborate his opinion, as already stated — namely, that from the reign of Augustus (a.v.c. 727) to that of Antoninus (a.v.c. 891, a.d. 138) this fictitious renewal of the tribunitian power was accustomed to be made to each emperor on the anniversary of the day on which he first received it ; and that from the eighth year of Antouinus Pius as far ns Gallieuus (a.d. 253), both inclu- sive, it was renewed each year in the January kalends, whatcvci might have been the day on which the prince was first invested with it. This opinion, however, he docs not give as incon- testiblc : ou the contrary, he acknowledges that TRIBUNITIAN POWER. it does not serve to explain all the various com- binations of dates, without exception, that pre- sent themselves on Roman medals ; but he regards it, and with apparent reasonableness and justice, as more probable than any other. Discontinuance of the Tribunitian Power . — Referring the reader to vol. viii. of our great author’s work above quoted, for a masterly accumulation of monctal evidences, which occupy more than forty consecutive pages, we must content ourselves with subjoining a short extract from the remarks with which he concludes his own faithful, accurate, and judicious treatment of a subject peculiarly beset with conflicting difficulties : — “ As we have traced (says he) this custom of mentioning, on Roman coins and other monuments, the tribunitian power, and of enumerating its renewal, from its rise and through its progress, it remains for us to mark that period of the lower empire when, having previously become less and less frequent, the practice at length entirely ceased. — We find that Constantine the Great was the last emperor who inscribed it on his coinage. Rut on marbles it continued in use some time after the reign of Constantine ; for there are lapidary inscriptions extant, which exhibit this dignity as still added to the imperial titles of Julian, Valentinian, and Gratian. In the lowest age of the Augustan history (including Justinus I.) instead of tri- bvnitia potestate i. li. hi., &c., we see anno i. ll. ill., &c., inscribed for a time on coins of the imperial series, to mark the year of each prince’s reign.” TRIBUNITIAN POWER. 809 A different way was adopted by the Greeks, in marking the year of an emperor’s reign, on medals — viz., by A, B, r, &c., up to 0, for 1, 2, 3, &c., to 9; I for 10; K for 20, &c. ; sometimes by ETOY5 or contracted ET. or ETO., preceding the numerals. In this class of im- perial medals, there is a fine and numerous suite, which were struck at Alexandria, in Egypt, from Augustus to Diocletian, and which all bear the year of the reign of the different Roman emperors. For example, on the reverse of a medal of Trajan, the Nile appears under the figure of an old man, and on the cxergne of the same coin is inscribed L. A. or the fourth year of that prince’s reign. [See the word Nile.] ' TR. P— TR.PO.— TR. POT.— TRT.POT.— TRIB. P. — TRIB. POT — TRIBVNIC. P. or POT or POTEST.— TRIBVNICIA, or TRI- BVNITIA POTESTATE. — We see this record of the Tribunitian power, generally more or less abbreviated, though on some few medallions at full length, either with or without the addition of a number, and either followed or not by a similar record of the Consulate (cos.) and of the Im- peratorship (imp.), on coins of the imperial series from Augustus to Gallienus, and from Gallicnus to Constantine the Great. — The fol- lowing list of the renewals of the Tribunitian power, by each emperor respectively, is drawn from Eckhel’s catalogue of the Caesarean cabinet at Vienna, collated with and completed from the same author’s later and greater work, his Doctrina Numorum Veterum : — Augustus tr. p. i.* ii. (year of Rome 731-32 ; before Christ 24-23) to xxxvr. and xxxvii. (v.c. 767 ; after Christ 14.) Tiberius tr. p.* (for the first time, v.c. 748 .) — tr. p. vi. (v.c. 757; after Christ 4) to xxxviii. (v.c. 790, a.d. 37.) Caligula tr. p. i. ii. (v.c. 791-92, a.d. 38-39) — tr. p. hi. iiii. (793-94, a.d. 40-41.) Claudius tr. p. ii. (v.c. 794-5, a.d. 41-42) to xm. and xiv. (v.c. 806-807 A.D. 53-54.) Nero i. ii. (807-808, a.d. 54-55) to xm. xim. (820-821, a.d. 67-68.) Galba tr. p. simply — (821, a.d. 68.) Otho tr. p. simply — (821, a.d. 68-69.) Vitellius Ibid. (822, a.d. 69.) Vespasian tr. p. i. ii. (822-823, a.d. 69-70) to ix. x. (831-832.) Titus i. ii. (824,825, a.d. 71-72) to x. xi. (834, a.d. 81.) Domitianus i. ii. (year of Rome 824-825, a.d. 7.1 -72) to xv. xvi. (849, a.d. 96.) Nerva I. n. (849-850,851, a.d. 96-97-98.)— Some chro- nologcrs have assigned, on numismatic authority, a third tribunate to the emperor ; but Eckhel vouches for only two. Trajanus i. ii. (850-851, a.d. 97-98) to xix. xx. (869-870, a.d. 116-117). Hadrianus i. n. (870-871, a.d. 117-118) to xxi. (891, a.d. 138.) Antoninus Pius i. n. (891-892, a.d. 138-139) to xxm. xxiv (913-914 a.d. 160-161.) M. Aurelius I. ii. (900-901, a.d. 147-148) to xxxiu. xxxmi. (932-933 a d 170-180.) ’ ' ' L.Verus i. n. (914-915, a.d. 161-162) to viii. ix. (921-922, a.d. 16S-169.) Commodus i. n. (930, a.d. 177) to xvu. xvm. (945, a.d. 192.) This emperor appears to have had the Tribunitian power conferred upon him as early as the year v.c. 924 (a.d. 171), although not recorded on his coins of that date. * Obs.—Xn order to distinguish the first holding of the Tribunitian power by such emperors as reimed sufficiently long to enjoy the renewal of that dignity, the Roman numeral i. is in the above list added, in all these instances, to the letters tr. p. But on the coins themselves throughout the whole series (sEmilianus alone excepted) the first Tribunate is noted simply with a tr. p. 5 L 810 TRIBUNITIAN POWER. Pertinax, and Didius Julianas . — No Tribunitian power inscribed ou their coins (945, a.d192; 946, a.d. 193.) Sept. Severn* tr. p. i. it. m. (946, a.d. 193-194-5) to xvn. xvm. xviin. (962, a.d. 209-210-211.) Caracalla I. n. hi. (951, a.d. 198-199-200) to xix. xx. (969, a.d. 216-217.) Geta i. II. m. nr. (962, a.d. 209-210-211-212.) Macrinus i. n. (970, a.d. 217-218.) Flagabalus i. II. in. iv. v. (971, a.d. 218-219.220-221-222.) Sev. Alexander I. II. m. (975, a.d. 222-223-224) to xn. xm. xiv. (986, a.d. 233 234-235.) Maximinus I. II. m. iv. (988, a.d. 235-236-237-238.) Gordianus I. TR. P. simply — (991, a.d. 238.) Gordianus II. (Ibid.) — No coin with mark of Tribunate. . . T , . . C Like the African Gordians, each too short a reign Balbinus 3 for the Tribunitian power to be renewed to, if Pupienus (I nil.) ^ indeed it was ever conferred on, them. Gordianus III. TR. p. l. n. in. (991, a'.d. 238-239-240) to iv. v. vi. vii. (994, a.d. 241-242-243-244.) Philippas Pater r. II. HI. iv. v. vi. (997, a.d. 244-245-246-247-248-249.) Philippics Fil I. u. in. (1000, a.d. 247-248-249.) Trajanus Decius l. II. in. (1002, a.d. 249 250-251.) Ilerennius II. (Ibid.) Iloslilianus No mark of the Tribunitian power on tills young prince’s coins (1002 a.d. 249-250.) Trehonianus Gallus ... tr. p. i. ii. in. iv. (1004, a.d. 251-252-253-254.) Volusianus No mention made of his first Tribunate, but the II. III. and ivth re- newal correspond in date with those of his father whose fate he shared. • AEmilianus TR. P. i. n. (1006, a.d. 253-254.) — This emperor is the only one on whose coins the first Tribunate is numbered, (viz., tr. p. I.) aud that only on the silver — the brass are all without. Valerianus tr. p. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. (1006, a.d. 253-254 to 259. — Some writers quote coins which carry the Trib. Pot. to an eighth renewal (a.d. 260), the year he was taken prisoner by the Persians. Gallienus TR. P. i. II. ill. (1006, a.d. 253-254-255) to xv. XVI. (a d. 267-268.) Postumus i. ii. in. (1011, a.d. 258-259-260) to vm. lx. x. (a.d. 265-266-267.) Tetricus Pater tr. p. (a.d. 267), tr. p. ii. (268.) Claudius Gothicus ... tr. p. (a.d. 268), n. (269), iii. (270.) Quintillus tr. p. (a.d. 270.) Aurelianus tr. p. (a.d. 270), ii. iii. iv. v. vi. (a.d. 271-272-273-274-275.) Tacitus Only on one coin of this prince are the chronological marks placed, viz., p.m. tr. p. consvl. (a.d. 276.) Florianus No mark of Tribuuitian power on his coins, (a.d. 276, a three months’ reigu.) Prohiis tr. p. (a.d. 276) n. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. (a.d. 277 to 282.) Cams No mention of the Tribunate on his coins (a.d. 282-283 ) Numerianus The simple tr. p. appears on a third brass of this prince (a.d. 284), given by Tanini. Carinus The Tribunitian power of this emperor is recorded on a single gold coin which Eckhcl quotes from Beyer. Thes. Brand, aud assigns to the year 284. Diocletianus tr. p. (a.v.c. 1037, a.d. 284, when he was proclaimed emperor.) — Prom II. in. (a.d. 285-286) to xvn. (a.d. 300), sixteen yearly renewals of the Tribunitian power arc consecutively recorded on the coins of this prince. The eighteenth (a.d. 301) is not mentioned, being the only hiatus in the scries ; xix. xx. xxi. aud xxil. appearing regularly from a.d. 302 to 305, in which last year Diocletian abdicated the imperial government. Maximianus Ilercitleus tr. r. (a.v.c. 1039, a.d. 286, when he commenced his joint reign with Diocletian,) II. ill. (a.d. 287-288). Of the fourth renewal there is no notice. The remainder are enumerated in Eckhel as follows : — tr. p. v. (290), vm. (293), lx. (294), xiv. (299), xvni. xix. (303-304), and xx. (a.d. 305), when he reluctantly followed the example of his imperial colleague, and abdicated the empire ; to resume it, however, only too readily at the persuasion of his son Maxcntius, in 306 ; but no renewal of the Tribunitian power is noted on the few medals struck under Maximianus llercideus after his resumption of the government. TRIBUNITIAN POWER.— TRIDENS.—TRIONES.— TRIPUS. 811 Constantins I. (vu/go Chlorus) — Father of Constantine the Great). — From a.v.c. 1058, a.d. 292, when he was created Ctcsar by Maximianus Uerculeus to 305, when he xvas proclaimed Augustus, and to 306, when he died at York. No Tribunitian power is marked on his coins. Gale ri us Maximianus. — From the year v.c. 1045, a.d. 292, to 1064, a.d. 311, no tr. P. The same observation applies to the following Augusti, viz.: — Val. Severus, 305 to 307; Maximinus l)aza, 305 to 313; Maxentius, 306 to 312; Licinius pater, 307 to 324; Licinius filius, 317 to 323. Constantinus Magnus. — The only mention of the Tribunitian power on the numerous coins of this celebrated emperor, from v.c. 1059, a.d. 306 to 337, is on a single third brass, which Eckhel places under date of 312, viz. p.m. te. p. (without a numeral) cos. ii. And it is at this period that all notice of the dignity and authority of the Tribunate appears to have ceased on Roman monuments of every kind. For, with respect to the epigraphs tr. p. xxxvii. and x xxxii., both of which are stated by Banduri, quoting from Mezzobarbi, to be extant on gold coins of Theodosius II. (a.d. 408 to 450). — Eckhel declares the assertion to be erroneous, as he had never seen such a medal, nor ever read of it in auy authentic catalogue ; neither does it agree with the ascertained chronology of that emperor’s reign. — We are, indeed, disposed to think that the mistake arose from reading TR. P. instead of IM1 'erator; for there are gold of Theodosius II. with imp. xxxxii. cos. xvii. It will be seen from the foregoing list, that in some instances more years of the Tribunitian power are to be found ascribed to certain Roman emperors than there were years of those emperors’ reigns. The fact is,' the renewal of this power to each was accustomed to be dated, not from the beginning of their highest, that is to say of their Augustal rank, but from their first reception of the Tribunitian authority ; and thus more years "of Tit P. than of imperial government were assigned to them on their respective coins. Hence we find struck on the medals of Tiberius — trib. pot. xxxvii., though his reign as the successor of Augustus did not last longer than twenty-three years. In like manner there arc coins of Titus which bear the mark" of tr. p. x. and xi., whereas he died in little more than a year after his accession to the empire. — So of Antoninus Pius, xvhose medals record xxim. receptions of the Tribunitian power, his reign as emperor being twenty-three years. — And the medals of M. Aurelius note xxxmi. tr. p., though, as the successor of Antoninus, he reigned only nineteen years. — On the other hand, the coins of Augustus exhibit no more than xxxvii. renewals of the Tribunitian Potestas, although Suetonius, Dion, \ ictor, Eutropius, and others, assign to that prince the supreme government of the Roman empire during the space of from forty-two to forty-four years, reckoning from the victory at Aetium, which took place a.v.c. 723 (before Christ 31), or" from 725, when the title of Imperator was conferred upon him by the Senate. Tridens — Trident — a fork with three tines, which the ancients have represented as the sceptre and peculiar symbol of Neptune. The poets make it the gift of the Cyclops to that deity. And thus the harpoon or fishing-spear was con- verted by one of the ingenious myths of paganism into an attribute inseparable from the God of the Sea. Such an instrument is still in use amongst the fishermen of the Mediterranean archipelago. — The trident appears behind the head of Neptune on many family coins of the Romans. — On a coin of Pompey the Great it is stamped before the face of Nepluue. It is most frequently carried in the left hand of that marine divinity, whence he is called by Ovid (Metam. ii.) Tridentiger, and by the Greeks rpiaivoe) germanis. Triumphers sometimes took children into their cars. — On a brass medallion of L. Verus aud M. Aurelius (edited in the Mus. Descamps), we see two personages standing in a triumphal car, and a little boy behind them in the same vehicle, whilst soldiers precede, and a ferculum, or stage, conveying a trophy and captives, accompanies them. — This coin commemorates the Parthian triumph, which both the emperors above men- tioned enjoyed. On that occasion, as Capitolinus states, children of both sexes were admitted into the chariot of M. Aurelius. This, however, was not a new practice ; but it was a custom as old as the republic, for children to be carried in the same car with the triumpher. Zonaras narrates, from Dion, that “ it was usual for him, who entered the city in triumph, to have with him in the chariot his children or other young rela- tions, provided they were only pratextali — i. e. of so early an age as still to wear the long white purple-bordered gown (which noblemen’s children were wont to do). Dut if they were TRIUMPHUS. 815 I older, he placed them on horses harnessed together (jugalibus funalibus ve). — And if there I were more, they followed the car, each mounted on a single horse.” — Appian, in alluding to a triumph on Africanus senior, describes this peculiar feature of a Roman triumph in these general terms — “ the sons and daughters (of the Imperator) are admitted into the same car, and the rest of the young blood relations are carried on horses bridled together.” — Cicero ( Pro Murana, c. 5) also speaks of this custom : An cum sedere in equis tnumphantium pratextati potissimum fil'd soleant, fyc. — Suetonius, in his life of Tiberius, relates of him that, having just entered his prime of youth, after the battle of Actium, he appeared on horseback beside the triumphal car of Augustus, along with Marcellus, son of Octavia (sinisteriore funali equo, quum Marcellus, Octavia filius, dexteriore veheretur). Domitian, in like manner, attended the triumphus Judaicus of his father and brother (v.c. 824), riding conspicuously on a white horse. Triumphal processions — represented on im- perial medals. — There are, in the first place, silver and gold coins of Augustus, in which he is seen in a quadriga, holding in his right hand the reins of the horses, aud in his left sometimes a branch of laurel, at others a sceptre surmounted by an eagle — and again holding the sceptre in his right and a branch in his left hand — the reins of the four horses being attached to the front of the car. — On the well known second brass, coined under Tiberius to commemorate the triumph of Germanicus (see signis rf.ceptis, &c.), we see the figure of that victorious but ill- requited hero, standing in a triumphal quadriga, holding the eagle-bearing sceptre in his left hand. — On gold and silver of Tiberius, that emperor appears in a car of triumph with sceptre and laurel branch. — From that period we find no more types of emperors triumphing until the reign of Vespasian, amongst whose gold coins are two quadrigee with their imperial charioteer guiding the horses and holding the sceptre. There is also a beautiful aureus of Vespasian, with legend trtvmp. avg. (see below), referring to his triumph for Judaa cagta, a subject which also furnishes similar types for the coins of Titus, especially a very fine large brass. — Domitian, having had the effrontery to assume the title of germanicus, for a pretended victory over the German tribes, his gold and brass coins exhibit him in triumphal qnadrigee, with sceptre and laurel. — Trajan’s Triumphus Parthicus will be found noticed below; the triumphal proces- sions of L. Verus and M. Aurelius are already referred to. — Buonarotti, in his Osservazioni sopra Medaglioni (ii. No. 1), has published an imperial medallion of Caracalla, in which that emperor is seen in a quadriga, having the sceptre or ivory baton in his left aud the laurel branch in his right hand ; Victory behind crowning him. In triumphal ceremonies, the car was preceded by towers on wheels, called by the Latins fercula, on the top of which were placed prisoners of w r ar, and spoils of the vanquished ; and the medallion above described presents a ferculum 816 TR1UMPHTJS. TRIUMPHUS PARTHICUS. quadriga, holding a branch, is crowned by a the cause is to be traced, why there are so many Victory; a military figure and a naked captive contoruiatc medals, with the portrait of Trajau with hands tied behind him, precede the car ; in on them — namely, that they might be distributed the uroup is a tubicen blowing his trumpet. — amongst those who assisted at those spectacula On a gold coin of Vespasian, in the imperial triumphalia. It may therefore be further sup- cabinet of Vienna. posed, that the celebration of such triumphal This is one of the rarest and most elegant of solemnities, not discontinued, as Dion affirms, those coins which attest the victories of Vespa- but only neglected iu his time, were at a later sian and Titus over the Jews, and which com- period restored to indulge the Romans in their memorate the triumph decreed to them on that known fondness for public games and exhibitions. account. — The events themselves, forming as TRIVMPHVS QVADORVM. Two cm- they do so awfully important a subject of record perors in a car of triumph, drawn by four on the pages of ancient history, nud the honours horses, preceded by a Victory. There arc also conferred by the senate on the conquering two figures at the top of the reverse, and two generals, both father and son, who enjoyed their others below, with spoils. — Banduri gives this triumph ou the same day, but apart from each from Vaillant, who has plnecd it amongst the other, arc narrated by Suetonius and by Dion, brass medallions of Numerianus. — Tanini, in and still more copiously described by Josephus, his Supplement to Banduri, says the legend Appian mentions the employment of tubiciues rends trivnfv. Qvaiior, (trumpeters or horn-players), iu a vivid account I The tract of couutry occupied by the QnaJi TRIUMVIRI MONETALES. is shewn under that word in p. 671 of this Dictionary, and also in remarks on the rex Qvadis datvs of Antoninus Pius. — But what Numerianus had to do with the Quadi, or when, if he ever fought with them, he established his claim to a triumph by conquering them, arc questions to which uo satisfactory answers appear to have yet been given. Indeed, according to Vopiscus, this young priuce, immediately after his victory over the Sarmatians, went with his father (Caras) to the East, and was slain before he could accomplish his return to the West. Even supposing that the historian above-named had given the name of Sarniat* to the people who are the Quadi of this medal ; still comes the inquiry, where was there a triumph celebrated by two emperors? Eckliel regards the subject as involved iu the thickest Cimmerian darkness; and Banduri himself, in his commentary on this coin, despairs of being able to throw light upon it. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBA- RARVM. — The emperor clothed in the toga, stands holding in his right hand the labarum, on which is inscribed the monogram of Christ. This legend appears lor the first time on gold and silver medallions of Constans I. — It is a title, which, if not in the instance of Coustans, certainly iu the case of most of his successors who adopted the pompous designation, is more specious than true. The same legend, sometimes with similar, sometimes with different types, occurs on coins of Coustautinus II., of Valenti- nianus I., of Valens, of Theodosius the Great (who alone deserved it), of Arcadius, and llonorius. It also appears on a fiue silver medal- lion of Magnentius, struck at Aquileia. Rev. Num., 1850, p. 108. TRIVMFVS CAESARVM, with type of Victory, is given by Tanini, as from a second brass of Constans I. Triumviri Monetalcs. Monetal Triumvirs. — These were officers specially appointed by the Romans to direct or superintend the coinage of their money. From the time of the republic, the management of the mint was entrusted to three magistrates, who were called Triumviri Auro , Argento , Aeri, F/ando, Feriundo — that is to say, a commission of three, under whom coins in gold, silver, and brass were struck. Julius Caesar, who increased the magistracies that he might confer the more favours, was the first to add one to their original number. — This, says Eckhel (v. 62), took place doubtless in the year of Rome 709, for it is on the coins of that year, pertaining to the dictator, that we first fiud mention of Qiiatuorviri instead of Triumviri . — Suetonius relates of the first Ciesar that “ he moreover appointed special slaves over the miut and the public revenues.” — In order to reconcile this statement with certain testimonies from coins, which indicate rather that the number of the triumvirs was increased than that the super- intendence of the mint was taken out of their hands and entrusted to slaves — it will be neces- sary to say that Cresar committed to slaves, not the business of coining the public money, 5 M TRIUMVIRI MONETALES. 817 but its custody when coined. And this is the very fact alluded to (i.e. by Suetonius) as a proof of Caesar’s disregard of the custom observed by his predecessors, that he should have transferred to slaves property belonging to the quaestors. Under Augustus the changes made in the monetal magistracy by his predecessor were abolished ; the number of these officers was restored to three, as Dion states. In what year this reformation took place appears to be uncer- tain ; but we know that they continued through- out that emperor’s reign to engrave their names on the coins which they caused to be struck. — Aquillius, Caninius, Durmius, and Petronius, whose coins were struck in the year v.c. 734, or near that time, call themselves UlVIJtl. Whether this alteration took place in any year anterior to this date is unknown. “ With re- spect to the rauk or station (says Eckhel) which these monetary prefects held at Rome, Dion affords us information (v.c. 741). For, after saying that Augustus selected from out of the Fquites, xx. men, who having filled the inferior offices, might have liberty to aspire to the senatorial dignity, he enumerates among them, besides the Triumviri Capitales (or judges appointed to try criminal cases), “ the three who had the office of striking the coinage ." — Now, therefore (proceeds Eckhel), looking to the fact recorded by Tacitus, that Tiberius had requested from the senate that Nero, son of Germauieus, should be exempted from serving on the Vigintivirate and be allowed to he candidate for the Quicstorship five years earlier than the legal period; and considering never- theless, what Lipsius, in his commentary on this passage of Tacitus, assuredly proves, that it was not lawful to assume the quicstorship before the age of at least 25 years (the very five years, be it observed, which Tiberius desired Nero to be exempted from), we gather, that it was legal to assume the Vigintiviratus Monetalis, at the age of 20 years. — Hence Ovid speaks correctly in the description of bis life — Cepimus el tenerte primos eetatis honores, Eque V IRIS quondam pars TRIBVS unafui. Trist. l. iv. el. x. v. 33. After filling which office, as he says, they were eligible to the senate (Curia restabat, fcj ; but to this dignity he preferred a literary leisure! From this it appears that the monetal triumvir could be also styled a Vigintivir, as is really the case, on an engraved marble edited by Spon, viz., XXVIRO monetali. The Vigintivirate! therefore, was a magistracy, which, though of an inferior order, was nevertheless of such a kind, that through it the higher honours of the state could be arrived at. This fact is shewn, not merely by the above-mentioned passage of Tacitus, but on the authority of Dion, when he says that Claudius ordered L. Juuius Silanus and Cn. Pompeius Magnus, his sons-in-law, to hold office among the XXviri ; and that it was after a considerable interval that they were allowed to assume the other magistracies, five 818 TRIUMVIRI MONETALES. years earlier than the usual period. To these testimonies may be added two inscriptions on marbles, published by Marini and Gruter, which, after the enumeration of other and more illus- trious offices, give to Julius Proculus, and to Q. Hedius, the title of Illvir A. A. A. F.F. — It is well-known, however, that marbles, in enumerating the magistracies, for the most part preserve such an arrangement of time, that the offices which an individual last served are recorded first, aud the first placed last in order. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at, that the names of the most distinguished families should be found among the Triumviri Monetales, who were also, as we have seen, in the list of the XXviri. And doubtless, on this principle, are to be explained the following denarii : — The head of Octavianus (afterwards Auiiustus). TI. SEMPRONIVS. GRACCVS. IIIIVIR. Q DESIG. The head of Julius Ccesar . — Q. vocontvs. VITVLVS. Q. DESIGN. That is to say, Sempronius and Voconius were Qualuorviri Monetales, aud having been fully established in this office, and already Quiestors Elect (Qtuestores Dcsignali), they caused these silver coins to be struck. Triumviri Monetales how marked on coins . — After refuting the theory of Vaillant and Havercamp, who have constantly asserted that the monetal triumvirate was an annual office, Eekhel proceeds to observe that these magistrates are numismatically indicated by the addition of iiivir. to their names, or from the time of Jnlius Caesar, by that of iiiivir. On a denarius of Cossutius we read c. cossvrivs maridianvs. a. A. a. F. f., viz., Auro, Argent o, Aeri, Ftando, Teriundo. Frequently on coins of Augustus iuvir. a. a. a. f. f., althongh it is highly pro- bable that the triumvirs of the mint did not always make mention of their office. The most remarkable formula; hitherto discovered are — iiivir. phi. FI., on a denarius of the Flaminia family. This has been interpreted Primus F/avit. But in treating of the coins of this family, our author does not undertake to vouch for the accuracy of that explanation. — There is also iiivir. a. p. F. on gold of the Livineia and Musidia families, viz., Auro, Pttb/ice, Feriundo, or as Khell (in Supplement to Vaillant, p. 8) will have it Ad Pecuniam Feriundum. To which may be also added the A. pv. (Aere Publico), or arg. pvb. (Argento Publico), or p. a., or ex. a. p., or ex. A. pv. (Ex Aerario Publico, or Ex Aere Publico) marked on the field of certain silver coins of the Lucilia, Tituria, Scntia, Critonia, Fabia, aud Fontcia families, by which is denoted that the metal of the money to be struck was furnished by the state. Contrary to the usual custom is the inscription len. cvr. x. fi, fx. s. c. (Lentulus Curator Denariorum F/andorum Ex Sen a tits Consu/to), by which we arc taught that those, to whom the care of the mint was entrusted, were also called CVR atores. An inspection of the coins of the emperors will sufficiently shew that Augustus assumed to himself the right of striking the gold aud silver TRIUMVIRI MONETALES. coinage (the brass being conceded to the senate), in which circumstance he went beyond his pre- decessors. Moreover from brass coins on which to the names of the Triumvirs are constantly added a. a. a. f. f., it appears that to one and the same Triumvir belonged the right of striking gold aud silver coins in the name of Augustus, and brass coins in the name of the senate ; and this point is accurately established in the example of M. Sanguinius, who equally caused silver coins to be struck with the head of Augustus, and brass with the mark s. c. At the command of Augustus, the names of Triumvirs and ot all other magistrates ceased to be inscribed on Roman coins, somewhere about the year v.c. 740, as would appear on reference to the medals of that emperor. — This is Eckhel’s opinion, who concludes his observa- tions on the subject in question, by giving the following list of the Monetal Triumvirs under the republic, aud the Qualuorviri under Julius Cicsar ; — Triumviri Monetales. NV. ACILIVS IIIVIR. T. CARISIVS. IIIVIR. CALDVS. IIIVIR. Calia family. RVFVS IIIVIR. Cordia family. P. FONTEIVS P. F. CAPITO IIIVIR. GETA IIIVIR. Jlosidia family. L. PAPIVS. CELS VS. IIIVIR. Q. SICILIVS IIIVIR. Quatuorviri Monetales. L. AEMILIVS. BVCA. IIIIVIR. C. COSSVTIVS MARIDIANVS. A. A. F. F. L. FLAM1N. CHILO IIIIVIR. PRI. FL. L. REGVLVS. IIIIVIR. A. P. F. Livineia fam. L. MVSSIDIVS. T. F. LONGYS. IIIIVIR. A. P. F. TI. SEMPRONIVS. GRACCVS. IIIIVIR. Q. DESIG. Under the lower empire, not only did these officers cease to be any longer mentioned, but even the old-established s. c. was discontinued on the brass coinage. Hence it is inferred that the emperors, claiming as part of their pre- rogative, the exclusive right of striking money, abolished the triple office of those who presided over the operations of the Roman mint. — “ According to appearances (says Millin) this change look place under Aureliau, against whom the moneyers revolted. The workmen employed under the orders of the triumvirs, and who were either freedmen or slaves, were divided into several classes. Those called signatores engraved the coins : those denominated sup- postores were charged with the placing of the piece of metal betweeu the dies; others named mal/eatores struck the dies, so supplied, with the hammer. Besides these there were other workmen engaged in the melting and preparation of the metals. Some were entrusted with the important duty of verifying the standard and weight of the respective coinages, in the three metals — an office similar to that of the modem nssayers of the mint, who make especial trial of the gold aud silver money. They were called TROP/EUM. exactor?* auri, argenti, arts, and hence pro- ceeds the term exagium so/idi (see the words), which is read on certain square formed medals of Honorius and Yalcntiuiau. — See Moneta — Moncta Romana — Monetal Triumvirs — Mone- tarii. Troas — a Roman colony. — See Alexandria Troas. Troja l nsus or Indus . — The Trojan games, said to have been instituted by /Eneas, in Sicily, to exercise hi3 son Ascauius and the young Trojans of his suite. It appears certain that sports bearing this appellation were practised at Rome in the circus by youths of the noblest patrician families, who raced on horseback; formed themselves into opposing squadrons ; and represented a sort of combat. — Troja et Regia Priami (says Festus) et Ittsus puerorum equestris dicetur . — Julius Caesar restored it to its pristine vigour, and the Romans, after his death, long continued to practice it with enthusiastic fond- ness. — On a gold coin of Caius (one of the two sons of Agrippa), styled C. CAES. AVGVSTV I'ilius, the young prince appears on horseback, riding at full speed, holding spear and shield : behind him is a legionary eagle between two military standards. — Havercamp, on account of the military ensigns, believes this type to exhibit the profectio of Caius on an expedition against the Parthians. But Eckhel thinks it much more likely that the type was intended to commemorate the Troja — or riding at tilt, an exercise which, according to Dion, was per- formed by Caius in the year v.c. 741, he being then only in the seventh year of his age. Augustus thealrum Marcelli dedicavit, ludisque ejus rei gratia factis Trojam inter alios patricios pueros nepos Augusti Caius lusit. The signa militaria, adds Eckhel, are to be accounted for, from the fact that this game of Troy was a military one ; and Virgil, doubtless alluding to Caius under the image of Ascanius thus describes it — Vade age, et Ascanio, si jam puerile paratum Agmen habet secum, cursusque instruxit equorum , Ducat avo turmas, et sese ostendat in armis. xEneid. L. v. 1. 548. Tropaum. — Trophy, formed of the spoils taken from the enemy, and set up as a public monument. Trophies, equally by the Romans and the Greeks, were esteemed as the rewards and insignia of victories. In the earlier ages ihey consisted simply of a trunk of a tree, to which a little below the top another piece of wood was fastened crosswise, and set up on the field of battle immediately after a victory ; this was adorned with spoils, or the armour of the vanquished, customarily a cuirass, a helmet, and a buckler. — The first trophy of which the Roman history makes mention is the one erected by C. Flamiuius, in the year v.c. 530, it is affirmed to have been of gold, and was placed in the Capitol. — Florus, in recording this fact, also speaks of two other trophies, raised a hundred years after, in their war with the Allobroges by Domitius Aenobarbus and Fabius Maximus, at 5 M 2 TROP/EUM. 819 the confluence of the Isere with the Rhone. To this day there are to be seen at Rome two trophies in marble, believed to have been erected by Marius, in commemoration of his double victory over Jugurtha and over the Ciinbri, of which Suetonius speaks. In the latter period of the republic, the Romans were in the habit of carrying trophies before the car of the triumpher. And when it was the object to render these symbols of victory more durable, they were constructed of stone, marble, brass, aud any other solid material, dedicated to some diviuity, and inscribed with the details of the victory gained. — From the time of Augustus, who caused a trophy to the glory of the Roman arms to be raised on the Alps, monuments of this description multiplied greatly. The Trajan aud Antonine columns are, in fact, trophies on a grand scale. — Spanlieim, in his notes on the Caesars of Julian, has given a representation (finely engraved by Picard) of one of those magnificent trophies which still exist at Rome, and which are ascribed to Trajan. It is in this example that we see the rough trunk of a tree, sur- mounted with a helmet, enriched with sculpture, and covered with a cklamys; it is furthermore decorated with quivers, arrows, and bucklers, held by winged figures of sphinxes, tritons, centaurs, &c. Trophies are frequently represented on denarii of Roman families. Sometimes these objects are exhibited with other military insignia — namely, darts, shields, and litui, as may be seen on coins of the Julia family ; at other times they are accompanied with figures of kneeling captives, bound to the same trophies, as in medals of the Cornelia, Fundania, Junia, and Servilia families. Again we see trophies crowned by Victory, as in Fundania, and Memmia, or by the Genius of Rome, as in Furia. (Spanlieim, Pr. ii. 220). — For an his- torical explanation of the trophies engraved on certain denarii of the Cornelia family, see the word Sulla. Trophies arc typified on Roman coins, in vast numbers, both of the early aud lower empire, from Julius to Gallienus. If the object were to commemorate a victory over the barbarians, it is signified by the figure of Victory herself adorning the oaken trunk with the arms of the conquered tribes. A trophy formed of a suit of body armour, to which are suspended a buckler and a military lituus, one on the right, the other on the left arm of its cross-piece — there is an axe and the word caesar on the field of a gold coin of Julius Csesar. — A splendid trophy within a temple of two columns appears on a gold medal ol Augustus. — That trophies were used for ornaments to triumphal arches is shewn on a large brass of Nero Claudius Drusus, brother of the Emperor Tiberius. — On medals of Trajan, we see Mars Gradients carrying a trophy on his shotdder, composed sometimes of a cuirass and buckler, at others simply of a cuirass. — Two trophies finely decorated with armour of the enemy are seen on coins of 820 TULLIA. Trajan ; in one of these types the emperor stands between them. For an explanation of the trophy and accom- panying figures on the reverse of a denarius of the /Emilia family, struck in honour of the Consul jEmilius Paullus : see ter pavllvs. TR. P. Treveris Percussa, or Treverensis Pecunia. Tu/lia, a family partly patrician, partly plebeian. Three varieties in its coins: one of these is described to be a denarius, having on its obverse a winged head of Minerva ; behind which is the word roma ; and on the reverse M. TVLLI. Victory in a quadriga, holding a palm-branch in the left hand ; in the field of the coin a crown and the mark x. — The same re- stored by Trajan is RltR. — By many numismatists this silver medal has been ascribed to Cicero the Oiator, and it has thus become a subject of naturally great interest, as supposed to be identified with the name and times of that famous man who is justly reckoned amongst the most illustrious characters of antiquity. Eckhel, however, far from countenancing this supposition, contents himself with remarking that it is a matter of uncertainty to which Tullius this denarius is to be assigned, or by what surname it is to be distinguished, for the Tu/lia gens spreads widely through many and various cognomina. The form itself of the coin, he adds, reveals a higher antiquity than can possibly be compatible with the_ opinion which refers it to Cicero. A denarius of the Tu/lia family, having on its obverse the winged head of Minerva, with the word rosia ; exhibits on the reverse side M. tvlli. The type is Victory in a quadriga, holding a palm-branch ; above is a laurel garland; below x. It would seem by this singular coin, in which his prenomen and name arc associated with Victory in a car, that the triumph of Cicero was meant to be designated. But the most remarkable aud personally interesting numismatic memorial of this illustrious Roman, is a secoud brass colonial of Magnesia, in Lydia, with his portrait — a coin of the greatest rarity. — See Mionnet — Tu/lia fam. There is also a silver medallion classed under the head of this family, on the obverse of which appears the mystic basket (see ttstophori), half opened, whence issues a serpent ; the whole within a wreath composed of ivy leaves and its berries. For legend of reverse it has M. TVLL. IMP. AABA2. nTPPOT. AAO. and two ser- pents, with tails interwiued, fonn its accom- panying type. Tlus most elegant and rare Cistophorus was first published by that eminent French antiquary Scguin, and illustrated by him in his learned commentary, as a relic unquestionably connected with the chief of Roman orators aud philo- sophers. Eckhel moreover, who, ns we have seen, denies that the preceding coin has any relation to Cicero, decidedly vindicates the genuine claim of this beautiful medallion to be acknowledged as having been struck at Laodicea in honour of that celebrated personage : — TL'LLLIUS HOSTILIUS.— TUNICA. “It is well established (says he) that Cis- tophori were coined in the province of Asia only. Cicero was, in the year of Rome 703, sent as proconsul into Cilicia, aud to his juris- diction at that time belonged also Pamphylia, Lycaonia, and part of Phrygia" that part indeed in which Laodicea was situated; the town which struck this coin, as the addition AAO. shews us. That Cicero frequently held assemblies here we may infer from many passages of his letters ; and in fact, from the ides of February to the calends of May, he held a court, including all the Asiatic districts. The word IMP erator is added, being an honour which lie himself says he had obtained in a letter to Cselius Rufus : — ‘ So by a just victory I gained the title of Iinpcrator at Issus, a spot at which, as I have often heard that Clitarchus told you, Darius was defeated by Alexander.’” On the other hand, respecting a reputed second brass colonial of Magnesia, in Lydia, to which allusion is made in both Miuuuct aud Akcnnan, as bearing on its obverse the head of Cicero, the author of Doctrina makes the follow ing observations : — “ As we have adduced a genuine coin of M. Tullius Cicero, it would appear a proper oppor- tunity here to notice the counterfeit productions, to which the hope of gain has given birth ; a hope which could not fail of its object, whilst there exists the universal desire of gazing on the likeness of such a man. Passing by those coins, however, which at the first glance arc distinctly to be recognised as forgeries, we shall select out of their number, one which the opinion of many individuals have even to the present moment stamped with the character of genuine- ness, and this is it: MAUKOS T0TAA102. KIKEKHN. A naked head of Cicero. Rev. MArNHTflN. AIIO. SIIITLOT. 0EOAnPO2. A right hand holding a crown, a branch, aud a palm (or vine) shoot. Second brass : see Eckhel ; and a Paper by Mr. Birch, on a Coin of Mag- nesia, tcilh the head of Cicero, published, with an engraving, in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. ii. p. 107. Tullius IJostilius, third king of Rome, the immediate successor of Numa. Sprung from the ancient aud illustrious stock of the gens llostilia, he was elected by the suffrages of the people : an evidence of this is considered to be shewn on that coin of the HostHia family, on which there is a representation of the voting place in the Comitia at Rome. The treaty of the same king with the Albans is supposed to be shadowed forth in the type of a denarius of the Veturia family'. Tunica — the Tunic. — This was not a single garment, but was capable of being multiplied so as to be distinguished by the uauics of the vest is interior and the vestis exterior. It was of linen or woollen. That of the women had sleeves, was very wide, descended much lower than the men’s, aud was put on immediately under the robe. On ancient monuments, ns well numismatic as lapidary, Diana is sometimes represented w itb her tunic tucked up and fastened TURIASO.— TUSCULUM. with a girdle: hence she was called Diana cincta, or succincia. At other times the same goddess is depictured with the girdle loosened, and then it is called discincta. — The tunica, like the toga, received different epithets. Amongst the rest there were the Tunica palmata. — This was of purple, and was bordered with a band of gold stuff. It was the dress of those who received triumphal honours, and of those who presided at the sports of the circus. And the Tunica picta, which like the Toga picta was enriched with embroidery, and interlaced with flowers. The large baud which bordered the tunic from top to bottom was called claims. The angusti- clavia or narrow border was the distinction of the kuights ; the laticlavia, or broad band, that of the senators of Home. — For other particulars relative to this article of dress, see Millin, lies Beaux Arts ; and Pitiscus, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Turiaso, a muuicipium of Hispania Tarra- conensis, now Tarazona, situate on a small river that runs into the Ebro, to the south of Tudela. — For a description, and fac simile engravings of the imperial colonial coins, struck in this muuicipium, under Augustus and Tiberius, see the accurate work of Mr. Akerman, entitled Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes. — Hispania, No. 4, p. 110, pi. xi. No. 7, and pi. xii. No. 1 and No. 2. Turrita mutier — a woman wearing a crown of towers. This figure is of very frequent occurrence on colonial coins. Almost all the cities of Syria, Phoenicia, and Mesopotamia, exhibit their respective genii, under the form of a female with turres on her head, as if denoting their exposure to, and state of mural defence against, the incursive attacks of neighbouring enemies. Turritum caput muliebre. — The turreted head of a woman serves on Greek and Roman medals as a typification of goddesses, and of virtues. — Sec Astarte, Ceres, Cybele, Diana, Vesta ; also Genius, Concordia, Fortuna, Indulgent ia, Pax Orbis, Victoria. — The same type symbolises the various provinces and countries subject to the domination of Imperial Rome. — See Asia, Cappa- docia, Gallia, Hispania, Italia, l’annonia, Syria, &c. — It is likewise a sigu of some principal town, fortified with walls and towers. — Accord- ing to Vaillant, all colonies were designated by the turreted head of a female stamped on their coin. TVSCVL. Tusculum. — This legend appears on gold and silver coins of the highest rarity, belonging to the Sulpicia family. It is inscribed on the reverse over the gates of a walled and turreted city. (See Su/piciaJ. — On the obverse arc the heads of the Dioscuri, whose attributes and worship arc plainly bespoken, and the above described type of the reverse, connecting itself with the same deification, bears reference to Servius Sulpicius, a tribune of the people, who in the year v.c. 878, invested with consular power, went to Rome, at the head of an army, f to the relief of Tusculum, which city he rescued , from the power of the Latins, who had laid | TUTELA. 821 | scige to it. — It appears from Cicero, that the temple of Castor and Pollux stood at Tusculum ; j and, according also to Festus, Castor was wor- j shipped in that town. Thus we find not only the chief divinities of the Tusculanei, but th’c city of Tusculum itself represented on this extremely rare gold coin. Tusculum, a most ancient colony and muni- cipium of Latium. Many noble aud consular families derived their origin from Tusculum. Situate about 12 miles south-west of Rome, it was the locality of Cicero’s celebrated villa, and the scene of his Tusculan disputations. Frascati is its modern name. — See Manila family ; also see the word Telegonus, which fabled son of Ulysses, by Circe, as some say, by Calypso as others have it, is the reputed founder of this Latian city. Tutela — Defence or Protection ; a name bear- ing affinity to Genius and to Fortune. That Genii, Fortumc, aud Tutela: were not always regarded as identical by the ancients is shewu on the marble edited by Maffei — genio et FOllTVNAE TVTELAEQVE HVJVS LOCI. Rut it also appears that these deified guardians and tutelaries, although distinguished from each other by various old writers, yet on account of the similitude of the functions ascribed to them, were often interchanged aud confounded with each other — a circumstance not surprising, adds Eckhel, when theories on matters, unconnected with human nature, depend on popular opinion and frequently on that of individuals. — See Doct. Hum. Vet. vol. viii. p. 141. — Respecting this Tutela, as a deity, St. Jerome (on Isaiah, 1. xvi., c. 58) says — there was no place (in the heathen world) which was not defiled by the abominations of idolatry, insomuch that they placed behind the doors of houses, idols which they called their household gods, or Lares. To this error and most pernicious custom, the cities of many provinces of the empire were addicted ; Rome herself, the mistress of the world, wor- shipping with, wax lights and with lamps, the image of Tutela, so called because they believed her to be their defence.” — Gusserne vi. p. 464. Tutela, as indicating the protection of Jupiter and of other gods, under which the emperors placed themselves, is attended to in the legends of some of their coins — such, for example, as DIS AVSPICIBVS of Sept. Scverus ; the I)IS GENITALIBVS of Crispina ; the DII NVTR1- TORES of Salonius. On other medals, it is read, not only in general terms, as DIS CVSTO- DIBVS, or IVPITER CVSTOS ; but specially and by name as IOVI CONSERVATORI AMGusti- — 10 VI DEFENS. SALVTIS AVG or I. O. M. SPONSORI SEC. AVG. (Corn- modus and Postumus). See the words. In like manner, Jupiter Conservator with thunder- bolt, spear, and pallium, in the attitude of encompassing, as it were, the person of the emperor, denotes that he fortifies and assists the ruler of the Roman world with his guardianship and power. (Rasche). The tutelage of other deities is similarly typified. — See Apollini Cons. Aug. — Marti Palri Conservatori. kc. 822 TUTELA. TUTELA AVGVSTI. — A woman seated, extending her right hand towards a boy, whilst another stands by her side. Valliant thus describes the reverse of a second brass which he assigns to Vitellius, but of which the obverse is not exhibited. — Mionuet and Akerman both include a similarly described medal, amongst the rare middle brass of that emperor, notwithstanding that it is classed by Eckhel amongst the numi mspecti of that short and turbulent reign. He observes that “ the entire reverse belongs to Vespasian,” there being middle brass frequently met with which were struck in the year of Rome, with Vespasian’s portrait, and the above-mentioned type on the reverse (see below). — “ It is not possible,” he adds, “that the two boys could belong to Vitellius, because he, on his accession to the empire, had only a son and a daughter.” — See mbeki imp. germ. Avo. — The example here given is from a second brass of Vespasian. TVTELA AVG. S. C. — A woman seated, extends her right hand over Titus and her left over Domitiau, who are respectively standing by her side. Eckhel, in describing this legend and type, from a second brass in the imperial cabinet at Vienna, says “ This is allegorical. Vespasian, through paternal affection, hereby publicly avows himself the guardian and tutor of his sons. But he also assumed this title for the sake of his own security, as the life of a monarch is the safer the greater number of aids he relics upon. It was from this feeling that Titus exerted himself to produce a reconciliation between Domitian and his father, who had been justly incensed at his open profligacy ; on which occasion Titus said, ‘ the bulwarks of empire consist greatly in legions and fleets ; but the best resources of a sovereign arc in his own family.’ ” ( Tacit iv. 52.) TVTELA ITALIAE. — The emperor seated on a curule chair, extends his right hand towards a boy and girl, near whom a woman is standing. First brass of Nerva. Eckhel, in quoting the above from Tristan, makes the following observations: — “Victor relates of Nerva, that he commanded boys and girls, born of indigent parents, to be supported at the public expense throughout the cities of Italy. The guardianship (Tutela) commemo- rated on this coin refers to the above-mentioned fact ; and we recognise in the mint of Trajan, how illustrious a successor Nerva had, in the carrying out of his benevolent desigu.” — It is. TUTELA. ’ however, to be noticed that neither Mionnet nor Mr. Akerman include this coin in their cata- logues ; yet the animadversions of Eckhel, as well as the commentary of Tiistan, must of course have recurred equally to each of those eminent numismatists; the inference to be drawn from its omission in both works is, we presume, that they did not regard it as genuine. TVTELA AVG. — A woman, with turreted (?) head, stands holding in her right band a patera over an altar, and a cornucopia: in her left — at the bottom of the coin is lo. — This appears among the third brass of Carausius in Banduri’s work, and in the Cat. D’Ennery. With the same legeud on the reverse, as on the coins of Vespasian, it presents quite a different type. The health and safety of Carau- sius would here seem to have been committed to the guardianship (Tutela) of some female genius. — Eckhel thinks it not improbable that the letters lo. mark the coin as having been struck at London (Londinum). Akerman gives a similar medal from the Huutencollcction, but without describing the head ornament of the woman, and also without adding the letters lo. TUTOR REGIS. — On the reverse of a dena- rius of the .Emilia family we read M. i.epidvs. pont. max. tvtok. reg. s. c. — The type represents Lepidus standing, clothed in the toga, places a crown on the hand of the king (a youth), who stands by him, in a similar dress, and holding a spear in his right hand. — On the obverse of this very rare silver coin, is the word aeexandrea, with the turreted head of a woman. The remarkable legend of the above described reverse receives illustration from Valerius Maxi- mus (c. 6) — “ King Ptolemy having left the guardianship of his son to the hands of the Roman people, the senate sent M. Acmilius Lepidus, who had twice been consul, to Alexandria for the purpose of undertaking the guardianship of the youth.” — Justin 0- 30) is still more explanatory : — “ At the death of the king, the inhabitants of Alexandria sent an embassy to the Romans, praying them to undertake the guardianship of the young king, and the charge of the affairs of Egypt And M. Lepidus is sent to Egypt to administer the government of the minor, uuder the title of Tutor” (or guardian). The same event is incidentally adverted to by Tacitus (Ann. ii. c. 67) : “ Just as our ancestors sent M. Lepidus into Egypt, as guardian to the children of Ptolemy.” “ It is indeed marvellous (says Eckhel, after citing the above authorities,) that so important an incident, continued by testimonies so numerous and so eminent, should be involved iu such a dense obscurity, that we should not even now have clear information of the identity of this Ptolemy, with whose guardianship Lepidus was entrusted. The occasion of this uncertainty is indeed justly attributed to the negligence of the ancient writcis, who in making no distinction TYMPANUM.—' TYKANNI. between the host of Ptolemies, acted neglect- fully towards posterity, for whose benefit they professed to write.” Having weighed all the arguments pro and con the particular Ptolemy implied, Eckhel gives it as his opinion, grounding it principally on Justin, that this remarkable event fully and satisfactorily admits of the following explanation : — “Ptolemy IV. I’hilopator dies a.v.c. 550, at which time the Romans sought occasiou of war with Philip (V. king of Macedonia). The Alexandrians send ambassadors to petition the senate for a guardian for the infaut king, Ptolemy V. Epiphanes. And on this account it is, that on the obverse of the denarius in question appears the genius of Alexandria, supplicating this favour. The war with Philip progresses, and he falls a victim, a.v.c. 557- — Lepidus having accomplished his duties as guardian (it is not known in what year), became Consul for the first time v.c. 567, obtained the honour of Pontifex Maximus v.c. 574, and was made Consul for the second time v.c. 578.” — Bod. Num. Vet. vol. v. p. 123 et seqq. Tutulata mulier. — A female figure engraved on ancient medals is said to be tutulata, when the head is ornamented with a modius, or mea- sure, or with a basket ( ca/athus ). The same term is also sometimes applied to the tow'er-like head-dress which distinguishes Astarte, goddess of the Syrians. Tympanum ; timbrel, tabor, or drum. — A symbol of Cybele, which she holds in her right hand or sustains on her left knee. Vaillaut ( Col. ii. 139) says that by this attribute some of the ancients supposed the globe of the earth to he signified ; others regarded it as simply repre- senting the cymbalum, or musical instrument of brass, which the priests of the above-named goddess used at her sacred rites. — See Crotaluni, Cybele, matri devm. — The tympanum is seen in the hands of Cybele, on coins of Hadrian, Sabina, Faustina junior, Lucilla, Commodus, Albinus, Julia Domna, &c. Typi permutati. — It frequently happens in the Roman mint that part of one coin is conjoined to part of another. Copious examples of this ate found on medals of the imperial series; nor are they rare in those of Roman families. Eckhel gives a few specimens of this latter class in his Treleyomena ad numos familiarum, vol v. p. 92. Types on family coius, in attestation of ancestral virtues. — See remarks ou this subject in Bod. Num. Vet. vol 5 p. 88. Tyranni. — By this name certain commanders of armies in various Roman provinces were called, who, in the disordered and tumultuous reigns of Valcrianus and Gallienns, usurped the augustal titles, and exercised “ a little brief authority,” as Csesars and as Emperors. Trebellius Pollio professed to write the history of “ The Thirty Tyrants,” as they are commonly called, but who arc scarcely known except from coins. And of these Odenathus, Macrianus, Quietus, Postumus, Yictorinus, Tetricus father and son, Regalianus, Domitius Domitianus, aud a few others, are the only ones of whom medals are extant, which TYRUS— TYRE. 823 antiquaries agree in recognising as genuine. — See Rasche. Tyrus, or Tyros. — Tyre, a maritime city of Phoenicia. It was an offspring of Sidon (see the word), but far excelled the mother state in enterprise, in achievements, in opulence, and power. Of her pre-eminent commercial character, Esaiah thus speaks (c. xxiii. v. 8), in his awful prophecy of her destruction — “ Who hath takeu counsel against Tyre, the crowning city, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honourable of the earth.” This city, celebrated alike in sacred and in profane history, is said by Eusebius (in Chron.) to have been founded 242 years before the building of Solomon’s temple. It consisted of two towns — one situate on the shore of the mainland, called Palatyros : the other, for the convenience of mercantile pursuits, was constructed on an adjacent island. The two together (connected ns they were doubtless by bridges or other works of communication) were about nineteen miles in circumference, but the newer city did not exceed four miles in circuit. The great antiquity of Tyre, carrying it beyond the records of pagan history into the regions of mythology and fable, we find [ accordingly the foundation of the insular portion of Tyre ascribed to the advice of I Hercules, to which deified hero, they in grati- j tude raised a temple and paid the honours due | to a tutelary god. — Carthage and Cadiz were I both of them amongst the colonies of the Tyrians. — Tyre had a succession of its own kings; and it was during the reign of Azelmius that Alexander the Great gained possession of the place, after a siege of seven months, rendered alike remarkable by the obstinate bravery of its defenders, by the ! various and extraordinary difficulties opposed to I the enormous efforts of the assailants, and by the I vengeful desolation inflicted on the wretched ] inhabitants by the hand of the royal conqueror. — It then fell under the sway of Antigonus and Demetrius, two of Alexander’s generals : after* ! wards it became subject to the Ptolemies ; and | at length devolved to the rule of the Se/eucidce. So great were the naval strength and the nautical skill of the Tyrians that to them was ascribed the invention of the Trireme or galley, with three banks of oars. On the earliest coins of Tyre, she is called Coronata aud Coronana. [Compare this with the passage from Isaiah above quoted.] Strabo says that this famous city contested with Sidon the right to be styled a | metropolis ; and for a time enjoyed that distinc- tion, which, however, appears to have been after- wards omitted, or at least interrupted. Certain it is that both Tyre and Sidon were deprived of this dignity by Augustus, on account of some seditious fomented by their respective inhabitants against their Roman victors. — The name and privileges of Tyre, as a capital city, was restored to it by Hadrian. But it was not till the reign of Sept. Severus that it was made a Roman colony, invested with thcyr« Italicum, and sur- nained Scptiinia, in honour of its imperial founder — its coins bearing the legend of COL. sept. 1 TYROS, 1IETROPOL., also COLONLA Tl'RVS METRO- 824 TYRUS— TYRE. TYRUS— TYRE. poms avgvsta, and the type (amongst others) of the colonist at plough, accompanied with a vexillum, or standard, on which is read leg. hi. gall. Legio Tertia Gallica. — The colony of Tyre is called Sp/endidissima by Ulpian. It joined the party of Macriuus against Elagabalus : and the latter, on being elected emperor, deprived the city of its privileges in consequence ; it nevertheless dedicated coins to that emperor. — The idols worshipped at Tyre were those of Astarte, Hercules, Angerona (as the Latius called the goddess of Silence) and Silcnus. — The coins of this city arc exceedingly numerous. They consist of autonomes, and of imperial colonial. On the former of these appear the heads of Antioehus IV., Demetrius I., Alexander I., Demetrius II., Antioehus VII., with Greek legends — many of the autonomous pieces are to be found with Phoenician letters and legends. — Not only coins but ancient records shew that the epocha whence the Tyrians dated their year was, at least, a duplicate one, viz. -. — First, that of the | Seleuciiiic, which it preserved under the Romau emperors from the year v.c. 442 (this era is struck on coins of Elagabalus) ; and, secondly, that peculiar to the Tyrians, which Cardinal Noris ( Epoch Syn. Mac., p. 395) fixes in the year v.c. 628. — Pelleriu adds a third, on the evidence of a coin dedicated by the colonists of Tyre to Caracalla. Colonial Era of Tyre . — On a coin of Gal- | lienus, col. tyro met. (omitted in Vaillant’s work but supplied by Pellerin), we see the figure of a man, naked to the waist, standing with his | right arm stretched forth, and holding in his left a staff in form of the hasta. In the field of the reverse are, on the right the letter N. and on the left the letter I\, and below is the Tyrian shell. [This is a singular medal, says Pellerin, on accouut of the letters Nr., which are stamped ! on the field, and which seem to form an j epocha, that is to say, a date of the year 53. It is supposed that this date originates with an era, which Tyre instituted for itself, when j it was made a colony by Sept. Severus. His- I tory clearly informs us that he was the emperor who restored this city, after it had been pillaged and even burnt by order of Pescennius Niger for ( not having sided with his party. But it is not rcorded exactly in what year Severus sent a colony to Tyre. There is reason to believe that j that event did not take place until after his return from the war which he had been carrying on in Mesopotamia, and against the Parthians, whence he returned to Syria, in the year 201 of the Christian era. — On this calculation, the above [ described medal of Gallienus must have been struck in the second year of his reign, reckoning I from the year 253, when he began to govern j with his father. It is not astonishing that the Tvrians should have coined the medals of these two princes, which arc extant. They had caused money likewise to be struck under the reigns of Trebo’nianus Gallus and of Volusiamis, because from those princes, father and son, they wer < anxiously waiting for succour ot deliver them from the incursions of the Parthians. What seems to confirm the supposition that it was after the expedition of S. Severus against the last- named people that Tyre was made a Romau colony, is the type seen on the first medals, which that city afterwards struck in honour of that emperor and of his wife and sons. — Each of these has on its reverse a standard, on which is inscribed leg. ill. gal. Now, the Third Gallic Legion was stationed in Syria when S. Severus set out from that province to commence hostilities against the Parthians. There is no doubt but that, having then and there assembled all his forces, he took that legion with him ; and the medals alluded to prove that it was the veterau soldiers, whom he drafted from his victorious army, who formed the colony of Tyre, after the rebuilding of that city. — Tyre had previously followed two other eras ; that is to say, the epocha of the Sclencidic, corresponding with the year 442 of Rome, 312 years before the Christian era ; and the other, that of its autonomy (or period of its self-government), from the year 628 of Rome, 125 years before Jesus Christ. The third era, which the present medals records, may be added to the list of all the other eras known from medals, which have been published by different antiquaries. — See Melange i. p. 337 et seq. The colonial coins have Latin legends. They were struck under the followiug emperors and empresses, viz.: — Sept. Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla, Plautilla, Gcta, Macrinus, Diadume- nianus, Elagabalus.J nlia Miesa, Alexander Severus, Gordianus Pius, Philip senior, Otacilia Severn, Trebouianus Gallus, Volusianus, Valcriauus senior, Gallienus, and Salonina. — We subjoin a descrip- tion of their reverse types from Vaillaut, collated with completeness from Pellerin. Nearly all of them exhibit on some part of the field a repre- sentation of the conchylium, or mures, a purple shell fish, the invariable sign of the city of Tyre. Astarte. — On a second brass of this colony, dedicated to Caracalla, and bearing on its reverse SEP. TYROS met. COLON1A. Septimia Tyrus Metropolis Co/onia — the Syrian goddess, (as Astarte was called, of whom the Syrians, like the Sidonians, were gross worshippers) — stands with her right hand placed on a trophy, whilst she carries a hasta crosswise in the other. — At her left hand, a figure of Victory placed on n column presents to her a crown. At her feet on one side is a shell, and on the other a small figure of Silcnus : in other coins it is a palm tree. A similar type of Astarte appears on a Tyrian first brass of Geta, and on a second brass of Elagabalus. Also on a second brass of Aquillia Severn [omitted by Vaillant, but given by Pellerin], and on a first brass of Alexander Severus, of Gordianus III., and of Otacilia Severn, Volusianus, and Yalerianus. On a second brass of Elagabalus, to whom the colony of Tyre, not out of love but in propitiatory obsequiousness, dedicated numerous medals, the legend is simply tyriorvm, without mention of either Co/onia or Metropolis , titles TYRUS— TYRE. and privileges probably taken away from the Tyrians by Elagabalus, on account of their taking part with Macrinus. — The type exhibits Astarte, with the above described attributes, but within a temple of six columns. There is a small altar before the temple. — Josephus records the building of a superb temple by Quran, king of the Tyrians, in honour of Astarte (or Astaroth.) The altar before the temple indicates sacrifices performed for the health of Elagabalus. — A similar type occurs on a secoud brass of this colony inscribed to Aquillia Severa, and ou first brass of Philip senior, Trcbouiauus Gallus, and Gallienus. Astarte and Angerona. — There is a medal of Plautilla, in large brass, struck at Tyre, not noticed by Vaillaut, but which is given by Pellerin avowedly on account of the singularity of its reverse type. It represents a car drawn by four horses, two of which turn to the right, and the other two to the left. On the car is placed a large globe, and on the globe stand two small female figures, one of whom has upon her head a modius, or a tower, and holds in her right hand a sceptre, or short wand, inclined down- wards, and in her left a cornucopia;. The second figure also carries a cornucopia; in her left hand ; and seems to raise the left hand to her mouth. — Pellerin considers the former of the above described figures to represent Astarte, and the latter the Goddess of Silence, Angerona (see the word), both being among the divinities worshipped by the idolatrous Tyrians. Athletic with urns. — A middle brass of Treb. Gallus exhibits two naked wrestlers, between whom stands an urn ; they each hold with both their hands a discus or a small vase, out of which a palm-branch rises. [The coins of Tyre shew that many public games, or exercises, were celebrated in that city, under the Romans, and particularly those called Actia and Heraclia, as may be seen on medals of Caracalla (see below.) This type, in which two master wrestlers hold the prizes they have won, seems to indicate the commemoration of games under the Emperor above-named. — The palm, according to Plutarch, was usually awarded to those who excelled in all athletic trials of skill. The urn between the two figures is the grand prtemium victoris.l — See Athletic. Bos cum Vexillo. — On a second brass of this colony, dedicated to Julia Domna, the wife of its founder, we see the type of a bull, and above its back appears a military banner inscribed leg. in. gal. — Before the bull is a shell. [This coin with its legend of colon, sep. tyko. metro p. confirms, says Vaillant, the statement of Suidas, that Hadrian conceded the dignity of a metropolis to Tyre ; but it was Elagabalus who made Sidon a colony and a metropolis. — The bull refers to the immigration of Roman citizens to Tyre. The vexillum, or labarum, on which is Legio Tertia Gallica, shews that the veterans of the Third Gallic Legion, being sent to Tyre, took up their winter quarters in Phoenicia. The conchglium, or shell-fish, is the peculiar symbol of the city, representing as it docs the 5 N TYRUS- TYRE. 825 murex, from whose blood was made that purple dye, ouce so celebrated throughout the ancient world, and of which Virgil speaks (Georg. lib. iii. 1. 307)— Vellera mutentur Tyrios incocta rubores. There are a similar legend and type on coins of Macrinus, to whom the citizens of Tyre ivere well affected, as is proved by the numismatic honours which they dedicated to him during his short and inauspicious reign ] Cadmus . — A coin of Gallienus, omitted in Vaillant, but supplied by Pellerin (Hclange i. p. 334), presents on its reverse col. tyro, metr., and the figure of a naked man, standing with a patera in his right, and the hasta in his left hand. Before this male figure, in the upper part of the medal, an edifice is seen, which represents a castle, or the gate of a city. In the field of the reverse are the Greek letters 0HBE. Below' are a bull lying down, and a shell fish. “ Ancient writers (says Pellerin) were for the most part accustomed to make graphic allusion on their coins to events which interested them, and which by their celebrity could impart to them some distinction. Such are the medals of Tyre, on which we see Dido in the act of directing and superintending the building of Carthage — the city itself being also attempted to be represented. — And in the present instance, according to appearances, it is Cadmus who stands in the middle of the coin, and before him is the castle, or fortress, called after his name Cadmeia, which he caused to be built in Bocotia, and which, with the other edifices that were afterwards added to it, formed the city of Thebes , whose name is written on the medal.” Cadmus and Serpent . — Coins of Gordianus Pius and of Gallienus, struck by Colonial Tyre, exhibit the figure of a man, striking at a ser- pent with a stone : col. tyro, metkop. [Vaillant interprets this type as referring to Cadmus, son of Agenor, king of Tyre, in the act of killing a dragou or large serpent with a stone. The truth of which story appears to be that there was a king of the Thebans, named Draco, whom Cadmus slew, and of whose kingdom he took possession. The Tyrians, to shew the high antiquity of their city, com- memorated the reputed fact by this allegorical type, just as the Syrians exhibited Europa and the Bull, on their coins ; for Agenor, the father 826 TYRUS— TYRE. botli of Cadmus and Europa, was the earliest king of Tyre.] — Vaillant, ii. 243. Colonus agens Boves. — On a first brass of this colony, dedicated to Sept. Severus, appear the legend of col., sept, tyrvs. metkop. Colonia Septimia Tyrus Metropolis; and the type of a colonist ploughing ; behind whose oxen is the vexillum, inscribed leg. iii. gal. Legio Tertia Gallica — Vaillant, ii. p. 16. [Tyre, having been constituted a colony, with great munificence, by the above-named em- peror, on account of the sacrifices she had made, and the services she had rendered to him during his sanguinary struggle for the govern- ment with Peseennius Niger, was additionally favoured by receiving Scverus’s family name of Septimia, together with the jus italicum . — A similar reverse appears on a coin of Geta, to whom, as the younger son of their founder, the Tyrians naturally sought to render themselves agreeable.] Diana. — On a large brass of Elagabalus, ! “ struck at the Septiinian colony, metropolis of the Tyrians,” this goddess of the chase, clothed in the stola, 3tands with a dart raised in her right hand ; on her left arm a buckler, and at I her feet a stag. [On the obverse of this medal, the heads of [ Elagabalus and his grandmother Julia Mresa are joined. — All historians agree (and Capitolinus I expressly narrates) that to the activity, courage, I aud presence of mind of Maesa, the' effeminate ! wretch Elagabalus owed his accession to the empire. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, < that the Tyrians, in flattery, should have united their portraits in one coin. — Diaua, on the reverse, is represented in the manuer in which her statue was worshipped at maritime Laodicae, in Syria.] — Vaillant, Col. ii. p. 94. Dido (1). — Vaillant (Col. ii.) notices a small | brass, struck by the Tyrians in honour of Elagabalus, the reverse of which has for legend — tyriorvm round the circuit, and AEIAflN at the bottom of the coin. — The type is remarkable, and may be thus described : — A woman attired i in the stola, holding iu her left hand a wand, or liasta, transversely. She seems to be given orders to a man, who is at work, digging the earth with a mattock. Above is seen another figure, on a building, representing the gate of a city. On the left is a palm tree. In the field of the coin is the usual figure of a shell. [It is supposed that Dido, the celebrated J daughter of Belus, king of Tyre, is here repre- sented in the act of causing the city of Carthage I to be built. — The Tyrians, proud of alluding I to the great antiquity of their city, exhibit on ! their coins the celebrated personage of heroic history, who, fleeing from her brother Pygmalion, after various wanderings by sea, at length lands iu Africa, and becomes the founder and queen of Carthage.— There is, iu Vaillant (ii. p. 183 ), I another coin of this colony, with similar type, ] dedicated to Otacilia Severn, wife of Philip senior ; also another (in second brass) inscribed 1 to Valcrianus, with the same type, and the j TYRUS— TYRE. legend col. tyro metr. — And Pellcrin supplies a medal of the same legend and type, having on the obverse the head of Philip junior.] Dido (2). — On a large brass of Philip senior, struck at Tyre, a woman stands with the aaoslolium (sec the word) in her right hand, and gathering up the skirts of her robe with the left hand. At her feet on one side is the prow of a galley ; on the other a palm-tree and a shell. [As the woman represented on this coin is clothed in a vestment similar to that of the female figure in the foregoing medal, Vaillant supposes it to typify Dido herself, who medi- tating to flee from her brother Pygroaliou, seems, by the acrostolium and the trireme, to regard the sea as her only means of escape. — According to Justin (lib. 18, c. 6) the Tyrians were not only fond of referring back to the remote age of their city when Dido fled to Lybia and founded Carthage, but they likewise venerated her as a deity, — On a coin of this colony inscribed to Volnsianus (as engraved in Vaillant), we see the same type, and Dido, with towers on her head as tutelary goddess of the city, whilst she hears the sceptre of royalty as a queen, and as the daughter of a king ] — ii. 175. Dido (3). — A Tyrian first brass, inscribed to Philip senior, has for the reverse type a female figure, dressed in the stola, holding a wand or sceptre transversely in her left hand, and in her right a plan, as if of a city. She seems to be offering it to a man dressed in a long robe, or toga, bchiud whom arc three men similarly attired. Vaillant, ii. 174, considers the woman bearing the sceptre to be Dido, whose image the Tyrians (as above observed) were iu the habit of en- graving on their coins, to indicate the antiquity of their city. In this type Dido hands the ichnography of her newly founded city to the foremost of four men attendant upon her. Eagle . — A colonial medal of Coracalla, struck TYRUS— TYRE. at Tyre, col. tyro, metr., exhibits an eagle, with expanded wings and a crown in its beak, behind which is the vcxillum of the third Gallic legion, inscribed leg. hi. gal. in three lines. In the field the Conchylium. [The eagle on this coiu designates the Roman empire. For the city of Tyre having been made a colony, took the symbol of Rome herself. Tacitus (Ann. 2) calls the eagle the Roman bird, Irent, sequerentur Romanos aces, propria legionum numina . ] The vexillum or standard as already explained, refers to the veterans of a legion sent with a number of Roman citizens to colonize Tyre by the emperor Scptimius Severus. — A similar reverse on first brass, consecrated by this colony to Valerianns. — The Legio Tertia Gallica was, amongst others, first levied by Julius Cresar in Transalpine Gaul ; and, distinguished by the numerical appellation of Tertia, it was stationed by Augustus in Spain, for the defence of that province. Afterwards in Germany under Claudius ; then sent to Syria by Nero ; and, during subsequent reigns, occupied winter quarters in Phoenicia. — Septimius Severus having led it against the Parthians, in the war with whom it fought bravely, he placed his veterans in his newly established colony of Tyre. — See Vaillant Col. ii. Genius Urbis. — An elegant middle brass of this colony, consecrated to Caraealla, represents a woman in a short dress, with the calathus on her head; she raises her left hand up to her mouth, and bears a cornucopia: on her left arm ; at her feet on one side is an altar aud on the other side the conchglium. [The female figure, standing before an altar, is the genius or tutelary deity of Tyre, and in raising her finger to her mouth would seem to be that goddess of silence, Angerona, to whom allusion has before been made.] — See Vaillant, Colonial ii. Hercules. — On coins of Caraealla, Diadume- nianus, Treb. Gallus, and Valerianus, this demi- god appears naked, standing with a patera in his right hand ; in some reverses holding it over a lighted altar : his club and the lion’s spoils are in bis left hand. In others he is represented placing his right hand on atrophy. — Hercules is represented on coins of the Tyrians, a tutelary divinity who shared with Astarte the highest rites of their idolatry. Mercury. — On a second brass of Valerian, bearing the metropolitan legend of colonial Tyre, we see the figure of .Mercury, naked to the waist, bolding a baton, or short staff, in his right aud the caduceus in his left hand ; on one side of him is an ibis, aud on the other a palm tree. [This type indicates that Mercury, here plainly designated by the caduceus, was worshipped at Tyre. He is represented holding the baculum, or virga, in his right hand, which the ancients called radium, and which was made use of for geometrical and astrological purposes, Mercury being the reputed master of those sciences. The ibis is placed before his feet, that bird (according to Plato) having been consecrated to him, because, 5 N 2 TYRUS— TYRE. 827 as the myth narrates, when he and the rest of the gods were in fear of the giant Typhou, in Egypt, he changed himself into an ibis.] There is a first brass, struck in Tyre, to the honour of Saloniua, wife of Gallienus, in which Mercury stands clothed in the pallium, holding the baculum aud caduceus, the ibis being at his feet. [Tyre, as the metropolis of Phoenicia and a Roman colony, struck coins not only in honour of Valerian, who had sojourned in that territory preparatory to departing on his fatal expedition against the Persians ; but also in congratulation to his son Gallienus and the Empress Salouina. In the present instance Mercury is depicted, not naked or even half clothed, but attired in a cloak (palliatus) , as a philosopher; for the Phaniicians paid divine honours to him as to the wisest of philosophers; and Cicero (De Natur. Dear. lib. 3), alludes to Mercury as the instructor of the Egyptians in legislation and literature.] — See Vaillant Col. ii. Man standing on a Galley . — On first brass coins of Philip senior, and of Gallienus, bearing the colonial and metropolitan legend of Tyre, a male figure stands naked in the middle of a galley, with both hands extended, but seeming to point with his right. [Vaillant supposes this figure to be intended for the Tyrian Hercules, but whether as the reputed inventor of the Trireme, or as proceed- ing on his voyage from Tyros to Gades (now Cadiz) he leaves others to determine.] Pellerin edites a coin of Tyre, which is not found in Vaillant ; it is dedicated to Etruscilla, and exhibits on its reverse type the figure of a naked man, having his left foot placed on the prow of a galley, whilst his right hand rests on a trophy. In the field of the medal is the usual mark of the city of Tyre — the shell of the purple fish. Pallas . — Pellerin gives the engraving of a coin, struck at Tyre, in honour of Valerianus, col. tyro, metr., which has for the type of ist reverse Pallas, or Minerva, seated. Sbe holds in the palm of her right hand two idols, and rests her left hand on a spear. A buckler is seen near her seat, and there is a shell in the field of the coin to the left. Palm Tree . — This type appears on small brass of the Tyrian colony, bearing the portraiture of Diadumenianus. — Amongst the cities of the east that adhered to his father Matriuus, that of Tyre was foremost, and by that demonstration seems to have greatly incensed the vindictive Elagabalus. The palm indicates the abundance of that species of tree in Phoenicia, which country, indeed, is said to have derived its name from q>olvi£ a palm. Quadriga of Stags . — A first brass of Gordian III. exhibits a car, drawn by four stags, and in which a naked male figure stands, holding in his right arm a garment, and in his left band a wand. There is a star in the field of the coin and the usual shell-form symbol of Tyre, beneath the fore-feet of the stags. [Vaillant quotes several passages from Nonuus 828 TYRUS— TYRE. in support of his opinion that the man in the j car is meant for the Tyrian Hercules, who, it seems, was amongst other names called Astro- j chiton, as if the leader of the stars ( Dux Astrorum.) The Tyrians furnish the chariot of this god of theirs with stags instead of horses, in allusion to the rapidity of his movements. A stag was the emblem of the sun’s velocity ; and Hercules and the sun, according to Macro* bius, were the same.] Rome. — A second brass of Trebonianus Gallus, struck in this colony, exhibits a helmeted female seated, holding in the right hand an eagle, between whose wings are placed two small images ; her left hand rests on a spear, and in the field of the coin is the conchy/ium. [Vaillant’s opinion is that the helmeted woman, supporting on her hand the bird of Jove, typifies the city of Rome, and that the two little figures placed on the eagle, represent Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusianus, who then conjointly ruled the empire (Col. ii., p. 216.) — Pellcrin, who describes a Valerian struck at Tyre, with the same reverse, thinks on the other hand that the two little images in question, on these several medals, have now the appearance of being in- tended to represent Astarte and Angcrona.] — [Tom. ii. p. iv.] Serpent and Stone. — On a second brass of Elagabalus, having for legend of reverse tvrioicvm, we see a serpent coiled round a large oval stone. [There is no doubt, says Vaillant, but that this type has reference to some passage in the more ancient history of Tyre ; and from two coins of this colony (one a Gordian 111., the other a Gallieuus), in the former of which a serpent is twined round a tree, standing between two large pillars like stones ; and in the latter a serpent is struck at with a stone by a man — the same learned numismatist infers that the stone encircled by the folds of a serpent was on this coin of the Tyrians, also struck in memory of Cadmus.] — Sec Col. ii. p. 93. Silenus. — A second brass of this colony, in- scribed to Elagabalus, has for the type of its reverse Silenus, who, carrying on his shoulders the usual attribute of the goat’s skin bottle, lifts his right arm ou high towards a palm tree before him. The accompanying legend is metr. tyro. colo. Metropolis Tyro Colonia. [Here, says the author of the work on coins of Roman colonies, we at length sec a medal of Tyre, struck iu honour of Elagabalus, with the epigraph of Metropolis, and the title of Colonia. If then the opiniou be founded on fact, that Elagabalus deprived the city of its dignities on accouut of its adherence to Mncrinus, j this medal would seem to shew, by its inscrip- tion, that under the conciliated indidgence of the same emperor, those metropolitan and colonial rights and privileges were restored to it. — Silenus often appears on medals struck at Tvre, where he was worshipped summit veneratione?] — Col. ii. p. 94. Stones between an Attar and a Tree. — On a fust biass of Gordian III., aud also of Valeri- TYRUS— TYRE. anus and Gallienus, struck in “ the Colonial and Metropolitan City of Tyre,” the type of the reverse consists of two carved stones, resting on one base, and placed between a lighted altar and a tree. At the bottom are the Greek words AMBPOCIE nETPE. In other types the tree stands between the stones, and a small altar appears at the bottom of the coin — [The stones, says Vaillant, are Ambrosia Petrie, which (as Nonnus relates) the Tyrians, having offered sacrifice to the gods, made fast in the ground, and, takiug them for a foundation, built Tyre upon them. The Tyrians were fond of striking on their coins types whose subjects related to the origin of their city, for which they professed to regard themselves as indebted to the advice of Hercules. Hut this was New Tyre, situate on an island ; for the Pahetyrus was built ou the mainland by tbe Sidonians. Tree and Serpent, Dog and Shell-fish . — Another coin of Gordian, with legend of Colonia Tyrus Metropolis, exhibits the remark- able type of a tree, round the trunk of which a serpent has coiled itself, on each side of the tree is a stone similar in form to the Ambrosia Petrie described as appearing on the preceding coin. In the exergue is a dog, with a shell fish before him. [The tree, round which the serpent twines itself, is au olive, sacred to Minerva — The dog and shell-fish refer to the traditionary incident under which the secret of this purple dye was discovered by the Tyrians. According to their own story, whilst a girl was journeying with Hercules to Tyre, along the sea shore, a dog, which accompanied them, fed upon the flesh of the Murejr, which happened to lie in its path ; the girl seeiug the dog’s open mouth tinged with the most beautiful purple asked of Hercules a garment of a similar colour, aud he, having first collected the blood from the shell-fish dyed some wool with it, which being afterwards made iuto cloth he gave to his mistress.] Temple. — A coin of Macrinus, bearing thelcgcnd SYA’limia TYRO. METROyw/u COLON nr, has for type of reverse a temple of four columns (in others six) presenting itself in a two-sided view. [Vaillant pronounces this to be meant for a representation of either a temple of Hercules or that of Astarte, those being the two principal deities of Tyre; but he thinks it more likely to be meant for the former, ns the reputed founder aud tutelary hero of the city. — Cot. ii. 69-139.] Trireme. — On a second brass of the above- named emperor, bearing the same legend, is a galley, with eight rowers; on other specimens of the same coin this galley has a sail as well as oars. [The vessel called triremis, (see the word), forms an appropriate type on coins of the Tyrians, whether as allusive to their assumed merit of being the inventors of that class of galleys, or as indicating their maritime power aud importance Nonnus ( Dionys . 4) records that Hercules taught them the art of navigation by setting before them the example of “ the little nautilus” making a TYRUS-TYRE. sail of its bright and buoyant shell : hence Tibullus (lib. i. Eleg. 8.)] Prima rateni ventis credere docta Tyrus. The Tyriaus, according to Diodorus, were the founders of many colonies in Africa, and of not a few iu the western parts of Europe. — Col. ii. p. 68. et seq. Tripod. — Second and third brass coins of Salouina (wife of Gallienus), struck by this eolouv, present on their reverses a tripos, which Vaillant regards as referring to Apollo, one of the several tutelary gods of the city. — Plutarch indeed relates, that when Alexander besieged Tyre, many of its inhabitants dreamt that they saw Apollo addressing himself to Alexander, and telling him to come over, as things were going on in the place, which were not to his mind. On this pretence they cast chains over an image of Apollo, as if it had been that of a convicted traitor or deserter, and attached them with nails to the base of his statue, calling him the partisan of Alexander ; but when Tyre was captured, that monarch took away those chains, and commanded that Apollo should be termed “ the friend of Alexander” (Thilalexander) — The tripos is an attribute of Apollo, in his quality of Vales, it being an in- strument placed on the ground wherever oracles were sought, taking its name from the three legs or feet which support it. — Diodorus Siculus describes a tripos as a machine with three bases. — Col. ii. p. 248. Victory. — A coin of this colonial city, in- scribed to Valeria, bears the type of Victory walking, with crown in right hand and palm iu left [The figure of this peculiarly Roman goddess, struck on a Tyrian medal, seems to denote some military success gained by Valerian, or some of his generals ; but what particular victory is uncertain, although inscriptions of victoria avgg. are of frequent occurrence on this emperor’s medals.] Urns or Vases. — On a coin dedicated to the Roman colony of Tyre, as metropolis of Phoenicia, to Caracalla, appears a table on w'hich arc two urns, or bowls. A branch of palm is also seen on each side of the table : above is the w'ord ACTIA ; below ERACLca. — On some specimens of this medal a star is seen between the two urns. [Two urns, or large vases, and two palm branches indicate (says Vaillant) the same num- ber of certamina or public trials of skill and strength, as indeed the two names of divinities, in whose honour they were celebrated would appear to confirm. Apollo (designated by the epithet actja) and Hercules (Eraclea from Heraclides) were both of them tutelary deities of Tyre, whose citizens evidently conceived that they would not have too many of such “ strings to their bow.” — And every one knows that in memory of his naval victory over M. Antony, near Actiiun, Augustus built a temple to Apollo, aud restored games in gratitude to that deity. TYRUS— TYRE. 829 Public games were also instituted by the Tyrians out of respett for tbeir guardian hero, which were denominated Eraclios or Hercu/anos. Palm branches were the rewards of the con- querors at those exercitations.] A similar reverse occurs on a medal of Otacilia. — Pellerin gives the engraving of the same reverse, struck at Tyre under Gallienus, not mentioned by Vaillant. On a medal of Elagabalus, struck in this colony, as described and engraved by Vaillant, there is an olive branch in a vase, or urn, on w'hich urn is written Ileraclia Olympia, in Greek characters. An urn with a branch is the w'cll-known sign of public games or exercises. We have already seen, on a coin of Caracalla, an allusion made to such celebrations specifically in honour of Apollo and of Hercules. It is not surprising, says Vaillant, if the Tyrians instituted games in commemoration of Jupiter Olympius, for he was a very ancieut tutelary of their city. The olive branch was appointed by the oracle to be the reward of the victors at the Olympic games; for, when king Iphatus sent to ask the question, the Pythia answered, with the fruit of the forest olive.] Urns and a Club. — A second brass of Gordi- anus Pius exhibits tw r o urns and a club set upright in the midst. On each side stands a palm branch. [The Tyrians frequently placed on their money types allusive to the celebration of grand public spectacles held within their walls, as has been seen in the case of the Apollo and Hercules inscriptions on the medal of Caracalla, aud also in the instance of an Olympic to the honour of Jupiter and Hercules, as apparently referred to on the medal of Elagabalus. — Vaillant considers two urns and as many palms to mean two certamina, and one urn to signify only one certamen or prize-match — therefore two urns aud two palm branches, as on this coin, denote two occasions of public trials of strength and skill. But whether those spectacula were Action and Heraclian, or whether they were Olympian and Heraclian, our learned commentator con- fesses the difficulty of pronouncing; but is induced, from the apperance of the club between the vases, to think it refers to Hercules, the favourite guardian of Tyre.] — See Col. ii 152. On a Tyrian coin of Volusianus, there arc two vases, with palms, W'hich point to certain public games that took place at Tyre during the short reign of that prince, and the memory of which they wished to record on their medals. Although the names of these certamina are not affixed, Vaillant is yet of opinion that they were those Actia and Ileraclia, instituted in honour of Apollo and Hercules, as tutelary deities of the city, as the already described medal of Caracalla explains, on which their respective names are inscribed, the two urns as indicating two contests confirming the supposition. — Ibid, p. 225. 830 U.V. [Besides the authors of Numismatic books known at the period when this Dictionary was commenced, such as Banduri, Tanini, Eckhel, Basche, Akerman, etc., reference has been largely made to the works of Mommsen, Cohen, Sabatier, Lenortnant, Froehncr, and many others. The value in francs attached to the coins has been principally taken from Cohen and Sabatier, and it should be remembered (as Cohen has stated in his Preface) that the estimation is that of the actual market of Paris and London, supposing the coins of good preservation, but not of au exceptional fabric or patina, and certainly not a fleur dc coin. — F. W. M.J U.V. U (Originally V from the Greek T) the twen- tieth letter of the Latin alphabet, a vowel. As an abbreviation, V, as the sign of the vowel U, stands for Uli — V. uti \rogas] — also U in U. C. uriis conditte, A. U. C. a 6 urbe conditd. V (from the Greek T) the twentieth letter of the Latin alphabet, a consonant. As a vowel as well as a consonant this letter occurs on the coins of L. Julius Bursio (Julia gens) B.c. 84 — BA, BE, BI, BO, BV ; CA, CE, Cl, CO, CV, up to VA, VE, VI, VO, w, and xa, &c. As an abbreviation V (the consonant) stands for Fir, Vota, V otum, §~c. — V. C. Fir Consularis, $rc. V as a mark of value — 5 asses on the qui- narii of the Republic (B.c. 268 — 224) and on the Victoriates (circ. B.c. 229.) V (five) is the half of the cross X (ten.) V or U changed into f*-* and 4- The first form occurs as early as a.d. 451 on a coin of Marcian, commemorating his marriage with Pulcheria, and bearing tbe legend FELICITER NpBTIlS (Madden, Nunt. Chron., N.S., 1878, vol. xviii. pp. 47, 199; pi. v., no. 14; Mad- den, art. Money in Smith and Cheetham, Diet, of Christian Antiquities, vol. ii. . p. 1288; pi. iv., fig. 33) ; and on coins of Basiliscus (a.d. 476-477) and Anastasius (a.d. 491-518), but its use seems to have been limited. The second form was afterwards generally adopted on the Byzautine coinage from the time of Jus- tinian I. (a.d. 527-566), both as alctterTIlE 4 P. (Theopolis) and as a numeral ANNO 4 (5). HI ( 6 ), X 4 II (17), XX4III (28), &c. V replaced by B, or vice versd, as BENERI GKNETRICI on billon coins of Salonina — DANVBIVS on brass medallions of Constantine I. — IVBENTVS on billon coins of Gallienus — GLORIA ORVIS TERRAR. on gold coins of Theodosius I. and Marcianus. V for I in MAXSVMVS (Egnatia gens) ; and on a eoutorniate of Petrouius Maxsumus with, on the obverse, the head of Placidius Valenti- nianus III. [See V. Fir.] ; and in CRASSVPES ( Furia gens.) V replaced by O, as AEGYPTOS on gold, silver, and brass coins of Hadrian — DIVOS , IVLIVS on large brass of Augustus — VOLKA- NUS VLTOR on autonomous silver coins struck between reigns of Nero and Vespasian — DEO I V. VIBIO. 4 OLKAN 0 on billon coins of Gallienus and Saloninus. V for W as FLA VS for FLAWS (Decimia gens.) VV for V. MAKEAjONfiN-SVVRA LEG. PRO Q. , Suura legatus pro Queestore ou tetra- drachms struck by Bruttius Sura, proqurestor of the pnetor Sentius Saturninus, governor of Macedonia, b.c. 89-87. V for Y in HYPSAEVS or llYPSAE (Plau- tia gens), ERVC. ( Considia gens), SIBYLLA (Manlia gens.) Y replaced by OV in FO YRI— FOYRIYS (Furia gens.) Y accentuated in F\^R1 (Furia gens), in MVSA (Pomponia gens), and in BR^ TI on coins of Decimus Brutus, struck in B.c 44-43, with the legend ALBINYS BR\jTI F. (Pos- tumia yens.) V. Mint-mark (?) on early semis and triens b c. 134-114 (Mommsen, lhstoire de la Mon- naie Romaine, ed. Blacas and de Witte, vol. ii., p. 345.) Y. Falens. C. V. HOS. MES. QUINTYS AYG. Caius Falens llostilianus Messius Quin- tus Augustus. V. Faleria. LEG. XX V.V. Legio XX F aleria Ficlrix on small brass coins of Carau- sius. V’. Fa/erius. C. V. C., perhaps Caius Fa/erius Catullus, on au early quadrans (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 344 ) IMP. C. FL. V. CONSTANTI YS P. F. AYG. Imperator Cesar Flavius Falerius Constanlius Pius Felix Augustus (Constantins Chlorus — Musee de Turin.) — IMP. C. V. A. MAX- IMIANYS P. F. AYG. Imperator Cesar Falerius Aurelius Maximianus Pius Felix Augustus (Maximian I. Hercules.) — G. V. MAXIMIANYS. NOB. C. Galen us Falerius Maximianus Nobilis Cesar (Banduri); I YIP C. GAL. V. MAXIMIANYS P. F. AYG. Imperator Casar Galenas Falerius Maximia- nus Pius Felix Augustus (Galerius Maximian.) V. Falerius (?) P. I. SP. D. V. SP. IIYIR C. I. C. — Publius Junius Spendo Decimus Falerius (?) Speratus Triumviri Colonitt Ju/ue Carthaginis, on brass coins of Augustus and Tiberius struck at Carthago Zeugitante (Borghesi, Dec. x oss. iv ; Miiller, Hum de Vane. Afnque, vol. ii., p. 153 ; Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. i., pp. 167, 208.) In the field P. P. D. D. Permissu Proconsulis, Decreto Decurionum. V on the diadem of Fenus according to Cavedoni {Ann. de I'lnst. Arch. 1854, p. 62) on a silver coin of the -Fmiha gens (cf. Cohen, Med. Cons. PI. i. .Emilia, No. 11.) V. Fero. V. Q. Fero Quieto. Rev. coss. Consu/ibus. Leaden piece of Y'erus Quietus, consul in a.d. 167 (Garrucci, Rev. Hum., 1862, p. 421.) V. I ue . QUOD V. M. S. Quod via munittr sunt. See Finicia gens. V. Fienna. C. I. V. Colonia Julia Fienna. V. Fi bio. IM. C. V. AF. GAL. YEND. V. VOTA. VOLUSIANO AVG. Imperalori Caio Filio Afinio Gallo Fendumniano Folusiano Au- gusto. [volvsianvs.] — C. V. MARSO j PROCOS, &c. Caio Vibio Marso Proconsu/e & c., on brass coins of Tiberius struck at Utica Zcugitaate. V. mills. IMP. C. V. AF. GAL. VEND. VOLVSIANVS AVG. Imperator Caius Vibius Afinius Callus Fendumnianus Folusianus Au- gustus. [volvsianvs.] \B- Fibo. — the town Fibo- Falentia on silver coins (Victoriats and half-Victoriats) (Mommsen Mon. Rom.., vol. ii., p. 231 ; vol. iv., p. 30, pi. Xliii., No. 10.) [v.ALENTIA.] V. Fietoria. SEX NONI. PR. L. V. P. F. Sex Nonius Prator ludos Fictoria primus fecit, on a silver coin of the Nonia gens (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 487.) V. Fictrix. C. V. I. CEL. or CELS, or CELSA, Colonia Fictrix Julia Celsa. — C. V. T. T. or TAR. orTARRA. Colonia Fictrix Togata Tarraco. — V. I. N. K. or C. Fictrix Julia Nova Karthago or Carthago. — V. V. OSCA Urbs Fictrix Osca- -LEG. XI 1 1 1 GEM. M. V. Legio XIV Gemina Martia Fictrix on gold and silver coins of Septimius Severus. — LEG. XX V. V. Legio XX Falena Fictrix on small brass coins of Carausius. V. Fir. IIV. (sometimes II V?) Duumvir on brass coins of Hispania Tarraconensis, of Juba II and Ptolemy struck at CSrthago Nova, of Utica Zcugitanae, Agrigentnm Sicilia:, &e. — IIIV. Triumvir, LONGIN. IIIV. Longinus triumvir on a silver coin of the Cassia gens ; IIIV. R. P. C. Triumvir reipublica constiiuenda on gold and silver coins of Mark Antony and Mark Antony and his son (Antonia gens.) — A 7 IlW EP. or EPV. or EPY. . Septemvir Epulonum on silver coins of the Coelia gens — V. C. R. 1M. D. R. Fir Consularis Romanorum Imperator Dux Romanorum on brass coins of Vabalathus [vabalathvs.]— PETRPNIVS MAXSVMVS V. C. CONS. Petronius Maxsumus Fir Consularis Consul on a contorniate bearing on the obverse the head and inscription of Placidius Valcntinianus (Sabatier, Contorniates, pi. xvi , No. 4 ; Cohen, Med. Imp., vol. vi., p. 585.) [contorniate coins.] V. Firo. DIVO ROMVLO N. V. BIS CONS. Divo Romu/o Nobilissimo Firo bis Con- su/i on coins of Romulus, the son of Maxentius, an interpretation placed beyond all doubt by the late A. de Longperier (Rev. Num. N.S.,’ vol. v., p. 30; cf. Num. Chron., 1860, vol. vi., n. 169.) V . Firtutis. C. V. Clgpeus Firtutis, or CL. V. Clgpeus Firtutis, according to the interpreta- tion of the late Cavcdoni, the former on a shield on silver coins of Augustus (Cornelia gens), the latter on gold and silver coins of Augustus. — See V. Fotivus. V. Fota. S. P. Q. R. V. P. RED. CAES. Senatus Populusque Romanus vota pro reditu Casaris on silver coins of Augustus (Mescinia gens) — A .S.PRO RED., &c. Fota suscepta pro reditu, &c., on a gold coin of Hadrian. VAALA. 831 V. Fotivus (?) C. V. or CL. V. Clgpeus Fotivus. — See V. Firtutis. V. Fotum. I. O. M. S. P. Q. R. V. S. PR. S. IMP. CAE. QVOD PER EV. RP. IN AMP. A’I'Q. TRAN. S.E. Jovi optima max- imo Senatus Populusque Romanus Fotum susceptum pro salute Imperatoris Casaris, quod per eum Respublica in ampliore atque tran- quilliore statu est. — S. P. Q. R. V. S. PRO S. ET RED. AVG. Senatus Populusque Romanus Fotum solvit pro salute et reditu Augusti on silver coins of Augustus (Mescinia gens.) V. Urbs. V. V. OSCA. Urbs Fictrix Osca. [osca.] Y. Uti on a silver coin of Longinus triumvir (Cassia gens), identified with Lucius Cassius Longinus, the brother of C. Cassius, the mur- derer of Julius Caesar, and struck in b.c. 54. The reverse represents a Roman citizen, placing in an urn a voting tablet marked V [ti rogas] — “ I vote for the law,” alluding to the Cassian law of b.c. 137 on votes. See Tabella. V. Ulicensis. M. M. I. V. Municipes M it n icip ii-Ju Ii i Ulicensis. — M. V. D. D. P. P. (or P. P. D. D.) Municipium Ulicense Permissu Proconsulis Decurionurn Decreto. [vtica.] V. as a numeral, quinque, quinquenna/es, quinta, quintus, C onsularis R omanorum 1M perator Dar Womanorum. ’IoyAiosAupTjAios Cenrifiios OYABAAAA0OC A0HNO5o.-poj [or A0HNo’5a)pov] 'TwaTiubs ATToKparinp [or AuTOKodroip] CTparpyhs ‘Puifiatwu. With respect to No. 9, bearing the name A0HNOZW0POC Dr. Von Sallet has shown that Athenodorus is the second name of Vabalathus, which is confirmed by the Palmyrene inscrip- tion AutoKPATOPOS OTABAAAAdou A0H- NOA«>POT (C. I. G. 4503 b. p. 1174; Sir G. Wilkinson, Num. Chron., 0. S., vol. ix., p. 128), and that there is no reason for sup- posing that Athenodorus was another son of Odenathus. On the whole question the following works should be consulted : — Ch. Lenormaut, Rev. Num., 1846, pp. 268, 280; Langlois, Num. des Arabes avant V Islamisme ; Cohen, Med. Imp., vol. v., p. 158 ; Madden, Handbook of Rom. Num., 1861, pp. 124-128, 165, pi. ii., 3- 7; iu "The Athenaum,” 6 Dec., 1862; Von Sallet, Die Fiirsten von Palmyra, 1866 ; Ber- liner Bliitter f. Mum Siegel und Wappenkunde, 1867, vol. iii. ; Num. Zeitschrift, 1870, 1871 ; Zeitschrift f. Num., 1875, vol. ii. ; De Vogue, Syrie Cenlrale — Inscriptions Semitiques ; Wad- dington, Inscriptions Grecques et Latines d’ Asie I Mineure et de Syrie ; F. Lenormaut, La Mon- naie dans V Antiquite, 1878, Vol. ii., pp. 378- 387. VAC (sic) YSC (sic) for AVG on coins of Postumus — exercitvs vac or ysc. Vacca. A cow is represented on gold and silver coins of Augustus, with reverse legend a vgvstvs, which are generally of magnificent style ; on a brass medallion of Auttminus Pius, 5 O representing Tcllus reclining leaning on its back ; and on gold and silver coins of Carausius [vBEiiiTA. av., vbeuitas avgg. and vberta. avg], VAL. Valeant ? VAL. SATVRNALIA. Valeant Saturnalia on a lead coin (Eckhel, vol. viii., p. 318). VAL. Valens on coius of the Emperor Hostilian. VAL. Valenlia. [valentia], VAL. NOB. C. (Valentinianus Nobilis Casar). A bestiarius with a shield attacked by a panther and a bear; below, another bestiarius attacking a lion with his spear — on coutorniates of Nero (common) and Valcntiuian III. ( peu rare). \A_ Valerio bn brass coins of Ilispania Tarraconcnsis — Bilbilis, Ca;sar Augusta, Saguu- tum, Turiaso, etc. VAL. Valerius on brass coius of Calagurris Nassica, C. VAL. C. SEX. AEDILES, Caius Valerius Caius Sextius /Ediles — aud on coins of Diocletian, Maximiau I. Hercules, Constantius I. Chlorus, Galerins Maximiau II., Sevcrus II., Maximinus II. Daza, Maxentius, Licinius I. and II., Valens (under Licinius, if genuine), Constantine I. and Constantius II. \A. Valerius, on brass coins of Valeria gens (Cohen, Mid. Cons., pi. lxviii., Valeria, Nos. 1, 2) ; — c. \A_ c. f. Caius Valerius Caii filius on silver coins, and on semis (lliccio, pi. lxv., no. 1) aud c. \A_. flac. imperat. on silver coins all of the Valeria gens (Coben, pi. xl.. Nos. 1, 2, 4). VALENS, one of the thirty tyrants, who had been nominated proconsul of Achaia by Gallienus. He assumed the purple to avoid the usurper Maerianus, who had sent Piso, another usurper, to put him to death. He was killed by his own soldiers about a.d. 260. No coins. VALENS (Aurelius Valerius) an officer upon whom Licinius I. bestowed the title of Caesar after the battle of Cibalis in a.d. 314, and who was soon after put to death when Licinius con- cluded a peace with Constantine, who stipulated positively for his abdication. The following coin is from the Ennery Catalogue — imp. c. avk. val. valens p. f. avg. Head laurcated. Rev. iovi conservatori avgg. Jupiter hold- ing Victory and sceptre ; at his feet an eagle, in the field to 1 ., a. ; to r. a crown and xa. ; in the exergue ale. (Alexandria). It is not above suspicion, especially as it is not certain that Valens ever received any higher title than that of Casar, VALENS (Flavius), the brother of Valen- tinian I., was born in a.d. 328, and made 83 1 ' VALENS. VALENTI A. Emperor of the East by his brother in a.d. 364. After the death of ' the usurper Procopius [pkocopivs] in a.d. 366, he was engaged in war for several years with the Goths, who even- tually sued for peace, and with Sapor, king oi Persia, who came to terms with 4 alcns not very advantageous to the Romans. About a.d. 376-377 the Goths, to the number of 200,000, appeared on the banks of the Danube and asked for permission to enter Roman territory, which was granted on certain conditions. They soon spread over the country, and Valcns met them at Hadrianoplc. Here the Roman army was defeated and Valcns was wounded, either dying on the field, or, as some say, being burnt alive in the house of a peasant, where he had taken refuge, a.d. 378. The money issued by Valcns consisted of gold and silver medallions, gold and silver coins, and first, second, and third brass coins. It is during his reign, if we except the large me- dallion of Constantine II. [gavdivm bom- anorvm], that the enormous gold medallions now preserved in the Musee de Vienne, first appear (Cohen, Med. Imp., vol. vi., pp. 408- 410, Nos. 1, 6, 7, 8-10). They seem to have been decorations or recompenses for services rather than money. The obverse legend of the coins of Valcns is d. n. valens max. AVGVSTVS, or D. N. VALENS P. or PER. F. avg. ; the principal reverse legends on the gold medallions are D. N. valens victor semper avg. Valens with nimbus in a car drawn by six horses; on cither side Victory ; in exergue Romm (2000 fres.), FELIX ADVENTVS AVGG. (400 frcS.), GLORIA romanorvm (400 to 5000 fres.), pietas ddd. NNN. avgvstorvm . Valcntinianusl., with nimbus standing between Valens and Valeutinian II., in MW 7 K. 304 after the death of Jordan, and as- sociated with him his brother Valens, assigning to him the Eastern provinces, and keep- ing for himself the Western, including Western Illyricum and Africa. In a.d. 367 he further asso- ciated his eldest son Gratianus, a lad of eight, as Augustus. The principal trouble of his reign was the insurrection of the Quadi, commencing in a.d. 374, aud it was during an interview in a.d. 375 with deputies from this people that he from rage fell down in a fit and suddenly expired. He was twice married, (1) to Valeria Severn, by whom he had Gratian ; and (2) to Justina, by whom he had Valentinian II. and three daugh- ters, Justa, Galla, aud Grata, the second of whom / was afterwards the wife of Theodosius I. Remarks on the coins of the three Valentinians with the legend D. N. VALENTINIANVS P. F. AVG. The question of the manner of distinguish- ing the coins of the three Valentinians has already occupied the attention of the present writer (Sum. Chron., n.s., 1861, vol. i., p. 112), aud of M. Cohen {Med. Imp., vol. vi., p. 391), and with a few guiding rules and careful com- 5 0 2 VALENTINIANVS I. 835 | parison of fabric the student may readily dis- tinguish them. Valentinian I., when he commenced to reig% was forty-three years of age, and he died when nearly fifty-five, whilst his son Valentinian II. succeeded to the throne at five or six years of age, and died when about twenty. The diffi- culty, therefore, of comparison between the coins of a man and a boy is consequently considerably lessened. Valcntiuian I., who, according to Ammianus Murcellinus (xxx., 9) had a corpus lacertosum et validum, is represented on his coins as a stout full- faced man, whilst his son is shown with a young and delicate face. The brass coins with helmeted bust, and on the reverse the legend gloria romanorvm belong to Valentinian II. ; the gold coins with helmeted bust, aud with the legends imp. xxxxii COS. XVII P. P., SAI.VS ItEIPVBLICAE VOT. XXX mvlt. xxxx, or victoria avggg., and in the exergue conob. belong to Valentinian 111. The coins with diademed head and the legend d. n. valentinianvs p. F. AVG., and which have on the reverse in the exergue comob or conob, belong either to Valentiuian II. or Val- entiuian III., and can easily be distinguished by their fabric, which in the case of the coins of Valentinian 111. is much coarser than that of those of Valentinian II. All the coins with ivn. (Junior) belong to Valentinian II., and with pla. (Rlacidius) to Valentinian III. Remarks on the explanation of the letters OB, CONOB, COMOB, &c. The letters ob first occur in the field on gold coins of Valentinian I. and Valens with the legend victoria avgvstoevm. Victory seated on a cuirass writing on a shield vot. v. mvl. x, and in the exergue cons. (Constantinopoli), and a star. [Sec woodcut — valens.] Tiiob (Treveris 72) and tesob (Thessalonicm 72) first occur in the exergue of the gold medal- lions of Valentinian I., as also on those of Valens with the addition of anob (Antiochiae 72), and anob, tesob or thcob and trob on their gold coins, mdob ( Mediolani 72) first occurs on the gold coins of Gratian. Conob occurs for the first time under Gra- tianus, Valentinian us II., and Theodosius I., and is a distinctive mark of the mint of Con- stantinople. Comob appears for the first time under Valen- tinian II. and Theodosius I., and is the especial mark of a Western mint. These letters may be interpreted Constantines Moneta 72. Constan- tiua was the name given to Arelate (Arles) by Constantine I. the Great. Its earliest mint- marks, dating from the time of Constantius II., are konst AT-, ka., kont., con. or const., and the tw r o last may be distinguished from con. or cons. (Constantinople) from the fact that they are always preceded by a Latin letter, whilst the Constantinople mint is always followed by a Greek. The letters com (Constantines Moneta) seem to have been introduced late in 836 YALENTINIANVS I. VALEXTINTANVS I. the reign of Gratian, and are found alone also I on the coins of his coteraporaries Yalcntinian 11. and Theodosius I. It is the mint-mark of Gaul and the greater part of the West, and is some- j times accompanied by the letters tr. (Treveris), ld. ( Lugduni ), AQ. ( Aquileia •), and md. (Me- diolani ) in the field. Coins with com. and comob alone belong to Rome. When comob became common to every Western mint, the letters rm. (Roma), sm. ( Sirmii '), etc., appear in the field. On a gold coin of Magnus Maxi- mus, who killed Gratian in a. d. 383, we find konob (Constantines 12), a form also occurring on a gold coin of Constautinus III., the usurper under Ilonorius, accompanied by ar. (Arelata) in the field, as well as the usual form ar. comob. After the death of Theodosius I. and the division of the Empire between his two sons Arcadius and Ilonorius, the forms comob for the Western and conob for the Eastern Empire became the adopted exergual mint-marks, the former almost always accompanied by letters in the field ; the latter never. There is little doubt that the u in comob was substituted from the first for the N in conob to resemble the mint-mark of Con- stantinople, and yet to show a distinctive mark for all Western mints. Cormob on a gold coin of Anthemius. rm= Roma, and the co is prefixed and the OB affixed to resemble as nearly as possible comob, and yet to designate the actual mint at which the coin k | m was struck. The usual form is ■ 1 ■ — . — coryob COMOB on a gold coin of Anthemius, nv = Ravenna. . u | v The usual form is -■ ■ — . COMOB Conobbv on a gold coin of Zeno, r v=Ra- R I V vennee. The usual form is - . COMOB Cob, abbreviated form of comob, on gold coins of Ilonorius and Theodosius II., struck at Ravenna (rv in the field.) Avgob {Augusta= Londinii 12) on coins of Magnus Maximus, struck on his assuming the imperial power in Britain. [Egressus tendeusque ad Lundinium, vetus oppidum, quod Augustam posteritas appellavit — Amtn. Marcell, xxvii, 8. — Theodosius vero, dux nominis inclyti, animo vigore collecto ah Au- gust# profectus, quam vctcrcs appellavere Lun- dinium. xxviii., 3.] Other letters such as cornob, ionob, conos, etc., if cxistiug ou coins, are not genuine mint marks, but barbarous imitations. on coins of Constantine I., Constantius II., and Constans Cicsar, struck at Antioch circ., A.n. 333-335, signifying that 72 so/idi were coined to the pound, Constantine I. having reduced the aureus about a.d. 312; that Yaleutinian I. and Yalens issued a law about a.d. 367, by which the gold pound was always to be reckoned at 72 solidi, thus accounting for the letters o — B on their coinage ; and that from that time the letters ob were placed in the exergue, accom- panied by the name of the town as trob, anob, etc., or else conob or comob . was placed in the exergue, the latter being frequently accompanied by the name of the town in the field as ar., md., etc. The following table shows the ditferent forms of marking the figures 72 and ob — ■p | LXXII °|b | _L 6MAN CON8 CONOB OP COMOB TROB ANOB &0. It | M A | B &c. COMOB COMOB The following is the principal litcratnrc on the subject: — Scnckler, Rev. Sum. 1847: San Quiutino, Sur les med. de Juslinien Rhinot- melus, 1845 ; Petigny, Rev. Num., 1857; Binder and Fricdlaender, Beitriige ziir a/teren Miinzkunde, 1851 ; Fricdlaender, Bert. Blatter f. Miinz Siegel und Wappenkunde, vol. i., 1863, cf. Rum. Chron., N.s. 1863, vol. iii., p. 143, Rev. Rum., 1866 ; Rum. Zeitschrifit, Yicnna, 1872 ; l)e la signification des lettres OB., JJcrliu, 1873, cf. Rum. Chron., n.s., 1873, vol. xiii. p. 172; Cohen, Mid. Imp. vol. vi., p. 302; Madden, Handbook to Rom. Rum. 1861 ; Rum. Chron., n.s., 1861, vol i., pp. 112, 175 ; 1862, Vol. ii., p. 240 : Brainbilla, Altre Annotazioni Rum., Paris, 1870, cf. Mommsen, La Mon Rom. cd. Blacas and Dc Witte, vol. iv., p. 96, with letter from M. Lavoix; A. Missong, Die Vorliiufier der Werthzahl OB auf Rumischrn Goldmiinzen in the Zeits.fi. Rum. 1880, p. 240, who shows that the letter O (=70 to the pound) was employed between a.d. 286 and 200, and ~ ^ ] ( = 60 t° *he P° un d) between a.d. 200 and 312, in which year the standard of the gold coin was fixed at 72 to the pound: — a.d. 286—290. a.d. 290—312. Various interpretations have been offered of the letters ob. Seuckler proposes officina se- cunda, San Quiutino obsignatus, Petigny and j de Salis obryza, supposed by Brambilla to be i confirmed by the coin of Zeno reading conobrv (sec above), Cohen, Olbiopolis, Piuder and Fricd- lacrdcr, Missong, and the present writer 72. It is unnecessary to enter into any lengthy account of these various theories as the subject has already been thoroughly sifted in the papers to which I shall presently refer. Suffice it to say that the figures lxxii. >u the field arc found BMA BMA BMA SMSO SMSD TS (For OB sec ahove.) The principal reverse legends on the coins of Yalcntinian I. arc: — On the gold medallions, FE1.1X ADVENTYS AYG. M. or'FELIX ADVENTVS VALENTINIANVS II. VALENTINIANVS III. 637 avggg. (400 or 500 frcs) ; gloria roman- | orvm (600 frcs) ; victoria d. n. avgvsti (400 frcs) ; on the silver medallions rf.stitvtor or sal vs reipvblicae (60 frcs.) ; victoria AVGVSTORVM (60 to 100 frcs.) ; VIRTYS exercitv8, and votis v myltis x or x and xv or xv and xx (60 frcs.) ; on the gold coins, gloria bomanorvm (60 to 150 frcs.) ; pax perpetva or PVBLICA (50 frcs.) ; RESTITVTOR or SALVS REIP. or REIPVBLICAE (20 to 45 frcs.) ; trivmfator gent. barb. (150 frcs.) ; victores avgvsti Valentinian I. and his son Yalentinian II. seated facing holding a globe ; a Victory flying above crowns them ; in ex. Trob (150 frcs.) ; victoria avg. or avgg. or avgvstorvm (20 to 60 frcs.) ; victoria dd. nn. avo. (80 frcs.) ; virtvs komanorvm (50 frcs.) ; vota pvblica (50 frcs.) ; on the silver coins restitvtor reip. or reipvblicae (6 to 30 frcs.) vot. v. or yot. v. mvlt. x. or votis v multis x or x and xx or xv and xx (6 to 10 frcs.) ; vrbs roma (6 frcs.) ; on the brass coins, gloria komanorvm (c), MONETA AVGOG. (40 frcs.) RESTITVTOR or SECVRITAS REIP. or REIPVBLICAE (c to 40 frcs.) ; VICTORIA AVGGG. or AVGVSTORVM (60 frcs.) ; VIRTVS EXERC1TI (6 frcs.) ; VOTA PVBLICA — types of Isis, Harpocratcs and Anubis (40 frcs ), VOT. V MVLT. x (c), VRBS roma (40 frcs.) j VALENTINIANVS II. (Flavius), son of Valeutiuianus I. and Justina, was proclaimed Augustus after his father’s death in a.d. 375, when about five or six years of age. Gratian, his elder brother, was then about sixteen, and the two brothers di- vided the West between them, Valentinian II. tailing Italy, Tllyricum, and Africa, and Gratian Gaul, Spain, and Britain, but as the former was so young, the latter really was sovereign of the West. The year after the death of Valens, in a.d. 379, Gratian appointed Theo- dosius I. to succeed him, aud in a.d. 383 was killed by Magnus Maximus. In a.d. 388 Theodosius I. defeated and killed Magnus Maxi- mus, who had driven Valentinian II. out of Italy, and reinstated the latter as sole Emperor of the West. Valentinian II. leaving too much power in the hands of Arbogastcs, commander bf the Roman forces in Gaul, and attempting, when too late, to deprive him of his command, was strangled by order of Arbogastes in a.d. 392. The principal reverse legends on the coins of Valentinian II. are : — On the gold medallions, FELIX ADVENTVS AVG. M. or N. (400 frcs.), GLORIA ROMANORVM (600 frCS.), RESTITVTOR reipvblicae. Val. II., with nimbus staudiug facing, raising with the hand a turreted female, and holding the labarum on which >p; . In ex. aqob. or trobt, or trobs. (t and s = tertia and secunda) (1200 frcs.) ; on the silver medallions, gloria romanorvxi (60 frcs.) ; VIRTVS exf.rcitvs (100 frcs.); on the gold coins, CONCORDIA AVGGG. (20 to 30 frcs.). victoria avgg. or avgustorvm (4 to 50 frcs.) ; on the silver coins, virtvs exerc. or romanorvm (6 frcs.), vot. v. mvlt. x or vot. x. or vot. x. mvlt. xx (10 to 20 frcs.), vota pvblica (80 frcs.), vrbs roma (6 frcs.); on the brass coins, victoria avggg. (medallion, Tanini 200 frcs.), Concordia avggg. (c), GLORIA REIPVBLICAE or ROMANORVM (c to 100 frcs.), reparatio reipvb. (c), salvs or spes reipvblicae (c to to 3 frcs.), victoria avgg. or avggg. (c), virtvs avggg. or exerciti or romanorvm (c to 5 frcs.), vot v. mvlt. xorx and xx or xv and xx or xx and xxx (c), vrbs ROMA (c.) VALENTINIANUS III. (Placidius), son of Constantius III. and Placidia was declared Casar by Theodosius II in a.d. 424, when about five or six years of age, and Augustus the following year, under the regency of his mother Placidia, who re- ceived the title of Augusta. In A.D. 437, Valentinian III., then 18 years of age, went to Constanti- nople to marry Licinia Eudoxia, the daughter of Theodosius II. During his reign the Western Empire was continually the scene of war. Theodoric, King of the Goths, laid siege to Arelate (Arles), Ricliila, King of the Suevi, took Merida in Spaiu, Genseric, King of the Vandals, seized Carthage, and Attila, King of the Huns, gave great trouble in Italy. Fortunately Valentiuiau III. possessed an ac- complished commander in Aetius, but fearing his power and influence he murdered him in cold blood a.d. 354. Having violated the wife of Pctronius Maximus, he was, the following year, killed by the injured husband. Valenti- nian III. left two daughters, Eudocia, married to Ilunneric, King of the Vandals, and Placidia, married to Anicius Oh’brius, of neither of whom are there coins. The principal reverse legends on the coins of Valentinian III. are: — Gold medallion, vot. xxx mvlt. xxxx (Banduri, 500 frcs.) ; outlie gold coins, gloria romanorvm (40 to 100 frcs.), imp. xxxxii. cos. xvii p.p. (100 frcs.), SALVS REIPVBLICAE (60 frcs.), VICTORIA AVGGG. or avgvstorvm (12 to 80 frcs.), vot. x. mvlt. XX or xxx or xxxx (50 to 100 frcs.), vrbs roma (12 to 50 frcs.) ; on the silver coins, victoria avgg. (25 frcs.), virtvs romanorvm (40 frcs.) ; on the brass coins, salvs reipvb- licae (40 frcs.), victoria avgg. (30 to 40 frcs.), vot. pvb. (Tanini, 40 frcs.) Valentinianus Solidus. In the laws of Gondo- bald, king of the Burgundians (a.d. 500-516), mention is made of certain solidi called Valen- tiniani, which beingof base gold were to be with- drawn from circulation. These solidi have been thought by Petigny (Rev. Num., 1851, p. 127, seq.), and F. Lenormant (La Mon. dans VAntiq., vol. ii., p. 437) to be those of Valentinian III., but Kcary (Num. Cliron., N.S., 1878, vol. xviii., p, 225) is disposed to believe, especially as the reading Valentiniani is uncertain, the coins 838 VALERIA GENS. VALERIA GENS. spoken of to have been those of the town of Valence rather than imitations of the money of Valentiuiauus III. VALENTINO IIVIR. Valentino Duumviro on brass coins of Augustus, struck at Cmsar Augusta and Calagurris in Ilispauia Tarraco- nensis. (Cohen, Med. Imp. 2nd cd., Vol. I., p. 154, No. 672, p. 155, No. 683.) VALER. Valerio. — L. CASSIO C. VALER. I FEN. IIVIR. Lucio Cassio Valerio Fenes-. te/la Duumviris on brass coins of Augustus struck j at Ctcsar Augusta in Hispania Tarraconensis. (Cohen Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. i., p. 154, No. 661.) VALER. Valerius. VOLVSVS VALER. MESSAL. IIIV1R. A. A. F. F. S. C. Vo/usus Valerius Mcssalla triumvir auro argento cere feriundo. Senalus consulto, on brass coins of the Valeria gens. Also on second brass coins of Licinius I. VALERI. Valerii— L. VALERI. FLACCI. Lucii Valerii Flacci, on silver coins of the Valeria gens. VALERI— VI RTVS VALERI (?), on billon coins of Gallicnus, — PIETAS FALERI, on silver medallions of Gallieuus and Saloniua, from Khell — written FALERI, on coins known to Cohen (Med. Imp., vol. iv., p. 436, 459) ; ? for Valeriana (Eckhel, vol. vii., p. 409.) VALERIA GENS. A patrician and after- wards plebian family, one of the oldest and most celebrated at Rome. This gens was di- vided into various families under the Republic, the names of which are CORVVS or COR- VINVS, FALTO, FLACCVS, LARVINVS, MAXI MVS, MESSALLA, POT1TVS, PVB LICOLA, TAPPO, Till AIM VS, VOLVSVS. On the coins of the gens we find the cognomina — Asisculus, Catullus, and Placet's. The following are the principal coins of this gens .— Period, b.c. 268 — 154. — As, semis triens, quadrans, sextans, and uncia, with j marks of their value. Legend — \J\ (Valerius.) I koma. (c to 25 fres. ; Cohen, Med. Cons.,\ Valeria, Nos. 3, 5-9; Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. ii., No. 84.) 2nd Period, b.c. 1 54 — 134. — 1. Obv. Head of Minerva to r., with winged helmet ; behind x or xvi. Rev. C. VL.c.f. fi, acc. (Cains Valerius Caii filius Flaccus.) Victory on a biga to r. ; in the exergue roma. At. (2 to 5 fres.) 2. Obv. Head of Jupiter to r., laureated; behind S. Rev. c. c. F. (Caius Valerius Caii filius) ; in exergue roma. Semis. (Cohen, Nos. 1, 2, 4 ; Mommsen, No. 99.) 3rd and 4 th Period, B.C. 134 — 114 ; 114 — \ 104. — Obv. Ordinary type. Rev. (?) c. v. c. (Caius Valerius Catullus.) ? roma. Quadrans. (Mommsen, No. 152.) 4 th Period, B.c. 114 — 104. — Obv. Winged bust of Victory to r. ; before ^ . Rev. l. vai.eri. flacci (Lucii Valerii Flacci). Mars, hclmctcd, stauding to 1 ., holding sword and ' trophy; to left, apex; to right, car of corn. ' At. (3 fres.). (Cohen, No. 10; Mommsen, No. 174.) This piece was at one time attributed to the son of L. Valerius Flaccus, Consul iu B.c. 131, and Flamen Martialis, or to L. Valerius Flaccus, Consul in B.c. 100, and Interrex in B.c. 82, or still better to L. Valerius Flaccus, who was Consul in B.c. 86. It is now thought probable that the inoneyer of this coin was Lucius Valerius Flaccus, who was Consul in b.c. 86. B.c. 82-81. — Obv. Winged bust of Victory to r. ; in the field latiu letters up to X ; or symbols, or )£ Rev. C. VL FLA. IMPERAT. ex s.C. (Caius Valenus Flaccus Imperator. Ex Senalus Consulto). Eagle ensign between two other military ensigns ; on one H. (Ilastati) ; on the other p. (Principes). At. (2 fres.). (Cohen, No. 11; Mommsen, No. 237). Valerius Flaccus was governor of Gaul and Imperator iu b.c. 83. He embraced the cause of Sulla, and obtained the honour of a triumph over the Ccltiberians and Gauls in B.c. 81. This coin was restored by the Emperor Trajan (Cohen, pi. xlv.. No. 16 ; *350 fres.) The same type occurs on the coins of the Claudia, Cornelia, and Neria families. b.c. 53. Obv. mess/L. f. (Messalla filius). Bust of Mars, hclmctcd, to r., with spear. Rev. PA'R’E COS. (Palre Consuls). Curule chair ; beneath a sceptre and a diadem ; in field s. c. (Senalus Consulto). Al. (80 fres). (Cohen, No. 12; Mommsen, No. 277). This coin was probably struck during the consulship of M. Valerius Mcssalla in B.c. 53. The sceptre and diadem uuder the curule chair are supposed to allude to the kings who obeyed the orders of the Consul of Rome. b.c. 49-45. — 1. Obv. aciscvlvs. Head of Apollo, radiated to r. ; behind, a hammer. Rev. L. valerivs (Lucius Valerius). Diana iu a biga to r., holding a whip. Al. (3 fres). 2. Obv. aciscvlvs. Head of Apollo, diademed, to r ; above, a star ; behind, a hammer ; sometimes within a laurel wreath. Rev. l. valerivs (in exergue). Euro|>a on a bull to r., holding a scarf. Al. (5 fres.) 3. Obv. aciscvlvs. Head of Apollo, diademed to r. ; above a star, behind a hammer, all within a laurel wreath. Rev. L. valerivs (or sometimes without legend). Head of Sibylla to r., all within a laurel wreath. Al. (50 to Ml fres I 4. Obv. Same ns No. 3. Rev. L. valerivs ( in exergue or otherwise). Bird with female hclmctcd head, to r., armed with two lances and a shield ; all withiu a laurel wreath, Al. (10 fres.) VALERIA. 5. Obv. aciscvlvs. Head of Jupiter, laurcated, to r. ; behind, a hammer; all within laurel wreath. Rev. L. VALERIYS (in exergue). Giaut (the giaut Valcns) whose trunk terminates in two tails of fishes. j 5R. (100 frcs.) 6. Obv. Bust of Victory to r. Rev. acis- cvlvs. A hammer, all within a laurel wueath. ylt. Quin. (60 frcs.) 7. Obv. Double cornucopia:. Rev. aciscvlvs. A hammer, ill. Sett. (100 frcs.) (Cohen, Nos. 13 — 21 ; Mommsen, vol. ii., p. 545.) These coins were struck by a moncycr, un- known, of the name of Lucius Valerius Acisculus. The word Acisculus signified a hammer or adze, and Aciscularius is translated in the old glossaries by \a ripos and thus the moueyer by representing this instrument on his coins, has wished to allude to his cognomen. Nos. 1 and 2 were restored by Trajan. (300 to 350 frcs.) For an explanation of the types on these coins of L. Valerius, sec Cb. Leuormant, Nouveltes Annate' de Vlnst. Arch , vol. ii., p. 142, and compte-rendu of this paper in the Rev. Num. 1840 p. 299 ; J. de Witte, Rev. Num., 1849, p. 325. MONEl'ERS OF AUGUSTUS. b.c, 15 — 5. 1. Obv. messalla galvs iiivir (, Triumviri.) Anvil. Rev. apronivs sisenna (or sisenna apronivs) a.a.a.f.f. around s.c. (Apronius Sitenna auro, argento, cere, flando, feriundo, Senatns consul to.) yE. 111. 2. Obv. messalla apronivs limit. Anvil. Rev. GALVS SISENNA (or S1SENNA GALVS) a.a.a.f.f. around s.c. zE. III. 3. Obv. MESSALLA SISENNA IHYIR. Anvil. Rev. GALVS APRONIVS (or APRONIVS GALVS) a.a.a.f.f. around s.c. jE. III. 4. Obv. L. valerivs catvllvs around s.c. Rev. iiivir a.a.a.f.f. Anvil. JE. III. 5. Obv. volvsvs valer. messal. arouud s.c. Rev. iiivir. a.a.a.f.f. Anvil. JE. II. and III. 6. Obv. CAESAR AYGVS. PONT. MAX. TRIBVNIC. potest. Head of Augustus, bare, to r. or to 1. Rev. volvsvs valer. messal. iiivir a.a.a. f.f. around S.C. M. II. (1 to 3 frcs. ; Cohen, Med. Cons. Nos. 22-30 ; Med. Imp., 2nd cd., vol. i., p. 141 ; Mommsen, vol. iii., p. 8). The three first coins belong also to the families, Apronia, Asinia, and Cornelia. Valeria Messalina [messalina.] Valeria (Galeria)was daughter of Diocletian and Prisca and was married to Galcrius Maximian in a.d. 292. Having no children she adopted her husband’s illegitimate son Candidianus. On the death of Galcrius in a.d. 311, his successor, Maximinus Daza, offered to divorce bis' own wife and marry Valeria, and on her rejecting his suit, confiscated all her estates and banished her, with her mother, to Syria, in spite of the protestations of her father Diocle- tian. Maximinus dying in a.d. 314, the exiles escaped and repaired to the Court of Lieinius, VALERIA. 839 to whose care Valeria had been committed by her dying husband. But Lieinius inurderctl Candidianus, and Valeria and her mother wandered for many months through the pro- vinces, till at last discovered at Thcssalonica, they ivere beheaded and their bodies thrown into the sea in a.d. 315. 1. Obv. gal. Valeria avg. Bust of Valeria with diadem, to r., sometimes on a crescent. Rev. veneri victrici. Venus standing to 1., holding an apple and lifting her veil. In the field ©. In the exergue SMAZ ( Signala Moneta Antiochia 5 .) brit. mvs. ; or in the field a crescent and and in the exergue sm sd (Signata Moneta Serdica). brit. mvs. ; or in the exergue sis (Sis cm), brit. mvs.; or in the exergue smn ( Signata Moneta Nicomedia ). Paris and BRIT. mvs. 2. Obv. The same. Rev. veneri victrici f'K xc. Same type. In the exergue smn. (Signata Moneta Nicomedia) . beoer aud coll, of Dr. J. Evans. Brass Coins. Same legends and types. 1 he gold coins, of which it will be noticed that four are in the Mnseuin collection, are very rare, and are valued at from 1000 to 1200 frcs. ; the brass coins from eight to twelve francs. The © in the field of the coin struck at Antioch, is probably borrowed from the earliest representation of the Sun and as both Prisca and Valeria are supposed to have embraced Christianity, may allude latently to the cross + (De Witte, l)u Christianisme de guelques Imperalrices Romaines, in Mel. d’ Arch., vol. 111., 1853; Madden, Christian Emblems on the coins of Constantine I. and his successors in Num. Citron., N.s. 1877, vol. xvii., p. 297.) The (5; or 3^ or I) = 60 to the pound, introduced by Diocletian, and employed between a.d. 290-312. [valentinianus I.] The letters N< xc also occur on the coins of Galcrius Maximian (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 68, but attributed to Maximian Hercules), Sevcrus II. (barbarous fabric Welzl, Cat. No. 14464), Maximiuns Daza Caesar (Cohen, No. 19), struck at Nicomedia; and the letters N< on those of Constantins Chlorus (Cohen, No. 12), Galerius Maximian (Cohen, No. 67, but attributed to Maximian Hercules), Sevcrus Cmsar {Num. Zeits, 1869), Severus Augustus (Cohen, No. 12), Maximiuus Daza Cmsar (Cohen Suppl. No 1), Constantine Caesar (Cohen, No. 74), also issued at Nicomedia. The true explanation of these letters has not yet been discovered (Friedlaender, Ueber einige ralhsel- 840 VALER1ANYS I. hafte Buchstaben auf M unzen aus der Zeit Dioclelians in the Zeits.f. Num. 1875, vol. ii., and Missong, Die Vorliiufer der Werthzahl on auf Romischen Goldmiinzen, in the Zeit 3. f. Num. 1880, vol vii, p. 240.) Valeria (Flavia Valeria constantly) was the daughter of Constantine Chlorus and his second wife Theodora, the daughter-in-law of Maximian Hercules. Her half-brother Con- stantine I., gave her in marriage to Licinius I. about a.d. 312 — 313. After the defeat of Licinius I. in a.d. 323, Constantia begged for her husband’s life; but Constantine, though acceding at the moment, put him to death at Thessalonica, where he had been placed in con- finement. Constantine I. in a.d. 326 also ordered the death of her son Licinius II., but Constantia still remained to the date VALERIANVS I. (Caius Publius Licinius), who had been voted worthy of the honour of the Censorship under the Emperor Decius, was unani- mously elected Emperor in a.d. 253, solely on account of his merits, aud associated with him his eldest son Gallienus. In a.d. 258 he started for the East to repel the attacks of Sapor, and in the following year was successful in re-capturing Antioch from the Persians, com- memorated by coins with the legend vict. part., and Victoria parthica. Valerian haviug entrusted the further conduct of the war against Sapor to Macriauus, his 1’nctoriau prefect, the latter purposely betrayed the Roman army, aud the Emperor was taken in a.d. 260, aud died in captivity. Of his treatment during his captivity, there are conflicting statements, but the bas-reliefs do not give any representation of extreme degradation. On two it is thought that he is shown doing homage to Cyriadcs, the usurper set up by Sapor (Rawlinson, Seventh Anc. Mon. pp. 82, 91) [vabalathvs], but generally Sapor seems to have treated his prisoner with consideration, aud to have made use of his engineering talents. (Thomas, Sassanian Inscriptions, p. 64.) Valerian was twice married (1) to an unknown and (2) to Mariniann, of whom coins are extant, and had two children, Gallienus by his first wife, and Valerian 1 1 by his second, aud perhaps another, (cf. Eckhcl, vol. vii., p. 379.) The obverse legends of the medallions and coins of Valerian I. arc imp. c. p. lic. val- F.KIANYS AVO. Or P. F. AVG., IMP. I*. LIC. VAL- ER1ANO AVG., IMP. VALERI ANVS P. Of PIVS AVG., VALER1ANVS I. of her death, about 328 — 330, friends with Constantine. The following brass coin was found not many years ago, aud is published by Cohcu (Mi d. Imp. Suppl. vol. vii., pi. vii.), as in the posses- sion of M. Roman : — Obv. constantia n. f. ( Nobilissima femina). Bust to r. Rev. soror constantini avg. around a wreath, within which pietas pvb- ucA ; in the exergue CONS. B. (Const anti- nopoli 2.) A2. III. Valeriana legiones were legions probably levied by L. Valerius Elaccus, consul iu b.c. 131, and Flamen Martialis, and named after him, and which arc mentioned in the war of Lucullus agaiust Mithridates (Liv., Epit. xcviii. ; Dion. Cass, xxxv., 14, 15, 16; xxxvi. 29; Sail. / list, v.) [See Valeria gens, 4th Period.] IMP. vai.erianvs avg., imp. valerianvs p. f. avg., valerianvs P. f. avo. [see Valerian II.] The principal reverse legends nre : Silver Medallions-, adlocvtio avgvstouvm (400 fres.), aeqvitas AVGo. (300 fres.), MONETA avgo. (150 to 250 fres.) Gold Coins: aeternitas avgg. (350 fres.), annona avgo. (350 fres.), apolini conserva. (400 fres.), felicitas avgo (350 fres.), fides militvm (350 fres.), iovi conserva. (350 fres.), laeti- TIA AVOG. (400 fres.), LI BERALITAS avgo. (350 fres.), oriens avgg., (350 fres., Quin. 350 fres.), restitvtor orbis (Quin. 350 fres.), romae aeternae (350 fres.), victoria or victoriae avgg. (350 to 450 fres.), virtvs avgg. (400 fres.) Billon or small Brass Coins (c to 12 or 30 fres.): aeqvitas avgo., AETERNITAS AVGO., ANNONA AVGG., APOLINI CONSERVA, or PBOPVQ., APOLL. SALVTARI, CONCORDIA AVGO., CONCORDIA EXERC1T. Or MI LIT., CONSERVAT. AVGO., DIANA LVCIFEKA, FELICITAS AVGG. or SAKCVLI, FIDES MILITVM, FORTVNA RIDVX, OALLIENVS CVM EXERC. svo ; Jupiter holding victory aud sceptre standing on a cippus, which is inscribed IOVI VICTORI ; IOVI CONSERVA., CONSERVAT., or CONSERVATOR!, Or STATORI, LAETITIA AVOG., LIBERAI.ITAS AVGG., Or AVGG. II., ORIENS AVGG., PACATORI ORRIS, PAX avgg. or AVOVSTI , PIETAS or PIET ATI AVGG., P.M. TR. P. II., COS. II. P.P. (A.D. 254), P.M. TR. P. III. COS. III. P.P. (A.D. 255), p.m. TR. P. IIII. COS. III. P.P. (a.d. 256), p.m. tr. p. v. cos. mi. p.p. (a.d. 257) — one type, Valerian and Gallienus standing faring each VALERIAXVS IT. VALET. 841 other leaning oil their shields, in the field two spears — an imitation of that of the coins of Caius and Lucius Csesares on the reverse of coins of Augustus, — provid. or providentia AVGO., KEL1G10 AVOG., RESTITVT. or RE9TITVTI GEXER. HVMANI., RESTITVTOR Or RESTITVTORI ORBIS, RESTITVT. ORIENTIS, BOMAE AETKItNAE, SAECVLI FELICITAS, SALTS AVGG., SECVRIT. PERPET., SPES PVBLICA, TEMPORVM FELICITAS, VENVS YICTRIX, VICTORIA Or VICTORIAE AVGG., VICTORIA EXERCIT., Or GERM. Or GERMANICA, VICT. PART, or PARTHICA, VIRTVS AVGG., VOTA ORBIS, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS (? A.D. 250). Brass Medallions: adi.ocvtio avgvstorvm (300 fres.), FELICITAS TEMPORVM IIII. ET III. cos. (a.d. 257, 400 fres.), moneta avgg. (200 fres.), PONTIFF. MAX. TKI. p. p. (400 fres.), victoria avgg. (200 fres.), victoria avgvstorvm (400 fres.) Large Brass (200 to 400 fres.) Second Brass (6 to 150 fres.) ! All the Billon or third brass coins of Valerian I . having the bust laurealed are of smaller size and better fabric than the others, they seem to have been struck from gold dies. (Cohen, Med. Imp., 1st ed., vol. iv., p. 329, note.) Corns of Valerian I. were struck in the following colonies : Aelia Capitolina, Berytus, Heliopolis, Ptolemais, Thessalonica, Macedonia, Troas, Tyros, and Viminacium. V a/erianus [saloninvs.] The obverse legends of the coins of Saloninus Valerian are : Lie. COR. SAL. VALERI ANVS N. CAES., SAL. valerianvs cs. ( Ceesar ) or nob. caes., p. cor. SAL. VALERIAXO CES. (sic), P. COR. SAL. VALERIAXVS CAES., P. LIC. or P. LIC. COR. VALERIAXVS CAES., P. C. L. VALERIANVS N. C. Or NOB. CAES., COR. or C’OR. LIC. VALERIAXVS CAES. (?), SALON. VALERIANVS CAES, or NOB. CAES., IMP. SALON. VALERIANVS AVG., DIVO CAES. Or CAESARI VALERIAXO, DIVO VALERIAXO AVG. VALERIANVS II. was son of Valcrianus T., and half brother of Gallienus. He was killed at Milan in a.d. 268, together with Gallienus. Eckhcl, in a long dissertation (vol. vii. p. 427), overthrew the opinion of the early nnmis- inatists, who had attributed coins to Vale- rian II., but Cohen has attempted (Med. Imp , 1st ed., vol. iv., p. 492) to prove that this time Eckhcl is wrong. He assigns all the coins bearing the legend valerianvs p. f. avg. to Valerian the younger. M. Dcvillc shortly after followed with an essay “ on the coins of the family of Gallienus ” (Rev. Num. 1861), in which he divided the coins usually attributed to Saloninus between Cornelius Valcrianus, elder son of Gallienus, and Saloninus, second son of Gallienus, assign- ing one piece with obverse p. lic. valerianvs caes., and reverse iovi crescenti, to Valerian II. , the brother of Gallienus, but as I have already pointed out ( Ilandbook to Bom. Num., 1861, p. 117 ; Num. Citron., x.s., 1861, p. 196), the coins attributed by bim to Saloninus and Valerian II. are of much too good a metal to be of the late period of Gallienus. Moreover the coin given by him to Valerian II. was 5 P I struck in the East, and belongs to Saloninus Valerian, the eldest son of Gallienus, and the legend iovi crescenti could hardly apply to a man of thirty. Besides, if any coins of Valerian II. existed they would probably bear the title of Augustus, and not that of Ctesar. The late M. de Salis also was opposed to the attribution on similar grounds, and maintained that if any were issued they would necessarily be of the base metal of the late years of Gal- lienus. The coins of the family of Gallienus are therefore only recognized by me as follows : Valcrianus I. Coins. Gallienus Coins. Cornelius Saloninus Valeriauns ... Coins. (elder son of Gallienus) Saloninus Valerianus ... ... No Coins. (second son of Gallienus) Q. Julius Gallienus ... ,,, No Coins. (third son of Gallienus) Valcrianus II No Coins. (brother of Gallienus) There are, however, some medallions struck by Valerianus I, which may give a portrait of Valerianus II. Their description is as follows: 1 . Obv. pietas avgvstorvm. Busts facing each other of Valerian I, laureated with cuirass, and of V alerian II, bare with paludamentum and cuirass. Rev. concordia avgvstorvm. Busts facing each other of Gallienus laureated with paludamentum and cuirass, and of Salonina with diadem, brit. mvs. zR. Med. (1200 fres.) (Cohen, Mid. Imp., 1st ed., vol. iv., p. 343, pi. xx. ; Grueber, Rom. Med., p. 62, pi. xlvii., No. 4.) 2. Obv. IMP. C. P. LIC. VALERIANVS P. P. avg. Bust of Valerian I. to 1., laureated with the paludamentum, and armed with a sceptre surmounted by an eagle. Rev. conc. . . . Busts facing each other of Gallienus, laureated, aud of Valerian II., bare. cab. of iioffmann. zE. Med. (500 fres.). (Cohen, Med. Imp., p. 343.) 3. Obv. CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM. Busts facing each other of Gallienus, laureated with cuirass, and Valerian II. bare with paludamentum and cuirass. Rev. adventvs avgg. Valerian I., Gallienus, and Valerian II. on horseback to left, preceded by Victory and accompanied by five soldiers ; behind three ensigns, aud on the ground two captives seated, their hands tied behind their hacks. Paris. zR. Med. (600 fres.) (Cohen, MM. Imp., 1st ed., vol. iv., p. 461, pi. xix. ; cf. vol. v.. Errata of vol. iv.) Valerianus aureus mentioned in a letter of Gallienus (Treb. Poll. Claud. 1 7) as the name of one of the gold coins, probably the double triens, in circulation in the third century. Valerius [val. Valerius .] VALERIVS ACISCVLVS, moneyer towards the end of the Republic. [Valeria gens.] VALERIVS CATVLLVS, moneyer of Au- gustus. [valeria gens.] VALET.— HOC VALET AD BIBERRIVM. Uncertain object, Obv. p. (? b.) m. Head of Tiberius to r. A curious lead published by 842 VALETVDINE. Garrucci after Millingeu (Rev. Num., 1862, p. 416, pi. xv.. No. 7), illustrating the following passage of Suetonius (Tib. 42), “ In castris, tiro etiam turn, propter nimiam vini aviditatem, pro Tiberio, Biberius ; pro Claudio, Caldius ; pro Nerone, Mero vocabatur,” and, alludiug to Tiberius’ fondness of wine, Garrucci suggests that the P. M. is probably B. M., Biberius Mero. VA1EV- (Yaleludinis) on a silver coin of the Acilia gens , struck about B.c. 54, by the moneyer Mauius Acilius. Obv. salvtis. Head of the goddess Salus to r, laureated, with neck- lace and earrings. Rev. |W- ACiLrvs iiivie vale"V . The goddess Valetudo standing to L, leaning on a column, and holding in her r. hand a serpent. (Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. i., Acilia No. 3 ; Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 497 ; vol. iv., p. 65, pi. xxxi.. No. 8.) This type recalls the Greek word auiopai to heal, from which the Acilia gens might have borrowed their name, more especially as it is recorded (Plin., Bat. Hist., xxix., cap. i.) that the first Greek doctor who came to Rome obtained leave to open a shop in the cross-road Acilia (prinium e Mcdicis veuisse Romam Peloponueso Archagathum Lysanite (ilium, L. jErailio, M. Livio Cobs, anno urbis dxxxv [u.c. 219], eique jus Quiritium datum et tabernam in compito Acilio emptam oh id publiec). The head of Salus on the obverse is that of the goddess to whom C. Julius Bubulius dedicated a temple in b.c. 304 (Livy, ix.,43 ; x.,1; cf. Plin., Nat. Hist., xxxv., 4), and it also occurs upon coins of the Junta gens, struck by Silauus about b.c. 89 — 88. It seems likely that the same goddess — Salus and Valetudo — is represented on the obverse and reverse of this denarius [ Vhletudo .] VALETVDINE. On a gold coin of the Antis- tia gens, struck by C. Antistius Vctus, moneyer of Augustus, with L. Mescinius Rufus and L. Vinicius in b.c. 16-15. Obv. c. antisti. vetvs iiivir. AVinged bust of Victory to r. Rev. PKO VALETVDINE CAESARIS S. P. Q. R. Veiled priest, standing to 1., sacrificing before an altar and holding a patera ; an assistant at sacrifices (victimarius) is bringing to him a bull. (Vienna, 1500 fres. Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. ii., Antistia, No. 4 ; Med. Imp., 2ud ed., vol. i., p. 3.) Augustus was in these years (b.c. 16-15) absent in Gaul, and the vows of the Senate and Roman people were offered for his health and safe return, [mescinia gens.] Valetudo, (health), generally bears the same meaning as Salus, and from the coin described VAR. under valeV, where the goddess is represented, it would seem that these two goddesses were considered the same by the Romans, further corroborated from the fact that on certain coins of Augustus, struck in the same years, (b.c. 16-15), vows were made pro salute Ctcsaris and pro valetudine Casaris. Vallum the rampart of a Roman encamp- ment, composed of earth with sharp stakes inserted in it, and derived from va/lus a stake, is represented on the coins of the Numonia gens struck by Numonius Yaala in b.c. 43. The surname Vaa/a or Vala was given to him for successfully assaulting the entrenchment ( vallum ) of an enemy [numonia ; vaala.] It is thought that the form of a vallum may be seen on the coins of Licinius I., Constantine I. and II., &c., bearing the legend virt. or yirtvs exerc., in any case this type seems to re- present a camp on the top of which is stand- ing the sun raising the r. hand and holding a globe. Vandals. The following is the list of the Vandal kings in Africa: — I. Genseric, a.d. 427, no coins. II. ITuncric, a.d. 477, no coins. III. Gunthamund, a.d. 484, silver and copper ? coins. IV. Thrasa- mund, a.d., 496, silver coins. V. Hilderic, a.d., 523, silver and copper coins. VI. Gclimir, a.d. 530, silver and copper coins. For a full description of the types and their explanation see Friedlandcr, Miinzen der Vandalen and C. F. Kcary, Num. Chron., n.s., 1878, vol. xviii., pp. 137—149. VANE. [ V inesia.] Vanesia, a town of Gaul, close to the Ausci and the passage of the Baise. The following coin is attributed to it : — Obv. Female head to 1. Rev. vane. An eagle with wings expanded; in the field, two pentagons and three circles with pellets in the centre. J5. (Akerman, Coins of Cities and [ Princes, p. 132.) VR (Varo), on denarius, quinanus, and quadrans [see WO] struck perhaps by Caius Tcreutius Varro in B.C. 216 [terentia gens ] ; and ou coins of Tiberius struck at Turiaso — t. svlp. q. VR Q- PONT. PI LA. (Pontio Pi/ato) aed. mvn. tvri. [vl, NT, Pii. and mvn also joined.] (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. i., p. 204, No. 172.) VAR. ( VarioJ , on a second brass coin of Augustus of an uncertain colony, c. var. Kvr. sex. ivl. pol. iivir. q. Caio Vario Rufo, Sexto Julio Pollione Duumviris Quin- quennalibus. (Eckhcl, vol. vi., p. 132.) IflG. (Vargunteius), on denarius, semis, triens, quadrans, and sextans of Mnreus Vargunteius, [varovnteia gens.'] The as attributed by Cohen (Med. Cons. p. 326, No to this moneyer has been shown to have been misread VRG. instead of VRO (Varo), and belongs to the Terentia gens. (Mommsen, Mon. Horn., vol. ii., p. 325.) VATRANIO. VARGUNTEIA GENS, a family completely unknown. The coins of Vargunteius were probably issued about b.c. 134-114. Obv. m. \ffic. (Marcus Yargunteius.) Head of Pallas to r. with winged helmet ; before Rev. ROMA. Jupiter in a quadriga to r., holding laurel branch and thunderbolt. There are also existing specimens of the semis, trims, quadrans and sextans with m. Wo., and marks of their value. The as given by Cohen with M. Wo. should be read Wo. [sec W'O VARI, on brass coins of Augustus, struck at Achulla Bvzacemc, by the proconsul of Africa, P. Quinctilius Varus, in b.c. 7 — p. Qijinctili. vari. achvlla. The name ofAGttippA, which has been read by some on these coins in the place of that of achvlla, has been shown to be erroneous. (Muller, Num. de I’Anc. Afnque, vol ii., pp. 44 — 46). VARIO, on brass coins of Germanicus and Caligula, struck at Corinth — germ, caesar pvlchro in. vario nviR. (Cohen, Mid. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. i., p. 229, No. 8.) Varius, a name of the Emperor Elagabalus, fiomhis father, Sextus Varius Marcellns, but it does not occur upon his coins, [elagabalvs.] WO. (Yaro), on the as, semis, triens, sextans, and uncia, struck perhaps by Caius Tcrcntius Varo, in b.c. 216 [sec W and terentia gens], and on coins of Augustus struck at Bilbilis Tarraconcnsis — mvn. avgvsta bilbilis m. SEMP. TIBERI. L. MCI. Wo 1IVIR [mvn, av, mp also joined.] (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd cd., vol. i., p. 152, No. 640.) VARO, on brass coins of Augustus, struck at Ca;sar Augusta Hispaniic — caesar avgvsta c. sabino P. varo nviR, and on brass coins of Tiberius, struck at Clunia Hispanise — si. LVCR. TER. E. (sic) C. CAI.P. VARO AED. ci.vni Tte joined.] (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd cd., vol. i., p. 154, No. 670 ; p. 201, No. 132.) VARRO PRO. Q. (Yarro pro Quastore). Bust of Jupiter Terminalis bearded with diadem to r. on a base. Rev. magn. pro. cos. Sceptre between a dolphin and an eagle. Eli. (12 fees.) [eagle.] A coin of Pompey the Great as- signed by Cohen to the year b.c. 67, but it has been with more probability attributed to b.c. 49. (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 533 ; Lcnor- mant, La Mon. dans V Anliq., vol. ii. p. 307.) [terentia gens.] Cohen (Med. Cons., pi. xxxix., No. 5), publishes a specimen with the legend varro. pro. q., and the bust of Jupiter on both obverse ar.d reverse. VARVS. Sec vibia gens. VATRANIO on coins of Augustus struck at Corinthus Arhairc. a. vatranio labeone 5 P 2 V BERTAS SAECVLI. 843 I iivir. (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. i., p. 161, Nos. 758-764.) VBERITA. AV. Cow to r., milked by a female seated. Obv. imp. caravsivs p. f. a. Best of Carausius to r., lanrcated, with imperial I clojk, holding a sceptre surmounted by an eagle; 41. (Brit. Mus., 300 fres.) A variety in the Hunter Museum reads on the obverse imp. i caravsivs avg. Bust, holding a globe. VBER1TAS AVG. Same reverse type. Obv. IMP. CARAVSIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Carausius to r., radiated with paludamentum. 41. III. (30 fres.) VBERITAS AVG. Fertility standing to 1., holding a purse and cornucopia: on silver coins of Trajan Deems, Etruscilla, Herennius, Hos- tilian, Trebonianus, and Volusian. VBERITAS AVG. Fertility standing to 1., holding a bunch of grapes (?) and a cornucopia:, on gold and billon coins of Gallienus and on copper coins of Claudius II., Quintillus, Tetricus 11., and Tacitus. VBERITAS AVG. Female figure standing to r., holding a standard and giving her hand to a soldier who holds a spear, on silver and copper coins of Carausius (300 fires. — 40 fres.) VBERITAS AVG. Fertility standing to 1., holding bunch of grapes (?) and a cornucopia:. Obv. imp. tetricvs P. f. Avo. Head of Tetricus I. to r., laurcatcd. N- (300 fres.) V BERTA. AVG. Cow to r., milked by a female seated ; in the exergue it. s. r. Obv. imp. caravsivs avg. Bust of Carausius to r., lau- rcated with paludamentum. 41. (300 fres.) VBERTAS AVG. Fertility standing to 1., j holding bunch of grapes (?) and a cornucopia: | on billon or copper coins of Gallienus, Postumus, Victorinus I., Tetricus I., Tetricus II., Tacitus I and Florian. Ubertas (or on coins sometimes Uberilas) Fertility. This goddess, it null have been seen, is described sometimes as holding “a purse,” sometimes “ a bunch of grapes (?).” The late Abbe Cavedoni considered the object to be a “cow’s udder” (uber), as also upon certain coins of Vespasian and Titus with the legend pax avg. (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd cd., vol. i., p. 390, Nos. 297-299, ]j. 440, Nos. 131-133). M. Cohen and M. De Witte both adopted this opinion, but M. Henri de Longperier has conclusively shown, from researches made into the different forms of purses, that the goddess Fertility holds a purse of money, and that the object on the tripod of the coins, with pax. avg., is also a purse. M. De Witte has consequently returned to the original explanation, which I have little, or any, doubt is the correct one (cf. De Witte, Rev. Num., 1869, pp. 133-136.) VBERTAS SAECVLI. Female figure standing holding a balance and cornucopia:, Obv. Constantin vs P. F. avg. Bust of Con- stantine I. to r., with cuirass. JE. III., from Randuri after Hardouin (20 fres.) A variety is given by Tanini, having the obverse legend FL. VAL. CONST ANTI NVS NOB. CAES. 841 VBIQVE PAX. VBERTAS SAECVLI. Three female figures standing each holding a balance and a cornucopia! ; in the exergue s. tr. Obv. Con- stantin vs nob. c. Head of Constantine II., laureated. vE. III., from Tanini (20 frcs.) VBI. [Ubiii] Vbii. A people of Gaul, having for their capital Colonia Agrippina (Cologne.) The following coin is attributed to them. Obv. NIDI. Head tor.; before a star. Rev. VBI. Horse galloping to r.; in the field, a star and three circles, .51. (Aker man, Coins of Cities and Princes, p. 1 68.) VBIQ. (Clique), on second brass coins of Nero, — PACE P.R. VBIQ. PARTA IAN VM CLVSIT. S. c. — Also on the Contorniates with the head of Nero (Sabatier, Med. Contorn., pi. xvii, 9 ; Cohen, Med. Imp., 1st ed., vol. vi., p. 562, No. 26.) VBIQVE PAX. Victory in a biga gallop- ing to r., holding a whip. Obv. gallienae AVGvstae. Head of Gallienus to 1., crowned with reeds. N . (300 frs.) Bil. (60 frcs.) VBIQVE PAX. Same reverse type. Obv. galuenvs avg. Head of Gallienus crowned with ears of corn (?). PJ. from Bandurt, da Musee du grand due de Toscane (250 frcs.) VBIQVE PAX. Same reverse type. Obv. oau.iknvs p. p. avg. Head of Gallienus crowned with grass (?). p T . from Tanini, du Muste du grand due de Toscane (250 frcs.), or crowned with cars of corn (?). Bil. Musee de Vienne (40 frcs). The following remarks have been made on these curious coins by M. Cohen (Med. Imp., 1st ed. vol. iv., p. 416, note) ■. — “ There are few coins which have exercised and puzzled scholars more than these. The names of gallienae avovstae accompanying a head which is without dispute that of Gallienus, the crown in a particular form which seems to be a crown of cars of corn, the extra- ordinary legend of the reverse, vbiqve pax, when the State was rent by dissensions, revo- lutions, and misfortunes of every kind, all has contributed to make one believe that this coiu conveyed a satire against Gallienus, whose weakness and little anxiety about public mis- fortunes caused him to be regarded as a woman. Eckhel, in a very lengthy treatise, finished by ranking himself of the opinion of Barthclcmy, who has declared that “ these coins were the ornament of n cabinet and the despair of antiquaries.” hi. Ch. Lcuormnnt in his Trisor de Numitmatique et de Gtyptique, has decided in favour of Vnillant, who main- tained that this coin was ironical ; moreover, he has sought to prove, putting aside altogether the importance which might be attached to the VBIQVE PAX. kind of crown which adorns the head of Galliemi3, since it is seen upon others of his coins, — to prove, I say, that this coiu, according to its weight, which is that of the gold coins of Postumus, must have been struck by this usurper to turn him into ridicule. Certainly, it is very probable that the coin in question is satirical ; it is necessary, however, to guard oneself against believing too easily in satire as a fact on money having a public circulation. Thus, I believe to have shewn, volume iii., page 663, iu the note, that the coin of Faustina II., which has on the reverse venf.ri victrici, could not have a sense which impaired her honour ; in reality, Faustina, in spite of some errors of tempera- ment, was far from deserving a public insult, which, besides, Marcus Aurelius would not have allowed, especially from the Senate, as the letters s. c. testify. But here the case is not the same. Gallienus only inspiring contempt because of his cowardice and weakness, the claimants to the empire, could very well strike and circulate money which, iu default of other means of publicity, exposed to broad daylight all his wickedness, and it is for that that they would have made him ridiculous in naming him galliena. As to the crown it is an error that it has been described by many authors as a crown of ears of corn ; it by no means resembles it. Hardouin has considered it as a crown of grass ; Tanini likewise ; Pellcrin, whose manu- script catalogue exists in the Cabinet des Medailles has called it Corona Arundmea (crown of reeds), and, really, if one compare s it with that which adorns the head of Arethusa upon the large medallion of Syracuse oDe will see that it is exactly similar. Now, could its satirical character be upheld iu regarding, it, either as being of grass, or as being of reeds ? There would be no doubt in my opinion of the crown of grass, since this was considered in tho time of the Roman republic as the most honour- able of all. Looked upon as a crown of reeds (as it is), besides that one could well iu derision ornament the hair of Gallienus as that of a nymph, M. Chabouillet, keeper of the Cabinet des Mddailles, puts forth the very plausible opinion that iu the same manner as the Jews offered out of derision to Jesus Christ a reed by way of a sceptre, (a proof that the ancients gave sometimes an ironical meaning to the reed), those who wished to turn Gallienus into ridicule could well crowu him with reeds in place of laurels. It is true that this same crown is met with upon three other coins of Gallienus, which have for the reverse: fides militvm, victoria avo., and p.m. tr. p. vii. (Gallienus standing between two rivers). But who knows if these were not satirical also, although less openly ? In short, will anyone tell me how to explain the coin of Gallienus with this reverse VBIQVE pax, and combined with the proper legend and head ? To that 1 will answer that if tho legend of the head is sometimes serious, the crown is never; aud that as out kuows 845 VEGE. that satire is not begun by hurling at j first its keenest shafts, one may perhaps con- clude that these coins have followed the follow- ing order of issue, which would have been a gradation in their satirical signification: 1, p.m. tr. p. vii. ; 2, Victoria avo., where Gallienus is crowned by Victory ; 3, fides MILITVM; 4, vbiqve fax (these four coins with the simple crown of reeds) ; 5, lastly, victoria avg. {mid. 596), and vniquE fax (with the crown of reeds and the name of gallienae AVGVSTAE.)” VBIQVE VICTOR. Constantine I. in mili- tary dress, laureated, standing to r., holding a spear and a globe, between two captives seated on the ground , in the exergue p. Tit. [Prima Treveris.) Obv. constantinvs p. f. avg. Head of Constantine I., to r., laureated. AT. (100 frs.) VBIQUE VICTORES. The Emperor in military dress standing to r., holding a spear aud a globe, at his feet on each side a captive seated ; in the exergue, P. tr. (Prima 'Treveris) ; on gold coins of Maximinus II. Uaza (200 fres.) ; Licinius I. (200 fres.); Constantine I. (in exergue p.r. or tr. 100 fres. ; Quin. 100 fres.), Crispus (in exergue tr. Tremissis 500 fres.) ; aud Con- stantine II. (in exergue smts medallion 500 fres. ; in exergue tr. 200 fres.) V. C. Vir Consularis [vabalathvs.] V. C. R. IM. D. R. Vir Consularis Rom- anorum Imperator Dux Romanorum [vara- LATHVS.] VCCETIO. [Uceiia.] Vcetia, a town of Gaul, known from Roman remains found there, and from the inscription VCETIAE, on a stone found at Niines. Now TJzes. The following coin is attributed to it : — Obv. vccetio. Head of Apollo to r. Rev. A lion walkiug to 1., above a branch. iE. (Akerman, Coins of Cities and Princes, p. 151.) VCVC (?) within a crown. Obv. con- stantivs caesar. Head of Constantius Chlorus to r. Ht. (Cohen, Mid. Imp. 1st cd., vol. v., p. 562, No. 68 from Banduri, du musee Farnese, 30 fres.) [sec xevi.] \£ (Venusia), on certain early brass pieces struck at Venusia Apuliic (Mommsen, Mon. Rom. vol i., pp. 349—354, vol. iv., p. 14, pi. xv.; Cat. of Greek coins in the Brit. 31 us. Italy, pp. 148—153.) [ Venusia .] YE. VEll or VERO. [Veromandui(] Veromandui, a people of Gaul. The modern Vermandois. Coins are — 1. Obv. ver. Horse tor.; above, a wheel, in the field, a symbol. Rev. ve. A lion to r. ; monogram and C. iE. 2. Obv. vero. Horse galloping to r. ; above a wheel. Rev. ve. A lion to r. ; behind io. M. (Akerman, Coins of Cities and Princes, p. 169.) VEGE. (Vegeto) or (^GETO, on brass coins of Tiberius, struck at Turiaso — mario VEGE. LIC I. CUES. MVN. TVRIASO AED. [MA joined] — m. poet, mauso c. mari \£geto VEN. tivilt MVN. TVIt. [NT, AR, MAR, MVN and TVR also joined.] (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. i., p. 204, Nos. 173, 171.) Vehicu/atio or mnnus vehicularium was the office of providing horses, mules and conveyances, along the roads of the Empire for persons travelling upon public business. VElITCVLATIONE ITALIAE REMISSA. Two mules feeding liberated from their yokes, which appear in the background ; in the exergue s. C .(Senahis consulto.) Obv. imp. nerva caes. avg. p.m. tr. p. [or tr. p. ii.] cos. hi. p.p. Head of Nerva to r., laureated. -E. I. (20 fres.) It is evident from this coin that Nerva, in a.d. 97, relieved the people of Italy from this oppression, though his biographers have made no meution of the fact, subsequent writers assigning the merit of establishing posts to Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, by whom the plan was only perfected and completed. VEIBIVS VAARVS, see vibia gens. Velatum caput, veiled head, [consecration.] VELITER. Veliternis. SODALI VELI- TER. EEL. GERANO CURA. EEL. Soda IV bus Veliternis feliciter Gerano Curatori fell - cater, on a lead (Garrueci, Rev. Num., 1862, p. 416):— EEL. MVNICIPI VELITER EEL. VENA. VELIl'ER. Feliciter Municipibus Veliternis feliciter Juvenalia Veliterna, on a lead (Eckhel, vol. viii., p. 319.) VEN. TVSC. Venus Tusculana. Obv. Venus, regarding in a mirror and arranging her hair. Lead. (Garrueci, Rev. Num., 1862, p. 425.) Venatio (hunting), the name given to an exhibition of wild beasts which fought with one another and with men, who were called Bestiarii. This was a favourite entertainment with the Romans (see Smith, Did. of Anti q., s. v. venatio), and is represented on family coins [Zivineia], on Imperial coins of Severus aud Caracalla (Madden, Num. Chron., 1861, N.s., vol. i., p. 101) [laetitia avgJ, and on some cf the Coutorniatcs (Sabatier Mid. Contorn., pi. iv., No. 1 ; pi. ix. and x.. No. 1) [contor- niate coins.] VEN. (Veneranda), on small brass coins of Constantine I., struck after his death — ivst. VEN. MEM. Justa [ solula ] venerand < ? memories. VEN. (Ventidio), on brass coins of Nero, struck at Corinth — p. ven. frontone iivir. cor. (Cohen, Mid. Imp., 2ud ed., vol. i., p. 306, Nos. 398 — 400) [ventioio.] 810 VENERI FELICI. VEMERI GENETRICI. VEND. (Vcndumniano) im. c. v. af. gat,, vend, volvsiano avg. Imperaton Caio Vibio Afinio Gallo Vendumniano Volusiano Augusto [VOLVSIANUs]. \£f£ — L. \£ hE. Name of a Roman magistrate on semis of Piestum Lucaniac, a Roman colony founded cire. b.c. 273. VENER. AVG. Health, standing to 1., feed- ing a serpent, which glides out close to an altar, and holding a sceptre. Obv. imp. caravsivs p.f, avg. Bust of Carausius to r., radiated, with the puludamenlum. IE. III. (Hunter Mus. 20 fres.) VENER. VICTOR. Venus, half naked, standing to r., holding an apple and a palm, and leaning against a column. Obv. ivlia domna avg. Bust of Julia Domna to r. .51. (3 fres.) VENER. VICTRIX (sic.) Venus, standing to 1., holding a helmet and a spear, and lean- ing on a shield. In the exergue s. p. Q. R. ( Senatus Fopulusque Romanus.) Obv. gallienvs avg. Bust of Gallicnus to r., radiated, with the patudamentum and cuirass. Bit. (3 fres.) VENERAB. or VENERAN. on a small brass coin of Constantine I., struck after his death — I VST. VENERAB... or VENERAN. . . [MEM.] Jusla [solvin'] Veneranda Memorise. VENEREM GENETRICEM. Venus stand- ing to 1., holding an apple and a sceptre. Obv. corn, salonina avg. Bust of Saloniua to r., diademed with the crescent. Bil. (15 frs.) VENERI AVGVSTAE S. C. (Senatus Con ■ sullo). Venus standing to r. or 1., throwing her robe on her shoulders with her r. hand, and holding an apple. Obv. favstina avovsta [or avg.] antonini avo. Pii p. P. Bust of Faustina I. to r. JE. I. and II. (8 or 3 frs.) VENERI AVGVSTAE. Venus standing to r., raising her veil, and holding an apple. Obv. favstina avg. antonini avg. p. p. or favstina avgvsta. Bust of Faustina I. to r. X. (60 frs.) VENERI AVGVSTAE. Venus seated to 1., holding a victory and a spear. Obv. favstina avgvsta. Bust of Faustina II. to r. X- ( Mionnet , 150 fres.) yR. ( Wiczay , 20 fres.) VENERI FELICI S.C. A dccastyle temple, in the middle (sometimes) a statue of Venus ; on the pediment three figures standing between two seated ; on the top of the pediment, a figure seated between two figures kneeling ; at each corner of the pediment a Victory holding a diadem. Obv. antoninvs avg. pivs p.p. tr. p. cos. hi. Head or bust of Antoninus l’ius, laurcatcd to r. /E. I. (c to 12 fres.) Struck in a.d. 140 — 143. A second brass coin of similar type has the head radiate. (Wiczay, 10 fres.)' VENERI FELICI. Dove to r. Obv. favstina avg. antonini avo. pii fid. Bust of Faustina II. to r. X- (Brit. Mus., 80 fres.) VENERI FELICI. Venus standing to r., holding a sceptre aud an iufaut. Obv. ivlia mamafa avg. Bust of Julia Mamma to r. with diadem. X . (Musee de Vienne, 800 I fres.). /R (c). yR. Quin. (Vai/lant, 30 fres.) VENERI GENETRICI. Venus standing facing, holding a Victory, who carries a trophy, and placing her 1. hand on a large shield, resting on a helmet. The shield is adorned with the head of Medusa, nnd a sceptre rests on her 1. arm. Obv. hadrianvs avg. cos. ill p.p. Bust of Hadrian, bare, to r. [or head bare to 1.] with paludamentum aud cuirass. X- (60 fres.) VENERI GENETRICI. Same type; hilt on the shield /Eneas earning Anchiscs and holding his son by the hand. Obv. hadrianvs avg. cos iii. p. p. Head of Hadrian to r., bare, /E. Med. (Coll, de M. le Comte Tyskietcich, 600 ficsj VENERI GENET S.ICI (on some speci- mens GENTRICI). Venus standing to r. lifting her robe on to her shoulder with her 1. hand and holding an apple. Obv. sabina avgvsta, Bust of Sabina to r., diademed, jR. (2 fres.) VENERI GENETRICI S.C. Same type. Obv. SABINA AVGVSTA IIADRIANI AVG. P. P. Bust of Sabina to r. or to 1. diademed. JE. I. (8 fres.) Second brass coins ciist with the obverse legend sabina avgvsta. (4 fres.) VENERI GENETRICI S.C. Venus stand- ing to 1., raising the r. hand and holding a shield. Obv. m. avrel. antoninvs avg. p.m. Head of Marcus Aurelius to r. /E. I. (12 fres.) VENERI GENETRICI. Venus standing to 1 1., holding an apple and a sceptre. Obv. favs- tina avg. [or avgvsta] pii avg. fil. Bust of Faustina II. to r. X ■ (Brit. Mus. 50 fres.) VENERI GENETRICI. Venus standingto 1., holding an apple and an iufaut in swaddling \ clothes. Obv. favstina avo. [or avgvsta] antonini avg. pii fil. Bust of Faustina II. to r., sometimes with diadem. X- (Brit. Mus., \ 50 frs.) VENERI GENETRICI S. C. Same type. Obv favstinae avo. pii avg. fil. Bust of Faustina to r., sometimes with diadem. /E. I. (c) ; JE. II. (c.) The type of Venus Genetrix, as M. Cohen remarks (Med. Imp., 1st cd., vol. ii., page 602, note 3), holding an iufaut in swaddling clothes, occurs also with that of Juno Lucina, ns may be seen on the coins of Lueilla and Julia Mamma. On the coins of this latter the legend instead of bciug ivnoni lvcinae is ivno. AVGVSTAE VENERI GENETRICI S. C. Venus stand- ing to 1., holding a Victory, and leaning on a shield placed on a helmet (?) Obv. favstina avgvsta. Bust of Faustina II. to r. JE. 1. (c.) VENERI GENETRICI S.C. Venus stand- ing holding a Victory (?) nnd leaning on a shield. Obv. lvcillae avo. antonini avg. f. Bust of Lueilla to r. /E. I. (Brit. Mus., 10 fres.) VENERI GENETRICI. Venus standing to i 1., holding a patera and a sceptre. Obv. VENERI VICTRICI S. C. ivlia avgvsta. Head of Julia Domna to r., K. (200 frcs.) VENERI GENETRICI. Venus standing to 1., holding a sceptre. Obv. ivlia pia FELIX avg. [or ivlia avgvsta.] Bust of Julia Domna to r. Mi. (c to 3 frcs). A similar type occurs in M. 1. (8 frcs.) VENERI GENETRICI. Venus standing to 1., holding an apple and a sceptre. Obv. corn. Salonika avg. Bust of Salonina to r., diademed, with or without crescent. M • (Brit. Mus., 600 frcs). Bil. (c.) VENERI VICT. ( Victrici .) Venus stand- ing to 1., holding an apple and a sceptre. Obv. ivlia domna avg. Bust of Julia Domna to r. M. (5 frcs.) VENERI VICTR. (Victrici.) Venus half naked standing to r., holding an apple and a palm, and leaning on a column. Obv. ivlia avgvsta. Bust of Julia Domna to r. N. (200 frcs.) VENERI VICTRI. (Victrici.) Venus standing to r., holding up her dress, and holding au apple. Obv. imp. nvmerianvs avg. Bust of Numcrian to r., laureated. MS. III. Quin, from Banduri (20 frcs.) VENERI VICTRICI. Venus, half-naked, standing to r., leaning on a column and holding a spear and a helmet. Obv. favstina avgvsta Bust of Faustina II. tor. JR. (5 frcs.) VENERI V1CTRTCI S. C. Venus, half- naked, with the features of Faustina II., stand- ing to r., trying to hold Mars, naked, helmeted, standing to 1., who holds a shield and sometimes a parazonium. Obv. favstina avgvsta. Bust of Faustina II. to r. MS. II. (12 frcs.) On this coin M. Cohen makes the following remarks (Med. Imp., 1st ed., vol. ii ., p. 603, note ; 2nd cd., vol. iii., p. 156, note) : “ This type has much tried the ingenuity of antiquaries. The old Numismatists have thought that this was a satirical coin of which the reverse made allusion to the weakness that Faustina had for gladiators. The distinguished English author, Addison, a very eulighteued amateur of coins, seems, in his Travels in Italy to participate in this opinion up to a certain point. Eckhel re- gards the interpretation as stupid (ineptam et jam nunc nemini creditam). Caroni, on the contrary, in his description of the coins of the Musee Hedervar, frankly describes this reverse ‘Faustina holding back the gladiator Narcis- sus.’ In my opinion Venus on this coin is undoubtedly represented with the features and with the head-dress of Faustina ; but I regard as absurd the idea that a satirical coin respect- ing the Empress, and consequently offensive to the best of Emperors, could ever have been struck under the authority of the Senate. So, whilst recognising Faustina on this piece, I sooner believe that the moueyer wished to pay homage to this princess, who, by her charms, knew how to retain her valorous husband, by borrowing from mythology the names of Mars and Venus, and from sculp- ture the attitude in which the ancients were accustomed to represent these two divinities.” VENI. 817 VENERI VICTRICI S. C. Venus stand- ing to 1., holdiug a Victory and leaning on a shield on w hich is represented Castor and Pollux (?), Obv. Same bust and legend as previous coin. MS. I. (c) ; MS. II. (Musee de Lane- marc, 6 frcs.) VENERI VICTRICI. Venus standing to 1., holding a small Victory and a spear, and leaning on a shield placed on a helmet. Obv. antoninvs pivs avg. germ. Bust of Cara- calla to r., radiated, with paludamentwn and cuirass. Mi. (3 frcs.) VENERI VICTRICI. Venus standing to 1., holding a helmet and a sceptre, and leaning on a shield. Obv. gallienvs avg. Bust of Gallienus to r., radiated, with paludamentum and cuirass. Bit. (c.) VENERI VICTRICI. Venus standing to 1., holding a Victory and a globe. Obv. imp. nvmerianvs p. f. avg. Bust of Numcrian to r., laureated, with the cnirass. M . (200 frcs.) VENERI VICTRICI. Venus, diademed, standing to r., raising her robe on her shoulder, and holding a globe. Obv. magnia vrbica avg. Bust of Magnia Urbica, diademed, to r. iV. (500 frcs.) VENERI VICTRICI. On gold and brass coins of Galeria Valeria [Valeria.] VENERIS FELICIS. Venus, seated, to 1., holding a small Cupid and a spear : in the exergue, sometimes a globe. Obv. hadrianvs avg. cos. in. p.p. Head of Hadrian to r., bare, or sometimes draped. M ■ (40 frcs.) Ml. (2 frcs.) VENERIS KAR. (Veneris Kartliago.) On a brass coin of Carthago Zcugitaiue, struck before the reign of Augustus — KAR. VE- NERIS. Tetrastyle temple of (?) Jupiter or of (?) Baal ; on the pediment an eagle. Obv. aristo mvtvmbal. ricoce svf. (? Safes or Sufetes.) Two heads, jugate, bare (? J. Caesar and Augustus.) MS. Carthage probably took the name of Veneris after Astarte, the tutelary deity of ancieut Caithage, and who was iden- tified by the Romans with Venus (Muller, Num. de V Anc. Afrique, vol. ii., pp. 140 — 152.) The names Mutumbal and Ricoce arc Phee- uician ; Aristo appears to be Greek, though it occurs on inscriptions with other Punic names (Gesenius, Mon. Phoen., pp. 411, 418 ; 396 note, 401 ; plate 16.) VENETO. On contorniatcs, with heads of Alexander and Trajan, and of the miscellaneous class — domninvs in veneto. Victorious charioteer in quadriga facing. The legend domninvs in veneto applies to the Victo- rious charioteer in the blue faction ( Veneta), as the Lominus IN prasino was in the green. The colours of the other factions were white (alba) and red (russata.) (Sabatier, Mon. Contorn., pp. 35, 37, pi. iii.. No. 10 ; iv.. No. 2 ; Cohen, Med. Imp., 1st ed., vol. vi., pp. 553, 575, 589.) VENI. On gold (?), silver, and billon coins of Carausius — expectate yeni. 848 VENVS. VEfJIDI. ( Venlidius. J On silver coins of Marcus Antonius (500*frcs.) — P. YEfJIDI. PON. IMP. (Publius Venlidius Pontifex Imperator), struck in n c. 39 — 38, when Vcn- tidius repulsed the Parthians and killed Labicuus [babba.] VENTIDIA GENS, a family of low extrac- tion. Publius Veutidius Bassus was originally a seller of mules, but afterwards became tribune, pontiff, praetor, consul, and imperator as the coin mentioned above under ve nidi proves. VENTIDIO. On brass coins of Nero, struck at Corinthus Achai® — p. ventidio fbontone iiviK COB. (duumviro Corinthi.) (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. i., p. 306, No. 401.) [ven.1 VENTIPO. Helmetcd figure standing to 1., holding a spear, terminating in a sort of trident (F). Obv. Helmetcd head (? Mars) to 1. JE. A coin of Veutisponte, a town Of Hispania Ba-tic®. Florez cites inscriptions with EQvrrrvs ventiponensis and eqvitia ven- TIPONeSsia. (Eckhel, vol. i., p. 32.) VENUS, the goddess of love, is frequently represented both on family and Imperial coins. [iylia gens ; CORNELIA gens ; vibia gens.) Venus Erycina [ebvc. aud Considia gens ] is represented on coins of Considins Nouianus, struck between B.c. 74 — 50, and her temple shown, the worship having been introduced from Eryx in Sicily. The epithets upon Im- perial coins are Caelestis, first occurring under Elagabalus, Felix and Genet fix first under Hadrian, and Victrix first under Faustina II. VENVS [V3NVS jie.] S. C. Venus stand- ing to 1., holding an arrow and a bow. Obv. diva avgvsta PaystIna. Bust of Faustina I., veiled to r. /E. I. (25 fres.) Struck out of Rome. VENVS. Venus standing to 1., holding an apple and a rudder, sometimes placed on or en- twined by a dolphin, or on a dove, or holding a dove and a sceptre, or an apple or a sceptre, or an apple alone, or an apple and lcauiug on a column. Obv. favstina [or favstinae] avg. rn avg. f. [or fil] or favstina avgvsta, Bustof Faustiun II. tor. X. (40 to 150 fres.) 31. (3 fres.) Similar types in JE. I and II (c.) with obverse legend sometimes FAVSTINA avg. ANTONINI AVG. PIl. FIL. VENVS. Venus, diademed, standing to r., with the face of Faustina II., holding a sceptre and an apple betweeu Cupid seated ou a Triton and a Triton. Obv. favstina avg. fii. avg. fil. Bust of Faustina II. to r. jE. Med. (250 fres.) [venebi victbici s. c.] VENVS. Venus standing to 1., holding an apple and a sceptre, or a Victory and leaning on a shield. Obv. lvcillae avo. antonini avg. f. or lvcilla avgvsta. Bust of Lucilla to r. A T . (130 fres.) 3t. (c.) Same types in M. I. and II. (10 fres. — 3 fres.) VENVS. Venus standing to 1 , holding a sceptre, and placing her r. arm round the neck of a naked Cupid without wings, stauding to r. who holds au arrow and a scarf (?) ; to the r. a lighted altar. Obv. lvcillae avo. VENVS FELIX. ANTONINI avg. f. Bust of Lucilla to r. /E. Med. (300 fres.) VENVS C. I. C. APAM. D.D. (Venus. Colonia Julia Concordia Apameia Becrelo Be- curionum,) Venus on a dolphin, holding in r. hand the helm of a rudder, and in the 1. the acrostolium. Obv. imp. m. avr. commodvs antoninvs. Head of Commodus laurcatcd. JE. II. Struck at Apameia Bitbyui® (Cohen, 2ud ed., vol. iii., p. 369.) VENVS C. 1. C. A. AVG. D. B. (Venus. Colonia Julia Concordia Apameia Augusta Becreto Becurionum). Venus standing. Obv. ivl. domna avg. Bustof Julia Domna to r. /E. II. Struck at Apameia Bithyni® (Cohen, 2nd ed., vol. iv., p. 131.) VENVS S. C. Venus seated to 1., holding a Victory, sometimes without wings, and a sceptre ; Victory holds a diadem with both hands. Obv. lvcillae avg. m. [sometimes omitted] antonini avg. f. or lvcilla avgvsta. Bust of Lucilla to r. 32 I. and II. (5 fres — 3 fres.) VENVS. Venus standing to 1. holding an apple and raising her robe, or an apple and a sceptre. Obv. crispina avgvsta. Bust of Crispins to r. X- from Cay/us (300 fres.) ; 31. (3 fres.) ; 32. II. (3 fres.) VENVS AVG. Venus, half naked, standing leaning oil a column and holding a helmet and a sceptre. Obv. ivlia avgvsta t. jorTlTi] avg. [or avgvsti] f. Bust of Julia, diademed, to r. J&. (30 fres.) A similar type, but Venus holds a spear, occurs on a silver medallion of Domitia, struck in Asia (120 fres.) VENVS AVG. Venus standing holding a globe (? a helmet) and a spear, and leaning ou a shield. Obv. imp. c m. avr. clavdivs avg. Bust of Claudius II. to r., radiated. .E. III. from Banduri (10 fres.) VENVS AVGVST. On a silver coin of Julia Titi, of same type as that described under VENVS AVG. VENVS CAEL. (Calestis.) Venus standing — on a coin of Elagabalus from Ameth, Synopsis. M. VENVS CAELESTIS. Venus standing to 1., or seated to 1., holding an apple and a sccptr* ; in the field a star, or at her feet n child. Obv. ivlia soaemias avg. Bust of Julia Sommias to r. or to 1. X ■ (if existing 1000 fres.) .31. (3 fres.). 3i. Quin. (60 fres.). 32. II. (5 to 25 fres.) VENVS CELEST. ( Celestis .) Venus standing to 1., holding an apple and a sceptre. Obv. magnia vriiica avg. Bust of Magma Urbicu to r., diademed with crescent. 32. III. (20 fres.) VENVS FELIX. Venus, diademed, seated to 1., holding n small Victory, who holds a sceptre or n diadem mid a sceptre. Obv. favstina avgvsta. Bust of Faustina II. to r. /R. (6 fres.). 32. Med. (300 fres.) On .E. I. and II. (c) Vcuus holds a child and a sceptre, aud the obverse legend is sometimes diva favstina pi a. VENVS GENETRIX. Varieties of this type occur on coins of Crispina — under seat of Venus a dove. GV. 300 fres. ; iR. without dove 3 fees.; /E. T. and II. 6 and 3 fres.); of Aquillia Severa — in the field a star. (iE. I. 200 fres.) ; of Julia Mamma. (.ft. from Wiczay 3 fres.; /E. I. and II. c.) Venus holding a statuette and a sceptre ; — and of Salonina. (Jf. 600 fres. ; Bil. c.) VENVS FELIX. Venus standing to 1., holding an apple, or an apple and a sceptre. Obv. ivlia avovsta. Bust of Julia Domna to r. JR. (c.) /R. Quin. (25 fres.) iE. I. and II. (8 and 3 fres.) Varieties of this type occur on coins of Plautilla, (/It. Quin. GO fres.) ; ofGallicnus (Bil. 3 fres.) ; of Salonina — Venus holding sceptre and child (Bil. c.); and of Severina (/E. III. 3 fres.) VENVS FELIX. Venus seated to 1., hold- ing a globe and a palm ; in the exergue tr. ( Treveris .) Obv. favstae nobilissimae feminae. Bust of Fausta to 1. /R. Quin. (200 fres.) VENVS GENETRIX. Venus standing to 1., holding a victory and leaning on a shield, at the foot of which are two javelins. Obv. FAVSTINA avgvsta. Bust of Faustina II. to r. AT- (100 fres.) iR. (3 fres.) On the shield Castor and Pollux (?) and beneath sometimes an infant. VENVS GENETRIX. Veuus seated to 1., holding victory and sceptre. Obv. favstina avgvsta. Bust of Faustiua II. to r. /It. (6 fres.). VENVS GEVETRTX. Venus seated tol., holding an apple and a sceptre ; at her feet Cupid standing. Obv. lvcilla avgvsta. Bust of Lucilla to r. iE. I. (10 fres.) Varieties of this type occur on coins of Septimius Scvcrus of Syrian fabric. (/It. 10 fres.); — of Julia Domna (jV- 200 fres.; /It. c.), sometimes with observe legend ivlia pia FELIX AVG. VENVS GENETRIX. Venus seated to 1, offering an apple to a child and holding a spear. Obv. P. SEPT. GETA CAES. PONT. Bust of Geta, to r., bare, with paludamentum. /It. plated from Wiczay and Musee de Vienne. VENVS GENETRIX. Venus seated to 1., holding globe and sceptre. Obv. ivlia pavla avg. Bust of Julia Paula to r. /R. (10 fres.) VENVS GENETRIX. Venus seated to 1, holding a patera and a sceptre. Obv. sall. barbia okbiana avg. Bust of Orbiana to r., diademed. /It. (80 fres.) VENVS GENETRIX. Venus standing hold- ing an apple and a spear. Orbiaua. /It. from Wiczay (80 fres.) VENVS GENETRIX. Venus stauding to 1., holding an apple and a sceptre ; at her feet a child. Obv. ivlia mamaea avg. Bust of Julia Mamma to r., sometimes with diadem. (800 fres.) /It. (c.) 5 Q VENVS VICTRIX. 849 Similar types occur on coins of Salonina (JV. 600 fres. Bit. c. Bil. Quin. 30 fres. /E. I. and II. 12 and 6 fres.); and of Magnia Urbiea. (/E. III. 50 fres.) VENVS GENETRIX. Venus standing tol., holding an apple and a sceptre. Obv. magnia vrbica avg. Bust of Magnia Urbiea to r., with diadem. Jf. from Wiczay (500 fres.) iE. III. (20 fres.) \ENYS VICT. (Victrix). Veuus standing to 1., holding helmet and sceptre (or a spear) ; at her feet Cupid stauding ; sometimes in the field P or in the exergue M. S. Obv. salonina avg. Bust of Salonina to r. diademed with crescent. Bil. (c). VENVS VICTRIX. Venus with the face of Faustina II. standing to 1., holding a small Victory and a spear resting on a helmet ; on the shield Romulus and Remus suckled by the wolf. Obv. FAVSTINA AVGVSTA. Bust of Faustina II. to r. N- (100 fres.) There are also large brass coins of similar type, but repre- senting Venus herself, and sometimes on the shield Castor and Pollux (c). [See veneri victhici s. c.] VENVS VICTRIX. Venus standing to 1., holding Victor)' and leaning on a shield. Obv. lvcii.l v avgvsta. Bust of Lucilla to r. /R. (6 fres.) /E. III. (10 fres) VENVS VICTRIX. Venus standing to L, leaning against a column, and holding a helmet and a sceptre. Obv. crispina avgvsta. Bust of Crispina to r. N . (300 fres.) VENVS VICTRIX. Venus seated to 1., holding a statuette and a spear. Obv. crispina avgvsta. Bust of Crispina to r. /It. from Wiczay. VENVS VICTRIX. Venus standing to 1., holding a small Victory and a spear, and leaning on a shield placed on a helmet. Obv. antoninvs PIVS avg. germ. Bust of Cara- calla to r., laureated or radiated with paluda- mentum and cuirass. jV. from Wiczay (150 fres.). JR. (c). /E. I. with obv. legend m. avrel. antoninvs, etc. (10 fres.) /E. II. (4 fres.) VENVS VICTRIX. Venus standing to 1., holding helmet and sceptre, and leaning on shield ; at her feet on cither side a seated captive. Caracalla. /II. (3 fres.) VENVS VICTRIX. Venus standing to 1., holding an apple and a palm, and leaning on a shield, before her Cupid standing holding a helmet. Obv. plavtilla avgvsta. Bust of Plautilla to r. A T . (600 fres.). /II . ( 4 fres.). iE. I. (800 fres.). JE. II. (12 fres.) VENVS VICTRIX. Venus seated to 1., holding globe and sceptre. Obv. ivlia pavla avg. Bust of Julia Paula to r. /II. (10 fres.) VENVS VICTRIX. Venus standing to 1., holding a helmet and sceptre ; at her feet a shield. Obv. ivlia mamaea avg. Bust of Julia Mamma to r., with diadem. Jtf. Quin. (700 fres.) /E. I. and II. (c.) VENVS VICTRIX. Venus standing to 1., holding a helmet and a sceptre, and leaning on 850 VER. a shield. Obv. imp. gordianvs pivs pel. avg. Bust of Gordianus III. to r. Jf. Quin, from Caylus (300 frcs.) JR. (c.) A similar type may be found on the coins of Valerian I. (Bil. 3 frcs. jE. II. from Vaillant 12 frcs.), of Gallienus, (Bil. c.), of Salouina (Bil. c.) ; and of Magnia Urbica, (rE. III. 10 frcs.) VENVS VICTRIX. Venus standing to r., holding palm and helmet, and leaning against a column. Oiv. Salonika avg. Bust of Salouina to r., with diadem. Jf. from Caylui, (600 frcs.). Bil. bust with crescent (c.) VENVS VICTRIX. Venus standing to 1., holding an apple and a palm, and leaning on a shield. Salouina. Bil (c.) VENVS VICTRIX. Venus standing to 1., holding a helmet and a spear. Salonina. N . from Banduri (600 frcs.) Venusia, a city of Apulia, captured by the Roman Consul L. Postumius in fl.c. 262, and shortly afterwards made a Roman colony, a rank which it held under the Empire. Cicero had a villa there, and it was the birth-place of Horace. The following coins are attributed to Venusia (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. i., pp. 349- 354, vol. iv., p. 14., pi. xv. ; Cat. of Greek coins in the British Museum. Italy, pp., 148-153) : — -'Es grave. Libral system ; As, Quincunx, Tnens, Quadrans, Sextans, TJncia. Uncertain system ; Sextans without and with monogram uncertain denominations with mon. \£ . Struck. Coins. Trieutal system ; Quadrans without mon., Sextans, uncia and Semuncia with mon. \£ . Sextautal and Uncial systems ; Nummus, Quincunx, Quadrans, Sextans and Sescuncia with mon. \£ ■ VER. (Vents), on coins of Maximus — C. ivl. ver. maxi MVS caes. Caius Julius Vents Maximus Casar. VER. (Vergilius ?), gar. (Garvilius ?), oc\£\ (Oculnius ?) or ver. 0( V. • gar. Mo- ncyers on coins struck about B.c. 81, and usually attributed to the Vergi/ia, Garvilia and Oculnia families. The reading gar. (instead of car.) has been definitely established by Borghesi (Dec. iii., 6 ; (Euvres comp/., vol. i., p. 206). Mommsen is of opinion (Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 451, note) that the three names arc three surnames (cognomina), and that conse- quently one must erase from the list of monetary families the Carvilia or Garvilia, the Gargonia, the Oculnia, the Vergilia, or Verginia, but he allows that the legends are not any the less difficult to complete. The following varieties of the legends may be found : — (a) gar. ocvl. ver. (b) GAR. VER. OCVL. (c) OCVL. OAR. VER. (d) OCVL. VER. GAR. (e) VER. OAR. OCVL. (f) VER. OCVL. OAR. (g) Without legend and without name of moncyer. Denarii. The legends a, d>, c, d, e, occur upon the VERO. denarii, and a, b, e, d, e, f, on the asses. Sometimes on the as the ar of car. is joined. The denarii a, b, c, and d, exist with the countermark of Vespasian [ves.] See carvilia gens, where a specimen of the ordinary type is engraved. RGILIV. (Vergilius) on a brass coin of Pmstum. — A. \£roiliv. a. K (for v) hvir. Aulus Vergilius Auli filius duumvir. (Eckhel, Cat. Mus. Cas. I., p. 25, Nos. 14, 15, pi. i., fig. 9.) VERINA (jElia), wife of Leo. I. (a.d. 457- 474), by whom she had two daughters, one Ariadne, married to Zeno (of whom there are extant coius), the other Leontia, married to Marcian, son of Anthemius. After the death of her husband she assisted at the coronation of her grandson, Leo II., the son of Ariadne und Zeno, to whom Leo I. had bequeathed the kingdom, but who died the same year. Yerina conspired against Zeno and was banished and confiued in the Fort of Papurius in Cilicia, from which place she was released by the consul Illus about a.d. 484, who defeated the army of Zeno near Autioch, and was induced to crown Leontius, an officer of the army, at Tarsus. Illus, however, soon sent Yerina back to Papurius, where she shortly afterwards died. The following coins of JElia Yerina are in existence : — 1. Obv. AEL. VERINA [or *|eRINa] AVG. Bust of Veriua to r., diademed, crowned by a hand. Rev. victoria avqqq. a or b or o or 0. Victory standing to 1., holding a long cross. In the field to r. a star ; in the exergue conob. M . (250 frcs.) 2. Obv. ael. verina Avo. Bust of Verina to r. Rev. Cross in a laurel crown. In the exergue conob. M . Tremissis. (150 frcs.) 3. Obv. Same as No. 1. Rev. sai.vs reipvblicae. Victory seated to r., before a pillar, surmounted by a shield, on which she is drawiug the monogram of Christ. In the exergue con. rE. (80 frcs.) Verissimus, a title of affection bestowed upon Marcus Aurelius by Hadrian (Xiph. ex. Dio. L. lxix., $ 21.) It docs not occur on Latin coins, but on a piece struck at Tyra Sarmatiie, on which is the bead of Marcus Aurelius, may be read the legend rhpiccimoc kaicap. Accord- ing to llerodian (I, 2.) Aunius Yerus was also called Pypunripos. VERITAS (sic.) AVG. for vberitas avo., on coins of Trajan Dcciua and Etruscilla. VERO. On a brass coin of Lucius Vcrus, struck at Parlais Lycaonia; — L. avrei.io vero. (Eckhel, Sylloge I., p. 53, pi. v., fig. 11.) VERUS. VERRIO. On brass coins of Augustus struck at Caisar Augusta Hispanise — caesar avgvsta C. AI.LIARIO [or C. ALLIAR. or ALLIAR.] X. verrio iivir. (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. i., p. 153, Nos. 654 — 656.) Verus. A name of -.Elms Ccesar (Lucius Aurelius Verus), of Marcus Aurelius (Annius Verus), of Maximiuus I. (Caius Julius Verus), and of Maximus (Caius Julius Verus.) VERVS (Anuius), son of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina II. was born in a.d. 163, and was made Casar in a.d. 166, together with his brother Commodus. lie died at Pncneste in a.d. 170 at the age of seven years. No Roman coins of Annius Veius with his head alone exist, though Cohen has suggested (Med. Imp., 1st ed., vol. i., p. 464) that some third brass coins (Nos. 17, 18), with the head of an infant may give a representation of him. There are, however, some accompanied by the head of Commodus; 1. Obv. commodvs caes. vervs caes. Busts of Commodus and Verus facing, bare, with paludamenlum. Rev. temporvm felicitas. The four seasons repre- sented by four children ; the first (Spring), naked, bears on his shoulders a basket ; the second (Summer), naked, holds a fair and ears of corn; the third (Autumn), naked, holds by its legs a fawn and a patera of fruit ; the fourth (Winter), hooded and wearing tunic, holds a hare and a stick, from which hang a brace of birds (?). E.. Med. (700 fres.) 2. Obv. ANNIVS VERVS CAES. ANTON1NI AVG. FIL. Bust of Annius Verus to 1., bare, with paluda- menlum. Rev. COMMODVS CAES. ANTONINI avg. fil. Bust of Commodus to r., bare, with paludamenlum. jE. I. (1200 fres.) — The head on the Latin coins, probably struck at Parium, with the legend vervs et favstina avg., attributed by Cohen (Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. ii., p. 413) to Antoninus Pius, Anuius Verus, and Faustina II., is considered by the editors to be more probably that of Marcus Aurelius. Greek coins of Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, Annius Verus and Commodus, and of Marcus Aurelius, Annius Verus and Commodus are known (Cohen, Med. Imp., 1st ed., vol. ii., p. 576.) VERUS (Lucius), whose original name was Lucius Ceionius Commodus, to which was added /Elius Aurelius and perhaps Antoninus, son of JElius Verus, was born at Rome in a.d. 130. After the death of Antoninus Pius in a.d. 161, he received the titles of Caesar and Augustus, and was raised to the joint sovereignty by Marcus Aurelius, his brother by adoption. After being betrothed to Lncilla, the daughter of Aurelius, he started in a.d. 161 for Syria to fight Vologeses III., King of 5 Q2 VERUS. 851 Parthia. Having succeeded by means of big generals in conquering Parthia, Mesopotamia, arid Armenia (as recorded on'his coins), and rein- stating the King Soiemus on the throne (re- presented on coins), he returned home in a.d. 166 to celebrate a triumph with his brother, receiving the titles of Armeniacus, Parthicus Maximus, and Medicus, the first two of which occur frequently upon his coins, and the third only once on a large brass coin, with the reverse legend tr. pot. vi. imp. iii., &c. His mar- riage with Lucilla had taken place in a.d. 164. Later the tw r o emperors started to prosecute the war in Germany, and in a.d. 168, returned to Rome. The following year, however, on again starting to join the army, Verus was seized with apoplexy and died at Altinum, a city of Venetia. Lucius Verus was three times Consul, received the Tribunitia Potestas nine times, and was five times Imperator. The principal reverse legends are — Silver medallions : — salvs (in exergue) tr. pot. v. imp. ii. cos. ii. (400 fres.) Gold Coins: — armen (in exergue) tr. p. hi. [or mi.] imp. ii. cos. ii. (45 fres.) ; concordiae avgvstor. tr. p. cos. II. Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius standing shaking hands (35 fres.); cong. avg. mi. tr. p. vii. imp. ini. cos. iii. (40 fres.) ; fort. red. tr. pot. cos. ii. or tr. p, viii. imp. v. cos. iii. (35 fres.) ; herc. pac. tr. p. nn. imp. ii. cos. ii. (100 fres.) ; lib. avgvstor. tr. p. cos. ii. Lucius Verus and M. Aurelius, seated (100 fres.) ; pax (in exergue) tr. p. vi. imp. nil. cos. ii. (35 fres.); PROFECTIO AVG. TR. P. II. COS. II. Verus on horseback (60 fres.) ; prov. deor. TR. P. COS. II. (40 fres.) ; REX. ARMEN. dat. (in exergue) tr. p. nil. imp. ii. cos. n. Verus seated on a stage, behind him a prmtorian pricfect ; in front a soldier ; at the foot of the stage, the King Soiemus standing (100 fres.) ; salvti avgvstor. tr. p. in. cos. ii. (35 (fres ) ; tr. pot. cos. i. Verus and Aurelius seated (100 fres.); tr. pot. cos. ii. (Quin. 120 fres.) ; a variety of types with tr. p. iii. IMP. II. COS. II. to TR. P. VIII. IMP. V. COS. hi. (35 to 60 fres.; Quin. 120 fres.); vict. avg. tr. p. vi. cos. ii. (45 fres.) Silver Coins : — armen. (in exergue) tr. p. iii. imp. cos. ii. (3 fres.); concord, avg. cos. ii. (c) ; consecratio (12 fres.) ; cos. ii. (5 fres.) ; FORT. RED. TR. P. VIII. IMP. V. COS. III. (C.) ; LIB. AVG. III. TR. P. VI. COS. II. (6 fres.) ; pax (in exergue) tr. p. vi. imp. nn. cos. ii. (c.), pietas avg. tr. p. vi. cos. ii. (3 fres.) ; prov. deor. tr. p. cos. ii. (c.) ; a variety of types with tr. p. iii. imp. II. COS. II. to TR. P. VIII. IMP. V. COS. III. (c.) ; vict. avg. tr. p. vi. cos. ii. (3 fres.) Brass Medallions : — adlocvt. M. Aurelins and Verus standing on a stage, accompanied by a prmtorian priefect haranguing five soldiers (400 fres.) ; Armenia (in exergue) tr. p. viii. imp. nn. cos. in. — sometimes Armenia alono — Lucius Verus galloping to r., and directing his spear against an Armenian ; two soldiers stand- ing (600 fres.) ; cos. iii. Rome, helmeted. 852 VESP. seated, and Victory standing crowning her; Lucius Verus standing presenting an olive wreath (200 fres.) ; felicitas (?) saecvi.i (150 fres.) ; various types with the legend tr. p. vi. imp. mi. cos. in. to tr. p. viii. imp. v. cos. in. (300 to 500 fres.) ; various types without legend (250 to 300 fres.) Brass coins : Legends and types similar to those of the gold and silver (2 to 200 fres.), consec ra- tio. Lucins Verus seated in a quadriga of elephants (30 fres.) Brass medallions and first and second brass coins of M. Aurelius and Verus (400 fres. — 100 fres.) and Greek coins of Aure- lius, Faustina II., and Lucius Verus, struck at Sagalassa, and of Aurelius, Lucius Verus, Annius Verus, and Commodus, struck at Syros, are in existence. Coins of Lucius Verus were struck in the following colonics : — Coela Chersonesi ; Cassandrea Macedonia ; Coriuthus and Patras Achaise ; Parium Mysite ; Parlais Lycaonite ; Antiochia Pisidite ; Ciesarea Samarite ; A'di a Capitolina Judaea:, and Berytus Phoenicia:, gene- rally with head of M. Aurelius. VES. Vespasianus. — IMP. VES. Imperalor Vespasianus or sometimes vespas. (in mono- gram) Vespasianus, a counter-mark of frequent occurrence on family denarii, notably the Sergia, Porcia, Servilia, Carvilia and Plancia families. (Mommsen, Mom. Rom., vol. ii., pp. 361, 397, 451, 496 ; cf. M. Bahrfcldt, Contremarken Vespasians auf Romisc/ien Familiendenaren in the Zeitschrift fiir Num., 1876, vol. iii., pp. 354 — 374) ; and on legionary denarii of M. Antony and coins of Augustus, The counter- marks imp. gal. (Imperalor Galba) and imp. otuo as well as imp. ves. were stamped by the army of Syria, and vespas. by the army of Mcesia always on the portrait of Nero (Lenor- mant, La Mon. dans VAntiq., vol. ii., p. 390), but as q rule the countermarks were placed to avoid the head of the Emperor. Counter- marks cease generally about the reign of Vespa- sian. VES. (Vespasianus), on coins of Vespasian, of Vespasian with Titus (ves.) and Domitian, of Domitilla I. struck after her death, and of Titus. VES. or VE$. [Vestini.'] VESP. Vespasiani. caesares vesp. avo. fili. Casares Augusti Vespasiani filii, on coins of Vespasian ; — avg. vesp. libeui imp. Augusti Vespasiani Liberi Imperatoris on coins of Vespasian with Titus and Domitian ; — vesp. avg. Elfl (sic ) caesekks (sir). Vespasiani Augusti Liberi (?) Cetsares (Titus and Domitian standing) on coins of Vespasian ; imp. t. caes. Divi vesp. f. avg., &c., Imperalor Titus Casar Divi Vespasiani JUius Augustus, &c., on coins of Domitilla I., struck to her memory by Titus; caes. divi [avg.] vesp. f. &c. Casar Dim [Augusti ] Vespasiani JUius, &c., on coins of Domitian. VESP. Vespasiano. — divo avg. vesp. S. P. Q. R. Diro Augusto Vespasiano Senatus Poputusque Romanus on coius of Vespasian struck alter his death by Titus in a.d. SO; mvo VESPASIANVS. vesp. Divo Vespasiano on silver medallion of Domitian, struck in Asia in a.d. 80. VESP. (Vespasianus), on coins of Vespasian and Titus. VESPA. (Vespasianus), on coins of Ves- pasian and Vespasian with Titus and Domitian. VESPAS. Vespasiani. CAE. dvm. (sic) et ti. (sic) caes. imp. vespas. ( Imperatoris Vespasiani) ; liberi imp. vespas. Liberi Imperatoris Vespasiani on coins of Vespasian with Titus and Domitian. VESPAS. Vespasiano. mvo. avg. vespas. s. P. q. r. Divo Augusto Vespasiano Senatus Poputusque Romanus on coius of Vespasian, struck after his death by Titus in a.d. 80. VESPAS. (Vespasianus), on coins of Vespa- sian (Home) and of Titus struck at Sinope Paphlagoniic (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd cd., vol. i., p. 463, No. 408.) VESPASI. Vespasiani. imp. T. caesar divi vespasi. avg. Imperalor Titus Casar Divi Vespasiani Augusti, on coins of Titus. VESPASI A. Vespasianus. imp. caes. vespasia. avg. Imperator Casar Vespasianus Augustus, on brass coins of Vespasian, struck at Cassandrea Macedonia: (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. i., p. 420, No. 653.) Vespasia Pol/a, mother of Vespasian. No coins. VESPASIAN. (Vespasianus), on coins of Vespasian and Titus. VESPASIANVS. Vespasian standing to 1. in military dress, raising r. hand, and holding a spear. Obv. No legend. Head of the suu facing, radiated, /lx. (250 fres.) VESPASIANVS (Flavius), Romau Emperor from a.d. 70 — 79, was born in the country of the Sabines a.d. 9, his father being Flavius Sabiuus, a mau of low extraction, and his mother Vespasia Polla, the daughter of a Prtrfectus Castrorum. During the reign of Claudius he was employed in a military capacity iu Germany and in the Isle of Wight, and under *Ncro he was made Proconsul of Africa; and when the Jewish war broke out in a.d. 66 he was sent by Nero to tbc East, lie continued the Jewish war during the struggles between Galba, Otho and Vitellius, and towards the end of a.d. 69, on the death of Otho, he wni proclaimed Emperor at Alexandria, in Judtea, and soon after (A.D. 70), on the death of Vitellius, at Rome. In a.d. 71 his son Titus, who had been left to prosecute the Jewish war. Vespasianvs. returned to Rome, taking with him the spoils from the Temple at Jerusalem, and celebrated with his father a triumph. The Temple of Janus was closed, and Vespasian rebuilt the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which had been burnt during the troubles under Vitellins. The Temple is represented on coins. In a.tj. 72, owing to information received by Vespasian that Antiochus king of Commagene and his son Epiphaues were in treaty with the Parthian king, Commagene was occupied by P ictus, Governor of Syria, and made a Roman province. The murder of Sabiuus and his faithful wife Epponiua leaves a stain upon the memory of Vespasian, tic died in a.i>. 79, at the age of 69, having reigned nearly 10 years. His wife Domitilla and her daughter Domitilla died before he came to the throne, but his two sons, Titus and Domitian succeeded him in turn. Vespasian was nine times Consul, twenty times Imperator, and received the Tribunilia Polestas ten times. The principal reverse legends are : Gold Coins: — AETEUNITAS (45 fres.) ; AN NON A AVG. (35 to 40 fres.) ; caksares vesp. avg. hli. Titus and Domitian standing, from Caylus (200 fres.) ; CERES AVG VST. (50 fl’CS.) ; CONCORIHA avg. (40 fres.) ; consen. exercit. from Caylus (70 fres.); cos. desig. ill. tii, pot. (50 fres.) ; COS. ITER. TR. POT. (40 fres.) ; COS. III. FORT RED. (40 to 50 fres.); COS. III. TR. pot. (50 fres.) ; cos. v. or vi. or vii. or vin. (45 to 100 frs.) : de ivdaeis. Trophy (50 fres.) ; ex s. c. struck after his death (50 to 100 fres.) ; fortvna avgvst. (40 fres.) ; HISPANIA (80 fres.) ; IMP. V. P. P. cos. il. desig. ill, Rome standing, presenting a small Victory to Vespasian standing (150 fres.); imp. mil. Bull rushing (100 fres.); ivdaea (50 frs.) ; ivdaea devicta (50 fres.) ; mars vltor (40 fres.) ; NEP. red. (40 fres.) ; PACI AVGVSTI (40 fres.) ; PAC1 ORB. TERR. AVG- Turretcd bust of Peace (350 fres.); pax or pax avg. or avgvst. (40 to 300 fres.) ; roma (200 fres.) ; s. C. on a shield held by two capri- corns — struck after his death (45 fres.) ; s.p.q.r. (45 fres.) ; titvs et domitian. caes. prin. ivven. Titus and' Domitian seated ; or on horse- back (60 fres.) ; tr. pot. cos. iii. or vim. (40 fres.); tr. pot. x cos. viiii. (50 to 100 fres.) ; trivmp. avg. Vespasian in a quadriga crowned by Victory' ; in front a soldier and a captive, behind a llute player (300 fres.) ; vesta. Temple (50 fres.) ; vie. avg. (40 fres.) ; vict. avg., perhaps struck in Judaea (250 fres.) ; victoria avgvst. (40 to 120 fres.); No legend. Vespasian in a quadriga (60 fres.) ; Judsea seated at foot of palm tree ; behind, Vespasian standing (120 fres.) Silver Coins: — annona avg. (2 fres.) ; avg. in a laurel crown — sometimes “0 1 , struck at Ephesus (10 fres.) ; avg. ephe. in monogram (20 fres.) ; avgvr pon. max. or tri. pot. (2 fres.) ; ceres avgvst. (2* fres.) ; Concordia avg. sometimes in the exergue ephe. in mono- gram or •©«, struck at Ephesus (10 fres.) ; CONCORDIA AVGVSTI Or EXEKCITVVM (10 fres.) ; VESPASIANVS. 853 CONSEN. OI'CONSENSVS EXERCIT. (20frcS.); COS. ITER. PORT. RED or TR. POT. (2 fres.) ; COS. in. Eagle (20 fres.) ; cok. ill. fort, red (2 fres.) ; cos. v. or vi. or vii. or vin. (2 fres.) ; de ivdaeis (20 fres.) ; ex s. c. struck after his death (6 to 10 fres.) ; fides pvbl. (5 fres.) ; fortvna avgvst. (2 fres.) ; GENIVM p. R. (30 fres.) ; imp. xiii. Sow and three young (20 fres.); imp. xix. (2 fres.); imp. xix. Herdsman seated milking a goat (50 fres.) ; imper. Vespasian galloping to 1. (20 fres.) ; iovis cvstos (2 fres.) ; ivdaea (5 to 12 fres.); ivdaea devicta (15 fres.) ; liberi imp. avg. vespas. Titus aud Domitian stand- ing, on some in exergue epe., struck at Ephesus (12 to 15 fres.) ; LIBERTAS pvbuca (6 fres.) ; MARS CONSEKV. (50 fres.) ; MARS VLTOR (6 fres.) ; nep. red. (20 fres.) : paci avgvsta^:, sometimes in the field a star or epe., struck at | Ephesus (12 to 20 fres.); paci avgvsti (2 fres.) ; faci orb. terie. avg. Turreted bust of Peace; below ■9*, struck at Ephesus (20 fres.); pacis event. (50 fres.) ; pax avg. (6 to 40 fres.) ; pon. max. (3 fres.) ; pon. max. tr. p. cos. iii. or cos. v. or cos. vi. or cos. vii. (2 fres.); PONT. MAX. orPONTIF. maxim. (2 fres.); PONTIF. TR. P. COS. III. or COS. I1II. (6 fres.) ; PRINCEPS 1WENTVT. or PUINCIP. 1VVENT. (10 fres.) ; roma resvrgens. Vespasian standing, raising Pome kneeling (80 fres.) ; salvs. avg. (2 fres.) ; s. c. on a shield held by two capri- corns — struck after his death (6 fres.); s. P. Q. R. (2 to 6 fres.) ; t. caicsar. Titus in a quadriga (20 fres.) ; titvs et domitian caes. prin. iv. or caesaiies prin. ivven. Titus and Domi- tian seated (12 fres.); tr. p; ix. imp. c. , . (20 fres.) ; tr. pot. x. cos. viiii. (3 to 6 fres.) ; tri. pot. Vesta seated (2 fres., Quinarius ? 20 fres.) ; tri. pot. ii. cos. ill. p. p. (2 fres.) ; vespasianvs. Vespasian standing (250 fres.) ; vesta. Vesta standing (2 fres.) ; Temple (25 fres.) ; vie. avg. or victoria avg. (2 frcO ; victoria avgvst. or avgvsti. Quinarius (20 fres.); victoria imp. vespasiani (100 fres.); virtvs avgvst. (30 fres.) ; No legend. Ves- pasian in a quadriga (6 fres.) ; Judsea seated at the foot of palm tree; behind, Vespasian stand- ing (6 fres.) ; Two hands joined, holding the Roman -eagle between two military standards (20 fres.) Brass Coins: — aeqvitas avgvst. or avgvsti s. c. (rE. II. 2 to 6 fres.) ; aeternitas avgvsti s. c. (iE. II. 8 fiffs.) ; aeternitas p.k.s.c. Victory presenting the palladium to Vespasian (iE. I. 150 fres., iE. II. 30 fres.) ; annona avgvst. s. c. (iE. I. 6 fres.) ; caes. avg. f. des. [or desig.] imp. avg. f. cos des. [or desig.] it. [or ite. or iter.] [or cos. des. ii.] s. c. Titus and Domitian standing, holding spear aud parazonium (iE. I. 20 fres.) ; ceres avgvst. (-E. II. 3 fres.) — struck after bis death (iE. II. 20 fres.) ; concor. avg. s. c. (iE. I., 6 fres.) ; concord, avgvst s. c. (iE. II., 10 fres.) ; Concordia avg. or avgvst. or avgvsti (iE. I. and II. 2 to 6 fres.) ; concoudia senatvi (sic) s. c. Vespa- sian standing, holding Victory and branch, and 854 VESPASIANVS. crowned by a Senator (or the Genius of the Senate) who holds an olive branch (51. I. 200 fres.) ; COS. ITEE. FORT. RED. S. C. (51. II. 6 fres.) ; devicta ivdaea s. c. Victory standing, fixing a shield to a palm tree, at the foot of which Judaja is seated; on the shield s.p.q.k. (51. I. 40 fres.); felicitas pyblica s. c. (51. II. 2 to 10 fres.) ; fides exerci- tvvm s. c. (51. I. 10 fres.) ; fides fortvna s. c. (51. II. 50 fres.) ; fides pvblica s. c. (51. I. and II. 2 to 4 l'rcs.) ; fortvnae redvci s. c. (53. I. and II. 2 to 6 fres.) ; honos et virtvs s. c. (53. I. 15 fres.); imp. (t. caes AVG. F. DBS.?) IMP. DOMITIAN. AVG. F. COS. desig. II. s. c. Titus and Dornitian standing (53. I. 30 fres.) ; ivd. cap. s. c. (53. III. 10 fres.); ivdaea capta s. c. — variety of types (52. I. and II. 3 to 20 fres.) ; libertas aygvsti s.'c. (53. I. and II. 2 to 6 fres.); libertas restitvta s, C. Vespasian standing, raising Liberty, who kneels, and who is presented to him by Rome, iu military dress (53. I. 150 fres.) ; mars victor s. c. (53. I. 6 to 10 fres.) ; pax avg. [or avgvst. or avgvsti] s. c. (53. I. and II. 2 to 20 fres.) ; p.m. [or pon. m.] tr. p. p.p. cos. hi. [or v. or vi. or vm.] s. c. (El. III. 2 fres.); p. m. trib. pot. cos. mi. (3 fres); PON. MAX TR. POT. P. P. COS. V. CENS. (53. II. 10 fres.) ; FONTIF. MAX. ? TR. P. COS. VII. CENS. (53. III. 12 fres.); (pon. ? or pontif. max.) tr. pot. r.p. cos. vtiii. cens. s. c. Victory standing striking a bull with a hammer (,E. II. 100 fres.) ; PONTIF. maxim, s. c. (53. II. 2 fres.); princip. invent, s.c. Titus, or Domi- tiau galloping to 1 (53. II. 2 fres.) ; provident. s. c. (53. II., 2 fres.) ; redvci fortvnae s.c. (53. 11.2 fres.) ; RED VC IS FEI.ICITA. S.C. (51. 11. 8 fres.); Roma s. C. Rome seated leaning her back against seven hills, holding the para- gonium ; at the foot of the hills, a wolf suek- liug Romulus and Remus ; to the r. the Tiber seated (53. I. 150 fres.) ; roma s. c. Rome seated or standing (53. I. and II. 2 to 15 fres.) ; COS. ITERVM TRIliVN. POT. ROMA ET AVGVSTY'S. Home standing giving her hand to Vespasian (51. I. 100 fres.); roma resvrges s.c. Ves- pasian standing raising Rome kneeling, who is presented to him by Minerva (51. I. 100 fres.) ; roma victrix s. c. (53. 1. and II. 2 to 20 fres) ; salts avgvsta [or avgvsti] s. c Salus seated (51. I. 4 fres.) ; salvs avgvsti s. C. Salus standing (51. II 10 fres.) ; s. c. Various types, amoug them Vespasian in a quadriga to r. ; Vespasian, radiated, his foot placed on a prow, holding a Victory, at his feet a Jew kneel- ing and a Jewess running, behind, a palm ; Hcxastylc Temple (of Jupiter Capitolinus), iu the middle, Jupiter between Juuo and Minerva, on either side a statue, on the pedi- ment a statue between two figures, two gronps of wrestlers, standards, warriors, and at each corner an eagle (5. I. and II. 2 to 100 fres., 5. III. 2 fres.) ; secvkitas avgvsti s. c. (5. II. 3 fres.); signis receptis s.c. Victory presenting' a Roman eagle to Vespasian on a stage (51. 1. 100 fres.) ; spes avgvsta s. e. (51. I. 150 fres.); s. p. q. r. adsertori liberta- VESTA. tis pvblic. [or pvblicae] s.c. (51. 1. 40 fres.) ; S. P. <}. R. OB CIV. SER [or CIVES SERVATOS] s. c. (51. I. and II. 6 fres.) ; T. et dom. c. ex s. c. Titus aud Dornitian seated (51. I. 60 fres.) ; T. ET DOMITIAN. CAESARES PRIN. [or princ.] ivven. s c. Titus aud Dornitian on horseback (51. I. and II. 15 to 80 fres.) ; imp. . . . SAR DOMITIAN VS AVG. F. COS. DESG. (tic) II. s. C. Titus nnd Dornitian staudiug (51. I. 60 fres.) ; vesta s. c. (51. II. 3 to 6 fres.); victoria avg. [or avgvst. or avgvsti] s. c. (51. I. aud II. 2 to 100 fres.): victoria navalis s. c. (51. II. 2 fres.) Gold coins of Vespasian restored by Trajan (400 to 1200 fres.) ; Billon coins restored by Gallieuus (4 fres.) Coins of Vespasian were struck in the fol- followiug colonies : Cassaudrea, Stobi, Philippi Macedonia;, Antiochia Syria, and Berytus Phoenicia. VESPASIANVS (Flavius) [titvs.] VESPASIANVS IVNIOR was the son of Flavius Clemens, cousin-german of the Emperor Dornitian aud his colleague in the consulship a.d. 95, and of Domitilla, a relation of Domi- tian, perhaps the daughter of Domitilla II., the daughter of Vespasian. Dornitian had destined the two suns of Clemens as his suc- cessors, and discarding their former names, ordered one to be called Vespasian and the other Dornitian (Suet, in Bom. 15.) Flavius Clemens was however put to death during his consulship by order of Dornitian, and history is silent as to the fate of his two sons. The ouly coins existing of Vespasian Junior are Greek, stria k at Smyrna. Obv. OTEcriACIANOC N£nT£POC. Head to r., laurcatcd. lien. 2MTPNAIGN. Victory walking to r., bolding crown aud palm. 51. III. (100 fres.) VEST. (Vesta), on a denarius of the Cassia gens, probably struck by L. Cassius, quwstor iu B.c. 55, and Tribune of the people iu B.c. 49. Obv. Q. cassivs. vest. Veiled female head to r. lie v. A temple within which a curule chair ; in the field to 1. a voting urn, and to r., a voting tablet, on which arc the letters A (Jbsolvo) aud C (Condemno). 51. (8 fres., Cohen, Med. Cons. Cassia, pi. xi., No. 8 ; Mommsen, Mon. Bom., vol. ii., p. 503.) This coin was restored by Trajan (300 fres.) Vesta, one of the great Roman Divinities, the goddess of the hearth aud of fire, and identical with the Greek 'E 0P02 [victoria avgvsti] are, as Cohen remarks, (Mdd. Imp., 2nd cd., vol. v., p. 62), the only examples in the Roman coinage of a mixed inscription of Greek and Latin. They are also the only examples of the titles of Victoria armigera and Mars armiger. Froehner (Me- dallions Komaines, p. 188), docs not believe that a Greek inscription can be suitable for a Roman Temple, and considers that the Temple on the coin must have been erected either on the field of battle or in some city of Mesopotamia. Another reverse with mart, victor. (Marti Victor i) — Sacrifice before a round temple, on which 0EOT OriAOtOPOT is given by Ecklicl (Boot. Num. Vet., vol. vii., p. 314) from Vaillant, but Cohen states (Med. Imp., 2nd cd., vol. v., p. 63 note) that he has never met with it. VICTORIA AVG. (Augusti.) Victory, walking to 1., holding wreath and palm. Obv. IMF. [or IMP. C.] M. F. R. [or RV.] IOTAPIANVS avg. (Imperator Casar Marcus Fu/vius Rufus Iotapianus Augustus.) Bust of Iotapian to r., radiated, with cuirass, .At. (1000 fres.) Iota- pianus was tyrant in Svria, under Philip, a.d. 249. VICTORIA AVG. (Augusti.) On coins of Victorious and Victoria, [victoria.] VICTORIA AVG. (Augusti.) Vessel to r., commanded by the captain seated at the prow, with five rowers, at the poop the acroslolium [achostoi.ivm] and three military standards; at. the prow Victory standing, holding wreath and palm. Obv. constantinopolis. Bust of Constantiuopolis to 1., with helmet, laureated, wearing the Imperial roautle and holding a sceptre. iE. I. (120 fres.) These pieces are supposed to have been issued under Constantine I. and his sons. VICTORIA AVG. (Augusti.) Vessel to r., on the poo)) of which the Emperor, seated, five rowers and a Victory standing at the prow. The poop is ornamented with an acroslolium, and above are three military standards. Obv. constantinvs ivn. nob. c. (Junior Nobi/is Casar.) Bust of Constantine II. to r., lau- rcatcd. JE. Small med. (250 fres.) VICTORIA AVG. (Augusti) II. or III. or VI. or VII., or VIII. or VIIII., usual type, [ Victoria ] on gold (150 to 200 fres.) coins (11., HI., and VII.), and billon (c. to 6 fres.) coins (II., Ill, VI, VII, VIII. VIIII.) of Gallienus. victoria avg. HI. also occurs on third brass coins of Tetricus I. (10 fres.) VICTORIA AVG. (Augusti) inscribed by V ictory on a shield, which she is placing on a pedestal, on gold coins of Constantine I. with the legend votis v. mvltis x (80 fres.) VICTORIA AVG. ET CAES. (Augusti et Casaris.) The Emperor standing to r, in military dress, holding the tabarum and a laurel branch, and placing his foot on a captive, on VICTORIA AVGG. secoud brass coins of Magnentius from Banduri and IVe/zl (10 frcs.) and Deccutius from IViczay (10 frcs.) VICTORIA AVG. [or AVGG.] FEL. C Au- gust i Felicis or Augustorum Felicium.) Victory holding a wreath ; on the ground a shield on a base. On a gold coin of Cams from Mionnet (200 frcs.) VICTORIA AVG. LIB. ROMANOR. (Augusti. Libertas Romanorum.) Victory and Liberty standing, holding together a trophy ; Victory also holds a palm and Liberty a sceptre ; in the exergue PR. (Prima Roma), R. (Roma), rp. (Romte Prima), rq. (Rome Quarla), tk. (Treveris), smaq. (Signata Monet a Aquileia), &c., on gold frcs.), and second and third brass (8 frcs.) coins of Magueutius, aud on gold (Med. 800 frcs. — solidus 300 frcs.) of Deccu- tius. VICTORIA AVG. LIB. ROMANOR. (Augusti. Libertas Romanorum.) Magnentius standing in military dress to r., holding the labarum aud a brauch of laurel; to r. captive seated on the ground, his hands bound behind his back — on silver coins from Banduri (80 frcs.) and first, second, and third brass (c. to 6 frcs.) coins of Magnentius. VICTORIA AVG. N. (Augusti Nostri.) Various types of Victory [ Victoria ] on third brass coins of Probus (10 frcs.), secoud brass of Maxentius (3 to 20 frcs.), and brass me- dallions of Coustautius II. (100 frcs.) Some- times victoria avo. N». (sic) on brass medallions of Constantius II. (50 frcs.) VICTORIA AVG. (Augusti) NOSTRI. Victory walking to 1., holding wreath and palm ; behind, Constantius II. standing, holding globe aud spear — ou gold coins (80 frcs.) and brass medallion from D’Ennery (60 frcs.) of Con- stantius II. VICTORIA AVGG. (Augustorum.) With various types [ Victoria) on coins of Macrinus, Gordianus I., Gordianus II., Balbinus, Pupieuus, Philip I., Philip II. Trebouianus Gallus, Volusianus, Valeriauus, Gallieuus, Quietus, Tetricus I, Cams, Carus and Carinus, Carious, Numcrianus, Carinus and Numeriauus, Dioeletiauus, Maximianus Hercules, Constantius I. Chlorus, Galenas Maximianus, Constantiuus 1., Constaus I., Constantius II., Magnentius, Deccutius, Constantius Gallus, Juliauus II., Valentiniauus I., Valens, Gratiauus, Valentiuianus 11., Theodosius I., Magnus Maximus, Eugeuius, Houorius, Jovinus, Sebastiauus, Johannes, Valentiuianus III., Avitus, and Glyccrius. The same legend and types occur on the coins of the Byzantine series dowu to the time of llcraclius A.D. 641 . VICTORIA AVGG. (Augustorum.) I'our soldiers sacrificing at a tripod before the gate of a camp ; in the exergue sis. (Siscia), and a star, on gold (300 frcs.) aud silver (20 frcs.) coins of Diocletian aud silver coins (30 frcs.) of Constantius Chlorus. VICTORIA AVGG. (Augustorum.) Diocle- tianus and Maximianus Hercules standing facing each other, shakiug hands ; between them 5 S 2 VICTORIA AVGG. ET CAESS. NN. 867 Victory, standing facing, placing her hands on their shoulders. Obv. imp. c. c. val. diocLE- tianvs p. avg. (Imperator Casar Caius Va- lerius Dioeletiauus Pius Augustus.) Bust of Dioeletiauus to r., radiated with cuirass. iE. 111., from IViczay (30 frcs.) VICTORIA AVGG. (Augustorum.) Max- imianus Hercules staudiug to r., holding a spear and supporting, with another figure standing, a small Victory. Obv. imp. c. m. a. val. max- imianvs p. avg. (Imperator Casar Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Pius Augustus.) Bust of Maximianus Hercules to r., radiated. M. III. (20 frcs.) VICTORIA AVGG. (Augustorum.) Two Emperors seated facing, holding a globe ; between them generally a palm ; above a Victory facing ; in the exergue various mint marks, on gold coins of Valentiuianus 1. (20 frcs.), of Valens (25 frcs.), of Gratiauus (20 frcs.), Valentiuianus III. (20 frcs.) of Theodosius I. (25 frcs.) and of Magnus Maximus (35 frcs.) The mint mark on the coins of Magnus Maximus is sometimes avgob. (Augusta 72), and these were struck in London, a name of which was Augusta — “ Egressus tendensque ad Lundinium, vetus oppidum quod Augustam posteritas appellavit’ > (Amm. Marcell., xxvii., 8.) “ Theodosius vero . . . ab Augustd profectus, quam veteres appellavere Lundinium ” (Amm. Marcell., xxviii., 3.) For OB^=72 see valentinianvs i. VICTORIA AVGG. (Augustorum.) Military tiguie standing, holding a Victory and a spear. Obv. d. n. (Dominus Noster) kvgknivs p. f. avg. Bust of Eugenius to r., diademed. iE. 111., from IVelzl (40 frcs.) VICTORIA AVGG. (Augustorum.) Rome seated, holding a Victory, or globe surmounted by a Victory aud a spear; in the exergue various mint marks on silver coins of Honorius from D’Ennery (10 frcs.), of Jovinus from D’Ennerg (30 frcs.), aud of Sebastianus (300 frcs.) In the exergue of the coin of Sebastian are the letters kont.= Constantina — Arles. VICTORIA AVGG. (Augustorum.) Hono- rius, in military dress, standing facing, holdiBg a standard, on which vot. x. aud a shield, on which mvlt. xx., and placing his left foot on a captive : in the field HD. (Mediolani-MW'&u) ; in the exergue comou on gold coins of Houo- rius (60 frcs.), aud very similar type ou gold coius of Joviuus (200 frcs.) VICTORIA AVGG. (Augustorum.) Gly- ccrius standing facing, placing his right or left foot on a stool, and holding a cross and a globe surmounted by r a Victory ; in the field ltv. (Ra- venna) or md. (Mediolani) ; in the exergue COMOB. Obv. D. N. GLYCERIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Glycerius to r., diademed. M . (250 frcs.) VICTORIA AVGG. (Augustorum.) Con- staus I. on horseback to 1., preceded by Victory. Obv. constans p. F. avg. Bust of Constaus I. to 1., diademed. M. Contorniate. (Rare.) VICTORIA AVGG. ET CAESS. NN. (Augustorum et Casarum Nostrorum.) Vic- tory seated on arms, holding a shield, on 868 VICTORIA AVGGG. which VOT. xx. ; near her a trophy, at the foot of which a captive; in the exergue sibm. ( Sirmii ) or sunk. (Signata Moneta Xicome- dia.) Obv. Constantin vs P. f. avg. Head of Constantine I. to r., laureuted. N ■ (60 fres.) VICTORIA AVGG. NN. (Augustorum Xostrorum ) Victory walking to 1., holding a wreath and a palm on small brass of Liciuius I. (20 fres.), on silver (100 fres.) and small brass coins (10 to 12 fres.) of Constantine 1., on silver of Constans I. (30 fres.), and on small brass from Wiczay of Coustautius II. (4 fres.) VICTORIA AVGG. NN. (Augustorum Kostrorum.J Victory standing to r., placiug her 1. foot op a helmet, and attaching to a palm tree a shield on which VOT. x. Obo. Constantin vs max. (Maximus) avg. Bust of Constantine I. to 1., with the helmet orna- mented with a Victory and a cuirass, holding in the r. hand a spear and a horse by the bridle, and in the 1. a shield, on which is represented the Emperor on horseback. M. III. (30 fres.) VICTORIA AVGG. NN. (Augustorum Kostrorum.) Victory seated to r. on a cuirass, writing VOT. x. on a shield which she holds on her knees ; in the exergue sometimes const. ( Constantines- Arles. ) Obv. constans p. f. avg. Bust of Constans I. to r., diademed. JE. Wed. (100 fro.) VICTORIA AVGGG. ( Augustorum ), with various types [Victoria] on coins of Gratian, Valentiuian II., Theodosius I., llonorius, l’la- cidia, Constantine Ilf., Johannes, Valentiuian 111., Avitus, Majorian, Severus III., Enfcmia, Glycerius, Julius Nepos, and Romulus Augus- tulus. The same legend and types occur on the coins of the Byzantine scries down to the time of Mauritius Tiberius, a.d. 582-602. VICTORIA AVGGG. (Augustorum.) Armed figure, standing, holding in the r. hand a spear surmounted by a cross, and iu the left a small Victory, and placiug the r. foot on a helmet; to the 1. a shield. Obv. d. n. valentinianvs p. f. avg. Bust of Valcntinian I. to r., dia- demed. yE. I., from ilionnet (60 fres.) VICTORIA AVGGG. (Augustorum.) Two Victories, standing, facing each other, holding a wreath and a palm. Obv. d. n. theodo- sivs. p. f. avg. Bust of Theodosius I. to r., diademed. ,/E. III. (4 fres.) Similar type on iE. III. of Magnus Maximus, from Wiczay (5 fres.) VICTORIA AVGGG. (Augustorum.) Rome, helmeted, seated to 1., on a cuirass, holding a Victory on a globe, or a standard and a spear, on silver coins of Honorius (6 to 20 fres.), and Jovinus (30 fres.) VICTORIA AVGGG. (Augustorum.) The Emperor standing, placing his foot ou the head of a dragon, and holding a cross nud a globe surmounted by a Victory, in the field various letters rm. (Roma), rv. (Ravenna), md. (Me- diotani), &c. ; in the exergue comor, on gold coins of Valentiuiau 111. (25 to 50 fres.), Pe- trouius Maximus (400 fres.), Majuriau (50 VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. fres.), Severus HI. (30 to 40 fres.), and Anthe- mius (150 fres.) VICTORIA AVGGG. (Augustorum.) Theo- dosius II. and Valcntinian III., standing, facing, each holding a cross and a globe ; a hand crowns Valentiuiau III.; iu the field km. (Roma)-, iu the exergue comob. Obv. D. N. PLA. (Pla- cidius) valentinianvs p. F. avg. Bust of Valentiuian III. to r., diademed. jV- (100 fres.) VICTORIA AVGVST. or AVGVSTI, with various types [Victoria] on coins of Claudius, Nero, Vitcllins, Vespasian, Titus, Doinitian, Ncrva, Hadrian, Coin modus, Scptimius Severus, Alexander Severus, Maxiraiuus I., Gordian 111., Coustautinc I., Constans I., and Attains. The coins of Vespasian and Titus with this legend and the type of Victory writing on a shield ob. civ. SEit. (ob Cives Servatos) or vie. avg. (Victoria Augusti) attached to a palm, beneath which J ud.ea seated weeping, commemorate the conquest of Judasa. VICTORIA AVGVSTI S. C. Victory tur- reted flying to 1., and holding a diadem with both hands on brass medallions (250 fres.), and first brass coins (8 fres.) of Antoninus Pius. VICTORIA AVGVSTI. Same type as that described under victoria avg. (Gordian III.), but on the Temple ©EOS 0nA04>0P02. iE. Med. (500 fres.) VICTORIA AVGVSTI. Gordian III. on horseback raising the r. hand and holding a spear. Obv. imp. . . . gordianvs . . . Bust of Gordian III. to r., radiated. -#t. (30 fres.) VICTORIA AVGVSTI. Gallicnus iu military dress, standing, holding a globe and crowned by Victory behind him. Obv. gali.ienae avgvstae. Head of Gallienus crowned with ears of corn (?). Jf. (400 fres.) [vniqvE pax.] VICTORIA AVGVSTI. Turreted female (Constantinople), seated to 1., placing her foot on a prow, holding olive branch aud cornucopia:; and crowned by Victory stauding behind her and holding a palm. Obv. vict. (Victor) con- STANTINVS avg. Bust of Constantine II. to r., diademed. iE. Med. (250 fres.) [vie. or vict.] VICTORIA AVGVSTI N. (Xostri.) Usual types [Victoria], ou coins of Coustautius II. (A- Quin., 35 fres. ; M. Med., from Tan ini 10 fres.), Julian II. (-/It. 25 fres.), Jovian (.E. Med., from IViczay, 100 fres.); aud \ alcus (N ■ Quin., from Mionnet, 50 fres.) VICTORIA AVGVSTI NOSTRI. Constans I., holding spear and shield, walking and drag- ging a male captive by the hair, to r. a female captive kneeling, in exergue AQ. (Aquileia) and trophies. Obo. pl. ivl. constans pivs FELIX avg. Bust of Constans 1. to r., raising r. hand, and holding globe, on which a Vic- tory ; gold medallion of Constans I . of the weight of nine solidi, aod struck at Aquileia (Berliner Bliitter fiir Munz-Siegel-uitd- II a/i- penkunde, vol. iv., 1868; Frochncr, Medail- lons Romaines, p. 300.) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. Usual types [ Victoria] on coins of llostiiiun, Carinus, Lou- VICTORIA CAESAR NN. stantine I., Constans I., Constantins IT., Vetrauio, Magnentius, Decentius, Constantius Gallus, Julian II., Valentinian I., Valens, Gratian, Valentinian II., Theodosias I., Magnus Maximus, Victor, Eugeuius, llonorius, Con- stantins III., Johannes and Valentinian III., and on coins of the Byzantine series down to the time of Heraclius, a.d. 611. VICTORIA AV GVSTORV M S. C. Max- iminus I. in military dress, and Maximus in toga, standing, facing each other holding a Vic. tory ; behind each of them a soldier; between them two captives seated on the ground. Obv. maximinvs pivs avg. GERM. Bust of Maxirni- nus I. to r., lamented. J3. I. (50 frcs.) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. Philip I. and Philip II., standing, in military dress, hold- ing a globe on which is a Victory ; behind each of them a soldier standing. Obv. Con- cordia aygvstouvm. Busts jugate of Philip I. laureated and Otacilia diademed to r., facing the bust of Philip II. to 1., bare. zE. Med. from V aillant (400 *rcs.) A similar reverse type on brass medallions of Valerian I, (400 frcs.'' and on brass coins of Gallienus and Salo- ninus from Mionnct (300 frcs.) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. Victory half naked, seated on a cuirass, writing vot. v. mvi,. x. on a shield placed on a base ; in the field to 1. O ; to r. B ; in the exergue cons. ( Con- stantinopolis) on gold coins of Valentinian I. and Valens (30 frcs.) [Remarks on letters OB, $rc., under valentinianvs i.] VICTORIA BAEATISSIMORVM (sic) CAESS. ( Casarum.) Victory seated to r., on a cuirass, holding on her knee a shield, on which vot. x.; behind her a shield. Obv. CONSTANTIN VS IVN. NOB. CAES. Bust of Cou- stantine II. to r., laureated. yE. Med. (150 frcs.) VICTORIA BEATISSIMORVM CAESS. (Casarum.) Similar type to previous piece, on brass medallions of Constantius Chlorus (400 frcs.) and Constantine I. (300 frcs.) 4 ICTORIA BRIT. (Britannica.) Victory standing to r. Obv. antoninvs pivs. avg. Head of Caracalla to r. zR. from Wiczay (6 frcs.) VICTORIA CAES. LIB. ROMANOR. (Ctesarum. Libertas Romanorum.) Victory standing to r. and Liberty to 1., holding a trophy together ; Victory holds a palm and Liberty a spear ; in the exergue tr. (Treveris.) Obv. D. N. DECENTIVS fort. ( Fortissimus ) caes. Bust of Decentius to r. bare, N ■ (300 frcs.) V ICTORIA CAESAR. NN. (Ctesarum Nostrorum.) Victory walking to 1., holding trophy and palm, in the field to r., lxxii ; to 1. a star with seven or eight rays ; in the exergue sman. (Signata Moneta Antiochia), on gold coins of Constantius II. (80 frcs.), and Constans 1. (80 frcs.) The same legend and type, but said to be without the lxxii in the field, occur on a gold coin of Constantine II. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG. 869 (200 frcs.) The figures lxxii signify that 72 solidi were coined to the pound, Coustantine I. having reduced the aureus about the year a.d. 312. [Remarks on the letters ob Ac., under valentinianvs I.] The star on these coins occupying the same position in the field as the -p on the coin of Constantine I. [victoria constantini avg.] probably has some Christian signification. It was at Antioch that the name Xpianavis was first used about a.d. 44. (Acts xi., 26 ; Madden, Christian Emblems on the Coins of Constantine I., Jfic., in the Num. Chron., n.s., 1877, vol. xvii., pp. 279 — 281.) VICTORIA CAESARIS. Victory in a big a, on gold coins of Numerian (300 frcs.), aud Cariuus (300 frcs.) VICTORIA CAES. (Casarum) Victory walking to 1., holding wreath and palm. Obv. CONSTANTINVS ivn. nob. c. (Junior Nobilis Ctesar.) Bust of Constantine II. tor., laureated N . Tremissis (200 frcs.) VICTORIA CAESS. NN. (Casarum Nos- trorum.) Victory walking to 1., holding wreath and palm, on small brass coins of Licinins II. (10 frcs.), Crispus (5 fires.), and Constantine II. (6 frcs.) VICTORIA CARPICA. Victory running to r., holding wreath and palm. Obv. imp. PIIIL1PPVS avg. Bust of Philip I. to r., radiated, .51. (12 frcs.) This coin commemorates the successful war against the Carpi, a Scythian or Gothic tribe, in a.d. 247, by which victory Philip I. gained for himself aud his son the titles of Germanicus Maximus and Carpicus Maximus, as corroborated by a brass medallion of Philip I., Otacilia and Philip II., with the legend GERM. MAX. CAKPICI. MAX III. ET II. cos. (500 frcs.) VICTORIA CONSTANTI AVG. (Augusli.) Victory seated on shield and cuirass, writing on shield vot. x. mvlt. xx. or vot. xv. or vot. xxxx. ; in the exergue sman. (Signata Moneta Antiochia) or cons. (Constanlinopo/is) or smn. (Signata Moneta Nicomedia) on gold coins of Constantius II. (25 to 30 frcs.) VICTORIA CONSTANTI CAES. (Casaris.) Same type, ou the shield vot. xv. ; in the exergue cons. (Constanlinopo/is.) Obv. fl. ivl. constantiys NOB. c. Bust of Constantius II. to r., diademed. A r . (25 frcs.) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG. (Au- gitsti.) Various types (Victoria) on gold coins of Maximinns II. (300 frcs.), gold coins (50 to 150 frcs.) and second brass (40 frcs.) of Con- stantine I., gold coins (40 frcs.) and brass medallions (250 frcs.) of Constantine II., and on a contoruiate of Constantine I. (Very rare.) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG. (Au- gust/ .) Victory walking to 1., holding trophy and palm; in the field to 1. "P ; to r. lxxii.; in the exergue sman. (Signata Moneta Anti- ochia.) Obv. CONSTANTINVS p. F. avg. Head of Constantine I. to r., laureated. N- (200 frcs.) [victoria caesar. nn. ; Remarks on the letters OB, &c., under valentinianvs i.] 870 VICTORIA DDD. NNN. AVGGG. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI CAES. (Casaris.) Victory seated on cuirass and shield, writing on another shield vot. x. or vot. xx. ; in the exergue sirm. (Sirmii) on gold coins of Constantine II. (250 fres. ; Quin., 200 fires.) VICTORIA CONSTANTIS (sic) AVG. (Au- gusti.) Victory seated tor. on a cuirass and shield, writing vot. v. mvlt. x. on a shield : in the exergue sis ( Siscia ) on gold coins of Coustautinc II. (250 fres.) ; a similar legend (correct) and type (the vows varyiug) on gold coins of Coustaus I. (60 fres., Quin. 40 fres.) Victory walking to r., placing foot on captive, and hold- ing shield on which vot. v. mvlt. x. on gold coins of Coustans I. (60 fres.) VICTORIA CONS VAl 111. Cross on three steps ; in the exergue conob. (Constantinopolis 72). Obv. dm. n. (Domini Noslri) h£racli co.vsvAiib. Busts of Heraclins I., bearded, and Ileracleouas uubearded, facing, separated by a cross. X. (300 fres.) Other gold coins have the legend victoria consAbia. The letters iib and bia are unexplained. This is the last occurrence of the title of Consul, (a.d. 610-640.) VICTORIA D. N. AVG. ('Domini Noslri Augusti.) Victory walking to 1., holding wreath and palm, in the exergue cons. (Constanti- nopolis.) Obv. D. N. VALENS P. F. AVG. Bust of Valens r., diademed. X . Tremissis (40 fres.) VICTORIA D. N. (Domini Nostri) AV- GVSTI. Victory seated to 1., writing vot. v. mult. x. on a shield, presented by a wiuged genius ; in the exergue tesob. (Thessalonica , 72). Obv. D. N. VALENT1NIANVS P. F. AVG. Helmeted bust of Valentinian I. to 1., holding a spear and a shield, on which is represented the Emperor on horseback. X ■ Med. (400 fres.) VICTORIA D. N. (Domini Noslri) ET PR1NCIPVM. Two Victories standing, placing on an altar a shield, on which vot. P.u. (Fota i’opuli Romani) ; in the exergue two captives, seated between R. and P. (Roma prima.) Obv. D.N. CONSTANTINO IVN. NOB. C. Bust of Constantine II. to r., laurcatcd. /E. III. from Tanini (15 fres.) VICTORIA DD. NN. (Dominorum Nostro- rum.) Victory walking 1., holding wreath and palm ; in the exergue con. a. (Constantinopolis I.) Obv. FL. CL. IVLIANVS NOB. CAES. Bust of Julianll. to r., bare. X . Quin. (50 fres.) VICTORIA DD. NN. AVG. (sic) (Domi- norum Nostrorum Augustorum.) Victory' walk- ing ; in the exergue lvg. (Lugduni-Lyoas.) Obv. IMP. CE. VALENS P. F. AG. (tie.) Bust of Valens diademed. A3. III. in the Mu see de Vienne (10 fres.) A similar legend and type occurs on gold quinarius of Valentinian I. (80 fres.) VICTORIA DD. NN. AVGG. (Dominorum Nostrorum Augustorum) on coins of Constan- tine II., Coustans I., Coustantius II., Mag- nentius, Decentius, and Julian II. VICTORIA DDD. NNN. AVGGG. (Dominorum Nostrorum Augustorum.) Vic- VICTORIA GERMANICA. tory walking 1., holding shield, on which vot. v. mvlt. x., on gold coin of Constans I. (100 fres.), and sic. x sic. xx on gold coin of Cou- stantius 17. (30 fres.) VICTORIA DOMINI ANTI. COLONI. (sic) S. R. (Antiochia Colonia Senates Roma- nus.) Victory walking to r., holding trophy. Obv. IMP. CAES. M. ANT. GORDIANVS AVG. Bust of Gordianus Pius to r., radiated, zE. I. (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. v., p. 77, Nos. 501—503.) VICTORIA G. M. (Germanici Maximi.) Victory staudiug to 1., holding wreath and palm ; at her feet a captive or a trophy between two captives. Obv. imp. gallienvs p. f. avg. germ or g.m. (Germanicus Maximus.) Bust of Gallieuus to r., radiated. Bit. (c. to 3 fres.) ; also same reverse type A3 I. (8 fres.) The same legeud and type on small brass coin of Claudius II. (30 fres.) VICTORIA GALBAE AVG. (Augusti.) Victory staudiug to r. or to 1., on a globe, hold- ing wreath and palm. Obv. ser. (Servius) galba imp. CAESAR AVG. P.M. TR. p. Head of Galba to r., laureated. ./It. Quin. (80 fres). VICTORIA GER. (Germanica.) Trophy between two captives seated, on gold (300 fres.) and small brass coins (6 fres.) of Probus and small brass of C'arausius (15 fres.) VICTORIA GERM. (Germanica.) Various types [Victoria] ou coins of Maximiuus I. (X. 700 Ires. ; X-, Quin, 600 fres. ; -It. 4 fres., /It. Quin, 50 fres.), Valcriau I. (Bit. 2 fres.; /E. I., 20 fres., JR. II., 10 fres.), Gallieuus (X- 150 fres., Bit. c. ; Bil. Quin, 20 fres; A3. 1., 15 fres., M. II., 8 fres.), Tetricus I. ( X . 350 fres.); and Probus (X . 200 fres.; JR. 11., 50 fres., zE. III., c. to 10 fres.) VICTORIA GERMAN. (Germanica.) Victory standing to r., holding a palm and presenting a wreath to the Emperor, standing, who holds a globe and a spear ou billon coins of Gallieuus (4 fres.) and Saloninns (20 fres.) VICTORIA GElt.MzVN.fGer/aanieaJ Trophy between two captives. Obv. imp. clavdivs avg. or p. f. avg. Bust of Claudius II. to r., radiated. zE. III. (30 fres.) The same type occurs with victoria Germanic., nud in the exergue s. P. Q. R. zE. III. (30 fres.) VICTORIA GERMANICA. Various types [ Victoria] ou coins of Caracalla (X ■ 200 fres., /It. 6 fres.), Maximiuus I. (/It. from Vaillant 60 fres. ; /E. Med., 500 fres., zE. I., 8 to 15 fres., zE. II., 4 to 6 fres.), Hercnnius (At. 20 fres.), llostilian (At. 40 fres.), Vuleiiau I. (Bit. 4 fres.), Gallieuus (Bil. 3 fres., zE. Med. 300 fres., zE. II. 20 fres.), Postuinus (Bil. 30 fres., zE. I. 60 fres.), and Carinus (X- 300 fres.) VICTORIA GERMANICA. Mnximinus I. galloping to 1., overthrowing two Germans : be is preceded by Victory, who bolds a wreath, and followed by a soldier armed with a shield. Obv. MAX1MINVS KT MAXIMVS AVGVSTJ GERMANICI. Busts facing each other of Maximiuus I. to r.. VICTORIA NAVALTS S. C. laureated, and of Maximus to 1., bare. iE. Med. (600 frcs.) VICTORIA GERMANICA. Trajan Dccius, in military dress on horseback to 1., raising hi3 r. hand and holding a sceptre ; he is preceded by Victory holding a palin. Obv. imp. cae. tea. deciys avg. Bust of Trajanus Decius to r., radiated, At. (12 frcs.) VICTORIA GORDIANI AVG. (Augusti) Victory walking to r., holding wreath and palm. Obv. IMP. GOKDIANVS P1YS PEL. AVG. Bust of Gordianus Pius to r., radiated. At. (5 frcs.) VICTORIA GOTHIC. (Gothica.) Victory walkiug to L, holding wreath and palm ; at her feet a captive seated. Obv. IMP. c. M. (Casar Marcus ) ayr. probvs ayg. Bust of Probus to r., laureatcd. N ■ (180 frcs.) VICTORIA GOTHICA. Rome, helmeted, seated to r. on a shield, holding a sceptre ; Vic- tory approaching presents her a wreath and a Goth bowing. Obv. constantinvs max. ayg. ("Maximus Augustus.) Bust of Constantine I. to r., diademed. iE. Med. (300 frcs.) VICTORIA GOTTHI. (Gotthica) Vic- tory standing to 1., holding wreath and palm, on small brass coins of Tacitus (6 to 12 frcs.) — one obverse legend is imp. c. m. cl. (Casar Marcus Claudius) tacitys p. p. invictvs ayg. VICTORIA GOTTHICA COS. II. Victory walking to 1., holding wreath and palm ; at her feet a captive seated. Obv. imp. c. m. cl. (Casar Marcus Claudius) tacitys avg. Bust of Tacitus to r., laureated. X- (300 frcs.) The Victory over the Goths was the most memo- rable event of the short reign (six months) of Tacitus [VICTORIA pontica ayg.] VICTORIA NAVALIS S. C. Victory hold- ing a wreath, standing on the prow of a vessel, sometimes terminating in a serpent, on second brass coins of Vespasian (2 frcs.), of Titus (5 frcs.), and of Domitian (5 frcs.) These coins commemorate cither the great naval loss by tempest sustained by the Jews who had fled from Joppa to their ships when the town was attacked by Cestius, or the naval victory gained by the vessels of Vespasian over the barks of the Jews on the lake of Gcnncsarcth. There is a very rare second brass coin of Titus, bearing the legend, ivdaea navalis s.c., and having for type a palm tree; on the 1. arms, and on the r. Judaea seated on the ground ; and on some of the large brass coins of Vespasian and Titus, with the legend ivdaea capta, the Emperors are repre- sented resting their r. foot on the prow of a vessel (Madden, Coins of the Jews , p. 222). In the account of the triumph of Vespasian and Titus it is recorded (Joseph. Bell. Jud., vii., 5, 5) that at one part of the procession there “ followed a great number of ships.” This naval victory was considered of snch importance that it was commemorated at a later period. Coins of Marcus Aurelius exist struck at Gadara with the legend NATMA. TAAAPEQN and the type a trireme, from which it may be assumed that a naumachia was celebrated under this Emperor on the lake of Gennesareth. VICTORIA PRINCIPVM. 871 VICTORIA OTHONIS. Victory to 1. or r., holding wreath and palm, on gold (250to 300 frcs.) and silver coins (30 frcs.) of Otho. VICTORIA P. R. (Populi ltomani.) Victory standing, sometimes on a globe, holding wreath and palm, on silver (plated) coin (12 frcs.) of Augustus, and on gold (200 frcs.) and silver coins (12 to 20 frcs.) of Galba. The coin of Augustus is hybrid, and the reverse legend belongs to Galba, by whom it was probably struck. VICTORIA PART. (Parthica). Victory presenting wreath to Emperor, on billon coins of Gallienus from Banduri (20 frcs.), and of Saloninus (10 frcs.) On another billon coin of Gallienus from Banduri (20 frcs.), the type is Victory standing, holdiug wreath and palm. VICTORIA PARTH. MAX. ( Parthica Maxima), usual types [Victoria] on silver coins of Septimius Severus (c.), and Caracalla (10 frcs.) VICTORIA PARTHICA, usual types [Vic- toria] on coins of Macrinus (At. 8 frcs., AD. 1.50 frcs.), and Valerian I. from Vaillant (Bit., 12 frcs.) VICTORIA PARTHICA MAXIMA, usual types [Victoria] on coins of Septimius Severus, [X- 200 frcs.), Septimius and Caracalla with obverse legend impp. (Imperatores) invicti pii avgg. (Augusti) and busts jugate of Severus and Caracalla (X- 250 frcs., At. 60 frcs.), and of Caracalla ( X . 150 frcs.) VICTORIA PERPET. ( Ferpetua .) Vic- tory standing to r., placing 1. foot on helmet, and writing XXX on a shield placed on the trunk of a tree. Obv. viktvs Floriani avg. (Augusti.) Bust of Floriau to 1., laureated, holding sceptre and shield. N . (500 frcs.) VICTORIA PERPETV. (Ferpetua) Vic- tory walking to I., holding wreath and palm ; in exergue tr. (Treveris.) Obv. fl. cl. ( Flavius Claudius) ivlianvs avg. Bust of Julian II. to r., laureated. Ad. (30 frcs.) VICTORIA PERPETVA. Victory in biga to 1. Obv. imp. C. M. avr. (Imperalor Casar Marcus Aurelius) probvs avg. Bust of Probu3 to r., laureated. X • (200 frcs.) VICTORIA PERSIC A. Galerius Maximian on horseback to r., spearing several enemies and crowned by Victory. In the exergue sis. ( Siscia ) Obv. gal. val. maximianvs nob. C. (Xobilis Casar) Bust of Galeriu9 Maximian to r., laureatcd, in consular dress, holding a sceptre, surmounted by an eagle. iE. Med. (Froehner, Medallions Romaines, p. 266.) VICTORIA PONTICA AVG. (Augusti) Victory standing offering wreath to Tacitus ; in the middle a star; in the exergue KAA (21-4. Obv. imp. C. m. cl. (Casar Marcus Claudius) tacitvs avg. Bust of Tacitus, radiated. iE. III. (100 frcs.) [victoria gotthi. and GOTTHICA COS. II.] VICTORIA PRINCIPVM. Victory stand- ing on prow of vessel to r., holding wreath I and a long palm over 1. shoulder; in the field 872 VICTORIAE. VICTORIAE AVGVSTI. s. c. (Senatus Consulto.) Obv. D. N. tiieo- I dahadvs rex. Bust of Thcodahatus to r., | bearded and crowned. E. I. (10 fres.) A similar reverse type on silver coin of Justinian I. is given by Mionnet (12 fres.) The letters s. c. generally disappeared from the Roman coinage during the reign of Gallienus, 1 but may be fouud on the second brass coins of Florian. Two ceuturies later they re-appeared | on the large brass pieces of Zeno and of Zeno and I Leo, struck at Rome with the legend invicta 1 roma, and then upon the coins of Theodahatus, king of the Ostrogoths, a.d. 534. This piece is | “ forty nummi," and the first coin ever issued ■ having the portrait of a king of the Teutonic race (Lenormaut, La Mon. dans I'Antiq., I vol. ii., p. 418 ; Keary, Num. Chron., N.s., 1878, ■ vol. xviii.,p. 157-) VICTORIA ROMANOR. ( Romanorum .) Rome helmeted, seated to 1. on cuirass, holding 1 a globe, surmounted by a Victory and a spear ; in the exergue 8M. (Sir /nil.) Obv. D. N. maximvs p. f. avo. Bust of Maximus Tyrannus to r., diademed. Ei. from Banduri (200 fres.) Maximus was a usurper under Constantine III. and Constans in a.d. 411. VICTORIA ROMANORYM. Victory walk- j ing, holding wreath and palm ; sometimes at her feet a captive, on coins of Constantins II. (E. Med., 100 fres.), Constantius Gallus (E. Med. from Tanini, 150 fres.), Eugenius (E. III. 40 fres ), Constantius III. (victoria romanorvm j in exergue s. M. N. Signata Monela Nicomedue, Et. 200 fres.), aud Attains (Et. 100 fres.) VICTORIA ROM ANORVM. An arch ! supported by two columus, beneath which Julian, in military attire, stauding facing, holding sceptre and globe and turning his face towards Victory, who crowns him aud holds a palm ; in the exergue sirm. (Sirmii.) Obv. fl. cl. ivi.ianvs p. f. avo. Bust of Julian II., bearded, to r., diademed. El. Med. (150 fres.) VICTORIA ROMANORVM. The Emperor, in military dress, standing r., holding sceptre or standard or labarum, and Victory sometimes on globe, on large brass coins of Julian II. (30 fres.) and Jovian (8 fres.) VICTORIA SARMAT. ( Sarmatica.) Four soldiers sacrificing on a tripod before the gate of a camp ; in the exergue nothing, or various letters, on coins of Diocletian (At. 8 fres.), j Maximian Hercules (At. 8 fres.), Constantius Chlorus (12 fres.), and Galerius Maximian (Et. 10 fres.) VICTORIA SARMATI. (Sarmatica.J Same | type. Obv. d. N. (Domino Nostro) constantio nob. c. (Nobili Casari.) Head of Constantius Chlorus, laurcated. Et. from Banduri (100 fres.) VICTORIA SARMATICA. .Same type. | Obv. MAXIMIANV3 avo. Head of Maximian Hercules to r., laureated. Et. (8 fres.) VICTORIAE. Two Victories flying, holding j a shield, on which avqg. (Augustorum), and each holding a palm ; above, Caracalla stauding, laureated, in military dress, holding globe and I sceptre ; below, two captives seated back to I back; behind, a shield. Obv. antoxtnvs pits avg. Bust of Caracalla to r., laureated. Et. (80 fres.) VICTORIAE AETERNAE AVGG. (Augus- torum.) Caracalla aud Geta in toga, shaking hands ; between them a Victory, on coins of Caracalla, from Vaillant (E. I., 50 fres. ; E. II., 30 fres.) VICTORIAE AVG. (Augusti.) Various types [ Victoria] on coins of Pescennius Niger (Et. 250 fres.), Septimius Severus (Et. Med. 50 fres.), Caracalla (Et. from Khell, 8 fres.), Postnmns (E. I. fl to 20 fres., E. II. 4 fres.), aud Probus (Jf- 200 fres., E2. III. 6 to 20 fres.) VICTORIAE AVO. (Augusti.) Two Vic- tories, standing, holding a globe, on which a third Victory, facing, with outspread wings, holding wreath and palm, on coins of Gallienus (AC from Mionnet 250 fres. ; Bit. 30 fres.) VICTORIAE AVGG. (Augustorum.J Va- rious types [Victoria ] on coins of Septimius Severus (N- 150 to 250 fres., Et. 5 fres., E. II., 6 fres.), Caracalla (Et. 10 fres., E. I. 20 fres., E. II. 8 fres.), Valerian I. (AC 450 fres.. Bit. 30 fres.), Gallienus (N. 200 fres.), and Maxentius (E3. III. from Banduri, 3 fres.) VICTORIAE AVGG. (Augustorum.J Seve- rus carrying a Victory crowned by a flying Victory ; to 1. Atlas kneeling holding the world with two hands. Obv. severvs pivs avo. Head of Septimius Severus tor., laureated. Et. (100 fres.) VICTORIAE AVGG. (Augustorum.J SolJier helmeted standing to r., holding a spear and lcauiug on a shield, on billon coins of Valerian I. (10 fres.), and Gallienus (6 fres.) VICTORIAE AVGG. FEL. (Augustorum Fetid.) Victory flying, holding diadem with both hands ; before her a shield on a dppus, on coins of Septimius Severus (Jf. 250 fres., Et. c., E. I. 15 fres.), and Julia Domna (hybrid coin.) VICTORIAE AVGG. IT. GERM. (Augus- torum iterum Germaniett.J Victory standing, holding wreath and palm ; at her feet a captive, on billon coins of Valerian I. (2 fres.), and Gallienus (2 fres.) VICTORIAE AVGVSTI. S. C. Victory standing to 1. holding palm and writing on a German shield fixed to a trophy composed of German arms, on second brass coins of Dorni- tian (3 fres.) VICTORIAE AVGVSTI. Two Victories standing holding a shield on which vot. (Votis) x. Obv. imp. C. M. AN?r. (Imperator Ctesar Marcus AnniusJ florianvs avg. Bust of Florian to r., radiated. E. III. (8 fres.) VICTORIAE AVGVSTI. Two Victories stauding fixing a shield, on which vot. (Votis) x., to a palm, near which two captives seated ; in the exergue sis. (Siscia .) Obv. imp. c. m. avr. (Imperator Grsar Marcus Aurelius) pkobvs avg. Bust of Probus to r., radiated. N- Med. (400 fres.) VICTORIAE AVGVSTI. Turrctcd female VICTORIAE BRITANNICAE S. C. seated to 1., holding a branch of a tree aud a cornucopia;, and crowned by Victory standing beside her. Obv. constantinopolis. Bust of Constantinople to r., with helmet, laureated, wearing the Imperial mantle, and bolding a sceptre. 52. I. (80 fres.) These pieces are attributed to Constantine 1. or to bis sons. VICTORIAE AVGVSTORVM. Victory walking to r., holding a wreath with botli bands. Obv. IMP. ANTONINVS AVG. COS. III. IMP. VEitvs avg, cos ii. Heads, bare, of Marcus Aurelius aud Lucius Verus facing each other. zE. Med. (400 fres.) VICTORIAE AVGVSTORVM. S. C. Cara- calla aud Geta standing facing each other, bold- ing a globe ; a Victory between them, standing facing, with outspread wings, ou a trophy, at the foot of which a captive seated. Obv. p. sept, geta caes. pont. (F ablins Seqitimius Geta Casar Fontifex.) Young bust of Geta to r., bare. zE. I. (100 fres.) ; zE. II. (40 fres.) VICTORIAE AVGVSTORVM. Two Vic- tories standing holding a shield, ou which votis ; or Philip I. and his sou standing, hold- ing a globe ou which a Victory, behind each of them a soldier holding a spoar (Vaillant) Obv. Concordia avgvstouvm. Busts jugate of Philip I. laureated, and Otacilia diademed to r., opposite the bust of Philip II. to 1., bare. zE. Med. (350 to 400 fres.) VICTORIAE AVGVSTORVM. Victory dragging a captive by the hair aud carrying a trophy, in the exergue roma. Obv. d. n. valenti nianvs P. F. avg. Bust of Valcntiuian I. to r., diademed. zE. I. from L'Ennerg (60 fres.) VICTORIAE AVGVSTT. (Augustorum.) Two Victories standing holding a shield ou which votis x; below sis. ( Siscia.) Obv. impp. (Imperalores) carvs et carinvs avgg. (Augusti.) Busts of Carus aud Carious lacing. N . Med. (2000 fres.) VICTORIAE BEATISSIMORVM CAESS. (Casar urn.) Victory seated to r. on a cuirass, writing vot. (Votis) x. ou a shield which she holds on her kuees ; behind her a shield. Obv. fl. val. (Flavius Valerius) constantiys nob. c. (Nobilis Casar.) Bust of Constautius II. to r., laureated. zE. Med. (50 fres.) VICTORIAE BRIT. (Britannica.) Various types [ Victoria ] ou coins of Soptimius Severus (zR. c. to 3 fre3.), Caracalla (A. 150 to 250 l'rcs., zE. c.) aud Geta (zR. e. to 3 fres.) VICTORIAE BRITANNICAE S. C. Trophy between a Victory and a female figure; below, a captive. Obv. sept, severvspivs avg. Head of Scptimius Severus, laureated. zE. I. from A fusee Tiepolo (25 fres.) VICTORIAE BRITANNICAE S.C. Various types [Victoria'] on coins of Septimius Severus (’zE. I. 25 fres., zE. II. 6 fres.), Caracalla (AS. I. 30 fres., zE. II. G fres.), and Geta (2E. I. 15 to 50 fres.) These coins commemorate the expedition of Severus aud his sons to Britain in a. d. 210-211. All three Emperors took the title of Britannicus. Two examples 5 T VICTORIAE DD. NN. AVGG. 873 j of the large brass coins of Soverus with this legend in a magnificent state of preservation were sold at the sale of General Ramsay’s cabinet in Loudon in 1856, one for £20 (500 fres.) aud the other for £17 (425 fres.) VICTORIAE BRITANNICAE S. C. Victory standing to r., placing her foot on a helmet and erecting a trophy ; opposite her, Britain, sometimes turreted, standing lacing, her hands bound behind her back, and at her feet a captive seated, on large brass coins of Caracalla (30 fres.) and Geta (50 fres.) VICTORIAE CAESS. AVGG. Q. NN. or VICTORIAE DD. AVGG. Q. NN. Two Vic- tories walking towards each other, each holding a wreath aud palm. The former legend occurs on the third brass coins of Constantine II. from Banduri (15 fres.), the latter ou the third brass of Constaus I. aud Coustantius II. The legend might be interpreted Victoria Casarum [or Dominorum ] Augustorumque Nostrorum ; but Cohen (Med. Imp., 1st ed., vol. vi., p. 270, note) suggests Augustorum quinque Nostrorum. These five princes — Augusti or Casares — woidd be Constantine II., Constansl., Constantius II., Delmatius aud Hauniballian, and all the coins on which thi3 legend occurs must havo been struck before the end of a.d. 337, between the death of Constantine I. aud the murder of Delmatius and llanniballian. VICTORIAE D.N. AVG. (Domini Nostri Augusti.) Two Victories standing holding a wreath within which vot. (Votis) v mvlt, (Multis) x or vot. x mvlt. xv or vot. x mvlt. xx on silver coins of Constaus I, (30 fres.), aud vot. xxv mvlt. xxx on gold coins of Constantius II. (25 fres.) VICTORIAE DD. AVGGG. NNN. ( Domino - rum Augustorum Nostrorum.) Two Victories walking facing each other, and holding each a wreath and a palm; in the middle, a wreath. Obv. D. N. valens P. f. avg. Bust of Valens to r., laureated. zE. III. from Banduri (15 fres.) VICTORIAE DD. NN. AVG. ET CAE. or CAES. (Dominorum Nostrorum Augusti et Casaris.) Two Victories holding wreath within which vot. v mvlt. x., sometimes the wreath is surmounted by sg- or -p- on silver (80 fres.) aud second and third brass coins (1 to 3 fres.) of Magnentius aud second and third brass (c. to 4 fres.) of Deceutius. VICTORIAE DD. NN. AVGG. (Dominorum Nostrorum Augustorum.) Victory seated on cuirass and shield, writing certain vows on a shield, which is sometimes presented by a genius, on coins of Constaus I. (zE. Med. 50 fres., N' 50 fres.. Quin. 40 fres), Con- stantius II. ( N . Med., COO fres., 51. Med. 200 fres., N- 35 to 40 fres.), and Magnentius (zR. Med. 200 fres., zE. Med., 60 fres.) \IOTORIAEDD. NN. AVGG. (Dominorum Nostrorum Augustorum.) Two Victories hold ing a wreath, in which various vows, on coins of Coustans I. (N ■ Med. 300 fres., N- 40 fres.), and Coustantius II. {N ■ 25 fres.) 874 VICTORIAE LAETAE PIUNC. PERP. VICTORIAE DD. NN. AVGG. (Domi- norum Nostrorum Augustorum) Victory seated to r. holding on her knees a shield on which vot. x mvlt. xx; behind her a cuirass, in the exergue i,xaq. (60 Aquileia.) Obv. Ft., ivl. constans p. F. avg. Bust o( Coustans I. to r. diademed. {JR. Med. 150 fres.) These large silver pieces of , ; t, of the pound were in all probability struck for particular occasions, such as distribu- tion at fetes. In a.d. 384 Theodosius I. and Valentinian II. forbad those who gave public games to distribute to the spectators pieces weighing more than of the pound (Cod. Theod. XV. 9, 1), and after this period none of these large silver pieces were struck (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. iii., p. 73.) VICTORIAE DD. NN. AVGG. ( Dominorum Nostrorum Augustorum.) Victory walking to 1., holding laurel wreath and palm, on coins of Magnentius {N ■ Tremissis from Scheltersheim 150 fres.), and Julian IT. (ril. 3 fres.) VICTORIAE DD. NN. AVG. AV. ? (Domi- norum' Nostrorum Augustorum — ?) Two Vic- tories standing holding a wreath, in which vot. X mvlt. xx. ; in the exergue TR. ( Treveris .) Obv. constantivs p. F., avg. Bust of Con- stantius IT. to r. diademed. (AT- 30 fres.) VICTORIAE DD. NN. COL. ANT. {Domi- norum Nostrorum. Colonia Antiochiensis ) Vic- tory walking to 1., holdiug laurel wreath and palm or a trophy; in field s. r. (Senates Romanes), on brass medallions and large brass coins of Septimius Severus, aud on large brass coins of Caracalla and Geta, struck at Antiochia Pisolite. Ou some large brass coins of Geta the letters s. c. (Senalus Consullo ) occur instead of s. R. (Senates Romanes) VICTORIAE FELICI. Victory standing to I. , holding a diadem with both hands ; on a cippus c. v. P. P. (Consul V Pater Patria) on coins of Commodus (vlt. 6 fres., /E. I. 20 fres., iE. II. 6 frc3.) VICTORIAE GOTHIC. (Oothica.) Trophy, at the foot of which two captives seated back to back ; sometimes in the exergue s. p. Q. R. ( Senates Populesque Romanus.) Obv. imp. clavdivs P. f. avg. Bust of Claudius II. to r., radiated. JE. III. (20 fres.) VICTORIAE LAET. P. P. (Lata Princi- pum Perpetua) Two Victories standing, placing on an altar a shield, on which VOT. P. R. (Votis Populi Romani) on third brass coins of Constantine I. (3 fres.) VICTORIAE LAET. PIUNC. PERP. (Lata Principum Perpetua.) Same type, sometimes iu the exergue two captives seated back to back, on third brass coins of Liciuius II. (1 frc.), Constantine I. (I frc.), Crispus (2 fres.) aud Constantine II. (c.) VICTORIAE LAETAE PR. P. (Principum Perpetua) Same type on third brass coins of Constantine II. (3 fres.) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRIN. P. (Prism- pum Perpetua) Same type on third brass coins of Constantine 1. (3 frc3.) VICTORIAE LAETAE PIUNC. PERP. (Principum Perpetua) Two Victories stand- VICTORIAE LAETAE DOM. NOSTIl. iug, placing on a pedestal a shield, on which vot. x. ; in the exergue tr. (Treveris) on gold coins of Licinius I. (300 fres.) and Con- stantine I — sometimes on a shield p. R. (Populi Romani) and s. tb. (Secunda Treveris), or smt. (Signata Moneta Thessalonica) in exergue (100 fres.) ; also on Billon coins (3 fres.) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC. PERP. (Principum Perpetua.) Two Victories stand- ing, placing on a. pedestal a shield, on which vot. p. R. (Palis Populi Romani) ; in the exergue two captives ; on the pedestal x, or nothing on coins of Licinius I. (jE. III. 1 frc.), Licinius II. — no captives,' sometimes i or a globe on pedestal (.Js. III., c to 2 fres.), Constantine I. sometimes a captive, letters ou pedestal or a shield or a wreath {JR. III. c. to 10 fres.), Crispus — no captives, sometimes c. on pedestal (iE. III. c. to 5 fres.), aud Constantine II., with or without captives, sometimes on pedestal x or a wreath {JE. III. c.) It is ou the coins of Constantine I. and Licinius I., with the legend victoriae laetae princ. perp. that it is supposed the symbol of Christianity first occurs. On the coins of Con- stantine I. his bust is sometimes helmeted, and on the helmet among other ornaments, the monogram may be found between two stars. On other pieces of Constantine I., with which may be joined some of Crispus and Coustau- tine II., there may be seen on the pedestal an equilateral cross cJJs. (Maddeu, Christian emblems on the coins of Constantine /., his family and his successors, in the Num. Chron. n.s., 1877, vol. xvii., pp., 11, 242; 1878, pp. 1, 169.) These coins were probably struck anterior to a.d. 319, and certainly precede a.d. 323. The words victoriae laetae may be compared (Cavedoni, Ricerche critiche intomo al/e med. di Costantino Magno, Sfc., p. 16; Madden, op. cit), to the scriptural expressions “ Latabor ego super eloquia tua : sieut qui in- venit spolia inulta” (Psalm cxviii., 162) or “ Latabuntur . . . sicut exultaut Victores rapta prseda, quando dividunt spolia” (Isaiah ix., 3), and to the line of Horace (1 Sat., i., 8) “ Momenta cita mors venit aut Victoria tala.” With respect to the interpretation of the letters p. p. or princ. perp., or pr. p. or prin. p. by Principum Perpetua it may be mentioned that Cavedoni prefers Principis Perpetm, but 1 am not inclined to agree with him as the word per- petua on other coins is made to agree with / 7c- toria — victoriae perpetvae (q. v) comp. FELICITAS peupetva saecvli aud VIRT. PERP. constantini avg. On coins of Constantine I. and Licinius II. the legend is sometimes vic- TORIAI LAITAI (sic) Or LEITAI (sic) PRINC . . VICTORIAE LAETAE DOM. NOSTR. (Dominorum Nostrorum) Two Victories stand- ing, placing on a pedestal n shield, on which p. b, vot. (Populi Romani Votis) Obv. imp. constantvs (sic) max. avg. (Maximus Au- gustus) Bust of Constantiuc I. to r. with helmet, laureated. JE. III. from Banduri (20 fres.) VICTORIATUS NUMUS. VICTORIA!! LIBERAE. Victory walking to 1., holding wreath and palm ; before her a seated captive. Obv. constantinvs p. f. avg. Bust of Coustantine I. to r. laureated. JE. III. from Wiczay (15 fres.) VICTORIAE PERPETVAE. Victory seated to r. on a cuirass, writing vot. ( Votis) xx, on a shield presented by a genius ; in the exergue smt. (Signata Moneta Thessalonica.) Obv. constantinvs p. p. avg. Head of Con- stautine I. to r. laureated. (A". 100 fres.) VICTORIAE PERPETVAE. Same type as on the coin of Constantine I. with victoriae liberae. AJ. III. Qui„. (15 fres.) \ ICTOUIAE SAK.MATICAE. Four soldiers sacrificing on a tripod before the gate of a camp ; in the exergue a £ (?) or ha. (Heracleise I.) or smnt (Signata Moneta Nicomedice 3), or ant. ( Antiochia) on silver coins of Diocletian (8 fres), Maximian Hercules (8 fres.), and Galerius Maximian (1 Of res.) VICTORIAE SARMAT1CAE. Gate of a camp, with the leaves of the door open, sur- mounted by four towers ; in the exergue smm. or smna or SMN T ( Signata Moneta Nicomedice, or Signata Moneta Nicomedia 1 or 3), on silver coins of Diocletian (8 fres.), and Maximian Hercules (8 fres.) VICTORIAE TVM. (sic.) Two Victories standing, fastening a shield to a palm, at foot of which two captives seated. Obv. imp. c. postvmvs Pivs f. AVG. Bust of Postumus to r. laureated. .FI. I. (6 fres.) VICTORIAM. Victoriam. ob victoriam | trivmfalem or trivmphalem on gold coins of Constansl. and Constantius II. Victoriatus aureus. The proper denomina- tion of the two ordinary gold coins issued by Julius Cmsar and Augustus was borrowed from the silver, ‘and they should be called denarius aureus and Victoriatus aureus, but the denarius aureus is generally called aureus (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. iii., p. 19.) Victoriatus Numus. These coins consist of the double Victoriat, the Victorial, and the half J ictoriat, and have for type on the obverse the head of Jupiter, and on the reverse Victory crowning a trophy. The first issue of the Victoriat may be assigned to B.c. 228. The Victorial never bore any mark of its value, but later the half Victoriat alone was marked S on the reverse. It was originally struck at si of a pound, and after the reduction of the other silver pieces at ,f 2 of a pound. It was never a division of the Denarius, as proved by passages where Victoriats are placed side by side with Denarii (Livy, xli., 13), and it appears to have had its origin in Illyria (Plin., Nat. Hist., xxxiii., 3, 46). A complete history of the l ictoriat has been given by Mommsen (Mon. Rom., vol. ii., pp. 85-103), to which the late Due de Blacas has added (pp. 104-107) some important observations. (Comp. Babelon, Mon. Cons., vol. i., pp. xxiv., 41 seq., 1885.) The following is a description of the principal corns of this scries. The double Victorial is 5 T 2 VICTORIBVS AVGG. ET CAESS. NN. 875 unique at the present time, the Victoriat not very common, and the half Victoriat very rare. Double Victoriat. 1. Obv. Head of Jupiter to r., bearded and laureated. Rev. Victory standing to r., crowning a trophy ; in the exergue roma. At. (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., pi. xxiii., No. 1.) Victoriat (early.) 2. Same types. At. (Mommscu, pi. xxiii.. No 2.) 3. Same types, but with the word roma incuse. -Ft. (Mommsen, pi. xxiii.. No. 3.) Half Victoriat. 4. Same types, but without mark of value. At. (Mommsen, pi. xxiii., No. 4.) Victoriat. 5. Obv. Head of Jupiter to r., laureated. Rev. Victory to r., crowning trophy. In the field \ initial of the mint of Luccria; in the exergue roma. At. (Mommsen, pi. xxiii., No. 8.) 6. Same types; in the field of reverse crot. (Crolo.J ; in the exergue roma. 41. (Mommsen, pi. xxiii. No. 9, Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. xxvii.. Met ilia No. 1.) This piece was attributed by Borghesi (Dec. vi. 4 ; (Euvres Compl. i., p. 304) to T. Metillius or rather T. Mtecilius Croto, lieutenant of Appius Claudius praetor in Sicily in b.c. 215, who is mentioned in Livy (xxiii' 31, cf. iv. 48) ; but Mommsen, (Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 230, note) prefers to assign it to the mint, established by the Romans at Crotona. 7. Same types; in the field of reverse KOP. K opKvpa. (Mommsen, vol. ii., p. 230, No. 9.) Attributed to the mint of Corcyra. 8. Same types ; in the field of reverse \B ( Vibo ), in the exergue roma. At. (Cohen, pi. xli., Vibia, No. 1.) 1 Half Victoriat. 9. Same types; in the field of reverse \B (Vibo), and mark of the value S ; in the exergue roma. At. (Momm- sen, pi. xxiii. No. 10; Cohen, pi. xli., Vibia No. 2.) The pieces, Nos. 8 and 9, are attributed to the town of Vibo-Valentia (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 231, note.) [VS — VALENTI A.] V1CTOR1B. AVGG. ET CAESS. NN. (Vic. toribus Auqustorum et Casarum Noslrorum.) Victory seated tor. on a cuirass and shield hold- ing a shield on which vot. ( Votis) xx. ; before her a trophy, at foot of which a barbarian seated ; in the exergue sirm. (Sirinii) or smko. ? (Sig- nata Moneta Kyzici ?) on gold coins of Con- stantine I. (80 to 100 fres.) VICTORIBVS AVGG. ET CAESS. NN. (Augustorum et Casarum Noslrorum) VOTIS X. ET XX. Victory facing in a quadriga hold- ing wreath and palm; in the exergue fir (Prima Treveris) on gold medallions (500 fres.) aud gold coins (150 fres.) of Constantine I. 876 VICTORINVS 1. VICTORIBVS AVGG. NN. ( Augustorum ' Noslrorum ) VOTIS. Victory standing facing, i holding a shield on which xxx. ; in the exergue | ptr. (N- Med. 400 frcs.) ; or Victory seated on cuirass holding shield on which xxx, presented to her by a genius ; in the exergue ptr. (N. 80 frcs.) on coins of Constantine I. There is a similar gold coin in the Musee de Vienne, with Victory seated and described as having xx on the shield, respecting which Eckhel (Docl. Num. Vet., vol. viii., p. 91) writes, “Olim in hoc numo legi xxx pro xx, nt videre est in Catalogo Musei Ceesarei. Vcrom cum Vota xxx cum avgg. nn. componi non possint, atteutius eum iterum inspexi, et patuit superiores clypci flexus rov x spcciem pnebere.” I should, however, be inclined to consider this coin to be identical with the one in the British Museum. A coin of Licinius also in the Museum with the legend vbiqve victores of identical fabric, which is especially noticeable in the bust, shows that this style of coin must have been issued before the war with Licinius in a.d. 323, and as the Vicen- nalia of Constantine were not celebrated till a.d. 325, it follows that Constantine continued this system of coinage for a short time after the defeat and death of Licinius, altering the lcgcud to VICTORIBVS AVGG. NN. VOTIS XXX. The letters avgg. nn. which were the cause of Eckhel’s remark evidently refer to the whole Constantinian family. These pieces weigh 83 -f- grains, and were probably issued as memorial coins, the average weight of the aureus being 68 graius (Madden, Gold Coins of the late Due de B/acas in the Num. Chron., N.S., 1868, vol. viii., p. 36.) Victorina. ^VICTORIA.] * VICTORINVS I. (Piauvonius) was chosen by Postumus as colleague about a.d. 265, through the exertion of his mother Victoria [vic- toria], and reigned a short time alone after the deaths of Postumus and Lreliauus. Having however, insulted the wife of one of his clerks, he was with his son Victorinus II. Ctcsar put to death by his soldiers in a.d. 267 (Trcb. Poll. | xxx Tyr., c. 6.) The following arc the principal reverse le- gends: Gold coins, adivtrix avg. Bust of Diana (600 frcs., Quin., 500 frcs.) ; adventvs avg. (500 frcs.) ; comes avg. Hclmeted bust of Mars (600 frcs.), Victory standing (300 frcs.) ; cos. ii. Victorinus I. standing pre- senting a globe to Rome seated (600 frcs.) ; I rides militvm (Sche/lerscheim , 600 frcs.) ; invictvs. Bust of the Sun (600 fres.) [see woodcut] ; invictvs avg. Victorinus on horse- back (600 frcs.) ; leg. prima minervina p. f. (Pia Fidelis) (600 frcs); leg. ii. traiana VICTORINVS II. P. F. (600 frcs.); LEG. IIII. FLAVIA P. F. (600 frcs.) [victoria] ; leg. v. macidonica p. f. (600 frcs.); LEG. X. FRETENSIS P. F. (600 frcs.); leg. xiii. gemina p. f. (600 frcs.); LEG. XIIII. GEMINA P. F. (600 ffes.) ; LEG. XX val. (Valeria) victrix (600 to 800 frcs.) [VICTORINVS II.]; LEG. XXII. P. F. (600 frcs.) ; LEG. XXX. VLP. VICT. P. F. (600 to 800 frcs.); pax avg. ( Cay l us 300 frcs.); P. m. tr. P. ill. cos li. p. p. ( Cay/us , Quin. 500 frcs.) ; providentia avg. Head of Medusa (600 frcs.) ; romae aeternaf. (800 frcs.) [victoria] ; SAECVLl FF.LICITAS (300 frcs.) ; victoria avg. (800 frcs.) [victoria and victorinvs ii.,] Victory staudiug (400 frcs.) ; vota avgvsti (800 frcs.) [victoria and victorinvs ii .] — Silver coins, defensor orris (200 frcs.); victoria avg. (200 frcs.) — Billon coins. adventvs avg. (20 frcs.) ; AEQUITAS AVG. (2 frcs.) ; COMES AVG. (c) ; consacratio or consecratio (15 frcs.); DEFENSOR ORB1S (250 frcs.); FUSES MILITVM (3 fres) ; INVICTVS. The Sun walking (3 frcs.) ; iovi conservatori or statori (3 to 10 frcs.); LEG XXII PRIMIGENIE (100 frCS.) ; MARS VICTOR (10 frcs.) ; ORIF.NS AVG. (c) ; PAX AVG. (2 to 6 frcs.) ; PIETAS AVG. (c) ; P. M. TR. P. COS. II. P. P. (10 frcs.) ; PROVIDENTIA AVG. (3 to 6 frcs.); saecvli felicitas (10 frcs.); SALVS AVG. (1 to 6 frcs.) ; SEC V RITAS AVGG. (30 frcs.) ; spes pvblica (6 frcs.) ; vbertas AVG. (6 to 10 frcs.: VICTORIA AVG. (2 to 10 frcs.); virtvs avg. (2 to 20 frrs.) — Brass medallion. Resti/utori galliarvm and in the exergue votis pvblicis (1200 frcs .); — Third brass, comes avg. (6 fres.) ; FEI.IC P T. C. V. p. (sic) Quin. (6 frcs.) ; mars . . . CT. (6 frcs.) VICTOU1NVS II., son of Victorinus I., was made Ctesar by his grandmother Victoria and his father shortly before the latter’s death, and was himself killed soon after. A tomb near Agrippina (Cologne) is said to have borne the following inscription: — Hie dvo victorini tvranni siti svnt '(Trcb. Poll, xxx., Tyr. c. 7.) There arc no coins existing struck in his own name but his portrait may probably be seen on the following pieces struck by bis father : — 1. Obv. IMP. C. VICTORINVS P. F. AVO. Head of Victorinus I. to r. lanreated and joined with the bust of Apollo under the traits of Vic- torinus II. Rev. leg. xx. val. (Valeria) victrix. Boar, in the exergue p. r. (Pia Fidelis .) A t . (800 frcs.) 2. Obv. imp. victorinvs p. f. avg. Head jugate of Victorinus I. and II. to left, the one laureate, the other bare. Rev. victoria avg. Victory standing holding wreath and palm. AC. (800 frcs.) 3. Obv. imp. victorinvs p. f. avg. Bust of Victorinus I. lanreated to 1. with cuirass, armed with spear and shield, on which arc represented two figures. Rev. vota avgvsti. Busts fneiug each other of Apollo (with the features of Victo- rinas II.) laureated and of V1CTRIX. Diana with a bow over her shoulders, N. (800 frcs.) It may be that Diana on this piece represents the daughter of Vietorinus I , especially as Diana was the sister of Apollo, but ot this daughter there is no record. (Madden, Coins of the Wigan Collection in the Hum. Citron., N.s., 1865, vol. v„ p. 87). VICTORIOSO SEMPER. Probns, in mili- tary dress, standing between four captives ; below, a wreath. Obv. imp. pbobvs p. f. avg. Bust of Probus to 1., laureatcd, sometimes with jEgis. N- (500 frcs.) VICTORIOSO SEMPER. Turrcted female to 1., presenting a wreath to Constantine I., who is crowned by Victory ; in the exergue smt. (Signata Monela Thessalonica.) Obv. Con- stant I NVS p. F. avg. Bust of Constantine I., facing with nimbus, raising a hand and hold- ing a globe. X- (Autrefois, Cab. ties me dailies^ Paris, 400 frcs.) Several other medallions and coins of Constantine I., or his wife I'austa, and of his sons Crispus, Constantine 11., and Cou- stantius II. give representations of the nimbus. After Constantine’s death his sons continued to strike coins representing him with this symbol, and they themselves very soon adopted it, a custom continued under their successors, and especially on the gold medallions of Valcns preserved at Vienna (Madden, Christian Emblems on the coins of Constantine I., 8fc., in the Num. Chon., n.s., 1878, vol. xviii., pp. 9— 15). The late Cavedoni thought that the nimbus was assumed by Constantine I. in imitation of the “ face of Moses which shone” (Ex. xxxiv., 29, cf. 2 Cor., iii., 7), to whom he is compared by Eusebius (Vit. Const. I., c. 12), but whether this be the case or not, some of the heads of the Roman Emperors earlier than the time of Con- stantine are decorated with this symbol, notably Claudius, Trajan, and Antoninus Pius (.E. I. with leg. cos. mi, see Nimbus), so that it would be difficult to affirm that the presence of the nimbus gives direct proof of the Christianity of Constantine, though it was doubtless adopted in this sense (Madden, op. cit.) VICTR. Victrici. dianae victr. Diana Victrici on third brass coius of Claudius II. — miner, victr. Minerva Victrici on second brass coins of Commodus. VICTRI. Victrici. dianae victri. Diana Victrici on gold and silver coins of /Emilian. VICTRIC. Victrici. miner, victric. Minerva Victrici on silver coins of Septimius Severus. VICTRICI— minervae victrici on silver coins of Geta — veneri victrici [veneri victrici.] VICTRICIBVS — fatis victricibvs on gold coins of Diocletian. VICTRIS (sic.) Victrix. miner, victris (sic.) Minerva Victrix on ailver coins of Pcscennius Niger. VICTRIX Xin exergue.) Victory seated to r. holding a patera and a palm ; sometimes under the scat the letters st. Obv. m. cato roma. VIIII. 877 Female head to r. diademed. M. (c.) On the quinarius (c.) there is a young head crowned with laurel, and no letters st. on the reverse. These coins of the Porcia gens [porcia] are considered to have been struck by the father of Cato of Utica in b.c. 95. The explanation of the letters st. by stipendium (Borghesi) or stata , stabilis (Cavedoni) is not thought to be satisfactory fMommsen, Mon. Pom., vol. ii.,pp. 396, 397.) The denarius is found with the countermark imp. ves., and was restored by Trajan. Similar types occur on the denarii and quinarii with the legend M. cato pp.o. PR. (Propralor) struck by Cato, of Utica, in B.c. 49. VICTRIX — ivno victrix on billon coins of Salonina— leg. xx. val. victrix p. f. Legio XX. Valeria Victrix Pia Fidelis, on gold coins of Vietorinus I.— miner, victrix Minerva Victrix on gold and silver coins of Caracalla and Geta — minerva victrix on silver coin (hvbrid) of Orbiana, and on gold coius of Uranius Antoninus [vranivs antoninvs]-— roma victrix on gold and silver coins of Galba, and on brass coins of Vespasian and Titus — venvs victrix [venvs victrix.] Vienna, now Vienne, a city of the Allo- broges in Gallia Narbonensis. It was a flourish- ing town under the empire, and a Colonia, and many remains attest its ancient splendour. The following coin belongs to this city. Obv. divi 1VLT CAESAR DIVI F. imp. Bare heads of Julius Crcsar and Augustus back to back. Rev. c. I. v. Colonia Julia Vienna. Prow of a vessel to r., adorned with buildings. JE. I. The coins given by Akermnn (Coins of Cities and Princes, p. 152 ; Nos. 2-5), probably belong to Lyons (Cf. Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd cd., vol. i., pp. 159, 182») VIENNA DE OFF1CINA LAVRENTI. +. Christian monogram ( >fc() on a globe ; on either side A and ffl (Alpha and Omega.) Obv. D. N. MAVRItnCIVS P. P, AV. Bust of Mauricius Tiberius to r. laureated. A 7 ■ (Ch. Lcnormant. Rev. Num. 1854, p. 316, pi. xiii., No. 11; C. F. Keary, Num. Citron., N.s., 1878, vol. xviii., p. 232, plate iii-. No. 8.) This coin was struck in the name of the moneyer Laureniius by the Emperor Mauricius Tiberius for the use of Gundovald Ballomer, a pretender to the Me- rovingian throne a.d. 585-586. VII. Septem, Septima, Septimo, Septimum. — viivir. Septemvir — LEG. vii. Legio Septima leg. vii. p. vii. F. Legio Septimum Pia Sep- timum Fidelis — lib. vii. Liberalitas Septima — an. or anno. vii. Anno Septimo — cos. vii. Consul Septimum — imp. vii. tr. p. vii., &c. VIII. Octo, Octava, Octavo, Octavum — leg. vni. Legio Octava — an. or anno viii. Anno Octavo — cos. viii. Consul Octavum — IMP. VIII., tr. p. viii., &c. VIIII. Novem, Nona, Nono, Nonum. — leg. viiii. Legio nona . — victoria avg. viiii. Victoria Augusta Nona (Gallienus) — liberal. Avg. viiii, Liberalitas Augusta Nona (Cara- calla) — cong. avg. viiii. Congiarium August i 878 Vllwt Epulones. Nonum (Antoniuus Pius) — an or anno vim. Anno Nono — imp. viiii. Imperator nonum — cos. vim., tb. P. vim., &c. VI IV. or VIIVIR. EP. or EPV. or EPVL. or EPVLO. Septemviri Epulones or Septemvir Epulonum. [vn»m Epulones, fvj VII viri Epulones or Vllwr Epulonum. Their origin dates from b.c. 196, when a college of three members was founded principally to per- form the rites of the sacrificial meal ( Epulum Jovis) taken in the Temple of the Capitoline Jupiter, in the presence of the whole Senate. Their number was afterwards increased to seven. Julius Ciesar added three more, but after his time the number was again reduced to seven. [epvlones], The title is found on the follow- ing coins : — 1. Obv. c. fabivs catvlvs iiviR (Duumvir). Head of Neptune to r., before a trident. Rev. p. sextilivs pb. p. af. vnv. ep. (Pro Pratore Africa Septemvir Epulonum .) Bust of the sun facing, the head surrounded with a radiating disc. yE. III. (Muller, Num. de Vane. Afrique, vol. ii., p. 61, No. 25.) Struck at Hadrumetum. P. Sextilius was governor of the province of Africa in b.c. 94. 2. Obv. AFBIC. FABIVS MAX. COS. VII. EPVL. ( Africanus Fabius Maximus Consul Septemvir Epulonum.) Head of Fabius to r., bare. Rev. HADRVM. ( Hadrumetum .) The upper part of a bearded god to r., with tiara, raising r. hand and holding two ears of corn in left. iE. II. (Muller, op. cit., vol. ii., p. 52, No. 29.) 3. Obv. AFB. FA. MAX. COS. PEO. COS. viiviR epvlo. (Afncanus Fabius Maximus Consul Proconsul Septemvir Epulonum.) Head of Fabius to r., bare. Rev. c. livin. gallvs q. pro. pk. (C. Livincius Callus Quastor Pro Pratore.) Elephant walking to 1. crushing a serpeut. yE. II. (Muller, op. cit., vol. ii., p. 61, No. 37.) Nos. 2 and 3 were struck at Hadrumetum. L. Fabius Maximus Africanus was Consul in b.c. 10, and five years after, in B.C. 5, proconsul of Africa. 4. Obv. C. coel. caldvs cos. (Caius Coelius Catdus Consul.) Head of Coelius Caldus to r. ; behind, a standard on which his. (His- pania) ; in front a boar. Rev. Figure seated on a throne, ou which l. caldus viivir ep. or epv. or epvl. ( Lucius Caldus Septemvir Epulonum) ; on either side a trophy ; to 1. C. caldvs, to r. imp. a. x. {Cains Caldus impe- rator augur decern \vir-sacris faciendis] ; in the exergue caldvs IIIVlli (triumvir). jR. (8 fres.) (Cohen, MM. Cons., Coelia, Nos. 5 — 10, pi. xiii., Nos. 5 — 10). The moneycr is C. Coelius Caldus triumvir, who was qumstor in B.c. 51. C. Coelius Caldus is grandfather of the moneyer, consul in B.c. 94. C. Caldus xtrtr is perhaps an uncle of the moneyer, who is unknown, but who was proclaimed Impe- rator in the East. C. Caldus Septemvir is probably his father. (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 505, No. 286). [coelia.] VINICI. VIL. PVB. Viliam Publicam. — t. didi. imp. VIL. pvb. Titus Didius Imperator Viliam Publicam [ referit ] on silver coins of the Lidia Gens [didia ; fonteia]. VIM. Viminacium. — P. M. 8. col. vim. Provincia Moesia Superioris Colonia Vimi- nacium, on brass coins of Gordiauus Pius, Philip l. , Otacilia, Philip II., Trajan Decius, Etruscilla, Herennius Etruscus, Hostilian, Trebonianus Gallus, Volusian, yEmilian, Valerian, Maximian, and Gallicnus. Viminacium a town of Moesia Superior and a Roman colony, supposed to have been fouuded by Gordiauus Pius in a.d. 240. Coins of the Emperors from Gordiauus Pius with dates an. i Anno primo (a.d. 240) to Valerian and Gallicnus an. xvi Anno Sexto Lecimo (a.d. 255) are in existence, [vim.] The usual legend is p.m.s. col. vim. Provincia Moesia Superioris Colonia Viminacium , and the usual type a female stand- ing between a lion and a bull ; on a coin of Gordiauus Pius the female holds two standards inscribed vii. and mi. respectively, and on coins of Philip I., and Trcbouianus Gallus aud Volusian, the Emperor or Emperors take the place of the female. VIN. Vincas — M. . . . vin. Margarita Vincas on contorniates of Theodosius 1. from Tanini (rare) ; Plaudius Valentinian III. (rare.) VINCAS. Vincas — On various contorniates ARTEMIY'S VINCAS IMPERATOR PLENA Ilonorius (rare) — bonifati vincas vrsi Trajan (common) — evtimi vincas Miscellaneous (not common) — exvperanti vincas Nero (common) — im. . dator penna vincas Ilonorius from Tanini (rare) — makgakita vincas Plaeidius Valentinian III. (not rare) — m. (Margarita) vincas Theodosius I. (rare) aud Plaeidius Valentinian III. (rare) — vrsk vincas .Miscellaneous (not common) — . . . . vincas with vrbs roma (rare.) [contorniate coins.] VINDEX. Vindex — imp. caesar divi f. COS. VI L1BERTATIS P. R. (Populi Romani) vindex on silver medallion of Augustus, struck in B.c 28. Ou reverse pax. » VINICAS (sic) for VINCAS. Vincas. — evtimi VINICAS (sic) on contorniates of Theodosius I. and Ilonorius (rare.) VINICI. Vinicius — L. vinici. Lucius Vinicius [ Vinicia gens.] Vinicia gens, an equestrian family, but also plebeian. The following coins belong to it : — I. Obv. CONCORDIAI or CONCORDIAE. Head of Concord to r., lnureatcd. Rev. L. vinici. (Lucius Vinicius.) Victory flying, holding a palm adorned with four crowns. yR. (20 fres.) (Cohen, Med. Cons., Vinicia No. 1 ; pi. Ixii., Vinicia, No. 1 ; Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 621, No. 304.) This moneyer is probably Lomus Vinicius tribune of the people B.c. 51, and Consul in b.c. 33. lie was moneyer about B.c. 58. VI R. 2. Obv. AVGVSTVS TR. POT. VII. or VIII. | Head of Augustus to r., bare. Rev. t. vinicivs l. F. iiivir. ( Lucius Vinicius Lucii filius triumvir.) Cippus on which s. p. Q. r. imp. CAE. qvou V. SI. S. F.X EA P. Q. IS AD A. I)E. ( Senatus Populusque Romania Imperatori Casari Quod Vue Muni t a Sunt ex ea Pecunia Quam is ad Aerarium Detu/it). Hi. (30 frcs.) 3. Obv. S. P. Q. R. imp. caes. on the j pedestal of an equestrian statue to r., placed before the walls of a city. Rev. Same legend and type as No. 2. -R. (30 frcs.) 4. Obv. Head of Augustus to r. bare. Rev. L. (Lucius) vinicivs. Triumphal arch, on which is Augustus in a quadriga facing, holding a branch of laurel; on the pediment s.P.Q.R. imp. caes.; on either side an archer standing on a pedestal placed on side arches, yR. (30 frcs.) (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. i., Nos. 541-544.) These coins were struck by the Triumvir Lucius Vinicius, who with L. Mescinius Rufus and C. Antestius Vetus formed a college, and who entered on their duties in the viith tribunitian year of Augustus B.c. 16, and con- tinued to the viiith tribrnitian year b.c. 15. These are the last names of moneyers found on the gold and silver coins. Nos. 1 — 3 refer to the re-establishment of the roads rquon viae mvn. svnt] and No. 4 to the restoration of the Roman standards by the Parthians [civib. ET SIGN. MILIT. a PART. RECVP. or RECVPER.] VINICIVS. Vinicius. [ Vinicia gens.~\ VINIRIO. Vinirio on small brass coins of Nero struck at Corinth from Vaillant. p. vinirio iivir cor. Publio Vinirio Duumviro Corinlhi (Cohen, Med. Imp. 2nd ed., vol. i., p. 307, No. 402.) Vipsania gens equestrian family and later plebian. [agrippa ; svlpicia.] Vipsania Agrippina, daughter of Agrippa by first wife Pomponia. Married to Tiberius, but divorced in a.d. 11. Died in a.d. 20. No coins. VIR. Fir, Viro, Viri, Viris — iivir., iiivir., iiiivir., viivir., xvvir. [viivir EP. ; XVVIR SAC. FAC.] Virgin Mary is frequently represented on the Byzantine coinage, and accompanied by the letters MP — 0V (Mr/Typ ©eoo.) The type of the Virgin in various postures, generally seated, commences on the gold coins of Leo VI., in a.d. 886-912, with the name + maria -f- as well as the MP — ©V, and continues till the reign of John V. Palaeologus a.d. 1341-1391 (Madden, Christian Emblems on the Coins of Constan- tine I., 8pc., in the Num. Chron. N.S., 1878, vol. xviii., pp. 183-188.) VIRT. EXERC. 879 VIRODV. ( Virodunum .) Beardless head to r. helmeted. Rev. tveoca. Equestrian figure with spear galloping to r. Ai. struck at Virodunum ( Verdun ) Gallia: Belgica: (Akcrman, Coins of Cities and Princes, p. 169). VIRT. Virtus on silver coin of the Fufia gens [fvfia ; MVCIA.] VIRT. (Virtus) Helmeted bust of Valour tor. Rev. ivppiter cvstos. Jupiter seated to 1., holding thunderbolt and sceptre. vR. (40 frcs.) Probably struck by Nero (Cohen. Mid. Imp.. 2nd ed., vol. i., p. 344, No. 373.) VIRT. AETER. (Virtus Aetema.) AVG. P. M. TR. P. XVII. COS. VII. P. P. Mars, nearly naked, walking to 1. on a cuirass, holding branch in r. hand and spear and shield in 1. Obv. L. A EL. AVREL. COMM. AVG. P. FEL. Bust of Commodus to r., laureated. AT- (300 frcs.) VIRT. AVG. ( Virtus Augusti — in field.) P. M. TR. P. COS. III. (around.) Valour stand- ing to 1 , foot on helmet holding parazonium and spear — on large brass coins of Hadrian (4 frcs.) VIRT. AVG. (Virtus Augusti.) P. M. TR. P. X. IMP. VII. COS. IIII. Commodus I galloping to r., hurling javelin at a lion or a panther— on gold coins (250 frcs.) and large brass (50 frcs.) of Commodus. VIRT. AVG. (Virtus Augusti.) TR. P. COS. or TR. P. II. or VI. COS. II. P. P. Rome in military dress helmeted standing to 1. holding Victory and spear — on gold coins (150 frcs.) and silver (c.) of Septimius Scverus. VIRT. AVG. (Virtus Augusti.) Vulcan and Minerva standing, the former holding a hammer and pincers, the latter a spear and leaning on a shield. Obv. imp. c. clavdivs avg. Bust of Claudius II. to r., radiated. yE. HI. (8 frcs.) VIRT. VG. (sic — Virtus Augusti.) Sun walkiug to 1., raising r. hand aud holding a whip. Obv. . . . tricvs p. f. avg. Bust of Tetrieus I. to r. radiated. yE. III. (3 frcs.) V IltT. AVGG. (Virtus Augustorum) Rome or Valour helmeted, in military dress, standing to 1., holding Viclory and spear and leaning on shield, or holding spear and shield — on gold coins from Cay/us (150 frcs.) and silver coins (c.) of Septimius Severus and Caracalla. VIRT. AVGG. COL. ANTIOCH. S. R. (Virtus Augustorum Colonia Antiochiensis. Senatus Romanus) Gcta on horseback, striking an enemy with his spear. Obv. imp. caes. p. SEPr. geta avg. Head of Gcta, laureated. yE. I., struck at An tiochia Pisidiac. A similar type on yE. I. coins of Gordiauus Pius. VIRT. AVGVT. (sic) NOSTRI (Virtus Augusti Nostri) Probns on horseback to r., holding a spear and following an enemy ; behind, a barbarian with long beard following the Emperor, his hands fastened on his chest ; in the exergue sis. (Siscice) — on brass medallions of Probus (300 frcs.) VIRT. EXERC. (Virtus Exercit us) Han of a camp ; above it the Snn standing facing, raising r. hand and holdiug a globe, on small brass coins of Liciuius I. and II. (20 frcs.), Constantine I. 880 VIRTVS. (10 frcs.), Crispus (10 frs.) ami Coustautiue II. (10 frcs.) VIRT. EXERC. ROM. ( Virtu s Exercilu s Romani.) Emperor , ia military dress walking r., dragging a captive by the hair and holding | a trophy ; in the field a star ; in the exergue j conob. (Constantinopolis 72) — on gold coins of Majoriau (80 frcs.), and of Theodosius II. (35 frcs.) VIRT. EXERCIT. GALL. (Virtus Exercitus Gallicani.) Soldier, helmeted, standing facing, holding spear and parazonium. Obv. FL. val. j Constantin vs avg. Rust of Coustautiue I. r., radiated. 32. 111. (20 frcs.) VIRT. GALLIENI AVG. (Virtus Gallieni Augusti.) Hercules, helmeted, standing facing, holding brauch and club and carrying lion s skiu — on gold coins of Gallieuus. (600 frcs.) VIRT. GALLIENI AVG. (Virtus Gallieni Augusti) Gallicnus on horseback piercing an enemy or Gallieuus walking holding spear and shield, and placing foot ou captive — on Bilim coins of Gallieuus. (c., Quin 20 frcs.) VIRT. (Virtus) MIL1TVM. Aureliau stand- ing to r. holdiug spear and globe facing a soldier, who holds Victory and spear. Obv. imp. avrelianvs avg. Bust of Aureliau to r., ra- diated. .32. III. (c.) VIRT. PERP. CONST ANTINI AVG. ( Vir- tus Ferpetua Constantini Augusti) Valour, helmeted, standing to 1. holdiug globe sur- mounted by Victory and spear, and leaning ou a shield. Obv. imp. c. constantinvs p. f. avg. Bust of Constantine I. tor. .32.111. (20 frcs.) Virtus. Valour. The Roman persomhoation of Valour was represented helmeted with spear and sword and standing with right loot ou helmet. There was a golden statue of her at Rome which was melted by Alaric, king of the Goths. Valour is frequently represented ou coins — virtvs avg. or avgg. VIRTVS.— IIIVIR. ( Virtus .— Triumvir ) Helmeted head of Valour to r. Rev. |W . A Q VII.. \\ . f. |W • N. (Manias Aquillius, Manii filius, Manii Nepos.) Soldier standing with shield, raising female ; in the exergue SICIL. (Sicilia.) JR. (2 frcs.) The moucyer who issued this coin about B.c. 54, was piobably a descendant of the Manius Aquillius, Consul iu b.c. 101, who repressed the revolt of the skves in Sicily (Mommsen, Mon Rom. vol. ii., p. 502, No. 282.) This exploit was again commemo- rated by Aquillius Florus, inoneyer of Augustus iu b.c. 20, who also placed on some of his coins the head of Valour, [aqvillia gens .'] VIRTVS. Rome (?) standing to I., holding Victory aud parazonium, or Mars standing hold- ing parazonium aud spear, or sword aud spear- on gold coins (250 frcs.), aud silver coins (25 frcs.) of Galba. VIRTVS. Helmeted bust of valour to r. Obv. seu. (Servius) galba imp, Galba on horseback to r. or 1. raising r. hand. 3t. (50 frcs.) , , „ VIRTVS. Helmeted head of valour Rev. IVPF1TEB cvstos. Jupiter standing. -3.1. (40 VIRTVS AVG. frcs.) Notin Cohen (Boutkowski, Diet. Num., tome i., p. 343, No. 755, bis.) Probably struck under Nero [viur.] VIRTVS S. C. Valour - standing or seated to 1. holding parazonium aud spear — on silver (with cos. n) aud first and second brass coins (c.) of Marcus Aurelius. VIRTVS. Virtus. honos f.t virtvs on large brass coins of Galba — gloria saecvli virtvs caes. on gold aud silver coins from Mionnet of Coustautiue I., or cakss. and CAKSARIS on brass medallions of Constantine 1. — invicta virtvs on silver ooius of Septimius Scverus aud Carncalla, also on gold of Caracalla from Vaillant— perpetva virtvs on secoud brass coins of Coustautiue I. — perpetva virtvs avg. (Augusti) ou gold coins from Banduri of Licinius I. VIRTVS. Victory walking to 1. holding wreath and globe ou which Victory. Obv . i>. n. £racli. pp. a. (Dominos Nosier Eraclius Perpetuus Augustus) Bust of llcraclius facing, diademed. 3t. (75 frcs.) VIRTVS frequently found ou the obverse of the coins aud medallions of the later Roman Emperors, sometimes representing them hold- ing a horse aud a shield ou which are various figures — as virtvs postvmi avo., virtvs FLO RIAN I AVO., VIRTVS PROBI AVG., VIRTVS PKOBI INVICTI AVG., VIRTVS CARI AVG., VIRTVS DIOCLETI ANI AVG., VIRTVS MAX1M- IANI AVG. [see SALVIS AVGG. ET CAKSS., &e.], VIRTVS CARAVS1 AVG., VIRTVS CONSTANTS avgt. (Constant 'll Augusti), &c. VIRTVS A. (Augusti) Providence (?) standing to 1. holding a globe aud a cornucopia - . Obv. IMP. CARAVS1VS P. F. AVG. Bust of Car ms ills to r., radiated. .32. 111. (20 frcs.) VIRTVS AEQVIT. (sic) Soldier walking to r. holdiug spear aud trophy. Obv. imp. c. postvmvs avg. Bust of Postunius to r. ra- diated. Bit. (6 frcs.) VIRTVS AVG. (Augusti) Various types. Vnlour standing 1. bolding spear and parazo- nium, sometimes placing foot on helmet; ' alour standing r. holding spear and leaning on shield or holdiug Victory aud spear ; \ alour seated 1. holdiug Victory and spear or branch aud sceptre ; Valour sealed r. holding spear and parazonium ; Emperor in military dress standiug, 1. foot on helmet, holding globe and spear sometimes suppliaut female aud captives ; Emperor gallop- VIRTVS AVG. VIRTVS AVG. N. 881 ing to r. striking an enemy with spear; Mars, i helmeted, standing or walking, holding olive branch-aud spear, or globe and spear, or spear and trophy, or spear and leaning on shield; Hercules standing leaning on club, holding lion’s skin and bow, or trophy ; Soldier standing lean- ing on shield and holding spear; Pallas hel- incted, standing holding spear and leaning on shield — ou coins of Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Coiuuiodus, Pescennius Niger, Sep- tiiuius Severus, Julia Domna (hybrid coin), Alexander Severus, Gordiauus Pius, Philip I. and 11., Trajau Decius, yEmilian, Gallieuus, Postumus, Victorious I., Marius, Claudius 11., Quiutillus, Aurelian, Tetricus I. and 11., Tacitus, Plorian, Diocletian, Carausins, Allectus, Oou- stantius Chlorns, Severus 11., Constans I., Con* stantius II., and Constantius Callus. VIRTVS AVG. (Augusli — in exergue.) IMP. VI. COS. III. Marcus Aurelius crossing abridge over the Danube followed by two soldiers on foot and a horseman (N .) or by four or five soldiers ou foot and a horsemau (yE. I.) on gold coins (400 frcs.) and large brass (50 fres.) of Marcus Aurelius. VIRTVS AVG. ('Augusli — in exergue) P. M. TR. P. XI. IMP. VII. COS. V.P. P. Rome or Valour sealed to r. near a trophy on cuirass and shield, holding a parazonium ; behind. Vic- tory standing, holding a shield and on the ground a helmet. Obu. M. commodvs anto- NINVS pivs felix avg. Brit. ( Britaunicus) Bust of Coiuuiodus to r. laurcated. yE. Med. (300 frcs.) VIRTVS AVG. (Avgusti— retrograde.) Pal- las standing to 1. holding spear and leaning on a shield. Obv. cai ... esc. nicer ivs. ( Justus ) avg. Head of Pescennius Niger to r. laureated. ylt. from Wtczay. (200 frcs.) VIRTVS AVG. (Augusli) Hercules stand- ing r., resting head on elub, and holding bow aud liou’s skin. Obu. imp. gallienvs avg. Bust of Gallieuus to 1., helmeted, with cuirass, and armed with spear aud shield, m which the head of Medusa. N . Med. (600 frcs.) VIRTVS AVG. ( August i.) Helmeted bust of Mars to 1., with the features of Gallieuus or helmeted head of Valour to r., on gold (400 frcs.) aud billon coins (60 frcs.) of Gallieuus. VIRTVS. AVG. (Augusli.) Gallieuus standing to r., holding spear aud receiving a Victoiy from the hauds of Rome, helmeted standing, leaning against a shield and holding a spear, ou billon coins (4 frcs.) of Gallieuus. VIRTVS AVG. (Augusts.) Gallieuus stand- ing to 1., holding spear, crowning a trophy, and leauing ou a shield ; he is being crowned by Victory, standing, holdiug a palm ; at the foot of trophy a captive kneeling bt tween two cap- tives, seated. Obu. imp. gallienvs p. f. avg. Bust of Gallieuus to 1., laureated, armed with spear and shield, ornamented with the head of Medusa. /E. Med. (300 frcs.) VIRTVS AVG. (Augusli.) Helmeted head of Gallieuus to 1. Obu. salonina avg. (Au- gusta.) Bust of Salonina to r., diademed. Bit. (60 frcs.) 5 U VIRTVS AVG. (Augusli) Mars standing in a tetrastyle temple. Obu. imp. c. victorinvs p. f. avg. Bust of Victoriuus I. to r., radiated. Bit. (20 frcs.) VIRTVS AVG. (Augusli) Victory walking to 1. or to r., holding w reath and palm ou billon coins (20 frcs.) of Carausins aud Allectus. VIRTVS AVG. (Augusli) Vessel with four or seven rowers, or without rowers ; some- times on the prow a female standing — on billon coins of Allectus (10 to 20 frcs.) VIRTVS AVG. (Augusli) Lion standing to ]., above in the field a club ; in the exergue p. aul. (P,ima Arelati) Obv. licinivs p. f. avg. Head of Licinius I. to r. laureated. N. from Sckellersheim (400 frcs.). VIRTVS AVG. (Augusts) Constantins II. in military dress, bare head, standing to l’. leaning ou shield and holdiug a globe sur- mounted by a Victory; to r. a female or a province seated on the ground. Obu. D. N. constantivs p. f. avg. Bust of Constantins II. to r. diademid. yE. Med. (50 frcs.) VIRTVS AVG. ET CAESS. NN. (Augusli et Casarum Nostroium) Mars, helmeted, walking to r., holding a spear and trophy ; at his feet to r. a captive, seated ; in the exergue SIRM. (Sirmii.) Obu. D. N. Constantin vs max. Avo. Head of Con- stantine I. to r. laureated. N ■ Med. (300 I frcs.) VIRTVS AVG. N. (Augusli Nostri.) Constantine I. laureated, aud in military dress, galloping to r. alter a kneeling enemy. Obv. Constantin vs max. avg. Bust of Constantine I. to r. diademed. JE. Med. (150 frcs.) VIRTVS AVG. N. ( Augusli Nostri.) Con- stautius II. laureated and in military dress standing to r., holding spear aud globe; at his feet to 1. aud to r. captives seated ; or Constantius II. in military dress standing to 1. holding globe aud spear— on large brass (50 fics.) aud brass medallions (80 frcs.) of Con- stautius II. VIRTVS AVG. N. (Augusli Nostri.) Julian in military dress standing to 1., holding branch and vexi/lum, aud placing r. foot on captive seated ou ground. Obu. d. n. cl. ivlianvs ! n. C. (Dominus Nosier Claudius Julianas i Nobi/is Ccesar.) Bust of Julian to r., bare, with cuirass on which head of Medusa. yE. Med. (60 frcs.) VIRTVS AVG. N. (Augusli Nostri) Julian in military dress standing to 1., holdiug laurel branch and standard, and placing r. foot on (he back of a captive : in the exergue CONSZ. (Con- stantinopolis 7.) Obv. I). N. CL. ivlianvs N. C. (Dominus Nosier Claudius Julianas Nobi/is I Osar) Head of Julian, bare. yE. I. from Wiczay (30 frcs.) yE. Med., with nob. cabs. | on obverse (60 frcs.) A similar brass medallion to l he coin described is given by Wiczag with under the standard £ . If this medallion I is authentic, which is doubtful, it is the only ! piece known of Julian bearing the monogram of 882 VIRTVS AVGG. Christ. (Madden, Christian Emblems on the coins of Constantine I. etc., in the Num. Chron. n.s., 1878, vol. xviii., p. 38.) VIRTVS AVG. (Aug inti) NOSTRI. Cou- stantius II., bareheaded and in military dress, standing facing, leaning on a spear and holding a laurel branch. Obv. d. N. constantivs p. f. avg. Bust of Constantius II. to r., diademed. A2. Med. (50 fres.) VIRTVS AVG. (August) NOSTRI. Mag- nentius standing to 1., holding globe and sceptre ; at his feet to 1. a captive kneeling; in the exergue tr. (Treveris.) Obv. im. cae. mag- nentivs avg. Eust of Magnentius to r. iti. Med. (200 fres.) VIRTVS AVGG. (Augustorum.) Various types [see viktvs avg.] on coins of Septimius Sevcrus, Caracalla, Gordianus Africanus I. and II., Philip II., Trcbonianus Gallus, Volnsian, Valerian, Gallienus, Salouinus, Tetricus I., Carus.. Nuinerian, Carinas, Diocletian, Maximian Her- cules, Carausius, Constantius Chlorus and Ga- lerius Maximian. VIRTVS AVGG. ( Augustorum .) Caracalla in military dress standing facing, holding spear and paratoninm ; to 1. a river reclining, leaning on an urn ; to r., two figures reclining. Obv. ANTON' IN' vs pivs Avo. Head of Caracalla to r., laureated. At. (10 fres ) A similar type occurs upon othtA silver coins with the legend PONTIF. tk. P. x. cos. It. Eckhel (Cat. Mas. Vindob., 2nd part., p. 302), explains the three figures as Arabia, Parthia, aud Adabene. VIRTVS AVGG. (Augustorum.) PONT. TR. P. 1III. S.C. Caracalla standing to 1. in military dress, crowning a trophy and holding a spear; at foot of trophy two captives seated. Obv. antoninvs avgvstvs. Young bust of Caracalla to r., laureated. AS. I. (60 fres.) VIRTVS AVGG. (Augustorum) S. C. Cara- calla and Valour standing to 1., hclinetcd, and each holding a spear; Caracalla also holds a Victory. Obv. anton. pivs avg. pon. tk. p. vi. Young bust of Caracalla to r., laureated. A:. II. (10 fres ) VIRTVS AVGG. (Augustorum.) Valour standing facing, holding two standards. Obv. IMP. C. P. LIC. VALEKJANVS AVG. Bust of Valerian to r., radiated. Bit. (6 fres.) VIRTVS AVGG. (Augustorum.) Romulus walking, carrying spear and trophy — on billon coins of Valerian (8 fres.) and Gallienus (3 Ires.) VIRTVS AVGG. ( Augustorum ) Valerian and Gallienus standing facing each other, one holding spear and globe, the other a Victory and spear — on billon coins of Valerian aud Gallienus (3 to 4 fres.) VIRTVS AVGG. (Augustorum.) Carus and Carinus in military dress, standing, holding a globe, on which sometimes a Victory, one hold- ing a sceptre and the other a spear — on small brass coins of Carus (1 frc.) Varieties of this type occur on small brass coins of Numeriau and Carinus (c.) VIRTVS AVGG. (Augustorum.) — Various types, with Hercules cither strangling the Netnsean lion or standiug near the tree of the VIRTVS AVGGG. TTesperides, or seizing a stag by its antlers, &c. — on small brass coiiis (10 to 40 fres.) of Diocletian, Maximian Hercules and Constautius Chlorus. A gold coin of Constantius Chlorus, from Wic:ay (300 fres.) also represents Her- cules seizing a stag by its antlers. VIRTVS AVGG. (Augustorum.) Trophy between two captives seated — ou small brass coins of Constantius Chlorus (c. to 1 frc.) VIRTVS AVGG. ( Augustorum ) Lion, holding a sceptre in his paws ; in the exergue XXI T- Obv. FL. VAL. CONSTANTIVS NOB. C. Bust of Constantius Chlorus, radiated. AS. III., from Banduri after Hardouin (30 fres.) VIRTVS AVGG. (Augustorum.) Gate of a camp, open or shut — on small biass coins (c. to 10 fres.) of Licinius I., Constantine I., Crispus aud Constantine II. VIRTVS AVGG. (Augustorum) Victory standiug to r., holding palm aud cornncopiic, facing Constans I., bare-headed, seated in front of a trophy. Obv. constans p. f. avg. Head of Constans to r., d.ademed. AS. Med. (100 fres.) VIRTVS AVGG. (Augustorum.) Dccen- tius, galloping to r., against a captive kneeling Obv. MAG. (Magnus) DECENTIVS NOB. CAES. Bust of Deccntius to r., bare, holding spear and globe, ou which a Victory. AS. Med. (100 fres.) VIRTVS AVGG. ET CAESS. (Augustorum et Casarum) Maximian Hercules galloping to r., hurling javelin at a captive, and holding a shield; under his feet an eucrny who has lost his shield ; in the exergue sis. (Sisriie.) Obv. maximianvs avg. Head of Maximian to r. laureated. if. Autrefois Cabinet de Fiance (200 fres.) VIRTVS AVGG. ET CAESS. (Augustorum et Ctesarnm.) Maxiroinus II. Daza walking to r., dragging a barbarian after him and holding a trophy ; to r. a barbarian seated ; in the exergue sis. ( Siscirr .) Obv. maximinvs nob. c. (Nobilis Cesar.) Head of Maximinus II. Daza to r., laureated. if. (300 fres.) VIRTVS AVGG. ET CAESS. NN. (Angus- torum el Crsarum Nostrorum.) The Em]>cror galloping, holding shield and spearing a bar- barian : under his horse another barbarian and a shield — on secoud brass coins of Maximian Hercules, Constantius Chlorus, Scverus II., Maximiuns II. Daza, aud Constantine I. (4 to 6 fres.) V I KTVS AVGG. ET CAESS. NN. (Augus- torum et Casarum Nostrorum.) Mars, hel- meted, walking to r. or 1., holding spear aud trophy or Victory and spear, sometimes leaning on shield ; at his feet sometimes a captive seated — on second brass coins of Galcrius Maximian (10 fics.), and of Maximiuus II. Daza. (c. to 10 fres.) VIRTVS AVGGG. (Augustorum) Two Emperors (Cams and Carinus or Carinus and Numeriau) in military dress, holding between them a globe surmounted by a Victory ; one VIRTVS AVGVSTI S. C. holding a sceptre, the other leaning on a spear — on small brass coins of Carus and Cariuus (1 to 8 frcs.) VIRTVS AVGGG. (Augustorum.) Mars, helmctcd, standing to r., holding a spear and leaning on a shield; in the field S. p. ; in the exergue mlxxi (Moneta Londinii 21.) Obv. IMP. C. MAXIMIANVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Maximian Hercules to r., radiated. JE. III. from Banduri (30 frcs.) Struck at London by Carausius in A.n. 239 [xxi.] VIRTVS AVGGG. (Augustorum.) The Emperor in military dress, standing on a vessel, holding a Victory, or on a globe surmounted by a Phueuix and a standard, and placing foot on captive ; Victory seated holds the rudder — on small brass coips of Valeutiuiau II. and Theo- dosius I. (c. to 2 frcs.) VIRTVS AVG VST. (Augusts.) Valour standing to r., foot on cuirass. Obv. imp. caes. Vespasian vs avg. Head of Vespasiau to r., laureated. At. Foreign fabric (30 frcs.) VIRTVS AVG VST. (Augusts.) Soldier standing to r , holding spear and cluh (?). Obv. L. SEPT. SEV. AVG. IMP. XI. PART. MAX. Head of Scptimius Severus to r., laureated. >11. (c.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Alexander Severus, bare headed, in military dress, holding a spear, walking to r., with a soldier who carries a trophy, and holding a shield ; a Victory standing behind the Emperor is crowning him. Obv. imp. Alexander pivs avg. Bust of Alexander Severus to r. M. Med. (300 frcs.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI S. C. Valour, helmcted, standing r., holding spear and leaning on a shield, or Romtdus, bareheaded, walking to r., and holding spear and trophy, or Alexander Severus, iu military dress, stauding to 1., placing foot on helmet and holding a globe and spear — on large brass coius of Alexauder Severus (c. to 6 frcs.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Gordianus Pius in military dress standing to 1., receiving a globe presented to him by the Sun, radiated, aud hold- ing a spear; he is crowned by Valour standing behind him leaning ou a spear ; to 1. a soldier standing holding a spear and a standard ; in the middle a child standing facing and three military standards ; on the ground two captives seated. Obv. IMP. GORDIAN VS PIVS FELIX AVG. Bust of Gordianus Pius to r., laureated, or bust to 1. laureated, holding a sceptre; on his chest the Emperor is represented on horseback to 1. raising the r. hand and preceded by Victory. JE. Vied. (400 frcs.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Gordianus Pius seated to 1., crowned by Victory stauding, who holds a palm ; in front, two soldiers holding standards ; in the middle, a figure standing facing ; at the side of the Emperor, on the ground, a cnirass and shield. Obv. imp. gordianvs pivs Felix avg. Bust of Gordianus to r., laureated. J2. Med. (300 frcs.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI S. C. Gordianus Pius in military dress on horseback to 1., raisiug the r. haud and hurling a javelin against an enemy. 5 U 2 VIRTVS AVGVSTI. 883 Obv. imp. gordianvs pivs fel. avg. Bust of Gordianus Pius to r. laureated. rE. I. (30 frcs.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI S. C. Gordianus Pius iu military dress seated to 1. on a cuirass, holding a spear and crowned by Victory standing behind him, holding a palm ; he is receiving a laurel branch from Valour helmcted, standing before him ; in the middle of them standards. Obv. imp. gordianvs pivs fel. avg. Bust of Gor- dianus Pius to r., laureated. JE. II. (25 frcs.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Hercules, naked, stand- to r. leaning on ‘a club placed on a rock, aud covered with a lion’s skin — on gold (200 frcs.) and billon coins (2 frcs.) of Gallienus. VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Mars, helmeted, stand- ing to 1. placing foot on helmet aud holding a branch and a sceptre ; in the field X — on billon coins (c.) of Gallienus aud iE. III. (3 frcs.) of Claudius II. VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Helmeted head of Gallienus. Rev. salonina avg. Bust of Saloniua. ^E. II. from VaUlant. V I ItTVS AV GVSTI. Trophy, with javelins, shield, and a clarion between a female aud a male captive. Obv. imp. c. avrelianvs avg. Bust of Aurelian to r., laureated. if. (300 frcs) VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Hercules, uaked, stand- ing placing r. hand on a trophy and holding in the 1. a club and lion’s skin. Obv. imp. c. m. cl. ? ( Cains Marcus Claudius) tacitvs avg. Bust of Tacitus, laureated, holding an ivory baton. JE. Med., from Vaillant (300 frcs.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Mars, helmeted, naked, with flowing mantle, walking to r. holding spear and trophy ; at his feet a captive. Obv. virtvs floriani avg. Bust of Florian to 1., laureated, holding sceptre and shield, if. (500 frcs.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Mars walking tor., holding spear and trophy, or Florian standing holding spear aud globe, or Florian in military dress walking to r., holding spear and shield and placing foot on captive — on third brass coins of Florian. (3 frcs.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Mars, half naked, walking to r. holding spear and trophy ; on either side a captive ; in the exergue sis. ( Sisc'uc ) ; or Probus standing to 1. crowning a trophy and holding a sceptre ; at foot of trophy two captives — on gold coins of Probns (150 frcs.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Probus galloping to 1., hurling to his feet two enemies and piercing a third with his spear. Obv. imp. proevs p. f. avg. Bust of Probus to 1., laureated, with the cuirass ornamented with the head of Medusa, holding a globe surmounted by Victory and a parazonium. JE. Med. from Tanini (350 frcs.) A similar type occurs on his small medallions (150 frcs.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Mars, helmeted, stand- ing to 1., leaning on his shield and holding a spear ; or Mars, helmeted, naked, with mantle flowing, walking to r. and holding spear and trophy, or Probus standing to 1. crowning a trophy, at foot of which a captive, or Probus walking to r., holding spear and shield and 884 VIRTVS AVGVSTOR. VIRTVS CAESAR IS. placing foot on captive, or Probus on liorscback r ding to 1. against a captive (IViczag ) — on small brass coins of Probus (c. to 6 fres.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Lion walking to 1.; in the field, a club; in the exergue T.AKf.. (Tertia Aretati) or Ait i,. (Arelati). Obc. constan- Ttxvs p. p. avg. Head of Constantine I. to r., laureated. R. (120 fres.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI. The Einpcror stand- ing facing looking to r., holding a spear and leaning on a shield — on small brass coins of Coustantine I. (6 fres.), and Constantine II. (10 fres.) \ 1 RT VS AVGVSTI. Standard between two captives seated; on the standard vot. x. — on small brass coins of Constantine I. from Banduri (20 fres.) VIRI'VS AVGVSTI. Constans I., laureated, standing to r., holding spear and globe. Obc. constans P. f. avg. Head of Constans I. to 1. with diadem. JE. I. from Ilavercamp (80 fres.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Constantius II., stand- ing, holding spear and parazonium, kicking a captive with 1. foot and crowned by a Victory standing behind him. Obc. D. N.’ (Bominus Roster) CONST AN TIV8 VICTOR AVG. Rust of Constantius II., diademed. iE. Med. (100 fres.) \ I RTV S AGVSTI (sic.) Leo I. stand- ing wearing paludamenlum, holding a cross in r. hand and the labariim in 1. In the field, M. n. Mediolani — Milan) : in the exergue COMOB. Obc. I). X. LEO PERPET., Or PERPKTV., or perpetvvs AVG. Rust of Leo I. to r.’ diademed. A r . (25 fres.) [See remarks on the explanation of the letters on., etc., under val- e.ntinianvs I.] VIRTVS AVGVSTI N. (Rosin.) Mars, helmcted, naked, with mantle flowing, walking to r., and carrying a spear aud a trophy, be- tween two captives seated; or Constantine I. galloping to r., and hurling a javelin against a kneeling enemy ; under his feet a dead enemy ; in the exergue p. tk. (Prima Trecerii) — on gold coins of Constantine I. (100 to 200 fres.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI N. (Rostri.) Con- stantius II. in military dress, standing to r., holding a spear and laurel branch, and placing his feet on the back of a captive. Obc. l). n. ( Bominus Roster) constantivs p. f. avg. or l). x. constantivs victor avg. (Tanini.) Rust of Constantius II. to r., diademed. A3. I. and aud A3. Med. (50 to 100 fres.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI N. (Rostri.) Military figure walking, holding javelin in r. hand and globe in 1.; on the ground two captives, or armed man standing, holding globe in r. hand and spear in 1. — on JE. Med. of Constantius II. from Mionnet (50 fres.) VIRTVS AVGVSTI NOSTRI. Magnentius standing to r., holding the labarum and placing his 1. hand on the head of a captive ; in the exergue SMAQ. (Signata Moneta Aquileia.) R . .Med. (400 fres.) VIRTVS AVGVSTOR. (Augustorum.) Rome or Valour, helmcted, seated to I., holding Victory and a parazonium ; before or behind her, a shield — on silver eoins (c.) and second brass (4 fres.) of Scptimius Scverus, on silver coins (3 fres.) and A3. I. (8 fres.), yE. II. (6 fres.) of CaracaUa, on silver coins of Caracalla and Gcta (300 fres.), and on silver coins (5 fres.) and second brass (10 fres.) of Geta. VIRTVS AVGVSTOR. ( Augustonim .) Ca- rinus and Nnmcrian standing opposite each other. The latter is crowned by the Sun and the former by Hercules who holds a club and lion’s skin. Obc. imp. c. m. avr. (Casar Marcus Aurelius) carinvs p. p. avg. Rust of Carinus to r,, laureated. .A3. Med. (200 fres.) \ I RT\ S AVGVSTORVM. Sevcrus, Cara- calla, and Geta galloping to 1. — on gold coins of Severus and Caracalla (300 fres.) \ I R l"\ S AVGVSTORVM. Yolnsian stand- ing to I., sacrificing at a lighted tripod, and crowned by a soldier standing behind him leaning on his shield ; before him, a flute-player ; at the foot of tripod a bull; behind two legionary eagles. Obc. imp. cae. c. vib. (Caio Vibio) voi.vsiano avg. Rust of Volusian to 1., lau. reated, holding sceptre surmounted by an eagle. A3. Med. (400 fres.) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM. Gallicnns hel- meteJ, seated to 1. on a cuirass, crowned by \ ictorv standing behind him holding a palm ; before him an armed w arrior, helmeted and hold- ing shield, presents to him a branch ; in the field two standards. Obc. imp. gallienvs pivs pel. avg. Rust of Gallienus to 1., laureated, aimed with spear and shield ornamented with the head of Medusa. A3. Med. (400 fres.) [Ace V A BA LATH VS.] VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM. Two horsemen attacking six captives; above two Victories presenting them with wreaths. Obc. imp. nvmerianvs avg. Rust of Nuraerian to 1., laureated, holding a horse by the bridle and a spear. A3. Med. from Vaillant (400 fres.) VIRTVS A\GVSTORVM. Hercules stand- ing to r., leaning on his club and holding with his left hand a bow and lion’s skin — on A3. III. of Diocletian (6 fres.) aud Maximian Hercules (4 fres.) VIRTVS A^GVSTORYM. Emperor stand- ing, bolding spear and globe ; at his feet a captive ; or holding a spear and laurel branch or a standard, and leaning on a spear — on yE. III. (6 fres.) of Constantius II., on A3. Med. of Magnentius (50 fres.), and of Theodosius I. (100 fres.) VIRT\ S CAES. (Casaris.) Constantine II. standing before a trophy; on either sides captive seated. Obc. constantinvs ivn. nob. caes. (Junior Robi/is Casar.) Rust of Constantine II. to r., laureated. A3. Med. from Vaillant (200 fres.) VIRTVS CAESAR IS. Julian II., bare- headed, standing to r., holding spear and globe ; on cither side a raptivc seated ; in the exergue R. (Roma.) Obc. n. N. cl. (Bominus VI R TVS CONSTANTINI AVG. Noster Claudius) IVLIANVS n. c. (. Nobilis Casar.) Bust of Juliau II. to r., bare. -<®. Med. (80 frcs.) VIRTVS CAESARVM. The Emperor, laureated, standing, erecting a trophy or fixing a shield to a trophy, at foot of which a captive — on bra«s medallions of Constans 1. and Constantius II. (80 frcs.) VIRTVS CAESS. (Casarum.) Gate of a camp surmounted hy a star — on small brass coins of Constantine I. (?) from Randuri (5 frcs.), Crispus from Wiczay (3 frcs.), Constantine II. (c.) and Constantins II. (c.) VIRTVS CAESS. (Cies'irum.) Constan- tine II., galloping to r. over two enemies. Obv. CONSTANTIN vs. IVN. nob. c. (Junior Nobilis Casar.) Bust to r., laureated. JE. Med. (25 frcs.) VIRTVS CAESS. (Casarum.) Constans I., lanrcatcd, standing facing looking to I., attaching a shield to a trophy, at the foot of which a female seated holding a sceptre. Obv. n. n. FL. (Dominus Noster Flavius) CONSTANS avg. Bust of Constans I. diademed. iE. Med. from Randuri (80 frcs.) VIRTVS CAESS. (Casarum.) Constantius II. standing before a trophy. Obv. fl. tvl. constantiys nob. c. (Casar.) Bust of Con- stantius II. to r. JE. II. from Randuri (6 frcs.) VIRTVS CAESS. (Casarum.)— gi.oeia saecvli viutvs caess. (Casarum) — on brass medallions of Constantine I. [gloria saecvli, &c.]. virtvs caes. (Casaris) occurs on some of his gold and silver coins given hy Mionnet. VIRTVS CARI INVICTI AVG. (Augusti.) Hercules, naked, standing, to r., leaning on his club, which is covered with a lion's skin and placed on a rock. Obv. imp. c. m. avr. (Casar Marcus Aurelius) CABVS p. f. avg. Bust of Cams to r., laureated. X ■ (250 frcs.) VIRTVS CLAVDI A . . . (C/audii Au- gus/i.) Claudius II. on horseback to r., hurling his spear at a prostrate enemy ; under the horse two others and a shield. Obv. imp. c. m. avr. clavdivs avg. Bust of Claudius II. to r., laureated. X ■ (1200 frcs.) VIRTVS CONSTANTI AVG. (Constantii Augusti.) Constantius II. standing to 1. hold- ing the labarum and a sceptre ; at his feet a captive seated ; in the exergue smaq. (Signata Moneta Aquileia.) Obv. constantivs p. f. avg. Bust of Constantius II. to r., diademed. X- Med. (500 frcs.) VIRTVS CONSTANTI CAES. (Constantii Casaris.) Constantius II. walking tor., holding spear and trophy ; at his feet two captives ; in the exergue smn. (Signata Moneta Nicomedia.) Obv. fl. ivl. constantivs avg. Bust of Constantius II. to r., diademed. X • Med. (300 frcs.) VIRTVS CONSTANTINI AVG. (Augusti.) The Emperor standing between two captives, holding spear and trophy ; in the exergue smts. (Signata Moneta Thessatonica ) — on gold coins of Constantine I. from Randuri (200 frcs.) and gold medallion of Constantius II. (400 frcs.) VIRTVS EXERCIT. 885 VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAES. (Casaris.) Constantine I., laureated, galloping to r., holding a shield and piercing with his spear an enemy kneeling; under the horse a dead enemy and a shield. Obv. constantinvs nob. caes. Head of Constantine I. to r., laureated. A). II. (20 frcs.) VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAES. (Ca- saris.) Mars, walking, holding a spear and trophy ; on either side a captive ; in the exergue smnT (Signata Moneta Nicomedia 3.) Obv. constantinvs ivn. nob. C. (Junior Nobilis Casar.) Bust of Constantine II. to r., laureated. X • Med. (400 frcs.) VIRTVS CONSTANTIS AVG. ( Augusti ) Constans 1. standing holding the labarum and a spear, at his feet a captive ; in the exergue smaq. (Signata Moneta Aquileia) Obv. (?) X. Med. from Mionnet (400 frcs.) VIRTVS COS. II. Valour, helmeted, stand- ing to r., the 1. foot placed on a helmet, holding spear and parazonium — on silver and first and second brass coins of Marcus Aurelius (c.) VIRTVS DD. NN. AVGG. (Dominorum Nostrorum Augustorum.) The Emperor stand- ing to 1. holding the labarum; in the exergue tr. (Treveris) — on silver medallions of Constaus I. (80 frcs.) and Constantius II. (50 frcs.) VIRTVS EQVIT. (Equitum.) Soldier walk- ing to r. holding spear anil shield; sometimes in the exergue T. Obv. imp. postymvs avg. Bust of Postumns to r., radiated. Ril. (c.) VIRTVS EQVITVM. Hercules, naked, stand- ingto r., leaning on his club enveloped in a l on’s skin and placed on a rock ; sometimes in the exergue S or Z. Obv. imp. c. (Casar) fos- tvmvs p. f. avg. Bust of Postumus to r., ra- diated. Ril. (c.) VIRTVS EXERC. (Exercitus.) Valen- tinian II. standing to 1. on a vessel holding a globe surmounted by a Victory and the labarum, and placing r. foot on the back of a captive ; to r. a figure holding the rudder. Obv. D. N. (Dominus Noster) valentinianvs p. f. avg. Bust of Valentinian II. to r., diademed. /It. from Wiczay (20 frcs.) VIRTVS EXERC. GALL. (Exercitus Gal- licani.) Julian II., helmeted, walking tor.; dragging hy the hair a captive and holding a trophy ; in the field a wreath or an eagle hold- ing a wreath in its beak ; in the exergue kon- stan (tan in monogram — (Constanlina-Ar/es.) Obv. fl. cl. ivlianvs p. p. (Pius Perpetuus) or P. F. avg. Bust of Julian II., bearded, to r., diademed. X- (60 frcs.) VIRTVS EXERCIT. (Exercitus .) Trophy at foot of which two captives, or standard, on which vot. (Volts) x. or xx. between two cap- tives — on small brass coins (c.) of Licinius I., Licinius IT., Constantine I., Crispus, and Con- stantine II. It is upon the coins with the legend virtvs exercit. and the type of the standard on which vot. xx. that the monogram occurs in the field. There is little reason to doubt that this sign is intended for the Christian monogram, though at this period of the reign of 886 VIRTVS EXERCITVM. VIRTVS EXERCITVS. Constantine I. expressed in somewhat a latent manner. This series was probably introduced about the year a.d. 319. It is anterior to 323, coins of both the Licinii being common to it, while those of Constantius II. Casar are want- ing. Coins with this monogram cannot be classed as “common.” (Madden, Christian Emblems on Coins of Constantine I.,$~c., in the Num. Chron. N. s., 1877, vol. xviii., p. 53.) The top of the standard on some of these coins, on which there is no monogram in the field, \ sometimes ends in a cross. (Madden, op. cit., . p. 257.) VIRTVS EXERCIT. (Exercitus) Square i altar, on which a globe surmounted by three stars; on the front of the altar votis xx. Obv. Constantin vs nob. caes. Bust of Coustantiue I. to r., helmeted. JE. HI., from Banduri (20 fres.) VIRTVS EXERCIT. (Exercitus.) The design of a camp; in the midst, above, the Sun, radiated, standing to 1., holding a globe. Obv. D. N. CONSTANTIVS P. F. AVO. Bust of Con- j stantius II. to r. JE. III., from Ducange (10 fres.) VIRTVS EXERCIT. (Exercitus .) Theodosius I., diademed, standing to r., holding a standard and placing foot on a seated captive ; sometimes a cross in the field. Obv. D. n. theodosivs p. f. avo. Bust of Theodosius I. to r. A']. II. (c.) VIRTVS EXERCITI. Valour or a soldier standing to r., holding spear and leaning on shield, in the exergue tr. (Treveris) — on silver coins of Magneutius (30 fres.), and of Decentius (200 fres.) VIRTVS EXERCITI. The Emperor stand- ing holding the labarum and globe, and placing foot on or kicking a captive, sometimes in the field -p- or a palm — on third brass coins of Valentiniau I. from ICiczay (6 fres.), and on second brass coins of Valentiniau II. (c.), Theodosius I. (c.), and Magnus Maximus (10 fres.) VIRTVS EXERCI1 1. The Emperor stand- ing, facing, diademed, holding a spear ai.d leaning on a shield ; a Victory, standing to 1., bolding a palm, is crowning him — on third brass coins of Honorius (c.), and on gold of Arcadius (50 fres.) VIRTVS EXERCITI. Arcadius standing to r., holding the labarum and a globe, placing r. foot on a captive ; in the field sometimes -p > sometimes a star ; in the exergue cons. A (Constintinopo/is 4); SMNA. (Signata Mo- nela Nicomedia 4) ; ALEA (Alexandria I) ; ants (Antiochia), &c. Obv. D. N. arcadivs p. F. avgvstvs or avo. Bust of Arcadius to r., diademed. (c. to 2 fres.) VIRTVS EXERCITVM (sic — Exercituum.) The Emperor standing between two captives, holding a trophy and leaning on a shield; in the exergue TES. (Thessa/onica) — on gold medallions of Constans I. (400 fres.) and Con- stantius If. (1000 fres.) A similar type also on second brass coius of Vetranio (25 fres.) VIRTVS EXERCITVM. (sic- Exercituum.) Four military standards ; on the second the letter A, and on the third (A) ; above £ ; in exergue R. (Roma). Obv. d. n. constans p. F. avo. Bust of Coustans, diademed. -R. Med. (80 fres). Though this is the earliest example of the A and u> on coins, these letters were probably employed before this date, perhaps even before the Council of Nice in a.d. 325, as proved by the tomb of the martyr Heraclius, who sutfered long before the reign of Constantine, found in the cemetery of Priscilla (Ariugbi vol. I., p. 605. Roma, 1651-59), by an inscription given by Fabretti (Inscr. Ant. Exp/ic., p. 739, Roma. 1699), and by a cup given by Boldetti from the cemetery of Callixtus (Oss. sopra i cim., &c., p. 194, pi. iii., No. 4, Roma, 1720). The Arians carefully avoided their use (Giorgi, Be Mon. Christi, p. 10, Roma, 1738), and it was not till about a.d. 347 that these letters commenced to come into general use in any case on coins. The origin of these letters can of course be traced to the words of St. John, 'Eycv rb A /col rb Cl, 6 npwToi /cal b iVxaror, r/ bpx^ *“1 TfAor. (Rev. xxii. 13, and cf. I, 8, 11; xxi. 6 — “I am A'pha and Omega, the first and tbe last, the beginning and the end”), and the poet Prudcn- tius (Calhemerinon, IX. 10), who was born during the reign of Constantius Il.aud Constans (a.d. 348), mentions them as follows: — "Conic natus ex parentis ante mundi exor- dia m, Alpha et W cognominatus; ipse fons et clausula Omnium, qua: suut-, fuerunt, qtucque post futura sunt.” As to the form w instead of Cl the Padre Garrucci ( Hagioglgpta, p. 168, note), asserts that the Cl nowhere occurs on any authentic Christian monument, and condemns, as does dc Rossi, a ring published by Costadoui on which is a dolphin between tbe letters A and Cl. The letters A and W may also be found on cither O side of >fC on second brass coins of Constantins II. (3 fres.), with the legend salvs avo. nostri. On the whole question see Madden, Christian Emblems on the Coins of Constantine I., §‘c., in the Sum. Chron. N. S., 1878, vol. xviii., p. 32. seq., and art. Money in Smith’s and Chec- t ham’s Diet, o) Christian Antiq. VIRTVS EXERCITVS. Valour, helmeted, standing to r. holding a spear, leaning ou a shield and placing I. foot on a helmet— -on silver coius of Philip I. (3 fres ) VIRTVS EXERCITVS. Heap of arms, similar to those on the coins of Marcus Aurelius with de germ, and de sarm. Obv. postvmvs pivs avo. Head of Postumus to r., laureated. S ■ (500 fres.) VIRTVS EXERCITVS. Mars, helmeted, walking r., holding spear and trophy, and on I. arm a shield — on second brass coins of Galcrius Maiiuiiau (c.) and of Maxersonagc is perhaps the Fonteius who perished at Asculum in B.c. 91. Obv. cs. Do mi* ( Cnaus DomUius.) Head of Venus to r., diademed ; behind •. Rev. q. cvrti. m. sir. a. (Quintus Curtius. Marcus Sdanus.J A lyre. JE. (25 fres.) (Mommsen, vol. ii., p. 360; Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. liv., Curtia, No. 4.) Q. Curtius is unknown, but perhaps was the father of Q. Curtius, who was judex quastionis in B.c. 70. M. Silanus was probably the son of M. Junius D. F. Silanus, who was Consul in B.c. 109. VOCONIA GENS. 5th Period — b.c. 104 — 84. Obv. Female head to r., helmcted ; behind Rev. M. herenni. (Marcus Herennius) roma. Two comuacopise. AS. (15 frc9.) (Mommsen, vol. ii., p. 392 ; Cohen, Med. Cons., p. 149. No. 4, from Riccio. A similar coin but without the name m. herenni. is engraved by Cobcu, pi. taxi., No. 16.) This personage is perhaps the son of the Con- sul of b.c. 93. Obv. Female head to r., helineted ; behind •. Rev. man. (in monogram) font. (Manius Fonteius.) roma. A quadriga. AS. (15 fres.) (Mommsen, vol. ii„ p. 445 ; Cohen, Med. Cons., p. 140 note from Riccio.) This person is perhaps the qumstor in B.c. [The following piece is published by Cohen (Med. Cons., page 174, No 18, pi. lvi.. Junta, No. 4), from the cabinet of M. Feuelon-Farcz. Obv. scaeva. Helineted head of Pallas (?) to r. Rev. m. avf. (in monogram ; Marcus Au- Udius.) Centaur to r. AS. (30 fres.) The attribution of this coin is uncertain, though Cohen thinks it is not impossible that it may belong to the towu of Larinum."] VNDIQVE VICTOllES. The Emperor standing to 1., holding a globe, sometimes sur- mounted by a Victory, and a sceptre; some- times a captive seated on either side — on small brass coins of Numerian (5 to 8 fres.), and of Constantius Chlorus (2 fres.) VNI. (Uniman us) in field ; Victory crown- ing a trophy ; in the exergue roma. Obv. Head of Apollo to r., laureated. At. Quin. (40 fres.) This coin of the Claudia gens has been attri- buted by Borghesi (Lee. xvii., 5 ; (Euvr. Comp/., vol. ii., p. 311) to Claudius Unimanus, prictor in b.c. 149, but Mommsen (Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 417), assigns it to a period between B.c. 104 and B.C. 84; whilst Babelon (Mon. de la Repub. Rom., vol. i., p. 347) considers it should be placed about B.c. 89. VNO. Uno. — on large brass medal of Con- stantine I. of the Contorniatc class [see vltvs.] VOC. Voconins. cn. voc. st. f. Crueus Voconius S/alii Filins, on a brass coin struck at Astapa Hispanise Rretica (Akerman, Coins of Cities and Princes, p. 23.) VOCONIA GENS, a plebeiau family. The following silver and gold coins are extaut : — 1. Obv. Head of Julius Caisar to r., laure- ated. Rev. q. voconivs vitvlvs q. design. (Quintus Voconius Vitulus Quastor Lesig- natus.) Calf walking to 1. ; in the field, s. c. (Senatus Consulto.) At. (12 fres.) [See en- graving No. 1, head of article Caesar caivs ivlivs, p. 151.] 2. Obv. divi ivli. Head of Julius Ciesar to r., laureated ; behind, the augur’s statf. Rev. Q. (Quintus) voconivs vitvlvs. Calf walk- ing to 1. ; in the field s. c. (Senatus Consulto.) At. (20 fres.) 3. Obv. divi f. (Filius.) Bearded head of Octavian to r., bare ; in front the augur’s staff. Rev. q. voconivs vitvlvs q. desig." (Quintus Voconius Vitulus Quastor Lesignutus.) Calf VOL. 895 walking to 1.; in the field, s. c. (Senatus Con- sulto.) AT. (500 fres.) 4. Obv. divi ivli F. (Filius .) Bearded head of Octavian to r., bare. Rev. q. (Quintus) voconivs vitvlvs. Calf walking to 1. N. (500 fres.) These pieces, assigned bv some to b.c. 43-42, or b.c. 38-36 (Cohen, Med. Cons., p. 336 ; Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. i., pp. 16, 114; Mommsen, Mom. Rom., vol. iii , p. 5), were probably struck about B.c. 41-40 by Quintus Vocouius Vitulus, conjointly with those of Tibe- rius Scmpronius Gracchus, who took the double titles of quatuorviri and quaslores designati, and who show on some of their coins (see Nos. 1, 2, and 3) the Senatorial origin of their powers by the letters s. c. (Lcnorinant, La Mon. dans l Antiq., vol. iii., p. 175.) As to the beard, Lenormant (toe. cit .) writes, “ The beard, which ornaments the chin of Octavian on the coins of Sempronius Gracchus and Voconius Vitulus, ap- pears to me to have the appearance of a light beard of a young man rather than that which grow r n-np men allowed to grow as a sign of mourning, as Octavian did during the war agaiust Sextus l’ompeius. Now, in the coin portraits, although some engravers have omitted the cir- cumstance, the nephew and heir of Ciesar could always, up to b.c. 39 (715 of Rome), be repre- sented with the chin ornamented with his first beard, and, indeed, the portraits which show it are assuredly the most exact, since Dion Cassius (xlviii., 34; Eckhcl, vol. vi., p. 76), informs us that it was only in this year that he shaved his beard for the first time.” [barba.] 'the calf on the coins alludes to the name vitv LVS. VOCONIVS — q. voconivs vitvlvs. [Vo- conia gens .] i ocontii, a people of Gallia Narbonensis. The following coius arc attributed to them (Akerman, Coins of Cities and Princes, p. 152) : — 1. Obv. Head to r. Rev. vooc. Horse galloping to 1. Al. 2. Obv. row (sic.) Head of Pallas to r., helmcted. Rev. vocvnt. Horseman, holding spear, galloping to r. Al. 3. Obv. vocontii . Beardless head to r. Rev. Hog standing to 1. Al. VOCVNT. [Vocontii.'] VO. DE. Vota Lecennalia, written on a shield on silver and large brass coins of (tom- modus, with the legend saec. fel. p. m. tr. p. x. [or xi.] imp. vii. cos. iv. [or v.] p. p. s. c. [Vota.] \LO. Vol. Volonius? or Volteius ? — L. \£0. X.. F. Lucius Volonius? or Vol- teius ? Lucii Filius Strabo, on silver coins usually attributed to the Volt via family [Volleia gens., see \fO. Ulo.] VOL. Vo/ca. [Volca Tectosages.] VOL. — cn. vol. On coius of Celtic chiefs (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. iii., p. 252.) Volaterra (now Volterra), one of the most important of the Etruscan cities. A small gold coin— Oii;. Young head to r. or tol; in front 896 VOLKANVS VLTOR. x. Rev. Plain surface — has been attributed to it (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. i., pp. 214, 372 ; vol. iv., pi. xviii., No. 4.) Its brass coins of the aes grave class are numerous, and the attribution is certain from their all bearing the legend Velathri in Etruscan characters. The coins are of three series. 1. Head of Janus, without type on reverse — "Dupondius, as, semis, triens, quadrans, sextans, uncia. 2. With club on reverse — dupondius, as, semis, triens, quadrans, sextans, uncia. 3. Dolphin on re- verse — as, semis. (Cat. of Greek Coins in Brit. Mas., Italy, p. 11.) It is not known if other fractions of this third series exist. (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. i., pp. 220, 384 — 387.) VOLC. Vo/ca. {Voices Arecomici. ] VOLCAE. Voices. [ V olcee Arecomici."] Voices Arecomici, a people of South Gallia, having for their chief city Nemausus Colonia [NemaususJ] Their coins are (Akcrman, Coins of Cities and Princes, p. 153) : — 1. Obv. Bare head to r. ; in front 41. Rev. volc. Between the spokes of a wheel. JR. 2. Obv. Head of Diana to r. ; in front 41. Rev. volc. An eagle with expanded wings holding a palm branch in one claw and a wreath in another ; the whole within a laurel wreath. JE. 3. Obv. volcae. Head of Diana to r. ; in front, a wreath. Rev. abec. A figure in toga standing to 1. ; in front a branch of laurel. 43. Voices Tectosages, a people of South Gallia, having the cities Illiberis, Rusciuo, Tolosa Co- lonia, Cessero, Carcaso, B interne, and Narbo Colonia, of which Tolosa was the chief, and which was plundered by Q. Servilius Ciepio, Con- sul in B.c. 106. Their coius were at one time confounded with those of the Voices Arecomici, but their ditferent style and the occurrence of vol. only without A. or aiiec. have led to their assignment to the Voices Tectosages. ( Aker- mau, Coins of Cities and Princes, p. 153) : — 1. Obv. Head of Apollo to 1., laureated. Rev. vol. Horse galloping to 1. ; below, a wheel with four spokes. 41. 2. Obv. Rude head of Apollo (?) to 1. Rev. A cross, as on Mediaeval coins, in the angles of which various symbols, and an axe. At. VOLCANO or VOLKANO — deo. volcano or volkano. On billon coins of Gallienus from Banduri and of Saloninus (valebianvs p. p. AVG.) [DEO VOLKANO.] VOLCANOM. Head of Vulcan to 1., wearing laureated pilos ; behind, tongs. Rev. Aisebn in exergue. Jupiter in biga to r., hurling thun- derbolt ; above Victory flying to r., holding wreath. 42. of Aesernia Samnii (Cat. of Greek Coins in Brit. Mas. Italy, p. 67.) VOLKANVS VLTOR. Head of Vulcan to r., with cap, laureated. Rev. genio p. b. (Populi Romani .) Pincers, hammer, anvil, and die. 41. (40 fres.), or signa p. b. (Populi Romani.) Roman eagle with wreath of pearls in its beak, between two military standards aud a lighted altar. 41. (30 fres.) These coins are attributed to the period between the reigns of Nero aud Vespasian. [vvlcanvs.J VOLTEIA GENS. Volsinii., oue of the twelve important cities of Etruria. The following gold coins are attributed to it (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. i., pp. 24, 215, 372, 373):— 1. Obv. Young head (Apollo?) to 1., laureated, or with myrtle wreath, on either side xx (20.) Rev. Bull walking to 1. ; above dove flying, hold- ing wreath ; in front a star of eight rays ; in the exergue — Velzpapi in Etruscan characters. N . 2. Obv. Female head ; f\ (5.) Rev. Dog running; in the exergue — Velsu in Etruscan characters. N ■ VOLTEI. Volteius. m. voltei. m. p. Marcus Volteius Marci Filius, on silver coins of the Vo/teia gens. [ Volteia gens.] VOLTEIA GENS, uncertain family only known from coins : — 1. Obv. Head of Jupiter to r., laureated. Rev. M. voltei. M. F. (Marcus Volteius Marci Filius.) Tctrastyle temple with three doors ; on the pediment, a thunderbolt. 41. (2 fres.) 2. Obv. Head of young Hercules to r., covered with the lion’s skin. Rev. m. voltei. m. p. Boar running to r. 41. (3 fres.) 3. Obv. Head of young Bacchus to r., crowned with ivy. Rev. m. voltei. m. p. Ceres in a car to r., drawn by two serpents, and holding a torch in each hand; in the field various symbols. 41. (2 fres.) 4. Obv. Head of Apollo to r., laureated. Rev. m. voltei. m. p. Tripod around which a serpent is entwined ; in the field to 1., s. c. (Senatus Consulto) to r., D. T. (De Tliesauio ?) 41. (80 fres.) 5. Obv. Young head to r., helmeted, without crest, aud ornamented with laurel ; behind, sym- bols. Rev. M. voltei. M. P. Cybele, with turreted crown, in a car drawn by lions to r., and holding a patera; in the field, various Greek numerals. 41. (2 fres.) (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol ii., pp. 467-469, No. 257; Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. xlii. ; Volteia, Nos. 1, 4, 3, 5, 2.) These coins were found in the deposit of Hewisz-Szamos, in Transylvauia, buried about b.c. 74. Marcus Volteius is unknown, but Mommsen has established (Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 65 ; cf. Lcnormant, La Mon. dans I’Antiq., vol. ii., ]). 251) that in all cases on coius of the Republic bearing a name without an expressed title, but accompanied with the formulas D. s. s. (Be Senatus Sententia),\ pe. s. c. (Pub/ice Senatus Consulto), ex s. c. (Ex Senatus Con- sulto), or 8. c. (Senatus Consulto), as ou the coin (No. 4) above described, that the moneycr was not a regular triumvir, but a person charged with an extraordinary commission. The types of lliese five coins have been ex- plained by M. Mommsen (Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 468), and refer to the five great fetes cele- brated at Rome at this period — namely, the Roman fete, the Plebeian fete, and those of Ceres, of Apollo, aud of the Megalcsiau games. No. 1, with the head of Jupiter and the Temple of the Capitol, refers to the ludi Romani — “ ludos antiquissimos qui pritni Romani appcllati sunt . . . Jovi Junoni, Mincrvtcquc esse facieudos” (Cic. in Verrem, v. 14, 36.)— No. 2, with the head of 4 VOLVSIVS. VOLVSIANVS. 897 young Hercules, refers to the ludi Plebeii founded "by C. Flaminius in b.c. 220. — Xo. 3, on which is the head of young Bacchus and Ceres in a ear drawn by two serpents, refers to the Ceria/ia or files in honour of Ceres, which, it is said (Cic. in Verrem, v. 14, 30), were celebrated in honour of the three divinities in the temple of Ceres — Cereri, Libero, Liberirque. '1 he same fete is alluded to on a coin of the Meinmia yens (Mommsen, op. cit , p. 514.) — Xo. 4, with the head of Apollo and tripod, refers to the games founded in b.c. 212, in honour of Apollo (Livy, xxv., 12: xxvi., 23 ; xxvii., 11), games which are also commemorated on coius of the Cal- p urn in gens and the Marcia yens (Mommsen, op. cit., pp. 408, 438.) The letters d. t. have ] been generally interpreted donum tulit, but Mommsen thinks that the explanation l)c The - sanro is more suitable, and signifies that the ex- penses of this fete were partly covered by the public treasury and partly by collection (Yarro, Be Ling. Lat. v., 181 ; Livy, xxv., 12.) — Xo. 5, j representing Cybele in a car drawn by lions, refers to the Megalesian games instituted in b.c. 204. The head on the obverse of this coin is con- sidered by Mommsen to be that of Atys, and by Cavedoni that of one of the’Corybantcs, or, per- haps, that of Cory has, son of Jason and of Cybele (Diodor. Sicul., v., 49.) This coin offers the only example of Greek numeral letters on family coius. The following coin has al«o been attributed to the Votteia gens (Cohen, Med. Cons., Vulteia, pi. xlii.. No. 6j : — Obo. Head of Jupiter to r., laitreated ; be- hind, a letter. Rev. l. \L°. l. f. sT!^ fib ( Lucius j Volteius ? Lucias Filius Strabo ) Kuropa ou a bull to 1., holding a veil ; in the field to r., a thunderbolt; below, an ivy-leaf. At. (30 fres.) Mommsen, however, thinks (Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 522) that the monogram Vo. can only be interpreted by vlo. or vol., which would, per- haps, be the abbreviation of Volonius. [V°- do; V°- Vo!.\ The family of the monever is therefore uncertain. The coin was issued between B.c. 74-50. VOLVMNIO. Volumnio, on second brass coins of Octavia and Nero, struck at Coriuthus Admire — lvrino volvmnio iiv. (duumviro) or lvbino volvmxio. (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd cd., vol. i., p. 313, Nos. 1-3.) VOLVNT — cn. volvnt., on coins of Celtic chiefs (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. iii., p. 252.) YOLYSI. Volusii, on brass medallions of Augustus, struck by Volusius Saturninus, pro- consul of Africa, b.c. 6, at Gergis Syrticie or Cercina — pkrm. l. volvsi. procos. gerg. or cf.rc. Permissu Lucii Volusii Proconsulis Gergis or Cercime (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd. ed., vol. i., p. 166, No. 818; Muller, Hum. de V Anc. Afrique, vol. ii., p. 35.) VOLVSIVS. Volusius, on large brass coins of Augustus, struck by Volusius Saturninus at Achulla and Iladrumetum Byzacente — L. yolv- 5 y SIVS SATUR. or SATVRN. or SATVRN. ACHVL. (Miiller, Nu m. de PAnc. Afrique, vol. ii., pp. 44, 52.) [volvsi.] VOLVSIANO— c. vibio volvsiano caes. or IMP. CAE. C. VIB. VOLVSIANO avg. or lit. C. V. AP. GAL. VEND. VOLVSIANO AVG. Im- peratori C'aio Vibio Afinio Gallo Vendumniano Volusiano Aug ust o, etc., on coins of the Em- peror Volusiau. [volvsianvs.] VOLVSIANVS (Caius Vibius), son of Tre- bouiauus Gallus, who, on his accession, in a.d. 251, made his son Casar and Princeps Ju. veututis, and Augustus in the followiug year. He followed the fortunes of his father, and with him was killed at Interrumna (Term) Umbria: in a.d. 254. [trebonianvs gallvs.] The obverse legends of his coins are — c. vibio VOLVSIANO CALS, IMP. c. C. VIB. VOLVSI- ANVS AVG., IMP. CAE. C. VIB. VOLVSIANO AVG., and IM. C. V. AF. GAL. VEND. VOLVSIANO AVG. Imperatori Caio Vibio Afinio Gallo Vendum- niano Volusiano Augusto. The principal reverse legends are— Silver Medallions : FELICITAS PVBLICA. ? Double An- toninianus (30 fres.), moneta avgg. (300 fres.), Gold coins -. AEQVITAS AVGG. (450 fres.), aetehxitas avgg. (400 fres.), apoll. salv- tari (from Banduri, 400 fres.), Concordia avgg. (450 fres.), felicitas pvblica (from Tanini, 450 fres.), ivnoni martiali (500 fres.), j LI BERTAS AVGG. (450 fl'CS.), PIETAS AVGG. (400 to 450 fres.; Quin. 500 fres.), pietas avgg. Augur’s staff, knife, simpultm, sacrificial vase, aspergillum and patera (from Tanini 500 fres.), p. M. TR. P. Iill. cos. II. (from Tanini, 450 j fres.), pbincipi lWENTvris (450 fres., Quin. 500 fres.), salvs avgg. (500 fres.), victoria avgg. (400 fres.), virtvs avgg. (400 fres.). ’ —Silver Coins: adventvs avg. (8 fres ), AEQVITAS AVGG. (c. to 12 fl’CS.), ANNONA AVG. | (6 fres.), apoll. salvtari (3 fres.), con- I COliDIA AVGG. (c.), felicitas pvbl. (2 fres.), < IVNO MARTIALIS (c.), IVNONI MARTIALI (4 to 30 fl’CS.), I.IBERALITAS AV«i. (3 frCS.), LI- BF.RTAS AVGG. (c.), I.IBERTAS PVBLICA (c.), l MARTEM PROPVGNATOREM (8 fres.), MARTI PA- 1 cifero (12 fres.), pax aeterna (c.), pax avg. I (from JVicsay, 12 fres.), pax avgg. or avgvs. ; (c.), PIETAS AVGG. (c.), P. M. TR. I\ IIII. COS. i ii. Felicity or Emperor standing (2 to 8 fres.), i rniNciPi i v ventvtis (c. to 3 fres.), provid. or provident i a avgg. (3 to 6 fres.), PVDICITI A | AVGG. (20 fres.), romae aeternae (c. to 10 fres.), saecvlvm novvm (2 fres.), salvs avgg. 893 VOT. ^c., Quin. 80 frcs.), secvritas avo. (c.), vberi- TAS AVG. (12 frcs.), VICTORIA AVG. (0 to 20 frcs.), viitTYS avgg. (c.) — Brass Medallions : ADYENTVS AVGG. (400 frCS.), FORTVNAE REDVCI (400 frcs.), MONETA avgg. (250 frcs.), vihtvs AVGVSTOBVM (400 frcs.) — Brass Coins: aeqyi- TAS AVGG. S. C. (jE. I., C.), APOLLO SALVTARl s. c. (E. I. and II., c.), arnazi (without s. c., JE. I., 80 frcs.; E. II., from ll’iczay, 60 frcs.), CONCORDIA AVGG. S. C. (E. I., 5 frcs. ; JE. II., C.), FELICITAS PVBLICA S. C. (E. I. ami II., C.), IVNONI MARTI ALI S. C. (E. I., 10 frcs. ; JE. II., 6 frcs.), LIUEUAL1TAS AVGG. S. C. (E. I., C frcs.; M . II., C.), LIBF.RTAS AVG. 3. C. ( JR . I. c.), pax. avgg. s. c. (E. I. and II. c.), pietas avgg. (E. I. and II., c.), p. m. tr. p. iiii. cos. ii. p. p. s. c. ( JR . I., 5 frcs.), prin- CIPl IVYENTVTIS S. C. (8 fl'CS.), SALV8 AVGG. s. c. (E. I. and 11., e.), secvritas avgg. s. c, (/E. I., C.), VICTORIA AVGG. S. C. (E. I., C.), virtvs avgg. s. c. (E. I. and II. c.), votis DKCENNALIBVS S. C. (E. I., 8 frcs. ; E. II., C frcs.) There are also medallions of Trebonianus Gal- lus and Volnsianus. £. (200 frcs.), E. Med. (400 frcs.), E. II. (100 frcs.) Coins of Volusian were struck iu tlic follow- ing colonies — Alexandria (Troas), Antiocliia Pisidiic, Apamcia Bithyniic, Cicsarea Samaria;, Coela, Dacia, Damascus, Tyre, and Viminacium. [The curious coins of Trebonianus G dlus (JE. Med.) with legeud arnasi. and (E. II.) with arnazi., and of Volusian (E. T. and II.) with ar- NAZI., with type of Apollo on a mountain, holding a laurel branch and bow, have caused much dis- cussion [arn. asi.] Pellerin (lien, des Mid., vol. iii., p. lii.) considers that the legeud sig- nifies two towns of Umbria— -Arna and Asisium, at which a statue ot Apollo was erected, and this iuterpretatiou was approved by Eekhel (vol. vii., p. 358), and accepted by Cohen (Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. v., p. 239, note) with reserve. The interpretation of Pellerin as to two towns seems dubious, but the legend may apply tooue — Arna — for it is now known that the Emperor Vibius Trebonianus Gallus was born at Pcrusia (St. Marin, Iscriz. Perugina, p. 15-20; Noel des Vergers, L’Elrurie et les Mrus/jues, vol. ii., p. 381), and it was there that an inscription was dedicated to his wife Atiuia Gcmina before he became Emperor (Noel des Vergers, op. cit., vol. iii, ; Append. Epig., p. iii., No. 32 ; Orelli, No. 997.) The colony then acquired the name of Pibia, and many beuefits were conferred on the place. The town of Arna was in Pcrusia (Orelli, Nos. 90p 91, 5005), and it is very likely that the Emperor Trebonianus Gallus would erect a statue to Apollo Arnazi ns or Arnasius iu his native country (Madden, Num. Chron., N.s., 1868, vol. viii., pp. 8-10.) The late M. Adrien de Longpericr, in a letter to the writer, 27th May, 1868, says — “ J’ai remarque votre explication dc la legeude ARNASI qui est Ires iuteressant et tres bieu fondee.” VOOC. [PocontiiJ] VOLVSVS [VALERIA GENS.] VOT. Pot a or Votis [sec Po/aJ] VOT P. SVSC. PI?. SAL. ET RED. I.O.M. SACR. VOT. (Pota in the exergue .) Legend effaced. Tetricus I. and II. facing each other sacrificing at a lighted altar ; one bolds a globe and is crowned by Victory ; to r. a citizen stand- ing. Obv. [imfp. tetkici AVGG.] Busts facing each other of Tetricns I. and II., the former laureate, the latter bare. E. II. (200 frcs.) VOT. (Pota.) A. or A. or £., etc., within a laurel wreath. Obv. imp. c. maximianvs p. p. AVG. Bust of Maximiau Hercules to r., ra- diated. E. III. (c.) VOT. (Veto) with a ram and an eagle within a wreath ; in the exergue CONST. (Constantin* — Arles.) Obv. d. n. fl. cl. iylianvs p. f. avg. Bust of Juliau II. to 1., kclmetcd, holding spear and shield. E. III., from Banduri. VOT. Pota. — iovi vot. svse. pro sal. caes. avg. s. p. q. r. Jovi Pota Suscepta pro salute CifSaris August: Scualus Popn- t usque Romanes, on silver coins of Augustus. VOT. CAESS. (Pota Ceesarum) Two Vic- tories bolding a shield on which VOT. xv. (Pota Quindecennalia.) Obv. constaxtinvs ivn. nob. caes. Head of Constantine II. to r., laureated. E. Med., from Pail taut (200 frcs.) VOT. DECEN. TR. P. COS. II. (Pota Decennatia. Tribunitia Votestate Consul Se- cundum.) Pertinax veiled, standing to I, sacri- ficing at a lighted tripod. Obv. imp. caes. p. helv. (Publius Melvins) pbrtix. avg. Bust or head of Pertinax to r., laureated. A r . (300 frcs.) TR. (50 frcs.) vot. deck., etc., amt similar tvpcs on JE. I. (150 frcs.) and E. II. (80 frcs.) VOT. M. (Potis Mutt is) formed as a cross V.— O. O.— V. .... ,j, or ,j, within a wreath. Ob v. I). N. l vstin ianvs pp. (Perpetuus) avg. Bust of Justinian I. to r., diademed. E. (20 tu 25 fres.) . VOT. MVLT. ll TI. ( Votis Mnttis — ?) iu three lines within a laurel wreath ; iu the exergue conob. (Constantiuopolis, 72.) Obv. n. N. ivstixiaxvs pp. avg. Bust of Justinian I. to r., diademed, TR. (12 frcs.) VOT. MVLT. XXXX. (Potis Mullis Quad- ragenna/ibus) within a laurel wreath. Obv. d. n. throdosivs p. f. avg. Bust of Theodo- sius II. to r., diademed. TU. (100 fres.) VOT. P. C. (Pota Popu/i Cons/aatiuopo/i- lani ?) ou the shield held by Victory and a genius, on a gold coin of Anastasias with the legend Victoria avgvstorvm (q. r), from Tanini and Mionnet, but doubtful. VOT. P, R. (Pota Populi Romani) on altar or ou shield, ou small brass coins of Liciuius I., Constantine 1., Crispus, etc., witli legend vict. [or VICTORIAF.] LA ETA E PR1NC. PEltP. or DOM. NOSTR. VOT. P. SVSC. PR. SAL. ET RED. I. O. M. SACR. (Pota Publics Suscepta pro salute et reditu Jovi Optimo Maximo Sacrata — some- times a circular legeud, sometimes in four lines.) Mars standing, facing, naked, helmctcd, mantle on arm, bolding staudard and parazouium. Obv. S. P. Q. R. (Senates Popu/usque Roman ns) VOT. SVSC. DEC. III. COS. IIII, caesari avgvsto. Head of Augustus to r. or 1., laurcated. N . (60 frcs.) ; At. (5 to 50 or 60 frcs.) VOT. TVB. (Tola Publica.) TIic genius of the Senate standing, holding a sceptre in the presence of the genius of the Roman people, who holds a patera and a cornucopia; ; between them a lighted altar. Obv. Hadrian vs avg. cos. ill. P. r. Head or bust of Hadrian, bare, to r., or head bare to 1. N • (100 frcs.) VOT. PVB. (To/a Publica- in the field) P. M. TR. P. COS. II., or COS. DES. iil., or COS. III. Piety veiled, stauding tor., raising both hands. Obv. imp. caesar traia.v. ha- DRIANV8 avg. Bust of Hadrian to r., laurcated. At. (3 frcs.) VOT. PY B. S. C. (Tola Publica. Senatus Consulto.) Hadrian veiled, sacrificing at a tripod, accompanied by a priest, an assistant ( Viclimarius^ ), and a (lute player — on AS. J. of Hadrian, from Vaillant. VOT. PVB. (Vo/a Publica.) Gate of a camp, surmounted by two turrets and a star. Obv. d. x. valentixianvs p. f. avg. Bust of Valentinian III. to r. A3. III. Quin. (10 frcs.) A variety from Tanini has km. ( Roma ) in the exergue of the reverse. VOT. Q. (^. MVL. X, or MVL. X. EEL., or MVL. XX. (V oils Quinquennalibus, Mt'lhs Deceunalibus, or Mullis Deccnnalibus Felicibus, or Mullis Vicenualibus ) within a laurel w reath. Obv. maxentivs p. f. avg. Head of Maxcn- tins to i., laurcated. AS. III. (1 frc.) A variety from Banduri reads vot. v. q. myi,. x. (2 frcs.) VOT. SOL. DEC. P. M. TR. P. XI. [or TR. P. XII.] IMP. VIII. COS. V. P. P. ( Votis Sotutis Deceunalibus, etc.) Commodus veiled, standing to 1., sacrificing on a tripod, behind which a victim. Obv. u . comm. ant. p. fed. avg. rrit. Head of Commodus to r., laurcated. Struck in a.d. 186 and 187. At. (3 frcs.) VOT. SOL. DEC. PONTIF. TR. P. XI. COS. III. S. C. (Vo/ is Solulis Deceunalibus, etc.) Caraealla standing to 1., sacrificing at a tripod, behind which a flute player, standing facing ; opposite Caraealla a Viclimarius killing a bull. Obv. an'to.nixvs pivs avg. Bust of Caraealla to r., laurcated. Struck in a.d. 208. AS. II. (15 frcs.) VOT. SOLVTA X. ( Vo/a Soluta Decen- nalia) Victory in a big a galloping to r., hold- ing a laurel branch. Obv. probus p. f. avg. Bust of Probus to 1., laurcated, holding a spear. AS. Med. (small), or AS. III., from Tanini (50 frcs.) VOT. SVSC. DEC. P. M. TR. P., etc. (Votis Susceplis Deceunalibus, etc.) The Emperor sacrificing — on coins of Commodus (AT. 130 frcs. ; At. 3 frcs.) ; Septimius Sevcrus (/It. 3 frcs.), and Caraealla (At. 6 frcs.) VOT. SVSC. DEC. III. COS. IIII. (Votis Susceplis Dccennalibus III., etc.) Antoninus Pius standing to 1., sacrificing at a tripod, near him a person standing ; facing him a child, and a flute-player, behind whom another person and 5 Y 2 VOT. X. AVG. N. 899 a Viclimarius killing a bull. Obv. ANTON in vs avg. pivs p. p. tr. p. xxii. Head of Anto- ninus Pius to r., bare. Struck in a.d. 159. AS. Med. (300 frcs.) 1 OT. V. (Votis Quinquennalibus) , or VOT. \. MILT. X. (Mullis Deceunalibus), or VOT. X., or VOT. X. MVLT. XV. (Quindecennalibus) or XX. (Vicenualibus) up to VOT. XXX. (Tri- cennalibus), or VOT. XXX. MVLT. XXXX. (Quadragcnnalibus) or VOT. XXXX. (Quadra- gennalibns) occur upon the coins from the period of Constautinc, either w ithin a laurel wreath or on an altar, or on a standard, or on a shield held by Victories, with various legends surrounding the main type, such as caesarvm nostuorvm, or DOMINOR. NOSTROll. [or DOMINOllVM NOSTRO- iivm] caess., gavdivm popvu romani, and many others. VOT. V. (Votis Quinquennalibus) within a laurel wreath, on coins of Constantius II., from Banduri (AS. III. 5 frcs.), of Jovian (AS. III. c.), of Valentinian I. (At. 6 frcs.), of Valens (At. 3 frcs.), of Procopius (At. 150 frcs.), of Gratian (AS. 1II-, Quin. 2 frcs.), of Theodosius I. (AS. III., Quin, e.), and of Arcadius (AS. III. 3 frcs.) VOL'. V. MVLT. X. (Votis Quinquennalibus Mullis Deceunalibus.) Within a laurel wreath, on coins of Crispus (AS. III., Quin., from Welz, 6 frcs.), of Constantius Callus (IE. III., Quin. 10 frcs.), ot Julian II. (At. 6 frcs.), of Jovian (At. G frcs., AS. III. 2 frcs.), of Valentinian I. (At. G frcs., AS. III., Quin. 3 frcs.), of Valens (Ai, from D’Bnnerg, 40 frcs., AS. III., Quin., from Tanini 10 frcs.), of Gratian (At., from Khell, 15 frcs., AS. III., Quin. 3 frcs.), Valcn- tinian II., in exergue t >|c e or t ^ h from Tanini (Musce de Vienne, At. 20 frcs., AS. III., Quin, from IViczay, 1 frc.), of Theodosius 1. (At., from Begcr, 8 frcs., AS. III., Quin, c.), of Magnus Maximus (AS. 111., Quin. 1 frc.), of Honorius (At. Med. 100 frcs., At. 6 frcs.), of Arcadius (AS. III. 3 frcs.), of Constautius 111. (At., from D’Bnnerg, 200 frcs.), of Attalus (At., from D’Enncry, 100 frcs.), and of Zeno (tov- vimv mti-vot. v. mvlt. x. At. 30 frcs.) VOT. V. MVLT. X. CAESS. (Votis Quin - qucnnalibvs Mullis Deccnnalibus Ctcsarum) within a laurel wreath, on coins of Licinius II. (AS. II1.G frcs.), of Crispus (AS. III. I frc.), and of Constantine II. (AS. III. 5 frcs.) These pieces were all struck at Thcssalonica, as the letters ts. a. or 1 *. or £ . (Thcssalonica;, 1, 2, 5) testify. VOT. X. (Votis Deccnnalibus) within a laurel w reath, on coins of Constantius Chlorus (AS. III. 1 frc.), of Galerius Maximian (AS. HI. c.), of Maximinus II. (AS. 11. 30 frcs.), of Constan- tine II., from Banduri (5 frcs.), and of Valen- tinian II., from Tanini (At. 20 frcs.) On the pieces of Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Max- imian there occur the letters f. k. (Felix Car- thago), and T. (Tarraconis) ; on that of Maxi- mus II. t., and on that of Valentinian II. P. CONS. (?) VOT. X. AVG. N. (Votis Dccennalibus Aug ust i Noslri) within a laurel wreath. Obv, 900 VOT. X. MVLT. XX. imp. constantinvs Avo. Bust of Constantine I. to r. AS. Quin. (3 frcs.) VOT. X. OA ES. (Volis Decennalibus Ciesaris) within a wreath of oak. 06 v. constantivs caes. Head of Constantius II. to r., laureated. AT- (50 frcs.) VOT. X. CAESS. (Votis Decennalibus Casarum ) within a laurel wreath, on coins of * Galcrius Maxiniian (AT., from Caylus, 200 frcs.) and of Severns II. (AS. III. Qum. 15 frcs.) VOT. X. CAESS. NN. ( Votis Decennalibus Casarum Noslrorum) within a wreath. Obc. MAXiMtNVS avg. Head of Maximinus II. Daza to r., laureated. AS. III. Quin., from Tan ini (25 frcs.) VOT. X. ET XV. F. ( 'Foils Decennalibus et Quindecennalibus Felicibus) within a laurel wreath, oil coins of Liciuius II. (AS. III. 20 frcs.) and Coustantine II. (AS. 111. 2 frcs.), accompanied by the letters 0s. (Tbeisa/oaica) or R. s., R. T. (Hornet Secuuda, llonue Tertia), etc. VOT. X. 1ST XV. FEL. (Votis Decennalibus et Quindecennalibus Felicibus) within a wreath ; also the letters redcs (?) Obv. imp. mcinivs avg. Head of Liciuius 1. to r., lau- rcated. AS. III. from IViczvy (20 frcs.) VO T. X. ET XX. ( Votis Decennalibus el Vicennalibus) within a laurel wreath. Obv. GAIXIENVS avg. or P. P. avg. Head oi bust of Gallicnus to r., radiated. X- (200 frcs.) VOT. X. F. (Votis Decennalibus Felicibus ) within a laurel wreath, on coins of Constantius Chlorus (AS. III. 1 fre.) and of Galerius Max- imum (AS. III. c.)— both with mintmarks k. Kart haginis and T. Tarraconis. VOT. X. FEL. (Volis Decennalibus Felici- bus) within a laurel wreath ; sometimes with the letters aq. s. (Aquileia Secuuda) or it. t. or R. Q. (Roiiue Tertia or Quarla.) Obv. max- entivs p. P. avg. Head of Maxcutius to r., laureated, or with lion’s skin. AS. III. (2 to 6 frcs.) VOT. X. M. XX. (Volis Decennalibus Mn/lis Vicennalibus.) Victory standing on a globe holding wreath and palm, on coins of Dio- cletian (A. III. 10 frcs.), aud of Galerius Max- imiau (AS. III. 12 frcs.) VOT. X. M. XX. (Volis Decennalibus Mattis Vicennalibus) within a wreath. Obv. MAXIMIANV8 P. F. avg. Bust of Maximian Hercules to r., radiated. AS. III. from Ban- duri (20 frcs.) VOT. X. MVL. XX. (Volis Decennalibus Multi s Vicennalibus) within a laurel wreath. Obv. Constantin vs avg. Bust of Constantine 1. to r., laureated. AS. Quin. (1 fre.) VOT. X. MVLT. XV. (Votis Decennalibus Mult is Quindecennalibus) within a laurel wreath, on coins of Valins (At. from D' F.nnery, in the exergue tr. Treveris, or tr. p. s. T, evens Pecnnia Signata, 40 frcs.), of Gratian (At. from IVelsl— in the exergue tr., 10 frcs.), of Theo- dosius I. (At. Med.— in exergue tr. p. s.— from D’Ennery, 100 frcs.), and of Hoiiorius (At. — in exergue CONS., Coiutantiuopolis — 6 frcs.) VOT. X. MVLT. XX. (Votis Decennalibus Mattis Vicennalibus) within a laurel wreath, VOT. XV. MVLT. XXXX. on coins of Licinius I. (AS. III. from Taniui, 20 frcs.), of Julian II. (At. — various mint -letters in exergue — 3 frcs., AS. III. c.), of Jovian (At. — in exergue 'r. const. Tertia Constant in. XI. Oil obverse a.d. 148.J (Cohen Mdd. Imp., 2ud cd., vol. ii. pp. 337,346, 347. For the question of date see Cohen op. cit., and vol. iii., p. 353, and T. J. Arnold, Num. Chron., n.s., 1873, vol. xiii., p. 130.) At a later period the deceunalia were celebrated every 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 years. The principal lcgcuds on the coins arc— vot. v. mvlt. x., vot. x. et xv. or xx., vot. x. sic xx., vot. xv. mvlt. xx. or xxx., vot. xx. sic or mvlt. xxx., vot. xxx. mvlt. xxxx., vot. xxxv. or vot. xxxv. mvlt. xxxx., xxxx. (last used ou gold coins of Justinian I., Sabatier, Mon. Egz., vol. i., p. 177), votis MVLT IS, VOTIS X. ET XX., VOTIS XX. MVI.TIS XXX., etc., PRIMIS X. MVLTIS XX., SIC. X. SIC xx. In the Upper Empire we find the legends — vota SVSCEPTA decennalia, when the vows were made for ten years, and vota solvta de- : cennalia when the vows were accomplished (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd cd., vol. vi., p. 458.) Cohen is of opinion that when the vows were only made or undertaken (svscepta) the bull to be sacrificed was not slain, but when accomplished (solvta) the sacrifice was complete — "e'est pour ccla qu 'on voit un taureau au pied du trepied avec la legendc vota sol. et qu ’on n’en voit point avec la legende vota svscepta ( Med. Imp., 2nd cd.,vol. ii., p. 377) — a rule not observed on the coinage of Caraealla, and supposed by Cohen to be a proof, amongst other things, of the decadence of art {Med. Imp., 2nd cd., vol. iv , p. 214), a general interpretation with which Froehucr does not agree (Les Medallions de I’ Empire Romain, p. 66.) The curious forms of the Later Empire may be explained by “ Vows made for live or more years, and for many others besides (mvltis) np to twenty, thirty, or forty years,” and by “ As - (sic) the vows arc for ten years so (sic) arc they for twenty, thirty, etc.” \ eiy often vows were anticipated for a much longer period than were ever fulfilled, for instance Valcns only reigned for fourteen years, and we find on the coins vows for twenty and thirty years— vot. xx. mvlt. xxx. (Cohen, Mid. Imp., 2nd cd., vol. vi., p. 458.) For fuller information on the ” Num mi votorum," Ecklicl (Poet. hum. Vet., vol. viii., pp. 473- 488) should be consulted. VOTA— I1AFC VOTA MVI.T. ANN. (Mullis Annie) on silver coin of Constantine I., from Batufuri. — sae. vota mvlt. dd. nn. (Srcu/i I ota Mullis [ Ann is ] Dominorum Nuslrorum) YOTA ORB1S ET VRBIS SEN. ET P. R. on brass qninarius of Constantine I. from D' Ennery. VOTA (in the field on gold coins, in the exergue on brass) COS. 1111. Antoninus Pius veiled, standing to 1., holding patera and roll sacrificing at a trijiod, on gold coins (45 fres.) and large and second brass (6 to 3 fres.) of Au- toniuus Pius. VOTA (in exergue) TR. P. XXI. IMP. HIT. COS. 111. Marcus Aurelius standing to 1., sacrificing at a tripod. Obv. it. antoninvs avg. ABM. PABTH. MAX. (Arweniacus Parthicus Maximius) Head of Aurelius to r., lamented. A3. 11. (3 fres.) VOTA (in the exergue) P. M. TR. P. COS. 111. P. P. Tet liens I. aud II. facing each other, sacrificing at a lighted altar ; the figure holding a globe is crowned by Victory. Obv. impp. tetkici aygg. Busts faciug of Tctricus I., laureatcd, aud Tetricus II. bare. A r . (800 fres.) A3. III. (100 fres.) VOTA AVGVSTI. II clinc ted bust of Rome to r. (with tLc features of Victoria) yoked to that of Diana, or busts facing of Apollo (with the features of Victorious II. ?) laureatcd, and of Diana, on gold coins of Victorious I. (800 fres.) [victcibia or victor in a ; vicnoniN’vs i. and «'.] \ OTA CAESS. (Casa rum.) Two \ ictorics holding a shield on which vot. xxx. Obv con- stantinvs IVN. Non. caes. (Junior Xobitis Ctesar.) Bust of Constantine II. to r., laureatcd. A3. Med. from Te.iini (200 fres.) VOTA DEC. ANN. SYSC. TR. P. XX. IMP. 1111. COS. 111. S. C. (Antoninus Pius) or TR.P. VI. IMP. IIII. COS. 111. P. P. S. C (Coimuodus.) The Emperor, veiled, standing, sacrificing at a tripod, on second brass coins of Autoniuus Pius aud Coinmodus (3 fres.) The legend should probably be interpreted yota DEC EM ANN ALIA and not VOTA DECANNALIA (tic), in accordance with another legend on large brass coius of Antoninus Pius, secvxd. decem annai.es. (Cohen, Med. Imp., 1st ed., vol. ii., p. 391 ; vol. iii., p. 185 ; 2nd cd., vol. ii., p. 346 [where Decen. seems to be a misprint for decem.] ; vol. iii., p. 353.) [See Vota.'] VOTA DECENALIA (sic) or DECEN- NALIA. Victory standing to r., writing on a shield attached to a palm, on billon coius of Gallieuus (2 fres.) VOTA ORBIS. Two Yietoi ies standing, attaching a shield on which is s. c. (Senates Cou- sulto) to a palm, on coins of Valerian I. (Bit. 6 fres.), of Gallieuus (Bit. 3 fres.), aud of Clau- dius II. (A3. III. 20 fres.) VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN. ET. P. R. (Senates et Popu/i Romani.) Column sur- mounted by a basket (? ?). On the column PEL. (Felicia ?) ; in the field I.. ; in the exergue aQ. (Aquileia.) Obv. imp. i.icinivs pivs felix avg. Bust of Licinius I., helmeted, to r., with cuirass, holding spear and shield. At. Med. (300 fres.) — Same legend. Cippus on which xx. xxx. avg. placed on a square base; in the field two stars ; in the exergue aQ. s. (Aqui- leia Secunda.) Obv. imp. constantinys max. VOTA PVBLICA. 903 avg. Bust of Constantine I., helmeted, to 1., holding a spear aud a shield. At. Med. (200 fres.) VOTA PVBL. (Publica) P. M. TR. P. On coius of Macrinus. Jupiter, naked, stauding, holding thunderbolt and sceptre; to r. Macrinus standing (At. 6 fres. ; Al. I. 40 fres.) ; — The goddess Fidelity standing to I., between two standards, holding a standard in each hand (At. 6 to 12 fres. ; A3. II. 12 fres.); — The goddess Felicity standing to I, holding a caduceus aud a sceptre (At. 6 fres.; A3. II. 12 fres.); — The goddess Health standing to 1., feeding a serpent entwined round an altar, and holding a sceptre (At. 6 to 12 fres.); — The goddess Security seated to 1., holding a spear; at her feet a lighted altar. (Af. 500 fres. ; At. 6 fres. ; A3. I. 40 fres.; A3. II. 12 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. Hadrian standing to 1., sacrificing at an altar or tripod, and holding a roll ; to 1. a Victimarivs leading a bull and hold- ing a hammer, a soldier lioldiug a spear, a player on the double flute, and an infant— on gold (200 fres.) and silver coins (4 to 6 fres.) of Hadrian. VOTA PVBLICA. Antoninus I. and Faus- tina I., or M. Aurelius and Faustina II., or Commodus and Crispina joiuiug hands; behind, Juno Pronuba standing — on gold coins of Faus- tina I. (150 fres.), and Auielius (100 fres.), and on brass medallions (500 fres.) of Crispina and Commodus. VOTA PVBLICA S. C. M. Aurelius holding a roll and Faustina II., standing, joining hands; between them Juno Pronuba stauding to r. — on large brass (15 fres.) and second brass coins (8 fres,) of Aurelius. VOTA PVBLICA S. C., within a wreath. Obv. IMP. M. ANTONINVS AVG. Tit. P. XX. . . . Head of M. Aurelius to r., laureatid. A3. I. (10 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA IMP. VI1II. COS. III. P. P. S. C. The Emperor veiled standing to 1., sacrificing on a tripod or altar, and holding a book — on large brass (6 fres.) and second brass coins (3 fres.) of Aurelius. Varieties of this type (with or without book or patera , and sometimes a victim) occur on the coins of Coinmodus (A3. I. C fres., A3. II. 3 fres.), of Septiuiius Severus (AT. 200 fres., -AC c., A3. II. 4 fres.), of Cara- calla (At. 3 fres., A 3. I. 12 fres., A3. II. 6 fres.), of Geta {N. 400 fres.. At. c., M. I. 15 fres., A3. II. 5 fres), and of Elugabalus (At. 6 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA (in exergue), etc. The Emperor standing to 1., sacrificing at a tripod; faciug is a child, behind whom a Viclimarius about to sacrifice a bull ; behind two flute- players to r. and a man stauding to 1. ; beyond, a iiexastylc temple — several varieties of type on brass medallions of Aurelius aud Commodus (400 to 450 fres.) Cf. Eroehner, Les Medall- ions del' Empire Itomain, pp. 93, 114, 122. VOTA PVBLICA, within a laurel wreath; in the centre a dot. Obv. lycillae avg. anto- nini avg. F. (Jilia.) Bust of Lucilla to r. X . (130 fres.). At. (10 fres.) On some coins the legend is outside the laurel wreath. (At. 30 fres.) 904 VOTA PVBLICA. VOTA PVBLICA IMP. II. COS. P. P. S. C. Commodus, veiled, standing to 1. (or, according to the late Abbe Cavedoni, “The Genius of the Senate”), sacrificing at a lighted tripod, and holding a short sceptre ; facing him a Victima- rius about to sacrifice a bull ; or Commodus, veiled, standing to 1., sacrificing at a tripod — on large brass (20 fres.) and large and second brass (6 and 3 fres.) coins of Commodus. VOTA PVBLICA S. C. Severus veiled, and Caracalla standing facing each other, sacrificing at an altar — on large brass coins of Septimius Severus (25 fres.), and Jidia Domna from Vail- lant. • VOTA PVBLICA. Eight figures sacrificing before a temple — on second brass coins of Sep- timius Severus from Vaillant. VOTA PVBLICA S. C. Piety, veiled, stand- ing to 1., placing a grain of incense on the flame of a lighted altar, and holding a box of perfumes — on large (8 fres.) and second brass (3 fres.) coins of Julia Domna. VOTA PVBLICA. Gcta, veiled, standing to 1., sacrificing at a tripod, facing a figure holding a sacrificial vase; behind the tripod, a flute- player standing facing and a dead bull. Obv. P. '(Publius) SEPT. GETA CAES. PONT. Bust of Gcta, unbearded, bare, to r. N . (500 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. Two figures in toga, veiled, sacrificing; a third iu the centre; near are a camillus and a flute-player — on silver coins (60 fres.) of Gcta from Vaillant. VOTA PVBLICA. Altar. Obv. imp. c. TETiucvs. Bust of Tetricus, radiated, to r. At. III. from Kanduri (6 I'rcs.) VOTA PVBLICA. Carious and Nnmeriau, standing in military dress facing each other, sacrificing at a lighted altar or tripod ; in the back-ground two or one military standard — on third brass coins (5-3 fres.) of Carious and N'u- mcriau. VOTA PVBLICA. Vessel with two masts or sails; at the poop, Serapis seated; at the prow, Isis standing drawing the sails towards her — on second brass coins of Diocletian (from Itandun) and Maximian Hercules (100 fres.) These pieces were issued iu a.d. 305 after the abdication of the two Emperors, and the obverse legends arc t>. N. (Domino Nostro) nioci. ktia.no [or maximiano] FEI.ICISSI.MO sen. avg. (Sen- tori Augusta.) VOTA PVBLICA. The Emperor standing between two females, one of whom carries a Vic- tory ; in the exergue p. Tit. (Prima Treveris.) Obv. maxi mi an vs avg. Head of Maximiau Hercules to r., laureated. N . (300 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. Isis standing to 1. holding a sistrum and a bucket or a disc — on small brass coins (Quin.) of Licinius I. (50 fres.) of Crispus (20 fres.), and of Constantine I. and Constau. tiuc II. (25 fres.), and ou second brass coins of Valeus (60 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. Isis standing on a vessel with sails closed up, sometimes holding sail with both hands, sometimes accompanied with rowers — on small brass coius (Quin.) of Constautine 1. VOTA PVBLICA. (25 fres.), Crispus (20 fres.), Constantine II. (25 fres.), Constans I. (20 fres.), and of Mag- nentius and Constantins Gulins (25 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. Isis seated, sometimes holding a sistrum, near the rudder of a galley to I. , with closed sail and two sailors — on small brass coins (Quin.) of Constautiue I. (25 fres.), aud Crispus (20 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. Anubis, standing, holding a sistrum or a palm aud a caduceus— on small brass coins (Quin.) of Constantine I. (25 fres.), Crispus (20 fres.), Constantine II. (25 fres.), Coustantius II. (20 fres.), Julian II. (15 fres.), Julian II. aud Helena (20 fres.), Helena (15 to 25 fres.), Val- entiuiau I. from tl’iczag (40 fres.), Valeus (40 fres.), and Gratian from L'Ennerg 1,30 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. Constantine I., standing, facing, between two females; the oue to the left is turreted, and oilers him a globe surmounted by a Victory; the other offers a crown; in the exergue P. tr. (Prima Treveris.) Obv . con- staNTINVS p. f. avg. Head of Constantine I. to r., laureated. N. (200 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. The Emperor, standing, holding a globe and a sceptre— ou small bruss coins (Quin.) of Constautine II. from D'Euuerg (25 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. River-god, half naked, reclining to 1., holding a boat, with the left elbow- leaning on an urn. Obv. d. n. fl. cl. constan- tivs nob. caes. Bust of Constantins Gallns to r., bare. /E. III. Quin. (25 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. Various typrs— Harpo- crates, Isis seated or standing or kneeling, or iu a car drawn by two mules — sometimes accom- panied by Anubis, sometimes holding a baton at the end of which an hippopotamus ; a female seated or standing, holding a cornucopiu: or a branch; Serapis; Anubis; the Nile, ele. — on small brass coins (sometimes Quin.) of Julian (with obv. leg. deo sauapidi or sekapidi and vota PVBLICA), Juliuuand Helena, Helena (with ISIS FARIA and DEO sekapidi), Jovian, Valcn- tiniau I., Valeus and Gratian (20 to 40 fres.) The types of Isis occur on the second brass of some of these Emperors (60 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. Isis and Osiris, their bodies ending in a serpent, facing each other, holding a vase out of which rises a serpent. Obv. deo sekapidi. Bust of Julian II., bearded, to r., radiated with the modius. At.. III. (40 fres.) ; or his bust to 1., diademed, with curly hair and long beard, aud highly ornamented cuirass, hold- ing a globe surmounted by a Victory and a buckler, on which is represented the wolf suck- ling Romulus and Remus. JE. III. (50 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. Two females (Furies?) standing, facing each other, with serpents on their heads, each boldine a dagger and perhaps u sistrum — on coins of Ju'ian II. (.42. II. 100 fres., JE. III. 60 Ires.) and of Julian II. aud Helena. (.<52. 111. 60 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. Centaur walking to 1. Obv. deo sekapidi. Bust of Julian II., bearded, to 1., with the modttis. .32. HI. Quin. (40 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. VOTA PVBLICA. The two Emperors (Val- entinian I. and Valens, or Valens and Valeu- tiuian I., or Gratian and Valentinian II., or llo- norius and Areadius) with nimbus seated facing, each holding a book and a globe ; sometimes at their feet two captives, and sometimes a branch of laurel between their feet; various mint-marks in the exergue — on gold coins of Valeutiniau I., Valens, Gratian, and ilouorius (50 to 100 fres.) VOTA PVBLICA. Hercules, naked, stand- ing to 1., holding club and lion’s skin. Obv. J). n. gratian'vs p. F. avg. Bust of Gratian to r., diademed. Ai. (50 fres.) VOTA PVBLLC. (sic). Isis standing on a vessel to 1., looking to r., aud drawing the sail towards her. Obv. constantinvs avg. Head of Constautine I. to r. JE. III. Quin. (25 fres.) VOTA QVICAE. (sic). Caransius standing to r., to whom Rome, helmetcd, holding a sceptre, seated to 1. on a shield, presents a Victory. Obv. imp. caravsivs p. f. avg. Bust of Ca- rausius to r., radiated. AH. III. Bodleian Library, Oxford (50 fres.) VOTA ROMANORVM. The Emperor stand- ing holding the labarum and a shield ; on the ground a captive ; in the exergue, a. Obv. D. n. arcauivs p. f. avg. Bust of Areadius to r., diademed. AH. Med. from Tanini aud Mion- net (24 fres.) VOTA SOL. DEC. II. [or DECENN. II.] COS. II II. (Solula Decennalia Secunda. Con- sul Quartum.) Antoninus Pins standing to 1., holding a patera over a lighted tripod, and a roll ; at the foot of the tripod, a bull lying down — on gold (45 fres.), silver (45 fres.), large brass (6 fres.) and second brass (3 fres.) of Antoninus Pius. A similar type with legend vot. SOI., de- cenn. cos. ill. occurs on gold (100 fres.), silver (5 fres.), large brass (6 fres.), and second brass (3 fres.) coins of Marcus Aurelius. VOTA SOL. DEC. PONTIF. TR. P. XI. COS. III. S. C. (Solula Decennalia. Pontifex Tribunilid Potestate TJndecimd Consul Ter- tiuni.) Caracalla standing to r., sacrificing on a tripod, behind which a flute-player standing facing; opposite Caracalla a Victimarius sacri- ficing a bull. Obv. antoninvs pivs avg. Bust of Caracalla to r., laureated. iE. II. (15 fres.) VOTA SOLV. I’liO. SAL. P. R. (Solula pro Salute Populi Romani) CommodOs, veiled, standing to 1., sacrificing on a tripod, behind which a victim — on silver coins ^3 fres.) of Corn- modus. A similar legend with, in addition, cos. vi. p. p. s. c., and with additions to the type — a Victimarius raising an axe against a bull held by the horns, aud a flute-player, etc., occurs on the large brass (40 fres.) of Commodus. VOTA SOL VT. DEC. COS. III. (Solula Decennalia. Consul Tertium.) Three figures standing, sacrificing at an altar; at the side a bull. Obv. SF.VERUS PIVS AVG. Head of Sep- timius Sevcrus to r., laureated. HI. (plated) from Welti. (3 fres.) VOTA SOLVT. DEC. C )S. III. (Solula Decennalia. Consul Tertium.) Caracalla, veiled, 5 Z VOTA SVSCEPTA DEC. Ill COS. HIT. S.C. 905 [ standing to r., sacrificing on a tripod ; facing him I a Victimarius raising his axe against a bull , behind, a flute-player. Obv. antoninvs pivs avg. Head of Caracalla to r., unbearded and laureated. AT. from Ancien Catalogue, Paris (350 fres.) [Vola.] A similar legend with Car- acalla standing before a lighted tripod, holding a J patera and a book, and behind a slain bull, occurs | on his silver coins (6 fres.) VOTA SOLVTA DECENNALIVM COS. III. S. C. Marcus Aurelius standing to 1., veiled, sacrificing at a tripod ; at his feet a slain j bull. Obv. IMP. M. ANTONINVS AVG. TR. P. xxv. Head of Marcus Aurelius to r., laureated. iE. I. (6 fres.) VOTA SVSCEP. DEC. III. COS. II1I. (Sus- cepta Decennalia Tertia. Consul Quartum.) An- toninus Pius^ veiled, standing to 1., holding a patera above a lighted tripod and a roll, but without the bull at the foot of the tripod — on silver coins (3 to 6 fres.) of Autoninus Pius. VOTA SVSCEP. DECEN. (Suscepta Decen- nalia) P. M. TR. P., etc. Commodus, veiled, standing to 1., sacrificing at a tripod — on large (6 fres.) aud second brass (3 fres.) of Commodus. VOTA SVSCEP. DECEN. (Suscepta Decen- nalia) S. C. Septimius Sevcrus, veiled, standing to 1., accompanied by three persons, and sacri- ficing at a lighted altar before a hexastyle Tem- ple ; facing are two persons standing and a Vic- timarius killing a bull ; above, behind the altar, a flute-player standing facing — on large brass (100 fres.) aud second brass (100 fres.) coins of Septimius Severus. VOTA SVSCEP. DECENN. II. COS. III. (Suscepta Decennalia Secunda. Consul Tertium) Marcus Aurelius, veiled, standing to 1., sacrificing at a tripod ; but without a slain bull — on gold (100 fres.) and silver coins (5 fres.) of Marcus Aurelius ; or Marcus Aurelius standing, placing a grain of incense in the flame on a tripod — on large brass (5 fres.) and second brass (3 fres.) coins of Marcus Aurelius. VOTA SVSCEP. DECENN. III. COS. II II. (Suscepta Decennalia Tertia. Consul Quartum.) Antoninus Pius, veiled, standing to 1., sacrificing at a tripod ; but without a slain bull — on silver (3 fres.) aud large brass coins (G fres.) of Auto- ninus Pius. VOTA SVSCEPTA (in exergue) P. M. TR. P. COS. VI. P. P. S. 1>. q R. (around). The Genius of the Senate standing to r., sacri- ficing at an altar in the presence of the Genius of ] the Roman people, also standing aud holding a patera aud a cornucopia; — on gold (150 fres.) J and silver coins (50 fres.) of Trajan. On the obverse there is sometimes a globe below the j bust. A similar type occurs on the brass medal- | lions of Hadrian (300 fres.) VOTA SVSCEPTA, within a wreath of oak — on gold (60 fres.) .and sccotul brass coins (30 | fres.) of Hadrian. VOTA SVSCEPTA DEC. III. COS. 1111. S. C. (Decennalia Tertia. Consul Quartum.) I Antoninus Pius, veiled, standing to 1., holding a patera above a lighted tripod and a I roll ; but without a victim — on large brass (6 906 VOTIS DECENNALIB (us). fres.) and second brass (3 to 8 fres.) of Antoninus Pins. On a silver coin (6 fres.) of same type the legend is vota svscepta decennal. hi., etc. VOTA SVSCEPTA DECENNALIA S. C. Type similar to that on coins with legend vota svscep. decen. s. c. (q. v.) — on second brass coins (100 fres.) of Septimius Sever us, from Wiczay. VOTA SVSCEPTA I'ELTCIA P. M. TR. P. XV. IMP. VII. (PVIII.) Two figures sacrificing at an altar — on brass medallions (? 200 fres.) of Commodns, from Vaillant. VOTA SVSCEPTA X. [or XX.] ( Decen- ual ta [or Vicennalia]). The Emperor standing to 1., sacrificing at a lighted tripod — on silver coins of Septimius Severus (3 fres.) and Caraealla (6 fres.) VOTA SVSCEPTA XX. (Vicennalia.) Se- verus standing to r., sacrificing at a lighted tripod, lacing him a lictor (?) standing, holding a rod &i\& fasces [fasces — Lictores ] ; above Concord, veiled, standing — on gold (300 fres.) and silver coins (25 fres.) of Septimius Severus. A some- what similar type, but, instead of Concord, a flute-player, occurs on his large brass coins (60 fres.) VOTA SVSCEPTA XX. (Vicennalia.) Severus aud Caraealla sacrificing at a tripod; between them, behind the tripod, a flute-player. Obv. an to nix vs pits avg. Head of Caraealla to r., laureated. At. (50 fres.) VOTA SVSCEPTA XX. (Vicennalia.) Priest sacrificing at a tripod. Obv. ivlia avgvsta. Ilcad of Julia Domna, ill. from Khell. (Hy- brid coin.) VOTA VICENNALIOR (sic). Constantine 11., laureated, seated to 1., on a throne, holding a human head and a sceptre. Obv. Constan- tin vs iyn. nob. c. (Junior Nobilis Casar.) Bust of Constantine II. to r., laureated. A3. III. Quin. (25 fres.) VOTA VIGENNALIA COS. 1 1 II. Anto- ninus Pins sacrificing at a tripod, but without a victim — on gold (200 fres.) and large brass coins (50 fres.) of Antoninus Pius. VOTA X. DD. NN. AVG. ET CAES. (De- ennalia Dominorum Nostrorum Augasli el Ctcsaris.) Two Victories standing, holding a wreath within which vot. x. (Votis Decennal- ibas.) Obv. D. N. (Dominus Xosler) MAGNEN- tivs p. r. avg. Bust of Magucntius to r., bare. A3. III. from Baaduri. Cohen (MJd. Imp., 1st ed., vol. vi., p. 337) remarks that the legend of the reverse appears to be defective. VOTA XX. £. (in exergue.) The Amphi- theatre of Constantinople ; two quadrigae, wild animals, two gladiators fighting, etc. Obv. p. n. PLA. VALENTIN! AN VS P. F. AVG. Bust of Vul- cutiniau III. to r., diademed. Contoruiate (peu rare). See Sabatier, Mon. Contorn., p. 60., pi, viii., No. 9. Cohen (Med. Imp., 1st cd., vol. vi., p. 504) says the specimen of this piece in the Cabinet des Medailles, Paris, is cast from the antique, aud he docs not kuow where authentic specimens exist. VOTIS DECENNALIB (us), within a wreath VOTIS FELICIBVS. of laurel — on gold (200 fres.) and billon coins (2 fres.) of Gallicnus. 1 OTIS DECENNALIBVS. Septimius Se- verus, veiled, standing to 1., sacrificing at a lighted tripod. Obv. L. sept. sev. avg. imp. xi. part. max. Head of Septimius Severus to r., laureated. At. (3 fres.) VOTIS DECENNALIBVS, witniu a wreath of oak — on gold from Caglus (180 fres.) aud silver coins (6 fres.) of Septimius Severus. VOTIS DECENNALIBVS, within a wreath of laurel — on coins of Maximinus I. (Al. 20 fres., A3. I. 15 fres., A3. II. 8 fres.), Balbinus (AC. from Vaillant, At. 30 fres., A3. I. 25 fres., A3. II. 70 fics.), Pupicnus (AC. from Vaillant, At. 30 fres., A3. I. 25 fres., A3. II. 80 fres.), Gordianus Pius (At. 50 fres., A3. I. 15 fres., A3. II. from Vaillant 20 fres.), Philip I. (A3. I. 12 fres., JE. II. 6 fres.), Philip II. (A3. 1. from Mionnet 25 fres., JE. II. 12 fres.), Trajan Dceius (At. 25 fres., JE. I. 20 fres., A3. II. 6 fres.), llcrcnuius (At. 30 fres.), Ilostiliau (.E. I. 50 fres.), Trcboniauus Gallus (At. 20 fres., A3. I. 10 fres., A3. II. 8 fres.), Volusian (At. from Vaillant 10 fres., A3. I. 8 fres., A3. II. 6 fres.), A3milian (At. 30 fres., JE. I. 100 fres., JE. II. 60 fres.), Valerian I. (Bil. 10 fres., A3. I. 6 fres., A3. II. 3 fres.), and Gallicnus (Bil. 2 fres., A3. Med. 120 fres., A3. I. 8 fres., A3. II. 5 fres.) VOTIS DECENNALIBVS. Victory stand- iug to r., placing foot on globe and writing x on a shield which she holds on her knee. Obv. imp. c. (Ccrsar) TETBicvs avg. Three-quarter bust of Tetricns I. A T • Quin. (800 fres.) \ OTIS FELICIBVS. Commodus standing to 1., w earing pontifical robes, aud holding patera aud scroll, sacrificing at a tripod placed at en- trance of the harbour of Ostia, towards which three galleys and two small boats are approach- ing— first a galley with four soldiers, and having at the prow two military standards; behind it a vessel iu full sail, having a re.nl/um at prow and piloted by Jupiter Serapis or Port una dux, seated at the stem; above, a similar vessel in full sail, preceded by small boat with siuglc oarsman ; below, a small boat with single oarsman, and near it a buoy (?). The Emperor is accompanied by a priest who stands behiud the tripod ; behind the Emperor a pharos (Ostia), aud beneath on i the sea-shore a slain bull. Obv. imp. commouvs VOTIS PVBLICIS. avg. pivs felix. Bust of Commodus to r., laureated aud draped (AE. Med. 500 frcs.) or three-quarter bust, laureated, draped, and with cuirass (800 frcs.) ; or si. (Marcus) cosisiodvs AN TON IN VS PIVS FELIX AVG. BKIT. (Augustus Britannicus). Bust of Coinmodus to 1., laureated, draped, and with cuirass, or to r. with the agis (500 frcs.), or cosimodvs antoninvs pivs felix avg. brit. Bust of Commodus to r., laureated, and with cuirass in scales (500 frcs.) The type of these large brass medallions, which were issued in a.d. 191, refers to the African fleet established by Commodus in a.d. 186, as testified by coins of that year with the legend PRO VI D. avg. (Procidentia August i) and the type a ship in full sail, to search for corn iu Africa, in case the Egyptian harvest failed (Clas- sem Africanam instituit : quic subsidio esset si forte Alexandria frumenta cessasscnt — Lamprid. in Comm., 17.) The fleet has returned success- ful and the vows have been granted (Cf. A. Chabouillet, Rev. Nnm., 1841, vol. iv., p. 349 ; H. A. Grueber, Cat. of the Roman Medallions in the British Museum, 1874, p. 31, Nos. 44-46; W Froehner, Les Medallions de l' Empire Romain, 1878, pp. 124, 125 ; Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd ed., 1883, vol. iii., pp. 356, 357.) VOTIS FELICIBVS. Similar type, the vessels varying in number of rowers and other details ; iu the exergue sis. (Sis cite.) Obv. imp. c. c. val. (Casar Caius Valerius) diocle- tianvs p. f. avg. Bust of Diocletian to 1., laureated with Imperial mantle, holding a sceptre surmounted by au eagle. IE. Med. (400 frcs.) The reverse of this medallion is copied from those of Commodus above described. It is not certain on what occasion it was coined, but iu all probability it commemorates a military action, perhaps the return of the expedition from Africa, in which Maximian I. in a.d. 297 defeated the Quinquegentiani or confederacy of five warlike clans of the mountain range Atlas, in Maure- tania. (Cf. A. de Longpcrier, Rev. Num., 1865, p. 403, pi. xviii., 2 ; Cohen, Med. Imp., 1st ed., Suppl., 1868, vol. vii.. p, 343, pi. vii., 2nd ed., vol. vi., p. 475 ; \V. Froehner, Les Medallions de V Empire Romain, 1878, p. 261.) VOTIS MVLTIS. Majorian standing facing, holding a spear aud a shield, ornamented with a star ; in the field an unknown symbol. Obv. d. N. (Dominus Nosier) maiorianvs p. f. avg. Hclmeted bust of Majoriau to r., holding a spear, or hclmeted bust to r„ having at the top of the left arm a fibula, ornamented with fr . (Banduri) Al. (100 frcs.) VOTIS M\ LTIS. Majoriau and Leo I. seated facing, each holding a mappa and a cross ; between them, in the field rv. (Ravenna) ; iu the exergue comob. [see p. 835], Obv. d. n. IVL. [or IVLIVS] MAIORIANVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Majorian facing, diademed, with the Imperial mantle, holding a mappa and a cross. N. (100 frcs.) VOTIS P\ BLICIS (in exergue ) [Restilu- tori] GALLIARVM (around.) Victorinus I. standing to 1., between Victor)', who is crowning him, aud who holds a palm, aud Felicity, who 5 Z 2 VOTIS X. ET XX. 907 holds a sceptre and a cornucopia;, raising a turreted female (Gaul). Obv. imp. caes. victorinvs pivs fei.ix. avg. Bust of Victoriuus I. to r. AS. Med. (1200 frcs.) VOTIS ROM ANORVM. Tw’o Victories stand- ing, holding a panel on which Sic. XX. SIC. xxx. ; in the exergue aq. (Aquileia.) Obv. diocletianvs p. f. avg. Head of Diocletian to r., laureated. AT. (200 frcs.) VOTIS VIGENNALIBVS, within a wreath of laurel — on gold (150 frcs.) and silver coins (30 frcs.) of Alexander Severus. VOTIS V. (Quinquennalibus) within a wreath of laurel ; in the exergue P. con. (Prima Con- stantina — Arles.) Obv. d. n. mag. (Dominus Noster Magnus) maximvs p. f. avg. Bust of Maximus to r., diademed. IE. III. from Ban- duri (1 frc.) VOTIS V. (Quinquennalibus) MVLTIS X. (Decennalibus.) Victory standing, holding a shield on a cippus ; on the shield victoria avg. ; in the exergue, various mint-marks — on gold coins of Licinius I. (300 frcs.) and Constantine I. (80 frcs.) VOTIS V. (Quinquennalibus) MVLTIS X. (Decennalibus) within a laurel wreath ; in the ex- ergue, various mint-marks — on silver coins of Con- stantius Gallus (40 frcs.), Julian II. (2 to 6 frcs.), Jovian (Med. 200 frcs.), Valentinian I. (Med. 60 frcs., At. 6 frcs.), Valens (Med. 40 frcs.), Gratian (Med. 60 frcs.), Magnus Maxi- mus (Med. 300 frcs.), Constantius III. (from Mionnet 200 frcs.), aud Jovinus (30 frcs.) VOTIS X. (Decennalibus.) Diocletian and Maximian Hercules sacrificing at an altar — on small brass coins of Diocletian, from D'Ennery (50 frcs.), aud Maximian Hercules (6 frcs.) Also on gold medallion of Maximian Hercules, from Mionnet (300 frcs.) VOTIS X. (Decennalibus), within a laurel wreath — on small brass coins (Quin.) of Con- stantius Chlorus, from Tanini (10 frcs.) and Con. stantine I. (3 frcs.) VOTIS X. (Decennalibus.) Galerius Max- imian, laureated, standing to 1., sacrificing on a lighted altar. Obv. maximianvs nob. c. (No- bilis Casar.) Bust of Galerius Maximian to r., radiated. IE. III. from Banduri (10 frcs.) VOTIS X. CAESS. NN. MNf- (Decen- nalibus Casarum Nostrorum. Moneta Nicomedia 3) iu four lines within a wreath, on top of which an eagle. Obv. D. N. (Dominus Noster) con. stantin vs iv N. nob. caes. (Junior Nobilis Casar.) Bust of Constantine II. to r., diademed. VOTIS X. ET XX. (Decennalibus et Vicen- nalibus), within a wreath of laurel — on gold (200 to 250 frcs.) and billon coins (10 frcs.) of Gal- lienus. VOTIS X. ET XX. (Decennalibus et Vicen- nalibus.) Tacitus standing to 1., holding a spear reversed, and clowned by Valour, helmeted, standing, leaning on a shield : facing him, Victory seated to r., on a cuirass, holding on her knees a shield on which votis xx. Obv. imp. c. m. cl. (Imperator Casar Marcus Claudius) tacitvs p. f. avg. Bust of Tacitus to the waist to 1., with /Eg is, holding a spear. IE. II. (100 frcs.) 908 VOTO PVBLICO. VOTIS X. ET XX. FEL. (Decennalibus et Vicennalibus Felidbus), within a wreath of laurel. Obv. viktvs probi avg. Bust of Pro. bus to 1., radiated, holding a spear. JE. III. (30 fres.) VOTIS X. MVLT. XV. (Vol is Decennalibus Multis Quindecenna/ibus), within a wreath of laurel, in the exergue? — on silver medallion of Valcntinian I., from D’Ennerg (60 fres.) Same type with votis mvltis xv. on silver medallion of Valens (40 fres.) VOTIS X. MVLTIS XX. (Votis Decennali- bus Multis Vicennalibus ), within laurel wreath ; in exergue various mint-marks — on silver coins of Valens from Tanini (10 fres.) and silver medal, lions (60 fres.) and silver coins (10 fres.) of Gratian. VOTIS X. PROBI ET XX. (Votis Decen- nalibus Probi et Vicennalibus), within a laurel wreath — on small brass coins (30 fres.) of Probus. VOTIS X. SIC XX. (Votis Decennalibus Sic Vicennalibus), within a laurel wreath. Obv. maximianvs n. c. (Nobilis Cresar.) N . Quin. (200 fres.) VOTIS XV. MVLTIS XX. ( Votis Quinde- cennalibus Multis Vicennalibus), within a laurel wreath ; in the exergue various luiut-marks — on silver medallions of Valens (40 fres.) and on silver medallions (80 fres.), and silver coins of Gratian from Beger and Mionnet (15 fres.). VOTIS XX. ( Vicennalibus), within a wreath — on silver coins from IVelzl (60 fres.) and small brass from Banduri (3 fres.) of Coustantine I. VOTIS XX. COS. VI. (Vicennalibus. Consul Sextum) within a laurel wreath. Obv. M. comm, ant. p. pel. avg. brit. p. p. Head of Corn- modus to r., laurcated. iR. (50 fres.) VOTIS XX. (Vicennalibus) MVLTIS XXX. (Tricennalibus), within a lauicl wreath ; in the exergue various mint-marks — on silver coins of Constantine I. (60 f*cs.), Constantine II. (60 fres.), and Constantins II. (6 fres.) VOTIS XXV. (Quinque- Vicennalibus) MVL- TIS XXX. (Tricennalibus), within laurel wreath ; in the exergue, mint-marks — on silver coins of Constantius II. (6 fres.) VOTIS XXX. (Tricennalibus) within a laurel wreath — on small brass coins (10 fres.) of Max- imum Hercules and gold medallions, with ex- ergual letters ts £ Thessulonica 5, (400 fres.) of Constantine 1. VOTIS XXX. (Tricennalibus ) MVLTIS XXXX. (Quadragcnnalibus) within a laurel wreath ; in the exergue, mint-marks — on silver coins of Constantius II. (3 to 6 fres.) and Julian II. (15 fres.) Voticus Clgpeus fsec cr„ v. Clgpeus Volivus']. I have already pointed out [p. 831] that Cavc- doni interprets the letters CL. v. as Clgpeus Virtutis. Votici Ludi. [sec p. 525.] VOTO PVBLICO, around a laurel wreath, within which mvltis xx. imp. (Vicennalibus Imperatoris) ; or around a lighted altar, on which mvltis xx. imp.; in the exergue, it. s. it. Obv. IMP. caravsivs p. p. AVG. Bust of Carausius to r., laurenfed. JR. (350 fics.) VRANIVS ANTONINVS. VOTVM PVBLIC (um) around a lighted altar, on which .multis xx. imp.; in the exergue it. s. r. Same obverse as previous coin. JR. (350 fres.) Vowels, double, occur on the coins of the Cornelia gens— peelix for pelix [cornelia gens ; fkelix] ; and of the Numonia gens — VAALA for vala [nvhonia ; vaala]. W. Urbani — ap. cl. t. mal. q. V?. Ap- pius Claudius, Titus Mal/ius, Quitstores Urbani, or t. mal. ap. cl. Q. V?. — on silver coins of the Claudia and Mallia gentes (Mommsen, Mon. Horn., vol. ii., p. 387, Leuormant, La Mon. dans TJntiq., vol. iii., p. 150; Babelon, Mon. de la Repub. Rom., vol. i., p. 346 ; vol. ii., p. 169. [Sec VRBIXIA GENS.] VR. Urbis — regylvs f. praef. vb. Re- gulus Filius Preefectus Urbis — on silver coins of Regulus (son of Rcgulus the Pnetor), Project us Urbis in B.C. 45. [Livineia."] YRANI NICA. In exergue mvnio. Athlete and Cupid. Obv. . . . Head of Trajan. Coutorniatc (c.) VRANIVS ANTONINVS (Lucius Julius Aurelius Sulpicius) a usurper iu the East uuder Alexander Scverus (a.d. 223 — 235). According to Zosimus (i., 12) two usurpers took up arms in the East against Alexander Severus, one named Antoninus, the other Uranius ; whilst Aurelius Victor states (Epit. xl.) that a certain Taurinus, having been proclaimed Augustus, was so horri- fied that he threw himself into the Euphrates. There is not much difficulty in identifying the Uranius of Zosimus with the Taurinus of Victor, and as the two names Uranius aud Antoninus occur on the same coins it is evident that Zo- simus has made two persons out of one usurper. Some Greek Imperial coins struck at Emesa, which have been attributed to a usurper at the time of Valerian, as well as a coin struck at Antioch, all bearing the legend aytok. coYAn. ant/l'Ninoc c£b., most probably beloug to the Sulpicius Uranius Antoninus, whose Latin coins are described below, aud that these should be assigned to the time of Alexander Severus is proved by I heir style which is that of the Syrian fabric of the coins of Elagabalus. A good account is given of Uranius Antoninus by the late M. Ch. Leuormant (Rev. Num., 1843, p. 255; cf. Madden, Num. Chron., N.s., vol. v., p. 48). The coins of this usurper are of great rarity. I. Obv. L. IVL. AVR. SVI.F. TEA. ANTO- NINVS. Bust to r., laureated, with paluda - mentum and cuirass. Rev. conservator avg. {August i.) A conical sacred stone, enveloped in VRB. a shawl, the ends of which are fastened in front with a brooch (?), on either side a parasol. X- (3000 fres.) Cohen (Med. Imp., 1st ed. and 2nd cd., vol. iv., p. 503), describes the brooch (?) as “ un objet qui paralt etre la representation des parties scxuelles cxterieiues de la femme.” The conical stone represents the God “ Elagabal,” or the Sun, to whom the Emperor Elagabalus was ])i'icst and high priest, as testified by his coins (invictvs SACERDOS AVG.; SANCT. DEO SOLI ELAGABAL; SACKRD. DEI SOLIS ELAGABAL. ; SVMMVS SA- CEBDOS AVG.) [ELAGABALVS.] 2. Obv. L. IVL. AVR. svl[p. a] NTONINVS. Same bust to 1. Rev. conservator avg. ( Au- gust ij. Quadriga to 1., on which the conical sacred stone of Elagabal, ornamented with an eagle; on either side a parasol. N ■ (3000 frcs.) 3. Obv. Same legend and type as No. 1 . Rev. fecv.nditas avg. (Augusti.) Fecundity (with the attributes of Fortune) standing to 1., bolding a rudder and a cornucopia:. X ■ (3000 frcs.) Ecldiel (vol. vii., p. 289) doubted this coin, but as M. Ch. Lenormaut (op. cit.) has suggested, the value of Latin words could not have been understood in the town in which this piece was struck. (Cf. Madden, Num. Chron., N.S., 1865, vol. v., p. 50.) 4. Obv. Same legend and type as No. 1. Rev. Minerva victrix. Minerva standing to 1., holding spear and shield. X. (3000 frcs.) The following Colonial coins of Uranius Anto- ninus were struck at .Elia Capitolina (De Saulcy, Xum.de la Terre Sainte, p. 104; Madden, Coins of the Jems, p. 270) . — 1. Obv. imp. antonin. Bust to r., laure- ated, with paludamentum aud cuirass. Rev. col. a. c. c. p. E. (Colonia JElia Capitolina Commodiana Pia Felix.) Quadriga facing, on which is placed the conical stone of the god “ Elagabal ” ; in the exergue, uncertain object. M. II. 2. Obv p. M. avg. (?) ANT. Head to r., laureated. Rev. col. a. c. c. p. f. Jupiter in a quadriga. .23. II. The existence of coins of Uranius Antoninus struck at .Elia Capitolina, will probably explain the great rarity of those of Severus Aiexauder struck in this colony. The name Commodiana was given to the colony by Cominodus. (Madden, Coins of the Jews, p. 262.) VRB. Urbanus .- — neri Q. vrb. Nerius Quastor Urbanus, on silver coins of the Claudia, Cornelia, and Ncria gentes, struck in b.C. 49. VRB. Urbica . — mon. vrb. M/meta Urbica, on the provincial tetradrachms, struck by Philip 1. at Antiochia Syria:. VRB. Urbis — l. planc. pr. [or praef.] vrb. Lucius Plancus Prof ectus Uibis, on gold coins (Aurei and quinarii) of Julius Cmsar, struck in B.C. 46. — ANN. DCCCLXXIIII NAT. VRB. P. cut. con. Anno 874 Natali Urbis prirnum [or populo] Circenses constituti, on gold aud large brass coins and brass medallions of Hadrian. This is the first aud only coiu giving a date from the foundation of Rome. The year 874 = VltBES MONETARIAE. 909 a.d. 121. The explanation of the letter p. is difficult, aud has been variously interpreted as Plebeiis, Populi, or Prirnum. The whole legend, however, is probably iutended to record that Hadrian, in celebrating the eight hundred and seventy-fourth birthday of Rome by holding the Pali/ia, added for the first time (or gave to the people in addition) to their simple games the splendid exhibitions of the circus (cf. Athemeus, Beipnosoph. viii., 63). [See ann. dccclxxiii NAT. vrb., etc.] — INT. VRB. Introitus Urbis, on large and second brass coins of Gallieuus, with the obverse legend geni vs p. it. (Populi Romani.) These coius are generally attributed to the reign of Gallieuus, but it is not known on what occa- sion they were struck. It maybe that they were issued in a.d. 263, after the siege of Byzan- tium (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. iv., p. 92.) — conser. vrb. svae. Conservator Urbis sure, on silver coius of Maxentius from Banduri — conserv. vrb. svae, on silver and second brass coins of Maximian Hercules, and on second brass coius of Maxentius aud Constautinc I. — conser- vatores vrb. svae, on second brass coins of Maximian Hercules, Maxentius, and Constautiue I. — CONSERVATORI VRB. SVAE, OU a gold coin of Maxentius from Tanini. — s. m. vrb. avgg. et caess. nn. Sacra Monet 'a Urbis Auguslornm et Ccesarum Xostrorum, on second brass coins of Maximicu Hercules and Constantius Chlorus — SAC. MON. VRB. AVGG. ET CAESS. NN., OB Second brass coins of Diocletian, Maximian Hercules, Constantius Chlorus, Galcrius Maximian, Severus II. , Maximinus II. Daza, and Constautiue I. (rare) — sacra mon. vrb. avgg. et caess. nn., on second brass coins of Diocletian, Maximian Hercules, Constantius Chlorus, and Galerius Maximian. VRB. Urbs. — vrb. vie. osca. Urbs Victrix Osca on coius of Osca Ilispaniae. [vrb. vic. osca.] VRB. Urbs. — roma s. (?), in the exergue, vrb., Urbs. Rome, seated to 1., before an altar, holding a patera and a spear. Obv. IMP. CAE. L. sept. SF.v. pert. avg. cos. ii. Head of Septimius Severus to r. 2t. Med. (60 frcs.) VRBANAE. — plebei [or plenei] vrbanae frvmento constitvto, ou large brass coins of Neiva, struck iu a.d. 97. Urbani — Quastores Urbani. [V?- Urbanii] VRBEM RESTITVTAM S. C. Vitellius standing to 1., followed by two soldiers, raising Rome from her knees. Obv. a. (Aulus) vitel- livs germanicvs imp. TRi. P. (Imperator Tribunitid Poteslate). Bust of Vitellius to r. Between 23. I. and 23. II. (150 frcs.) Urbes mon et aria inferioris trvi. — At the time when the earlier portion of this Dictionary w T as written the study of mint-marks was compara- tively in its iufaucy, though the late M. Sabatier in his work entitled Production de Vor, de V argent, et du cuivre chez les anciens et hdtels monetaires Romaines et Byzantines, 1850, had to a certain extent attempted an account of them. It was reserved for the late Count de Salis, who gave his magnificent collection of Roman and Byzantine coins to the British Museum, to 910 VRBES MONET ARIAE. develop this interesting subject, which has also received much attention from the present writer. The following works maybe consulted: — Mad- den, Handbook to Rom. Hum, 1861, pp. 155 — l 160; Hum. Chron., N.S., vol. i., 1861, pp. | 112—127, 175-184; vol. ii., 1862, pp. 39— 63, 240 — 258; de Salis, Arch. Journal, vol. xxiv., July, 1866, reprinted in Hum. Chron., N.s., 1867, pp. 321 — 328, 57 — 62. [See Re- marks on the explanation of the letters ob, etc., 1 under valentinianvs i.] Loadinium (T-cndon) Mint-marks : — L., I.N., lon. avgob., avg. The mint of London was established by the usurper Carausius about a.d. 290 — 293, and was suppressed about the time of the dedication of Constantinople by Constautine I., iu a.d. 330. It was revived under Magnus Max- imus in A.D. 383, who issued gold coins with the mint-marks avg. ob. (Augusta, 72), and silver with avg. p. s. (Augusta Fecunia Signa/a.) Ammiauus Marcellinus states (xxvii., 8 ; xxviii., 3) that in his time ( circ ., a.d. 380) Ixmdinium (or as he writes it Lundinium) was called Augusta [see Remarks on the letters ob., etc., under valentinianvs I.], and in the Chorography of Ravenna (ed. Pinder and Parthey, p. 429, Berlin, 1860), the name is given as Ixmdinium Augusta. A solidus of Theodosius I. with the same reverse ((Victoria avgg.) and type, as on the coins of Magnus Maximus, has also the exergual letters avgob. It was probably not struck at London, but belongs to the numerous series of barbarous imitations of the time. Camu/odunum or Colonia ? (Colchester or Maldon ?). Mint-marks : C., CL. This mint was established by Carau3ius a.d. 290 — 293, and disappears after the reign of Allectus, a.d. 296. Only brass coins exist with this mint- mark. Treceri (Treves). Mint-marks: — tr., trob., tb. (in field) com. (in exergue.) Treves was established as a mint at the time of the monetary reform under Diocletian, a.d. 296 — 301.— tu. ob (Treveris, 72) occurs for the first time on the gold coins of Valentiniauus I., and may also be found on the coins of Valeus, Gratian, Magnus Maximus, Victor, Valentiniaous II., and Theo- dosius I., as well as on those of Constantine III., usurper in Britain and Gaul a.d. 407 — 411. — tr. COM. was introduced under Valentiniauus II. and Theodosius I. Gaul seems never to have recovered from the effects of the usurpation of Eugenius a.d. 392, and although Theodosius I. reconquered it, he did not live long enough to establish complete power there. Late in A.D. 406 the Vandals invaded Gaul, and commenced the destruction of Treves, and in a.d. 413 the Franks, who had sided with Jo vinus, and of whom there are coins with tr. in the field, and comob. in the exergue, iu order to avenge his murder by Dardanus, prefect of Honorius, again sacked the town and reduced it to ashes. Lugdunum (Lyons). Mint-marks : — L., LG., LVO., LD. (in field) com. or comob. (iu exergue). Lyons was established as a mint by Gallieuus between a.d. 253—268, of whom there are billon coins of the same fabric as those of Pos- VRBES MOXETARIAE. tumus. It was suppressed after the death of Eugenius by order of Theodosius I. in a.d. 394, but was restored for a short time by the usurpers Constautine III. in a.d. 407 — 411 (s. m. lii. Signata Moneta Lugduni, At. ; LD. in field , comob. in exergue, H.), and Jovinus in a.d. 411 — 413 (s. M. LD., LVO., iR. ; ld. in field , comob. iu exergue, H ■) Arelate or Constantina (Arles). Mint-marks : a., ar., akl., con., const., ka., kon., kont., konst., kons fiJ . (Konstan.), KONOB. The mint of Arles was established by Constantine I. after a.d. 306, and coins with the mint-marks a., ar., or arl., were not coined after the time of Coustantius Callus, a.d. 354. — The new name of Constantino was given to Arelate by Constan- tine I., when he improved the town and built a new one on the opposite side of the Rhoue, after the overthrow of Maxentius and Maximinus Daza, a.d. 312 — 313. Ausonius (Vrbes Clara, No. 8) calls “ Arelate” duplex, and says that there was a biidge of boats on the river. The mint-marks of Constantino con. and const, arc likely to be confounded with the mint-marks of Constantinople con. and cons. [ Constant: • nopolis~\\ but CON. or const. (Constantino) is always preceded by a Latin differential letter, or accompanied by of. (Officina) I., II., III. in the field of the reverse, whilst con. or cons. (Constantinopo/is) is always followed by a Greek numeral. — konstan. (Constantino) may be found on the gold coins of Coustantius II., Julian the Apostate, Vulcutiuian I., and Valens. On some large silver coins of Valcutinian I. and Valens the mint-mark ka. occurs, the exergual letters being s. m. kap. This p. cannot be a Greek p being too low in the alphabet to be used as a differential letter, and the mint-mark may be inter- preted Signata Moneta Konstantina Prima. This is the only iustance where the final letter is used in a mint-mark (if we may except sm. Sirmium), the object in this ease beiug to show its difference from Constantinople (c. never K.), and C'yzicus (k.) These coius cannot be attributed to Car- thage for the three following reasons: — 1. If we give these coins to Carthage we must suppose that that mint was restored for a very short time" only under Valentiniauus I. and Gratianus, as no other coins attributable to it are found from the time of Maxentius and Alexander Tyrannus down to the Vandal period. 2. We must suppose that silver only were struck there. 3. We must take no notice whatever of the fabric which is de- cidedly Gallic. — Constautina (Arles) was sup- pressed after the death of Eugenius in a.d. 394, but was restored for a short time by the usurpers Constautine III. in a.d. 407 — 411 ; (kont. Constant ina , zR., and kon. ob Constantin ba\e lived at the time of Maxentius, by others to have been the wife of Cams. A unique coin, now in the British .Museum, proves that she was one oi the wives of Carious, a d. 282 —285 (Madden, Hand book of Rom. Nam., 1S61, p. 166, plate iii.. No. 2.) — Obv. imp. carinvs avg. Bust of Carious to I., helnieled. holding with r. baud a horse by the reins aud a sceptre, aud with 1. hand a shield. Rev. magnia vkbica avg. Bust of Magma llrbica tor. A2. Quin. (300 fres.) Other coins in gold and biass — some with obverse legem 1 Magniae VBBlCAE AV3. are in existence. Gold coins: COSCORDIA AVG. (500 frcs.l, PVDtClTIA • AVG (500 fres.), VENI-RI VICTE1CI (500 ties.), venvs genetkix (JTicsag, 500 Ires.) Brass Medallions -. — pvdicitia avg. (800 fres.) Small brass : — FIDES MtLTTVM (Tanini, 30 fres ), IVNO regina, Juno standing wiih or without peaco' k (40 fri-s.), sai.vs pvblica (30 fres.), VENVS CELEST. (20 fres.), VENVS GENEIRIX (30 to 50 frcs.l, VENVS V1CTRIX (10 fres.) V It BIN I A GENS. Coius have been attri- buted by Cohen (Med. Cons., pp. 310, 320) to this gens with the legend Q. W. Quintus Urbinius ?, but it has been shown (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 387 ; Leuormant, La Mon. aans 1’Aut‘q., vol. iii., p. 150; Babelmi, Mon. de la Rfpub. Rom., vol. i.. p. 346 ; 10 I. ii., p. 169) that these letter s should be interpreted Qurtslores Urbaui. [See V?. UroaniJ] VRBIS. Uibis. consekvat. vrbis svae, on thi'd brass coins of Maxentius, from Tanini — conservator vrbis svae, on gold and silver coins of Maxentius — conservator! vrb!s svae, ou third brass coins of C'onstaiitiue I., from Tanini after d' Ennery — liberatori vrbis svae, on second brass cuius o' Constaa'inc 1. — moneta vrbis VHSTRAE, on brass medallions of Crispns and Constantine II.— recvperator vrbis svae, on third biass coius of Consiau. tine I., from d’ Ennery — kenovatio vrbis rom., 6 A on second brass coins of Decentius, from Tania, alter Pe n'll oke — KEsltrVTOR vkbis, on gold, silver, second aud ihiru brass coins of Seplimius Severn*; mi g*dd, sdver, lir*t a. id second brass coius of Caracal]* ; aud on stiver .nd secoud brass coius of Geta— resti rvTOBi vrbis, on gold and silver coins of Septnnius Seve us and silver coins of t*e ( a — restitv ,oues vrbis, on silver c .ins of Sent i nius Neeerus — sacerdos vkbis, ou third brass coins of Alexander Severus — sacra M iNE r A vrbis, on brass medallions of CrispUS — VOTA OBBIS ET VRBIS SEN. ET P. R. (Sena t as el Po/ju/i Romani), on silver meial- lioas of Lie mins 1. and Constant iue 1. VRBIS ROMA. Rome, helneted, seated to l., holding a Victory, or a globe surmounted oy Victor), and a reversed spear, ou silver coins of Aviius (Binduri and d' Ennery, 250 fres.), Severus 111. (30 fres ), aud Eufemia 1,400 fres.) VRBS RESTI l VTA. Rome standing to 1., in military dress, bolding Victory and spear. Obo. a. (Autus) VITELUVS GERMAN. IMP. avg. p. m. tr. p. Bust of Vitellius to r., lau- reated. X I. This p ece is in the Trench cab. inet. but Cohen says (Med. Imp , 2ud ed., rol. i., p. 265, No. Ib9| that the reverse is remade in such a manner as to make it impossible to atlinn what is the true type and true legend. VRBS ROM A. Rome, hclineted, seated to 1., I h dditig a globe surmounted by a V ictorv, aud a 1 -ceptrr or spear ; at her side a sli eld — on coins 0 Cou'taus I. (.£. Med. 80 frrs.), C-msUntius II. (gE. I. 50 fics.), M ague .tins (.E. II. 10 , Ires.), Valenlinian I (with exe.gnal letters — I .It. 6 fres.), Valens (with exerguat letters — -II. : 3 fres), N epos (in exergue RV. P.S. Racenna Pe- ; c a nia Siguata. — .li. 2u0 fres.), and Basiliscus j (in exergue PS. At. 40 tres.) VltBS ROMA. Horae, helmetrd, seated to I I., bolding Victory and sceptre or spear ; at her side a shield— on corns of Nepoiian (with exe> gnat letters — rR. 120 to 160 fres.), and loviau (.£. Med. from Tanini 100 fres.) V Rt>S ROMA. Rome, se ted on a shield, I holding Victory aud spear. Obc. D. n. el. cl. (Do.iuniis Ns ter fiaems Claudius) CONSTAN. rivs nob Caes. (S obit is Crrtar). Bust of Con- stants Gallus, bare. X. Med. from d' Ennery 120 fres.) VRB8 ROMA. Rome, belir.eted, seated to I., on a cuirass, holding globe surmouuted 'by , Victory aud a sceptre or reversed spear ; various 1 exerguat letter s — ou corns of Graliau ( AJ. 4 fres.), Valeiitinian II. (AC 6 fres. ; N. ftom Mionuet, 40 fres.; .E. HI. c.), Theodosius 1. 1 At 3 tics.), hugenius (At 20 fics.), lluno' ins (At 4 fres.), Johannes (all. from Bmdu i and d' Ennery, 2o0 fres.), Valeiitinian III. (AC 40 fres.), aud A cadius (AC 8 fres.) VRBS ROMA. Rome, helmcted, -eated to 1., I holding a globe and a s ear; at her side a shield ; in the exergue R T. (Romm terha.) Obc. d. N. ; GRATIANVS p. F. AVG. Bust of Gratiau to r., - diademed. iE. I. (60 fres.) VRBS ROMA. Rome, helm“ted, seated to 1., holding a globe surmount -d by ^ and a r -v --sell car over r. shoulder. .E. (3 frcs.) YRBS ROMA HETERNA. Sacrifice before a Temple — on Coutorniates of Trajan (c.) and of Hadrian. (Very rare.) VRSE VINCAS. Athlete, standing to r. Obv. No legend. Bust of a horseman to r., holding a whip, aud leading his horse by the bridle ; behind, 3 or a monogram composed of the letters travcs backwards. Contoruiate (c.) YRSI. Vrri . — bonifati vincas vut. Ath- vtica. lete, standing. Obe Head of Trajan. Contorniate (e.) VRSO. Irto. — c. xar. cap. q. trso lira. (Goto Mar cio Ctpitoae, Qmato Urto Dmtm r in*J and X. PLAE. TRAN. Q. TRSO lira. I TEE. (Marco PUrtono Tratupallo, Qai .to Lrto Dmariro It cntm J — on bras* coins of Augustas, struck at Calasurris in Hispama Tarraeooensis. ' Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd ed., toL i., p. 155, Xos. 675, 676. Ur to, a town in Hispania Baetica. It was the OS/xtuu of Strabo I Lib. III.), the ’Opcira of Appian [Bell. lliap., 16), and the Urso of Pliny (Lib. III.) and was a Roma a colony with the name of Genoa L rbanorum. Its modem name is Otuua. The following coins are attributed to it : — 1. Obr. trsoxe. Head of Augustus (?j to r., laureated. Bn. l. ap. dec. q. ( Lunar Appu- Idua Dedans Qtuttfor). W inzed sphinx, hel- meted, walking, to r. -E. I. (30 fires..' ; -£- II. <2o fires.) 2. Obr. So legend. Head of Augustus (?) to r., laoreated. Be r. trsoxe. l. ap. dec. q. Same Sphinx. _E. I. and II. 100 fits 3. Obe. Same as Xo. 2. Bn. trsoxe. Same Sphinx. _E. II. 1 100 fies. 4. Obr. q. redecal. Head of Augustus * ) to r., bare. Bn. trsoxe. Sphinx, walking to L; in the field, two stars. JE. IL 5. Obr. trsoxe. Head of August os r) to r., bare. Ber. So legend. Bear, standing holding a wreath and a palm (?). 2E ■ II. (100 fres.) These coins are assigned by Alois Heiss .Vow. Ant. dd. NNN. aaavyv ggg. Domini A ostri Angusti— on rxvgia ta/idi [EX AU! V M SOLI III] of the t/nre F.mperorS, 1 onorius, Areadius, and Theodosius II. (Cohen, Med. Imp., 1st cd., vol vi., pp. 4s4, 4S5 ; Sabatier, Man. Eg*., vol. i., pp. 90, »7.) X X1IX. CONOB. 917 VX. for XV., on small brass coins of Augustus, struck at Emerita ilispaoiic — c. [or co.] a. e. le. vx. C'o/onia Augusta Emerita. Legio decima quinta (Cohen, Mid. Imp., 2nd. ed., vol. i., p. 149, Nos. 594, 595.) Vxores Geetarum [see AugustieL] VXXT., VIXXT. Quinta XX. Tarracane, Sexta XX. Tarrarone ; VXXI., VIXXI. Quinta XXL, Sexta XXI. — ou small brass coins of Aurclian and Probus. W. Wamba, Witteric, Wittiza— Visigothic kings [see Visigoths .] Witiges, Ostrogothic king [see vitioes.] X. X, the twenty-first letter of the Greek alphabet, probably derived from ihe Greek 2Z which came from the Phoenician letter samekh (Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, vol. ii., pp. 92, 139). X., as a mark of value — 10 asses — on the de- narii of the Republic and on the decussis (Babe- Ion, Mon. de la Repub. Rom., vol. i., pp. 38, 67, 68 71, and 42, 43.) X., as a figure on coins of the Republic, in- cluded iu figures from l. to cc., on the same | denarius; exceptionally these figures are raised to CCI.13 (= 10,000) ou the denarii of L. Cal- pnrnius Piso, who coined by virtue of the law Plantia-Papiria (Babelon, Mon. de la Repub. Rom., vol. i , p. li.) X., XI., XII., XIII., etc., on tessera or tickets ; of admission to the theatre or other places of amusement. Cuhcu, (Mid. Imp., 1st ed., vol. vi., p. 534) divides the tessera as follows : — 1, Imperial; 2, Mythological; 3, Games; 4, Erotic; 5, Commemorative; and 6, Mystical. [Tessera X. A Christian emblem on the pedestal, on coins of Consiantiue I. and Liciuius I., with the legend viCTORlAE LAETAE PKtNC. peiep., struck at Siscia, ? a.D. 312 — 317 — on the labarum on coins of Constai.'inc I. and II. and Delmatius, with the legend GLORIA exercitvs, struck at Cobstautina (Arles) A.D. 335 — 337 (Madden, Christian Emblems ou the Coins of Constan- tine /., etc., in the Hum. Chroit. NS, 1877, vol ivii., pp. 11, 242; 1878, vol. xviii., pp. 1, 169.) X., within a garland; in the exergue tr. (Tre- veris.) Obv. llelmctcd bust of Rome or of Con- stantinople to r. /li. Quin. (40 fees.) Cohen, (MiK Imp., 1st cd., vol. vii., Suppl., p. 383) considers lhat this pi' ce could not have been struck earlier than the reign of Valentiniau 1 1. X. Decemvir, c. caldys imp. [or av.] x. Cains Ca/dus Imperator, Augur Decemvir [sad is faciendis ] oil denarii of C. Coelius Caldus, moueyer, in B c. 54. [See vilr iri Epu- lonum and xwiri sacris faciundis.') X. Decennalia. [vot. solvta x. ; x. .max- imini avg.] X. Derennalibus. vot. x. ET xv. or XX.. TOT X. MVLT. XX., VOT. X. SIC. XX., VOT1S X. El xx., sic. x. sic. xx., etc. X. Decima. leg. x. Legio Decima — tr. p. X. Tribunitia Potestate Decima. X. Decimo. an. x. Anno Decimo. X. Decimum. cos. x. Consul Decinnan . — imp. x. Imperator Decimum. [Aud similarly with 'he compounds of x. — XI., xii., XIII. up to XIX. or XVIIII.] X. MAXIMINI AVG. S. M. A. (Decennalia Maximini Augusti. Signal a Moneta Antiachia) iu five lines, within a laurel wreath. Obv. maximinvs p. r. avg. Head of Maximinus II. Baza to r., laureated. A r • (200 fres.) XA., XE., XI., etc., on coins of L. Julius Bursio, B.c. 84 [see p. 830.] XC. — XPICIOC. On coins of the Byzantine Emperors from a.d. 909 to a.d. 1391 (Madden, Christian Emblems on the Coins of Constan- tine I., etc., Hum. Chion., N.s., 1878, vol. xviii., pp. 179—188.) xe. boii©ei romano aesroLH. Ro- manus 1., standing facing, with diadent sur- mounted by a cross, holding in r. hand a glohe crueiger ; to r., Christ w ith head leaning against cross, standing, placing r. band on the head of the Emperor. CMc. cofjsL anL . £L> xtistof. 5. R. Busts of Constantine X. and Christophorus facing, with diadem, surmounted by cross, bolding together and between them a long cross. X- (300 fres.) The obverse legend is probably KwvoravTlvvs et (for Kai ) Xpicrotpipot 0aai\us ‘Puipalwv, the reverse Xpioii 0oy6ti ‘Piopaeui StovoTy. The formula xpoirf-; b°H0£l, instead of the usual Ki)pi £ bOH©£I, is of rare occurrence, and may be corroborated by a Byzan- tine lead seal, published bv Herr Miller (Rev. Hum., 1861, p. 23), on tilt obverse of which is the inscription XpiQre Borjdsi T uj. C W- AbA id., and oil the reverse +anA — P £am — aAAa — topi, and which from the fact that Andreas bears the title of MarSarmp (one who gives or carries [orders]), an office iu vogue under Con- stantine X. Porphyrogenitus, a.d. 912 — 959, lias been attributed by Herr Miller to the reign of this Emperor. M. le Bas has published (Voyage Archiol., No. 8913) a marble found in the island of Delos with the inscription x£boh©£i (xp«rr£ boh©£i), which Herr Miller thinks is of the same age as the seal of Andreas (Madden, Ham. Chion., N.s., 1878, vol. xviii., p. 205.) XE. A figure in toga, standing to 1., reading a book. Obv. D. n. (Dominos Noster) ARCA- Divs P. F. avg. Bust of Arcadius to r., with diadem. JE. (10 fres.) Published by Sabatier (Mon. Bgz., vol. i., p. 107) who states that the piece was found at Khe’son. XI 1. As a mark of value oil copper coins of the Vandals, without name of king (Sabatier, Mon. By:., vol. i., p. 221 ; keary, Hum. Chion , n.s., vol xviii , 1878, pp. 142, 143.) X1IX. CONOB., in the exergue of a gold (rein is sis of Valentiniau III., published and en- graved by Wiczag. This coin, according to Cohen (Med. Imp., 1st ed , vol. vi., p. 508, note), furnishes a new argument against the interpreta- tion of the letters OB. by 72, but, as the present 918 XVVIRI SACRIS FACIDNDIS. XVVIRI SACRIS FACIUNDIS. writer has already pointed out ( Tfurn . Chron., I n.s., 1862, vol. ii., p. 240, not e) the coin is, in the first place, only described from IPiczay , and, in the second, is as late as the reign of Valen. I tinian III. (a.d. 425 — 455), at which period no value can be placed upon the legends on coins. [See p. 835.] X — N. Xristus Nica, on copper coins of Constantine V. and Leo. IV., Leo IV. and Con- stantine VI., Constantine VI. aud Irene. Some, times the letters are triplicated as on coins of X— N. Irene X — N. (Sabatier, Mon. By:., aud Mad- X— N. den, Christian Emblems on Coins of Constan- tine I., etc., in Num. Chron., N.s., 1878, vol. xviii., p. 175.) XS. for X. On coins of the Republic — as [ axsivs for axivs (Axia yens), ai.exsandkea for alexandrea ((Emilia gens), paxs for PAX (: Emilia and Julia yenles), maxsvmvs for MAX- vmvs (Egnatia gens.) XV. Quindecenna/ibus. vot. x. ET XV. f., VOT. X. MVLT. XV., VOT. XV. FEL. [or MVLT.] XX., VOT. XV. MVLT. xxxx., etc. XV. — P. XV. in the exergue of certain billon coins of Gallienns (Cohen, Mid. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. v„ Nos. 44, 219, 362, 376, 599, 927, 989) interpreted by Cohen, Tribunitia Potestate XF. 1 But this is very doubtful. M. Feuardent, the editor of the second edition of Cohen’s work, has some remarks (vol. v., p. 352, note) on these pieces as well as on those with the exergual letters viic. (Nos. 277, 415, 425, 598, 634, 788, 848, 989, 1250.) He says, “All these coins are of the same fabric and same locality ; they were struck at Antioch, where, probably at this time, was in operation, as in all the mints of Asia, that monetary revolution, which swept away from everyone their ancient customs of striking coins ‘ a leurs types avee dcs inscriptions grecques. L’atelicr d’Antioche employ ait ce moyen tri)s simple de datcr ses nouvclles mommies.’ ’’ Coins of Gallicnus with the XVth Tribunitian power and the letters vnc. (No. 848), and with p. xv. aud viic. on varieties of the same type (No. 989) show that all these pieces are contemporary, aud that they were issued in a.d. 267. XV. Qtiindecim. — M. lepidvs an. xv. pr. H. o. C. s. Marcus Lepidus Annis quindecim Progressus [not Prte/extatus, cf. Yal. Max. III., i. 1.] Moslem Occidil Civem Servavit — on denarii of M. jEmilius Lepidus, monetary magis- trate about D.C. 60, and afterwards (B.C. 43 — 36) Imperator and Triumvir Reipub/icte Con- stituendte. [aemii.ia r/ens.] XV. S. F. or XVVIR. SAC. FAC. Quinde- cim viri Sacris Faciundis. [xvw’ri Sacris Faci- undis.] XV viri sacris faciundis. This body had especial charge of the Sibylline books, and in public danger or calamity were ordered by the Senate to inspect them. Under Tar- quiniiis Superbus the number of these priests were two (Duumviri), men of illustrious birth. In b.c. 367, ten men (Decemviri)— tine patrician and five plebeian — were appointed [see p. 878 aud x. Decemvir ] ; and later — possibly in the time of Sulla — their number was further increased to fifteen (Quindecimviri.) Julius Ctcsar added one more, but fifteen was afterwards the usual num- ber. The Quindecimviri were priests of Apollo, and each of them had in his house a brazen tripod (cortina or tripus) sacred to this god. The title is found on the following coins : — 1. Obv. CAESAR avgvstvs tr. pot. Head of Augustus to r., laureated. Rev. L. MESCINIVS rvfvs 1 1 1 v i k (triumvir.) Cippus, on which is engraved imp. Caes. avg. lvd. saec. (Imperator Ctcsar Augustus ludos Steculares [fecit]). In the field, xv. s. f. (Quindecimviri sacris faci- undis.) HI. (80 fres.) L. Mescinius Rufus was triumvir in b.c. 16. (Babelon, Mon de la Re pub. Rom., vol. ii., pp. 86, 221 ; Cohen, Mfd. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. i., p. 128. [See p. 526 of this Dictionary.] 2. Obv. a. vitellivs germ. imp. avg. tr. p. [or imp. german, tr. p. or german- icvs imp. or imp. german.] Head of Vitcllius to r., laureated. Rev. xvvir sac. fac. (Quin- decimviri sacris faciundis.) Tripod ; above, a dolphin ; within the tripod, a crow !s£> £3 [corvvs.] A'. (120 frs.) ; wg> Jy»J ij Hi. (3 fres.) 'ft isHL j? Eckhel (vol. vi., p. 316) has the following remarks on these coins : — “ According to Suetonius (in Fite/l. 5) Vitcllius ‘ by the favour of three princes was not only advanced to the great offices of state, but to the highest dignities of the sacred order ’ ; and Tacitus (Ilist. iii., 86) says ‘ he rose to the Consulship, to pontifical dignities without any personal merit, but obtained all from the splendid reputation of his father.’ . . . The whole of this type refers to Apollo. Servins (ad jEn., lib. iii., 332) excellently explains the dolphin — 'Mine ergo et de/phinum aiunt inter sacrala A pol/inis receptum, cujus rei vestigium est, quod hodieque XFvirorum coitiuis del- phinus in summo honore ponitur, et pridie cum sacrificium faciunt, ve/ul symbo/um de/phinus circumferlur, ob hoc scilicet, quia XFviri libro - rum Siby/linorum sunt antistites, Sibylla autem Apol/iuis votes, et de/phinus Apvllini sacer est.' I will also quote a passage from .Martiauus Ca- pclla (lib. ix., De Music.) in which he introduces Apollo speaking thus — ‘ (Eonistice [divination by augury] tertia est, per quam tripus ilia ventura denunciat, atque omnis eminuit nostra cortina ; denique in argumentum preescientite corvus mi hi ad/udit, etc.’ That the crow was sacred to Apollo is well known. It appears also on quinani of M. Antony and Lepidus, the trium- virs, near an augural liluus, and a guttus (jug), and consequently agreeably to the type of our coin, the crow is called by Statius (Theb ., lib. iii., vcr. 506) comes obscurus tripodum, by Silins Italicus (Punic, v. 78) Phoebea avis, and by -•Elian (De Animal. Mat., lib. i., c. 48) ’AvoWuvos buoKouBos, the attendant of Apollo. These coins were struck either before Vitcllius eutered upon the office of Pontifex Maximus, or immediately afterwards, aud he probably caused XX. XXX. 919 them to be struck to proclaim his elevation to j the first office in the priesthood, just as Vespa- sian and Titus, though already Pontifices Max- I imi, declared themselves publicly as augurs on their coins.” The tripod which occurs on the coins of Cassius Longinus Imperator in B.c. 42 ( Cassia gens) doubtless alludes to the dignity of Quindecimvir sacris faciundis conferred upon Cassius, whilst on those of L. Manlius Torquatus, monetary tri- umvir in b.c. 54 (Manlia gens), and of M. Opci- mius, moueycr in B.c. 134, there is a probable allusion to the same dignity having been con- ferred on one of their ancestors (Babelon, Mon. de la Repub. Rom., vol. i., pp. 334, 335 ; vol. ii., pp. 180, 274, 275.) It has been suggested (Babelon, op. cit., vol. i., p. 313) that the head of the Sibyl and the Sphinx on the denarii of Titus Carisius, moueyer about B.c. 48, refers to tbe fact of one of his ancestors having been one of the quindteimviri charged to guard the Sibylline books. The crow may be found on coins, besides those previously mentioned, of Domitian (Rev. s. c. — JE. III.) and on a brass medallion of Marcus Aurelius (tr. pot. nr. cos. u.) struck iu a d. 149 (Grueber, Rom. Medallions, pi. six., No. 1 ; Frochner, Medallions de I'Emp. Romain, p. 82), wrongly attributed earlier in this Dictionary (p. 64) to Antoninus Pius. XVI., as a mark of value — 16 asses — but rarely on the denarii of the Republic ; sometimes replaced by the sign monogram of xvi. i < Babelon, Mon. de la Repnb. Rom., vol. i., pp. j xxiii., 67, 68, 232; vol. ii., pp. 190 note, 495, 509, 510.) XX., 20 sesterces — on the first gold coins struck for the Roman Republic at Capua in B.c. 217. ‘Other marks of value fouud on these coins dre vLx. 60 sesterces and xxxx. 40 sesterces (Mommsen, Mon. Rom., vol. ii., pp. 57, 113, 1 236 ; vol. iv., p. 30 ; Babelon, Mon. de la Repub. Rom., vol. i., pp. xxvii., xxx., 24, 26.) XX., as a mark of value on the copper coins of the Ostrogoths without name of king (Sabatier, Mon. By:-, vol. i., p. 211 ; Keary, Bum. Chron., N.s., 1878, vol. xviii., pp. 163, 165.) XX. Vicennales (?) — PRIMI xx. iovr [sic rovn] avgvsti — on a rare gold coin of Diocle- tian described in the Ancien Catalogue du Cab- inet des Medailles, Paris (Cohen, Mid. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. vi., p. 458, and note.) [See Vota. ] XX. (Vicennalia ?) WOCLETiani avg. or maximum avg., withiu a laurel wreath, on gold coins of Diocletian and Maximian Hercules. XX. Vicennalibus — vot. xv. pel. or mvlt. xx., vot. xx. sic. or mvlt. xxx., etc. [See x. Becennalibus. ] XX. Ficesima, Vicesimo, Vicesiinum, and similarly with the compounds of xx. up to xxtx. or XXVIIII. [See x. Becimum. ] XX., within a laurel wreath ; in the exergue , aq. (Aquiteia) or const. (Constantine — Arles), or lvg. (Lugdano) Obv. caesar. Head of Coustantius Gallus to r., bare. Med. (300 fres.) Froehncr (Medai/lons de I’Emp. Romain, p. 319), suggests that the xx. on these medal- lions indicates the value of the pieces of which the weight equalled 2 l ,th of the silver pound. XX. — PXXT., SXXT., TXXT., QXXT., VXXT., VIXXT. Prima, Secunda, Tertia, Quarta, Quinta, Sexta, XX. Tarracone — on coins of Aurelian and Probus. “ On the accession of Aurelian (a.d. 270 — 275) to the throne he attempted to remedy the disordered state of the coinage, aud to restore it from its degraded state under Gallicnns. His first object was to put an end to the continual fluctuations in the price of gold, caused by the quantity of base money which was issued from the Imperial mint. To effect this with as little injury as possible, he reduced the base denarii iu circulation to the rate at which they then circulated, which ap- pears to have been 500 or 525 to an aureus, aud he consequently issued from the mint pieces equal to 20 or 21 of these copper denarii as equivalent to a denarius of account. The weight of the common copper aud plated coius of Aurc- lian and his successors, which have xx. and xxi. in the exergue, varies from 56 to 66 grains, and consequently from twenty to tiventy-oue are equal to four of the large copper coins, or sesterces, of Alexander Scverus andGordianus III.” (Finlay, Greece under the Romans, pp. 530, 531.) The numbers xx. and xxi. occur also on the coins of Probus, but the former was discontinued after his reign, whilst the latter occurs to the time of Constantine (Madden, Num. Chron., N.s., 1862, vol. ii., pp. 242, 243, cf. p. 49 ; Handbook of Rom. Num., p. 160.) [See vxxt., vxx. aud Tarraco, Karthago, p. 911.] XXI. — (1) with Latin letters — xxip., xxis., XXIT., XX1Q., XXIV., XXIVI., XXIVII., — XXI, Prima, Secunda, Tertia, Quarta, Quinta, Sexta, Seplima, or p., s., t., q., v., vixxi. Prima. Secunda, Tertia, Quarta, Quinta, Sexta xxi. (2) with Greek letters xxia. B., T., A., £., S., Z., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or A., B., I\, A., £. sxxi., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 xxi — on coius ot Aure- lian and Probus [xx.] XXI., as a mark of value on the copper coins of the Vandals, without name of king (Sabatier, Mon. Bgz., vol. i., p. 221 ; Keary, Num. Chron., N.s., 1878, vol. xviii., p. 142.) XXV., as a mark of value, on the silver coius of the Vandal kings, in Africa (Friedlaender, Miiuzen der Vandalen ; Sabatier, Mon. By;., vol.) i., pp. 212 — 220; Keary, Num. Chron., N.s., 1878, vol. xviii., pp. 137 — 149.) XXX., as a mark of value, on a Romatio- Campanian gold coin published by Riccio (Le Mon. de/le ant. fain, di Roma. Supp., pi. lxvii., 7), Cohen {Med. Cons., p. 346, No. 10, pi. xliv., 10), Mommsen (Mon. Rom., vol. i., p. 371), and Garrucci (Sg/loge, p. 46, No. 5) ; but the piece is rejected as false by the Baron d’Ailly ( Recherches stir la Mon. Rom., vol. i., p. 194) an opinion upheld by M. Babelon (Mon. de la Repub. Rom., vol. i., p. 24.) XXX. Tricennalibus—\OT. xx. mvlt. xxx., vot. xxx. mvlt. xxxx. [See x. Becennalibus, xx. Vicennalibus.’] XXX. Tricesima, Tricesimo, Tricesimum, aud 020 XLII. similarly with the compounds of xxx. up to : xxxtx. or XXXVI1I1. [See x. Decimum.'] XXXV. Quinque Tricennalibus — vot. xxxv. j or vt. (for vor.) xxxv. XXX X. 40 sesterces— on the first cold coins j struck for the Woman Republic at Capua in b.c. 217 [See xx., 20 sesterces '] XXXX —LEX XXXX. — on sextant of Pais- tum Luc mite (Cat. of Greek Coins in the Brit. U as., Italy, p. 281.) XXXX. Qaadragennalibus — vot. xxx. MVLT. xxxx., vot. xxxx. [Sec x. Decennatibus, xx. Viceuna/ibus, XXX. Tricennatibas. J XXXX. (Quadragesima, Quadragesimo, Quad ragesimum , and similarly with the compounds of xxxx. up to xxxxvnn. [See x. Decimum .] XXXX. ( Quadragensnma ) REMISS A. S. C. Triumphal arch, on which may be seen Galba in a quadriga crowned by Victory. Obv. she. ( Ser - vi us) OAI.BA IMP. CAESAR AVG. P. M. 1 K. P. P. P. Head of Galba to r., laureated ; beneath, a globe, jj. I. (250 fres.) A similar type, but with two equestrian figures on the arch, and sometimes prisoners below, and with the legend qvadra- GEN'S UEMISSAE S. C. Of Q.VADEAGEXSVMA RE- MISSA S. C., occurs on his second brass coins (60 fres.) These coius refer to the repeal of the imposts by Galba, of which no incntiou is made in history, except that it is recorded (Suet., Vesp., 16) that Vespasian “not satisfied with reviving the imposts which had been repealed in the tune of Galba, imposed new and onerous taxes,” etc. The following brass coius of Galba also refer to the same remission — lib. [or ubert.J avo. k. XL. ( He hi is sa (Quadragensnma) c. Liberty standing to L, holding cap and sceptre (.E. I. 50 fres.; JE. IF. 15 fres.); ROMA. R. XL. s. c. Rome, standing to L, leaning on a trophy, hold- ing a Victory [or a statuette of Fortune or a laurel branch] and a spear surmounted by an eagle ; sometimes at her feet a shield. 2E. I. (40 fres.) [See pp. 671, 702. J XL., as a mark of value, on the large copper coins of Zeno (Sabatier, .1 ton. By:., vol. i., p. 140, pi. viii., No. 11), and on the copper coins of the Ostrogoths without the uamc of the king (Sabatier, Mon. By:., vol. i., p. 210; Kcary, Bam. Chron., n.s., 1878, vol. xviii., p. 162.) XL. Quadragensnma. — R. XL. Remissa (Quadragensnma— on coins of Galba. [xxxx. (Quad/ ag-ntuma) remissa.] XL. Quadragesimo. — l.vov dvni. a. xl. Anno Quadragesimo — on silver qumarii of Mark An- tony, struck in B.C. 48 — 42. Ihe figures XL. here represent the age of Mark Antony at the time these coins were struck. fxLl.] I he liguics Ul on gold and silver coins of Julius Caisar, also probable denote his aye. (Madden, Sam. Chron., n.s., 1865, vol. v., pp. 5—8; Dc Salis, Rev. Arch.. 1866, vol. xiv., p. 17.) XLI. Quadragesimo et uao — ANTONI. IMP. A XLI. Anno Quadragesimo et uno — on silver quinarii of Mnik Antony representing bis age. [xl. Quadragesimo .] XLI L, as a mark of value, on the copper coins of the Vandals, without the name of the king Z. (Sabatier, Mon. By:., vol. i., p. 221 ; Kcary, Num. Chron., X S., 1878, vol. xviii , p. 142.) XCVI., withiu a laurel wreath; sometimes with exerguat letters aQ. (AquUeirt) or T. (Tar- racone ) — ou silver coins of lliocletiau (20 fres.), (Joustantius Chlorus Caesar (20 fres ), and Galc- rins Maxiiuian Caisar (30 fres.), or veve (sic) on a silver coin of Coustanlius Chlorus < aisar, from Banduri, du Musee larnese (30 Ires.) x c v i . in the exergue of a silver coin ot Constan- tine I. Ctcsr, with the legend conservator kart. (Knrthaginis) SVAE. (10** fres.) [See p. OIL] These coins were issued by Diocbtiau about a.d. 292 as “96 pieces to the pound of silver.” This has becu satisfactorily established by Marchant, Cavedoni, Pinder and I riedla- endcr, Mommsen, Blaeas, and dc Witte (Momm- sen, Man. Rom., vol. iii., p. 74 ; vol. iv., p. 99.) In Cohen’s 1st edition (Med. Imp., vol. v., p. 387) he argues against this interpretation bemuse there are coius of Diocletian iu the Cabinet of Vienna, and of Maximum, according to Ban- duri, with the figures xcviit., which have been explained by Cavedoni (Ann. Arch., 1860, p. 442) as xevt. na/icam [ tibram .] The errata of Cohen, (S»ppt., vol. vi , p. 627) point out, how- ever, that Ecklicl and Banduri both misread these coins, a fact, as regards the Vienna one, confirmed by the late M. Aructh (Cavcdoui, It all. dell ’In- stil., 1863, p. 220; cf. Madden, Num. Chron., N.s., 1865, vol. v., p. 76.) The editor of the 2nd edition of Cohen (vol. vi., p. 478' is not very clear iu his remarks ou the coins ot Diocle- tian, and gives a coin of Maximum Hercules from Banduri, with XCVIIT., which should be omitted. Y. Y. The letter Y was borrowed from the Greek alphabet in the time of Cicero in order to express more precisely the sound of Upsi/on. Its intro- duction into the Latin alphabet was prior to that of Z, as show n by the arrangement of the final letters V X Y Z (Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, vol. ii., p. 142.) This letter may be found on denarii of the Quiuctia (B.C. 101), Vibia (B.C. 90), and Pob/icia (b.c. 79) gates (Mommsen, Mon. Rnni.,\- ol. ii., pp. 177, 378, 417, 466 ) YPSAE. Ypsttus—v. YP8AB. 8. C. Publius Ypsaus. Sena tus Consul to, or c. TPSAE. cos. PHIV. CEPIT. Cains Ypsirns Consul Priccmum Cepit, on denarii of Publius Plautius Ypsteus, cnrule edile about B.c. 58, commemorating the military successes of bis ancestor C. l’lautius Ypsteus, consul, who took Privernum in b.c. 311 (Livy, vii., 27, viii., 1.) [pi.avtia gens .] On other denarii his name is reudered Unps.tus i>. hvpsae. aed. Cvr. c. uvrsAE. [or livp- SIEV. or IIVPSAKVs] COS. PREIV. [or PREIVE. or PREtvi. or preiv ek.] capt. [or CAPTV. or C'APTVM.] Publius 1 1 ii ps.ru r .tel Alt Cu ri.hs. Cains lliipsiriis Consul. Preivemum Captuui. Z. 1 Z, the twenty-third aud last letter of the Latin alphabet, being reintroduced from the Greek ZACYNTHVS. ZENO AND LEO II. 021 alphabet, in the time of Cicero for the translitera- tion of Greek words. (Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, vol. ii., pp. 142—144.) The letter Z may be fouud on the denarii of the Qninctia and Pob- licia gentes (Mommsen. Mon. Rom., vol. ii., p. 177; p. 378, No. 186; p. 466, No. 255.) [See Y.l Z, as a differential letter — 7 — stsc. p. z. Si scire Pecunia or Percussa 7 ; s. M. a. z. Signata Mo- net a Antiochia 7, etc. ZA. Zacynthus. [Zacynthus.'] Zaegnthus (Zante), an island in the Sicilian sea. The history of Zacynthus, illustrated nu- inismatically, is given by Professor Gardner in the Numismatic Chronicle, 3rd ser., 1885, vol. v., pp. 81 — 107. One portion of its history falls in the time of Mark Antony and his General Sosius, b.c. 44 — 31, of whom there arc the following coins : — 1. Obv. imp. ( Imperator .) Head of Mark Antony to r., bare. Rev. c. sosivs Q. (Caius Sosius Qu/rstor.) Eagle standing to r. on thun- derbolt ; in front, za. (Zacynthus) and a ca- ducous. PR. II. (100 fres.) 2. Obv. Head of .dark Antony to r., bare ; behind, za. (Zacynthus.) Rev. C. sosivs imp. (Cains Sosius Imperator.) Trophy between two captives. .52. III. (100 fres.) 3. Obv. Head of Apollo to r., laureated ; behind, za. (Zacynthus.) Rev. c. sosivs cos. DESIG. (Caius Sosius Consul Designatus.) Tripod. M. III. (100 fres.) 4. Obv. Head of Neptune to r., with diadem ; behind, za. (Zacynthus.) Rev. c. sosivs cos. (Caius Sosius Consul.) Dolphin twined round trident. .52. III. (100 fres.) , No. 1 shows Sosius as Quxslor to Antony, and was probably struck about b.c. 38. No. 2, on which Sosius is styled Imperator, refers to the assistance given by him to Herod in his attack on Jerusalem in B.c. 37, when Au- tigonus, the last of the Asmomcan princes, was defeated and eaptured. It is possible that the captive figures on this coin represent Judaea and Aotigonus (Madden, Coins of the Jews, p. 99 ; the remarks given by me as to the attribution of these pieces to Zabulon must be withdrawn in favour of Zacynthus.) On No. 3 Sosins appears as Consul Desig- natus, a title which he bore from the year b.c. 39 to b.c. 32, when he became Consul, as No. 4 testifies. These coins belong to the Antonia and Sosia gentes (Babclon, Mon. de la RCpub. Rom., vol. i., pp. 181, 194 ; vol. ii., pp. 463 — 465.) Prof. Garduer (op. cit.) publishes an autono- mous coin of Zacynthus, which, from its type, shows obvious allusion to the augurate of An- tony, and that Antony accorded to the island a certain decree of autonomy in return for favours rendered to Sosius. — Obv. Lituus and Oenochoe. Rev. za. within wreath. dE. III. Zante 1 Zacynthus.] 6 B ZENO, Emperor of the East, a.d. 474 — 491, who was descended from an illustrious Isaurian family, was originally named Trassalisseus, which he changed for Zeno on his mar- riage, in a.d. 468, with Ari- adne, daughter of the Emperor Leo I. and Verina [vkrina.] On the death of Leo I.,in a.d. 474, with whom had been as- sociated in the Empire his grandson Leo II., son of Zeno and Ariadne, Zeno conducted the govern- ment, his son being only a child, though taking the precedence, as testified by coins. The boy lived only a short time, and Zeno became sole Emperor. His reign was oppressive, and many revolts occurred. Verina, widow of Leo I., claimed the Empire, Zeno tied to Isauria, and Basiliscus, brother of Verina, was proclaimed Emperor in a.d. 476, but was deposed the fol- lowing year. Zeno, on his restoration, showed no better qualities, and again rebellious were fre- quent. After a turbulent reign of seventeen years he died in a.d. 491, and was succeeded by Anastasius, who married his widow Ariadne. The following coins of Zeno arc extant : — LEO II. AND ZENO. 1. Obv. DN. (Domini) LEO ET ZENO pp. avg. ( Perpetui Augusli.) Helmeted bust, facing, of Leo II., with shield on which a horseman, and holding spear over r. shoulder. Rev. salvs KEIPVBLICAE I. or 0. Leo II., and to the 1. his father Zeno, both with nimbus, seated, facing; between their heads a cross, and above a star ; in the exergue conob. N • (150 fres.) 2. Obv. Same leaend and type. Rev. vic- toria avggg. (Augustorum.) Victory stand- ing to 1., holding a long cross ; in the field, a star; in the exergue conob. N- (150 fres.) 3. Obv. Same leaend. Bust of Leo II. to r., with diadem. Rev. victoria avgvstorvm. Victory walking, holding wreath and globe ; in the field a star. N ■ Tremissis (80 fres.) 4. Obv. Same legend and type. Rev. Cross within a wreath ; in the exergue conob. N ■ Tremissis (100 fres.) ZENO AND LEO II. 1. Obv. dn. (Domini) zeno et leo. nov. caes. Bust of Zeuo to r., with diadem. Rev. victoria avgvstorvm. Victory standing to 1., holding wreath and globe, snrmounted by r cross; in the exergue conob. N- Tremissis (75 fres.) 2. Obv. zeno et leo nov. caes. Head of Zeno to r., with diadem ; in the exergue nil. Rev. invicta roma. Victory walking to r., holding wreath and a trophy on left shoulder ; in the field s. c. ; in the exergue XL. JE. I. (60 fres.) With respect to the letters nov. caes., some have considered them to stand for Novus Casar, but it is far more probable that the nov. equals nob., and should be interpreted Nobilissimus. A similar interchange of V ami B may bo found 922 ZBNOBIA. on the gold coins of Theodosius II. and Marcian in the legend gloria orvis [orbis] terrah. Why, as Eckhel observes (l)oct. Num. Vet., vol. viii., |>. 200) Zeno and Leo are called Nobi/is- timi Casares, when they were certainly Augusti, as testified by history and other coins, cannot be explained “ nisi constaret, de titular tint hac relate confusione." Eckhel further gives a coin of Zeno— d. n ZENO peep. N. c., adding “ verum in aureo integerrimo musei Casarei est mani- fest um N.C. Ad hac si Zeno et Leo simnl sumpti potuere did Nobi/issimi Casares, nescio, cur non et Zeno solus.” This coin, however, is not published by Sabatier (Mon. Byz.) ZENO ALONE. Obverse legend for gold and silver d. n. (Domi- nus Nosier ) zeno perp. [or perpe.] (I’er- petuus) av. [or avg.] (Augustus). Principal reverse legends Victoria avggg. (N . 20 fres. , N. Semissis, 70 fres; N. Tremissis, 10 fres.); VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM (N . Tiemissis, 10 frCS.) ; salvs reipvblice (sic). Monogram of Christ within a wreath (N . from Mionnet, 24 fres.) ; No legend. Cross within a wreath (AT. 8 fres.) gloria homanorvm. Zeno standing facing; in the exergue , tucob. (alt. 100 fres ) ; tov — vi xiv — mti. [for vot. v. mvlt. x.] within a wreath (ill. 30 fres.); No legend. Military figure ; in the field, md. (Mediolani.) Barbarous fabric (/R. 60 fres.); Military figure on the prow of a ship ; in the field, RV. ( Ravenna ) (At. 35 fres.) ; Eagle to r. or to 1. (At. 35 fres.); Victory walking to 1. (At. 60 fics.) Brass coins — Obverse legends — IMP. (Imperator) zen. [or zeno] pel. [or fei.ix] perp. avg. (Perpetuus Augustus ), or imp. zeno semper avg. Rev. invicta ROMA. Type as No. 2 of Zeno and Leo II. (AS. I. 40 fres.) ; Obv. d. n. zeno perp. avgg. Rev. victoria avgg. (AS. III. 15 fres.); Obv. dn. zeno p. f. (Pius Felix) avg. Rev. No legend. Emperor standing (AS. III. 20 fres.) ; Monogram of Zeno within a wreath (AS. III. 5 fres.) ZENOBIA (Seplimia), Queen of Palmyra, wife of Odeuathus, and mother of Timolans, Ilercuuianus, and Vabalathus. [odenatuvs; vabalathvs.] Though claiming her descent from the Macedonian kings of Egypt, she is sup- posed by some Christian writers to have been a Jewess (Jost, Geschichte des Israel, vol. iv., p. 166 ; Milman Hist, of the Jews, vol. iii., p. 175 ; cf. Gibbon, Rom. Emp., cd. Smith, vol. ii., p. 20, note a.) After the death of Odeuathus (a.d. 266 — 267) Zenobia attempted to place under her sway Syria, Asia, and Egypt, and assumed the tit le of Queen of the East [baci AICCA on an inscription found in Palmyra, dated 582 of the Scleueidan era = a.d. 271, Bill, de P A thin. Franc., 1855, p. 36.] Aurelian made war with her, and defeated her at the battles of Daphne aud Eiuesa. After the capture of t his latter city, Zenobia fled to Palmyra, which was besieged by Aurelian. She attempted to escape, but was captured by the cavalry of Aurelian, aud Palmyra ZENOBIA. soon afterwards surrendered. Zenobia — together with the Emperor Tetrieus, who had given him- self up to Aurelian at the great battle of Chalons, a.d 274 [tetricvs] — had to take a captive’s part in the triumph of Aurelian, but afterwards (as well as Tetrieus) was treated with great clemency, beiug allowed to pass the remainder of her life with her sons in a handsome villa at Tibur or Tivoli, which had been presented to her by her conqueror. A full historical and numismatic account of Zenobia and the Princes of Palmyra has becu written by Dr. von ballet (Die Fiirsteu von Palmyra unler Ga/lienus, Claudius, und Aure- lian, 1866), who, from coin-dates, inscriptions aud ancient authors, has drawn up the following chronological table : — a.d. 264 — Odenathus conquers the Persians, and is recognised by Gallienus as ruler of the East. 266 — 267. — Odenathus and his son and co- regent Herodes are murdered by Mseouius. 266 — 267. (August 29.) — First year of the reign of Vabalathus, son of Odeuathus and Ze- nobia. Under the reign of Claudius, Zabdas and Timagcnes, the generals of Vabalathus and Ze- nobia, conquer the insurgent Egyptians. Homage rendered by the Egyptians to Vabalathus Im- perator, the Deputy of the Emperor Claudius. 270 (Spring). — Aurelian Augustus. Recogni- tion of Vabalathus in Syria aud Egypt as \ir con- sul aris Mmanorum Uiperalor Dux R omanorum (Tna-riubs ATToupdruip CTpari)-)bs ‘Plt'paiwr.) Zenobia Augusta. Corns with bends of Aurelian and Vabalathus. 270 (August 29.) — Beginning of the fifth Egyptian year of the reign of Vabalathus; coius with bis and Aurclian’s bead. 270 — 271 (August 29.) — Revolt of Vabala- thus aud Zenobia against Aurelian. Vabalathus assumes the title of Augustus. Alexandrian aud Latin coius of Vabalathus with the title of Au- gustus. Alexandrian coins of Zenobia Augusta, who also assumes the title of Queen. Battles of Daphne and Emesa (Immse?) 271. (Beginning of the Autumn.) Couquest of Egypt. 271. (In the second half of the year.) Con- quest of Palmyra. Zenobia aud Vabalathus taken prisoners. End of the Palinyrian rule. Revolt and conquest of Firmus in Egypt and of Achil- leus (?) in Palmyra. Aurelian recognised as sole Emperor in Syria and Egypt. The only genuine coius of Zenobia arc Alexan- drian ones, bearing the date L. £. (year 5) of Vabalathus, aud issued at the same time as the coins of Vabalathus Augustus with the same date. Other coins, namely — a silver medallion with L. A. Gear 4) given by D'Ennery, a brass piece of Zenobia and Aurelian with no dale in the Mas. Theupoli, a brass piece with date 1.. Z. (year 7) aud riAA published by Vaillani, aud a brass piece with AIIOAA. l\, or remains of the legend TPinOA £ 1T&;N and no date in tbe Pembroke collection — are false ; and so is the Latin coin given by Cohen (Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. vi., p. 214) from Tan ini. However, it is not impossible ZENONIS. that cotemporary with the Latin coins of Vabala- thus Augustus , Latin coins of Zenobia Augusta were struck, but no genuine specimen has ever yet been seen. The coins of Zenobia, as extant, arc: — 1. Obv. cellT. zhsobia ceB. Bust of Zenobia to r., with diadem. Rev. L. g. (year 5). female fiaure standing before an altar. Rot. (200 fres.) (Miounet, vol. vi., No. 3534.) 2. Obv. Same legend and type as No. 1. Rev. L. e- Providence standing to 1., raising r. hand, and holding a cornu-'-opite in her left. Rot, (200 fres.) ( Cab. des Med., Paris.) 3. Obv. cellTixi. zhnobia C£B. Same type. Rev. L. e. Sar'e type as No. 2. Rot. (200 fres.) (British Museum.) 4. Obv. Same legend aud type as No. 3. Rev. l. e Spes walking to 1., holding flowers in r. hand and raising her dress with left. Rot. (200 fres.) (Cab. des Med., Paris; British Museum.) 5. Obv. ce flu mia zhnobia ceB. Same type as No. I. Rev. L. e- Same type as No. 4. Rot. (200 fres.) (Cab. des Med., Paris.) 6. Obv. CfllTiM. zhnobia C£B. Same type as No. 1. Rev. l., Female bust (? Diana) to r. ; before, a large crescent. Rot. (200 fres.) (British Museum.) This piece is described by von Sallct (op. cit.) with the obverse legend cellT. ZHNOBIA CeB. and so also by Cohen (Med. Imp., 1st ed., vol. v., p. 15^ ; 2nd ed., vol. vi., p. 215) but in both editious of Cohen the coin is engraved with the legeud ceriTiM. zhnobia ce b. from the speci- men in the Biitish Museum. The letter (s) after h. e. in the description of this coin in the secoud-editiuu of Cohen should be omitted. Why the year dale does not appear ou this piece is curious, more especially as there is no mark ol erasure visible on the coin. ZENONIS (jElia), wife of Basiliscus, usurper of the Eastern throue a.d. 476—477, aud brother of the Empress Verina, wife of Leo I. The title of Augusta was conferred upon her by her hus- band. Zeno sent her into exile with her husband aud her son Marcus (of whom there are no coins), and they all perished of hunger in a.d. 477. The following coins are in existence : — 1. Obv. ael. zenonis avg. Bust of Ze- nouis to r., with diadem, crowned by a hand from above. Rev. VICTORIA avggg. Victory walking to 1., aud holdiug a long cross; in the field to r., a star ; in the exergue, conob. TV, (400 fres.) 2. Obv. Same legend and type. Rev. Mono- gram of Zenonis. /E. III. (60 fres.) 6 B 2 ZEUGITANA. 923 Zeugitana, a regipn forming the more northern part of the Roman province of Africa. After the fall of Carthage in b.c. 146, it was uuited with Byzacium in one province ; this province was called Africa, and later Africa vetus, to distin- guish it Irom other countries also annexed — Emporia and Numidia called Africa Nova. (Muller, Num de t’Anc. Afrique, vol. ii., pp. 38 — 63, 65). Under the reign of Augustus Zeugitana formed the centre of a large province called Afica or Libya, which extended from the Cyrenaica to Numidia occidentaiis. Ou the divi- sion of the provinces between Augustus aud the Senate, in B.c. 27, Zeugitaua fell to the latter, and w r as governed from this time by a Proconsul resident at Carthage, which had been rebuilt. In the 3rd century, when Africa was divided into several provinces, Zeugitana was constituted a separate province under the title of Africa pro- consularis. (Muller, op. cit., vol. ii., p. 65.) Of the coast towns of this province the follow- ing issued coins : — Carthago (Roman colony), Clypea, Hippo Liarrhytus, and Utica. CARTHAGO (Roman colony). In B.c. 122, only twenty-four years after the destruction of Caithage, Caius Gracchus sent out a colony of 6000 settlers to fouud on the site of Carthage the new city of Junonia, but the pro- ject was anuulled by the Senate. In B.c. 46 J ulius C'rcsar planned the restoration of Carthage aud Corinth, but the former did not prosper till Augustus, in b.c. 27, sent 3000 colonists to fouud the new city, and from this time the colony grew so rapidly that when Strabo wrote (towards the eud of the reign of Augustus) it was as flourishing and populous as any city in Africa. The Proconsul of the province resided there. After the death of Nero, in a.d. 68, Clodius Mater, governor of Africa, revolted and laid claim to the throne, but was very soon defeated and put to death by' the procurator Trebouius Garueianus, aciing under the orders of the Em- peror Galba. Carthage coutinued to mcrease in prosperity, rivalling Rome and Constantinople. Ausonius (Clara Urbes, 11.) compares it with these cities : “ Constantinopoli assurgit Carthago priori Non loto cessura gradu, quia tertia did Fastidit.” In a.d. 308 Alexander, who had been ap- pointed by Maxcntius, governor of Africa, usurped the purple, but was defeated in A.D. 311. [Rare gold, silver, and brass coius, with legeud invicta koma fel. [or felix] kakthago, and in the exergue P. K. Rrima Karthagini — see pp. 34 and 911.] Carthage was captured by Gcnseric in a.d. 439, and made the capital of the Vandal kings [silver coins of Hilderic with legend felix kaetc. ; Vandal copper with kakthago— see Vandals ] till retaken by Bclisarius, general of Jus- tinian, in a.d. 533, and was finally taken and utterly destroyed by the Arabs in a.d. 647. ZEUGITANA. 924 ZEUGITANA. The following coins of Roman Carthage are in existence (Muller, op. cit, vol.ii., p. 149 ; Cohen, lied. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. i., pp. 23, 167, 208) : — Before Ike reign of Augustus. Obv. AHISTO MVTVMBAL. R1COCE SUF. (? Sufes or Sufeles). Two heads, jugate, bare (? J. Caesar and Augustus.) Rev. ear. (Karthago) veneris. Tetrastyle temple of (?) Jupiter or of (?) Baal; on the pediment, au eagle. vE. [ See veneris ear.] During the reign of Augustus. 1. Obv. avg . . . o c . . . Head of Au- gustus (?) to 1., bare. Rev. . . . cae. si. t. f. m. si. A. II. vir. Head of Julius Casar (?) to r„ bare. All. II. 2. Obv. c. i. c. d. d. p. p. Head of Au- gustus (?) to r., bare. Rev. . . . on. si. t. f. m. si. . . . Head of Julius Caesar (?) to 1., bare. iE. III. Owing to the bad preservation of these coins the legend and types are not clear. The letters si. t. f. and si. si. a. on both pieces evidently present the initials of the same duumviri. The obverse legend of No. 2 is Colonia Julia Car- thago. Decreto Decurionum, Permissu Pro- consulis. 3. Obv. isip. c. D. f. a. p. si. p. r. (Imper. utor Casar Did Filius Augustus Pontifex Max- imus Pater P atria.) Head of Augustus to r. or to 1., bare. Rev. p. i. sp. d. v. sp. iivib. c. i. c. (Publius Junius Spendo Decimus Valerius (?) Speratus Duumviri Colonia Julia Carlhagiuis). In th e. field, F. p. D. d. (Permissu Proconsu/is, Decreto Decurionum .) A2. II. 4. Obv. TI. CAE. [or TI. CAE. A. F.] ISIP. V. (Tiberius Casar [or Tiberius Casar Augusti Filius'] Imperalor V.) Head of Tiberius to r. or to 1., bare. Rev. Same as No. 3. AS. IT. Tiberius was Imperalor V. in A. D. 10, and the coins (No. 4) were issued near the end of the reign of Augustus, who died in a.d. 14. During the reign of Tiberius. 1. Obv. Ti. caesar isip. p. p. (Tiberius Casar Imperalor Pater Patria). Head of Ti- berius to 1. Rev. L. A. FAV8TVS D. c. BASSVS ii vir. Livia seated to r., holding a patera and a sceptre ; in the field, p. p. d. d. iE. II. 2. Same legend as No. 1. Rev. Same legend as No. 1 . Three ears of corn bound together ; in the field, p. p. d. d. A£. III. It will be seen that the title P. P. (Pater Patria) is given to Tiberius on these coins, whilst the historinus Suetonius (in Tib. 26), Dion Cassius (lvii., 8; lviii., 12), aud Tacitus (Ann. i., 72 ; ii., 87) state that he persistently refused this title, and Eckhel ( Doct . Sum. Vet., vol. vi., p. 200) remarks that all bis coins confirm the statements of the historians. It appears, however, from these pieces that the title was conferred upon Tiberius in Africa without his permission. CLYPEA. Clypea or Clupea, originally Aspis (’Acrim), so • called from its site on a hill of shield-like shape, was founded by Agathocles in B.C. 310, and after his departure was occupied by the Carthagiuians. It was taken in the First Puuie war by Manlius and Regidus B.c. 256, aud in the Third Punic war was besieged by Calpurnius Piso, B c. 148, who was repulsed. In Pliny’s time (Sat. Hist., v. 3) it was a free city. Ruins, includiug a Roman fort, arc still in existence, aud a small towu bears at the present time the name of Clgbea or Kalibiah. The following coins are extant (Muller, op- cit.., vol. ii., p. 155 ; Cohen, op. cit., vol. i., pp- 167, 208, 218):— During the reign oj Augustus. Obv. avgystvs imp. (Imperalor). Head of Augustus to 1., bare; behiud, a simpulum or ? lituus ; all w ithin a laurel wreath. Rev. C. r. р. mi. vir. Mercury wearing winged pelasus, seated on a rock to 1., holding a caduceus. .E. I. The letters c. I. P. may be interpreted Clypea Julia Pia, or Pulchra or Paceusis (?) as the с. p. i. on coins of Tiberius, but Muller thinks that it seems more probable that they represent the initials of the names of the iiiivir (Quatuor- viri) than those of the name of the colony. During the reign of Tiberius. 1. Obv. XI. CAE. DIVI AVG. F. AVG. IMP. vin. cos. mi. Head of Tiberius to 1., bare. Rev. PERMISSV L. APROXI. PROCOS. III. C. (Curante) sex. pom. (Pomponio) celso. Mer- cury wearing winged pelasus, seated on a rock to 1., holding a caduceus; in the field, c. P. I. (Clypea Pia or Pulchra or Paceusis ?) iE. I. 2. Obv. Same legend aud type as No. 1. Rev. Same legend as No. 1. Livia seated to r., holding ears of corn and a sceptre ; in the field, C. P. I. 2E. II. 3. Obv. Same legend and type as No. 1. Rev. PERMIS. P. DOLABELLAE PROCOS C. (Cu- ranle) p. G. cas. [or f. gavio casca.] Same tjpeasNo. 2. JE. II. 4. Obv. Same legend aud type as No. 1. Rev. PERMIS. P. DOLABELLAE PROCOS. C. (Cu- rante) P. g. cas. d. d. (Gavio Casca. Decreto Decurionum). Same type as No. 1. JE. Med. 5. Obv. Same legend aud type as No. 1- Rev. PERMIS. P. CORNELL DOLABELLAE PROCOS. c. (Curante) P. cas. D. D. Same type as No. I. 2E. Med. 6. Obv. Same legend aud type as No. 1. Rev. permis. p. DOLABELLAE PROCOS. c. (Cu- rante) p. gavio cas. Same type as No. 1. zE Med. 7. Obv. drvso caesari. Head of Drusus to 1., bare. Rev. permissv l. aphoni. procos iii. Bust of Mercury to r. or to 1., with winged pelasus ; behind, a caduceus. Au. 11. ZEUGITANA. 8. Obv. Same legend and type as No. 7. Rev. PERM. DOLABELLAE PKOCOS. C. ( Curantt ) v. o. cas. Same type as No. 7. M. II. The coins of L. Apronius pkocos. in. were issued in a.d. 19, and of P. Cornelius Dolabella pkocos. in a.d. 23 — 24. 111PP0 DIARRHYTUS. Hippo Diarrhytus (‘Iirirwp Aiafijuiros) a Phoe- nician colony, founded by the Sidonians, and situated at the entrauceol a large lake (‘brnuivtTts \ipur\), consequently being subject to frequent inundations, and hence its name hiafijivros — in terseeted by streams — transformed by different authors to Lirutus, Liaritus, and Zarilus. It was fortified and provided with a new harbour by Agathocles, aud is called Ihpponensis Co/onia by the yonugcr Pliny ( Epist. is., 33.) Its coins hear the name Hippone libera. A small town called Benizert or Bizerta occupies the site. The following coins arc in existence (Muller, op. cit., p. 167, vol. iii., p. 193; Cohen, op. cit., 1 vol. i., pp. 185, 210, 220) : — 1. Obv. libeka. Head of Astarte to 1., with diadem, and veiled. Rev. hippone. God- dess (Thuro-Chusartis) standing, faeiug, with modius on head, holding in 1. hand caduceus and two ears of corn. yE. 2. Obv. hippone. Head of Ceres to r., crowued with ears of corn. Rev. mbeha. Head of Juno to r., with diadem. yE. 3. Obv. hippone. Warrior standing, lean- ing on his spear; at his feet a dog. Rev. libeka. Ceres, veiled, standing. 2E. Bunng the reign of Augustus. Obv. caesar avg. Head of Augustus to r., bare. Rev. hippone libera. Head of Caius ' aud Lucius, facing each other, bare ; to 1., c. ; to r., L. I. Luring the reign of Tiberius. 1. Obv. Tl. CAESAR DIVI AVOVSTI F. AV- gvstvs. Head of Tiberius to r., bare. Rev. hippone libeka. Livia seated to r., holding patera and sceptre ; in the field, ivl. avg. yE. 1. 2. Obv. Same legend and type as No. 1. Rev. drvsvs caesar. hippone libera. Head of Drusus to 1., bare. yE. 3. Obv. Saule legend and type as No. 1 ; in front, lituus ; behind, simpulum. Rev. L. apronivs. hippone libera. Head of Drusus to r., bare. yE. II, Luring the reign of Clodius Albinus. Obv. IMP. CAES. D. CLO. SEP. ALB. aVg. ( 7 m - perator Casar Lecimus Clodius Seplimius Al- binus Augustus). Head of Albinus to r., bare. Rev. hippone libera. Goddess seated to 1.; holding patera and sceptre. yE. This coiu, published by Muller after Miounct (Suppl., is., p. 207, No. 9) is remarkable as no other coins were struck in the towns of the pro- vince of Africa after the reign of Tiberius. It is ZEUGITANA. 925 true that Albinus was of African origin, having been born at Hadrumetum, and that conse- quently a new right of coinage may have been permitted to Hippo, but it is not certain that the coin is genuine, and it is not mentioned by Cohen (Mid.-Imp., 2nd ed., vol. iii., p. 424.) Its authenticity is perhaps confiuned by a brass coin in the Dresden Cabinet. This piece has on the obverse two heads facing, representing either Septimius Severus with one of his sons, or Macriuus with bis son Diadumenianus, but the legend is very indistinct, so that it is not possible to determine with certainty’. The re- verse type is a vessel in full sail, and the legend libera, a surname exclusively belonging to Hippo. Septimius Severus was born at Leptis, and Macriuus was a native of Csesarcia Alaure- tauiie (Muller, op. cit., vol. ii., p. 170.) UTICA. [See l/lica . ] LUCIUS CLODIUS MACER. Lucius Clodius Macer, who was appointed by Nero governor of Africa, revolted on the death of the Emperor in a.d. 68, but was soon subdued and executed by order of Galba. The following coins are extant : — A. Without his head. 1. Obv. l. clodi. macri s. c. Female figure (Liberty) standing to 1., holding a cap and a wreath or patera. Rev. leg. i. (in field), lib. mackiana (around). Roman eagle between tw r o standards. A{. (200 fres.) 2. Obv. I.. CLODI. MACRI. LIBERATRIX S. C. Head of Africa to r. Rev. Same legend and type as No. 1. jB. (300 fres.) 3. Obv. Same legend and type as No. 2. Sometimes two javelins behind the head of Africa. Rev. leg. iii. lib. avg. Roman eagle between two standards. yB. (300 fres.) 4. Obv. L. clodi. macri. libera s. c. Same type as No. 2. Rev. Same legend and type as No. 3. yB. (300 fres.) 5. Obv. L. CLODI. [or L. C.] MACRI. s. c. Head of lion to r. Rev. Same legend and type as No. 3. yB. (300 fres.) 6. Obv. l. clodi. macri. s. c. Bust of Victory to r. Rev. Same legend aud type as No. 3. yB. (250 fres.) 7. Obv. roma s. c. Head of Rome to r., hclmcted. Rev. L. clodi. macri. Trophy. yB. (300 fres.) 8. Obv. l. c. [or l. clodi. ?] macri. Car- thago s. c. Bust of Carthage to i\, helmeted ; behind, a cornu-copi®. Rev. sicilia. Triquetra with head of Medusa ; between the three legs three ears of corn. yB. (300 fres.) B. With his head. Obv. L. CLODIVS MACER [or I,. CLODI. MACRI.] s. c. Head of Clodius Macer to r., bare. Rev. 926 ZIMISCES. PROPRAE. AFUICAE [or PROPR. APRCAE tie]. ( Proprator Africa). Galley. .iK. (1500 frcs.) The types of the coins of Clodins Macersliow that he had the idea of again establishing the Republic, confirmed by the fact of his reviving the ancient title of Proprator, for which Au- gustus had substituted that of Proconsul, and also by the letters s. C., Senatus Consul to, to mark that the supreme power rested with the Senate and not with one man alone. In spite, however, of his pretences in favour of a Republic, he did not object to place his portrait on some of his denarii (cf. Lenormaut, La Mon. dans V Anttq., vol. ii., p. 339.) ZIMISCES (Joannes I.), Emperor of Constan- tinople, a.d. 969 — 976, was descended from an ancient Armenian family. His surname Zimisces (T aiptaKrjs) was given to him on account of his diminutive size. He attained the throne through the intrigues of the Empress Theophano by the murder of her husband Nicephorus; but he banished the Empress soon after his accession. He was a great general, and on returning from a war with the Arabs, he observed that the finest lands belonged to the eunuchs. Basilius, one of the principal officers of the household, was in- formed of this, -and Zimisces, probably poisoned, expired shortly after his return in January a.d. 976. The following coins are attributed to him: — (Sabatier, Mon. By:., vol. ii., pp. 141 — 144; Madden, Christian Emblems on the Coins of Constantine I., etc., in the Num. Chron., N.S., 1878, vol. xviii., pp. 169 — 215; Smith’s and Cheetham’s Diet, of Christian Antiq., ait. Money ) : — 1. Obv. +0 £otoc. boH0." 1 10.' 8esp. Bust of Johu I. Zimisces facing, holding in the left hand a long cross, and crowned by the Viigiu with nimbus (half-length), above w horn the letters M0; a hand descends from heaven over the Em- peror. Rev. +lJiS. XPS. (TtjitoDs Xpiorbs) Kf.x Re S vantiH ». Bust of Christ with nim- bus on cross facing, holding in one hand his robe, aud in the other the Gospels. N. (35 frcs ) Obverse legend 0eord/te /3 ofjSet ’Uoavvp Stanbrq, Mother of God, help the despot John. 2. Obv. 0c £. b©. Lots bASiLS. Bust of the Virgin with nimbus facing, holding on her chest a medallion of Christ on the cross; on cither side M'P— ©v. Rev. -f-fW£i:04 — DeDoSxs.'w — ojis se eE riiztiihoH— caiioL • K> in five lines. iR. (250 frcs.) The obverse legeud is Otorout flofidti ro»r fiaoiXtvoi, i.e., Mother of God, help the Kings, and probably refers to Johu Zimisces in associa- tion with the two sons of Koinanus II. — Basil II., and Constantine XI. The rtverse legeud is more difficult, aud has been variously interpreted. M. dc Saulcy, who published this coin (Essai de Class, des Suites Mon. By:., p. 244, pi. xxii., oiiK dir oTpos x°‘p«rrai ; Mere de Dieu, p/eine de gloire, celui qui met en toi son espirance n’tchoue jamais dans ses projets, ou bien nest ZIMISCES. jamais malheureur, mais est combit de biens," the latter reading being adopted by M. Sabatier (Mon. By:., vol. ii., p. 141.) Both authors tran- scribe ihe last liue of the legend as CAnOT'X', and both engrave a x as the final letter. Mr. Grueber, of the Coin Department, British Museum, who had the cast made for me from the impression, seemed to think there was little doubt of the last lei ter beiug a X, and iu this case the only reading that suggested itself was airor«o{fT(u XpnrroO. Not, however, feeling quite satisfied about it, I sent the cast to Dr. Babingtun, who, rejecting De Saulcy’s reading as untenable, thinks that the last letter is a K aud not a x, and that it should be interpreted Ki iploo, this beiug somewhat more in accordance with Biblical usage than Xpiarou would be. If this view be correct, the last line of the inscription is caIIoL i Ki, and the whole legend may be read Mfjrtp StSo^aagtri) b tis at iXwifav ouu airortv^tTat Kvpiuv, O glorified Mother of God, he that trustelh in thee shall not fail of the Lord. 3. Obv. +IM/A|lh— £h- *W- avLo— cpat. £vs£b — bASiLevs — R/t'MAUt’, in five lines. Rev. + ihs4 s xpisL^s h ICA +• Cross bearing the portrait of John Zimisces, with the letters Uu — a(|. ./II. (25 frcs.) Obverse legend ’Iaidn'T/s (v XpwrrqJ auToupdraip fi’ot&Tjt BuaiKtbs ‘Pauaiuiv Jotin in Christ, rider, pious king of the Romans. 4. Obv. Monogram, formingthcletterst/ 47 AXy. Rev. Monogram forming the letters AtcTlyT. zE. (30 frcs.) _ Lrtteis ic — xc (’ItiooGv Xpiarot) iu the field. Bust of Christ facing on a cross with nimbus. This type first appears ou the brass coins of Johu 1. Zimisces, bnt in some cases with the addition of the words cmmaxovhA, and ou ihe reverse the legeud +ihsHs xuivr^s bASiLeH bASii.e. The attribution of these anonymous pieces to John Zimisces is founded on a passage of Scvlitzes and Cedrenus, where it is said that “ the Emperor ordered to be placed upon the coins the image of the Saviour, which had not been done belure ; aud ou the other side Latin letters forming the sentence iesvs christvs rex regvm ” (Eckhel, Doct Num. Vet., vol. viii , p. 250; Sabatier, Mon. By:., vol. ii., p. 143), but this account cau only refer to these copper coins, as the bust of Christ occurs ou coins of all thiee metals of an earlier date (Madden, op. cit.) Brass coius are also attributed to him representing Christ with nimbus cruciger, sca'cd, facing, with the legeud -J- is xc: bASii.e b vsiLi, or bust of Virgin with nimbus faciug aud bauds raised, aud the letters MR. 0tj. (yirynpo 0eoC.) To the rcigD of John Zimisces is attributed by Eckbel (Doct. Num. Vet., vol. viii., p. 251) a curious brass coin or medal which Tauiui (p. 280) had given to Coustautiue I., of which the follow- is a description : — Obv. — Protome adversa nimbata servatoris prominentibus pone crucis radiis. Rev. anac- tacic. Templum rotundum, hinc et illinc miles c.rcubilor humi jacens. JE. II. ZIMISCES. It*at one time caused considerable discussion, (see //. Vatesii Epistota de Anastasi ft Martyrio Hiemsolymilano, in Eusebius, Vita Const., cd. Heinichrn, p. 501, Lips. 1830), and the temple on it has beeu supposed to represent the church built by Constantine I. the Great over the Sepulchre at -Jerusalem from which Christ arose (ttjs awrppiov ’ANA2TA2EG2 papTvpi ov, Euseb. Vi it. Const., iii., c. 28, 29 seq. ; Orat. de laud. Const., c. 9.), and hence the name of Anastasia, i.e., Resurrection, and the orthodox Greek Church commemorate the dedication of the Church ol the Anastas's by Constantine the Great (’Eyualna 70 v Naou rijs ayias too Xpurrou uai ®euv ijuwv ’ANA2TA2E&2 , on September 13th. (Arch. Chectham, Smith’s and Cheetham’s “ Diet, of Christ. Antiq.," s. v. “ Anastasia.”) But, as Eckhel has remarked, why go to Jerusalem for this church, when Sozomen relates (Hist. Ecc/es., vii., c. h) that Gregory of Nazianzen preached at Constantinople in a dwelling which had been altered into a house of prayer, and which, subsequently, became one of the most remarkable in the city by the magnificence of its decorations and the special revelations which were there vouchsafed by the grace of God. Sozomen adds that “ the name of Anastasia was given to this church (’ANA2TA2IAN 5e rah r-qv rt]v (KK\i)aiav bvopa.^ovaiv), because (as he believed) the Nicene doctrines which were buried beneath the errors of heterodoxy at Con- stantinople, were here brought to light (Ilv( and on the reverse oeAe — ioxUtui — xon, which may be interpreted, ®tw Save ifei tows W i/jjtos Arpapwv and Saetifei ®«p & tAiuv nTti>\i)v ( He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth unto the Lord.) Both are translations of the same Hebrew verse (Prov. xix. 17), and the latter is the exact translation of the LXX. The first piece is in the collection of Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg, the second in the Museum at Basle. Dr. Friedlaender re- marks, “ It is curious that the coins of the smallest value are always those which remind the possessor to give them to the poor.” Zodiac. “ The Ecliptic (or great circle which the sun describes in virtue of his proper motion) has been divided by astronomers from time im- memorial into twelve equal parts called Signs. The names are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capri- cornus, Aquarius, and Pisces. In each of these signs the ancients formed groups of stars, which they denominated Zodiacal constellations (fi58ia, animals), not confined to the ecliptic, but included within an imaginary belt, extending 9° on each side of it, to which they gave the name of Zodiac ((u.5ianhs kIikAos, circle or zone of the animals.) (Encyc. Brit.., 9th ed., art., As- tronomy, vol. ii., p. 771.)” The Roman infe- riority to the Greeks in the science of Astronomy is fully recognised by the Latin writers (Virg. AEn. vi., 848 ; Seneca, Nat. Quasi., vii., 25), and while the astronomical science of the Greeks was in its infaucy, that of the Romans bad no exist- ence (Sir G. C. Lewis, An historical survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients, 1862.) The Zodiac is represented on several Greek Imperial coins (Alexander Severus — Perintkus; Julia Mresa — Amaslris; Valerian — JEgce ; Eck- hcl, Doct. Num. Vet., vol. ii., pp. 40, 386, vol. iii., p. 37); and on Alexandrian coins of Anto- ninus Pius (Eckhel, op. cit., vol. iv., p. 70 ; Head, Hist. Num., p. 721.) It may also be found ou the following Roman coins : — HADRIAN. Obv. IMP. CAESAE TRAIAX. IIADRIANVS AVG. Bust of Hadrian to r., laureated. Rev. saec. avr. (Sacnlum aureum in the exergue ) p. m. tr. p. cos. in. (around.) Male figure (? Trajan deified or Hadrian with the attributes of Eternity) half naked, standing to r., within a circular or oval baud or zone, on the outer side of which are the signs of the Zodiac; his r. hand rests on the zone and his 1. holds a globe, on which is a phoenix. N. (100 fres.) 928 ZODIAC. ZODIAC. Cohen (Mild. Imp., 1st ed., vol. ii., p. 157; 2nd ed., vol. ii., p. 216) describes the zouc as “ tine aureole ovale” but this piece is described in the “ Pembroke Sale Catalogue,” p. 135, as bearing the signs of the Zodiac, and traces of it can be seen on the specimen in the British Museum (Madden, Num. Chron., s.s., 18G2, vol. ii., p. 49.) writer (Num. Chron., n.s., 1862, vol. i!., pp. 48 — GO.) It was struck in a.d. 323, thirty- seven years after Diocletian had first divided the Empire, and when Coustautine I. was entitled to inscribe ou his coins that he was “ sole master of the whole [Roman] world.” CONTORNIATES. ANTONINUS PIUS. 1. Obv. ANTONINVS AVG. PITS. P. P. Head of Antoninus Pius to r. or to 1., laureated. Rev. ITALIA (in the exergue ) TE. pot. cos. hi. [or mi.] s. c. Italy, laureated, seated to 1., on a globe, around which is the Zodiac. JE. I. (12 fres.) 2. Obv. ANTONINVS AVG. PIVS P. P. TR P. cos. mi. Bust of Antoninus Pius to r., laureated. Rev. No legend. The Earth (Tell us) seated to r., leauing against a bull lying down, and holding a coruu-copi®. Four infants (the Seasons) are grouped around her, one is seated on her knees, auother (Summer) holds a sickle ; behind her a plough; above, a half circle of the Zodiac. JE. Med. (500 fres.) COM MODUS. Obv. 31. CO.M3IODVS ANTONINVS PIVS FEUX avg. Bust of Coinmodus to r., laureated. Rev. cos. VI. p. p. The Sun radiated, standing, holding a whip and about to get into a quadriga, which is raising itself to r. on the waves of the sea ; in front, the star of the morning (Phos- phorus) ; above, a portion of the Zodiac ; to the r. the Earth (Tell us J lying to 1., holding ears of corn and cornu-copi*. JE. Med. (500 fres.) A similar type, but without the Zodiac, occurs on the brass medallions of Antoninus Pius (Cohen, Med. Imp., 2nd ed., vol. ii., p. 381 ; Froehuer, Midaillons de /’ Empire Remain, p. 72.) ELAGABALUS. Obv. isip. caes. 31. antonixvs. avg. Head of Elagabalus, laureated. Rev. col. ptol. (Co- le nia Pto/emais). Diana Ve natrix standing to r., iu a distyle temple ; the whole surrounded by the signs of the Zodiac. JE. II. Struck at Ptolemais Galil®®. The same type occurs on the second brass of Valerian I. CONSTANTINE I. Obv. CONSTANTIN VS P. F. avg. Head of Constantine I. tor., laureated. Rev. RECTOR TOTIVS OltBIS. The Emperor seated to 1. on arms, holding iu r. hand the Zodiac and in 1. a parazo- nium ; behind, a Victory stauding, holding a palm branch, and crowning him ; in the exergue, s. m. T. (Signata Moneta Thessa- lonica). N- (800 fres.) This unique coin is iu the British Museum, and has been historically illustrated by the present 1. Obv. DIVO tea I a no avgvsto. Bust of Trajan to r., laureated. Rev. No legend. Shield ou which the head of the Snn and Moon, sur- rounded by the Zodiac ; a male figure seated ; behind, a statue of Minerva. JE. (Eckhel, Duct. Num. Vet., vol. viii., p. 308.) 2. Obv. I3IP. CAES. FL. CONSTANTINO 3IAX. P. f. avg. Head of Coustautine to the right, laureated, and with paludumentum, surrounded by the twelve signs of the zodiac. Rev. s. p. q. r. (Senates Popu/usque Romanes) qvod in- ST1NCTV DIVINITATIS 3IENTIS 3! AGNITVDINE CV3I EXEHCITV SVO TAM DF. TVRANNO QVAM DE OMNI El VS FACTIONE VNO TEMP (ore) IVSTIS KEMP (ublicam) VLTVS E3T AR3IIS ARC (uni) TRIV3IPHIS insignem dicavit, within a laurel wreath. jE. 14J. The reverse of this remarkable piece of the contorniatc style is taken from the famous in- scription ou the arch of Constantine, dedicated in a.d. 315, placed thereon to commemorate the defeat of Maicntius (tgrannus) in a.d. 312, and which reads as follows (Orelli, laser.. No. : 1075) : — IMP CAES. FL. CONSTANTINO MAXIMO P F AVGVSTO S F. Page 830, 2nd col., line 20 from bottom, for Triumviri read Duumviri. Page 864, 1st col., line 21 from top, for vol. v., p. 3, read p. 111. / NORFOLK CHRONICLE COMPANY, LIMITED, MARKET PLACE, NORWICH. GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 3 3125 00744 8968